Might be related to the phospholipid scramblase and tubby-like superfamily of membrane tethered transcription factors.
Heterotetramer of TRAP-alpha, TRAP-beta, TRAP-delta and TRAP-gamma.
Shows a remarkable charge distribution with the N-terminus being highly negatively charged, and the cytoplasmic C-terminus positively charged.
TRAP proteins are part of a complex whose function is to bind calcium to the ER membrane and thereby regulate the retention of ER resident proteins. May be involved in the recycling of the translocation apparatus after completion of the translocation process or may function as a membrane-bound chaperone facilitating folding of translocated proteins.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family.
Belongs to the threonine aldolase family.
Expressed in root tips, seedlings, carpels and seeds.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants have 50-fold increase in seed Thr content and 2-fold decrease in seedling Gly content.
Threonine aldolase involved in threonine degradation to glycine. May play a role in the removal of L-allo-threonine.
Forms homooligomers. Interacts with SNC1, RPS2 and CPR1/CPR30 (PubMed:26867179). Interacts with ATG6 (PubMed:28351989).
Functions redundantly with TRAF1A in the regulation of plant immune response. Contributes to the turnover of the nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat-containing (NB-LRR) immune receptors SNC1 and RPS2. May associate with an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex, which modulates ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of NB-LRR immune sensors to maintain their homeostasis (PubMed:26867179). Functions redundantly with TRAF1A in the regulation of autophagosome formation. Required for SINAT1- and SINAT2-mediated ubiquitination and destabilization of ATG6. Functions as molecular adapter that helps to regulate autophagy by modulating ATG6 stability (PubMed:28351989).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but the double mutant plants traf1a and traf1b, or muse13 and muse14 are extremely dwarf when grown at room temperature.
Expressed in leaves, stems, sepals, stamens, petals, roots, hypocotyls and cotyledons.
Heterodimer (PubMed:22951400). Interacts with EER5 (PubMed:19843313, PubMed:22951400). Interacts with UCH2, DSS1(V), DSS1(I), RPN3A, RPN3B, RPN12A, RPN12B, SAC3B, CML20 and NUP1 (PubMed:22951400).
No visible phenotype. Uch1 and uch2 double mutants are less fertile, accumulated less chlorophyll and have slightly fewer and shorter cauline branches.
UCH1 and UCH2 are not integral polypeptides of the 26S proteasome, unlike their S.pombe and animal orthologs (PubMed:17559514). However, they interact with the 26S proteasome lid complex as well as to the TREX-2 complex (PubMed:22951400).
Ubiquitin-protein hydrolase involved in the release of ubiquitin attached via both peptide and isopeptide linkages. Able to cleave 'Lys-48'-linked polyubiquitin chains. Involved in the direct or indirect regulation of AUX/IAA proteins stability (Probable). Acts as a linker between the TREX-2 complex and 26S proteasome (PubMed:22951400).
Belongs to the ATPase delta chain family.
F-type ATPases have 2 components, CF(1) - the catalytic core - and CF(0) - the membrane proton channel. CF(1) has five subunits: alpha(3), beta(3), gamma(1), delta(1), epsilon(1). CF(0) has three main subunits: a, b and c.
Mitochondrial membrane ATP synthase (F(1)F(0) ATP synthase or Complex V) produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane which is generated by electron transport complexes of the respiratory chain. F-type ATPases consist of two structural domains, F(1) - containing the extramembraneous catalytic core and F(0) - containing the membrane proton channel, linked together by a central stalk and a peripheral stalk. During catalysis, ATP synthesis in the catalytic domain of F(1) is coupled via a rotary mechanism of the central stalk subunits to proton translocation. Part of the complex F(0) domain and the peripheric stalk, which acts as a stator to hold the catalytic alpha(3)beta(3) subcomplex and subunit a/ATP6 static relative to the rotary elements.
The sequence shown here is derived from an EMBL/GenBank/DDBJ whole genome shotgun (WGS) entry which is preliminary data.
A type II topoisomerase that negatively supercoils closed circular double-stranded DNA in an ATP-dependent manner.
Belongs to the type II topoisomerase GyrB family.
Binds two Mg(2+) per subunit. The magnesium ions form salt bridges with both the protein and the DNA. Can also accept other divalent metal cations, such as Mn(2+) or Ca(2+).
Made up of two chains. The A chain is responsible for DNA breakage and rejoining; the B chain catalyzes ATP hydrolysis.
PSK-alpha is produced by endopeptidase digestion. PSK-beta is produced from PSK-alpha by exopeptidase digestion.
Promotes plant cell differentiation, organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis as well as cell proliferation.
Sulfation is important for activity and for the binding to a putative membrane receptor.
Catalyzes the conversion of (8S)-3',8-cyclo-7,8-dihydroguanosine 5'-triphosphate to cyclic pyranopterin monophosphate (cPMP).
Belongs to the polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein family.
Inhibitor of fungal polygalacturonase. It is an important factor for plant resistance to phytopathogenic fungi.
Acts as a regulatory subunit of the 26 proteasome which is involved in the ATP-dependent degradation of ubiquitinated proteins.
Belongs to the proteasome subunit S3 family.
Component of the 19S regulatory particle (RP/PA700) lid subcomplex of the 26S proteasome. The 26S proteasome is composed of a core protease (CP), known as the 20S proteasome, capped at one or both ends by the 19S regulatory particle (RP/PA700). The RP/PA700 complex is composed of at least 17 different subunits in two subcomplexes, the base and the lid, which form the portions proximal and distal to the 20S proteolytic core, respectively (PubMed:14623884, PubMed:20516081). Interacts with UCH1 and UCH2 (PubMed:22951400).
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS7 family.
Expressed in seedlings, cotyledons, hypocotyls, roots, leaves, flowers, inflorescence stems and siliques.
Microtubule-associated protein (MAP) that regulates the orientation of interphase cortical microtubules. Able to bundle microtubules in vitro. Modulates both rotational polarity and anisotropic cell expansion during organ growth. Promotes clockwise root and etiolated hypocotyls coiling, clockwise leaf curling, but left-handed petiole twisting.
Expressed in the funiculus of developing ovules.
Plays a role in seed and fruit development. Functions probably in association with CYP78A6 in the regulation of seed growth.
The gain of function mutant 28-5 (T-DNA tagging) in apetala2-1 (ap2-1) mutant background show enlarged and wide pistils and siliques.
Belongs to the cysteine-rich repeat secretory protein family.
Down-regulated in leaves during infection with Botrytis cinerea.
Pectin methylesterase (PME) inhibitor that can target PMEs (e.g. PME2 and PME3) in a pH-dependent manner, mainly in slightly acidic conditions (pH 6.3 and 5.0) but not at pH 7.5; this processus relies on changes in the protonation of amino acids involved in intermolecular and intramolecular interactions (PubMed:36147700, PubMed:19097903). Regulates de-methylesterification of pectins in the apical meristem and affects primordia formation and phyllotactic patterning (PubMed:19097903).
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL21 family.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the AIR carboxylase family. Class I subfamily.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class myosin-kinesin ATPase superfamily. Kinesin family.
Membrane-anchored myosin receptors that define a distinct, plant-specific transport vesicle compartment.
No visible phenotype. Myob1, myob2, myob3 and myob4 quadruple mutant has a significant height reduction, a reduced rosette diameter and a delayed flowering.
Probable thiol-disulfide oxidoreductase that may participate in various redox reactions.
The active site contains a CGSC motif wich differs from the conserved CGPC motif.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily.
Expressed in shoot meristem and flowers.
Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP)-like protein that acts as component of a complex regulating the turnover of mRNAs in the nucleus. Binds with high affinity to RNA molecules that contain U-rich sequences in 3'-UTRs. May function in complex with UBP1 and contribute to the stabilization of mRNAs in the nucleus (By similarity).
Plants over-expressing UB2A1 display severe growth defects consisting of premature cell death and chlorosis.
Binds preferentially DNA with A/T-rich content.
Belongs to the adaptor complexes small subunit family.
Oligomeric complex that consists of at least the alpha, beta, beta', gamma, delta, epsilon and zeta subunits.
The coatomer is a cytosolic protein complex that binds to dilysine motifs and reversibly associates with Golgi non-clathrin-coated vesicles, which further mediate biosynthetic protein transport from the ER, via the Golgi up to the trans Golgi network. Coatomer complex is required for budding from Golgi membranes, and is essential for the retrograde Golgi-to-ER transport of dilysine-tagged proteins (By similarity). The zeta subunit may be involved in regulating the coat assembly and, hence, the rate of biosynthetic protein transport due to its association-dissociation properties with the coatomer complex (By similarity).
Belongs to the PC-esterase family. TBL subfamily.
Contains 2 motifs that are conserved in esterases, but it is unlikely that this protein belongs to the catalytically active pectin esterases.
Expressed in roots, cauline leaves and flowers.
May act as a bridging protein that binds pectin and other cell wall polysaccharides. Probably involved in maintaining esterification of pectins (By similarity). May be involved in the specific O-acetylation of cell wall polymers (By similarity).
Up-regulated in leaves during natural senescence.
Belongs to the terpene cyclase/mutase family.
Constitutes with three contiguous genes an operon-like gene cluster that is involved in the thalianol pathway.
Expressed primarily in the root epidermis.
Induced by gravity and light (PubMed:21252258). Transcriptional expression is repressed by CLB (PubMed:21252258).
Expressed in seedlings, preferentially in the endodermis of hypocotyls and roots (PubMed:21558309, PubMed:23893219). Also observed in siliques (PubMed:23893219).
In roots, restricted to the endodermis/pericycle above the middle of the differentiation zone and the regions where new lateral roots are emerging.
Belongs to the small GTPase superfamily. SAR1 family.
Involved in transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus.
Adaptor protein complex 2 (AP-2) is a heterotetramer composed of two large adaptins (alpha-type and beta-type subunits), a medium adaptin (mu-type subunit) and a small adaptin (sigma-type subunit).
Subunit of the adaptor protein complex 2 (AP-2). Adaptor protein complexes function in protein transport via transport vesicles in different membrane traffic pathways. Adaptor protein complexes are vesicle coat components and appear to be involved in cargo selection and vesicle formation. AP-2 is involved in clathrin-dependent endocytosis in which cargo proteins are incorporated into vesicles surrounded by clathrin (clathrin-coated vesicles, CCVs) which are destined for fusion with the early endosome. The complex binds polyphosphoinositides (By similarity).
Induced by sulfate starvation (PubMed:8917599). Induced by cadmium (PubMed:16502469).
Reduces sulfate for Cys biosynthesis. Substrate preference is adenosine-5'-phosphosulfate (APS) >> 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS). Uses glutathione or DTT as source of protons.
Stimulated by sodium sulfate > ammonium sulfate and is sensitive to inactivation by 5'AMP.
The C-terminal domain may function as glutaredoxin and mediates the interaction of the enzyme with glutathione (GSH). Active in GSH-dependent reduction of hydroxyethyldisulfide, cystine, dehydroascorbate, insulin disulfides and ribonucleotide reductase.
Probably involved in membrane trafficking.
Albino phenotype and seedling lethal when homozygous. The phenotype is caused by an early arrest in chloroplast differentiation.
Circadian-regulated with a peak in the late period of dark phase and early period of the light phase.
Enzyme of the plastid non-mevalonate pathway for isoprenoid biosynthesis that converts 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(E)-butenyl 4-diphosphate into isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP). Is essential for chloroplast development.
Expressed in roots, stems, leaves, flowers and siliques.
Accelerated leaf senescence and increased pathogen damages.
Does not contain the mannose-binding lectin domain present in other members of the family.
ESP is functional in cv. Landsberg erecta while the gene encoding the protein is not expressed in cv. Columbia, cv. Da(1)-12 and cv. Ru-0. ESP activity is regulated at the transcriptional, the post-transcriptional and the post-translational levels.
Expressed in epidermal cells of all above-ground organs except the anthers, in cambial cells of leaf and stem vascular bundles, and in glucosinolates rich S-cells found in stems just below the inflorescence. Absent from roots.
Homodimer (PubMed:27498030). Interacts with WRKY53 (PubMed:17369373).
Not dependent on the presence of Fe(2+) although supplemental Fe(2+) increases nitriles formation.
Specifier protein that contributes to constitutive and herbivore-induced simple nitrile formation (By similarity). Converts glucosinolates both to epithionitriles and to simple nitriles in the presence of myrosinase (PubMed:23999604). Promotes the formation of epithionitriles after hydrolysis of alkenylglucosinolates containing a terminal double bond. Mediates indol-3-ylacetonitrile (IACN) production from indol-3-ylmethylglucosinolate (glucobrassicin) (PubMed:22954730). Triggers the production of 3,4-epithiobutylnitrile from 2-propenylisothiocyanate, product of 2-propenylglucosinolate (sinigrin) catalysis by myrosinase (PubMed:19224919, PubMed:22954730). Seems inactive toward benzylglucosinolate (glucotropaeolin) (PubMed:22954730). Acts as a negative regulator of senescence.
The proton donor differs depending on substrates.
Belongs to the SEC23/SEC24 family. SEC24 subfamily.
Component of the coat protein complex II (COPII) which promotes the formation of transport vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) (By similarity). The coat has two main functions, the physical deformation of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane into vesicles and the selection of cargo molecules (By similarity). May contribute to COPII-coated vesicles formation and ER-Golgi vesicle transport (PubMed:29390074). Together with SEC23A, essential for pollen wall development and exine patterning, probably by regulating endoplasmic reticulum (ER) export of lipids and proteins (e.g. sporopollenin) necessary for pollen wall formation (PubMed:29390074). Also involved in plastid physiology in anther tapetal cells (PubMed:29390074).
Component of the coat protein complex II (COPII), composed of at least five proteins: the Sec23/24 complex, the Sec13/31 complex and Sar1.
Despite normal fertility, impaired pollen coat exine pattern formation with reduced sporopollenin levels (PubMed:29390074). Plants lacking both SEC23A and SEC23D are semi-sterile and exhibit developmental defects in pollen (especially at the late uninucleate stage) and tapetal cells, including defective exine and intine, as well as signs of cell degeneration and structural abnormalities in organelles of the male gametophytes (PubMed:29390074).
In floral organs, only observed in buds, pollen grains, pollen tubes and fertilized ovules (PubMed:29390074). Highly expressed in the anther tapetum at uninucleate and bicellular stages (PubMed:29390074).
Mostly expressed in closed floral bud, pollen and flowers, and, to a lower extent, in mature siliques, roots and leaf primordia.
Belongs to the HAK/KUP transporter (TC 2.A.72.3) family.
Detected at very low levels in roots, stems, leaves and flowers of mature plants.
High-affinity potassium transporter required for tip growth of root hairs.
Highly expressed in roots in the early stage of seedlings growth.
Lacks conserved residue(s) required for the propagation of feature annotation.
Loss-of-function mutation results in the arrest of root hair growth.
Belongs to the cation diffusion facilitator (CDF) transporter (TC 2.A.4) family. SLC30A subfamily.
Cation/proton antiporter involved in endogenous manganese tolerance probably through vesicular trafficking and exocytosis.
Increased accumulation of manganese and hypersensitivity to elevated levels of manganese.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 47 family.
Expressed in roots, hypocotyls, cotyledons, leaves, stems, stamens and pollen grains.
Functions in xyloglucan synthesis by adding side chains to the xylosylated glucan backbone. Involved in the galactosylation of hemicellulose xyloglucan.
Belongs to the cation transport ATPase (P-type) (TC 3.A.3) family. Type IV subfamily.
Belongs to the isochorismate synthase family.
Isochorismate synthase involved in the synthesis of salicylic acid (SA) required for both local and systemic acquired resistance (LAR and SAR) while SA synthesized through the phenylalanine ammonium lyase (PAL) pathway seems to potentiate plant cell death. Also involved in phylloquinone (vitamin K1) synthesis. Has no isochorismate pyruvate lyase (IPL) activity.
No visible phenotype; due to the redundancy with ICS1. Mutants are not impaired in salicylic acid accumulation upon induction. Ics1 and ics2 double mutant is seedling lethal due to photosynthetic lesions induced by the lack of phylloquinone.
Confers broad-spectrum resistance to pathogens.
Was initially thought (Ref.2) to be a protease inhibitor.
Belongs to the ribose 5-phosphate isomerase family.
Catalyzes the reversible conversion of ribose-5-phosphate to ribulose 5-phosphate.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions.
Belongs to the ATP-dependent AMP-binding enzyme family.
Butyrate--CoA ligase that is active in vitro with medium-chain fatty acids, with a preference for hexanoate and octanoate.
Belongs to the XPG/RAD2 endonuclease family. GEN subfamily.
Binds 2 magnesium ions per subunit. They probably participate in the reaction catalyzed by the enzyme. May bind an additional third magnesium ion after substrate binding.
Endonuclease which cleaves flap structures at the junction between single-stranded DNA and double-stranded DNA with a specific cleavage site in the 5' overhang strand exactly one nucleotide 3' of the branch point (PubMed:25037209). Structure- and sequence-specific nuclease that resolves holliday junctions (HJs) by symmetrically oriented incisions in two opposing strands near the junction point, thus leading to ligatable products; HJs are physical links between homologous DNA molecules that arise as central intermediary structures during homologous recombination and repair in meiotic and somatic cells (PubMed:25037209). Structure-specific nuclease with 5'-flap endonuclease activity, preferentially cleaving static flaps 5' overhang strand exactly one nucleotide in the 3' direction of the branch point (PubMed:25037209). Also able to cleave double-stranded flap strand 1 exactly at the branch point (PubMed:25037209).
Normal sensitivity to DNA damaging agents (PubMed:26704385). Mild UV sensitivity in the gen1 send1 double mutant (PubMed:26704385).
The active site contains a CGGC motif wich differs from the conserved CGPC motif.
Thiol-disulfide oxidoreductase that may participate in various redox reactions. Possesses insulin disulfide bonds reducing activity.
Component of SCF(ASK-cullin-F-box) E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes, which may mediate the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins.
Part of a SCF (ASK-cullin-F-box) protein ligase complex (By similarity). Interacts with SKP1A/ASK1 and SPK1B/ASK2.
The F-box is necessary for the interaction with ASK proteins.
Cell cycle regulated. Up-regulated at the G1/S phase transition and then decreases rapidly as cells progress into S-phase (PubMed:11752380, PubMed:11669580). Degraded in a proteasome-dependent manner in proliferating cells, but not in endoreduplicating cells (PubMed:11752380).
Cells expressing ectopically CDC6 have increased levels of endopolyploidy.
Highly expressed in roots, flower buds and etiolated seedlings. Expressed in leaves and stems (PubMed:11604464). Highly expressed in proliferating cells such as root meristems, leaf primordia and young growing leaves, as well as cells undergoing endoreduplication cycles (PubMed:11752380).
May be involved in the initiation of DNA replication. May play a role in endoreduplication. Could act as one of the factors that contributes to maintain endoreduplication competence.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 7 family.
Component of the Mediator complex (PubMed:17560376, PubMed:22021418). Interacts with MEE14/CBP1 (PubMed:26462908).
Component of the Mediator complex, a coactivator involved in the regulated transcription of nearly all RNA polymerase II-dependent genes. Mediator functions as a bridge to convey information from gene-specific regulatory proteins to the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. The Mediator complex, having a compact conformation in its free form, is recruited to promoters by direct interactions with regulatory proteins and serves for the assembly of a functional pre-initiation complex with RNA polymerase II and the general transcription factors.
3'-5' DNA helicase involved in DNA repair (PubMed:16146519, PubMed:18000056, PubMed:19096507). Required for the maintenance of genome stability by modulation of the DNA damage response and repression of crossovers. Confers resistance to genotoxic stress (PubMed:16146519, PubMed:18000056). Suppresses spontaneous homologous recombination (HR) events in somatic cells together with its partners RMI1 and TOP3A (PubMed:19096507). Contributes to the maintenance of chromosome integrity during meiosis. Involved in the removal of telomeric bridges that appear to arise during meiotic recombination. Required to resolve or dissolve MSH4-dependent telomeric associations. Does not seem required for chiasma formation (PubMed:21265901).
Belongs to the helicase family. RecQ subfamily.
By cold. Repressed by abscisic acid (ABA).
Enhanced sensitivity to genotoxic stress such as UV light, methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) and mitomycin C (MMC), and hyperrecombination (HR) during cell division.
Expressed in roots, seedlings, young leaves, shoots, shoot apical mersitem, inflorescences, flowers, siliques and seeds.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase GT106 family.
Specifically expressed in the root hair.
Belongs to the plant Mediator complex subunit 16 family.
Component of the Mediator complex, a coactivator involved in the regulated transcription of nearly all RNA polymerase II-dependent genes. Mediator functions as a bridge to convey information from gene-specific regulatory proteins to the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. The Mediator complex, having a compact conformation in its free form, is recruited to promoters by direct interactions with regulatory proteins and serves for the assembly of a functional preinitiation complex with RNA polymerase II and the general transcription factors. Involved in the regulation of the circadian clock, in the control of flowering time, in freezing- and osmotic-stress tolerance and in both salicylic acid- and jasmonate-mediated defense gene expression.
Late flowering in long days. Very low expression of cold-responsive (COR) genes.
Belongs to the splicing factor SR family.
Component of the spliceosome. Homo- and heterodimer. Interacts with U2AF35B, RNU1 and SR45.
Necessary for the splicing of pre-mRNA (By similarity). Probably active at the 3' splice sites.
Belongs to the AP2/ERF transcription factor family. ERF subfamily.
By high-salt stress, drought stress and abscisic acid (ABA) treatment.
Transcriptional activator that binds specifically to the DNA sequence 5'-[AG]CCGAC-3'. Binding to the C-repeat/DRE element mediates abscisic acid- and dehydration-inducible transcription. CBF/DREB1 factors play a key role in freezing tolerance and cold acclimation.
By abscisic acid (ABA), drought and salt treatment.
Catalyzes the synthesis of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate and phosphatidylinositol 3,4-bisphosphate.
Expressed in the whole plant, preferentially in roots. Strongly expressed in meristematic tissues, namely procambial cell layers.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX24/MAK5 subfamily.
The Q motif is unique to and characteristic of the DEAD box family of RNA helicases and controls ATP binding and hydrolysis.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL19 family.
Located at the 30S-50S ribosomal subunit interface and binds directly to 23S ribosomal RNA.
Accessory subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I), that is believed to be not involved in catalysis. Complex I functions in the transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme is believed to be ubiquinone (By similarity). Is required for correct plant growth and development.
Complex I is composed of at least 49 different subunits.
Expressed in roots, stems, flowers, rosette leaves, cauline leaves and siliques, with the highest expression in the stems.
Shorter roots, smaller plants and delayed flowering.
By abscisic acid (ABA), ethylene, salt, cold, dehydration and the monovalent and divalent cations Li(+), Na(+), K(+), Cs(+), Ca(2+) and Mg(2+).
Delayed senescence and hypersensitivity to ABA during seed germination.
Expressed in roots, radicles, cotyledons, hypocotyls, leaf veins, stems, sepals, petals, stamens, placenta, funiculi and maturated seeds.
Plants overexpressing AZF2 have increased sensitivity to salt stress and barely survive under high salt conditions.
Transcriptional repressor involved in the inhibition of plant growth under abiotic stress conditions. Can repress the expression of various genes, including osmotic stress and abscisic acid-repressive genes and auxin-inducible genes, by binding to their promoter regions in a DNA sequence-specific manner. Acts as a negative regulator of abscisic acid (ABA) signaling during seed germination. Probably involved in jasmonate (JA) early signaling response. May regulate the expression of the JA biosynthesis gene LOX3 and control the expression of TIFY10A/JAZ1, a key repressor in the JA signaling cascade. May act as a positive regulator of leaf senescence. Has been identified as a suppressor of the deficiency of yeast snf4 mutant to grow on non-fermentable carbon source.
Belongs to the 4-toluene sulfonate uptake permease (TSUP) (TC 2.A.102) family.
Highly expressed in leaves and seedlings. Detected in roots, but not in germinating seeds.
Interacts with CAO/cpSRP43, but is not a component of the transit complex. Interacts with LHCP (via T14 domain), TIC40 and TIC110.
Involved in the import of light-harvesting complex proteins (LHCP) and subsequent routing of these proteins to the chloroplast signal recognition particle (SRP) pathway.
Not able to grow photoautotrophically in soil. Pale green, slow growth and no bolting. No appressed grana in chloroplasts.
Belongs to the ARR family. Type-A subfamily.
Functions as response regulator involved in His-to-Asp phosphorelay signal transduction system. Phosphorylation of the Asp residue in the receiver domain activates the ability of the protein to promote the transcription of target genes. Type-A response regulators seem to act as negative regulators of the cytokinin signaling.
In flowers, levels are reaching a maximum in buds and open flowers before declining during pod development and maturation. Strongly expressed in pollen grains within the anthers of young and mature flowers. Occasionally present in the testa of developing seeds.
Mostly expressed in flowers and siliques, primarily restricted to pollen grains.
Two-component system major event consists of a His-to-Asp phosphorelay between a sensor histidine kinase (HK) and a response regulator (RR). In plants, the His-to-Asp phosphorelay involves an additional intermediate named Histidine-containing phosphotransfer protein (HPt). This multistep phosphorelay consists of a His-Asp-His-Asp sequential transfer of a phosphate group between first an His and an Asp of the HK protein, followed by the transfer to a conserved His of the HPt protein and finally the transfer to an Asp in the receiver domain of the RR protein.
Plant-specific actin binding protein. May be part of a membrane-cytoskeletal adapter complex.
Belongs to the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family.
Catalyzes the synthesis of non-canonical poly-ubiquitin chains that are linked through 'Lys-63'. This type of poly-ubiquitination does not lead to protein degradation by the proteasome. Mediates transcriptional activation of target genes. Required for postreplication repair of UV-damaged DNA and for adapting root developmental programs to suboptimal availability of iron.
Interacts with yeast and human Mms2, with the RING domain of RGLG2 and with UEV1A, UEV1B, UEV1C and UEV1D.
May be due to a competing donor splice site.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions or in phosphate-deficient plants. Unable to form branched root hairs in response to iron-deficient conditions.
Not induced by salt, abscisic acid, mannitol, H(2)O(2), low temperature, MMS or iron.
Partly functionally redundant with UBC36.
Ubiquitously expressed at low level. Mainly expressed in the vasculature.
Belongs to the short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDR) family.
Interacts with KIN10 and KIN11 via its FLZ-type zinc finger domain (PubMed:24600465, PubMed:29945970). Interacts with KINB1, KINB2, KINB3 and SNF4 via its N-terminal part (PubMed:29945970).
May act as an adapter to facilitate the interaction of SnRK1 complex with effector proteins, conferring tissue- and stimulus-type specific differences in the SnRK1 regulation pathway.
Belongs to the myo-inositol 1-phosphate synthase family.
Expressed in siliques, leaves, roots, seed endosperm, but not in embryos. Highest expression in roots. Confined to vascular tissue and hydathodes of leaves.
Key enzyme in myo-inositol biosynthesis pathway that catalyzes the conversion of glucose 6-phosphate to 1-myo-inositol 1-phosphate in a NAD-dependent manner.
Induction of At5g16590 is not observed in mutants devoid of PII-2, another leucine-rich repeat protein normally associated with the plasma membrane microdomains.
Might be involved in early recognition of growth promoting fungi. Appears to be specific for P.indica.
The protein kinase domain is predicted to be catalytically inactive.
Transiently up-regulated by the endophytic fungus Piriformospora indica.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 1 family.
Hydrolyzes sinigrin and, with lower efficiency, p-nitrophenyl beta-D-glucoside.
It seems that the absence of a catalytic proton donor in plant myrosinases is not impairing the hydrolysis of glucosinolates.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 26 family.
Component of the Mediator complex, a coactivator involved in the regulated transcription of nearly all RNA polymerase II-dependent genes. Mediator functions as a bridge to convey information from gene-specific regulatory proteins to the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. The Mediator complex, having a compact conformation in its free form, is recruited to promoters by direct interactions with regulatory proteins and serves for the assembly of a functional preinitiation complex with RNA polymerase II and the general transcription factors (By similarity). May play a role in transcription elongation (By similarity).
Belongs to the SLC35F solute transporter family.
Developmental phenotypes such as dwarfism, organ defects, short inflorescences and mishaped leaves. Low fertility and reduced responses to hormones.
Highly expressed in roots. Expressed in stems, flowers and siliques.
Interacts with CUL1 and CUL4. Binds unneddylated CUL1, but cannot bind CUL1 once it has been neddylated.
Key assembly factor of SCF (SKP1-CUL1-F-box protein) E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes that promotes the exchange of the substrate-recognition F-box subunit in SCF complexes, thereby playing a key role in the cellular repertoire of SCF complexes. Acts as a F-box protein exchange factor (By similarity). Required for SCF(TIR1) function. Modulates SCF(TIR1) function through its interactions with the CUL1 subunit. Represses photomorphogenesis by promoting HY5 degradation in darkness.
The active site contains a CASC motif wich differs from the conserved CGPC motif.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS17 family.
One of the primary rRNA binding proteins, it binds specifically to the 5'-end of 16S ribosomal RNA (By similarity). Required for optimal plastid performance in terms of photosynthesis and growth. Required for the translation of plastid mRNAs. Plays a critical role in biosynthesis of thylakoid membrane proteins encoded by chloroplast genes (PubMed:22900828).
Reduced plant size and pale green leaves.
Belongs to the multicopper oxidase family.
Required for vesicular transport from the ER to the Golgi complex. Functions as a SNARE associated with ER-derived vesicles (By similarity).
By salt stress. Down-regulated by treatment with mannitol and lead.
Expressed in roots, rosette leaves, stems, flowers and siliques, and at lower levels in cauline leaves.
May be involved in biotic and abiotic stress responses.
Belongs to the SMC family. SMC5 subfamily.
Core component of the SMC5-SMC6 complex that promotes sister chromatid alignment after DNA damage and facilitates double-stranded DNA breaks (DSBs) repair via homologous recombination between sister chromatids.
Expressed in seedlings, rosette leaves and floral buds.
Forms a heterodimer with SMC6A or SMC6B. The SMC5-SMC6 complex is composed of the SMC5 and SMC6 heterodimer attached via their hinge domain and from the non-SMC subunit NSE4A or NSE4B (By similarity).
The flexible hinge domain, which separates the large intramolecular coiled coil regions, allows the heterotypic interaction with the corresponding domain of SMC6, forming a V-shaped heterodimer.
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Expressed mainly in non-dividing tissues of the plant. Also found in meristems and dividing cells.
The nucleosome is a histone octamer containing two molecules each of H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assembled in one H3-H4 heterotetramer and two H2A-H2B heterodimers. The octamer wraps approximately 147 bp of DNA.
Monomer. Lack of homodimerization, and very weak or no interaction with AFPH2/NINJA and other JAZ proteins. Interacts (via EAR motif) with TPL. Interacts (via jas motif) with MYC2.
Non-TIFY functional repressor of jasmonate (JA)-mediated growth and defense responses. Intrinsically resistant to JA-induced turnover, probably due to the absence of the canonical degron that strongly interacts with COI1 in the presence of JA-Ile in the TIFY/JAZ proteins.
Phosphorylated at multiple serine residues.
The jas motif (82-103) lacks the canonical degron LPIARR that strongly interacts with COI1 in the presence of JA-Ile in other TIFY/JAZ proteins. Contains 1 EAR motif required for the interaction with TPL.
Up-regulated by mechanical wounding, and methyl jasmonate or coronatine treatments.
Expressed in leaves, sepals, filaments of stamen, and in the central cylinder of the elongation zone in root.
Probable transcription factor involved in plant development.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 28 family.
Probably acts as a transcriptional activator. Binds to the GCC-box pathogenesis-related promoter element. May be involved in the regulation of gene expression by stress factors and by components of stress signal transduction pathways (By similarity).
Belongs to the DnaJ family. B/II subfamily.
Expressed constitutively in seedlings, roots, leaves, stems, flowers and siliques.
Plays a continuous role in plant development probably in the structural organization of compartments (By similarity). Seems to not be involved in gravitropism signaling pathway.
Belongs to the ABC transporter superfamily. ABCC family. Conjugate transporter (TC 3.A.1.208) subfamily.
Interacts with FKBP42/TWD1 and probably with calmodulin (CaM).
Pump for glutathione S-conjugates. Mediates the transport of S-conjugates such as GSH, S-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)-glutathione (DNP-GS), GSSG, cyanidin 3-glucoside-GS (C3G-GS) and metolachlor-GS (MOC-GS), glucuronides such as 17-beta-estradiol 17-(beta-D-glucuronide) (E(2)17betaG), and of the chlorophyll catabolite such as B.napus nonfluorescent chlorophyll catabolite (Bn-NCC-1).
Reciprocal promotion of DNP-GS and E(2)17betaG uptake. E(2)17betaG uptake is also stimulated by GSH and S-methyl-glutathione (S-methyl-GS), and, to a lower extent, by GSSG and C3G-GS. Metolachlor-GS and decyl-GS slightly inhibit E(2)17betaG uptake.
Expressed and/or deposited to centromeres during G2 phase.
Forms a nucleosome-like histone octamer containing two molecules each of H2A, H2B, CENH3 and H4 assembled in one CENH3-H4 heterotetramer and two H2A-H2B heterodimers (By similarity). Interacts with ORTH2.
Histone H3-like variant which exclusively replaces conventional H3 in the nucleosome core of centromeric chromatin at the inner plate of the kinetochore. Required for recruitment and assembly of kinetochore proteins, mitotic progression and chromosome segregation. May serve as an epigenetic mark that propagates centromere identity through replication and cell division (By similarity).
The C-terminal histone fold domain is sufficient to direct CENH3 to centromeres.
Belongs to the enhancer of polycomb family.
Activity is calcium-dependent with a more pronounced effect at higher pH.
Alternative NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase which catalyzes the oxidation of mitochondrial NADH does not translocate protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane (By similarity). Calcium-dependent NAD(P)H dehydrogenase. Binds calcium ions.
Belongs to the NADH dehydrogenase family.
Expressed in seedlings, roots, cotyledons, leaves, stems, buds and flowers.
Belongs to the nicotianamine synthase (NAS)-like family.
Synthesizes nicotianamine, a polyamine which serves as a sensor for the physiological iron status within the plant, and/or might be involved in the transport of iron.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS15 family.
Autophosphorylated on Ser, Thr and Tyr residues.
Expressed in roots and rosettes. Expressed at the base of petioles and pedicels, and in the abscission zones of the floral organs.
Have significantly greater activity in the presence of Mn(2+) than Mg(2+).
Interacts with CST (PubMed:21628627). Binds to IDA (PubMed:27058169).
No visible phenotype; due to the redundancy with HSL2. Hae and hsl2 double mutants have a strong abscission defect.
Receptor with a dual specificity kinase activity acting on both serine/threonine- and tyrosine-containing substrates that controls floral organ abscission. May interact with the 'INFLORESCENCE DEFICIENT IN ABSCISSION' (IDA) ligands family.
The name HAESA derives from a Latin word meaning 'to adhere to'.
Expressed at the late stage of pollen development in tricellular and mature pollen.
Plays a role in development of both male and female reproductive tissues.
The cysteine-rich domain CRC binds zinc in vitro.
Ubiquitous but expressed mostly in all the aerial organs with highest expression in flowers.
Belongs to the CDI family. ICK/KRP subfamily.
Expressed in flowers and at lower levels in roots and leaves.
Inhibits CYCD2-1/CDKA-1 complex kinase activity without interaction with the complex.
Interacts with CYCD4-1. Does not interact with CDKA-1.
May be involved in environmental stress response.
Belongs to the purine permeases (TC 2.A.7.14) family.
Competitive inhibition of adenine transport by isopentenyladenine, kinetin, benzylaminopurine, trans- and cis-zeatin and trans-zeatin riboside.
Expressed in the vascular system of leaves. Restricted to the phloem. Expressed in flowers and roots and not detected in stems.
Mediates adenine transport. May be involved in the uptake of cytokinin analogs.
Involved in recombination ability and DNA strand transfer activity.
Induced by the diamond-back moth Plutella xylostella and the generalist herbivore Spodoptora littoralis (PubMed:23314818). Induced by jasmonate (JA) (PubMed:23314818, PubMed:23903439). Induced by wounding (PubMed:23903439). Down-regulated by salicylic acid (SA) (PubMed:23314818). Down-regulated by ethylene (PubMed:23903439).
May be involved in herbivory-mediated responses. May play a role in herbivory-associated molecular pattern (HAMP) recognition. May function is jasmonate (JA) signaling in response to HAMP (PubMed:23314818). May play a role in defense response against the pathogens Altenaria brassicicola and Pseudomonas syringae (PubMed:23903439).
Transcriptionally regulated by NAI1, a transcription activator which mediates the formation of endoplasmic reticulum bodies (ER bodies). ER bodies are rod-shaped ER-derived structures produced by plants of the Brassicales order.
Belongs to the PPR family. PCMP-E subfamily.
Belongs to the V-ATPase e1/e2 subunit family.
Subunit of the integral membrane V0 complex of vacuolar ATPase. V-ATPase is responsible for acidifying a variety of intracellular compartments in eukaryotic cells (By similarity).
V-ATPase is a heteromultimeric enzyme composed of a peripheral catalytic V1 complex (components A to H) attached to an integral membrane V0 proton pore complex (components: a, c, c'', d and e).
Activates the ARF proteins by exchanging bound GDP for free GTP. Plays a role in vesicular protein sorting. Acts as the major regulator of endosomal vesicle trafficking but is also involved in the endocytosis process. Could function redundantly with GNL1 in the retrograde Golgi to endoplasmic reticulum trafficking. Regulates vesicle trafficking required for the coordinated polar localization of auxin efflux carriers which in turn determines the direction of auxin flow. Mediates the sorting of PIN1 from endosomal compartments to the basal plasma membrane and the polarization of PIN3 to the bottom side of hypocotyl endodermal cells. Involved in the specification of apical-basal pattern formation in the early embryo and during root formation. Required for correct cell wall organization leading to normal cell adhesion during seedling development. Also plays an essential role in hydrotropism of seedling roots.
Continually expressed in both embryogenesis and postembryonic organ development. Strongly expressed in actively dividing or elongating cells but only weakly or not at all in differentiated tissues other than the vasculature.
Homodimer. Interacts with CYP19-4/CYP5 in vitro.
Lack of morphological features of apical-basal polarity resulting of no root, no true hypocotyl and abnormal shoot apical meristem. Cell wall alterations. Defects in cell adhesion. Aberrant leaf venation.
Stems, leaves, flowers, siliques, floral inflorescence and roots. Expressed in the whole plant (at the protein level).
The DCB domain is required for both homodimerization and interaction with CYP protein. Heterotypic interaction of DCB domain with the N-terminal part of the SEC7 domain is required for membrane association and catalytic activity of the protein.
Plays a role in pre-mRNA splicing. Binds to the polypyrimidine tract of introns. May promote the binding of U2 snRNP to pre-mRNA (By similarity).
May play a role in anterograde transport of membrane proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi.
Accumulates transiently in germinating seeds (at protein level) with a constant transcript level (PubMed:17283014). Abundant in cotyledons (mostly in senescing cotyledons) during post-germinative growth and in sink tissues, such as young leaves, developing flowers, siliques and seeds (at protein level) (PubMed:17283014, PubMed:19807880). In flowers, present in the nectaries, stigma, endocarp of the fruit wall and in tissues involved in the transfer of assimilates to the developing ovules and seeds, such as the vasculature and seed coat (at protein level) (PubMed:17283014).
Allosterically activated by calcium. It may represent the only case of a monomeric, allosteric enzyme.
Belongs to the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (ATP) family.
Expressed in cotyledons, flowers, siliques, seeds, leaves, stems and roots (PubMed:17283014). Localized in mid-veins (PubMed:19807880).
Involved in the gluconeogenesis (PubMed:19807880). Catalyzes the conversion of oxaloacetate (OAA) to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) through direct phosphoryl transfer between the nucleoside triphosphate and OAA (PubMed:19807880).
Strongly reduced phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activities in veins, leading to reduced alanine levels, which is derived from phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) via pyruvate, but increased aspartate accumulation, derived from oxaloacetate.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family. CRK subfamily.
Belongs to the cyclin family. Cyclin U/P subfamily.
Expressed in roots, stems and flowers. Expressed in the shoot apex, leaf primordia and young leaves.
Expressed in bud pedicels, petals, anthers, style, ovary, seeds and embryos.
Forms homodimer (PubMed:20598091). Interacts with AGL16 (PubMed:20598091).
Plants over-expressing AGL63 are dwarf, have few rosette leaves with a curly-leaf phenotype, and display small disorganized floral structures and addition of carpel-like, resulting in small abnormal siliques with few seed production.
Probable transcription factor involved in the regulation of fruit growth. Contributes to integument development. Controls organ size via cell expansion (PubMed:20088901). Involved in the regulation of longitudinal growth of the fruit evenly throughout the radial axis (PubMed:20598091). Functions redundantly with TT16/AGL32 to repress nucellus growth and promote its degeneration (PubMed:27233529).
Expressed in protoxylem and elongating interfascicular fiber cells of elongating internodes, developing metaxylem cells and interfascicular fibers of non-elongating internodes and developing secondary xylem of roots.
The NAC domain includes a DNA binding domain and a dimerization domain.
Transcriptional activator that plays a regulatory role in the development of secondary cell wall fibers (PubMed:18952777, PubMed:22133261). Involved in the regulation of cellulose and hemicellulose biosynthetic genes as well as of genes involved in lignin polymerization and signaling (PubMed:22133261). Is not a direct target of SND1 (PubMed:18952777).
Expressed in roots, shoots, leaves, stems, flowers and siliques.
Induced by salt stress, drought stress, cold stress, brassinosteroid and abscisic acid (ABA).
Interacts with BRI1, BSK1, BSK6 and BSK8.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant seedlings exhibit enhanced sensitivity to salt stress and abscisic acid (ABA).
Phosphorylated by BRI1, ASK7/BIN2 and ASK9/BIL2.
Probable serine/threonine kinase that acts as positive regulator of brassinosteroid (BR) signaling downstream of the receptor kinase BRI1 (PubMed:18653891). Involved in abiotic stress tolerance. Required for salt stress and abscisic acid-mediated drought stress tolerance (PubMed:22982312).
Serine/threonine kinase that acts as positive regulator of brassinosteroid (BR) signaling downstream of the receptor kinase BRI1.
Converts proline to delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate.
Down-regulated by salt or drought stress. Up-regulated by proline, hypoosmolarity or rehydration (PubMed:17106685, PubMed:20403182, PubMed:9003320, PubMed:9847097). Activated by BZIP53 (PubMed:16810321).
No visible phenotype when grown under normal conditions. Proline hypersensitivity.
Ubiquitous. Highest expression in pollen grains, in the stigma and in developing embryos.
Hydrolase that can remove conjugated ubiquitin from proteins and may therefore play an important regulatory role at the level of protein turnover by preventing degradation.
Hydrolase that can remove conjugated ubiquitin from proteins in vitro and may therefore play an important regulatory role at the level of protein turnover by preventing degradation (PubMed:24659992). Cysteine protease with a preference for 'Lys-63' over 'Lys-48' over 'Met-1' -linked ubiquitin (UB) tetramers (e.g. Ub3 and Ub4) as substrates (PubMed:24659992). Cleaves also RUB-GST fusion (PubMed:24659992).
Binds to multiple calmodulin (CaM) in the presence of Ca(2+) and CaM-like proteins.
May be involved in cooperative interactions with calmodulins or calmodulin-like proteins (By similarity). Recruits calmodulin proteins to microtubules, thus being a potential scaffold in cellular signaling and trafficking (By similarity). May associate with nucleic acids and regulate gene expression at the transcriptional or post-transcriptional level (By similarity).
Belongs to the squalene monooxygenase family.
Catalyzes the stereospecific oxidation of squalene to (S)-2,3-epoxysqualene, and is considered to be a rate-limiting enzyme in steroid biosynthesis.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class dynamin-like GTPase superfamily. Dynamin/Fzo/YdjA family.
Forms homodimer and may homooligomerize and heterooligomerize to form the phragmoplastin complex (PubMed:20171176, PubMed:20231465). Interacts with AGD3/VAN3. May interact with CALS1. Binds to AHK2. Binds to SH3P2 (PubMed:28584166). Forms a complex made of SH3P2 and DRP1A and triggers its accumulation at the cell plate (PubMed:28584166). Interacts with DRP2B at the plasma membrane and in forming clathrin-coated vesicles (CCV) (PubMed:20231465). Binds to PHIP1 (PubMed:18621982).
Microtubule-associated force-producing protein that is targeted to at the leading edges of the forming cell plate during cytokinesis (PubMed:18612642). Also plays a major role in plasma membrane maintenance and cell wall integrity with implications in vesicular trafficking, polar cell expansion, vascular formation, and other aspects of plant growth and development, including stigmatic papillae expansion (PubMed:18256049, PubMed:18344418). Collaboratively with DRP2B, participates in clathrin-coated vesicle formation during endocytosis (PubMed:20231465). Necessary for BOR1 polar localization in low-boron (B) conditions as well as for BOR1 endocytosis and subsequent degradation under high-concentration of boron (PubMed:27449211). Has a GTPase activity (PubMed:20171176). Required for the sterols-dependent dynamic high lipid order observed at the cell plate of dividing cells (PubMed:25234576). Together with SH3P2, converts the fused vesicles to tubular structures at the cell plate and phragmoplasts during cytokinesis (PubMed:28584166, PubMed:18256049). With DRP2B and PIP5K3, required for the precise coordination of polar ARAC3/ROP6 and ARAC4/ROP2 placement and subsequent root hair positioning during planar polarity formation in root hair-forming cells, probably by mediating the correct basal-to-planar polarity switching of D6PK into the polar, lipid-enriched domain (PubMed:27251533). Involved in endocytosis required for cellulose deposition during cell wall formation and elongation (PubMed:18256049). Interacts with plasma membrane-mimetic liposomes and induces their clustering (PubMed:20171176).
Ubiquitous. Expressed in leaves (at protein level).
Vascular discontinuity (PubMed:15923323, PubMed:18344418). Short and swollen roots and hypocotyls due to cellulose-deficient walls associated with increased levels of arabinose, xylose, and galactose in non-cellulosic polysaccharides (PubMed:18256049). Infertility due to the inability of stigmatic papillae to undergo rapid polar expansion prior to fertilization (PubMed:18344418). The alteration of cell wall formation correlates with abnormal phragmoplasts and division plates in dividing cells, as well as reduced cell elongation and disturbed endocytosis (PubMed:18256049). Hypersensitivity to trafficking inhibitors (e.g. brefeldin A, monensin A and latrunculin B) (PubMed:18256049). Both basal and apical shift of ARAC3/ROP6 and ARAC4/ROP2 positioning and broad lateral localization of D6PK in root hair-forming cells leading to basal and apical shift of root hair positions (PubMed:27251533).
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase (ACS) enzymes catalyze the conversion of S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) into 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC), a direct precursor of ethylene.
Belongs to the class-I pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family.
By indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and cycloheximide (CHX).
Expressed in roots. Expressed at low level in flowers and siliques.
Homodimer and heterodimer. In vivo, the relevance of heterodimerization with other ACS enzymes is however unsure (By similarity). Interacts with GRF3.
The stability of ACS proteins, and the regulation of such stability, play a central role in ethylene biosynthesis.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX41 subfamily.
Catalyzes the post-translational formation of 4-hydroxyproline in -Xaa-Pro-Gly- sequences in proline-rich peptide sequences of plant glycoproteins and other proteins. Hydroxyprolines are important constituent of many plant cell wall glycoproteins such as extensins, hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins, lectins and arabinogalactan proteins.
Belongs to the small GTPase superfamily. Arf family.
Belongs to the inositol monophosphatase superfamily.
Converts adenosine 3'-phosphate 5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) to adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (APS) and 3'(2')-phosphoadenosine 5'- phosphate (PAP) to AMP.
Converts adenosine 3'-phosphate 5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) to adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (APS) and 3'(2')-phosphoadenosine 5'- phosphate (PAP) to AMP. May regulate the flux of sulfur in the sulfur-activation pathway by converting PAPS to APS (PubMed:10205895) (By similarity). Prevents both the toxicity of PAP on RNA processing enzymes as well as the product inhibition by PAP of sulfate conjugation. Is also able to hydrolyze inositol 1,4-bisphosphate (PubMed:10205895).
Inhibited by Li(+) (IC(50)=10 millimolar), Na(+) (IC(50)=200 millimolar) and Ca(2+) (IC(50)=0.03 millimolar).
Substrate preference is 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphate (PAP) > adenosine 3'-phosphate 5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS)>> inositol 1,4-bisphosphate. No activity observed against 3' or 5'-AMP, inositol monophosphate and fructose-1,6-bisphosphate.
Very low expression in roots, leaves, stems, flowers and siliques.
Belongs to the 'GDSL' lipolytic enzyme family.
Cleaves SYN1, releasing sister chromatid cohesion. Required for the release of cohesin at anaphase I and anaphase II, whereas the release of cohesin during diplotene and diakinesis occurs in a separase-independent process. Essential for embryo and endosperm development. May play a role in centromeric heterochromatin structure/formation during early meiosis, non-homologous centromere association and radial microtubule system (RMS) formation. May regulate the mitosis-specific cyclin CYCB1-1.
Embryo lethality. Embryos arrested at the globular stage, no cellularization of endosperm nuclei and enlargment of many nuclei and nucleoli resulting in a titan-like phenotype.
Expressed in roots, stems, leaves and buds.
Highly expressed in stems and roots. Detected in flowers and leaves.
Interacts with subunits of the vacuole protein sorting (HOPS) complex including VPS11, VCL1, VPS18, VPS33, VPS39 and VPS41.
Involved in the targeting and/or fusion of transport vesicles to their target membrane.
The longin domain is critical for the vacuolar localization.
Although assigned as a calmodulin family member by Ref.5, it only contains EF-hand domains.
Accumulates in response to abiotic stresses such as cold, heat, drought, oxidative stress, genotoxic compounds, wounding, osmotic stress and UV-B (PubMed:21213008). Slightly induced by salt (NaCl) and nickel ions Ni(2+) (PubMed:30483284, PubMed:21213008). Strongly induced by methylglyoxal (MG) (PubMed:31652571).
General stress phenotype, characterized by compromised methylglyoxal (MG) scavenging, accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), stomatal closure, and reduced fitness associated with reduced leaf area and dry weight, as well as prolonged flowering time (PubMed:31652571). Increased susceptibility to the pathogenic fungus Plectospherella cucumerina which triggers mainly the jasmonate (JA)-mediated defense signaling pathway (PubMed:31652571). Abnormal cross-talk between salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathways (PubMed:29852537).
Involved in the detoxification and scavenging of methylglyoxal (MG), a cytotoxic aldehyde produced in response to primary metabolism alteration observed during biotic and abiotic stresses (PubMed:31652571). Modulates cross-talk between salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathways during defense responses to pathogens such as Botrytis cinerea (PubMed:29852537).
Mostly expressed in roots, and, to a lower extent, in leaves, flowers, seeds and siliques.
Aux/IAA proteins are short-lived transcriptional factors that function as repressors of early auxin response genes at low auxin concentrations.
Aux/IAA proteins are short-lived transcriptional factors that function as repressors of early auxin response genes at low auxin concentrations. Repression is thought to result from the interaction with auxin response factors (ARFs), proteins that bind to the auxin-responsive promoter element (AuxRE). Formation of heterodimers with ARF proteins may alter their ability to modulate early auxin response genes expression.
Homodimers and heterodimers (By similarity). Interacts with TPL.
Preferentially expressed in stems, leaves and flowers.
The N-terminal half of the protein contains two conserved domains I and II. Domain I includes a slightly degenerated ERF-associated amphiphilic repression (EAR) motif which seems to be involved in the activity of transcriptional repression. Domain II is required for the correct degradation of the protein through the SCF-mediated ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Interactions between Aux/IAA proteins and auxin response factors (ARFs) occur through their C-terminal dimerization domains III and IV.
Belongs to the TPT transporter family. TPT (TC 2.A.7.9) subfamily.
Belongs to the ABC transporter superfamily. ABCF family. EF3 (TC 3.A.1.121) subfamily.
Component of the oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) complex.
Subunit of the oligosaccharyl transferase (OST) complex that catalyzes the initial transfer of a defined glycan (Glc(3)Man(9)GlcNAc(2) in eukaryotes) from the lipid carrier dolichol-pyrophosphate to an asparagine residue within an Asn-X-Ser/Thr consensus motif in nascent polypeptide chains, the first step in protein N-glycosylation. N-glycosylation occurs cotranslationally and the complex associates with the Sec61 complex at the channel-forming translocon complex that mediates protein translocation across the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). All subunits are required for a maximal enzyme activity.
Adaptins are components of the adapter complexes which link clathrin to receptors in coated vesicles. Clathrin-associated protein complexes are believed to interact with the cytoplasmic tails of membrane proteins, leading to their selection and concentration. Binding of AP180 to clathrin triskelia promotes their assembly into 70-90 nm coats cages.
Highly expressed in leaves, lower expression in green veins, petioles, and stems, and detected in roots.
Inhibited by harpin, S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), nitric oxide, N-ethylmaleimide and 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid).
S-nitrosylated and/or glutathionylated at unknown positions in response to nitric oxide.
The H protein shuttles the methylamine group of glycine from the P protein to the T protein.
The glycine cleavage system is composed of four proteins: P, T, L and H.
The glycine decarboxylase (GDC) or glycine cleavage system catalyzes the degradation of glycine. The H protein shuttles the methylamine group of glycine from the P protein to the T protein.
Belongs to the DNA polymerase type-Y family.
Deoxycytidyl transferase involved in DNA repair and translesion synthesis (TLS). Transfers a dCMP residue from dCTP to the 3'-end of a DNA primer in a template-dependent reaction. Mediates also the insertion of dTMP or dGMP when the opposite base is G, and, with a low efficiency, dGMP insertions opposite G, T, and C, dAMP insertions opposite G, A, and T, and dTMP insertion opposite A. May assist in the first step in the bypass of abasic lesions by the insertion of a nucleotide opposite the lesion. Required for normal induction of mutations by physical and chemical agents (e.g. UV and gamma ray), mostly via G to T transversions, and of spontaneous mutations in somatic cells. Confers resistance to ultraviolet-B (UV-B) and various DNA cross-linkers (e.g. mitomycin C MMC and cisplatin). Promotes stem growth.
Mn(2+) ions. Can also use Mg(2+) ions with a lower efficiency.
Reduced UV light- and gamma ray-induced mutation frequency. Slightly sensitive to ultraviolet-B (UV-B) and DNA cross-linkers (e.g. mitomycin C MMC and cisplatin). Lower germination rate.
The C-terminal domain is necessary for protein interactions.
Binds 2 magnesium or manganese ions per subunit.
Acts as a GTPase activator for the Rac-type GTPase by converting it to an inactive GDP-bound state.
Homodimer (PubMed:25800738). Interacts with ORRM2 and MORF8/RIP1 (PubMed:25800738). Interacts with RBG5/ORRM4 (PubMed:26578708). Binds to RBG2/ORRM5 (PubMed:28549172).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants exhibit severe editing defects in mitochondrial transcripts.
Possibly has a role in RNA transcription or processing during stress (By similarity). Involved in C-to-U editing of mitochondrial RNA. Functions as minor mitochondrial editing factor. Controls 6 percent of the mitochondrial editing sites (PubMed:25800738).
Belongs to the DVL/RTFL small polypeptides family.
Small polypeptide acting as a regulatory molecule which coordinates cellular responses required for differentiation, growth and development, probably by restricting polar cell proliferation in lateral organs and coordinating socket cell recruitment and differentiation at trichome sites.
Belongs to the iron/ascorbate-dependent oxidoreductase family.
Could be the product of a pseudogene. Possesses a truncated Fe2OG dioxygenase domain which lacks 1 iron binding site.
Belongs to the multi antimicrobial extrusion (MATE) (TC 2.A.66.1) family.
IF-3 binds to the 30S ribosomal subunit and shifts the equilibrum between 70S ribosomes and their 50S and 30S subunits in favor of the free subunits, thus enhancing the availability of 30S subunits on which protein synthesis initiation begins.
Belongs to the NAD-dependent glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase family.
Compromised in systemic acquired resistance (SAR) triggered by Pseudomonas syringae DC3000 avrRpt2 probably because of a reduced accumulation of glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P).
Required for glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) accumulation during systemic acquired resistance (SAR) establishment.
Belongs to the HIBADH-related family. 3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase subfamily.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 63 family.
Cleaves the distal alpha 1,2-linked glucose residue from the Glc(3)Man(9)GlcNAc(2) oligosaccharide precursor. Required for the accumulation of seed storage proteins, the formation of protein bodies, cell differentiation, cellulose biosynthesis and organization (in cell walls), cell shape determination and organization (e.g. epidermal cells), and embryo development. Involved in root development.
Constitutively expressed in roots, stems, leaves, flowers and siliques.
Embryonic lethal. Impaired glucosidase activity leading to a strongly reduced cellulose content. Abnormal shrunken seeds with embryos arrested at the heart stage. Low levels of storage proteins in seeds accompanied by a loss of protein bodies, abnormal cell enlargement and occasional cell wall disruptions.
Belongs to the disease resistance NB-LRR family.
Compromised RPP7-dependent immunity leading to an increased sporulation of the incompatible Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis (downy mildew) Hpa-Hiks1 isolate, but normal resistance to Hpa-Cala2 and Hpa-Cand5 isolates in cv. Col-5 background; full susceptibility to these isolates is observed in cv. Wassilewskija background.
Disease resistance protein required for incompatible interactions with avirulent strains of Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis (downy mildew), isolate Hpa-Hiks1 in cv. Columbia.
In cv. Columbia, regulated epigenetically by EDM2 (e.g. alternative polyadenylation (APA) resulting from cooption of epigenetic information at the TE insertion locus COPIA-R7) to accumulate upon Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis isolate Hiks1 infection.
The LRR repeats probably act as specificity determinant of pathogen recognition.
PP2A consists of a common heterodimeric core enzyme, composed of a 36 kDa catalytic subunit (subunit C) and a 65 kDa constant regulatory subunit (PR65 or subunit A), that associates with a variety of regulatory subunits. Proteins that associate with the core dimer include three families of regulatory subunits B (the R2/B/PR55/B55, R3/B''/PR72/PR130/PR59 and R5/B'/B56 families) and cell signaling molecules. Interacts with HMGR1L and HMGR1S (via N-terminus), but not with HMG2. Interacts with PP2AA1.
Regulatory subunit of type 2A protein phosphatase. Involved in post-transcriptional regulation of HMGR but not in root growth regulation in response to salt.
Belongs to the SLAC1 S-type anion channel family.
Expressed in lateral root primordia and tap root tips.
Slow, weak voltage-dependent S-type anion efflux channel involved in maintenance of anion homeostasis.
Acts as negative regulator of root hair development redundantly with GIR2 (PubMed:28526410). GIR1 and GIR2 may function as adapter proteins that associate with GL2 and participate in the control of root hair formation (PubMed:28526410). GIR1 and GIR2 may function as adapter proteins that associate with TPL and participate in the repression of root gene expression (PubMed:28526412).
Interacts with GL2 (PubMed:28526410). Interacts with TPL (PubMed:28526412).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but the double mutant seedlings gir1 and gir2 exhibit excessive root hair formation.
Seedlings overexpressing GIR1 exhibit reduced root hair formation.
Belongs to the SEC23/SEC24 family. SEC23 subfamily.
Component of the coat protein complex II (COPII) which promotes the formation of transport vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) (By similarity). The coat has two main functions, the physical deformation of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane into vesicles and the selection of cargo molecules (By similarity).
Component of the coat protein complex II (COPII) which promotes the formation of transport vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The coat has two main functions, the physical deformation of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane into vesicles and the selection of cargo molecules.
Belongs to the leguminous lectin family.
Expressed in seedlings and leaves of adult plants.
Plays a positive role in the effector-triggered immunity (ETI) response (PubMed:19199050, PubMed:24006883). Involved in salicylic acid (SA)-mediated processes occurring in ETI response, but is not involved in the autophagy process (PubMed:24006883). Promotes systemic rather than local immunity (PubMed:24755512). Essential for systemic acquired resistance (SAR), but not necessary for immune signaling downstream of SA (PubMed:24755512). May act in parallel with SA (PubMed:24755512).
Strongly induced locally by salicylic acid (SA) (PubMed:17496105, PubMed:24755512). Completely dependent on NPR1 for early up-regulation by SA (PubMed:19199050). Up-regulated upon avirulent pathogen infection via an SA-mediated pathway (PubMed:19199050, PubMed:24006883). Up-regulated locally and systematically during systemic acquired resistance (SAR) (PubMed:24755512). The local induction is independent of EDS1 while the systemic transcriptional regulation is EDS1-dependent (PubMed:24755512).
Belongs to the protein prenyltransferase subunit alpha family.
Essential subunit of both the farnesyltransferase and the geranylgeranyltransferase complex. Contributes to the transfer of a farnesyl or geranylgeranyl moiety from farnesyl or geranylgeranyl diphosphate to a cysteine at the fourth position from the C-terminus of several proteins having the C-terminal sequence Cys-aliphatic-aliphatic-X.
Heterodimer of an alpha and a beta subunit.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL21 family.
Component of the mitochondrial ribosome large subunit.
Constitutively expressed in roots, stems, leaves, flowers, pistils and siliques.
Failure of fusion of the polar nuclei during megagametogenesis and abnormal double fertilization; fails to undergo fusion of the outer nuclear membranes.
This protein binds to 23S ribosomal RNA in the presence of protein L20 (By similarity). Required for karyogamy during female gametophyte development, when the two polar nuclei fuse to form the diploid central cell nucleus, and during double fertilization of the egg cell and the central cell (PubMed:16698901).
Belongs to the TRAFAC class TrmE-Era-EngA-EngB-Septin-like GTPase superfamily. AIG1/Toc34/Toc159-like paraseptin GTPase family. IAN subfamily.
Mostly expressed in pollen. Also detected in lateral roots and radicles.
Up-regulated by brassinolides. Down-regulated by 2-aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG), high CO(2), isoxaben, and propiconazole treatments.
Hydrolyzes certain amino acid conjugates of the plant growth regulator indole-3-acetic acid (IAA).
Homodimer. Interacts with AHL27, AHL29 and ATAF2/NAC081.
The PPC domain mediates interactions between AHL proteins.
Transcription factor that specifically binds AT-rich DNA sequences related to the nuclear matrix attachment regions (MARs).
Expressed in young leaves and shoot apex tissues. Detected in developing tissues such as cotyledons, sepals, pistils and inflorescences. Nearly undetectable in mature leaves.
Has both DNA primase and DNA helicase activities and may be involved in organelle DNA replication. Capable of producing RNA primers of 9 to 18 bases from a single-stranded DNA template.
TFIIA is a component of the transcription machinery of RNA polymerase II and plays an important role in transcriptional activation.
TFIIA is a component of the transcription machinery of RNA polymerase II and plays an important role in transcriptional activation. TFIIA in a complex with TBP mediates transcriptional activity (By similarity).
TFIIA is a heterodimer of the large unprocessed subunit 1 and a small subunit gamma. It was originally believed to be a heterotrimer of an alpha, a beta and a gamma subunit (By similarity).
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 33 family.
Component of the Mediator complex, a coactivator involved in the regulated transcription of nearly all RNA polymerase II-dependent genes. Mediator functions as a bridge to convey information from gene-specific regulatory proteins to the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. The Mediator complex, having a compact conformation in its free form, is recruited to promoters by direct interactions with regulatory proteins and serves for the assembly of a functional preinitiation complex with RNA polymerase II and the general transcription factors. Involved in the repression of phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. May compete with MED33B for common binding partners or for occupancy in Mediator.
Belongs to the RING-type zinc finger family. ATL subfamily.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase able to catalyze polyubiquitination with ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 UBC8, UBC10, UBC11, UBC28, UBC29, UBC30, UBC35 and UBC36 in vitro.
The RING-type zinc finger domain mediates binding to an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme.
Belongs to the Casparian strip membrane proteins (CASP) family.
Leucine-rich repeat protein that likely mediates protein interactions, possibly in the context of signal transduction.
Belongs to the Tim17/Tim22/Tim23 family.
Essential core component of the TIM22 complex, a complex that mediates the import and insertion of multi-pass transmembrane proteins into the mitochondrial inner membrane.
Expressed in young cotyledons, roots, flowers and leaves.
Up-regulated after antimycin A or rotenone treatments.
At globular stage, expressed throughout the embryo, endosperm and surrounding maternal seed tissue. From the heart-stage, expression restricted to the embryo and the funiculus.
Expressed in embryos, in shoot and root meristems and in the vasculature.
Interacts transiently (via the PPLPP motifs) with FCA (via the WW domain). Interacts with CPSF73-I, CPSF73-II, CPSF100 and CPSF160 in the CPSF complex. The FCA/FY interaction leads to changes in FY/CPSF complex composition.
Plays a role in the regulation of flowering time in the autonomous flowering pathway by decreasing FLOWERING LOCUS C mRNA levels. Required for the negative autoregulation of FCA expression. Acts probably as an RNA 3' end-processing factor. Required for growth and development in plants.
AMP deaminase plays a critical role in energy metabolism. Essential for the transition from zygote to embryo.
Activated by ATP. Activated by sulfate ions (in vitro). Inhibited by phosphate ions.
Belongs to the metallo-dependent hydrolases superfamily. Adenosine and AMP deaminases family.
Expressed in both male and female gametophytes, at the zygote stage, in the endosperm, and during early embryo development. Observed in cotyledonary embryos and in the basal part of the embryo, but not in the suspensor or in mature embryos. Also expressed during somatic embryogenesis.
Expressed in seedlings, roots, leaves, flowers, pollen grains, pollen tubes and siliques, and at a lower level in stems.
Homodimer. Interacts with AHK4. Interacts with EER5 (PubMed:19843313).
Constitutively and ubiquitously expressed.
Recognizes and hydrolyzes the peptide bond at the C-terminal Gly of ubiquitin. Involved in the processing of poly-ubiquitin precursors as well as that of ubiquitinated proteins. Required for the correct development of pollen.
Belongs to the class-IV pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family.
Involved in chromosome condensation, pairing and segregation during meiosis. Responsible for cohesion between replicated sister chromatids.
Isoform 2 is expressed at low levels in buds, leaves and roots, whereas expression of isoform 1 is confined to buds.
Accumulates in the columella root cap. Also present in floral organs in young flower buds. Strongly expressed in vascular tissues of filaments and anthers. Weakly and uniformly present in the developing embryo and maternal tissues (PubMed:17287251). Expressed both in proliferating and maturing stages of leaves (PubMed:26069325).
Component of a DREAM-like complex which modulates a variety of developmentally regulated genes and of the mitotic genes in proliferating and differentiated cells.
Constant levels during cell cycle. Activated by CYCB1.
Expressed ubiquitously at low levels (PubMed:10743663). Expressed in roots, cotyledons, flowers and leaves, especially in vascular tissues (PubMed:17287251).
The double mutant myb3r1 myb3r4 often fails to complete cytokinesis, resulting in multinucleate cells with gapped walls and cell wall stubs in diverse tissues (e.g. in embryo during the first or second division after fertilization, in stomata guard mother cell) and several pleiotropic developmental defects, and associated with the selective reduction of several G2/M phase-specific genes transcript levels (e.g. CYCB2, CDC20.1 and KNOLLE). Hypersensitivity to caffeine, an inhibitor of cytokinesis (PubMed:17287251, PubMed:21862669). In triple mutant myb3r1 myb3r3 myb3r5, up-regulation of many G2/M-specific genes leading to larger seeds, organs and embryos due to overproliferation and ectopic cell divisions (PubMed:26069325).
Transcription factor that binds 5'-AACGG-3' motifs in gene promoters (PubMed:21862669). Transcription activator involved in the regulation of cytokinesis, probably via the activation of several G2/M phase-specific genes transcription (e.g. KNOLLE) (PubMed:17287251, PubMed:21862669). Transcription repressor that regulates organ growth. Binds to the promoters of G2/M-specific genes and to E2F target genes to prevent their expression in post-mitotic cells and to restrict the time window of their expression in proliferating cells (PubMed:26069325). Required for the maintenance of diploidy (PubMed:21862669).
Belongs to the phosphoglycerate mutase family.
Phosphoglycerate mutase-like protein lacking PGM activity, but having a low metal-independent phosphoserine phosphatase activity in vitro. May be involved in serine biosynthesis.
The full-length coding region has been amplified by RT-PCR and sequenced, but not submitted to the EMBL/GenBank/DDBJ databases.
Expressed in the inflorescence apical meristem and young flowers.
Increases during floral transition and stay high thereafter.
Negatively regulated by microRNAs miR156.
The SBP-type zinc finger is required for the binding to DNA.
Trans-acting factor that binds specifically to the consensus nucleotide sequence 5'-TNCGTACAA-3' of AP1 promoter. Promotes both vegetative phase change and flowering.
Acts redundantly with SPR1 in maintaining the cortical microtubules organization essential for anisotropic cell growth.
Although the DWD box motif has been suggested to mediate interaction of DDB2 with DDB1A, mutagenesis experiments have to date failed to demonstrate a role for this motif.
Belongs to the WD repeat DDB2/WDR76 family.
Component of the UV-DDB complex, which is composed of DDB1A and DDB2. Interacts with CUL4.
Expressed in roots and flowers. Expressed at low levels in stems.
Interblade loops of the WD repeat region mediate most of the interaction with DNA. A hairpin between blades 5 and 6 inserts into DNA minor groove and mediates recognition of lesions and separation of the damaged and undamaged strands (By similarity).
May function as the substrate recognition module for a DCX (DDB1-CUL4-X-box) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex including DDB1A and CUL4 (By similarity). Required for DNA repair. Binds to DDB1A to form the UV-damaged DNA-binding protein complex (the UV-DDB complex). The UV-DDB complex may recognize UV-induced DNA damage and recruit proteins of the nucleotide excision repair pathway (the NER pathway) to initiate DNA repair (PubMed:18551167). Involved in UV-B tolerance and genome integrity. In association with ATCSA-1, is necessary for repair of UV-B-induced DNA lesions (PubMed:20128879).
The DWD box is required for interaction with DDB1A.
Part of a SCF (ASK-cullin-F-box) protein ligase complex (By similarity). Interacts with SKP1A/ASK1.
Belongs to the Orn/Lys/Arg decarboxylase class-II family. SpeA subfamily.
Homodimer. Only the dimer is catalytically active, as the active sites are constructed of residues from both monomers. May form a head-to-tail homodimer (PubMed:11576438). Homodimer and heterodimer with ADC2 (PubMed:28109885).
Increased levels of lateral root branching.
Induced by freezing (PubMed:18701673). Induced by the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas viridiflava (PubMed:25409942).
Required for the biosynthesis of putrescine. Catalyzes the first step of polyamine (PA) biosynthesis to produce putrescine from arginine (PubMed:11576438, PubMed:15733873, PubMed:25409942). Is a minor contributor to basal arginine decarboxylase (ADC) activity and putrescine biosynthesis (PubMed:25409942). Accumulation of putrescine plays a positive role in freezing tolerance (PubMed:18701673). Production of polyamines is essential for normal seed development (PubMed:15733873). Controls PA homeostasis which is crucial for normal plant growth and development (PubMed:27014322).
Belongs to the carbohydrate kinase PfkB family.
Belongs to the type 2 lipid phosphate phosphatase family.
Functions as sphingoid long-chain base phosphate (LCBP) phosphatase. May play a role in the regulation of LCBP levels and be involved in stomatal responses through LCBP-mediated ABA signaling.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants show increased sensitivity to ABA in stomatal closure and decreased sensitivity to ABA-induced inhibition of primary root growth.
Essential factor for the assembly of mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase complex (complex I).
Belongs to the CorA metal ion transporter (MIT) (TC 1.A.35.5) family.
Has the ability to complement a mutant in yeast lacking magnesium transport capability.
Magnesium transporter that may mediate the influx of magnesium.
DOMON domain could bind catecholamines and thereby could regulate the cytochrome b561 domain function (PubMed:15022831). DOMON domain could bind one heme b (PubMed:19386804).
May act as a catecholamine-responsive trans-membrane electron transporter.
May be involved in plant defense signaling.
Palmitoylation at Cys-3 and Cys-6 are required for plasma membrane location.
Molecular scaffold for [Fe-S] cluster assembly of chloroplastic iron-sulfur proteins.
Predominantly expressed in floral stalks and siliques. Expressed in leaves, cauline leaves, flower stalks and flowers (at protein level).
By salicylic acid (PubMed:11449049). Induced by heat stress (PubMed:21336597).
Transcription factor. Interacts specifically with the W box (5'-(T)TGAC[CT]-3'), a frequently occurring elicitor-responsive cis-acting element (By similarity). Functions with WRKY25 and WRKY33 as positive regulator of plant thermotolerance by partially participating in ethylene-response signal transduction pathway (PubMed:21336597).
Recognizes and hydrolyzes the peptide bond at the C-terminal Gly of ubiquitin. Involved in the processing of poly-ubiquitin precursors as well as that of ubiquitinated proteins (By similarity).
Belongs to the ammonia transporter channel (TC 1.A.11.2) family.
Belongs to the SLC13A/DASS transporter (TC 2.A.47) family.
Induced by malate and by acidification of the cytoplasm.
Putative carrier protein indirectly involved in the uptake of malate and fumarate to the vacuole, probably by regulating the energization across the tonoplast. Uptake of malate to vacuoles is inhibited by citrate and by the uncoupler carbonyl-cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone, but seems to be not affected by sodium. Critical for pH homeostasis.
Barely detectable in stems, leaves, siliques, and dry seeds, but was present at considerable levels in roots, flowers and imbibited seeds.
Impaired cotyledon greening during germination. Seeds are deficient in the phytochrome A (phyA)-mediated very-low-fluence response of germination. Mature plants appear normal.
The NET domain could serve as an interface to localize different proteins or complexes to chromatin.
Transcription activator that plays a role in the promotion of seed germination by both negatively and positively regulating the abscisic acid (ABA) and phytochrome A (phyA) transduction pathways, respectively.
After flg22-binding, forms instantaneously a heteromeric complex with BAK1 and is transphosphorylated within 15 seconds. After activation, the receptor is internalized by endocytosis and subject to degradation.
Autophosphorylated. The phosphorylated form is essential in the perception of flagellin. Dephosphorylated by KAPP. Autophosphorylation is inhibited by the binding with avrPto1.
Both extracellular leucine-rich repeats and protein kinase domains are required for flg22-binding. The LRR 9 to LRR 15 domains are involved in flg22-binding.
Constitutes the pattern-recognition receptor (PPR) that determines the specific perception of flagellin (flg22), a potent elicitor of the defense response to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Flagellin-binding to the receptor is the first step to initiate the innate immune MAP kinase signaling cascade (MEKK1, MKK4/MKK5 and MPK3/MPK6), resulting in enhanced resistance against pathogens. Binding to the effector AvrPto1 or to the phosphatase hopD2 from Pseudomonas syringae blocks the downstream plant immune response.
Heterodimer with SERK3/BAK1 (PubMed:24114786, PubMed:17626179, PubMed:20103591, PubMed:21693696, Ref.32). The activation by flagellin (flg22) induces the dissociation of the complex with SERK3/BAK1 (Ref.32, PubMed:20413097). Interacts with KAPP. Does not form homodimer. Interacts with SERK3/BAK1, SERK4/BKK1, SERK1 and SERK2 in a specific ligand-induced manner. Interacts with P.syringae AvrPto1, AvrPtoB and (via the kinase and cytoplasmic domains) hopD2. Component of large complexes containing, at least, FLS2 and ACD6 in endoplasmic reticulum and plasma membrane (PubMed:24923602). Interacts with MORC1/CRT1 (PubMed:23250427). Interacts with PBS1, BIK1, PBL1 and PBL2 (PubMed:20413097). Interacts with RBOHD (PubMed:24629339). Binds to IOS1 which triggers FLS2-BAK1 complex formation upon microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) treatment (PubMed:27317676). Interacts with PCRK1 and PCRK2 (PubMed:27208222). Interacts with BSK1 (PubMed:23532072). Interaction with BSK8 (PubMed:21726371).
Impaired BIK1 pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs e.g. flg22)-induced ubiquitination.
Polyubiquitinated at the kinase domain mediated by P.syringae AvrPtoB.
Repressed upon infection with the P.syringae virulent DC3000 strain, in a flg22- and avrPtoB-dependent manner (at protein level).
May be involved in the peroxisomal activation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxybutyric acid (2,4-DB), a precursor of active auxins that inhibit root growth.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but plants are resistant to 2,4-DB.
Belongs to the IAA-amido conjugating enzyme family.
Catalyzes the synthesis of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)-amino acid conjugates, providing a mechanism for the plant to cope with the presence of excess auxin. Strongly reactive with Glu, Gln, Trp, Asp, Ala, Leu, Phe, Gly, Tyr, Met, Ile and Val. Appears to favor Glu over Asp while the other GH3 favor Asp over Glu. Little or no product formation with His, Ser, Thr, Arg, Lys, or Cys. Also active on pyruvic and butyric acid analogs of IAA, PAA and the synthetic auxin naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). The two chlorinated synthetic auxin herbicides 2,4-D and 3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid (dicamba) cannot be used as substrates.
Locally and systemically up-regulated by the bacterial pathogen P.syringae.
Required for the establishment of systemic acquired resistance (SAR). Not involved in local defense mechanisms. Confers a salicylic acid-dependent (SA) resistance to virulent pathogens such as P.syringae pv tomato and H.parasitica.
Component of the 7-subunit TFIIH core complex composed of XPB, XPD, TFB1/GTF2H1, GTF2H2/P44, TFB4/GTF2H3, TFB2/GTF2H4 and TFB5/GTF2H5, which is active in NER. The core complex associates with the 3-subunit CDK-activating kinase (CAK) module composed of CYCH1/cyclin H1, CDKD and MAT1/At4g30820 to form the 10-subunit holoenzyme (holo-TFIIH) active in transcription.
Component of the 7-subunit TFIIH core complex.
Component of the general transcription and DNA repair factor IIH (TFIIH) core complex, which is involved in general and transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair (NER) of damaged DNA and, when complexed to CAK, in RNA transcription by RNA polymerase II. In NER, TFIIH acts by opening DNA around the lesion to allow the excision of the damaged oligonucleotide and its replacement by a new DNA fragment. In transcription, TFIIH has an essential role in transcription initiation. When the pre-initiation complex (PIC) has been established, TFIIH is required for promoter opening and promoter escape. Phosphorylation of the C-terminal tail (CTD) of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II by the kinase module CAK controls the initiation of transcription.
In NER, TFIIH acts by opening DNA around the lesion to allow the excision of the damaged oligonucleotide and its replacement by a new DNA fragment. In transcription, TFIIH has an essential role in transcription initiation. When the pre-initiation complex (PIC) has been established, TFIIH is required for promoter opening and promoter escape.
Interacts with SPO11-1 (PubMed:17762870, PubMed:28855712). According to PubMed:28855712, may interact with SPO11-2; this is in contradiction with PubMed:9461215 which claims that it seems to not interact with SPO11-2 (PubMed:28855712, PubMed:17762870). Binds to DFO, PRD3 and MTOPVIB (PubMed:28855712). Facilitates an interaction between PRD3 and DFO (PubMed:28855712).
Involved in DNA cleavage that forms the double-strand breaks (DSB) that initiate meiotic recombination.
Plants exhibit reduced fertility and meiotic defects (PubMed:17762870). Drastic decrease in chiasma formation at metaphase I associated with an absence of synapsis in prophase, due to the inability to make double-strand breaks (DSB) (PubMed:19763177).
The N-terminal domain (1-802) but not the C-terminal domain (755-1330) is essential for interaction with SPO11-1.
Belongs to the plant self-incompatibility (S1) protein family.
Accumulates progressively upon iron deficiency.
Mostly expressed in seeds, leaves and flowers, and, to a lower extent, in roots.
Required for growth in low iron conditions.
Stronger growth defect in iron-deficient conditions.
Plays a positive role in plant adaptation to phosphate starvation and exerts negative feedback regulation of SPX1.
Up-regulated under phosphate starvation.
Belongs to the protease inhibitor I3 (leguminous Kunitz-type inhibitor) family.
Exhibits Kunitz trypsin protease inhibitor activity.
Induced by infestation with spider mites (PubMed:30042779). Down-regulated in roots in response to drought stress (PubMed:7823904).
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 21 family.
Component of the Mediator complex, a coactivator involved in the regulated transcription of nearly all RNA polymerase II-dependent genes. Mediator functions as a bridge to convey information from gene-specific regulatory proteins to the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. Mediator is recruited to promoters by direct interactions with regulatory proteins and serves as a scaffold for the assembly of a functional preinitiation complex with RNA polymerase II and the general transcription factors. Required for embryo development and defense against necrotrophic fungal pathogens.
Component of the Mediator complex. Interacts with HUB1.
Converts the prephenate produced from the shikimate-chorismate pathway into phenylalanine.
Expressed in roots, leaves, stems, flowers and siliques. More abundant in stems and roots.
Has no detectable prehenate dehydratase activity.
Strongly up-regulated during stem elongation.
Amino acid aminotransferase important for the metabolism of amino acids and Krebs-cycle related organic acids. No activity with D-Asp or D-Ala as amino donors. In plants, it is involved in nitrogen metabolism and in aspects of carbon and energy metabolism.
Expressed in roots, cauline leaves, flowers, hypocotyl epidermis and root hair cells.
In eukaryotes there are cytoplasmic, mitochondrial and chloroplastic isozymes.
Belongs to the thiolase-like superfamily. Chalcone/stilbene synthases family.
Repressed by herbicides such as flufenacet and benfuresate (PubMed:12916765). Down-regulated by darkness, low temperature, drought and osmotic stress (PubMed:18465198).
Component of the PI(3,5)P2 regulatory complex at least composed of ATG18, SAC/FIG4, FAB1 and VAC14.
Lacks the FYVE domain, necessary to efficiently target the protein to membranes containing the phosphatidylinositol-3P substrate. Therefore, its molecular function remains unknown.
The PI(3,5)P2 regulatory complex regulates both the synthesis and turnover of phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(3,5)P2). Catalyzes the phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate on the fifth hydroxyl of the myo-inositol ring, to form phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate (By similarity).
Belongs to the Mg-chelatase subunits D/I family.
Homozygous mutants are chlorotic lethal when grown on soil, but can grow on sucrose-containing medium.
Involved in chlorophyll biosynthesis. Catalyzes the insertion of magnesium ion into protoporphyrin IX to yield Mg-protoporphyrin IX.
Involved in chlorophyll biosynthesis. Catalyzes the insertion of magnesium ion into protoporphyrin IX to yield Mg-protoporphyrin IX. The magnesium-chelatase is a complex of three subunits, CHLI, CHLD and CHLH. The reaction takes place in two steps, with an ATP-dependent activation followed by an ATP-dependent chelation step. Possesses high affinity for ATP and may play a major role in chlorophyll biosynthesis. Does not bind abscisic acid (ABA), but is a positive regulator of ABA signaling.
Redox regulation; active in reducing conditions, inactive in oxidizing conditions.
Redox regulation; active in reducing conditions, inactive in oxidizing conditions. Thioredoxins f and m mediate the reversible reductive activation of oxidized CHLI1.
The magnesium chelatase complex is a heterotrimer consisting of subunits CHLI, CHLD and CHLH. Interacts with CHLH and CHLD.
The magnesium chelatase complex is a heterotrimer consisting of subunits CHLI, CHLD, AND CHLH.
Interacts with CER1, FAH1, FAH2 and BI-1.
Membrane bound hemoprotein which function as an electron carrier for several membrane bound oxygenases, including fatty acid desaturases.
Although related to the sugar transporter family, it does not transport sugars.
Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily. phosphate:H(+) symporter (TC 2.A.1.9) family.
High-affinity transporter for external inorganic phosphate.
Slightly induced in roots during phosphate starvation.
ATP-dependent RNA helicase involved nonsense-mediated mRNA decay and ribosome biogenesis through rRNA processing.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX5/DBP2 subfamily.
Down-regulated by abscisic acid (ABA), salt and cold treatments.
May be due to a competing acceptor splice site.
Ubiquitous. Preferentially expressed in flowers and roots.
Dimer of alpha and beta chains. A typical microtubule is a hollow water-filled tube with an outer diameter of 25 nm and an inner diameter of 15 nM. Alpha-beta heterodimers associate head-to-tail to form protofilaments running lengthwise along the microtubule wall with the beta-tubulin subunit facing the microtubule plus end conferring a structural polarity. Microtubules usually have 13 protofilaments but different protofilament numbers can be found in some organisms and specialized cells.
There are nine genes coding for beta-tubulin.
Tubulin is the major constituent of microtubules, a cylinder consisting of laterally associated linear protofilaments composed of alpha- and beta-tubulin heterodimers. Microtubules grow by the addition of GTP-tubulin dimers to the microtubule end, where a stabilizing cap forms. Below the cap, tubulin dimers are in GDP-bound state, owing to GTPase activity of alpha-tubulin.
Expressed in flower buds, style, stamen filaments, vasculature of petals, root phloem, vasculature of cotyledons and rosette leaves and developing embryo.
Gibberellin-regulated protein involved in the regulation of floral meristem and floral organ identity, and promotion of seed size and weight. May play a role in the promotion of gibberellin responses such as regulation of flowering under short-day conditions, seed germination and inhibition of gibberellin oxidase. Possesses redox activity in E.coli and may function in redox regulation in planta.
Increased number of axillary inflorescence shoots and decreased seed weight.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 8 family.
May be involved in pectin and/or xylans biosynthesis in cell walls.
Expressed in young seedlings, flowers and siliques. Expressed at low levels in roots.
Belongs to the small GTPase superfamily. Rab family.
Intracellular vesicle trafficking and protein transport.
The natural substrate for this enzyme may be peptidyl-tRNAs which drop off the ribosome during protein synthesis. May also be required for the splicing of group IIB introns in mitochondria (By similarity).
Belongs to the UDP-glycosyltransferase family.
Possesses quercetin 3-O-glucosyltransferase, 7-O-glucosyltransferase and 4'-O-glucosyltransferase activities in vitro. Also active in vitro on benzoates and benzoate derivatives.
Belongs to the carbon-nitrogen hydrolase superfamily. Nitrilase family.
Can convert indole-3-acetonitrile to the plant hormone indole-3-acetic acid.
Expressed in cotyledons, hypocotyls, leaves, roots, stems, flowers and siliques.
Expressed throughout development, but at a very low level during the fruiting stage.
Produced by alternative initiation at Met-7 of isoform 1.
Belongs to the CLV3/ESR signal peptide family.
Extracellular signal peptide that regulates cell fate.
Mostly expressed in roots, stems and apex, and, to a lower extent, in seedlings, leaves, flowers, siliques and pollen.
The O-glycosylation (arabinosylation) of the hydroxyproline Pro-78 enhances binding affinity of the CLE3p peptide for its receptor.
Belongs to the terpene synthase family. Tpsa subfamily.
Binds 3 Mg(2+) or Mn(2+) ions per subunit.
Involved in terpene biosynthesis in roots. Possesses sesquiterpene (C15) synthase activity in vitro. Does not seem to be involved in diterpene (C20) biosynthesis.
Predominantly expressed in roots but also in flowers.
The Asp-Asp-Xaa-Xaa-Asp/Glu (DDXXD/E) motif is important for the catalytic activity, presumably through binding to Mg(2+).
Required for the function of coenzyme Q in the respiratory chain. May serve as a chaperone or may be involved in the transport of Q6 from its site of synthesis to the catalytic sites of the respiratory complexes.
Belongs to the complex I 49 kDa subunit family.
Folded specifically by a chaperonin Cpn60 complex containing at least 1 Cpn60 beta 4 subunit.
NDH is composed of at least 16 different subunits, 5 of which are encoded in the nucleus (By similarity). Interacts with the chaperonin CNP60B4 subunit.
NDH is composed of at least 16 different subunits, 5 of which are encoded in the nucleus.
NDH shuttles electrons from NAD(P)H:plastoquinone, via FMN and iron-sulfur (Fe-S) centers, to quinones in the photosynthetic chain and possibly in a chloroplast respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme in this species is believed to be plastoquinone. Couples the redox reaction to proton translocation, and thus conserves the redox energy in a proton gradient.
Catalyzes the reversible transfer of the terminal phosphate group between ATP and AMP. Plays an important role in cellular energy homeostasis and in adenine nucleotide metabolism.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DEAH subfamily. PRP2 sub-subfamily.
Embryo defective. Arrested at one-cell zygotic stage.
Plant non-specific lipid-transfer proteins transfer phospholipids as well as galactolipids across membranes. May play a role in wax or cutin deposition in the cell walls of expanding epidermal cells and certain secretory tissues (By similarity).
Plant non-specific lipid-transfer proteins transfer phospholipids as well as galactolipids across membranes. May play a role in wax or cutin deposition in the cell walls of expanding epidermal cells and certain secretory tissues.
Acts as a GTPase activator for the Rac-type GTPase by converting it to an inactive GDP-bound state. Maintains the global inactivation of ARAC11/ROP1 at the apex in pollen tubes in order to regulate the polar cell growth.
Male gametophyte defect characterized by sterile pollen grains developing balloon-like tubes.
Might contribute to the loading of the ESCRT machinery.
Preferentially expressed in siliques and cauline leaves.
Expressed in hypocotyls, leaf bases and shoot apex.
May be involved in both secretory and endocytic intracellular trafficking in the endosomal/prevacuolar compartments.
High jasmonate production and PDF1.2 expression upon wounding. Slight reduction of lesion size caused by fungal pathogen. Slight decrease of spider mite reproductive performance.
Protein phosphatase that negatively regulates defense respones. Inactivates MPK4 and MPK6 MAP kinases involved in stress and defense signaling.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 5 (cellulase A) family.
Expressed in leaves, flowers, siliques and seeds.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the leguminous lectin family.
Belongs to the fasciclin-like AGP family.
Involved in FLC activation and flowering time control, but has no transcriptional activation activity. Probably part of the FRI-C complex, but is not redundant with FLX.
Involved in protein precursor import into chloroplasts. Imported into the intermembrane space via the Toc translocon. May be involved in the import pathway used by proteins without a cleavable N-terminal pre-sequence (By similarity).
Part of the Tic complex (By similarity). Interacts with OEP61 during its transport into the intermembrane space.
Belongs to the AB hydrolase superfamily. Methylesterase family.
Methylesterase shown to have carboxylesterase activity, methyl indole-3-acetic acid (MeIAA) esterase activity and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) esterase activity in vitro.
Belongs to the glutaredoxin family. CC-type subfamily.
Has a glutathione-disulfide oxidoreductase activity in the presence of NADPH and glutathione reductase. Reduces low molecular weight disulfides and proteins (By similarity).
Expressed in flower buds, but not in stems, roots or rosette leaves.
Belongs to the ubiquitin family. SUMO subfamily.
Interacts with SAE2, SCE1, SIZ1 and MMS21 Covalently attached to a number of proteins.
Stress conditions rapidly and substantially elevates the amount of SUMO1 and SUMO2 conjugates with a concomitant reduction in the amount of free SUMO proteins. The SUMO conjugation system plays an important function in stress protection and/or repair.
Ubiquitin-like protein which can be covalently attached to target lysines as a monomer. Does not seem to be involved in protein degradation and may function as an antagonist of ubiquitin in the degradation process (By similarity).
Expressed in roots, seedlings and leaves. Lower expression in flowers. Expressed in the L1 layer of the shoot apex, in the epidermis of leaf primordia and young leaves and in vascular bundles. In the differentiation zone of the root, detected in the pericycle and in the epidermis, but not in the cortex. Strongly expressed in the lateral part of the root cap and in the epidermis of the root tip, but not in the meristematic tissue. Not expressed in lateral roots. In mature embryos, expressed in the epidermis, cotyledon tips and root tips.
Strong reduction in expression levels in flowers following fertilization.
Two-heme-containing cytochrome. Catalyzes ascorbate-dependent trans-membrane ferric-chelate reduction. Able to use dihydrolipoic acid (DHLA) as an alternative substrate to ascorbate.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 14 family.
Belongs to the plant rapid alkalinization factor (RALF) family.
Cell signaling peptide that may regulate plant stress, growth, and development. Mediates a rapid alkalinization of extracellular space by mediating a transient increase in the cytoplasmic Ca(2+) concentration leading to a calcium-dependent signaling events through a cell surface receptor and a concomitant activation of some intracellular mitogen-activated protein kinases (By similarity).
Acts in the modification of cell walls via demethylesterification of cell wall pectin.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the pectinesterase family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the PMEI family.
The PMEI region may act as an autoinhibitory domain and prevent untimely PME activity during transport.
Expressed in roots, stems, seeds and stamen.
Could be the product of a pseudogene. Lacks 1 of the 4 disulfide bonds, which are conserved features of the family.
Belongs to the cyclophilin-type PPIase family.
Down-regulated by dark and high CO(2) treatment.
PPIases accelerate the folding of proteins. It catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptides (By similarity).
S-nytrosylated during the hypersensitive disease resistance response.
Lacks 1 of the 4 disulfide bonds, which are conserved features of the family.
Belongs to the HD-ZIP homeobox family. Class IV subfamily.
Expressed in exclusively in anthers with highest levels in the tapetum and pollen grains.
Contains 6 disulfide bonds instead of the 4 disulfide bonds, which are conserved features of the family.
Belongs to the nonaspanin (TM9SF) (TC 9.A.2) family.
The C-terminal KXD/E motif functions as a Golgi retention signal, certainly through the binding to the COP1 coatomer.
Expressed in green tissue, with high steady-state mRNA levels in leaves. Not expressed in roots.
Required for photosystem II assembly/stability and photoautotrophic growth under low light conditions.
Expressed in roots, cauline leaves, shoots, flower buds and siliques.
Plants over-expressing OFP15 show small rosette size, late flowering, reduced fertilization and blunt-end siliques.
Transcriptional repressor that regulates multiple aspects of plant growth and development through the regulation of BEL1-LIKE (BLH) and KNOX TALE (KNAT) homeodomain transcription factors.
Transcriptional repressor that regulates multiple aspects of plant growth and development.
Expressed at low levels in roots and leaves.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 85 family.
Endoglycosidase that releases N-glycans from glycoproteins by cleaving the beta-1,4-glycosidic bond in the N,N'-diacetylchitobiose core. Involved in the production of high-mannose type N-glycans during plant development and fruit maturation.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but the double mutants engase85A and engase85B accumulate very high level of free N-glycans carrying two GlcNAc at the reducing end, but their counterparts with a single GlcNAc are completely absent.
Binds and presumably selects ubiquitin-conjugates for destruction. Prefers multiubiquitin chains rather than single ubiquitins, with a binding affinity for 'Lys-48'-linked ubiquitin chains. Acts as a ubiquitin receptor that associates with the 26S proteasomal docking subunit RPN10 for the indirect recognition of ubiquitinated substrates of ubiquitin/26S proteasome-mediated proteolysis (UPP).
Interacts with 'Lys-48'-linked polyubiquitin chains via its UBA domain. Interacts with RPN10 and RPN13. Interacts with PEX2 and PEX12.
Ubiquitous with a strong expression level in inflorescence.
By biotic and abiotic stresses such as pathogen infection (e.g. Botrytis cinerea and Pseudomonas syringae), salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), ethylene (ACC), liquid infiltration or spraying, and strongly during leaf senescence.
Increased sensitivity to the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea.
Transcription factor that binds specifically to the W box (5'-(T)TGAC[CT]-3'), a frequently occurring elicitor-responsive cis-acting element. Has a positive role in resistance to necrotrophic pathogens (e.g. Botrytis cinerea), but a negative effect on plant resistance to biotrophic pathogens (e.g. Pseudomonas syringae).
The PI(3,5)P2 regulatory complex regulates both the synthesis and turnover of phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(3,5)P2).
The phosphatase catalytic core motif (or RXNCXDCLDRTN motif) from the SAC domain is found in metal-independent protein phosphatases and inositol polyphosphate phosphatases.
Ubiquitous with a higher level of expression in young seedlings than in other tissues.
Allows the formation of correctly charged Gln-tRNA(Gln) through the transamidation of misacylated Glu-tRNA(Gln) in chloroplasts and mitochondria. The reaction takes place in the presence of glutamine and ATP through an activated gamma-phospho-Glu-tRNA(Gln).
Subunit of the heterotrimeric GatCAB amidotransferase (AdT) complex, composed of A, B and C subunits.
Aminopeptidase with broad substrate specificity for several peptides. Involved in proteolytic events essential for cell growth and viability. Plays an essential role during prophase I of meiosis. Required for correct meiotic reconbination in both male and female gametophytes.
Expressed in meiocytes during meiotic prophase I.
Reduced fertility and shorter siliques bearing a lower number of seeds compared with wild-type plants. Cytogenetic characterization of meiosis in the mutant line reveals that both male and female meiosis are defective.
Strongly inhibited by puromycin and DAMPAQ-22.
Belongs to the ADP/ATP translocase tlc family.
Belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily. HEN1 family.
Expressed in stems, leaves and inflorescences.
Methyltransferase that adds a methyl group to the ribose of the last nucleotide of small RNAs (sRNAs). This protects the 3'-end of sRNAs from uridylation activity and subsequent degradation. Can methylate 3'-end of microRNAs (miRNAs), small interfering RNAs (siRNas) and trans-acting small interfering RNAs (ta-siRNAs). Involved in plant development through its role in small RNAs processing. Required for the specification of reproductive organ identities and the probable repression of A class genes. May control floral determinacy possibly by regulating the expression of the C class floral homeotic gene AGAMOUS (AG).
Reduced organ size, altered rosette leaf shape and increased number of coflorescences. Urydilation of miRNA 3'-ends.
Heterodimers (PubMed:29272523). Binds weakly to CYSTM7 and WIH1/CYSTM13 (PubMed:29272523).
Induced by drought and oxidation stress.
May be involved in aluminium (Al) tolerance (PubMed:12805622). Involved in resistance to abiotic stress (PubMed:29272523).
Mostly expressed in roots, flowers and siliques and, to a lower extent, in stems and leaves.
By glucose (PubMed:24625790). Induced by salt, drought stress and methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) treatment (PubMed:17158162).
Expressed in roots, rosette leaves, cauline leaves, shoot apex, stems and flowers.
Transcriptional activator activated by proteolytic cleavage through regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP) (By similarity). Transcription factor involved in modulation of abscisic acid (ABA) signaling. Attenuates ABA sensitivity and glucose-induced ABA accumulation. Reduces the expression of ABI4 gene.
Belongs to the zinc-containing alcohol dehydrogenase family.
Belongs to the zinc-containing alcohol dehydrogenase family. Class-III subfamily.
Belongs to the ABC transporter superfamily. ABCB family. Multidrug resistance exporter (TC 3.A.1.201) subfamily.
Belongs to the DNA polymerase type-B family.
DNA polymerase II participates in chromosomal DNA replication.
DNA polymerase II, which participates in chromosomal DNA replication. Required for the timing and determination of cell fate during plant embryogenesis and root pole development, by promoting cell cycle and cell type patterning. Necessary for proper shoot (SAM) and root apical meristem (RAM) functions. Involved in maintaining epigenetic states, controlling hypersensitive response (HR), and mediating abscisic acid (ABA) signaling. Required for flowering repression through a mechanism involving epigenetic gene silencing. May participate in processes involved in chromatin-mediated cellular memory.
Follows a cell-cycle-dependent expression with a maximal induction in the S phase and another induction at the G2/M transition.
Heterotetramer (By similarity). Subunit of the DNA polymerase II (PubMed:16212602, PubMed:19947980). Interacts (via C-terminus) with DPB2 (PubMed:16212602). Interacts with LHP1/TFL2 (PubMed:19947980).
Lethal, with sporophytic embryo-defective with an arrest at the globular stage during embryo development. Abnormal cell division characterized by several rounds of mitosis with aberrant planes of division.
Mostly expressed at low levels in inflorescence (floral meristem and flowers until anthesis), and, to a lower extent, in roots, seeds and leaves.
Present in actively dividing cells such as root and shoot meristematic regions, young leaves and stems, inflorescences and siliques.
The CysA-type zinc finger is required for PCNA-binding.
The CysB motif binds 1 4Fe-4S cluster and is required for the formation of polymerase complexes.
The DNA polymerase activity domain resides in the N-terminal half of the protein, while the C-terminus is necessary for maintenance of the complex.
Belongs to the membrane-bound acyltransferase family.
Expressed in roots, rosette leaves, petals, stigma, chalazal endosperm of developing seeds and vascular bundles of siliques.
Lysophospholipid acyltransferase with broad specificity (PubMed:18154737). Mediates the conversion of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine or LPE) into phosphatidylethanolamine (1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine or PE) (LPEAT activity) (PubMed:18154737). Catalyzes the acylation of lysophosphatidylserine (1-acyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-phospho-L-serine or LPS) into phosphatidylserine (1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-L-serine or PS) (LPSAT activity) (PubMed:18154737). Can convert lysophosphatidylcholine (1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine or LPC) into phosphatidylcholine (1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine or PC) (LPCAT activity) (PubMed:18154737, PubMed:24189065, PubMed:25268378). Exhibits preference for C18-unsaturated acyl-CoA when transferring an acyl group to lysophosphatidylcholine (PubMed:24189065, PubMed:25268378). Can also utilize lysophosphatidylglycerol (LPG) as substrate in vitro (PubMed:18154737). Has neither activity towards lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) nor lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI) (PubMed:18154737). Lysophospholipid acyltransferases catalyze the reacylation step of the phospholipid remodeling pathway also known as the Lands cycle (Probable). The primary function of the Lands cycle is to provide a route for acyl remodeling to modify fatty acid (FA) composition of phospholipids derived from the Kennedy pathway (PubMed:23150634, PubMed:22932756). Is involved in PC acyl editing and phosphocholine headgroup exchange between PC and diacylglycerols. This processes control the majority of acyl fluxes through PC to provide polyunsaturated fatty acids for triacylglycerols synthesis in seeds (PubMed:22932756, PubMed:24189065). Involved with LPCAT2 in the direct incorporation of newly synthesized fatty acids exported form the chloroplast into PC through acyl editing (PubMed:31511316).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but the double mutants lpcat1 and lpcat2-2 show increased contents of very-long-chain fatty acids and decreased polyunsaturated fatty acids in seed triacylglycerols.
Belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily.
Transcription factor. Interacts specifically with the W box (5'-(T)TGAC[CT]-3'), a frequently occurring elicitor-responsive cis-acting element (By similarity).
Belongs to the acetyltransferase family. GNAT subfamily.
Protein acetyltransferase with dual specificity triggering both N-alpha-acetylation (NTA), with a preference for leucine, methionine, serine, valine and to a lower extent threonine and alanine as substrates (can also use glycine), and epsilon-lysine acetylation (KA) of several plastid proteins.
Accessory subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I), that is believed not to be involved in catalysis. Complex I functions in the transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme is believed to be ubiquinone (By similarity).
Accessory subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I), that is believed not to be involved in catalysis. Complex I functions in the transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme is believed to be ubiquinone.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFB3 subunit family.
Expressed in developing embryos up to the heart stage.
Interacts with RPB36B through its WQQ domain.
May function as a transcriptional regulator essential for early embryogenesis.
The WQQ domain consists of a repetition of W-x(2)-Q-x(4)-Q-x(2) motifs.
Ubiquitous but preferentially expressed in gametophytes and young embryos.
Belongs to the complement C6/C7/C8/C9 (TC 1.C.39) family.
Negatively controls the salicylic acid (SA)-mediated pathway of programmed cell death in plant immunity.
Functions as molecular chaperone to protect proteins from heat-induced damage.
Presumably involved in the processing and regular turnover of intracellular proteins. Catalyzes the removal of unsubstituted N-terminal amino acids from various peptides (Probable). Possesses leucine aminopeptidase activity against the model substrate leucine-amido methyl coumarin (PubMed:22493451). Possesses Cys-Gly dipeptidase activity. In addition, can cleave Cys-Leu and Leu-Cys dipeptides (PubMed:25716890).
Belongs to the diphosphomevalonate decarboxylase family.
Decreased contents of campesterol and sitosterol (by 50% and 30%, respectively, compared with wild type). Decreased emissions of beta-caryophyllene (by 35% compared with wild-type).
Performs the first committed step in the biosynthesis of isoprene-containing compounds such as sterols and terpenoids (PubMed:10344201, PubMed:26216978). Is specific for (R)-5-diphosphomevalonate (MVAPP). The catalytic efficiency with (R)-5-phosphomevalonate (MVAP) as substrate is 10000-fold lower than for MVAPP (PubMed:26216978). Can complement a yeast mutant defective in MVD activity (PubMed:10344201).
Performs the first committed step in the biosynthesis of isoprene-containing compounds such as sterols and terpenoids.
Belongs to the tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase/cyclohydrolase family.
Catalyzes the oxidation of 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate to 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate and then the hydrolysis of 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate to 10-formyltetrahydrofolate.
Belongs to the nucleobase:cation symporter-2 (NCS2) (TC 2.A.40) family.
Catalyzes the final step in the synthesis of long-chain linear esters (waxes).
An article reported that transcripts can move in the phloem from leaves to shoot apex to induce flowering; however, this paper was later retracted.
Belongs to the phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein family.
Component of the mobile flower-promoting signal (floral stimulus or florigen). Promotes the transition from vegetative growth to flowering. Required for 'SEPALLATA3' (SEP3) and 'FRUITFULL' (FUL) accumulation in mature rosette leaves. Seems to acts in parallel with 'LEAFY' to induce flowering by regulating 'APETALA1'. Translated in leaves and then transported to the shoot apical meristem where it activates the transcription of several floral meristem identity genes. May play a role in both the autonomous and the long-day flowering pathways.
Expression gradually increases with time under both long-day (LD) and short-day (SD) photoperiods. Under LD conditions, expression is first detected on day 4 and plateaued around day 6, preceeding floral commitment around days 9 and 10.
Interacts with FD/BZIP14 and FDP/BZIP27 (PubMed:16099979, PubMed:16099980). Interacts with FTIP1/MCTP1 in phloem companion cells (PubMed:22529749, PubMed:29259105). Interacts with NAKR1 (PubMed:27255839).
Levels follow a circadian cycle with a progressive accumulation during the day time (PubMed:25343985). By light. Expression is delayed and reduced under SD conditions. Repressed by FLC. Up-Regulated by VOZ1 and/or VOZ2 (PubMed:22904146). Up-regulated by APL/FE (PubMed:26239308). Down-regulated by the H3K36me2 modification at the FT locus produced by the interaction between EFM and JMJ30 (PubMed:25132385). Repressed by MYB56 (PubMed:25343985).
Mutagenesis of Tyr-85 to His converts the activator of flowering 'FLOWERING LOCUS T' into a 'TERMINAL FLOWER 1'-like repressor of flowering.
Belongs to the inositol phosphokinase (IPK) family.
Detected in leaves, stems, roots, siliques and flowers. Highly expressed in root tissues, anthers, the stigma, pollen grains and growing pollen tubes.
Expression persisted in the stigmatic tissue after fertilization and in siliques during seed maturation.
Inositol phosphate kinase with a broad substrate specificity.
Inositol phosphate kinase with a broad substrate specificity. Phosphorylates inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (Ins(1,4,5)P3), inositol 1,4,5,6-tetrakisphosphate (Ins(1,4,5,6)P4), inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate (Ins(1,3,4,5)P4), inositol 1,3,4,6-tetrakisphosphate (Ins(1,3,4,6)P4) and inositol 1,2,3,4,6-pentakisphosphate (Ins(1,2,3,4,6)P5) but not inositol 1,4-bisphosphate (Ins(1,4)P2), inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate (Ins(1,3,4)P3), inositol 1,2,6-trisphosphate (Ins(1,2,6)P3), inositol 3,4,5,6-tetrakisphosphate (Ins(3,4,5,6)P4), inositol 1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate (Ins(1,3,4,5,6)P5), inositol 1,2,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate (Ins(1,2,4,5,6)P5) or inositol hexakisphosphate (InsP6). Regulates pollen and root development probably through the regulation of InsP3-mediated calcium accumulation.
Binds to CLPC1 and CLPC2. Interacts with ClpS1; this interaction stimulates their association with ClpC. Associates with the Clp substrate HEMA1 (GluTR).
Clp protease adapter that facilitates CLPS1 recruitment to ClpC chaperones thus forming a binary adapter for selective substrate recognition and delivery to plastid Clp protease system (CLPC).
Expressed constitutively in photosynthetic tissues such as leaves, stems and flowers, and, at low levels, in siliques.
Reduction by 10 precent of total chlorophyll, with slight increase of chlorophyll a/b ratio and slight decrease of chlorophyll-to-carotenoid ratios. Overaccumulation of ClpS1 protein.
Belongs to the RBR family. Ariadne subfamily.
Members of the RBR family are atypical E3 ligases. They interact with the E2 conjugating enzyme UBE2L3 and function like HECT-type E3 enzymes: they bind E2s via the first RING-type zinc finger, but require an obligate trans-thiolation step during the ubiquitin transfer, requiring a conserved active site Cys residue in the second RING-type zinc finger. The active site probably forms a thioester intermediate with ubiquitin taken from the active-site cysteine of the E2 before ultimately transferring it to a Lys residue on the substrate.
Might act as an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase, or as part of E3 complex, which accepts ubiquitin from specific E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes and then transfers it to substrates.
Predominantly expressed in shoot tips and flowers.
The QLQ domain and WRC domain may be involved in protein-protein interaction and DNA-binding, respectively.
Transcription activator that plays a role in the regulation of cell expansion in leaf and cotyledons tissues. Component of a network formed by miR396, the GRFs and their interacting factors (GIFs) acting in the regulation of meristem function, at least partially through the control of cell proliferation.
microRNA 396 (miR396a or miR396b) negatively regulates growth-regulating factors (GRF1-4 and GRF7-9).
By infection with bacterial pathogen P.syringae.
Catalyzes specifically the phosphorylation of ceramide to form ceramide 1-phosphate. Possesses high activity on ceramide analogs (C6, C8 synthetic ceramides) and lower activity on C6 and C8 dihydroceramides. Has weak activity on natural ceramides (a mixture of ceramides from bovine brain) and the synthetic substrate C2 ceramide. Has very poor activity on diacylglycerol and sphingosine. Ceramide is a critical sphingolipid metabolite that induces programmed cell death (PCD) in plants and ceramide-1-phosphate has a PCD suppressive effect. Thus, ceramide phosphorylation plays a role in the modulation of PCD and CERK activity is crucial for the maintenance of cell viability.
Enhanced apoptotic-like cell death late in development.
Belongs to the histone H1/H5 family. SMH subfamily.
Binds preferentially double-stranded telomeric repeats, but it can also bind to the single G-rich telomeric strand.
Forms a homodimer and heterodimers with TRB1 or TRB3. Interacts with TRB1 and TRB3.
HTH myb-type domain confers double-stranded telomeric DNA-binding while the H15 domain is involved in non-specific DNA-protein interaction and multimerization.
O-glycosylated on the hydroxyproline residues.
Proteoglycan that seems to be implicated in diverse developmental roles such as differentiation, cell-cell recognition, embryogenesis and programmed cell death.
Induced by salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA) and infection with the fungal pathogen F.oxysporum.
Involved in defense against fungal pathogens. Possesses antifungal activity against diverse pathogenic fungi.
Belongs to the precorrin methyltransferase family.
By light (PubMed:15326282, PubMed:27729721). Accumulates within two hours in etiolated seedlings exposed to light (PubMed:27729721).
Essential protein required for siroheme biosynthesis (PubMed:20592802). Catalyzes the two successive C-2 and C-7 methylation reactions involved in the conversion of uroporphyrinogen III to precorrin-2 via the intermediate formation of precorrin-1 (PubMed:9006913). It is a step in the biosynthesis of siroheme (PubMed:9006913). Promotes nitrogen and sulfur assimilation as well as photosynthesis efficiency by triggering chlorophyll, nitrite reductase (NiR) and sulfite reductase (SiR) biosynthesis (PubMed:29472934).
Mostly expressed in leaves, and, to a lower extent, in stems, flowers and siliques.
Is associated with a DNA binding complex that binds to the G box, a well-characterized cis-acting DNA regulatory element found in plant genes.
Abnormal root hair development (e.g. shorter with abnormal shapes) (PubMed:28751315). The double mutant scyl2a scyl2b has short root hairs and small shoots (PubMed:28751315).
Although it belongs to the kinase superfamily, lacks the residues involved in ATP binding, suggesting that it has no protein kinase activity.
Expressed in roots, seedlings, leaves, stems, flowers, and, at low levels, in siliques.
Expressed in shoot and root vascular tissues (PubMed:28751315). In root cap regions, accumulates in columella cells and lateral root caps (PubMed:28751315). Also observed specialized cell types such as trichomes, guard cells and root hairs (PubMed:28751315).
Probably inactive kinase (PubMed:28751315). Component of the AP2-containing clathrin coat that regulates clathrin-dependent trafficking at plasma membrane, TGN and endosomal system (PubMed:28751315). Together with SCYL2B, required for cell growth, plant growth and development (PubMed:28751315). Essential for polarized root hair development probably by mediating the root hair tip localization of cellulose synthase-like D3 (CSLD3) (PubMed:28751315).
By drought stress, but not by abscisic acid.
Expressed in seedlings, roots, leaves, stems, flowers and siliques.
Interacts with ADO2/LKP2, CPK11 and CPK4. Weak interaction with CPK12 and no interactions with CPK1, CPK5 or CPK26.
Phosphorylated within the NLS/NES region.
The NLS/NES region (98-121) is necessary and sufficient for interaction with CPK11.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS5 family.
Activated by threonine and tyrosine phosphorylation.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CMGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. MAP kinase subfamily.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family. MAP kinase subfamily.
Dually phosphorylated on Thr-191 and Tyr-193, which activates the enzyme (By similarity). Phosphorylated on Ser residue.
Highest levels in the stem. Present in the leaf, root and flower, but not in seeds.
The TXY motif contains the threonine and tyrosine residues whose phosphorylation activates the MAP kinases.
Belongs to the carotenoid oxygenase family.
Cleaves a variety of carotenoids symmetrically at both the 9-10 and 9'-10' double bonds. Active on beta,beta-carotene, lutein, zeaxanthin, all-trans-violaxanthin, 9-cis-violaxanthin and 9'-cis-neoxanthin. With most substrates, the carotenoid is symmetrically cleaved. Probably not involved in abscisic acid biosynthesis.
High expression in flowers and siliques. Also detected in stems, leaves and roots.
Plants do not show any phenotype alteration, but leads to higher seed carotenoid content.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 35 family.
Ubiquitous, with higher expression levels in roots and siliques.
Preferentially expressed in roots and flowers.
Belongs to the peroxiredoxin family. Prx5 subfamily.
Highly expressed in buds and flowers. Slightly expressed in green tissues. Also detected in pollen.
Highly induced by salt or oxidative stresses.
The active site is a conserved redox-active cysteine residue, the peroxidatic cysteine (C(P)), which makes the nucleophilic attack on the peroxide substrate. The peroxide oxidizes the C(P)-SH to cysteine sulfenic acid (C(P)-SOH), which then reacts with another cysteine residue, the resolving cysteine (C(R)), to form a disulfide bridge. The disulfide is subsequently reduced by an appropriate electron donor to complete the catalytic cycle. In this 1-Cys peroxiredoxin, no C(R) is present and C(P) instead forms a disulfide with a cysteine from another protein or with a small thiol molecule.
Thiol-specific peroxidase that catalyzes the reduction of hydrogen peroxide and organic hydroperoxides to water and alcohols, respectively. Plays a role in cell protection against oxidative stress by detoxifying peroxides and as sensor of hydrogen peroxide-mediated signaling events.
Thiol-specific peroxidase that catalyzes the reduction of hydrogen peroxide and organic hydroperoxides to water and alcohols, respectively. Plays a role in cell protection against oxidative stress by detoxifying peroxides.
Abolished ability to confer tolerance to stress (e.g. metals and oxidizing chemicals such as Cd, As, Cu, diamide or tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BOOH)) (PubMed:18980652). Early flowering under mild drought stress treatment (PubMed:31540691).
Lower levels in the dark than in white, red and far-red light (PubMed:18980652). Induced by wounding in an ATAF2-dependent manner (PubMed:22937923).
Mostly expressed in stems, shoots and leaves, and, to a lower extent, in siliques and seedlings (PubMed:18980652). Barely detectable in roots (PubMed:18980652).
Promotes the tolerance to a range of metals, including cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As) and copper (Cu) and to oxidizing chemicals (e.g. diamide and tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BOOH)) (PubMed:18980652). May act as a chromatin remodeling factor for stress responses (PubMed:18980652). Negative regulator of flowering, especially during drought stress, probably to prevent precocious flower development and subsequent low seed set (PubMed:31540691). Repress the AP1 promoter in a SOC1-dependent manner (PubMed:31540691).
Belongs to the poly(A) polymerase family.
Binds 2 magnesium ions. Also active with manganese.
Essential protein (PubMed:19956626). Polymerase that creates the 3'-poly(A) tail of mRNA's (PubMed:15297145). Also required for the endoribonucleolytic cleavage reaction at some polyadenylation sites. May acquire specificity through interaction with a cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor (CPSF) at its C-terminus (By similarity).
Expressed in leaves (mostly in petioles and tips), cotyledon, roots (tips, vascular tissue of the radicle, and throughout the root tissue excluding the elongation zone), stems, and flowers (restricted to the stigma and the pollen in mature anthers) (PubMed:15297145, PubMed:19956626). Active in the primary and secondary root systems (PubMed:19956626).
Monomer (By similarity). Forms a complex with cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor (CPSF) subunits FIPS5 and CPSF30 (PubMed:18479511).
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS4 family.
Binds to the translation initiation factors TIF3E1.
Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily. Sugar transporter (TC 2.A.1.1) family.
May be involved in the efflux of glucose towards the cytosol.
A pair of annexin repeats may form one binding site for calcium and phospholipid.
Belongs to the annexin (TC 1.A.31.1) family.
Expressed mainly in roots and flowers. Lower in stems and leaves.
Up-regulated by cold and dehydration stresses. Down-regulated by heat shock stress.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 77 family.
Catalyzes the transfer of D-xylose from UDP-alpha-D-xylose onto L-fucose. Probably involved in the biosynthesis of rhamnogalacturonan II (RG-II) through xylosylation of the internal fucose moiety of the A-chain of RG-II, a structurally complex pectic polysaccharide of the primary cell wall. RG-II is essential for the cell wall integrity of rapidly growing tissues such as roots and pollen tube growth and elongation.
Expressed in roots, rosette leaves, cauline leaves and stems.
The conserved DXD motif is involved in enzyme activity.
Lacks the His residue in the RING-type domain 2 that is one of the conserved features of the family.
Impaired lateral root proliferation in nitrate rich root zones.
Induced by nitrate in root cell culture, (PubMed:9430595, PubMed:17148611). In roots, seems induced by nitrogen (N) deprivation (e.g. nitrate free medium) but rapidly repressed by N re-supply (e.g. nitrate, glutamine and ammonium) (PubMed:16021502). Slight repression in shoots during nitrogen (N) deprivation.
Probable transcription factor. Required for root plasticity in response to nitrate, NO(3)(-). Promotes lateral root growth in a NRT1.1-dependent manner.
Specifically expressed in roots, mostly in lateral roots (LR) primordia, young emerging LRs, apex and base of LRs, apex of the primary root, and in the stele. Barely detectable in shoots.
Belongs to the GST superfamily. Phi family.
By dehydration stress, salicylic acid, ethylene, methyl jasmonate, auxin, H(2)O(2), copper, metolachlor, and the pathogens P.syringae and Hyaloperonospora parasitica. Induced by cadmium (PubMed:16502469).
Involved in camalexin biosynthesis by probably catalyzing the conjugation of GSH with indole-3-acetonitrile (IAN). May be involved in the conjugation of reduced glutathione to a wide number of exogenous and endogenous hydrophobic electrophiles and have a detoxification role against certain herbicides.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but reduced levels of camalexin production during infection by B.cinerea.
Appears transiently during greening of etiolated seedlings and disappears before chloroplast development is completed.
By high-intensity light, mostly at cold temperature (e.g. 4 degrees Celsius) (at protein level). This high-light-mediated accumulation is inhibited by okadaic acid. A stepwise accumulation is induced when 40 percents of PSII reaction centers become photodamaged. Induced by UV-A, red, far-red and blue lights illumination in a phytochrome A and phytochrome B-dependent manner. The COP9 signalosome is involved in dark-mediated repression. Accumulates upon heat shock but repressed at continuous high temperatures. Transcript levels follow a circadian cycle, with highest levels 2 hours after light, without protein accumulation. In light stress-preadapted or senescent leaves exposed to light stress there is a lack of correlation between transcript and protein accumulation; transcripts accumulate in yellow leaves exposed to high light, but not proteins. Transiently up-regulated during deetiolation (PubMed:31604812).
Probably involved in the integration of pigments into the mature light-harvesting pigment-protein complexes. Light-harvesting chlorophyll (LHC) a/b-binding protein required to ensure a high rate of chlorophyll accumulation during deetiolation in continuous high light. Involved in seed germination. May fulfill a photoprotective functions. Prevents excess accumulation of free chlorophyll by inhibiting the entire chlorophyll biosynthesis pathway (e.g. 5-aminolevulinate synthesis and Mg-protoporphyrin IX chelatase activity), and hence prevent photooxidative stress.
Reduced greening during deetiolation in continuous high light, with a reduced ratio between chlorophylls a and especially at the highest irradiances. Slight reduction in the rate of chlorophyll accumulation during greening at moderate light intensities, and lower zeaxanthin accumulation in high light conditions. Normal sensitivity to photoinhibition and photooxidation. Impaired seed germination, especially at hot temperatures (30 degrees Celsius).
Atypical bHLH transcription factor that acts as negative regulator of a variety of shade avoidance syndrome (SAS) responses, including seedling elongation and photosynthetic pigment accumulation. Acts as direct transcriptional repressor of two auxin-responsive genes, SAUR15 and SAUR68. May function in integrating shade and hormone transcriptional networks in response to light and auxin changes.
Plants overexpressing PAR1 are dwarf with compact rosettes and inflorescences, epinastic leaves, shorter flowering stems and siliques and a general dark-green phenotype. Plants silencing PAR1 exhibit a slight increase in the length of hypocotyls, cotyledons and primary leaves (PubMed:17948056).
Although strongly related to DNA glycosylase proteins, it differs from these proteins because of its large size and its unique N-terminal basic domain. The DNA repair function has not been proved and may not exist.
Belongs to the DNA glycosylase family. DEMETER subfamily.
Binds 1 [4Fe-4S] cluster. The cluster does not appear to play a role in catalysis, but is probably involved in the proper positioning of the enzyme along the DNA strand.
Potential transcriptional activator that may act by nicking the target promoter. Catalyzes the release of 5-methylcytosine (5-meC) from DNA by a glycosylase/lyase mechanism (By similarity).
The DEMETER domain, which is present in proteins of the subfamily, is related to the J-domain, but lacks some important conserved residues.
Expressed in hypocotyls, roots, rosette leaves, stems and siliques.
Methyltransferase catalyzing 4-O-methylation of glucuronic acid side chains on xylan.
No visible phenotype; due to the redundancy with GXM1 and GXM2. Reduced levels of methylated glucuronic acids. Gxm2 and gxm3 double mutants show reduced stem mechanical strength.
Up-regulated during secondary cell wall deposition.
Belongs to the Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase family.
Destroys radicals which are normally produced within the cells and which are toxic to biological systems.
Destroys radicals which are normally produced within the cells and which are toxic to biological systems. Mediates tolerance to stress, including photo-oxidative stress.
Expressed in leaves (at protein level). The spatial localization is regulated by miR398-mediated silencing. Mostly present in flowers, old rosette leaves and inflorescence, and, to a lower extent, in cauline leaves, stems and roots.
Growth retardation (e.g. delayed flowering) and abnormal chloroplasts (e.g. less organized with fewer stacks). This phenotype is reversed under very low light conditions. Enhanced tolerance to oxidative stress.
Upon photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) (e.g. light fluence) increase and UV-B treatment. Accumulates in response to ozone fumigation, during recovery. Induced in response to oxidative stress, via a reduction of miR398-mediated silencing. Repressed by sucrose in a miR398-mediated silencing-dependent manner. Repressed by salt stress. Down-regulated by aconitase.
No visible phenotype. Loss of O-acetylated xyloglucan oligosaccharides in seeds, but no effect on xyloglucan O-acetylation in roots and rosette leaves.
Xyloglucan acetyltransferase that catalyzes the acetylation of fucosylated Gal residues on xyloglucan side chains (PubMed:30083810). Predominantly catalyze 6-O-monoacetylation of Gal residues in the Fuc-Gal-Xyl trisaccharide side chains of xyloglucan oligomers (PubMed:30083810). Involved in xyloglucan specific O-acetylation in seeds (PubMed:22086088).
Belongs to the enoyl-CoA hydratase/isomerase family.
Expressed in roots, leaves, flowers and siliques.
Hydrolyzes 3-hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA (HIBYL-CoA), a saline catabolite. Has high activity toward isobutyryl-CoA. Could be an isobutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase that functions in valine catabolism.
Induced during post-germinative growth. Detected in imbibed seeds.
Involved in valine catabolism. May be indirectly involved in benzoic acid biosynthesis and in cold signaling and cold tolerance.
Loss of function mutants are defective in beta-oxidization of fatty acids and in the conversion of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) to indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). These inhibitions may be due to the accumulation of a toxic intermediate. The mutants are also less tolerant to freezing stress after cold acclimation.
Resistant to inhibition of root elongation and promotion of lateral root formation by the auxin precursor indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). Deficiency of benzoic acid-containing glucosinolates in the seeds. Resistance to the pro-herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxybutyric acid (2,4-DB).
Expressed in roots, stems, leaves and seeds.
Belongs to the dynein light chain family.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 4 family.
Component of the Mediator complex, a coactivator involved in the regulated transcription of nearly all RNA polymerase II-dependent genes. Mediator functions as a bridge to convey information from gene-specific regulatory proteins to the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. Mediator is recruited to promoters by direct interactions with regulatory proteins and serves as a scaffold for the assembly of a functional preinitiation complex with RNA polymerase II and the general transcription factors.
Component of the Mediator complex, a coactivator involved in the regulated transcription of nearly all RNA polymerase II-dependent genes. Mediator functions as a bridge to convey information from gene-specific regulatory proteins to the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. The Mediator complex, having a compact conformation in its free form, is recruited to promoters by direct interactions with regulatory proteins and serves for the assembly of a functional preinitiation complex with RNA polymerase II and the general transcription factors (By similarity).
Detected in the egg cell and the central cell of the embryo sac (PubMed:14711878). After fertilization, it is expressed in the zygote (PubMed:14711878). After the first division of the zygote, it is detected exclusively in the basal daughter cell, while WOX2 is expressed in the apical daughter cell (PubMed:14711878). Through the 16-cell stage, it is expressed in all descendants of the basal daughter, the developing suspensor and the hypophyseal cell (PubMed:14711878). After the hypophysis had divided, expression stops in descendants, but remains present in the extra embryonic suspensor (PubMed:14711878). Moreover it is found in the cellularized endosperm of the micropylar region during the globular and heart stages of embryogenesis (PubMed:14711878). Not expressed later in embryogenesis or in postembryonic stages (PubMed:14711878). Activated in the zygote after fertilization (PubMed:21316593).
Expressed only in the egg cell (PubMed:21316593). Not detected in the pollen tube (PubMed:21316593). Expressed in the zygote, the basal cell, and later the suspensor (PubMed:21802295). Expressed in all suspensor cells, except the hypophysis, and in the embryo surrounding region (ESR) endosperm cells (PubMed:22427333). Strongly expressed in the suspensor cells, with a weak expression also detected throughout the developing embryo (PubMed:22827849).
No visible phenotype, due to the redundancy with WOX9 (PubMed:17706632). Wox8 and wox9 double mutants are embryo lethal, with embryos disrupted as early as the first cell division in the embryo proper (PubMed:17706632).
Probable transcription factor, which may be involved in embryonic patterning (PubMed:14711878). May be required for basal embryo development after fertilization (PubMed:14711878). Acts partially redundantly with STIP in promoting embryonic cell division and proliferation (PubMed:17706632). Promotes cotyledon boundary formation by maintaining the symmetry in CUC genes expression domains (PubMed:22827849).
Up-regulated in the zygote after fertilization by the transcription factor WRKY2 (PubMed:21316593). Up-regulated by CLE8 (PubMed:22427333).
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 81 family.
The RING-type zinc finger domain is responsible for E3 ligase activity.
Catalyzes the post-translational formation of 4-hydroxyproline in -Xaa-Pro-Gly- sequences in proline-rich peptide sequences of plant glycoproteins and other proteins. Hydroxyprolines are important constituent of many plant cell wall glycoproteins such as extensins, hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins, lectins and arabinogalactan proteins. Possesses high affinity for leucine-rich repeat and proline-rich extensins of root cell walls that are essential for root hair development. Hydroxyprolines define the subsequent O-glycosylation sites by arabinosyltransferases which elongate the O-arabinosides on extensins. Has low affinity for the substrates tested in vitro.
Expressed in epidermal root hair cells (trichoblasts).
Reduced root hair length and content of hydroxyproline in root cell walls.
Belongs to the protease inhibitor I13 (potato type I serine protease inhibitor) family.
Induced by wounding, methyl jasmonate and abscisic acid (ABA) (PubMed:12428010). Induced by salt stress (PubMed:14684170). Induced by osmotic stress (PubMed:10481069). Induced by freezing (PubMed:18701673). Induced by the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas viridiflava (PubMed:25409942).
Plants over-expressing ADC2 accumulate very high levels of putrescine and exhibit dwarfism and late-flowering phenotypes.
Required for the biosynthesis of putrescine. Catalyzes the first step of polyamine (PA) biosynthesis to produce putrescine from arginine (PubMed:14684170, PubMed:15733873, PubMed:16045477, PubMed:25409942). Is a major contributor to basal arginine decarboxylase (ADC) activity and putrescine biosynthesis (PubMed:25409942). Accumulation of putrescine plays a positive role in salt stress tolerance (PubMed:14684170). Accumulation of putrescine plays a positive role in freezing tolerance (PubMed:18701673). Production of PA is essential for normal seed development (PubMed:15733873). Controls PA homeostasis which is crucial for normal plant growth and development (PubMed:27014322).
Alternative NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase which catalyzes the oxidation of mitochondrial NADH does not translocate protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane (By similarity). NAD(P)H dehydrogenase; more efficient on NADH.
Expressed in seedlings, roots, cotyledons, stems, buds and flowers and, to a lower extent, in stems and leaves.
Induced by chloramphenicol (Chl), erythromycin (Ery), paraquat (Par), rotenone (Rot) and salicylic acid (SA).
Lower reactive oxygen species formation and altered phenotype (e.g. growth rate, root:shoot ratios and leaf area). Lower leaf area early in development followed by a prompt subsequent increase in leaf area leading to larger leaves in mature plants. Better tolerance to salinity stress. These phenotypes are probably due to an enhanced expression of NDB2 and AOX.
Belongs to the amino acid-polyamine-organocation (APC) superfamily. Cationic amino acid transporter (CAT) (TC 2.A.3.3) family.
Permease involved in the transport of the cationic amino acids.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 4 family.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 31 family.
Beta-1,3-galactosyltransferase that transfers galactose from UDP-galactose to substrates with a terminal glycosyl residue.
Probable membrane-associated metalloprotease that may be involved in chloroplast development.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 34 family.
Probable glycosyltransferase that may be involved in the biosynthesis of xyloglucan.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS1 family.
Component of the small ribosomal subunit. Mature ribosomes consist of a small (40S) and a large (60S) subunit. The 40S subunit contains about 33 different proteins and 1 molecule of RNA (18S). The 60S subunit contains about 49 different proteins and 3 molecules of RNA (25S, 5.8S and 5S).
2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase involved in glucosinolates biosynthesis. Catalyzes the conversion of methylsulfinylalkyl glucosinolates to hydroxyalkyl glucosinolates (By similarity).
AOP1, AOP2 and AOP3 are found in tandem and inverted duplications on chromosome IV and encode 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases involved in glucosinolates biosynthesis. In cv. Columbia, AOP2 (AC Q9ZTA2) cDNA contains a 5-bp deletion that leads to a non-functional protein and AOP3 (AC Q9ZTA1) is not expressed. The functional and expressed alleles for AOP2 (AC Q945B5) and AOP3 (AC Q945B4) are found in cv. Cvi and cv. Landsberg erecta, respectively. No ecotype coexpresses both AOP2 and AOP3 genes. The catalytic role of AOP1 is still uncertain (PubMed:11251105).
Specifically recognizes and binds N6-methyladenosine (m6A)-containing RNAs, and regulates mRNA stability. M6A is a modification present at internal sites of mRNAs and some non-coding RNAs and plays a role in mRNA stability and processing.
Belongs to the heat shock protein 70 (TC 1.A.33) family. DnaK subfamily.
Belongs to the heat shock protein 70 family.
By heat shock. Up-regulated by virus infection.
In cooperation with other chaperones, Hsp70s are key components that facilitate folding of de novo synthesized proteins, assist translocation of precursor proteins into organelles, and are responsible for degradation of damaged protein under stress conditions.
Putative zinc finger that may be involved in programmed cell death and defense response.
Component of several multiprotein Golgi SNARE complexes.
Involved in transport from the ER to the Golgi apparatus as well as in intra-Golgi transport. It belongs to a super-family of proteins called t-SNAREs or soluble NSF (N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor) attachment protein receptor (By similarity).
Involved in transport from the ER to the Golgi apparatus as well as in intra-Golgi transport. It belongs to a super-family of proteins called t-SNAREs or soluble NSF (N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor) attachment protein receptor.
Expressed in the vascular tissues of roots, shoots and leaves. Expressed in root tips and sepals. Very low expression in stems and siliques.
No visible phenotype under normal growth condition, but upon infection with P.syringae, no accumulation of stigmasterol and increased resistance to the pathogen.
Plants overexpressing CYP710A1 show higher levels of stigmasterol and lower levels of beta-sitosterol than the wild-type.
Required to form the C-22 double bond in the sterol side chain. Possesses in vitro C-22 desaturase activity toward beta-sitosterol and produces stigmasterol. No activity with campesterol.
Necessary for protein translocation in the endoplasmic reticulum.
Belongs to the alpha-class carbonic anhydrase family.
Expressed in roots, leaves, stems and flowers. Highest expression in flower stems and meristematic regions.
Expressed throughout the plant life cycle.
Negative feedback mediated by FPA itself.
Plays a role in the regulation of flowering time in the autonomous flowering pathway by decreasing FLOWERING LOCUS C mRNA levels. Required for RNA-mediated chromatin silencing of a range of loci in the genome. Cotranscriptionally recognizes aberrant RNA and marks it for silencing. Controls alternative cleavage and polyadenylation on pre-mRNAs and antisense RNAs. Acts redundantly with FCA to prevent the expression of distally polyadenylated antisense RNAs at the FLC locus.
While FCA requires both FY and FLD, FPA requires FLD but not FY to repress FLC.
Belongs to the RING-type zinc finger family.
Belongs to the CSN7/EIF3M family. CSN7 subfamily.
Component of the COP9 signalosome complex (CSN), a complex involved in various cellular and developmental processes such as photomorphogenesis and auxin and jasmonate responses. The CSN complex is an essential regulator of the ubiquitin (Ubl) conjugation pathway by mediating the deneddylation of the cullin subunits of SCF-type E3 ligase complexes, leading to decrease the Ubl ligase activity of SCF. It is involved in repression of photomorphogenesis in darkness by regulating the activity of COP1-containing Ubl ligase complexes. The complex is also required for degradation of IAA6 by regulating the activity of the Ubl ligase SCF-TIR complex. Regulates the TSO2 subcellular localization. May be involved in nucleic acid binding.
Component of the CSN complex, probably composed of CSN1, CSN2, CSN3, CSN4, CSN5 (CSN5A or CSN5B), CSN6 (CSN6A or CSN6B), CSN7 and CSN8. In the CSN complex, it probably interacts directly with CSN4. Interacts (via PCI domain) with CSN1 (via PCI domain) and CSN8 (via PCI domain), and (via C-terminal tail) with CSN6A, TSO2 and RNR2A. Cannot interact simultaneously with CSN1 and CSN8 to form ternary complexes. Also exists as a monomeric form. Binds to the translation initiation factors TIF3E1 and TIF3H1 (PubMed:15548739, PubMed:19704582).
The PCI domain is not sufficient to efficiently mediate CSN complex assembly and for biological activity.
Component of the Arp2/3 complex composed of ARP2, ARP3, ARPC1/p41-ARC, ARPC2/p34-ARC, ARPC3/p21-ARC, ARPC4/p20-ARC and ARPC5/p16-ARC.
Expressed at low levels in all tissues with a relatively highest expression in inflorescences.
Functions as component of the Arp2/3 complex which is involved in regulation of actin polymerization and together with an activating nucleation-promoting factor (NPF) mediates the formation of branched actin networks.
Functions as component of the Arp2/3 complex which is involved in regulation of actin polymerization and together with an activating nucleation-promoting factor (NPF) mediates the formation of branched actin networks. Arp2/3 complex plays a critical role in the control of cell morphogenesis via the modulation of cell polarity development.
Associated with the oxygen-evolving complex of photosystem II.
Component of the PAM complex, a complex required for the translocation of transit peptide-containing proteins from the inner membrane into the mitochondrial matrix in an ATP-dependent manner.
Probable component of the PAM complex at least composed of a mitochondrial HSP70 protein, TIMM44 and TIMM14. The complex interacts with the TIMM23 component of the TIM17:23 complex (By similarity).
Expressed in roots, hypocotyls, cotyledons, leaves, stems, stamens and carpels.
Belongs to the AB hydrolase superfamily. Isoprenylcysteine methylesterase family.
Catalyzes the demethylation of isoprenylcysteine methylesters (By similarity). May act as a negative regulator of ABA signaling (PubMed:20868530).
Expressed at low levels in flowers and siliques.
Increased sensitivity to abscissic acid (ABA) but slightly decreased sensitivity to salt and osmotic stresses during seed germination.
Plants silencing ICMEL2 show enhanced ABA inhibition of seed germination.
Belongs to the alkaline ceramidase family.
Endoplasmic reticulum ceramidase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ceramides into sphingosine and free fatty acids at alkaline pH (e.g. pH 9.5) (PubMed:25591940). Inactive on phytoceramide (PubMed:25591940). Involved in the regulation of turgor pressure in guard cells and pollen tubes (PubMed:25591940).
Increased turgor in pollen tubes associated with altered and delayed pollen tubes growth (PubMed:25591940). Short siliques resulting from severe sterility (PubMed:25591940). Insensitivity to abscisic acid (ABA)-induced stomatal closure in guard cells (PubMed:25591940). These phenotypes are partially restored by the disruption of GAUT13 (PubMed:25591940).
Preferentially expressed in pollen grains, pollen tubes and silique guard cells, but barely detectable in roots, stems and leaves.
Lacks the conserved CCT domain, which is one of the features of the CONSTANS family.
Component of the 20S core complex of the 26S proteasome. The 26S proteasome is composed of a core protease (CP), known as the 20S proteasome, capped at one or both ends by the 19S regulatory particle (RP/PA700). The 20S proteasome core is composed of 28 subunits that are arranged in four stacked rings, resulting in a barrel-shaped structure. The two end rings are each formed by seven alpha subunits, and the two central rings are each formed by seven beta subunits. The catalytic chamber with the active sites is on the inside of the barrel.
Induced by the endoparasitic nematode M.incognita. Levels increase after infection in both giants cells and endodermal cells of galls. Later confined to giant cells at high levels.
Lethal due to defect in male gametogenesis.
The proteasome is a multicatalytic proteinase complex which is characterized by its ability to cleave peptides with Arg, Phe, Tyr, Leu, and Glu adjacent to the leaving group at neutral or slightly basic pH.
The proteasome is a multicatalytic proteinase complex which is characterized by its ability to cleave peptides with Arg, Phe, Tyr, Leu, and Glu adjacent to the leaving group at neutral or slightly basic pH. The proteasome has an ATP-dependent proteolytic activity.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS2 family.
Belongs to the MoaE family. MOCS2B subfamily.
Catalytic subunit of the molybdopterin synthase complex, a complex that catalyzes the conversion of precursor Z into molybdopterin. Acts by mediating the incorporation of 2 sulfur atoms from thiocarboxylated MOCS2A into precursor Z to generate a dithiolene group.
Heterotetramer; composed of 2 small (MOCS2A) and 2 large (MOCS2B) subunits.
Expressed in seedlings, roots, leaves, stems, young inflorescences, flowers and siliques.
Involved in leaf development regulation.
Plants show abnormal leaves altered in shape and curling.
The conserved PP2C phosphatase domain (244-643) is interrupted by an insertion of approximately 100 amino acids.
Expressed during auxin-induced lateral root formation.
Induced between 4 and 8 hours after treatment with auxin and remains high for at least 24 hours.
By phytohormones. Transiently by wounding.
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling. Required for the T-DNA integration step of plant transformation by Agrobacterium. May play an important role in illegitimate recombination.
Low level of expression, mainly in dividing tissues: floral buds, margins of newly emerging leaves, expanding leaves and the meristematic zone of root tips. Also expressed in many non-dividing cells of the elongation zone of the root.
RAT5 is required for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of root but not of germ-lime tissues.
The nucleosome is a histone octamer containing two molecules each of H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assembled in one H3-H4 heterotetramer and two H2A-H2B heterodimers. The octamer wraps approximately 147 bp of DNA. Interacts with VIP1.
Belongs to the archaeal Rpo5/eukaryotic RPB5 RNA polymerase subunit family.
Component of the RNA polymerase V complex.
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Component of RNA polymerase V involved in RNA-directed DNA methylation-dependent (RdDM) silencing of endogenous repeated sequences, including transposable elements.
Participates in electron transfer between P700 and the cytochrome b6-f complex in photosystem I.
Participates in electron transfer between P700 and the cytochrome b6-f complex in photosystem I. Seems to be the major plastocyanin in Arabidopsis.
The crystal structure with reduced Cu(1+) has also been determined.
Was originally thought to be involved in the resistance to UV light and chemical DNA-damaging agents.
Component of SCF(ASK-cullin-F-box) E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes, which may mediate the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins (By similarity). Regulates negatively both salicylic acid (SA)-dependent and SA-independent defense signaling.
Expressed in seedling, root, stem, leaves, inflorescence and silique, especially in veins and trichomes.
Part of a SCF (ASK-cullin-F-box) protein ligase complex (By similarity). Interacts with SKP1A/ASK1, SPK1B/ASK2, ASK9, ASK10, ASK11, ASK13, ASK14, ASK16, ASK17, ASK18 and ASK19. Interacts with TRAF1B (PubMed:26867179).
Temperature dependent; normal at high temperature (above 28 degrees Celsius), but in colder temperature, dwarf morphology, constitutive resistance to the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae, and induction of defense-response gene expression such as PR-30.
During embryogenesis, first observed at the globular stage and accumulates in cells next to the suspensor, including lens-shaped cells (PubMed:30737509). Observed at low levels in few vascular cells of the primary root (PubMed:30737509). Also expressed in lateral root (PubMed:30737509).
Expressed during embryogenesis and in roots.
Homodimer (By similarity). Forms long polymer filaments with other SOKs proteins polymers (e.g. SOK1, SOK2, SOK3 and SOK4) crucial for polar localization and biological activity (PubMed:32004461). Binds to ANGUSTIFOLIA (AN) (PubMed:32004461).
SOSEKI proteins (SOK1-5) locally interpret global polarity cues and can influence cell division orientation to coordinate cell polarization relative to body axes, probably by guiding ANGUSTIFOLIA (AN) polarized localization (PubMed:30737509). Positive regulator of auxin (indole-3-acetic acid, IAA) biosynthesis and signaling pathway leading to the modulation of seedling growth, plant and inflorescence development (PubMed:31207460). Negative regulator of stress responses (e.g. salinity and osmotic stress) (PubMed:31207460).
The DIX-like oligomerization domain is required for polymerization, edge localization and biological activity.
Enhanced susceptibility to the virulent bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringe and to the fungal pathogen Erysiphe cichoracearum (powdery mildew).
Interacts with TGA2, TGA3, TGA5, TGA6 and TGA7.
May act as a substrate-specific adapter of an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex (CUL3-RBX1-BTB) which mediates the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins (By similarity). Involved in the regulation of basal defense responses against pathogens, and may be implicated in the cross-talk between the SA- and JA-dependent signaling pathways.
The BTB/POZ domain mediates the interaction with some component of ubiquitin ligase complexes.
Up-regulated following pathogen challenge or salicylic acid (SA) treatment, and down-regulated by methyl jasmonic acid (MeJA) treatment.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DEAH subfamily.
Belongs to the DNA glycosylase MPG family.
Hydrolysis of the deoxyribose N-glycosidic bond to excise 3-methyladenine, and 7-methylguanine from the damaged DNA polymer formed by alkylation lesions.
Belongs to the RuBisCO small chain family.
Heterohexadecamer of 8 large and 8 small subunits (PubMed:29372894). Interacts with RBCX2 (PubMed:21922322).
Heterohexadecamer of 8 large and 8 small subunits.
RuBisCO catalyzes two reactions: the carboxylation of D-ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate, the primary event in carbon dioxide fixation, as well as the oxidative fragmentation of the pentose substrate. Both reactions occur simultaneously and in competition at the same active site. Although the small subunit is not catalytic it is essential for maximal activity.
The basic functional RuBisCO is composed of a large chain homodimer in a 'head-to-tail' conformation. In form I RuBisCO this homodimer is arranged in a barrel-like tetramer with the small subunits forming a tetrameric 'cap' on each end of the 'barrel'.
There are four genes coding for RBS in Arabidopsis thaliana.
Belongs to the glucose-6-phosphate 1-epimerase family.
Belongs to the aspartate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase family.
Lacks the second part of the protein and the active site Asp and His residues which is a conserved feature of peptidase S10 family.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase able to catalyze polyubiquitination with ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 UBC8 in vitro.
Component of a pre-mRNA splicing complex (PubMed:23877244). Interacts with ZOP1 (PubMed:23524848). Interacts with PRP31 (PubMed:25684655).
Pre-mRNA splicing factor required for splicing and for the turnover of unstable transcripts. May be a U5 snRNP-associated protein involved in the formation of U4/U6-U5 tri-snRNP. Involved in responses to abiotic stresses. Involved in microRNAs (miRNAs) biogenesis by functioning in primary miRNAs (pri-miRNAs) splicing. Required for DNA methylation and transcriptional silencing through the RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) pathway.
The sta1-1 mutation causes the stabilization of the normally unstable STA1 transcript (PubMed:16751345) and increases the expression levels of miRNA target genes (PubMed:23268445).
Up-regulated by cold stress, but not by abscisic acid or salt treatment.
Acts as a regulatory subunit of the 26S proteasome which is involved in the ATP-dependent degradation of ubiquitinated proteins.
Component of the 19S regulatory particle (RP/PA700) lid subcomplex of the 26S proteasome. The 26S proteasome is composed of a core protease (CP), known as the 20S proteasome, capped at one or both ends by the 19S regulatory particle (RP/PA700). The RP/PA700 complex is composed of at least 17 different subunits in two subcomplexes, the base and the lid, which form the portions proximal and distal to the 20S proteolytic core, respectively.
Expressed in stems, cotyledons, hypocotyls, radicle, leaves, and, to a lower extent, in roots (including primary and secondary roots as well as root tips) and flowers (PubMed:15297145, PubMed:19956626). In radicle, roots and leaves, mainly present in vascular tissues (PubMed:19956626).
Monomer (By similarity). Forms a complex with cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor (CPSF) subunit PAPS4 (PubMed:18479511).
Polymerase that creates the 3'-poly(A) tail of mRNA's.
Belongs to the ATP-dependent DNA ligase family.
DNA ligase that seals nicks in double-stranded DNA during DNA replication, DNA recombination and DNA repair (Probable). Required to maintain seed viability (e.g. longevity and storability) and during seed germination, probably by repairing DNA damage accumulated during seed development, storage and/or imbibition. Facilitates seed germination in cold conditions (2 degrees Celsius) and under oxidative stress (e.g. menadione, a genotoxic agent). Involved in repair of X-ray-induced damage (PubMed:20584150).
Induced by UV-C (PubMed:15155891). Induced during seed imbibition (PubMed:20584150). Induced slightly by bleomycin (BLM), a radiomimetic reagent that generates DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) (PubMed:26074930).
Limits stable root transformation by A.tumefaciens T-DNA.
Mostly expressed in buds and flowers, and, to a lower extent, in stems, leaves, siliques and seeds.
Normal vegetative growth and fertility. Slightly enhanced sensitivity to X-rays, leading to a slight root growth reduction after 100-Gy dose of X-ray irradiation. Delayed germination of seeds, especially upon cold and oxidative stress (e.g. by menadione, a genotoxic agent), and reduced seed longevity and storability. Increased DNA damage response in germinating seeds, probably due to accumulation of DNA damage in seeds (PubMed:20584150). Increased stable root transformation susceptibility by A.tumefaciens A208 T-DNA (PubMed:25641249).
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family. ZRK subfamily.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL32 family.
Belongs to the ClpA/ClpB family. ClpC subfamily.
By senescence. Not induced by heat stress.
Expressed at low levels in roots and inflorescences (PubMed:15659100). Expressed at very low levels in rosette leaves (PubMed:15659100). Expressed in photosynthetic green tissues with high levels in young, developing leaf tissues (PubMed:23898032).
Homodimer and homohexamer (PubMed:21737456). Hexamerization upon addition of ATP (PubMed:21737456). Interacts with CLPT1 (PubMed:25149061). Interacts with CLPS1 (PubMed:23898032). Stably associated with the import machinery (PubMed:21737456). Interacts with CLPF (PubMed:26419670).
Molecular chaperone (PubMed:15304652, PubMed:21737456, PubMed:24599948). May act as a suppressor of FtsH-mediated thylakoid membrane biogenesis and may enhance photoinhibition (PubMed:15304652). Seems not involved in chloroplastic protein import (PubMed:15304652). Probable component of the TIC-associated stromal import motor involved in inner membrane translocation (PubMed:17376159). Has an ATPase activity, but no ADPase activity (PubMed:21737456). Interacts with transit peptides with a positional preference (PubMed:21737456, PubMed:22545953). Localization of the signal sequence at the N-terminal end of a protein seems mandatory for interaction to take place (PubMed:22545953).
No visible phenotype (PubMed:17376159). Clpc1 and clpc2 double mutants are embryo lethal when homozygous (PubMed:17376159).
Belongs to the glutamate synthase family.
Expressed predominantly in roots and slightly in leaves. Low expression in the leaf mesophyll and phloem companion cell-sieve element complex.
May play a role in primary nitrogen assimilation in roots. Could supply a constitutive level of glutamate to maintain a basal level of protein synthesis.
No visible phenotype. The glutamate and glutamine levels were unaffected.
Aquaporins contain two tandem repeats each containing three membrane-spanning domains and a pore-forming loop with the signature motif Asn-Pro-Ala (NPA).
Aquaporins facilitate the transport of water and small neutral solutes across cell membranes.
Belongs to the MIP/aquaporin (TC 1.A.8) family.
Belongs to the MIP/aquaporin (TC 1.A.8) family. PIP (TC 1.A.8.11) subfamily.
Belongs to the GST superfamily. Tau family.
Is involved in the conjugation of reduced glutathione to a wide number of exogenous and endogenous hydrophobic electrophiles.
May be involved in the conjugation of reduced glutathione to a wide number of exogenous and endogenous hydrophobic electrophiles and have a detoxification role against certain herbicides.
Heterotetramer of alpha and beta chains.
The branched-chain alpha-keto dehydrogenase complex catalyzes the overall conversion of alpha-keto acids to acyl-CoA and CO(2). It contains multiple copies of three enzymatic components: branched-chain alpha-keto acid decarboxylase (E1), lipoamide acyltransferase (E2) and lipoamide dehydrogenase (E3) (By similarity).
Expressed in most vegetative tissues, including leaves, stems and roots, primarily in expanding cells and vascular tissue.
No visible phenotype; due to redundancy with HERK1. Herk1 and the1 double mutants are stunted. In the1-4, shorter hypocotyls without brassinolide (BL) treatment. In the1-3, partially restored hypocotyl growth defect of prc1-8 and of other cellulose-deficient mutants.
Receptor-like protein kinase required for cell elongation during vegetative growth, mostly in a brassinosteroid-(BR-) independent manner. Mediates the response of growing plant cells to the perturbation of cellulose synthesis and may act as a cell-wall-integrity sensor. Controls ectopic-lignin accumulation in cellulose-deficient mutant backgrounds.
Semidominant suppressor of the cellulose-deficient mutant procuste1-1.
This protein was called 'Theseus' after the Greek mythological figure Theseus, who slew the brigand Procustes.
Belongs to the plant LTP family. PEARLI1 subfamily.
Belongs to the ubiquitin-activating E1 family.
Heterodimer of SAE1A or SAE1B and SAE2. The complex binds SUMO proteins via SAE2 (By similarity).
The dimeric enzyme acts as an E1 ligase for SUMO1 and SUMO2. It mediates ATP-dependent activation of SUMO proteins and formation of a thioester with a conserved cysteine residue on SAE2. Functionally redundant with its paralog SAE1B.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 1 family. Plant sucrose synthase subfamily.
By drought stress. By mannitol, an osmotic agent. Positively regulated by LEC2.
Detected in the whole plant with highest expression in developing siliques, vasculature of cotyledons and stomatal guard cells. Also detected throughout the mature parts of the root but not in the expanding zone.
Highly expressed in late-maturing seeds and in geminating seeds (at the protein level).
No visible phenotype. Diminution of the starch content of developing seeds and increased lipid accumulation early during seed development.
Sucrose-cleaving enzyme that provides UDP-glucose and fructose for various metabolic pathways.
Sucrose-cleaving enzyme that provides UDP-glucose and fructose for various metabolic pathways. Modulates metabolic homeostasis and direct carbon towards starch synthesis in developing seeds.
Belongs to the plant RPW8 protein family.
Ecotypes susceptible to Erysiphe cichoracearum, such as cv. Columbia, are lacking RPW8.1 and RPW8.2 but contain in place HR4.
Expressed in leaves after powdery mildew infection (e.g. Erysiphe cichoracearum UCSC1) (PubMed:15155802). Accumulates upon oviposition by pierid butterflies (e.g. Pieris brassicae) (PubMed:17142483). Induced in seedlings by the beneficial symbiotic fungus Trichoderma atroviride and, by the plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium (PGPR) Pseudomonas fluorescens after a transient repression (PubMed:22942755). Expressed after infection by the bacterial pathogenic Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (PubMed:22942755). Triggered by various phytohormones such as ethylene (ET), salicylic acid (SA) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) (PubMed:22942755).
Probable disease resistance (R) protein.
Binds cyclosporin A (CsA). CsA mediates some of its effects via an inhibitory action on PPIase (By similarity).
Mostly expressed in young tissues. Expressed in all parts of floral buds, but later confined to stigma and anthers.
PPIases accelerate the folding of proteins. It catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptides.
Widely expressed in aerial organs, at high levels in young rosette leaves and flowers, at low levels in older tissues.
Involved in the biosynthesis of sulfolipids in the chloroplast. Catalyzes the first committed step in sulfolipid biosynthesis. Converts glucose 1-phosphate to UDP-glucose, the precursor of the polar head of sulfolipid. In addition to glucose 1-phosphate, can use galactose 1-phosphate, but with much lower activity. No uridyltransferase activity with other hexose monophosphates. Specific for UTP and cannot use ATP, CTP, and GTP.
Decreased efficiency of the male gametophyte transmission and reduced fertility.
Plays a role in the transmission of male gametophyte.
Specifically expressed in pollen grains.
Component of the CCR4-NOT complex, at least composed of CRR4 and CAF1 proteins.
Ubiquitous transcription factor required for a diverse set of processes. It is a component of the CCR4 complex involved in the control of gene expression (By similarity).
Belongs to the 'GDXG' lipolytic enzyme family.
Carboxylesterase acting on esters with varying acyl chain length.
Expressed in leaves, stems, flowers and siliques.
Interacts with and inhibits PP2C-D subfamily of type 2C phosphatases such as PP2C67/PP2C-D1.
Provide a mechanistic link between auxin and plasma membrane H(+)-ATPases (PM H(+)-ATPases, e.g. AHA1 and AHA2), and triggers PM H(+)-ATPases activity by promoting phosphorylation of their C-terminal autoinhibitory domain as a result of PP2C-D subfamily of type 2C phosphatases inhibition, thus leading to the acidification of the apoplast and the facilitation of solutes and water uptake to drive cell expansion (PubMed:24858935). Plays a role in the regulation of cell expansion, root meristem patterning and auxin transport (By similarity).
In tricellular pollen, expressed in mature sperm cells but not in the vegetative cell. In bicellular pollen, detected in the progenitor generative cell. Detected in the egg cell within the female gametophyte.
Involved in brassinosteroid (BR) biosynthesis (PubMed:15703058, PubMed:17138693). Converts typhasterol (TY) to cathasterone (CS) and 6-deoxotyphasterol (6-deoxoTY) to 6-deoxocathasterone (6-deoxoCT) (PubMed:15703058). C-23 hydroxylase that converts directly (22S,24R)-22-hydroxy-5-alpha-ergostan-3-one and 3-epi-6-deoxocathasterone to 3-dehydro-6-deoxoteasterone (6-deoxo3DT, 6-deoxo3DHT) and 6-deoxotyphasterol (6-deoxoTY), respectively (PubMed:17138693). These C-23 hydroxylation shortcuts bypass campestanol, 6-deoxocathasterone, and 6-deoxoteasterone (6-deoxoTE) (PubMed:17138693). Catalyzes also the conversion of cathasterone to teasterone (TE), (22S,24R)-22-hydroxyergost-4-en-3-one (22-OH-4-en-3-one) to (22R,23R)-22,23-dihydroxy-campest-4-en-3-one (22,23-diOH-4-en-3-one) and (22S)-22-hydroxycampesterol (22-OHCR) to (22R,23R)-22,23-dihydroxycampesterol (22,23-diOHCR) (PubMed:17138693). Required for the regulation of polar elongation of leaf cells (PubMed:9694802, PubMed:10430960). Required for the longitudinal elongation of floral organs (PubMed:10430960).
Plants with short petioles and round leaves. Altered polar elongation of leaf cells (PubMed:9694802). The double mutant plants cyp90c1 and cyp90d1 exhibit a characteristic brassinosteroid-deficient dwarf phenotype (PubMed:15703058).
Contains FG repeats mediating the translocation through the NPC by interacting with transport factors.
Highly expressed in reproductive tissues, such as flowers and early developing seeds. Detected at low levels in vegetative tissues, such as leaves, shoots, stems or roots. Expressed in anthers, stigma papilla, embryo and endosperm.
Lethal when homozygous. Knockdown alleles have no obvious defect in growth and development.
Named LONO after an Hawaiian god associated with fertility, agriculture, rainfall and music.
Part of the nuclear pore complex (NPC). The NPC has an eight-fold symmetrical structure comprising a central transport channel and two rings, the cytoplasmic and nuclear rings, to which eight filaments are attached. The cytoplasmic filaments have loose ends, while the nuclear filaments are joined in a distal ring, forming a nuclear basket. NPCs are highly dynamic in configuration and composition, and can be devided in 3 subcomplexes, the NUP62 subcomplex, the NUP107-160 subcomplex and the NUP93 subcomplex, containing approximately 30 different nucleoporin proteins Interacts (via N-terminus) with RH38.
Required for normal embryogenesis and seed viability. Involved in the first asymmetrical cell division of the zygote. Regulates the number and planes of cell divisions required for generating the normal embryo proper and suspensor, apical-basal axis, cotyledons and meristem.
Belongs to the glutamine synthetase family.
By light, sucrose, glucose and fructose.
Expressed in mesophyll and epidermal cells of leaves.
The light-modulated chloroplast/mitochondrial enzyme, encoded by a nuclear gene and expressed primarily in leaves, is responsible for the reassimilation of the ammonia generated by photorespiration.
Belongs to the WIP C2H2-type zinc-finger protein family.
Can form homodimers. Interacts with MYB75, TT2 and TT16.
Lack of flavanoid pigment accumulation in the seed coat endothelium (transparent testa phenotype).
May act as a transcriptional regulator involved in the differentiation of young endothelium. Altered differentiation results in incompetence for pigments synthesis and the lack of condensed tannins in the seed coat (PubMed:21477081). Plays a role in the regulatory network controlling flavonoid accumulation in endothelium cells during seed development (PubMed:21477081).
Restricted to the endothelium, the innermost cell layer of the seed coat and detected to a lesser extent in the other cell layers of the testa.
Binds 1 divalent metal cation per subunit; can use either Mg(2+) or Mn(2+).
Pyrophosphatase that hydrolyzes non-canonical purine nucleotides such as inosine triphosphate (ITP), deoxyinosine triphosphate (dITP) or xanthosine 5'-triphosphate (XTP) to their respective monophosphate derivatives. The enzyme does not distinguish between the deoxy- and ribose forms. Probably excludes non-canonical purines from RNA and DNA precursor pools, thus preventing their incorporation into RNA and DNA and avoiding chromosomal lesions.
Acts as a phosphosugar phosphatase on a broad range of sugar phosphate substrates with preferential activity on D-ribose-5-phosphate, 2-deoxy-D-ribose-5-phosphate, 2-deoxy-D-glucose-6-phosphate, and D-mannose-6-phosphate and with a lower activity on D-fructose-1-phosphate, D-glucose-6-phosphate, DL-glycerol-3-phosphate, and D-fructose-6-phosphate.
Belongs to the HAD-like hydrolase superfamily. DOG/GPP family.
Ubiquitous with highest expression in flowers.
By wounding, water and cold stresses; in response to plant hormones 2,4-D, BAP, GA3, and ABA treatment; in response to L-Ser, Hyp and L-Pro treatment. Slightly repressed by salt stress.
Chimeric cDNA. Its C-terminal part is derived from the gene At2g20230.
Early expressed in the whole plant, but was restricted to lower stems, flower buds and roots in the mature plant (6 weeks old) (PubMed:11475326). Detected in cells throughout the embryo, including the suspensor, from the 32-cell stage, with expression increasing up to the torpedo stage, followed by a decrease at the bent-cotyledon stage, with little or no expression detectable in the nearly mature cotyledon stage of development (PubMed:12034904).
Embryo lethality. Germination-defective agravitropic seedlings with severely defective root, shoot, and hypocotyl and a vitreous appearance throughout (PubMed:12034904). Defective Cell Walls (PubMed:18256186).
Structural component which strengthens the primary cell wall (PubMed:11475326). Forms dendritic structures indicating a propensity for self-assembly through tyrosine cross-linking (PubMed:18256186, PubMed:21415277). Forms intermolecular cross-links exclusively by pulcherosine (three Tyr) (PubMed:18256186). Scaffold formation requires an unobstructed C-terminus of EXT3 (PubMed:18256186). Required for the correct positioning of the cell plate during cytokinesis in cells of the developing embryo (PubMed:12034904). Extensins contain a characteristic repeat of the pentapeptide Ser-Pro(4). For this particular extensin, a typical repeat of Ser-Pro(3) is found (PubMed:11475326).
Synthetised as soluble proteins which become insolubilised in the cell wall through the intermolecular cross-linking of Tyr on adjacent monomers. Isodityrosine (IDT) stabilizes and makes rigid the part of the polypeptide where IDT functional sites are present.
The proline residues of the Ser-Pro(3) repeats are hydroxylated and then O-glycosylated (arabinosylation) by HPAT1, HPAT2 and HPAT3 (PubMed:24036508). Around 20% of Hyp units are in the nonglycosylated form (PubMed:18256186). The Ser residues are O-galactosylated (Ref.9, PubMed:25944827). The lack of Ser-O-galactosylation does not affect Hyp-O-arabinosylation, but both types of O-glycosylation are central for the functionality of the protein (PubMed:25944827). Correct Hyp-O-arabinosylation appears to be responsible for generating a bend on the EXT3 backbone around a YVY motif, which may represent a better scenario for Tyr intramolecular cross-links (isodityrosine type) (PubMed:25944827).
Truncated cDNA resulting of the removal of two cryptic introns in the genomic sequence.
Belongs to the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-binding (LHC) protein family.
Binds at least 14 chlorophylls (8 Chl-a and 6 Chl-b) and carotenoids such as lutein and neoxanthin.
Photoregulated by reversible phosphorylation of its threonine residues.
The LHC complex consists of chlorophyll a-b binding proteins.
The N-terminus of the protein extends into the stroma where it is involved with adhesion of granal membranes and post-translational modifications; both are believed to mediate the distribution of excitation energy between photosystems I and II.
The light-harvesting complex (LHC) functions as a light receptor, it captures and delivers excitation energy to photosystems with which it is closely associated.
This protein is phosphorylated under normal plant growth conditions, whereas phosphorylation of maize CP29 was induced only by high light in the cold.
Expressed throughout silique development.
Acts as a transcriptional activator. Binds to the GCC-box pathogenesis-related promoter element. Involved in the regulation of gene expression by stress factors and by components of stress signal transduction pathways.
Induced by Pseudomonas syringae tomato (both virulent and avirulent avrRpt2 strains), independently of PAD4. Also induced by methyl jasmonate (MeJA) independently of JAR1. Ethylene induction is completely dependent on a functional ETHYLENE-INSENSITIVE2 (EIN2), whereas induction by wounding does not need EIN2. Induction by salicylic acid (SA) seems to be independent of PAD4 and NPR1. Transcripts accumulate strongly in cycloheximide-treated plants, a protein synthesis inhibitor. Seems to not be influenced by exogenous abscisic acid (ABA), cold, heat, NaCl or drought stress.
It is uncertain whether Met-1 or Met-3 is the initiator.
The AP2/ERF domain binds specifically to the 5'-GCCGCC-3' motif. The affinity of this binding is higher if the seventh amino-acid of this domain is basic (By similarity).
Two different genes At3g23240 and At4g17500 were assigned the same gene name ERF1.
Ubiquitously expressed, mostly in flowers and rosettes after ethylene treatment.
Belongs to the two pore domain potassium channel (TC 1.A.1.7) family.
Expressed in hydathodes and the vascular tissues of roots, stems, leaves and flowers.
KCO3 shares similarity to the TPK family (2P/4TM) but lacks the conserved internal part including one pore-forming region and two transmembrane segments. As a result and according to its structure, KCO3 could also be classified as a member of the IRK family (1P/2TM).
Probable calcium-activated potassium channel.
The pore-forming region (also called P-domain or P-loop) is enclosed by two transmembrane segments (1P/2TM) and contains a pseudo GYGD signature motif such as GYFD which seems to be involved in potassium selectivity.
Expressed in roots, shoots, leaves, flowers and siliques.
Expressed in the embryo at the heart and torpedo stages. Weakly expressed throughout the vegetative shoot apex. Highly expressed in organogenic regions of floral apices.
Probable RNA-binding transcriptional activator that plays a role in meiosis and vegetative growth. May be a downstream effector of TOR signaling pathway and recruited by RAPTOR1 for TOR substrate.
May regulate transcription elongation by RNA polymerase II. May enhance transcriptional pausing at sites proximal to the promoter, which may in turn facilitate the assembly of an elongation competent RNA polymerase II complex (By similarity).
May regulate transcription elongation by RNA polymerase II. May enhance transcriptional pausing at sites proximal to the promoter, which may in turn facilitate the assembly of an elongation competent RNA polymerase II complex.
Belongs to the fatty acid desaturase type 2 family.
Converts stearoyl-ACP to oleoyl-ACP by introduction of a cis double bond between carbons 9 and 10 of the acyl chain.
Expressed consitutively in roots, leaves, stems, and flowers.
Belongs to the major facilitator (TC 2.A.1) superfamily. Organic cation transporter (TC 2.A.1.19) family.
Expressed in vascular tissues and at sites of lateral root formation. Mostly present in floral buds, flowers and immature siliques.
High affinity carnitine transporter involved in the active cellular uptake of carnitine. Also transports organic cations. Regulates lateral root development.
In flowers, expressed in anthers, sepals, petals and peduncles. Accumulates during germination in embryos, reaching a maximum during the radicle emergence. In seedlings, restricted to the vasculature, with highest levels in the collar and the root. Later present in both elongation and root hair zones in roots. Also present in root cap columella. Detected before and during lateral root initiation and emergence and thereafter remained in vascular tissues of each lateral root.
Reduced sensitivity to carnitine and high degree of root branching.
Component of the SWR1 complex which mediates the ATP-dependent exchange of histone H2A for the H2A variant H2A.F/Z leading to transcriptional regulation of selected genes (e.g. FLC) by chromatin remodeling. Coodinates SWR1-C, FRI-C (FLC transcription activator complex), histone methyltransferase and general transcription factors. Represses flowering by positively regulating FLC and MAF4. Binds to the promoter region of FLC chromatin.
Early flowering, leaf serration, production of extra petals and weak apical dominance.
Expressed in root, lateral root primordia, shoot apex, leaves, stems, inflorescences, flowers, axillary buds, developing siliques and premature seeds.
Homodimer. Component of the SWR1 chromatin-remodeling complex composed of at least ARP6/ESD1/SUF3, PIE1, SWC6, SWC2 and H2AZs (HTA8, HTA9, HTA11). Interacts directly with ARP6, PIE1 and SWC2. Interacts with FLX and SUF4, two component of the transcription activator complex FRI-C, and with ASHH2 and TAF14.
Not regulated by circadian rhythm, photoperiod or vernalization.
Can hydroxylate xanthotoxin (8-methoxypsoralen) to form 5-hydroxyxanthotoxin (5-hydroxy-8-methoxypsoralen) in vivo and in vitro (PubMed:18291319). Involved in the early iron deficiency response, possibly through an IDE1-like mediated pathway (PubMed:21315474). Involved in the pathway of sideretin biosynthesis from feruloyl CoA, a redox-active catecholic metabolite exuded by roots in response to iron deficiency in order to facilitate the uptake of iron; this pathway consists in the successive conversion from feruloyl CoA to scopoletin, from scopoletin to fraxetin and from fraxetin to sideretin (PubMed:29581584). Catalyzes the biosynthesis of sideretin via fraxetin hydroxylation (PubMed:29581584).
Expressed in both primary and lateral roots under iron-deficient conditions, except in apical root zones, and mostly in the root epidermal layer.
Increased root length at seedling stage (PubMed:21315474). Accumulation of fraxetin, but loss of sideretin root secretion in response to iron deficiency. Slightly increased iron-uptake ability at elevated pH leading to a better fitness of plants, due to the presence of high fraxetin content (PubMed:29581584).
Plants overexpressing CYP82C4, can hydroxylate and subsequently glycosylate 8-methoxypsoralen.
Belongs to the oxygen-dependent FAD-linked oxidoreductase family.
Binds 1 FAD per subunit in a bicovalent manner.
Flavin-dependent oxidoreductase involved in the biosynthetic pathway to 4-hydroxyindole-3-carbonyl nitrile (4-OH-ICN), a cyanogenic metabolite required for inducible pathogen defense. Converts indole cyanohydrin into indole-3-carbonyl nitrile (ICN).
The FAD cofactor is bound via a bicovalent 6-S-cysteinyl, 8alpha-N1-histidyl FAD linkage.
Three- to fivefold reduction in levels of ICN metabolites and accumulation of indole cyanogenic glycosides.
Belongs to the polysaccharide lyase 1 family.
Binds 1 Ca(2+) ion. Required for its activity.
Expressed in flowers, but not in leaves.
Belongs to the gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase family.
Down-regulated by biological and chemical stimuli.
Putative gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase.
Multifunctional enzyme that converts oxidosqualene to tirucalla-7,21-diene-3beta-ol and two other triterpene monoalcohols.
Belongs to the fatty acid desaturase type 1 family.
The histidine box domains are involved in binding the catalytic metal ions.
The histidine box domains may contain the active site and/or be involved in metal ion binding.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL12 family.
Defective organ formation due to disorganized shoot, inflorescence, flower, and root meristems leading to stunted roots, few root hairs, lanceolate leaves, and a highly enlarged, disorganized shoot apex that does not produce an inflorescence (PubMed:12615938, PubMed:8392411, PubMed:10353913, PubMed:11589569, PubMed:15894610, PubMed:25518926). Altered cell division and cell differentiation in leaves (PubMed:25518926). No detectable 5-carbamoylmethyluridine (ncm5U) modified nucleosides (PubMed:20836892).
Detected in globular-, heart-, and torpedo-stage embryos, in the outer integuments of ovules and in the funiculi. Also expressed in the peripheral zone of the shoot apical meristem (SAM) corresponding to the central zone. In elongating tissues, restricted at the periphery of the vascular bundle. In shoot and inflorescence apices, mostly present in the L2 layer, and, at lower levels, in the L1 layer, but absent of the L3 layer. In young leaf primordia, localized in the basal part of the dorsal side. In older leaf primordia, detected in vascular bundles and in the mesophyll between the vascular bundles. In expanding leaves, confined to stomatal guard cells, and individual palisade and spongy mesophyll parenchyma cells. In general, present around the vascular bundles. Expressed in young flower organs but not in mature sepals and petals. Gradient accumulation in the stamens and carpels, with the highest activity at the tip of the organs. Present in the meristematic and elongation zones of the primary root and in the vascular bundle of the differentiation zone.
Elongator complex-associated factor that is not a structural subunit but rather transiently contacts the complex (PubMed:25518926). Regulates both meristem activity and organ growth; acts as a positive regulator of adaxial leaf patterning by modulating both cell division and differentiation (PubMed:12615938, PubMed:8392411, PubMed:11589569, PubMed:15894610, PubMed:25518926). Required for an early step in synthesis of 5-carbamoylmethyl (ncm5) groups present on uridines (ncm5U) at the wobble position in tRNA (PubMed:20836892).
Expressed in roots, hypocotyls, cotyledons, shoot apices, stems, inflorescence apices, leaves and flowers.
Interacts with the elongator complex (By similarity). Binds to calmodulin in a calcium-dependent manner (PubMed:12615938).
Belongs to the peroxiredoxin family. AhpC/Prx1 subfamily.
Down-regulated under highly reduced cellular thiol pool conditions. Down-regulated by ascorbate. Slightly induced by oxidative stress.
Homodimer; disulfide-linked, upon oxidation (By similarity). Interacts with the plastidial thioredoxin CDSP32 (PubMed:12084836). Interacts with the plastidial NADPH-dependent thioredoxin reductase ANTR-C (PubMed:16884685).
The active site is a conserved redox-active cysteine residue, the peroxidatic cysteine (C(P)), which makes the nucleophilic attack on the peroxide substrate. The peroxide oxidizes the C(P)-SH to cysteine sulfenic acid (C(P)-SOH), which then reacts with another cysteine residue, the resolving cysteine (C(R)), to form a disulfide bridge. The disulfide is subsequently reduced by an appropriate electron donor to complete the catalytic cycle. In this typical 2-Cys peroxiredoxin, C(R) is provided by the other dimeric subunit to form an intersubunit disulfide. The disulfide is subsequently reduced by thioredoxin CDSP32.
Thiol-specific peroxidase that catalyzes the reduction of hydrogen peroxide and organic hydroperoxides to water and alcohols, respectively. Plays a role in cell protection against oxidative stress by detoxifying peroxides. May be an antioxidant enzyme particularly in the developing shoot and photosynthesizing leaf.
Belongs to the class-I aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family.
Catalyzes the specific attachment of an amino acid to its cognate tRNA in a two step reaction: the amino acid (AA) is first activated by ATP to form AA-AMP and then transferred to the acceptor end of the tRNA.
Embryo defective. Developmental arrest of the embryo at the globular stage.
Belongs to the V-ATPase G subunit family.
Catalytic subunit of the peripheral V1 complex of vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase). V-ATPase is responsible for acidifying a variety of intracellular compartments in eukaryotic cells.
Subunit of the V1 complex of vacuolar(H+)-ATPase (V-ATPase), a multisubunit enzyme composed of a peripheral complex (V1) that hydrolyzes ATP and a membrane integral complex (V0) that translocates protons. V-ATPase is responsible for acidifying and maintaining the pH of intracellular compartments and in some cell types, is targeted to the plasma membrane, where it is responsible for acidifying the extracellular environment.
V-ATPase is a heteromultimeric enzyme made up of two complexes: the ATP-hydrolytic V1 complex and the proton translocation V0 complex.
Expressed first in the inflorescence apex, then in young floral primordia, and in the petal and stamen primordia (PubMed:15728668). Localized to the tapetum and middle layers (PubMed:20805327).
Has a glutathione-disulfide oxidoreductase activity in the presence of NADPH and glutathione reductase. Reduces low molecular weight disulfides and proteins (By similarity). Involved in flower development as a regulator of petal primorida initiation and further petal morphogenesis. May mediate post-translational modifications of target proteins required for normal petal organ initiation and morphogenesis. ROXY1/TGA protein interactions can occur in vivo and support their biological relevance in petal development. May be involved in the regulation of the floral regulator class C gene AG (AGAMOUS).
Highly expressed in inflorescences, roots, and siliques. Expressed at lower levels in mature flowers.
Interacts with TGA2, TGA3, TGA7 and PAN (PubMed:19218396). Interacts with TGA9 and TGA10 in the nucleus (PubMed:20805327).
Plants show a reduced number of petal primordia and abnormalities during further petal development. Defection in sporogenous cell formation in adaxial anther lobes when associated with the disruption of GRXC8/ROXY2 leading to fertility defects.
Interacts with KCBP, PERK8, PERK9, PERK10 and PERK13.
Serine/threonine-protein kinase that could be involved in the negative regulation of root growth.
Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily. Proton-dependent oligopeptide transporter (POT/PTR) (TC 2.A.17) family.
Circadian-regulation. Expression increase during the light phase and decrease during the dark phase.
Expressed in leaves and flowers. Detected in stems and siliques. Highest expression in the distal lamina of older leaves. Restricted to the sieve element and companion cell complex of the minor vein.
Low-affinity proton-dependent nitrate transporter. Not involved in dipeptides transport, but has a weak glucosinolate transport activity. Involved in phloem loading and nitrate remobilization from the older leaves to other tissues.
No visible phenotype when grown under normal conditions. Growth retardation when starved of nitrogen.
Ubiquitinated by NLA. Ubiquitination of NPF2.13 leads to its degradation by the proteasome.
Exhibits E2-dependent E3 ligase activity (PubMed:22897245). Involved in pollen mitosis II (PMII) regulation during male gametogenesis (PubMed:22897245).
Expressed in the shoot apical meristems (SAM), root tips, pollen and inflorescences.
In young seedlings, expressed in the shoot apical meristem (SAM) and in root tips (PubMed:22897245). In inflorescence, specifically observed in mature pollen (PubMed:22897245). Present from the early bicellular pollen stage to the mature pollen stage; levels in vegetative cells increase during the development of pollen (PubMed:22897245). Detected in the germinating pollen tubes (PubMed:22897245).
Interacts with At1g78040, At1g10650, VHA-c4/AVAP4, VHA-c''2/VMA16 and TUFA.
No obvious defects during the vegetative developmental stage (PubMed:22897245). The double mutant lacking both APD1 and APD2 exhibits an increased percentage of bicellular-like pollen at the mature pollen stage (PubMed:22897245). Plants lacking APD1, APD2, APD3 and APD4 are defective for cell division in male gametogenesis resulting in severe abnormal bicellular-like pollen phenotypes (PubMed:22897245).
Failure of fusion of the polar nuclei during megagametogenesis.
Required for karyogamy during female gametophyte development, when the two polar nuclei fuse to form the diploid central cell nucleus (PubMed:16698901).
Belongs to the formin-like family. Class-I subfamily.
Might be involved in the organization and polarity of the actin cytoskeleton.
Acts as a linker essential in the assembly of a core complex of PRK/GAPDH. Coordinates the reversible inactivation of chloroplast enzymes GAPDH and PRK during darkness in photosynthetic tissues.
Binds copper and nickel ions. Copper ions catalyze the oxidation of reduced thiol groups and thus promote formation of the disulfide bonds required for linker activity (By similarity).
Contains two disulfide bonds; only the oxidized protein, with two disulfide bonds, is active in complex formation. The C-terminal disulfide is involved in the interaction with GAPDH and the N-terminal disulfide mediates the binding of PRK with this binary complex.
In flowers, restricted to the stigma and anthers.
Insensitive to light/darkness. Slightly repressed by heat. Induced by anaerobic treatment.
Monomer (By similarity). Component of a complex that contains two dimers of PRK, two tetramers of GAPDH and CP12. CP12 associates with GAPDH, causing its conformation to change. This GAPDH/CP12 complex binds PRK to form a half-complex (one unit). This unit probably dimerizes due partially to interactions between the enzymes of each unit.
Mostly expressed, at low levels, in stems and, to a lesser extent, in leaves and roots.
Has a 11,12(11',12') 9-cis epoxycarotenoid cleavage activity. Catalyzes the first step of abscisic-acid biosynthesis from carotenoids.
Very low in all tissues. Expressed at the point of organ attachment and the abscission zones in the plant.
May be involved in fusion of retrograde transport vesicles derived from an endocytic compartment with the Golgi complex.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class YlqF/YawG GTPase family. RsgA subfamily.
GTPase involved in pre-60S ribosomal subunit maturation.
In contrast to other GTP-binding proteins, this family is characterized by a circular permutation of the GTPase motifs described by a G4-G1-G3 pattern.
Interacts with the 60S ribosomal proteins RPL10AA, RPL10AB and RPL10AC.
The DARXP motif is also sometime designated as G6 region.
The GTPase activity is stimulated in the presence of the 60S ribosomal subunit.
Ubiquitous, with higher levels in meristematic regions.
Belongs to the aromatic acid exporter (TC 2.A.85) family.
In thylakoid membranes, TATC and TATB form a large receptor complex, containing about eight TATC-TATB pairs, which binds the precursor protein. Twin arginine signal peptide promotes pH-triggered docking of TATA oligomers to TATC-TATB receptor complex, inducing a conformational switch of TATA that results in activation of the translocase. TATA dissociates from TATC-TATB upon completion of translocation.
Part of the twin-arginine translocation (Tat) system that transports large folded proteins containing a characteristic twin-arginine motif in their signal peptide across the thylakoid membrane. Involved in delta pH-dependent protein transport required for chloroplast development, especially thylakoid membrane formation. TATC and TATB mediate precursor recognition, whereas TATA facilitates translocation (By similarity).
Part of the twin-arginine translocation (Tat) system that transports large folded proteins containing a characteristic twin-arginine motif in their signal peptide across the thylakoid membrane. Involved in delta pH-dependent protein transport required for chloroplast development, especially thylakoid membrane formation. TATC and TATB mediate precursor recognition, whereas TATA facilitates translocation.
Belongs to the LOB domain-containing protein family.
Involved in nucleotide metabolism via production of dUMP, the immediate precursor of thymidine nucleotides, and decreases the intracellular concentration of dUTP so that uracil cannot be incorporated into DNA.
Silencing of DUT leads to high seedling mortality and affects plant growth and flower organ morphology in surviving plants.
This enzyme is involved in nucleotide metabolism: it produces dUMP, the immediate precursor of thymidine nucleotides and it decreases the intracellular concentration of dUTP, preventing uracil incorporation into DNA.
Impaired chloroplastic NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (NDH) activity, probably due to a reduced stability of the NDH complex.
Required for both formation and activity of the chloroplast NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (NDH) complex.
Subunit of the lumenal protuberance of the NDH complex.
Belongs to the GRAS family. DELLA subfamily.
Expressed at very low level. Mainly expressed in germinating seeds and flowers and siliques. Not expressed in other tissues.
Interacts directly with the GID2/SLY1 component of the SCF(GID2) complex, suggesting that it may be ubiquitinated. Interacts (via N-terminus) with GID1A, GID1B and GID1B (via N-terminus). Interacts with the BOI proteins BOI, BRG1, BRG2 and BRG3.
Probable transcriptional regulator that acts as a repressor of the gibberellin (GA) signaling pathway. No effect of the BOI proteins on its stability. Probably acts by participating in large multiprotein complexes that repress transcription of GA-inducible genes. Its activity may be regulated by phytohormones such as auxin and ethylene (By similarity).
Rga, gai, rgl1, rgl2 and rgl3 pentuple mutant displays constitutive GA responses even in the absence of GA treatment.
The natural substrate for this enzyme may be peptidyl-tRNAs which drop off the ribosome during protein synthesis.
Early flowering and increased sensitivity to inhibition of seed germination and plant growth by exogenous ABA.
Expressed in roots, epidermal and guard cells of leaves, stems and siliques.
Functions probably in nuclear protein import, either by acting as autonomous nuclear transport receptor or as an adapter-like protein in association with other importin subunits (Probable). Involved in the regulation of the abscisic acid (ABA)-mediated pathway in response to cold or salt stress (PubMed:16889648). Involved in UV-B responses by regulating accumulation of UV-absorbing pigments through mediation of MYB4 nuclear transport (PubMed:17993626). Involved in trichome initiation by controlling GL1, GL2, GL3 and TTG1 transcription and may affect an upstream regulator of GL3 and disrupt complex function (PubMed:18713401, PubMed:19234066). Acts as negative regulator miRNA activity by regulating miRNA loading into AGO1 complexes (PubMed:21984696).
Vesicle trafficking protein that functions in the secretory pathway.
Acts as a protein-folding catalyst that interacts with nascent polypeptides to catalyze the formation, isomerization, and reduction or oxidation of disulfide bonds.
Belongs to the protein disulfide isomerase family.
Belongs to the SINA (Seven in absentia) family.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that mediates ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins. E3 ubiquitin ligases accept ubiquitin from an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme in the form of a thioester and then directly transfers the ubiquitin to targeted substrates. It probably triggers the ubiquitin-mediated degradation of different substrates.
The RING-type zinc finger domain is essential for ubiquitin ligase activity.
The SBD domain (substrate-binding domain) mediates the homodimerization and the interaction with substrate proteins. It is related to the TRAF family.
Increased stomatal density and formation of clustered stomata by enhanced stomatal development initiation and extension of stomatal cell lineages. No major impact on photosynthesis, except 30% higher CO2 assimilation rates in low-light-adapted plants exposed to high light intensities.
Mostly expressed in leaves and cotyledons (especially in epidermal cells), and, to a lower extent, in floral buds, stems, and siliques. Strongly expressed in stomatal precursor cells (meristemoids and guard mother cells).
Negatively feedback controlled by components of an SDD1-dependent signaling pathway. Repressed by GTL1.
Serine protease involved in the negative regulation of stomatal density and distribution. Not active on EPFL6 (AC Q1PEY6) (PubMed:20056678). Positive regulator of water use efficiency (WUE).
Belongs to the ribose-phosphate pyrophosphokinase family.
Belongs to the ABC transporter superfamily. ABCG family. Eye pigment precursor importer (TC 3.A.1.204) subfamily.
Interacts with HEMA1 (PubMed:22180625, PubMed:24753615) and forms a heterotetramer of two GLUTRBP and two HEMA1 subunits (PubMed:24753615).
Involved in the regulation of glutamyl-tRNA reductase (GluTR) which is important for the synthesis and distribution of 5-aminolevulinate, a precursor in heme and chlorophyll biosynthesis (PubMed:22180625). Stimulates GluTR activity and regulates glutamate-1-semialdehyde release. May play a role in heme metabolism (PubMed:24753615). Necessary for efficient photosynthetic electron transport in chloroplasts (PubMed:20657737).
Reduced growth, slightly pale green leaves, reduced levels of chlorophyll and heme, and low non-photochemical quenching (NPQ).
Component of the conserved oligomeric Golgi complex which is composed of eight different subunits and is required for normal Golgi morphology and localization (Probable). Interacts with COG5, COG7 and COG8 (PubMed:27448097).
May play an important role in maintaining the flux of carbon towards starch formation.
Mainly expressed in leaf mesophyll cells, and, at low levels, in root vascular tissues.
Probably inactive kinase (PubMed:28751315). Component of the AP2-containing clathrin coat that regulates clathrin-dependent trafficking at plasma membrane, TGN and endosomal system (PubMed:28751315). Together with SCYL2B, required for cell growth, plant growth and development (PubMed:28751315).
The double mutant scyl2a scyl2b has short root hairs and small shoots.
Expressed in roots, stems and, at lower level, leaves.
May mediate the hydrolysis of some nucleoside diphosphate derivatives. In vitro, uses both ADP-ribose and NADH as substrates; however the relevance of such substrates in vivo is unclear.
Mediates the hydrolysis of some nucleoside diphosphate derivatives, possibly using both NADH and ADP-ribose as substrates.
Catalyzes the reversible reaction in which hydroxymethyl group from 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate is transferred onto alpha-ketoisovalerate to form ketopantoate.
Belongs to the pseudouridine synthase RluA family.
May dephosphorylate and repress plasma membrane H(+)-ATPases (PM H(+)-ATPases, e.g. AHA1 and AHA2), thus influencing negatively plant growth and fitness.
Plants missing PP2C42/PP2C-D2, PP2C64/PP2C-D5, PP2C79/PP2C-D7, PP2C63/PP2C-D8 and PP2C68/PP2C-D9 exhibit an increased hypocotyl length, as well as an enhanced sensitivity to LiCl and media acidification.
Induced by nitrate (PubMed:25723764). Down-regulated under nitrate deprivation conditions (PubMed:27419465).
Probable factor involved in nitrate and phosphate signaling in roots. Integrates nitrate and phosphate starvation responses and adaptation of root architecture, depending on nutrient availabilities. Acts downstream of the nitrate sensor and transporter NPF6.3/NRT1.1. Represses primary root development in response to phosphate deficiency conditions, only when nitrate is present.
Probable E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that may possess E3 ubiquitin ligase activity in vitro.
Belongs to the class VI-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. Isoprenylcysteine carboxyl methyltransferase family.
Catalyzes the post-translational methylation of isoprenylated C-terminal cysteine residues, resulting in the modulation of the function of prenylated proteins. Involved in negative regulation of abscisic acid signaling. Carboxyl methylation is a reversible and potentially regulated step in the post-translational modification of prenylated proteins.
Divalent metal cations. Probably Zn(2+).
Expressed in flowers, stems, leaves, roots and siliques. Detected in apices and vascular tissues of leaves and roots, in the stigma and in the filaments and anthers of stamen. Not found in petioles or hypocotyls.
ICMTB is more widely expressed and has a higher catalytic activity than ICMTA.
Inhibited by farnesylthioacetic acid (FTAA) and N-acetyl-S-trans, trans-farnesyl-l-cysteine (AFC).
Plants lacking ICMTA and ICMTB have altered phyllotaxis, fasciated stems and development of axillary flowers.
Could be the product of a pseudogene. Lacks 2 of the 4 disulfide bonds, which are conserved features of the family.
May modulate WRKY transcription factor activities.
Phosphorylated on serine and threonine residues by MPK6.
By touch and during darkness conditions.
The conserved PP2C phosphatase domain (240-639) is interrupted by an insertion of approximately 100 amino acids.
Expressed in leaves. Detected in roots, stems, flowers and siliques.
Glutathionylated at Cys-98, Cys-777, Cys-943 and Cys-1022 after S-nitrosoglutathione treatment.
Homodimer (By similarity). The glycine cleavage system is composed of four proteins: P, T, L and H.
No visible phenotype; due to the redundancy with GLDP2. Gldp1 and gldp2 double mutants have a seedling development arrested at the cotyledon stage even under nonphotorespiratory conditions.
S-nitrosylated at unknown positions by nitric oxide.
The glycine cleavage system catalyzes the degradation of glycine.
The glycine decarboxylase (GDC) or glycine cleavage system catalyzes the degradation of glycine. The P protein binds the alpha-amino group of glycine through its pyridoxal phosphate cofactor; CO(2) is released and the remaining methylamine moiety is then transferred to the lipoamide cofactor of the H protein (By similarity).
This protein has also been shown to act as an inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) (PubMed:12757708), but the paper has been retracted (PubMed:15599984).
Expressed ubiquitously, with higher levels in root tip, pericycle and vasculature.
Interacts with SNL1 (PubMed:19962994). Interacts with MYB53, MYB92 and MYB93 (PubMed:24902892).
Promotes lateral root initiation and development, independently of auxin (IAA) and abscisis acid (ABA).
Belongs to the eukaryotic NMN adenylyltransferase family.
Catalyzes the formation of NAD(+) from nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) and ATP. Can also use the deamidated form; nicotinic acid mononucleotide (NaMN) as substrate.
GTPase activator for the nuclear Ras-related regulatory protein Ran, converting it to the putatively inactive GDP-bound state. Plays a role in spatial signaling during cell division.
Homodimer (By similarity). Interacts with WIP1 through its WPP domain. Component of Ran complexes at least composed of WIT1 or WIT2, RANGAP1 or RANGAP2, and WIP1 or WIP2 or WIP3. Interacts directly with WIT1, WIP2 and WIP3. Interacts with POK1.
The WPP domain is required for the nuclear envelope localization.
Essential protein involved in plastid gene expression and in chloroplast biogenesis (PubMed:16326926, PubMed:31128276, PubMed:33001465, PubMed:35328480). Links photomorphogenesis and chloroplast biogenesis through its dual localization; required for the formation of late photobodies in the nucleus, as well as for phytochrome B-mediated signaling cascade and subsequent reshaping of the plastid-encoded RNA polymerase (PEP) activity (PubMed:33001465). Binds RNA via specific recognition motifs of viral origin (PubMed:35328480). Recruited by MTERF5 to the transcriptionally paused region of psbEFLJ (PubMed:31128276). Promotes leaf greening (PubMed:24272250).
Induced by cytokinin (e.g. trans-zeatin) (PubMed:33322466). Probably regulated by HY5 in response to light (PubMed:33001465).
Lethal without exogenous carbon sources (PubMed:16326926). Reduced expression of plastid-encoded genes with plastid-encoded multimeric promoters (PEP) (PubMed:16326926, PubMed:31128276). Strongly reduced presence of both plastid- and nuclear-encoded soluble polypeptides and polypeptides associated with the thylakoid membrane in chloroplasts (PubMed:16326926). Albino plants unable to produce primary leaves white cotyledons that fails to accumulate chlorophyll (Chl) even in low light, thus leading to high nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) (PubMed:16326926, PubMed:24272250, PubMed:33001465, PubMed:35328480). This albino phenotype is associated with an altered phytochrome-mediated signaling, a disrupted degradation of chloroplast development repressors PIF1 and PIF3, destablized HY5 and impaired expression of the photomorphogenesis regulator GLK1 (PubMed:33001465). Abnormal chloroplasts which fail to contain grana thylakoids that are replaced by oval-shaped vesicles surrounded by plastoglobuli (PubMed:16326926). Starch accumulates only in old leaves (PubMed:16326926).
Mostly expressed in rosette leaves, stems and flowers, and, to a lower extent, in roots and cauline leaves.
Subunit of the plastid-encoded RNA polymerase (PEP) complex (PubMed:16326926, PubMed:31128276, PubMed:35328480). Component of a large nuclear subcomplex that may include other PEP subunits (e.g. PTAC12/HMR/PAP5, PTAC14/PAP7 and PTAC7/PAP12) (PubMed:35328480). Binds directly to PTAC12/HMR/PAP5 in the nucleus (PubMed:33001465). Interacts with MTERF5 (PubMed:31128276).
Interacts with MARD1/FLZ9 and RD21A via its CCCH zing finger domains.
Belongs to the splicing factor SR family. SCL subfamily.
Component of the spliceosome. Interacts with RS2Z33, CYP59, CYP63 and CYP95.
Involved in intron recognition and spliceosome assembly (Probable). Probably active at the 5' splice sites.
Adds a myristoyl group to the N-terminal glycine residue of certain cellular proteins.
Adds a myristoyl group to the N-terminal glycine residue of certain cellular proteins. Can also use decanoyl-CoA and lauroyl-CoA as substrates.
Expressed ubiquitously, with higher levels in young tissues (at protein level).
Mostly expressed in roots and flowers, and, to a lower extent, in leaves and stems.
Small polypeptide acting as a regulatory molecule which coordinates cellular responses required for differentiation, growth and development, including leaves shape, pedicule elongation, inflorescence organization and fruit maturation, probably by restricting polar cell proliferation in lateral organs and coordinating socket cell recruitment and differentiation at trichome sites.
Belongs to the aldehyde dehydrogenase family.
By abscisic acid (ABA) and dehydration in roots and plantlets, and by salt stress in plantlets.
Belongs to the class-II aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family.
Catalyzes the attachment of proline to tRNA(Pro) in a two-step reaction: proline is first activated by ATP to form Pro-AMP and then transferred to the acceptor end of tRNA(Pro).
Lethal. In heterozygous plants, aborted ovules.
Expressed in roots, root hairs, hypocotyls, cotyledons, stems, leaves, trichomes, and flowers.
Involved in regulation of actin and microtubule organization. Part of a WAVE complex that activates the Arp2/3 complex.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL22 family.
The globular domain of the protein is located near the polypeptide exit tunnel on the outside of the subunit, while an extended beta-hairpin is found that lines the wall of the exit tunnel in the center of the 70S ribosome.
This protein binds specifically to 23S rRNA.
Binds to conventional NLS motifs and mediates nuclear protein import across the nuclear envelope (By similarity). Acts as cellular receptor for the nuclear import of the virD2 protein of Agrobacterium, but is not essential for Agrobacterium-mediated root transformation (PubMed:18836040).
Forms a complex with importin subunit beta-1.
Completely dephosphorylates 'Ser-2', and partially 'Ser-5' and 'Ser-7' of the heptad repeats YSPTSPS in the C-terminal domain (CTD) of the largest RNA polymerase II subunit (RPB1) (PubMed:25464831). Involved in defense response (PubMed:25464831). Acts as negative regulator of immune gene expression and immunity to pathogen infections (PubMed:25464831). Preferentially dephosphorylates 'Ser-2' of RNA polymerase II CTD (PubMed:25464831). This counterregulates the MAP kinase (MAPK) or cyclin-dependent kinase C (CDKC)-mediated phosphorylation of CTD in response to pathogens and upon perception of microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) (PubMed:25464831). MAPKs phosphorylate and activate CDKCs, which are CTD kinases that positively regulate plant innate immunity (PubMed:25464831). Acts as negative regulator of stress gene transcription involved in abscisic acid (ABA) mediated signaling pathway and cold resistance (PubMed:12149434, PubMed:16905668). Acts as post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) suppressor (PubMed:31076735).
Grows more slowly and flower earlier than wild-type plants. ABA hyperactivation of stress-inducible genes.
The BRCT domain is required for interaction with RAP74.
This promotes the activity of RNA polymerase II.
Embryos arrested at various developmental stages, mostly at the heart or torpedo stage.
Expressed in the whole plant with highest expression in imbibed seeds, embryos, endosperm, and root tips.
Thought to play a role in cellular copper homeostasis, mitochondrial redox signaling or insertion of copper into the active site of COX. Plays an essential role in embryo development.
Expressed in leaves, stems, and flowers.
Activity is strongly promoted by Co(2+), Ni(2+), Mg(2+), Cu(2+) and Mn(2+) (PubMed:27322068). Activity is inhibited by EDTA (PubMed:27322068).
Belongs to the damage-control phosphatase family. Phosphopantetheine phosphatase II subfamily.
Metal-dependent phosphatase with probable damage-control functions (PubMed:27322068). Shows phosphatase activity against several substrates, including sugar phosphates and p-nitrophenyl phosphate(pNPP) (PubMed:27322068). Prefers sugar phosphate substrates, including the extremely potent glycating agents ribose-5-phosphate and erythrose-4-phosphate (PubMed:27322068).
Phosphatase activity is strongly promoted by several divalent cations but it is suggested that Mn(2+) and possibly Ni(2+) represent biologically relevant metal ion cofactors for damage-control phosphatases.
Subfamily II proteins have an EGMGR motif about 50 residues from the C-terminus (Probable). This motif lies near the metal-binding residues in the putative substrate-binding cleft 2 (Probable). Subfamily II proteins occur only in eukaryotes, in two forms: as a stand-alone unit in plants, and as a C-terminal domain of pantothenate kinases in plants, animals, and chytrid fungi (Probable).
By osmotic and cold stresses, and UV-A/B.
During development, higher expression levels are detected in young rosette leaves, senescing leaves and petals and sepals at flower stage 15.
Expressed in roots, hypocotyls, cotyledons, shoot apex, leaves, flowers and siliques.
Probable transcription factor that acts as a positive regulator of continuous red light signals downstream of phytochrome B (phyB). Required for the regulation of hypocotyl elongation during de-etiolation. May be required to modulate phytochrome A (phyA) signal transduction in a phyB-independent way.
Probably mediates the hydrolysis of some nucleoside diphosphate derivatives. In vitro, it can use both NADH and ADP-ribose as substrates; however the relevance of such substrates in vivo is unclear.
Embryo lethal in homozygous plants. Hypersensitivity to heat leading to the inability to withstand prolonged heat stress (4 days at 37 degrees Celsius), probably due to impaired heat-induced chromocentre decondensation associated with attenuated heat reactivation of various transcriptional gene silencing (TGS) loci.
Essential protein required for basal thermotolerance, especially during heat-induced chromocentre decondensation, thus regulating transcriptional gene silencing (TGS).
Expressed predominately at the early stages during embryogenesis.
Belongs to the glutamate-gated ion channel (TC 1.A.10.1) family.
Glutamate-gated receptor that probably acts as non-selective cation channel. May be involved in light-signal transduction and calcium homeostasis via the regulation of calcium influx into cells.
Belongs to the adenosylhomocysteinase family.
Embryo defective arrested at the globular stage (PubMed:15266054). Null mutations are homozygous lethal (PubMed:15266054).
Essential protein during embryogenesis (PubMed:15266054). Adenosylhomocysteine is a competitive inhibitor of S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyl transferase reactions; therefore adenosylhomocysteinase may play a key role in the control of methylations via regulation of the intracellular concentration of adenosylhomocysteine (PubMed:15659630). Required for DNA methylation-dependent gene silencing (PubMed:15659630).
Belongs to the proteasome subunit S11 family.
Was sequenced in many cultivars; Ag-0, Bl-1, Bus-1, Ci-0, Cvi-0, Dra-0, Edi-0, Hau-0, Hiroshima, In-0, Ita-0, Kas-1, Mr-0, Nok-4, Ost-0, Pog-0, Rou-0, Su-0, Ts-1 and Ws-0.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 37 family.
Expressed in roots, stems, leaves, flowers, siliques and seedlings.
May be involved in cell wall biosynthesis. May act as a fucosyltransferase.
Catalyzes the stereospecific condensation of D-arabinose 5-phosphate and phosphoenolpyruvate to form 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate 8-phosphate (KDO-8-phosphate) and inorganic phosphate. Involved in the biosynthesis of 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate (KDO) which is an indispensable component of rhamnogalacturonan II (RG-II), a structurally complex pectic polysaccharide of the primary cell wall. RG-II is essential for the cell wall integrity of rapidly growing tissues and pollen tube growth and elongation.
May regulate the turnover of mRNAs in the nucleus.
Albino seedling due to defect in pigmentation, growth arrest shortly after germination, altered leaf development, and seedling lethality.
Belongs to the zeta carotene desaturase family.
Highly expressed in leaves. Expressed at low levels in flowers and siliques.
Lipophilic quinones such as decyl-plastoquinone or decyl-ubiquinone.
Plays a crucial role in plant growth and development. Is essential for the biosynthesis of carotenoids. Carotenoids are involved in different physiological processes, including coloration, photoprotection, biosynthesis of abscisic acid (ABA) and chloroplast biogenesis (PubMed:17468780, PubMed:24907342). Catalyzes the conversion of zeta-carotene to lycopene via the intermediary of neurosporene. It carries out two consecutive desaturations (introduction of double bonds) at positions C-7 and C-7'. Shows stereoselectivity toward trans C15-C15'zeta-carotene double bond. The zeta-carotene produced by the phytoene desaturase PDS has a C15-C15' double bond in the cis configuration and it requires isomerization before being recognized as substrate by ZDS. The main product is 7,9,7',9'-tetra-cis-lycopene (pro-lycopene) (PubMed:9914519).
Adds the first glucose residue to the lipid-linked oligosaccharide precursor for N-linked glycosylation. Transfers glucose from dolichyl phosphate glucose (Dol-P-Glc) onto the lipid-linked oligosaccharide Man(9)GlcNAc(2)-PP-Dol (By similarity).
Belongs to the ALG6/ALG8 glucosyltransferase family.
Expressed throughout the plant, with a higher expression near the root apical meristem, in the cortex region of the root elongation zone, in lateral roots and emerging lateral roots. Not detected in extreme root apical meristem or root cap.
Interacts (via the DUF647 domain) with RUS1 (via the DUF647 domain).
Involved in a root UV-B sensing pathway and in the protection against the hypersensitivity to very low-fluence-rate (VLF) UV-B. RSU1 and RUS2 are probably both negative modulators of the same UV-B perception pathway, which when overstimulated in the roots causes a block to postgermination development. Required for polar auxin transport and to maintain the normal levels of PIN proteins in the root.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions. Extremely stunted growth, failure to develop true postembryonic leaves and arrested primary root elongation, when grown in vitro.
Several mutations in ASP2 (AC P46645), but not all, and any of the non-phosphorylated B6 vitamers can suppress the rus phenotype.
Belongs to the PNP/UDP phosphorylase family. MtnN subfamily.
Enzyme of the methionine cycle that catalyzes the irreversible cleavage of the glycosidic bond in 5'-methylthioadenosine (MTA) to adenine and 5'-methylthioribose (PubMed:19249293, PubMed:18342331). Contributes to the maintenance of AdoMet homeostasis and is required to sustain high rates of ethylene synthesis. Inactive towards S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH/AdoHcy) (PubMed:18342331, PubMed:19249293).
Expressed in roots, leaves, stems, cauline leaves and flowers.
Homodimer (PubMed:19249293, PubMed:16909418). Interacts with CBL3 in a calcium-dependent manner.
Inhibited by CBL3 in a calcium-dependent manner (PubMed:18945934). Inhibited by 5'-methylthiotubercidin (MTT) and by formycin A (FMA) (PubMed:18342331).
No visible phenotype under normal growth condition. Not able to grow with methylthioadenosine (MTA) as unique source of sulfur.
Expressed in root, leaf, stem, flower and silique.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL33 family.
Belongs to the anion exchanger (TC 2.A.31.3) family.
Putative boron transporter. Boron is essential for maintaining the integrity of plants cell walls (By similarity).
Belongs to the plant dirigent protein family.
Dirigent proteins impart stereoselectivity on the phenoxy radical-coupling reaction, yielding optically active lignans from two molecules of coniferyl alcohol in the biosynthesis of lignans, flavonolignans, and alkaloids and thus plays a central role in plant secondary metabolism.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class myosin-kinesin ATPase superfamily. Kinesin family. KIN-6 subfamily.
Belongs to the inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase family.
Has phosphatase activity toward PtdIns(4,5)P2 and PtdIns(3,4,5)P3.
Belongs to the metallophosphoesterase superfamily. Purple acid phosphatase family.
By phosphate starvation, during senescence, by ABA, by H(2)O(2), and by salt stress.
Metallo-phosphoesterase involved in phosphate metabolism. Has a peroxidase activity.
Belongs to the AP2/ERF transcription factor family. RAV subfamily.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. RsmB/NOP family.
Oligopeptidase that may be involved in the degradation of proteasome-generated peptides (By similarity). Binds salicylic acid.
Up-regulated by pathogen infection, elicitor treatment and flg22, a 22-amino acid sequence of the conserved N-terminal part of flagellin.
Accumulation of ADO3 protein during the morning period and early flowering time.
Component of an E3 ubiquitin ligase complex that plays a central role in blue light-dependent circadian cycles. Acts as a blue light photoreceptor, due to the presence of FMN, that mediates light-regulated protein degradation of critical clock components by targeting them to the proteasome complex. The SCF(ADO1) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex is involved in the regulation of circadian clock-dependent processes including the transition to flowering time, hypocotyl elongation, cotyledons and leaf movement rhythms. APRR1/TOC1 and APRR5, but not 'GIGANTEA', are proteolytic substrates of this ubiquitin ligase complex. Blue light enhances cooperative stabilization of 'GIGANTEA' and ADO1/ZTL, leading to amplification and sharpening of the expression profile of APRR1/TOC1. ADO1/ZTL interacts with ADO3, preventing the interaction of ADO3 with CDF1.
FMN binds covalently to cysteine after exposure to blue light and is reversed in the dark.
Interacts with NFXL2. Interacts (via N-terminus) with GI and (via Kelch repeats) with ADO3. Component of an E3 ubiquitin ligase SCF(ADO1) complex composed of SKP1A/ASK1 (or SKP1B/ASK2), CUL1, RBX1 and ADO1. Also interacts with SKP1D/ASK4, SKP1K/ASK11, CRY1, PHYB, APRR1 and APRR5, and probably with SKP1N/ASK14 and SKP1S/ASK19.
Mainly present during the light phase, and degraded in a proteasome-dependent manner in dark (at protein level).
May be ubiquitinated. Degraded in a proteasome-dependent manner.
Not regulated at the transcript level, but circadian-regulation at the protein level with a peak at the end of the subjective day.
Ubiquitously expressed with higher levels in cotyledons and leaves.
Able to bind (1->3)-beta-D-glucans (laminarin). Probably involved in cell-to-cell trafficking regulation.
Contains two additional disulfide bonds.
Expressed in the shoot apical region and in young leaves but also detected in the laminar and vasculature of mature leaves.
Overexpression of PDCB1 results in callose accumulation and decreased plasmodesmal molecular diffusion.
Component of the proteasome, a multicatalytic proteinase complex which is characterized by its ability to cleave peptides with Arg, Phe, Tyr, Leu, and Glu adjacent to the leaving group at neutral or slightly basic pH. The proteasome has an ATP-dependent proteolytic activity.
Non-catalytic component of the proteasome, a multicatalytic proteinase complex which is characterized by its ability to cleave peptides with Arg, Phe, Tyr, Leu, and Glu adjacent to the leaving group at neutral or slightly basic pH. The proteasome has an ATP-dependent proteolytic activity.
Belongs to the AB hydrolase superfamily. Lipase family.
Induced by abscisic acid (ABA) and cold stress.
Plants overexpressing PLIP3 exhibit stunted growth and accumulate anthocyanin under normal growth conditions.
Sn-1-specific phospholipase A1 that catalyzes the initial step of oxylipins and jasmonate (JA) biosynthesis. Hydrolyzes polyunsaturated acyl groups preferentially from chloroplastic phosphatidylglycerol (PG). May function downstream of abscisic acid (ABA), and provide a link between ABA-mediated abiotic stress responses and oxylipin and JA signalings. In vitro, possesses broad substrate specificity. Can hydrolyze the galactolipids monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) and digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG), the sulfolipid sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol (SQDG), and the phoshpolipids phosphatidylcholine (PC), and phosphatidylglycerol (PG).
Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily. Sodium/anion cotransporter (TC 2.A.1.14) family.
Expressed with a circadian rhythm showing a peak during the middle of the day (under long day conditions).
Inorganic phosphate and probable anion transporter.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein P1/P2 family.
P1 and P2 exist as dimers at the large ribosomal subunit.
Plays an important role in the elongation step of protein synthesis.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class myosin-kinesin ATPase superfamily. Kinesin family. KIN-14 subfamily.
Bind to microtubules in an ATP-insensitive manner (in vitro). Homodimer and heterodimer with KIN14N/KATC (in vitro).
Composed of three structural domains; a small globular N-terminal, a central alpha-helical coiled coil and a large globular C-terminal which is responsible for the motor activity (it hydrolyzes ATP and binds microtubules).
Belongs to the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 5B (TC 3.D.4.11) family.
This protein is one of the nuclear-coded polypeptide chains of cytochrome c oxidase, the terminal oxidase in mitochondrial electron transport.
Transcriptional activator that binds specifically to the DNA sequence 5'-[AG]CCGAC-3'. Binding to the C-repeat/DRE element mediates cold or dehydration-inducible transcription. CBF/DREB1 factors play a key role in freezing tolerance and cold acclimation.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS3 family.
Could be the product of a pseudogene. The protein is truncated and lacks two of the residues of the predicted catalytic triad, suggesting that it does not have this enzymatic activity.
Belongs to the polyprenol kinase family.
Kinase involved in negative regulation of abscisic acid (ABA) signaling. Substrate preference is farnesol > geraniol > geranylgeraniol, but has no activity with farnesyl phosphate. Can use CTP > ATP > GTP = UTP as phosphoryl donor.
2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase involved in the oxidation of jasmonate (JA), a stress-induced phytohormone synthesized in response to attack by pathogens and herbivores, which triggers the activation of defense responses via the JA-mediated signaling pathway (PubMed:28760569, PubMed:28559313). Converts JA to 12-hydroxyjasmonate (12OH-JA), an inactive form of JA (PubMed:28760569, PubMed:28559313). Is specific to free JA, and cannot oxidize the bioactive form jasmonoyl-L-isoleucine (JA-Ile) or other JA-amino acid conjugates (PubMed:28760569). Prevents over-accumulation of JA and indirectly its bioactive form JA-Ile under stress response (PubMed:28760569, PubMed:28559313). Acts as negative regulator of JA-mediated defense signaling, by contributing to 12OH-JA accumulation, which represses JA defense responses upon infection by the fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea (PubMed:28760569, PubMed:28559313). Acts as negative regulator of JA-mediated defense responses upon infestation by the herbivorous caterpillar Mamestra brassicae (PubMed:28559313).
Induced by methyl jasmonate (MeJA) (PubMed:20565618, PubMed:28559313). Induced by infection with the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola (PubMed:20565618, PubMed:15098125). Induced by wounding (PubMed:17544464, PubMed:28760569). Induced by infection with the fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea (PubMed:28760569, PubMed:28559313). Induced by infestation with the caterpillar Mamestra brassicae (PubMed:28559313).
The quadruple mutant jox1, jox2, jox3 and jox4 exhibit reduced root and shoot growth, delayed flowering, reduced seed production, constitutively elevated jasmonate and jasmonoyl-L-isoleucine levels, and enhanced resistance to the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea and the herbivorous caterpillar Mamestra brassicae.
According to the redox status, the Cys-138-Cys-176 disulfide bridge may have a role in regulating protein function by affecting its ability to bind capped mRNA.
Belongs to the eukaryotic initiation factor 4E family.
Component of the protein complex eIF4F, which is involved in the recognition of the mRNA cap, ATP-dependent unwinding of 5'-terminal secondary structure and recruitment of mRNA to the ribosome (By similarity). Recognizes and binds the 7-methylguanosine-containing mRNA cap during an early step in the initiation of protein synthesis and facilitates ribosome binding by inducing the unwinding of the mRNAs secondary structures (By similarity).
EIF4F is a multi-subunit complex, the composition of which varies with external and internal environmental conditions (PubMed:16343979). It is composed of at least EIF4A, EIF4E and EIF4G (PubMed:16343979). EIF4E is also known to interact with other partners (PubMed:16343979). In higher plants two isoforms of EIF4F have been identified, named isoform EIF4F and isoform EIF(iso)4F (PubMed:16343979). Isoform EIF4F has subunits p220 and p26, whereas isoform EIF(iso)4F has subunits p82 and p28 (PubMed:16343979).
Belongs to the TRAFAC class TrmE-Era-EngA-EngB-Septin-like GTPase superfamily. EngA (Der) GTPase family.
Smaller plants and frequent morphological defects, including increased lateral root branching, aerial rosettes and multiple rosettes. No effect on photosystem II and linear photosynthetic electron transfer.
Involved in plant defense. Required for basal resistance against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000. Required for resistance against nonpathogenic bacteria. May be involved in signaling components that function downstream of SNC2 and upstream of NPR1 and WRKY70 to regulate defense responses.
In the root epidermis, expressed transiently in the root maturation zone.
Also present in inflorescence axil branches and in anther and pistil of developing flowers (PubMed:10948254). At anthesis, restricted to anthers (PubMed:10948254).
Belongs to the glycoside-pentoside-hexuronide (GPH) cation symporter transporter (TC 2.A.2.4) family.
Expressed in sink tissues, mostly in minor veins of sink leaves. Localized in companion cells.
Homodimer. Interacts with SUC2 and SUC3.
Responsible for the transport of sucrose into the cell, with the concomitant uptake of protons (symport system) (PubMed:10948254). Can also transport maltose at a lesser rate. May also transport biotin (PubMed:10948254).
Specifically induced by H.schachtii (cyst nematodes) in nematode-induced syncytia.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL30 family.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 100 family.
Expressed in seedlings, roots and flowers.
Mitochondrial invertase that cleaves sucrose into glucose and fructose and is involved in the regulation of multiple tissue development and floral transition. May generate glucose as a substrate for mitochondria-associated hexokinase, contributing to mitochondrial reactive oxygen species homeostasis.
Reduced primary root length and number of lateral roots. Reduced plant growth, delayed flowering, increased expression of antioxidant genes under basal conditions and reduced oxygen consumption in the dark.
Activator of mRNA decapping. Involved in mRNA decay via decapping (By similarity). Involved in the regulation of root stem cell niche identity. Maintains root stem cell niche stability through the interaction with the negative regulator of jasmonate signaling AFPH2/NINJA, and the regulation of cell division (PubMed:26956135).
Enhanced root distal stem cell differentiation and increased mitotic activity in root quiescent center.
Expressed in root vasculature, shoot apical meristem (SAM) and leaves.
Activated by threonine and tyrosine phosphorylation (By similarity). Activated by the MAP kinase kinase MKK6 in vitro.
Dually phosphorylated on Thr-191 and Tyr-193, which activates the enzyme.
Expressed in roots, stems and flower buds.
MKK6-MPK13 module positively regulates lateral root formation.
RNAi MPK13 displays fewer lateral roots.
Belongs to the drug/metabolite transporter (DMT) superfamily. Plant drug/metabolite exporter (P-DME) (TC 2.A.7.4) family.
Sequence-specific RNA-binding protein that regulates translation and mRNA stability by binding the 3'-UTR of target mRNAs.
The pumilio repeats mediate the association with RNA by packing together to form a right-handed superhelix that approximates a half donut. The number as well as the specific sequence of the repeats determine the specificity for target mRNAs (By similarity).
Belongs to the sulfotransferase 1 family.
Sulfotransferase that utilizes 3'-phospho-5'-adenylyl sulfate (PAPS) as sulfonate donor. No activity with brassinosteroids.
Protease that is part of the quality control system in the inner membrane of mitochondria (By similarity). Metalloendopeptidase that modulates the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) system and plant growth (PubMed:28936218). Involved in tolerance mechanisms to heat, osmotic and oxidative stresses (PubMed:28936218).
Retarded root growth and slight reduction in root length (PubMed:28936218). Increased sensitivity to heat stress (30 degrees Celsius), osmotic stress (mannitol) and oxidative stress (paraquat) leading to decreased seedling size and reduced root length (PubMed:28936218). Reduced activity of the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) system complex V and, in moderate heat stress conditions, of complex I and supercomplex I+III(2) (PubMed:28936218).
Belongs to the isocitrate and isopropylmalate dehydrogenases family.
Binds 1 Mg(2+) or Mn(2+) ion per subunit.
Catalyzes the oxidation of 3-carboxy-2-hydroxy-4-methylpentanoate (3-isopropylmalate) to 3-carboxy-4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate. The product decarboxylates to 4-methyl-2 oxopentanoate.
Involved in leucine biosynthesis; catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation step in leucine biosynthesis (primary metabolism) (PubMed:21697089). Catalyzes the oxidation of 3-carboxy-2-hydroxy-4-methylpentanoate (3-isopropylmalate, 3-IPM) to 3-carboxy-4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate. The product decarboxylates to 4-methyl-2 oxopentanoate (PubMed:15849421, PubMed:20840499).
Mostly expressed constitutively at high levels in seedlings, cotyledons, hypocotyls, flowers, pollen and leaves and, to a lower extent, in roots and stems.
No discernible vegetative or reproductive phenotypes, but decreased leucine biosynthetic enzyme activities and lower free leucine concentrations.
Regulated by a thiol-based redox modification.
Belongs to the cyclin family. Cyclin D subfamily.
Promotes divisions in the guard cells (GCs) after the guard mother cells (GMC) symmetric division.
Up-regulated by the transcription factor ERF114.
Mostly present in vascular tissues. In flowers, expressed in carpels, stamens and pollen.
Tetramer of two alpha and two beta chains.
The alpha subunit is responsible for the aldol cleavage of indoleglycerol phosphate to indole and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (By similarity). Contributes to the tryptophan-independent indole biosynthesis, and possibly to auxin production.
Ubiquitously expressed at low levels in seedlings, roots, hypocotyls, cotyledons, stems, leaves, inflorescences, flowers, siliques and seeds.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 10 (cellulase F) family.
Binds to and hydrolyzes insoluble and soluble xylan substrates.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 9 (cellulase E) family.
Glutamate-gated receptor that probably acts as non-selective cation channel.
Constitutively expressed. Up-regulated in the shoots by cadmium. Down-regulated under zinc deficiency.
Expressed in roots, leaves, shoots, stems, flowers and siliques. In leaves, restricted mainly to the vascular tissue. Expressed in all cells in the root tip, in the vascular tissue and the epidermis in the elongation zone, and only in the epidermal cells in the root hair zone.
Strongly impaired growth in the presence of heavy metals such as zinc, cadmium, copper or iron.
Zinc transporter acting in both zinc extrusion and long-distance zinc transport. Involved in the loading of zinc into the xyleme and in the detoxification of excess zinc at the epidermal cells. Acts independently from the zinc transporters HMA2 and HMA4. May be also involved in cadmium resistance.
Associates with the adrenodoxin reductase MFDR to form an efficient low potential electron transfer chain that is able to reduce cytochrome C.
Belongs to the adrenodoxin/putidaredoxin family.
Belongs to the HD-ZIP homeobox family. Class II subfamily.
By transition from light to far-red light.
Expressed during embryo development and in dry seed. Expression decreases significantly after seed germination.
Involved dehydration tolerance. Involved in the adaptive response of vascular plants to withstand water deficit (PubMed:20668063). May possess chaperone-like activity under water deficit (PubMed:27006402).
Over-expression of LEA46 confers plant tolerance to severe drought (PubMed:20668063). Under water deficit, the N-terminal region is necessary and sufficient for conformational transition from disordered to alpha-helix folding. This conformational transition is required for chaperone-like activity under water limitation (PubMed:27006402).
Expressed at the leaf margin and in the vasculature of emerging young leaves. Expressed in the quiescent center and in the vasculature of root tips. Detected in the shoot apical meristem, stems, sepals, stamen filaments, the shoot and root junction, the stigma and the base of the silique.
In the heart stage embryo, expressed in the developing vasculature and the apical epidermal layer. At the torpedo stage expressed in the developing vasculature of the root, hypocotyl and cotyledons, as well as in the L1 layer of the presumptive shoot apical meristem and the adaxial epidermis of the developing cotyledons. In flowers, the expression is first restricted to the central outer layers of flower primordia, but later expands toward the base of gynoecia, becoming limited to two cell files along the meristematic medial ridge.
L-tryptophan aminotransferase involved in auxin (IAA) biosynthesis. Can convert L-tryptophan and pyruvate to indole-3-pyruvic acid (IPA) and alanine. Catalyzes the first step in IPA branch of the auxin biosynthetic pathway. Required for auxin production to initiate multiple change in growth in response to environmental and developmental cues. It is also active with phenylalanine, tyrosine, leucine, alanine, methionine and glutamine. Both TAA1 and TAR2 are required for maintaining proper auxin levels in roots, while TAA1, TAR1 and TAR2 are required for proper embryo patterning. Involved in the maintenance of the root stem cell niches and required for shade avoidance.
No visible phenotype under normal growth condition, but exhibits reduced levels of auxin (IAA), reduced auxin response, reduced sensitivity to ethylene and shorter hypocotyls and petioles but larger leaf area when grown in simulated shade. Defective in root gravitropic response and shows an increased resistance to cytokinin in primary root growth.
Up-regulated by trans-zeatin, ethylene and high temperature. Down-regulated by auxin and shade treatment.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL18 family.
Belongs to the NFYB/HAP3 subunit family.
Component of the NF-Y/HAP transcription factor complex. The NF-Y complex stimulates the transcription of various genes by recognizing and binding to a CCAAT motif in promoters.
Expressed in flowers, siliques and young rosettes.
Heterotrimeric transcription factor composed of three components, NF-YA, NF-YB and NF-YC. NF-YB and NF-YC must interact and dimerize for NF-YA association and DNA binding (By similarity).
Belongs to the activator 1 small subunits family.
Functions in cell replication and proliferation. May be involved in chromatin assembly and remodeling. Plays a role in the negative control of pathogenesis-related gene expression and systemic acquired resistance (SAR).
Heterotetramer of subunits RFC2, RFC3, RFC4 and RFC5 that can form a complex with RFC1.
Moderately dwarfed plants with small organs due to reduced cell proliferation rate. Enhanced resistance to pathogens.
Belongs to the eukaryotic initiation factor 4G family.
Displays resistance to potyvirus (PPV or LMV) infection. I4g1/i4g2 double mutants show reduced germination rates, slow growth rates, moderate chlorosis, late flowering, impaired fertility and reduced long term seed viability. They also exhibit altered responses to dehydration, salinity, and heat stress. The i4g1 and i4g2 double mutant has reduced amounts of chlorophyll a and b.
EIF4F is a multi-subunit complex, the composition of which varies with external and internal environmental conditions. It is composed of at least EIF4A, EIF4E and EIF4G. In higher plants two isoforms of EIF4F have been identified, named isoform EIF4F and isoform EIF(iso)4F. Isoform EIF4F has subunits p220 and p26, whereas isoform EIF(iso)4F has subunits p82 and p28.
Plays a role in the accumulation of some potyvirus during viral infection.
Detected in the epidermis, cortex, and endodermis of the root tip.
Mechanosensitive channel that opens in response to stretch forces in the membrane lipid bilayer.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class translation factor GTPase superfamily. Classic translation factor GTPase family. IF-2 subfamily.
Belongs to the FPP/GGPP synthase family.
Catalyzes the trans-addition of the three molecules of IPP onto DMAPP to form geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate.
Interacts (via the DDT domain) with CHR11 (via C-terminus).
Belongs to the formiminotransferase family.
Delayed root growth when grown in high-concentration 1/2 MS agar culture medium; in these conditions, roots are wider and exhibit anomalies, such as swollen and irregular cells in the root transition and elongation zones (PubMed:35637390). Slower secretion in the root cap peripheral cells resulting in a significantly reduced monosaccharides content in the culture medium (PubMed:35637390).
Expressed constitutively in roots, stems, leaves and flowers.
Involved in the regulation of root growth (PubMed:35637390). May regulate sorting and/or transportation of trans-Golgi network (TGN) vesicles in root cap peripheral cells, thus influencing the extracellular secretion of mucilage components in the root cap (PubMed:35637390).
Belongs to the LDH/MDH superfamily. MDH type 1 family.
Catalyzes a reversible NAD-dependent dehydrogenase reaction involved in central metabolism and redox homeostasis between organelle compartments (Probable). Required for carbon dioxide and energy partitioning in leaves. May limit photorespiration during the dark phase (PubMed:20876337, PubMed:27208265). Can convert 2-ketoglutarate to L-2-hydroxyglutarate in vitro (PubMed:26203119).
Expressed in rosette leaves at low levels.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but the double mutant plants mmdh1 and mmdh2 have decreased germination rate, grow slowly, are small, have increased photorespiration and die before producing seeds.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. MPBQ/MBSQ MT family.
Involved in a key methylation step in both tocopherols (vitamin E) and plastoquinone synthesis. Catalyzes the conversion of 2-methyl-6-phytyl-1,4-hydroquinone (MPBQ) to 2,3-dimethyl-6-phytyl-1,4-hydroquinone (DMPQ, a substrate for tocopherol cyclase), and 2-methyl-6-solanyl-1,4-benzoquinone (MSBQ) to plastoquinone.
Pale green seedlings that are lethal when grown on normal conditions.
Belongs to the TFIIF beta subunit family.
Binds to actin and affects the structure of the cytoskeleton. At high concentrations, profilin prevents the polymerization of actin, whereas it enhances it at low concentrations.
Binds to actin monomers and regulates the organization of the actin cytoskeleton (PubMed:21090759). At high concentrations, profilin prevents the polymerization of actin, whereas it enhances it at low concentrations (PubMed:26996265, PubMed:16313636, PubMed:29861135). At low concentrations, associates with the poly-proline motif of formins to enhance actin filament elongation rate (PubMed:29861135). Binds G-actin and poly-L-proline with low affinity in vitro (PubMed:19200149). Binds ACT1, ACT7 and ACT11 and inhibits actin polymerization (PubMed:26578694). May be involved in the cross-talk between vesicular trafficking and the actin cytoskeleton (PubMed:21090759). At high concentrations, profilin prevents the polymerization of actin, whereas it enhances it at low concentrations (By similarity). Inhibits cell growth of various pathogenic fungal strains (PubMed:30056100). May play a role as antifungal proteins in the defense system against fungal pathogen attacks (PubMed:30056100).
Defects in rosette leaf and inflorescence development.
Expressed in vascular bundles of roots, hypocotyls, cotyledons, leaves, sepals, petals, stamen filaments and stalks of developing seeds (PubMed:8771785, PubMed:16361517). Expressed in leaf epidermal cells, trichomes and stem epidermal cells (PubMed:19200149). Detected in phloem exudates (at protein level) (PubMed:30056100).
Occurs in many kinds of cells as a complex with monomeric actin in a 1:1 ratio.
Belongs to the phosphatase 2A regulatory subunit B family.
PP2A consists of a common heteromeric enzyme, composed of a catalytic subunit (subunits C), a constant regulatory subunit (subunit A), and a variety of regulatory subunits such as subunits B (the R2/B/PR55/B55, R3/B''/PR72/PR130/PR59 and R5/B'/B56 families) (By similarity). Interacts with SIC/RON3 (PubMed:26888284).
The B regulatory subunit may modulate substrate selectivity and catalytic activity, and may also direct the localization of the catalytic enzyme to a particular subcellular compartment.
May be involved in cooperative interactions with calmodulins or calmodulin-like proteins (By similarity). Recruits calmodulin proteins to microtubules, thus being a potential scaffold in cellular signaling and trafficking (By similarity). May associate with nucleic acids and regulate gene expression at the transcriptional or post-transcriptional level.
Part of a SCF (ASK-cullin-F-box) protein ligase complex.
The F-box is necessary for the interaction with ASK proteins (By similarity). Interacts with ASK4.
Belongs to the PPR family. PCMP-H subfamily.
May be involved in modulation of pathogen defense and leaf cell death. Activity seems to be regulated by Ca(2+)-dependent calmodulin binding and seems not to require heterotrimeric G proteins (By similarity).
The C-terminus contains a calmodulin-binding domain, which binds calmodulin in a calcium-dependent fashion.
Belongs to the NAD(P)-dependent epimerase/dehydratase family.
In roots, leaves, siliques, flowers, pollen and stems.
Involved in the synthesis of the negatively charged monosaccharide that forms the backbone of pectic cell wall components.
Expressed in leaf vasculature, stem and flowers.
Belongs to the cyclic nucleotide-gated cation channel (TC 1.A.1.5) family.
Putative cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel.
The binding of calmodulin to the C-terminus might interfere with cyclic nucleotide binding and thus channel activation.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase group 1 family. Glycosyltransferase 30 subfamily.
Involved in the biosynthesis of lipid A, a phosphorylated glycolipid that in bacteria anchors the lipopolysaccharide to the outer membrane of the cell. Catalyzes the transfer of two 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate (Kdo) residues from CMP-Kdo to lipid IV(A), the tetraacyldisaccharide-1,4'-bisphosphate precursor of lipid A. Lipid A-like molecules in plants may serve as structural components of the outer membranes of mitochondria and/or chloroplasts, or may be involved in signal transduction or plant defense responses.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but plants lacking KDTA accumulate high levels of tetraacyldisaccharide 1,4'-bis-phosphate (lipid IVA).
Small heat shock protein required for the establishment of auxin gradients and for patterning of the apical domain of the embryo. Involved in the specification of the cotyledon primordia. Also required for normal inflorescence and floral meristem function, normal developmental patterning and thermotolerance. Acts as a molecular chaperone (By similarity).
Expressed at low levels in germinating seeds, seedlings, rosettes leaves, flowers and siliques.
Functions as co-chaperone for protein folding in chloroplasts.
Expressed in roots, leaves, stems and inflorescences.
Probably mediates the hydrolysis of some nucleoside diphosphate derivatives.
Belongs to the NADPH--cytochrome P450 reductase family.
Expressed in roots, leaves, stems, flowers and siliques.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the flavoprotein pyridine nucleotide cytochrome reductase family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the flavodoxin family.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae expressing Glycyrrhiza uralensis CYP88D6 and CYP72A154, combined with the expression of Arabidopsis thaliana beta-amyrin synthase (beta-AS) and NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase 1 (ATR1), accumulates glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) and, to lower levels, beta-amyrin; these GA production was increased in the presence of G.uralensis cytochrome b5 (CYB5).
This enzyme is required for electron transfer from NADP to cytochrome P450 in microsomes. It can also provide electron transfer to heme oxygenase and cytochrome B5.
This enzyme is required for electron transfer from NADP to cytochrome P450 in microsomes. It can also provide electron transfer to heme oxygenase and cytochrome B5. Reduces a variety of substrates in vitro, such as cytochrome c, feericyanide and dichloroindophenol.
Accumulates throughout the embryo and in endosperm (PubMed:16113228). Expressed throughout the plant life cycle, from embryogenesis to seed set. Accumulates in the shoot apex. In roots, confined to the vascular system. In anthers, observed when the filaments start to elongate, and remain expressed in later stages. Constitutively expressed in gynoecia (PubMed:22411811).
Belongs to the plant DSE1 protein family.
Defects in both embryo and seedling development, and pale yellow seeds. Die as embryos, probably because of intolerance to desiccation and abnormal protein and lipid body accumulation in mature seeds, but immature mutant seeds can be germinated in culture and lead to short life seedlings defective in shoot and root development, with reduced hypocotyls elongation in the dark (PubMed:16113228, PubMed:15266054). Seedlings accumulate less anthocyanin, are intolerant to desiccation, form trichomes on cotyledons, and have reduced accumulation of storage proteins and lipids (PubMed:16113228). Suppressor of the aluminum- (Al) hypersensitive mutant als3-1 that fails to halt root growth after Al exposure, does not accumulate CyclinB1;1 in the root tip, and fails to force differentiation of the quiescent center and is thus highly tolerant to high Al levels (PubMed:22345493). In dse1, reduced plasmodesmata (PD) formation and cell-to-cell transport during embryogenesis, due to reduced PD size exclusion limit. Dse1 embryos are developmentally retarded and accumulate anthocyanin at the junction between the cotyledons and hypocotyls, corresponding to the shoot apical meristem (SAM). Reduced apical dominance leading to the production of small abnormal flowers, often with altered organ numbers. Infertility due in part to the abnormal development of stamen with under-extended anther filaments that don't release pollen, and due in part to abnormal ovules lacking pollen attractiveness (PubMed:22411811).
Expressed at low levels in floral buds, leaves, stems, roots, and siliques, highest levels being in siliques that contain developing seeds.
Involved in the formation of X-, Y-shaped and twinned plasmodesmata (PD), thus modelating PD size exclusion limit and regulating cell-to-cell transport (PubMed:22411811). Cell cycle checkpoint regulator that monitors and responds to DNA damage such as DNA cross-links, and triggers the halt of the cell cycle progression in the presence of DNA cross-linking agents. Mediates the active process of aluminum- (Al) dependent root growth inhibition and thus is required for response to Al toxicity (PubMed:22345493). Required for both early and late phases of embryo development as well as during seedling growth (PubMed:16113228, PubMed:15266054). Essential for signal transduction and development of both male and female organs (PubMed:22411811).
Expressed in the vascular system of the mother plant, but not present in the seed and embryo. In maturing siliques, found all through the funiculus connecting the placenta to the ovule, but not in the ovule.
The regulatory role of DOF2.5/DAG2 appears to be opposite to that of DOF3.7/DAG1. Both zinc finger proteins may act on a maternal switch that controls seed germination, possibly by regulating the same gene(s).
Transcription factor specifically involved in the maternal control of seed germination. Regulates transcription by binding to a 5'-AA[AG]G-3' consensus core sequence. May ensure the activation of a component that would trigger germination as a consequence of red light perception.
Transcription factor that binds specifically to a 5'-AA[AG]G-3' consensus core sequence.
Turned off in siliques when they reached full maturation. Not expressed in developing or mature embryos.
Component of the ribosomal small subunit (SSU) processome.
Required for 40S ribosome biogenesis. Involved in nucleolar processing of pre-18S ribosomal RNA and ribosome assembly.
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling (By similarity).
Detected only in the generative cell and the sperm-cell of late bicellular and tricellular pollen. Not detected in pollen vegetative cells. Replication-independent expression.
No visible phenotype. The high redundancy of histones H3 might compensate for this mutation.
The nucleosome is a histone octamer containing two molecules each of H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assembled in one H3-H4 heterotetramer and two H2A-H2B heterodimers. The octamer wraps approximately 147 bp of DNA (By similarity).
No obvious developmental defects (PubMed:33433058). The double mutant aipp2-1 paipp2-1 exhibits multiple developmental defects, such as a dwarfed size, early flowering, small leaves and poor fertility (PubMed:33277495). Abnormally up-regulated expression of many genes localized at H3K27me3 and low-methylated H3K4 enriched loci associated with an higher accumulation of activated RNA polymerase II phosphorylated at 'Ser-5' (Ser5P-Pol II) in the double mutant aipp2-1 paipp2-1 (PubMed:33277495). Plants missing all PHD finger-containing proteins (e.g. PHD1, PAIPP2/PHD2, AIPP2/PHD3, PHD4, PHD5 and PHD6) exhibit an increased expression of flowering genes leading to an early flowering phenotype under long-day conditions as well as growth retardation (PubMed:33433058).
Part of the BAH-PHD bivalent histone reader complex that contains AIPP2, PAIPP2 and AIPP3/BDT1; the BAH-PHD module associates with CPL2 to form the BAH-PHD-CPL2 complex (BPC) for transcriptional repression (PubMed:33277495). Binds directly to AIPP3/BDT1 and CPL2, but not to AIPP2 (PubMed:33277495, PubMed:33433058).
The PHD domain (283-334) recognizes specifically unmodified histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4me0), binding affinity being inversely proportionnal to H3K4 methylation level.
Together with AIPP2 and AIPP3/BDT1, cooperates to form a BAH-PHD bivalent histone reader complex able to read histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) and low-methylated H3K4 histone marks in order to regulate transcription, especially to prevent early flowering; promotes AIPP3/BDT1 binding to H3K27me3 (PubMed:33277495, PubMed:33433058). CPL2 is subsequently recruited to form a BAH-PHD-CPL2 complex (BPC) in order to silence several H3K27me3 and low-methylated H3K4 enriched loci, including AGO5, via the phosphorylation state-dependent inhibition of Pol II release from the transcriptional start site (e.g. Ser5P-Pol II dephosphorylation) (PubMed:33277495). The BPC complex represses flowering by inhibiting the expression of several genes, including AGL6, FT, FUL and SOC1 (PubMed:33277495).
Belongs to the histone deacetylase family. HD Type 1 subfamily.
Responsible for the deacetylation of lysine residues on the N-terminal part of the core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4). Histone deacetylation gives a tag for epigenetic repression and plays an important role in transcriptional regulation, cell cycle progression and developmental events. May be involved in flowering induction. Histone deacetylases act via the formation of large multiprotein complexes.
Component of the signal recognition particle (SRP) complex, a ribonucleoprotein complex that mediates the cotranslational targeting of secretory and membrane proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) (By similarity). SRP9 together with SRP14 and the Alu portion of the SRP RNA, constitutes the elongation arrest domain of SRP (By similarity). The complex of SRP9 and SRP14 is required for SRP RNA binding (By similarity).
Component of the signal recognition particle (SRP) complex, a ribonucleoprotein complex that mediates the cotranslational targeting of secretory and membrane proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). SRP9 together with SRP14 and the Alu portion of the SRP RNA, constitutes the elongation arrest domain of SRP. The complex of SRP9 and SRP14 is required for SRP RNA binding.
Heterodimer with SRP9; binds RNA as heterodimer (By similarity). Component of a signal recognition particle (SRP) complex that consists of a 7SL RNA molecule of 300 nucleotides and six protein subunits: SRP72, SRP68, SRP54, SRP19, SRP14 and SRP9 (By similarity).
Heterodimer with SRP9; binds RNA as heterodimer. Component of a signal recognition particle (SRP) complex that consists of a 7SL RNA molecule of 300 nucleotides and six protein subunits: SRP72, SRP68, SRP54, SRP19, SRP14 and SRP9.
Component of the TREX-2 complex (transcription and export complex 2), a muliprotein complex that functions in docking export-competent ribonucleoprotein particles (mRNPs) to the nuclear entrance of the nuclear pore complex (nuclear basket). TREX-2 participates in mRNA export and accurate chromatin positioning in the nucleus by tethering genes to the nuclear periphery (PubMed:19843313).
Interacts with SAC3A, EER5 and CML19 (PubMed:19843313). Interacts with UCH1 and UCH2 (PubMed:22951400).
No visible phenotype. Sac3a, sac3b and sac3c triple mutants show no visible phenotype.
'Oresara' means 'long living' in Korean.
Accumulates upon hypoxia (e.g. submergences) (PubMed:25822663). Expression level is enhanced by a chromatin-dependent epigenetic regulatory mechanism involving both EEN and REF6/EIN6 (PubMed:31418686).
Belongs to the NRAMP (TC 2.A.55) family.
Central factor in signaling pathways regulated by ethylene (ET) and involved in various processes including development, plant defense, senescence, nucleotide sugar flux, and tropisms (PubMed:27694846, PubMed:28874528). Necessary for ethylene-mediated gene regulation, and for the induction of some genes by ozone. Acts downstream of ET receptors, and upstream of ethylene regulated transcription factors. Required for cytokinin-mediated processes. Seems to be implicated in cross-talk between ET, jasmonate and other pathways. Probably not involved in iron uptake (PubMed:10381874, PubMed:12953109, PubMed:14973160, PubMed:15010611, PubMed:15272873, PubMed:7770519, PubMed:9351240). Has a short half-life and undergoes rapid proteasome-mediated turnover in the absence of ethylene (PubMed:19196655). Required for ethylene-induced EIN3 stabilization via proteasomal degradation of EBF1/EBF2 proteins (PubMed:20647342). Regulates the leaf senescence induced by methyl jasmonate, ethylene and abscisic acid (Ref.17, PubMed:15010611). Required during salt stress to confer resistance (PubMed:21631530).
Complete ethylene insensitivity (PubMed:10381874). Extreme salt sensitivity during seed germination and plant growth leading to epinastic backward growth of leaf blade and petiole, and small rosette size (PubMed:21631530). Reduced ethylene-induced histone acetylation of H3K14 and H3K23 associated with a lower induction of ethylene-responsive genes (PubMed:27694846, PubMed:28874528).
Interacts (via NLS) with ETR1 (PubMed:19769567, PubMed:25843012). Interacts (via C-terminus) with EER5 and the COP9 signalosome subunits CSN3, CSN6A and CSN6B (PubMed:18429939). Interacts with ETP1 and ETP2 (PubMed:19196655). Interacts with CTR1 (PubMed:23132950). Interacts with all members of the ethylene receptor family, including ETR1, ETR2, ERS1, ERS2 and EIN4 (PubMed:20591837). Binds to MRF3/ECIP1 (PubMed:21631530).
Interacts with several P-body components, such as XRN4/EIN5, PAB2, PAB4 and PAB8 (PubMed:26496607). Binds to ENAP1 in the presence of ethylene; this reaction facilitates its association with histone (PubMed:27694846, PubMed:28874528).
Localized to the guard cells after methyl jasmonate treatment.
Phosphorylated by CTR1 on at least 4 sites. Phosphorylation of Ser-645 and Ser-924 is involved in repressing EIN2 signaling. Loss of phosphorylation results in nuclear localization of the C-terminus of EIN2.
The N-terminal (1-560) region seems to be regulated by upstream components of the ET signal transduction pathway, and may in turn regulate the C-terminal region. The C-terminal (454-1294) region regulates downstream events of ET and jasmonate signaling pathways, and can confer constitutive responses to ET. The C-terminal (1047-1294) region is necessary and sufficient for interactions with ETP1 and ETP2 (PubMed:19196655). The nuclear localization signal (1262-1269) is required for interaction with ETR1 (PubMed:25843012).
Trafficking signal inducing ethylene response. The nuclear localization is both necessary and sufficient to activate EIN3-mediated transcription and ethylene responses (PubMed:23070300). Involved in ethylene (ET)-mediated signaling pathways by triggering histone acetylation of H3K14 and H3K23 in an ENAP1-dependent manner, thus influencing the expression of ethylene-responsive genes (PubMed:27694846, PubMed:28874528). Necessary and sufficient for 3'-UTR-mediated translational repression of EBF1 and EBF2 mRNAs. Ethylene induces EIN2-CEND to associate with 3' UTRs in cytoplasmic foci and target EBF1/2 mRNAs to cytoplasmic processing-body (P-body) (PubMed:26496607, PubMed:26496608). MPK6 regulates the cleavage and nuclear translocation of EIN2-CEND under methyl jasmonate treatment (PubMed:26507893). Required for EIN3 accumulation (PubMed:26507893).
Accepts the ubiquitin from the E1 complex and catalyzes its covalent attachment to other proteins.
Expressed in flowers and flower buds (at protein level) (PubMed:21193570, PubMed:20442277). Mostly confined to anther tapetal cells (PubMed:23632852).
Homodimer (By similarity). Interacts with 4CLL1/ACOS5 and TKPR1 (PubMed:23632852).
Most abundant in the youngest flower buds, but levels decline as flowers mature. Specifically and transiently expressed in tapetal cells during microspore development in anthers (at protein level).
Plant type III polyketide synthases (PKSs) that catalyzes the condensation of malonyl-CoA units with various CoA ester starter molecules to generate a diverse array of natural products including long-chain alkyl alpha-pyrones. Accepts up to C(20) chain-length fatty acyl CoAs as starter substrates, and carries out sequential condensations with malonyl-CoA to produce triketide and tetraketide alpha-pyrones, potential sporopollenin precursors (PubMed:19043200, PubMed:21193570). Favorite substrates for are midchain- and v-hydroxylated fatty acyl-CoAs (e.g. 12-hydroxyoctadecanoyl-CoA and 16-hydroxyhexadecanoyl-CoA). Required for pollen development and sporopollenin biosynthesis, the major constituent of exine in the outer pollen wall (PubMed:21193570, PubMed:20442277). In vitro, can use 4-coumaroyl-coenzyme A as substrate to produce bis-noryangonin and fatty acyl-coenzyme A as substrate to produce medium-chain alkyl pyrones. May play a role in both the synthesis of pollen fatty acids and phenolics found in exine (PubMed:20442277).
Pollen exine layer defects. Reduced accumulation of flavonoid precursors and flavonoids in developing anthers. Plants lacking both PKS-A and PKS-B are completely male sterile, with no apparent exine, thus leading to pollen grain collapse under vacuum. Altered pollen-stigma adhesion.
Belongs to the pterin-4-alpha-carbinolamine dehydratase family.
Involved in tetrahydrobiopterin biosynthesis (By similarity). Possesses pterin-4-alpha-carbinolamine dehydratase activity when expressed in a bacterial heterolgous system (PubMed:18245455).
No obvious developmental defects (PubMed:33433058). Plants missing all PHD finger-containing proteins (e.g. PHD1, PAIPP2/PHD2, AIPP2/PHD3, PHD4, PHD5 and PHD6) exhibit an increased expression of flowering genes leading to an early flowering phenotype under long-day conditions as well as growth retardation (PubMed:33433058).
Together with AIPP3/BDT1, cooperates to form a BAH-PHD bivalent histone reader complex able to read histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) histone marks in order to regulate transcription, especially to prevent early flowering; promotes AIPP3/BDT1 binding to H3K27me3.
By abscisic acid (ABA), auxin, wounding and drought, and in etiolated and dark-adapted seedlings.
Catalyzes the omega-hydroxylation of various fatty acids (FA). Acts on saturated and unsaturated fatty acids with chain lengths from C12 to C18. Plays a major role in the biosynthesis of extracellular lipids. Involved in the biosynthesis of hydroxylated fatty acids required for cutin biosynthesis, cuticle development and repression of bacterial type III gene expression.
Expressed in leaves, stems, flowers and siliques. Expressed at low levels in roots. Expressed in guard cells of cotyledons and leaves.
Expressed in the seed coat inner integument layer facing the endosperm in the stages from globular to torpedo embryo.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants have reduced content of cutin, loose cuticle membrane ultrastructure, show increased permeability to water vapor and display enhanced disease severity to a virulent strain of the bacterial pathogen P.syringae.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS10 family.
Component of the ESCRT-III complex, which is required for multivesicular bodies (MVBs) formation and sorting of endosomal cargo proteins into MVBs. The ESCRT-III complex is probably involved in the concentration of MVB cargo (By similarity).
Component of the endosomal sorting required for transport complex III (ESCRT-III), composed at least of VPS2, VPS20, VPS24 and VPS32 (By similarity). Interacts with SKD1 (PubMed:20663085, PubMed:24812106). Interacts with BRO1/ALIX (PubMed:22639582, PubMed:26342016).
Alanine-zipper domain is involved in homo- or hetero-dimerization via electrostatic interaction.
Expressed in seedlings, leaves and pistils. Detected in the base of flowers and tips of carpels, in sepal vasculature, in young rosette, in the lateral and tip of primary roots, and in ovule at the exception of the outer integument.
Transcriptional regulator that specifically binds to GA-rich elements (GAGA-repeats) present in regulatory sequences of genes involved in developmental processes.
Lacks the transmembrane domain, which is one of the conserved feature of the family.
Belongs to the NADH:flavin oxidoreductase/NADH oxidase family.
Putative oxophytodienoate reductase that may be involved in the biosynthesis or metabolism of oxylipin signaling molecules.
Belongs to the metallo-dependent hydrolases superfamily.
Required for transport of secretory proteins from the Golgi complex. Catalyzes the transfer of phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylcholine between membranes in vitro (By similarity).
Lacks the conserved His residue essential for phosphatase activity. Its enzyme activity is therefore unsure.
May act as a substrate-specific adapter of an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex (CUL3-RBX1-BTB) which mediates the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins.
Expressed during embryo development and after the bolting stage, in mature culine leaves and in flowers. Not detected at the protein level at the rosette stage of development.
Expressed in roots, inflorescence stems, flowers, siliques, dry seeds and mature cauline leaves.
Interacts with AKR. No homodimerization observed.
Involved in the initial differentiation of the proplastid during the embryo development. Also required for correct cotyledon, true leaf and cauline leaf margin development.
Belongs to the RNA methyltransferase RlmH family.
Acts as a vacuolar hexose transporter (PubMed:25988582). Regulates fructose (Fru) homeostasis in leaves and roots by exporting/importing Fru through the tonoplast regarding metabolic demand (PubMed:23583552, PubMed:24381066).
Belongs to the SWEET sugar transporter family.
Expressed in leaves at low levels, mostly in xylem and parenchyma (PubMed:23583552, PubMed:24381066). Highly expressed in the cortex of roots, predominantly in tips and mature regions, especially in tonoplasts. Accumulates also in cotyledons, stems, flowers, and siliques (PubMed:24381066).
Forms homooligomers and heterooligomers with SWEET1, SWEET2, SWEET3, SWEET4, SWEET6, SWEET7, SWEET8, SWEET9, SWEET11, SWEET12, SWEET13, SWEET15 and SWEET16.
High fructose levels in leaves, especially in vacuoles, due to impaired vacuolar fructose export (PubMed:23583552). Increased root sensitivity to high levels of fructose (PubMed:24381066).
Slightly induced by the fungal pathogen B.cinerea. Accumulates in response to nitrogen deficiency and cold stress. Expression follows a diurnal rhythm with a peak in the middle of the day (PubMed:23583552). Induced in roots by fructose (Fru) and darkness, thus triggering accumulation and release of vacuolar Fru, respectively (PubMed:24381066).
Belongs to the early nodulin-like (ENODL) family.
In inflorescences, accumulates mainly in mature pistils (PubMed:27524487). In developing ovules, observed at the micropylar region in a polarized localization of the synergid cells and in inner integument surrounding the female gametophytes (at protein level) (PubMed:27524487). In mature ovules, present in the filiform apparatus and in the integuments at the micropylar region (PubMed:27524487). Levels fade out in ovules after pollination and subsequent fertilization (PubMed:27524487).
Interacts strongly and specifically with the extracellular domain of FERONIA at the synergid cell surface.
May act as a carbohydrate transporter (PubMed:24470637). Required, together with ENODL11, ENODL12, ENODL13, ENODL14 and ENODL15, for male-female communication and pollen tube reception and burst at the synergid cell surface of the female gametophyte (PubMed:27524487).
Mostly expressed in seedlings and flowers, and, to a lower extent, in roots, stems and seeds, but barely in leaves.
No visible phenotype (PubMed:27524487). Plants lacking ENODL11, ENODL12, ENODL13, ENODL14 and ENODL15 have a reduced seed set due to aborted ovules as a result of pollen tubes failling to rupture and release their sperm cell cargo (PubMed:27524487).
Belongs to the heat induced plant HTT protein family.
Expressed ubiquitously, including in seedlings, leaves, stems, inflorescences and siliques.
Mediates both basal and acquired thermotolerance via HSFA1s-directed pathways (e.g. HSFA1A, HSFA1B, and HSFA1D). Triggers the expression of HSFA1A and HSFA1B.
Target of TAS1 (trans-acting siRNA precursor 1)-derived small interfering RNAs in response to temperature variations, thus reducing both basal and acquired thermotolerance (PubMed:24728648, PubMed:20622450). Up-regulated by cold (at 4 degrees Celsius) (PubMed:20622450). Repressed by trans-acting small interfering RNA (ta-siRNAs) siR850/siRNA255-mediated transcript cleavage (PubMed:16889646, PubMed:18753245). Highly up-regulated in seedlings exposed to heat shock. Induced by HSFA1s-mediated (e.g. HSFA1A, HSFA1B, and HSFA1D) promoter activation (PubMed:24728648).
Part of the nuclear pore complex (NPC). The NPC has an eight-fold symmetrical structure comprising a central transport channel and two rings, the cytoplasmic and nuclear rings, to which eight filaments are attached. The cytoplasmic filaments have loose ends, while the nuclear filaments are joined in a distal ring, forming a nuclear basket. NPCs are highly dynamic in configuration and composition, and can be devided in 3 subcomplexes, the NUP62 subcomplex, the NUP107-160 subcomplex and the NUP93 subcomplex, containing approximately 30 different nucleoporin proteins. Interacts with MAG5, SEC31A and SEC31B.
Required for protein transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus.
Belongs to the eIF-2B alpha/beta/delta subunits family. MtnA subfamily.
Catalyzes the interconversion of methylthioribose-1-phosphate (MTR-1-P) into methylthioribulose-1-phosphate (MTRu-1-P).
Belongs to the small heat shock protein (HSP20) family.
Has phosphatase activity toward PtdIns(4,5)P2 and at a lower extent toward PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 but not toward Ins(1,4,5)P3. Functions in salt stress response by regulating reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, endocytosis, Ca(2+) influx and stress-responsive genes expression.
Increased salt sensitivity with reduced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), reduced Ca(2+) influx, as well as decreased fluid-phase endocytosis.
Belongs to the eukaryotic RPC3/POLR3C RNA polymerase subunit family.
Component of the RNA polymerase III (Pol III) complex consisting of 17 subunits.
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Specific core component of RNA polymerase III which synthesizes small RNAs, such as 5S rRNA and tRNAs.
Acts as a sulfur carrier required for molybdopterin biosynthesis. Component of the molybdopterin synthase complex that catalyzes the conversion of precursor Z into molybdopterin by mediating the incorporation of 2 sulfur atoms into precursor Z to generate a dithiolene group. In the complex, serves as sulfur donor by being thiocarboxylated (-COSH) at its C-terminus by MOCS3. After interaction with MOCS2B, the sulfur is then transferred to precursor Z to form molybdopterin.
Belongs to the MoaD family. MOCS2A subfamily.
C-terminal thiocarboxylation occurs in 2 steps, it is first acyl-adenylated (-COAMP) via the hesA/moeB/thiF part of MOCS3, then thiocarboxylated (-COSH) via the rhodanese domain of MOCS3.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 2 family. Plant cellulose synthase-like A subfamily.
Probable mannan synthase which consists of a 4-beta-mannosyltransferase activity on mannan using GDP-mannose. The beta-1,4-mannan product is the backbone for galactomannan synthesis by galactomannan galactosyltransferase. Galactomannan is a noncellulosic polysaccharides of plant cell wall.
Belongs to the phosphoribulokinase family.
Light regulated via thioredoxin by reversible oxidation/reduction of sulfhydryl/disulfide groups.
Catalyzes the synthesis of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)-amino acid conjugates, providing a mechanism for the plant to cope with the presence of excess auxin (By similarity). Involved in red light-specific hypocotyl elongation. May act downstream of a red light signal transduction and determine the degree of hypocotyl elongation (PubMed:14581632).
Expressed before fertilization in male and female gametophytes, and then immediately after pollination, restricted to seed endosperm.
Expressed in seeds at early and mid-maturation stages.
Has a 11,12(11',12') 9-cis epoxycarotenoid cleavage activity. Catalyzes the first step of abscisic-acid biosynthesis from carotenoids. Contributes probably to abscisic acid synthesis for the induction of seed dormancy.
Plants exhibit abscisic-acid-deficient phenotypes in seeds, but not in vegetative tissues.
Acetylated in vitro by GCN5, but acetylation is not essential for biological activity.
Expressed in roots, leaves, stems, flowers and siliques, with the strongest activity in the meristematic zones.
Interacts in vitro with the HAT domain of GCN5 and with the DNA-binding domain of the transcriptional activator DREB1B/CBF1 (PubMed:11266554, PubMed:16603259). Interacts with BZIP11 (PubMed:24861440).
Plants have pleiotropic effects on plant growth and development, including dwarf size, aberrant root development, and short petals and stamens in flowers. ADA2a cannot rescue any of the mutant phenotypes.
Required for the function of some acidic activation domains, which activate transcription from a distant site. The exact mechanism of action is not yet known (By similarity). ADA2 stimulates the acetyltransferase activity of GCN5 on free histones or nucleosomes, probably by opening up the promoter region. Mediates auxin and cytokinin signals in the control of cell proliferation and might be involved in repression of a freezing tolerance pathway at warm temperature (PubMed:12615937, PubMed:12747832). Involved in the positive regulation of salt-induced gene expression by maintaining locus-specific acetylation of histones H4 and H3 (PubMed:21193996).
The middle domain of ADA2b is sufficient for interaction with the HAT catalytic domain of GCN5.
Belongs to the thioredoxin family. Plant Y-type subfamily.
Expression decreases in developing seeds and increases during seed germination.
Thiol-disulfide oxidoreductase that poorly activates chloroplastic malate dehydrogenase (NADP-MDH) and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase. Provides reducing equivalents for peroxiredoxin Q.
Albino cotyledons but normal green true leaves.
Expressed in roots, rosette and cauline leaves, stems, inflorescences and young siliques of light-grown plants, but not in etiolated seedlings or in senescing tissues.
Homomer. Interacts with LHCB1 proteins, but is not part of the signal recognition particle protein targeting pathway.
Its sequence is related to the DnaJ family but lacks the J domain. The CR-type-like region is similar to CR-type zinc-fingers.
Protein disulfide-isomerase involved in chloroplast development in cotyledons. Involved in the process of vesicle-derived thylakoid formation, probably at the level of the integration and folding of LHCB proteins at the initial location of integration. Acts only in germinating seeds after dormancy, during the transition from heterotrophic to autotrophic growth.
Very low expression in etiolated seedlings, but gradual increase upon illumination with a maximum after 6 hours. Expressed mainly in young plants grown under light conditions.
Detected in roots, seedlings and axillary branches.
Interacts probably with TPL/TPR in an EAR-motif dependent manner.
May function in a transcriptional corepressor complex.
Belongs to the OXA1/ALB3/YidC (TC 2.A.9.2) family.
Probably required for the insertion of integral membrane proteins into the chloroplast thylakoid membranes.
Belongs to the TALE/BELL homeobox family.
May form heterodimeric complexes with TALE/KNOX proteins KNAT2 and KNAT 5. Interacts with OFP1, OFP2, OFP3, OFP4, OFP5 and OFP15.
The SR/KY and BELL domains are responsive for the interaction between the TALE/BELL proteins and the TALE/KNOX proteins.
Transcription factor. Interacts specifically with the W box (5'-(T)TGAC[CT]-3'), a frequently occurring elicitor-responsive cis-acting element.
Belongs to the amino acid/polyamine transporter 2 family. Amino acid/auxin permease (AAAP) (TC 2.A.18.5) subfamily.
Delayed growth and reduced fertility. Defective roots, shoots and flowers. Reduced seed set. Reduced levels of primary miRNAs as well as mature miRNAs.
Expressed in roots, lateral roots, vascular strands of roots and leaves, vegetative meristems, pollen and developing seeds.
Involved in the microRNA (miRNA) and short interfering RNA (siRNA) biogenesis. May facilitate DCL1 to access or recognize primary miRNAs. Binds RNA non-specifically.
Belongs to the VAMP-associated protein (VAP) (TC 9.B.17) family.
Aberrant callose deposition, defective pollen wall formation during microspore development, and severely reduced male fertility.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CMGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. CDC2/CDKX subfamily.
Cyclin-dependent kinase involved in pre-mRNA splicing. Required for the correct splicing of the sixth intron of CALS5 pre-mRNA. May stabilize the binding of U1 snRNP to this rare type of intron with a GC 5'SS. Involved in chromosome pairing and is required for the completion of synapsis in male meiocytes at high ambient temperatures.
Expressed in leaves and inflorescences. Lower levels of expression in roots and stems.
Forms a complex with CYCL1-1. Associated with the spliceosome. Interacts with RS2Z33.
Activated by phosphorylation by CDKF-1. Down-regulated by phosphorylation by WEE1.
Expressed in suspension cell culture, but not in plant organs.
Forms a stable complex with cyclin CYCH1-1 that phosphorylates human CDK2 and the C-terminal domain (CTD) of the large subunit of RNA polymerase II.
Interacts with CYCH1-1. Binding to CYCH1-1 activates CDK kinase.
Phosphorylated by CDKF-1 at Ser-162 and Thr-168. Phosphorylated by WEE1 at Tyr-24. Autophosphorylated.
Chloroplast translation initiation factor that is essential for the coordination of leaf and chloroplast development (PubMed:27535792). IF-3 binds to the 30S ribosomal subunit and shifts the equilibrum between 70S ribosomes and their 50S and 30S subunits in favor of the free subunits, thus enhancing the availability of 30S subunits on which protein synthesis initiation begins (By similarity).
Identified as a cargo protein of vacuolar sorting receptors (PubMed:23738689). This was based on interactions with truncated vacuolar sorting receptors and their co-secretion in the culture medium (PubMed:23738689). This function is however not supported by recent evidences.
May be involved in a cell-to cell programmed cell death (PCD) signaling mechanism.
Up-regulated by fungal elicitor (PubMed:12833529). Up-regulated in both heat- and senescence-induced programmed cell death (PCD) (PubMed:15276441).
Expressed in gynoecium development, disappearing after pollination.
Expressed in the apical meristem 4 days after imbibition (DAI). Expressed in the major veins of rosette leaves and pedicels. Expressed in the root central cylinder, root meristems, root tips and lateral root primordia.
Probably functions in cell division and growth processes. Interacts with certain SNAREs as part of specialized membrane fusion events where vesicles from the same organelle fuse (homotypic fusion) (By similarity).
Chaperone involved in RuBisCO assembly process.
Homodimer (PubMed:23295968). Interacts with rbcL, atpB and RBCS-1B (PubMed:21922322).
Not regulated by cold, salt or desiccation.
Heterooligomer of catalytic and regulatory subunits.
Performs an essential role in the oxidative function of the citric acid cycle.
Ubiquitous. Predominantly expressed in roots, stems and leaves.
Belongs to the glucosamine/galactosamine-6-phosphate isomerase family. 6-phosphogluconolactonase subfamily.
Catalyzes the hydrolysis of 6-phosphogluconolactone to 6-phosphogluconate.
Component of Ran complexes at least composed of WIT1 or WIT2, RANGAP1 or RANGAP2, and WIP1 or WIP2 or WIP3 (By similarity). Interacts with RANGAP1, WPP1/MAF1, and WPP2/MAF2 (PubMed:17600715). Interacts with SUN1 and SUN2 (PubMed:22270916). Core component of the LINC complex which is composed of inner nuclear membrane SUN domain-containing proteins coupled to outer nuclear membrane WIP and WIT proteins. The LINC complex also involves nucleoskeletal proteins CRWN/LINC and possibly KAKU4 and the cytoskeletal myosin KAKU1 (PubMed:25759303). Interacts with WIT2 (PubMed:25759303).
Expressed in seedlings, roots, stems, leaves, and flowers.
First observed in roots and cotyledons of young developing seedlings. Later confined to root tips and cauline leaves tips. In flowers, detected in the stamens and at the senescence region of developing siliques.
Mediates and enhances the nuclear envelope docking of RANGAP proteins mediated by WIT1 and WIT2 in the undifferentiated cells of root tips (PubMed:17600715). As component of the SUN-WIP-WIT2-KAKU1 complex, mediates the transfer of cytoplasmic forces to the nuclear envelope (NE), leading to nuclear shape changes (PubMed:25759303).
The KASH domain, which contains a transmembrane domain, mediates the nuclear envelope targeting and is involved in the binding to the SUN proteins.
PSK-beta is produced from PSK-alpha by exopeptidase digestion.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class translation factor GTPase superfamily. Classic translation factor GTPase family. EF-Tu/EF-1A subfamily.
Interacts with PI5K2 (PubMed:19903693). Interacts with APD2 (PubMed:22897245).
This protein promotes the GTP-dependent binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the A-site of ribosomes during protein biosynthesis.
Expressed in leaves, stems, siliques, seeds and flowers. Detected in central regions of cotyledons, hypocotyl, radicle of mature embryos and seedlings, micropyle of siliques and in pollen.
Hydrolyzes certain amino acid conjugates of the plant growth regulator indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), including IAA-Phe, IAA-Leu and IAA-Tyr (PubMed:7792599, PubMed:10072397, PubMed:11923288). Can also use IAA-Ala, IAA-Gly, IAA-Met and IAA-Glu as substrates with low efficiency (PubMed:7792599, PubMed:10072397, PubMed:11923288). No activity with IAA-Ile, IAA-1-O-beta-D-glucose or IAA-myo-inositol (PubMed:7792599, PubMed:10072397, PubMed:11923288). Is the most efficient enzyme of the ILL family for IAA-Leu hydrolysis (PubMed:11923288). Important for IAA-Leu and IAA-Phe hydrolysis in roots (PubMed:15155875). May act with ILL2 to provide free IAA to germinating seedlings (PubMed:15155875).
Manganese and/or Cobalt or Copper. The ion enhances activity.
By salt treatment. Down-regulated by cold.
Expressed in roots, stems and flowers, and at low levels in leaves.
Interacts with MPK6 (PubMed:19789277). Interacts with KIN10 (PubMed:27029354).
Protein-tyrosine-phosphatase that dephosphorylates and probably inhibits MPK6 in non-oxidative stress conditions. In association with MKP1, represses salicylic acid (SA) and camalexin biosynthesis, thus modulating defense response. May also repress MPK3. Dephosphorylates and inactivates MPK4 in vitro.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 2 family.
Tetramer (PubMed:26601214). Interacts with NINJA/AFPH2 (PubMed:20360743). Interacts with SMXL6 (PubMed:22065421). Interacts with SPL (via EAR motif) (PubMed:25527103, PubMed:25378179). Interacts with SPEAR3/TIE1 (PubMed:23444332).
The N-terminal TOPLESS domain (TPD) (1-209) binds directly to a 12-amino acid LxLxL EAR motif peptide.
Transcriptional corepressor. Negative regulator of jasmonate responses (By similarity).
Component of the NSH heterocomplex made of URH1/NSH1 and URH2/NSH2 which exhibits strong xanthosine nucleosidase activity (PubMed:30787180). Interacts with URH1 (PubMed:30787180).
Expressed in roots, seedlings and flowers.
Involved in pyrimidine breakdown, especially in response to dark stress (PubMed:21599668, PubMed:30787180). In the presence of URH1, exhibits efficient inosine and xanthosine hydrolytic activities (PubMed:21599668, PubMed:30787180). Support inosine breakdown especially during the late phase of senescence (PubMed:21235647).
Normal seedling germination and plant growth and development in standard conditions (PubMed:21599668). No abnormal levels of nucleoside intermediates (PubMed:21599668). The roots of the double mutant urh1 urh2 accumulates strong levels of xanthosine (PubMed:21599668, PubMed:30787180).
Interacts with 1-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA).
Belongs to the HSF family. Class A subfamily.
Exhibits temperature-dependent phosphorylation (By similarity). Phosphorylated by CRK1.
Homotrimer (PubMed:11807141). Interacts with HSP70-1 and HSP70-4 (PubMed:11807141). Binds to CRK1 (PubMed:18466301). Binds to HSBP (PubMed:20388662, PubMed:20657173).
The hydrophobic-rich region (HR-A/B) corresponds to the oligomerization domain. AHA motif is a transcriptional activator element.
Transcriptional activator that specifically binds DNA sequence 5'-AGAAnnTTCT-3' known as heat shock promoter elements (HSE).
Expressed in the pistil. Detected exclusively in the synergid cells.
Inactive pollen tube attractants guiding pollen tubes to the ovular micropyle.
Lacks 2 of the 4 disulfide bonds, which are conserved features of the family.
Each of the two pore-forming region (also called P-domain or P-loop) is enclosed by two transmembrane segments (2P/4TM) and contains the GYGD signature motif which seems to be involved in potassium selectivity.
Probable voltage-independent potassium-selective tonoplast ion channel.
Triacylglycerol (TAG) lipase. May be involved for TAG storage breakdown during seed germination (By similarity).
Expressed in the stomatal precursor cells and in immature stomata (PubMed:19513241). Decreases as leaves matured and no expression in fully expanded leaves (PubMed:18979118).
Forms heterodimer with ERECTA or ERL1 through their extracellular domains (PubMed:22241782, PubMed:28536146). Not able to form homodimer (PubMed:22241782). Interacts with EPF2 but not with EPF1 (PubMed:22241782). Interacts with SERK1, SERK2, SERK3/BAK1 and SERK4 (PubMed:26320950). Interacts with EPFL9/STOMAGEN (PubMed:26083750).
In epidermal cells of developing shoots and leaves, but not in roots. Expressed in the stomatal cell lineage in the developing epidermis. Accumulates strongly in meristemoid mother cells (MMC) and meristemoids, somewhat less in meristemoid sister cells (stomatal-lineage ground cells, SLGC), and is barely detected in pavement cells (PubMed:26203655).
Lack of stomata in stem, hypocotyl and on the adaxial side of the sepal. By contrast, cotyledons, anthers and abaxial side of the sepal have excess stomata, with many in direct contact and producing clusters. Altered responses to abscisic acid (ABA) (PubMed:18434605, PubMed:24553751). Enhanced susceptibility to the necrotrophic fungus Plectosphaerella cucumerina BMM (PcBMM) (PubMed:27446127).
Promotes cell fate progression in stomatal development. In leaves, needed to correctly orient spacing divisions, to limit the number of asymmetric divisions in neighbor cells, and to promote the asymmetric (amplifying) divisions of meristemoids. In stems, promotes the conversion of meristemoids into guard mother cells (GMC) (PubMed:11090210, PubMed:12040198, PubMed:18979118). Positively regulates CAPRICE (CPC) expression in differentiating stomaless-forming cell files (PubMed:19513241). Forms constitutive complexes with ERECTA and ERL1 involved in the recognition of the stomatal regulatory peptides EPF1, EPF2 and EPFL9/STOMAGEN (PubMed:28536146). Modulates the activity of the ligand-receptor pairs EPF2-ERECTA and EPF1-ERL1 in stomatal development (PubMed:16002616, PubMed:22241782). Functions in a combinatorial specific manner with the ERECTA-family (ERf) receptor kinases in the regulation of the immune response (PubMed:27446127).
TMM lacks an intracellular kinase domain and may participate in active signal transduction only through physical interaction with other proteins (PubMed:12040198). Overexpression of TMM leads to altered formation of trichomes (PubMed:24553751).
Belongs to the replication factor A protein 1 family.
Component of the SMC5-SMC6 complex, that promotes sister chromatid alignment after DNA damage and facilitates double-stranded DNA breaks (DSBs) repair via homologous recombination between sister chromatids.
Interacts with SMC5, SMC6A or SMC6B. The SMC5-SMC6 complex is composed of the SMC5 and SMC6 heterodimer attached via their hinge domain and from the non-SMC subunit NSE4A or NSE4B (By similarity).
Not expressed in seedlings, rosette leaves and floral buds.
Was originally thought to be an ascorbate peroxidase (PubMed:12068123, PubMed:16034597). PubMed:19828564 fails to show any peroxidase activity associated with TL29 and demonstrates that TL29 could bind neither heme nor ascorbate. TL29 lacks the heme-binding site, the proton acceptor and the transition state stabilizer, which are conserved features of the ascorbate peroxidase.
Expressed in developing vegetative and floral primordia.
Promotes divisions in the guard cells (GCs) after the guard mother cells (GMC) symmetric division when in the presence of CDKA-1.
Belongs to the phospholipid scramblase family.
Component of the class C core vacuole/endosome tethering (CORVET) complex. Their common core is composed of the class C Vps core proteins VPS11, VCL1, VPS18 and VPS33, which in CORVET further associates with VPS3 (PubMed:29463724). Interacts directly with VPS11. Binds to RABF2A and RABF2B (PubMed:29463724).
Embryonic lethality (PubMed:29463724). Heterozygous mutants produce some yellowish seeds with developmentally retarded or abnormally shaped embryos. Conditional dexamethasone (DEX)-inducible mutants exhibit abnormal root morphology (PubMed:29463724).
Essential protein required during embryogenesis. Believed to act as a component of the putative class C core vacuole/endosome tethering (CORVET) endosomal tethering complexes. CORVET is required for vacuolar transport of SYP22. Involved in root development (PubMed:29463724). Plays a role in vesicle-mediated protein trafficking of the endocytic membrane transport pathway (By similarity).
Forms a dimer (By similarity). Binds to MT, mostly with coaligned MT, both between parallel or antiparallel, forming thick bundles. Bundles polymerized MT via the formation of 25-nm crossbridges with cortical MT.
Microtubule-associated protein that bundle and stabilize adjacent microtubules (MT) of the cell cortex. Confers MT resistance to the drug oryzalin. Promotes the formation of a planar network of antiparallel microtubules.
Expressed in the shoot apical meristem (SAM) during the vegetative phase and the floral transition. After floral transition, expressed in apical meristem (AM), inflorescence meristem (IM) and floral primordia.
MADS-box transcription factor that acts with AGL42 and AGL71 in the control of flowering time. Promotes flowering at the shoot apical and axillary meristems. Seems to act through a gibberellin-dependent pathway. Interacts genetically with SOC1 and its expression is directly regulated by SOC1.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. C5-methyltransferase family.
Maintains chromatin CpG methylation that plays a role in genomic imprinting, regulation of embryogenesis and seed viability. Required for proper patterns of CG DNA methylation in dividing cells (By similarity). Required during the endosperm development in seeds.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 17 family.
Belongs to the amino acid/polyamine transporter 2 family. Amino acid/auxin permease (AAAP) (TC 2.A.18.8) subfamily.
Translocates aromatic and neutral amino acids such as tyrosine, tryptophan, phenylalanine, histidine, proline, leucine, valine, glutamine, as well as arginine. Transports the auxins indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D).
Ubiquitous (PubMed:27925655). Highly expressed in flowers and cauline leaves and at lower levels in stems, leaves and roots (PubMed:11299361).
Belongs to the mitochondrial carrier (TC 2.A.29) family.
Calcium-dependent mitochondrial carrier protein that catalyzes the import of ATP co-transported with metal divalent cations across the mitochondrial inner membrane in exchange for phosphate (Pi) (PubMed:22062157, PubMed:28695448, PubMed:26140942, PubMed:26444389). Can transport phosphate, AMP, ADP, ATP, adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate and, to a lesser extent, other nucleotides (PubMed:26140942, PubMed:26444389). Binds calcium ions Ca(2+) (PubMed:22062157). Mediates also calcium uptake (By similarity).
Counter-exchange transport activity is saturable and inhibited by pyridoxal-5'-phosphate, EDTA and EGTA (PubMed:26140942). Activated by calcium Ca(2+) and manganese Mn(2+) ions, and slightly by iron Fe(2+) and zinc Zn(2+) ions (PubMed:26140942, PubMed:28695448). Repressed by copper ions Cu(2+) and slightly by magnesium Mg(2+) ions (PubMed:28695448). Magnesium Mg(2+) ions promotes slightly ATP uptake, ATP-Mg(2+) being exchanged with ATP(4-) (PubMed:26444389).
Expressed at high levels in flowers, leaves, stems, roots and seedlings, mostly in flowers.
Slightly expressed in vascular tissues, in leaves of both seedlings and mature plants, stamen filaments and developing siliques.
Belongs to the DEFL family. Protease inhibitor I18 (RTI/MTI-2) subfamily.
Was thought to be a protease inhibitor (Ref.1, PubMed:15082560, PubMed:12369816).
Catalyzes the first step in the biosynthesis of coenzyme A from vitamin B5/pantothenate, where cysteine is conjugated to 4'-phosphopantothenate to form 4-phosphopantothenoylcysteine (PubMed:12860978). The catalytic activity is not CTP- but ATP-dependent (PubMed:12860978).
Belongs to the splicing factor SR family. RSZ subfamily.
Extensively phosphorylated on serine residues in the RS domain.
Probably involved in intron recognition and spliceosome assembly.
Auxin response factors (ARFs) are transcriptional factors that bind specifically to the DNA sequence 5'-TGTCTC-3' found in the auxin-responsive promoter elements (AuxREs). Could act as transcriptional activator or repressor. Formation of heterodimers with Aux/IAA proteins may alter their ability to modulate early auxin response genes expression.
Interactions between auxin response factors (ARFs) and Aux/IAA proteins occur through their C-terminal dimerization domains III and IV.
Homodimerizes via its Rho-GAP domain and forms a tetrameric complex (2:2) with ARAC1/ROP3, ARAC2/ROP7, ARAC4/ROP2, ARAC5/ROP4, ARAC7/ROP9 or ARAC11/ROP1.
Altered expression of light-regulated genes; overexpression of CAB (photosystem II type I chlorophyll a/b-binding proteins) genes in the dark (e.g. CAB1 and CAB3). Reduced auxin transport. Under long-day growth conditions (18 hr light/6 hr dark), reduced apical dominance in mature plants. Reduced plant growth under both short-day (9 hr light/15 hr dark) and long-day conditions resulting in shorter plants. Strong deficiency in lateral root production. Reduced cell elongation in siliques, pedicels, roots, and the inflorescence leading to a compact rosette, more secondary corymb-like inflorescence, and small seeds. Delayed flowering. Reduced sensitivity to auxin transport inhibitors N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA), 2-carboxyphenyl-3-phenylpropane-l,2-dione (CPD), and methyl-2-chloro-9-hydroxyfluorene-9-carboxylate (CFM). Organ-specific defect in response to cytokinins, ethylene and gibberellic acid (GA). Increased expression of auxin transporters PIN1 and PIN6. Reduced growth-promotion and lateral root development stimulation mediated by the fungus T.virens.
Constitutively expressed in roots, rosette leaves, inflorescence stems, and flowers. Present in inflorescence meristems, floral meristems and vascular tissues.
May be or regulate a N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA) binding protein (NBP), an auxin transport inhibitor.
Required for auxin efflux and polar auxin transport (PAT) influencing auxin-mediated developmental responses (e.g. cell elongation, apical dominance, lateral root production, inflorescence architecture, general growth and development). Controls the elongation of the pedicels and stem internodes through auxin action. Involved in the expression modulation of light-regulated genes. Represses CAB1 and CAB3 genes expression in etiolated seedlings. Confers sensitivity to the auxin transport inhibitors N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA), 2-carboxyphenyl-3-phenylpropane-l,2-dione (CPD), and methyl-2-chloro-9-hydroxyfluorene-9-carboxylate (CFM). Influences the polarized subcellular distribution of the auxin transporter PIN1 in response to auxin transport inhibitors. Plays a role in the regulation of responses to phytohormones such as auxin, cytokinins, ethylene and gibberellic acid (GA), particularly during light-mediated stimuli (e.g. shade ovoidance, etiolation). Required for pericycle cell activation to form lateral root primordia (LRP) in both high and low phosphate P conditions. Necessary for the plant-growth promotion and lateral root development mediated by the fungus Trichoderma virens.
Component of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF-3) complex, which is involved in protein synthesis of a specialized repertoire of mRNAs and, together with other initiation factors, stimulates binding of mRNA and methionyl-tRNAi to the 40S ribosome. The eIF-3 complex specifically targets and initiates translation of a subset of mRNAs involved in cell proliferation.
Component of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF-3) complex.
Probably required for the first pre-mRNA cleavage reaction catalyzed by the spliceosome.
Belongs to the nitrate reductase family.
Binds 1 Mo-molybdopterin (Mo-MPT) cofactor per subunit.
Nitrate reductase is a key enzyme involved in the first step of nitrate assimilation in plants, fungi and bacteria.
When mutated confers resistance to the herbicide chlorate.
Contains a C-terminal (456-532) carbohydrate-binding domain (CBM).
Involved in starch granule initiation in leaf chloroplasts. Binds and delivers suitable maltooligosaccharide substrates to starch synthase 4 (SS4).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but leaf chloroplasts exhibit reduced number of starch granules.
Plants over-expressing OFP9 have no visible phenotype.
Probable transcriptional repressor that may regulate multiple aspects of plant growth and development.
Autophosphorylated on serine and threonine residues.
By wounding and Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris.
Interacts with PUB9, PUB13, PUB14 and PUB38.
Involved in the regulation of cellular expansion and differentiation. Mediates subcellular relocalization of PUB9 from nucleus to plasma membrane in a protein-phosphorylation-dependent manner. May be involved in the abscisic acid-mediated signaling pathway, at least during germination.
Mostly expressed in leaves, and, to a lower extent, in stems and flower buds.
Reduced abscisic acid (ABA) sensitivity during seed germination.
Interacts with ATG8F (PubMed:22253227, PubMed:22580699). Interacts with ATG8H (PubMed:22580699). Interacts with APE1 and PSBS/NPQ4 (PubMed:25281689).
Involved in a special stress-induced plastid-to-vacuole protein trafficking pathway. Interacts with ATG8F in plastid bodies to subsequently enable their delivery to the vacuole by an autophagic pathway. Interacts with the plastid proteins APE1 and PSBS/NPQ4 and may recruit them as cargo into plastid bodies that may be recognized by the autophagy machinery for degradation in the vacuole. Involved in the alleviation of damage caused by salt stress during plant development, probably through its involvement in plastid-to-vacuole and ER-to-vacuole trafficking (PubMed:25281689). Plays a role in seed germination in response to exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) treatment (PubMed:22253227).
Plants over-expressing ATI1 display increased ability of seed germination in presence of exogenous abscisic acid (ABA). Plants silencing ATI1 and ATI2 display decreased ability of seed germination in presence of exogenous ABA.
Belongs to the MsrB Met sulfoxide reductase family.
Catalyzes the reduction of methionine sulfoxide (MetSO) to methionine in proteins. Specifically reduces the MetSO R-enantiomer. Plays a protective role against oxidative stress by restoring activity to proteins that have been inactivated by methionine oxidation. May play an essential function in association with MSRB2 in maintaining vegetative growth during environmental constraints, through the preservation of photosynthetic antennae. MSRB1 and MSRB2 account for most of the leaf peptide MSR capacity.
Expressed at low levels in stems, leaves, floral buds, flowers and siliques (at protein level).
Lacks the conserved cysteine (here Thr-132) required for the reduction by thioredoxins (TRX) through a dithiol-disulfide exchange involving both redox-active Cys of TRX and MSRB. Reduced by thioredoxin CDSP32 which regenerates MSRB1 through the direct reduction of the sulfenic acid formed on the catalytic Cys, without the help of any other thiol compound. Also reduced by the glutahione/glutaredoxin (GSH/GRX) system via a glutathionylation step of the sulfenic acid and then by GRX reduction of the GSH-MSR adduct.
Lethal when homozygous. Tocopherol-deficient plants are unable to grow photoautotrophically and infertile. Vte5 and vte6 double mutants can grow photoautotrophically and display a stay-green phenotype with strongly delayed senescence and an extended lifetime.
Overexpression of VTE6 results in increased phytyl-PP and tocopherol levels in seeds.
Phytyl-phosphate kinase catalyzing the conversion of phytyl-monophosphate to phytyl-diphosphate (PubMed:26452599). Involved in the activation and reutilization of phytol from chlorophyll degradation in plant metabolism, including tocopherol (vitamin E) biosynthesis (PubMed:26452599). Involved in the biosynthesis of phylloquinone (vitamin K), which is required for the photosystem I (PSI) complex stability (PubMed:28007557).
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that mediates ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of the transcription factor ICE1. Acts as a negative regulator of cold signaling pathways (PubMed:16702557). Probably involved in recruiting the NUP107-160 subcomplex of the nuclear pore complex to chromatin (Probable). Controls flowering time in response to ambient temperatures (16 and 23 degrees Celsius) and intermittent cold, probably via the regulation of FT and TSF levels (PubMed:22960247).
Early flowering, and insensitivity to ambient temperature and to intermittent cold, but normal responses to vernalization and gibberellic acid.
Interacts with SCRM/ICE1, FLK and MSI4/FVE.
Loss-of-function mutation (hos1) in the gene shows an early flowering phenotype due to a constitutive vernalization and a reduced freezing tolerance without cold acclimation.
Rapid and transient reduction of expression in response to brief cold treatment. After recovery, the level is maintained until 2 days after cold treatment, before declining again.
The C-terminal part of HOS1 is involved in the interaction with ICE1.
The RING domain is required for E3 ubiquitin ligase activity.
Ubiquitously expressed with higher levels in leaf vasculature, roots and root tips.
Interacts with ATX1 isoform 3 in the cytoplasm on the nuclear periphery.
There are four genes for EF-1-alpha in Arabidopsis thaliana. The sequence of genes 1, 2, and 3 are identical.
Trimethylated on Lys-396 by ATX1 isoform 3.
Belongs to the aldo/keto reductase family.
Expressed in flowers and mature rosettes.
4'-phosphopantetheine is transferred from CoA to a specific serine of apo-ACP by acpS. This modification is essential for activity because fatty acids are bound in thioester linkage to the sulfhydryl of the prosthetic group (By similarity).
Belongs to the acyl carrier protein (ACP) family.
By sucrose in the dark. Down-regulated by starvation.
Carrier of the growing fatty acid chain in fatty acid biosynthesis.
Belongs to the PUR DNA-binding protein family.
Transcription factor that specifically binds the purine-rich double-stranded telomeric repeated sequence 5'-AAACCCTAA-3' found in promoter telo boxes.
By light. Down-regulated by treatment with mannitol.
Expressed in rosette and cauline leaves, stems, flowers and siliques, and at lower levels in roots.
Circadian-regulation. Peak of expression in the afternoon. Down-regulated by cold.
Delay and reduction in levels of evening-phased clock gene transcripts and long circadian period.
Subject to temperature associated alternative splicing producing mainly non-productive mRNAs.
Transcriptional activator of evening element (EE)-containing clock-controlled genes. Forms a negative feedback loop with APRR5. Regulates the pattern of histone H3 acetylation of the TOC1 promoter.
Component of the SCF (SKP1-CUL1-F-box protein) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, which mediates the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins. The SCF complex plays a crucial role in regulating response to auxin and is essential for growth and development. Through the RING-type zinc finger, seems to recruit the E2 ubiquitination enzyme, to the complex and brings it into close proximity to the substrate (By similarity).
Not detected in floral buds, stems and roots.
Part of SCF complexes, which consist of a SKP1-related protein, a cullin, a RBX protein and a F-box protein.
The RING-type zinc finger domain is essential for ubiquitin ligase activity. It coordinates an additional third zinc ion.
Adaptor protein complexes are heterotetramers composed of two large adaptins (beta-type subunit and alpha-type or delta-type or epsilon-type or gamma-type subunit), a medium adaptin (mu-type subunit) and a small adaptin (sigma-type subunit) (By similarity). Interacts with AHK2.
Adaptor protein complexes are heterotetramers composed of two large adaptins (beta-type subunit and alpha-type or delta-type or epsilon-type or gamma-type subunit), a medium adaptin (mu-type subunit) and a small adaptin (sigma-type subunit).
Belongs to the adaptor complexes large subunit family.
Subunit of clathrin-associated adaptor protein complex that plays a role in protein sorting in the late-Golgi/trans-Golgi network (TGN) and/or endosomes. The AP complexes mediate both the recruitment of clathrin to membranes and the recognition of sorting signals within the cytosolic tails of transmembrane cargo molecules (By similarity).
Subunit of clathrin-associated adaptor protein complex that plays a role in protein sorting in the late-Golgi/trans-Golgi network (TGN) and/or endosomes. The AP complexes mediate both the recruitment of clathrin to membranes and the recognition of sorting signals within the cytosolic tails of transmembrane cargo molecules.
Belongs to the bZIP family. ABI5 subfamily.
Could participate in abscisic acid-regulated gene expression during seed development.
DNA-binding heterodimer with AREB3/DPBF3 or EEL/DPBF4. Interacts with the AFP proteins AFP1, AFP2 and AFP3.
Expressed in embryo during the latest stages of seed maturation.
Extracellular signal peptide that regulates cell fate (By similarity). Promotes pollen tube growth prolongation in a SKM1 and SKM2-dependent manner, especially under relatively high temperature (at 30 degrees Celsius), thus conferring tolerance against high temperature probably through the maintenance of mitochondrial activity (PubMed:23910659).
The O-glycosylation (arabinosylation) of the hydroxyproline Pro-91 enhances binding affinity of the CLE43p peptide for its receptor.
Can complement the yeast pex11 null mutant.
Expressed in leaves and developing siliques.
Homooligomer. Interacts with ARC5 and FIS1B on peroxisomes.
Involved in peroxisomal proliferation. Promotes peroxisomal duplication, aggregation or elongation without fission.
Up-regulated during sensecence. Down-regulated in seedlings by transition from dark to light.
Expressed in roots, leaves, stems, petioles, filaments, stigma, pedicels, sepals, anthers, petals, and siliques.
Induced by drought, salt and abscisic acid (ABA). Down-regulated by cold.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants show increased tolerance to freezing.
Probable transcription factor that acts as a negative regulator of freezing tolerance via a CBF-independent pathway.
Repression of MYBC1/MTF1 promotes Arabidopsis plant transformation by Agrobacterium tumefaciens.
Required for transport of secretory proteins from the Golgi complex (By similarity). Catalyzes the transfer of phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylcholine between membranes in vitro.
Involved in the regulation of plant growth.
Plants overexpressing VUP4 exhibit severe dwarfism.
By ABA and drought, salt and osmotic stresses.
Expressed in leaves, stems and flowers, and at lower levels in roots and siliques.
Increased endogenous level of zeaxanthin and reduced level of ABA. Reduced size of leaves, inflorescences and flowers, early flowering, increased number of wilted plants, premature seed germination and reduced osmotic water permeability and ability to close stomata. Reduced susceptibility to virulent isolates of P.parasitica and sensitivity to BABA-induced priming.
Plants overexpressing ZEP show increased levels of violaxanthin and ABA and increased tolerance to salt and drought stresses.
Zeaxanthin epoxidase that plays an important role in the xanthophyll cycle and abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis. Converts zeaxanthin into antheraxanthin and subsequently violaxanthin. Required for resistance to osmotic and drought stresses, ABA-dependent stomatal closure, seed development and dormancy, modulation of defense gene expression and disease resistance and non-photochemical quencing (NPQ). Through its role in ABA biosynthesis, regulates the expression of stress-responsive genes such as RD29A during osmotic stress and is required for normal plant growth during vegetative development. Is required for late skotomorphogenic growth through its role in the xanthophyll carotenoids neoxanthin, violaxanthin and antheraxanthin biosynthesis. Required for beta-aminobutyric acid (BABA)-induced priming in disease resistance, tolerance to salt and drought stresses and sterility. Participates in NPQ by regulating the level of zeaxanthin in photosynthetic energy conversion. NPQ is a process that maintains the balance between dissipation and utilization of light energy to minimize the generation of oxidizing molecules and the molecular damages they can generate.
Belongs to the class-V pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family. MOCOS subfamily.
Sulfurates the molybdenum cofactor. Sulfation of molybdenum is essential for xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) and aldehyde oxidase (ADO) enzymes in which molybdenum cofactor is liganded by 1 oxygen and 1 sulfur atom in active form.
Sulfurates the molybdenum cofactor. Sulfation of molybdenum is essential for xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) and aldehyde oxidase (ADO) enzymes in which molybdenum cofactor is liganded by 1 oxygen and 1 sulfur atom in active form. Modulates cold stress- and osmotic stress-responsive gene expression by acting as key regulator of abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis.
Up-regulated in response to drought, salt or ABA treatment.
Expressed in cotyledon and hypocotyls of germinating seeds.
Expressed in the shoot apex, young flower buds, developing carpels and siliques (PubMed:19232308). Expressed in floral meristem, initiating floral primordia and developing flowers (PubMed:21750030).
Meristem identity phenotype; increased number of cauline leaves and secondary inflorescences.
Transcription factor that may play a role in flower development by repressing ANT (PubMed:19232308). Regulates the transition of meristem identity from vegetative growth to flowering. Acts downstream of LFY and upstream of AP1. Directly activates AP1 to promote floral fate. Together with LFY and AP1 may constitute a regulatory network that contributes to an abrupt and robust meristem identity transition (PubMed:21750030).
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mS33 family.
Belongs to the monovalent cation:proton antiporter 2 (CPA2) transporter (TC 2.A.37) family. KEA (TC 2.A.37.1) subfamily.
Electroneutral K(+)/H(+) efflux antiporter assuring proton efflux from the thylakoid lumen to the plastid stroma, thus increasing the membrane potential at the expense of the proton gradient (delta pH) component of the proton motive force (PMF) (PubMed:25451040, PubMed:24278440, PubMed:27783435, PubMed:31053658, PubMed:31427465, PubMed:31296940). Promotes photosynthesis and growth in conditions where the chloroplast (cp)ATP synthase activity is low (e.g. cgl160 mutant background) by reducing the pH gradient across the thylakoid membrane (PubMed:32041909). Accelerates photosynthetic acclimation in fluctuating light environments by modulating two components of the proton motive force, the proton gradient and the electric potential (delta Psi) (PubMed:27335350, PubMed:25451040, PubMed:27783435, PubMed:31053658, PubMed:31427465). Promotes the relaxation of photoprotective energy-dependent non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) after transitions from high to low light, thus enhancing photosystem II (PSII) quantum efficiency in fluctuating light (PubMed:27335350). On transition from high to low light, slows down photoprotection by dissipating the pH gradient across the thylakoid membrane (PubMed:31201341). During photosynthetic response on transition from dark to low light, involved in a sequential mechanism of adaptation; VCCN1 and CLCe first trigger the activation of photoprotection, which is later down-regulated by KEA3 to a low steady state, while adjusting electron transport (PubMed:31201341). Together with the chloroplast NADH dehydrogenase-like (NDH) complex, maximizes photosynthesis efficiency after a long dark adaptation (PubMed:32978277). Required in roots for rapid hyperosmotic-induced Ca(2+) responses and for osmo-sensory potentiation in hyperosmotic conditions (PubMed:27528686).
Expressed at low levels in flowers and leaves.
Expressed at low levels in flowers, siliques and leaves.
Low K(+)/H(+) efflux antiporter activity (PubMed:31296940). Promotes non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) in high light conditions (PubMed:27335350).
Low K(+)/H(+) efflux antiporter activity.
Most abundant splice form in all organs, including siliques, flowers, leaves and roots (PubMed:27335350). Preferentially expressed in photosynthetically active tissues, including seedling cotyledons and mature leaves (PubMed:31053658).
No visible phenotype (PubMed:25451040, PubMed:24794527, PubMed:31201341). Impaired rapid hyperosmotic-induced Ca(2+) responses in kea3 (PubMed:27528686, PubMed:25451040). Altered non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) and photosystem II (PSII) quantum efficiency after transitions from high to low light leading to a reduced growth rate (PubMed:27335350, PubMed:31053658, PubMed:31427465). Transiently increased NPQ upon transition from dark to low light (PubMed:31201341). Slightly faster NPQ induction on transition from low to high light (PubMed:31201341). Delayed NPQ relax on transition from high to low light (PubMed:31201341). In contrast to dpgr, the mutant kea3 has a high-NPQ phenotype during steady state in ambient air (PubMed:27783435). The kea3 pgr5 double mutant combines the phenotypes of the single mutants in NPQ induction upon overnight dark adaptation (PubMed:32978277). The double mutant crr2 kea3 enhances the kea3 single mutant phenotypes, and delays induction of CO(2) fixation after overnight dark adaptation (PubMed:32978277). Triple mutants kea1 kea2 kea3 are extremely stunted in size with entirely pale leaves and died before steeing seeds (PubMed:24794527). Lower photosynthetic performance in dark-adapted clce kea3 double mutant, as well as in the clce kea3 vccn1 triple mutant (PubMed:31201341). Altered NPQ upon transition from dark to low light in clce kea3 and kea3 vccn1 double mutants and in the clce kea3 vccn1 triple mutant (PubMed:31201341). Strong growth penalty in the cgl160 kea3 double mutant associated with a low lumenal pH leading to a reduced photosynthetic capacity (PubMed:32041909).
Regulated by a mechanism involving lumenal C-terminus region; a fine-tuned balance between photoprotective energy dissipation in high light and a maximum quantum yield in low light involves a reduced activity under high light.
Topology may be in opposite way (PubMed:27335350).
Expressed in all plant organs and tissues, including guard cells in the leaf.
May be a cell surface adhesion protein that is required for normal cell expansion.
Up-regulated by abscisic acid, cold and drought treatments, but not by high salt.
Component of the 19S regulatory particle (RP/PA700) base subcomplex of the 26S proteasome. The 26S proteasome is composed of a core protease (CP), known as the 20S proteasome, capped at one or both ends by the 19S regulatory particle (RP/PA700). The RP/PA700 complex is composed of at least 17 different subunits in two subcomplexes, the base and the lid, which form the portions proximal and distal to the 20S proteolytic core, respectively.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions (PubMed:22158466). The double mutants rpt2a and rpt2b are blocked in both male and female gametogenesis (PubMed:22158466, PubMed:21784786).
Preferentially expressed in the root and shoot apical meristem.
The 26S protease is involved in the ATP-dependent degradation of ubiquitinated proteins. The regulatory (or ATPase) complex confers ATP dependency and substrate specificity to the 26S complex (PubMed:22158466). Acts redundantly with RPT2A in the regulation of gametogenesis (PubMed:21784786, PubMed:22158466). With RPT2A plays a critical role in 26S proteasome assembly (PubMed:22158466).
The proteasome is a multicatalytic proteinase complex which is characterized by its ability to cleave peptides with Arg, Phe, Tyr, Leu, and Glu adjacent to the leaving group at neutral or slightly basic pH. The proteasome has an ATP-dependent proteolytic activity (By similarity).
Was not identified as subunit of the 26S proteasome complex (PubMed:20516081). Could be the product of a pseudogene.
Rapidly induced after both compatible and incompatible pathogen inoculations (e.g. Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato). Weakly and transiently induced in response to wounding, salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA).
Expressed in the apical meristem and young leaf primordia. Detected in the vascular tissues of cotyledons and leaves, in hydathodes and at the base of flowers and siliques, but not in roots.
Homo- and heterodimers. Interacts with GEBP, GPL2 and GPL3. Interacts with GEBP (PubMed:29192025).
Probable transcription factor. May play redundant roles with GEBP and GPL2 in cytokinin responses by regulating the transcript levels of type-A ARR response genes (PubMed:18162594). Involved in stress responses (PubMed:21875893). Plays a repressive role in cell expansion by counteracting the positive role of CPR5 in this process, but does not regulate cell proliferation or endoreduplication (PubMed:21875893).
Belongs to the eukaryotic RPB7/RPC8 RNA polymerase subunit family.
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase which catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates.
An internal targeting signal (103-117) is required for insertion into the mitochondrial inner membrane in a membrane potential-dependent manner. The C-terminal region is exposed on the outer surface of the outer membrane and is essential for protein import.
Component of the TIM17:23 complex at least composed of TIM23, TIM17 and TIM50. The complex interacts with the TIM44 component of the PAM complex (By similarity). Interacts with TIM23-2.
Essential component of the TIM17:23 complex, a complex that mediates the translocation of transit peptide-containing proteins across the mitochondrial inner membrane. Links the inner and outer membranes.
Expressed in roots, flowers, leaves and young cotyledons.
Peak of expression during cotyledon development.
Binds to SD11, SD16, SD17, SD18, SD113, SD129 and SD25.
Belongs to the NAD(P)-dependent epimerase/dehydratase family. UDP-glucuronic acid decarboxylase subfamily.
Catalyzes the NAD-dependent decarboxylation of UDP-glucuronic acid to UDP-xylose. Necessary for the biosynthesis of the core tetrasaccharide in glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis (By similarity).
Catalyzes the NAD-dependent decarboxylation of UDP-glucuronic acid to UDP-xylose. Necessary for the biosynthesis of the core tetrasaccharide in glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis.
Involved in ethylene-dependent salt stress responses by reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation.
Cytosolic invertase that may cleave sucrose into glucose and fructose, and that is involved in the regulation of root growth. May regulate sugar-mediated root development by controlling sucrose catabolism in root cells.
Circadian-regulation. Peak of transcript abundance near subjective dawn. Down-regulated and strongly decreased amplitude of circadian oscillation upon cold treatment.
Morning-phased transcription factor integrating the circadian clock and auxin pathways. Binds to the evening element (EE) of promoters. Does not act within the central clock, but regulates free auxin levels in a time-of-day specific manner. Positively regulates the expression of YUC8 during the day, but has no effect during the night. Negative regulator of freezing tolerance.
No effect on the regulation of core clock associated genes, but shorter hypocotyl length and higher freezing tolerance. Rve1 and rve2 double mutant has no alteration in the period or phase of the clock. Rve1, rve2 and rve7 triple mutant has no alteration in the period or phase of the clock.
Belongs to the Ca(2+):cation antiporter (CaCA) (TC 2.A.19) family. Cation/proton exchanger (CAX) subfamily.
Inhibited by excess of Ca(2+) and Cd(2+), Mn(2+), and Zn(2+).
Vacuolar cation/proton exchanger (CAX). Translocates Ca(2+) and other metal ions into vacuoles using the proton gradient formed by H(+)-ATPase and H(+)-pyrophosphatase.
Chaperone protein involved in the assembly of the mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase complex (complex I).
By salicylic acid (SA) and infection by a crucifer-infecting tobamovirus (TMV-cg).
Probably involved in the RNA silencing pathway and required for the generation of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs).
RNA-dependent direct polymerase involved in antiviral silencing. Required for the production of some small RNAs (mainly 21 and some 22 nucleotides) derived from the crucifer-infecting tobamovirus (TMV-cg). Required for turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) silencing and accumulation of viral siRNAs. Involved in cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) silencing. Required for the biogenesis of viral secondary siRNAs, process that follows the production of primary siRNAs derived from viral RNA replication. Specifically targets the positive-strand of the 3 RNA genomes of CMV and preferentially amplifies the 5'-terminal siRNAs of each viral genomic RNA. Not involved in the production of siRNAs derived from a single-stranded 336-nucleotide satellite RNA of CMV.
Upon viral infection, increased levels of TMV-cg, tobacco rattle virus (TRV) and CMV genomic viral RNAs. Reduced levels of TMV-cg-derived small RNAs and CMV-derived siRNAs.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS24 family.
Serine/threonine-protein kinase that may function as a signaling receptor of extracellular matrix component.
The EGF-like region is specific to this family of proteins and seems to consist of the C-terminal of an EGF-like domain fused to the N-terminal of another one.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. RNA methyltransferase RlmE family. TRM7 subfamily.
Methylates the 2'-O-ribose of nucleotides at positions 32 and 34 of the tRNA anticodon loop of substrate tRNAs.
Catalyzes the ATP-dependent amination of UTP to CTP with either L-glutamine or ammonia as the source of nitrogen.
High chlorophyll fluorescence and deficiency in the accumulation of the cytochrome b6f complex subunits. Dwarf due to very slow growth and pale green leaves.
Required for the transfer of reducing equivalents from stroma to thylakoid lumen. Involved in the biogenesis of the plastid cytochrome b6f complex by probably transferring reducing equivalents from stromal m-type thioredoxin (Trx-m) to the lumenal thioredoxin HCF164.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS12 family.
Exons 2 and 3 are cis-spliced, while a trans-splicing reaction is required to link exons 1 and 2.
With S4 and S5 plays an important role in translational accuracy. Located at the interface of the 30S and 50S subunits (By similarity).
With S4 and S5 plays an important role in translational accuracy. Located at the interface of the 30S and 50S subunits.
Core component of the splicing-dependent multiprotein exon junction complex (EJC) deposited at splice junctions on mRNAs. The EJC is a dynamic structure consisting of core proteins and several peripheral nuclear and cytoplasmic associated factors that join the complex only transiently either during EJC assembly or during subsequent mRNA metabolism. The EJC marks the position of the exon-exon junction in the mature mRNA for the gene expression machinery and the core components remain bound to spliced mRNAs throughout all stages of mRNA metabolism thereby influencing downstream processes including nuclear mRNA export, subcellular mRNA localization, translation efficiency and nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD). Stimulates the ATPase and RNA-helicase activities of EIF4A3.
Embryo lethal arrested at the globular stage (PubMed:21139083, PubMed:31334862). Seedling-lethal with albino phenotype due to defects in chloroplast development, photosystem assembly, and associated with an accumulation of photosynthetic proteins (PubMed:33391315).
Expressed in green aerial tissues such as cotyledons, leaves, flowers and siliques, but not in roots.
In flowers, confined to green tissues, including sepals, stamens and carpels, but not in petals.
Self-interacts (PubMed:33391315). Associates with the plastid-encoded RNA polymerase (PEP) complex (PubMed:33391315). Interacts directly with PTAC7/PAP12, PTAC12/HMR/PAP5 and PTAC14/PAP7 (PubMed:33391315).
Transcription termination factor required for chloroplast gene expression and protein synthesis in chloroplasts (PubMed:33391315). Necessary for chloroplast photosynthetic complexes assembly by modulating the accumulation of photosynthetic proteins (PubMed:33391315). Essential for embryogenesis (PubMed:21139083, PubMed:31334862).
Conditional reduced growth in fluctuating white light intensities conditions, with near complete blockage in photosystem II (PSII) supercomplex formation, and concomitant increase of unassembled psbC (CP43), thus leading to reduced PSII efficiency and biomass accumulation. Increased sensitivity to high light conditions, associated with the loss of PSII supercomplexes and accelerated D1 degradation.
Expressed in leaves (at protein level) (PubMed:15914918). Mostly expressed in leaves, stems and siliques, and, to a lower extent, in flowers and senescent leaves, but not present in roots (at protein level) (PubMed:25587003).
Interacts directly with stromal loops of photosystem II (PSII) core components psbB (CP47) and psbC (CP43). Associates with PSII subcomplexes formed during the PSII repair cycle (e.g. PSII dimers, PSII monomers, CP43-less PSII monomerand PSII reaction centers).
Involved in photosystem II supercomplex formation and repair, probably acting as a psbB/psbC chaperone on the stromal side of the membrane.
Phosophorylated rapidly (e.g. within 5 minutes) but transiently at threonine and serine residues after wounding.
Repressed by wounding at the transcript level, but not at the protein level (PubMed:15914918). Strong level decrease during senescence. Low levels observed in etiolated leaves and accumulates rapidly during light-induced greening (PubMed:25587003).
Interacts with KIN10 and KIN11 via its FLZ-type zinc finger domain (PubMed:29945970). Forms heterodimer with FLZ2 in vitro (PubMed:29945970).
Up-regulated in response to mild as well as prolonged energy depletion (PubMed:26442059). Induced by NaCl (PubMed:26442059).
Although homology to other calpains is high within the protease domain, the lack of calcium-binding sites suggests that this protein is a protease that may not be activated by calcium ions.
Autocatalytic proteolytic cleavage leading to the production of mainly cytoplasmic localized subproducts of about 85 and 120 kDa.
Defective embryo arrested at preglobular/globular stage. Disturbed endosperm lacking the aleurone-like peripheral cell layer and unorganized embryo development displaying irregular mitotic divisions in the embryo proper and suspensor. In a partially disrupted phenotype, impaired meristems organization characterized by vacuolated cells, abnormal cotyledon epiderm made of chloroplast-containing cells, and radialized leaves. Decreased numbers of giant cells in sepal epidermis of dek1-4 (PubMed:25315606).
Essential protease involved in epiderm development. Required for aleurone cell development in the endosperm probably by maintaining and restricting the aleurone and embryonic epidermal L1 cell-layer fates as well as meristems organization. Involved in the maintenance of adaxial/abaxial axis information in developing leaves, probably by regulating cell proliferation and expansion. Does not need calcium ions to be active. Required for the formation of giant cells in sepals by determining cell fate and promoting endoreplication (PubMed:25315606).
Mostly expressed in meristems and organ primordia. Expressed at low levels in young and germinating seeds at 10 ppm and in seedling roots at 67 ppm. Present in most tissues at a low level.
Mostly observed in vegetative, inflorescence and floral meristems as well as in young leaf and floral organ primordia. Strongly expressed in developing ovules and during early embryogenesis. Expressed evenly throughout the endosperm and the embryo in developing seed. Present in the embryo proper, but excluded from the suspensor, until the late heart stage, and fades out later, especially in the hypocotyl region, to be present at low levels throughout walking-stick embryos. Accumulates at the margins and in the tips of cotyledons and lateral organs, in the apical meristem, in a subset of cells at the root pole and in a restricted number of cells within the presumptive vasculature of the hypocotyls. Also detected during early endosperm development, prior to cellularization.
The transmembrane regions are not required for calpain activity but may play regulatory roles.
Actin-depolymerizing protein. Severs actin filaments (F-actin) and binds to actin monomers (PubMed:15563618, PubMed:19794115). Required for normal cell growth, plant development, cell organ expansion and flowering. Essential for root-knot nematode infection (PubMed:19794115).
Belongs to the actin-binding proteins ADF family.
By the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita.
Plants silencing ADF2 show net stabilization of F-actin that blocks cell maturation and root-knot nematode development and reproduction.
Probably involved in the defense reaction of plants against pathogens.
A highly conserved upstream open reading frame (uORF) coding for 42 amino acids is essential for the BZIP11 sucrose-induced repression of translation (SIRT) (PubMed:15208401). Plants over-expressing BZIP11 show severe alterations of plant growth and development, reduced seed set and viability (PubMed:18088315).
By light (PubMed:9620274). Induced by hypoosmolarity (PubMed:15047879). Repressed by sucrose (at protein level) (PubMed:9721683, PubMed:15208401).
Forms heterodimers with BZIP1, BZIP9, BZIP10, BZIP25 and BZIP63 (PubMed:16709202). Interacts with ADA2B (PubMed:24861440).
Highly expressed in stems and flowers (PubMed:9620274). Expressed in root tips, cotyledons, leaf vasculature, embryos, apical parts of siliques and funiculi (PubMed:9721683).
Transcription factor that binds to the DNA sequence 5'-ACTCAT-3' in target gene promoters. Promotes POX1/PRODH1 expression in response to hypoosmolarity stress (PubMed:15047879). Positively regulates the expression of ASN1 and POX2/PRODH2 genes, which are involved in amino acid metabolism (PubMed:18088315). Regulates several metabolic pathways such as myo-inositol, raffinose and trehalose. Regulates several trehalose metabolism genes, including TRE1, TPP5 and TPP6 (PubMed:21534971). Mediates recruitment of the histone acetylation machinery to activate auxin-induced transcription. Interacts with ADA2B adapter protein to promote ADA2B-mediated recruitment of SAGA-like histone acetyltransferase complexes to specific auxin-responsive genes (PubMed:24861440).
Part of a SCF (ASK-cullin-F-box) protein ligase complex (By similarity). Interacts with CUL1, SKP1A/ASK1 and SPK1B/ASK2.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolases 36 family.
By oxidative stress and by dark treatment. Down-regulated by sucrose, but not by osmotic treatment.
Expressed in 24 hours imbibed seeds and during leaf senescence.
Transglycosidase operating by a ping-pong reaction mechanism. Involved in the synthesis of raffinose, a major soluble carbohydrate in seeds, roots and tubers (By similarity).
Transglycosidase operating by a ping-pong reaction mechanism. Involved in the synthesis of raffinose, a major soluble carbohydrate in seeds, roots and tubers.
Probably involved in the regulation of cell division.
Expressed exclusively in seeds from late embryogenesis until 1 day after imbibition.
May be involved in the acquisition of desiccation tolerance during late phase of embryogenesis.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. ADCK protein kinase family.
Expressed in all tissues (e.g. especially in leaves) at all developmental stages from seed germination to flowering, except in the root tips.
High chlorophyll fluorescence and reduced non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) caused by defects in photosynthetic electron transport. Specifically deficient in the electron carrier plastoquinone, as well as in beta-carotene and the xanthophyll lutein, and defective in membrane antioxidant tocopherol metabolism. Altered plastoglobule protein composition (PubMed:24267661). Abnormal development with albino cotyledons and paler mesophyll cells leading to yellow-green leaves due to reduced contents of carotenoids and chlorophyll, as well as changes in the numbers of chlorophyll-binding proteins of the photosynthetic complexes (PubMed:22447966, PubMed:24267661, PubMed:25882344). In bdr1-1 and bdr1-2, increased accumulation of anthocyanin under red and blue light conditions. Exposure to red light for 5 days leads to dwarf plants with pale green rosette leaves. Reduced level of D1 protein, product of psbA, one of the four core subunits of the photosystem II (PSII) (PubMed:25882344). Increased levels of chlorophyll degradation products such as chlorophyllide (Chlide) a and pheophorbide a. Stronger photosynthetic and metabolic perturbations in response to high light stress and methyl viologen (paraquat, MV), a herbicide triggering photooxidative stress, strongly affecting carbohydrate metabolism (PubMed:22447966, PubMed:24267661). However, the mutant acclimates to high light after 7 days together with a recovery of carotenoid levels and a drastic alteration in the starch-to-sucrose ratio (PubMed:24267661). Lower transcript levels of the oxidative stress response genes FSD1, CSD1, CAT1, and UTG71C1 after MV treatment (PubMed:22447966). Conditional light stress phenotype in the double mutant abc1k1 abc1k3 that displays rapid chlorosis upon high light stress and slower, but irreversible, senescence-like phenotype during moderate light stress, drought or nitrogen limitation, but not cold stress. This senescence-like phenotype is associated with the degradation of the photosystem II core and up-regulation of chlorophyll degradation. Modified prenyl-lipid composition in plastoglobules (PG) probably due to reduced VTE1 activity and loss of CCD4. Abnormal recruitment of plastid jasmonate biosynthesis enzymes in PG (PubMed:23673981).
Interacts with ABC1K3 in plastoglobules (PG).
Kinase that can phosphorylate the tocopherol cyclase VTE1, a key enzyme of tocopherol (vitamin E) metabolism and involved in the recycling of oxidated alpha-tocopherol quinone, possibly stabilizing it at plastoglobules. Regulates also plastoglobule protein composition (PubMed:24267661). Prevents photodamage of chloroplasts under continuous red light, thus working in opposition to ABC1K3 (PubMed:25882344). Together with ABC1K1, contributes to plastoglobule (PG) function in prenyl-lipid metabolism, stress response, and thylakoid remodeling (PubMed:23673981, PubMed:24267661). Involved in chlorophyll degradation and in the maintenance of the number of chlorophyll-binding photosynthetic thylakoid membranes (PubMed:22447966). Ensures photosynthetic electron transport by regulating the homeostasis of plastoquinone, beta-carotene and xanthophyll lutein, as well as membrane antioxidant tocopherol metabolism (PubMed:24267661). Seems to affect specifically stability or turnover of D1 protein, product of psbA, one of the four core subunits of the photosystem II (PSII) (PubMed:25882344). Required for photooxidative stress responses, including the induction of oxidative stress response genes (e.g. FSD1, CSD1, CAT1, and UTG71C1), to prevent photosystem II core and chlorophyll degradations (PubMed:22447966, PubMed:23673981, PubMed:24267661).
Up-regulated by methyl viologen (paraquat, MV) treatment, a herbicide triggering photooxidative stress.
Catalyzes the attachment of glycine to tRNA(Gly). Is also able produce diadenosine tetraphosphate (Ap4A), a universal pleiotropic signaling molecule needed for cell regulation pathways, by direct condensation of 2 ATPs.
Embryo defective. Developmental arrest of the embryo between the globular and heart stages (PubMed:9707529). Plants with partial loss of EDD1 display changes in patterning of margin and distal regions of leaves (PubMed:22791832).
Component of the cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor (CPSF) complex (By similarity). Forms a complex with cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor (CPSF) subunits CFIS1, CFIS2, CPSF30, CSTF50, CSTF64, CSTF77, FIPS3, PABN1, PABN2, PABN3, PAPS4, CFIM25 and PABN1. Binds RNA (PubMed:16282318, PubMed:17576667, PubMed:18479511, PubMed:18221017).
Essential gene (PubMed:16282318). Component of the cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor (CPSF) complex that plays a key role in pre-mRNA 3'-end formation, recognizing the AAUAAA signal sequence and interacting with poly(A) polymerase and other factors to bring about cleavage and poly(A) addition. FIP1L1 contributes to poly(A) site recognition and stimulates poly(A) addition. Binds to U-rich RNA sequence elements surrounding the poly(A) site. May act to tether poly(A) polymerase to the CPSF complex (By similarity).
Expressed in leaves, stems, flower tissues and roots.
Plays a role in the stabilization of the primary polycistronic transcript of the petL operon encoding subunits of the cytochrome b6-f complex.
During lateral root development, expressed in the prospective quiescent center of lateral root primordia. In newly formed lateral roots, strongly expressed in the quiescent center and initial cells and weakly expressed in the endodermis.
Plants over-expressing SAUR41 display pleiotropic auxin-related phenotypes. These phenotypes include elongated hypocotyls, increased length of primary roots, increased numbers of lateral roots, increased vegetative biomass, twisted inflorescence stems, overexpanded petals, reduced seed setting and increased basipetal auxin transport in hypocotyls.
Plays a role in the regulation of cell expansion, root meristem patterning and auxin transport.
Specifically expressed in the quiescent center and cortex or endodermis initials of root stem niches. Expressed in vascular tissues from hypocotyls, petioles and cotyledons.
Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP)-like protein that acts as a component of the pre-mRNA processing machinery. Functions at multiple steps to facilitate the nuclear maturation of plant pre-mRNAs (By similarity).
Belongs to the plant thionin (TC 1.C.44) family.
Detected in rosette leaves and at a very high level in flowers and in siliques.
Highly induced in seedlings by pathogens, wounding, silver nitrate, and methyl jasmonate.
Seems to function as a defense factor. Thionins are small plant proteins which are toxic to animal cells. They seem to exert their toxic effect at the level of the cell membrane. Their precise function is not known.
Lacks acidic xyloglucan and has short root hairs.
Root hair specific (PubMed:19448035, PubMed:22253603). Expressed in roots and young leaves (PubMed:15020758).
Xyloglucan-specific galacturonosyltransferase that forms the beta-D-galactosyluronic acid-(1->2)-alpha-D-xylosyl linkage. Required for root hair development probably by providing important acidic xyloglucans.
Belongs to the eukaryotic release factor 1 family. Pelota subfamily.
Component of the Pelota-HBS1L complex, a complex that recognizes stalled ribosomes and triggers the No-Go Decay (NGD) pathway. In the Pelota-HBS1L complex, pelo recognizes ribosomes stalled at the 3' end of an mRNA and engages stalled ribosomes by destabilizing mRNA in the mRNA channel.
Component of the Pelota-HBS1L complex, a complex that recognizes stalled ribosomes and triggers the No-Go Decay (NGD) pathway. In the Pelota-HBS1L complex, pelo recognizes ribosomes stalled at the 3' end of an mRNA and engages stalled ribosomes by destabilizing mRNA in the mRNA channel. Following ribosome-binding, the Pelota-HBS1L complex promotes the disassembly of stalled ribosomes, followed by degradation of damaged mRNAs as part of the NGD pathway.
Expressed constitutively in seedlings, buds, stems, leaves and roots.
Involved in glucosinolate biosynthesis. Hydrolyzes the gamma-glutamyl peptide bond of several glutathione (GSH) conjugates to produce Cys-Gly conjugates related to glucosinolates. The gamma-Glu-Cys-Gly-GSH conjugates are the sulfur-donating molecule in glucosinolate biosynthesis.
Belongs to the SMC family. SMC6 subfamily.
Forms a heterodimer with SMC5. The SMC5-SMC6 complex is composed of the SMC5 and SMC6 heterodimer attached via their hinge domain and from the non-SMC subunit NSE4A or NSE4B (By similarity).
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. Cation-dependent O-methyltransferase family.
Adaptor protein complex 1 (AP-1) is a heterotetramer composed of two large adaptins (gamma-type subunit and beta-type subunit), a medium adaptin (mu-type subunit) and a small adaptin (sigma-type subunit).
Belongs to the adaptor complexes medium subunit family.
Subunit of clathrin-associated adaptor protein complex 1 that plays a role in protein sorting at the trans-Golgi network and early endosomes (TGN/EE). The AP complexes mediate the recruitment of clathrin to membranes and the recognition of sorting signals within the cytosolic tails of transmembrane cargo molecules. Functions redundantly with AP1M2 in multiple post-Golgi trafficking pathways leading from the TGN to the vacuole, the plasma membrane, and the cell-division plane.
Belongs to the potassium channel family. Plant (TC 1.A.1.4) subfamily.
Expressed in root pericycle and xylem parenchyma, and in flower at a lower level.
Highly selective outward-rectifying potassium channel. Involved in potassium release into the xylem sap toward the shoots. Assuming opened or closed conformations in response to the voltage difference across the membrane, the channel is activated by depolarization. The voltage-dependence of the channel is abolished by internal or external acidification. May interact with the cytoskeleton or with regulatory proteins.
In roots, strongly inhibited by 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), abscisic acid (ABA) and benzyladenine (BA) treatment or by potassium starvation.
Loss-of-function mutation skor-1 leads to a reduced shoot potassium content.
The KHA domain (rich in hydrophobic and acidic residues) present in the C-terminal part is likely to be important for tetramerization.
The potassium channel is composed of a homo- or heterotetrameric complex of pore-forming subunits.
The potassium channel is probably composed of a homo- or heterotetrameric complex of pore-forming subunits.
The segment S4 is probably the voltage-sensor and is characterized by a series of positively charged amino acids. The pore-forming region H5 is enclosed by the transmembrane segments S5 and S6 in the Shaker-type (1P/6TM) and contains the GYGD signature motif which seems to be involved in potassium selectivity.
Extracellular signal peptide that regulates cell fate. Represses root apical meristem maintenance.
Mostly expressed in stems and apex, and, to a lower extent, in seedlings, leaves, flowers and siliques.
The O-glycosylation (arabinosylation) of the hydroxyproline Pro-97 enhances binding affinity of the CLE22p peptide for its receptor.
Belongs to the gamma-glutamyltransferase family.
Expressed in roots, immature trichomes and pollen. In developing siliques, specifically expressed in the embryo, endosperm, outer integument and a small portion of the funiculus.
May be required for glutathione transport into developing seeds.
Belongs to the CTL (choline transporter-like) family.
Although assigned as a calmodulin family member by Ref.4, it only contains EF-hand domains.
Belongs to the HD-ZIP homeobox family. Class I subfamily.
By abscisic acid (ABA) and by salt stress.
The coatomer is a cytosolic protein complex that binds to dilysine motifs and reversibly associates with Golgi non-clathrin-coated vesicles, which further mediate biosynthetic protein transport from the ER, via the Golgi up to the trans Golgi network. Coatomer complex is required for budding from Golgi membranes, and is essential for the retrograde Golgi-to-ER transport of dilysine-tagged proteins (By similarity).
The coatomer is a cytosolic protein complex that binds to dilysine motifs and reversibly associates with Golgi non-clathrin-coated vesicles, which further mediate biosynthetic protein transport from the ER, via the Golgi up to the trans Golgi network. Coatomer complex is required for budding from Golgi membranes, and is essential for the retrograde Golgi-to-ER transport of dilysine-tagged proteins.
Expressed constitutively in roots, leaves, stems, and flowers.
Due to the stability of its transcription during plant development, this gene is proposed as a reference gene for transcript normalization.
Plays an important role in membrane trafficking through the secretory apparatus. In complex with CCZ1, acts as a guanine exchange factor (GEF) for RABG3F of the Rab7 protein family. Promotes the exchange of GDP to GTP, converting RABG3F from an inactive GDP-bound form into an active GTP-bound form. The RABG3F active form is involved in protein trafficking from prevacuolar compartments (PVCs) to vacuoles. May serve as a linker between Rab5 and Rab7 protein families in PVCs and mediate PVC maturation.
Severe plant growth defects, such as short root phenotype, retarded growth and dwarf phenotype.
May be involved in the biosynthesis of ascorbic acid.
Expressed in cotyledons and hypocotyls in young seedlings.
Homodimer or oligomer (PubMed:24920332). May form an 16-mer complex (PubMed:24920332). Interacts with MBD7 (via C-terminus) (PubMed:25684209, PubMed:25593350). Interacts with IDM1 (via N-terminus) (PubMed:25002145, PubMed:24920332, PubMed:25684209). Interacts with IMD3 (PubMed:25684209). Part of a complex made of MBD7, IDM1, IDM2, IDM3 and ROS1 (PubMed:24920332, PubMed:25684209).
No visible growth or developmental defects under normal growth conditions (PubMed:24920332). DNA hypermethylation (PubMed:25002145).
Prevents DNA hypermethylation and transcriptional silencing of transgenes and of some endogenous genes (PubMed:25002145, PubMed:24920332). May act as a molecular chaperone of IDM1, regulating its H3K18 acetylation activity (PubMed:25002145, PubMed:24920332).
Belongs to the bacterial phospholipase C family.
Expressed in root tips, cotyledons, on leaf margins, stems, young anthers and funiculus.
Induced by auxin in roots. Not induced by inorganic phosphate deprivation.
Possesses specific phosphatase activity toward lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) in vitro. Does not show phospholipase C activity. May play a role in signal transduction and storage lipid synthesis. May be involved in brassinolide-mediated signaling in root development.
Aminotransferase involved in local and systemic acquired resistance (SAR) to the bacterial pathogen P.syringae. Required for salicylic acid (SA) and camalexin accumulation upon pathogen infection. Possesses aminotransferase activity in vitro and may generate amino-acid-derived defense signals in vivo. May be involved in ethylene-induced senescence signaling. Involved in the biosynthesis of pipecolate (Pip), a metabolite that orchestrates defense amplification, positive regulation of SA biosynthesis, and priming to guarantee effective local resistance induction and the establishment of SAR (PubMed:23221596, PubMed:27758894). Converts lysine to alpha-keto-epsilon-aminocaproate, which then can spontaneously cyclize to form delta-(1)-piperideine-2-carboxylate (P2C). P2C is converted to Pip by SARD4 (PubMed:27758894). May produce non-Pip metabolites that play roles in immunity. Involved in the synthesis of distinct metabolite signals that affect basal and early defenses, and later defense responses (PubMed:25372120).
Belongs to the class-I pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family. LL-diaminopimelate aminotransferase subfamily.
Binds 1 pyridoxal phosphate per subunit.
By ozone, benzothiadiazole (BTH) and infection with the bacterial pathogen P.syringae pv. maculicola. Down-regulated by nitric oxide.
Highly expressed in senescing leaves, flowers, siliques and seeds.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but during infection with virulent strain of P.syringae, mutant plants have reduced levels of SA and camalexin, and show increased susceptibility to pathogen. Leaves show decreased ethylene-induced senescence.
Treatment with exogenous pipecolate (Pip) enhances disease resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola (PubMed:23221596). Plants over-expressing ALD1 exhibit resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola (PubMed:25372120).
May function in depolymerizing pectin during pollen development, germination, and tube growth. Acts as an exo-polygalacturonase.
Belongs to the polyadenylate-binding RBP47 family.
Expressed at low levels in leaves, stems, flowers, and seedlings.
Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP)-protein binding the poly(A) tail of mRNA and probably involved in some steps of pre-mRNA maturation.
Interacts with the poly(A) tail of mRNA in nucleus.
Repressed by ozone-induced oxidative stress.
Detected in roots, shoots, leaves, flowers and fruits.
In seedlings, expressed in leaf primordia and young developing leaves. Progressively circumscribed to the adaxial side of developing leaves to become restricted to the veins in fully expanded leaves. In roots, confined to the vasculature. Present in floral buds and young developing flower organs. Accumulates in perianth organs and stamens before being restricted to the vascular system in later postanthesis stages. Strong expression throughout the young pistil. Disappears from the apical stigma during postanthesis fruit maturation. Detected in the style until later stages in fruit development, mainly in style vasculature, but progressively fades away from most of the ovary region.
Regulates vegetative and gynoecium development (PubMed:16356489). In concert with HUA2, antagonizes FLK by positively regulating FLC probably at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels, and thus acts as a negative regulator of flowering (PubMed:19576878).
Subtle morphological alterations in pep-2 and pep-4 such as leaf alterations, phyllotactic errors and sporadic presence of small fruits with multiple valves. Occasional asymmetry in valve growth and unfused carpels (PubMed:16356489). Rescues the flk mutant late-flowering phenotype with a concomitant decrease in FLC RNA levels (PubMed:19576878).
Expressed in flowers. May be restricted to pollen grains.
Fructose and glucose phosphorylating enzyme (PubMed:7610198). May be involved in the phosphorylation of glucose during the export from mitochondrion to cytosol (PubMed:16920781). Acts as sugar sensor which may regulate sugar-dependent gene repression or activation (PubMed:9014361, PubMed:12690200, PubMed:26528314). Mediates the effects of sugar on plant growth and development independently of its catalytic activity or the sugar metabolism (PubMed:9014361, PubMed:12690200). May regulate the execution of program cell death in plant cells (PubMed:16920781). Promotes roots and leaves growth (PubMed:26528314). Together with sugar, is involved in the regulation of the expression of aquaporin genes, and reduces leaf water conductance, to coordinate sugar levels with the loss of water through transpiration (PubMed:28390076). Regulates cell proliferation and expansion early during leaf development (PubMed:30511331). Involved in sucrose-induced leaf growth stimulation independently of GPT2 (PubMed:30511331). May participate to the stimulation of hypocotyl elongation under long-day (LD) conditions (PubMed:34155329). Forms a nuclear complex with CLF and EZA1/SWN to target common glucose-responsive genes and regulate glucose signaling (PubMed:35394700). Is required for CLF- and EZA1/SWN-mediated histone H3 trimethylation on 'Lys-27' (H3K27me3) and glucose-mediated gene repression (PubMed:35394700).
Highly expressed in flowers and siliques, at intermediate levels in roots and stems, and at lower levels in rosette and cauline leaves.
Interacts with RPT5B in nucleus. Interacts with RHIP1 (PubMed:26528314). Interacts with KING1 in mitochondria (PubMed:30511331). Interacts with CLF (via SANT domain) and EZA1/SWN (via SANT domain) in nucleus (PubMed:35394700).
Plants display a glucose-insensitive phenotype which allows them to grow on high glucose concentration medium (>6% glucose) (PubMed:12690200, PubMed:26528314, PubMed:30511331). Dwarf plants with reduced roots and leaves growth (PubMed:26528314, PubMed:30511331).
Belongs to the tetraspanin (TM4SF) family.
May be involved in the regulation of cell differentiation.
Abnormal male gametophyte (pollen) development including deformed cell wall, two-celled phenotype (one regular vegetative nucleus and one sperm cell-like nucleus, both in center) and semtimes leading to abortion.
May be the target of the microRNA (miRNA) MIR393a.
Required for male gametophyte (pollen) development.
Belongs to the TALE/KNOX homeobox family.
Expressed in all four types of shoot apical meristems (SAM) i.e. in vegetative, axillary, inflorescence and floral.
First expressed in early to mid-globular-stage embryos. In late globular stage, detected as a stripe running medially across the top of the embryo. In heart stage embryo, expression is restricted to a notch between the cotyledons, in both hypodermal and protoderm cells. In the bending-cotyledon stage, localized in the SAM, but disappears from the boundary region of cotyledon margins (BCM). In seedlings and adult plants found in all shoot apical meristems. In the inflorescence meristem, expression disappears as floral buds are initiated and reappears in the later floral meristem where it is found in the central portion of the developing gyneocium. Also detected in the L1 layer of embryo.
Forms homodimers (PubMed:17965274). May form heterodimeric complexes with TALE/BELL proteins BEL1, BLH2, BLH3, BLH8/PNF, BLH9/PNY and ATH1. Interacts with CCT8 (PubMed:21868675). Binds to MBP2C; this interaction reduces RNA binding capacity (PubMed:17965274). Interacts with FTIP3 and FTIP4 (PubMed:29742441).
Required for shoot apical meristem (SAM) formation during embryogenesis. Negatively regulates ASYMMETRIC LEAVES1 (AS1) and ASYMMETRIC LEAVES2 (AS2 or LBD6). Probably binds to the DNA sequence 5'-TGAC-3'. Binds to RNA (By similarity).
Belongs to the thioredoxin family. Plant H-type subfamily.
Dwarf plants with short roots and small yellowish leaves.
Probable thiol-disulfide oxidoreductase that may play a role in intercellular communication due to its ability to move from cell to cell.
Binds DNA as a dimer. Interacts with NPR1, NPR3 and NPR4. Interacts with GRXC7/ROXY1.
Transcriptional activator that binds specifically to the DNA sequence 5'-TGACG-3'. Recognizes ocs elements like the as-1 motif of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter. Binding to the as-1-like cis elements mediate auxin- and salicylic acid-inducible transcription. Required to induce the systemic acquired resistance (SAR) via the regulation of pathogenesis-related genes expression. Binding to the as-1 element of PR-1 promoter is salicylic acid-inducible and mediated by NPR1. Could also bind to the Hex-motif (5'-TGACGTGG-3') another cis-acting element found in plant histone promoters.
Chromatin-associated protein which contributes to the modulation of chromatin structure (such as super-helical structure of DNA) and function (By similarity). Binds to chromatin of protein-coding genes throughout the genome to regulate nucleosome occupancy and chromatin accessibility, and to modulate the expression of target genes (By similarity).
Found in a mRNA splicing-dependent exon junction complex (EJC) (By similarity). Binds specifically histones H3 and H4 (By similarity).
By abscisic acid (PubMed:16463103, PubMed:21399993). Accumulates in response to salt (PubMed:21399993). Triggered by MYB46 and MYB83 in the regulation of secondary cell wall biosynthesis (PubMed:19674407, PubMed:22197883).
Expressed in stamen (PubMed:19325888). Present in roots and siliques, and, at low levels, in leaves and flowers (PubMed:21399993). Expressed in stems, especially in fibers and, at lower levels, in xylems (PubMed:18952777, PubMed:21399993).
Has been reported as both positive and negative regulator of secondary cell wall (SCW) biosynthesis by contradictory mutants phenotypes.
Secondary cell wall (SCW) defects including severe reduction in SCW thickening in both interfascicular fibers and xylary fibers of inflorescence stems (PubMed:18952777). Hyperlignified SCW in interfascicular fibers and xylary fibers (PubMed:23781226).
Transcription factor that confers sensitivity to abscisic acid (ABA) and salt, but tolerance to drought (PubMed:21399993). Regulates secondary cell wall (SCW) biosynthesis, especially in interfascicular and xylary fibers (PubMed:18952777, PubMed:23781226).
Belongs to the class V-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. Histone-lysine methyltransferase family. TRX/MLL subfamily.
Induced by several abiotic stresses such as salt, mannitol, drought and cold (PubMed:18338219). Under oxidative stress caused by H(2)O(2), transient induction followed by strongly reduced levels (PubMed:18338219). Induced by sucrose (PubMed:15829605).
Mitochondrial membrane ATP synthase (F(1)F(0) ATP synthase or Complex V) produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane which is generated by electron transport complexes of the respiratory chain (Probable). F-type ATPases consist of two structural domains, F(1) - containing the extramembraneous catalytic core and F(0) - containing the membrane proton channel, linked together by a central stalk and a peripheral stalk (Probable). During catalysis, ATP synthesis in the catalytic domain of F(1) is coupled via a rotary mechanism of the central stalk subunits to proton translocation (Probable). Part of the complex F(0) domain (Probable). Confers tolerance to several abiotic stresses (e.g. salt, mannitol, drought, oxidative and cold stresses), probably by providing additional energy needed for cell homeostasis (PubMed:18338219, PubMed:23096681).
Mitochondrial membrane ATP synthase (F(1)F(0) ATP synthase or Complex V) produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane which is generated by electron transport complexes of the respiratory chain (Probable). F-type ATPases consist of two structural domains, F(1) - containing the extramembraneous catalytic core and F(0) - containing the membrane proton channel, linked together by a central stalk and a peripheral stalk (Probable). During catalysis, ATP synthesis in the catalytic domain of F(1) is coupled via a rotary mechanism of the central stalk subunits to proton translocation (Probable). Part of the complex F(0) domain (Probable). Confers tolerance to several abiotic stresses (e.g. salt, mannitol, drought, oxidative and cold stresses), probably by providing additional energy needed for cell homeostasis (PubMed:23096681).
Component of the chromatin assembly factor 1 (CAF-1) complex, composed of FAS1, FAS2 and MSI1.
Component of the chromatin assembly factor complex (CAF-1) involved in chromatin assembly following DNA replication and DNA repair. Required for several aspects of development, including seedling growth and leaf hair differentiation. Plays a critical role in the organization of shoot apical meristem (SAM) and root apical meristem (RAM) during postembryonic development by facilitating stable maintenance of gene expression states. Seems not required to maintain transcriptional repression of heterochromatic genes. Involved in heterologous recombination.
Fasciated plants with broad, flat stems and disrupted phyllotaxy. Shoot apical meristem enlargement and altered floral development. Reduced heterochromatin content, more open conformation of euchromatin and dramatic increase of homologous recombination.
Belongs to the class I fructose-bisphosphate aldolase family.
By glucose and fructose (PubMed:22561114). Induced by abiotic stresses (PubMed:22561114).
Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase that plays a key role in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.
Involved in sesquiterpene (C15) biosynthesis. The major product is (Z)-gamma-bisabolene with minor amounts of (E)-nerolidol and alpha-bisabolol.
Predominantly expressed in roots. Expressed in the cortex and the sub-epidermal layers of roots. Also detected in leaf hydathodes and flower stigmata.
Binds 1 [4Fe-4S] cluster. The cluster is coordinated with 3 cysteines and an exchangeable S-adenosyl-L-methionine.
Catalytic tRNA acetyltransferase subunit of the elongator complex which is required for multiple tRNA modifications, including mcm5U (5-methoxycarbonylmethyl uridine), mcm5s2U (5-methoxycarbonylmethyl-2-thiouridine), and ncm5U (5-carbamoylmethyl uridine) (PubMed:20398216). In the elongator complex, acts as a tRNA uridine(34) acetyltransferase by mediating formation of carboxymethyluridine in the wobble base at position 34 in tRNAs (By similarity). Promotes organ development by modulating cell division rate (PubMed:20080602). Required for auxin distribution or signaling (PubMed:20080602). Required for meristem cell cycle activation at the time of germination (PubMed:23969312). Mediates the establishment of leaf polarity independently of AS2 and the ta-siRNA-related pathway (PubMed:21700721). Indirectly involved in negatively regulating the expression of genes that participate in UV-B responses, such as DNA repair enzymes and enzymes that participate in sunscreen pigment biosynthesis (PubMed:25907565).
Catalytic tRNA acetyltransferase subunit of the elongator complex, which is required for multiple tRNA modifications, including mcm5U (5-methoxycarbonylmethyl uridine), mcm5s2U (5-methoxycarbonylmethyl-2-thiouridine), and ncm5U (5-carbamoylmethyl uridine). In the elongator complex, acts as a tRNA uridine(34) acetyltransferase by mediating formation of carboxymethyluridine in the wobble base at position 34 in tRNAs.
Component of the elongator complex which consists of ELP1/ELO2, ELP2, ELP3/ELO3, ELP4/ELO1, ELP5, and ELP6 (PubMed:20080602). Interacts with IYO (PubMed:21620701).
Expressed in meristematic tissues of in roots, leaves, seedlings, cotyledons, floral buds and shoot apices (PubMed:15894610, PubMed:20080602, PubMed:23969312). Expressed in the shoot meristem and the emerging leaves immediately after germination (PubMed:23969312). In the root, expressed in the transition zone and the upper meristematic zone (PubMed:23969312).
Slow growing rate associated with pale-green and downwardly curled narrow leaves and reduced root growth that results from a decreased cell division rate and a reduced apical dominance. Defect in tRNA wobble uridine modification. Filamentous leaves with abaxialized epidermis in AS2 defective plants.
The elongator complex was originally thought to play a role in transcription elongation. However, it is no longer thought to play a direct role in this process and its primary function is thought to be in tRNA modification.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 8 family. Galactosyltransferase subfamily.
Galactinol synthase involved in the biosynthesis of raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs) that function as osmoprotectants. May promote plant stress tolerance (By similarity).
May play a role in abiotic stress response.
Component of the signal peptidase complex (SPC) composed of a catalytic subunit SEC11 and three accessory subunits SPCS1, SPCS2 and SPCS3. The complex induces a local thinning of the ER membrane which is used to measure the length of the signal peptide (SP) h-region of protein substrates. This ensures the selectivity of the complex towards h-regions shorter than 18-20 amino acids.
Component of the signal peptidase complex (SPC) which catalyzes the cleavage of N-terminal signal sequences from nascent proteins as they are translocated into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (By similarity). Enhances the enzymatic activity of SPC and facilitates the interactions between different components of the translocation site (By similarity).
Component of the signal peptidase complex (SPC) which catalyzes the cleavage of N-terminal signal sequences from nascent proteins as they are translocated into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. Enhances the enzymatic activity of SPC and facilitates the interactions between different components of the translocation site.
By salicylic acid. Transient induction by drought. Up-regulated by itself.
GRP3 and GRP3S bind to WAK1, WAK3 and WAK5, but GRP2, GRP4,GRP6, GRP7 and GRP8 did not bind to any of the WAK isoforms.
Interacts (via Cys-rich C-terminus) with WAK1 (via the extracellular domain). Component of a 500 kDa complex, composed of GRP3 or GRP3-S, WAK1 and KAPP.
Predominantly expressed in leaves and stems.
Regulates the function of the receptor protein kinase WAK1, and namely the phosphorylation of OEE2.
The Cys-rich C-terminus (111-145) is essential for the interaction with WAK1.
Belongs to the group II decarboxylase family.
Catalyzes the production of GABA. The calmodulin-binding is calcium-dependent and it is proposed that this may, directly or indirectly, form a calcium regulated control of GABA biosynthesis (By similarity).
Homohexamer. Interacts with calmodulin (By similarity).
Belongs to the AP2/ERF transcription factor family. AP2 subfamily.
(Microbial infection) Interacts with the capsid protein ORF3b of the alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV).
Dioxygenase that demethylates RNA by oxidative demethylation: specifically demethylates N(6)-methyladenosine (m6A) RNA, the most prevalent internal modification of messenger RNA (mRNA) in higher eukaryotes (PubMed:28923956). Modulates viral infection of the alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) and the m6A abundance in its genomic RNAs (PubMed:28923956).
Expressed in vegetative and reproductive tissues. Found in seedlings, leaves and flowers.
Involved in bivalent formation and segregation of homologous chromosomes in meiosis.
Sterility due to failure of both male and female gametophyte development.
Auxiliary spliceosomal protein involved in splicing of specific pre-mRNAs that affect multiple aspects of development. Required for proper accumulation of SMU2.
Component of the spliceosome B complex (By similarity). Interacts with SMU2 (PubMed:19734266).
Expressed in actively dividing cells, such as newly emerged leaves and root tips. Detected in embryo, female gametophyte including egg cell, central cell, synergid cells and the antipodal cells, and mature pollen.
Induced by microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) such as LPS, HrpZ, flg22 and oomycete-(NPP1) (PubMed:18434605). Accumulates upon infection by the soil-borne necrotrophic pathogen F.oxysporum f. sp. lentis and associated with nitric oxide (NO) production; this induction is prevented by the plant growth promoting saprophytic fungus T.asperelloides (PubMed:24283937). Induced by NaCl and mannitol (PubMed:27099374).
Receptor for microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) that induces a BAK1-dependent basal immune response to necrotrophic fungi (e.g. S.sclerotiorum) in the presence of MAMPs (e.g. flg22 and SCLEROTINIA CULTURE FILTRATE ELICITOR1 (SCFE1) from the necrotrophic fungal pathogen S. sclerotiorum). Functionality seems to depend on the presence of the receptor kinase SOBIR1 as an adapter protein (PubMed:24104566). Required for full non-host resistance to bacterial pathogens (e.g. P.syringae pv phaseolicola) (PubMed:18434605).
Reduced basal defense leading to an increased susceptibility to the non-host bacteria such as P.syringae pv phaseolicola (Psp 1448A) (PubMed:18434605). Increased susceptibility to S.sclerotiorum strain 1980 and to the related fungus B.cinerea. Impaired SCLEROTINIA CULTURE FILTRATE ELICITOR1- (SCFE1) and flg22-dependent ethylene production (PubMed:24104566).
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS25 family.
Expressed in cotyledon tips, leaf primordia, hydathodes, stipules, and lateral root primordia and weakly at the edges of petals and sepals.
Transcription activator that binds DNA on 5'-ACTCTAC-3' and promotes auxin homeostasis-regulating gene expression (e.g. YUC genes), as well as genes affecting stamen development, cell expansion and timing of flowering. Synergistically with other SHI-related proteins, regulates gynoecium, stamen and leaf development in a dose-dependent manner, controlling apical-basal patterning. Promotes style and stigma formation, and influences vascular development during gynoecium development. May also have a role in the formation and/or maintenance of the shoot apical meristem (SAM).
Component of KTN80-KTN1 complexes composed of a hexamer of KTN1-KTN80 heterodimers that sense microtubule (MT) geometry to confer precise MT severing (PubMed:28978669). Interacts directly with AAA1/KTN1 and KTN80.1, and weakly with KTN80.4 (PubMed:28978669).
Expressed in siliques, flowers, leaves, stems and roots.
May participate in a complex which severs microtubules in an ATP-dependent manner (By similarity). Microtubule severing may promote rapid reorganization of cellular microtubule arrays (By similarity). Confers precision to microtubule (MT) severing by specific targeting of KTN1 to MT cleavage sites such as crossover or branching nucleation sites (PubMed:28978669). Together with other KTN80s, regulates cell elongation by modulating MT organization (PubMed:28978669).
May participate in a complex which severs microtubules in an ATP-dependent manner. Microtubule severing may promote rapid reorganization of cellular microtubule arrays.
The double mutant ktn80.3 ktn80.4 exhibits normal growth, but the quadruple mutant ktn80.1 ktn80.2 ktn80.3 ktn80.4 has a severe dwarf phenotype, with small and round dark-green rosette leaves as well as wide and short petioles, probably due to cell elongation defects, and associated with a complex cortical microtubule (MT) network with stable entanglements (PubMed:28978669). Plants missing KTN80s have a disruption of KTN1 recruitment at MT crossover or branching nucleation sites, leading to an abolishment of MT severing (PubMed:28978669).
Expressed in trichomes, stems, carpels, petals and stamens.
Functions as a repressor of epidermal cell outgrowth and negatively regulate trichome branch formation (PubMed:18805951, PubMed:21070410). Acts as both a positive and negative regulator of cellular outgrowth. Promotes both trichome expansion and branch formation (PubMed:21070410). Coordinately with WIN1/SHN1, participates in the regulation of cuticle biosynthesis and wax accumulation in reproductive organs and trichomes. Functions in cuticle nanoridge formation in petals and stamens, and in morphogenesis of petal conical cells and trichomes (PubMed:23709630). May play a role in the regulation of cuticle formation in vegetative organs (PubMed:24169067).
Alternative splicing (AS) regulator that binds to specific mRNAs and modulates auxin effects on the transcriptome. Displaced from its targets upon binding to AS competitor long non-coding RNA (ASCO-RNA).
Isoform 1: Expressed in root meristems, lateral root primordia, root vascular tissues and cotyledon vascular tissues. Isoform 2: Expressed in root meristems, lateral root primordia and root vascular tissues.
No visible phenotype. Nsra and nsrb double mutants are less sensitive to auxin.
Belongs to the adaptor complexes medium subunit family. Delta-COP subfamily.
Activation of long-chain fatty acids for both synthesis of cellular lipids, and degradation via beta-oxidation (Probable). Preferentially uses palmitate, palmitoleate, oleate, linoleate and eicosenoate as substrates (PubMed:12177484, PubMed:12366803). Can use myristate and linolenate as substrates (PubMed:12366803). May play a regulatory role both in fatty acid import into glyoxysomes and in fatty acid beta-oxidation (PubMed:12481085). Functions redundantly with LACS7 in lipid mobilization for beta-oxidation during seed germination, which is essential for postgerminative growth and seedling establishment (PubMed:14742880, PubMed:16844736).
Catalyzes the conversion of long-chain fatty acids to their active form acyl-CoAs for both synthesis of cellular lipids, and degradation via beta-oxidation.
Expressed in roots, stems, leaves flowers and germinating seedling (PubMed:12177484). Preferentially expressed in seeds and senescent leaves.
Seedlings of the lacs6 and lacs7 double mutant were arrested in postgerminative growth due to inability to mobilize fatty acids for beta-oxidation, a necessary process to pursue the development.
Plants over-expressing LAZ5 exhibit hypersensitive cell death and do not survive (PubMed:20949080). In the ecotype Estland (Est), which shows a sensitive response upon tobacco ringspot virus (TRSV) inoculation, the TTR1 allele is involved in the development of lethal systemic necrosis in response to TRSV (PubMed:22057987).
TIR-NB-LRR receptor-like protein that may play a role in plant innate immunity. May trigger hypersensitive programmed cell death in response to pathogen attack (PubMed:20949080). Involved in tolerance to tobacco ringspot virus (TRSV) (PubMed:22057987).
The TIR domain mediates NAD(+) hydrolase (NADase) activity. Self-association of TIR domains is required for NADase activity.
Up-regulated by ASHH2 via epigenetic chromatin H3K36me3 regulation during the vegetative development.
Export adapter involved in nuclear export of spliced and unspliced mRNA.
Period lengthening of various circadian output rhythms and affected central clock gene expression (PubMed:27837007). Derepressed expression of circadian-regulated and cold-responsive genes (PubMed:27990760). Delayed flowering under long days conditions, and slightly in short days (PubMed:27837007). Increased freezing tolerance (PubMed:27837007).
Regulated by the circadian clock at warm growth temperatures as direct targets of CCA1, with highest levels from noon to dusk (PubMed:27837007, PubMed:27990760). Repressed by CCA1 at the transcription level via chromatin binding and in a temperature-dependent way (PubMed:27837007, PubMed:27990760). Induced by cold (PubMed:12172015, PubMed:16121258, PubMed:27837007). Induced by abscisic acid (ABA) (PubMed:17304219). Transcription is repressed by blue and red lights, but induced by darkness; by contrast, present at low levels in darkness but accumulates in blue light (at protein level) due to transcription auto-repression (PubMed:27837007).
Together with COR27, involved in central circadian clock regulation and in flowering promotion, by binding to the chromatin of clock-associated evening genes TOC1, PRR5, ELF4 and cold-responsive genes in order to repress their transcription (PubMed:27837007, PubMed:27990760). Negative regulator of freezing tolerance (PubMed:27837007).
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL41 family.
Component of the large ribosomal subunit.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 8 family. Glycogenin subfamily.
In flowers, expressed only in developing ovules (e.g. in egg cells).
Mostly expressed in seedlings, siliques and flowers, and, to a lower extent, in roots, stems and seeds, but barely in leaves.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL14 family.
Binds to 23S rRNA in mitochondrion (By similarity). Required for the formation of the proximal region of the ovule primordium during floral organogenesis, thus participating in patterning and growth of ovule. Also regulates the initiation and/or maintenance of integument and embryo sac ontogenesis. Prevents inappropriate cell death in the young ovule.
By brassinosteroid (BR), repressed by the BR biosynthesis inhibitor brassinazole (BRZ).
Female-sterility due to abnormal gynoecium and ovule growth and development with highly reduced integuments and collapsed cells in the distal regions of the ovule primordia. Slight reduction in the rate of growth and size of the pistil.
Mostly expressed in pistils and inflorescences, including floral organs and meristems, and, to a lower extent, in leaves.
Part of the mitochondrial 50S ribosomal subunit.
Possesses low quercetin 3-O-glucosyltransferase and 7-O-glucosyltransferase activities in vitro.
Expressed in roots, rosette leaves, cauline leaves, stems, flowers and siliques.
Possesses hydroxyproline O-galactosyltransferase activity. Transfers galactose from UDP-galactose to hydroxyproline residues in the arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs). Is specific for AGPs containing non-contiguous peptidyl hydroxyproline residues. The addition of galactose onto the peptidyl hydroxyproline residues in AGP core proteins represents the first committed step in arabinogalactan polysaccharide addition. AGP glycans play essential roles in both vegetative and reproductive plant growth.
Reduced levels of arabinogalactan proteins.
Expressed in the root tips. Expressed in the apical meristematic regions, leaf veins and at the base of the trichomes. Expressed at the base of the stems. Expressed in the abscission zones of newly formed siliques.
Involved in lignin biosynthesis. Catalyzes the final step specific for the production of lignin monomers. Catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of coniferaldehyde, 5-hydroxyconiferaldehyde, sinapaldehyde, 4-coumaraldehyde and caffeyl aldehyde to their respective alcohols.
Belongs to the proteasome inhibitor PI31 family.
Could play an important role in control of proteasome function. Inhibits the hydrolysis of protein and peptide substrates by the 20S proteasome (By similarity).
For all TMEM14 proteins, 4 hydrophobic alpha-helical domains are predicted. However, NMR structure determination of the human TMEM14A showed that only 3 of these helices are membrane-spaning while the amphiphilic N-terminal helix is probably located at the lipid micelle-water interface.
May be involved in free fatty acids export.
Expressed in mature pollen and in germinating pollen tubes.
Involved in pollen tube guidance into micropyle. Participates in perception of the ovule-secreted peptide signal LURE1.
No visible phenotype. Lip1 and lip2 double mutants have a reduced male transmission.
Probable transcription factor that may be involved in seedling photomorphogenesis.
Expressed in the whole plant except roots.
Belongs to the biotin--protein ligase family.
Highly expressed in seeds. Expressed in roots, leaves, stems, flowers and siliques.
Seems to have no or limited implication in biotin-dependent carboxylase biotinylation in planta.
Belongs to the DNA repair metallo-beta-lactamase (DRMBL) family.
Induced by bleomycin, methyl methane sulphonate and hydrogen peroxide, which are known to induce oxidative lesions in DNA. Also induced by bacterial flagellin, which is known to elicit plant defense responses and a rapid oxidative burst, and by xylanase.
May be required for repair of DNA lesions formed after exposure to oxidative stress.
Carboxyltransferase subunit of the 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase, an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA to 3-methylglutaconyl-CoA, a critical step for leucine and isovaleric acid catabolism.
In roots, cotyledons, leaves, flowers, ovaries, siliques and embryos.
Probably a heterodimer composed of biotin-containing alpha subunits and beta subunits.
Temporal and spatial accumulation of the alpha and beta subunits during development at approximately equal molar ratios.
Catalyzes the first step in the biosynthesis of NAD from nicotinic acid, the ATP-dependent synthesis of beta-nicotinate D-ribonucleotide from nicotinate and 5-phospho-D-ribose 1-phosphate. Helps prevent cellular oxidative stress via its role in NAD biosynthesis.
Not regulated in the quinolinate synthase mutant old5 causing increased NAD steady state levels.
Transiently phosphorylated on a His residue during the reaction cycle. Phosphorylation strongly increases the affinity for substrates and increases the rate of nicotinate D-ribonucleotide production. Dephosphorylation regenerates the low-affinity form of the enzyme, leading to product release.
Interacts with TLP1. May form heterodimeric complexes with TALE/KNOX proteins (By similarity). Interacts with OFP1, OFP2, OFP4 and OFP5.
Belongs to the UPF0725 (EMB2204) family.
Belongs to the senescence regulator S40 family.
Methylesterase shown to have methyl jasmonate (MeJA) esterase activity in vitro.
Expressed in seedlings, leaves, roots, stems, flowers and siliques.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the trehalose phosphatase family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the glycosyltransferase 20 family.
Low induction by sucrose after 24 hours. Down-regulated by dark incubation.
Required for normal embryo development, vegetative growth and transition to flowering. Regulates embryo growth, cell wall deposition, starch and sucrose degradation, but not cell differentiation. Involved in the regulation of glucose sensing and signaling genes during plant development.
The N-terminal part (1-88) has an inhibitory function on the enzymatic activity.
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Component of RNA polymerase V involved in RNA-directed DNA methylation-dependent (RdDM) silencing of endogenous repeated sequences, including transposable elements. Required for establishment of DNA methylation.
Expressed in roots, leaves, siliques and seeds, and to a lower level, in flower buds and flowers.
Partial loss of methylation and silencing of RdDM targets, probably due to the redundancy with NRPE5B.
'Schlafmuetze' means 'nightcap' in German.
Probably acts as a transcriptional activator. Binds to the GCC-box pathogenesis-related promoter element. May be involved in the regulation of gene expression by stress factors and by components of stress signal transduction pathways (By similarity). Repressor of flowering.
Repressed by miR172 after photoperiod changement.
Belongs to the disease resistance NB-LRR family. RPP8/HRT subfamily.
By salicylic acid (SA) (PubMed:22072959, PubMed:20831409). Induced by Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis, benzothiadiazole (BTH) and wounding (PubMed:20831409). Degraded in darkness and in blue-light (PubMed:20624951).
Disease resistance protein. Resistance proteins guard the plant against pathogens that contain an appropriate avirulence protein via an indirect interaction with this avirulence protein. That triggers a defense system including the hypersensitive response, which restricts the pathogen growth. The interaction with TIP (TCV-interacting protein) may be essential for the recognition of the avirulence proteins, and the triggering of the defense response. Triggers resistance to turnip crinkle virus (TCV) via a SAG101-dependent pathway.
Has been shown to exist only in cv. Columbia so far.
In cv. Columbia and cv. Landsberg erecta, RPP8 specifically recognizes the Emco5 avirulence protein from Hyaloperonospora parasitica, while it is not the case in cv. Di-17, where it confers resistance to Turnip Crinkle Virus upon recognition of the viral capsid protein.
Interacts with the NAC protein TIP (PubMed:11041886). Interacts with MORC1/CRT1 (PubMed:18191794, PubMed:20332379). Interacts with COP1 and is subsequently degraded in a 26s proteasome dependent manner (PubMed:20624951).
Mostly expressed in leaves, and, to a lower extent, in roots.
The strong polymorphisms present in cv. Di-17 and cv. Columbia are probably due to an unequal crossing-over between the highly related RPP8 and RPH8A genes present in cv. Landsberg erecta. Such variations probably modify the specificity of pathogen recognition.
ATP-dependent RNA helicase involved in mRNA turnover, and more specifically in mRNA decapping.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX6/DHH1 subfamily.
Protein transport. Regulator of membrane traffic from the Golgi apparatus towards the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) (By similarity).
Confers broad-spectrum resistance to pathogens. Has antifungal activity in vitro.
Belongs to the flavoprotein pyridine nucleotide cytochrome reductase family.
Expressed in roots, stems, flowers and siliques. Detected in leaves.
Monomer. Interacts with AKR2A (PubMed:20215589).
Reductase transferring electrons from NADH to cytochrome b5. Required for the NADH-dependent electron transfer involved in the desaturation and hydroxylation of fatty acids and in the desaturation of sterol precursors. No activity with NADPH as electron donor.
ATP citrate-lyase is the primary enzyme responsible for the synthesis of cytosolic acetyl-CoA, used for the elongation of fatty acids and biosynthesis of isoprenoids, flavonoids and malonated derivatives. May supply substrate to the cytosolic acetyl-CoA carboxylase, which generates the malonyl-CoA used for the synthesis of a multitude of compounds, including very long chain fatty acids and flavonoids. Required for normal growth and development and elongation of C18 fatty acids to C20 to C24 fatty acids in seeds. In contrast to all known animal ACL enzymes having a homomeric structure, plant ACLs are composed of alpha and beta chains (By similarity).
Belongs to the succinate/malate CoA ligase beta subunit family.
Heterooctamer of 4 alpha and 4 beta chains.
Belongs to the type IV zinc-finger family. Class A subfamily.
Transcriptional activator that specifically binds 5'-GATA-3' or 5'-GAT-3' motifs within gene promoters.
Transcriptional activator that specifically binds 5'-GATA-3' or 5'-GAT-3' motifs within gene promoters. May be involved in the regulation of some light-responsive genes (By similarity).
May use 2-oxoglutarate as a cosubstrate.
Controls the interaction of photosystem II (PSII) cores with the light-harvesting antenna.
May control the interaction of photosystem II (PSII) cores with the light-harvesting antenna, regulates electron flow through the 2 photosystem reaction centers. PSII is a light-driven water plastoquinone oxidoreductase, using light energy to abstract electrons from H(2)O, generating a proton gradient subsequently used for ATP formation.
PSII is composed of 1 copy each of membrane proteins PsbA, PsbB, PsbC, PsbD, PsbE, PsbF, PsbH, PsbI, PsbJ, PsbK, PsbL, PsbM, PsbT, PsbY, PsbZ, Psb30/Ycf12, at least 3 peripheral proteins of the oxygen-evolving complex and a large number of cofactors. It forms dimeric complexes.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class myosin-kinesin ATPase superfamily. Kinesin family. KIN-1 subfamily.
Homodimer. Interacts with WIP1 and WIP2.
Kinesin-like motor protein that promotes synapsis and is required for proper crossover distribution in meiosis (PubMed:25330379). Plays a role in the nuclear division cycles during megagametogenesis (PubMed:24667993).
Partial seed abortion due to defects in megagametogenesis (PubMed:24667993, PubMed:25330379). Defects in pollen viability (PubMed:25330379).
Specifically expressed in ovules and anthers.
Lacks the conserved active site 'GDSL' motif. Its enzyme activity is therefore unsure.
May function as somatic storage protein during early seedling development.
Belongs to the SLC13A/DASS transporter (TC 2.A.47) family. DIT1 subfamily.
Expressed in roots, rosette and cauline leaves, stems, flowers and siliques.
Glutamate/malate translocator involved with DIT1 in primary ammonia assimilation and in the re-assimilation of ammonia generated by the photorespiratory pathway. Exports the end product of ammonia assimilation, glutamate, from plastids to the cytosol. The precursor for ammonia assimilation, 2-oxoglutarate, is imported from the cytosol by DIT1.
Non-viable seedlings under normal atmospheric conditions, but grow normally under non-photorespiratory conditions high CO(2) conditions.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. Cation-independent O-methyltransferase family.
Involved in indole glucosinolate biosynthesis. Catalyzes methoxylation reactions of the glucosinolate indole ring. Converts the hydroxy intermediates 4-hydroxy-indol-3-yl-methylglucosinolate (4OH-I3M) and 1-hydroxy-indol-3-yl-methylglucosinolate (1OH-I3M) to 4-methoxy-indol-3-yl-methylglucosinolate (4MO-I3M) and 1-methoxy-indol-3-yl-methylglucosinolate(1MO-I3M), respectively.
Abscisic acid (ABA) hypersensitivity of stomatal movements and enhanced drought tolerance.
Abundant in leaf and particularly in the guard cells.
Belongs to the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC) (TC 2.A.105) family.
By abscisic acid (ABA) and drought stress.
Mediates the uptake of pyruvate into mitochondria.
Mediates the uptake of pyruvate into mitochondria. Negatively regulates ABA-induced guard cell signaling and mediates drought stress responses.
Belongs to the snRNP Sm proteins family.
Component of the heptameric LSM2-LSM8 complex that forms a seven-membered ring structure with a donut shape. The LSM subunits are arranged in the order LSM8, LSM2, LSM3, LSM6, LSM5, LSM7 and LSM4 (PubMed:23221597, PubMed:23620288). LSM8 subunit interacts only with its two neighboring subunits, LSM2 and LSM4 (PubMed:23221597). Interacts with the prefoldin co-chaperone subunits PFD1, PFD2, PFD3, PFD4, PFD5 and PFD6 (PubMed:32396196).
Component of the nuclear LSM2-LSM8 complex which is involved splicing nuclear mRNAs. LSM2-LSM8 binds directly to the U6 small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). LSM8 is essential for the formation of the nuclear LSM2-LSM8 complex involved in the accurate splicing of selected development-related mRNAs through the stabilization of the spliceosomal U6 snRNA (PubMed:32396196). Plays a critical role in the regulation of development-related gene expression.
Developmental alterations, such as reduced root length, alterations in the shape and number of cotyledons, small rosette leaves with short petioles, early flowering, short siliques with reduced seed number and frequently aborted seeds (PubMed:23221597). Lower pre-mRNA splicing events and reduced levels of U6 snRNA, but elevated levels of U4 snRNA (PubMed:32396196).
LSm subunits form a heteromer with a doughnut shape.
Plays role in pre-mRNA splicing as component of the U4/U6-U5 tri-snRNP complex that is involved in spliceosome assembly, and as component of the precatalytic spliceosome (spliceosome B complex). The heptameric LSM2-8 complex binds specifically to the 3'-terminal U-tract of U6 snRNA.
Sulfotransferase that utilizes 3'-phospho-5'-adenylyl sulfate (PAPS) as sulfonate donor to specifically catalyze the sulfate conjugation of hydroxyjasmonates, with a preference for 12-hydroxyjasmonate over 11-hydroxyjasmonate. No activity with 12-hydroxyjasmonic acid methyl ester, cucurbic acid, 7-iso-cucurbic acid, 6-epi-cucurbic acid, 6-epi-7-iso-cucurbic acid and their methyl esters, prostaglandin E2, arachidonyl alcohol and 11-eicosenol.
Up-regulated by methyljasmonate, 12 hydroxyjasmonate and 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid, but not by hormones.
Altered root hair development and reduced hair length.
Expressed in roots, exclusively in the stele.
May function together with HSC70 chaperone to assist protein folding and prevent protein aggregation during salt stress in the chloroplast (Probable). Involved in root development. Required for the position-dependent cell fate determination during root hair development (PubMed:25339971).
Both substrate-binding domains (SBD1 and SBD2) are involved in the substrate recognition, and are sufficient to confer the substrate specificity.
By wounding, UV irradiation, and pathogen attack.
Produces CoA thioesters of a variety of hydroxy- and methoxy-substituted cinnamic acids, which are used to synthesize several phenylpropanoid-derived compounds, including anthocyanins, flavonoids, isoflavonoids, coumarins, lignin, suberin and wall-bound phenolics (PubMed:10417722). Follows a two-step reaction mechanism, wherein the carboxylate substrate first undergoes adenylation by ATP, followed by a thioesterification in the presence of CoA to yield the final CoA thioesters (By similarity).
Interacts with ALIS1, ALIS3 and ALIS5 in a heterologous system.
Involved in transport of phospholipids. Contributes to transmembrane flipping of lipids. Requires an interaction with a protein of the ALIS family for activity. Specific for phosphatidylserine and has no activity with lysolipid, phosphatidylcholine or phosphatidylethanolamine.
The intracellular targeting signals and lipid specificity determinants reside in the catalytic ALA subunit.
Interacts with BRX. Interacts with BZIP30 (PubMed:27402171).
Regulates lateral organ growth. Functionally redundant with NGA2, NGA3 and NGA4.
Belongs to the sterol desaturase family.
Binds 2 Zn(2+) ions per subunit that likely form a catalytic dimetal center.
Expressed in leaves, roots, flowers and seeds.
Fatty acid 2-hydroxylase involved in the alpha-hydroxylation of sphingolipid-associated very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFA). Probably involved in the resistance response to oxidative stress.
Interacts with CYTB5-A, CYTB5-B, CYTB5-C and CYTB5-D. Interacts indirectly with BI-1 via CYTB5-D.
Binds to the ABA-responsive element (ABRE). Mediates stress-responsive ABA signaling.
DNA-binding heterodimer (By similarity). Interacts with ABI3 and the AFP proteins AFP1, AFP2, AFP3 and AFP4.
Up-regulated by drought, salt, abscisic acid (ABA).
Increased tendency for freezing-induced cellular damage. Reduced cutin accumulation due to lower cutin biosynthesis. Early flowering in long-day conditions.
Induced during germination in embryonic tissues, and strongly expressed in certain parts of young seedlings, in the tips of cotyledons and to a certain degree in developing leaves and roots.
Mostly expressed in aerial part of seedlings, and, to a lower extent, in roots. Higher basal levels in early-flowering ecotypes.
Probable lipid transfer protein (LTP). May improve freezing survival. Seems to control the flowering process and lignin synthesis. Has an auxiliary role for germinability and early seedling development under low temperature and salt stress conditions, probably in an abscisic acid- (ABA) dependent manner. Confers resistance to Botrytis cinerea and exhibits anti-fungal activity, at least against S.cerevisiae, B.cinerea and Fusarium oxysporum, probably by increasing their membrane permeability.
Transient accumulation in response to toxic levels of aluminum (Al). Stably activated by vernalization; vernalization and subsequent growth in long-day photoperiods have an additive or synergistic effect on this activation. Induced by both cold and salt.
EAR motifs are involved in transcriptional repressor activity.
Enhanced disease resistance to virulent bacterial pathogen infection such as P. syringae pv tomato (Pst) DC3000 and P. syringae pv maculicola (Psm) ES4326 associated with immune gene activation.
Homodimer. Interacts directly with MPK4.
Phosphorylated on Thr-189 by MPK4 in response to microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs, e.g. flg22, elf18, chitin, and LPS). This phosphorylation enhances DNA-binding and thus negatively regulates immune gene expression.
Transcriptional repressor that binds DNA and plays a negative role in regulating microbe-associated molecular patterns-(MAMPs, e.g. flg22, elf18, chitin, and LPS) triggered immunity (PTI) by negatively regulating immune gene expression.
Activity is regulated by phosphorylation and moderated by concentration of metabolites and light.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 1 family.
Circadian-regulated, with the highest expression at the end of the light period and the lowest at the end of the dark period (in 12 hours light/12 hours dark cycle). Induced by cold (at protein level).
Expressed in seeds, stems, rosette leaves, flowers and siliques. Highly expressed in maturing nectaries.
Loss of nectar secretion accompanied by starch accumulation in nectaries.
Phosphorylated at Ser-152 upon sucrose supply.
Plants silencing SPS1 show reduced shoot growth, leaf fresh weight and dry weight, and decreased leaf starch, leaf sugar levels and sucrose export rates (PubMed:10998187, PubMed:21309792). Tobacco plants overexpressing Arabidopsis SPS1 show increased stem height and diameter, increased total dry weight and elevated concentrations of sink sucrose pools (PubMed:17415671).
Plays a major role in photosynthetic sucrose synthesis by catalyzing the rate-limiting step of sucrose biosynthesis from UDP-glucose and fructose- 6-phosphate. Involved in the regulation of carbon partitioning in the leaves of plants. May regulate the synthesis of sucrose and therefore play a major role as a limiting factor in the export of photoassimilates out of the leaf. Plays a role for sucrose availability that is essential for plant growth and fiber elongation. Required for nectar secretion.
Plays a role in photosynthetic sucrose synthesis by catalyzing the rate-limiting step of sucrose biosynthesis from UDP-glucose and fructose- 6-phosphate. Involved in the regulation of carbon partitioning in the leaves of plants. May regulate the synthesis of sucrose and therefore play a major role as a limiting factor in the export of photoassimilates out of the leaf. Plays a role for sucrose availability that is essential for plant growth and fiber elongation.
Involved in heat stress response. Contributes to recovery from heat stress.
Barely detected in non senescent green leaves, accumulated slightly at the early stage of leaf senescence and strongly expressed at the late stage of leaf senescence.
By dark treatment. Down-regulated by sucrose in a hexokinase dependent manner. Up-regulated by Leucine and its derivative alpha-keto acid (KIC).
Expressed in the non-photosynthetic organs such as siliques, flowers and roots.
The branched-chain alpha-keto dehydrogenase complex catalyzes the overall conversion of alpha-keto acids to acyl-CoA and CO(2). It contains multiple copies of three enzymatic components: branched-chain alpha-keto acid decarboxylase (E1), lipoamide acyltransferase (E2) and lipoamide dehydrogenase (E3) (By similarity). Required during sugar starvation and acts under the control of a sugar-sensing mechanism involving Ser/Thr kinases and phosphatases (PubMed:11080291, PubMed:11917081).
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL3 family.
Belongs to the JARID1 histone demethylase family.
Expressed in roots, cotyledons, shoot apex, rosette and cauline leaves, stems, inflorescences and siliques (PubMed:18713399). Expressed at low levels during vegetative growth but to higher levels in young floral organs (PubMed:25009544).
Histone demethylase that demethylates 'Lys-4' (H3K4me) of histone H3 with a specific activity for H3K4me3 (PubMed:22555401). No activity on H3K4me2, H3K4me1, H3K9me3/2, H3K27me3/2 and H3K36me3/2 (PubMed:22555401). Involved in the control of flowering time by demethylating H3K4me3 at the FLC locus and repressing its expression (PubMed:22555401). The repression of FLC level and reduction in H3K4me3 at the FLC locus results in induction of the flowering activator FT, which is a downstream target of FLC (PubMed:22555401). Promotes salt tolerance by down-regulating the expression of several transcriptions factors involved in stress responses via H3K4me3 and H3K4me2 demethylation (PubMed:25009544).
In seedlings, confined at the base of rosette leaves and in root vascular tissues (PubMed:25009544). Accumulates in pericycle cells precursors of lateral root meristems and remains at the base of growing lateral roots, but not in tips (PubMed:25009544). In the inflorescence, strongly expressed in young anthers and present in carpels (PubMed:25009544). Fades out in mature flowers (PubMed:25009544).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions (PubMed:20202164, PubMed:22555401, PubMed:25009544). Increased sensitivity to salt (PubMed:25009544).
Plants over-expressing JMJ15 show early flowering phenotype.
Expressed in roots, rosette and cauline leaves, stems and flowers.
Integral thylakoid membrane protein that plays a crucial role in thylakoid membrane biogenesis and thylakoid formation in early chloroplast development (PubMed:18429937). Is essential for de novo synthesis of photosystem II (PSII) core proteins and required for efficient insertion of thylakoid membrane proteins, presumably via interaction with ALB3. May assist synthesis of thylakoid membrane proteins at the membrane insertion step (PubMed:24612058).
Pigment deficiency and seedling lethality.
May only reduce GSH-thiol disulfides, but not protein disulfides.
Belongs to the plant Mediator complex subunit 15 family.
Fatty acid desaturase involved in the first desaturation step leading to the formation of hexadeca 7,10,13-trienoic acid (16:3(7Z,10Z,13Z)), the major functional components of thylakoid membranes (PubMed:15579662, PubMed:16666902, PubMed:15240892). Required for chloroplast biogenesis at low temperature (PubMed:16668849). Also indirectly involved in the production of the oxylipin dinor-oxo-phyto-dienoic acid implicated in wound signaling (PubMed:15579662).
Highly expressed in young leaves. Low expression in roots.
Substrate specificity shifts from delta-7 to delta-9 desaturation when the protein is retargeted to the cytoplasm.
Belongs to the snRNP core protein family.
Core component of the spliceosomal U1, U2, U4 and U5 small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs), the building blocks of the spliceosome (By similarity). May play a major role in the splicing of cellular pre-mRNAs. Required for normal plant development (PubMed:21421416).
Core component of the spliceosomal U1, U2, U4 and U5 small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs), the building blocks of the spliceosome.
Expressed in young seedlings, roots, leaves, flowers and immature siliques.
Pleiotropic phenotypes of delayed flowering time and seed production, reduced root growth, partially defective leaf venation, abnormal numbers of trichome branches and changed numbers of floral organs. The double mutants smd3-a and smd3-b display embryonic lethality.
Belongs to the SLC29A/ENT transporter (TC 2.A.57) family.
May be involved in nucleoside transport.
Probable E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase which mediates ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins.
Belongs to the mannose-6-phosphate isomerase type 1 family.
By sugar starvation, by dark and by 3-O-methyl-Glc (3-OMG). Down-regulated by sugars. Up-regulated by DCMU, an exogenous photosynthesis inhibitor.
Expressed at the last stage of senescence in old leaves.
Inhibited by EDTA, Zn(2+), Cd(2+), DTT, p-chloromercuribenzoate and L-ascorbic acid (AsA).
Involved in the synthesis of the GDP-mannose and dolichol-phosphate-mannose required for a number of critical mannosyl transfer reactions.
Not expressed in any organs under light (at protein level).
Belongs to the chloride channel (TC 2.A.49) family.
Homodimer (By similarity). Interacts with PP2A5 (PubMed:27676158).
Expressed at the base of the inflorescence meristem and at late stages of development in petals and stamens. Up-regulated during leaf senescence.
Expressed in senescing leaves, petals and sepals.
Induced by the heterodimer APETALA3 (AP3)/PISTILLATA (PI) (PubMed:9489703). Induced by senescence (PubMed:22184656, PubMed:24659488, PubMed:25516602). Induced by abscisic acid (ABA) (PubMed:22184656, PubMed:25516602). Induced by ethylene (PubMed:25516602).
No visible phenotype, but delayed leaf senescence (PubMed:16640597, PubMed:22184656). No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant leaves show a stay-green phenotype and deficiency in chlorophyll degradation during extended darkness.
Plants silencing NAC029 produce abnormally shaped seeds.
The NAC domain includes a DNA-binding domain and a dimerization domain.
Transcription activator that binds to, and transactivates the promoter of the abscisic aldehyde oxidase AAO3. Promotes chlorophyll degradation in leaves by enhancing transcription of AAO3, which leads to increased levels of the senescence-inducing hormone abscisic acid (ABA) (PubMed:25516602). Involved in the control of dehydration in senescing leaves. Binds to the DNA sequence 5'-CACGTAAGT-3' of SAG113 promoter. SAG113 acts as negative regulator of ABA signaling for stomatal closure in leaves, and controls water loss during leaf senescence (PubMed:22184656). Transcription factor of the NAC family involved in senescence. May function in the transition between active cell division and cell expansion (PubMed:16640597). Required for normal seed development and morphology (PubMed:18849494).
Dirigent proteins impart stereoselectivity on the phenoxy radical-coupling reaction, yielding optically active lignans from two molecules of coniferyl alcohol in the biosynthesis of lignans, flavonolignans, and alkaloids and thus plays a central role in plant secondary metabolism (By similarity). Required for seed accumulation of neolignans.
Lacks seed-specific neolignans such as 3-{4-[2-hydroxy-2-(4-hexosyloxy- 3-methoxyphenyl)-1-hydroxymethylethoxy]-3,5-di-methoxyphenyl}acryloylcholine.
Accumulates in upper part of roots, hypocotyls and cotyledons of developing embryo. Levels increase in early stages (torpedo, 4 days after flowering) and decrease during late stages of embryo development.
CLR.2, the major quantitative trait loci (QTL) involved in seed lipid metabolism is associated with the single point mutation L407V.
Contributes to fatty acids elongation and stockage in developing seeds. Active on both saturated and mono-unsaturated acyl-CoAs of 16 and 18 carbons. Required for the elongation of C18 to C20 and of C20 to C22 fatty acids. Mediates also the synthesis of VLCFAs from 20 to 26 carbons in length (e.g. C20:1, C20, C22:1, C22, C24:1, C24, C26) (PubMed:15277688, PubMed:16765910, PubMed:7734965, PubMed:9263455, Ref.4, Ref.5, PubMed:12135493, PubMed:23145136). Has no activity with polyunsaturated C18:2 and C18:3 or with acyl-CoAs having 22 carbons or longer chain length (PubMed:12135493).
Expressed specifically in seeds, especially in embryos (PubMed:11575726, PubMed:7734965). Expressed in siliques (PubMed:18465198).
Inhibited by K3 herbicides such as allidochlor, cafenstrole and flufenacet (PubMed:15277688). Strongly inhibited by metazachlor and only slightly by mefluidide (PubMed:22284369).
Repressed by herbicides such as flufenacet and benfuresate.
Strong fatty acid chain length ratio (CLR) reduction.
Belongs to the choline/ethanolamine kinase family.
By wounding, and salt and osmotic stresses.
Involved in phospholipid biosynthesis. Catalyzes the first step in phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis (By similarity).
Not induced by inorganic phosphate deprivation.
Highly expressed in leaves, hypocotyls, roots, vasculature of cotyledons, floral organs and in the endodermis and vasculaturenof inflorescence stems.
Transcription factor regulating lateral organ morphogenesis and gravitropic responses (PubMed:24039602). Has a redundant role with IDD14 in directing leaf and floral organ morphogenesis (PubMed:24039602). Acts cooperatively with IDD15 to control silique and branche orientation (PubMed:24039602). Involved in the establishment of auxin gradients through the regulation of auxin biosynthesis and transport (PubMed:24039602).
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily.
Reduced homogalacturonan pectins (HG) methylesterification in cell walls (PubMed:21422118). Plants lacking both CGR2 and CGR3 (cgr2-1 cgr3-1) exihibit severe defects in plant growth and development (e.g. shorter hypocotyl and primary root length due to reduced cell elongation, and abnormal pollen tube elongation), as well as reduced levels of pectin methylesterification associated with decreased microsomal pectin methyltransferase activity. The double mutant cgr2-1 cgr3-1 also lacks uronic acids and methyl ester (PubMed:25704846). Reduced HG methylesterification in cgr2-1 cgr3-1 double mutant results in thin but dense leaf mesophyll that limits CO(2) diffusion to chloroplasts and reduces leaf area, thus impairing photosynthesis efficiency and carbon (C) partitioning (PubMed:27208234).
Together with CGR2, required for homogalacturonan pectins (HG) methylesterification in the Golgi apparatus prior to integration into cell walls, essential for general growth and development (PubMed:21422118, PubMed:25704846, PubMed:27208234). Promotes petiole elongation (PubMed:21422118). Impacts photosynthesis and respiration efficiency by influencing leaf mesophyll morphology and physiology; pectin methylesterification modulates both expansion and positioning of cells in leaves, probably by changing cell walls plasticity (PubMed:27208234).
Belongs to the PC-esterase family. CASD1 subfamily.
Decreased levels of acetylated cell wall polymers and lower amounts of acetic acid in single mutant. Increased tolerance toward the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea (PubMed:21212300). Severe growth phenotypes (e.g. dwarf and abnormal flower organs) associated with reduction in the secondary wall thickening and the stem mechanical strength in the quadruple mutant rwa1 rwa2 rwa3 rwa4 and characterized by reduced xylan acetylation and altered ratio of non-methylated to methylated glucuronic acid side chains. Absence of interfascicular fibers and xylem cells differentiation (PubMed:21673009, PubMed:24019426). The double mutant rwa2 rwa4 and triple mutants rwa2 rwa3 rwa4, rwa1 rwa2 rwa3 and rwa1 rwa2 rwa4 are also dwarfs with abnormal morphology. Altered O-acetylated xyloglucans (XyG) oligosaccharides (XyGOs) composition (PubMed:24019426).
Expressed in cells undergoing secondary wall thickeningin a SND1-dependent manner, such as xylem cells. Slightly elevated in the inflorescence stems (PubMed:21673009). Mainly observed in leaves and inflorescence stem tops, but present ubiquitously (PubMed:21212300).
Probable O-acetyltransferase involved in the acetylation of cell wall polymers (both pectic and nonpectic polysaccharides) and of xylan during secondary wall biosynthesis. Catalyzes the O-acetylation of xyloglucan.
Seems required for infection by the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea.
Contains a PAM2-like motif, which seems to be involved in the binding to the PABC/CTC domain of PAB proteins.
ATP-dependent specificity component of the mitochondrial Clp protease. It directs the protease to specific substrates. Can perform chaperone functions in the absence of ClpP.
Hydrolase that can remove conjugated ubiquitin from proteins in vitro and may therefore play an important regulatory role at the level of protein turnover by preventing degradation.
Interacts with PURA1 (PubMed:12631321). Interacts with SPL (PubMed:25527103).
Transcription factor that binds to the site II motif (3'-TGGGCC/T-5') in the promoter of PCNA-2 and to 3'-GCCCG/A-5' elements in the promoters of cyclin CYCB1-1 and ribosomal protein genes.
In cv. Columbia, a naturally occurring frameshift at position 444 results in a shortened C-terminus. A complete sequence for TAN can be found in strain cv. Landsberg erecta (AC Q197W8).
Is required for spatial control cell division during plant development. Through an association with microtubules, acts both for the positioning of cytoskeletal arrays that establish planes of cell division during prophase and for spatial guidance of expanding phragmoplasts toward preestablished cortical division sites (CDS) during cytokinesis (By similarity).
Component of the large ribosomal subunit (LSU).
Component of the ribosome, a large ribonucleoprotein complex responsible for the synthesis of proteins in the cell. The small ribosomal subunit (SSU) binds messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and translates the encoded message by selecting cognate aminoacyl-transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules. The large subunit (LSU) contains the ribosomal catalytic site termed the peptidyl transferase center (PTC), which catalyzes the formation of peptide bonds, thereby polymerizing the amino acids delivered by tRNAs into a polypeptide chain. The nascent polypeptides leave the ribosome through a tunnel in the LSU and interact with protein factors that function in enzymatic processing, targeting, and the membrane insertion of nascent chains at the exit of the ribosomal tunnel. Seems involved in the regulation of cell proliferation (PubMed:19392710). Essential in leaf polarity establishment, probably having a role for translation in leaf dorsoventral patterning to specify leaf adaxial identity (PubMed:18305007).
Moderate reduction in cell number (PubMed:19392710). Abnormal leaf patterning, with the abaxial mesophyll features appearing in the adaxial mesophyll domain (PubMed:18305007). Double mutants oli2 oli7 have further reduced cell number but exhibit also excessive postmitotic cell enlargement in leaves (compensation phenotype) (PubMed:19392710). Plant missing both OLI7 and GIF1/AN3 have a strong compensation phenotype (PubMed:19392710).
Expressed in roots, flowers and leaves, and to a lower extent in stems.
Transcriptional activator that specifically binds 5'-GATA-3' or 5'-GAT-3' motifs within gene promoters. May be involved in the regulation of some light-responsive genes.
Belongs to the 2Fe2S plant-type ferredoxin family.
Ferredoxins are iron-sulfur proteins that transfer electrons in a wide variety of metabolic reactions (Probable). Mediates alternative electron partitioning in conditions of acceptor limitation at photosystem I (By similarity).
Ferredoxins are iron-sulfur proteins that transfer electrons in a wide variety of metabolic reactions.
Slightly up-regulated in response to acceptor limitation at photosystem I (PSI) in plants lacking of photosynthetic [2Fe-2S] ferredoxin (Fd).
Impaired sensitivity to peptidoglycans (PGNs) leading to higher susceptibility to infection with virulent Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000.
May be due to a competing donor splice site. Has no GPI-anchor.
Required as a cell surface receptor for peptidoglycan (PGN) elicitor signaling leading to innate immunity. Plays an essential role in detecting PGNs and restricting bacterial growth (of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 for example).
Belongs to the Nudix hydrolase family. CPSF5 subfamily.
Component of the cleavage factor Im (CFIm) complex that plays a key role in pre-mRNA 3'-processing.
Component of the cleavage factor Im (CFIm) complex that plays a key role in pre-mRNA 3'-processing. Involved in association with CPSF6 or CPSF7 in pre-MRNA 3'-end poly(A) site cleavage and poly(A) addition. NUDT21/CPSF5 binds to cleavage and polyadenylation RNA substrates. The homodimer mediates simultaneous sequence-specific recognition of two 5'-UGUA-3' elements within the pre-mRNA. Binds to, but does not hydrolyze mono- and di-adenosine nucleotides. May have a role in mRNA export.
Homodimer. Component of the cleavage factor Im (CFIm) complex (By similarity). Forms a complex with cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor (CPSF) subunits FIPS5, PAPS4 and CPSF30 (PubMed:18479511).
Homodimer. Component of the cleavage factor Im (CFIm) complex.
High affinity carnitine transporter involved in the active cellular uptake of carnitine. Also transports organic cations (By similarity).
Weakly expressed in roots, including tips and initiation site of lateral roots, siliques and flowers, especially in pollen and stigma.
Interacts with calmodulin (CaM) in a calcium Ca(2+)-dependent manner in vitro.
Phosphorylates NAD(+) to produces NADP(+) in a calmodulin calcium-dependent manner (PubMed:31554701). Does not possess activity toward NADH (PubMed:31554701). Has broad specificity for the phosphoryl donor, as ATP, CTP, GTP and UTP can be used interchangeably and produce similar efficiencies (PubMed:31554701). May play a role in producing NADP(H) needed to regulate the elicitor-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst by sustaining the activity of NADPH oxidases (PubMed:31554701). Does not seem to play a role in photosynthesis-driven growth (PubMed:31554701).
By dehydration stress, auxin, abscisic acid (ABA), jasmonate, ozone and transition from dark to far-red and red light.
Delayed flowering, long-hypocotyl phenotype under low fluences of far-red light and insensitive to ABA-mediated inhibition of root elongation.
Involved in light signaling, mainly phyA-mediated photomorphogenesis and in the integration of various phytohormone signals to modulate various aspects of plant development by affecting glutathione pools. In vitro, possesses glutathione S-transferase activity toward 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) and benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC).
Acts as an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase, or as part of E3 complex, which accepts ubiquitin from specific E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes and then transfers it to substrates (in vitro).
Belongs to the RING-type zinc finger family. LOG2 subfamily.
Although related to the protein phosphatase 2C family, lacks some of the conserved residues that bind manganese, suggesting it has no phosphatase activity.
Expressed in seeds from 1 to 4 days after imbibition.
Enhanced susceptibility to geminivirus infection.
Expressed in seedlings, leaves and flowers.
Inhibited by the viral nuclear shuttle protein (NSP) that binds to the region required for oligomerization.
Involved in defense response to geminivirus infection.
Oligomer. Interacts with geminivirus nuclear shuttle protein (NSP).
Acts in asparagine catabolism but also in the final steps of protein and degradation via hydrolysis of a range of isoaspartyl dipeptides. The affinity for Asn and at least 4 isoaspartyl dipeptides (L-beta-Asp-Ala, L-beta-Asp-Gly, L-beta-Asp-Leu, L-beta-Asp-Phe) is quite low, KM being greater than 4.0 mM. The enzyme is inactive on alpha-aspartyl dipeptides.
Cleaved into an alpha and beta chain by autocatalysis; this activates the enzyme. The N-terminal residue of the beta subunit is responsible for the nucleophile hydrolase activity.
Heterotetramer of two alpha and two beta chains arranged as a dimer of alpha/beta heterodimers.
Belongs to the phage and mitochondrial RNA polymerase family.
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates.
Belongs to the amino acid/polyamine transporter 2 family. Amino acid/auxin permease (AAAP) (TC 2.A.18.2) subfamily.
May be involved in the transport of GABA.
Was originally (PubMed:11346655) thought to belong to the ABC transporter family. Lacks the conserved ABC domain, which is one of the features of the ABC transporter family.
Acts as repressor of cold stress-regulated gene expression. Interacts specifically with and promotes deacetylation of histone H4. Plays a role in gene regulation for plant acclimation and tolerance to cold stress.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant seedlings are hypersensitive to freezing.
Expressed in the vasculature of the primary root and elongation regions. Expressed in the hypocotyl, cotyledon veins, vasculature of the first rosette leaves, hydathodes and at the base of the trichomes. In stems, expressed in the vascular cambium, interfascicular cambium developing xylem and cortex region. Expressed in the style, the vascular strands of the sepals pollen and anthers in flowers, in the abscission and stigmatic regions of siliques and seed funicule and testa.
Belongs to the copper transporter (Ctr) (TC 1.A.56) family. SLC31A subfamily.
Down-regulated by treatment with high concentrations of copper.
Highly expressed in roots and at lower levels in leaves, stems and flowers.
Decreased levels upon illumination, in both nucleus and plastids (PubMed:31604812). Induced by TCP14 (PubMed:31604812).
Increased expression levels of ELIP1 and ELIP2, especially upon illumination (PubMed:31604812). Reduced cotyledons greening in deetiolated seedlings (PubMed:31604812).
Interacts with the phytoene synthase PSY1 in chloroplast. Binds to the eukaryotic release factor eRF1-2 (PubMed:34405771). Interacts with the transcription factor TCP14 in the nucleus to repress chloroplast biogenesis in etiolated seedlings (PubMed:31604812). Associates to the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme UBC19 (PubMed:34405771).
Involved in chromoplast differentiation. Associated with a cellular process that triggers the differentiation of pro-plastids or other non-colored plastids into chromoplasts for carotenoid accumulation (PubMed:24267591). Is associated with carotenoid accumulation in chromoplasts (PubMed:26224804). Functions as a major regulator of the phytoene synthase PSY1 protein level and activity. Modulates carotenoid biosynthesis by means of post-transcriptional regulation of PSY1 (PubMed:25675505). Modulates carotenoid biosynthesis in part by up-regulating a series of endogenous carotenogenic genes (PubMed:25857664). Regulates cell elongation in the petiole in an eRF1-2-dependent manner (PubMed:34405771). Binds to and represses TCP14 transactivation activity, thus preventing early light-induced proteins (ELIPs, e.g. ELIP1 and ELIP2) expression and delaying chloroplast biogenesis (e.g. lower chlorophyll biosynthesis and slower development of thylakoid membranes) in germinating cotyledons and etiolated seedlings; reduced levels upon illumination combined to TCP14 accumulation derepress chloroplast biogenesis during deetiolation (PubMed:31604812).
Ubiquitination at K-58 by UBC19 is essential for nuclear localization.
Accumulates in an adaxial ball-shaped set of cells in three to five cell layers around the L3 layer of the shoot apical meristem (SAM) in youg plantlets. In the inflorescence meristem, confined to the axils of flower primordia.
Transcription activator (By similarity). Positively regulates axillary meristems (AMs) formation and development, especially during inflorescence.
Belongs to the myo-inositol oxygenase family.
Involved in the biosynthesis of UDP-glucuronic acid (UDP-GlcA), providing nucleotide sugars for cell-wall polymers. May be also involved in plant ascorbate biosynthesis.
Catalyzes the last step of tRNA splicing, the transfer of the splice junction 2'-phosphate from ligated tRNA to NAD to produce ADP-ribose 1''-2'' cyclic phosphate.
In contrast to fungi and metazoa, plant mitochondria have more than one i-AAA-like complexes.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the peptidase M41 family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the AAA ATPase family.
Probable ATP-dependent zinc metallopeptidase. Involved in the assembly and/or stability of the complexes I and V. Involved in thermotolerance but not in high light stress resistance or in the assembly/stability of the complexes I and V of the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation system.
Belongs to the plant cysteine rich small secretory peptide family. Epidermal patterning factor subfamily.
Expressed in immature organs, including leaves, stems and flower buds, but not in roots, shoot apical meristem and petals. Detected in the mesophyll tissues but not in the epidermal tissues where stomata develop.
Positively regulates stomatal density and patterning. Acts by competing with EPF2 (AC Q8LC53) for the same receptors, ERECTA (AC Q42371) and TMM (AC Q9SSD1). Not cleaved by the protease CRSP (AC Q9LNU1) (PubMed:25043023).
Reduced stomatal densities in various organs.
The loop (82-95) connecting the two anti-parallel beta-strands (76-81 and 96-101) confers the function to the peptide.
By the cytokinin benzyladenine (BA) and cold stress.
Highly expressed in flowers and at lower levels in leaves and siliques.
Delayed flowering (PubMed:21265895, PubMed:25929516). Roots of the triple mutant jkd mgp nuc contain patches of undivided ground tissue (GT), indicating that cortex and endodermis layers are not fully separated. The quadruple mutant line jkd mgp nuc scr has short root meristems, lacks endodermis and miss Casparian strip (PubMed:25829440).
Highly expressed in vegetative organs and at lower levels in flowers and siliques. Expressed predominantly in roots. In roots, present in cortex, endodermis, and pericycle layer (PubMed:25829440).
Inhibition of transcription factor activity by KIN10-mediated phosphorylation at Thr-98, Ser-178 and Ser-182 under sugar deprivation conditions, thus delaying flowering.
Transcription activator that binds to the DNA sequence 5'-CTTTTGTCC-3' (PubMed:21265895, PubMed:25929516). Regulates photoperiodic flowering by modulating sugar transport and metabolism (PubMed:21265895, PubMed:25929516). Regulates SUS1 and SUS4 (PubMed:21265895). Transcription factor that regulates tissue boundaries and asymmetric cell division (PubMed:25829440). Contributes to the sequestration of 'SHORT-ROOT' to the nucleus (PubMed:25829440).
Up-regulated by 'SHORT-ROOT' (SHR)(PubMed:16640459). Strongly down-regulated by sugar deprivation, but not regulated by day-length.
The C-terminal propeptide is autocleaved.
Catalyzes the reduction of methionine sulfoxide (MetSO) to methionine in proteins. Plays a protective role against oxidative stress by restoring activity to proteins that have been inactivated by methionine oxidation. MSRB family specifically reduces the MetSO R-enantiomer (By similarity).
Enhanced susceptibility to pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola.
Lacks the signal peptide, which is a conserved feature of the gene family.
Belongs to the cation transport ATPase (P-type) (TC 3.A.3) family. Type IB subfamily.
Could be the product of a pseudogene. In strain cv. Columbia, a naturally frameshift at position 543 results in a truncated HMA3 protein. Lacks the magnesium binding sites, suggesting that it has no cadmium/zinc-transporting ATPase activity. A complete sequence for HMA3 can be found in strain cv. Wassilewskija (AC P0CW78).
Involved in the O-glucosylation of monolignols (alcohol monomers of lignin) (PubMed:11042211, PubMed:15907484, PubMed:16995900, PubMed:21149736, PubMed:24667164). Glucosylates coniferyl alcohol to form coniferyl alcohol 4-O-glucoside (PubMed:11042211, PubMed:15907484, PubMed:16995900, PubMed:21149736, PubMed:24667164). Glucosylates sinapyl alcohol to form sinapyl alcohol 4-O-glucoside (PubMed:11042211, PubMed:12721858, PubMed:15907484, PubMed:21149736, PubMed:24667164). Glucosylates coniferyl aldehyde to form coniferyl aldehyde 4-O-glucoside (PubMed:15907484). Glucosylates sinapyl aldehyde to form sinapyl aldehyde 4-O-glucoside (PubMed:15907484). Possesses low activity with sinapate and ferulate as substrates (PubMed:11042211, PubMed:15907484).
Plants overexpressing UGT72E2 show increased accumulation of monolignol glucosides in roots and appearance of these glucosides in leaves.
Does not emit any sesquiterpene volatiles except (E)-beta-caryophyllene, alpha-copaene and alpha-humulene.
Expressed exclusively in flowers. Expressed in intrafloral nectaries and in the funiculus within the ovules.
Involved in the biosynthesis of over 15 sesquiterpenes (C15). The major products are (+)-alpha-barbatene (27.3%), (+)-thujopsene (17.8%) and (+)-beta-chamigrene (9.9%). Can use farnesyl diphosphate or geranyl diphosphate as substrates, but not geranylgeranyl diphosphate.
Involved in delta-9 desaturation of fatty acids (Probable) (PubMed:17156034, PubMed:15240892). Involved in the production of very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) (PubMed:23175755). May desaturate chloroplastic monogalactosyl diacylglycerol (MGDG) and alter chloroplast membrane fluidity, which is required to prime a cold acclimation response (PubMed:27062193).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants display enhanced freezing tolerance upon cold acclimation.
Strongly expressed in inflorescence meristems, leaves, and flowers, and weakly in roots and seedpods.
Substrate specificity shifts from delta-9 to delta-7 desaturation when the protein is retargeted to the chloroplast.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class TrmE-Era-EngA-EngB-Septin-like GTPase superfamily. AIG1/Toc34/Toc159-like paraseptin GTPase family. TOC159 subfamily.
Expressed in seedlings, leaves, flowers, and roots.
GTPase involved in protein precursor import into chloroplasts. Seems to recognize chloroplast-destined precursor proteins and regulate their presentation to the translocation channel through GTP hydrolysis. Probably specialized in the import of nuclear encoded photosynthetic preproteins from the cytoplasm to the chloroplast.
Homodimer (By similarity). Part of the TOC core complex that includes 1 protein for the specific recognition of transit peptides surrounded by a ring composed of four proteins forming translocation channels, and four to five GTP-binding proteins providing energy. This core complex can interact with components of the TIC complex to form a larger import complex. Chloroplastic protein precursor such as prSS (precursor of the RuBisCO small subunit) interacts with these complexes. The TOC complex contains a specific subset of polar lipids such as digalactosyldiacylglyceride (DGDG), phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylglycerol (PG). Interacts with TOC33 and TOC75.
Accumulates upon infection by generalist herbivores such as Spodoptera littoralis (PubMed:35401621). Induced by wounding (PubMed:35401621).
Belongs to the serine rich endogenous peptide (SCOOP) phytocytokine family.
Brassicaceae-specific phytocytokine (plant endogenous peptide released into the apoplast) perceived by MIK2 in a BAK1/SERK3 and SERK4 coreceptors-dependent manner, that modulates various physiological and antimicrobial processes including growth prevention and reactive oxygen species (ROS) response regulation (PubMed:34535661). Inhibits root growth (PubMed:34535661).
Interacts with MIK2 (via extracellular leucine-rich repeat domain); this interaction triggers the formation of complex between MIK2 and the BAK1/SERK3 and SERK4 coreceptors, and subsequent BAK1 activation by phosphorylation.
Mostly expressed in roots, and, barely, in seedlings shoots.
Belongs to the NFYA/HAP2 subunit family.
Component of the sequence-specific heterotrimeric transcription factor (NF-Y) which specifically recognizes a 5'-CCAAT-3' box motif found in the promoters of its target genes.
Heterotrimeric transcription factor composed of three components, NF-YA, NF-YB and NF-YC (By similarity). NF-YB and NF-YC must interact and dimerize for NF-YA association and DNA binding (By similarity). Component of a heat stress-inducible transcriptional complex with NF-YA and NF-YB subunits made, at least, of NFYA2, NFYB3 and DPB3-1 in cooperation with DREB2A (PubMed:25490919).
In seedlings, first expressed in petioles and leaf blades of the cotyledons as well as tops and bottoms of the hypocotyls.
Stimulates the transcription of various genes by recognizing and binding to a CCAAT motif in promoters (By similarity). Promotes the expression of heat stress-inducible genes by contributing to the formation of a heat stress-specific transcriptional complex with NF-Y subunits (e.g. DPB3-1, NF-YA2 and NF-YB3) and DREB2A at the promoter of target genes, thus promoting heat tolerance (PubMed:25490919).
Ubiquitous (PubMed:11250072, PubMed:9662544). Expressed in seedlings, roots, petioles, hypocotyls, reproductive organ tissues and leaves (PubMed:25490919).
Plays an important role in zinc transport and homeostasis. Could also be involved in cadmium detoxification.
Predominantly expressed in the vascular tissues of roots, stems, and leaves. Also detected in developing anthers.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX55/SPB4 subfamily.
Belongs to the NmrA-type oxidoreductase family. Isoflavone reductase subfamily.
No significant difference in lariciresinol content (PubMed:18347017). Prr1 and prr2 double mutants show a complete inhibition of lariciresinol biosynthesis (PubMed:18347017). Elevated levels of pinoresinol, reduced lignin content in the fiber cells, and a slightly altered lignin structure with low abundance of cinnamyl alcohol end groups (PubMed:25107662).
Reductase involved in lignan biosynthesis (PubMed:18347017, PubMed:25107662). Involved in secondary cell wall biosynthesis in fiber cells (PubMed:25107662). Unlike conventional pinoresinol reductases that can reduce both pinoresinol and lariciresinol, PRR1 shows a strict substrate preference toward pinoresinol (PubMed:18347017). Active on both (+) and (-)-pinoresinol (PubMed:18347017). Abstracts the 4R-hydride from the NADPH cofactor during catalysis (PubMed:18347017).
Interacts with RABE1A, TUFA, RABE1C, RABE1D and RABE1E.
Plants overexpressing PI5K2 exhibit severe dwarfism and are enriched in the plasma membrane of the root meristem.
Possesses phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) phosphate kinase activity (Probable). Phosphorylates PtdIns(4)P and PtdIns(3)P in vitro (PubMed:19903693). Doesn't phosphorylate PtdIns(5)P nor PtdIns(3,4)P2 in vitro (PubMed:19903693). Does not exhibit phosphatidylinositol kinase activity in vitro (PubMed:19903693).
Expressed in root vasculature, cotyledons, leaves, petals, mature stamens and pollen grains.
Induced by sucrose and glucose. Down-regulated by auxin.
Interacts with GB1. Interacts with the heterodimers formed by GB1 and GG1, or GB1 and GG2. Interacts with RGS1.
Interacts with the heterotrimeric G protein beta subunit GB1 and plays an significant role in GB1-dependent regulation of lateral root formation. Involved in a signaling pathway that modulates root auxin transport and auxin gradients. Acts partially by positively regulating the auxin carrier PIN2 and AUX1 (PubMed:19948787). Acts, together with GB1 as positive regulator of meristem initiation and branching. GB1 and NDL1 positively regulate basipetal inflorescence auxin transport and modulate MAX2 expression in shoots, which regulates organ and lateral meristem formation by the establishment and maintenance of auxin gradients (PubMed:24223735).
Slight reduction in length of primary root.
Abundantly expressed in flowers. Expressed in roots, seedlings, rosettes and stems.
Belongs to the cyclin family. Cyclin T subfamily.
Belongs to the SNF2/RAD54 helicase family.
Expressed in seedlings, roots, stems, leaves, flowers and siliques.
Over-expression of SRF8 may lead to seedling lethality in both cv. Landsberg and cv. Columbia.
Expressed during the young seedling stage.
Expressed in radicles of the germinating seeds.
Belongs to the Clp1 family. NOL9/GRC3 subfamily.
Polynucleotide 5'-kinase involved in rRNA processing.
Adenosylhomocysteine is a competitive inhibitor of S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyl transferase reactions; therefore adenosylhomocysteinase may play a key role in the control of methylations via regulation of the intracellular concentration of adenosylhomocysteine.
In contrast to SAHH1, a mutation in the C-terminus of this protein is not sufficient to abolish transcriptional gene silencing.
A stretch of 270 kb of the mitochondrial genome is duplicated within the centromere of chromosome 2 resulting in the duplication of the gene. The expression of the duplicated genes (At2g07773) is not demonstrated.
May be involved in N-linked oligosaccharide assembly.
Belongs to the V-ATPase H subunit family.
Subunit of the peripheral V1 complex of vacuolar ATPase. Subunit H activates the ATPase activity of the enzyme and couples ATPase activity to proton flow. Vacuolar ATPase is responsible for acidifying a variety of intracellular compartments in eukaryotic cells, thus providing most of the energy required for transport processes in the vacuolar system (By similarity).
Belongs to the auxin efflux carrier (TC 2.A.69.2) family.
Involved in cellular auxin homeostasis by regulating auxin metabolism. Regulates intracellular auxin accumulation at the endoplasmic reticulum and thus auxin availability for nuclear auxin signaling.
Component of the RMI complex, containing at least TOP3A and RMI1. The RMI complex interacts with RECQL4A (By similarity).
Essential component of the RMI complex, a complex that plays an important role in the resolution step of homologous recombination, in a process called Holliday Junction dissolution, to limit DNA crossover formation in cells. Together with TOP3A, is essential for the resolution of meiotic recombination intermediates, a step that prevents entanglement of the parental chromosomes.
sterile due to extensive chromosome breakage in meiosis I.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 32 family.
Expressed during germination et seedling growth.
Induced by gibberellin (e.g. gibberellic acid GA) that accumulates in seeds after red light treatment (PubMed:15056893). Accumulates upon infection with virulent but not with avirulent P.syringae (PubMed:16807755). Degraded in a VPEgamma-dependent manner during senescence (PubMed:12773619).
May be present in two forms, a 70 kDa monomer and a heterodimer of the 30 kDa and 38 kDa subunits. The ratio of the levels of the two forms within cells appears to be regulated developmentally (By similarity).
Mostly expressed in stems, roots and flowers, and, to a lower extent, in mature leaves.
Possible role in the continued mobilization of sucrose to sink organs (PubMed:20207708). Regulates root elongation (PubMed:16481625).
Reduced carbon fixation rates during the day, but increased respiration during the night (PubMed:20207708). Shorter roots (PubMed:16481625).
The LCPYTRL domain (18-24) is critical for trafficking from the trans-Golgi network to the prevacuolar compartment and from the prevacuolar compartment to the central vacuole (PubMed:21899678). The PRRRRP domain (36-41) is involved in sorting to the vacuole (PubMed:23737500). At least two Arg are needed for correct delivery and the presence of two neighboring Pro seems to contribute to the sorting efficiency (PubMed:23737500).
Cell cycle regulated with a peak at late M/early G1 phase mitosis (PubMed:24206843). Peak of expression during metaphase (PubMed:26261921). Strongly expressed up to mid-prophase I and decreases during late prophase (PubMed:26272661). Not induced by stress (PubMed:26261921).
Expressed in somatic and reproductive tissues (PubMed:24206843). Expressed in inflorescence, young buds, roots and basal portion of young leaves (PubMed:26272661). Expressed in proliferating cells such as apical meristems of roots and shoots, expanding cotyledons and leaves, root vascular tissues, and in stomatal precursor cells (PubMed:26261921).
Interacts directly with the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) through the CDC27B and CDC20-1 subunits.
Reduced fertility when homozygous (PubMed:24206843, PubMed:24506176). High level of gametophytic aneuploidy (PubMed:24506176, PubMed:26272661). Occurrence of split sister centromeres at metaphase I (PubMed:26272661). Pans1 and pans2 double mutants are lethal when homozygous (PubMed:24206843). Increased mono- or divalent ions sensitivity resulting in primary root growth inhibition and increased lateral root density (PubMed:24134393). Hypersensitivity to microtubule-depolymerizing drugs and higher frequency of anaphase bridges under stress conditions (PubMed:26261921).
Required for the maintenance of centromeric cohesion during interkinesis, until meiosis II (PubMed:24206843, PubMed:26272661). Required for regular configuration and segregation of sister chromatids in meiosis II (PubMed:24506176). Also required for centromere cohesion during meiosis I (PubMed:26272661). Involved in spindle organization at the end of telophase I and in meiosis II (PubMed:24506176). Required to prevent precocious release of pericentromeric cohesins during meiosis, but not for cohesion establishment and monopolar orientation of kinetochores at meiosis I (PubMed:24206843). Involved also in somatic development (PubMed:24206843). Regulates mitotic cell division and ploidy stability in somatic cell types (PubMed:24506176). May be involved in the organization of microtubules dynamics (PubMed:24506176). Involved in abiotic stresses and mono- or divalent ions tolerance and may play a role in maintaining meristematic activity under saline conditions (PubMed:24134393). PANS1 and GIG1 are part of a network linking centromere cohesion and cell cycle progression through control of APC/C activity (PubMed:26272661). Regulates the number of dividing cells in root meristem and is necessary for the anaphase onset control through an APC/C-mediated pathway (PubMed:26261921). Involved in maintaining correct chromosome arm cohesion under stress conditions (PubMed:26261921).
The DEN-box is not essential for the meiotic function.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CAMK Ser/Thr protein kinase family. SNF1 subfamily.
CIPK serine-threonine protein kinases interact with CBL proteins. Binding of a CBL protein to the regulatory NAF domain of CIPK protein lead to the activation of the kinase in a calcium-dependent manner (By similarity).
The activation loop within the kinase domain is the target of phosphorylation/activation by upstream protein kinases. The PPI motif mediates the interaction with the ABI (abscisic acid-insensitive) phosphatases (By similarity).
Belongs to the MORC ATPase protein family.
Homodimer and heterodimer with MORC6. Component of an RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) complex that contains at least MORC6, MORC1/CRT1, MORC2, SWI3D and SUVH9. Binds directly to SUVH2 and SUVH9 (PubMed:24465213, PubMed:24799676). Interacts with the resistance proteins RCY1, RPM1, SNC1, RPP8, SSI4 and RPS2 (PubMed:18191794, PubMed:20332379). The interactions with various resistance proteins are disrupted when these resistance proteins are activated (PubMed:20332379). Interacts with the PAMP recognition receptor FLS2 (PubMed:23250427).
Loss of ATPase activity. Increased sensitivity to turnip crinkle virus (TCV) leading to spreading hypersensitive response (HR) and impaired control of viral replication and spread. Suppression of HR-like cell death induced by Pseudomonas syringae avrRpt2. Suppression of lesion formation and partial suppression of stunted growth of ssi4 mutant (PubMed:18191794). In the double mutant crt1-2 crh1-1, compromised resistance to avirulent Pseudomonas syringae and Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis associated with compromised cytosolic calcium accumulation upon infection (PubMed:20332379). Impaired gene silencing due to decondensation of chromocenters leading to the derepression of DNA-methylated genes and transposable elements (TEs); DNA and histone methylation seems normal (PubMed:22555433, PubMed:24799676). The double mutant crt1-2 crh1-1 exhibits also an increased sensitivity to turnip crinkle virus (TCV), and reduced defense mediated by flg22 against Pseudomonas syringae (Pst). Impaired non-host resistance toward P. infestans and altered systemic acquired resistance (SAR) triggered by P. syringae pv. maculicola (Psm) AvrRpt2 cor(-). Reduced sensitivity to the DNA-damaging agent mitomycin C (PubMed:23250427).
Mediator of defense signaling triggered by distinct classes of R proteins. Required during hypersensitive response (HR) that confers disease resistance to turnip crinkle virus (TCV). Exhibits ATPase activity (PubMed:18191794, PubMed:19704828). Contributes to resistance against Pseudomonas syringae and Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis, at early stages prior to cytosolic calcium ions Ca(2+) accumulation (PubMed:20332379). Required for pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI), basal resistance, non-host resistance and systemic acquired resistance (SAR). Binds DNA/RNA in a non-specific manner and exhibits endonuclease activity. Probably involved in DNA repair (PubMed:23250427). Required for both RPP8- and SSI4-mediated resistance responses, thus being involved in both TIR- and CC-NB-LRR pathways (PubMed:18191794). Involved in RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) as a component of the RdDM machinery and required for gene silencing (PubMed:24799676). May also be involved in the regulation of chromatin architecture to maintain gene silencing (PubMed:22555433, PubMed:24799676).
Uses preferentially Mn(2+) and, to a lesser extent, Mg(2+) as cofactors.
Brassicaceae-specific phytocytokine (plant endogenous peptide released into the apoplast) perceived by MIK2 in a BAK1/SERK3 and SERK4 coreceptors-dependent manner, that modulates various physiological and antimicrobial processes including growth prevention and reactive oxygen species (ROS) response regulation (PubMed:33514716, PubMed:34535661, PubMed:31001913). Promotes the expression of immune-related marker genes (e.g. WRKY30, WRKY33 and CYP81F2) in a MIK2-dependent manner (PubMed:34535661). Inhibits root growth and regulates root meristems (PubMed:34535661, PubMed:31001913). Prevents general growth and development (PubMed:31001913). Exhibits antibacterial effects against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000, Ralstonia solanacearum, Bacillus subtilis and Agrobacterium tumefaciens, thus being an antimicrobial peptide (AMP) (PubMed:31001913).
Induced by cold, drought and salt stress, but repressed by pathogenic bacteria Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) DC3000, jasmonate (MeJA), ethylene (ET) and salicylic acid (SA), mainly in shoots.
Mostly expressed in stems and flowers and, to a lower extent, in seedlings shoots, roots, siliques, seeds and leaves.
Slightly increased growth and fresh weight.
Belongs to the 3-hydroxybenzoate 6-hydroxylase family.
Expressed in seeds, seedlings, roots, leaves, flowers, pollen and siliques.
Core component of the splicing-dependent multiprotein exon junction complex (EJC) deposited at splice junctions on mRNAs. The EJC is a dynamic structure consisting of core proteins and several peripheral nuclear and cytoplasmic associated factors that join the complex only transiently either during EJC assembly or during subsequent mRNA metabolism. The EJC marks the position of the exon-exon junction in the mature mRNA for the gene expression machinery and the core components remain bound to spliced mRNAs throughout all stages of mRNA metabolism thereby influencing downstream processes including nuclear mRNA export, subcellular mRNA localization, translation efficiency and nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD). The MAGO-Y14 heterodimer inhibits the ATPase activity of EIF4A3, thereby trapping the ATP-bound EJC core onto spliced mRNA in a stable conformation. The MAGO-Y14 heterodimer interacts with the EJC key regulator PYM leading to EJC disassembly in the cytoplasm (By similarity). Can increase in vitro the expression from reporter constructs that contain leader introns required for the expression of different genes. In association with MAGO and PYM, participates in intron-mediated enhancement of gene expression (PubMed:21676911). The MAGO-Y14 heterodimer works synergistically with the NMD pathway to regulate male gametophyte development (PubMed:26867216).
Expressed in root and shoot meristems, cotyledons, vascular tissues of leaves, receptacle of flowers and siliques, and pollen grains.
Heterodimer with Y14 (PubMed:19435936, PubMed:26867216). Part of the mRNA splicing-dependent exon junction complex (EJC); the core complex contains MLN51/CASC3, EIF4A3, MAGO and Y14 (Probable). Interacts with PYM (PubMed:16953428, PubMed:21676911). The interaction with PYM is direct and dissociates the EJC from spliced mRNAs (Probable). Interacts with EIF4A3 (PubMed:26867216).
Male sterility due to pollen abortion after meiosis.
Expressed in the root elongation zone, stele, root cap, embryo vascular system, leaf axilar buds, silique abscission zone and guard cells.
Involved in responses to osmotic stress and abscisic acid (ABA). May act as a positive regulator of ABA signaling during germination and seedling development under stress.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant seedlings show reduced root elongation under salt stress and increased germination rates under osmotic stress and exogenous ABA treatments.
A N-terminal domain (80-269) is responsible for the interaction with KU70.
Binds specifically to the plant telomeric double-stranded DNA sequences 5'-GGTTTAG-3'. At least 4 repeats of telomeric sequences are required for binding. Induces DNA bending.
Expressed ubiquitously. Highest expression in flowers and leaves.
Homodimer and heterodimer with TRP2 and TRP3. Interacts with KU70.
No visible phenotype, probably due to redundancy.
The C-terminal domain (464-578) is sufficient for telomere binding.
Expressed in roots, leaves, shoot apical meristems (SAM), and floral buds.
Disorganised deposition of Casparian strips.
Homodimer and heterodimers with other CASP proteins. Interacts with CASP1, CASP2, CASP4 and CASP5.
Regulates membrane-cell wall junctions and localized cell wall deposition. Required for establishment of the Casparian strip membrane domain (CSD) and the subsequent formation of Casparian strips, a cell wall modification of the root endodermis that determines an apoplastic barrier between the intraorganismal apoplasm and the extraorganismal apoplasm and prevents lateral diffusion.
Can be trimethylated at Lys-387 by LSMT-L, but the trimethylation has no effect in vitro.
Down-regulated by oxidative stress (PubMed:12492832). Induced by fructose and sucrose (PubMed:22561114). Down-regulated by abiotic stresses (PubMed:22561114).
Expressed in roots, and at low levels in rosettes leaves, cauline leaves, stems and flowers.
Plays a key role in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.
Expressed in the aerial parts of seedlings, in roots, leaves and flowers. Not detected in stems and siliques.
Hypersensitivity to NaCl and ABA in seed germination, and to salicylic acid (SA) in seedling growth.
Sulfotransferase that utilizes 3'-phospho-5'-adenylyl sulfate (PAPS) as sulfonate donor to catalyze the stereospecific sulfate conjugation of 24-epibrassinosteroids. Preferred substrates are 24-epicathasterone and 6-deoxo-24-epicathasterone. Low activity with 22-deoxy-24-epiteasterone. No activity with 24-epimers catasterone and brassinolide. Sulfonates salicylic acid. May be involved in detoxification. Enhances plant response to pathogen infection and contributes to long distance signaling in systemic acquired resistance (SAR).
Up-regulated by pathogens, methyljasmonate, salicylic acid, salt, osmotic stress, cold, auxin, cytokinin and abscisic acid treatments. Not induced by desiccation and ethylene treatment.
May be necessary for the splicing of pre-mRNA.
Belongs to the peptidase M24 family. SPT16 subfamily.
Component of the FACT complex, a general chromatin factor that acts to reorganize nucleosomes. The FACT complex is involved in multiple processes that require DNA as a template such as mRNA elongation, DNA replication and DNA repair. During transcription elongation the FACT complex acts as a histone chaperone that both destabilizes and restores nucleosomal structure. It facilitates the passage of RNA polymerase II and transcription by promoting the dissociation of one histone H2A-H2B dimer from the nucleosome, then subsequently promotes the reestablishment of the nucleosome following the passage of RNA polymerase II.
Belongs to the CWC16 family. YJU2 subfamily.
Component of the spliceosome. Present in the activated B complex, the catalytically activated B* complex which catalyzes the branching, the catalytic step 1 C complex catalyzing the exon ligation, and the postcatalytic P complex containing the ligated exons (mRNA) and the excised lariat intron.
Part of the spliceosome which catalyzes two sequential transesterification reactions, first the excision of the non-coding intron from pre-mRNA and then the ligation of the coding exons to form the mature mRNA. Plays a role in stabilizing the structure of the spliceosome catalytic core and docking of the branch helix into the active site, producing 5'-exon and lariat intron-3'-intermediates.
Binds to conventional NLS motifs and mediates nuclear protein import across the nuclear envelope.
Homodimer. Heterodimer with SNX1 or SNX2A. Component of the retromer complex which consists of VPS29 (MAG1), VPS26 (VPS26A or VPS26B), VPS35 (VPS35A or VPS35B or VPS35C), VPS5/17 (SNX1 or SNX2A or SNX2B).
Plays a role in vesicular protein sorting (By similarity). Acts at the crossroads between the secretory and endocytic pathways. Is involved in the endosome to vacuole protein transport and, as component of the membrane-associated retromer complex, is also involved in endosome-to-Golgi retrograde transport (By similarity). Also involved in the efficient sorting of seed storage protein globulin 12S.
Reduced rosette size and inflorescence length as well as root gravitropism defects in snx2a and snx2b double mutant. Accumulation of storage protein globulin 12S in dry seeds.
The PX domain binds phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate which is necessary for peripheral membrane localization.
Ubiquitously expressed but at a lower level in flowers, siliques, and senescing leaves.
Required for karyogamy during female gametophyte development, when the two polar nuclei fuse to form the diploid central cell nucleus.
Essential component of the PAM complex, a complex required for the translocation of transit peptide-containing proteins from the inner membrane into the mitochondrial matrix in an ATP-dependent manner.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL33 family.
Binds 1 zinc ion per subunit. In the homodimer, two zinc ions are bound between subunits.
Catalyzes the conversion of hemimercaptal, formed from methylglyoxal and glutathione, to S-lactoylglutathione.
Belongs to the EARLY FLOWERING 4 family.
Component of the central CCA1/LHY-TOC1 feedback loop in the circadian clock that promotes clock accuracy and is required for sustained rhythms in the absence of daily light/dark cycles.
Follows a light-dependent circadian-regulated expression with a peak at midday, about 6 hours after dawn.
Belongs to the PA-phosphatase related phosphoesterase family.
Constitutively expressed. Not induced by stress, mastoparan or hypersensitive response elicitor harpin. Down-regulated by ABA.
Expressed in roots, stems, leaves, buds, flowers and siliques.
May play a general 'housekeeping role' in lipid metabolism. Exhibits both diacylglycerol pyrophosphate (DGPP) phosphatase and phosphatidate (PA) phosphatase activities with no preference for either substrate. May play a role downstream of the ABA signaling pathway during seed germination and in stomatal movement in leaves.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants show hypersensitivity to ABA and significant PA accumulation during seed germination.
PA phosphatase activity not inhibited by N-ethylmaleimide.
Adaptor protein complex 3 (AP-3) is a heterotetramer composed of two large adaptins (delta-type subunit and beta-type subunit), a medium adaptin (mu-type subunit) and a small adaptin (sigma-type subunit).
No obvious phenotype except defective lytic vacuoles with altered morphology and accumulation of proteins.
Part of the AP-3 complex, an adaptor-related complex which seems to be clathrin-associated. The complex is associated with the Golgi region as well as more peripheral structures. It facilitates the budding of vesicles from the Golgi membrane and may be directly involved in trafficking to the vacuole. It also function in maintaining the identity of lytic vacuoles and in regulating the transition between storage and lytic vacuoles.
Expressed in hypocotyls, rosette and cauline leaves, inflorescences stems, flowers and siliques.
Putative transcription activator involved in regulating light control of development.
Up-regulated in hypocotyls by far-red light treatment.
Belongs to the kinesin light chain family.
Highly expressed in guard cells and stomatal precursor cells of cotyledons. Expressed in roots, stems, flowers and siliques.
Interacts with CKS1 (PubMed:9276444, PubMed:11319029). Interacts with CYCU3-1 (PubMed:15197472). Interacts with SIM, SMR1 and SMR2 (PubMed:20706207).
May control G2/M (mitosis) phase progression. Plays a role in regulating seedling growth in darkness via regulation of hypocotyl cell elongation and cotyledon cell development. Plays a role in stomatal development. Required to suppress endoreduplication. Together with CDKB1-2, promotes both the last division in the stomatal cell lineage as well as the number of stomata (PubMed:20675570). In collaboration with MYB124 and MYB88, restrict the G1/S transition and chloroplast and nuclear number during stomatal formation, and normally maintain fate and developmental progression throughout the stomatal cell lineage (PubMed:24123248, PubMed:24687979).
No apparent stomatal abnormalities. The double mutant cdkb1;1 cdkb1;2 has a reduced number of abnormal stomata consisting in single guard cells (GC) (PubMed:20675570, PubMed:24123248, PubMed:24687979). CDKA-1 partially rescue abnormal stomata phenotype of cdkb1;1 cdkb1;2 (PubMed:24687979). The quadruple mutant flp-1 myb88 cdkb1;1 cdkb1;2 has a reduced number of large single guard cells blocked at mitosis, with strongly altered shape and size and characterized by enlarged nucleus due to endomitosis and endocycling, as well as extensive chloroplast replication (PubMed:24123248).
Phosphorylation at Thr-14 or Tyr-15 inactivates the enzyme, while phosphorylation at Thr-176 activates it.
Preferentially expressed in the S and G2 phases. Expressed in actively dividing cells: root and shoot apical meristems, leaf primordia and emerging lateral root meristem. Expressed in light-grown seedlings from 1 up to 7 days after germination with a peak at 2 and 3 days. Observed in late guard mother cells (GMC), newly formed guard cells, and immature stomata, thus being expressed just before and after the symmetric division of stomatal differentiation (PubMed:20675570).
Repressed by MYB88 and MYB124 during stomatal development.
A C-terminal domain (252-356) is required for dimerization.
Circadian-regulation with an afternoon peak in long days and with a broad night peak in short days (PubMed:21950734). Expression of AS1 in stem cells of the shoot apical meristem is prevented by SHOOT MERISTEMLESS (STM). Expression is activated by GTE6 during leaf morphogenesis (PubMed:16166385).
Expressed in roots, stems, leaves, flowers, siliques and in lateral organ promordia (PubMed:17559509). Found in the inner domain between the adaxial and abaxial domains of leaves (PubMed:17559509). Expressed in the phloem tissues of leaves, cotyledons, hypocotyls, and roots (PubMed:21950734).
Homodimer (PubMed:12750468, PubMed:23271976). Heterodimer with LBD6 (PubMed:23271976). Interacts with LBD6/AS2, HIRA, a probable histone chaperone, and RIK, a predicted RNA binding protein (PubMed:12874130, PubMed:16243907). Part of the AS1 repressor complex composed of AS1, LBD6/AS2 and HDA6 (PubMed:23271976). Interacts with CO (PubMed:21950734).
Plants with double mutations in this protein and in RH10 or AS2 protein have abaxialized filamentous and trumpet-like leaves at high temperatures. In double mutants, shapes of epidermal cells of the filamentous leaves are simple and rectangular, similar to those of a petiole, but different from those of flat leaves of wild-type plants.
Preferential expression in young and immature plant tissues. In embryos, expressed from the late globular stage onwards. After germination, detected in leaf founder cells and on flowering, in primordia of all floral organs.
Transcription factor required for normal cell differentiation. Positively regulates LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARIES (LOB) within the shoot apex, and the class III HD-ZIP genes REV, PHB, and PHV. Interacts directly with ASYMMETRIC LEAVES 2 (LBD6/AS2) to repress the knox homeobox genes BP/KNAT1, KNAT2, and KNAT6 and the abaxial determinants ARF3/ETT, KAN2 and YAB5. May act in parallel with the RDR6-SGS3-AGO7 pathway, an endogenous RNA silencing pathway, to regulate the leaf morphogenesis (PubMed:11076771, PubMed:11140682, PubMed:11882937, PubMed:12750468, PubMed:16006579, PubMed:16699177, PubMed:17395603, PubMed:17559509, PubMed:23271976). Binds directly to KNAT1, KNAT2, and KNATM chromatin, regulating leaf development (PubMed:23271976). LBD6 is required for this binding (PubMed:23271976). Positive regulator of flowering that binds to the promoter of FT (PubMed:21950734). Regulates FT expression by forming a functional complex with CO (PubMed:21950734). Involved in leaf polarity establishment by functioning cooperatively with NUCL1 to repress abaxial genes ARF3, ARF4, KAN1, KAN2, YAB1 and YAB5, and the knox homeobox genes KNAT1, KNAT2, KNAT6, and STM to promote adaxial development in leaf primordia at shoot apical meristems at high temperatures (PubMed:27334696).
In germinating seeds, present in the root tip and in a linear array of up to 20 to 30 cells above the root tip. Strongly expressed in the inflorescence apex, and, to some extent, in the inflorescence stem, the vascular tissue, and the vascular tissue in leaf primordia (PubMed:11743113). In flowers, expressed in sepals, style, receptacle, anther filaments, and connective but not in anthers themselves (PubMed:15722475).
Mostly expressed in roots (e.g. root tips), stems, pollen, shoot apices, flowers and floral shoot tips, and, to a lower extent, in leaves and siliques.
Reduced expression levels of aleurone-related genes (e.g. CP1, CP, GASA1, BXL1 and BXL2) in seeds. The triple mutant myb33 myb65 myb101 has a male sterility and exhibits slower protein storage vacuoles (PSVs) vacuolation rate in aleurone layers upon seed germination (PubMed:20699403). The myb33 myb65 double mutant is defective in anther development, with a tapetum undergoing hypertrophy at the pollen mother cell stage, resulting in premeiotic abortion of pollen development and male sterility. This sterility is conditional, fertility being increased both under higher light or lower temperature conditions (PubMed:15722475).
Repressed by microRNA159 (miR159a and miR159b) in vegetative tissues (PubMed:20699403, PubMed:17916625, PubMed:15226253). Specific expression in floral organs and in the shoot apices is regulated via miR159-mediated degradation (PubMed:15722475). Slightly induced by ethylene and salicylic acid (PubMed:16463103).
Transcriptional activator of alpha-amylase expression that binds to 5'-CAACTGTC-3' motif in target gene promoter (PubMed:11743113). In vegetative tissues, inhibits growth by reducing cell proliferation. Promotes the expression of aleurone-related genes (e.g. CP1, CP, GASA1, BXL1 and BXL2) in seeds. Together with MYB33 and MYB101, promotes the programmed cell death (PCD) the vacuolation of protein storage vacuoles (PSVs) in the aleurone layers during seed germination (PubMed:20699403). Together with MYB33, facilitates anther and tapetum development (PubMed:15722475).
Transcriptional activator of alpha-amylase expression.
Possesses quercetin 3-O-glucosyltransferase activity in vitro.
Ubiquitous transcription factor required for a diverse set of processes. It is a component of the CCR4 complex involved in the control of gene expression.
Belongs to the disease resistance TIR-NB-LRR family.
Interacts with RPS4B. RPS4B-RRS1B heterodimer interacts with the bacterial effectors AvrRps4 and PopP2.
The TIR domain is a signaling domain involved in cell death induction. It is involved in heterodimerization of RPS4B with RRS1B, but other domains also contribute to the interaction.
Transcription factor. Interacts specifically with the W box (5'-(T)TGAC[CT]-3'), a frequently occurring elicitor-responsive cis-acting element (By similarity). Acts also as a disease resistance protein that specifically recognizes the AvrRps4 type III effector avirulence protein from P.syringae. Heterodimerization with RPS4B is required to form a functional complex to recognize AvrRps4 and to mediate the hypersensitive response (PubMed:25744164).
Oligomer of 24 subunits. There are two types of subunits: L (light) chain and H (heavy) chain. The major chain can be light or heavy, depending on the species and tissue type. The functional molecule forms a roughly spherical shell with a diameter of 12 nm and contains a central cavity into which the insoluble mineral iron core is deposited (By similarity).
Oligomer of 24 subunits. There are two types of subunits: L (light) chain and H (heavy) chain. The major chain can be light or heavy, depending on the species and tissue type. The functional molecule forms a roughly spherical shell with a diameter of 12 nm and contains a central cavity into which the insoluble mineral iron core is deposited.
Stores iron in a soluble, non-toxic, readily available form. Important for iron homeostasis. Has ferroxidase activity. Iron is taken up in the ferrous form and deposited as ferric hydroxides after oxidation (By similarity).
Stores iron in a soluble, non-toxic, readily available form. Important for iron homeostasis. Has ferroxidase activity. Iron is taken up in the ferrous form and deposited as ferric hydroxides after oxidation.
Stores iron in a soluble, non-toxic, readily available form. Important for iron homeostasis. Iron is taken up in the ferrous form and deposited as ferric hydroxides after oxidation.
Belongs to the plant Proton pump-interactor protein family.
May regulate plasma membrane ATPase activity.
Increased susceptibility to the oomycetes Phytophthora brassicae and Phytophthora capsici and to the bacteria Pseudomonas syringae, characterized by stronger necrotic symptoms and higher bacterial proliferation.
Involved in resistance response to the pathogenic oomycetes Phytophthora infestans and Phytophthora capsici and to the pathogenic bacteria Pseudomonas syringae.
The methyl-CpG-binding domain (MBD) functions both in binding to methylated DNA and in protein interactions.
Belongs to the BPI/LBP/Plunc superfamily. BPI/LBP (TC 1.C.40) family.
Belongs to the D-isomer specific 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase family.
Belongs to the D-isomer specific 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase family. GyaR subfamily.
Catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of glyoxylate and hydroxypyruvate (HP) into glycolate and glycerate in the cytoplasm, thus providing a cytosolic bypass to the photorespiratory core cycle. Mostly active in the presence of NADPH and hydroxypyruvate.
Elevated levels of hydroxypyruvate and other metabolites in leaves. Under long-day conditions, slightly altered photosynthetic gas exchange. When associated with HPR1 disruption, strong air-sensitivity and dramatic reduction in photosynthetic performance.
Protein acetyltransferase with dual specificity triggering both N-alpha-acetylation (NTA), with a large spectrum of modified N-termini, including methionine, alanine, serine and to a lower extent threonine and valine as substrates, and epsilon-lysine acetylation (KA).
Belongs to the complex I subunit 3 family.
Core subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I) that is believed to belong to the minimal assembly required for catalysis. Complex I functions in the transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme is believed to be ubiquinone.
May be required for pre-mRNA splicing (Probable). Confers salt tolerance to LiCl and NaCl (PubMed:12047626).
Mostly expressed in siliques and leaves, also present in seedlings, flowers and stems, and, at low levels, in roots.
Acts as a second functional copy of EDS1. Can mediate HRT-mediated resistance to turnip crinkle virus.
Ecotypes cv. Landsberg erecta and cv. Di-17 express a probably non-functional truncated protein comprising of only the first 162 amino acids. This protein is not expressed in cv. Wassilewskija.
Interacts (via N-terminus) with PAD4 and SAG101 (PubMed:22072959). Part of a nuclear complex made of EDS1, PAD4 and SAG101, that can be redirected to the cytoplasm in the presence of an extranuclear form of EDS1 (PubMed:22072959). Does not interact with itself or with EDS1 (PubMed:22072959).
No effect on RPS4-mediated resistance against avrRps4 bacteria, due to the redundancy with EDS1.
Up-regulated by salicylic acid or upon turnip crinkle virus infection.
Component of the PYK10 complex, at least composed of PYK10/BGLU23, BGLU21, BGLU22, JAL22, JAL23, PBP1/JAL30, PBP2/JAL31, JAL32, JAL33, JAL34, JAL35, GLL22 and GLL23.
Polymerizer-type lectin that may facilitate the correct polymerization and activation of BGLU23/PYK10 upon tissue damage.
Expressed in roots, stems, leaves, flowers and young siliques. Higher expression in the elongating middle stem region than in the lower or upper stem region.
Magnesium. Can also use other divalent cations like manganese or calcium.
Sugar-1-kinase with a strict substrate specificity for the alpha-anomeric configuration of D-galacturonic acid (D-GalA) and ATP. Involved in the biosynthesis of UDP-galacturonic acid (UDP-GalA) from the salvaged GalA that is released during growth-dependent cell wall restructuring.
Expressed in leaf epidermal cells, roots and root hairs.
Interacts with myosin XI-K, XI-I and XI-1.
No visible phenotype. Myob1 and myob2 double mutant has no visible phenotype, but a delayed flowering. Myob1, myob2 and myob3 triple mutant has a significant height reduction and a delayed flowering. Myob1, myob2, myob3 and myob4 quadruple mutant has a significant height reduction, a reduced rosette diameter and a delayed flowering.
The GTD-binding domain is sufficient for myosin binding. The transmembrane region (1-61) is sufficient for the membrane targeting.
Can mediate sequestration of iron ions into vacuoles when expressed in the yeast ccc1 mutant.
Down-regulated under iron deficiency (PubMed:21411332, PubMed:25360591). Induced by iron supply (PubMed:25360591).
Expressed in the vascular bundles of the shoot and the stele of the root. Expressed in inflorescences and at lower levels in leaves.
Probable vacuolar iron transporter involved in the transfer of iron ions from the cytosol to the vacuole for intracellular iron storage (PubMed:25360591). Involved in regulation of cellular iron homeostasis (PubMed:25360591). Vacuolar iron storage is required for seed embryo and seedling development (PubMed:25360591).
Binds preferentially double-stranded DNA. Confers sensitivity to salt and drought stresses.
Mostly expressed in cotyledons, hypocotyls, leaves, and flowers (excluding pedicels), also present in roots and stems.
Up-regulated by cold stress, but down-regulated by drought and salt stress.
Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily. Spinster (TC 2.A.1.49) family.
Belongs to the phosphatase 2A regulatory subunit B56 family.
Highly expressed in dry seeds. Expressed in roots, cotyledons, rosette leaves and flowers.
PP2A consists of a common heteromeric enzyme, composed of a catalytic subunit (subunits C), a constant regulatory subunit (subunit A), and a variety of regulatory subunits such as subunits B (the R2/B/PR55/B55, R3/B''/PR72/PR130/PR59 and R5/B'/B56 families) (By similarity). Interacts with BZR1 (PubMed:21258370). Interacts with PP2A2, PP2A5 and PP2AA2 (PubMed:25489022).
The B regulatory subunit may modulate substrate selectivity and catalytic activity, and may also direct the localization of the catalytic enzyme to a particular subcellular compartment (By similarity). Associates with the serine/threonine-protein phosphatase PP2A catalytic subunit C and regulatory subunit A to positively regulates beta-oxidation of fatty acids and protoauxins in peroxisomes by dephosphorylating peroxisomal beta-oxidation-related proteins (PubMed:25489022). Required for the formation of the PP2A holoenzyme that negatively regulates brassinosteroid signaling by dephosphorylating and inactivating BRI1 in the cytoplasm (PubMed:26517938).
Belongs to the palmitoyl-protein thioesterase family.
Binds 1 potassium ion per subunit. The potassium ion interacts primarily with the substrate (By similarity).
Binds 1 potassium ion per subunit. The potassium ion interacts primarily with the substrate.
Binds 2 divalent ions per subunit. The metal ions interact primarily with the substrate (By similarity). Can utilize magnesium, manganese or cobalt (in vitro) (By similarity).
Binds 2 divalent ions per subunit. The metal ions interact primarily with the substrate. Can utilize magnesium, manganese or cobalt (in vitro).
Catalyzes the formation of S-adenosylmethionine from methionine and ATP.
Catalyzes the formation of S-adenosylmethionine from methionine and ATP. The reaction comprises two steps that are both catalyzed by the same enzyme: formation of S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) and triphosphate, and subsequent hydrolysis of the triphosphate (PubMed:12087191, PubMed:16365035). Involved in the biosynthesis of lignin (PubMed:11844113).
Homotetramer (By similarity). Interacts with GRF3.
Inhibited by 5,5'-dithiobis-2-nitrobenzoic acid (DTNB) and N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) (in vitro).
Disruption of pollen tube growth in the pistil and reduction in the ability to target ovules.
Probable thiol-disulfide oxidoreductase required for pollen tube growth and pollen function in the pistil. Seems not to be required for in vitro pollen tube growth. May be involved in the generation of lipid signaling molecules in pistil.
Interacts with EXO70A1 and EXO70C1 (PubMed:20618910, PubMed:28356503). Binds to EXO70C2 (PubMed:33519861, PubMed:28356503).
Mainly expressed in cells expanding in a polar manner such as pollen and root hairs.
Reduced pectin deposition leading to reduced seed coat mucilage thickness (PubMed:20618910). Characteristic pattern of pectin deposition to the corners of seed coat volcano cells (PubMed:20618910).
Required for seed coat mucilage deposition.
Golgi matrix protein playing a role in tethering of vesicles to Golgi membranes and in maintaining the overall structure of the Golgi apparatus.
Interacts with the GTP-bound ARF3/ARL1, but not with the GDP-bound ARF3/ARL1.
The C-terminal GRIP domain (711-788) is necessary and sufficient for Golgi targeting.
Homodimer. Heterodimer with SNX2A or SNX2B. Component of the retromer complex which consists of VPS29 (MAG1), VPS26 (VPS26A or VPS26B), VPS35 (VPS35A or VPS35B or VPS35C), VPS5/17 (SNX1 or SNX2A or SNX2B). Interacts with BLOS1 and BLOS2.
Plays a role in vesicular protein sorting. Acts at the crossroads between the secretory and endocytic pathways. Is involved in the endosome to vacuole protein transport via its interaction with the BLOS1/2 proteins and, as component of the membrane-associated retromer complex, is also involved in endosome-to-Golgi retrograde transport. Required for the auxin-carrier protein PIN2 sorting to the lytic vacuolar pathway and the trafficking of several plasma membrane proteins. Also involved in the efficient sorting of seed storage protein globulin 12S.
Shorter primary roots, fewer secondary roots and an altered root gravitropic response. Accumulation of storage protein globulin 12S in dry seeds.
Belongs to the thiolase-like superfamily. HMG-CoA synthase family.
Defect in pollen adhesion to the stigma resulting in male sterility under normal growth conditions.
Highly expressed in flower buds, pollen grains and anthers in the tapetal cells, at an intermediate levels in roots and weakly in leaves.
This enzyme condenses acetyl-CoA with acetoacetyl-CoA to form HMG-CoA, which is the substrate for HMG-CoA reductase. Devoided of acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase (AACT) activity. Required for the development of both tapetosomes and elaioplasts in tapetal cells and for pollen viability during pollen tube elongation.
Belongs to the oligopeptide OPT transporter (TC 2.A.67.1) family.
Expressed 2 to 4 hours after fertilization in the embryo sac and subsequently in developing maternal tissues. By the globular stage, expression is observed in the developing endosperm, integument layers, the embryo proper, and the suspensor of the developing embryo. From the heart stage onward, expression observed in the embryo but neither in the suspensor nor in the endosperm and integument tissues.
Highly induced by iron, copper and manganese deficiencies.
May be involved in the translocation of tetra- and pentapeptides across the cellular membrane in an energy-dependent manner. Acts also as a metal transporter that could be a component of the copper transport machinery. Essential for early embryo development.
Strong expression in flowers, leaves and roots. Preferentially expressed in the vascular tissues of seedlings and mature plants as well as in pollen and developing embryos.
Constitutively expressed in the whole plant.
Transcription factor that binds specifically to a 5'-AA[AG]G-3' consensus core sequence. Enhances the DNA binding of OBF transcription factors to OCS elements.
Belongs to the PQQ oxidoreductase GdhB family.
By abscisic acid (ABA) or phosphate deficiency in roots.
Expressed specifically in the stigma, ovary and funiculus of the ovary.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants exhibit an impaired response to phosphate deficiency during root development.
Possesses non-specific lipolytic acyl hydrolase (LAH) activity. Catalyzes the hydrolysis of the neutral lipids monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG), digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) and phosphatidylglycerol (PG), and less efficiently the polar lipids phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylinositol (PI), but not the storage lipid triacylglycerol (TAG). May play a role in root development.
The nitrogen atoms of the two glycine residues in the GGXR motif define the oxyanion hole, and stabilize the oxyanion that forms during the nucleophilic attack by the catalytic serine during substrate cleavage.
Determines thylakoid architecture by inducing membrane curvature.
Homo- and heterodimers and trimers. Interacts with PSAD2.
No effect on growth behavior, leaf coloration, grana stacks or photochemical efficiency of photosystem II. Curt1a, curt1b, curt1c and curt1d quadruple mutant shows disorganized thylakoids with extended stretches of unstacked membranes and broader stacks made up of fewer layers.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. Protein arginine N-methyltransferase family.
Chimeric cDNA. Its C-terminal part is derived from gene At1g80500, which oded for an intracellular transporter.
Increased sensitivity to paraquat-triggered oxidative stress. Slower root elongation after cadmium ion CdCl(2) treatment. Decreased histone H3 methylation (H3R17me2a) leading to reduced levels of APX1 and GPX1.
May be due to competing acceptor splice site.
Methylates (mono- and asymmetric dimethylation) the guanidino nitrogens of arginyl residues in several proteins involved in DNA packaging, transcription regulation, and mRNA stability (By similarity). Recruited to promoters upon gene activation, methylates histone H3 and activates transcription via chromatin remodeling (PubMed:27676073). Positive regulator in the oxidative stress tolerance that promotes the expression of enzymes preventing oxidative stress such as APX1 and GPX1 by histone methylation (H3R17me2a). Confers tolerance to cadmium CdCl(2) and salt NaCl stresses (PubMed:27676073).
Targeted by PQT3 to degradation via 26S proteasome. Induced by proteasome inhibitor MG132 treatment (at protein level).
Autophosphorylated and phosphorylated by PDPK1/PDK1.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. AGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family.
Functions redudantly with AGC1-7 as signaling component in the pollen tube. Required for polarized growth of pollen tubes.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but pollen of the double mutants agc1.5 and agc1.7 is impaired in polarized growth of pollen tube.
Acts as a receptor for PEP defense peptides. Unlike typical immune receptors, senses an endogenous elicitor that potentiates pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-inducible plant responses. Involved in PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) signaling. Interacts with and phosphorylates the kinase BIK1, a central rate-limiting kinase in PTI signaling (PubMed:23431184).
Interacts with PEP1 and BAK1 (PubMed:16785433, PubMed:18824048, PubMed:20018402). Interacts with BIK1 and PBL1 (PubMed:23431184).
Component of the origin recognition complex (ORC) composed of at least ORC1 (ORC1A or ORC1B), ORC2, ORC3, ORC4, ORC5 and ORC6. ORC is regulated in a cell-cycle and development dependent manner. It is sequentially assembled at the exit from anaphase of mitosis and disassembled as cells enter S phase. Interacts directly with ORC2, ORC3, ORC4 and ORC5.
Component of the origin recognition complex (ORC) that binds origins of replication. DNA-binding is ATP-dependent. The specific DNA sequences that define origins of replication have not been identified yet. ORC is required to assemble the pre-replication complex necessary to initiate DNA replication.
Follow a cell-cycle regulation with a peak at the G1/S-phase (PubMed:16179646). Mostly expressed in siliques, flowers, flower buds and mature leaves, and, to a lower exent, in roots, leaves and stems (PubMed:16179646, PubMed:15358564).
Regulated by E2F (PubMed:16179646, PubMed:16126853). Accumulates rapidly after cell cycle reactivation by sucrose addition following cell cycle arrest mediated by sucrose deprivation (PubMed:16179646, PubMed:15358564).
An article reported a role in essential for photosystem II assembly; however, this paper was later retracted.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family. WNK subfamily.
Plants display early flowering and altered expression of genes involved in the photoperiod flowering pathway, such as ELF4, TOC1, CO and FT.
Regulates flowering time by modulating the photoperiod pathway.
Was named WNK/'with no lysine(K)' because key residues for catalysis, including the lysine involved in ATP binding, are either not conserved or differ compared to the residues described in other kinase family proteins.
Belongs to the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family. UEV subfamily.
Component of the ESCRT-I complex (endosomal sorting complex required for transport I), a regulator of vesicular trafficking process. Required for the sorting of endocytic ubiquitinated cargos into multivesicular bodies (MVBs).
Component of the endosomal sorting required for transport complex I (ESCRT-I), composed of ELC, VPS28 and VPS37 (By similarity). Interacts with FREE1 (PubMed:25438943). Interacts with TOL9/TOM1D (PubMed:22639582).
May inhibit PHR1 DNA-binding activity in a Pi-dependent manner.
No effect on Pi accumulation, due to the redundancy with SPX1. Spx1 and spx2 double mutants have an increased root-to-shoot growth ratio and a reduced rot hair size when grown in Pi-sufficient conditions.
Belongs to the plant acyltransferase family.
Probably involved in the modification of desaturated thalian-diol.
Belongs to the cyclin family. Cyclin AB subfamily.
Starts to be expressed at the end of S phase, reaches a peak at mitosis and then decreases.
Acid phosphatase activity with ATP, ADP, dATP, pyrophosphate, polyphosphate, phosphoserine and phosphothreonine. Low or no activity with phosphotyrosine, AMP and phytate.
First observed in the floral apical meristem (FAP). In flowers, observed in petals and anthers, particularly in anther filaments.
Activated by the transcription factor DUO1.
Expressed in the germ cells following microspore division, increases during development and persists into mature pollen.
Mediates the regulation of male germ cell division by DUO1.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that promotes the ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of aquaporin PIP2-1. Forms a ubiquitin ligase complex in cooperation with the E2 enzymes UCB8/UCB10.
No visible phenotype and no effect on drought stress response, probably due to the redundancy with RMA2 and RMA3.
The C-terminal transmembrane is dispensable for the ubiquitin ligase activity in vitro, but is critical for correct subcellular localization and substrate recognition in vivo.
The RING-type zinc finger domain is required for E3 ligase activity.
May promote auxin-stimulated organ elongation, such as hypocotyls, stamen filaments and petals.
Activates the Arp2/3 complex and binds actin through the C-terminal VCA (verprolin homology/cofilin homology/acidic) domain consisting of a WH2 domain followed by an Arp2/3-binding acidic motif (A), separated by a conserved linker region (C). Binds BRK1 through the N-terminal Scar homology domain (SHD).
Binds BRK1. Interacts with SPK1, ABI1, ABI2, ABI3 and ABI4.
Expressed in expanding cotyledons, expanding leaves and expanding siliques containing developing embryos. Detected in unopened flower buds. Reduced expression in mature leaves and mature cotyledons.
Involved in regulation of actin and microtubule organization. Part of a WAVE complex that activates the Arp2/3 complex. Regulates trichome branch positioning and expansion.
Belongs to the phosphatase 2A regulatory subunit.
Expressed ubiquitously at low levels (PubMed:9128737). Expressed in roots, emerging lateral roots, cotyledons, leaves, floral stalks and flowers (PubMed:26012558).
PP2A consists of a common heteromeric enzyme, composed of a catalytic subunit (subunits C), a constant regulatory subunit (subunit A), and a variety of regulatory subunits such as subunits B (the R2/B/PR55/B55, R3/B''/PR72/PR130/PR59 and R5/B'/B56 families) (Probable). Interacts with BRI1 (PubMed:26517938). Interacts with IGMT1 and IGMT4 (PubMed:27598402). Interacts with ACO3 in the cytosol (PubMed:25307043).
The B regulatory subunit may modulate substrate selectivity and catalytic activity, and may also direct the localization of the catalytic enzyme to a particular subcellular compartment (By similarity). Required for the formation of the PP2A holoenzyme that negatively regulates brassinosteroid signaling by dephosphorylating and inactivating BRI1 in the cytoplasm (PubMed:26517938). Seems to be functionally connected with CPR5 and may mediate the negative regulation of defense reactions and senescence under low irradiances. May contribute to the epigenetic regulation of defense gene expression (PubMed:21571669). Involved in the control of methoxylation of indole glucosinolates and formation of 4-methoxy- indol-3-yl-methyl glucosinolate in leaves, through direct interaction with indole glucosinolate methyltransferases (PubMed:27598402). Involved in growth regulation and stress signaling (PubMed:26012558). Involved in the regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling and maintenance of cellular ROS homeostasis (PubMed:26012558, PubMed:25307043). Required to control the level of ACO3 phosphorylation in the cytoplasm. Regulates hydrogen peroxide metabolism by controlling the abundance of AOX1A and AXO3/AOX1D in leaf mitochondria (PubMed:25307043). May mediate dephosphorylation of CRT1 and promote the degradation of unfolded proteins in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) (PubMed:22041935). Involved in the regulation of flowering time by repressing FLC, the main flowering repressor gene (PubMed:23976921).
The B regulatory subunit might modulate substrate selectivity and catalytic activity, and also might direct the localization of the catalytic enzyme to a particular subcellular compartment.
Wrinkled leaves, stunted growth, delayed flowering and formation of age-dependent yellowing lesions (PubMed:21571669, PubMed:22041935, PubMed:23976921). Conditional phenotype with premature yellowing and constitutive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in distinct peripheral areas of mature leaves when grown under moderate light intensity and low humidity. May partially evade the accumulation of H(2)O(2) via alternative oxidases (AOX) activity. Increased levels of AOX1A and AOX1D in leaf mitochondria. Increased level of ACO3 phosphorylation.
Inhibitor-type lectin that may regulate the correct polymerization of BGLU23/PYK10 upon tissue damage. Activates BGLU21, BGLU22 and BGLU23.
PubMed:18467340 shows that PBP1 inhibits polymerization of PYK10 complex, while in PubMed:19965874, PBP1 activates purified PYK10.
Reduced tissue damage-mediated BGLU23/PYK10 activation. Larger PYK10 complexes.
Ala6 and ala7 double mutants are hypersensitive to temperature stress and are impaired in pollen fitness with an altered lipid composition and short and slow pollen tubes.
Involved in transport of phospholipids and in regulation of pollen plasma membrane lipid asymmetry.
Expressed constitutively in leaves and flowers.
Belongs to the MIP/aquaporin (TC 1.A.8) family. NIP (TC 1.A.8.12) subfamily.
Belongs to the WD repeat PROPPIN family.
Expressed in roots, stems, flowers and leaves.
The PI(3,5)P2 regulatory complex regulates both the synthesis and turnover of phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(3,5)P2). Required for autophagy (By similarity).
The first protein part may form a beta-propeller domain involved in specific binding to phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), leading to the association of the protein to the membrane.
Acts to suppress chlorophyll degradation under moisture stress.
Expressed during the early and middle stages of seed development (PubMed:8479424). Abundant throughout plant development in the aerial part of the plant (PubMed:25333723).
Expressed in seed (PubMed:8479424). Highest expression in leaves and guard cells (PubMed:25333723).
The BURP domain located at the C-terminus has not been identified in non-plant proteins.
Up-regulated by dehydration, salt stress and abscisic acid (ABA). Not regulated by cold.
Involved in the plastidial phosphorylated pathway of serine biosynthesis (PPSB). Required for mature pollen development.
Ubiquitous, but highly expressed in roots. Expressed in vasculature, root and shoot meristems, distal part of cotyledons and leaves, anther, stigma and pollen grains. Detected at the tip of the cotyledons in late embryos.
Up-regulated in the aerial parts by dark treatment, high CO(2) levels and necrotrophic pathogen infection.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL24 family.
Interacts with the cauliflower mosaic virus transactivator TAV to form a TAV/60S complex (PubMed:11572778). Interacts with REIL1 AND REIL2 (PubMed:24603461).
Might have an extraribosomal function in reinitiation of translation.
Belongs to the MICOS complex subunit Mic10 family.
Component of the MICOS complex, a large protein complex of the mitochondrial inner membrane that plays crucial roles in the maintenance of crista junctions, inner membrane architecture, and formation of contact sites to the outer membrane.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. STE Ser/Thr protein kinase family. STE20 subfamily.
Defective in leaf temperature decreases and stomatal opening in response to blue light.
Expressed in guard cells. Not detected in mesophyll cells.
Interacts with PHOT1 in the presence and absence of blue light.
Phosphorylated at Ser-348 by both PHOT1 and PHOT2.
Ser/Thr protein kinase mediating a primary step for phototropin signaling in guard cells. Essential for stomatal opening.
Belongs to the strictosidine synthase family.
Catalyzes the stereospecific condensation of tryptamine with secologanin to form strictosidine, the key intermediate of indole alkaloid biosynthesis.
It is uncertain whether Met-1 or Met-2 is the initiator.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the NAD synthetase family.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX56/DBP9 subfamily.
Contains 1 Asp-Xaa-Asp-Xaa-Thr (DXDXT) motif, a catalytic motif essential for phosphatidate phosphatase activity.
Expressed in roots, leaves, stems, flowers, siliques, embryos and mature seeds.
Magnesium-dependent phosphatidate phosphatase which catalyzes the dephosphorylation of phosphatidate to yield diacylglycerol. Acts redundantly with PAH1 to repress phospholipid biosynthesis at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). May function indirectly as repressor of multiple enzymes involved in phospholipid biosynthesis. Is involved in the pathway of galactolipid synthesis in the ER, which is required for the membrane lipid remodeling, an essential adaptation mechanism to cope with phosphate starvation.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but the double mutants pah1 and pah2-1 show reduced growth.
Binds and inhibits CYCD2-1/CDKA-1 complex kinase activity. Regulates cell division which is crucial for plant growth, development and morphogenesis. May regulate early lateral root initiation by blocking the G1/S phase transition. Controls the mitosis-to-endocycle transition and the onset of the endoreduplication cycle during leaf development through inhibition of mitotic CDKA-1 kinase complexes. Specifically targets CDKA-1.
Highly expressed in root pericycle and cell suspension culture during cell cycle arrest. Expressed early in the G1 phase and then disappears. More abundant in endoreduplicating than in mitotically dividing tissues (at protein level).
Specifically interacts with CDKA-1, but not with CDKB1-1.
Treatment with auxin induces lateral root initiation. ICK2/KRP2 protein abundance is regulated post-transcriptionally through CDK phosphorylation and proteasomal degradation.
(Microbial infection) Acetylated by Pseudomonas syringae HopZ1a.
(Microbial infection) Interacts with the pathogenic Pseudomonas syringae HopZ1a protein.
(Microbial infection) Triggered to degradation by the pathogenic Pseudomonas syringae HopZ1a protein in a COI1-dependent manner, thereby activating host jasmonate signaling.
Homo- and heterodimer. Interacts with TIFY10B/JAZ2, TIFY6B/JAZ3, TIFY6A/JAZ4, TIFY11A/JAZ5, TIFY11B/JAZ6, TIFY5A/JAZ8, TIFY7/JAZ9, TIFY9/JAZ10, TIFY3A/JAZ11 and TIFY3B/JAZ12. Interacts with COI1, MYC2, MYC3, MYC4, MYB21 and MYB24. Interacts (via tify domain) with AFPH2/NINJA.
Repressor of jasmonate responses. Jasmonoyl-isoleucine (JA-Ile) specifically promotes COI1-TIFY10A/JAZ1 interaction. Interacts with COI1 and inositol pentakisphosphate to form a high-affinity jasmonates coreceptor.
The jas domain (202-227) is necessary and sufficient for interaction with COI1 and is required for TIFY 10A/JAI1 instability in response to jasmonate (PubMed:17675405, PubMed:18547396). The jas domain (202-227) is required for interaction with Pseudomonas syringae HopZ1a (By similarity).
The jas domain is required for interaction with COI1.
Ubiquitinated. Targeted for degradation by the SCF(COI1) E3 ubiquitin ligase-proteasome pathway during jasmonate signaling.
Up-regulated by jasmonate, wounding and herbivory.
Up-regulated by heat shock, dehydration and salt stresses.
Contains one SPKK motif which may interact with the minor groove of A/T-rich DNA sites. Phosphorylation of this motif may regulate DNA binding. This motif is reiterated in both termini of histone H1 and in the N-terminus of sea urchin histones H2B, but its presence in the C-terminus seems to be unique to plant H2A.
Might be an inactive rhomboid-type serine protease due to mismatches with the consensus active sites.
Probable rhomboid-type serine protease that catalyzes intramembrane proteolysis.
Expressed in seeds, pistils, siliques, hypocotyls and leaves.
Regulates the GDP/GTP exchange reaction of most RAB proteins by inhibiting the dissociation of GDP from them, and the subsequent binding of GTP.
Carboxylate clamp type tetratricopeptide repeat protein that may act as a potential Hsp90/Hsp70 co-chaperone (PubMed:20856808). Contributes to polar growth of root hairs (PubMed:28096376).
No clumped-chloroplasts phenotype (PubMed:22025705). 31% reduction in root hair growth (PubMed:28096376). Phox1 and phox4 double mutants show no clumped-chloroplasts phenotype, but a 46% reduction in root hair growth (PubMed:22025705, PubMed:28096376). Phox1, phox3 and phox4 triple mutants and phox1, phox2, phox3 and phox4 quadruple mutants show a 70% reduction in root hair growth (PubMed:28096376).
Expressed in roots, leaves and flowers of mature plants.
Catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphoanhydride bonds of nucleoside tri- and di-phosphates (By similarity). Involved in the regulation of pollen and anther development.
Detected in mature pollen grains. Also expressed in more diverse tissues such as roots, leaves, stems, pistils and sepals. More particularly expressed in the vascular bundle.
No visible phenotype. Apy6 and dapy7 double mutant exhibits late anther dehiscence and low male fertility. Pollen grains of double mutant are largely deformed in shape and in most cases, the cell walls of the pollen grains are interconnected.
Production of cholesterol by reduction of C7-C8 double bond of 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC). Lesions in the gene coding for the enzyme cause dwarfism.
Involved in the trafficking of vacuolar proteins. May function as a sorting receptor for protein trafficking to the protein storage vacuole (PSV) (By similarity).
Displays aspartic proteolytic activity (PubMed:27872247). Together with A39, contributes to pollen and ovule development, including the apical cell wall constitution of the growing pollen tubes (PubMed:27872247).
Highly expressed in pollen and pollen tubes (PubMed:27872247). Mostly expressed in roots, flowers and inflorescence, and at lower levels in stems, seedlings and siliques (PubMed:27872247).
In flowers, expressed exclusively in the pollen and growing pollen tubes (PubMed:27872247). During microspore development, confined to tricellular pollen (PubMed:27872247).
Reduced pollen activity and germination rate leading to a decreased male transmission efficiency (PubMed:27872247). The double mutant a36 a39 produces inviable pollen which undergoes apoptosis-like programmed cell death, exhibits a compromised pollen tubes micropylar guidance and has degenerated female gametes (PubMed:27872247). The double mutant a36 a39 accumulates abnormally highly methylesterified homogalacturonans and xyloglucans in the apical pollen tube wall (PubMed:27872247).
Catalyzes a reversible NAD-dependent dehydrogenase reaction involved in central metabolism and redox homeostasis between organelle compartments (Probable). Peroxisomal NAD-dependent malate dehydrogenase involved in fatty acid beta-oxidation. Reoxidizes NADH from the beta-oxidation and provides NAD for the conversion of fatty acyl-CoA to acetyl-CoA. Does not participate directly in the glyoxylate cycle (PubMed:17376163, PubMed:19812894). Required for maintenance of photosynthetic rates under photorespiratory conditions, and carbon flow during photorespiration. Supplies NADH reductant to the peroxisomal hydroxypyruvate reductase (HPR), which reduces hydroxypyruvate into glycerate in the photorespiratory cycle (PubMed:18685043).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but the double mutant plants pmdh1 and pmdh2 show seedling growth arrest 5 days after seed imbibition.
Mainly expressed in shoots, First throughout cotyledons and hypocotyls and later restricted to vascular tissues, mostly in phloem. Present in senescing leaves. Also expressed in floral buds and sepals.
Belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily. Type-7 methyltransferase family.
Acts as a GTPase activator for the Rac-type GTPase by converting it to an inactive GDP-bound state. Involved in secondary wall pattern formation. In association with ROPGEF4, mediates local activation of ARAC10/ROP11 to initiate the distinct pattern of secondary cell walls in xylem cells.
Expressed in differentiating xylem cells.
Together with EX2, enables higher plants to perceive singlet oxygen as a stress signal in plastid that activates a genetically determined nuclear stress response program which triggers a programmed cell death (PCD). This transfer of singlet oxygen-induced stress-related signals from the plastid to the nucleus that triggers genetically controlled PCD pathway is unique to photosynthetic eukaryotes and operates under mild stress conditions, impeding photosystem II (PSII) without causing photooxidative damage of the plant.
Expressed in seedlings, roots, and parts of the siliques.
Expressed widely in young seedling, including roots, shoots, and cotyledons. In older seedlings, present the primary root, shoots, and cotyledons, but not in the root epidermal cells or root hairs. Later observed in the cotyledons and the shoots, but not in the true leaves. In adult plants, accumulates in the primary root and lateral root tips and in the roots near the root/shoot junction. In mature siliques, confined to the tip of the silique in the style just below the stigma and at the base of the silique in the replum and abscission zone of siliques.
Indole-3-acetic acid-amido (IAA) synthetase that catalyzes the conjugation of amino acids to auxin specifically using the auxin precursor indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and glutamine and, possibly, cysteine as substrates (PubMed:29462792, PubMed:30315112). Displays high catalytic activity with the auxinic phenoxyalkanoic acid herbicides 4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)butyric acid (2,4-DB) and to some extent 2,4-dichlorophenoxylacetic acid (2,4-D) as substrates, thus confering resistance to herbicides (PubMed:30315112).
No visible phenotype in normal conditions (PubMed:29462792). Slight reduction in root length when grown on media containing indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) (PubMed:29462792). Hypersensitivity to the auxinic phenoxyalkanoic acid herbicide 4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)butyric acid (2,4-DB) (PubMed:30315112).
Calmodulin mediates the control of a large number of enzymes, ion channels and other proteins by Ca(2+). Among the enzymes to be stimulated by the calmodulin-Ca(2+) complex are a number of protein kinases and phosphatases.
Calmodulin mediates the control of a large number of enzymes, ion channels and other proteins by Ca(2+). Among the enzymes to be stimulated by the calmodulin-Ca(2+) complex are a number of protein kinases and phosphatases. Activates MPK8 through direct binding and in an calcium-dependent manner.
Interacts with KCBP. Interacts with MPK8 in an calcium-dependent manner.
Interacts with ZAR1 (via CaMBD domain) (PubMed:27014878). Binds to IQD1 (PubMed:23204523). Binds to MEE62 in a calcium-dependent manner (PubMed:14720124).
This protein has four functional calcium-binding sites.
Belongs to the MenA family. Type 2 subfamily.
Involved in the synthesis of phylloquinone (vitamin K1). Catalyzes the transfer of a prenyl chain to 2-carboxy-1,4-naphthoquinone.
Slower growth and dwarfism. Albino phenotype in aging leaves. Decreased number of chloroplasts, but normal lamellar structure retained. Absence of phylloquinone and 97% decrease in the content of plastoquinone.
Belongs to the acetyltransferase family.
Histone acetyltransferase that probably regulates acetylation status of histone H3 during meiosis. Histone acetylation may influence recombination and chromosome segregation.
The gain-of-function mutant mcc1 (T-DNA tagging) has elongated rosette leaves, increased stem length elongation, early flowering and reduced fertility and seed number due to defects in meiosis.
Belongs to the FAD-dependent oxidoreductase family.
Catalyzes the conversion of monodehydroascorbate (MDA) to ascorbate, oxidizing NADH in the process. Can also use 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) as substrates, but not 1-chloro-4-nitrobenzene (CNB).
No visible phenotype, but enhanced 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) tolerance.
Redox regulation of the activity by thioredoxin TRXy1.
The main mechanism for TNT toxicity in plants is the production of superoxide in the mitochondria by MDAR5 with TNT as a substrate. Inactivation of MDAR5 enhance TNT tolerance, thus enabling revegetation and remediation of explosives-contaminated sites.
The use of alternative transcription starts causes dual targeting of the same mature MDAR protein to both mitochondria and chloroplast.
Component of the plastid division machinery required for PDV1 localization to constriction sites. Involved in chloroplast division site placement (PubMed:28984364, PubMed:23936263). Required for the proper formation of FtsZ rings at the division site in nongreen plastids (e.g. etioplasts) (PubMed:23936263). Inhibits FtsZ assembly, functioning as an antagonistic regulator of FtsZ dynamics against ARC6, by recruiting ARC3 to the middle of the plastid to facilitates its interaction with FtsZ proteins (PubMed:26527658, PubMed:30824505). Required during stromule biogenesis in the leaf epidermis, especially in non-mesophyll cells plastids (PubMed:28984364).
Defects of chloroplast and FtsZ filament morphology (e.g. long FtsZ filaments formed by multiple rings or spirals); elongated chloroplasts with multiple division sites (PubMed:19453460, PubMed:19564892, PubMed:23936263). Aberrant stromule biogenesis in the leaf epidermis associated with giant and pleomorphic amoeboid chloroplasts, typically having one or more constrictions as well as one or more extremely long stromules (PubMed:28984364). Reduced number of enlarged etioplasts in cotyledons associated with the formation of multiple FtsZ-rings (PubMed:23936263).
Exclusively expressed in young green tissues such as young cotyledons, shoot apex, emerging leaves and budding inflorescence.
Self-interacts (PubMed:19564892, PubMed:28984364). Interacts (via N-terminus) with ARC3 (via MORN domains) (PubMed:19453460, PubMed:19564892, PubMed:26527658). Binds (via N-terminus) to FTSZ2 proteins, FTSZ2-1 and FTSZ2-2 (PubMed:26527658, PubMed:28984364, PubMed:30824505). Recruited ARC3 to the middle of the plastid where subsequent complex made of CDP1/PARC6, ARC3 and FtsZ proteins can form; this complex enhances the dynamics of Z rings during chloroplast division (PubMed:30824505). Interacts (via C-terminus) with PDV1 (via C-terminus) (PubMed:26527658). Interacts with MIND1 (PubMed:28984364).
Belongs to the pyrimidine 5'-nucleotidase family.
Belongs to the nucleotide-sugar transporter family. UDP-galactose:UMP antiporter (TC 2.A.7.11) subfamily.
Sugar transporter involved in the transport of nucleotide-sugars from cytoplasm into the Golgi and/or the endoplasmic reticulum.
Enzyme involved in the ethylene biosynthesis. May promote stem elongation by maximizing the extensibility cells, possibly by activating ethylene biosynthesis, in response to very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs C20:0 to C30:0).
Expressed in vegetative tissues. Expressed constitutively at a low level in leaves and blades.
Strongly induced by wounding, ethrel, iron, ethylene and 1-amino-cyclopropane-carboxylic acid (ACC). Accumulates in response to very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs C20:0 to C30:0).
Belongs to the ferredoxin thioredoxin reductase alpha subunit family.
Heterodimer of subunit A (variable subunit) and subunit B (catalytic subunit). Heterodimeric FTR forms a complex with ferredoxin and thioredoxin.
Subtle developmental changes including slow development of young seedlings, an increased sensitivity to fluctuating culture conditions, and slightly delayed flowering time (PubMed:16328792). High light induces rapidly chlorosis in leaves (PubMed:16328792).
Variable subunit of the ferredoxin-thioredoxin reductase (FTR), which catalyzes the two-electron reduction of thioredoxins by the electrons provided by reduced ferredoxin.
Regulated by the circadian clock at warm growth temperatures as direct targets of CCA1, with highest levels from noon to dusk (PubMed:19566593, PubMed:27837007, PubMed:27990760). Repressed by CCA1 at the transcription level via chromatin binding and in a temperature-dependent way (PubMed:27837007, PubMed:19566593, PubMed:27990760). 6 hours after inoculation with the yellow strain of cucumber mosaic virus [CMV(Y)], strongly induced in resistant cultivars (cv. C24) but repressed in sensitive cultivars (cv. Columbia) (PubMed:15111722). Strongly induced by abscisic acid (ABA) (PubMed:17304219). Rapidly induced by cold, but in a circadian rythm-dependent manner and regulated by CCA1 (PubMed:19566593, PubMed:27837007). Transcription is repressed by blue and red lights, but induced by darkness; by contrast, present at low levels in darkness but accumulates in blue light (at protein level) due to transcription auto-repression (PubMed:27837007).
Together with COR28, involved in central circadian clock regulation and in flowering promotion, by binding to the chromatin of clock-associated evening genes TOC1, PRR5, ELF4 and cold-responsive genes in order to repress their transcription (PubMed:27837007, PubMed:27990760). Negative regulator of freezing tolerance (PubMed:27837007).
Belongs to the class V-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily.
In the pre-SET domain, Cys residues bind 3 zinc ions that are arranged in a triangular cluster; some of these Cys residues contribute to the binding of two zinc ions within the cluster.
Belongs to the ABC transporter superfamily. ABCI family.
Acts as a hyperosmolarity-gated non-selective cation channel that permeates Ca(2+) ions (PubMed:25162526, PubMed:30190597). Shows the following permeability sequence: K(+) > Ba(2+) = Ca(2+) > Na(+) = Mg(2+) = Cs(+) (PubMed:25162526). Mechanosensitive ion channel that converts mechanical stimuli into a flow of ions (PubMed:30190597).
Expressed in leaves, flowers, roots and guard cells.
Impaired osmotic Ca(2+) signaling in guard cells and root cells, and attenuated water transpiration regulation and root growth in response to osmotic stress.
Required for the import and folding of small cysteine-containing proteins in the mitochondrial intermembrane space (Probable). Involved in the mitochondrial oxidative folding of the copper-zinc superoxide dismutase CSD1, the copper chaperone for superoxide dismutase CCS, and subunits of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I). Involved in the peroxisomal oxidative folding of the copper-zinc superoxide dismutase CSD3, and the fatty acid beta-oxidation multifunctional protein AIM1 (PubMed:20829360).
Involved in RNA editing event in chloroplasts. Required for the editing of a single site in rps14 transcript.
Nuclear genome-encoded factor required for the accumulation of photosystem I (PSI). Functions as PSI biogenesis factor (PubMed:16679416, PubMed:28522455). Cooperates with PSA3 to promote the stable assembly of PSI in the thylakoid membrane. May target primarily the PsaC subunit (PubMed:28522455).
Seedling lethality when homozygous. Dwarf and pale yellowish phenotype when grown on MS medium supplemented with 2% sucrose.
Acts as a scaffold, mediating interaction of ROPs with different proteins.
Functions as positive effectors of cell expansion through modulation of auxin transport.
Involved in nucleolar processing of pre-18S ribosomal RNA. Involved in ribosome biosynthesis (By similarity).
Disease resistance (R) protein that specifically recognizes the AvrRpm1 type III effector avirulence protein from Pseudomonas syringae (PubMed:9861059). Resistance proteins guard the plant against pathogens that contain an appropriate avirulence protein via an indirect interaction with this avirulence protein (PubMed:9861059). That triggers a defense system including the hypersensitive response (HR), which restricts the pathogen growth (PubMed:9861059). Acts via its interaction with RIN4, and probably triggers the plant resistance when RIN4 is phosphorylated by AvrRpm1. It is then degraded at the onset of the hypersensitive response (PubMed:9861059).
Interacts directly with RIN4 via its N-terminal region. Interacts (via N-terminus) with RIN2 and RIN3 (via C-terminus). Interacts with TIP49A, a protein known to interact with the TATA binding protein complex (TBP) (PubMed:11955429, PubMed:12062092, PubMed:16212605). Binds to MORC1/CRT1 (PubMed:20332379). Interacts, via its NB-ARC domain, with RIN13 (PubMed:15722472).
Expressed in hypocotyls, cotyledons, stems, leaves, pedicels, sepals, anthers and pistils. Limited expression in roots. Not detected in petals or filaments.
Glycosyl hydrolase family protein acting primarily as a highly specific galactosyltransferase (PubMed:25100720). Synthesizes digalactosyldiacylglycerol from monogalactosyldiacylglycerol in the absence of UDP-galactose in vitro (PubMed:14600212). Hydrolyzes o- and p-nitrophenyl beta-D-glucoside in vitro (PubMed:15258268). Plays a role in freezing tolerance (PubMed:15258268, PubMed:18466306, PubMed:20798281). May play a role in chloroplast protection (PubMed:18466306).
Not induced by cold, dehydration, salt or abscisic acid.
Sensitive to freezing (PubMed:15258268, PubMed:20798281). Loss of tri- and tetragalactosyldiacylglycerol accumulation during freezing (PubMed:20798281).
Circadian-regulation. Peak of expression toward the end of the dark period in both long day and short day photoperiods.
Developmental regulator acting by forming heterodimeric complexes, that sequester CO and CO-like (COL) proteins into non-functional complexes. Engages CO and the transcriptional repressor TPL in a tripartite complex. Involved in the CO-mediated long-day flowering-promotion pathway.
Highly expressed in shoot apical meristems and in vascular tissues of leaves. Also detected in petioles.
Interacts with CO (via B-box) and with TPL (via PFVFL motif).
The PFVFL motif is required for interaction with TPL.
Belongs to the SLC26A/SulP transporter (TC 2.A.53) family.
By nitrogen starvation, but not by sulfate starvation.
H(+)/sulfate cotransporter that may play a role in the regulation of sulfate assimilation.
Acts as a key regulator of trichome branching. Could participate with STI in the same pathway. Also plays a role in integrating endoreplication levels with cell shape.
Dwarf phenotype. Heat-sensitive phenotype. Early flowering under short day. Elevated level of salicylic acid (SA), increased expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes and increased resistance to the bacterial pathogen P.syringae. ABA hypersensitivity during seed germination primary root growth. Exaggerated prototypical Pi-starvation responses, including increased root-shoot mass ratio and greater anthocyanin accumulation (PubMed:15894620).
E3 SUMO protein ligase involved in regulation processes. Mediates SUMO/ attachment to PHR1, a MYB transcriptional activator controlling the phosphate deficiency responses (PubMed:15894620). Functions as an upstream negative regulator of salicylic acid (SA) accumulation and subsequent SA-mediated systemic acquired resistance (SAR) signaling. Probably not involved in jasmonic acid (JA)-mediated defense response. Participates in abiotic stress-induced sumoylation. Controls heat shock-induced SUMO1 and SUMO2 conjugation and facilitates basal thermotolerance. Involved in freezing tolerance by mediating sumoylation of ICE1, a transcription activator of the cold signaling regulator CBF3/DREB1A. Acts as positive regulator of drought stress tolerance. Acts as floral repressor that promotes FLC expression by repressing FLD activity through sumoylation. Acts as negative regulator of abscisic acid (ABA) signaling through ABI5 sumoylation. Mediates sumoylation of SCE1, GTE3 and GTE5. Functions as negative regulator of SnRK1 signaling through sumoylation of several components of the SnRK1 complex (PubMed:26662259).
Interacts (via PHD domain) with SCE1, GTE3 and GTE5.
The PHD-type zinc finger mediates interaction with SCE1, GTE3 and GTE5 and is required for E3 activity.
Converts oxidosqualene to camelliol C. Minor production of achilleol and beta-amyrin.
Belongs to the truncated hemoglobin family. Group II subfamily.
Expressed ubiquitously, with higher levels in root tissue than in shoot tissue.
Hemoglobin-like protein that exhibits an unusual concentration-independent binding of O(2) and CO. May promote shoot organogenesis from root explants in vitro (PubMed:11526234, PubMed:21741261). Inhibits RGLG3 and RGLG4 ubiquitination activity (PubMed:27497447).
Homodimer when ferric (Probable). Interacts with RGLG3 and RGLG4 (PubMed:27497447).
Slight reduction of the number of shoots produced by root explants in vitro; root explants are first cultured on an initial auxin-rich callus induction medium (CIM) followed by a transfer onto a cytokinin-containing shoot induction medium (SIM).
Regulated by the transcription factors NAC045 and NAC086.
May be associated with accumulation of carotenoids in chromoplasts.
Activated by phosphorylation at Ser-764 by CDG1.
Belongs to the PPP phosphatase family. BSU subfamily.
Interacts with CDG1, CDL1 and ASK7/BIN2.
Mainly expressed in young, elongating tissues. In young seedlings, it is expressed at the base of the hypocotyl, at the tip and most peripheral cell layers of cotyledons, and in the vascular cylinder of roots, particularly in the elongation zone and at the point of emergence of lateral roots. In mature plants, it is still present in the root vasculature, but almost completely absent in fully expanded stems and leaves. In flowers, it is mainly expressed in sepal veins, anther filaments, and in the style, suggesting that BSU1 is expressed in actively growing regions and apparently enriched in vascular tissues.
Phosphatase that acts as a positive regulator of brassinosteroid (BR) signaling (PubMed:14977918, PubMed:21855796). Dephosphorylates BES1, a transcription factor that regulates the expression of BR-response genes, thereby playing an important role in the regulation of response to BRs (PubMed:14977918). Inactivates the negative regulator of BR signaling ASK7/BIN2 by dephosphorylation at 'Tyr-200' (PubMed:21855796).
Phosphorylated at Ser-395 and Ser-444. Phosphorylated at Ser-764 by CDG1 and CDL1.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. STE Ser/Thr protein kinase family. MAP kinase kinase subfamily.
Phosphorylation at Ser-195 and Ser-201 by MAP kinase kinase kinases positively regulates kinase activity.
Condensation of UDP-2,3-diacylglucosamine and 2,3-diacylglucosamine-1-phosphate to form lipid A disaccharide, a precursor of lipid A, a phosphorylated glycolipid that in bacteria anchors the lipopolysaccharide to the outer membrane of the cell. Lipid A-like molecules in plants may serve as structural components of the outer membranes of mitochondria and/or chloroplasts, or may be involved in signal transduction or plant defense responses (Potential).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but plants lacking LPXB accumulate high levels of 2,3-diacylglucosamine-1-phosphate and UDP-2,3-diacylglucosamine.
Catalyzes the desaturation of acyl-CoAs to 2-trans-enoyl-CoAs.
Belongs to the V-ATPase 116 kDa subunit family.
Essential component of the vacuolar proton pump (V-ATPase), a multimeric enzyme that catalyzes the translocation of protons across the membranes. Required for assembly and activity of the V-ATPase. Required during cell expansion.
Belongs to the SNF2/RAD54 helicase family. ISWI subfamily.
Highly expressed in growing tissues such as inflorescence and flower meristems, young leaves and floral organs. Expressed in roots, rosette and cauline leaves, stems, flowers, inflorescences and siliques.
In developing ovule, expressed in all cells of the young nucellus, including the functional megaspore. After the initiation of megagametogenesis, expressed in most cells of the ovule, including the integuments, the developing megagametophyte, and the funiculus. In mature ovules, strongly expressed in the cellularized megagametophyte. After double fertilization, expressed in the developing embryo and the free nuclear endosperm until seed maturity. Expressed in developing male gametophytes and mature pollen grains.
Interacts with RLT1 and RLT2 (PubMed:22694359). Interacts (via C-terminus) with RLT1 (via the DDT domain), RLT2 (via the DDT domain), PTM (via the DDT domain) and DDR4 (via the DDT domain) (PubMed:23691993). Binds to FGT1 (PubMed:27680998).
Plants silencing CHR11 display reduced plant height and small cotyledonary embryos with limited cell expansion. Plants silencing CHR11 specifically at the onset of female gametogenesis (megagametogenesis) have defective female gametophytes arrested before the completion of the mitotic haploid nuclear divisions.
Possesses intrinsic ATP-dependent nucleosome-remodeling activity. Constitutes the catalytic subunit of several complexes capable of forming ordered nucleosome arrays on chromatin (By similarity). Involved in the formation of nucleosome distribution patterns (PubMed:24606212). Involved in nuclear proliferation during megagametogenesis and cell expansion in the sporophyte (PubMed:16286646). Required for the maintenance of the plant vegetative phase. In association with RLT1 or RLT2 may prevent the early activation of the vegetative-to-reproductive transition by regulating key genes that contribute to flower timing, such as FT, SEP1, SEP3, AGL8/FUL, SOC1 and FLC (PubMed:22694359). Necessary to acquire heat stress (HS) memory (PubMed:27680998).
Reduced heat stress (HS) memory. Premature decline of expression of HSA32, HSP18.2, HSP21, HSP22 and HSP101 after HS in the double mutant plants chr11-1 and chr17-1 (PubMed:27680998). No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but the double mutant plants chr11-1 and chr17-1 are very small and display early flowering and sterility (PubMed:22694359).
Belongs to the YSL (TC 2.A.67.2) family.
Highly expressed during leaf senescence.
Involved in iron loading of the seeds. Acts probably as a transporter of iron- and metal-nicotianamine chelates.
Low levels of expression in leaves and shoots, but not detected in roots. Restricted to the vasculature, in the xylem parenchyma surrounding xylem tubes. Expressed in pollen grains, in the vasculature of petals and sepals, in the carpel veins, in the style underneath the stigmatic papillae, in the vascular tissue of the funiculus and in the chalazal endosperm.
Plants do not show visible phenotype, but a decreased iron and nicotianamine content in seeds resulting in a transient defect in germination.
Slight induction by manganese, copper or zinc deficiency. Inhibited upon iron deficiency and induced by iron overload.
Belongs to the class II aldolase/RraA-like family.
Catalyzes the aldol cleavage of 4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-oxoglutarate (HMG) into 2 molecules of pyruvate. Also contains a secondary oxaloacetate (OAA) decarboxylase activity due to the common pyruvate enolate transition state formed following C-C bond cleavage in the retro-aldol and decarboxylation reactions (By similarity).
Catalyzes the aldol cleavage of 4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-oxoglutarate (HMG) into 2 molecules of pyruvate. Also contains a secondary oxaloacetate (OAA) decarboxylase activity due to the common pyruvate enolate transition state formed following C-C bond cleavage in the retro-aldol and decarboxylation reactions.
Belongs to the formin-like family. Class-II subfamily.
Gamma-tubulin complex is composed of gamma-tubulin and GCP proteins.
Gamma-tubulin complex is essential for the control of microtubular network remodeling in the course of initiation and development of giant-feeding cells, and for the successful reproduction of nematodes (e.g. Meloidogyne spp.) in their plant hosts (By similarity).
Gamma-tubulin complex is necessary for microtubule nucleation at the centrosome.
Gamma-tubulin complex is necessary for microtubule nucleation at the microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs).
Up-regulated in galls upon nematode infection.
This protein binds to 23S ribosomal RNA in the presence of protein L20.
Belongs to the iron/ascorbate-dependent oxidoreductase family. GA20OX subfamily.
Expressed in 3-day-old seedlings and siliques. Detected in dry seeds, roots, old leaves and inflorescences.
Key oxidase enzyme in the biosynthesis of gibberellin that catalyzes the conversion of GA12 and GA53 to GA9 and GA20 respectively, via a three-step oxidation at C-20 of the GA skeleton.
Not controlled by the level of physiologically active gibberellin.
Accumulates in seeds after imbibition (PubMed:23893219). Mainly present in elongating or expanding tissues (PubMed:21558309). Strongly expressed in the aerial portions and root tips of seedlings. Present in stem and leaf epidermis, including the trichomes, leaf mesophyll cells, and stem cortex and xylem. In flowers, observed in the upper portion of the styles, anther filament, and veins of the sepals and petals, silique walls and developing seeds (PubMed:23893219).
Lipid transfer protein that, together with LTPG1, binds to lipids and functions as a component of the cuticular lipid export machinery that performs extensive export of intracellular lipids (e.g. C29 alkane) from epidermal cells to the surface to build the cuticular wax layer and silique walls (PubMed:22891199). Contributes to pre-invasive defense against some non-host powdery mildew pathogens by preventing the penetration of the epidermal cell wall by the fungal agents (e.g. Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei (Bgh)) (PubMed:30102837). Involved in seed and ovule maturation and development, probably by regulating the fatty acids homeostasis during suberin and sporopollenin biosynthesis or deposition (PubMed:24460633).
O-glycosylated on hydroxyprolines; noncontiguous hydroxylproline residues are glycosylated with arabinogalactan.
Reduced cuticular wax load on the stem surface and in silique walls, with altered cuticular lipid composition (especially C29 alkane) associated with diffuse cuticular layer structure (PubMed:22891199). Increased susceptibility to penetration of the epidermal cell wall by the non-host mildew fungal agent Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei (Bgh) (PubMed:30102837). Some early aborted seeds and infertile ovules, and increased salt permeability in seeds (PubMed:24460633).
Up-regulated in the epidermis of top stems. Expressed in roots, cotyledons, seedlings, leaves, stems, buds, flower and silique walls (PubMed:23893219). Preferentially expressed in the shoot apical meristem and the root meristem (PubMed:21558309). Also detected in expanding leaves and petals, developing flowers, and elongating pistils, stamens and siliques (PubMed:21558309).
Belongs to the argonaute family. Ago subfamily.
Decreased DNA cytosine methylation at CpNpG and asymmetric positions at different DNA loci corresponding to retroelements, transposons and repetitive DNA sequences (PubMed:12522258, PubMed:17993621, PubMed:21738482). Reduced H3K9me2 at IGN5 and IGN26 loci (PubMed:21738482).
Expressed in embryos, mature leaves, vascular tissue of the sepals, stamens and stigma, at the tip of the style and siliques.
Interacts with NRPE1 (via C-terminus). Binding to NRPE1 is required for its function in RdDM. Interacts with turnip crinkle virus (TCV) capsid protein P38; this interaction inhibits probably RNA silencing ability of AGO4. Interacts with SDE3 (PubMed:16839879, PubMed:17938239, PubMed:19377477, PubMed:20439431, PubMed:22940249). Binds to RDM3 (PubMed:19410546, PubMed:19343051). Binds chromatin at loci subject to transcriptional silencing (PubMed:21738482). Interacts with MBD6 (PubMed:28229965).
Together with RDM3, required for transcriptional gene silencing (TGS) by DNA methylation and repressive histone modifications (H3K9me2) of several chromatin loci (PubMed:21738482). Component of the RISC complex that associate with the small interfering RNA (siRNA) pathway involved in direct cytosine methylation at endogenous DNA repeats. Forms a AGO4/NRPE1/siRNA complex in cajal body, facilitating its function in RNA-directed gene silencing of target loci. Required for CpNpG and asymmetric DNA methylation as well as histone H3 'Lys-9' methylation (H3K9me) at SUP and SN1 loci. May be not required for CpG methylation. Required for the production and maintenance of retrotransposon SN1 and Copia and ribosomal 5S 25 nucleotide siRNAs specialized in gene silencing at chromatin level. Involved in de novo methylation of FWA gene and required for the maintenance of RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) triggered by inverted repeat transgenes. Interacts with miRNA miR390 and miR172, targeting respectively TAS3 and AP2 mRNAs, and mediates cleavage of miRNA targets. Associates mainly with small RNAs of 24 nucleotide in length and preferentially recruits small RNAs with a 5' terminal adenosine. Targeted by the turnip yellows virus (TuYV) protein P0 (via F-box-like domain) for probable proteasome degradation and thereby inactivating AGO4 function in RNA silencing. Required for resistance to the bacterial pathogen P.syringae. Works independently of the RdDM pathway in mediating resistance to P.syringae. RdDM is involved in viral genome methylation as an epigenetic defense against geminiviruses (PubMed:12522258, PubMed:14988555, PubMed:15242620, PubMed:16839878, PubMed:16839879, PubMed:16998468, PubMed:17869110, PubMed:17938239, PubMed:17993621, PubMed:18342361, PubMed:18596098, PubMed:19377477, PubMed:20173091).
May form heterodimeric complexes with TALE/KNOX proteins (By similarity). Interacts with OFP1, OFP2 and OFP5 (PubMed:15781858). Interacts with KNATM, isoform KNATM-B (PubMed:18398054).
Transcription factor that establishes leaf shape by repressing growth in specific subdomains of the leaf. Negatively regulates knox homeobox gene KNAT1/BP expression.
Defects in female gametophyte development. Arrested during endosperm development.
May play a role in photosystem I and II biogenesis.
Originally thought to be a component of PSII; based on experiments in Synechocystis, N.tabacum and barley, and its absence from PSII in T.elongatus and T.vulcanus, this is probably not true.
Possesses triterpene oxidizing activity. Catalyzes the C28 hydroxylation of alpha-amyrin, beta-amyrin, and lupeol, producing uvaol, erythrodiol, and betulin, respectively. Catalyzes the C28 carboxylation of alpha- and beta-amyrin.
Expressed constitutively during plant development, weak increase during flowering.
Negatively regulated by microRNAs miR156 and miR157.
Trans-acting factor that binds specifically to the consensus nucleotide sequence 5'-TNCGTACAA-3'.
Belongs to the peroxidase family. Ascorbate peroxidase subfamily.
Belongs to the peroxidase family. Classical plant (class III) peroxidase subfamily.
Binds 1 heme b (iron(II)-protoporphyrin IX) group per subunit.
Removal of H(2)O(2), oxidation of toxic reductants, biosynthesis and degradation of lignin, suberization, auxin catabolism, response to environmental stresses such as wounding, pathogen attack and oxidative stress.
Removal of H(2)O(2), oxidation of toxic reductants, biosynthesis and degradation of lignin, suberization, auxin catabolism, response to environmental stresses such as wounding, pathogen attack and oxidative stress. These functions might be dependent on each isozyme/isoform in each plant tissue.
There are 73 peroxidase genes in A.thaliana.
Coordinates probably two (Fe-S) clusters with different magnetic properties (PubMed:18329103). Knockdown mutants have a dwarf phenotype, but are indistinguishable from wild type under hypoxic conditions (PubMed:18329103, PubMed:23639116).
Embryonic lethality when homozygous (PubMed:23104832, PubMed:23734982, PubMed:23639116).
Essential component of the cytosolic iron-sulfur (Fe-S) protein assembly (CIA) machinery (PubMed:23104832). Required for the maturation of extramitochondrial Fe/S proteins (By similarity). Required for expression of the imprinted FWA gene, for seed development and is involved in the oxidative stress response in vegetative tissues (PubMed:23734982). Involved in the regulation of cell size, ploidy and cell cycle progression (PubMed:23639116). Required for growth under normoxic conditions and necessary for recovery after hypoxic treatment but its action is reactive oxygen species (ROS) independent (PubMed:23639116).
Expressed in developing tissues, including shoot apex, young leaves, vascular tissues, root tips, pedicels, carpels and developing seeds.
Part of a complex composed of AE7, CIA1, MMS19 and NAR1. Interacts with CIA1.
Expressed in the sclerenchyma cells of inflorescence stems and siliques.
Abnormal pale brown color of seed coat (testa) due to low flavonoid accumulation levels.
Involved in membrane trafficking and vacuole development through membrane fusion at the vacuole. Required for membrane trafficking machinery and accumulation of flavonoids in the seed coat.
Binds to actin filaments and promotes cross-linking into thick bundles. Has an actin-stabilizing activity. The actin regulatory activities are inhibited by pH > 6.8 but are [Ca(2+)] independent.
Cross-links actin with a constant of dissociation of 1.7 uM.
Predominantly expressed in flowers and in pollen grains. Detected in vasculature and roots.
Belongs to the complex I 51 kDa subunit family.
Complex I is composed of at least 49 different subunits. This is a component of the flavoprotein-sulfur (FP) fragment of the enzyme.
Core subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I) that is believed to belong to the minimal assembly required for catalysis. Complex I functions in the transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme is believed to be ubiquinone (By similarity).
Core subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I) which catalyzes electron transfer from NADH through the respiratory chain, using ubiquinone as an electron acceptor. Essential for the catalytic activity and assembly of complex I.
DNA-binding heterodimer (By similarity). Interacts with CPK32 and the AFP proteins AFP1, AFP2 and AFP3. Interacts with FREE1 (via C-terminus) (PubMed:30962512).
Expressed in roots, leaves, flowers and immatures siliques.
Functions as transcriptional activator in the ABA-inducible expression of LTI65/RD29B (AC Q04980). Binds specifically to the ABA-responsive element (ABRE) of the LTI65/RD29B (AC Q04980) gene promoter (PubMed:11005831, PubMed:11884679, PubMed:15361142, PubMed:16463099). Binds to the promoter of FREE1 and activates its transcription (PubMed:32540007).
Phosphorylated by CPK4 and CPK11 in vitro.
Up-regulated by drought, salt, abscisic acid (ABA) and cold.
Belongs to the chloroplast-specific ribosomal protein cL37 family.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. EFM5 family.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent protein-lysine N-methyltransferase that methylates elongation factor 1-alpha.
Interacts (via C-terminal domain) with MIP1.
Required for mitotic division of the generative cell nucleus and the development of mature tricellular pollen grains, and for male and female meiosis.
The induction by X-rays is dependent on DNA damage signaling by ATM.
Expressed in the apical meristems and young floral primordia. Detected in the floral meristems and at the base of the floral organs.
Expression relatively broad during early stages of embryogenesis and more restricted to discrete groups of cells in mature embryos. Later, expression mainly restricted to the cotyledons and the apical meristem.
Involved in auxin biosynthesis, but not in the tryptamine or the CYP79B2/B3 branches. Catalyzes in vitro the N-oxidation of tryptamine to form N-hydroxyl tryptamine. Involved during embryogenesis and seedling development. Required for the formation of floral organs and vascular tissues. Belongs to the set of redundant YUCCA genes probably responsible for auxin biosynthesis in shoots.
No visible phenotype, due to the redundancy with the other members of the YUCCA family.
Was initially (PubMed:11209081) thought to be involved in the tryptamine pathway for the biosynthesis of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), but it has been shown (PubMed:20974893) that this is not the case. It is now admitted (PubMed:22025724, PubMed:22108406) that the YUCCA family is implicated in the conversion of indole-3-pyruvic acid (IPA) to indole-3-acetic acid (IAA).
Belongs to the HAD-like hydrolase superfamily. CbbY/CbbZ/Gph/YieH family.
Dephosphorylates 2-phosphoglycolate, but does not contribute to photorespiratory metabolism.
Succinyl-CoA synthetase functions in the citric acid cycle (TCA), coupling the hydrolysis of succinyl-CoA to the synthesis of ATP and thus represents the only step of substrate-level phosphorylation in the TCA. The beta subunit provides nucleotide specificity of the enzyme and binds the substrate succinate, while the binding sites for coenzyme A and phosphate are found in the alpha subunit.
Belongs to the plant COV1 protein family.
Involved in the regulation of vascular patterning in the stem, probably by negatively regulating the differentiation of vascular tissue.
Mostly expressed in flowers and stems, and, to a lower extent, in roots and leaves.
Component of the TFIID complex. TFIID is composed of TATA binding protein (TBP) and a number of TBP-associated factors (TAFs) whose MWs range from 14-217 kDa.
Expressed in roots, shoots, leaves and inflorescences.
Plants show reduced acetylation of histone H3 in light-responsive promoters, decreased chlorophyll accumulation and altered expression of about 9% of genes in young leaves.
TAFs are components of the transcription factor IID (TFIID) complex that is essential for mediating regulation of RNA polymerase transcription. Core scaffold of the TFIID complex. Acts as a histone acetyltransferase involved in the light regulation of growth and gene expression. Required for H3K9, H3K27, and H4K12 acetylation on the target promoters.
Belongs to the peptidase M10A family. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) subfamily.
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) or matrixins may play a role in the degradation and remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) during development or in response to stresses (By similarity). Active on McaPLGLDpaAR-NH(2) (QF24) and beta-casein and, to some extent, on myelin basic protein (MBP) (PubMed:24156403).
Mostly expressed in leaves and roots, and, to a lower extent, in flowers and stems.
Repressed by acetohydroxamic acid (AHA).
The conserved cysteine present in the cysteine-switch motif binds the catalytic zinc ion, thus inhibiting the enzyme. The dissociation of the cysteine from the zinc ion upon the activation-peptide release activates the enzyme.
(Microbial infection) Contributes to viral systemic infection of turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) by triggering the formation of host endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-derived viral vesicles that carry the viral RNA (vRNA) to plasmodesmata for cell-to-cell viral movement.
(Microbial infection) Interacts with turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) 6K2 in COPII-coated vesicles.
Component of the coat protein complex II (COPII), composed of at least five proteins: the Sec23/24 complex, the Sec13/31 complex and Sar1 (By similarity). Interacts with SEC221, SEC23E/SEC23A, SEC23B, SEC23G/SEC23C and SEC23F/SEC23D (PubMed:25315606).
During pollen development, mainly expressed in uninucleate microspores (UNMS) and bicellular pollen (BICP), and fades out after the immature tricellular pollen (TRCP) stage (PubMed:21705385). Mostly observed in rapidly growing tissues through all developmental stages, such as shoot apices, distal root regions, and developing sepals (PubMed:25315606).
Essential protein (PubMed:19933202). Component of the coat protein complex II (COPII), that covers ER-derived vesicles involved in transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus (PubMed:19933202, PubMed:24587212). COPII is composed of at least five proteins: the SEC23/24 complex, the SEC13/31 complex, and the protein SAR1 (By similarity). Acts in the cytoplasm to promote the transport of secretory, plasma membrane, and vacuolar proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi complex (PubMed:19933202). Involved in maintaining the dynamic identity of organelles of the early secretory pathway (PubMed:19933202). Regulates cell size patterning, and prevents CDKA;1-, DEK1- and ACR4-dependent endoreduplication and giant cells formation in sepals (PubMed:25315606). Required for male gametophytes (pollen grains) development and transmission (PubMed:21705385).
Lethal in homozygotes (PubMed:19933202, PubMed:21705385). Non-Mendelian segregation of the mutant allele sec24a-1 due to defective male gametophytes (pollen grains) leading to a male-specific transmission defect (PubMed:21705385). In the missense recessive mutant sec24A (G92 mutation), altered endoplasmic reticulum (ER) structure with an abnormal distribution of critical component at ER export sites, thus leading to the partial accumulation of Golgi membrane proteins and a soluble secretory marker in globular structures composed of a mass of convoluted ER tubules that maintain a connection with the bulk ER (PubMed:19933202).
Mainly expressed in pollen, leaves, inflorescences, roots and stems, and, to a lower extent, in cotyledons, petioles and hypocotyls.
Expressed in the root meristem and elongation zone, and in hypocotyls of etiolated seedlings.
Interacts with the ACC synthases ACS5 and ACS9 but not ACS2, via the kinase domain.
Involved in the signaling pathway that regulates cell wall function, including cellulose biosynthesis, likely via an 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC)-mediated signal (a precursor of ethylene).
No visible phenotype. Fei1 and fei2 double mutants exhibit disrupted anisotropic expansion (e.g. during hypocotyl elongation), impaired synthesis of cell wall polymers, and abnormal cellulose biosynthesis.
Could be the product of a pseudogene. Lacks the signal peptide and the transmembrane domain, which are conserved features of the family.
CIPK serine-threonine protein kinases interact with CBL proteins. Binding of a CBL protein to the regulatory NAF domain of CIPK protein lead to the activation of the kinase in a calcium-dependent manner.
Interacts with CBL1 (PubMed:10590166, PubMed:11115898, PubMed:14730064). Interacts with CBL2 (PubMed:11230129). Interacts with CBL3 (PubMed:11115898, PubMed:11230129). Interacts with CBL9 (PubMed:14730064). Interacts with ECT1 and ECT2 (PubMed:16113215).
Expressed in the whole plant, but preferentially in roots and leaves.
Expressed during ovule development (PubMed:25378179).
Expressed in cotyledons, particularly in the vascular region, in leaves, buds, flowers and immature siliques.
Plays a pivotal role in the control of morphogenesis of shoot organs by negatively regulating the expression of boundary-specific genes such as CUC genes, probably through the induction of miRNA (e.g. miR164). Participates in ovule develpment (PubMed:25378179).
Expressed in apical meristem and cotyledon veins of young seedlings. Expressed in vascular tissues of roots, leaves, stems and petals. Expressed in pollen grains. Expressed at low levels in cauline leaves and siliques.
Oxidoreductase involved in lignan biosynthesis. Catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of phenylcoumaran benzylic ethers. Converts dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol (DDC) to isodihydrodehydrodiconiferyl alcohol (IDDDC), and dihydrodehydrodiconiferyl alcohol (DDDC) to tetrahydrodehydrodiconiferyl alcohol (TDDC). Plays an important role in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. In addition to the 8-5'-linked neolignan DDC, can reduce the 8-8'-linked lignans, pinoresinol, and lariciresinol, but with lower activities.
Autophosphorylated and phosphorylated by OXI1.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Tyr protein kinase family.
Probable tyrosine-protein kinase involved in oxidative burst-mediated signaling leading to specific genes expression.
Strongly activated in response to phosphatidic acid (PA) and xylanase in a OXI1- and PDK1-dependent manner, and, to a lesser extent, by hydrogen peroxide and flagellin in a OXI1-dependent manner.
Detected in siliques from 3 days after pollination until maturity of seeds.
Expressed in siliques, ovules and germinating seeds.
Probable transcription factor involved in the regulation of time of flowering through the photoperiod flowering pathway. May repress FT.
Under epigenetic control. In wild-type plant, FWA is silenced in the sporophyte. The epi-allele fwa mutants (which do not have a change in the nucleotide sequence of FWA) cause a late-flowering phenotype due to ectopic FWA expression in sporophytic tissues. Repression of FWA is dependent on histone H3 'Lys-4' methylation and cytosine methylation which are partly controlled by the lysine-specific demthylase 1 (LSD1) homologs, LDL1 and LDL2.
Belongs to the fluoride channel Fluc/FEX (TC 1.A.43) family.
Fluoride channel required for the rapid expulsion of cytoplasmic fluoride.
Belongs to the SNF2/RAD54 helicase family. RAD16 subfamily.
Possesses intrinsic ATP-dependent nucleosome-remodeling activity. This activity may be required for transcriptional activation or repression of specific target promoters (By similarity).
Acts primarily as positive regulator of inflorescence growth. Endodermal expression is sufficient for proper inflorescence architecture (PubMed:22474391). Redundantly involved with EPFL4 in procambial development regulation. Acts also as tissue-specific regulator of epidermal pattern. Controls stomatal patterning by repressing stomatal production. TMM (AC Q9SSD1) functions to dampen or block CHAL signaling. Not processed by SDD1 (AC O64495). Acts as growth-regulatory ligand for ERECTA family receptors.
Expressed in the internal layers of the root, hypocotyl and stems, and in the midrib of developing rosette leaves. Detected in a ring of cells surrounding the vascular elements. Expressed in developing stems soon after bolting, in inflorescence stems, near the root apex and in the chalazal region of ovules. Not found in cotyledons or in stomatal precursors or stomata.
No visible phenotype in wild-type background, but restores stomata to hypocotyls in a tmm background. Chal and cll2 double mutants are defective in growth, with a short stature, shortened pedicells and compact inflorescence.
Protease that catalyzes two essential functions in the SUMO pathway: processing of full-length SUMOs to their mature forms and deconjugation of SUMO from targeted proteins.
Mediates the hydrolysis of some nucleoside diphosphate derivatives. Can use FAD and ADP-ribose as substrates.
May play a role in cell growth, differentiation and cell cycle progression.
Component of the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), a cell cycle-regulated E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex that controls progression through mitosis and the G1 phase of the cell cycle.
Component of the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), a cell cycle-regulated E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex that controls progression through mitosis and the G1 phase of the cell cycle. The APC/C complex controls several key steps in the cell cycle by mediating the ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of target proteins such as cyclins. The APC/C complex is required for the female gametophyte development and is involved in several other aspects of development. Involved in the control of endoreduplication.
Component of the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), which is composed of at least 10 subunits. Interacts with CDC20-1, CDC20-2, CDC27A and CDC27B.
Belongs to the Ca(2+):cation antiporter (CaCA) (TC 2.A.19) family.
Expressed in roots, leaves, stems, petals, stamens, ovules and siliques.
Induced by salt stress (PubMed:23148213, PubMed:26296956). Induced by cold stress, heat shock and abscisic acid (ABA) (PubMed:23148213). Induced by calcium and magnesium chloride, and osmotic shock (PubMed:26296956).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions (PubMed:23148213). No visible phenotype under short day (SD) conditions, but early flowering under long day (LD) conditions (PubMed:26296956).
Possesses sodium/calcium exchanger (NCX) activity when expressed in a heterologous mammalian CHO-K1 cell system (PubMed:23148213). Does not possess cation/proton exchanger (CAX) or sodium/proton (NHX) activity when expressed in a heterologous yeast cell system. Has the ability to bind calcium in vitro. Participates in the maintenance of calcium homeostasis (PubMed:23148213, PubMed:26296956). May play a role in auxin response, diurnal rhythm and flowering time (PubMed:26296956). Involved in salt stress response (PubMed:23148213).
Probably involved in plant defense response.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 22 family.
In the absence of ALG9 activity, the N-glycans transferred to proteins are aberrant, indicating that the oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) complex is substrate-tolerant.
Required for N-linked oligosaccharide assembly. Adds the seventh and the ninth mannose residues in an alpha-1,2 linkage onto the dolichol-PP-oligosaccharide precursors dolichol-PP-Man(6)GlcNAc(2) and dolichol-PP-Man(8)GlcNAc(2).
By abscisic acid, osmotic stress and environmental stresses such as dehydration, salinity and low temperature.
Expressed in stems, leaves, roots, flowers and siliques. Predominant in the vascular tissues of roots and leaves.
The production of the second messenger molecules diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) is mediated by activated phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C enzymes. Required for secondary responses to abscisic acid signals.
Embryogenesis mostly arrested at globular stage and cotyledon stage. Altered size exclusion limit of PD; abnormally maintained dilated PD at the torpedo stage and increased formation of secondary branched PD. Chlorosis (PubMed:11779812, PubMed:11874921, PubMed:19805190, PubMed:20434343). Altered plastid development (PubMed:22106293).
Essential protein required during embryogenesis. Required for mitochondrial metabolism. Necessary for normal plasmodesmata (PD) development and aperture regulation.
Mostly expressed in leaves and flowers, and, to a lower extent, in roots, seedlings and siliques, especially in meristematic regions.
Component of the origin recognition complex (ORC) composed of at least ORC1 (ORC1A or ORC1B), ORC2, ORC3, ORC4, ORC5 and ORC6. ORC is regulated in a cell-cycle and development dependent manner. It is sequentially assembled at the exit from anaphase of mitosis and disassembled as cells enter S phase. Interacts directly with ORC2 and ORC5 (PubMed:15358564, PubMed:16179646). Binds mostly unmodified histone H3, and, with lower efficiency, H3K4me1 H3K4me2 and H3K4me3 (PubMed:19171893, PubMed:26876097).
Component of the origin recognition complex (ORC) composed of at least ORC1, ORC2, ORC3, ORC4, ORC5 and ORC6. ORC is regulated in a cell-cycle and development dependent manner. It is sequentially assembled at the exit from anaphase of mitosis and disassembled as cells enter S phase. Binds unmodified and methylated histone H3.
Component of the origin recognition complex (ORC) that binds origins of replication. DNA-binding is ATP-dependent, however specific DNA sequences that define origins of replication have not been identified so far. ORC is required to assemble the pre-replication complex necessary to initiate DNA replication.
Essential protein required for ovules fertilization (PubMed:15634699, PubMed:19171893). Component of the origin recognition complex (ORC) that binds origins of replication. It has a role in both chromosomal replication and mating type transcriptional silencing. Binds to the ARS consensus sequence (ACS) of origins of replication (By similarity). H3K4me3 effector that regulates positively the transcription of a subset of genes (PubMed:19171893).
Follow a cell-cycle regulation with a peak at the G1/S-phase (PubMed:16179646). Mostly expressed in flower buds, and, to a lower exent, in roots, leaves and stems (PubMed:16179646, PubMed:15358564).
Lethal (PubMed:19171893). Unfertilized ovules but normal pollen tube attraction (PubMed:15634699).
Restricted to proliferating cells. First active during embryogenesis, but inactive in mature embryos. Expressed in shoot and root apical meristems. Later observed in lateral root primordia and meristems. Detected in young flower buds, developing anthers and mature pollen.
Probable transcription factor involved in phosphate signaling in roots.
Homo- and heterodimer with other ZFHD proteins. Interacts with ZHD1, ZHD2, ZHD5, ZHD7, ZHD8, ZHD10 and ZHD11.
Mostly expressed in flowers and inflorescence.
Not detected in the meristem prior to exposure to long days (LDs), but after exposure to three LDs, stable accumulation on the flanks of the meristem adjacent to floral primordia, during floral induction.
Putative transcription factor. Probably involved in the regulation of floral induction.
The homeodomain differs form the typical one by having namely 4 instead of 3 extra amino acids inserted in the loop between helix 1 and helix 2.
UDP-glucosyltransferase that forms glucose esters with phenylpropanoids (PubMed:11187886). Glucosylates 4-coumarate, ferulate, caffeate, sinapate and cinnamate (PubMed:11187886).
Collaborates with REM4.2 to positively regulate the BCTV and BSCTV susceptibility.
Forms homodimer and heterodimer with REM4.2 (PubMed:25289013). Interacts with KIN11 (PubMed:25289013).
Induced by mannitol, NaCl, drought, as well exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) application.
Predominantly detected in bud, stem, root, flower, silique, and leaves, and enhanced dramatically in senescence leaf.
Probably ubiquitinated and degraded by the 26S proteasome pathway.
Slightly reduced susceptibility to Beet Curly Top Virus (BCTV) and Beet Severe Curly Top Virus (BSCTV). The double mutant rem4.1 rem4.2 displays resistance to BCTV and BSCTV.
Belongs to the plastid outer envelope porin OEP24 (TC 1.B.28) family.
High-conductance voltage-dependent solute channel with a slight selectivity for cations transporting triosephosphates, dicarboxylic acids, ATP, inorganic phosphate (Pi), sugars, and positively or negatively charged amino acids.
Homooligomers form large rather nonselective pores in plastidial outer membranes.
Acts as component of the THO subcomplex of the TREX complex which is thought to couple mRNA transcription, processing and nuclear export.
Component of the THO complex, which is composed of THO1, THO2, THO3, THO5, THO6 and THO7.
3'-exoribonuclease that has a preference for poly(A) tails of mRNAs, thereby efficiently degrading poly(A) tails. Exonucleolytic degradation of the poly(A) tail is often the first step in the decay of eukaryotic mRNAs. Essential for early development, possibly by participating in silencing certain maternal mRNAs translationally. May have a pivotal role in stress response.
Widely expressed. Expressed in roots, stems, leaves and flowers.
Bifunctional wax ester synthase/diacylglycerol acyltransferase (By similarity). Involved in cuticular wax biosynthesis (By similarity). Required for petals development, probably by mediating the production of fatty acids at the plasma membrane in the petal epidermis acting as lubricants that makes petal elongation smooth in narrow space between the sepals and the anthers inside floral buds (PubMed:27135508, PubMed:23314942).
Disturbed petal development during their growth through the narrow space between sepals and anthers, leading to stuck petals in the bud during elongation, and resulting in the formation of folded petals in the open flower (PubMed:27135508, PubMed:23314942). Flattened conical-shaped petal epidermal cells associated with abnormal contacts of petals with the sepal surface (PubMed:23314942).
First observed in sepal primordia and floral meristems (PubMed:23314942). High levels in petal primordia and elongating petals margins but weak expression in the other floral organs (PubMed:23314942). In mature flowers, accumulates in the marginal region of petals and in ovules (PubMed:23314942).
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the long-chain O-acyltransferase family.
Mostly expressed in inflorescences and flowers, especially at the periphery of petal epidermal cells.
(Microbial infection) Required for early steps of plantago asiatica mosaic virus (PlAMV, genus Potexvirus) infection (PubMed:27402258). Facilitates pathogenic growth of avirulent hemi-biotrophic bacteria P.syringae pv. tomato (Pst) DC3000 (e.g. AvrRps4 and AvrRpm1) and of the compatible oomycete H.arabidopsidis Noco2 (PubMed:28362261, PubMed:29073135).
Associates with eIF4E initiation factors and the ribosome complex, thus likely contributing to the proper translation of target proteins (PubMed:28362261). Interacts directly with RPL18B and eIF4E1 (PubMed:28362261). Binds to SMG7 (PubMed:29073135).
Expressed in all tissues, mostly in flowers, leaves and stems, and, to a lower extent, in roots (at protein level).
Quickly phosphorylated at Ser-39 after treatment of seedlings with the pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) flg22.
Reduced size with a curly leaf phenotype associated with an abnormal constitutive PR1 expression (PubMed:28362261, PubMed:29073135). No spontaneous lesions, but enhanced cell death independent of salicylic acid (SA) biosynthesis or reactive oxygen species (ROS) production during pathogen infection (e.g. P.syringae and F.moniliforme) (PubMed:29073135). Heightened nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat protein (NLR, e.g. SNC1, RPS4, RPM1 and RPS2) accumulation and enhanced resistance against virulent pathogens (PubMed:28362261). Enhanced snc1-mediated autoimmunity including stunted growth, increased expression of pathogenesis related (PR, e.g. PR1 and PR2) genes and enhanced disease resistance against the virulent oomycete pathogen H.arabidopsidis Noco2, and reduced hemi-biotrophic bacterial growth of P.syringae pv. tomato (Pst) DC3000 expressing avirulent effectors AvrRps4 and AvrRpm1 (PubMed:28362261, PubMed:29073135). Abnormal resistance to plantago asiatica mosaic virus (PlAMV, genus Potexvirus) with the absence of infection foci prior to cell-to-cell movement (PubMed:27402258). Increased oxidative bursts, mitogen-activated protein kinase activation and callose deposition in response to the pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) flg22 (PubMed:29073135).
Translational repressor involved in the negative regulation of immune receptor accumulation via the inhibition of nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) receptor mediated defense (PubMed:28362261). Represses NLR protein accumulation (e.g. SNC1, RPS4, RPM1 and RPS2) (PubMed:28362261). Together with SMG7, helps to restrict effector-triggered immunity (ETI) cell death induction during pathogen infection in a salicylic acid- (SA) and reactive oxygen species- (ROS) independent manner (PubMed:29073135). Required for pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-induced suppression of necrotrophic fungal (e.g. F.moniliforme) pathogen-derived mycotoxin-triggered (e.g. fumonisin B1) cell death (PubMed:29073135).
Glycosidase that specifically hydrolyzes the Man-beta-1,4-GlcNAc linkage in the trimannosyl core structure of N-glycans. Does not hydrolyzes pyridylamino derivatives sugar chains containing Man-alpha-1,3-Man-beta or Xylose-beta-1,2-Man-beta.
Heterotrimer of 31 kDa, 28 kDa and 42 kDa subunits.
The mature enzyme is proteotically cleaved into 3 subunits of 31 kDa, 28 kDa and 42 kDa.
Divalent metal cations. Mg(2+) or Mn(2+).
Expressed in stems and leaves. Weakly or not expressed in roots.
Expressed in seedlings, roots, cotyledons, leaves and flowers.
Homodimer (Probable). Interacts with LHW.
Detected in sepals of very young closed buds. Later, expressed in sepals and petals veins and epidermis, as well as in developing gynoecium but not in stamens. At anthesis, confined to the gynoecium, commenced in the anther, and slightly expressed in the anther filament. When petals and sepals withered, strong expression at the bottom of the silique, in the abscission zone, and in the pedicel region below it. At silique maturity, detected in the same region but only at the nectaries.
Expressed in aerial organs, mostly in flowers, and in roots. Also observed at the branch points of pedicels of most young flowers, and in a patchy pattern in roots of mature plants and very young leaves in the rosette, including support cells of their trichomes.
Promotes cuticle formation by inducing the expression of enzymes involved in wax biosynthesis (PubMed:15070782, PubMed:15319479). Confers drought resistance (PubMed:15319479). Acts as a transcriptional activator. Binds to the GCC-box pathogenesis-related promoter element. May be involved in the regulation of gene expression by stress factors and by components of stress signal transduction pathways (By similarity).
Component of the spliceosome where it is associated with snRNP U1.
Involved in nuclear pre-mRNA splicing (By similarity). Seems to not be involved in polyadenylation.
Contributes to the assembly of the acentrosomal spindle and phragmoplast microtubule arrays as part of the augmin complex.
Part of the augmin complex composed of 8 subunits. The complex acts on microtubules and interacts with gamma-tubulin in spindles and the phragmoplast.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL13 family.
By cold shock, abscisic acid (ABA) and drought stress.
Expressed at least in stem, root, rosette leaves and flower buds.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. DRM-methyltransferase family.
DRM2 is expressed at much higher levels than DRM1, which is scarcely detected, suggesting that DRM2 is the predominant de novo methylase.
Involved in de novo DNA methylation. Controls asymmetric and CpNpG methylation. Required for FWA gene silencing but not for the maintenance of SUP gene silencing. Functionally redundant to CMT3 to maintain non-CpG methylation. Involved in RNA-directed DNA methylation.
In young plants, expressed in the distal regions of cotyledons, throughout leaves and root apical meristem, lateral root meristems and young floral buds. Strongly detected in the vascular tissues of various organs (e.g. roots, leaves, hypocotyls, sepals, petals, anther filaments) as well as in the gynophore. In the gynoecium, mainly detected in apical and basal regions as well as in the developing ovules in these regions.
Interacts with LHP1 in the nucleus on a common set of chromatin regions.
Mild early flowering phenotype, reduced rosette diameter, abnormal floral developmental homeostasis and altered gynoecium growth determination associated with indeterminate ovaries growth. Production of ectopic inflorescences with severely affected flowers showing proliferation of ectopic stigmatic papillae and ovules in short-day conditions. Repression of FLC accompanied by an increase in histone H3 trimethylation on lysine 27 (H3K27me3). Altered expression of several genes, including LHP1-regulated genes (PubMed:21304947). Basal primed defense state due to changes in the basal expression of the salicylic acid (SA)- and jasmonic acid (JA)- dependent defense marker genes PR1 and PDF1.2, and altered composition of glucosinolates, a class of defense-related secondary metabolites. Reduced susceptibility to the hemi-biotrophic bacteria pathogen P.syringae and the necrotrophic ascomycete B.cinerea (PubMed:24914891).
Predominantly expressed in vascular and meristematic tissues. Expressed throughout development in seedlings, roots, leaves, floral buds and siliques.
Slighty induced upon pathogen infection (e.g. P.syringae) (PubMed:24914891). Rapidly recruited to chromatin upon methyl jasmonate treatment (MeJA) to mediate transcriptional gene activation (PubMed:27495811).
Transcriptional activator that binds DNA on GAGA-like motif and 5'-(C/G)ACGTG(G/T)C(A/G)-3' consensus motif in the promoters of target genes (PubMed:27495811). Component of ribonucleosomes, which are complexes of at least 20 other different heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNP). hnRNP play an important role in processing of precursor mRNA in the nucleus (By similarity). Required during flower development and for cell fate determination (PubMed:21304947). Acts both as an antagonist and as a promoter of polycomb LHP1 gene regulation activity, depending of target genes, to regulate the transcription of stress-responsive and flowering genes (PubMed:21304947, PubMed:27495811). May regulate histone H3 trimethylation on lysine 27 (H3K27me3) (PubMed:21304947). Recognizes and binds histone H3 tails methylated at 'Lys-4' (H3K4me) and acetylated at 'Lys-9' (H3K9ac), leading to epigenetic activation. When in complex with LHP1, recognizes and binds histone H3 tails methylated at 'Lys-4' (H3K4me) and 'Lys-27' (H3K27me), mostly corresponding to stress-responsive genes (PubMed:27495811). May function as a suppressor of cell-autonomous immune responses involving glucosinolates, salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) pathways toward pathogenic bacteria and fungi (PubMed:24914891).
Controls photoperiodic flowering response. Component of the circadian clock. Controls the degradation of APRR1/TOC1 by the SCF(ZTL) complex. Expression of several members of the ARR-like family is controlled by circadian rhythm. The particular coordinated sequential expression of APRR9, APRR7, APRR5, APRR3 and APPR1 result to circadian waves that may be at the basis of the endogenous circadian clock.
Expressed with a circadian rhythm showing a peak in the evening.
Interacts with APRR1/TOC1 (via N-terminus).
Lacks the phospho-accepting Asp (here Glu-116), present in the receiver domain, which is one of the conserved features of two-component response regulators (ARRs) family.
Phosphorylated by WNK1; during the night. Phosphorylation is required for optimal interaction with APRR1/TOC1.
Shorter clock period but no effect on clock phase.
Plays a role in pre-mRNA splicing by facilitating excision of a subset of introns (By similarity). Required for embryogenesis (PubMed:23454656).
Can form homodimer. Interacts with PRA1B2, PRA1B3, PRA1B4, PRA1B5, PRA1B6 and PRA1E.
Component of a stable high-order oligomeric complex made of RKS1 and RPP13L4/ZAR1 which recruits Xanthomonas campestris effector XopAC/AvrAC-mediated uridylylated PBL2 in the presence of ATP to form a wheel-like pentameric resistosome; this complex triggers immunity toward X.campestris in vascular tissues (PubMed:26355215, PubMed:30948527, PubMed:30948526). Interacts with RPP13L4/ZAR1 and uridylylated PBL2 (PubMed:26355215, PubMed:30948526).
Expressed at high levels in germinating seeds and at lower levels in adult leaves.
Increased sensitivity to the pathogenic biotrophic bacteria Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc).
Induced by elevated temperature (e.g. at 25 degrees Celsius).
Serine/threonine-protein kinase that confers a broad-spectrum quantitative disease resistance (QDR) to the pathogenic biotrophic bacteria Xanthomonas campestris (e.g. pv. campestris (Xcc), pv. raphani, pv. armoriaceae and pv. incanae) by restricting bacterial spread to the vascular system from the infection site; X.campestris causes black rot disease in crops (PubMed:24068949, PubMed:26355215, PubMed:30948526). Seems to not have any kinase activity (PubMed:24068949).
Branched-chain amino acids are synthesized in chloroplasts, whereas the degradation takes place in mitochondria.
Converts 2-oxo acids to branched-chain amino acids. Shows activity with L-Leu, L-Ile and L-Val as amino donors and 2-oxoglutarate as an amino acceptor, but no activity for D-isomers of Leu, Ile, Val, Asp, Glu or Ala.
Expressed in the axils of leaf primordia and leaves from P1 to P20/22. In the axil of P1, expressed in 3 to 5 cell layers including the L1 to L3 layers of the shoot apical meristem (SAM). Then, extends from 1 or 2 cell layers in the adaxial-abaxial dimension. From P5 to P22, expression is restricted to a 1 to 2 cell-layer domain located within primordium. In the axils of older leaf primordia, expression decreases until it is no longer detectable in the axils of primordia older than P20/P22.
Plants fail to initiate axillary meristems and do not form lateral shoots during vegetative development.
Probable transcription factor required for axillary (lateral) shoot meristem formation during vegetative development. Seems to act upstream of REVOLUTA.
In koLhcb3, accumulation of LHCB1 and LHCB2 apoproteins to adjust photosystem II (PSII) (PubMed:19880802, PubMed:26562806). However, altered macrostructural arrangement of the LHCII antenna and increased rate of PSII transition from state 1 to state 2. Increased phosphorylation level of LHCII (PubMed:19880802). Reduced responsiveness of stomatal movement to abscisic acid (ABA), therefore resulting in a decrease in tolerance to drought stress (PubMed:22143917). Deceleration of the fast phase of excitation dynamics in grana cores (PubMed:26562806).
Present in M heterotrimers (PubMed:23274453). Forms heterotrimers with LHCB1, LHCB2, and LHCB5 proteins (PubMed:16551629, PubMed:15208324). The LHC complex consists of chlorophyll a-b binding proteins (PubMed:11245797).
Repressed by high-light (HL) in a CAO-dependent manner (at protein level) (PubMed:16170635, PubMed:23598180). Reduced levels relative to CP43 during high light acclimation, thus helping photosystem II (PSII) structural re-arrangement (PubMed:23274453). Repressed by the herbicide bromacil (BRO) (PubMed:26802342).
The light-harvesting complex (LHC) functions as a light receptor, it captures and delivers excitation energy to photosystems with which it is closely associated (PubMed:26562806). Modulates the rate of photosystem II (PSII) state transitions and influences PSII macrostructure (PubMed:19880802). Involved in PSII excitation energy transfer and charge separation during photosynthesis in thylakoids (PubMed:26562806).
Catalyzes cis-prenyl chain elongation to produce the polyprenyl backbone of dolichol, a glycosyl carrier-lipid required for the biosynthesis of several classes of glycoprotein.
Belongs to the Mrp/NBP35 ATP-binding proteins family.
Expressed in aerial tissues exposed to light. Very low expression in roots.
Required for photosystem I (PSI) biosynthesis and assembly. May serve as a chloroplast scaffold protein that specifically assembles iron-sulfur (4Fe-4S) clusters and transfers them to the chloroplast PSI and ferredoxin-thioredoxin (FTR) complexes. Can assemble a 4Fe-4S cluster and transfer it to apoproteins in yeast cells. Probably not required for assembly or stability of plastidic 2Fe-2S clusters.
Seedling lethality when homozygous due to impaired photosystem I (PSI).
By infection with Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis isolate Emco5.
TIR-NB-LRR receptor-like protein that confers resistance to the pathogen Hyaloperonospora arabidopsis (By similarity). Probably acts as a NAD(+) hydrolase (NADase): in response to activation, catalyzes cleavage of NAD(+) into ADP-D-ribose (ADPR) and nicotinamide; NAD(+) cleavage triggering a defense system that promotes cell death (PubMed:31439792, PubMed:31439793).
Component of complex II composed of eight subunits in plants: four classical SDH subunits SDH1, SDH2, SDH3 and SDH4 (a flavoprotein (FP), an iron-sulfur protein (IP), and a cytochrome b composed of a large and a small subunit.), as well as four subunits unknown in mitochondria from bacteria and heterotrophic eukaryotes.
Dually phosphorylated on Thr-198 and Tyr-200, which activates the enzyme.
Guanine-nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) that acts as an activator of Rop (Rho of plants) GTPases by promoting the exchange of GDP for GTP.
The PRONE (plant-specific Rop nucleotide exchanger) domain is responsible for the GEF activity.
Belongs to the monovalent cation:proton antiporter 2 (CPA2) transporter (TC 2.A.37) family. CHX (TC 2.A.37.4) subfamily.
May operate as a cation/H(+) antiporter.
During ovule development, expressed in the nucellus from early stage until embryo sac maturity. In mature ovules, expressed in the nucellus and the outer integument.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but flowers of the double mutants wih1-1 and wih2-1 have defect in megasporgogenesis. Doubl mutant plants display retarded growth, and twisted leaves, siliques and roots.
Required for the promotion of megasporogenesis, or promotion of germ cell formation from somatic precursor cells. Acts redundantly with WIH1. Functions in a genetic pathway downstream of SPL/NZZ and WUS and together with TRN2 in promoting megasporogenesis.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. NEK Ser/Thr protein kinase family. NIMA subfamily.
May be involved in plant development processes.
Plant-specific protein that interact with microtubules. In association with MAP70.5, is essential for the normal banding pattern of secondary cell wall and for the proper development of xylem tracheary elements and wood formation.
Multifunctional enzyme that converts oxidosqualene to lupeol and 3,20-dihydroxylupane. Minor production of beta-amyrin, germanicol, taraxasterol and psi-taraxasterol.
Increased length of hypocotyls under dark-grown conditions. Altered actin arrays in hypocotyl cells. Enhanced freezing tolerance associated with enhanced cold induction of cold-responsive C-repeat-binding factor (CBF) target genes in the double mutant lacking both GRF6 and GRF8, probably due to the suppression of ubiquitin-mediated degradation DREB1A and DREB1B degradation by the 26S proteasome pathway (PubMed:28344081, PubMed:31297122). Increased sensitivity to cold in plants lacking both B1L and GRF6 (PubMed:31297122). But enhanced freezing tolerance in the triple mutant lacking B1L, GRF6 and GRF8 (PubMed:31297122).
Interacts with SERK1 in the cell membrane. Component of the SERK1 signaling complex, composed of KAPP, CDC48A, GRF6 or GRF7, SERK1, SERK2, SERK3/BAK1 and BRI1 (PubMed:15592873). Interacts with TPK1 (PubMed:17764516). Interacts with ADF1 (PubMed:26345162). Binds to CRPK1 at the plasma membrane. Interacts with DREB1A and DREB1B in the nucleus when activated by CRPK1-mediated phosophorylation upon freezing (PubMed:28344081). Interacts with CINV1 (PubMed:25256212). Binds to the N-terminal region of B1L (PubMed:31297122).
Is associated with a DNA binding complex that binds to the G box, a well-characterized cis-acting DNA regulatory element found in plant genes (By similarity). Specific negative regulator of slow-vacuolar (SV) ion channel. Mediates F-actin dynamics possibly through inhibiting ADF1 phosphorylation (PubMed:26345162). Negative regulator of freezing tolerance that modulates cold-responsive C-repeat-binding factors (CBF) DREB1A and DREB1B proteins stability by facilitating their ubiquitin-mediated degradation when activated by CRPK1-mediated phosophorylation in freezing conditions; this processus is counteracted by B1L (PubMed:28344081, PubMed:31297122).
Phosphorylated by CRPK1 in response to cold.
Belongs to the GTP-binding SRP family. SRP54 subfamily.
Component of a signal recognition particle (SRP) complex that consists of a 7SL RNA molecule of 300 nucleotides and six protein subunits: SRP72, SRP68, SRP54, SRP19, SRP14 and SRP9.
Component of the signal recognition particle (SRP) complex, a ribonucleoprotein complex that mediates the cotranslational targeting of secretory and membrane proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). As part of the SRP complex, associates with the SRP receptor (SR) component SRPRA to target secretory proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Binds to the signal sequence of presecretory proteins when they emerge from the ribosomes. Displays basal GTPase activity, and stimulates reciprocal GTPase activation of the SR subunit SRPRA. Forms a guanosine 5'-triphosphate (GTP)-dependent complex with the SR subunit SRPRA. SR compaction and GTPase mediated rearrangement of SR drive SRP-mediated cotranslational protein translocation into the ER (By similarity). Requires the presence of SRP9/SRP14 and/or SRP19 to stably interact with RNA (By similarity).
Component of the signal recognition particle (SRP) complex, a ribonucleoprotein complex that mediates the cotranslational targeting of secretory and membrane proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). As part of the SRP complex, associates with the SRP receptor (SR) component SRPRA to target secretory proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Binds to the signal sequence of presecretory proteins when they emerge from the ribosomes. Displays basal GTPase activity, and stimulates reciprocal GTPase activation of the SR subunit SRPRA. Forms a guanosine 5'-triphosphate (GTP)-dependent complex with the SR subunit SRPRA. SR compaction and GTPase mediated rearrangement of SR drive SRP-mediated cotranslational protein translocation into the ER (By similarity). Requires the presence of SRP9/SRP14 and/or SRP19 to stably interact with RNA.
Component of the signal recognition particle (SRP) complex, a ribonucleoprotein complex that mediates the cotranslational targeting of secretory and membrane proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). As part of the SRP complex, associates with the SRP receptor (SR) component SRPRA to target secretory proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Binds to the signal sequence of presecretory proteins when they emerge from the ribosomes. Displays basal GTPase activity, and stimulates reciprocal GTPase activation of the SR subunit SRPRA. Forms a guanosine 5'-triphosphate (GTP)-dependent complex with the SR subunit SRPRA. SR compaction and GTPase mediated rearrangement of SR drive SRP-mediated cotranslational protein translocation into the ER. Requires the presence of SRP9/SRP14 and/or SRP19 to stably interact with RNA.
The M domain binds the 7SL RNA in presence of SRP19 and binds the signal sequence of presecretory proteins.
The NG domain, also named G domain, is a special guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) domain, which binds GTP and forms a guanosine 5'-triphosphate (GTP)-dependent complex with a homologous NG domain in the SRP receptor subunit SRPRA. The two NG domains undergo cooperative rearrangements upon their assembly, which culminate in the reciprocal activation of the GTPase activity of one another. SRP receptor compaction upon binding with cargo-loaded SRP and GTPase rearrangement drive SRP-mediated cotranslational protein translocation into the ER.
Binds to the ammonium transporter AMT1-1.
Partially lethal. Survivors turn pale green and show a stunted growth. Affected in photosynthesis; difference in the quantum efficiency of PS11.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFA1 subunit family.
Altered pre-messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) splicing (PubMed:28971960). Delayed flowering under both long and short days, and slightly reduced responsiveness to gibberellin (GA) and vernalization treatment (PubMed:17380304, PubMed:28971960). Short stature and reduced seed set (PubMed:28971960). Reduced levels of FLC but increased levels of FT and SOC1 transcripts (PubMed:17380304).
Expressed ubiquitously at low levels, with highest expression in seedling roots, developing siliques and germinating seeds, and, to a lower extent, in flowers, shoot meristems, inflorescence stems, developing seeds and leaves.
Involved in pre-mRNA splicing (PubMed:28971960). Involved in the determination of flowering time probably via the modulation of flowering associated genes (e.g. FLC, FT and SOC1) expression (PubMed:17380304).
Belongs to the acyl-ACP thioesterase family.
Plays an essential role in chain termination during de novo fatty acid synthesis. Possesses high thioesterase activity for oleoyl-ACP versus other acyl-ACPs. Substrate preference is 18:1 > 18:0 > 16:1.
Forms a heterodimer with AGL24 through MADS-box domain. Interacts with AGL15, AGL16 and AGL19 (PubMed:15805477, PubMed:18466303). Interacts with OXS3 in the nucleus (PubMed:31540691).
Rapidly up-regulated in apical meristems during the transition to flowering. Transiently expressed in inflorescence meristem. Re-appears in stage 3 flowers, in the central dome that later will develop into stamens and carpels.
Transcription activator active in flowering time control. May integrate signals from the photoperiod, vernalization and autonomous floral induction pathways. Can modulate class B and C homeotic genes expression. When associated with AGL24, mediates effect of gibberellins on flowering under short-day conditions, and regulates the expression of LEAFY (LFY), which links floral induction and floral development.
Up-regulated by gibberellins, vernalization and under long-day conditions. Gradual increase during vegetative growth. Induced by AGL24 at the shoot apex at the floral transitional stage. Repressed by SVP during the early stages of flower development. Inhibited by AP1 in emerging floral meristems (PubMed:17428825, PubMed:18339670, PubMed:19656343). Repressed by SHL to prevent flowering (PubMed:25281686).
Widely expressed. Not found in the apical meristem of short-day grown plants in vegetative stage.
Phosphorylated. Phosphorylation increases protein degradation.
During seed development, first expressed in developing endosperm, embryo and suspensor and later restricted to the embryo. In seedlings, confined to apical meristems and vascular tissues. In flowers, mostly present in floral meristem, in filaments of the stamen and in the style.
Essential protein. Required during embryo development, especially at early stages. Involved in chloroplast differentiation.
Present in all organs, with higher levels in aerial parts.
Component of light signal transduction machinery. Involved in repression of photomorphogenesis in darkness by participating in the CDD complex, a complex probably required to regulate the activity of ubiquitin conjugating enzymes (E2s). Repression of photomorphogenesis is probably mediated by ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of photomorphogenesis-promoting factors such as HY5, HYH and LAF1. Although strongly related to ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme, it has no catalytic activity by itself due to the absence of the conserved Cys active site at position 120. It can however enhance the activity of E2 conjugating enzymes.
Component of the CDD complex, at least composed of COP10, DET1 and DDB1A (PubMed:15342494, PubMed:24563205). Interacts with E3 ubiquitin ligase COP1. Interacts with E2 ubiquitin conjugating UBC5. Interacts with CSN3, CSN4 and CSN8 subunits of the COP9 complex.
Expressed in flower, leaf, stem and seedling. Expressed at lower level in root.
Belongs to the ABC transporter superfamily. ABCA family. CPR flippase (TC 3.A.1.211) subfamily.
Binds 1 divalent metal cation per subunit.
Enzyme of the plastid non-mevalonate pathway for isoprenoid biosynthesis that converts 4-diphosphocytidyl-2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2-phosphate into 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate and CMP. Is essential for chloroplast development.
Expressed in roots, flowers and siliques.
Hydrolyzes deoxynucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs) to the corresponding nucleoside monophosphates. Has a strong preference for dCTP and its analogs including 5-iodo-dCTP and 5-methyl-dCTP for which it may even have a higher efficiency. May protect DNA or RNA against the incorporation of these genotoxic nucleotide analogs through their catabolism.
Belongs to the metallothionein superfamily. Type 15 family.
Expressed in leaf mesophyll cells, root tips, and at low levels in anthers.
Metallothioneins have a high content of cysteine residues that bind various heavy metals (Probable). Functions as metal chelator of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) (PubMed:18287486). Plays a role in Cu homeostasis, specifically in the remobilization of Cu from senescing leaves. The mobilization of Cu from internal sources is important for seed development (PubMed:24635746).
Catalyzes the reduction of 3-ketodihydrosphingosine (KDS) to dihydrosphingosine (DHS). Required for sphingolipid biosynthesis. In plants, sphingolipids seems to play a critical role in mineral ion homeostasis, most likely through their involvement in the ion transport functionalities of membrane systems in the root. Is stereospecific for D-erythro-DHS production and does not produce L-threo-DHS.
Expressed in roots, leaves, stems and flowers.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but the double mutants tsc10a and tsc10b are not viable.
Acts as catalytic component of the CCR4-NOT core complex, which in the nucleus seems to be a general transcription factor, and in the cytoplasm the major mRNA deadenylase involved in mRNA turnover.
Belongs to the class V-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. Histone-lysine methyltransferase family. SET2 subfamily.
Histone methyltransferase involved in regulation of flowering time. Required for the expression of the SOC1/AGL20 gene. Required for histone H3 trimethylation on 'Lys-4' (H3K4me3) at the SOC1 locus. Prevents trimethylation on 'Lys-27' (H3K27me3) at the same locus.
In flowers, first observed in both stigmatic papillae and the flower abscission zone, later confined to the abscission zone (PubMed:17310369). In leaves, level increases gradually up to the point of leaf senescence (PubMed:17310369, PubMed:22268143).
Interacts with WRKY30 (PubMed:22268143). Binds to BZR2/BES1 to cooperatively regulate the expression of target genes (PubMed:28576847).
Phosphorylated and destabilized by ASK7/BIN2.
Regulated by MYB44 (PubMed:23067202, PubMed:23603962). Basal expression levels require the presence of endogeneous salicylic acid (SA) (PubMed:14742872, PubMed:17310369). Induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS) (PubMed:22268143). Early but transient accumulation after osmotic stress (e.g. polyethylene glycol, PEG) (PubMed:23815736). Induced by SA; early induction is NPR1-independent, but full-scale induction is NPR1-dependent (PubMed:14742872, PubMed:22325892, PubMed:22268143, PubMed:26433201). Up-regulated by benzothiadiazole (BTH) (PubMed:26433201). Repressed by jasmonic acid (MeJA) by both COI1-dependent and COI1-independent pathways (PubMed:14742872, PubMed:18713432). Triggered by the pathogenic compatible bacteria E.carotovora subsp. carotovora SCC3193 (PubMed:14742872). Induced by P.syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (PubMed:17965588, PubMed:22325892). Stimulated by ATX1 (PubMed:17965588). Up-regulated by E.amylovora (PubMed:22316300). Accumulates during leaf and flower senescence (PubMed:17310369). Induced expression upon simultaneous feeding by caterpillars (e.g. P.xylostella) and aphids (e.g. B.brassicae) at a low density, but lower levels in plants induced with both caterpillars and a high aphid density (PubMed:25339349). Responsive to rhizobacterium B.cereus AR156 in leaves (PubMed:26433201). Regulated by ATX1 by epigenetic histone H3 methylation (PubMed:18375658).
Slightly reduced in size (PubMed:17310369). In wrky70-1 mutant, not alteration of responses to both JA and SA (PubMed:18713432). Activation of jasmonic acid (JA)-responsive genes in a COI1-dependent manner (PubMed:14742872). Enhanced disease susceptibility to the necrotrophic bacterial pathogen E.carotovora subsp. carotovora SCC3193. Impaired resistance to the salicylic acid (SA)-monitored fungal pathogen E.cichoracearum. Enhanced JA-induced accumulation of anthocyanins (PubMed:16623907). Compromised basal defense and reduced RPP4-dependent late up-regulation (LURP) of resistance genes (e.g. CML10/CaBP22 and LURP1) upon infection by H.parasitica. Reduced INA- (2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid, SA analog) mediated resistance toward H.parasitica (PubMed:17313163). Promotion of both developmentally and dark-induced leaf senescence associated with abnormal expression levels of several senescence-associated markers genes (PubMed:17310369, PubMed:22268143). The double mutant wrky54 wrky70 exhibits stronger leaf senescence symptoms (PubMed:22268143). Almost no symptoms in response to E.amylovora (PubMed:22316300). Increased susceptibility to P.syringae associated with reduced PR1 induction in double mutants wrky46 wrky70 and wrky46 wrky53, and triple mutant wrky46 wrky70 wrky53. In these mutants, higher induction of PDF1.2 upon jasmonic acid (MeJA) treatment (PubMed:22325892). The double mutant wrky54 wrky70 exhibits an enhanced tolerance to osmotic stress associated with improved water retention and enhanced stomatal closure as well as salicylic acid (SA) accumulation, but a reduced induction of osmotic stress-responsive genes and reduced accumulation of the osmoprotectant proline (PubMed:23815736). Unstressed wrky54 wrky70 double mutant exhibits increased levels of SA, moderate accumulation of hydrogen peroxide H(2)O(2) and up-regulated expression of both SA and JA/ethylene (ET) responsive defense related genes; thus promoting cell wall fortification and consequently enhancing resistance to necrotrophic pathogens (e.g. P.carotovorum and B.cinerea) associated with reduced cell death, but is not sufficient to trigger hypersensitive reaction (HR)-like cell death and resistance to biotrophic/hemibiotrophic pathogens (e.g. P.syringae), characterized by reduced amount of callose (PubMed:28837631). Reduced rhizobacterium B.cereus AR156-induced systemic resistance (ISR) to P.syringae pv. tomato DC3000 associated with reduced (SA)-mediated signal pathway. Plants lacking both WRKY11 and WRKY70 are totally impaired in B.cereus AR156-mediated ISR (PubMed:26433201). The triple mutant wrky46 wrky54 wrky70 has defects in brassinosteroid (BR)-regulated growth and is more tolerant to drought stress (PubMed:28576847).
Transcription factor involved in senescence, biotic and abiotic stress responses by modulating various phytohormones signaling pathways (PubMed:14742872, PubMed:16623907, PubMed:17310369, PubMed:28576847). Interacts specifically with the W box (5'-(T)TGAC[CT]-3'), a frequently occurring elicitor-responsive cis-acting element (By similarity). Binds to the 5'-[CT]GACTTTT-3' motif in promoters of target genes to induce their expression (PubMed:24104863). Plays an important but not indispensable role in jasmonate and salicylic acid signaling (PubMed:18713432). Regulates positively the salicylic acid (SA)-mediated signal pathway, but negatively the jasmonic acid (JA)-mediated signal pathway, thus determining the balance between these mutually antagonistic pathways (PubMed:14742872, PubMed:16623907, PubMed:18713432, PubMed:28837631). Together with WRKY46, WRKY53 and WRKY54, prevents defense response to the necrotrophic pathogens P.carotovorum and B.cinerea, but promotes defense responses (including SA-induced pathogenesis-related (PR) genes expression) against biotrophic/hemibiotrophic SA-monitored pathogens (e.g. P.syringae, E.carotovora subsp. carotovora SCC3193 and E.cichoracearum), probably by regulating negatively the JA/ET and positively the SA signaling pathways (PubMed:28837631, PubMed:16623907, PubMed:22325892). Contributes to the suppression of jasmonic acid (MeJA)-induced expression of JA-responsive genes (e.g. PDF1.2) (PubMed:22325892, PubMed:16623907). Promotes susceptibility to JA-monitored pathogens (e.g. A.brassicicola), probably by facilitating SA-controlled suppression of JA-mediated defense. Represses the biosynthesis of the phytoalexin camalexin and indol-3-ylmethyl glucosinolate (IGS) (PubMed:16623907). Represses both SA and JA/ethylene (ET) mediated defense marker genes expression (PubMed:17310369). Negative regulator of SA biosynthesis (PubMed:28837631). Negative regulator of EDS1-dependent defense against E.amylovora (PubMed:22316300). Required for RPP4-mediated disease resistance and basal defense against H.parasitica, probably via late up-regulation (LURP) of resistance genes (e.g. CML10/CaBP22 and LURP1) (PubMed:17313163). Probably involved in defense responses toward insects (e.g. P.xylostella and B.brassicae) (PubMed:25339349). Together with WRKY54, negative regulator of developmental senescence, probably via the regulation of several senescence-associated markers genes (PubMed:17310369, PubMed:22268143). Together with WRKY46 and WRKY54, promotes brassinosteroid (BR)-regulated plant growth but prevent drought response by modulating gene expression (PubMed:28576847). In collaboration with WRKY54, prevents stomatal closure and, consequently, osmotic stress tolerance (PubMed:23815736). Regulates rhizobacterium B.cereus AR156-induced systemic resistance (ISR) to P.syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (PubMed:26433201).
Acts as a mediator between the cap-binding complex (CBC) and both the pre-mRNA splicing and primary microRNAs (miRNAs) processing machinery. Required for proper processing of primary miRNAs to miRNAs, thereby playing a role in RNA-mediated gene silencing (RNAi) by miRNAs. Does not participate in sense post-transcriptional gene silencing. Acts as a regulator of meristem activity and adaxial leaf fate via the miRNA gene-silencing pathway by regulating the expression of PHB and by limiting the competence of shoot tissue to respond to KNOX expression. Its function is however not limited to miRNA-mediated repression of leaf polarity genes, but rather acts as a general regulator of primary microRNAs processing. Also critical for the accumulation of the trans-acting small interfering RNA (ta-siRNA). Required for pre-mRNA splicing.
Death during embryogenesis. Weaker mutants (se-1, se-2 and se-3) also exist. Mutant se-1 displays defects in shoot and leaf development. Mutants se-2 and se-3 show adaxial leaf curling, loss of asymmetric differentiation of abaxial and adaxial cell types and development of trumpet-shaped or radial leaves. Vascular polarity of se-3 leaves is also perturbed, with xylem elements forming both adaxially and abaxially in the vascular bundle.
Expressed in shoot meristems and in emerging organ primordia throughout development.
Interacts with HYL1 (PubMed:16889646, PubMed:16977334). Interacts with RCF3, RS40 and RS41 (PubMed:26227967).
Acts as a Mg(2+) transporter. Can also transport other divalent cations such as Fe(2+), Sr(2+), Ba(2+), Mn(2+) and Co(2+) but to a much less extent than Mg(2+) (By similarity).
Acts as a Mg(2+) transporter. Can also transport other divalent cations such as Fe(2+), Sr(2+), Ba(2+), Mn(2+) and Co(2+) but to a much less extent than Mg(2+).
Expressed in roots, hypocotyls, cotyledons, leaves, stems and sepals.
Belongs to the expansin family. Expansin-like A subfamily.
Probably not redundant with AED1 and not involved in restriction of salicylic acid (SA) or systemic acquired resistance (SAR) signaling.
Component of SCF (ASK-cullin-F-box) E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes, which may mediate the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins (By similarity). Part of the phyA-mediated signaling transduction pathway leading to the regulation of gene expression and hypocotyls elongation in response to red and far-red light exposure.
Part of a SCF (ASK-cullin-F-box) protein ligase complex (By similarity). Interacts with SKP1A.
Rhythmic expression with highest levels at the end of the dark phase, just before the transition to light. Induction by far-red light requires phyA.
The F-box is required for the interaction with SKP1A.
The kelch repeats form a beta-propeller structure involved in protein-protein interaction.
Contains substitutions of several amino acids thought to be essential for catalytic activity. Its enzyme activity is therefore unsure.
Expressed in leaves, roots, flowers and siliques.
The production of the second messenger molecules diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) is mediated by activated phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C enzymes.
Promotes seedling growth probably via the regulation of phytosulfokine (PSK) signaling; PSK are peptide phytohormones acting as growth factors (PubMed:25062973). Together with PSI2 and PSI3, required during vegetative growth and reproduction (PubMed:25062973). May also have a function in carbohydrate metabolism (PubMed:25062973).
Short roots and hypocotyls due to both a reduced cell number and reduced cell elongation (PubMed:25062973). Plants missing both PSI1 and PSI3 are dwarf and contain reduced starch levels; these phenotypes are partially rescued by sucrose (PubMed:25062973).
Acts as negative regulator of osmotic stress-induced gene expression (PubMed:10504578). Involved in the regulation of thermotolerance responses under heat stress. Functions as an upstream regulator of heat stress transcription factor (HSF) genes. Negatively regulates HSFA1A, HSFA1B and HSFA1D, but positively controls the expression of HSFA1E, HSFA3, HSFA9, HSFB3, and DREB2C (PubMed:23087326). Forms a complex with CPL1 that modulates co-transcriptional processes such as mRNA capping and polyadenylation, and functions to repress stress-inducible gene expression (PubMed:23874224). Regulates pre-mRNA processing under salt stress (PubMed:24146632). Involved in primary miRNA processing and pri-miRNA biogenesis (PubMed:26227967, PubMed:26512101). Binds both intronless and intron-containing pri-miRNAs (PubMed:26227967). Acts as a regulator of biotic stress response gene expression and basal JA-mediated responses involved in defense. Acts as negative regulator of resistance to the fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum (PubMed:25985302).
Expressed in roots, cotyledons, leaves, flowers and siliques.
Homodimer (PubMed:24146632). Interacts with CPL1 (PubMed:23874224, PubMed:24146632, PubMed:24303021, PubMed:26512101). Interacts with RS40 and RS41 (PubMed:24146632). Interacts with DRB1/HYL1 and SE (PubMed:26227967). Interacts with CPL2 (PubMed:26512101).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions (PubMed:23087326, PubMed:23874224, PubMed:24146632, PubMed:25985302). Mutant seedlings show increased tolerance to heat stress (PubMed:23087326, PubMed:25985302). Mutant seedlings show increased sensitivity to salt stress and abscisic acid (ABA) (PubMed:24146632). Mutant plants exhibit increased resistance to the fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum (PubMed:25985302).
Transiently down-regulated by heat stress (PubMed:23087326). Down-regulated by salt stress, osmotic shock, treatment with lithium or abscisic acid (ABA), and low or high pH (PubMed:23874224).
Bifunctional wax ester synthase/diacylglycerol acyltransferase (By similarity). Involved in cuticular wax biosynthesis (By similarity).
Mostly expressed in flowers and siliques.
Accepts the ubiquitin-like protein SUMO/SMT3 from the E1 complex and catalyzes its covalent attachment to other proteins. Mediates the selective degradation of short-lived and abnormal proteins.
Highest expression in young stems and old leaves. Lowest levels in floral buds, anthers and young leaves.
Up-regulated during senescence, but not during the G0 to S phase transition.
Belongs to the monovalent cation:proton antiporter 1 (CPA1) transporter (TC 2.A.36) family.
May act in low affinity electroneutral exchange of protons for cations such as Na(+) or K(+) across membranes. May also exchange Li(+) and Cs(+) with a lower affinity.
Expressed in hypocotyls, cotyledons, leaves and petioles.
May be involved in cooperative interactions with calmodulins or calmodulin-like proteins (By similarity). Recruits calmodulin proteins to microtubules, thus being a potential scaffold in cellular signaling and trafficking (PubMed:28115582). Regulates cell and organ shapes (prevents twisting) in aerial parts probably by regulating transverse microtubules (MT) arrays alignment (PubMed:28115582). Regulates the formation of oval xylem secondary cell-wall deposition pits through microtubule-dependent lateral inhibition of Rho GTPase domains, thus confining the area of active ROP domains within the lattice of the cortical microtubules (PubMed:28803875). May associate with nucleic acids and regulate gene expression at the transcriptional or post-transcriptional level (By similarity).
The double mutant iqd13 iqd14 exhibits abnormally large and round secondary cell-wall pits in roots metaxylem vessels.
Probable ATP-dependent zinc metallopeptidase. Involved in the degradation of the light-harvesting complex of photosystem II (LHC II) during senescence or high light acclimation.
The conserved lumenal (CL) domain (84-162) is present only in some FtsH homologs from organisms performing oxygenic photosynthesis.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL36 family.
Contains a slightly degenerated ERF-associated amphiphilic repression (EAR) motif, which may be involved in the activity of transcriptional repression.
Not expressed in the inflorescence meristem or in the flowers at stages 1 and 2. First expressed in the precursor cells of petal primordia in stage 3 flowers and in the developing petal primordia up to stage 6. Not expressed at later stages.
Probable transcriptional regulator essential for petal development. Required for the early development of the organ primordia of the second whorl. Acts downstream of AP1 and PTL.
Strongly expressed in inflorescences and flowers, and weakly in siliques, seedlings and roots. In flowers, it is expressed in petal primordia and their precursor cells. Also expressed in the lateral root caps and the basal cells of lateral roots.
This protein is able to complement bacterial recA mutations, but its native function in the plant is not known.
By sucrose starvation, dark and senescence.
Catalyzes the synthesis of dihydrouridine, a modified base found in the D-loop of most tRNAs.
Autophosphorylated predominantly on His residues. Activation probably requires a transfer of a phosphate group between a His in the transmitter domain and an Asp of the receiver domain (By similarity).
Functions as an osmosensor histidine kinase that detects water stress and transmits the stress signal to a downstream MAPK cascade. This protein undergoes an ATP-dependent autophosphorylation at a conserved histidine residue in the kinase core, and a phosphoryl group is then transferred to a conserved aspartate residue in the receiver domain. Positive regulator of drought and salt stress responses, and abscisic acid (ABA) signaling. Confers drought tolerance, probably by regulating levels of ABA accumulation. Plays a redundant role in regulating plant growth and development. Required for the regulation of desiccation processes during seed formation.
Insensitivity to ABA, but hypersensitivity to drought and high salinity stresses. Loss of seed viability over time dur to altered desiccation.
Interacts with AHP2, depending of the phosphorylation state of Asp-1075 in the receiver domain, but probably not with AHP1 and AHP3.
Mostly expressed in roots, and, to a lower extent, in stems, leaves and flowers.
Up-regulated in response to changes in external osmolarity, low temperature, cytokinin (CK) treatment, and dehydration.
Expressed ubiquitously including in vasculatures, leaves, siliques, roots and inflorescences (PubMed:25267112, PubMed:18713399). Present in the root meristem (PubMed:30859592). Accumulates in cotyledons and root tips of young seedlings (PubMed:33324437).
Histone demethylase that demethylates 'Lys-27' (H3K27me) of histone H3 with a specific activity for H3K27me3 and H3K27me2, and involved in the regulation of gene expression (PubMed:25267112, PubMed:33324437). No activity on H3K27me1 (PubMed:25267112). Together with JMJ30, regulates the flowering-repressor FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) locus by removing the repressive histone modification H3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3), especially at elevated temperatures (e.g. 29 degrees Celsius), thus preventing extreme precocious flowering (PubMed:25267112). JMJ30 and JMJ32 are regulators involved in the integration of abscisic acid (ABA) and brassinosteroids (BR) signaling pathways (PubMed:33324437). Together with JMJ30, controls ABA-mediated growth arrest during the post-germination stage in unfavorable conditions, and responses to ABA during root development, via the removal of repressive histone mark (H3K27me3) from the SnRK2.8 promoter, thus promoting SnRK2.8 expression and subsequent kinase-dependent ABI3 activation (PubMed:30859592, PubMed:30983495). In addition, removes the repressive histone marks (H3K27me3) from the BZR1 locus in response to stress and ABA, thus activating the BR signaling pathway which, in turn, inhibits the ABA signaling pathway (PubMed:33324437).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions (PubMed:30859592). Reduced abscisic acid (ABA)-mediated growth arrest during the post-germination stage, with stronger effect in plants lacking both JMJ30 and JMJ32 (PubMed:30859592). The double mutant missing JMJ30 and JMJ32 exhibits an early-flowering phenotype at elevated temperatures (e.g. 29 degrees Celsius), associated with increased H3K27me3 levels at the FLC locus and decreased FLC expression (PubMed:25267112). The double mutant jmj30 jmj32 has longer primary roots (PubMed:30983495). In jmj30-2 jmj32-1 double mutants, reduced brassinosteroids (BR) mediated repression of ABA-inducible genes (e.g. ABI5, ABF2, ABF3 and ABF4) (PubMed:33324437).
Expressed in flowers, inflorescences and stems.
Membrane-anchoring subunit of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH).
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. AGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. PDPK1 subfamily.
Interacts with the C-terminal PIF domain of OXI1/AGC2-1.
Phosphorylation on Thr-212 in the activation loop is required for full activity. PDK2 itself can autophosphorylate Thr-212, leading to its own activation (By similarity).
The PH domain is responsible for the interaction with the 3-phosphoinositides. The activation loop within the kinase domain is the target of phosphorylation. The PIF-binding region on the kinase domain of PDK2 acts as a docking site, enabling it to interact with and enhance the phosphorylation of substrates containing the PIF motif (By similarity).
The PIF-pocket is a small lobe in the catalytic domain required by the enzyme for the binding to the hydrophobic motif of its substrates. It is an allosteric regulatory site that can accommodate small compounds acting as allosteric inhibitors.
Required for the accumulation of coenzyme A in the mitochondrial matrix.
Detected in axillary mersitems which appears in the axils of leaves after flowering. During bud vegetative development, down-regulated in the outer layers of the meristem, but accumulates transiently in young leaf primordia. In buds bearing flowers, restricted to the provascular tissue underlying the bud. Accumulates in axillary buds, but disappears at the time of bud outgrowth.
Expressed in axillary buds, and, to a lower extent, in axillary structures such as flowers and siliques.
Repressed transiently after shoot apical meristem (SAM) decapitation (release from apical dominance).
Transcription factor that prevents axillary bud outgrowth. May also delay early axillary bud development. Probably involved in the auxin-induced control of apical dominance.
Belongs to the amino acid-polyamine-organocation (APC) superfamily. Polyamine:cation symporter (PHS) (TC 2.A.3.12) family.
Probable cell membrane polyamine/proton symporter involved in the polyamine uptake in cells.
Component of a complex made of VPS38/USL1 and PI3K main subunits such as VPS15, ATG6/VPS30 and VPS34 (PubMed:29897620). Interacts directly with ATG6/VPS30 and VPS34 (PubMed:29897620, PubMed:29184027).
Dispensable for autophagy but essential for efficient targeting and degradation of biosynthetic and endocytic cargo to the vacuole (PubMed:29184027). Required for seedling development and plant growth as well as for seed storage proteins (SSPs) vacuolar trafficking (PubMed:29184027). Controls multiple aspects of development by affecting late endosome morphology and by regulating vacuolar and endocytic cargos (e.g PIN1 and PIN2) trafficking and distributions (e.g. polarity), thus influencing auxin transport orientation (PubMed:29897620, PubMed:29184027).
Multiple aspects of auxin-related developmental defects in leaves, embryogenesis, cotyledons, silique phyllotaxy and lateral roots in addition to unflattened and small leaves associated with an altered genes expression profile (PubMed:29897620, PubMed:29184027). Altered morphology of the VPS29-associated late endosomes (PubMed:29897620). Enlarged multivesicular endosomes and reduced level of organelles enriched in PI3P, associated with abnormal trafficking of vacuolar cargo and its receptor VSR2 leading to erroneous cytoplasmic distributions of endocytic cargo (e.g PIN1 and PIN2) and seed storage proteins (SSPs) (PubMed:29184027). Slightly inhibited starvation-induced autophagy, but normal constitutive autophagy (PubMed:29184027).
Predominantly expressed in the shoot apical meristem (SAM) and in the leaf vascular tissues (PubMed:29897620). Also observed in roots, pollen and flowers (PubMed:29897620).
Strongly expressed in nascent leaves and, as leaves grow, progressively restricted to the vasculatures, leaves tips and hydathodes along leaves margins (PubMed:29897620). In roots, accumulates in the tips, vasculatures and lateral root initiation sites (PubMed:29897620). In flowers, present in anthers, pollen and pistils (PubMed:29897620).
Encodes a member of the mid-SUN subfamily of SUN-domain proteins. It is involved in early seed development and nuclear morphology. [TAIR].
Forms homomers. Interacts with SUN3 and TIK.
No visible phenotype. Embryo lethal when associated with disruption mutants SUN3 and SUN4.
Acts as a regulatory subunit of the 26 proteasome which is involved in the ATP-dependent degradation of ubiquitinated proteins (By similarity). Required during embryogenesis (PubMed:16169895). Required for optimal plant growth and stress responses (PubMed:19605416). Required for innate immunity (PubMed:22577987). Prevents JMJ27 accumulation in non-drought conditions (PubMed:34197643).
Belongs to the proteasome subunit S2 family.
By salicylic acid (SA) (PubMed:22577987). Repressed by drought (PubMed:34197643).
Component of the 19S regulatory particle (RP/PA700) base subcomplex of the 26S proteasome. The 26S proteasome is composed of a core protease (CP), known as the 20S proteasome, capped at one or both ends by the 19S regulatory particle (RP/PA700). The RP/PA700 complex is composed of at least 17 different subunits in two subcomplexes, the base and the lid, which form the portions proximal and distal to the 20S proteolytic core, respectively. Interacts with JMJ27 (PubMed:34197643).
Detected in the floral meristem and primordia of floral organs. During early stages of flower development, expressed in the whole floral meristem, especially in emerging primordia. Later present in developing carpels, particularly in emerging ovule primordia. After fertilization, observed in the embryo and the chalazal endosperm. High levels at the early embryogenesis stages that fade out later. Also present in the developing seed coat, the septum, and the silique wall. In the stamens, detected at high levels in the anthers. Observed in sporogenous cells and then in tetrads of microspores.
Embryo lethality due to development arrest at the globular stage with defects in the formation of the embryonic root, the protoderm, and procambium (PubMed:16169895). Increased cell sizes, anthocyanin accumulation, reduced growth rate, reduced fertility, decreased heat shock tolerance, increased oxidative stress tolerance (PubMed:19605416). Mutant displays enhanced susceptibility to the fungal pathogen G. cichoracearum and to virulent and avirulent bacterial Pto DC3000 strains, which indicated defects in basal defense and resistance (R) protein-mediated defense (PubMed:22577987).
Expressed in stems, leaves, buds, flowers, siliques and developing seeds.
The embryo lethal disruption phenotype (PubMed:16169895) could be confirmed (PubMed:19605416).
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 13 family.
Double mutant shows that PU1 and ISA3 have redundant function for starch degradation. The involvement of PU1 in amylopectin synthesis is infered from the phenotype of double mutant in PU1 and ISA2.
Involved in starch degradation and also probably in the trimming of pre-amylopectin chains during starch synthesis.
No effect on the starch level in leaves and slight increase of water-soluble polysaccharides. No alteration of the amylase-to-amylopectin ratio. ISA3 is able to fully compensate for the loss of PU1.
Component of the coat protein complex II (COPII) which promotes the formation of transport vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) (PubMed:24587212). The coat has two main functions, the physical deformation of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane into vesicles and the selection of cargo molecules (PubMed:24587212).
Component of the coat protein complex II (COPII), composed of at least five proteins: the Sec23/24 complex, the Sec13/31 complex and Sar1 (By similarity). Interacts with SEC24A (PubMed:25315606).
Involved in the regulation of procambium maintenance and polarity during vascular-tissue development (PubMed:17570668). Phosphorylates HIRD11 and LHCA1 in vitro (PubMed:25602612).
Reduced procambial cells number, and adjacent or interspersed xylem and phloem formation.
Catalyzes the irreversible reaction from fructose-1,6-bisphosphate to fructose-6-phosphate and inorganic phosphate, to regenerate the primary CO(2) acceptor molecule, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (Probable). Involved in the regulation of photosynthetic electron flow and sucrose synthesis (PubMed:15448173, PubMed:20081115). Its activity is critical for normal plant development and important for the regulation of a wide range of metabolic processes (PubMed:25743161).
In plants there are two FBPase isozymes: one in the cytosol and the other in the chloroplast.
Light activation through pH changes, Mg(2+) levels and also by light-modulated reduction of essential disulfide groups via the ferredoxin-thioredoxin f system.
Reduced growth rate, dwarf phenotype and delayed flowering.
Belongs to the transketolase family. DXPS subfamily.
Binds 1 thiamine pyrophosphate per subunit.
Catalyzes the acyloin condensation reaction between C atoms 2 and 3 of pyruvate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to yield 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate (DXP). Is a limiting enzyme for plastidic isoprenoid biosynthesis and essential for chloroplast development.
Plants over-expressing CLA1 show increased levels of plastid isoprenoids derived from the methylerythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway, such as chlorophylls, tocopherols, carotenoids, abscisic acid, and gibberellin (PubMed:11264287). Mutant plants treated with exogenous mevalonic acid partially recover chlorophyll accumulation and plastid development (PubMed:12447549).
Acts on phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) in the first committed step in the production of the second messenger inositol-1,4,5,-trisphosphate.
Belongs to the PI3/PI4-kinase family. Type III PI4K subfamily.
Able to repress WUS when constitutively overexpressed, but have no effect on CLV3.
Expressed in the shoot apex, stamens, anthers and young siliques. Detected in provascular and vascular tissue.
Expressed throughout development. During germination, initially restricted to the hypocotyl, but expression gradually shifts to the root and on day 6, to the vasculature of the cotyledons and then of the leaves. Increased expression in the shoot apex during the transition to flowering. Induced in the inflorescence vasculature and young flower buds as flowering commenced. Expressed in developing embryos from the early heart stage until torpedo stage.
An article reported the role of autophosphorylation of Tyr-610 in brassinosteroid signaling; however, this paper was later retracted. A second article from the same group reported the role of phosphorylation; however, this paper was also retracted.
Autophosphorylated on Ser-290, Thr-312, Thr-446, Thr-449, Thr-455 and Tyr-610. Probable autophosphorylation on additional Tyr residues. Transphosphorylated by BRI1. It is not sure whether Thr-589 or Ser-595 is the target of the phosphorylation. The phosphorylations on Thr and Tyr are induced by brassinolide. Phosphorylation at Ser-286, Ser-290 Thr-446 or Thr-449 is not critical for flagellin signaling. Phosphorylated on Ser-612 upon SCOOP12 detection; a post-translational modification required for immune signaling (PubMed:33514716).
Contains one leucine-zipper motif and one pair of conservatively spaced Cys (Cys pair) involved in forming heterodimers.
Dual specificity kinase acting on both serine/threonine- and tyrosine-containing substrates. Controls the expression of genes associated with innate immunity in the absence of pathogens or elicitors. Involved in brassinosteroid (BR) signal transduction. Phosphorylates BRI1. May be involved in changing the equilibrium between plasma membrane-located BRI1 homodimers and endocytosed BRI1-BAK1 heterodimers. Interaction with MSBP1 stimulates the endocytosis of BAK1 and suppresses brassinosteroid signaling. Acts in pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI) via its interactions with FLS2 and EFR, and the phosphorylation of BIK1. Involved in programmed cell death (PCD) control. Positively regulates the BR-dependent plant growth pathway and negatively regulates the BR-independent cell-death pathway (PubMed:17583510, PubMed:17600708, PubMed:18667726, PubMed:18694562, PubMed:19124768, PubMed:20018402, PubMed:20404519, PubMed:21693696). Phosphorylates BIR2 and thus promotes interaction with BIR2 (PubMed:24388849, PubMed:24556575). This interaction prevents interaction with FLS2 in the absence of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP) (PubMed:24388849, PubMed:24556575). Component of the RLP23-SOBIR1-BAK1 complex that mediates NLP-triggered immunity (PubMed:27251392). Required for PSK promotion of seedling growth and protoplast expansion (PubMed:26071421). CNGC17 and AHAs form a functional cation-translocating unit that is activated by PSKR1/BAK1 and possibly other BAK1/RLK complexes (PubMed:26071421). Required during SCOOP small peptides (e.g. RGF1, SCOOP10 and SCOOP12) perception and signaling; associates with MIK2 as a coreceptor upon MIK2 perception of SCOOP peptides, and relays the signaling through the activation of receptor-like cytosolic kinases (RLCKs) BIK1 and PBL1 (Probable) (PubMed:30715439, PubMed:34535661).
Interaction with BRI1 activates both receptor kinases and the full activation of either receptor kinase requires transphosphorylation by their partners. This interaction in vitro is magnesium dependent. Instantaneous heteromeric complex formation between FLS2 and BAK1 and reciprocal transphosphorylation after binding of the flagellin flg22 ligand to FLS2. The kinase activity is not required for the complex formation.
Interacts constitutively with BIR2, thereby preventing interaction with the ligand-binding LRR-RLK FLS2. Upon infection, pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP) perception leads to BIR2 release from the BAK1 complex and enables the recruitment of BAK1 into the FLS2 complex (PubMed:24388849, PubMed:24556575). Heterodimer with FLS2 (PubMed:24114786). Monomer. Heterodimer with BRI1 in the endosomes. Component of the SERK1 signaling complex, composed of KAPP, CDC48A, GRF6 or GRF7, SERK1, SERK2, SERK3/BAK1 and BRI1. Interacts with the P.syringae AvrPto and hopAB2/AvrPtoB, ERD13, PEPR1 and PEPR2. Interacts (via extracellular region) with MSBP1. Interacts with the EF-Tu receptor EFR and FLS2 in a specific ligand-induced manner. Interacts with TMK4/BARK1. Part of a functional complex containing PSKR1, BAK1, CNGC17, and AHA (PubMed:26071421). Interacts with CNGC17 and PSKR1 (PubMed:26071421). Binds to IOS1 which triggers FLS2-BAK1 complex formation upon microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) treatment (PubMed:27317676). Interacts with ERECTA in a EPF2-induced manner. Interacts with ERL1 in a EPF1-induced manner. Interacts with TMM (PubMed:26320950). Component of a trimeric complex composed of RLP23, SOBIR1 and BAK1. BAK1 is recruited into a pre-formed RLP23-SOBIR1 complex in a ligand-dependent manner (PubMed:27251392). In the presence of the signal peptide RGF1, interacts with RGI3/RGFR1 and RGI4/RGFR2/SKM2 (PubMed:27229311). Forms a complex with MIK2 in response to SCOOP12 perception (PubMed:33514716, PubMed:34535661).
Phosphorylated residues T-450 and T-455 have stronger functional effects than other phosphorylated residues by interacting with both the catalytic and activation loops to achieve a conformational stability, locking BAK1 kinase in the active conformation.
Semi-dwarfed phenotype, altered leaf morphology and reduced sensitivity to brassinolide and flagellin. Enhanced chlorosis and lesion formation upon pathogen infection. Bak1 and bkk1 double mutants are seedling lethal. Impaired SCOOP12-mediated growth inhibition (PubMed:30715439). Partially compromised SCOOP10- and SCOOP12-induced root growth inhibition and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production; fully compromised in the double mutant bak1-5 serk4 (PubMed:34535661).
The interaction with the bacterial effectors AvrPto and AvrPtoB/hopAB2 interfers with FLS2 binding and plant immunity.
Cleaves the thylakoid-transfer domain from a chloroplast protein.
Expressed in leaves, exclusively in hair cells (e.g. differentiated trichomes and immature cells).
No visible phenotype, but higher levels of sinapate esters in leaves.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase involved in the regulation of root growth. Acts as positive regulator of root gravitropism. Possesses E3 protein ligase activity in vitro.
Expressed in root tips and leaf primordia.
Interacts with SINAT1, SINAT2, SINAT3, SINAT4, SINAT5, TOR1/SPR2 and FIP2.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant seedlings exhibit enhanced root wavy growth and curvature in response to gravitropism.
Homodimer (By similarity). Nonspherical monomer. mRNA-discriminating component of initiation complexes (PubMed:19493973).
Over-expression in sns-D leads to programmed cell death (PCD) in the leaves characterized by spontaneous necrotic spots on the rosette leaves under aseptic conditions. Embryo lethal when homozygote.
Promotes the eIF4F and eIF4A RNA-dependent ATP-hydrolysis activity with different efficiency depending on mRNAs, thus providing mRNA discrimination during initiation of translation.
In vitro, possesses glutathione S-transferase activity toward 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB). May be involved in the conjugation of reduced glutathione to a wide number of exogenous and endogenous hydrophobic electrophiles and have a detoxification role against certain herbicides.
Self-interacts and forms heteromers. Interacts with AHK2. Interacts with NB-LRR class of R proteins (e.g. RPS2 or RPM1) before R proteins are activated by the effectors.
By PHYA under continuous far-red light. Circadian-regulation under constant light. Up-regulated by red, far-red and blue light, and during the night phase under short-day conditions.
Controls normal photoperiodic flowering and regulates circadian rhythms. Required for suppression of photomorphogenesis in dark-grown seedlings and for normal elongation growth of adult plants. Integral component of the COP1/SPA E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex. Involved in HY5, HFR1, LAF1 and CO degradation.
Interacts with CO, COP1, HFR1, HY5 and PHYA. Light induces dissociation of the SPA1/COP1 complex. Binds to CRY1 in response to blue light, this interaction prevents SPA1/COP1 complex formation but stimulate CRY2/COP1 complex, and thus avoid COP1-dependent degradation of the transcription factor HY5 by the proteasome and promotes hypocotyl elongation (PubMed:21514160, PubMed:21511872, PubMed:21511871, PubMed:22739826).
Reduced hypocotyl elongation in blue light.
The coiled-coil domain (557-589) and the WD-repeat domain are sufficient for SPA1 function. The coiled-coil domain is necessary and sufficient for interactions with HFR1 and COP1. The protein kinase domain may play a role in promoting destabilization of SPA1 under far-red light. The DWD box is required for interaction with DDB1A (By similarity).
Involved in the maturation of the plastid protein translocation channel. Required for the biogenesis of plastid internal membranes. May also function as a thylakoidal processing peptidase.
By 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB), primisulfuron (PS), aminotriazole, benoxacor, oxabetrinil and IRL 1803, and, to a lower extent, by cloquintocet, fenchlorazol and fluorazol.
Glutathione-conjugate transport is inhibited by decyl-glutathione and, to a lower extent, by GS-GS, but not by GSH. All transports are inhibited by vanadate.
Pump for glutathione S-conjugates. Mediates the transport of glutathione conjugates such as chlorodinitrobenzene-GS (DNB-GS), and of chlorophyll catabolites such as Bn-NCC-1. Transports also heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd).
CIPK serine-threonine protein kinases interact with CBL proteins. Binding of a CBL protein to the regulatory NAF domain of CIPK protein lead to the activation of the kinase in a calcium-dependent manner. Acts as a negative regulator of the plasma membrane proton pump AHA2 by preventing its interaction with 14-3-3 protein.
Expressed in hypocotyls and roots upon germination. As seedlings mature, detected in the vascular tissue of both the stem and leaf.
Expressed in roots and stems, but barely detectable in flowers and siliques.
Increased proton extrusion and resistance to high external pH.
Interacts with CBL1, CBL2, CBL3, CBL4/SOS3, and CBL5.
Up-regulated by salt, drought, abscisic acid and glucose, but not by cold.
Intron 9 uses an acceptor splice site 3 nucleotides downstream of the one used in isoform 1.
Low expression in shoots, buds, siliques, leaves and roots. Found in, but not limited to, actively dividing cells: in procambium, protoderm and ground meristem in roots, and in shoot and floral meristems.
May be involved in sister chromatid cohesion during mitosis.
Belongs to the eIF-2B alpha/beta/delta subunits family.
Transcription factor that specifically binds AT-rich DNA sequences related to the nuclear matrix attachment regions (MARs). May play a function in the positioning of chromatin fibers within the nucleus.
Chromatin remodeling factor that binds to methylated histone (e.g. H3K4me2/3) to prevent their acetylation (e.g. H3K9K14Ac), likely by recruiting histone deacetylase (HDAC) complexes, and thus regulate the transcription of target genes (PubMed:25281686). Required during development and for fertility, probably by modulating developmental gene expression (PubMed:11129039, PubMed:15082927, PubMed:25281686). Promotes development speed, but at fitness cost (PubMed:11129039). Involved in the chromatin-mediated repression of floral initiation and controls genes regulating flowering. Negatively regulates the expression of the floral integrator SOC1, by preventing high levels of H3 acetylation, thus maintaining an inactive chromatin conformation (PubMed:25281686).
Expressed at all stages of development, from seedlings to adult reproductive phase.
Expressed ubiquitously (PubMed:25281686). Mostly expressed in roots, stems, leaves and flowers, and, to a lower extent, in siliques (PubMed:11129039).
In antisense plants, dwarf phenotype characterized by stunted axis, dark-green leaves, compact rosette structure, less small leaves, fewer flowers and seeds, and associated with a delayed development and late flowering (PubMed:11129039). In shl-2, acceleration of flowering, especially in short-days (SD), associated with a shorter adult vegetative phase. Other developmental defects include premature senescence, smaller leaves and siliques. Higher H3K9K14 acetylation in the genomic region of the SOC1 locus (PubMed:25281686).
Recognizes di- and trimethylated histone H3 at lysine 4 (PubMed:25281686). Interacts with HDA6 (PubMed:25281686). Interacts with DEK3 (PubMed:25387881).
Interacts with the heterodimers formed by GB1 and GG1, or GB1 and GG2. Interacts with RGS1.
Involved in a signaling pathway that modulates root auxin transport and auxin gradients. Acts partially by positively regulating the auxin carrier PIN2 and AUX1 (PubMed:19948787). Acts, together with GB1 as positive regulator of meristem initiation and branching. GB1 and NDL3 positively regulate basipetal inflorescence auxin transport and modulate MAX2 expression in shoots, which regulates organ and lateral meristem formation by the establishment and maintenance of auxin gradients (PubMed:24223735).
Involved in the early part of the secretory pathway.
Catalyzes the desaturation of long-chain acyl-CoAs to 2-trans-enoyl-CoAs. Active on substrates longer than C14 and mostly with C18-CoA. Activity on long-chain mono-unsaturated substrates is double than with the corresponding saturated substrates.
Expressed mainly in flowers and young seedlings. Lower expression in roots, leaves and bracts.
Induced by dehydration and abscisic acid (ABA).
Induced by seed imbibition with a peak at day 2 and then declines steadily until day 8.
Associates with TFIID-IIA (DA complex) to form TFIID-IIA-IIB (DAB-complex) which is then recognized by polymerase II (By similarity). Interacts with TBP2 (PubMed:19376835). Interacts with ATHB-7 and ATHB-12 (PubMed:24531799).
Embryonic lethality and aborted seed when homozygous.
General factor that plays a major role in the activation of eukaryotic genes transcribed by RNA polymerase II (By similarity). Interacts with TBP2 and is required for activated transcription and possibly basal transcription (PubMed:10634912). Plays important roles in pollen tube growth, guidance, and reception as well as endosperm development. Is partially functionally different from TFIIB2 and PBRP2 (PubMed:23547107).
Expressed in antipodal cells of developing seeds and in the vascular junction between the cotyledons or leaves and the hypocotyl. Not expressed in pollen.
Involved in the control of the PYK10 complex size and possibly substrate specificity. May be exported from the endoplasmic reticulum upon interaction with MVP1.
Part of the PYK10 complex. Interacts with MVP1.
Autophosphorylated on Ser residues near N-terminus.
Belongs to the PDK/BCKDK protein kinase family.
Elevation of the mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex (mtPDC) activity. Altered vegetative growth with reduced accumulation of vegetative tissues, early flower development and shorter generation time. Increased seed oil content and seed weight at maturity.
Expressed constitutively and ubiquitously.
Serine protein kinase that inhibits the mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex (mtPDC) by phosphorylation of the E1 alpha subunit on Ser residues, thus contributing to the regulation of glucose metabolism.
Treatment with the His-directed reagents diethyl pyrocarbonate (DEPC) and dichloro-(2,2*:6*,2(-terpyridine))-platinum(II) dihydrate inhibits kinase activity, including autophosphorylation.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. TPMT family.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyltransferase. Involved in glucosinolate metabolism and defense against phytopathogens (By similarity).
Predominantly expressed in roots. Detected solely in root trichoblast cell files engaged in root hair growth, hydathodes, shoot apical meristem, and apical cells of the root cap.
Required for transport of secretory proteins from the Golgi complex (By similarity). Catalyzes the transfer of phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylcholine between membranes in vitro. Plays a role in root hair tip elongation as a key regulator of polarized membrane trafficking. May promote the PtdIns(4,5)P2 synthesis and organization in root hair membrane.
No effect on sensitivity to salicylic acid.
Sulfotransferase that utilizes 3'-phospho-5'-adenylyl sulfate (PAPS) as sulfonate donor.
Belongs to the PILZ group of genes that disrupt, when mutated, the microtubule cytoskeleton and produce mushroom-shaped ('pilz' in German) embryos.
Embryo lethality. Embryo development limited to the formation of a few giant cells lacking microtubules but not actin filaments, each with one to several nuclei. Failure to localize KNOLLE in mitotic cells. Presence of abnormal endosperm with giant polyploid nuclei.
Regulates microtubule function in seed development. Required for development of both embryo and endosperm tissue. Not essential for cell viability. Probably involved in the binding of beta-tubulin in the multimeric supercomplex.
Supercomplex made of cofactors A to E. Cofactors A and D function by capturing and stabilizing tubulin in a quasi-native conformation. Cofactor E binds to the cofactor D-tubulin complex; interaction with cofactor C then causes the release of tubulin polypeptides that are committed to the native state (By similarity).
Expressed in hypocotyls, roots, lateral roots, columella cells, leaves and shoot apex.
Interacts with PRA1B1, PRA1B2, PRA1B3, PRA1B4, PRA1B5 and PRA1B6.
Belongs to the protein-tyrosine phosphatase family.
During flower development, detected in sepals, anther filaments, and carpels. During germination, levels decline slightly two days after imbibition.
Expressed in root tips and vasculature, cotyledons, stems, leaves vasculature and hydathodes, flowers, siliques, and seeds.
Impaired responses to phytohormones such as indole-3-butyric acid, indole-3-acetic acid (auxin), synthetic auxins, auxin transport inhibitors, and abscisic acid (ABA). Plants exhibit long roots and short hypocotyls when grown in the light, with aberrant vascular patterning, increased leaf serration, and reduced accumulation of auxin-inducible genes.
Interacts with SKP1A/ASK1 and with MPK12.
Required for the transduction of auxin and abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathways. Dephosphorylates and inactivates the MAP kinase MPK12.
Belongs to the DNA photolyase class-1 family.
Binds 1 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate (MTHF) per subunit.
Binds 1 FAD per subunit. The flavin in the dark is in the oxidized (bright yellow) redox state, whereas it becomes reduced subsequent to light activation and formation of the neutral radical (pale yellow).
Confers resistance to turnip crinkle virus (TCV) by preventing COP1-mediated proteasome-mediated degradation of RPP8/HRT, thus promoting its stability in light. Exposure to darkness or blue-light induces degradation of CRY2, and in turn of RPP8/HRT, resulting in susceptibility to TCV.
Daily oscillation of protein abundance in plants grown in short days (SD) but not in long days (LD) (PubMed:12578985). Expression levels display circadian oscillations under constant conditions, with a low amplitude and a late phase, with maximal expression around the end of the light phase. Repressed by light (PubMed:11743105). In response to blue light and darkness, phosphorylated, ubiquitinated, and subsequently degraded (at protein level) in a SPA proteins-dependent manner (PubMed:20624951, PubMed:25792146, PubMed:22739826, PubMed:22311776). Transcripts levels oscillate weakly and proportionally to temperature, but protein levels are stable (PubMed:23511208). Accumulates in response to low blue light (LBL) and in low light (PubMed:26724867, PubMed:20935177).
Homodimer (PubMed:11089975, PubMed:11509693, PubMed:17438275, PubMed:27846570). Blue-light dependent dimerization (PubMed:27846570). Interacts with COP1 and PHYB in the nucleus (PubMed:11089975, PubMed:11509693, PubMed:17438275, PubMed:20624951). Binds reversibly to CIBs proteins such as BHLH63/CIB1, BHLH78/CIB2, BHLH74/CIB4 and BHLH76/CIB5 after blue light illumination to stimulate their transcription factor activities (PubMed:18988809, PubMed:22139370, PubMed:24130508, PubMed:24780222). Interacts with PIF4 and PIF5 in the nucleus in response to low blue light (LBL) (PubMed:26724867). Binds to SPA1 in response to blue light, this interaction prevents SPA1/COP1 complex formation but stimulates interaction with COP1, and thus avoid COP1-dependent degradation of the transcription factors CO and HY5 by the proteasome and promotes hypocotyl elongation and floral initiation (PubMed:21514160, PubMed:22139370, PubMed:21511872, PubMed:22739826). Binding to ATP mediates conformational changes which facilitate flavin binding (PubMed:17073458). Interacts with BIC1 in both darkness and light (PubMed:27846570, PubMed:11089975, PubMed:11509693, PubMed:17073458, PubMed:17438275, PubMed:18988809, PubMed:20624951, PubMed:21511872, PubMed:21514160, PubMed:22139370, PubMed:22739826, PubMed:24130508, PubMed:24780222, PubMed:26724867). Interacts with NRP (PubMed:28633330).
Mostly expressed in the shoot meristems and root tips, and, to a lower extent, in the cotyledons, hypocotyls, and roots.
Phosphorylated by CK1.3 and CK1.4; in response to blue light. Required for degradation (PubMed:12066190, PubMed:17438275, PubMed:17965271, PubMed:9651577, PubMed:25792146, PubMed:23897926). Adopts an open conformation when phosphorylated upon photoexcitation and thus interacts with signaling partner proteins (PubMed:21841916). Not autophosphorylated, even in complex with FAD cofactor (PubMed:17073458).
Phosphorylation of the C-terminal tail and resulting derepression of NC80 domain may both depend on homodimerization.
Photoreceptor that mediates primarily blue light inhibition of hypocotyl elongation and photoperiodic control of floral initiation, and regulates other light responses, including circadian rhythms, tropic growth, stomata opening, guard cell development, root development, bacterial and viral pathogen responses, abiotic stress responses, cell cycles, programmed cell death, apical dominance, fruit and ovule development, seed dormancy, and magnetoreception. Photoexcited cryptochromes interact with signaling partner proteins to alter gene expression at both transcriptional and post-translational levels and, consequently, regulate the corresponding metabolic and developmental programs (PubMed:21841916). Blue-light absorbing flavoprotein that activates reversible flavin photoreduction via an electron transport chain comprising a tryptophan triad (W-321, W-374 and W-397), or via an alternative electron transport that involves small metabolites, including NADPH, NADH, and ATP. The half-life of the activated signaling state is about 16 minutes (PubMed:25428980, PubMed:23398192). Perceives low blue light (LBL) and responds by directly contacting two bHLH transcription factors, PIF4 and PIF5, at chromatin on E-box variant 5'-CA[CT]GTG-3' to promote their activity and stimulate specific gene expression to adapt global physiology (e.g. hypocotyl elongation and hyponastic growth in low blue light) (PubMed:26724867, PubMed:19558423). In response to blue light, binds to CIB proteins (e.g. BHLH63/CIB1 and BHLH76/CIB5) to activates transcription and floral initiation (PubMed:24130508). Mediates blue light-induced gene expression, floral initiation and hypocotyl elongation through the interaction with SPA1 that prevents formation of SPA1/COP1 complex but stimulates COP1 binding, and thus inhibits COP1-mediated degradation of transcription factors (e.g. CO and HY5) (PubMed:21514160, PubMed:21511872, PubMed:16093319). Promotes flowering time in continuous light (LL) (PubMed:21296763). Involved in shortening the circadian clock period, especially at 27 degrees Celsius, in blue light (BL). Required to maintain clock genes expression rhythm (PubMed:23511208). Triggers nuclear accumulation of ROS in response to blue light illumination (PubMed:26179959). Involved in blue light-dependent stomatal opening, transpiration and inhibition of stem and root growth, probably by regulating abscisic acid (ABA) (PubMed:22147516, PubMed:16093319, PubMed:16703358, PubMed:9482948, PubMed:9565033). Regulates the timing of flowering by promoting the expression of 'FLOWERING LOCUS T' (FT) in vascular bundles. Negatively regulated by 'FLOWERING LOCUS C' (FLC) (PubMed:14605222, PubMed:17259260). General positive regulator of reversible low light-induced chromatin decompaction (PubMed:20935177). Involved in triggering chromatin decondensation during floral transition (PubMed:17470059). Together with phototropins, involved in phototropism regulation by various blue light fluence; blue light attenuates phototropism in high fluence rates (100 umol.m-2.s-1) but enhances phototropism in low fluence rates (<1.0 umol.m-2.s-1) (PubMed:12857830). The effect of near-null magnetic field on flowering is altered by changes of blue light cycle and intensity in a CRY1/CRY2-dependent manner (PubMed:26095447). Involved in the strigolactone signaling that regulates hypocotyl growth in response to blue light (PubMed:24126495).
Plants show increased root elongation in blue light (PubMed:16703358, PubMed:21511872). Reduced attenuating effect of high fluence rates of blue light in the cry1 cry2 double mutant. Slow rate of curvature at low fluence rates of blue light in cry1 cry2 (PubMed:12857830). The double mutant cry1 cry2 exhibits a reduced impact of near-null magnetic field on flowering in lower blue light intensity and short days (PubMed:26095447). Little detectable phenotype on circadian clock in blue light (BL). The double mutant cry1 cry2 is impaired in blue light signaling, resulting in long-period, lower-amplitude oscillations at 12 and 17 degrees Celsius and completely abolishing rhythms at 27 degrees Celsius (PubMed:23511208). Reduced hyponastic growth (differential growth-driven upward leaf movement) in low blue light fluence (PubMed:19558423). The double mutant cry1 cry2 is hyposensitive to the strigolactone analog GR24 (PubMed:24126495). The mutant cry2 exposed to a background of red light show severely impaired stomatal opening responses to blue light. The double mutant cry1 cry2 has reduced stomatal conductance, transpiration, and photosynthesis, particularly under the high irradiance of full sunlight at midday, associated with elevated abscisic acid levels (PubMed:22147516). Mutation sel20 suppresses the inhibitory effect of continuous light (LL) on the hypocotyl elongation of elf3-1. The double mutant elf3 sel20 exhibits a late-flowering phenotype (PubMed:21296763). Impaired chromatin decondensation during the floral transition and in low light conditions (PubMed:20935177). Increased sensitivity to turnip crinkle virus (TCV) and associated with reduced HRT levels and stability, and characterized by hypersensitive response (HR) symptoms (PubMed:20624951).
The NC80 domain (486-565) contains a major active site responsible for the signal transduction processes regulating both hypocotyl inhibition and floral promotion. The C-terminal tail (564-612) is not required for physiological activity of the protein.
The rapid blue light-mediated reversible interaction between CRY2 and BHLH63/CIB1 is used to design an optogenetic control of target proteins or organelles.
Ubiquitinated; in response to blue light.
Was originally thought to be a DNA photolyase.
Acts as a glycerol-3-phosphatase with higher stereospecificity for L-glycerol-3-phosphate than DL-glycerol-3-phosphate (PubMed:17136424). Can also dephosphorylate in vitro 5-amino-6-(5-phospho-D-ribitylamino)uracil, also known as ARPP (PubMed:27490826).
Ubiquitous with highest expression in siliques. Mainly restricted to the meristem of immature flower and vascular elements of the root, shoot, leave, siliqua and developing embryo (at the protein level).
Component of the 20S core complex of the 26S proteasome. The 26S proteasome is composed of a core protease (CP), known as the 20S proteasome, capped at one or both ends by the 19S regulatory particle (RP/PA700). The 20S proteasome core is composed of 28 subunits that are arranged in four stacked rings, resulting in a barrel-shaped structure. The two end rings are each formed by seven alpha subunits, and the two central rings are each formed by seven beta subunits. The catalytic chamber with the active sites is on the inside of the barrel. Interacts with KIN10 and KIN11 SnRK subunits, and with the SKP1A/ASK1 subunit of the SCF E3 ubiquitin ligase complex.
The proteasome is a multicatalytic proteinase complex which is characterized by its ability to cleave peptides with Arg, Phe, Tyr, Leu, and Glu adjacent to the leaving group at neutral or slightly basic pH. The proteasome has an ATP-dependent proteolytic activity. Mediates the association of the SCF(TIR1) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex with the proteasome.
Expressed in influorescence meristem. Present at low level in roots, hypocotyls, leaves and stems.
Mannosyltransferase involved in glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchor biosynthesis. Transfers the first alpha-1,4-mannose to GlcN-acyl-PI during GPI precursor assembly.
Plants display cell walls with decreased crystalline cellulose, increased pectins and irregular and ectopic deposition of pectins, xyloglucans and callose.
Belongs to the histidine acid phosphatase family. VIP1 subfamily.
Bifunctional inositol kinase that acts in concert with the IP6K kinases to synthesize the diphosphate group-containing inositol pyrophosphates diphosphoinositol pentakisphosphate, PP-InsP5, and bis-diphosphoinositol tetrakisphosphate, (PP)2-InsP4. PP-InsP5 and (PP)2-InsP4, also respectively called InsP7 and InsP8, may regulate a variety of cellular processes, including apoptosis, vesicle trafficking, cytoskeletal dynamics, and exocytosis. Phosphorylates inositol hexakisphosphate (InsP6) at position 1 to produce PP-InsP5 which is in turn phosphorylated by IP6Ks to produce (PP)2-InsP4. Alternatively, phosphorylates PP-InsP5 at position 1, produced by IP6Ks from InsP6, to produce (PP)2-InsP4 (PubMed:25231822). Probably involved in vitamin E homeostasis via the regulation of gamma-tocopherol biosynthesis (By similarity).
Bifunctional inositol kinase that acts in concert with the IP6K kinases to synthesize the diphosphate group-containing inositol pyrophosphates diphosphoinositol pentakisphosphate, PP-InsP5, and bis-diphosphoinositol tetrakisphosphate, (PP)2-InsP4. PP-InsP5 and (PP)2-InsP4, also respectively called InsP7 and InsP8, may regulate a variety of cellular processes, including apoptosis, vesicle trafficking, cytoskeletal dynamics, and exocytosis. Phosphorylates inositol hexakisphosphate (InsP6).
Mostly expressed at low levels in roots and reproductive tissues (e.g. flowers and siliques), and, to a lower extent, in vegetative tissues (e.g. roots, shoots, leaves and stems) (PubMed:25231822). Also present in mature pollen (PubMed:25231822, PubMed:25901085).
Involved in RNA editing event in chloroplasts. Required for the editing of a single site in rpl23 transcript.
Extracellular signal peptide that regulates cell fate. Represses root apical meristem maintenance. Regulates the transition of protophloem cells from proliferation to differentiation, thus impinging on postembryonic growth capacity of the root meristem; this signaling pathway requires CRN and CLV2 (PubMed:28607033).
Mostly expressed in seedlings, roots and siliques, and, to a lower extent, in leaves, flowers, stems and apex.
The O-glycosylation (arabinosylation) of the hydroxyproline Pro-94 enhances binding affinity of the CLE11p peptide for its receptor.
Belongs to the NDH complex subunit L family.
Part of the chloroplast NDH complex, composed of a mixture of chloroplast and nucleus encoded subunits. Component of the NDH subcomplex A, at least composed of ndhH, ndhI, ndhJ, ndhK, ndhL, ndhM, ndhN and ndhO.
Catalyzes the interconversion between UDP-glucose and UDP-galactose. Involved in channeling UDP-D-galactose (UDP-D-Gal) into cell wall polymers. Required for the galactosylation of xyloglucan (XyG) and type II arabinogalactan (AGII). Cooperates with UGE2 in cell wall carbohydrate biosynthesis and growth.
Inhibited by NaCl. Enhanced activity by NAD(+). Slightly inhibited by UDP.
Root epidermal bulging. Partially deficient in cell wall arabinogalactan-protein (AGP). Abnormal trichoblast cell wall. Uge2 and uge4 double mutant displays a reduction in rosette and root growth, hypocotyl elongation, and secondary hypocotyl thickening (PubMed:17496119).
Acts as component of the MCM2-7 complex (MCM complex) which is the replicative helicase essential for 'once per cell cycle' DNA replication initiation and elongation in eukaryotic cells. The active ATPase sites in the MCM2-7 ring are formed through the interaction surfaces of two neighboring subunits such that a critical structure of a conserved arginine finger motif is provided in trans relative to the ATP-binding site of the Walker A box of the adjacent subunit. The six ATPase active sites, however, are likely to contribute differentially to the complex helicase activity.
Component of the minichromosome maintenance (MCM) complex, a heterotetramer composed of MCM2, MCM3, MCM4, MCM5, MCM6 and MCM7. Interacts with ETG1.
Expressed in shoot apex and flower buds.
Probable component of the MCM2-7 complex (MCM complex) that may function as a DNA helicase and which is essential to undergo a single round of replication initiation and elongation per cell cycle in eukaryotic cells.
Interacts with CUL3A. Interacts with GTE9/BET9 and GTE11/BET10 through the BTB domain.
May act as a substrate-specific adapter of an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex (CUL3-RBX1-BTB) which mediates the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins. Also targeted for degradation by the 26S proteasome pathway. May be involved in gametophyte development.
Preferentially expressed in young leaves, roots and stems.
Up-regulated by auxin (IAA). Down-regulated by salicylic acid (SA) and hydrogen peroxide.
Mediates an active uptake of hexoses, probably by sugar/hydrogen symport.
Activated by calcium. Autophosphorylation may play an important role in the regulation of the kinase activity (By similarity).
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family. CDPK subfamily.
Expressed in both guard cells and mesophyll cells.
May play a role in signal transduction pathways that involve calcium as a second messenger. Functions in abscisic acid (ABA) regulation of guard cell S-type anion- and Ca(2+)-permeable channels and stomatal closure.
There are 3 contiguous domains conserved in the CDPK subfamily: a kinase domain, an autoinhibitory (junction) domain and a calmodulin-like domain. The autoinhibitory domain (342-372) inactivates kinase activity under calcium-free conditions (By similarity).
Involved in microtubules reorganization during spindle and phragmoplast development.
Highly expressed in flowers. Expressed in leaves.
Involved in biosynthesis of the epicuticular wax. Plays a role in very-long-chain fatty acid (VLCFA) biosynthesis and is required for VLCFA elongation in leaf. Despite its classification as a BAHD acyltransferase based on sequence homology, CER26L does not seem to share the catalytic mechanism of the members of the BAHD family (By similarity).
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that mediates ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins (PubMed:28351989, PubMed:32786047). E3 ubiquitin ligases accept ubiquitin from an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme in the form of a thioester and then directly transfers the ubiquitin to targeted substrates (PubMed:28351989, PubMed:32786047). It probably triggers the ubiquitin-mediated degradation of different substrates (PubMed:28351989, PubMed:32786047). Mediates the proteasomal-dependent degradation of ATG6, a component of the autophagosome complex (PubMed:28351989). Requires TRAF1A/MUSE14 and TRAF1B/MUSE13 to target ATG6 for ubiquitination and subsequent regulation of autophagosome assembly (PubMed:28351989). Modulates directly the ubiquitination and proteasomal-dependent degradation of FREE1, a component of the ESCRT-I complex (PubMed:32786047, PubMed:32753431). Modulates directly the ubiquitination and proteasomal-dependent degradation of ELC/VPS23A, a component of the ESCRT-I complex (PubMed:32753431).
Induced by drought stress, salt stress, osmotic shock and abscisic acid (ABA).
Interacts with RAP2-2 (PubMed:17873090). Interacts with SINAT6 (PubMed:24350984). Interacts with ATG6 and TRAF1A (PubMed:28351989). Interacts with WAV3 (PubMed:22122664). Interacts with FREE1 (PubMed:32786047, PubMed:32753431). Interacts with ELC/VPS23A (PubMed:32753431).
No visible phenotype, may be due to the existence of 4 homologous proteins.
Belongs to the small GTPase superfamily. Ran family.
Found in a nuclear export complex with RanGTP, exportin and pre-miRNA (By similarity). Interacts with RANBP1A and RANBP1B (PubMed:9025305). Interacts with TRN1 (PubMed:14756317). Interacts with ATX1 (PubMed:17223078). Interacts with KPNB1 (PubMed:23582042). Binds to XPO1 (PubMed:10652141). Interacts with MOS14 (PubMed:21738492). Binds to NTF2B (PubMed:16428596).
GTP-binding protein involved in nucleocytoplasmic transport. Required for the import of protein into the nucleus and also for RNA export. Involved in chromatin condensation and control of cell cycle (By similarity).
GTP-binding protein involved in nucleocytoplasmic transport. Required for the import of protein into the nucleus and also for RNA export. Involved in chromatin condensation and control of cell cycle.
Involved in the regulation of gene expression by stress factors and by components of stress signal transduction pathways. Transcription factor that binds to the GCC-box pathogenesis-related promoter element. Acts as a transcriptional inhibitor and may regulate other AtERFs (By similarity).
Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily. Organophosphate:Pi antiporter (OPA) (TC 2.A.1.4) family.
Probable reductase that might be involved in the reduction of lariciresinol into secoisolariciresinol. In most plant species, a single enzyme is able to reduce both pinoresinol and lariciresinol efficiently while in Arabidopsis, PRR1 and PRR2 show a strict substrate selectivity for pinoresinol.
Belongs to the polyadenylate-binding protein type-1 family.
Binds the poly(A) tail of mRNA. Appears to be an important mediator of the multiple roles of the poly(A) tail in mRNA biogenesis, stability and translation (By similarity).
Expressed at low levels in leaves and young seedlings.
Lacks the PABC domain, which is one of the conserved features of the PAPB family.
Essential protein. Sigma factors are initiation factors that promote the attachment of plastid-encoded RNA polymerase (PEP) to specific initiation sites (e.g. psbA and psbD) and are then released. Essential for blue light-mediated transcription of psbD, which encodes the photosystem II reaction center protein D2. Plays a role in reproduction. Required during female gametophyte development (PubMed:21123745).
Highly expressed in the male and female gametophytes and in seedlings.
Induced by blue light illumination (470 nm), especially after dark adaptation. Induction is mediated through both cryptochrome 1 and cryptochrome 2 at lower light intensities and mainly through cryptochrome 1 at higher light intensities.
Interacts with PIA2/ANK6 in mitochondrion.
Lethal. In heterozygous plants, aborted embryos and unfertilized ovules. Defects in female gametophyte development at the one-nucleate stage and white shriveled ovule (PubMed:12805603, PubMed:14976253, PubMed:21123745). Loss of transcription activation of psbD in chloroplasts in response to light (PubMed:12805603, PubMed:14976253).
Mostly expressed in siliques and flowers, to a lesser extent in leaves and stems, and barely expressed in roots (at protein level). Isoform 2 accumulates specifically in flowers, whereas isoform 1 is expressed in both leaves and flowers. Present in old seedlings (8 days).
3'-5' DNA helicase that may play a role in the repair of DNA (By similarity). Required to promote but not to suppress crossovers.
Mostly expressed in roots, seedlings, shoots, shoot apical mersitem, flowers, and siliques.
Not mutagen-sensitive, and impaired in hyperrecombination (HR).
Detected in inflorescence and youg floral mersitems, and in stem procambial cells. In floral mersitems, mostly expressed in the central dome. Disappears progressively from sepal primordia, but accumulates in second, third and fourth whorl organ primordia. Later, confined to occasional patches in stamens and in petal before disparearing progressively from flowers.
Expressed in roots, seedlings, hypocotyl, inflorescence, siliques, and pistils. Also detected at low levels in leaves.
Probably acts as a transcriptional activator. Binds to the GCC-box pathogenesis-related promoter element. May be involved in the regulation of gene expression by stress factors and by components of stress signal transduction pathways.
Belongs to the SNF2/RAD54 helicase family. SWR1 subfamily.
Component of the SWR1 chromatin-remodeling complex composed of at least ARP6/ESD1/SUF3, PIE1, SWC6, SWC2 and H2AZs (HTA8, HTA9, HTA11). Interacts (via c-terminus) with SWC6 and ARP6 and (via N-terminus) with H2AZs.
Component of the SWR1 complex which mediates the ATP-dependent exchange of histone H2A for the H2A variant H2A.F/Z leading to transcriptional regulation of selected genes (e.g. FLC) by chromatin remodeling. Probable DNA-dependent ATPase. Not involved in the repression of FLC in gametophytes, but required for the reactivation of FLC in early embryos and for the maintenance of full activation of FLC in late embryos.
Early flowering. Loss of H2A.Z from chromatin.
Expressed in ovules, but not in stamens.
Short pollen tube growth and failure to exit the style.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class myosin-kinesin ATPase superfamily. Myosin family.
Activation of long-chain fatty acids for both synthesis of cellular lipids, and degradation via beta-oxidation. Acts in both the wax and cutin pathways. Preferentially uses palmitate, palmitoleate, linoleate and eicosenoate. Seems to have a specific activity against very long-chain fatty acid (VLCFA) class with acids longer than 24 carbons (C(24)).
Epidermal-specific expression along the entire stem. In cauline leaves, was expressed over the entire leaf surface, most strongly in trichomes and guard cells, but not in mesophyll cells. In flowers, the expression was detected in the stigma and filaments of the stamens, and in the carpel was expressed specifically in ovaries. In roots, was expressed in primary and lateral roots, but not in the root tips.
In stem, fewer and flatter wax crystals and disorganized cuticle proper and thinner cuticular layer. Reduced amount of wax in all chemical classes on the stem and leaf, except in the very long-chain fatty acid (VLCFA) class with acids longer than 24 carbons (C(24)).
Associated component of the proteasome that specifically recognizes acetylated histones and promotes ATP- and ubiquitin-independent degradation of core histones during DNA damage response. Recognizes and binds acetylated histones via its bromodomain-like (BRDL) region and activates the proteasome by opening the gated channel for substrate entry. Binds to the core proteasome via its C-terminus, which occupies the same binding sites as the proteasomal ATPases, opening the closed structure of the proteasome via an active gating mechanism. involved in DNA damage response: binds to acetylated histones and promotes degradation of histones (By similarity).
The bromodomain-like (BRDL) region specifically recognizes and binds acetylated histones.
Belongs to the eukaryotic mitochondrial porin (TC 1.B.8.1) family.
Consists mainly of membrane-spanning sided beta-sheets.
Expressed in leaf tips, anthers and stigma.
Forms a channel through the mitochondrial outer membrane that allows diffusion of small hydrophilic molecules. The channel adopts an open conformation at low or zero membrane potential and a closed conformation at potentials above 30-40 mV. The open state has a weak anion selectivity whereas the closed state is cation-selective (By similarity).
Induced during the hypersensitive response to X.campestris pv campestris and by the bacterial pathogen P.syringae pv. tomato.
Interacts with KIN14F/KP1 (PubMed:21406623). Interacts with FBA6 and GAPC1 (PubMed:23316205).
During germination, expressed in the embryo, vascular bundles and the root cap. In 6-day-old seedlings, expression in seed coat/endosperm disappears is detected only at the bases of the lateral root buds. Expressed in developing an mature siliques from 10 to 16 days after flowering (DAF).
Hypersensitivity to ABA, salt and sucrose during seed germination.
Negative regulator of abscisic acid (ABA) responses during seed germination.
Circadian-regulation. Expression increases during the dark phase with a peak at the beginning of the light phase and then decreases to reach the lowest expression at the end of the light phase. Induced by UV-B.
Functions in association with RUP2 as repressor of UV-B-induced photomorphogenesis mediated by UVR8 and HY5, likely in coordination with DHU1 (PubMed:28735869). Plays a crucial negative feedback regulatory role downstream of UVR8-COP1 to inhibit UVR8 function, balance UV-B-specific responses and ensure normal plant growth. Is involved in the regulation of photoperiodic flowering and vegetative development.
Interacts with UVR8 (PubMed:21041653, PubMed:22988111). Interacts directly with DHU1 (PubMed:28735869).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions (PubMed:21242318). The UV-B responsiveness of the double mutant dhu1-1 rup1-1 is similar to that of the single mutants dhu1-1 and rup1-1 (PubMed:28735869).
Overexpression of RUP1 confers an early flowering phenotype.
By jasmonate. Down-regulated by hydrogen peroxide.
E3 ubiquitin protein ligase that regulates leaf senescence through ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of WRKY53.
By light. In etiolated seedlings, maximally expressed after 3 days of illumination.
Down-regulated in the shoot apical meristem (SAM) upon floral induction.
May form heterodimeric complex with the TALE/KNOX protein STM.
Transcription factor which may be involved in the signal transduction pathway downstream of the COP1 gene. Controls floral competency as a specific activator of FLC expression. Is responsive of the nuclear import of SHOOT MERISTEMLESS (STM).
Expressed in taproots, lateral roots, root tips, leaf veins, cauline leaves, inflorescences, flowers, and siliques.
Shrunken non viable seeds due to arrested embryo development when homozygous (PubMed:31455787). Alteration in cuticular waxes (PubMed:31455787, PubMed:31941670). Decreased production wax with dramatically fewer alkanes (PubMed:31941670).
Together with RST1, acts as cofactor of the cytoplasmic exosome and connects the cytosolic RNA exosome to the SKI complex (PubMed:31455787). Acts as post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) suppressor (PubMed:31455787, PubMed:31941670). CER16/RIPR can, like RST1 suppress the production of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) from the CER3 locus, which is involved in cuticule membrane and wax production, and in the typhine and sporopollenin biosynthesis of pollen (PubMed:31455787, PubMed:31941670).
In young buds, confined to sepals and pedicels.
Involved in ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins. Together with CUL1, RBX1 and a F-box protein, it forms a SCF E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. The functional specificity of this complex depends on the type of F-box protein. In the SCF complex, it serves as an adapter that links the F-box protein to CUL1 (By similarity).
Involved in ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins. Together with CUL1, RBX1 and a F-box protein, it forms a SCF E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. The functional specificity of this complex depends on the type of F-box protein. In the SCF complex, it serves as an adapter that links the F-box protein to CUL1.
Part of a SCF (SKP1-cullin-F-box) protein ligase complex (By similarity). Interacts with PP2A13.
Part of a SCF (SKP1-cullin-F-box) protein ligase complex.
Restricted to inflorescences, especially in the inflorescence meristem (IM).
Non-SNARE longin protein involved in membrane-trafficking machinery.
'Katamari' means 'aggregate' in Japanese.
Constitutively expressed in roots, hypocotyls, leaves (e.g. vascular tissues), stems, flowers (e.g. petals and stigmas), siliques and pollen.
Expressed at the early to middle stages of seed maturation.
Reduced shoot phototropism and gravitropism, and impaired embryo growth axis (e.g. between the late torpedo-shaped embryo stage and the walking stick-shaped embryo stage). Abnormal amyloplasts position and sedimentation in endodermal cells. Defect in the organization of endomembranes characterized by aggregated endomembrane structures accompanied by a missorting of storage proteins.
Required for endosome formation, vacuolar protein sorting and determination of the embryo growth axis. Necessary for the transport of proteins into protein storage vacuoles (PSVs). Participates in vesicle trafficking from the endosome to the central vacuole. Involved in the regulation of shoot phototropism and gravitropism, probably through the positioning of specialized amyloplasts (statoliths) in endodermal cells.
Belongs to the PPR family. PCMP-A subfamily.
Serine/threonine protein kinase required for state transition by phosphorylating light-harvesting complex II outer antennae (LCHII). State transition plays a central role in response to environmental changes and allows to adjust to changing light conditions via the redistribution of light excitation energy between photosystem II (PSII) and photosystem I (PSI). Phosphorylates the minor light harvesting protein LHCB4.2/CP29 and is involved in the light-dependent phosphorylation of TSP9. Acts as a key component of the long-term response (LTR) signaling pathway. Mediates phosphorylation-dependent PTAC16 subcellular localization to regulate plastid gene expression (PubMed:22616989).
Belongs to the plant vascular related NAC-domain protein family.
Detected in root protoxylem and metaxylem poles and in vessels of protoxylems, outermost metaxylems, inner metaxylems, shoots and hypocotyls (PubMed:18445131). Expressed in roots, hypocotyls, cotyledons and leaves. Present in developing xylems (PubMed:16103214, PubMed:16581911). Specifically expressed in vessels but not in interfascicular fibers in stems (PubMed:25148240).
Transcription activator that binds to the secondary wall NAC binding element (SNBE), 5'-(T/A)NN(C/T)(T/C/G)TNNNNNNNA(A/C)GN(A/C/T)(A/T)-3', in the promoter of target genes (By similarity). Involved in xylem formation by promoting the expression of secondary wall-associated transcription factors and of genes involved in secondary wall biosynthesis and programmed cell death, genes driven by the secondary wall NAC binding element (SNBE). Triggers thickening of secondary walls (PubMed:25148240).
Up-regulated during xylem vessel element formation. Expressed preferentially in procambial cells adjacent to root meristem.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 47 family.
Ca(2+) or Mn(2+). Mg(2+) can be used to a lesser extent.
Class I alpha-mannosidase essential for early N-glycan processing. Progressively trims alpha-1,2-linked mannose residues. Produces Man(5)GlcNAc(2) from Man(8)GlcNAc(2), but only Man(6)GlcNAc(2) from Man(9)GlcNAc(2). Has difficulty acting on the terminal mannose of the b-branch. Involved in root development and cell wall biosynthesis.
Expressed in flowers, siliques, stems, leaves, roots, pollen grains, shoot apical meristems, hypocotyls and upper region of the root.
Inhibited by kifunensine and 1-deoxymannojirimycin, but not by swainsonine.
No visible phenotype; due the redundancy with MNS2. Lack of complex N-glycans, shorter roots and increased lateral root formation in mns1 and mns2 double mutants.
During female gametophyte development, preferentially expressed in the gametic cells.
Gametophytic lethality due to female gametophyte defect, when homozygous.
Participates in pre-mRNA splicing. Part of the U4/U5/U6 tri-snRNP complex, one of the building blocks of the spliceosome (By similarity). Essential for reproduction. In female gametophyte, is necessary for the egg cell and central cell fate determination and hence reproductive success. Involved in a mechanism that prevents accessory cells from adopting gametic cell fate (PubMed:17326723). Modulates egg cell signaling center that regulates the development of all female gametophytic cells (PubMed:22190635).
Acts as an osmosensitive calcium-permeable cation channel.
Activated by threonine and tyrosine phosphorylation. Activated by the MAP kinase kinases MKK1 and MKK2. Activated in response to touch, wounding, low temperature, low humidity, salt stress and the bacterial elicitors flagellin and harpin. Activated upon Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 infection. Repressed by the protein phosphatase 2C AP2C1. Repressed by DSPTP1-mediated dephosphorylation. Activated by the MAP kinase kinase MKK6 in vitro.
Dually phosphorylated on Thr-201 and Tyr-203, which activates the enzyme. Autophosphorylated on serine and tyrosine residues. Dephosphorylated by DSPTP1. Phosphorylated by MKK6 in vitro.
Dwarf plants with cytokinetic defects in leaf epidermal cells. Abnormally developed and branched root hairs. Retarded root growth with the protrusion of many epidermal cells from roots. Heavily bundled and disoriented cortical microtubules resistant to oryzalin. Exhibits a seedling-lethality phenotype. Defects in the formation of the cell plate. Abnormal mature pollen grains. Abolished CO(2)-mediated stomatal closure (PubMed:27694184).
Interacts with MEKK1, MKK1, MKK2 and MKK6. May form a ternary complex composed of MEKK1 and MKK1/MKK2 and MPK4. Interacts with MKS1 and AP2C1. May form a ternary or larger complex with MKS1 and WRKY25 and/or WRKY33. Interacts with MAP65-1 (PubMed:15225555, PubMed:15990873, PubMed:17630279, PubMed:18982020, PubMed:19513235, PubMed:20215588, PubMed:20802223, PubMed:21575092, PubMed:9878570). No interactions with RACK1A, RACK1B or RACK1C (PubMed:25731164). Interacts directly with ASR3 and mediates its phosphorylation (PubMed:25770109). Binds to MEKK2 (PubMed:22643122). Interacts with PAT1 (PubMed:25603932). Binds to HT1 (PubMed:27694184).
Observed in root epidermal cells and root hairs, especially in the root hair formation zone. During root hair development, both observed in root hair bulges and in young outgrowing root hairs.
The ANPs-MKK6-MPK4 module is involved in the regulation of plant cytokinesis during meiosis and mitosis. Essential to promote the progression of cytokinesis and for cellularization (formation of the cell plate) during male-specific meiosis. Involved in cortical microtubules organization and stabilization by regulating the phosphorylation state of microtubule-associated proteins such as MAP65-1. Involved in root hair development process. Negative regulator of systemic acquired resistance (SAR) and salicylic acid- (SA) mediated defense response. Required for jasmonic acid- (JA) mediated defense gene expression. May regulate activity of transcription factor controlling pathogenesis-related (PR) gene expression. Seems to act independently of the SAR regulatory protein NPR1 (Nonexpresser of PR1). Phosphorylates MKS1 and transcription factors WRKY25 and WRKY33. The MEKK1, MKK1/MKK2 and MPK4 function in a signaling pathway that modulates the expression of genes responding to biotic and abiotic stresses and also plays an important role in pathogen defense by negatively regulating innate immunity (PubMed:11163186, PubMed:15225555, PubMed:15358537, PubMed:15990873, PubMed:18982020, PubMed:20215588, PubMed:20802223, PubMed:21098735, PubMed:21575092, PubMed:25770109). Phosphorylates MEKK2 upon treatment with flg22 (PubMed:22643122). Involved in stomatal movement regulation by repressing HT1 and HT1-mediated GHR1 phosphorylation (PubMed:27694184, PubMed:27923039).
Ubiquitous. Expressed in the veins and stomatal guard cells of leaf plates, petioles, stem, roots and flowers.
Functions as histone H3 'Lys-4' (H3K4me) demethylase involved in the negative regulation of gene expression (PubMed:30712008, PubMed:32572214). Active on H3K4me1, H3K4me2 and H3K4me3 (PubMed:30712008, PubMed:32572214). Not active on mono-, di- and trimethylated H3K9, H3K27 and H3K36 in somatic cells (PubMed:30712008, PubMed:32572214). However, also active on H3K9 when in complex with MMD1, a meiocyte-specific histone reader (PubMed:32572214). Together with MMD1, promotes gene expression in male meiocytes in an H3K9me3-dependent manner, and contributes to meiotic chromosome condensation by triggering some condensin promoters (e.g. CAP-D3 and CAP-H) (PubMed:32572214). Together with JMJ14 and JMJ17, required for plant growth and development (PubMed:31038749). Represses leaf senescence in an age-dependent manner by demethylating H3K4me3 activating histone marks at senescence-associated genes (SAGs) loci, including WRKY53 and SAG201, thus preventing their premature expression (PubMed:30712008).
Interacts with MMD1 in the nucleus of male meiocytes, especially on pachytene chromosomes.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions (PubMed:20202164). Abnormal accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (PubMed:30712008). Hypermethylation of histone H3 'Lys-4' (H3K4me3) (PubMed:30712008, PubMed:32572214). Enhanced expression of genes involved in leaf senescence (e.g. WRKY53 and SAG201) associated with H3K4me3 leading to an early leaf senescence phenotype (PubMed:30712008, PubMed:32572214). Partial sterility with abnormally short siliques and dead pollen grains leading to silique abortion (PubMed:30712008, PubMed:32572214). Male meiocytes are defective in meiotic chromosome condensation (PubMed:32572214). Slightly early flowering (PubMed:30712008). Increased H3K9me3 levels specifically in male meiocytes leading to greater number of down-regulated than up-regulated genes (PubMed:32572214). The double mutant jmj17-1 jmj16-1 has an early flowering phenotype (especially in long day conditions) (PubMed:31038749).
Binds 1 Mg(2+) ion per subunit. The magnesium is bound as Mg-PRPP.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the UPRTase family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the uridine kinase family.
Involved in the pyrimidine salvage pathway. The uracil phosphoribosyltransferase (UPRT) activity, that catalyzes the conversion of uracil and 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate (PRPP) to UMP and diphosphate, is unsure.
No visible phenotype. No decrease in uracil phosphoribosyltransferase activity.
Expressed in all tissues enriched in dividing cells, such as the root and shoot apical meristem, foliar primordia, and young leaves, and embryos.
Forms a dimer (By similarity). Binds to microtubules (MT) during cell division. Bundles polymerized MT via the formation of 25-nm crossbridges with centrally located endocytic MT, and midline phragmoplast MT.
Irregular root expansion. Defects in karyokinesis and cytokinesis. Cytokinesis defects before the embryo dermatogen stage and in roots. Embryos with enlarged nuclei, often containing multiple nucleoli. Some abnormal stomata with pores attached to a single side of the mother cell. Long root hairs. In roots, multinucleated cells, cell wall stubs, and synchronized cell divisions in incompletely separated cells. Normal anaphase spindle, but distorted phragmoplast. Abnormal formation of nematode-mediated giant cells leading to impaired maturation of nematode larvae.
Microtubule-associated protein that plays a critical role in organizing the mitotic microtubule array during both early and late mitosis in all plant organs. Essential for the cytokinesis, especially in roots, by maintaining the integrity of the overlapped microtubules in the phragmoplast. Required during root morphogenesis. Needed for giant cell development during root knot nematode infection, where cytokinesis is initiated but not completed.
Present in dividing tissues during all stages of embryonic development.
ATP-dependent serine protease that mediates the selective degradation of misfolded, unassembled or oxidatively damaged polypeptides as well as certain short-lived regulatory proteins in the mitochondrial matrix. May also have a chaperone function in the assembly of inner membrane protein complexes. Participates in the regulation of mitochondrial gene expression and in the maintenance of the integrity of the mitochondrial genome. Binds to mitochondrial DNA in a site-specific manner.
Homohexamer or homoheptamer. Organized in a ring with a central cavity.
Belongs to the homogentisate dioxygenase family.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 16 family.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 16 family. XTH group 1 subfamily.
Catalyzes xyloglucan endohydrolysis (XEH) and/or endotransglycosylation (XET). Cleaves and religates xyloglucan polymers, an essential constituent of the primary cell wall, and thereby participates in cell wall construction of growing tissues (By similarity).
Catalyzes xyloglucan endohydrolysis (XEH) and/or endotransglycosylation (XET). Cleaves and religates xyloglucan polymers, an essential constituent of the primary cell wall, and thereby participates in cell wall construction of growing tissues.
Contains at least one intrachain disulfide bond essential for its enzymatic activity.
Catalyzes the formation of S-adenosylmethionine from methionine and ATP. The reaction comprises two steps that are both catalyzed by the same enzyme: formation of S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) and triphosphate, and subsequent hydrolysis of the triphosphate.
Highly expressed in stems and roots (PubMed:2482229). Detected in trichomes (at the protein level) (PubMed:15276459).
Delayed germination, chlorotic cotyledons and death at the cotyledon stage.
Involved in the biosynthesis of ascorbate (PubMed:18190525). Catalyzes the final step of ascorbate biosynthesis (PubMed:18190525). Uses L-galactono-1,4-lactone and L-gulono-1,4-lactone as substrates, but not D-galactono-1,4-lactone, D-gulono-1,4-lactone, L-mannono-1,4-lactone or D-galactonic acid (PubMed:18190525). Also active with phenazine methosulfate and 1,4-benzoquinone as electron acceptors (PubMed:18190525). Involved in the regulation of the accumulation of the mitochondrial respiratory complex I (PubMed:18799460, PubMed:33060577). Structural part of one of the plant-specific mitochondrial complex I assembly intermediates, lacking the whole distal (PD) module (PubMed:33060577). Prevents the binding of the plant specific P1 protein (CPN60/HSP60), responsible for the linkage of the proximal (PP) to the distal (PD) module (PubMed:33060577).
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS19 family.
Cleavage activities for 'Lys-48'- and 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitin (UB) tetramers is inhibited by UB aldehyde and N-ethylmaleimide but not by the metalloprotease inhibitors 1,10-phenanthroline and EDTA, and the serine protease inhibitor phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride.
Hydrolase that can remove conjugated ubiquitin from proteins in vitro and may therefore play an important regulatory role at the level of protein turnover by preventing degradation (PubMed:24659992). Cysteine protease with a preference for Met-1 and 'Lys-48' over 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitin (UB) tetramers (e.g. Ub2, Ub3 and Ub4) as substrates (PubMed:24659992).
Expressed in root vasculature, distal region of young leaf primordia, leaf bundle sheath cells, hydathodes and pollen grains.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that mediates ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins (PubMed:32786047). E3 ubiquitin ligases accept ubiquitin from an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme in the form of a thioester and then directly transfers the ubiquitin to targeted substrates (PubMed:32786047). It probably triggers the ubiquitin-mediated degradation of different substrates (PubMed:32786047). Modulates directly the ubiquitination and proteasomal-dependent degradation of FREE1, a component of the ESCRT-I complex (PubMed:32786047, PubMed:32753431). Modulates directly the ubiquitination and proteasomal-dependent degradation of ELC/VPS23A, a component of the ESCRT-I complex (PubMed:32753431).
Interacts with SINAT6 (PubMed:24350984). Interacts with WAV3 (PubMed:22122664). Interacts with FREE1 (PubMed:32786047, PubMed:32753431). Interacts with ELC/VPS23A (PubMed:32753431).
Expressed in most plant tissues, embryo, seedlings, roots, leaves, stems, inflorescence, pollen, siliques and flowers.
Probable transcription factor involved in the negative regulation of flowering time in both long and short days, probably through the photoperiodic and vernalization pathways. Prevents premature flowering.
Slightly repressed by vernalization. Negatively regulated at the chromatin level by VIL1 through the photoperiod and vernalization pathways. Requires EARLY FLOWERING 7 (ELF7) and ELF8 to be expressed. Up-regulated by HUA2.
Suppress the late-flowering phenotype of photoperiod-pathway mutants. Affects natural variation in flowering behavior in both long and short days.
The early flowering of cv. Nd-1 (especially in short days) is due to a deletion of AGL27. This deletion is associated with the QTL 'FLOWERING 1' (FLW1) (PubMed:15695584).
Belongs to the type II topoisomerase GyrA/ParC subunit family.
Made up of two chains. The A chain is responsible for DNA breakage and rejoining; the B chain catalyzes ATP hydrolysis (By similarity). Associated with the mediator complex.
By ozone and light stress (PubMed:20500828). Induced by salt stress, drought stress and abscisic acid (ABA) (PubMed:22225700).
Forms a complex with CRK45 that may negatively control abscisic acid (ABA) and osmotic stress signal transduction. Can phosphorylate CRK45 in vitro (PubMed:22225700).
Seedlings silencing CRK36 show increased sensitivity to abscisic acid (ABA) and salt stress during post-germinative growth.
GTP-binding protein involved in protein trafficking; modulates vesicle budding and uncoating within the Golgi apparatus.
By light (at protein level). Down-regulated by dark (at protein level).
Expressed in roots, root hairs, cotyledons, hypocotyls, trichomes, flowers and siliques.
Microtubule-associated protein (MAP) that regulates the orientation of interphase cortical microtubules. Binds to, bundles and stabilizes microtubules. Required for the organization and stability of cortical microtubules in hypocotyls. Required for normal hypocotyl cell elongation. Acts as negative regulator of hypocotyl cell elongation in the light.
Ubiquitinated (Probable). Proteasomal-dependent degradation in the dark (PubMed:23653471).
Plants overexpressing VUP2 exhibit severe dwarfism.
Defects in seedling development, root elongation, leaf expansion, flower morphogenesis and fertility due to defective cytokinesis in epidermal cells.
Expressed in the mature region of the primary root, tips of short, young lateral roots, guard cells in the epidermis of cotyledons and rosette leaves, the socket cells surrounding the base of trichomes and hydathodes of fully expanded rosette leaves.
Involved in growth and development through its role in cytokinesis and polarized cell expansion. Required for plasma membrane internalization. May function in clathrin-mediated membrane trafficking, including plasma membrane endocytosis, essential to both cytokinesis and cell expansion.
Converts 3,5-dienoyl-CoAs to the corresponding 2,4-dienoyl-CoAs. Involved in degradation of unsaturated fatty acids.
Component of the replication protein A complex (RPA) required for DNA recombination, repair and replication. The activity of RPA is mediated by single-stranded DNA binding and protein interactions. Probably involved in repair of double-strand DNA breaks (DSBs) induced by genotoxic stresses (By similarity).
Component of the replication protein A complex (RPA) required for DNA recombination, repair and replication. The activity of RPA is mediated by single-stranded DNA binding and protein interactions. Probably involved in repair of double-strand DNA breaks (DSBs) induced by genotoxic stresses.
Heterotrimer of RPA1, RPA2 and RPA3 (canonical replication protein A complex).
Able to bind (1->3)-beta-D-glucans (laminarin).
Expressed in young seedlings (e.g. hypocotyl and cotyledons) and in green tissues (e.g. leaves, stems, sepals, and young siliques).
In seedlings, expressed in hypocotyl and cotyledons up to the fifth day after germination. Levels decrease gradually in hypocotyl to become undetectable in 8 days old seedlings. In cotyledons, repartition becomes later patchy. In adult plants, observed in green tissues, with a gradual decrease during aging leading to patchy distribution. Also detected in seeds still partly green but disappear in dry seeds.
Induced by white light (WL). Barely detectable in dark and in various wavelengths of light such as red light (RL), far red light (FR), and blue light (BL).
Interacts with HY5 and COP1 in the nucleus.
Negative regulator of photomorphogenesis modulating both light and abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathways (PubMed:19704523, PubMed:18375596, PubMed:26474641). Regulates negatively the light-mediated inhibition of hypocotyl elongation, probably in a PHYB-mediated signaling pathway, but promotes flowering time (especially in long days) and lateral root formation (PubMed:18375596, PubMed:19704523). Enhances light-regulated gene expression (PubMed:18375596). Promotes COP1-mediated degradation of HY5 during seedling development (e.g. hypocotyl growth) through enhanced ubiquitination in the darkness. Also involved in root gravitropism (PubMed:26474641, PubMed:18375596).
Short hypocotyl in dark with drastic reduction in apical hook curvature. Enhanced inhibition in hypocotyl elongation in white light (WL), especially at lower fluence rates (PubMed:18375596, PubMed:26474641). Delayed flowering under long-day conditions (PubMed:18375596). Reduced lateral roots formation (PubMed:18375596, PubMed:26474641). Reduced chlorophyll accumulation and expression of light-regulated genes. Increase in the anthocyanin level in the dark (PubMed:18375596). Reduced sensitivity to abscisic acid (ABA) leading to impaired ABA-mediated reduction of seed germination (PubMed:19704523, PubMed:26474641). The double mutant shw1 phyB exhibits a strongly reduced hypocotyl length in WL (PubMed:19704523). The double mutant shw1 cop1 displays an enhanced photomorphogenic growth in the darkness as well as abnormal accumulation of HY5 (PubMed:26474641, PubMed:18375596). The double mutant shw1 hy5 has altered root growth, hypocotyl length and hook angle similar to the single mutant shw1 in the darkness and far red light (FR), but shorter hypocotyl in WL, red light (RL) and blue light (BL). In addition, shw1 hy5 is recued for gravitropic root growth defect observed in hy5 single mutant (PubMed:26474641).
Expressed in roots, stems, flowers, and leaves.
Permease involved in the transport of the cationic neutral or acidic amino acids.
Expressed throughout the meristem during embryonic and vegetative development. Expressed in floral organogenic regions.
Probable RNA-binding protein that plays a role in meiosis and vegetative growth.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bTHX family.
Component of the mitochondrial ribosome small subunit.
Part of a SCF (ASK-cullin-F-box) protein ligase complex (By similarity). Interacts with SKP1A/ASK1, SKP1B/ASK2, ASK4, ASK11 and ASK13.
Component of the cpSRP complex, composed of a FFC/cpSRP54 monomer and a CAO/cpSRP43 dimer. Interacts (via C-terminus) with CAO/cpSRP43 and with CPFTSY. Interacts with the third transmembrane domain of LHCP. Interacts with the PSBA/D1 nascent chain, but only when it is attached to the 70S ribosome and if it is shorter than 189 amino acid residues.
Involved in cotranslational and post-translational sorting of thylakoid proteins. Binds GTP specifically. Activates the GTPase activity of CPFTSY when bound together. Required for light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-binding protein (LHCP) integration into thylakoids.
Most abundant in green shoot tissue and lower levels seen in the roots and etiolated buds.
The C-terminal residues (539-564) are required for interaction with CAO/cpSRP43.
The M-domain stimulates the interaction between CPFTSY and the chloroplast signal recognition particle (cpSRP).
Unlike eukaryotic or prokaryotic signal recognition particle (SRP), the chloroplast SRP from higher plants lacks an SRP-RNA component. It targets both chloroplast-encoded and nucleus-encoded substrates to the thylakoid membrane, post-translationally for the nucleus-encoded proteins and co-translationally for the chloroplast-encoded proteins.
Contains a tandem repeat of a PAM2-like motif, which seems to be involved in the binding to the PABC/CTC domain of PAB proteins.
Expressed in cauline leaves, stems, rosette leaves, immature siliques and primary inflorescences.
Probable transcription factor involved in somatic embryogenesis. Acts as positive regulator of BHLH109.
Aspartic protease that may be involved in drought avoidance through abscisic acid signaling.
Belongs to the ARR family. Type-B subfamily.
Predominantly expressed in mature pistil tip. Also detected in the shoot apical meristem as well as vascular tissue and hydathodes of the leaves.
Putative transcriptional activator that binds specifically to the DNA sequence 5'-[AG]GATT-3'. Functions as response regulator involved in His-to-Asp phosphorelay signal transduction system. Phosphorylation of the Asp residue in the receiver domain activates the ability of the protein to promote the transcription of target genes. Could directly activate some type-A response regulators in response to cytokinins (By similarity).
Induced in response of mechanical wounding. Induced by methyl jasmonate, a plant defense-related signaling molecule. Expressed under a diurnal rhythm (circadian clock control).
Highly expressed in roots meristems, shoot apical meristems (SAMs) and in incipient leaf primordia (PubMed:29259105). Observed in flowers (PubMed:29259105).
May function as a signaling molecule by regulating the trafficking of other regulators.
Present in developing flowers, particularly in pistils.
Belongs to the V-ATPase proteolipid subunit family.
Expressed in leaf, root, flower and silique.
Expressed in leaf, root, flower and silique. Expression is lower in roots.
Proton-conducting pore forming subunit of the membrane integral V0 complex of vacuolar ATPase. V-ATPase is responsible for acidifying a variety of intracellular compartments in eukaryotic cells.
V-ATPase is a heteromultimeric enzyme composed of a peripheral catalytic V1 complex (components A to H) attached to an integral membrane V0 proton pore complex (components: a, c, c'', d and e). The proteolipid components c and c'' are present as a hexameric ring that forms the proton-conducting pore.
V-ATPase is a heteromultimeric enzyme composed of a peripheral catalytic V1 complex attached to an integral membrane V0 proton pore complex.
TIR-NB-LRR receptor-like protein that confers resistance to the pathogen Hyaloperonospora arabidopsis isolates Emoy2 and Emwa1 (downy mildew disease) (PubMed:11846877). Plays a role in the regulation of temperature response during plant growth and survival (PubMed:20699401).
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 19 family. Chitinase class I subfamily.
Calcium-permeable stretch-activated channel component. Involved in mechano-stimulated calcium uptake mechanism and in mechanosensing in the primary root.
Expressed in roots, leaves, stems, flowers and siliques. Expressed in vascular tissues of cotyledons, leaves and primary root, in the promeristem and adjacent elongation zone of the primary root and in the shoot apical meristem. Detected in the stele and endodermis, but not in the cortex, epidermis or root cap, including the columella. Not expressed in root hairs or in mesophyll cells of leaves and cotyledons.
Inhibited by GdCl(3), but not by verapamil.
No visible phenotype when grown under normal conditions; due to partial redundancy with MCA2. The roots are unable to sense a change in the hardness of the growth medium. Mca1 and mca2 double mutant shows a strong growth defect.
Expressed in developing cotyledons, mature cotyledons, cotyledon epidermis and stomata.
May play a role in the regulation of stomata patterning.
Acts in parallel but independently of ALMT1, an aluminum-activated root malate transporter.
Citrate transporter critical for aluminum tolerance. Responsible for citrate exudation into the rhizosphere to protect roots from aluminum toxicity.
Expressed in roots, but not in shoots (PubMed:18826429, PubMed:22413742). Detected in the mature regions of the root, extending from above the root-hair region to the root-shoot junction (PubMed:22413742).
May be due to a competing donor splice site. Aberrant spliced mRNA with a premature translation termination codon (PTC) that could be the target of the NMD degradation pathway.
No visible phenotype when grown under normal conditions. Strong reduction of aluminum-activated citrate release and small decrease in aluminum tolerance.
Up-regulated by aluminum (PubMed:18826429, PubMed:22413742). The STOP1 transcription factor is required for MATE expression (PubMed:18826429).
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. MenG/UbiE family.
Component of a multi-subunit COQ enzyme complex.
Methyltransferase required for the conversion of 2-polyprenyl-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinol (DDMQH2) to 2-polyprenyl-3-methyl-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinol (DMQH2).
Functions in brassinosteroid signaling. May function as transcriptional repressor.
Interacts with ASK7/BIN2 through its C-terminal domain and with the bHLH transcription factors BIM1, BIM2 and BIM3 through its C- and N-terminal domains. Interacts (via N-terminus) with REF6 and ELF6 (PubMed:12427989, PubMed:15680330, PubMed:18467490). Interacts with MYB30 (PubMed:19170933). Interacts with IWS1 (PubMed:20139304). Interacts with ASHH2/SDG8 (PubMed:24838002). Binds to MYB56 when dephosphorylated in the nucleus of quiescent center (QC) cells (PubMed:24981610). Binds to WRKY46, WRKY54 and WRKY70 to cooperatively regulate the expression of target genes (PubMed:28576847).
Phosphorylated by ASK7/BIN2. Phosphorylation increases protein degradation and/or interferes with the nuclear localization.
Positive regulator of brassinosteroid (BR) signaling. Transcription factor that activates target gene expression by binding specifically to the DNA sequence 5'-CANNTG-3'(E box) through its N-terminal domain. Can bind individually to the promoter as a homodimer or synergistically as a heterodimer with BIM1, BIM2 or BIM3. The C-terminal domain is probably involved in transcriptional activation (PubMed:12007405, PubMed:15680330, PubMed:18467490, PubMed:19170933). Recruits the transcription elongation factor IWS1 to control BR-regulated gene expression (PubMed:20139304). Forms a trimeric complex with IWS1 and ASHH2/SDG8 to regulate BR-regulated gene expression (PubMed:24838002). Promotes quiescent center (QC) self-renewal by cell divisions in the primary root. Binds to the E-boxes of the BRAVO promoter to repress its expression (PubMed:24981610).
Reduced brassinosteroid (BR)-mediated quiescent center (QC) cells division.
The central part (140-272) is important for interaction with MYB30.
Ubiquitously expressed in cotyledons, leaves, hypocotyls and roots.
N-terminal asparagine deamidase that mediates deamidation of N-terminal asparagine residues to aspartate. Required for the ubiquitin-dependent turnover of intracellular proteins that initiate with Met-Asn. These proteins are acetylated on the retained initiator methionine and can subsequently be modified by the removal of N-acetyl methionine by acylaminoacid hydrolase (AAH). Conversion of the resulting N-terminal asparagine to aspartate by NTAN1 renders the protein susceptible to arginylation, polyubiquitination and degradation as specified by the N-end rule. This enzyme does not act on substrates with internal or C-terminal asparagines and does not act on glutamine residues in any position (By similarity). Does not seem to be involved in immune response, unlike the N-terminal glutamine amidohydrolase NTAQ1 (PubMed:30117535).
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. TRM5/TYW2 family.
Specifically methylates the N1 position of guanosine-37 in various cytoplasmic and mitochondrial tRNAs. Methylation is not dependent on the nature of the nucleoside 5' of the target nucleoside. This is the first step in the biosynthesis of wybutosine (yW), a modified base adjacent to the anticodon of tRNAs and required for accurate decoding.
Acts in the modification of cell walls via demethylesterification of cell wall pectin. Inhibits the elongation phase of protein synthesis.
Expressed during early seed development and late developmental phases of siliques.
Expressed in siliques, flowers, floral stems, rosette leaves and roots.
Levels are following a circadian rhythm oscillated under day/night cycles with higher levels during the night.
Mediates phytochrome (phyA and phyB)-controlled seedling deetiolation responses such as hypocotyl elongation in response to red and far-red light (PubMed:16709197, PubMed:16384903). Required for light-induced expression of LHCB3 and CHALCONE SYNTHASE (CHS) (PubMed:16384903). Regulates negatively CONSTANS (CO) and FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) expression and photoperiodic flowering (PubMed:16709197).
Photomorphogenic mutant insensitive to red and far-red light leading to long hypocotyls. Flowers early particularly under long days (PubMed:16709197, PubMed:16384903). Also impaired in phytochrome-mediated end-of-day far-red light response, cotyledon expansion, far-red light block of greening, and light-induced expression of LHCB3 and CHALCONE SYNTHASE (CHS) (PubMed:16384903). Enhanced expression of CONSTANS (CO) and FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) under long days and short days (PubMed:16709197).
First observed in pollen right before the opening of floral buds. Levels increase during pollen maturation.
Inhibited by uncouplers such as 2,4-dinitrophenol and carbonyl cyanide-m-chlorophenyl-hydrazone.
Mediates an active uptake of hexoses, probably by sugar/hydrogen symport. Can transport glucose, 3-O-methylglucose, mannose, fructose and galactose, and, to a lower extent, xylose and ribulose.
Homodimers and heterodimers. Interacts with the auxin-responsive protein IAA2. Interacts with TPL.
Phosphorylated by phytochrome A in vitro.
Belongs to the UbiA prenyltransferase family.
Involved in the synthesis of tocopherol (vitamin E). Catalyzes the condensation of homogentisate and phytyl diphosphate to form dimethylphytylhydrquinone. Low activity with geranylgeranyl diphosphate as substrate, but no activity with farnesyl diphosphate or solanesyl diphosphate. Tocopherol functions to limit lipid oxidation during seed desiccation, quiescence and germination and early seedling development. Protects thylakoid membrane lipids from photooxidation and is required for low-temperature adaptation.
Reduced seed longevity, severe seedling growth defects during germination and high levels of lipid hydroperoxides and hydroxy fatty acids.
Seeds and plants overexpressing HPT1 accumulate increased levels of tocopherol.
Expressed very early during embryo and endosperm formation and during the proliferative stage of endosperm development at 4 days after pollination.
Probable heavy-metal-binding protein (By similarity). Required for female gametophyte development and function (PubMed:15634699).
The HMA domain lacks the core conserved Cys-X-X-Cys motif.
Competitive inhibitor of the HD-ZIPIII transcription factors in shoot apical meristem (SAM) development. Acts by forming non-functional heterodimers. Part of a negative feedback loop. Essential for proper functioning of stem cells in the SAM.
Expressed in the adaxial epidermis of the cotyledons and in the vascular cylinder of wild-type torpedo stage embryos.
Up-regulated in response to increased HD-ZIPIII activity (PubMed:18055602). Up-regulated by REV (PubMed:22781836).
May play a role in plant defense. Probably has no oxalate oxidase activity even if the active site is conserved.
Oligomer (believed to be a pentamer but probably hexamer).
Expressed at high levels in leaves, moderate levels in roots, seedlings and stems, and at low levels in flowers, pollen and siliques. Accumulates in leaf guard cells and trichomes. Also present in epidermal cells of roots (PubMed:11115127, PubMed:12837945, PubMed:12949148). Expressed in mature guard cells (PubMed:17704216).
Homodimer. Interacts with AGL15, AGL24, AP1, AGL6, AG, AGL1, AGL11, AGL5, SEP3, SEP1, AGL63, AGL14, SOC1 and AGL21 (PubMed:15805477). Interacts with AGL63 (PubMed:20598091). Interacts with SVP (PubMed:24876250).
Probable transcription factor involved in the regulation of flowering time in long-day photoperiod. Participates in the repression of FT expression and floral transition, by interacting closely with the FLC-SVP pathways (PubMed:24876250). Functions in the satellite meristemoid lineage of stomatal development (PubMed:17704216).
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that may be involved in positive regulation of programmed cell death (PCD) by facilitating degradation of negative regulators of PCD. May be involved in the early steps of the plant defense signaling pathway. Undergoes auto-ubiquitination.
Hyposensitivity to the fungal toxin fumonisin B1 (FB1).
Up-regulated by chitin. Up-regulated by the fungal toxin fumonisin B1 (FB1) treatment and pathogen infection.
Binds to conventional NLS motifs and mediates nuclear protein import across the nuclear envelope. Acts as cellular receptor for the nuclear import of the virD2 protein of Agrobacterium and is essential for Agrobacterium-mediated root transformation.
Forms a complex with importin subunit beta-1 (By similarity). Interacts with A.tumefaciens VirD2 and VirE2 (PubMed:18836040).
Interacts with ATG4 (By similarity). Interacts with NBR1 (PubMed:21606687). Interacts with ATI1 and ATI2 (PubMed:22253227). Interacts with SH3P2 (PubMed:24249832).
The C-terminal 4 residues are removed by ATG4 to expose Gly-117 at the C-terminus. This Gly-117 forms then a thioester bond with the 'Cys-558' of ATG7 (E1-like activating enzyme) before being transferred to the 'Cys-258' of ATG3 (the specific E2 conjugating enzyme), in order to be finally amidated with phosphatidylethanolamine. This lipid modification anchors ATG8 to autophagosomes.
Ubiquitin-like modifier involved in autophagosomes formation. May mediate the delivery of the autophagosomes to the vacuole via the microtubule cytoskeleton.
Mostly expressed in roots. Also expressed in stems, flowers and leaves.
Belongs to the complex I 75 kDa subunit family.
Complex I is composed of at least 49 different subunits. This is a component of the iron-sulfur (IP) fragment of the enzyme.
Core subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I) that is believed to belong to the minimal assembly required for catalysis. Complex I functions in the transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme is believed to be ubiquinone (By similarity). This is the largest subunit of complex I and it is a component of the iron-sulfur (IP) fragment of the enzyme. It may form part of the active site crevice where NADH is oxidized (By similarity).
By cold, drought and salt stresses, bacterial elicitor flg22, and bacterial and oomycete pathogens.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that negatively regulates water stress response. May control in coordination with PUB23 a drought signaling pathway by ubiquitinating cytosolic RPN12a. Acts as negative regulator of the immunity triggered by the pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), in association with PUB22 and PUB24.
Expressed in the sieve elements and phloem pole pericycle cells.
Probable exonuclease required for enuclation of sieve elements.
Shorter root phenotype and impaired phloem function.
Expressed at low levels in seedlings, leaves, flowers, stems and roots.
Probable S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) transporter able to catalyze both uniport and exchange reactions through membranes.
Expressed constitutively during plant development, with a strong increase during flower development.
Chaperone protein which promotes assembly of the 20S proteasome as part of a heterodimer with PSMG1.
Has phosphatase activity toward Ins(1,4,5)P3 (PubMed:15574849). Controls Ins(1,4,5)P3/Ca(2+) levels that is crucial for maintaining pollen dormancy and regulating early germination of pollen (PubMed:22573619).
Mostly expressed in leaves and flowers and only weakly expressed in roots, stem and young seedlings. More precisely detected in cotyledon tips, hydathodes of leaves and mature pollen grains.
Precocious pollen germination within anthers. Hypersensitivity to abscisic acid (ABA) during seed germination. Elevated levels of Ins(1,4,5)P3 and cytosolic Ca(2+).
Expressed in xylem parenchyma cells within the vasculature. Expressed in siliques and flowers. Higher expression in shoots than in roots.
Low-affinity nitrate transporter. Involved in nitrate removal from xylem sap. Not involved in oligopeptides transport.
No visible phenotype. Higher nitrate concentration in xylem sap and increased cadmium sensitivity. A greater proportion of nitrate accumulates in shoots under cadmium stress.
Accumulates in response to flooding stress (PubMed:2152168). Induced by salicylic acid (SA) and abscisic acid (ABA) (PubMed:2152168, PubMed:18657431). Stimulated by 16-hydroxypalmitic acid (HPA), a major component of cutin (PubMed:18657431).
Expressed during somatic embryogenesis, especially in cells undergoing the first anatomical modifications leading to somatic embryo development. Accumulates also during zygotic embryo development. First detected at heart-shape-torpedo transition in the whole embryos. Developmentally regulated in cotyledons and hypocotyl, being restricted to the radicule in early and late torpedo, until the embryo reaches maturity. Gradual decrease at the seed coat during seed development. After fertilization, restricted to the seed coat and endosperm.
Involved in organ growth by promoting cell elongation processes.
Mostly expressed in immature seed pods, and, to a lower extent, in stems and leaves (PubMed:2152168). Present in phloem and epiderm in leaves, stems, flowers and fruits (PubMed:20195610).
Reduced organ length (e.g. inflorescence axis and roots).
High light sensitivity leading to stunted growth with pale-green leaves on agar plates, but unable to grow on soil (PubMed:29438089). Impaired photosystem II (PSII) core protein function and reduced levels of photosystem I core proteins (PubMed:29438089).
Highly expressed in seedling cotyledons and shoot apices in young and mature plants.
Induced by exposure to high light (PubMed:10794534, PubMed:29438089, PubMed:30489183). Expression follows circadian diurnal fluctuations with highest levels before and shortly after the light phase (PubMed:10794534).
May bind chlorophyll and form dimers in the thylakoid membrane (Probable). Component of a high molecular weight complex containing OHP1, OHP2 and HCF244, and PSII core proteins D1/D2, HCF136 and HCF173 (PubMed:29438089). Interacts with HCF244 (PubMed:29438089) (Probable). Forms a trimeric complex with OHP2 and HCF244 that mutually stabilizes each subunit (PubMed:29930106, PubMed:30397023).
May play a photoprotective role in the thylakoid membrane in response to light stress (Probable). Involved in photosystems I (PSI) and II (PSII) core proteins function (PubMed:29438089). Forms a trimeric complex with OHP2 and HCF244 that is required to promote PSII core subunit assembly (PubMed:29930106, PubMed:30397023). The trimeric complex forms a transient PSII reaction center-like complex with PsbA, PsbD, PsbE, PsbF and PsbI subunits in thylakoids for early assembly of PSII as well as PSII repair (PubMed:30397023). The trimeric complex is required for the recruitment of ribosomes to the psbA mRNA during PSII biogenesis and repair (PubMed:31991763). Forms an heterodimer with OHP1 that binds chlorophylls and carotenoids, and that may function in the delivery of pigments to the PsbA subunit of PSII (PubMed:32071152).
Mostly expressed in cotyledons and shoot apices.
Mediates E2-dependent protein ubiquitination in vitro.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants accumulates reduced levels of digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) during phosphate limitation.
Non-specific phospholipase C (PLC) which assumes minor PLC activity during inorganic phosphate starvation. Can hydrolyze both phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). Required for normal accumulation of digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) during phosphate limitation and may contribute to the conversion of phospholipids to diacylglycerol, the substrate for galactolipid synthesis.
Slightly induced by inorganic phosphate deprivation.
Expressed in roots, stems, leaves, flowers, siliques and seedlings, with highest levels in roots.
In roots, observed in all tissues with highest levels in the vascular cylinder, the meristematic zone of the primary root tissue, and lateral root (LR) primordia.
Interacts with GRF6/14-3-3lambda via its N-terminal region (PubMed:31297122). Binds to TTL (PubMed:32664862). Associates to the exocyst at the plasma membrane and in small vesicles; binds directly to SEC3A, SEC5A, SEC6, SEC10, SEC15B, EXO70B1, EXO70C1, EXO70E1, EXO70F1 AND EXO84B (PubMed:35249253).
No visible phenotype (PubMed:26485022, PubMed:31297122). Longer hypocotyls and greater fresh weight (PubMed:32664862). Greater production of lateral roots due to increased lateral root primordium initiation and associated with a stronger auxin signal in stage I lateral root primordia where PIN1 and PIN3 accumulates abnormally, as a result of defective PIN-FORMED (PIN) auxin efflux carrier proteins exocytosis (PubMed:35249253). Strongly inhibited by the auxin influx inhibitor 2-naphthoxyacetic acid (2-NOA); this impact is partially eliminated by the auxin efflux inhibitor N-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA) (PubMed:35249253). Plants impaired for both B1L and EXO70B1 produce more lateral roots than single mutants (PubMed:35249253). Increased sensitivity to freezing treatment in cold-acclimated (CA) conditions leading to higher ion leakage, and associated with a reduced expression of C-repeat binding factors (CBFs) and CBF target genes, including the promotion of CBF3 degradation (PubMed:31297122). Reduced brassinolide-promoted hypocotyl elongation and lower allantoin accumulation only under cold conditions (PubMed:32664862). Increased sensitivity to cold in plants lacking both B1L and GRF6 (PubMed:31297122). But enhanced freezing tolerance in the triple mutant lacking B1L, GRF6 and GRF8 (PubMed:31297122). The double mutant b1l ttl exhibits a developmental phenotype and freezing tolerance comparable to the single mutant ttl (PubMed:32664862).
Together with TRANSTHYRETIN-LIKE protein (TTL), prevents plant growth and development, but by opposition to TTL, regulates positively cold tolerance, probably in a brassinosteroid (BR) and allantoin-dependent manner (PubMed:32664862). Controls lateral root initiation by modulating exocytic vesicular trafficking-mediated PIN-FORMED (PIN, e.g. PIN1 and PIN3) auxin efflux carrier proteins recycling, thus influencing polar auxin efflux transport in lateral root primordia (PubMed:35249253). Contributes to freezing acclimation via the C-repeat binding factor (CBF) pathway, probably by stabilizing CBF and promoting the expression of CBF pathway genes; this regulation involves the suppression of ubiquitin-mediated degradation of CBF3 triggered by GRF6/14-3-3lambda and GRF8/14-3-3kappa (PubMed:31297122).
Belongs to the glutaredoxin family. CGFS subfamily.
May only reduce GSH-thiol disulfides, but not protein disulfides. Participates probably to the maturation of iron-sulfur proteins and to the regulation of the redox state of the BOLA proteins.
[2Fe-2S]-bridged holo-homodimer (By similarity). Interacts in vitro with SUFE1, BOLA1, BOLA2 and BOLA4 (PubMed:24203231). Interacts in vivo only with BOLA4 (PubMed:24203231).
Expressed in roots, flowers, siliques, stems, leaves and seeds. In flowers, detected in petals, anthers and pistils.
Mediates responses to the synthetic auxin 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Not involved in the response to indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). Interacts with RUB modification-related components and may regulate the cullin-ring ubiquitin E3 ligase complex (CRL) activity.
No visible phenotype, except a longer hypocotyl in light-grown seedlings.
The F/D-rich region (45-62) is necessary but not sufficient for SMAP1 function.
Belongs to the vitamin-B12 independent methionine synthase family.
Catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group from 5-methyltetrahydrofolate to homocysteine resulting in methionine formation.
Bifunctional enzyme that catalyzes the decarboxylation of L-phenylalanine to 2-phenylethylamine, which is then oxidized to form 2-phenylacetaldehyde, a constituent of floral scent (PubMed:21284755, PubMed:23204519). 2-phenylacetaldehyde is a precursor of 2-phenylethanol, another constituent of floral scent (PubMed:21284755). Catalyzes both the decarboxylation and deamination of L-dopa to 3,4-dihydroxylphenylacetaldehyde (DHPAA) (PubMed:21284755).
Expressed in roots, rosette leaves, stems, cauline leaves and flowers.
Induced by wounding and methyl jasmonate in leaves.
Component of the cytokinin signaling pathway involved in cotyledons, leaves, and embryos development. Probably acts as a transcriptional activator. Binds to the GCC-box pathogenesis-related promoter element. May be involved in the regulation of gene expression by stress factors and by components of stress signal transduction pathways (By similarity).
Belongs to the thiolase-like superfamily. Beta-ketoacyl-ACP synthases family.
Catalyzes all the condensation reaction of fatty acid synthesis by the addition to an acyl acceptor of two carbons from malonyl-ACP (PubMed:17616510, PubMed:28202596). Able to elongate saturated acyl chains from 4 to at least 16 carbons (PubMed:17616510, PubMed:28202596). Uses malonyl-CoA but not acetyl-CoA as primer substrate (PubMed:17616510). When expressed in a heterologous system, reveals a bimodal distribution of products, with peaks at C8 and C14-C16 (PubMed:17616510). The major product of the reaction (octanoyl-ACP) is required for the lipoylation of essential mitochondrial proteins (PubMed:17616510, PubMed:28202596). Required for mitochondrial fatty acid synthesis (mtFAS) (PubMed:28202596). MtFAS are essential for photorespiration and plant development, probably by influencing mitochondrial membrane lipid composition and other lipid metabolic pathways (PubMed:28202596).
Expressed at the same level in leaves, roots, siliques and flowers.
Mitochondrial protein lipoylation in leaves does not exclusively depend on the lipoate biosynthesis by KAS and may occur independently of this pathway in roots.
Slow growth and bleached leaf phenotype when grown under ambient air, but normal growth under CO(2)-enriched air (PubMed:17616510, PubMed:28202596). Thicker leaves due to enlarged mesophyll cells when grown in ambient air and associated with altered thylakoid membrane assembly and starch granule ultrastructure; these phenotypes are partly reversed when grown in 1 percent CO(2) atmosphere (PubMed:28202596). Highly prevents lipoylation of the H-protein subunit of the glycine decarboxylase (GDC) in leaves, but has only a limited effect on the lipoylation of the E2 subunits of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) and alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase (KGDH) complexes in leaves and even no effect in roots (PubMed:17616510, PubMed:28202596). Depleted 3-hydroxytetradecanoic acid levels (PubMed:28202596).
Heterodimers (PubMed:29272523). Interacts with CYSTM7 and WIH1/CYSTM13 (PubMed:29272523).
Induced by heat and oxidation stress in shoots (PubMed:29272523). Induced in roots in response to cold and salt (PubMed:29272523).
Involved in resistance to abiotic stress.
Mostly expressed in stems and,at low levels, in stems, roots, flowers, siliques and leaves.
Component of a mitochondrial large protein complex that contains, at least, MIC60, DGS1, TOM40 (e.g. TOM40-1), TOM20 proteins (e.g. TOM20-2), and petC/RISP.
Involved in galactoglycerolipid biosynthesis (PubMed:18208519). Contributes to an intracellular signal that regulates an alternative DGD1-independent galactoglycerolipid biosynthesis pathway in chloroplasts (PubMed:18208519, PubMed:20181751). Being involved in mitochondrial lipid homeostasis, modulates mitochondrion biogenesis and physiology, as well as stress responses (PubMed:31118221).
No effect on plant growth, AOX levels, mitochondrial protein content, and lipid composition.
Not induced by low temperature, abscisic acid or drought stress.
Functions in the early steps of protein synthesis by forming a ternary complex with GTP and initiator tRNA. This complex binds to a 40S ribosomal subunit, followed by mRNA binding to form a 43S pre-initiation complex. Junction of the 60S ribosomal subunit to form the 80S initiation complex is preceded by hydrolysis of the GTP bound to eIF-2 and release of an eIF-2-GDP binary complex. In order for eIF-2 to recycle and catalyze another round of initiation, the GDP bound to eIF-2 must exchange with GTP by way of a reaction catalyzed by eIF-2B.
Heterotrimer composed of an alpha, a beta and a gamma chain.
Expressed preferentially in roots and stems, and at a lower level in leaves.
Interacts with MED25 (PubMed:18552202, PubMed:21536906). Binds to DPB3-1 in the nucleus during heat-stress (PubMed:25490919).
Transcriptional activator that binds specifically to the DNA sequence 5'-[AG]CCGAC-3' (PubMed:11798174). Binding to the C-repeat/DRE element mediates high salinity- and dehydration-inducible transcription (PubMed:11798174). Promotes the expression of heat stress-inducible genes by contributing to the formation of a heat stress-specific transcriptional complex with NF-Y subunits (e.g. DPB3-1, NF-YA2 and NF-YB3) at the promoter of target genes, thus promoting heat tolerance (PubMed:25490919).
Ubiquitinated by DRIP1 and DRIP2. Ubiquitination probably leads to its subsequent degradation, thus negatively regulating response to drought.
Single-stranded DNA-binding protein that functions in both chloroplasts and nucleus. In chloroplasts, maintains plastid genome stability by preventing break-induced and short homology-dependent illegitimate recombinations. In the nucleus, is recruited to a distal element upstream of the kinesin KP1 to mediate the transcriptional repression of KP1. Can bind double-stranded DNA in vivo.
Component of the ESCRT-I complex (endosomal sorting complex required for transport I), a regulator of vesicular trafficking process. Required for the sorting of endocytic ubiquitinated cargos into multivesicular bodies (MVBs) (By similarity).
Component of the endosomal sorting required for transport complex I (ESCRT-I), composed of ELC, VPS28 and VPS37. Interacts with ELC.
Converts oxidosqualene to tirucalladienol.
Mostly expressed in inflorescences, and, to a lower extent, in seedlings and siliques. Also detected in cotyledons, leaves, pollen and seeds.
Part of a SCF (SKP1-cullin-F-box) protein ligase complex (By similarity). Interacts with ADO3/FKF1, EBF1, PP2A13, SKIP15, SKIP16, CPR1/CPR30, At1g55000, At3g61590, At1g67340, At1g78100, At3g04660, At4g38940, At4g39550 and At5g49610.
May form heterodimeric complex with the TALE/BELL proteins (By similarity). Interacts with OFP1, OFP2, OFP4 and OFP12 (PubMed:15781858). Interacts with KNATM-B (PubMed:18398054).
Important for the metabolism of amino acids and Krebs-cycle related organic acids. In plants, it is involved in nitrogen metabolism and in aspects of carbon and energy metabolism.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. STE Ser/Thr protein kinase family. MAP kinase kinase kinase subfamily.
Expressed at least in rosette leaves (at protein level).
No visible phenotype (PubMed:20668060, PubMed:23695980). Suppresses the cell death and defense responses not only in mkk1 mkk2 but also in mekk1 and mpk4 mutants (PubMed:22643122, PubMed:23695980). In the triple mutant mekk1 mekk2 mekk3, no apparent phenotype, but meek1-like dwarf phenotype when complemented by MEKK2 (PubMed:23695980). The triple mutant mekk1 mekk2 mekk3 is almost insensitive to external glutamate (L-Glu) on root growth (PubMed:23574009).
Phosphorylated by MPK4 upon treatment with flg22.
Triggers SUMM2-mediated immune responses, including cell death and defense responses. Probably inhibited by the MEKK1-MKK1/ MKK2-MPK4 kinase cascade to adjust plant defense (PubMed:22643122, PubMed:23695980). Seems to contribute in transducing external glutamate (L-Glu) signal that elicits large-scale changes in root architecture (PubMed:23574009).
The proline-knot motif (79-88) may be involved in targeting to lipid bodies.
Transmembrane regions are predicted by sequence analysis tools, but these regions probably constitute hydrophobic domains associated to phospholipids.
Belongs to the PYR/PYL/RCAR abscisic acid intracellular receptor family.
Monomer (PubMed:21658606). Homodimer. Binds ABA on one subunit only (By similarity). Interacts with HAB1, ABI1 and ABI2, and possibly with other PP2Cs (PubMed:19624469, PubMed:19874541, PubMed:19898420). Binds to CARs protein in an ABA-independent manner, both at the plasma membrane and in the nucleus. Interacts directly with CAR1 and CAR4 (PubMed:25465408). Interacts with MYC2 in the nucleus. Interaction with MYC2 is increased in the presence of abscisic acid (PubMed:27357749).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant seedlings exhibit increased sensitivity to abscisic acid-induced inhibition of cotyledon expansion. The inhibition effect is more severe with the combination of abscisic acid and jasmonate.
Receptor for abscisic acid (ABA) required for ABA-mediated responses such as stomatal closure and germination inhibition. Inhibits the activity of group-A protein phosphatases type 2C (PP2Cs) in an ABA-independent manner but more efficiently when activated by ABA (PubMed:23844015, PubMed:21658606). Can be activated by both (-)-ABA and (+)-ABA (PubMed:23844015). May link ABA and jasmonate signaling pathways by modifying MYC2 transcriptional activity, and regulation of JAZ6 and JAZ8 gene expression by MYC2 (PubMed:27357749).
Upon interaction with ABA, the 'latch' and 'gate' loops change in conformation leading to a tight dimerization and the creation a surface that enables the receptor to dock into and inhibit the PP2C active site.
Key component and repressor of the abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway that regulates numerous ABA responses, such as stomatal closure, seed germination and inhibition of vegetative growth.
Contains an apparent HMA-like domain but lacks the core conserved Cys-X-X-Cys motif.
Interacts with CITRX/TRXz (PubMed:20511297). Binds to FLN1 and PTAC5. Associates with the plastid-encoded RNA polymerase (PEP) complex (PubMed:24019900).
Plants display chlorosis prior to leaf expansion, but exhibit slow greening, remain autotrophic, can grow to maturity, and set viable seed (PubMed:22770232). Albino phenotype of seedlings grown on sucrose-free medium associated with reduced plastid-encoded RNA polymerase (PEP)-dependent gene expression and altered chloroplast development. Delayed greening of seedlings grown on sucrose-containing medium (PubMed:24019900).
RNAi plants display abnormal plastids lacking internal membrane structures.
Required for proper chloroplast development, most likely through regulating plastid-encoded polymerase (PEP) dependent chloroplast transcription. Acts as a component of the transcriptionally active plastid chromosome that is required for plastid gene expression.
Belongs to the glycerophosphoryl diester phosphodiesterase family.
Expressed in roots, shoots, flowers and siliques.
Belongs to the proteasome subunit S1 family.
Component of the 19S regulatory particle (RP/PA700) base subcomplex of the 26S proteasome. The 26S proteasome is composed of a core protease (CP), known as the 20S proteasome, capped at one or both ends by the 19S regulatory particle (RP/PA700).
Belongs to the phosphatase 2A regulatory subunit A family.
Each HEAT repeat appears to consist of two alpha helices joined by a hydrophilic region, the intrarepeat loop. The repeat units may be arranged laterally to form a rod-like structure (By similarity).
Mostly expressed in cell-dividing tissues such as apical meristems. Ubiquitous, with higher levels in roots and flowers (at protein level).
PP2A consists of a common heterodimeric core enzyme, composed of a 36 kDa catalytic subunit (subunit C) and a 65 kDa constant regulatory subunit (subunit A), that associates with a variety of regulatory subunits such as subunits B (the R2/B/PR55/B55, R3/B''/PR72/PR130/PR59 and R5/B'/B56 families) and the regulatory subunits TON2. Interacts with CYP20-1/ROC7. Also interacts with phosphatidic acid (PA), a lipid signaling molecule. Interacts with CHIP. Interacts with SIC/RON3 (PubMed:26888284).
The A subunit of protein phosphatase 2A serves as a scaffolding molecule to coordinate the assembly of the catalytic subunit and a variable regulatory B subunit. Seems to act as a positive regulator of PP2A catalytic activity. Confers resistance to phosphatase inhibitors such as okadaic acid and cantharidin. Involved during developmental process such as seedling and floral developments, root gravitropism, and stomatal opening regulation. Involved in the regulation of auxin efflux, especially during basipetal (tips to base) auxin transport in roots, and appears to contribute to the perception of auxin efflux inhibitors such as 1-N-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA) and to semicarbazone I (substituted phenylsemicarbazone of 2-acetylarylcarboxylic acids) (SCB-I). Modulates the magnitude of ethylene response in the hypocotyl and stem, and functions as a general positive transducer of early ABA signaling. The holoenzyme composed of PP2AA1, PP2A4 and B'ZETA or B'ETA acts as negative regulator of plant innate immunity by controlling BAK1 phosphorylation state and activation in surface-localized immune receptor complexes (PubMed:25085430).
Ubiquitinated. CHIP-mediated ubiquitination enhances phosphatase activity after an abiotic stress such as low temperature or darkness.
Expressed in flower buds and siliques, in the dehiscence zone of anthers (stomium cells) and maturing siliques. Expressed in stigma during pollen tube growth. Not expressed in seeds or in the floral part or leaf abscission zone but found at the junction between the seed and the funiculus at the site of seed abscission.
Polygalacturonase involved in cell separation in the final stages of pod shatter and in anther dehiscence. Not involved in floral organ abscission.
Esterifies acyl-group from acyl-ACP to the sn-2 position of glycerol-3-phosphate, a step in cutin biosynthesis.
The HXXXXD motif is essential for acyltransferase activity and may constitute the binding site for the phosphate moiety of the glycerol-3-phosphate.
Involved in lateral root formation. Regulated by the transcriptional activators ARF7 and ARF19.
Expressed in roots, seedlings, inflorescence, and siliques. Also detected at low levels in leaves.
Interacts with ANL2, HDG2 and HDG10, and possibly with GL2, HDG3, ATML1 and PDF2.
Contains one covalently linked phytochromobilin chromophore.
Regulatory photoreceptor which exists in two forms that are reversibly interconvertible by light: the Pr form that absorbs maximally in the red region of the spectrum and the Pfr form that absorbs maximally in the far-red region. Photoconversion of Pr to Pfr induces an array of morphogenic responses, whereas reconversion of Pfr to Pr cancels the induction of those responses. Pfr controls the expression of a number of nuclear genes including those encoding the small subunit of ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase, chlorophyll A/B binding protein, protochlorophyllide reductase, rRNA, etc. It also controls the expression of its own gene(s) in a negative feedback fashion.
Transcription factor which may be involved in developmental processes.
Constitutive expression at high level causes severe abnormality in plant growth.
Transcription factor. Interacts specifically with the W box (5'-(T)TGAC[CT]-3'), a frequently occurring elicitor-responsive cis-acting element. Positively modulates defense-related gene expression and disease resistance.
Involved in sphingolipid trihydroxy long-chain base (4-hydroxysphinganine) biosynthesis. Can use C18- and C20-sphinganine as substrates to produce C18- and C20-phytosphinganines (D-ribo-2-amino-1,3,4-trihydroxyoctadecane and -eicosane).
No visible phenotype; due to the redundancy with SBH1. Sbh1 and sbh2 double mutants are severely dwarfed, do not progress from vegetative to reproductive growth and have enhanced expression of programmed cell death associated-genes.
Ubiquitous, with higher levels in flowers and roots.
Belongs to the phosphofructokinase type A (PFKA) family. PPi-dependent PFK group II subfamily. Atypical ATP-dependent clade 'X' sub-subfamily.
Catalyzes the phosphorylation of D-fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate by ATP, the first committing step of glycolysis.
Belongs to the RecA family. RAD51 subfamily.
Involved in the homologous recombination repair (HRR) pathway of double-stranded DNA breaks arising during DNA replication or induced by DNA-damaging agents.
Expressed in roots, seedlings, leaves buds and open flowers.
Component of the SWR1 chromatin-remodeling complex composed of at least ARP6/ESD1/SUF3, PIE1, SWC6, SWC2 and H2AZs (HTA8, HTA9, HTA11). Interacts directly with SWC6 and H2AZs, but not with ARP6.
Component of the SWR1 complex which mediates the ATP-dependent exchange of histone H2A for the H2A variant H2A.F/Z leading to transcriptional regulation of selected genes (e.g. FLC) by chromatin remodeling.
Brassicaceae-specific phytocytokine (plant endogenous peptide released into the apoplast) perceived by MIK2 in a BAK1/SERK3 and SERK4 coreceptors-dependent manner, that modulates various physiological and antimicrobial processes including growth prevention and reactive oxygen species (ROS) response regulation.
Mostly expressed in seedlings shoots and roots, and, to a lower extent, in leaves.
The active site is a conserved redox-active cysteine residue, the peroxidatic cysteine (C(P)), which makes the nucleophilic attack on the peroxide substrate. The peroxide oxidizes the C(P)-SH to cysteine sulfenic acid (C(P)-SOH), which then reacts with another cysteine residue, the resolving cysteine (C(R)), to form a disulfide bridge. The disulfide is subsequently reduced by an appropriate electron donor to complete the catalytic cycle. In this 1-Cys peroxiredoxin, no C(R) is present and C(P) instead forms a disulfide with a cysteine from another protein or with a small thiol molecule. C(P) is reactivated by glutathionylation and subsequent reduction by glutaredoxin (Grx), or by thioredoxin (Trx).
Thiol-specific peroxidase that catalyzes the reduction of hydrogen peroxide and organic hydroperoxides to water and alcohols, respectively. Plays a role in cell protection against oxidative stress by detoxifying peroxides (By similarity). May be involved in intracellular redox signaling (Probable).
Could be the product of a pseudogene. Truncated purine permease that is probably not expressed.
Not detected in seedlings, leaves, embryos or root and shoot meristems.
Acts as a regulatory factor of isoprenoid biosynthesis. Could bind RNA.
Can be acetylated to form H3K9ac, H3K14ac, H3K18ac and H3K23ac. H3K9ac could compete with H3K9me and prevent gene silencing. H3K9acK14ac molecules are 30-fold less abundant than H3K9ac or H3K14ac. Very low level of H3K9meK14ac. H3K14 is specifically acetylated by HAG1 and deacetylated by HDA6. H3K9ac is deacetylated by HDT1. H3K9ac is restricted to euchromatin. H3K18ac, but not H3K9ac, is cell-cycle dependent and linked to replication. Reduced H4R3me2s increases H3K14ac in the FLC chromatin and activates or maintains its transcription. Vernalization decreases H3K9/14ac in the promoter region of FLC.
Expressed in inflorescences, buds and seedlings.
In meta- and anaphase, H3T11ph is found on the entire length of the condensed chromosomes, whereas H3S10ph and H3S28ph are confined to the pericentromeric regions. During the first meiotic division, H3S10ph and H3S28ph are found on the entire length of the chromosome. Both sites may be involved in sister chromatid cohesion. No phosphorylation detected during interphase. AUR1 and AUR2 phosphorylate only H3S10, while AUR3 phosphorylates both H3S10 and H3S28.
Mono-, di- or trimethylated to form mainly H3K4me1/2/3, H3K9me1/2/3, H3K27me1/2/3 and H3K36me1/2/3. Very low monomethylation at H3K18me1 or H3K23me1. H3K4me1/2/3, H3K9me3, H3K27me3 and H3K36me1/2/3 are typical marks for euchromatin, whereas heterochromatic chromocenters are enriched in H3K9me1/2 and H3K27me1/2. H3K27me3 is largely restricted to the transcribed regions of single genes and not associated with low-nucleosome density regions. SUVR1 to SUVR5, ASHH1 to ASHH3, ASHR1 to ASHR3, and ATXR5 and ATXR6 methylate H3, with ASHH2 methylating specifically H3K4 and H3K36 and ATXR5 and ATXR6 monomethylating specifically H3K27me1 (PubMed:35298257). The Su(var)3-9 homolog proteins (SUVH1 to SUVH10) are H3K9-specific methyltransferases. Among them, KRYPTONITE (SUVH4) is only involved in di- or trimethylation. Regarding H3K9, the major forms are H3K9me1 (20%) and H3K9me2 (10%), while H3K9me3 is rare (0.2%). H3K9me is controlled by DNA methylation and is not required for the formation of constitutive heterochromatin, but double methylation H3K9meK27me is required for the recruitment of CMT3 to methylate heterochromatin and silence euchromatic loci. Very low level of H3K9meK14ac. 60% of H3K27 is found under the form of H3K27me1, 16% of H3K27me2 and 5% of H3K27me3. When associated with H3K27me, H3K36 can only be mono- or di-methylated. H327me2K36me1 or H3K27me1K36me2 are both found in 3% of the proteins. When not associated with H3K27me, H3K36 is only trimethylated. H3K36me3 is found in 3% of the proteins. H2BK143ub1 is probably prerequisite for H3K4me. Elevated H3K4me3 and H3K36me2 formed by ASHH2 are required for high FLC expression. Vernalization increases H3K9me2 and H3K27me2/3 and decreases H3K4me2 at the FLC locus, resulting in the epigenetic silencing of this floral repressor.
The nucleosome is a histone octamer containing two molecules each of H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assembled in one H3-H4 heterotetramer and two H2A-H2B heterodimers. The octamer wraps approximately 147 bp of DNA. The H3K9meK27me dimethylated N-terminal tail of histone H3 can directly interact with the chromodomains of CMT3 and/or LHP1 (PubMed:11898023, PubMed:15457214). Interacts with ORTH2 (PubMed:17242155). Interacts (in absence of H3K27me) with TSK (PubMed:35298257).
To ensure consistency between histone entries, we follow the 'Brno' nomenclature for histone modifications, with positions referring to those used in the literature for the 'closest' model organism. Due to slight variations in histone sequences between organisms and to the presence of initiator methionine in UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot sequences, the actual positions of modified amino acids in the sequence generally differ. In this entry the following conventions are used: H3K4me1/2/3 = mono-, di- and trimethylated Lys-5; H3K9me1/2/3 = mono-, di- and trimethylated Lys-10; H3K9ac = acetylated Lys-10; H3S10ph = phosphorylated Ser-11; H3T11ph = phosphorylated Thr-12; H3K14ac = acetylated Lys-15; H3K18ac = acetylated Lys-19; H3K18me1 = monomethylated Lys-19; H3K23ac = acetylated Lys-24; H3K23me1 = monomethylated Lys-24; H3K27me1/2/3 = mono-, di- and trimethylated Lys-28; H3S28ph = phosphorylated Ser-29; H3K36me1/2/3 = mono-, di- and trimethylated Lys-37.
By cold stress (PubMed:9735350). Subject to degradation by the 26S proteasome pathway in freezing conditions (PubMed:28344081).
Interacts with 14-3-3 proteins GRF1, GRF3, GRF5, GRF6, GRF7, GRF9 and GRF10 in the nucleus upon freezing.
Transcriptional activator that binds specifically to the DNA sequence 5'-[AG]CCGAC-3'. Binding to the C-repeat/DRE element mediates cold-inducible transcription. CBF/DREB1 factors play a key role in freezing tolerance and cold acclimation.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase group 1 family. Glycosyltransferase 4 subfamily.
By phosphate depletion (PubMed:11960029). Repressed by phosphate (Pi) and phosphite (Phi), with a faster suppression in roots than in shoots (PubMed:25697796).
Catalyzes the transfer of the sulfoquinovose moiety from UDP-sulfoquinovose to diacylglycerol during sulfolipid biosynthesis (PubMed:11960029). Sulfolipid contributes to maintaining a negatively charged lipid-water interface, a requirement for proper function of photosynthetic membranes (PubMed:11960029). Sulfolipid may also function as a substitute of anionic phospholipids under phosphate-limited growth conditions (PubMed:11960029).
Lack of sulfolipid leading to reduced growth under phosphate-limited growth conditions.
Essential to the male gametophyte development. Phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthase involved in the purines biosynthetic pathway. Catalyzes the ATP-dependent conversion of formylglycinamide ribonucleotide (FGAR) and glutamine to yield formylglycinamidine ribonucleotide (FGAM) and glutamate.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the FGAMS family.
May be involved in cell wall biosynthesis.
Belongs to the spermidine/spermine synthase family.
Heterodimer. Component of a multiprotein complex. Interacts with SPMS and SPDSYN1.
Active in meristematic tissues. During vegetative growth, expressed in root and shoot apical regions, leaves and roots primordia, root vascular cylinder and procambium. In reproductive organs, present in developing floral meristem, meristematic tissues of young flower buds, and placentae, pollen, ovules and seeds, mostly in embryos. High expression in the earliest stage of silique development, with a decrease during the middle stages of silique development and subsequently an increase during the later stages. In mature seeds, mostly localized in hypocotyl and radicule. During seed germination, first observed in the tip of the radicule and, upon opening of the cotyledons, expressed in the radicule and hypocotyl/radicule transition zone.
Belongs to the cold shock protein (CSP) family.
Chaperone that binds to RNA, single- (ssDNA) and double-stranded (dsDNA) DNA, and unwinds nucleic acid duplex. Accelerates seed germination and seedling growth under cold stress, and contributes to enhancement of cold and freezing tolerance. Regulates flowering transition, and flower and seed development. Promotes seed germination under salt stress. May regulate respiratory oxygen uptake.
Early flowering, altered stamen number and impaired seed development.
Induced by abscisic acid (ABA), transiently by ethylene, salicylic acid and water fload, but down-regulated by dehydration stress. Accumulates during cold acclimation. Accumulation during silique development is AGL15-dependent.
Mostly expressed in shoot apices, seeds and siliques, and, to a lower extent, in roots, cotyledons, stems, shoots, leaves, floral buds and flowers. Present in shoot apical meristems and siliques (at protein level).
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL19 family.
Inhibited by haloxydine (3,5-dichloro-2,6-difluoro-4-haloxypyridine).
Involved in the synthesis of plastoquinone-9. Can use both homogentisic acid and 2,5-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid gamma-lactone as prenyl acceptors, and solanesyl diphosphate > farnesyl diphosphate > geranylgeranyl diphosphate >> phytyl diphosphate as prenyl donors. Do not catalyze the decardoxylation of homogentisate uncoupled from prenylation.
Seeds overexpressing HST accumulate increased levels of tocopherol.
Was initially thought to have a homogentisate phytyltransferase activity and to be involved in tocopherol biosynthesis.
Component of the PI(3,5)P2 regulatory complex at least composed of ATG18, SAC/FIG4, FAB1 and VAC14. VAC14 nucleates the assembly of the complex and serves as a scaffold (By similarity).
The PI(3,5)P2 regulatory complex regulates both the synthesis and turnover of phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(3,5)P2). Regulates the synthesis of PtdIns(3,5)P2 by positive activation of FAB1 and by controlling SAC/FIG4 localization (By similarity).
May function as positive regulator of plant growth.
Plants over-expressing VQ18 show stunted growth phenotype.
Essential protein (PubMed:19956626). Polymerase that creates the 3'-poly(A) tail of mRNA's (PubMed:15297145). Also required for the endoribonucleolytic cleavage reaction at some polyadenylation sites. May acquire specificity through interaction with a cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor (CPSF) at its C-terminus (By similarity). Mediates the polyadenylation of RNAs that are associated with polynucleotide phosphorylase (e.g. PNP1) (PubMed:10872823).
Monomer (By similarity). Forms a complex with cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor (CPSF) subunits CPSF100, CPSF30, FIPS5 and PABN2 (PubMed:18479511).
Mostly expressed in flowers (highly in the style, receptacle and pedicel, but weakly in the vasculature of sepals) and hypocotyls, and, to a lower extent, in roots and stems. Barely detected in leaves (petioles and vascular system) (PubMed:15297145, PubMed:19956626).
Belongs to the actin family. ARP6 subfamily.
Component of the SWR1 chromatin-remodeling complex composed of at least ARP6/ESD1/SUF3, PIE1, SWC6, SWC2 and H2AZs (HTA8, HTA9, HTA11). Interacts directly with SWC6/SEF and PIE1. Also interacts with H2A.F/Z proteins.
Component of the SWR1 complex which mediates the ATP-dependent exchange of histone H2A for the H2A variant H2A.F/Z leading to transcriptional regulation of selected genes (e.g. FLC) by chromatin remodeling. Binds to the promoter region of FLC chromatin. Required for the activation of FLC and FLC/MAF genes expression to levels that inhibit flowering, through both histone H3 and H4 acetylation and methylation mechanisms. Involved in several developmental processes including organization of plant organs, leaves formation, flowering time repression, and fertility. Modulates photoperiod-dependent epidermal leaves cell development; promotes cell division in long days, and cell expansion/division in short days. May be involved in the regulation of pathogenesis-related proteins (PRs).
Mostly expressed in flowers, and, to a lower extent, in seedlings, shoot apex, stems, siliques, seeds, and roots (at protein level).
By infection with the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato, and treatment with fumonisin B1, a mycotoxin inducing apoptosis-like programmed cell death (PCD).
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase involved in the regulation of protein import in the chloroplast. Associates with TOC complexes and mediates ubiquitination of TOC components, promoting their degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). Plays a role in the reorganization of the TOC machinery. Involved in a mechanism that regulates plastid biogenesis via UPS (PubMed:23118188). Promotes stress tolerance by depleting the chloroplast protein import apparatus, which limits photosystem assembly and the potential for reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation (PubMed:26387714). May act as negative regulator of programmed cell death (PCD) during biotic stress (PubMed:20972793).
Interacts with TOC33, TOC75-3 and TOC159.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants show increased disease symptoms and cell death after inoculation with an avirulent strain of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (PubMed:20972793). Pale-green phenotype with low survival rates during de-etiolation (PubMed:23118188). Hypersensitivity to salt, osmotic, and oxidative stresses (PubMed:26387714).
The zinc finger domain is required for E3 ligase activity.
Heterodimers with MORF8/RIP1, MORF1/RIP8 and MORF3/RIP3.
Involved in organellar RNA editing. Required for the processing of few RNA editing site in mitochondria.
May function as histone H3 lysine demethylase and be involved in regulation of gene expression.
Mostly expressed in leaves, and, to a lower extent, in inflorescences, roots, siliques and stems.
Binds specifically to the plant telomeric double-stranded DNA sequences 5'-TTTAGGG-3'. At least 2 repeats of telomeric sequences are required for binding. Induces DNA bending.
Expressed ubiquitously. Highest expression in flowers and roots.
Homomultimer. Interacts with SNL1 (via PAH2). Interacts with STO.
The Myb-extension domain (593-622) is critical for telomere binding.
Viable, but deregulation of telomere length control.
Acts as a cysteine synthase. Plays a role in the sulfide detoxification in mitochondria.
Belongs to the cysteine synthase/cystathionine beta-synthase family.
Homodimer (By similarity). Interacts with SAT3. Component of the cysteine synthase complex (CSC) composed of two OAS-TL dimers and one SAT hexamer.
No visible phenotype but displays lower levels of thiols in roots (PubMed:18024555). Growth retardation (PubMed:18223034). Defects in root hair formation (PubMed:22511607).
Baeckstroem et al identified FIB2 in a Mediator complex pull-down assay and suggested that FIB2 could be a plant specific component of the Mediator complex (PubMed:17560376). However, no experimental evidence has been brought so far to confirm this hypothesis (Probable).
Belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily. Fibrillarin family.
Component of box C/D small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein (snoRNP) particles (By similarity). Interacts with groundnut rosette virus long-distance movement protein; this interaction is required for virus long-distance movement protein transiting through host Cajal body and nucleolus, relocalization of fibrillarin to the cytoplasm, and in presence of viral RNA, leads to the formation of stable RNPs (PubMed:17576925). Interacts (via GAR domain) with the hordeivirus TGB1 movement protein (via the first 82 amino acid residues) (PubMed:22349738). Interacts with PRMT11 and PRMT12 (PubMed:17666011). Interacts with MED19A (PubMed:30307032).
Expressed in roots and flowers (PubMed:10829025, PubMed:10806224). Expressed in leaves and stems (PubMed:10806224). Expression levels decrease during aging (PubMed:10806224).
S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyltransferase that has the ability to methylate both RNAs and proteins (Probable). Involved in pre-rRNA processing. Utilizes the methyl donor S-adenosyl-L-methionine to catalyze the site-specific 2'-hydroxyl methylation of ribose moieties in pre-ribosomal RNA (Probable). Site specificity is provided by a guide RNA that base pairs with the substrate (Probable). Methylation occurs at a characteristic distance from the sequence involved in base pairing with the guide RNA (Probable). Also acts as a protein methyltransferase by mediating methylation of 'Gln-105' of histone H2A (H2AQ105me), a modification that impairs binding of the FACT complex and is specifically present at 35S ribosomal DNA locus (By similarity). Acts as negative regulator of expression of immune responsive genes, including pathogenesis-related gene 1 (PR1), and of resistance against bacterial pathogen (PubMed:30307032). Binds to MED19A, a positive regulator of PR1 expression, to repress the activator activity of MED19A (PubMed:30307032). In response to the bacterial pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) elf18, associates with the long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) ELENA1 (At4g16355), and releases its repression of MED19A (PubMed:30307032). Possesses ribonuclease activity toward rRNA in vitro (PubMed:29163603). Binds phosphoinositides, phospholipids and phosphatidic acid in vitro (PubMed:29163603).
The N-terminal DMA/Gly-rich region (also called GAR domain) is rich in Gly and Arg and functions in nucleolar targeting (By similarity). The central (138-179) and C-terminal (225-281) part of the protein exhibit cooperative RNA-binding activities.
Ubiquitous low levels, higher expression in siliques and flowers.
Belongs to the flavin monoamine oxidase family.
Expressed in the shoot and root apical regions of young seedlings. Expressed in inflorescences.
Probable histone demethylase that reduces the levels of histone H3 'Lys-4' methylation in chromatin of the floral repressor FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) and the sporophytically silenced floral repressor FWA (PubMed:17921315). Seems to act in partial redundancy with FLOWERING LOCUS D (FLD) to repress FLC expression (PubMed:17921315). Required for cytosine methylation of FWA (PubMed:17921315). Controls primary seed dormancy by regulating DOG1 and abscisic acid signaling-related genes (PubMed:25852712).
Involved in transcriptional activation and repression of select genes by chromatin remodeling (alteration of DNA-nucleosome topology).
Although it shares weak sequence similarity with GTF2B/TFIIB, displays a similar subdomain organization as GTF2B/TFIIB, with a N-terminal zinc finger, a connecting region (composed of B-reader and B-linker regions), followed by 2 cyclin folds.
Component of RNA polymerase I core factor complex that acts as a GTF2B/TFIIB-like factor and plays a key role in multiple steps during transcription initiation such as pre-initiation complex (PIC) assembly and postpolymerase recruitment events in polymerase I (Pol I) transcription. Binds rDNA promoters and plays a role in Pol I recruitment (By similarity). Required for the development of the one-cell zygote and endosperm in embryos (PubMed:15634699). Required for micropylar pollen tube guidance, but has no effect on ovule development and gametophytic cell fate specification (PubMed:18055609). May regulate the transcription of secreted cysteine-rich peptide (CRP) genes in the embryo sac (PubMed:26462908).
Disrupted function of the female gametophyte. Defective in micropylar pollen tube guidance leading to zygotic lethality.
Expressed at high levels in seedlings, inflorescences and young siliques and at lower levels in roots. Not detected in leaves and stems. Detected in root tips and shoot apical meristems, in anthers, primarily in microspores with weaker expression in mature pollen grains and in the central cell of the mature female gametophyte. Not expressed in synergids, egg cells, antipodal cells, endosperm cells and fertilized egg cells.
Expression in central cell of the mature female gametophyte is pollination independent.
Expression of MEE12 in the central cell alone is sufficient to restore the normal pollen tube guidance phenotype.
Interacts with TFIIF (PubMed:18055609, PubMed:26462908). Interacts with MEE14/CBP1, TBP1 and NRPB1 (via CTD) (PubMed:26462908).
Depletion of LHCA3 levels (at protein level).
Induced by low light (LL) but repressed by high light (HL). Inhibited by cold.
The LHC complex consists of chlorophyll a-b binding proteins (PubMed:19139095). Red-emitting heterodimers with LHCA3 and LHCA5 (PubMed:17107674, PubMed:21083539, PubMed:15356385). Binds to carotenoids (PubMed:17326666).
The light-harvesting complex (LHC) functions as a light receptor, it captures and delivers excitation energy to photosystems with which it is closely associated, here photosystem I.
NDH shuttles electrons from NAD(P)H:plastoquinone, via FMN and iron-sulfur (Fe-S) centers, to quinones in the photosynthetic chain and possibly in a chloroplast respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme in this species is believed to be plastoquinone. Couples the redox reaction to proton translocation, and thus conserves the redox energy in a proton gradient (Probable). Required for the accumulation of both the NDH subcomplex A and NDHS (PubMed:21505067).
Part of the chloroplast NDH complex, composed of a mixture of chloroplast and nucleus encoded subunits (PubMed:21785130). Component of the electron donor-binding subcomplex, at least composed of NDHS, NDHT and NDHU (PubMed:21505067, PubMed:24225949).
Interacts with UBC30, GRXS17 and GLB3 (PubMed:27497447). Binds to and coactivates GAF1/IDD2 and ENY/IDD1 (PubMed:25035403).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions. The double mutant plants rglg3 and rglg4 show decreased sensitivity to jasmonate.
Possesses E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase in vitro. Acts as upstream modulator of jasmonate (JA) signaling in response to various stimuli, such as JA-inhibited root growth, JA-inductive gene expression, coronatine-mediated pathogen susceptibility, wound-stimulated expression of JA-responsive genes and wound-induced JA biosynthesis (PubMed:22898498). Controls fumonisin B1 (FB1)-triggered programmed cell death (PCD) by modulating the JA signaling pathway. May mediate salicylic acid (SA) suppression of JA signaling in FB1-induced responses (PubMed:25788731). May mediate the formation of 'Lys-48'-linked multiubiquitin chains. Mediates the polyubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of the target protein GRXS17 (PubMed:27497447).
Possesses RNA-binding and ribonuclease activities in vitro.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL18 family.
2-deoxyglucose, but not phenformin, enhances the phosphorylation of TPS5.
90-fold induction by sucrose after 24 hours and by heat stress.
Binds to the phosphopeptide-binding site of GRF/14-3-3 and to MBF1c.
Both Ser-5 and Thr-32 must be phosphorylated for binding to GRF/14-3-3.
Low expression in leaves, stems, flower buds, flowers and siliques.
Eearly flowering (PubMed:23284292). Significantly reduced trimethylated 'Lys-4' of histone H3 (H3K4me3) levels at the 5'-ends of WRKY70 and LTP7 genes leading to reduced transcript accumulation (PubMed:23284292).
Part of a complex composed of TRO, RBL and WDR5A. Interacts with TRO and WDR5A, but not with WDR5B. This complex is formed during both vegetative and reproductive development.
Promotes the expression of FLC and FLC homologs to repress the floral transition (PubMed:21423667). Promotes WRKY70 and LTP7 genes epigenetic methylation (e.g. H3K4me3) and subsequent expression (PubMed:23284292).
Strongly expressed in root tips, shoot apices, vascular tissues, developing embryos and endosperms.
Corrects defective DNA strand-break repair and sister chromatid exchange following treatment with ionizing radiation and alkylating agents (By similarity). Involved in DNA demethylation pathway by stimulating cytosine methylation (5-meC) excision, gap tailoring, and DNA ligation.
Homodimer. Interacts with polynucleotide kinase (PNK), DNA polymerase-beta (POLB) and DNA ligase III (LIG3) (By similarity). Interacts with ZDP and ROS1. Binds to various forms of double-stranded DNA (e.g. methylated, unmethylated, with single-nucleotide gap flanked by 3'-phosphate or 5'-phosphate ends).
Reduced capacity to complete DNA demethylation initiated by ROS1.
Glycosyltransferase involved in mannan biosynthesis.
Expressed in the G2/M phases. Remains high in early G1 phase.
Interacts with FZR2/CCS52A1, FZR1/CCS52A2 and FZR3/CCS52B.
Down-regulated after exposure to far-red light. Subject to a negative feedback regulation by PHYA signaling. Up-regulated by white light.
Homodimer and heterodimer with FAR1. Interacts (via N-terminus) with PIF1 and with underphosphorylated PHYA.
Reduced protochlorophyllide levels in darkness and less photobleaching in the light.
The FAR1 domain is involved in direct DNA binding, the SWIM-type zinc finger is essential for transcriptional activation activity and both the MULE and SWIM domains are essential for dimerization.
Transcription activator that recognizes and binds to the DNA consensus sequence 5'-CACGCGC-3'. Activates the expression of FHY1 and FHL involved in light responses. When associated with PHYA, protects it from being recognized and degraded by the COP1/SPA complex. Positive regulator of chlorophyll biosynthesis via the activation of HEMB1 gene expression.
By salt stress, specifically in the root.
No obvious developmental defects but reduced biomass and reduced leaves number. Increased sensitivity to salt stress.
Belongs to the glutaminase PdxT/SNO family.
Catalyzes the hydrolysis of glutamine to glutamate and ammonia as part of the biosynthesis of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. The resulting ammonia molecule is channeled to the active site of PDX1. Involved in the indirect resistance to singlet oxygen-generating photosensitizers.
In plants, synthesis of vitamin B6 does not involve deoxyxylulose 5-phosphate but utilizes intermediates from the pentose phosphate pathway and from glycolysis.
Interacts with PDX1.1 or PDX1.3, but not with PDX1.2. Binds to RPA2A.
Strongly expressed in roots, stems, leaves and flowers.
Vitamin B6 is an essential quencher of singlet oxygen in plants, that can protect cellular membranes from lipid peroxidation.
Belongs to the cytidine and deoxycytidylate deaminase family.
This enzyme scavenges exogenous and endogenous cytidine and 2'-deoxycytidine for UMP synthesis.
Belongs to the SOFL plant protein family.
Domains SOFL-A and SOFL-B are required for function in cytokinin-mediated development.
In seedlings, strong levels in the hydathode region of cotyledons as well as in the upper part of hypocotyls and weak content in the vascular tissue of cotyledons (PubMed:20011053). In developing leaves, strongly expressed in the midrib of leaf veins, but weak levels in the hydathode regions (PubMed:20011053). In developing flower buds, accumulates in pistil tips and the vascular tissue of stamens and sepals (PubMed:20011053). In mature flowers, detected in the vascular bundles between the two anther locules, the central vascular cylinders of the filaments, vascular tissues of tips of the pistils, and sepal vascular tissue (PubMed:20011053). Also present in tips and bases of developing siliques, and progressively restricted to the vascular tissues at the silique tips (PubMed:20011053).
Involved in cytokinin-mediated development (PubMed:20011053, PubMed:29467189). Together with SOFL2, triggers the endogenous content of specific bioactive cytokinins derived from the biosynthetic intermediates trans-zeatin riboside monophosphate (tZRMP) and N(6)-(Delta(2)-isopentenyl)adenosine monophosphate (iPRMP) such as N-glucosides trans-zeatin 7-glucoside (tZ7G), cis-zeatin 7-glucoside (cZ7G) and N(6)-(Delta(2)-isopentenyl)adenine 7-glucoside (iP7G) (PubMed:20011053).
No obvious developmental defects (PubMed:20011053). Plants missing both SOLF1 and SOLF2 have reduced endogenous cytokinin levels and accumulate lower levels of trans-zeatin riboside monophosphate (tZRMP) and N(6)-(Delta(2)-isopentenyl)adenosine monophosphate (iPRMP), biosynthetic intermediates of bioactive cytokinins as well as decreased response to exogenous cytokinin in both callus-formation and inhibition-of-hypocotyl-elongation assays (PubMed:20011053).
Predominantly expressed in the vascular tissues of seedlings, developing leaves, flowers and siliques, but barely detectable in roots and stems.
Phosphoinositide phosphatase which catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol-3,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(3,5)P2) (PubMed:15805481). Can also catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PtdIns(3)P) and phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PtdIns(4)P) (By similarity). Required for normal cell morphogenesis, cell wall synthesis, and actin organization (PubMed:15805481).
Ubiquitous with higher expression level in both young elongating and nonelongating stems. Detected in vascular tissues.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 43 family.
Expressed in developing interfascicular fibers and xylem cells in stems and developing secondary xylem in roots.
Expressed in the seed coat at the linear cotyledon and mature green stages, when mucilage synthesis occurs.
Involved in the synthesis of glucuronoxylan hemicellulose in secondary cell walls.
Involved in the synthesis of the hemicellulose glucuronoxylan, a major component of secondary cell walls (PubMed:17944810, PubMed:20595206, PubMed:20335400, PubMed:20424005). Involved in the elongation of glucuronoxylan xylosyl backbone (PubMed:17944810, PubMed:20595206, PubMed:20335400, PubMed:20424005). Xylan xylosyltransferase that acts cooperatively with IRX9 to achieve the successive addition of xylosyl residues during xylan backbone elongation (PubMed:22080591, PubMed:25118690). Required for the proper composition and structural properties of released seed coat mucilage (PubMed:26482889, PubMed:26834178). Required for the production of highly branched xylan polymers in seed coat mucilage (PubMed:26482889, PubMed:26834178). Xylan with xylose side chains seems to be necessary for pectin attachment to the seed surface (PubMed:26482889, PubMed:26834178). Together with MUCI70, required for xylan and pectin synthesis in seed coat epidermal (SCE) cells (PubMed:26482889, PubMed:26834178, PubMed:30228108).
Reduced xylan content in cell wall (PubMed:17944810). Reduced amount and altered composition of seed coat mucilage (PubMed:26482889, PubMed:26834178). Plants missing both MUCI70 and IRX14 exhibit a severe reduction in both xylan- and pectin-related sugars in total seed mucilage extracts (PubMed:30228108).
Converts 2-oxo acids to branched-chain amino acids. Acts on leucine, isoleucine and valine (By similarity).
Catalyzes the formation of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate from ribose 5-phosphate (RBP), glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) and ammonia. The ammonia is provided by PDX2. Can also use ribulose 5-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate as substrates, resulting from enzyme-catalyzed isomerization of RBP and G3P, respectively. Also plays an indirect role in resistance to singlet oxygen-generating photosensitizers.
Expressed in flowers, shoots, leaves and weakly in roots.
Homodimer or heterodimer with PDX1.2 or PDX1.3. Interacts with PDX2.
Beta-1,3-galactosyltransferase that transfers galactose from UDP-galactose to substrates with a terminal beta-N-acetylglucosamine (beta-GlcNAc) residue. Involved in the biosynthesis of N-glycans containing Lewis a structures (with the combination of FUT13).
Although assigned as a calmodulin family member by Ref.6, it only contains EF-hand domains.
Belongs to the purine/pyrimidine phosphoribosyltransferase family.
Functions as two-component phosphorelay mediators between cytokinin sensor histidine kinases and response regulators (B-type ARRs). Plays an important role in propagating cytokinin signal transduction through the multistep His-to-Asp phosphorelay.
Functions as two-component phosphorelay mediators between cytokinin sensor histidine kinases and response regulators (B-type ARRs). Plays an important role in propagating cytokinin signal transduction.
Histidine-containing phosphotransfer domain (HPt) contains an active histidine that mediates the phosphotransfer.
Interacts with the B-type response regulators ARR1, ARR2 and ARR9. Binds to ETR1, AHK2, AHK3, AHK4, AHK5 and CKI1.
Strongly expressed in roots. Detected also in flowers, leaves, siliques and stems.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class TrmE-Era-EngA-EngB-Septin-like GTPase superfamily. Era GTPase family.
Nuclear genome-encoded probable GTPase involved in ribosome biogenesis in chloroplasts. Plays a role in 16S rRNA maturation in plastids and may contribute to the assembly of the small (30S) ribosomal subunit.
Heterotrimeric complex composed of SEC61-alpha, SEC61-beta and SEC61-gamma.
(Microbial infection) Functions as host RNA helicase that is co-opted by the tombusvirus (TBSV) RNA replication enhancer to greatly enhance tombusvirus replication. Interacts with the viral minus-strand RNA and the replication proteins within the viral replicase.
ATP-dependent RNA helicase. Core component of the splicing-dependent multiprotein exon junction complex (EJC) deposited at splice junctions on mRNAs. The EJC is a dynamic structure consisting of core proteins and several peripheral nuclear and cytoplasmic associated factors that join the complex only transiently either during EJC assembly or during subsequent mRNA metabolism. The EJC marks the position of the exon-exon junction in the mature mRNA for the gene expression machinery and the core components remain bound to spliced mRNAs throughout all stages of mRNA metabolism thereby influencing downstream processes including nuclear mRNA export, subcellular mRNA localization, translation efficiency and nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD). Its RNA-dependent ATPase and RNA-helicase activities are induced by MLN51/CASC3, but abolished in presence of the MAGO-Y14 heterodimer, thereby trapping the ATP-bound EJC core onto spliced mRNA in a stable conformation. The inhibition of ATPase activity by the MAGO-Y14 heterodimer increases the RNA-binding affinity of the EJC (By similarity). Plays a role in abiotic stress adaptation. Can regulate abiotic stress resistance partially via the control of acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase 2 (AC Q8S4Y1) expression (PubMed:26883227).
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX48/FAL1 subfamily.
Interacts with ALY4 (PubMed:19435936). Interacts with MAGO (PubMed:26867216). Interacts with CPL1/FRY2 (PubMed:26887918).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant seedlings show increased sensitivity to cold and heat stresses.
Phosphorylated at Ser-100 and Ser-101. Phosphorylation status of Ser-100 and Ser-101 largely determines the subcellular localization of EIF4A3.
Binds preferentially double-stranded DNA.
Expressed in lateral roots, root tips, stems, cotyledons, leaves and flowers (excluding ovary and pedicels).
Induced by seed imbibition with a peak after 1 hour and then steadily decreases to be barely detectable at day 3.
Reduced growth of leaves, petioles, stems and siliques. Delayed flowering.
Transcription repressor that binds specific DNA sequence such as the GT-box-like motif 5'-CGTGATT-3' in the AT2S3 promoter. Negative regulator of seed maturation genes during seed germination and seedling development. May target GT-box-containing embryonic genes by competing with the binding of transcriptional activators to this promoter region (PubMed:19155348). Contributes to the maintenance and control of seed filling (PubMed:22231199) and may repress the maturation program during early embryogenesis (PubMed:21330492).
By copper deficiency. Down-regulated by treatment with high concentrations of copper.
Highly expressed in leaves and at lower levels in roots, stems and flowers.
Identified in the spliceosome C complex.
Involved in pre-mRNA splicing, specifically in spliceosome disassembly during late-stage splicing events.
Belongs to the trehalose phosphatase family.
Participates in the regulation of trehalose metabolism.
Removes the phosphate from trehalose 6-phosphate to produce free trehalose. Trehalose accumulation in plant may improve abiotic stress tolerance (By similarity).
Belongs to the amino acid/polyamine transporter 2 family. Amino acid/auxin permease (AAAP) (TC 2.A.18.6) subfamily.
Binds and inhibits CYCD2-1/CDKA-1 kinase complex activity. Regulates cell division which is crucial for plant growth, development and morphogenesis. Functions in turning cells from a mitotic to an endoreplicating cell cycle mode. Acts cell- and non-cell-autonomously to regulate endoreduplication by allowing S phase progression, but blocking entry into mitosis. Keeps on the one hand the plant cell cycle locally controlled, and on the other hand provides a possibility of linking cell cycle control in single cells with the supracellular organization of a tissue or an organ. May target specifically CDKA-1.
Expressed at low levels in roots, stems, leaves and flowers.
Highly expressed in root pericycle and cell suspension culture during cell cycle arrest. Expressed early in the G1 phase, disappears quickly and starts to increase again to reach a peak before mitosis.
Plants overexpressing ICK1/KRP1 show altered morphology (including flowers) with a reduction in plant size, cell numbers, pollen germination, seed production and CDK kinase activity. Trichome cells misexpressing ICK1/KRP1 show reduced endoreduplication and cell size, and undergo cell death. ICK1/KRP1 degradation is regulated by the AXR1-dependent RUB conjugation pathway that is required for the function of the SCF complexes.
Specifically interacts with CDKA-1, but not with CDKB1-1. Interacts with CYCD2-1 and CYCD3-1.
Ubiquitinated independently by RKP and SCF (SKP1-CUL1-FBL5/SKP2B) protein ligase complex, leading to proteasomal degradation.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS9 family.
Seems not necessary for chloroplast and nuclear photorelocation movements.
Contributes to cuticular wax and suberin biosynthesis. Involved in both decarbonylation and acyl-reduction wax synthesis pathways. Elongase condensing enzyme mostly active with saturated fatty acids, especially with 16:0, 16:1, 18:0, and 20:0. Mediates the synthesis of VLCFAs from 20 to 26 carbons in length (e.g. C20:1, C20, C22, C24 and C26).
Inhibited by K3 herbicides such as alachlor, allidochlor, anilofos, cafenstrole, fentrazamide and flufenacet (PubMed:15277688). Strongly inhibited by metazachlor and mefluidide (PubMed:22284369).
It is uncertain whether Met-1 or Met-9 is the initiator.
Plants have thinner stems with an altered wax composition, and are more sensitive to dehydration.
Repressed by herbicides such as flufenacet and benfuresate (PubMed:12916765). Down-regulated by darkness and low temperature, and up-regulated by salt, drought and osmotic stress (PubMed:18465198).
Ubiquitous (PubMed:10074711). Expressed in siliques, flowers, leaves and stems. Barely detected in roots (PubMed:18465198).
Expressed in flowers, siliques, stems and leaves.
Required for nonhost resistance (NHR) during plant-microbe interactions. Plants mutated in PMR5 are resistant to powdery mildew species (PubMed:15584961, PubMed:19810803). May act as a bridging protein that binds pectin and other cell wall polysaccharides. Probably involved in maintaining esterification of pectins (By similarity). May be involved in the specific O-acetylation of cell wall polymers (By similarity).
Involved in terpene biosynthesis in roots. Possesses diterpene (C20) synthase activity in vitro. Does not seem to be involved in sesquiterpene (C15) biosynthesis.
Predominantly expressed in roots but also in stems, leaves and flowers.
Binding to ERDJ3A activates the ATPase activity of BIP3.
Bip1, bip2 and bip3 triple mutation is pollen lethal (PubMed:24486762). Bip1, bip2 and bip3 triple mutation affects female gametophyte development during the early stages (PubMed:26186593).
Expressed in mature pollen grains, and pollen tubes.
In cooperation with other chaperones, Hsp70s are key components that facilitate folding of de novo synthesized proteins, assist translocation of precursor proteins into organelles, and are responsible for degradation of damaged protein under stress conditions (Probable). Required for pollen development and pollen tube growth (PubMed:24486762). May be required for the early stages of female gametophyte development, but not for polar nuclei fusion during female gametophyte (PubMed:26251880). Possesses ATPase activity in vitro (PubMed:26186593).
Interacts with BZIP28 (via C-terminus) (PubMed:23624714). Interacts with ERDJ3A (PubMed:26186593).
Expressed in flowers, leaves, stems and roots.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants are susceptible to the pathogen Leptosphaeria maculans.
TIR-NB-LRR receptor-like protein that confers resistance to the pathogen Leptosphaeria maculans (blackleg disease).
Confined to flowers, at low levels. Also present in 7-days-old seedlings. Barely detectable in other tissues such as young seedlings, roots, stems, leaves and siliques (PubMed:15269176). Expressed in flower primordia, more precisely between newly arisen sepal primordia and also at the basal margins of developing sepals (PubMed:25697797).
Disrupted perianth development, particularly petal initiation and orientation, sometimes leading to petal fusion.
Expression within the newly arising sepals is repressed via the PINOID auxin-response pathway.
First observed in the early-developing flower, in four zones between the initiating sepals and in their developing margins. Later detected in the margins of expanding sepals, petals and stamens, and in the leaf margins.
Transcription factor that prevents growth. Regulates perianth architecture in flower, mostly in the second whorl, probably by suppressing growth between initiating sepals, ensuring that they remain separate, and by modulating organ shapes. Required for the establishment of auxin flux.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS17 family.
Expressed in roots, stems, leaves and at higher levels in flowers.
Involved in the production of sphingolipid metabolites. Active on sphingosine, phytosphingosine (PHS, 4-hydroxysphinganine), D-erythro-dihydrosphingosine, D-erythro-sphingosine and trans-4, trans-8-sphingadienine, an LCB found exclusively in plants, but not on N-acetyl-dihydrosphingosine (C2-dihydroceramide) and D-threo-dihydrosphingosine.
Not induced by low-humidity stress or by abscisic acid treatment.
Expressed in roots, stems and inflorescences.
Expressed at low levels in seedlings and leaves.
Highly expressed in the pith and vascular bundle in the stem. Found in the pedicel of young buds. Also expressed in the inner epidermis of carpels and pedicels in mature flowers. In siliques, mostly expressed in inner epidermis of the valve.
Autophosphorylation induced by the interaction with LURE1.2.
Homodimer. Interacts with MDIS1 and LURE1.2.
Involved in the regulation of procambium maintenance and polarity during vascular-tissue development (PubMed:17570668). Involved in the pollen tube perception of the female signal (PubMed:26863186). Phosphorylates MDSI1 (PubMed:26863186).
Can be either glutathionylated or forming covalent homodimers, depending on the oxidation state.
Homodimer (PubMed:24203231). Interacts in vitro with GRXS14, GRXS15, GRXS16 and GRXS17, but not with GRXC5 (PubMed:24203231). Interacts in vivo only with GRXS17 (PubMed:24203231, PubMed:24714563).
May act either alone or in interaction with glutaredoxin as a redox-regulated transcriptional regulator, or as a factor regulating Fe-S cluster biogenesis (Probable). The GRXS17-BOLA2 heterodimer binds a labile, oxygen sensitive iron-sulfur cluster (PubMed:24714563).
The putative nucleic acid binding region (34-77) coincides with the interaction surface with glutaredoxin.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 2 family. Plant cellulose synthase subfamily.
Catalytic subunit of cellulose synthase terminal complexes ('rosettes'), required for beta-1,4-glucan microfibril crystallization, a major mechanism of the cell wall formation. Involved in the primary cell wall formation.
Expressed throughout the embryo during all steps of embryogenesis, and decrease toward the bent-cotyledon stage.
Homodimer. Interaction through zinc finger domain.
Plants display reduced cellulose synthesis affecting microtubule orientation, general cell size, hypocotyl growth and seeds production. Partially redundant with CESA6.
Strongly and ubiquitously expressed. Localized in some dividing and expanding cells, as well as in vascular tissues.
Heteromers with RGP2, RGP3, RGP4 and RGP5.
No visible phenotype under normal growth condition, but significant reduction in total cell wall arabinose. Rgp1 and rgp2 double mutant is male gametophyte lethal, with an arrest in pollen mitosis (PubMed:17071651). RNAi-mediated knockdown of both RGP1 and RGP2 causes severe developmental defects and strong reduction in total cell wall arabinose (PubMed:21478444).
Predominantly expressed in shoot and root apical meristems. Expressed in epidermal cells of leaves, inflorescence stems and seed coat. Expressed in pollen.
Probable UDP-L-arabinose mutase involved in the biosynthesis of cell wall non-cellulosic polysaccharides.
Reversibly glycosylated in vitro by UDP-glucose, UDP-xylose and UDP-galactose, but not UDP-mannose.
UDP-L-arabinose mutase involved in the biosynthesis of cell wall non-cellulosic polysaccharides. Catalyzes the interconvertion of UDP-L-arabinopyranose (UDP-Arap) and UDP-L-arabinofuranose (UDP-Araf) in vitro. Preferentially catalyzes the formation of UDP-Arap from UDP-Araf. At thermodynamic equilibrium in vitro the ratio of the pyranose form over the furanose form is 95:5. Is not active on other UDP-sugars (UDP-Gal, UDP-Xyl, UDP-Glc, GDP-Man and GDP-Fuc) (PubMed:21478444). Functions redundantly with RGP2 and is essential for proper cell walls and pollen development. Probably involved in the formation of the pectocellulosic cell wall layer intine. Is probably active as heteromer in vivo (PubMed:17071651).
Contains Gly-74 instead of the conserved Cys required for the covalent attachment of FMN in the first PAS domain.
Was originally thought to contain a F-box domain.
By abscisic acid (ABA), and cold and salt stresses.
Expressed in aerial parts of seedlings, inflorescences and flowers at low level. Expressed in a restricted number of L1 cells at the lateral regions of flower primordia.
First expressed in the L1 cells of the lateral regions of a flower primordium at early stage 1, in which the lateral sepals are expected to develop at a later stage. It then rapidly decreases at the late stage 1 and disappears at stage 2. At stage 3, it reappears in all four-sepal young primordia. Not detected at the central zone of the inflorescence meristem and the floral meristem. In stages 4 through 6, when four sepals develop to enclose the flower bud, it is localized at the lateral edges of the four sepals and forms an arch of the L1 cells at the margin of sepals. Expressed in the young primordia of petals and stamens. As the petals and stamens develop, it is limited at the margins of petals and stamens in a way similar to that of sepals. In the vegetative phase, it is expressed at the lateral regions of young leaf primordia, as well as in flowers and floral organs.
Probable transcription factor required to initiate organ founder cells in a lateral domain of shoot meristems. Involved in the lateral sepal axis-dependent development of flowers, probably by regulating the proliferation of L1 cells at the lateral region of flower primordia. Required for the formation of the margin cells of the first and second whorl organs.
Belongs to the aconitase/IPM isomerase family.
Catalyzes the isomerization of citrate to isocitrate via cis-aconitate.
Catalyzes the isomerization of citrate to isocitrate via cis-aconitate. Contributes to oxidative stress tolerance (PubMed:17013749). May have a role in respiration (PubMed:25061985).
Mostly expressed in roots, stems and leaves, also present in stems and flowers.
Reduced cytosolic and mitochondrial aconitase (ACO) activities by 70 and 20 precent, respectively (PubMed:17013749, PubMed:17437406). Increased tolerance to oxidative stress mediated by paraquat, a superoxide-generating agent (PubMed:17013749). Slightly higher production of CO(2) (PubMed:25061985).
Slight level decrease after 3 days of iron starvation.
Glycosyltransferase involved in the formation of rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I) oligosaccharides in the seed coat mucilage, which is a specialized cell wall with abundant RG-I (By similarity). Transfers the rhamnose residue from UDP-beta-L-rhamnose to RG-I oligosaccharides (PubMed:30082766).
Binds one cation per subunit; probably K(+), but might also be Ca(2+).
Plays a key role in hydrogen peroxide removal.
Belongs to the cation transport ATPase (P-type) (TC 3.A.3) family. Type IIIA subfamily.
This protein is not an active H(+)-ATPase in its current form as there is a deletion in a conserved domain crucial for P-type ATPase function.
By cadmium and lead (PubMed:15708574). Induced by arsenite (PubMed:24214398).
Catalyzes the formation of 5-oxoproline from gamma-glutamyl dipeptides and plays a significant role in glutathione (GSH) homeostasis.
Catalyzes the formation of 5-oxoproline from gamma-glutamyl dipeptides and plays a significant role in glutathione (GSH) homeostasis. Converts both GSH and gamma-glutamyl-L-alanine to 5-oxoproline in vitro. Plays a role in detoxification of heavy metals and metalloids by recycling glutamate and maintaining GSH homeostasis.
Expressed in the central vascular bundle of roots, leaf veins, hydathodes, cauline leaves, shoot apex, sepal veins, flower receptacles and developing seeds.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants show increased tolerance to arsenite and cadmium.
Cell-cycle regulated expression with higher levels during early S-phase and G2/M stages. Repressed by auxin through a ubiquitin-dependent pathway (at protein level). Only biologically active auxin promotes proteolysis of SKP2A.
Component of SCF(SKP2A) E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes, which mediate the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins (including cell cycle repressors). Acts as an auxin receptor; one active auxin is indole-3-acetate. Regulates the stability of the transcription factors E2FC and DPB, repressors of cell proliferation. Confers increase tolerance to osmotic stress by promoting cell division, especially in meristems. Promotes the formation of lateral root primordia.
Expressed in embryo, seedlings, hypocotyl, roots, leaves and flowers.
Part of a SCF (ASK-cullin-F-box) protein ligase complex. Interacts with CUL1 (RUB1-modified and non-modified isoforms), SKP1A, SKP1B and ASK18. Recruit DPB and phosphorylated E2FC. Interacts with auxin. Auxin controls the interaction with DPB.
Polyubiquitinated and subsequently targeted to proteasome. Auxin promotes this ubiquitination-mediated degradation.
Widely expressed during the first stages of germination. In seedling, more intense in dividing areas, such as meristems and young organs. In leaves, confined to vascular tissue and stomatal cells. In roots, detected in tips, vascular cylinder of the distal part, and in lateral roots emerging primordia. Low levels in specific cells of root meristems.
Belongs to the CDP-alcohol phosphatidyltransferase class-I family.
Catalyzes the biosynthesis of phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) as well as PtdIns:inositol exchange reaction. May thus act to reduce an excessive cellular PtdIns content. The exchange activity is due to the reverse reaction of PtdIns synthase and is dependent on CMP, which is tightly bound to the enzyme.
Expressed in stems, flowers, shoots and roots. Present in epidermal tissues.
Belongs to the uracil-DNA glycosylase (UDG) superfamily. UNG family.
Probable inactive paralog of AtUNG (AC Q9LIH6) generated by a gene duplication event and subsequently disrupted by at least two transposon insertions.
Catalyzes both phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine biosynthesis from CDP-choline and CDP-ethanolamine, respectively. Has a higher cholinephosphotransferase activity than ethanolaminephosphotransferase activity.
Required for vesicular transport between the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus. Binds to SNARE complex and then recruits NSF to disassemble it (By similarity).
Acts as a co-chaperone for HSP90 (PubMed:20349287). Controls root development through the modulation of auxin distribution in the root meristem (PubMed:26163704).
Interacts with HSP90 in an ATP-dependent manner.
Phosphorylated by casein kinase 2 in vitro.
Short root length. Impaired cell division in the root meristem.
Widely expressed but preferentially in the root meristem.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class myosin-kinesin ATPase superfamily. Kinesin family. KIN-7 subfamily.
Involved in perception of extracellular signals.
Up-regulated transiently by a cold treatment.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX46/PRP5 subfamily.
Helicase required for pre-mRNA splicing, cold-responsive gene regulation and cold tolerance.
Part of a SCF (ASK-cullin-F-box) protein ligase complex (By similarity). Interacts with SPK1B/ASK2.
Ubiquitous. Preferentially expressed in above-ground organs.
Component of the NuA4 histone acetyltransferase complex which is involved in transcriptional activation of selected genes principally by acetylation of nucleosomal histone H4 and H2A.
Component of the NuA4 histone acetyltransferase complex. Interacts with ARP4 and SWC4, and (via HSA domain) with TAF14 and TAF14B.
Decreased expression of EAF1A leads to decreased levels of H4K5 acetylation in the promoter region of major flowering regulator genes, decreased FLC expression and early flowering.
Expressed in roots, inflorescence apex, floral primordia, stamen primordia, carpel primordia and ovules.
Increased number of sepals and petals in flowers. Loss of organ boundary and identity, producing fused sepals, petaloid stamens and branching stamens fused along the filament.
Transcriptional repressor that functions with ULT1 in a pathway which regulates floral meristem homeostasis and organ number in the flower. Binds specifically to the DNA sequence motif 5'-GTAGATTCCT-3' of WUS promoter, and may be involved in direct regulation of WUS expression. Binds specifically to the DNA sequence motif 5'-AAGAATCTTT-3' found in the promoters of AG and the NAC domain genes CUC1, CUC2 and CUC3, and may be involved in direct regulation of these gene expressions.
Cleaves the polyglutamate sidechains of folate polyglutamates in the vacuole. Is important for polyglutamyl tail length determination before vacuolar exit. Plays a role on folate stability and intracellular folate content. Has endopeptidase activity against 4-amino-10-methylpteroyl penta-, tetra-, tri- and di-gamma-L-glutamate substrates and is responsible for the production of folic acid, also called pteroylglutamic acid (PteGlu) from teroylpolyglutamates.
Expressed in roots, in leaves, stems and siliques.
A stretch of 270 kb of the mitochondrial genome is duplicated within the centromere of chromosome 2 resulting in the duplication of the gene. The expression of this duplicated gene (At2g07741) is not demonstrated. It is also probably not RNA edited and therefore differs in all the positions known to be edited.
Mitochondrial membrane ATP synthase (F(1)F(0) ATP synthase or Complex V) produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane which is generated by electron transport complexes of the respiratory chain. F-type ATPases consist of two structural domains, F(1) - containing the extramembraneous catalytic core and F(0) - containing the membrane proton channel, linked together by a central stalk and a peripheral stalk. During catalysis, ATP synthesis in the catalytic domain of F(1) is coupled via a rotary mechanism of the central stalk subunits to proton translocation. Key component of the proton channel; it may play a direct role in the translocation of protons across the membrane (By similarity).
The atp6 gene is located on the border of one of the mitochondrial DNA repeats resulting in two identical copies of the mature protein with different propeptide extensions.
Component of the dolichol-phosphate mannose (DPM) synthase complex composed of DPMS1, DPMS2 and DPMS3; in the complex interacts directly with DPMS1 and DPMS2.
Component of the dolichol-phosphate mannose (DPM) synthase complex.
Regulates the biosynthesis of dolichol phosphate-mannose. Regulatory subunit of the dolichol-phosphate mannose (DPM) synthase complex; essential for the ER localization and stable expression of DPMS1.
Stabilizer subunit of the dolichol-phosphate mannose (DPM) synthase complex; tethers catalytic subunit to the ER.
Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily. Folate-biopterin transporter (TC 2.A.71) family.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL15 family.
Detected in developing leaves during proliferation stage (9-day-old plants) and expression rapidly declines in leaves of 13 till 21-day-old plants. Also expressed during stomatal cell differentiation.
Forms a heterodimeric complex with TCP24 (PubMed:18818695). Interacts with the origin recognition complex (preRC) components ORC1A, ORC1B, CDT1A and CDT1B (PubMed:18818695). Interacts with DUF7/AIP1 (PubMed:26538092).
May act as a substrate-specific adapter of an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex (CUL3-RBX1-BTB) which mediates the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins (By similarity). In association with TCP24, exerts a negative role in cell proliferation in leaves, possibly by inhibiting mitotic DNA replication.
Weakly expressed in the emerging lateral roots and mainly expressed in the shoot apex, young leaves and flower buds.
Acid lipase that can hydrolyze a range of triacylglycerols without a clear preference for acyl-chains (PubMed:29178188). Can also cleave 1,2-diacylglycerol, 1,3-diacylglycerol and 1-monoacylglycerol, but not phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, or sterol esters (PubMed:29178188). Required for pollen tube growth (PubMed:29178188). Triacylglycerol hydrolysis by OBL1 may provide acyl groups for the synthesis of membrane lipids in growing pollen tubes (Probable).
Expressed in pollen grains, pollen tubes, developing embryos, developing seeds and germinating seeds.
Belongs to the poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase family.
Poly(ADP-ribose) synthesized after DNA damage is only present transiently and is rapidly degraded by poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL6 family.
Highly expressed in green tissues and very low levels in non-photosynthetic tissues such as roots and etiolated seedlings.
Involved in protein precursor import into chloroplasts. Part of the redox regulon consisting of TIC32, TIC 55 and TIC62.
Part of the Tic complex. Interacts with TIC62 and TIC110 (By similarity).
Expressed in influorescence, pollen and siliques, with a higher expression in influorescence.
Putative transcription factor that acts as a key negative regulator of cell accumulation in shoot and floral meristems. Negatively regulates the size of the WUSCHEL (WUS)-expressing organizing center in inflorescence meristems. May act by down-regulating expression of WUS. Can compensate for mutant ULT1 protein when overexpressed.
Specifically expressed during the reproductive developmental stage. Expressed in embryonic shoot apical meristems, in inflorescence and floral meristems, and in developing stamens, carpels and ovules.
(Microbial infection) Interacts with Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) 2B-MP.
Belongs to the cysteine-rich repeat secretory protein family. Plasmodesmata-located proteins (PDLD) subfamily.
Both pdlp2 and pdlp3, and pdlp1 and pdlp3 double mutants show altered protein diffusion (measured using GFP). In pdlp1, pdlp2 and pdlp3 triple mutant there is inhibition of GFLV 2BMP tubule formation. Virus cell-to-cell movement is negatively affected. There is a 22% reduction in mean surface area of infection foci by GFLV and an approximately 12-hour-delay in long distance movement in comparison to wild-type plants. There is also a systemic delay in Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) spread.
Expression in the epidermis of floral primordia changes through development from being weakly expressed in the youngest the floral organs, with possibly a stronger expression on the abaxial side (P1, P2 stage) to being relatively strongly expressed in both the adaxial and abaxial epidermis at later stages.
Highly expressed in inflorescence pedacel and shoot apex. Expressed in the outermost L1 layer of the shoot apical meristem and in the epidermis of bulging floral primordia. Within the L1, expression was restricted to the peripheral zone (at protein level).
PDLPs were initially named Cysteine-rich secretory proteins based on a classification work that failed to predict the transmembrane region at the C-terminus (PubMed:11402176). However, it was later shown that PDLPs are membrane proteins.
By Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) DC3000/avrRpt2 infection.
Expressed in all tissues, with a relatively higher level in leaves and lower level in roots and flowers.
May function as a negative regulator of polar auxin transport. Positively regulates plant basal and systemic acquired resistance (SAR). Activates MPK3 and MPK6 in vitro.
Overexpression of MKK5 (mutant bud1) causes deficiency in polar auxin transport and leads to plant architectural abnormality (PubMed:16377756). The bud1 mutant accumulates elevated levels of SA, and exhibits constitutive PR gene expression and enhanced resistance to both bacterial and oomycete pathogens (PubMed:17908155).
Phosphorylation at Ser-193 and Ser-199 by MAP kinase kinase kinases positively regulates kinase activity.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class myosin-kinesin ATPase superfamily. Myosin family. Plant myosin class XI subfamily.
IQ domain mediates interaction with calmodulin.
Myosin heavy chain that is required for the cell cycle-regulated transport of various organelles and proteins for their segregation. Functions by binding with its tail domain to receptor proteins on organelles and exerting force with its N-terminal motor domain against actin filaments, thereby transporting its cargo along polarized actin cables (By similarity).
The tail domain is a globular cargo-binding domain.
Homodimer (PubMed:27113777, PubMed:22346760). Interacts with PHD1, PIAL1 and PIAL2 to form a high molecular mass complex which mediates transcriptional silencing at heterochromatin regions (PubMed:27113777). Binds to AIPP3/BDT1 (PubMed:27113777).
Reactivated transcription of heavily methylated silent loci, independently of chromatin demethylation. Releases TSI, 5S ribosomal RNA genes as well as 180-bp and 106B repeats of chromocenters silencing independently of chromatin properties. Partial derepression of 35S promoter homology-dependent TGS in transgenic plants. Abnormal aberrant mRNA transcriptional read-through. Increased expression of minor 5S rRNA species. No nuclear organization alteration. Lost ability to form a high molecular mass complex with PIAL1 and PIAL2 (PubMed:27113777). Released transcriptional silencing of target genes (e.g. pFWA-LUC) but unchanged DNA methylation levels (PubMed:27113777).
Requires for the complete maintenance of the 35S promoter homology-dependent TGS induced by T-DNA construct insertion.
Together with PIAL1 and PIAL2, regulates transcriptional gene silencing (TGS) independently of changes in DNA methylation (PubMed:27113777, PubMed:22346760). Required for the heritable maintenance of transcriptional gene silencing (TGS) in heterochromatin, and particularly in the intermediate bivalent heterochromatin, characterized by an unsual methylation pattern consisting in hypermethylated DNA and histone H3 'Lys-4' methylation (H3K4me) together with depletion of histone H3 'Lys-9' methylation (H3K9me), in a chromatin methylation-independent manner, in a non-CG methylation context. May play a role in the RNA polymerase IV/V (Pol-IV/V)-mediated RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) leading to TGS (also called siRNA-mediated TGS pathway), probably by modulating small interfering RNA (siRNA) accumulation. Especially involved in the gene silencing of the transcriptionally silent information region (TSI), 5S ribosomal RNA genes (localized in the pericentromeric heterochromatin of chromosomes 3, 4, and 5) and of 180-bp satellite repeats and 106B long terminal repeat (LTR)-like repeats of the chromocenters. Prevents the aberrant mRNA transcriptional read-through.
Interacts with NIK1 (PubMed:19112492). Interacts directly with EXA1 (PubMed:28362261).
Belongs to the dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase family.
Expressed in roots, leaves, stems, siliques and flowers. Highly expressed ion dry seeds.
Involved in pyrimidine base degradation. Catalyzes the reduction of uracil to 5,6-dihydrouracil (DHU) by using NADH as a specific cosubstrate and the reduction of thymine to 5,6-dihydrothymine (DHT). Involved in the recycling of nitrogen from nucleobases to general nitrogen metabolism.
No visible phenotype, but impaired degradation of both thymine and uracil (PubMed:19413687, PubMed:21865177). Slower germination and 2 days delay in seedling development (PubMed:21865177).
Up-regulated at days 4 and 5 after germination and during senescence.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL2 family.
Component of the ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase, a multisubunit transmembrane complex that is part of the mitochondrial electron transport chain which drives oxidative phosphorylation. The respiratory chain contains 3 multisubunit complexes succinate dehydrogenase (complex II, CII), ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase (cytochrome b-c1 complex, complex III, CIII) and cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV, CIV), that cooperate to transfer electrons derived from NADH and succinate to molecular oxygen, creating an electrochemical gradient over the inner membrane that drives transmembrane transport and the ATP synthase. The cytochrome b-c1 complex catalyzes electron transfer from ubiquinol to cytochrome c, linking this redox reaction to translocation of protons across the mitochondrial inner membrane, with protons being carried across the membrane as hydrogens on the quinol. In the process called Q cycle, 2 protons are consumed from the matrix, 4 protons are released into the intermembrane space and 2 electrons are passed to cytochrome c.
Does not seem to have a protease activity as it lacks one of the conserved zinc-binding sites.
Heterodimer of alpha and beta subunits, forming the mitochondrial processing protease (MPP) in which subunit alpha is involved in substrate recognition and binding and subunit beta is the catalytic subunit (By similarity). Component of the ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase (cytochrome b-c1 complex, complex III, CIII), a multisubunit enzyme composed of 10 subunits. The complex is composed of 3 respiratory subunits cytochrome b (MT-CYB), cytochrome c1 (CYC1-1 or CYC1-2) and Rieske protein (UCR1-1 or UCR1-2), 2 core protein subunits MPPalpha1 (or MPPalpha2) and MPPB, and 5 low-molecular weight protein subunits QCR7-1 (or QCR7-2), UCRQ-1 (or UCRQ-2), QCR9, UCRY and probably QCR6-1 (or QCR6-2) (PubMed:18189341, PubMed:18305213). The complex exists as an obligatory dimer and forms supercomplexes (SCs) in the inner mitochondrial membrane with NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I, CI), resulting in different assemblies (supercomplexes SCI(1)III(2) and SCI(2)III(4)) (PubMed:12970493). Interacts with TIM23-2 (PubMed:22730406).
Substrate recognition and binding subunit of the essential mitochondrial processing protease (MPP), which cleaves the mitochondrial sequence off newly imported precursors proteins.
Component of a prohibitin multimeric complex in mitochondrial membranes.
Extreme constitutive ethylene response in air associated with a partial loss of ethylene-inducible gene expression and an increased ethylene production. Mitochondrial swelling, decreased meristematic cell production, increased cell division time and reduced cell expansion rates, leading to severe growth retardation. Reduced sensitivity to salt stress and defective in H(2)O(2)-induced nitric oxide (NO) accumulation, light-induced NO in cotyledons, abscisic acid (ABA)-induced NO accumulation and stomatal closure, and in auxin-induced lateral root formation.
Mostly expressed in proliferative tissues, including vasculature, shoot and root apical tissues. Expressed in roots, stems, leaves and flowers (at protein level).
Prohibitin probably acts as a holdase/unfoldase for the stabilization of newly synthesized mitochondrial proteins (By similarity). Necessary for mitochondrial and cell metabolism and biogenesis. Required to regulate the ethylene-mediated signaling; involved in growth maintenance in the presence of ethylene. Functions in nitric oxide (NO)-mediated responses and in hydrogen peroxide-induced NO accumulation.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS8 family.
Belongs to the folylpolyglutamate synthase family.
Catalyzes conversion of folates to polyglutamate derivatives allowing concentration of folate compounds in the cell and the intracellular retention of these cofactors, which are important substrates for most of the folate-dependent enzymes that are involved in one-carbon transfer reactions involved in purine, pyrimidine and amino acid synthesis. Essential for organellar and whole-plant folate homeostasis.
Vegetative phenotype does not differ visually from wild-type. No obvious defects in root development. Polyglutamylated folates still detectable, but loss of activity leads to a significant reduction (45%) in total foliar folate abundance compared to wild-type. The reduced total folate content is a result of reduced levels of 5-formyl-THF, 10-formyl and 5,10-methenyl-THF, 5-methyl-THF and THF (42, 42, 53 and 48%, respectively) compared to wild-type. The plastid and mitochondrial folate levels are also reduced by approximately 50 and 55%, respectively compared to wild-type. Folate polyglutamylation levels are significantly reduced but not abolished within the respective compartments. Combined loss of FPGS2 and FPGS1 result in embryo lethality. This double mutant has abnormal seeds that are readily distinguishable as albinos which do not proceed beyond the globular stage of embryogenesis. The absence of a developing embryo lead to collapse of seed walls, leaving shrivelled seed reamnants. Combined loss of FPGS2 and FPGS3 results in seedling lethality. Seedlings fail to proceed beyond the expanded cotyledon stage, exhibit an albino phenotype and are unable to thrive beyond germination.
Essential for plastoquinone-9 (PQ-9) biosynthesis (PubMed:26432861, PubMed:29741733). Interacts with the diphosphate synthases SPS1 and SPS2, and binds to the hydrophobic solanesyl moiety, which is generated by SPS1 and SPS2, in FBN5-SPS homodimeric complexes to stimulate the enzyme activity of SPS1 and SPS2 (PubMed:26432861).
Expressed in developing roots, developing leaves, young stems and sepals.
Seedling lethality (PubMed:26432861, PubMed:28751900). Severe reduced growth, strong reduction of levels of plastoquinone-9 (PQ-9), and loss of plastochromanol-8 (PC-8) in leaves when grown on MS medium supplemented with sucrose (PubMed:26432861, PubMed:28751900). Severe decrease of photosynthetic performance and higher levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) under cold stress (PubMed:26432861, PubMed:29741733).
Expressed in young seedlings, roots, leaves, floral stems, inflorescences, and siliques.
Part of a SCF (SKP1-cullin-F-box) protein ligase complex (By similarity). Interacts with CPR1/CPR30.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 3 family.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class myosin-kinesin ATPase superfamily. Kinesin family. KIN-8 subfamily.
Belongs to the chalcone isomerase family.
Expressed in developing cotyledons, young seedlings, roots, seeds, embryos, macrospores, preanthesis and tapetum. Restricted to developing and reproductive tissues.
Fatty-acid-binding protein. Interacts preferentially with saturated fatty acid. May be involved in alpha-linolenic (C18:3) metabolism.
No visible phenotype during vegetative growth, but shorter siliques containing a reduced number of viable seeds. Elevated total fatty-acid levels in leaves and seeds of plants grown at 15 and 22 degrees Celsius.
G proteins are composed of 3 units, alpha, beta and gamma.
Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as a modulator or transducer in various transmembrane signaling systems. The beta and gamma chains are required for the GTPase activity, for replacement of GDP by GTP, and for G protein-effector interaction.
Leaves with a roundish shape as well as rounder and smaller flowers.
Actin-depolymerizing protein. Severs actin filaments (F-actin) and binds to actin monomers.
Auxin efflux transporter that acts as a negative regulator of light signaling to promote hypocotyl elongation. Mediates the accumulation of chlorophyll and anthocyanin, as well as the expression of genes in response to light. Participates directly in auxin efflux and thus regulates the polar (presumably basipetal) auxin transport (from root tips to root elongating zone). Transports also some auxin metabolites such as oxindoleacetic acid and indoleacetaldehyde. Involved in diverse auxin-mediated responses including gravitropism, phototropism and lateral root formation. Confers resistance to herbicides such as dicamba, pendimethalin, oryzalin, and monosodium acid methanearsonate (MSMA), but not to herbicides such as glyphosate, atrazine, bentazon and fluazifop-p-butyl. Mediates also resistance to xenobiotics such as cycloheximide and the cytokinin N6-(2-isopentenyl)adenine (2IP).
Interacts with 1-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA) and FKBP42/TWD1.
Transport activity inhibited by 1-N-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA), cyclopropyl propane dione (CPD), cyclosporin A, verapamil and quercetin.
Ubiquitous, with high levels in peduncles. Mostly localized in young developing tissues, including meristems, as well as root and shoot apices.
Expressed in shoots, stems, leaves, flowers and siliques. Mainly detected in larger expanded leaves, in the companion cells of major veins.
Low-affinity nitrate transporter involved in xylem-to-phloem transfer for redistributing nitrate into developing leaves. Not involved in dipeptides transport.
Nrt1.11 and nrt1.12 double mutant is defective in high-nitrate-enhanced growth.
Albino seedlings with defects in etioplast and amyloplast development leading to degenerate organelle-like structures, but normal green vegetative tissues (PubMed:21045120). Reduced hypocotyl gravitropism probably due to the lack of amyloplasts (PubMed:21045120).
Required during eoplast (a highly reduced plastid type present during the degreening and dehydration stages of seed maturation) development in embryos and early stages of eoplast redifferentiation during seedling growth.
Component of the NF-Y/HAP transcription factor complex (By similarity). The NF-Y complex stimulates the transcription of various genes by recognizing and binding to a CCAAT motif in promoters (By similarity).
Enhanced by dehydration stress but repressed by heat stress.
Heterotrimeric transcription factor composed of three components, NF-YA, NF-YB and NF-YC (By similarity). NF-YB and NF-YC must interact and dimerize for NF-YA association and DNA binding (By similarity). Binds directly with DPB3-1 (PubMed:25490919).
Ubiquitous. Predominantly expressed in leaves, flowers and siliques.
Belongs to the Rieske iron-sulfur protein family.
Binds 1 [2Fe-2S] cluster per subunit (By similarity). Binds to divalent metal cations (PubMed:12606038).
Component of the ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase (cytochrome b-c1 complex, complex III, CIII), a multisubunit enzyme composed of 10 subunits. The complex is composed of 3 respiratory subunits cytochrome b (MT-CYB), cytochrome c1 (CYC1-1 or CYC1-2) and Rieske protein (UCR1-1 or UCR1-2), 2 core protein subunits MPPalpha1 (or MPPalpha2) and MPPB, and 5 low-molecular weight protein subunits QCR7-1 (or QCR7-2), UCRQ-1 (or UCRQ-2), QCR9, UCRY and probably QCR6-1 (or QCR6-2) (PubMed:11870776, PubMed:18189341, PubMed:18305213). The complex exists as an obligatory dimer and forms supercomplexes (SCs) in the inner mitochondrial membrane with NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I, CI), resulting in different assemblies (supercomplexes SCI(1)III(2) and SCI(2)III(4)) (PubMed:12970493).
Component of the ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase, a multisubunit transmembrane complex that is part of the mitochondrial electron transport chain which drives oxidative phosphorylation. The respiratory chain contains 3 multisubunit complexes succinate dehydrogenase (complex II, CII), ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase (cytochrome b-c1 complex, complex III, CIII) and cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV, CIV), that cooperate to transfer electrons derived from NADH and succinate to molecular oxygen, creating an electrochemical gradient over the inner membrane that drives transmembrane transport and the ATP synthase. The cytochrome b-c1 complex catalyzes electron transfer from ubiquinol to cytochrome c, linking this redox reaction to translocation of protons across the mitochondrial inner membrane, with protons being carried across the membrane as hydrogens on the quinol. In the process called Q cycle, 2 protons are consumed from the matrix, 4 protons are released into the intermembrane space and 2 electrons are passed to cytochrome c. The Rieske protein is a catalytic core subunit containing a [2Fe-2S] iron-sulfur cluster. It cycles between 2 conformational states during catalysis to transfer electrons from the quinol bound in the Q(0) site in cytochrome b to cytochrome c1.
The Rieske protein is a high potential 2Fe-2S protein.
Constitutive expression with an increase during flowering.
Expressed in flowerss, leaves, stems, seeds and roots.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions (PubMed:20479230, PubMed:26306426). Mutant seedlings grown under normal conditions accumulate reduced levels of zinc in roots. Mutant seedlings grown in zinc-depleted medium have reduced root length (PubMed:26306426).
Transcription factor involved in the response to zinc ion deficiency. Binds to the consensus sequence 5'-[AG]TGTCGACA[CT]-3' also called zinc deficiency response element (ZDRE). The ZDRE sequence is conserved in the plant kingdom and present in the promoters of genes that constitute the primary response to zinc deficiency, comprising additional ZIP metal transporter genes (PubMed:20479230, PubMed:26306426). Required for zinc accumulation in roots. Mediates the expression of the zinc transporters ZIP3, ZIP4, ZIP5 and ZIP9 during growth in zinc-deficient conditions. ZIP9 transporter is involved in zinc uptake in roots (PubMed:26306426).
Involved in RNA editing event in chloroplasts. Required for the editing of a single site in rps12 transcript.
Component of the transcription activator complex FRI-C composed of FRI, FRL1, SUF4, FLX and FES1. Interacts with FLX, (via C-terminus) with FRI (via C-terminus), and with RIN1, a component of the SWR1 chromatin-remodeling complex.
Expressed in root and shoot apices and vasculature.
The zinc-finger motif is essential for transcription activation.
Transcriptional activator involved in the FRIGIDA-mediated vernalization pathway, but not in the autonomous flowering pathway. Acts cooperatively with FRI (FRIGIDA) or FRL1 (FRIGIDA-LIKE 1) to promote FLC (FLOWERING LOCUS C) expression. Required for the stabilization of the FRI-C complex.
Part of the nuclear pore complex (NPC). The NPC has an eight-fold symmetrical structure comprising a central transport channel and two rings, the cytoplasmic and nuclear rings, to which eight filaments are attached. The cytoplasmic filaments have loose ends, while the nuclear filaments are joined in a distal ring, forming a nuclear basket. NPCs are highly dynamic in configuration and composition, and can be devided in 3 subcomplexes, the NUP62 subcomplex, the NUP107-160 subcomplex and the NUP93 subcomplex, containing approximately 30 different nucleoporin proteins.
Expressed preferentially in expanding leaves and sepals, restricted to the distal side (PubMed:21558309). Expressed at low levels in roots and stems (PubMed:21558309).
Belongs to the peroxisomal membrane protein PXMP2/4 family.
(Microbial infection) Required for susceptibility to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000.
(Microbial infection) Required for susceptibility to the downy mildew pathogen Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis.
(Microbial infection) Required for susceptibility to the oomycete Phytophthora capsici.
Converts salicylic acid (SA) to 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,3-DHBA) (By similarity). Suppressor of immunity. Regulates negatively defense associated genes expression (e.g. PR-1, PR-2, and PR-5) (PubMed:18248595, PubMed:25376907). Negative regulator of defense against Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis (PubMed:25376907).
In the double mutant eds1-2 dmr6-1 and in dmr6-2, reduced susceptibility to the downy mildew pathogen Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis (PubMed:15986928, PubMed:18248595, PubMed:25376907). Reduced hyphal growth due to immature haustoria, often with aberrant shapes (PubMed:15986928, PubMed:18248595). Reduced susceptibility to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 and the oomycete Phytophthora capsici, associated with enhanced defense gene expression and elevated salicylic acid levels (PubMed:25376907). Normal susceptibility to P. syringae pv. tomato and Golovinomyces orontii (PubMed:15986928). Enhanced expression of a subset of defense-associated genes (PubMed:18248595).
Locally induced during infections with both compatible and incompatible Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis isolates, specifically in cells containing haustoria or directly surrounding the intercellular hyphae (PubMed:18248595, PubMed:25376907). Induced by the salicylic acid analog BTH. Accumulates in constitutive defense mutants (e.g. sid2 and npr1 mutants) (PubMed:18248595). Accumulates upon infection with the downy mildew Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis, the powdery mildew Erysiphe orontii, and the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae as well as salicylic acid (SA) treatment (PubMed:25376907).
Esterase activity is down-regulated by salicylic acid (SA).
Methylesterase shown to have carboxylesterase activity and methyl salicylate (MeSA) esterase activity in vitro.
Belongs to the C-terminally encoded plant signaling peptide (CEP) family.
Extracellular signaling peptide that may regulate primary root growth rate and systemic nitrogen (N)-demand signaling.
Interacts with CEP receptors (e.g. CEPR1 and CEPR2).
The mature small signaling peptide is generated by proteolytic processing of the longer precursor.
Component of a topoisomerase 6 complex specifically required for meiotic recombination (PubMed:26917763, PubMed:28855712). Together with SPO11 (SPO11-1 and SPO11-2), mediates DNA cleavage that forms the double-strand breaks (DSB) that initiate meiotic recombination (PubMed:26917763, PubMed:28855712). The complex promotes relaxation of negative and positive supercoiled DNA and DNA decatenation through cleavage and ligation cycles (PubMed:26917763).
Defective in meiosis (PubMed:28855712). Sterility due to male and female gamete developmental defects leading to disturbed embryo sac development and abnormal pollen formation (PubMed:26917763, PubMed:28855712). Strong reduction in bivalent formation at metaphase I caused by defects in meiotic double-strand breaks (DSB) formation (PubMed:26917763, PubMed:28855712). Impaired homologous chromosome synapsis and recombination (PubMed:28855712).
Despite a weak sequence similarity, retains most of the structural features of the ancestral archaeal Top6B subunit (AC O05207), including the transducer domain that interacts with the SPO11 subunit and the ATP-binding fold, also named GHKL fold.
Expressed ubiquitously in different tissues, including roots, stems, leaves, seedlings, inflorescences, siliques and pollen grains, specially as a higher level in inflorescence.
Heterotetramer of 2 SPO11 (SPO11-1 and/or SPO11-2) and 2 MTOPVIB chains (Probable). Interacts with SPO11-1 and SPO11-2 (PubMed:26917763, PubMed:28855712). Binds to PRD1 (PubMed:28855712).
Component of the signal recognition particle (SRP) complex, a ribonucleoprotein complex that mediates the cotranslational targeting of secretory and membrane proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 1 family. Bacterial/plant glycogen synthase subfamily.
Involved in the synthesis of glycan chains within amylopectin in leaves. May play a regulatory role in the control of starch accumulation in plastids.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants accumulate increased levels of starch and have starch granules with alterated morphology.
Homo- and heterodimers (PubMed:26586833). Interacts with PHL2, but not with PHR1 (PubMed:26586833).
Transcriptional activator (PubMed:26586833). Probable component of the central regulatory system controlling transcriptional responses to Pi starvation (PubMed:26586833). Binds in a sequence-specific manner to phosphate starvation-regulated promoters (PubMed:26586833). Required for female gametophyte development and function (PubMed:15634699).
Expressed in the vasculature of roots, cotyledons and leaves.
Serine protease that catalyzes the first step (site-1 cleavage) in the proteolytic activation of various factors, prior to site-2 cleavage. Part of a regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP) cascade. Cleaves BZIP17 and BZIP28 after the Arg-Arg-Ile-Leu (RRIL) motif. May cleave BZIP49 after the RRIL motif. Targets the membrane-associated BZIP17 factor, which functions as a stress sensor and transducer in a signaling pathway that resembles an ER stress response. Following salt stress, BZIP17 is cleaved by SBT6.1 (S1P) and S2P at the C-terminus and the N-terminal bZIP component is translocated to the nucleus, where it activates the expression of salt stress response genes (PubMed:17662035). Cleaves the pectinesterases PME1 after the Arg-Arg-Leu-Met (RRLM) and Arg-Arg-Leu-Leu (RRLL) motifs, and PME5 after the Arg-Arg-Leu-Leu (RRLL) and Arg-Lys-Leu-Met (RKLM) motifs. This processing and C-terminus release occurs in the Golgi apparatus and is required for cell wall targeting of pectinesterases. Thus, SBT6.1 mediates the regulated release of mature pectinesterases from the Golgi (PubMed:19144003). Cleaves the peptide growth factor RALF23 after the Arg-Arg-Ile-Leu (RRIL) motif. This processing is required for RALF23 function in the negative regulation of brassinolide (BL)-mediated signaling pathway (e.g. BL-induced hypocotyl elongation and branching limitation) (PubMed:19473327).
Short root (PubMed:20876872). Mutant plants have increased sensitivity to salt-induced osmotic stress (PubMed:17662035).
Delayed seeds germination resulting from an altered mucilage composition. No visible growth defects; probably due to partial redundancy with BXL2. Bxl1 and bxl2 double mutants have shortened siliques and curled leaf edges.
Expressed in leaves, stems, seedlings, roots, inflorescences, siliques and developing seeds. Expressed in the vasculature of the roots, leaves, flowers and silique. Expressed in tissues undergoing secondary cell wall thickening such as protoxylem, metaxylem, intrafascicular cambium and fibers.
Involved in pectic arabinan modification in mucilage secretory cells. Acts also as a beta-D-xylosidase during the remodeling of xylans in vascular development.
Involved in membrane trafficking from the Golgi to the plasma membrane.
Belongs to the GST superfamily. Lambda family.
Catalyzes the glutathione-dependent reduction of S-glutathionylquercetin to quercetin. In vitro, possesses glutathione-dependent thiol transferase activity toward 2-hydroxyethyl disulfide (HED).
Activated by wounding, heavy metal, methyl salicylate, osmotic and salt stresses (PubMed:11090221, PubMed:17098468). Up-regulated by aluminum stress (PubMed:22163277).
Belongs to the phospholipase D family. C2-PLD subfamily.
C2 domain is a calcium-binding fold, and the binding promotes the protein association with membranes. In PLD gamma, all the calcium-coordinating acidic amino acids are conserved.
Ca(2+). Requires micromolar level (PIP2-dependent).
Highly expressed in roots and flowers, moderately in stems, leaves and seedlings and low in siliques. Not detected in seeds.
Hydrolyzes glycerol-phospholipids at the terminal phosphodiesteric bond to generate phosphatidic acids (PA). Plays an important role in various cellular processes, including phytohormone action, vesicular trafficking, secretion, cytoskeletal arrangement, meiosis, tumor promotion, pathogenesis, membrane deterioration and senescence. Can use phosphatidylserine but prefers ethanolamine-containing lipids as substrates. Can use phosphatidylcholine (PC) as substrates in the presence of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and PIP2 (PubMed:17098468). Involved in membrane lipid modulation under aluminum (Al) stress and negatively modulate plant tolerance to Al (PubMed:22163277).
Cleaves the distal alpha 1,2-linked glucose residue from the Glc(3)Man(9)GlcNAc(2) oligosaccharide precursor.
Belongs to the eukaryotic GSH synthase family.
Expressed in young shoots, roots, stems, leaves, flowers and adaxial domains of cotyledonary and leaves primordia.
Gain-of-function mutants iso1-D and iso-2D (T-DNA tagging) show completely curled up hyponastic rosette leaves.
Homo- and heterodimer with AS1 (PubMed:23271976). Interacts with AS1 (PubMed:12874130, PubMed:23271976). Part of the AS1 repressor complex composed of AS1, LBD6/AS2 and HDA6 (PubMed:23271976, PubMed:12874130). Interacts with LFR (PubMed:29775508).
Negative regulator of cell proliferation in the adaxial side of leaves. Regulates the formation of a symmetric lamina and the establishment of venation. Positively regulates LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARIES (LOB) within the shoot apex, and the class III HD-ZIP genes REV, PHB, and PHV. Interacts directly with ASYMMETRIC LEAVES 1 (AS1) to repress the knox homeobox genes KNAT1, KNAT2, and KNAT6 and the abaxial determinants ARF3, KAN2 and YAB5. May act in parallel with the RDR6-SGS3-AGO7 pathway, an endogenous RNA silencing pathway, to regulate the leaf morphogenesis (PubMed:11311158, PubMed:12787254, PubMed:12874130, PubMed:14508003, PubMed:16006579, PubMed:16699177, PubMed:17395603, PubMed:17559509). Required for the binding of AS1 to the KNOX genes (PubMed:23271976). Involved in leaf polarity establishment by functioning cooperatively with RH10 or RID2 to repress abaxial genes ARF3, ARF4, KAN1, KAN2, YAB1 and YAB5, and the knox homeobox genes KNAT1, KNAT2, KNAT6, and STM to promote adaxial development in leaf primordia at shoot apical meristems at high temperatures (PubMed:27334696).
Negatively regulated by SHOOT MERISTEMLESS (STM).
Plants are indistinguishable from that of wild-type at 16 degrees Celsius, however they generate a weak phenotype of pointed leaves at 22 degrees Celsius which become narrower at 26 degrees Celsius. In the leaves of plants grown at 26 degrees Celsius, the xylems are located on the adaxial sides and the phloems are on the abaxial sides, similar to those in the wild-type. Plants with double mutations in this protein and in RH10 or AS1 protein have abaxialized filamentous and trumpet-like leaves with loss of the adaxial domain at high temperatures. In double mutants, shapes of epidermal cells of the filamentous leaves are simple and rectangular, similar to those of a petiole, but different from those of flat leaves of wild-type plants. The filamentous leaves of the double mutant at 26 degrees Celsius show primitive or no vascular tissue without apparent xylem cells inside the bundle sheath, suggesting defects in differentiation of xylem cells on the adaxial side.
Binds specific group II introns in chloroplasts and facilitates their splicing (PubMed:18799595, PubMed:32143506). Exhibits non-specific action during plastid rRNA biogenesis; RFC3 prevents unaccurate splicing to improve the accuracy of plastid rRNA processing (PubMed:32143506). Acts on subgroup IIB introns (PubMed:18799595). The substrates of the subgroup IIB also require the CRM domain proteins CAF1 or CAF2, with a simultaneous binding of CFM3B and CAF1 or CAF2 (PubMed:18799595). Required for seed development (PubMed:18799595).
Expressed at low levels in roots and shoots.
Interacts with RNA (By similarity). Part of large ribonucleo-protein particles that contain CAF1 and/or CAF2, and RNC1 (By similarity). Interacts with RFC3 in plastids (PubMed:32143506).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but the seeds of the double mutant plants cfm3a-4 and cfm3b-2 fail to germinate (PubMed:18799595). The double mutant rfc3-2 sprt2-1 is rescued for primary and lateral root development, intracellular distributions of plastids in roots, as well as for plastid rRNA level compared to the single mutant rfc3-2 (PubMed:32143506).
Slightly induced by dark, abscisic acid (ABA) and salicylic acid (SA).
Catalyzes the transfer of a geranylgeranyl moiety from geranylgeranyl diphosphate to both cysteines of Rab proteins with the C-terminal sequence -CCXX, CXXX, -XCCX and -XCXC, such as RABA1A, RABA2A, RABF2A and RABG2 (PubMed:26589801). In vitro, can prenylate PGGTI targets with the C-terminal Cys-aliphatic-aliphatic-X (CaaX) with leucine in the terminal position. Substrates with the C-terminal sequence -CSIL such as ARAC11/ROP1 or GG2/AGG2 are prenylated independently of REP and when the alpha subunit is associated with a beta subunit (RGTB1 or RGTB2) (PubMed:26589801).
Heterotrimer composed of the alpha subunit RGTA, the beta subunit RGTB and REP; within this trimer, RGTA and RGTB form the catalytic component, while REP mediates peptide substrate binding.
The enzymatic reaction requires the aid of the Rab escort protein REP.
A DNA region of the first exon coding for a conserved motif of 11 amino acids in CGS1 (positions 77-87) is required for post-transcriptional autoregulation and acts in cis to down-regulate its own mRNA stability in response to excess methionine. This conserved motif is dispensable for CGS enzymatic activity and only found in plant CGSs (PubMed:10558994, PubMed:12121993). It is unclear whether the transit peptide cleavage site is between Phe-68 and Val-69 (PubMed:9531508) or Ala-90 and Ala-91 (PubMed:25146485).
Belongs to the trans-sulfuration enzymes family.
Binds 1 pyridoxal 5'-phosphate per subunit.
Catalyzes the first committed step of methionine (Met) biosynthesis. Catalyzes the formation of L-cystathionine from homoserine esters and L-cysteine, via a gamma-replacement reaction. Substrate preference for cystathionine synthesis is O-phospho-L-homoserine (OPH) > O(4)-succinyl-L-homoserine (OSH) >> O-acetyl-L-homoserine (OAH). Is able, at extremely low rate, to catalyze a gamma-elimination of OPH in the absence of cysteine to produce inorganic phosphate (Pi), 2-oxobutanoate and ammonia.
Activated by free oleic acid in a dose-dependent manner and less effectively by other unsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic and linolenic acids (PubMed:11706190). Not activated by the saturated fatty acids stearic and palmitic acids (PubMed:11706190). PIP2 and Ca(2+) stimulate activity by promoting lipid substrate binding to the active site (PubMed:12397060). Activated by H(2)O(2) and by binding to GAPC (PubMed:14508007, PubMed:22589465).
By salt stress or dehydration, in vascular tissues of roots, cotyledons and leaves (PubMed:11489173, PubMed:19017627). Not induced cold stress (PubMed:11489173). Up-regulated by abscisic acid in rosette leaves (PubMed:22932846, PubMed:22392280).
C2 domain is a calcium-binding fold, and the binding promotes the protein association with membranes. In PLD delta, all the calcium-coordinating acidic amino acids are conserved.
Ca(2+). Requires millimolar level (PIP2-dependent).
Expressed in roots, leaves, stems, siliques and flowers (PubMed:11706190, PubMed:11489173). Strongly expressed in the vascular tissues of cotyledons and leaves under dehydration stress conditions (PubMed:11489173). Expression is higher in old leaves than in young leaves (PubMed:11706190). Expressed in leaves and guard cells (PubMed:22932846). The isoform 2 may not be present in siliques.
Hydrolyzes glycerol-phospholipids at the terminal phosphodiesteric bond to generate phosphatidic acids (PA). May be involved in PA accumulation in the dehydration stress response and in the transduction of hormonal and environmental signals to the microtubules cytoskeleton (PubMed:11549769, PubMed:11489173, PubMed:12881496). Prefers phosphatidylethanolamine to phosphatidylcholine as substrate (PubMed:12397060). Involved in H(2)O(2) and abscisic acid (ABA)-induced stomatal closure (PubMed:22589465, PubMed:22392280). Involved in nitric oxide (NO) signaling during stomatal closure (PubMed:22932846). Plays a positive role in ABA-promoted senescence (PubMed:23762411). Involved in basal defense and nonhost resistance (PubMed:23979971).
Hydrolyzes glycerol-phospholipids at the terminal phosphodiesteric bond.
Interacts with GAPC1 and GAPC2. Increased interaction in the presence of H(2)O(2).
No visible phenotype when grown under standard conditions (PubMed:22932846). Loss of oleate-activated PLD activity and increased sensitivity to stress damage and to H(2)O(2)-induced cell death (PubMed:14508007). Hypersensitivity to hyperosmotic stress (PubMed:19017627). Impaired stomatal closure in response to nitric oxide donor (PubMed:22932846). Attenuated lipid degradation retarding abscisic acid (ABA)-promoted leaf senescence (PubMed:23762411). Decreased penetration resistance against non-host fungi (PubMed:23979971). No effect on ABA-induced stomatal closure (PubMed:22392280). Pldalpha1 and plddelta double mutants have a suppressed ABA-induced stomatal closure (PubMed:22392280).
Belongs to the complex I NDUFA9 subunit family.
Complex I is composed of at least 49 different subunits. This a component of the hydrophobic protein fraction.
Activated by calcium. Autophosphorylation may play an important role in the regulation of the kinase activity.
By drought and high-slat stress, but not by low-temperature, heat stress or abscisic acid treatment.
May play a role in signal transduction pathways that involve calcium as a second messenger. May be a positive regulator controlling stress signal transduction.
There are 3 contiguous domains conserved in the CDPK subfamily: a kinase domain, an autoinhibitory (junction) domain and a calmodulin-like domain. The autoinhibitory domain (327-357) inactivates kinase activity under calcium-free conditions (By similarity).
Belongs to the brassicaceae elicitor peptide family.
Diploid male spores in jason mutants give rise to viable diploid pollen grains and spontaneous triploid plants in the next generation.
Diploid pollen grains (dyads of spores instead of tetrads) due to defective meiosis II. Abnormal spindle orientation at meiosis II.
Required for normal spindle orientation at male meiosis II and normal formation of tetrad of microspores. Acts as positive regulator of PS1 in male sporogenesis. Not involved in female meiosis.
Metalloprotease that catalyzes the second step (site-2 cleavage) in the proteolytic activation of various factors, after site-1 cleavage. Part of a regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP) cascade. After ER stress, cleaves BZIP17 and BZIP28 proteins which functions as stress sensors and transducers in ER stress signaling pathway. The N-terminal bZIP component is translocated to the nucleus, where it activates the expression and production of ER chaperones, as well as proteins involved in brassinosteroid (BR) signaling, which is required for stress acclimation and growth.
Short root and increased root branching. Mutant plants have increased sensitivity to salt-induced osmotic stress and tunicamycin.
Probable component of the HRD1 ubiquitin ligase complex that mediates the rapid degradation of misfolded endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proteins, a process called ER-associated degradation (ERAD). Targets the misfolded LRR receptor kinase BRI1. Functions redundantly with HRD3B.
Contributes to the assembly of the acentrosomal spindle and phragmoplast microtubule arrays as part of the augmin complex. Regulates the association of gamma-tubulin with the spindle and phragmoplast microtubules.
Highly expressed in siliques and at lower levels in flowers and rosette leaves.
Involved in stress response (By similarity). Does not function as cytokinin hydroxylase in yeast heterologous system (Probable).
It is uncertain whether Met-1 or Met-56 is the initiator.
Binds to both sense and antisense RNA (PubMed:29320165). Can also bind sheared DNA and dodecamer DNA with a low affinity (PubMed:29320165). Interacts with mesophyll plasmodesmata to mediate its own cell-to-cell transport and potentiate RNA trafficking (By similarity). May play a role in plant defense signaling (By similarity).
Probable cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel.
Belongs to the Ca(2+):cation antiporter (CaCA) (TC 2.A.19) family. Cation/calcium exchanger (CCX) subfamily.
Membrane-localized H(+)-dependent K(+) and Na(+) transporter.
Homodimer and heterodimers with other CASP proteins. Interacts with CASP1, CASP3 and CASP4.
The dimeric enzyme acts as an E1 ligase for SUMO1 and SUMO2. It mediates ATP-dependent activation of SUMO proteins and formation of a thioester with a conserved cysteine residue on SAE2.
Belongs to the short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDR) family. SDR65C subfamily.
Enantiospecific reductase active on cyclic monoterpenes and small flexible lipophilic carbonyls. No activity with tropinone, nitrogen-containing tropinone analogs, tropine or pseudotropine as substrate.
Expressed during pollen development and maturation.
Plants silencing NAC025 produce abnormally shaped seeds.
Transcription factor of the NAC family. May be associated with anther development and pollen production (Probable). Required for normal seed development and morphology (PubMed:18849494).
Belongs to the transferase hexapeptide repeat family.
Embryo defective arrested at the cotyledon stage (PubMed:15266054). Deficient in N-glycosylation, altered in cytokinesis and cell wall architecture during embryogenesis. Mutants vtc1 and hsn1 with reduced enzyme activity show reduced root length and leaf cell size, reduced accumulation of ascorbate, increased sensitivity to ozone, UV-B and oxidative stresses, increased levels of abscisic acid (ABA), salicylic acid (SA) and resistance to virulent pathogens and root growth inhibition in the presence of NH(4)(+).
Essential protein during embryogenesis (PubMed:15266054). Catalyzes a reaction of the Smirnoff-Wheeler pathway, the major route to ascorbate biosynthesis in plants. Plays an essential role in plant growth and development and cell-wall architecture. Provides GDP-mannose, used for cell wall carbohydrate biosynthesis, protein N-glycosylation, as well as for the biosynthesis of the antioxidant ascorbate.
Interacts in vitro with CSN5A and CSN5B, but in planta only with CSN5B, which targets CYT1 for degradation in the dark by the 26S proteasome (PubMed:23424245). Forms homodimers in the unliganded structure (PubMed:35677252). The product-bound structure is composed of six dimers that form a dodecameric assembly (PubMed:35677252).
The N-terminus (1-40) is necessary for interaction with CNS5B.
A reversible phosphorylation acting both at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels is required to activate malate release in response to aluminum.
Essential factor for aluminum (Al) tolerance but does not represent the major Al tolerance QTL also found on chromosome 1. Acts in parallel but independently of MATE, an aluminum-activated root citrate transporter.
Expressed in roots, but not in shoots. Detected in the root apex in absence of aluminum stress and in root apices, the stele and endodermis of the elongating zone of primary and lateral roots after aluminum stress. Not expressed in cortical and epidermal cells.
Malate transporter critical for aluminum tolerance. The STOP1 transcription factor is required for ALMT1 expression.
No visible phenotype when grown under normal conditions. Lack of aluminum-activated malate release and shorter roots when submitted to aluminum stress.
Phosphorylated. A reversible phosphorylation is required for activation (By similarity).
Up-regulated by aluminum. Small induction by erbium (Er) and low pH stress, but no induction by cadmium, copper, lanthanum or sodium.
Catalyzes the condensation reaction of fatty acid synthesis by the addition to an acyl acceptor of two carbons from malonyl-ACP. Specific for elongation from C-10 to unsaturated C-16 and C-18 fatty acids (By similarity).
Strongly induced by wounding. Induced by Pseudomonas syringae tomato (both virulent and avirulent avrRpt2 strains), independently of PAD4. Also induced by methyl jasmonate (MeJA) independently of JAR1, but seems to not be affected by ethylene. Induction by salicylic acid (SA) is controlled by growth and/or developmental conditions, and seems to be more efficient and independent of PAD4 in older plants.
Ubiquitously expressed after ethylene treatment.
Belongs to the acireductone dioxygenase (ARD) family.
Binds either 1 Fe or Ni cation per monomer. Iron-binding promotes an acireductone dioxygenase reaction producing 2-keto-4-methylthiobutyrate, while nickel-binding promotes an acireductone dioxygenase reaction producing 3-(methylsulfanyl)propanoate.
Catalyzes 2 different reactions between oxygen and the acireductone 1,2-dihydroxy-3-keto-5-methylthiopentene (DHK-MTPene) depending upon the metal bound in the active site. Fe-containing acireductone dioxygenase (Fe-ARD) produces formate and 2-keto-4-methylthiobutyrate (KMTB), the alpha-ketoacid precursor of methionine in the methionine recycle pathway. Ni-containing acireductone dioxygenase (Ni-ARD) produces methylthiopropionate, carbon monoxide and formate, and does not lie on the methionine recycle pathway.
Expressed in roots and shoots. Expressed at low levels in cauline leaves, flower buds, flowers and siliques.
Involved in double-stranded DNA break repair.
Reduced fertility, increased sensitivity to mitomycin C, and decreased levels of intrachromosomal recombination.
Component of the spliceosome where it is associated with snRNP U2.
Belongs to the geranylgeranyl reductase family. ChlP subfamily.
Catalyzes the reduction of geranylgeranyl diphosphate to phytyl diphosphate, providing phytol for both tocopherol and chlorophyll synthesis.
Expressed during deetiolation and during chloroplast to chromoplast transformation.
Part of the FLU-containing chloroplast membrane complex composed of FLU, CRD1, PORB, PORC, CHLP and HEMA1.
During lateral root formation, expressed in the lateral root primordia, and the developing, emerged, and mature lateral roots.
Expressed in roots, stems, leaves and flowers (PubMed:12068116, PubMed:24484953). Expressed in vascular tissues of hypocotyls, leaves, roots, developing floral organs and siliques (PubMed:19088331).
Homodimer and heterodimer with LBD16 (PubMed:23430048). Interacts with GIP1 (PubMed:24484953).
Involved in the positive regulation of tracheary element (TE) differentiation. Involved in a positive feedback loop that maintains or promotes NAC030/VND7 expression that regulates TE differentiation-related genes (PubMed:19088331). Functions in the initiation and emergence of lateral roots, in conjunction with LBD16, downstream of ARF7 and ARF19 (PubMed:19717544, PubMed:23749813). Transcriptional activator that directly regulates EXPA14, a gene encoding a cell wall-loosening factor that promotes lateral root emergence. Activates EXPA14 by directly binding to a specific region of its promoter (PubMed:22974309). Transcriptional activator that directly regulates EXPA17, a gene encoding a cell wall-loosening factor that promotes lateral root emergence (PubMed:23872272). Acts downstream of the auxin influx carriers AUX1 and LAX1 in the regulation of lateral root initiation and development (PubMed:26059335).
Plants over-expressing LBD18 have a dwarf and bushy phenotype, with short petioles, curled downward leaves, ectopic shoots from the adaxial side of cotyledons, shrunken root tips and disorganized columella cells.
Binds to the 3' poly(U) terminus of nascent RNA polymerase III transcripts, protecting them from exonuclease digestion and facilitating their folding and maturation.
Embryonic-lethal with deficient embryos arrested at early globular stage of development characterized by nucleolar hypertrophy.
Expressed ubiquitously (at protein level).
Expressed in roots, shoots, leaf vasculature and stems.
Involved in salt stress tolerance. May act through abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathways and promote reactive oxygen species (ROS) production.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant seedlings show increased salt-stress tolerance.
Possesses E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity.
Preferentially expressed in the endodermis of hypocotyls and roots of seedlings, and in petals and anthers of inflorescences (PubMed:21558309). May also be expressed in siliques, carpels and pedicels (PubMed:21558309).
Aberrant trichome branching with an increase in number of spikes (PubMed:29643069). The double mutant plants ect2 and ect3 exhibit delayed timing of leaf formation and altered leaf morphology (PubMed:29643069).
Expressed in the shoot apex, at the sites of leaf formation, and in emerging leaves.
Specifically recognizes and binds N6-methyladenosine (m6A)-containing RNAs, and regulates mRNA stability (Probable). M6A is a modification present at internal sites of mRNAs and some non-coding RNAs and plays a role in mRNA stability and processing (Probable). Required for the correct timing of leaf formation and normal leaf morphology (PubMed:29643069). Required for proper trichome branching and morphology (PubMed:29643069). Functions redundantly with ECT2 (PubMed:29643069).
Catalyzes the hydrolysis of bioactive endogenous fatty acid amides to their corresponding acids (PubMed:12824167). The hydrolysis of endogenous amidated lipids terminates their participation as lipid mediators in various signaling systems (Probable). Converts a wide range of N-acylethanolamines (NAEs) to their corresponding free fatty acids and ethanolamine (PubMed:12824167, PubMed:16624618, PubMed:16738862, PubMed:16880402). Can use oleamide as substrate, but not indole-3-acetamide, 1-naphtalene-acetamide, nicotinic acid amide or L-asparagine (PubMed:16738862). Can use 2-arachidonylglycerol as substrate (PubMed:19801664). Participates in the regulation of plant growth (PubMed:16880402). Hydrolyzes N-dodecanoylethanolamine, which is has a growth inhibitory effect on seedling growth (PubMed:28112243). Involved in plant defense signaling (PubMed:18643971). Involved in abscisic acid (ABA) signaling through mechanisms that are independent of the catalytic activity (PubMed:19801664). Involved in the regulation of flowering time (PubMed:22645580). Catalyzes the hydrolysis of N-acyl L-homoserine lactones (AHLs), which are a class of signaling molecules produced by bacteria for quorum sensing (PubMed:24918118). Accumulation of L-homoserine appears to encourage plant growth at low concentrations by stimulating transpiration, but higher concentrations inhibit growth by stimulating ethylene production (PubMed:24918118).
Expressed in roots, leaves and flowers (PubMed:16738862). Expressed in seedlings, flowers, roots, siliques, seeds and leaves (PubMed:16880402).
Inhibited by methyl arachidonyl fluorophosphonate (MAFP).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions (PubMed:16880402). Enhanced sensitivity to inhibition of seedling growth induced by exogenous N-acylethanolamine.
Plants overexpressing FAAH exhibit accelerated seedling growth (PubMed:16880402). Plants overexpressing FAAH exhibit enhanced susceptibility to the bacterial pathogen Pseudomons syringae pv tomato (PubMed:18643971). Plants overexpressing FAAH exhibit enhanced sensitivity to abscisic acid (ABA) (PubMed:19801664). Plants overexpressing FAAH exhibit early flowering (PubMed:22645580).
Up-regulated during seed germination and early postgerminative seedling growth.
Expressed in leaves, stems and flowers (PubMed:11437443). Expressed in trichome cells and in leaf primordia (PubMed:9625690).
Homodimer and heterodimer with MYB82 (PubMed:24803498). Interacts directly with GL3 and BHLH2. Part of a complex made of GL1, GL3 or BHLH2, and TTG1. Interacts also with BHLH2/EGL3/MYC146 and BHLH12/MYC1. Interacts with MYB82 (PubMed:24803498).
Transcription activator, when associated with BHLH2/EGL3/MYC146 or BHLH12/MYC1. Involved in epidermal cell fate specification in leaves. Together with TTG1 and GL3, promotes trichome formation and endoreplication. Regulates the production of a signal that induces hair (trichome) precursor cells on leaf primordia to differentiate. Binds to the WER-binding sites (WBS) promoter regions and activates the transcription of target genes (By similarity).
Ubiquitous in young leaves primordia. Becomes more prominent in developing trichome cells but disappears progressively when trichomes begin to initiate branches.
Up-regulated by gibberellins (PubMed:9625690). May be regulated by GEBP and GEBP-like proteins (PubMed:12535344).
CIPK serine-threonine protein kinases interact with CBL proteins. Binding of a CBL protein to the regulatory NAF domain of CIPK protein lead to the activation of the kinase in a calcium-dependent manner. Downstream of CBL1, CBL2, CBL3 and CBL9, regulates by phosphorylation the K(+) conductance and uptake of AKT1.
Part of a K(+)-channel calcium-sensing kinase/phosphatase complex composed by a calcium sensor CBL (CBL1, CBL2, CBL3 or CBL9), a kinase CIPK (CIPK6, CIPK16 or CIPK23), a phosphatase PP2C (AIP1) and a K(+)-channel (AKT1). Interacts with AKT1, CBL1, CBL2, CBL3 and CBL9.
Accumulates in seeds after imbibition (PubMed:23893219). High levels in the aerial portion of 10 days old seedlings. Accumulates in the epidermis during cuticle biosynthesis (e.g. in inflorescence stems). Also detected in flowers, in upper portion of the styles, pollen, veins of the sepals and petals, silique walls and seeds in the early stages of development (PubMed:23893219). In epidermis, present in trichomes, leaf mesophyll cells, and stem cortex and xylem.
Lipid transfer protein that, together with LTPG2, binds to lipids and functions as a component of the cuticular lipid export machinery that performs extensive export of intracellular lipids (e.g. C29 alkane) from epidermal cells to the surface to build the cuticular wax layer and silique walls. Involved in the establishment of resistance to the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Alternaria brassicicola. Contributes to pre-invasive defense against some non-host powdery mildew pathogens by preventing the penetration of the epidermal cell wall by the fungal agents (e.g. Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei (Bgh)) (PubMed:30102837). Maybe involved in seed and ovule maturation and development, probably by regulating the fatty acids homeostasis during suberin and sporopollenin biosynthesis or deposition (By similarity).
Reduced cuticular wax load on the stem surface and in silique walls, with altered cuticular lipid composition (especially C29 alkane) associated with diffuse cuticular layer structure. Increased number of plastoglobules in the stem cortex and leaf mesophyll cells, protrusions of the cytoplasm into the vacuole in the epidermis, and enhanced susceptibility to infection by the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Alternaria brassicicola. Increased susceptibility to penetration of the epidermal cell wall by the non-host mildew fungal agent Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei (Bgh) (PubMed:30102837).
Up-regulated in the epidermis of stems and leaves. Expressed in the epidermis, stem cortex, vascular bundles and mesophyll cells in root tips, cotyledons, seedlings, leaves, caulines, flowers, siliques, pollen, and early-developing seeds.
Expressed in flowers. Detected in roots and siliques.
Constitutive in flowers, leaves, stems, and roots.
Transcription factor involved in carotenoid biosynthesis regulation. Binds to the 5'-ATCTA-3' element present in the promoter of phytoene synthase (PSY) and phytoene desaturase (PDS). Involved in ethylene response and resistance to necrotrophic pathogens. Acts as a downstream regulator in the ethylene signaling pathway. Partially redundant with RAP2-12.
Up-regulated by darkness, ethylene and Botrytis cinerea.
Proteolytically cleaved, probably by S1P, a subtilisin-like serine protease (subtilase).
Constitutive expression with no clear cell-cycle regulation.
Expressed in somatic and reproductive tissues.
No visible phenotype and no meiotic or pollen development defects. Pans1 and pans2 double mutants are lethal when homozygous.
Not required for protection of centromeric cohesion.
By methyl jasmonate, a plant defense-related signaling molecule.
Essential component of a SCF-type E3 ligase complex that positively regulates the gibberellin signaling pathway. Upon gibberellin treatment, such complex probably mediates the ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of DELLA proteins (GAI, RGA and RGL2), some repressors of the gibberellin pathway, leading to activate the pathway. Can partially complement the absence of GID2/SLY1.
Highly expressed in flowers and at much lower level in seedlings, rosette leaves and green siliques.
Part of a SCF (ASK-cullin-F-box) protein ligase complex. Interacts directly with SKP1A and SKP1B.
Interacts with phragmoplastins (e.g. DRP1A, DRP1B, DRP1C, DRP1D and DRP1E) and with GTP-bound ARAC11/ROP1 as well as with Ran2 transcripts.
RNA-binding protein which mediates polarized mRNA (e.g. Ran2 transcripts mRNA) transport from the nucleus to the vicinity of the cell plate during cytokinesis and phragmoplast formation.
By BRM and SYD, at the chromatin level, and conferring a very specific spatial expression pattern. Precise spatial regulation by post-transcriptional repression directed by the microRNA miR164.
First expressed in early to mid-globular-stage embryos. In late globular stage, detected as a stripe running medially across the top of the embryo. In heart stage embryo, expression is restricted to a stripe between the cotyledon primordia, but confined to hypodermal cells. In the bending-cotyledon stage, localized in a region surrounding the SAM, that correspond to the boundary region of cotyledon margins (BCM) and the boundaries between SAM and cotyledons, including protoderm cells. Observed in the margins of leaf primordia, and later restricted to the leaf sinus region, with a diminution in outgrowing teeth. Restricted to the proximal part of mature leaves. Expressed at the boundaries between the inflorescence meristem (IM) and flower primordia. Once the flower starts to grow out and the internode begin to elongates, restricted to the axils of the floral pedicels through several nodes. Detected within floral primordia, between sepal primordia and the floral meristem. Also present at the boundaries of individual sepal primordia, as well as in the region surrounding each petal and stamen primordium. Later detected transiently at the boundaries between locules of each theca in anthers. Expression at the inner part of presumtive septal regions that raises to include presumptive placenta, at the tips of septal primordia, as septum grow. Localized in the fused region of the septum. Found at the boundaries of ovule primordia, and later at the boundary between the nucellus and the chalaza.
Mostly expressed in buds and flowers, and, to a lower extent, in the aerial parts of seedling, inflorescence and old silique. In a general manner, present at the boundaries between mersitems and araising primordia.
The NAC domain includes a DNA-binding domain and a dimerization domain, and confers the specificity of the transactivated target genes.
Transcription activator of STM and KNAT6. Involved in molecular mechanisms regulating shoot apical meristem (SAM) formation during embryogenesis and organ separation. Required for the fusion of septa of gynoecia along the length of the ovaries. Activates the shoot formation in callus in a STM-dependent manner. Controls leaf margin development and required for leaf serration. Involved in axillary meristem initiation and separation of the meristem from the main stem. Regulates the phyllotaxy throughout the plant development. Seems to act as an inhibitor of cell division.
Belongs to the copper/topaquinone oxidase family.
Binds 1 copper ion per subunit (By similarity). Can also use zinc ion as cofactor (By similarity).
Copper amine oxidase that can use putrescine and spermidine as substrates.
Expressed in roots, leaves and cotyledons.
In young seedlings, expressed in hydathodes of new emerging leaves and cotyledons as well as in columella cells (PubMed:31862580). Also observed in hypocotyl/root junction, hypocotyls and in root apex (PubMed:31862580).
Induced transiently by auxin (IAA) (PubMed:31862580). Induced during wounding, dehydration recovery, and treatment with putrescine (Put) (PubMed:31862580). Slightly and transiently repressed by jasmonic acid (MeJA), abscisic acid (ABA) and salicylic acid (SA), and drought (PubMed:31862580).
Topaquinone (TPQ) is generated by copper-dependent autoxidation of a specific tyrosyl residue.
Binds 3 divalent metal cations (PubMed:23620482, Ref.7, PubMed:25157844). Use Mn(2+) and Ca(2+) as cofactors with ssDNA as substrate in basic conditions (pH 8) (PubMed:23620482). Can use Zn(2+) with lower efficiency with dsDNA and ssDNA as substrates in acidic conditions (pH 5.5) (PubMed:23620482, Ref.7, PubMed:25157844).
Can be applied to high-throughput detection of single base mutation.
Endonuclease mostly active on RNA and ssDNA, and to a lower extent, on dsDNA (PubMed:22506810, PubMed:23620482). Can cleave mismatch regions in heteroduplex DNA containing single base pair mismatches or insertion/deletion bases (PubMed:22506810). In contradiction with PubMed:22506810, cannot hydrolyze single-stranded DNA and does not cleave mismatches (PubMed:17651368).
N-glycosylation is required for enzymatic stability and activity.
ssDNase activity is inhibited by the divalent cation chelator EDTA and the reducing agent DTT (PubMed:22506810). Divalent metal ions (e.g. Ca(2+), Mg(2+) and Zn(2+)) and DTT represses RNase activity (PubMed:22506810, PubMed:25157844). RNase activity is enhanced by EDTA (PubMed:22506810). Also repressed by vanadate (VO(4)(3-)) and phosphate (PO(4)(3-)) by occupying the active site (PubMed:25157844).
May be involved in modulation of pathogen defense and leaf cell death.
Belongs to the plant acyltransferase family. Phenolic glucoside malonyltransferase subfamily.
Malonyltransferase acting on xenobiotic glucosides. Has activity toward 2-Naphthol glucoside (2NAG), 1-Naphthol glucoside (1NAG), kaempferol 7-O-glucoside, kaempferol 3-O-glucoside, hydroxycoumarin glucosides, phenol-glucosides and isoflavone glucoside (daidzin), but not toward 4-coumaroyl glucoside, kaempferol 3,7-O-diglucoside, salicylic acid glucoside and phlorizin. In vivo, seems to be involved in the malonylation of 2-Naphthol glucoside while PMAT2 would be involved in the malonylation of 4-methylumbelliferone glucoside or 4-nitrophenyl glucoside.
No visible phenotype, but no malonylation of glucosides.
Auxin response factors (ARFs) are transcriptional factors that bind specifically to the DNA sequence 5'-TGTCTC-3' found in the auxin-responsive promoter elements (AuxREs).
Auxin response factors (ARFs) are transcriptional factors that bind specifically to the DNA sequence 5'-TGTCTC-3' found in the auxin-responsive promoter elements (AuxREs). Could act as transcriptional activator or repressor. Formation of heterodimers with Aux/IAA proteins may alter their ability to modulate early auxin response genes expression. Promotes flowering, stamen development, floral organ abscission and fruit dehiscence. Functions independently of ethylene and cytokinin response pathways. May act as a repressor of cell division and organ growth.
Expressed in the sepals and carpels of young flower buds. At stage 10 of flower development, expression in the carpels becomes restricted to the style. Also expressed in anthers and filaments. At stage 13, expressed in the region at the top of the pedicel, including the abscission zone. Expressed in developing siliques.
Homodimers and heterodimers. Interacts with ARF1.
Large, dark green rosette leaves, delayed flowering, thick and long inflorescence, abnormal flower morphology and sterility in early formed flowers, but fertility in late-formed flowers. Delayed senescence and abscission. Increased seed size and weight, and extra cell division and expansion in many organs.
Was originally erroneously termed IAA26 and IAA30 (Ref.5).
Belongs to the class IV-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. RNA methyltransferase TrmH family.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFB7 subunit family.
Contains two C-X9-C motifs that are predicted to form a helix-coil-helix structure, permitting the formation of intramolecular disulfide bonds.
Binds to phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate (PtdIns(4)P). May regulate the salicylic acid- (SA-) mediated resistance to pathogens (By similarity).
The pleckstrin homology domain (3-110) binds to phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate (PtdIns(4)P).
Interacts in vitro with GRXS14, GRXS15, GRXS16 and GRXS17, but not with GRXC5 (PubMed:24203231). Interacts in vivo only with GRXS14, GRXS15 and GRXS16 (PubMed:24203231).
May act either alone or in interaction with glutaredoxin as a redox-regulated transcriptional regulator, or as a factor regulating Fe-S cluster biogenesis.
Involved in vesicular protein trafficking. Mainly functions in the early secretory pathway. Thought to act as cargo receptor at the lumenal side for incorporation of secretory cargo molecules into transport vesicles and to be involved in vesicle coat formation at the cytoplasmic side (By similarity).
Probably oligomerizes with other members of the EMP24/GP25L family. Associates with the COPI vesicle coat (coatomer). Associates with the COPII vesicle coat (coatomer).
The cytoplasmic C-terminal domain contains a functional dilysine-retrieval motif, which is involved in the retrograde Golgi-to-ER transport of the protein.
The lumenal coiled-coil domain is required for the Golgi subcellular location.
Major role in the synthesis of nucleoside triphosphates other than ATP. The ATP gamma phosphate is transferred to the NDP beta phosphate via a ping-pong mechanism, using a phosphorylated active-site intermediate. Plays a role in response to reactive oxygen species (ROS) stress.
Plants over-expressing NDK1 are more tolerant to paraquat and have increased ability to eliminate exogenous H(2)O(2).
Not required for the biogenesis and accumulation of native cytochrome b6 in the thylakoid membrane. Not functionally involved in the pathway for covalent binding of the c-type heme to cytochrome b6.
Involved in microtubules reorganization during spindle and phragmoplast development. Required for gamma-tubulin localization during mitosis.
Part of the augmin complex composed of 8 subunits (PubMed:22505726). The complex acts on microtubules and interacts with gamma-tubulin in spindles and the phragmoplast (PubMed:22505726). Interacts with AUG1 (PubMed:21750235).
A number of isoforms are produced. According to EST sequences.
Leaf-curling phenotype. Root growth inhibition, root gravitropic response, and hyposensitivity to exogenous auxin. Fab1a and fab1b double mutant displays an abnormal vacuolar phenotype late in pollen development leading to inviable pollen (PubMed:19846542).
The PI(3,5)P2 regulatory complex regulates both the synthesis and turnover of phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(3,5)P2). Catalyzes the phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate on the fifth hydroxyl of the myo-inositol ring, to form phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate (By similarity). Plays an important role in maintenance of endomembrane homeostasis including endocytosis, vacuole formation, and vacuolar acidification processes. Required for development of viable pollen. Might mediate recycling of auxin transporters.
Ubiquitous with highest expression levels in pollen, seed, and senescent leaves.
Impaired accumulation of non-fluorescent dioxobilin-type chlorophyll catabolites (NDCCs) compensated by higher amounts of non-fluorescent chlorophyll catabolites (NCCs) in senescing leaves.
Involved in the chlorophyll breakdown by its action in nonpolar primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite (pFCC) decarbonylation (Ref.6, PubMed:23723324). Involved in the formation of major chlorophyll breakdown products, including non-fluorescent dioxobilin-type chlorophyll catabolites (NDCCs), during leaf senescence (PubMed:23723324).
Fatty-acid-binding protein. Interacts with most fatty acids tested and has maximal relative affinity for C16:0.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS19 family.
Alteration of root gravitropic responses (e.g. delay, auxin-dependent root directional growth and larger variation of root tip angles) resulting in deeper root system architecture (RSA) and enhanced drought resistance (PubMed:31299202). Disturbed PIN4 distribution in columella cells associated with a perturbation of the auxin distribution pattern and an asymmetric accumulation of DR5 in the downward peripheral layer under gravistimulus (PubMed:31299202).
Associated with natural variation of agravitropic root growth upon auxin transport perturbation with N-1-naphtylphthalamic acid (NPA).
Component of the exocyst complex involved in the docking of exocytic vesicles with fusion sites on the plasma membrane during regulated or polarized secretion (PubMed:31299202). Involved in PIN4 exocytosis and gravitropic responses in columella cells (PubMed:31299202). By monitoring PIN4 distribution in columella cells, modulates auxin repartition and subsequently regulates the root system architecture (RSA), thus being a component of the auxin-dependent root directional growth (ARD) (PubMed:31299202).
Confined to the outer layer of the columella cells in the root tips of young seedlings.
Interacts with MTB and VIR (PubMed:28503769). Associates with MTA, MTB, FIP37 and VIR to form the m6A writer complex which is essential for adenosine methylation at specific mRNA sequences (PubMed:28503769).
Probable E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase which is a subunit of the N6-methyltransferase complex, a multiprotein complex that mediates N6-methyladenosine (m6A) methylation at the 5'-[AG]GAC-3' consensus sites of some mRNAs (PubMed:28503769). Associates with MTA, MTB, FIP37 and VIR to form the m6A writer complex which is essential for adenosine methylation at specific mRNA sequences (PubMed:28503769). N6-methyladenosine (m6A) plays a role in mRNA stability, processing, translation efficiency and editing (PubMed:28503769).
Component of the RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) machinery, probably by facilitating an RNAi-mediated epigenetic modification involving secondary siRNAs and spreading of DNA methylation, thus leading to gene silencing. Involved in the assembly of RNA polymerase V (Pol V) transcription initiation or elongation complexes at the chromatin, as a component of the DDR complex. Required for de novo DNA methylation.
Homodimer. Part of the chromatin-remodeling complex (DDR complex) that contains at least DRD1, DMS3 and RDM1. Interacts with CPL1. The DDR complex recruits/activates the RNA polymerases V and acts during siRNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) (PubMed:18541146, PubMed:20409711, PubMed:22560611). Interacts with SUVH2 (PubMed:24465213). Binds to DMS11 and stimulates its ATPase activity (PubMed:22560611).
Very low levels of RNAi-mediated methylation and derepression of silenced genes. Impaired RNA polymerase V-chromatin associations (Pol V). The mutant idn1-1 fails to establish DNA methylation and exhibits a late-flowering phenotype.
Amino acid-proton symporter. Stereospecific transporter with a broad specificity for histidine, glutamate and neutral amino acids. Reduced affinities for asparagine and valine. Involved in amino acid uptake from the apoplastic cavity into the embryo cells for storage protein accumulation and in root amino acid uptake.
Expressed in endosperm during early stages of seed development. Strongly induced at heart stage of embryogenesis.
Highly expressed in developing pods. Found in the endosperm and in the storage parenchyma and the outer epidermis cells of the developing embryo. Lower levels of expression in flowers, in the vascular system of the cotyledon and in the root epidermal cells, including root hairs and throughout the root tip.
Inhibited by carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone and diethylpyrocarbonate (DEPC).
No effect on plant growth or seed germination, but reduced seed weight and total seed yield. Resistant to toxic concentrations of amino acids in the growth medium.
Belongs to the class-II pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family.
Defective Embryo and pollen lethality. RNAi mutants display plant size reduction, altered leaf morphology and increases in relative amounts of saturated sphingolipid long-chain bases.
Heterodimer with LCB2 (LCB2a or LCB2b). Component of the serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT) complex, composed of LCB1 and LCB2 (LCB2a or LCB2b).
Serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT). The heterodimer formed with LCB2 constitutes the catalytic core. Involved in the regulation of the programmed cell death (PCD) signaling pathway. Plays an important role during male gametogenesis and embryogenesis.
The fbr11-1 mutant is incapable of initiating programmed cell death (PCD) after induction by fumonisin B1 (FB1), a specific inhibitor of ceramide synthase.
Embryonic lethality when homozygous. Embryogenesis arrested at the torpedo stage.
Functions as guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for Rab small GTPases. Activates specifically RABF1, RABF2A and RABF2B proteins. Required for early stages of embryogenesis, cytokinesis, embryogenesis, and organ development. Is essential for the establishment or maintenance of the polar localization of the auxin efflux carrier PIN1.
Homodimer. The homodimer interacts with RABF2B. Interacts with RABF1 and RABF2A.
Expressed from the late torpedo stage to late cotyledon stage in developing embryo.
Expressed in seeds. Expression is restricted to the developing embryo.
May play a role during embryo development.
Involved in the biosynthesis of lipid A, a phosphorylated glycolipid that in bacteria anchors the lipopolysaccharide to the outer membrane of the cell. Transfers the gamma-phosphate of ATP to the 4'-position of a tetraacyldisaccharide 1-phosphate intermediate (termed DS-1-P) to form tetraacyldisaccharide 1,4'-bis-phosphate (lipid IVA). Lipid A-like molecules in plants may serve as structural components of the outer membranes of mitochondria and/or chloroplasts, or may be involved in signal transduction or plant defense responses (Potential).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but plants lacking LPXK accumulate high levels of disaccharide-1-phosphate (DS-1-P).
Enhanced number of emerged lateral roots.
Interacts with COP1, HY5 and BBX32. Interacts with FLZ1 (PubMed:24901469).
Transcription activator that acts as positive regulator of seedling photomorphogenesis (PubMed:17965270). Acts downstream of COP1 and play an important role in early and long-term adjustment of the shade avoidance syndrome (SAS) responses in natural environments (PubMed:21070414).
Belongs to the FAD-dependent oxidoreductase 2 family. FRD/SDH subfamily.
Flavoprotein (FP) subunit of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) that is involved in complex II of the mitochondrial electron transport chain and is responsible for transferring electrons from succinate to ubiquinone (coenzyme Q).
By glucose and sucrose (PubMed:22561114). Induced by drought stress (PubMed:22561114).
Can be trimethylated at Lys-394 by LSMT-L. The methylation level has no influence on the ologomerization state or on the kinetic properties of the enzyme.
Phosphorylated on tyrosine residues in response to abscisic acid (ABA) in germinating seeds.
Reduced growth rate. Unability to accumulate starch in leaves during daylight.
Plant type III polyketide synthases (PKSs) that catalyzes the condensation of malonyl-CoA units with various CoA ester starter molecules to generate a diverse array of natural products including long-chain alkyl alpha-pyrones.
Expressed exclusively in photosynthetic green tissues with high levels in young, developing leaf tissues.
Interacts with CLPC1 (via N-terminus) and CLPC2, but not with CLPt1 or CLPT2 (PubMed:23898032). Binds to ClpF; this interaction stimulates their association with ClpC (PubMed:26419670).
No visible phenotype (Ref.6, PubMed:23898032). Weak chloroplast phenotype under short-day conditions (PubMed:23898032).
Small adapter protein that modulate the activity of CLPC (By similarity). Involved in plastid biogenesis in particular when chloroplast protein synthesis capacity is a limiting factor (PubMed:23898032). Probably involved in substrate selection for plastid Clp protease system (PubMed:23898032). Recruitment to ClpC chaperones is facilitated by CLPF thus forming a binary adapter for selective substrate recognition and delivery to plastid Clp protease system (CLPC) (PubMed:26419670).
Expressed in inflorescence stems, roots and siliques.
Expressed mostly in 5-day old seedlings, at developmental stage 1.
Sulfotransferase that utilizes 3'-phospho-5'-adenylyl sulfate (PAPS) as sulfonate donor to specifically catalyze the sulfate conjugation of flavones and flavonols. Strictly specific for the position 7. Substrate preference is kaempferol 3-sulfate > isorhamnetin > kaempferol.
Up-regulated by trans-zeatin, but not by cold, heat, hypoxia, salt stress, auxins, gibberellins, wounding, etiolation and salicylic acid or methyl jasmonate treatments.
May be involved in root hair elongation.
Belongs to the CorA metal ion transporter (MIT) (TC 1.A.35) family.
Recognizes and hydrolyzes the peptide bond at the C-terminal Gly of ubiquitin. Involved in the processing of poly-ubiquitin precursors as well as that of ubiquitinated proteins (By similarity). Positive regulator of root meristem development that, together with UBP13, prevents the ubiquitination and turnover of RGFR1 induced by the RGF1 hormone peptide, thus influencing PLT1 and PLT2 expression (PubMed:29339500).
Recognizes and hydrolyzes the peptide bond at the C-terminal Gly of ubiquitin. Involved in the processing of poly-ubiquitin precursors as well as that of ubiquitinated proteins.
The double mutant ubp12 ubp13 roots are completely insensitive to exogenous applied hormone peptide RGF1 associated with an accelerated RGF1-induced ubiquitination and turnover of RGFR1 and are characterized by a reduced number of cortical meristem cells and disturbed PLT1 and PLT2 expression.
Belongs to the iron/ascorbate-dependent oxidoreductase family. GA3OX subfamily.
Converts the inactive gibberellin (GA) precursors GA9 and GA20 in the bioactives gibberellins GA4 and GA1 (PubMed:9836749). Involved in the production of bioactive GA for vegetative growth and development (PubMed:16460513).
Expressed in germinating seeds and in very young seedlings. Declines to low levels during later stages of development.
Highly expressed in seedlings but also expressed in roots, leaves, stems, flowers, siliques and seeds. Detected predominantly in the hypocotyl and roots of young seedlings and in the petioles and vasculature of leaves. Not expressed in the shoot apical meristem, but found in the elongation zone, the quiescent center cells and the columella cells of the root tips. Found in the cortex and the endodermis of the embryo axis in germinating seeds.
No visible phenotype; probably due to redundancy with GA3OX1. Ga3ox1 and ga3ox2 double mutant has a severe defect in seed germination and root growth, and a dwarf phenotype.
Not under feedback regulation. Regulated by phytochrome. Induced by red light pulse and reaches its maximum level after 12 hours. Transcriptionally regulated by LEAFY COTYLEDON2 and FUSCA3. Not regulated by cold treatment or auxin. Up-regulated by paclobutrazol.
Homodimer. Constituent of tobamovirus replication complex (By similarity).
Promotes intracellular multiplication of tobamoviruses, probably being a component of the replication complex.
Slightly reduced efficiency of intracellular multiplication of tobamoviruses (e.g. crucifer strain TMV-Cg), characterized by a reduced amplification of TMV-related RNAs.
Catalytic subunit of cellulose synthase terminal complexes ('rosettes'), required for beta-1,4-glucan microfibril crystallization, a major mechanism of the cell wall formation. Involved in the secondary cell wall formation. Required for the xylem cell wall thickening.
Confined to secondary cell wall developing tissues such as xylems and interfascicular regions. Expressed in roots, hypocotyls, leaves, inflorescences and flowers.
Enhanced resistance to the pathogens Ralstonia solanacearum and Plectosphaerella cucumerina.
Interacts with CESA7 and CESA8. Assembly with CESA7 and CESA8 is required for functional complex and localization in secondary cell wall deposition sites. Interacts with STL1 and STL2, but not with GOT1 (PubMed:27277162).
Not expressed in embryos. In young leaves, localized in transient patches along the vascular system. In young inflorescence stems, observed in vascular bundles of primary xylems. In maturing inflorescence stems, most pronounced in regions of developing interfascicular fibers.
Confined to inflorescences, especially in stamens and pollen.
Loss of male fertility. Reduced expression of germline-specific genes (e.g. MGH3, GEX2 and GCS1) (PubMed:19300502). Blocked generative cell division resulting in the formation of bicellular pollen grains at anthesis. Pollen fails to enter mitosis at G2-M transition associated with reduced levels of CYCB1-1. Blocked generative cell division followed by endocycle during pollen maturation leads to single larger diploid sperm cell unable to perform fertilization (PubMed:15694308, PubMed:15618418, PubMed:19300502, PubMed:24876252). Enhanced polytubey (e.g. multiple pollen tubes entering ovules) (PubMed:22608506).
Repressed by the microRNA 159 (miR159); the production of miR159 is stimulated by the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) (PubMed:21441434). Activated by ARID1 in male germline cells via specific histone acetylation regulation (e.g. H3K9Ac) (PubMed:25057814).
Strict spatial and temporal transcriptional activation leading to a specific expression in the male germline cells; this specific expression pattern is dependent of the regulatory region of DUO1 (ROD1) 5'-YAACYGY-3' in its promoter (PubMed:15694308, PubMed:27624837). First observed in the germ cell during or soon after engulfment by the vegetative cell, just after asymmetric division. In maturating pollen, accumulates in germ cells before mitosis and remains high in mature sperm cells. Expression persists during pollen development (PubMed:19300502).
Transcription activator that acts as a positive regulator of male germline development by promoting both gametic cell specification and cell cycle progression (PubMed:15694308, PubMed:15618418, PubMed:19300502, PubMed:21285328). Binds to canonical MYB sites 5'-AACCGTC-3', 5'-AAACCGC-3' and 5'-AACCGT-3' in promoters to trigger the expression of male germline-specific or enriched genes (e.g. MGH3, GEX2 and GCS1), including those required for fertilization (PubMed:21285328, PubMed:19300502). Required for sperm cell specification leading to pollen maturation by activating a germline-specific regulon (PubMed:21285328, PubMed:15694308, PubMed:15618418, PubMed:19300502). Involved in pollen mitosis entry at G2-M transition via the regulation of CYCB1-1, DAZ1 and DAZ2 expression (PubMed:15618418, PubMed:19300502, PubMed:24876252).
Belongs to the DNA mismatch repair MutL/HexB family.
Expressed at very low levels in mature leaves. Detected in rapidly dividing tissues.
Heterodimer of MLH1 and PMS1, called MutLalpha, which is the major MMR MutL activity correcting base-base mismatches as well as IDLs. The heterodimer binds double strand DNA independently of a mismatch with positive cooperativity and has more than one DNA binding site. Forms a ternary complex with either the MSH2-MSH6 (MutSalpha) or the MSH2-MSH3 heterodimer (MutSbeta), which recognize and bind to mismatch DNA. Ternary complex formation is promoted by ATP binding.
May be due to a competing acceptor splice site and an intron retention.
Reduced fertility. Increased homeologous recombination frequency.
Required for DNA mismatch repair (MMR), correcting base-base mismatches and insertion-deletion loops (IDLs) resulting from DNA replication, DNA damage or from recombination events between non-identical sequences during meiosis. Component of the MutLalpha heterodimer that forms a ternary complex with the MutS heterodimers, which initially recognize the DNA mismatches. This complex is thought to be responsible for directing the downstream MMR events, including strand discrimination, excision, and resynthesis. Plays a major role in maintaining the genetic stability of simple sequence repeats and in the repair of heteroduplex sites present in meiotic recombination intermediates. Does not seem to be required for homologous somatic recombination.
Belongs to the AAA ATPase family. Katanin p60 subunit A1 subfamily.
Expressed ubiquitously, including siliques, flowers, leaves, stems and roots.
May homooligomerize (PubMed:12571277). Component of KTN80-KTN1 complexes composed of a hexamer of KTN1-KTN80 heterodimers that sense microtubule (MT) geometry to confer precise MT severing (PubMed:28978669). Interacts directly with KTN80.1, KTN80.2, KTN80.3 and KTN80.4 (PubMed:28978669). Can interact with KTN80.1 (PubMed:12571277). May interact with the kinesin related protein KIN14A (PubMed:12571277). Interacts with microtubule polymers (PubMed:12571277). Binds to IPGA1 (PubMed:35975703).
Severe dwarf phenotype, with small and round dark-green rosette leaves as well as wide and short petioles (PubMed:35975703, PubMed:28978669). The ipga1-2 ktn1-4 and an-t1 ktn1-4 double mutants have an enhanced phenotype of pavement cells, resembling soap bubbles and no lobe formation (PubMed:35975703).
Severs microtubules in an ATP-dependent manner. Microtubule severing may promote rapid reorganization of cellular microtubule arrays.
Severs microtubules in vitro in an ATP-dependent manner. Required for oligomerization of functional KTN80-KTN1 complexes that catalyze microtubule severing (PubMed:28978669). This activity may promote rapid reorganization of cellular microtubule arrays. May be required for reorientation of cortical microtubule arrays during cellular elongation. Failure to correctly orient these arrays drastically compromises fiber length, cell wall thickness and mechanical strength. May also be required for the spatial organization of developmental cues within the root. Involved in the IPGA1- and AN-dependent regulation of pavement cells morphogenesis leading to puzzle shape (PubMed:35975703).
Belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily. Trimethylguanosine synthase family.
Acylhydrolase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine at the sn-1 position. Moderate activity toward phosphatidylcholine (PC), monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG), digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) and triacylglycerol (TAG).
Highly expressed in flowers. Lower levels in seedlings, leaves and stems.
No visible phenotype under standard growth phenotype.
Not induced by wounding (PubMed:18267087). Slightly induced by wounding (PubMed:24430866).
Vacuolar cation/proton exchanger (CAX). Translocates Ca(2+) and other metal ions into vacuoles using the proton gradient formed by H(+)-ATPase and H(+)-pyrophosphatase (By similarity).
Decrease in the accumulation of several 24-nt RNAs (PubMed:19343051). Reduced DNA methylation and released silencing of RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) target loci promoters (e.g. LTI78/RD29A, YKT61/AtGP1 and AtMU1) without abolishing the siRNA triggers (PubMed:19410546, PubMed:19343051, PubMed:21738482). Suppression of gene silencing mediated by ROS1 disruption in the double mutants ros1 rdm3-1, ros1 rdm3-2 and ros1 rdm3-3 (PubMed:19410546). Loss in non-CG methylation at DRM2-dependent sites (PubMed:21150311). Reduced H3K9me2 at IGN5 and IGN26 loci (PubMed:21738482).
Effector of RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) triggered by small interfering RNAs (siRNAs, 24-nt RNAs). Functions as an adapter protein that binds scaffold transcripts generated by polymerase V and recruits AGO4 and AGO4-bound siRNAs to form an RdDM effector complex (PubMed:19410546, PubMed:19343051). Promotes the expression of 24-nt RNAs (PubMed:19343051). Required for the initial establishment of DNA methylation (PubMed:21150311). Together with AGO4, required for transcriptional gene silencing (TGS) by DNA methylation and repressive histone modifications (H3K9me2) of several chromatin loci (PubMed:21738482).
Interacts with AGO4 via its C-terminal region and with RNA transcripts (PubMed:19410546, PubMed:19343051). Binds chromatin at loci subject to transcriptional silencing downstream of RNA Polymerase V, but independently from the presence of 24-nt siRNA (PubMed:21738482).
May catalyze xyloglucan endohydrolysis (XEH) and/or endotransglycosylation (XET). Cleaves and religates xyloglucan polymers, an essential constituent of the primary cell wall, and thereby participates in cell wall construction of growing tissues (By similarity).
Belongs to the clathrin heavy chain family.
Clathrin is the major protein of the polyhedral coat of coated pits and vesicles (By similarity). Mediates endocytosis and is required for a correct polar distribution of PIN auxin transporters.
Clathrin is the major protein of the polyhedral coat of coated pits and vesicles.
Clathrin triskelions, composed of 3 heavy chains and 3 light chains, are the basic subunits of the clathrin coat (By similarity). Interacts with CLC2 and TPLATE. Interacts with EDR4 (PubMed:25747881).
Defective in bulk endocytosis as well as in internalization of prominent plasma membrane proteins. Defects in constitutive endocytic recycling of PIN auxin transporters and their polar distribution in embryos and roots leading to altered auxin distribution patterns and associated auxin transport-related phenotypes. Defective in embryonic and postembryonic development.
The C-terminal third of the heavy chains forms the hub of the triskelion. This region contains the trimerization domain and the light-chain binding domain involved in the assembly of the clathrin lattice.
The N-terminal seven-bladed beta-propeller is formed by WD40-like repeats, and projects inward from the polyhedral outer clathrin coat. It constitutes a major protein-protein interaction node (By similarity).
Was assigned to CHC1 in PubMed:21187379.
Involved in sequestration of excess metal in the cytoplasm into vacuoles to maintain metal homeostasis.
High-affinity transporter for external inorganic phosphate. Acts as a H(+):phosphate symporter in both low- and high-Pi conditions. Confers sensitivity to arsenate.
In roots by phosphate starvation. Repressed by the Pi analog phosphite (Phi).
Mostly expressed in roots, in tissues connecting the lateral roots to the primary root. Also present in flowers, in senescing anther filaments and in the abscission zone at the base of siliques. Expressed in hydathodes and axillary buds, and in some senescing leaves. After Pi starvation, localized in all cells of undifferentiated root segments, including root tips and root hairs, and in the epidermis, cortex and stellar regions of mature root segments.
Ubiquitinated by NLA. Ubiquitination of PHT1-4 leads to its degradation by the proteasome.
In cv. Pna-10, this protein SCP10 and the adjacent SCP8 are not present due to a natural 13-kb deletion (PubMed:19969522).
Involved in the biosynthesis of sinapoylated anthocyanins.
Was classified as a serine carboxypeptidase-like (SCPL) protein solely on the basis of the overall sequence similarity (PubMed:15908604) but it has been shown that it belongs to a class of enzymes that catalyze acyltransferase reactions (PubMed:17600138).
Heterodimer with MORF1 (PubMed:22411807, PubMed:25583991). Homodimer and heterodimers with MORF8/RIP1, MORF4/RIP4 and MORF5/RIP5 (PubMed:25583991).
Involved in organellar RNA editing. Required for the processing of RNA editing sites in mitochondria.
Monomer. Oligomer (By similarity). Interacts with NIFS1 (PubMed:22511606).
Promotes the biosynthesis of heme as well as the assembly and repair of iron-sulfur clusters by delivering Fe(2+) to proteins involved in these pathways (PubMed:17092311). May play a role in the protection against iron-catalyzed oxidative stress through its ability to catalyze the oxidation of Fe(2+) to Fe(3+) (PubMed:17092311). May be able to store large amounts of the metal in the form of a ferrihydrite mineral by oligomerization (PubMed:17092311). Binds to the mitochondrial cysteine desulfurase NIFS1 and increases its activity (PubMed:22511606).
Binds calmodulin (CaM) in a calcium-dependent manner. Interacts with GLN1-1.
By abscisic acid (ABA) and during leaf senescence.
During flower development, abundantly present in the apical meristem. During pollen development, there are high levels in pollen mother cells and it accumulates gradually to reach a peak during the tetrad stage. Fades out in mature pollen. Also present in tapetal cells and at stigmatic surface of the stigma.
May play a role in signal transduction pathways that involve calcium as a second messenger (By similarity). Serine/threonine kinase that phosphorylates histone H3 an GLN1-1.
Not activated by calcium. Autophosphorylation may play an important role in the regulation of the kinase activity. Stimulated by magnesium ions (optimum at 10-15 mM) and manganese ions.
There are 3 contiguous domains conserved in the CDPK subfamily: a kinase domain, an autoinhibitory (junction) domain and a calmodulin-like domain. The autoinhibitory domain (409-439) inactivates kinase activity under calcium-free conditions (By similarity).
Ubiquitously expressed with higher levels in siliques and roots, especially at the root cap. Particularly present in vascular bundles of stems and leaves.
Bushy phenotype (PubMed:24112720). Abnormal cuticle and pollen grain shapes, reduced levels of wax and cutin monomers, unusual lipidic cytoplasmatic inclusions in epidermal cells, inter-organ postgenital fusions, and altered morphology of trichomes and pavement cells (PubMed:24112720, PubMed:20035035). Altered petal and silique morphology, fusion of seeds, and changes in levels of cutin monomers in flowers and siliques associated with the suppression of the expression of a large number of cuticle-associated genes (PubMed:20035035). Altered root suberin composition, as well as root expression of suberin biosynthetic genes (PubMed:20035035). Highly susceptibility to salt and reduced root branching. Excess in sterol (e.g. campesterol) composition (PubMed:24112720). Vascular patterning defects in cotyledons and the floral stem, with a stronger phenotype in plant missing also ABCG9 and ABCG14 (PubMed:24112720). Both single and double mutants abcg11 abcg12 exhibit ABCG12-containing membrane inclusions protruded into the vacuole and contiguous with the endoplasmic reticulum (PubMed:20870961).
By light, NaCl, abscisic acid (ABA), wounding, and glucose stresses. Repressed by H(2)O(2) and cytokinin.
Expressed in seedlings, roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and siliques, mostly in epidermis, trichomes, vasculatures and developing tissues (PubMed:14730060, PubMed:17727615, PubMed:17951461, PubMed:17989085, PubMed:24112720, PubMed:20035035). Follows an uniparental maternal expression in the seed, thus being the product of a maternally expressed imprinted gene (PubMed:21838868). Accumulates in the phloem (PubMed:24112720). Transcripts seem to be transported from shoots to roots (PubMed:27247031).
First observed in seed coat and the endosperm (PubMed:20035035). Displays a polar localization in the embryo protoderm (PubMed:20035035). During embryo development, expressed in the radical tip. In seedlings, localized in the cotyledons, root tip, and young leaves. As secondary root tips emerge, expressed in the pericycle during the initial cell divisions. In leaves, mostly detected in the expanding basal portion, trichomes and stomatal cells. Present in rosette leaves vascular system and epidermis (PubMed:24112720). In roots of mature plants, mainly expressed in lateral root primordia and developing lateral roots (PubMed:24112720). Accumulates in buds and open flowers, mainly in the petal epidermis and the vasculature (PubMed:20035035). In the inflorescence, found in all floral organs, predominantly in the anthers, styles, and young siliques, particularly in young seeds (PubMed:20035035). Upon anthesis and later, progressively restricted to the carpel. Also observed in phloem cells of the flower stem, and in the cortical cells and interfascicular fibers (PubMed:24112720). Accumulates during tracheary element differentiation (PubMed:28921082).
Homodimer (PubMed:24112720, PubMed:20870961). Forms heterodimers with ABCG9, ABCG12 and ABCG14 in epidermal cells (PubMed:24112720, PubMed:20870961).
Required for the cuticle, root suberin and pollen coat development by controlling cutin and maybe wax transport to the extracellular matrix (PubMed:24112720, PubMed:20035035). Involved in developmental plasticity and stress responses. Together with ABCG9 and ABCG14, required for vascular development by regulating lipid/sterol homeostasis (PubMed:24112720). May be a transporter of lignin precursors during tracheary element differentiation (PubMed:28921082).
E3 ubiquitin-ligase probably involved in organ size regulation.
Acts as a transcriptional repressor. Prevents the photoperiodic and circadian clock-dependent transition to flowering in long days (LD) by repressing the expression of flowering time genes (e.g. FT, GI and CO) in the leaf vasculature, and by interfering with floral meristem identity genes at the apex (e.g. SOC1 and LFY).
In seedlings, present in cotyledons and in the hypocotyl. Later expressed specifically in the leaf vasculature, the vegetative shoot apical meristem and emerging leaf primordia. At the onset of flowering, observed at the shoot apex, but excluded from the first visible floral buds of the bolting inflorescence. In flowers, confined to the vasculature of the sepals.
Mostly expressed in leaves and flower buds, and, to a lower extent, in seedlings and shoot apex, but not in roots and floral primordia.
Highly expressed in leaves, stems and flowers, lower in siliques and not detected in roots (PubMed:10662864, PubMed:12662305). Expressed in the epithem of hydathodes and the stigma surface of siliques (PubMed:12662305, PubMed:23551747).
Inhibited by diethylstilbestrol, N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, carbonyl cyanide m-chlorphenyl-hydrazone and 2,4-dinitrophenol. Competitive inhibition of adenine transport by isopentenyladenine, cytosine, cytidine, hypoxanthine, kinetin, zeatin, nicotine and caffeine, but not by zeatin riboside or kinetin riboside.
Proton-coupled purine transporter mediating adenine and trans-zeatin uptake (PubMed:12662305). High affinity transporter for pyridoxine involved in the uptake of vitamin B6 (PubMed:23551747). Also able to transport caffeine and adenosine (PubMed:12662305). May be involved in the uptake of cytokinin, caffeine and nicotine from the xylem sap into shoot tissues (PubMed:12662305).
Besides the tightly bound Zn(2+) ion, TRZ1 requires additional Ca(2+), Mn(2+) or Mg(2+) for pre-tRNA processing, while bpNPP hydrolysis occurs without addition of metal ions but is stimulated 2- to 3-fold when free Mn(2+) or Zn(2+) ions are added.
No visible phenotype when grown under standard conditions.
The C-terminus (270-280) is essential for tRNA binding and processing activity.
Zinc phosphodiesterase, which displays tRNA 3'-processing endonuclease activity (PubMed:12032089, PubMed:16118225, PubMed:18052196, PubMed:19411372). Involved in tRNA maturation, by removing a 3'-trailer from precursor tRNA (PubMed:12032089, PubMed:18052196, PubMed:19411372). Can use bis-(p-nitophenyl) phosphate (bpNPP) as substrate (PubMed:18052196). Involved in the processing of small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) (PubMed:19420328).
Repressed by herbicides such as flufenacet and benfuresate (PubMed:12916765). Down-regulated by low temperature, osmotic stress, salt and darkness (PubMed:18465198).
ATP citrate-lyase is the primary enzyme responsible for the synthesis of cytosolic acetyl-CoA, used for the elongation of fatty acids and biosynthesis of isoprenoids, flavonoids and malonated derivatives. May supply substrate to the cytosolic acetyl-CoA carboxylase, which generates the malonyl-CoA used for the synthesis of a multitude of compounds, including very long chain fatty acids and flavonoids. Required for normal growth and development and elongation of C18 fatty acids to C20 to C24 fatty acids in seeds. n contrast to all known animal ACL enzymes having a homomeric structure, plant ACLs are composed of alpha and beta chains.
Belongs to the succinate/malate CoA ligase alpha subunit family.
Expressed in flower buds at stage 6 of development in tapetal cells and at stage 10 in the epidermal cells of growing petals and ovaries. In young siliques, expressed transiently in the inner integument of the ovules just prior to testal deposition. Expressed in the developing embryo with a maximal level at the heart and torpedo stages. The expression then disappears in the mature embryo. During seed germination, expressed in the vascular bundles, apical meristem, epidermis of the seedling cotyledon, stem, and root. Highly expressed in the root tip of seedlings 4 days after imbibition.
Expressed in trichomes, epidermal leaf cells, anther tapetal cells, stigma and in young vascular bundles of expanding leaves, cotyledons, roots, pedicel of flowers and siliques.
Component of the PAF1 complex (PAF1C) which is involved in histone modifications such as methylation on histone H3 'Lys-4' (H3K4me3) (PubMed:20363855). Involved in regulation of flowering time. Required for the expression of the flowering repressor and MADS box gene FLC (PubMed:12207655). Involved in the control of seed dormancy and germination (PubMed:21799800).
Component of the nuclear PAF1 complex (PAF1C), which consists of VIP2/ELF7/PAF1, VIP3/SKI8/WDR61, VIP4/LEO1, VIP5/RTF1, VIP6/ELF8/CTR9 and CDC73 (PubMed:20363855). Interacts with VIP3 and VIP6 (PubMed:15472079).
Early flowering, defects in floral morphology in whorls 1-3, but fully fertile flowers (PubMed:12207655). Reduced seed dormancy and increased germination rate of freshly harvested seeds (PubMed:21799800).
Expressed in roots, shoot apices, stems, cauline leaves, inflorescence apices and flowers.
In flowers, strongly expressed in mature pollen and ovules.
Mostly expressed in leaves and flowers, to a lower extent, in stems, roots, floral bud, inflorescence and siliques, and, barely, in seedlings.
Together with CGF2, essential protein which supports female gametogenesis and embryogenesis, probably by securing local energy supply.
Various vegetative defects, including reduced leaf size, dwarfism, and abnormal cell death (PubMed:32306898). Plants lacking both CGF1 and CGF2 are impaired for female gametogenesis and embryogenesis, and have abnormal leaf morphology with yellow patches associated with an altered chloroplast integrity; this phenotype is rescued by sucrose treatment (PubMed:32306898).
Highly expressed in flowers. Detected in seedlings, roots, leaves and stems.
Interacts with the auxilin-like protein AUXI1.
Lipid binding protein bound strongly to phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate and phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate. Binds actin in vitro. Involved in trafficking and modification of clathrin-coated vesicles.
Biogenesis factor component of the plastidial NDH subcomplex A.
Required for both formation and activity of the chloroplast NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (NDH) complex of the photosynthetic electron transport chain (PubMed:22274627). Functions in assembly or stabilization of the NDH complex; probably involved, together with NdhO and NdhH, in the formation of an NDH subcomplex A assembly intermediate (NAI500) (PubMed:22274627).
Specifically defective in the accumulation of subcomplex A, a stroma-protruding arm of the chloroplast NADH dehydrogenase-like complex (NDH).
By light (PubMed:11943170). Accumulates in response to infection with the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae (PubMed:20040062). Induced by infection with the necrotrophic fungal pathogen B.cinerea (PubMed:21990940).
Contributes to plant defense. May regulate chloroplast metabolism upon infection with pathogens such as Pseudomonas syringae (PubMed:20040062). Functions as activator of WRKY33 in plant defense against necrotrophic pathogens by stimulating the DNA-binding activity of WRKY33 (PubMed:21990940).
Expressed in leaves and roots, but not in flowers.
Interacts with the sigma factor SIGA in chloroplast (PubMed:11943170). Interacts with WRKY25 and WRKY33 in the nucleus (PubMed:21990940).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants show impaired induction of some defense-related genes triggered by pathogen infection and treatments with salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) (PubMed:20040062). Increased susceptibility to the necrotrophic fungal pathogen B.cinerea (PubMed:21990940).
Expressed in leaf epidermal cells, stomate guard cells in leaves, cotyledons and hypocotyls, inflorescences, developing seeds and siliques.
Increased number or trichomes and reduced number of root hairs.
MYB-type transcription factor involved in epidermal cell fate specification. Acts as a negative regulator of trichome development, including endoreplication, by mediating lateral inhibition. Promotes the formation of hair developing cells in H position in root epidermis, probably by inhibiting non-hair cell formation. May have pleiotropic effects on flowering development and epidermal cell size through the regulation of endoreduplication.
Overexpression of ETC3 results in the suppression of trichomes and overproduction of root hairs, as observed for CPC, TRY, ETC1 and ETC2.
Slightly lower NDH activity in immature leaves. No chlorophyll fluorescence increase in mature leaves. Smaller version of the NAD(P)H dehydrogenase-photosystem I supercomplex (NDH-PSI) supercomplex (PubMed:19903870). In the double mutant lhca5 lhca6, drastic reduction of NDH subunits accumulation upon increased light intensity (PubMed:21278308).
The LHC complex consists of chlorophyll a-b binding proteins (PubMed:19903870). Homodimer. Binds pigments (By similarity). Element of the NAD(P)H dehydrogenase-photosystem I supercomplex (NDH-PSI) (PubMed:19903870).
The light-harvesting complex (LHC) functions as a light receptor, it captures and delivers excitation energy to photosystems with which it is closely associated. Seems involved in the function of the photosystem I in low light conditions, when other LHCA proteins are less abundant. Required, together with LHCA5, for the formation of a full-size NAD(P)H dehydrogenase-photosystem I supercomplex (NDH-PSI) that triggers cyclic and chlororespiratory electron transport in chloroplast thylakoids, especially under stress conditions (e.g. increased light intensity).
Belongs to the uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase family.
Catalyzes the decarboxylation of four acetate groups of uroporphyrinogen-III to yield coproporphyrinogen-III.
Up-regulated by light. Not regulated by circadian rhythm.
Mostly expressed in floral organs, and, at low levels, in other organs.
The double mutant nac050 nac052 exhibits early flowering and increased H3K4 methylation on specific genes, thus leading to their derepression (PubMed:25578968). Impaired RNA-mediated gene silencing (PubMed:26617990).
Transcriptional repressor that binds to the motif 5'-(C/T)A(C/A)G-3' in the promoter of target genes (PubMed:25578968). Binds also to the 5'-CTTGNNNNNCAAG-3' consensus sequence in chromatin (PubMed:26617990). Can bind to the mitochondrial dysfunction motif (MDM) present in the upstream regions of mitochondrial dysfunction stimulon (MDS) genes involved in mitochondrial retrograde regulation (MRR) (PubMed:24045019). Together with NAC051/NAC052 and JMJ14, regulates gene expression and flowering time by associating with the histone demethylase JMJ14, probably by the promotion of RNA-mediated gene silencing (PubMed:25578968, PubMed:26617990).
Becomes more restricted to the distal region of the root tip upon addition of aluminum (Al).
Forms multimers through the coiled-coil domain.
Hypersensitivity to DNA-damaging agents including UVB, gamma-radiation, aphidicolin, ionizing radiation and hydroxyurea (HU) (PubMed:19619159, PubMed:19619158). Defective in cell-cycle G2/M arrest in response to DNA damage (PubMed:19619159, PubMed:19619158). Reversed extreme hypersensitivity to aluminum (Al) of the mutant als3-1, including Al-dependent terminal differentiation of the root tip and transition to endoreduplication. Increased tolerance to Al (PubMed:28556304).
Required for tolerance to DNA-damaging and cross-linking agents such as UVB irradiation, gamma-radiation, aphidicolin, ionizing radiation and hydroxyurea (HU), cisplatin (CDDP) and mitomycin C (MMC) (PubMed:19619159, PubMed:19619158, PubMed:28556304). Involved in cell-cycle G2/M arrest in response to DNA damage (PubMed:19619159, PubMed:19619158). Required for aluminum-dependent gene regulation and root growth inhibition in an ATR-dependent manner by halting cell cycle progression and triggering loss of the quiescent center (QC) (PubMed:28556304).
Expressed in leaves, flowers and developing seeds.
May act as an acid--thiol ligase that activates carboxylic acids by forming acyl-CoAs.
May be involved in the regulation of root hairs development. Required for restricting both the size of the root-hair initiation site and the width of the root hairs during the transition to tip growth, but is not required for normal subsequent tip growth.
Belongs to the expansin family. Expansin A subfamily.
Causes loosening and extension of plant cell walls by disrupting non-covalent bonding between cellulose microfibrils and matrix glucans. No enzymatic activity has been found (By similarity). Target of the transcriptional activator LBD18. Regulated by LBD18 to promote lateral root formation (PubMed:23872272).
Causes loosening and extension of plant cell walls by disrupting non-covalent bonding between cellulose microfibrils and matrix glucans. No enzymatic activity has been found.
Expressed during lateral root development.
Plants silencing EXPA17 exhibit reduced number of emerged lateral roots. Plants over-expressing EXPA17 show increased density of emerged lateral roots.
Binds to 14-3-3 proteins. The binding is induced by phosphorylation of Thr-948. Binding to 14-3-3 proteins activates the H(+)-ATPase (By similarity).
The plasma membrane H(+) ATPase of plants and fungi generates a proton gradient that drives the active transport of nutrients by H(+)-symport. The resulting external acidification and/or internal alkinization may mediate growth responses (By similarity).
May be involved in the suppression of BCHC1 activity.
Component of SCF(EBF1) E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes, which may mediate the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins (probably including EIN3 and EIL1). Regulator of the ethylene signaling cascade by modulating the stability of EIN3 and EIL1 proteins.
Part of a SCF (SKP1-cullin-F-box) protein ligase complex. Interacts with CUL1, SKP1A/ASK1, SKP1B/ASK2, EIN3, and EIL1.
(Microbial infection) Accumulates 2 days post infection with turnip crinkle virus (TCV) (PubMed:24418554).
(Microbial infection) Compromised function in defense response pathway when interacting with the invading viral capsid protein (CP) of turnip crinkle virus (TCV) due to abnormal subcellular localization.
(Microbial infection) Interacts via its C-terminal region with the N-terminal region of the turnip crinkle virus (TCV) capsid protein (CP); this interaction prevents its nuclear localization and inhibits its function in basal resistance response pathway.
Increased replication of turnip crinkle virus (TCV) and cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) (PubMed:18785827, PubMed:24418554). Normal HRT-mediated hypersensitive response (HR) and resistance to TCV (PubMed:18785827). Delayed flower development in antisense asTIP plants (PubMed:24418554).
Induced by bacterial pathogens type III effector proteins (TTEs).
Phosphorylated at Thr-142. Phosphorylation at Thr-142 is required for nuclear import.
Transcription activator essential for the anti-viral defense called virus basal resistance response pathway (PubMed:11041886, PubMed:15629774, PubMed:18785827, PubMed:24418554). Not involved in HRT-mediated hypersensitive response (HR) and resistance to TCV (PubMed:18785827). Binds DNA non specifically (PubMed:15629774). Activated by proteolytic cleavage through regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP) (By similarity).
Belongs to the ATP phosphoribosyltransferase family. Long subfamily.
Catalyzes the condensation of ATP and 5-phosphoribose 1-diphosphate to form N'-(5'-phosphoribosyl)-ATP (PR-ATP).
Component of the CUL4-RBX1-DDB1-DCAF1 E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex, DCAF1 may function as the substrate recognition module within this complex. Appears to be required for plant embryogenesis and to affect several other developmental processes including leaf, shoot, and flower development.
Component of the CUL4-RBX1-DDB1-DCAF1 E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex. Interacts with DDB1A through its DWD motifs.
Embryonic development is arrested at the globular stage.
The DWD boxes are required for interaction with DDB1A.
Ubiquitous but predominantly expressed in the inflorescence and roots.
Causes loosening and extension of plant cell walls by disrupting non-covalent bonding between cellulose microfibrils and matrix glucans. No enzymatic activity has been found (By similarity).
Expressed in the leaf, but not in the epidermis or in the vascular bundles.
Belongs to the RNA polymerase beta' chain family.
Blocked in the perpetuation of CNN, CG and CNG methylation in repeated endogenous DNA accompanied by a reduction in long 24-26 nt siRNAs. Transient loss of post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) in young leaves. Reduction of heterochromatin association into chromocenters, coincident with losses in cytosine methylation at pericentromeric 5S gene clusters and AtSN1 retroelements. Altered cell-to-cell movement of siRNAs beyond the vasculature. Release of transposon silencing. Not impaired RNA-directed DNA methylation-dependent (RdDM) silencing. Defective in the maintenance of post-transcriptional RNA silencing.
Component of the RNA polymerase IV complex. Interacts with NRPD2, NRPD3, NRPD3B, NRPD4, NRPD5, NRPD5B, NRPD6A, NRPD7, NRPD7B, NRPD9A, NRPD9B, NRPD10, NRPD11, NRPD12, RDR2, RDM4, CLSY1, CLSY2, CLSY3, CLSY4 and SHH1.
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates (By similarity). Largest and catalytic component of RNA polymerase IV which mediates 24-nt short-interfering RNAs (siRNA) accumulation. Implicated in siRNA-directed heterochromatin formation through the action of DCL3 and AGO4, and subsequent DNA methylation-dependent silencing of targeted sequences. Essential component of a self-reinforcing loop coupling de novo DNA methylation to siRNA production. Required for intercellular but not intracellular RNA interference (RNAi) leading to systemic post-transcriptional gene silencing. Involved in the maintenance of post-transcriptional RNA silencing.
Mostly expressed in flowers, and, to a lower extent, in leaves.
Expressed in the endosperm of fertilized ovules.
Modulates the seed size by negatively regulating the cellularization of syncytial endosperm.
Mostly expressed in stems, leaves and flowers, and, to a lower extent, in seedlings, roots and seeds.
ATP-dependent 3'-5' DNA helicase, component of the general transcription and DNA repair factor IIH (TFIIH) core complex, which is involved in general and transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair (NER) of damaged DNA and, when complexed to CAK, in RNA transcription by RNA polymerase II. In NER, TFIIH acts by opening DNA around the lesion to allow the excision of the damaged oligonucleotide and its replacement by a new DNA fragment. The ATPase activity of XPB, but not its helicase activity, is required for DNA opening. In transcription, TFIIH has an essential role in transcription initiation. When the pre-initiation complex (PIC) has been established, TFIIH is required for promoter opening and promoter escape. The ATP-dependent helicase activity of XPB is required for promoter opening and promoter escape. Phosphorylation of the C-terminal tail (CTD) of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II by the kinase module CAK controls the initiation of transcription.
Belongs to the helicase family. RAD25/XPB subfamily.
Catalyzes the reduction of methionine sulfoxide (MetSO) to methionine in proteins. Plays a protective role against oxidative stress by restoring activity to proteins that have been inactivated by methionine oxidation. Involved in cold tolerance. Eliminates MetSO and reactive oxygen species that accumulate at the ER during cold acclimation. MSRB family specifically reduces the MetSO R-enantiomer (By similarity).
Increased methionine sulfoxide content after cold treatment. Increased sensitivity to oxidative stress induced by cold. Loss of cold acclimation.
Catalyzes the conversion of UDP-D-glucuronate to a mixture of UDP-D-apiose and UDP-D-xylose. D-Apiose (3-C-hydroxymethyl-d-erythrose) is the only plant cell wall monosaccharide with a branched carbon skeleton and is found in rhamnogalacturonan II (RG-II), apiogalacturonan, and several apioglycosides (By similarity).
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 2 family. Plant cellulose synthase-like B subfamily.
Expressed in young seedlings, primarily in the vascular tissue.
Thought to be a Golgi-localized beta-glycan synthase that polymerize the backbones of noncellulosic polysaccharides (hemicelluloses) of plant cell wall.
Expressed in cotyledons during embryogenesis. Expressed during ovule development (PubMed:25378179).
Expressed in cotyledons, particularly in the vascular region, in leaves, roots, buds, flowers and immature siliques.
Interacts with AHL27 and AHL29 (PubMed:24218605). Interacts with SPL (PubMed:25527103, PubMed:25378179). Interacts with JGB (PubMed:27468890, PubMed:24218605, PubMed:25378179, PubMed:25527103). Interacts with GI (via N-terminus) (PubMed:28628608).
Transcription factor playing a pivotal role in the control of morphogenesis of shoot organs by negatively regulating the expression of boundary-specific genes such as CUC genes, probably through the induction of miRNA (e.g. miR164) (PubMed:12931144, PubMed:17307931). Required during early steps of embryogenesis (PubMed:15634699). Participates in ovule develpment (PubMed:25378179). Activates LOX2 expression by binding to the 5'-GGACCA-3' motif found in its promoter (PubMed:18816164, PubMed:12931144, PubMed:15634699, PubMed:17307931, PubMed:25378179). Activates YUC5 transcription by binding to the 5'-GTGGGCCA-3' motif found in its promoter (PubMed:27597774). Through the activation of YUC5 transcription, integrates the auxin response to a brassinosteroid-dependent molecular circuit that promotes cell elongation in hypocotyls (PubMed:27597774). Activates GIS transcription by binding to the 5'-TGGTCC-3' motif found in its promoter (PubMed:29165850). Involved in the regulation of trichome branching through the activation of GIS transcription (PubMed:29165850). Activates CO transcription by binding to the 5'-GGACCAC-3' motif found in its promoter (PubMed:28628608). Involved in the regulation of photoperiodic flowering through the activation of CO transcription (PubMed:28628608). Activates TCL1 and TCL2 transcription by binding to the 5'-TGGCCA-3' and 5'-GTGGACCA-3' motifS found in their respective promoters (PubMed:31575625). Involved in the suppression of trichome initiaition through the activation of TCL1 and TCL2 transcription (PubMed:31575625). Activates HAT2 transcription by binding to the 5'-TGGTCCAC-3' motif found in its promoter (PubMed:30742619). Through the activation of HAT2 transcription, involved in the auxin-independent reprogramming of mitotic cells to exit division and acquire differentiation competence within the transition zone (PubMed:30742619).
Component of the PEX13-PEX14 docking complex, a translocon channel that specifically mediates the import of peroxisomal cargo proteins bound to PEX5 receptor (PubMed:16813573, PubMed:17478547, PubMed:19594707). The PEX13-PEX14 docking complex forms a large import pore which can be opened to a diameter of about 9 nm (By similarity). Mechanistically, PEX5 receptor along with cargo proteins associates with the PEX14 subunit of the PEX13-PEX14 docking complex in the cytosol, leading to the insertion of the receptor into the organelle membrane with the concomitant translocation of the cargo into the peroxisome matrix (By similarity). Essential for pollen-tube discharge that take place only in the presence of functional peroxisomes in either the male or the female gametophyte (PubMed:18160292).
Highly expressed in pollen. Detected in shoots, roots, stems, leaves, inflorescences and emasculated postils. Strongly expressed in both male and female gametophytes during fertilization.
Interacts with PEX14; forming the PEX13-PEX14 docking complex (By similarity). Interacts (via N-terminus) with PEX7, but not with PEX5 (PubMed:16813573). Interacts with APEM9 (via N-terminus) (PubMed:24510720).
Controls inflorescence meristem identity and is required for maintenance of an indeterminate inflorescence. Prevents the expression of 'APETALA1' and 'LEAFY'. Also plays a role in the regulation of the time of flowering in the long-day flowering pathway. May form complexes with phosphorylated ligands by interfering with kinases and their effectors (By similarity).
Expressed below the apical dome of inflorescence and coflorescence meristems, and in inflorescence stem.
Mutagenesis of His-88 to Tyr converts the repressor of flowering 'TERMINAL FLOWER 1' into a 'FLOWERING LOCUS T'-like activator of flowering.
Weakly expressed in vegetative phase from day 2 or day 3. Increased expression after commitment to flowering from day 7 on.
Belongs to the HAD-like hydrolase superfamily. SerB family.
Catalyzes the last step in the plastidial phosphorylated pathway of serine biosynthesis (PPSB). The reaction mechanism proceeds via the formation of a phosphoryl-enzyme intermediates. Required for embryo, pollen and root development. May be required preferentially for serine biosynthesis in non-photosynthetic tissues.
Ubiquitous. Mainly expressed in shoot and root meristems, vasculature, pollen, anthers, carpels and seeds.
Up-regulated in aerial parts by 8 hours exposure to darkness, whereas longer exposure down-regulate expression in both roots and aerial parts.
Nuclease required for the repair of DNA interstrand cross-links (ICL). Acts as a 5'-3' exonuclease that anchors at a cut end of DNA and cleaves DNA successively at every third nucleotide, allowing to excise an ICL from one strand through flanking incisions.
Nuclease required for the repair of DNA interstrand cross-links (ICLs) (PubMed:25779053). Acts as a 5'-3' exonuclease that anchors at a cut end of DNA and cleaves DNA successively at every third nucleotide, allowing to excise an ICL from one strand through flanking incisions (By similarity). May act upstream of the helicase RECQL4A and the ATPase RAD5A, which is involved in error-free post-replicative repair. Functions independently of MUS81 pathway, but in a similar pathway with RECQ4A, RAD5A and MFH1 in ICL repair (PubMed:25779053).
Homodimer (By similarity). Interacts with phytochrome B (phyB).
No visible phenotype. Voz1 and voz2 double mutant displays a late flowering phenotype under long-day conditions.
The VOZ region includes a DNA-binding domain and a dimerization domain. Contains an atypical zinc-finger followed by a basic region structurally related to the NAC domain.
Transcriptional activator acting positively in the phytochrome B signaling pathway. Functions redundantly with VOZ2 to promote flowering downstream of phytochrome B (phyB). Down-regulates 'FLOWERING LOCUS C' (FLC) and up-regulates 'FLOWERING LOCUS T' (FT). Binds to the 38-bp cis-acting region of the AVP1 gene. Interacts with phyB in the cytoplasm and is translocated to the nucleus at signal transmission, where it is subjected to degradation in a phytochrome-dependent manner.
Ubiquitous. Expressed in the vascular bundles of various tissues, specifically in the phloem.
Expressed in a ring surrounding the center of meristems extended in the cortex of developing stems and older pedicels. Present in all developing floral organs, especially in anthers and gynoecium (mainly in ovules). Observed in anthers at stage 2 in the archesporial cells. At stage 3, localized in the primary sporogenous and primary parietal cells. Subsequently preferentially expressed in the sporogenous cells at anther stage 4. Later restricted to the tapetum and pollen mother cells (PMCs) before disappearing progressively.
Expressed in seedlings, roots, rosette leaves, stems, inflorescences, flowers and siliques.
Interacts with BAM1 and CLV1. Binds to the CLV3, CLE11, CLE18, CLE19, CLE22, CLE25, CLE26, CLE40, CLE41 and CLE42 mature peptides, probably via its extracellular leucine-rich repeat region.
Necessary for male gametophyte development, as well as ovule specification and function. Involved in cell-cell communication process required during early anther development, and regulating cell division and differentiation to organize cell layers. Required for the development of high-ordered vascular strands within the leaf and a correlated control of leaf shape, size and symmetry. May regulate the CLV1-dependent CLV3-mediated signaling in meristems maintenance.
Rescues partially CLV3 disruption. When associated with BAM1 disruption, abnormal anthers at a very early stage and later lack of endothecium, middle and tapetum layers. Loss of stem cells at the shoot and flower meristems.
Binds to the embryo specification element and the ABA-responsive element (ABRE) of the Dc3 gene promoter. Could participate in abscisic acid-regulated gene expression during seed development.
DNA-binding heterodimer with ABI5/DPBF1, DPBF2 or EEL/DPBF4. Interacts with the AFP proteins AFP1, AFP2, AFP3 and AFP4.
Belongs to the ATPase alpha/beta chains family.
F-type ATPases have 2 components, CF(1) - the catalytic core - and CF(0) - the membrane proton channel. CF(1) has five subunits: alpha(3), beta(3), gamma(1), delta(1), epsilon(1). CF(0) has three main subunits: a, b and c (By similarity).
Mitochondrial membrane ATP synthase (F(1)F(0) ATP synthase or Complex V) produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane which is generated by electron transport complexes of the respiratory chain. F-type ATPases consist of two structural domains, F(1) - containing the extramembraneous catalytic core, and F(0) - containing the membrane proton channel, linked together by a central stalk and a peripheral stalk. During catalysis, ATP synthesis in the catalytic domain of F(1) is coupled via a rotary mechanism of the central stalk subunits to proton translocation. Subunits alpha and beta form the catalytic core in F(1). Rotation of the central stalk against the surrounding alpha(3)beta(3) subunits leads to hydrolysis of ATP in three separate catalytic sites on the beta subunits.
May have a structural role to stabilize the lipid body during desiccation of the seed by preventing coalescence of the oil. Probably interacts with both lipid and phospholipid moieties of lipid bodies. May also provide recognition signals for specific lipase anchorage in lipolysis during seedling growth (By similarity).
Bifunctional wax ester synthase/diacylglycerol acyltransferase (PubMed:18621978). Involved in cuticular wax biosynthesis (PubMed:18621978, PubMed:30729606). Required to reduce leaf water loss, especially during drought (PubMed:30729606).
Expressed in flowers, siliques, top parts of stems, and leaves (PubMed:18621978, PubMed:30729606). Not found in roots, seeds and young seedlings (PubMed:18621978).
Severe reduction in wax alkyl esters (PubMed:18621978). Reduced wax ester coverage on leaves and stems during normal and drought conditions leading to compromised growth and relative water content due to an increased leaf water loss, especially during drought (PubMed:30729606).
Up-regulated in the stem epidermis during active wax synthesis (PubMed:16299169). Induced in roots during drought and salt stresses, and upon abscisic acid (ABA) treatment (PubMed:30729606).
Expressed in pollen tubes and seedlings.
Involved in the pollen tube perception of the female signal by binding an unidentified female attractant (PubMed:26863186). May be involved in the regulation of root hairs development (PubMed:16367956).
Altered microtubule-dependent dynamics of cellulase synthase (CESA) complexes (CSCs) (PubMed:22190487, PubMed:21150290, PubMed:20616083, PubMed:22294619, PubMed:22751327, PubMed:23623553, PubMed:24368796). Reduced cellulose content, with abnormal organization of cellulose microfibrils (PubMed:20616083, PubMed:23623553). Anisotropic growth defect; abnormal cell expansion, such as reduced cell elongation but increased cell volume, leading to radially swollen epidermal cells in both primary root and dark-grown hypocotyls, as well as dwarfism (PubMed:7743935, PubMed:21150290, PubMed:20616083, PubMed:22294619, PubMed:22190487, PubMed:22427339, PubMed:24368796). Organ and cell twisting leading to alterated phyllotaxis, such as subtle right-handed torsion of the inflorescence stems and hypocotyls, and associated with altered microtubule organization and uncoupled cellulose deposition from cortical microtubules (PubMed:22294619, PubMed:23623553). Reduced fertility due to smaller gynoecia with fewer ovules, heterostyly, the inability of anthers to release pollen, and pollen defects displaying irregular or collapsed cell wall morphologies as well as altered pollen tube development (PubMed:22427339, PubMed:21150290, PubMed:20616083, PubMed:22294619). Defective anther dehiscence. Decreased number of ovules per gynoecium. Hypersensitive to the microtubule-disrupting drug oryzalin. Altered depolymerization of cortical microtubules in response to dehydration. Enhanced sensitivity to exogenous calcium leading to root growth inhibition (PubMed:22427339). The csi1 csi3 double mutants shows an enhanced cell expansion defect compared to csi1 as well as an additive reduction of cellulase synthase (CESA) complexes (CSCs) velocities (PubMed:24368796).
Associates with cellulase synthase (CESA) complexes (PubMed:20616083, PubMed:22751327). Interacts with CESA1, CESA3 and CESA6 (PubMed:20616083, PubMed:24368796). Binds to cortical microtubules (PubMed:22190487, PubMed:22427339, PubMed:22751327).
Expressed in seedlings, roots, stems, leaves, flowers and pollen (PubMed:20616083, PubMed:22427339). Highly expressed in floral tissues (PubMed:22427339).
Regulator of the microtubular cytoskeleton (PubMed:22427339). Microtubule-associated protein essential for the functional association of cellulase synthase (CESA) complexes (CSCs) and cortical microtubules (PubMed:22294619, PubMed:22190487, PubMed:22751327, PubMed:23623553, PubMed:24368796). Promotes dynamics of CSCs in the plasma membrane (PubMed:21150290, PubMed:20616083, PubMed:22294619, PubMed:22190487, PubMed:22751327, PubMed:23623553, PubMed:24368796). Regulates primary cell wall biosynthesis and cellulose microfibrils organization (PubMed:21150290, PubMed:20616083, PubMed:23623553). Required for the regulation of root cell elongation/expansion (PubMed:7743935, PubMed:21150290, PubMed:20616083, PubMed:22294619, PubMed:22427339). Necessary for the formation of ovules, pollen cell wall morphogenesis and pollen tube development (PubMed:22294619). Involved in anther dehiscence, via dehydration-induced microtubule depolymerization and reorganization. May play a role in early gynoecial development (PubMed:22427339).
Strongly expressed in the stigma and pollen grains. Present at lower levels in sepals, filaments, and anther wall. Absent from the ovary.
Target of the cellulase synthase (CESA) complexes (CSCs) trafficking inhibitor CESTRIN, which reduces cellulose content and alters anisotropic growth of hypocotyls; CESTRIN treatment inhibits the dynamics of CSCs.
Expressed in petals, carpels and seed pods.
Involved in the processing and degradation of storage proteins.
Belongs to the cystatin family. Phytocystatin subfamily.
Specific inhibitor of cysteine proteinases. Probably involved in the regulation of endogenous processes and in defense against pests and pathogens (By similarity).
Belongs to the eukaryotic-type primase large subunit family.
DNA primase is the polymerase that synthesizes small RNA primers for the Okazaki fragments made during discontinuous DNA replication.
Heterodimer of a small subunit and a large subunit.
Autophosphorylated and phosphorylated by ALE2.
Controls formative cell division in meristems, including root tips and lateral root initiation zones of the pericycle, in response to CLE40 signal. Acts with CLE40p peptide as a ligand-receptor pair in a signal transduction pathway, coordinating movement of the root tip and organization of cell divisions in the root meristem. Required during embryogenesis and development, probably for the differentiation of protoderm and epidermal cells. Involved in the regulation of cellular organization during the development of sepal margins and ovule integument outgrowth and promotes giant cell formation (PubMed:25315606). Can phosphorylate ALE2.
Expressed in seedlings, floral buds, siliques, leaves, shoot apical meristems (SAM), and, to a lower extent, in roots.
First observed in all young embryo cells. At the globular stage, restricted to apical region. Later confined to the protoderm area leading to cotyledon primordia and the root apex. In mature embryos, mostly localized in the L1 layer of the SAM, apical regions of cotyledons and the root apex, and, to a lower extent, in protoderm of other regions. In seedlings, expressed in developing tissues of the shoot, including the SAM and epidermis of organs primordia, especially in L1 layer cells. In roots, localized in quiescent center (QC) central cells, columella initials and cells below the QC, the lateral root cap (LRC) and the initial cells destined to give rise to the root epidermal cell file and the LRC. Expressed in epidermal emerged from under the LRC, with levels vanishing in elongation zone. Specifically detected in the small daughter cells after the first asymmetric pericycle cell division during lateral roots emergence. Subsequently, the expression expands to the adjacent small daughter cells from the second asymmetric cell division, resulting in a central core-specific expression pattern.
Homodimer (Probable). Interacts with PP2A3 (PubMed:26792519).
Reduced fertility due to abnormal embryogenesis and integument formation. Abnormal seed coat and leaves epidermis, with transient fusion between adjacent developing leaves and reduced hydrophobicity of leaf surfaces. Decreased numbers of giant cells in sepal epidermis of acr4-24 (PubMed:25315606).
Atypical receptor-like kinase involved in disease resistance.
Expressed in shoots, rosette and cauline leaves, stems, flowers and siliques.
Gain-of-function mutant plants snc4-1D show a dwarf phenotype, express constitutively the defense marker genes PR1, PR2, and PDF1.2, and display enhanced resistance to Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis isolate NOCO2.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the glycerophosphoryl diester phosphodiesterase family.
The two glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase domains are predicted to be extracellular and the kinase domain cytoplasmic.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants exhibit loss of tropic response to gravity when reoriented relative to the gravity vector in the cold.
Plays a role in the gravitropic response of the inflorescence stems and roots. May affect the synthesis of flavonols that have a role in regulating auxin transport.
Dimer or oligomer. Interacts with PVA11/VAP27.
Plant-specific actin binding protein. Part of a membrane-cytoskeletal adapter complex that forms a bridge between the endoplasmic reticulum and the plasma membrane.
The C-terminus is involved in oligomerization and is essential for membrane association. The NAB domain, also called NAB (NET actin-binding) domain, is involved in F-actin binding.
Belongs to the acyl-CoA dehydrogenase family.
Catalyzes the desaturation of short-chain acyl-CoAs to 2-trans-enoyl-CoAs (PubMed:10212254, PubMed:15743450). Active on butyryl-CoA (C4), hexanoyl-CoA (C6), and octanoyl-CoA (C8) (PubMed:10212254). Has no activity as acyl-CoA dehydrogenase or on crotonyl-CoA (an unsaturated C4:1 carbocyclic ester) or glutaryl-CoA (a dicarboxylic ester) (PubMed:10212254). Peroxisomal fatty acid beta-oxidation is essential for embryo development (PubMed:12682048). Acts as a suppressor of transcriptional silencing (PubMed:31064880). Required for nuclear histone acetylation and DNA demethylation at some endogenous genomic loci (PubMed:31064880).
Induced by seed imbibition with a peak at day 5 to 7. Decreases after illumination but still detectable 5 days after illumination (PubMed:10212254).
Particularly abundant in etiolated cotyledons. Also present in flowers, roots and siliques, but not detected in green cotyledons, rosette leaves and stems.
An extended PIP motif (50-69) is sufficient for abscission induction.
Expressed only during floral abscission.
Expressed specifically in the floral abscission zone.
Floral organs remain attached to the plant body after the shedding of mature seeds despite a normal floral abscission zone development, including abnormal petal breakstrength (pBS) (PubMed:12972671, PubMed:23963677). Delayed cell-wall loosening during shedding associated with less pronounced and delayed abscission zone (AZ) cells rounding (PubMed:23963677).
IDA is processed in vitro by the same proteolytic activity releasing the CLE peptide from CLV3.
IDL1 is capable of replacing the activity of IDA while IDL2, IDL3, IDL4 and IDL5 are only partially redundant.
Involved in an ethylene-independent separation step of floral abscission (PubMed:18660431, PubMed:23963677, PubMed:27058169). Promotes abscission zone (AZ) cells rounding (PubMed:23963677, PubMed:27058169). May act with RLK5 and HSL2 as ligand-receptor pairs (PubMed:18660431).
Expressed in rosette leaves, cauline leaves, stems and flowers.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants exhibit increased sensitivity to salt stress.
Probable RNA-binding protein that may be involved in salt and oxidative stress tolerance.
'Golven' means irregular waves in Dutch.
Binds to LRR receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinases RGI1, RGI2 and RGI3 to trigger their dimerization with SERK proteins and subsequent signaling.
Expressed in roots, shoots, leaves and flowers.
In roots, expressed only in the quiescent center (QC) and the columella stem cells (CC) initials (PubMed:23370719). Slightly observed in additional underlying CCs and in the vascular initials above the QC (PubMed:23370719). Induced early during lateral root formation (PubMed:23370719).
Signaling peptide (root growth factor) that maintains the postembryonic root stem cell niche (PubMed:20798316). Regulates the pattern of root growth and lateral root development by modulating the length and the number of cortical cells in the root apical meristem (RAM), and the anticlinal asymmetric cell divisions in lateral root initiation cells (PubMed:22307643, PubMed:23370719).
By abscisic acid (ABA), dehydration and salt stress in roots. Isoform alpha is up-regulated in leaves but not in roots upon salt treatment. Isoforn beta is up-regulated by salt treatment in both roots and leaves.
Involved in oxidative stress tolerance by detoxifying reactive aldehydes derived from lipid peroxidation. Medium- to long-chain saturated aldehydes are preferred substrates, while the short-chain aldehyde propanal is a weak substrate. Is strictely NAD(+) specific.
Isoform alpha is expressed in expanded leaves and flowers. Detected in seedlings. Isoform beta is mainly expressed in flowers. Detected in leaves and seedlings.
Produced by alternative splicing. Maybe not translated into a protein or accumulates at a level below detection.
Thiol-based regulation. Inactivation after dimerization under oxidizing conditions.
Ubiquitin exists either covalently attached to another protein, or free (unanchored). When covalently bound, it is conjugated to target proteins via an isopeptide bond either as a monomer (monoubiquitin), a polymer linked via different Lys residues of the ubiquitin (polyubiquitin chains) or a linear polymer linked via the initiator Met of the ubiquitin (linear polyubiquitin chains). Polyubiquitin chains, when attached to a target protein, have different functions depending on the Lys residue of the ubiquitin that is linked: Lys-11-linked is involved in ERAD (endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation) and in cell-cycle regulation; Lys-29-linked is involved in lysosomal degradation; Lys-33-linked is involved in kinase modification; Lys-48-linked is involved in protein degradation via the proteasome; Lys-63-linked is involved in endocytosis, and DNA-damage responses. Linear polymer chains formed via attachment by the initiator Met lead to cell signaling. Ubiquitin is usually conjugated to Lys residues of target proteins, however, in rare cases, conjugation to Cys or Ser residues has been observed. When polyubiquitin is free (unanchored-polyubiquitin), it also has distinct roles, such as in activation of protein kinases, and in signaling (By similarity).
Ubiquitin is encoded by 16 different genes. Ubiquitin is generally synthesized as a polyubiquitin precursor with tandem head to tail repeats. Often, there is one to three additional amino acids after the last repeat, removed in the mature protein. Alternatively, ubiquitin extension protein is synthesized as a single copy of ubiquitin fused to a ribosomal protein (either eL40 or eS31) or to a ubiquitin-related protein (either RUB1 or RUB2). Following translation, extension protein is cleaved from ubiquitin.
Expressed in seedlings, roots, cotyledons, leaves and sepals.
Interacts with RABH1B and RABH1C, but not with RABD1 or RABD2A.
The C-terminal domain (817-956) is necessary and sufficient for Golgi and cytoplasm targeting.
Homodimer. Binds ABA on one subunit only. Binds to CARs protein in an ABA-independent manner, both at the plasma membrane and in the nucleus (By similarity). Interacts with ABI1, and possibly with other PP2Cs (PubMed:19874541).
Receptor for abscisic acid (ABA) required for ABA-mediated responses such as stomatal closure and germination inhibition. Inhibits the activity of group-A protein phosphatases type 2C (PP2Cs) when activated by ABA.
Plays an essential role in chain termination during de novo fatty acid synthesis.
Plays an essential role in chain termination during de novo fatty acid synthesis. Possesses high thioesterase activity for oleoyl-ACP versus other acyl-ACPs.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS14 family.
Detected in floral apices, young ovule primordia, and young anthers with immature pollen, but not in older anthers with mature pollen. After fertilization, expressed in globular embryos.
Embryonic lethality due to impaired fertilization. The pollen tube fails to arrest and continues to grow inside the female gametophyte. Disturbed MLO7 relocalization to the filiform apparatus upon pollen tube arrival at the micropyle. Severe cell elongation defect in RNAi mutants with decreased FER expression. In fer-2 seedlings, altered responsiveness to brassinosteroids but increased ethylene response during the regulation of hypocotyl elongation. Increased resistance to powdery mildew (e.g. Golovinomyces orontii). Abscisic acid- (ABA)- hypersensitive response. Longer roots. Insensitivity to RALF1-mediated root-growth inbibition but hypersensitive to cation lithium inhibition.
Expressed in leaves, buds, flowers, siliques, young ovules primordia, and young anthers with immature pollen, but not detected in mature pollen. Highest expression in the synergid cells of the female gametophyte.
Female paralog of ANXUR, a male factor expressed in pollen tube that controls release of the sperm cell.
Interacts with ROPGEF1 (PubMed:20876100). Interacts with RALF1; triggering phosphorylation status and subsequent activation (PubMed:24458638). Interacts with LRE and LLG1 (PubMed:26052747). Interacts, via its extracellular domain, with FERONIA at the synergid cell surface (PubMed:27524487).
Named after the Etruscan goddess of fertility Feronia.
Phosphorylated at Ser-858, Ser-871 and Ser-874 upon activation by RALF1.
Receptor-like protein kinase that mediates the female control of male gamete delivery during fertilization, including growth cessation of compatible pollen tubes ensuring a reproductive isolation barriers, by regulating MLO7 subcellular polarization upon pollen tube perception in the female gametophyte synergids. Required for cell elongation during vegetative growth, mostly in a brassinosteroids- (BR-) independent manner. Acts as an upstream regulator for the Rac/Rop-signaling pathway that controls ROS-mediated root hair development. Seems to regulate a cross-talk between brassinosteroids and ethylene signaling pathways during hypocotyl elongation. Negative regulator of brassinosteroid response in light-grown hypocotyls, but required for brassinosteroid response in etiolated seedlings. Mediates sensitivity to powdery mildew (e.g. Golovinomyces orontii). Positive regulator of auxin-promoted growth that represses the abscisic acid (ABA) signaling via the activation of ABI2 phosphatase. Required for RALF1-mediated extracellular alkalinization in a signaling pathway preventing cell expansion.
There are nine genes coding for beta-tubulin. The sequences coded by genes 2 and 3 are identical.
Associates with cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and plays an essential role in the regulation of the cell cycle that affects plant growth rate. May inhibit both the G1/S and G2/M phases.
Binds to the catalytic subunit of the cyclin dependent kinases and is essential for their biological function.
Interacts with CDKA-1 (PubMed:10100639, PubMed:11319029, PubMed:9276444, PubMed:20706207). Interacts with CDKB1-1, CDKB1-2 and CDKB2-1 (PubMed:11319029, PubMed:9276444, PubMed:11432958). Interacts with CYCD2-1 and At4g14310 (PubMed:20706207).
Plants overexpressing CKS1 show reduced leaf size and root growth rates resulting from an increase of the cell-cycle duration with an equal extension of both G1 and G2 phases and a shortening of the meristem.
Probable chloroplast-localized Mn(2+)/H(+) and/or Ca(2+)/H(+) antiporter regulating Ca(2+), Mn(2+) and pH homeostasis.
May be involved in the transport of nicotianamine-chelated metals.
Gibberellin-regulated protein that may function in hormonal controlled steps of development such as seed germination, flowering and seed maturation.
By auxin, gibberellin, abscisic acid (ABA) and kinetin in roots.
Developmental defects, reduced plant size, early flowering and decreased number of inflorescence secondary branches.
Does not display typical F-actin depolymerizing activity. Exhibits a high ability to stabilize and cross-link actin filaments. Functions as an actin bundling protein with the highest efficiency under acidic conditions (PubMed:21570971). May play a role in the modulation of levels of histone H3 lysine 4 trimethylation and H3 lysine 9 and 14 acetylation at the FLC locus (PubMed:18830798).
Catalyzes the NADH-dependent reduction of hydroxypyruvate into glycerate in the photorespiratory core cycle. Mediates fatty acid beta-oxidation in germinating seeds when malate dehydrogenase is absent.
Induced by drought. Accumulates in response to light, but transiently repressed in darkness.
Present in leaves (at protein level). Mostly expressed in photosynthetic tissues such as leaves, stems, flowers, buds, and, to a lower extent, in siliques and roots.
Very low NADH-dependent hydroxypyruvate reductase activity in leaves. Under short days, slower growth and delayed bolting. Slight accumulation of metabolites with long turnover half-times that become dissimilated during the dark. Perturbated photorespiration-related gas exchange. When associated with HPR2 disruption, strong air-sensitivity and dramatic reduction in photosynthetic performance.
Homodimer and heterodimer with KCA1 (PubMed:15247388). Interacts with CDKA-1 (PubMed:15247388). Interacts with At4g14310 (PubMed:20706207).
Impaired chloroplast accumulation and slow avoidance movement under strong blue light (PubMed:20418504). Double mutant kac1kac2 exhibits an increase in leaf transmittance and a partial defect in nuclear avoidance response under strong blue light exposure (PubMed:27310016).
Kinesin-like protein required for chloroplast movements and anchor to the plasma membrane. Mediates chloroplast movement via chloroplast actin (cp-actin) filaments. Required for the chloroplast avoidance response under high intensity blue light. Mediates redundantly with CHUP1 the nuclear avoidance response under high intensity blue light (PubMed:27310016). May be involved in division plane determination (Probable).
Belongs to the phosphoglycerate mutase family. BPG-dependent PGAM subfamily.
Catalyzes the interconversion of 2-phosphoglycerate and 3-phosphoglycerate.
Highly but transiently induced by nitrite and nitrate.
Expressed with a circadian rhythm showing peaks during the light period. Up-regulated by simulated shade in light-grown plants, in a phytochrome-dependent manner; low red/far-red ratio (R/FR) light, but repressed by a high R/FR light. Rapidly down-regulated after seedling deetiolation.
Homodimer (By similarity). Interacts with APRR1/TOC1 (PubMed:11828023, PubMed:12826627). Associates to PTAC12/HMR/PAP5 which acts as a transcriptional coactivator (PubMed:25944101).
Mainly expressed in stems, fruits and flowers and, to a lower extent, in leaves, seedlings and roots (PubMed:23708772). Accumulates in etiolated seedlings (PubMed:12826627).
Transcription factor. Involved in responses to transient and long-term shade. Required for the light-mediated inhibition of hypocotyl elongation. Necessary for rapid light-induced expression of the photomorphogenesis- and circadian-related gene APRR9. Seems to play a role in multiple PHYB responses, such as flowering transition and petiole elongation.
By rain-, wind-, and touch (thigmomorphogenesis).
Calmodulin mediates the control of a large number of enzymes, ion channels and other proteins by Ca(2+). Among the enzymes to be stimulated by the calmodulin-Ca(2+) complex are a number of protein kinases and phosphatases. Activates MPK8 in vitro.
Interacts with KCBP and CIP111 (PubMed:10531384, PubMed:11346951). Binds to IQD1 and IQD20 (PubMed:23204523).
Interacts with MPK8 (PubMed:21419340). Binds to ABCG36 (PubMed:26315018).
Belongs to the DNA mismatch repair MutS family.
Involved in meiotic recombination in association with MSH5. Required for reciprocal recombination and proper segregation of homologous chromosomes at meiosis. Promotes homologous recombination through facilitating chiasma formation during prophase I. Involved in the control of class I crossovers formation.
Normal vegetative growth but severe reduction in fertility due to a decrease in chiasma frequency at metaphase I of meiosis.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL39 family.
Accumulates during the night period (at protein level).
Activated by oxaloacetate (OAA), 2-ketoglutarate, succinate and fumarate as homodimer and by OAA, 2-ketoglutarate, succinate, fumarate and coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA and CoA) as heterodimer NAD-MEH.
Divalent metal cations. Prefers magnesium or manganese.
Expressed in leaves, stems, flowers, and roots (at protein level).
Homodimer. Heterodimer of two related subunits in NAD-MEH complex. Interacts with NAD-ME2.
In flowers, mostly present in sepals, stigmatic papillae, gynoecium (apical part) and filaments. Excluded from anthers (at protein level). In developing siliques, localized in the apical part and the abscission zone. In seedlings, expressed in cotyledons, hypocotyls, and root tip. Accumulates slowly in leaves as they mature, in the mesophyll and the cells that surround the vascular bundles.
Involved in the regulation of sugars and amino acids metabolisms during the night period.
When associated with NAD-ME2 disruption, loss of NAD-dependent malic enzyme activity associated with an altered steady-state levels of sugars and amino acids at the end of the light period.
Catalyzes the synthesis of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)-amino acid conjugates, providing a mechanism for the plant to cope with the presence of excess auxin. Strongly reactive with Glu, Gln, Trp, Asp, Ala, Leu, Phe, Gly, Tyr, Met, Ile and Val. Little or no product formation with His, Ser, Thr, Arg, Lys, or Cys. Also active on pyruvic and butyric acid analogs of IAA, PAA and the synthetic auxin naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). The two chlorinated synthetic auxin herbicides 2,4-D and 3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid (dicamba) cannot be used as substrates.
Belongs to the cystinosin (TC 2.A.43.1) family.
Thought to transport cystine out of lysosomes.
A stretch of 270 kb of the mitochondrial genome is duplicated within the centromere of chromosome 2 resulting in the duplication of the gene. The expression of this duplicated gene (At2g07702) is demonstrated.
Belongs to the DHHC palmitoyltransferase family.
The DHHC domain is required for palmitoyltransferase activity.
May be involved in early DNA damage response (By similarity). Probable chromatin remodeling factor.
Expressed from day 3 of seedling development and continues throughout the development of photosynthetic tissues.
Expressed in cotyledons and leaves, but not in roots.
Involved in protein precursor import into chloroplasts. Part of the redox regulon consisting of TIC32, TIC 55 and TIC62 (PubMed:12426385). Acts as a membrane anchor of LFNR1 and LFNR2. Has a NADPH-dependent dehydrogenase activity, but only after preincubation with lipids (By similarity).
No visible phenotype, but loss of membrane-bound LFNR1 or LFNR2.
Part of the Tic complex. Interacts with TIC110 and TIC55. Interacts with LFNR1 and LFNR2. Component of high molecular weight thylakoid LFNRs-containing protein complexes containing LIR1, LFNR1, LFNR2, TIC62 and TROL proteins.
Belongs to the DnaJ family. C/III subfamily.
Plays a continuous role in plant development probably in the structural organization of compartments.
Belongs to the isocitrate lyase/PEP mutase superfamily.
Belongs to the short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDR) family. POR subfamily.
Circadian-regulation. Not regulated by light.
Expressed in flowers, upper leaves, rosette and cauline leaves, stem. Not detectable in non-photosynthetic tissues such as roots and seeds. Expressed in seedlings and adult plant.
No visible phenotype at the levels of the whole plant or chloroplast ultrastructure; due to the redundancy with PORC. Porb and porc double mutants have a seedling-lethal pale-yellow xantha phenotype at the cotyledon stage, contain only small amounts of Chla, and possess chloroplasts with mostly unstacked thylakoid membranes.
Part of the FLU-containing chloroplast membrane complex composed of FLU, CRD1, PORB, PORC, CHLP and HEMA1 (PubMed:22212719). Interacts with CDF1 in chloroplast (PubMed:24151298).
Phototransformation of protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) to chlorophyllide (Chlide).
The presence of TOC33 is required for the import of PORA into plastids in cotyledons and true leaves.
Interacts with the GTP-bound form of RAN1, RAN2 and RAN3.
Ubiquitous. Preferentially expressed in root tips and gynoecium.
Heterotrimeric transcription factor composed of three components, NF-YA, NF-YB and NF-YC. NF-YB and NF-YC must interact and dimerize for NF-YA association and DNA binding.
Stimulates the transcription of various genes by recognizing and binding to a CCAAT motif in promoters.
Catalyzes the transfer of electrons from NADH and NADPH to reduce quinone to the hydroquinone state.
The conserved 'Asp-461' active site is replaced by a Gly residue.
Expressed in flowers, seeds and seedlings.
Expressed in the apical parts of the developing gynoecium. Detected throughout the youngest flower primordium. Later relocalizes towards the regions of the presumptive sepal anlagen and remains in sepal primordia until just after their emergence. Also observed on the abaxial side of the young floral meristem. Present in the newly arisen gynoecial primordium. Restricted to the apical parts of the carpels as the open-ended gynoecial cylinder elongates vertically. In the apical regions of the gynoecium, confined to a zone in the interphase between the style and the stigma and fades out later. Within the gynoecium, accumulates in ovule primordia, and, as the ovules developed, restricted to the epidermis of the developing funiculi, to the outer, but not the inner, integuments and to the tip of the nucellus. Also present in the cell layer of the septum that faces the ovary. In the embryo, detected in the cotyledon primordia during late globular to mid heart stage. In addition, transiently expressed in petal and stamen primordia and in the tapetum of the anthers.
Forms homodimers and heterodimers with LRP1.
Gynoecia with aberrant style morphology. The double mutant sty1-1 and sty2-1 has a reduction in the amount of stylar and stigmatic tissues and decreased proliferation of stylar xylem, as well as shorter siliques and rosette and cauline leaves with a higher degree of serration. Hypersensitive to 1-N-naphthylphtalamic acid (NPA), but restored by exogenous application of auxin.
Removes the phosphate from trehalose 6-phosphate to produce free trehalose. Trehalose accumulation in plant may improve abiotic stress tolerance.
Belongs to the eukaryotic RPC7 RNA polymerase subunit family.
Component of the RNA polymerase III (Pol III) complex.
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Specific peripheric component of RNA polymerase III which synthesizes small RNAs, such as 5S rRNA and tRNAs.
By wounding, nitric oxide and infection by avirulent pathogen.
Expressed in roots and developing siliques.
Involved in suppression of hypersensitive cell death activated by either avirulent pathogen or oxidative stress.
Lacks the calcium-binding EGF-like domain which is a conserved feature of the wall-associated receptor kinase family.
Expressed in the expanding regions of the inflorescence stems, specifically to the epidermal pavement cells, petioles and siliques.
Involved in the formation of secondary alcohols and ketones in stem cuticular wax. Catalyzes the hydroxylation of a methylene unit in the middle of alkane molecules to form secondary alcohols and possibly also a second hydroxylation leading to the corresponding ketones.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but stem wax of mutant plants are devoid of secondary alcohols and ketones and have increased alkane amounts.
Belongs to the complex I 20 kDa subunit family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL29 family.
Component of the coenzyme Q biosynthetic pathway. May play a role in organizing a multi-subunit COQ enzyme complex required for coenzyme Q biosynthesis. Required for steady-state levels of other COQ polypeptides.
This protein may be expected to contain an N-terminal transit peptide but none has been predicted.
Highly expressed in flowers and pollen, and at low levels in roots, leaves and stems.
Participates in cysteine desulfurization mediated by NFS2. Can activate the cysteine desulfurase activity of NFS2 in vitro. Cysteine desulfurization mobilizes sulfur from L-cysteine to yield L-alanine and supplies the inorganic sulfur for iron-sulfur (Fe-S) cluster formation.
Plants are severely impaired in plant growth and seed production, but almost not affected in the accumulation of total fatty acids per seed.
Reversibly transfers an adenylyl group from ATP to 4'-phosphopantetheine, yielding dephospho-CoA (dPCoA) and pyrophosphate. Does not accept 4'-phosphopantothenoylcysteine as a substrate.
Expressed in the vascular tissues of roots, leaves, sepals, petals and siliques.
Ammonium transporter probably involved in ammonium uptake from the soil.
Weak increase of expression during floral induction.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase able to catalyze polyubiquitination with ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 UBC8, UBC10, UBC11, UBC28 and UBC29 in vitro.
Adaptor protein complex 2 (AP-2) is a heterotetramer composed of two large adaptins (alpha-type and beta-type subunits), a medium adaptin (mu-type subunit) and a small adaptin (sigma-type subunit) (By similarity). Binds to EPSIN2.
Possesses adenylylsulfatase activity in vitro.
Acts as an adapter for the XPO1/CRM1-mediated export of the 60S ribosomal subunit.
Accumulates in roots after methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatment.
Specifically expressed in root stele of the root hair zone.
Belongs to the ATG13 family. Plant subfamily.
Interacts with ATG1A (PubMed:21984698). Interacts with ATG11 and ATG101 (PubMed:24563201).
Involved in autophagy in a nutritional condition dependent manner. The ATG1-ATG13 protein kinase complex regulates downstream events required for autophagosome enclosure and/or vacuolar delivery. Becomes a target of autophagy under nutrient starvation. Connects autophagy to plant nutritional status.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions. The double mutant plants atg13a-1 and atg13b-2, or atg13a-2 and atg13b-2 are hypersensitive to nitrogen or carbon starvation and show early senescence.
Phosphorylated during nutrient starvation. Dephosphorylated in nutrient-rich conditions.
Acts as a component of the auxin efflux carrier. Seems to be involved in the basipetal auxin transport. Mediates the formation of auxin gradient which is required to ensure correct organogenesis. Coordinated polar localization of PIN1 is directly regulated by the vesicle trafficking process and apical-basal PIN1 polarity also depends on the phosphorylation of conserved serine residues by PID kinase. The ARF-GEF protein GNOM is required for the correct recycling of PIN1 between the plasma membrane and endosomal compartments.
Belongs to the auxin efflux carrier (TC 2.A.69.1) family.
Down-regulated by endoplasmic reticulum stress treatment.
Expressed at the basal side of elongated parenchymatous xylem cells.
Expressed during embryogenesis. Already detected in the 8-cell stage at the inner cell boundaries. Later, polarity is gradually established at the basal side of provascular cells then in epidermis cells.
Interacts with TOPP4 (PubMed:11574889). Interacts with FYPP1 and FYPP3 (PubMed:22715043).
May act as a component of the auxin efflux carrier.
Plants exhibit developed naked, pin-shaped inflorescences and abnormalities in the number, size, shape, and position of lateral organs.
Transcription factor involved in the response to zinc ion deficiency. Binds to the consensus sequence 5'-[AG]TGTCGACA[CT]-3' also called zinc deficiency response element (ZDRE). The ZDRE sequence is conserved in the plant kingdom and present in the promoters of genes that constitute the primary response to zinc deficiency, comprising additional ZIP metal transporter genes (PubMed:20479230, PubMed:26306426). Required for zinc accumulation in roots. Mediates the expression of the zinc transporter ZIP12 during growth in zinc-deficient conditions. ZIP12 transporter is involved in zinc uptake in roots (PubMed:26306426).
No visible phenotype, but activation of the unfolded protein response. Loss of seedling growth inhibition in response to the pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) elf18.
Recognizes glycoproteins with minor folding defects. Reglucosylates single N-glycans near the misfolded part of the protein, thus providing quality control for protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum. Reglucosylated proteins are recognized by calreticulin for recycling to the endoplasmic reticulum and refolding or degradation. Required for elongation factor Tu receptor (EFR), but not flagellin-sensing 2 (FLS2) signaling.
The N-terminal non-catalytic domain is assumed to mediate recognition of proteins with partial folding defects.
Catalyzes the interconversion of serine and glycine.
May contribute to the neddylation of all cullins by transferring NEDD8 from N-terminally acetylated NEDD8-conjugating E2s enzyme to different cullin C-terminal domain-RBX complexes; neddylation of cullins play an essential role in the regulation of SCF-type complexes activity (By similarity). Regulates responses to the synthetic auxin 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) in roots, probably by modulating the SCF(TIR1) ubiquitin E3 ligase complex-mediated proteolysis (PubMed:17905859).
Neddylation of cullins play an essential role in the regulation of SCF-type complexes activity.
Root growth resistance to the anti-auxin p-chlorophenoxyisobutyric acid (PCIB), which inhibits auxin action by interfering the upstream auxin-signaling events (PubMed:17905859). Also resistant to the auxin analog 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) herbicide (PubMed:17905859).
The DCUN1 domain, also known as PONY domain, mediates the interaction with different cullins.
Abolished chloroplast NADH dehydrogenase-like (NDH) complex-dependent cyclic electron transport (CET) around photosystem I (PSI) (PubMed:32978277). The double mutant crr2 kea3 enhances the kea3 single mutant phenotypes, and delays induction of CO(2) fixation after overnight dark adaptation (PubMed:32978277).
Required for the intergenic processing between chloroplast rsp7 and ndhB transcripts (PubMed:14617084). Necessary for chloroplast NADH dehydrogenase-like (NDH) complex-dependent cyclic electron transport around PSI (CET) (PubMed:32978277).
Decreased growth, abnormal leaf morphology and ectopic floral development and sterility. Higher starch accumulation in chloroplasts and reduced rates of mitochondrial protein import.
Expressed in roots, young cotyledons, flowers and leaves.
Involved in transport of proteins into the mitochondrion.
Part of a high molecular weight complex that is distinct from the TOM complex. Interacts with a variety of mitochondrial precursor proteins.
Expressed in root tips, vascular cylinders of roots and filaments, leaf petioles, stem, receptacle, stigma apex and anther connective tissue.
Belongs to the plant ACBP60 protein family.
Transcription activator that binds DNA in a sequence-specific manner, likely 5'-GAAATTTTGG-3', to promote the expression of target genes.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL32 family.
Component of the CST complex, a complex that binds to single-stranded DNA and is required to protect telomeres from DNA degradation. The CST complex binds single-stranded DNA with high affinity in a sequence-independent manner, while isolated subunits bind DNA with low affinity by themselves (PubMed:19854131). Associates with enzymatically active telomerase (PubMed:25329641).
Component of the CST complex, composed of CTC1, TEN1 and STN1. Interacts with POT1A (PubMed:25329641).
Severe telomere deprotection accompanied by a rapid onset of developmental defects and sterility. The large majority of plants have grossly distorted floral phyllotaxy with an irregular branching pattern and fasciated (thick and broad) main and lateral stems and siliques. Although most mutants produce an influorescence bolt, this structure is highly variable in size, ranging from very short to wild-type. Flowers and siliques are often fused, and seed yield is typically reduced to 10% of wild-type. The germination efficiency of the few seeds that could be recovered was extremely low. Telomeric and subtelomeric tracts are dramatically eroded, and chromosome ends exhibit increased G overhangs, recombination, and end-to-end fusions.
Belongs to the plant CAR protein family.
Binds to PYR/PYL/RCAR abscisic acid intracellular receptors in an ABA-independent manner, both at the plasma membrane and in the nucleus.
Stimulates the GTPase/ATPase activities of Obg-like ATPases (By similarity). Mediates the transient calcium-dependent interaction of PYR/PYL/RCAR abscisic acid (ABA) receptors with the plasma membrane and thus regulates ABA sensitivity (By similarity).
Expressed in the whole plant but preferentially in the mature anthers.
Has the ability to complement mutants in Salmonella enterica and yeast lacking magnesium transport capability.
Low-affinity magnesium transporter that mediates the influx of magnesium. Plays a crucial role in male gametophyte development and male fertility.
Probable transcription factor that may be involved in stress responses.
The active site is a conserved redox-active cysteine residue, the peroxidatic cysteine (C(P)), which makes the nucleophilic attack on the peroxide substrate. The peroxide oxidizes the C(P)-SH to cysteine sulfenic acid (C(P)-SOH), which then reacts with another cysteine residue, the resolving cysteine (C(R)), to form a disulfide bridge. The disulfide is subsequently reduced by an appropriate electron donor to complete the catalytic cycle. In this 1-Cys peroxiredoxin, no C(R) is present and C(P) instead forms a disulfide with a cysteine from another protein or with a small thiol molecule. C(P) can be reactivated by glutathione or the mitochondrial glutaredoxin (Grx) or thioredoxin (Trx) systems.
Thiol-specific peroxidase that catalyzes the reduction of hydrogen peroxide and organic hydroperoxides to water and alcohols, respectively. Plays a role in cell protection against oxidative stress by detoxifying peroxides. Reduces preferentially hydrogen peroxide rather than alkyl peroxides. May be involved in mitochondrial redox homeostasis.
Expressed in vegetative and inflorescence apical meristems, floral meristems, leaf and flower organ primordia, inflorescence stem tissue and to lower extent in roots.
Plants flower early and have a significantly reduced number of juvenile, adult and cauline leaves, with a shorter petiole and a more acute leaf base in the first two leaves.
Trans-acting factor that binds specifically to the consensus nucleotide sequence 5'-TNCGTACAA-3' of AP1 promoter. Binds specifically to the 5'-GTAC-3' core sequence. Promotes both vegetative phase change and flowering. Regulates phase-specific patterns of leaf epidermal differentiation and flowering time, but does not seem to affect leaf shape.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. rRNA adenine N(6)-methyltransferase family.
Expressed in rapidly dividing tissues, including root meristems and lateral root primordia, developing cotyledons and leaves, petals, anther, pollen grains and silique abscission zone.
N6-adenine methyltransferase which modifies the AA dinucleotide at the plant nuclear 18S rRNA nucleotides A1785 and A1786 (PubMed:22829145). Required for generating appropriate patterns of gene expression during root development, including the cell-specific expression of transcriptional regulators involved in root hair and non-hair cells patterning (PubMed:22829145).
The inability to isolate a null mutant suggests that DIM1A is essential for viability.
Activator of yeast transcription factor, STE12.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CMGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. Lammer subfamily.
Expressed, at low levels, in seedlings, roots, flowers and siliques.
Involved in cytokinin-mediated development.
Catalyzes the conversion of methylthioalkyl glucosinolates of any chain length into methylsulfinylalkyl glucosinolates.
By measuring the velocity of microtubule translocation, the speed of ATK5 was determined to be 6.30 um/min at 20 degrees Celsius.
Kinesin that supports microtubule movement in an ATP-dependent manner and that functions as a minus-end directed motor as well as a plus-end tracking protein. During mitosis, is involved in early spindle assembly. Participates in the capture of antiparallel interpolar microtubules and helps in generating force to coalign microtubules.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but dividing cells of mutant plants exhibit abnormally broadened mitotic spindles in metaphase and anaphase. However, this does not affect chromosome alignment and segregation. Kin14c and kin14d double mutant is gametophytically lethal (PubMed:18088313).
Slightly expressed in anther lobes with pollen mother cells at anther stage 5. Strongly expressed at anther stage 6 in the tapetum and meiotic cells. Also detected in the gynoecium and the ovule.
Belongs to the 5'-3' exonuclease family. XRN2/RAT1 subfamily.
Possesses 5'->3' exoribonuclease activity (PubMed:11106401). Acts as an endogenous post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) suppressor. Degrades miRNA-derived loops, excised during miRNA maturation in the nucleus. Required for proper development (PubMed:17993620). Involved in pre-rRNA processing. Involved with XRN2 in the 5'-end exonucleolytic processing of 5.8S and 25S rRNAs. Contributes with XRN2 to polyadenylation-dependent nuclear RNA surveillance. Involved in the degradation of aberrant polyadenylated pre-rRNA through 5'-end processing (PubMed:20338880).
Possesses 5'->3' exoribonuclease activity. Acts as an endogenous post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) suppressor.
As a component of the decapping complex, involved in the degradation of mRNAs. Essential for postembryonic development.
Expressed in seedlings, mostly in root tips, root hairs, and the vascular system. Also present in roots, leaves, stems, and flowers.
Gradually accumulates during seed maturation to reached maximum levels in dry seeds. Fades progressively upon germination.
Homodimer. Component of the decapping complex. Interacts with DCP2 and DCP5 (PubMed:17158604, PubMed:19855049). Interacts with BCHA1 (PubMed:26133670).
Lethal phenotype at the seedling cotyledon stage, with disorganized veins, swollen root hairs, and altered epidermal cell morphology.
Part of a SCF (SKP1-cullin-F-box) protein ligase complex. May interact with auxin and auxin-responsive proteins (By similarity).
The F-box is necessary for the interaction with SKP1.
The myo-inositol hexakisphosphate acts as a structural cofactor.
Component of the RNA polymerase II complex consisting of at least 12 subunits. Interacts with NRPB4.
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Component of RNA polymerase II which synthesizes mRNA precursors and many functional non-coding RNAs. Pol II is the central component of the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. It is composed of mobile elements that move relative to each other. NRPB7 is part of a subcomplex with NRPB4 that binds to a pocket formed by NRPB1, NRPB2 and NRPB6 at the base of the clamp element. The NRBP4-NRPB7 subcomplex seems to lock the clamp via NRPB7 in the closed conformation thus preventing double-stranded DNA to enter the active site cleft. The NRPB4-NRPB7 subcomplex binds single-stranded DNA and RNA (By similarity).
Belongs to the CSTF complex (By similarity). Binds to mRNA. Forms a complex with cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor (CPSF) subunits CSTF50, CSTF77, FIPS3 and FIPS5 (PubMed:12379796, PubMed:18479511, PubMed:18221017).
Impaired antisense-RNA-mediated gene silencing (e.g. suppression of overexpression of FCA-mediated FLC repression). Reduced fertility, early flowering, reduced organ size and pale leaves.
One of the multiple factors required for polyadenylation and 3'-end cleavage of pre-mRNAs (By similarity). This subunit is directly involved in the binding to pre-mRNAs, especially on the 3' non-coding region (PubMed:12379796). Required for the targeted 3' processing of antisense transcripts that triggers transcriptional silencing of the corresponding sense gene (PubMed:17008405, PubMed:19965720).
Expressed in seedlings, roots, leaves, flowers and siliques.
Induced by A.brassicicola, especially in cv. Di-G during compatible interaction.
Belongs to the splicing factor SR family. RS2Z subfamily.
The splicing pattern of the pre-mRNA is regulated in a tissue-specific manner and by development, and changes in response to various types of abiotic stresses.
PUMPS are mitochondrial transporter proteins that create proton leaks across the inner mitochondrial membrane, thus uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation. This leads to a decrease in the efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation and an increase in heat production. May be involved in protecting plant cells against oxidative stress damage (By similarity). Recombinant PUMP6, reconstituted into liposomes, transports a wide range of dicarboxylic acids including malate, oxaloacetate and succinate as well as phosphate, sulfate and thiosulfate. However, it is unknown if these transports are of any biological significance in vivo.
Metallothioneins have a high content of cysteine residues that bind various heavy metals (Probable). Confers tolerance to cadmium (Cd) and plays a role in Cd and zinc (Zn) homeostasis (PubMed:16240177).
Expressed in seedlings, cauline leaves and flowers.
Increased root growth and lateral root initiation.
RNA-binding component of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF-3) complex, which is involved in protein synthesis of a specialized repertoire of mRNAs and, together with other initiation factors, stimulates binding of mRNA and methionyl-tRNAi to the 40S ribosome. The eIF-3 complex specifically targets and initiates translation of a subset of mRNAs involved in cell proliferation. This subunit can bind 18S rRNA.
Involved in brassinosteroid (BR) biosynthesis (PubMed:15703058, PubMed:17138693). May convert teasterone (TE) to 3-dehydroteasterone (3DT, 3-DHT), or 6-deoxoteasterone (6-deoxoTE) to 3-dehydro-6-deoxoteasterone (6-deoxo3DT, 6-deoxo3DHT) (PubMed:15703058). C-23 hydroxylase that converts directly (22S,24R)-22-hydroxy-5-alpha-ergostan-3-one and 3-epi-6-deoxocathasterone to 3-dehydro-6-deoxoteasterone (6-deoxo3DT, 6-deoxo3DHT) and 6-deoxotyphasterol (6-deoxoTY), respectively (PubMed:17138693). These C-23 hydroxylation shortcuts bypass campestanol, 6-deoxocathasterone, and 6-deoxoteasterone (6-deoxoTE) (PubMed:17138693). Catalyzes also the conversion of cathasterone to teasterone (TE), 6-deoxotyphasterol (6-deoxoTY) to 6-deoxocathasterone (6-deoxoCT), (22S,24R)-22-hydroxyergost-4-en-3-one (22-OH-4-en-3-one) to (22R,23R)-22,23-dihydroxy-campest-4-en-3-one (22,23-diOH-4-en-3-one) and (22S)-22-hydroxycampesterol (22-OHCR) to (22R,23R)-22,23-dihydroxycampesterol (22,23-diOHCR) (PubMed:17138693).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but the double mutant plants cyp90c1 and cyp90d1 exhibit a characteristic brassinosteroid-deficient dwarf phenotype.
By salt, cold, drought, abscisic acid and ethylene treatment.
Interacts with SIN3, ERF3, ERF4 and HDA19.
Involved in the tethering of the SIN3 complex to core histone proteins.
Links the histone deacetylase complex to transcriptional repressors bound to chromatin. Involved in the tethering of the SIN3 complex to core histone proteins.
Interacts with HDA19; Ser-213 is critical for this interaction.
The kinase-inducible domain (KID, 202-229) is required for interaction with HDA19.
Transcription activator which may regulates gene expression through interaction with the histone deacetylase HDA19 (By similarity). Promotes slightly the tolerance to cadmium (Cd) and to oxidizing chemicals (e.g. diamide and tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BOOH)) (PubMed:18980652).
Expressed in roots, seedlings, leaves and open flowers.
Belongs to the 11S seed storage protein (globulins) family.
Converts the prephenate produced from the shikimate-chorismate pathway into phenylalanine (PubMed:17726025). Together with GCR1 and GPA1, required for blue light-mediated synthesis of phenylpyruvate and subsequently of phenylalanine (Phe), in etiolated seedlings (PubMed:16415218).
Lack of Phe and Tyr accumulation after blue light irradiation of etiolated seedlings.
Was reported to be a cytosolic prephenate dehydratase interacting with a G-protein alpha-subunit.
Binds in vitro potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) RNA.
Both isoforms 1 and 2 transcripts are expressed in seedlings and both TFIIIA and TFIIIA-C are present at similar ratios in 10-day-old seedlings (at protein level). In correlation with the reorganization of 5S rDNA chromatin to a mature state, full-length isoform 1 protein TFIIIA with transcriptional activity accumulates and permits de novo transcription of 5S rRNA. Isoforms 1 and 2 transcripts accumulate in various tissues of the reproductive phase, including flowers and siliques, but only isoform 2 is present in mature seeds. In flowers, both TFIIIA and TFIIIA-C are present at similar ratios (at protein level). Very low amounts of TFIIIA are found in extracts from fresh siliques compared to TFIIIA-C. The amount of full-length TFIIIA protein progressively increases from fresh siliques to seeds concomitant with lower proportions of the shorter TFIIIA-C protein (at protein level) thus leading to 5S rRNA accumulation in the seed.
Degraded through the nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) pathway in a regulated unproductive splicing and translation (RUST) process.
Essential protein (PubMed:22353599). Isoform 1 is a transcription activator the binds both 5S rDNA and 5S rRNA and stimulates the transcription of 5S rRNA gene (PubMed:12711688, PubMed:22353599). Isoform 1 regulates 5S rRNA levels during development (PubMed:22353599).
Expressed in seedlings, flowers, siliques and seeds.
Protein product TFIIIA (44 kDa) is proteolytically cleaved into TFIIIA-C (34 kDa).
Expressed in root vascular cylinder, root tips, xylem of stems, flower buds and siliques.
Interacts with BLH1, BLH2, BLH3, BLH6, BLH10, KNAT1, KNAT3, KNAT4, KNAT5, KNAT6 and KNAT7.
Moderate irregular xylem, but normal plant morphology.
Plants over-expressing OFP4 show kidney-shaped cotyledons, round and curled leaves, small rosette size, late flowering, reduced fertilization and round seeds.
Transcriptional repressor that regulates multiple aspects of plant growth and development through the regulation of BEL1-LIKE (BLH) and KNOX TALE (KNAT) homeodomain transcription factors. Forms a transcription repression complex with KNAT7 which regulates secondary cell wall formation.
Cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel required for directional pollen tube growth into the transmitting tract (PubMed:17726111, PubMed:26929345). Acts as a Ca(2+)-permeable divalent cation-selective channel inhibited by either lanthanum or gadolinium (PubMed:24380879). Regulated by CPK32 to mediate Ca(2+) transport across the plasma membrane in response to Ca(2+) oscillation (PubMed:24121288).
Expressed in pollen grains. Not detected in leaves, roots or root hairs.
Homomultimer (PubMed:24380879). Interacts with CPK32 (PubMed:24121288).
The transmembrane domains are indispensable for pollen tube guidance.
Accumulates in the growing region of the hypocotyl.
By brassinosteroid (BR) (PubMed:15681342). Up-regulated in response to abscisic acid (ABA) via epigenetic regulation on repressive histone marks (H3K27me3) mediated by JMJ30 and JMJ32 (PubMed:33324437).
Homodimer (PubMed:30287951). Interacts with BIN2 through its C-terminal fragment (PubMed:12427989, PubMed:12114546). Interacts with MKK5 (PubMed:24019147). Interacts with SAUR50 (PubMed:23020777). Interacts with B'ALPHA, B'BETA, B'ETA and B'THETA (PubMed:21258370).
In bzr1-1D, weak dwarf phenotype with reduced hypocotyl and petiole lengths and dark green curled leaves when light-grown. Increased cell elongation in the dark. Hypersensitive to brassinosteroid (BR).
Phosphorylated by BIN2 and MKK5 in response to brassinosteroid (BR). Dephosphorylation level is consistent with ovule and seed number.
Phosphorylation by BIN2 increases protein degradation and/or interferes with the nuclear localization.
Transcriptional repressor that binds to the brassinosteroid (BR) response element (BRRE) 5'-CGTG(T/C)G-3' in gene promoter. Regulates positively the brassinosteroid-signaling pathway (PubMed:33324437). Mediates downstream growth responses and negative feedback regulation of brassinosteroid biosynthesis. Promotes growth. Modulates ovule initiation and development by monitoring the expression of genes related to ovule development (e.g. HLL, ANT, and AP2). Regulates negatively the abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway during the post-germination stage (PubMed:33324437).
Belongs to the NAD(P)-dependent epimerase/dehydratase family. Dihydroflavonol-4-reductase subfamily.
Flowers and young siliques. Detected specifically in the endothelium of seed coat.
From fertilization until pre-globular embryo stage.
Inhibited by (+)-catechin, quercetin and (+)- and (-)-dihydroquercetin. Not inhibited by salt. Positive cooperativity with NADPH acting as cosubstrate and modulator.
Involved in the biosynthesis of condensed tannins. Converts cyanidin into (-)-epicatechin as the major product.
Regulated by TRANSPARENT TESTA 2, TRANSPARENT TESTA 8 and TRANSPARENT TESTA GLABRA 1.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL27 family.
Belongs to the disease resistance NB-LRR family. RPP13 subfamily.
Involved in RNA-mediated post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS). Main component of the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) that binds to a short guide RNA such as a microRNA (miRNA) or small interfering RNA (siRNA). RISC uses the mature miRNA or siRNA as a guide for slicer-directed cleavage of homologous mRNAs to repress gene expression. Associates with siRNAs of various sizes, from 21-24 nucleotide in length and preferentially recruits small RNAs with a 5' terminal cytosine. Probably involved in antiviral RNA silencing. Associates with siRNAs derived from cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). Targeted by the turnip yellows virus (TuYV) protein P0 (via F-box-like domain) for probable proteasome degradation and thereby inactivating AGO5 function in RNA silencing.
Component of KTN80-KTN1 complexes composed of a hexamer of KTN1-KTN80 heterodimers that sense microtubule (MT) geometry to confer precise MT severing (PubMed:28978669). Interacts directly with AAA1/KTN1 and KTN80.3, and weakly with KTN80.4 (PubMed:28978669).
Expressed at low levels in siliques, flowers, leaves, stems and roots.
The double mutant ktn80.1 ktn80.2 exhibits normal growth, but the quadruple mutant ktn80.1 ktn80.2 ktn80.3 ktn80.4 has a severe dwarf phenotype, with small and round dark-green rosette leaves as well as wide and short petioles, probably due to cell elongation defects, and associated with a complex cortical microtubule (MT) network with stable entanglements (PubMed:28978669). Plants missing KTN80s have a disruption of KTN1 recruitment at MT crossover or branching nucleation sites, leading to an abolishment of MT severing (PubMed:28978669).
Belongs to the class-V pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family. NifS/IscS subfamily.
Catalyzes the removal of elemental sulfur from cysteine to produce alanine. Supplies the inorganic sulfur for iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters.
Interacts with FH (PubMed:22511606). Interacts with SUFE1 (PubMed:16437155).
Threefold increase in the catalytic activity in the presence of FH (frataxin) (PubMed:22511606). 30-fold increase in the catalytic activity in the presence of SUFE1 (PubMed:16437155).
RNA-binding protein involved in group II intron splicing. Binds specific group II introns and promotes their splicing. Functions in the context of a heterodimer with the ribonuclease III domain-containing protein RNC1.
In vitro, possesses glutathione S-transferase activity toward 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) and benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC). May be involved in the conjugation of reduced glutathione to a wide number of exogenous and endogenous hydrophobic electrophiles and have a detoxification role against certain herbicides.
By environmental stresses such as dehydration, salinity and low temperature.
Low expression in leaves, roots, flowers and siliques. Expressed in pollen and in cells of the stigma surface.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that possess E3 ubiquitin ligase activity in vitro and mediates protein monoubiquitination (Ref.10). Triggers the monoubiquitination of phosphorylated BIK1 in response to pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) detection (Ref.10). May be involved in the early steps of the plant defense signaling pathway (Probable).
Heterodimeric geranyl(geranyl)-diphosphate (GPP) synthase large subunit. In vitro, the large subunit catalyzes mainly the trans-addition of the three molecules of IPP onto DMAPP to form geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate while the small subunit alone is inactive. Upon association of the two subunits, the product profile is not changed.
Monomer (By similarity). Part of a heterodimeric geranyl(geranyl)diphosphate synthase. Interacts with GGR.
Belongs to the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase family.
Expressed in shoot and root vasculature, leaf veins and vascular tissue of flowers and siliques.
Involved in plastidial glycolytic pathway and plays a specific role in glycolytic energy production in non-green plastids and chloroplasts. Essential for breakdown of starch to form sucrose for export to non-photosynthetic tissues, and to generate primary metabolites for anabolic pathways such as fatty acid and amino acid synthesis. Plays an important role in plant development by providing substrates for the phosphorylated pathway of serine biosynthesis in roots. Plays a crucial role in pollen development. Functionally redundant with GAPCP2.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions. Gapcp1 and gapcp2 double mutants have severe dwarf phenotypes with arrested root development and male sterility. Pollen grains show shrunken and collapsed forms and cannot germinate.
Plants contain three types of GAPDH: NAD-dependent cytosolic forms which participate in glycolysis, NAD-dependent chloroplastic forms which participate in plastidic glycolysis and NADP-dependent chloroplastic forms which participate in the photosynthetic reductive pentose phosphate pathway (Calvin-Benson cycle). All the forms are encoded by distinct genes.
Repressed by darkness, but not by sucrose.
Abnormal amyloplast sedimentation and shoot gravitropism. Abnormal gravitropism in both inflorescence stems and hypocotyls accompanied by misshapen seeds and seedlings, including leaf movement in darkness. Reduced formation of vacuolar membrane 'bulbs'. The sgr2-1 mutant has no gravitropic response in inflorescence stems but a reduced gravitropic response in hypocotyls.
Expressed in roots, hypocotyls, leaves, stems and floral buds, and, at low levels, in siliques.
Expressed in young seedlings and progressively confined in the elongation zone of the root during seedlings growth.
Involved in vacuolar formation or function (e.g. formation of vacuolar membrane 'bulbs'). Required for amyloplast sedimentation in the endodermis during shoot gravitropism, which are thus acting as statoliths. Particularly important for the negative gravitropism leading to leaf movement observed in darkness.
Down-regulated by cadmium (PubMed:16797112). Induced by glucose and sucrose (PubMed:22561114). Induced by drought stress (PubMed:22561114).
Highly expressed in flowers, and at lower levels in rosettes leaves and cauline leaves.
S-glutathionylated at Cys-68 and Cys-173.
Lacks the distal histidine (here Ser-77), present in the active site, which is one of the conserved features of the classical plant (class III) peroxidase family.
Removal of H(2)O(2), oxidation of toxic reductants, biosynthesis and degradation of lignin, suberization, auxin catabolism, response to environmental stresses such as wounding, pathogen attack and oxidative stress (Probable). The enzyme activity has to be proved.
Expressed in the entire embryo at the globular stage. Progressively restricted to the basal regions of the embryo that form the root meristem and the vasculature. After germination, detected in the differentiation zone of the stele that forms the inner layers of the root and in differentiating columella cells (CCs).
Extracellular signal peptide secreted by differentiated root cells that regulates root cell fate. Acts with ACR4 as a ligand-receptor pair in a signal transduction pathway, coordinating movement of the root tip and organization of cell divisions in the root meristem. Promotes cell differentiation in the distal root meristem in a dose-dependent manner, especially the transition from columella stem cells (CSC) daughters into columella cells (CCs). Induces ACR4 expression in root quiescent center (QC). Involved in WUX5 QC-specific expression pattern regulation. Regulates the transition of protophloem cells from proliferation to differentiation, thus impinging on postembryonic growth capacity of the root meristem; this signaling pathway requires CRN and CLV2 (PubMed:28607033).
Mostly expressed at low levels in stems and apex, and, to a lower extent, in roots, seedlings, leaves, flowers, siliques and pollen.
Short roots with irregularly shaped root tips and following a waving pattern. Delayed differentiation of columella stem cells (CSC) daughters into columella cells (CCs).
Homodimer (Probable). Interacts with the N-terminus of BZR2/BES1.
Positive brassinosteroid-signaling protein.
Acts as a spatial inhibitor of signaling that modulates abscission zone cell adhesion and expansion. Acts both directly and indirectly by physically interacting with RLK5/HAE and SOBIR1/EVR at the cell surface.
Autophosphorylated on serine, threonine and tyrosine residues.
Was originally (PubMed:1851993) reported to be a connexin and to contain transmembrane domains. PubMed:8400879 authors have assigned that this is not a connexin, but rather a protein kinase.
Distorted seed coat with reduced mucilage content and decreased suberin and cutin composition. Crumpled columellas.
Expressed in seedling roots, cotyledons, rosette leaves, cauline leaves, stems, flowers, siliques and seeds.
Expressed in the seed coat of developing seeds from 2 to 6 days after fertilization.
Kinase that can phosphorylate various inositol polyphosphate such as Ins(3,4,5,6)P4 or Ins(1,3,4)P3.
Kinase that can phosphorylate various inositol polyphosphate such as Ins(3,4,5,6)P4 or Ins(1,3,4)P3. Phosphorylates Ins(3,4,5,6)P4 to form InsP5 (PubMed:17698066). This reaction is thought to have regulatory importance, since Ins(3,4,5,6)P4 is an inhibitor of plasma membrane Ca(2+)-activated Cl(-) channels, while Ins(1,3,4,5,6)P5 is not (By similarity). Also phosphorylates Ins(1,3,4)P3 or a racemic mixture of Ins(1,4,6)P3 and Ins(3,4,6)P3 to form InsP4 (PubMed:17698066). Ins(1,3,4,6)P4 is an essential molecule in the hexakisphosphate (InsP6) pathway (By similarity). Plays a role in seed coat development and lipid polyester barrier formation (PubMed:23595027).
Detected in seedlings 6 hours and 2 days post-germination.
Expressed in roots, shoots, leaves, stems and flowers, but not in pollen.
Has no ubiquitin ligase activity on its own. The heterodimer with UBC catalyzes the synthesis of non-canonical poly-ubiquitin chains that are linked through 'Lys-63'. This type of poly-ubiquitination does not lead to protein degradation by the proteasome. Mediates transcriptional activation of target genes. May play a role in the control of progress through the cell cycle and differentiation. Probably not involved in the error-free DNA repair.
Plants do not display MMS sensitivity during seed germination.
Interacts with PUB9, PUB13, PUB14 and PUB29.
Component of the TFIID complex. TFIID is composed of TATA binding protein (TBP) and a number of TBP-associated factors (TAFs) whose MWs range from 14-217 kDa. Can homodimerize. Interacts with PP2A1, PP2A5, ERF1B, EIN3, TAF4, TAF4B, TAF5, TAF8, TAF10, TAF11, TAF12, TAF13, TAF14, TAF14B, TAF15 and TAF15B.
Expressed in roots, leaves, stems, inflorescences and flowers.
TAF12B in cv. Lansberg erecta (AC B2C6R6) is 2 amino acids shorter and has been shown to be involved in the negative regulation of cytokinin sensitivity.
TAFs are components of the transcription factor IID (TFIID) complex that is essential for mediating regulation of RNA polymerase transcription. Required for the expression of a subset of ethylene-responsive genes. Probably involved in the negative regulation of cytokinin sensitivity.
Belongs to the GMC oxidoreductase family.
Expressed in leaves, developing flowers and siliques.
Probably involved in iron transport into chloroplasts.
Reduced vegetative growth and reduced expression of ferritin.
Found at the monomer-monomer interface of the photosystem II (PS II) dimer, plays a role in assembly and dimerization of PSII. PSII is a light-driven water plastoquinone oxidoreductase, using light energy to abstract electrons from H(2)O, generating a proton gradient subsequently used for ATP formation.
Seems to play a role in the dimerization of PSII.
Belongs to the novel plant SNARE family.
Expressed in roots, stems, flower, siliques and leaves.
Highly expressed in leaves and stems and at lower levels in roots and flowers.
No change in expression levels after treatment with high concentrations of copper.
Expressed in anthers, tapetumand mature pollen and, to a lower extent, in hydathodes and vascular tissues of cotyledons of flowering plants.
Catalyzes the conversion of 7,8-dihydroneopterin into 6-hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropterin, a biosynthetic precursor of the vitamin tetrahydrofolate. Can use L-threo-dihydroneopterin and D-erythro-dihydroneopterin as substrates for the formation of 6-hydroxymethyldihydropterin, but it can also catalyze the epimerization of carbon 2' of dihydroneopterin and dihydromonapterin.
Catalyzes the conversion of 7,8-dihydroneopterin to 6-hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropterin.
Expressed in roots, leaves, stems and siliques.
Homooctamer. Forms a hollow cylinder assembled from two ring-shaped tetramers.
Albino seedlings leading to lethality. Abnormal plastids lacking internal membrane structures.
Belongs to the thioredoxin family. Plant CITRX-type subfamily.
Interacts with FLN1 and FLN2 (PubMed:20511297). Interacts with MRL7 (PubMed:23956074).
The article has been retracted, because it has become clear that the thioredoxin that interacts in yeast 2-hybrid with the Cf-9 C-terminus is in fact localized in the chloroplast, rendering a role in Cf-9 signaling unlikely. All the authors agree that this paper should be withdrawn from the scientific literature.
Thiol-disulfide oxidoreductase that plays a role in proper chloroplast development, most likely through regulating plastid-encoded polymerase (PEP) dependent chloroplast transcription. Acts as a component of the transcriptionally active plastid chromosome that is required for plastid gene expression.
Aquaporins contain two tandem repeats each containing three membrane-spanning domains and a pore-forming loop with the signature motif Asn-Pro-Ala/Thr (NPA).
Belongs to the MIP/aquaporin (TC 1.A.8) family. SIP (TC 1.A.8.10) subfamily.
Expressed in roots and above ground. Expressed in elongating regions of the root tips, trichome cells of the rosette leaves, vascular tissues of the flower petals, stigma, stamens (anthers and filaments), pollen and the top and bottom (receptacle) of siliques.
Water channel required to facilitate the transport of water across cell membrane.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 92 family.
Expressed in root caps, mature leaves, top of the stems and seeds.
Involved in the biosynthesis of beta-1,4-galactan. Beta-1,4-galactans are abundant polysaccharides in plant cell walls and are found as side-chain of rhamnogalacturonan I, which is a major component of pectin.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants have reduced content of beta-1,4-galactan in leaf cell wall.
Accumulates after genotoxic agents treatment such as bleomycin (BLM), a small peptide that create DNA double strand breaks (DSBs).
Essential factor involved in transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair (TCR) which allows RNA polymerase II-blocking lesions to be rapidly removed from the transcribed strand of active genes. Upon DNA-binding, it locally modifies DNA conformation by wrapping the DNA around itself, thereby modifying the interface between stalled RNA polymerase II and DNA. It is required for transcription-coupled repair complex formation.
Basal shift of ARAC3/ROP6 and ARAC4/ROP2 positioning and broad lateral localization of D6PK in root hair-forming cells leading to basal shift of root hair positions.
With DRP1A and DRP2B, required for the precise coordination of polar ARAC3/ROP6 and ARAC4/ROP2 placement and subsequent root hair positioning during planar polarity formation in root hair-forming cells, probably by mediating the correct basal-to-planar polarity switching of D6PK into the polar, lipid-enriched domain.
Belongs to the archaeal Rpo11/eukaryotic RPB11/RPC19 RNA polymerase subunit family.
Belongs to the 7S seed storage protein family.
Probable ATPase of unknown function. Its presence in a non-photosynthetic plant (Epifagus virginiana) and experiments in tobacco indicate that it has an essential function which is probably not related to photosynthesis.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL16 family.
Could be a component of the large subunit of mitochondrial ribosome.
Plants over-expressing VQ22 show stunted growth phenotype.
Binds to FHY1 and FHL (PubMed:19482971). Interacts with COP1.
By hormones or elicitors treatment. By exposure to abiotic stress.
Expressed at very low level. Expressed in cauline leaves.
Partially blind to far-red (FR). Impaired inhibition of hypocotyl elongation and cotyledons expansion under continuous FR light conditions.
Transcription factor that promotes photomorphogenesis in the light by participating in the transmission of phytochrome A (phyA) signals to downstream responses (PubMed:11581165, PubMed:19482971). Probably acts by activating expression of light-induced genes. In darkness, its degradation prevents the activation of light-induced genes (PubMed:11581165).
Ubiquitinated by COP1. Ubiquitination takes place in darkness and leads to its subsequent degradation, thereby preventing to activate photomorphogenesis signals. Ubiquitination is stimulated by SPA1.
Heterodimer of MLH1 and MLH3, called MutLbeta, which is involved in correction of a specific subset of IDLs when associated with MutSbeta.
Involved in DNA mismatch repair (MMR), correcting insertion-deletion loops (IDLs) resulting from DNA replication, DNA damage or from recombination events between non-identical sequences during meiosis. Component of the MutLbeta heterodimer, which probably forms a ternary complex with the MutSbeta heterodimer that initially recognizes the DNA mismatches. This complex is thought to be responsible for directing the downstream MMR events, including strand discrimination, excision, and resynthesis. Plays a major role in promoting meiotic crossing-over and is involved in maintaining the genetic stability of simple sequence repeats by correction of frameshift intermediates.
Reduced fertility and meiotic defects: 60 per cent reduction in crossovers and delayed prophase I progression.
Interacts with calmodulin (CaM), PAS1 and FKBP42/TWD1.
Pump for glutathione S-conjugates. Mediates the transport of S-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)-glutathione (DNP-GS), GSSG, cyanidin 3-glucoside-GS (C3G-GS) and metolachlor-GS (MOC-GS).
Slightly induced by benoxacor, cloquintocet, fenchlorazol and fluorazol.
Ubiquitous, with higher levels in leaves and stems and lower levels in roots. Localized in the root apex, root hair tips and root epidermis.
Lectin which functions in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) quality control and ER-associated degradation (ERAD). May bind terminally misfolded non-glycosylated proteins as well as improperly folded glycoproteins, retain them in the ER, and possibly transfer them to the ubiquitination machinery and promote their degradation. Targets the misfolded LRR receptor kinase BRI1 and the misfolded receptor-like kinase EFR.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants have enhanced sensitivity to salt stress.
Belongs to the RNA cytidine acetyltransferase family. NAT10 subfamily.
RNA cytidine acetyltransferase with specificity toward both 18S rRNA and tRNAs. Catalyzes the formation of N(4)-acetylcytidine (ac4C) in 18S rRNA. Required for early nucleolar cleavages of precursor rRNA at sites A0, A1 and A2 during 18S rRNA synthesis. Catalyzes the formation of ac4C in serine and leucine tRNAs. Requires a tRNA-binding adapter protein for full tRNA acetyltransferase activity but not for 18S rRNA acetylation.
Controls stomatal patterning. Regulates the number of cells that enter, and remain in, the stomatal lineage by inhibiting protodermal cells from adopting the meristemoid mother cell (MMC) fate in a non-cell-autonomous manner. Mediates stomatal development inhibition. MEPF2: mobile signal controlling stomatal development in a non-cell-autonomous manner (PubMed:22241782). Uses ERECTA as major receptor (PubMed:22241782). Inactivated by cleavage by CRSP (AC Q9LNU1) (PubMed:25043023). May act by competing with somatogen (AC Q9SV72) for the same receptor, TMM (AC Q9SSD1) (PubMed:22027592).
Expressed in leaves, especially by the MMCs and their early descendants cells (stomatal lineage cells) including guard mother cells (GMCs).
Increased small pavement cell (non-stomatal) and stomatal cell density. Inversion in CO(2) control of stomatal development resulting in an increased number of stomata at elevated CO(2) concentration.
The loop (92-105) connecting the two anti-parallel beta-strands (85-91 and 106-112) confers the function to the peptide.
Expressed in tissues surrounding vascular bundles in hypocotyl of 2-week-old plants.
May form complexes with phosphorylated ligands by interfering with kinases and their effectors (By similarity). Can substitute for TERMINAL FLOWER 1 (in vitro).
Plants do not show a phenotype similar to those of TERMINAL FLOWER 1 mutants.
By methyl jasmonate, 6-benzylaminopurine, light and sucrose.
Expressed in young seedlings (at protein level).
Involved in anthocyanin and protoanthocyanidin biosynthesis by catalyzing the oxidation of leucoanthocyanidins into anthocyanidins. Possesses low flavonol synthase activity in vitro towards dihydrokaempferol and dihydroquercetin producing kaempferol and quercitin, respectively.
No accumulation of anthocyanins, accumulation of protoanthocyanidin intermediates and presence of numerous small vacuoles in leaf epidermal cells.
Expressed in roots and faintly in shoots.
Transcriptional activator (PubMed:19717544, PubMed:22974309). Involved in lateral root formation. Regulated by the transcriptional activators ARF7 and ARF19 (PubMed:17259263). Functions in the initiation and emergence of lateral roots, in conjunction with LBD18, downstream of ARF7 and ARF19 (PubMed:19717544, PubMed:23749813). Acts downstream of the auxin influx carriers AUX1 and LAX1 in the regulation of lateral root initiation and development (PubMed:26059335).
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CK1 Ser/Thr protein kinase family. Casein kinase I subfamily.
Casein kinases are operationally defined by their preferential utilization of acidic proteins such as caseins as substrates. It can phosphorylate a large number of proteins.
In floral tissues, expressed in pollen grains and fertilized ovules until they develop into seeds, and, at low levels, in the styles. Observed in germinating seedlings, and later confined to shoot and root apical meristems. Accumulates in emerging leaves and in the vascular tissue of adult leaves.
Mediator of sterol homeostasis involved in sterol uptake, trafficking and distribution into membranes.
Mediator of sterol homeostasis involved in sterol uptake, trafficking and distribution into membranes. Regulates also the sphingolipid metabolism.
Regulates also the sphingolipid metabolism.
Restricted to tissues in which cells are actively dividing or expanding. Mostly expressed in roots and flowers, and, to a lower extent, in stems and leaves.
Phosphorylated on serine residue by MPK4.
Regulator of plant defense response. May contribute to MPK4-regulated defense activation by coupling the kinase to specific WRKY transcription factors.
Involved in the assembly of the F(1) ATP synthase in chloroplast thylakoid membranes (PubMed:25775508). Functions downstream of the CPN60 chaperones to promote assembly of the catalytically active core of the chloroplast ATP synthase (PubMed:25775508). Assists the assembly of the ATP synthase gamma subunit into the active F(1) core downstream of CPN60-mediated folding, which is critical for the biogenesis of the chloroplast ATP synthase (PubMed:25775508).
Severe growth defects, and inability to flower and produce seeds.
Expressed in roots, cotyledons and shoot meristematic region.
Involved in transcriptional gene silencing (TGS). Component of the RISC complex that associate with the small interfering RNA (siRNA) pathway involved in direct cytosine methylation at endogenous DNA repeats. Required for the accumulation of specific siRNAs derived from transgene and heterochromatin-related endogenous loci. Involved in RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) at specific endogenous loci. Probably not required for the accumulation of siRNAs derived from transgene inverted repeats that induce post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS). Associates mainly with small RNAs of 24 nucleotide in length and preferentially recruits small RNAs with a 5' terminal adenosine. Targeted by turnip yellows virus (TuYV) protein P0 (via F-box-like domain) for probable proteasome degradation and thereby inactivating AGO6 function in RNA silencing.
May be due to a competing acceptor splice site and to an intron retention.
Belongs to the AAA ATPase family. BCS1 subfamily.
Interacts with the PP2A A subunit PP2AA1/RCN1.
PPIases accelerate the folding of proteins. It catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptides. Seems to be involved in root development.
Ubiquitous, mostly in aerial organs. Higher levels in leaf and buds, and lower levels in seedlings.
Catalyzes two activities which are involved in the cyclic version of arginine biosynthesis: the synthesis of acetylglutamate from glutamate and acetyl-CoA, and of ornithine by transacetylation between acetylornithine and glutamate.
Heterodimer of an alpha and a beta chain.
Belongs to the glutathione peroxidase family.
May constitute a glutathione peroxidase-like protective system against oxidative stresses.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 28 family.
5'->3' double-stranded DNA exonuclease which may also possess a cryptic 3'->5' double-stranded DNA exonuclease activity. Functions in DNA mismatch repair.
Belongs to the XPG/RAD2 endonuclease family. EXO1 subfamily.
2 of the reaction center chlorophylls (ChlD1 and ChlD2) are entirely coordinated by water.
Belongs to the reaction center PufL/M/PsbA/D family.
C-terminally processed by CTPA; processing is essential to allow assembly of the oxygen-evolving complex and thus photosynthetic growth.
Herbicides such as atrazine, BNT, diuron or ioxynil bind in the Q(B) binding site and block subsequent electron transfer.
PSII is composed of 1 copy each of membrane proteins PsbA, PsbB, PsbC, PsbD, PsbE, PsbF, PsbH, PsbI, PsbJ, PsbK, PsbL, PsbM, PsbT, PsbX, PsbY, PsbZ, Psb30/Ycf12, at least 3 peripheral proteins of the oxygen-evolving complex and a large number of cofactors. It forms dimeric complexes (By similarity). Interacts with PAM68 (PubMed:20923938). The nascent chain still attached to the ribosome interacts with FFC/ cpSRP54, but not with CAO/cpSRP43 or SecA (PubMed:9927433).
PSII is composed of 1 copy each of membrane proteins PsbA, PsbB, PsbC, PsbD, PsbE, PsbF, PsbH, PsbI, PsbJ, PsbK, PsbL, PsbM, PsbT, PsbX, PsbY, PsbZ, Ycf12, at least 3 peripheral proteins of the oxygen-evolving complex and a large number of cofactors. It forms dimeric complexes.
Phosphorylation occurs in normal plant growth light conditions. Rapid dephosphorylation occurs during heat shock.
Photosystem II (PSII) is a light-driven water:plastoquinone oxidoreductase that uses light energy to abstract electrons from H(2)O, generating O(2) and a proton gradient subsequently used for ATP formation. It consists of a core antenna complex that captures photons, and an electron transfer chain that converts photonic excitation into a charge separation. The D1/D2 (PsbA/PsbD) reaction center heterodimer binds P680, the primary electron donor of PSII as well as several subsequent electron acceptors.
The D1/D2 heterodimer binds P680, chlorophylls that are the primary electron donor of PSII, and subsequent electron acceptors. It shares a non-heme iron and each subunit binds pheophytin, quinone, additional chlorophylls, carotenoids and lipids. D1 provides most of the ligands for the Mn4-Ca-O5 cluster of the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC). There is also a Cl(-1) ion associated with D1 and D2, which is required for oxygen evolution. The PSII complex binds additional chlorophylls, carotenoids and specific lipids.
Tyr-161 forms a radical intermediate that is referred to as redox-active TyrZ, YZ or Y-Z.
Probable transcription factor. Interacts genetically with TT16/AGL32 in a partially antagonistic manner during flower development. Is essential for the coordination of cell divisions in ovule, seed coat development and endosperm formation (PubMed:27776173).
By abscisic acid (ABA) in immature siliques.
May be involved in the BHLH109-mediated regulation of somatic embryogenesis.
Although both SET and pre-SET domains are present, the absence of the post-SET domain may alter the methyltransferase activity.
Belongs to the class V-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. Histone-lysine methyltransferase family. Suvar3-9 subfamily.
Histone methyltransferase family member that may lack methyltransferase activity. May methylate 'Lys-9' of histone H3. H3 'Lys-9' methylation represents a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional repression (Potential).
The S-adenosyl-L-methionine binding sites are not conserved, suggesting that this protein lacks methyltransferase activity. Likewise, the zinc-binding Cys residues in the pre-SET domain are only partially conserved.
Expressed in proliferating (e.g. shoot and root apical meristems, organ primordia, guard cells and stomatal lineage) and endoreplicating cells (e.g. developing trichomes).
Member of the pre-replication complex. Regulates endoreduplication. Involved in the coordination of cell and plastid division.
Non catalytic subunit of RNase H2, an endonuclease that specifically degrades the RNA of RNA:DNA hybrids. Participates in DNA replication, possibly by mediating the removal of lagging-strand Okazaki fragment RNA primers during DNA replication. Mediates the excision of single ribonucleotides from DNA:RNA duplexes.
Acts on phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) in the first committed step in the production of the second messenger inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate (By similarity). Necessary for proper organization of the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and post-Golgi secretion in root hairs. Together with PI4KB1, required during polarized root hair expansion and pollen tube elongation. Functions redundantly with PI4KB1 upstream of the cold response phosphoinositide-dependent phospholipase C (PI-PLC) pathway.
The PPC (Plant PI4K Charged) region is involved in membrane targeting and phospholipid binding.
When associated with PI4KB1 disruption: aberrant root hair morphologies, and short and wavy pollen tubes.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class dynamin-like GTPase superfamily. GB1/RHD3 GTPase family.
Expressed during the early stages of leaf development and expression decreases with the maturation of the leaf.
Overexpression mutant display larger leaves and cotyledons, as well as a delayed bolting of the inflorescence stem when compared to wild-type plants.
Strongly expressed in actively growing and developing tissues, such as roots, upper stems, and shoot tips containing the shoot apical meristem (SAM) and flower buds. Also expressed in mature flowers, but weakly expressed in mature stems and leaves.
Transcription activator that plays a role in the regulation of cell expansion in leaf and cotyledons tissues. Component of a network formed by miR396, the GRFs and their interacting factors (GIFs) acting in the regulation of meristem function, at least partially through the control of cell proliferation. microRNA396-GRF1/GRF3 regulatory module acts as a developmental regulator in the reprogramming of root cells during cyst nematode infection, leading to the formation of the syncytium.
microRNA 396 (miR396a or miR396b) negatively regulates growth-regulating factors (GRF1-4 and GRF7-9). Up-regulated in response to cyst nematode infection.
Belongs to the class-I pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family. Alanine aminotransferase subfamily.
Catalyzes the Glu:glyoxylate aminotransferase (GGT), Ala:glyoxylate aminotransferase (AGT), Ala:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase (AKT) and Glu:pyruvate aminotransferase (GPT) reactions in peroxisomes.
Expressed at low levels in seedlings, leaves, flowers, roots, and green siliques.
Component of a deubiquitination module (DUB module) formed by ENY2, SGF11, and UBP22 in Arabidopsis (PubMed:29588169, PubMed:30192741). Interacts directly with SGF11, but not with ENY2 (PubMed:29588169, PubMed:30192741).
Component of a deubiquitination module (DUB module) that specifically deubiquinates monoubiquinated histone H2B (H2Bub) (PubMed:29588169, PubMed:30192741). Does not seem to be a component of the TREX-2 complex (PubMed:29588169). Seems to act independently of the SAGA multiprotein complex (PubMed:30192741). The DUB module is responsible for the major H2Bub deubiquitinase activity in Arabidopsis (PubMed:30192741).
Possesses activity on acetaldehyde and glycolaldehyde in vitro.
Associates with cellulase synthase (CESA) complexes (PubMed:24368796). Binds to cortical microtubules (By similarity). Interacts with CESA3 and CESA6 (PubMed:24368796).
Expressed in dark-grown hypocotyls, leaves (confined to vasculature and trichomes), stamen, pollen, developing siliques, and roots. Restricted in meristematic tissue of the shoot and root. Present in distinct punctae at the cell cortex, called microtubule-associated cellulose synthase compartments, that move with constant velocities of 10 to 3000 nm/min.
No visible phenotype. The csi1 csi3 double mutants shows an enhanced cell expansion defect compared to csi1 as well as an additive reduction of cellulase synthase (CESA) complexes (CSCs) velocities.
Regulator of the microtubular cytoskeleton (By similarity). Microtubule-associated protein involved in the association of cellulase synthase (CESA) complexes (CSCs) and cortical microtubules. Promotes dynamics of CSCs in the plasma membrane in both microtubules-dependent and microtubules-independent manners. Regulates primary cell wall biosynthesis and cellulose microfibrils organization (PubMed:24368796).
Homodimer and heterodimers with other CASP proteins. Interacts with CASP2, CASP3, CASP4 and CASP5.
During female gametogenesis, expressed in the female gametophyte at stage FG4 (four-nucleate stage) in all four nuclei. Expressed in the central cell in unfused polar nuclei at stage FG5 and secondary nucleus at stage FG6. Expressed in the egg cell nucleus during stages FG5 and FG6. Expressed very weakly in mature female gametophytes (stage FG7).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but in the double mutant plants myb64 and myb119 the female gametophytes fail to cellularize, resulting in enlarged coenocytes with supernumerary nuclei.
The gain-of-function mutant upd10-D (T-DNA tagging) is infertile.
Transcription factor required for female gametophyte fertility (PubMed:23057675, PubMed:24068955). Acts redundantly with MYB119 to initiate the FG5 transition during female gametophyte development. The FG5 transition represents the switch between free nuclear divisions and cellularization-differentiation in female gametophyte, and occurs during developmental stage FG5 (PubMed:24068955).
Highly expressed in flowers, leaves and roots. Lower levels of expression in stems and siliques.
Involved in the acylation of the 6'' position of the 3-O-glucose residue of anthocyanin. Also able to use flavonol 3-glucosides as the acyl acceptor.
No visible phenotype, probably due to the redundancy with 3AT2.
Up-regulated by high sucrose and by low phosphate stresses.
Although strongly related to metalloprotease proteins, it lacks the JAMM motif that probably constitutes the catalytic center. Its function as protease is therefore unsure.
Belongs to the peptidase M67A family. CSN6 subfamily.
Component of the COP9 signalosome complex (CSN), a complex involved in various cellular and developmental processes such as photomorphogenesis and auxin and jasmonate responses. The CSN complex is an essential regulator of the ubiquitin (Ubl) conjugation pathway by mediating the deneddylation of the cullin subunits of SCF-type E3 ligase complexes, leading to decrease the Ubl ligase activity of SCF. It is involved in repression of photomorphogenesis in darkness by regulating the activity of COP1-containing Ubl ligase complexes. The complex is also required for degradation of PSIAA6 by regulating the activity of the Ubl ligase SCF-TIR complex. Essential for the structural integrity of the CSN holocomplex (PubMed:17307927).
Component of the COP9 signalosome complex (CSN), a complex involved in various cellular and developmental processes.
Component of the CSN complex, probably composed of CSN1, CSN2, CSN3, CSN4, CSN5 (CSN5A or CSN5B), CSN6 (CSN6A or CSN6B), CSN7 and CSN8. Interacts with itself. In the complex, it probably interacts directly with CSN4, CSN5A or CSN5B, and CSN7. Binds to the translation initiation factors TIF3E1 (PubMed:19704582).
No visible phenotype when grown under normal conditions, due to the redundancy with CSN6A. Csn6a and csn6b double mutants are lethal at the seedling stage.
ATP-dependent specificity component of the mitochondrial Clp protease (PubMed:11352464). It directs the protease to specific substrates (By similarity). Can perform chaperone functions in the absence of ClpP (By similarity).
Constitutively expressed in leaves, shoots, roots and flowers.
Co-chaperone that forms a complex with HSP70 and HSP90 and preproteins (e.g. chloroplast preproteins) (By similarity).
Decreased thermotolerance after a long recovery (2 days) under nonstress conditions following an acclimation heat treatment.
Mediates the association of the molecular chaperones HSP70 and HSP90. Mediates nuclear encoded chloroplast preproteins binding to HSP90 prior to chloroplastic sorting (By similarity). Involved in acclimation to heat.
The tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domain, forming a carboxylate clamp (CC), mediates interaction with the highly conserved 'EEVD' motif at the C-terminal ends of HSP90 and HSP70.
Component of an immune signaling complex made of, at least, SZE1, BKN2/SZE2, ZAR1 and ZED1 (PubMed:30947022). Interacts directly with ZAR1 and Pseudomonas syringae HOPZ1A at the plasma membrane (PubMed:30947022).
Expressed in stigma and ovaries in flowers, and in stems and seedlings.
In inflorescences, first observed in flower abscission zones and stems (PubMed:31829135). In seedlings, present at the leaf edges and petioles (PubMed:31829135).
N-terminal myristoylation is critical for plasma membrane localization and implication in defense responses.
No visible phenotype (PubMed:31829135). Slight hydration defects of wild-type pollen placed on the stigma (PubMed:31829135). Slight hydration defects of wild-type pollen placed on the stigma of plants lacking both BKN1 and BKN2, but normal pollen grain adhesion and pollen tube growth (PubMed:31829135). Partial suppression of the pleiotropic phenotypes conferred by the dominant mutation zed1-D (e.g. high-temperature-dependent growth retardation and autoimmunity) (PubMed:30947022).
Together with SZE1 and ZED1, required for effector-triggered immunity (e.g. Pseudomonas syringae type III effector HopZ1a) via the activation of ZAR1, thus being essential for resistance against P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000 expressing HopZ1a (PubMed:30947022). Collaboratively with BKN1, involved in compatible pollen-stigma interactions (PubMed:31829135).
Histone chaperone that facilitates histone deposition and histone exchange and removal during nucleosome assembly and disassembly (By similarity). While encoded by a region of the Arabidopsis thaliana genome that is homologous to the Brassica S-locus for self incompatibility, this protein may not play the same role in Arabidopsis thaliana.
Interacts with histone H3 and histone H4 (By similarity). Component of the HIRA complex made of UBN1, UBN2, ASF1A, CABIN1 and HIRA. Interacts with HIRA (PubMed:25086063).
Down-regulated by pathogen and salicylic acid. Up-regulated by salt, gibberellic acid and methyl jasmonate. Not regulated by 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC).
Interacts with the DELLA proteins GAI, RGA, RGL1, RGL2 and RGL3.
No visible phenotype. Decreased resistance to B.cinerea and increased cell death upon pathogen infection. Boi, brg1, brg2 and brg3 quadruple mutant shows a higher GA signaling resulting in a higher seed germination in the presence of paclobutrazol, precocious juvenile-to-adult phase transition and early flowering.
Probable E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase. Has no effect on the stability of the DELLA proteins.
By chemically-induced ER stress response.
During embryo development, expressed exclusively in endothelial cells from the pre-embryo up to the heart stage. Expression disappears when the endothelial cells undergo PCD in the early-bent cotyledon stage (at protein level).
Highly expressed in flowers, stems and immature seeds, and at lower levels in leaves and siliques (at protein level).
Interacts with RD21A, At3g19390, At5g43060.
Protein disulfide isomerase that associates with RD21A protease for trafficking from the ER through the Golgi to lytic and protein storage vacuoles of endothelial cells in developing seeds. Regulates the timing of programmed cell death (PCD) of the endothelial cells by chaperoning and inhibiting cysteine proteases during their trafficking to vacuoles.
Promotes the synthesis of starch in leaves.
Highly expressed in roots, elongating root hair cells and pollen grains.
Modulates root tip growth. May play a common role in the tip growth of plant cells.
Accumulates in developing seeds in siliques, mainly in the seed coat and, to a lesser extent, in the embryo.
Expressed in roots, inflorescences, siliques, seeds, leaves and stems.
Glycosyltransferase involved in pectin and/or xylans biosynthesis in cell walls (By similarity). Required for the biosynthesis of pectin in seed coat epidermal (SCE) cells (PubMed:30228108). Collaboratively with MUCI70, essential for the accumulation of seed mucilage, a gelatinous wall rich in unbranched rhamnogalacturonan I (RG I), and for shaping the surface morphology of seeds (PubMed:30228108). Catalyzes homogalacturonan (HG) elongation by acting as an HG alpha-1,4 galacturonic acid transferase (PubMed:30228108).
Strong reduction of seed mucilage accumulation, associated with reduced absolute levels of rhamnose (Rha), galacturonic acid (GalA) and xylose (Xyl) but increased absolute abundance of minor sugars (e.g. galactose (Gal), glucose (Glc) and mannose (Man)) (PubMed:30228108). The double mutant muci70-1 gaut11-3 is completely defective in seed mucilage production and exhibits a strong release of minor sugars in total mucilage extracts (PubMed:30228108).
Mg(2+) is required for catalysis and for stabilizing the dimer.
Multifunctional enzyme that acts as an enolase involved in the metabolism and as a positive regulator of cold-responsive gene transcription (PubMed:12032082). Binds to the cis-element the gene promoter of STZ/ZAT10, a zinc finger transcriptional repressor (PubMed:12032082).
Belongs to the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6A (TC 3.D.4.11) family.
Modulates cytoplasmic Ca(2+) concentration and is crucial for proper stomatal regulation in response to elevated levels of external Ca(2+). May function by regulating concentrations of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3), which in turn triggers release of Ca(2+) from internal stores. May play a role in de-etiolation.
Phosphorylation seems to be light-dependent.
Plants silencing CAS show reduced chlorophyll content and early bolting.
Predominantly expressed in the shoot, including guard cells.
No effect on the levels of ICN metabolites.
Probable flavin-dependent oxidoreductase.
Belongs to the WD repeat RBAP46/RBAP48/MSI1 family.
Core histone-binding subunit that may target chromatin assembly factors, chromatin remodeling factors and histone deacetylases to their histone substrates in a manner that is regulated by nucleosomal DNA.
Catalyzes the first two consecutive steps of tetrahydrofolate biosynthesis.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the DHPS family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the HPPK family.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DEAH subfamily. PRP22 sub-subfamily.
Expressed in actively dividing tissues such as roots, flower buds, flowers and siliques.
Has a dual function in spindle-assembly checkpoint signaling and in promoting the establishment of correct kinetochore-microtubule (K-MT) attachments. Promotes the formation of stable end-on bipolar attachments. Necessary for kinetochore localization of BUB1. The BUB1/BUB3 complex plays a role in the inhibition of anaphase-promoting complex or cyclosome (APC/C) when spindle-assembly checkpoint is activated and inhibits the ubiquitin ligase activity of APC/C by phosphorylating its activator CDC20 (By similarity).
Part of the mitotic checkpoint complex (MCC).
Bifunctional DNA N-glycosylase with associated apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) lyase function that catalyzes the first step in base excision repair (BER), the primary repair pathway for the repair of oxidative DNA damage. The DNA N-glycosylase activity releases the damaged DNA base from DNA by cleaving the N-glycosidic bond, leaving an AP site. The AP lyase activity cleaves the phosphodiester bond 3' to the AP site by a beta-elimination. Primarily recognizes and repairs oxidative base damage of pyrimidines.
No effect on chloroplastic glycosylase-lyase/endonuclease activity, probably due to function redundancy.
Catalyzes the transfer of endogenously produced octanoic acid from octanoyl-acyl-carrier-protein onto the lipoyl domains of lipoate-dependent enzymes. Lipoyl-ACP can also act as a substrate although octanoyl-ACP is likely to be the physiological substrate (By similarity) (PubMed:23581459). Together with LIP1P is essential for de novo plastidial protein lipoylation during seed development. Acts redundantly with LIP2P (PubMed:23581459).
Expressed in roots, leaves, cauline leaves, stems, siliques and flowers.
In the reaction, the free carboxyl group of octanoic acid is attached via an amide linkage to the epsilon-amino group of a specific lysine residue of lipoyl domains of lipoate-dependent enzymes.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but the double mutants lip2p and lip2p2 are embryonic lethal.
Accumulation of the precursors of the two major storage proteins albumin 2S and globulin 12S in dry seeds.
Belongs to the STXBP/unc-18/SEC1 family.
Forms a complex with MAG2, ZW10/MIP1 and MIP2 on the endoplasmic reticulum.
Required for proper maturation of seed storage proteins. Forms a complex with MAG2, ZW10/MIP1 and MIP2 on the endoplasmic reticulum that may be responsible for efficient transport of seed storage proteins.
In the gip1 gip2 double mutants, embryonic lethality and impaired development of male gametophytes, severe growth defects and sterility, characterized by microtubule (MT) misorganization and abnormal spindle polarity, resulting in ploidy defects.
Mostly expressed in siliques and flowers, and, to a lower extent, in leaves, roots and seedlings, with highest levels in young tissues, meristematic cells, and the vasculature.
Part of the gamma-tubulin complex. Interacts with GIP1 and GCP3.
Required for gamma-tubulin complex recruitment to the microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs) (By similarity). During mitosis, modulates gamma-tubulin complex localization, spindle stability and chromosomal segregation. Necessary for gametophyte development and embryogenesis.
Belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily. L-isoaspartyl/D-aspartyl protein methyltransferase family.
By abscisic acid (ABA), drought and salt stress.
Catalyzes the methyl esterification of L-isoaspartyl residues in peptides and proteins that result from spontaneous decomposition of normal L-aspartyl and L-asparaginyl residues. It plays a role in the repair and/or degradation of damaged proteins.
Expressed in rosette leaves, stems, cauline leaves, flowers and developing seeds.
Belongs to the archaeal Rpo3/eukaryotic RPB3 RNA polymerase subunit family.
Component of the RNA polymerase IV and V complexes. Interacts with NRPB11, SHH1, GRP23 and NRPD1.
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Component of RNA polymerases IV and V which mediate short-interfering RNAs (siRNA) accumulation and subsequent RNA-directed DNA methylation-dependent (RdDM) transcriptional gene silencing (TGS) of endogenous repeated sequences, including transposable elements.
Catalyzes three successive oxidations of ent-kaurenoic acid giving gibberellin 12 (GA12), a key step in gibberellins (GAs) biosynthesis. GAs, which are involved many processes, including stem elongation, play a central role in plant development.
Widely expressed. Highly expressed in influorescence stem, influorescence, and silique tissue. Weakly expressed in cauline and rosette leaves. Expressed at a weaker level in stem and influorescence than AtKAO1/CYP88A3.
Catalyzes the concluding reaction of the photorespiratory C2 cycle, an indispensable ancillary metabolic pathway to the photosynthetic C3 cycle that enables land plants to grow in an oxygen-containing atmosphere.
Cytoplasmic D-glycerate 3-kinase that constitutes a photorespiratory bypass that alleviates fluctuating light-induced photoinhibition (PubMed:29129375).
Isoform 1: Expressed in the light (PubMed:29129375). Isoform 3: Expressed in the dark (PubMed:29129375).
Interacts with MYC2, MYB21, MYB24, AFPH2/NINJA, TIFY10A/JAZ1, TIFY10B/JAZ2, TIFY6B/JAZ3, TIFY6A/JAZ4, TIFY7/JAZ9 and TIFY9/JAZ10.
Repressor of jasmonate (JA) responses. Targets MYC2, MYC3 and MYC4 that are JA-dependent transcription activators.
The jas domains (101-120) and (197-222) are required for interaction with COI1.
Converts tryptophan to indole-3-acetaldoxime, a precursor for tryptophan-derived glucosinolates and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) (PubMed:10681464, PubMed:10922360). Involved in the biosynthetic pathway to 4-hydroxyindole-3-carbonyl nitrile (4-OH-ICN), a cyanogenic metabolite required for inducible pathogen defense (PubMed:26352477).
Found in all tissues tested. Highest expression in roots, and low expression in stem.
14-3-3 protein binding is not involved in endoplasmic reticulum export and tonoplast targeting.
Could be activated by protein kinase C (By similarity). Strongly induced by calcium. Blocked by barium, tetraethylammonium (TEA), quinine and quinidine.
Detected in mesophyll cells, guard cells and vascular tissues of the leaves. Expressed in the hilum, where the funiculus is attached during fruit maturation and in the embryo. Also expressed at a lower level in seedlings, root tips and elongation zones, and flowers. Could be detected in mitotically active tissues.
Each of the two pore-forming region (also called P-domain or P-loop) is enclosed by two transmembrane segments (2P/4TM) and contains the GYGD signature motif which seems to be involved in potassium selectivity. The C-terminus (328-363) is required for vacuolar targeting.
Homodimer. Interacts with GRF1 and GRF6, but only GRF6 modulates the channel activity.
Phosphorylation at Ser-42 increases and stabilizes the interaction with 14-3-3 proteins.
Reduced growth in both high and low K(+) conditions. Slower germination and increased sensitivity to abscisic acid. Reduction of the total tonoplast current density.
Voltage-independent, large conductance and potassium-selective tonoplast ion channel. Regulated by cytoplasmic calcium and pH. Does not mediate slow-vacuolar (SV) ionic currents, but essential to establish VK currents. Has some permeability for Rb(+) and NH(4)(+), but none for Na(+), Cs(+) or Li(+). Involved in intracellular K(+) redistribution and/or K(+) retranslocation between different tissues.
Was initially described as an outward slow-vacuolar (SV) ion channel (PubMed:9184204, PubMed:11821043).
Activated by gibberellic acid (GA) (PubMed:20844019). Negatively regulated by AP3/PI (PubMed:18417639). Strong accumulation during cold imbibition of nondormant seeds, but not at warm temperatures. Regulated by PIF transcription factors (PubMed:20844019). Induced by cytokinin (e.g. benzyladenine) (PubMed:22811435). Repressed by HAN (PubMed:23335616). Inhibited by SOC1 (PubMed:23739688). Down-regulated by auxin (2,4D) and auxin response factors (e.g. ARF2 and ARF7) (PubMed:23878229).
Belongs to the type IV zinc-finger family. Class B subfamily.
Expressed predominantly in leaves, and barely in stems, flowers and siliques.
First observed in the inflorescence meristem (IM) and young flower buds (PubMed:23335616). Detected throughout the floral bud. In young flowers, restricted to the inner whorls, specifically the petals, stamens, and carpels (PubMed:18417639, PubMed:23335616). In older flowers, present in the petals, stamen filaments and carpels, with weaker expression in the anthers of the stamens (PubMed:18417639). Observed in anther locules, vascular strands, and ovules (PubMed:23335616). During imbibition, expressed in the endosperm, especially at the time of testa rupture. Later restricted to the embryonic root (PubMed:20844019). In mature embryos, observed in the cotyledons and hypocotyl. In young seedlings, mostly expressed in shoot tissues, including the tip, circumference, and vasculature of the cotyledons, the emerging leaves, the meristematic region, and the basal part of the hypocotyl, and, at low levels, in the primary roots. In older seedlings, accumulates in the green shoot tissues (PubMed:22811435).
Interacts with SNL1 (PubMed:19962994). Forms heterodimers with GATA18 (PubMed:23335616).
Pale green leaves and reduced chlorophyll levels associated with altered regulation of sugar-sensing genes (e.g. HXK1, HXK2, STP13 and PLT6) (PubMed:18417639, PubMed:22102866, PubMed:22811435). Reduced chloroplast size (PubMed:22811435). Faster seed germination. Early flowering. Increased leaves size (PubMed:20844019, PubMed:22102866). Reduced gibberellic acid (GA) levels due to increased GA turnover and associated with reduced expression of GA-anabolizing enzymes (e.g. GA3OX1) but increased expression of GA-catabolizing enzymes (e.g. GA2OX2) (PubMed:20844019). Small seeds with deformed seed coats (PubMed:22102866). The double mutant gnc cga1, lacking both GATA22 and GATA21, exhibits reduced sensitivity to cytokinin (e.g. benzyladenine) toward chloroplasts growth (PubMed:22811435).
Transcriptional regulator that specifically binds 5'-GATA-3' or 5'-GAT-3' motifs within gene promoters (PubMed:22102866, PubMed:25077795). Involved in the modulation of chloroplast development, growth and division in a cytokinin-dependent manner (PubMed:22102866, PubMed:22811435). Repressor of the gibberellic acid (GA) signaling pathway that represses flowering and modulates greening, in a SOC1-dependent manner (PubMed:20844019, PubMed:23739688, PubMed:25077795). Prevents the accumulation of SOC1 during flowering (PubMed:23739688). Promotes chlorophyll biosynthesis throughout the plant, by regulating chlorophyll biosynthetic genes (e.g. HEMA1 and GUN4) and chloroplast localized glutamate synthase (e.g. GLU1) (PubMed:18417639, PubMed:20844019, PubMed:22102866, PubMed:23878229, PubMed:25077795). Involved in the regulation of sugar-sensing genes (e.g. HXK1, HXK2, STP13 and PLT6) (PubMed:18417639). Regulator of germination, senescence, elongation growth and flowering time (PubMed:20844019, PubMed:22102866, PubMed:23878229). Influences also leaf starch content (PubMed:22102866).
Highly expressed in stamen primordium, microsporocyte, ovule primordium and megasporocyte during sporogenesis.
Overexpression of TPR1 leads to constitutive activation of defense responses.
Partially suppresses the constitutive disease resistance phenotype of the snc1 mutant.
Tetramer (PubMed:26601214). Interacts with SNC1 (via TIR domain) and HDA19 (PubMed:20647385). Interacts with SPL (via EAR motif) (PubMed:25527103, PubMed:25378179). Interacts with SPEAR3/TIE1 (PubMed:23444332). Binds to and corepresses GAF1/IDD2 (PubMed:25035403).
Transcriptional corepressor. Activates TIR-NB-LRR R protein-mediated immune responses through repression of negative regulators such as CNGC2/DND1 (PubMed:20647385). Negative regulator of jasmonate responses (By similarity).
Acts as a component of the auxin efflux carrier. Seems to be involved in the lateral auxin transport system and mediates tropic growth. Coordinated polar localization of PIN3 is directly regulated by the vesicle trafficking process.
Expressed during embryogenesis. Detected in the precursors of the columella root cells.
Plants display defects in hypocotyl differential growth.
Predominantly expressed at the lateral side of shoot endodermis cells as well as root pericycle and columella cells.
Expressed ubiquitously, including in the shoot apical meristem and in the elongation zone of the root meristem.
Homo- and heterodimers with PSKR1. Interacts (via C-terminus) with AHA1 and AHA2 (via the R-domain).
Loss of sensitivity to PSY1 (PubMed:17989228). Loss of PSY1 induced phosphorylation of AHA2 and reduced hypocotyl elongation (PubMed:25267325). Increased symptom formation, disease index, lesion size and fungal growth after infection with A.brassicicola, but increased resistance to bacterial infection (PubMed:23062058).
PSYR1 and PSKR1 mediate a signaling pathway by two distinct ligands, which redundantly contribute to cellular proliferation and plant growth.
Tyrosine-sulfated glycopeptide receptor with a serine/threonine-protein kinase activity (PubMed:17989228, PubMed:25267325). Regulates, in response to tyrosine-sulfated glycopeptide binding, a signaling cascade involved in cellular proliferation and plant growth (PubMed:17989228). Not involved in PSK perception (PubMed:17989228). Involved in plant immunity, with antagonistic effects on bacterial and fungal resistances (PubMed:23062058). Mediates activation of the plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase by PSY1 (PubMed:25267325). Phosphorylates AHA2 at Thr-881 (PubMed:25267325).
Bifunctional O-glycosyltransferase and N-glycosyltransferase that can detoxify xenobiotics. Possesses high activity to metabolize the persistent pollutants 2,4,5-trichlorophenol (TCP) and 3,4-dichloroaniline (DCA). Also active on benzoates and benzoate derivatives in vitro.
No visible phenotype under normal growth condition.
Lacks the conserved catalytic triad His-Tyr-Glu of the active site.
Probable inactive ADP-ribosyltransferase that may be involved in stress and developmental responses.
Cell cycle-dependent regulation. Up-regulated during the G2/M phase.
Highly expressed in young siliques, seedlings, flower buds and open flowers. Weak expression in roots, and not detected in older siliques and mature leaves. Expressed in the embryo sac in prefertilization ovules and in seeds following fertilization. Detected in both embryo up to the heart stage and endosperm throughout most of the syncytial phase of endosperm development. Not detected in the cellularized endosperm, when cell division has ceased.
Interacts with GRF5 in a phosphorylation-independent manner. The binding to microtubules occurs independently of the interaction with GRF5.
Microtubule-associated protein required for seed development and for microtubule function in the endosperm. Associates with nuclear microtubules during mitosis. Binds to microtubules of the spindle and spindle-poles and to midzone microtubules out of which the phragmoplast emerges. Not associated with cortical microtubules. Required for endosperm cellularization. May be bound and sequestered by GRF5 in an inactive soluble form during the early stages of mitosis.
Belongs to the mediator complex subunit 32 family.
Oligomers (PubMed:25877331). Component of the Mediator complex (PubMed:17560376). Interacts with MED6 (PubMed:17560376). Interacts with GEBPL (PubMed:25877331).
By drought and high salinity conditions, and with exogenous application of abscisic acid (ABA), with high expression after 5 hour exposure to these conditions. Expression in roots is higher than that in leaves upon the high salinity and ABA treatment likewise as it is under normal conditions.
Expressed in both shoots and roots. In roots, strongly expressed in pericycle and xylem parenchyma cells, and to a lesser extent in the root endodermis. In flowers, expressed in sepals.
No effect on the root lengths compared to those of wild-type plant under high salinity conditions.
Sugar transporter. Transports monosaccharides across the vacuolar membrane independently from a proton gradient. May function coordinately with the vacuolar invertase to regulate osmotic pressure by affecting the accumulation of sugar in the cells under abiotic stress conditions.
The N-terminal sequence motif LXXXLL is necessary for localization to the vacuole membrane (tonoplast).
Interacts in vitro with GRXS14, GRXS15, GRXS16 and GRXS17, but not with GRXC5 (PubMed:24203231). Interacts in vivo only with GRXS14 and GRXS16 (PubMed:24203231, PubMed:24714563).
May act either alone or in interaction with glutaredoxin as a redox-regulated transcriptional regulator, or as a factor regulating Fe-S cluster biogenesis (Probable). The glutaredoxin-BOLA1 heterodimers bind a labile, oxygen sensitive iron-sulfur cluster (PubMed:24714563).
The GRXS14-BOLA1 apo-heterodimer model derived from NMR data shows a domain arrangement totally different from the holo-heterodimer showing evidence for a Rieske-type ligation of a [2Fe-2S] cluster.
Interacts directly with GL3 and BHLH2. Part of a complex made of GL1, GL3 or BHLH2, and TTG1. Interacts with CCT8 (PubMed:21868675).
May regulate MYC transcription factors. Involved in epidermal cell fate specification such as trichome and root hair development, seed mucilage production, and anthocyanin biosynthesis by acting at the dihydroflavonol-4-reductase (DFR) step. Together with GL1 and GL3, promotes trichome formation. Activates the transcription of GL2.
Roots, leaves, stems, meristems, flowers and flower buds.
Accumulates in tissues undergoing abscission.
Belongs to the plant DMP1 protein family.
Expressed constitutively in leaves, stems, flowers, siliques and roots.
Expressed at low levels throughout the plant, with slightly higher expression in developing seeds and the highest expression in pollen.
In cv. Columbia and cv. Landsberg erecta, either FRL1 or FRL2, but not both, is functional and required for FRI-mediated up-regulation of FLC (PubMed:17056759).
No effect on flowering time, due to a partial redundancy with FRL1. Frl1 and frl2 double mutants flower earlier than frl1 single mutant.
The sequence displayed is a non-functional allele found in cv. Columbia. The protein in cv. Landsberg erecta (AC A0SWL0) only differ by two residues in positions 132 and 401 (Pro to Ala and Gln to Leu changes, respectively); these variations leading to activate the protein in cv. Landsberg erecta.
By auxin (PubMed:22348445, PubMed:27999086). Triggered by brassinosteroids, including brassinolide (BL) (PubMed:30649552).
Interacts with and inhibits PP2C-D subfamily of type 2C phosphatases such as PP2C67/PP2C-D1, PP2C64/PP2C-D5 and PP2C46/PP2C-D6.
Provide a mechanistic link between auxin and plasma membrane H(+)-ATPases (PM H(+)-ATPases, e.g. AHA1 and AHA2), and triggers PM H(+)-ATPases activity by promoting phosphorylation of their C-terminal autoinhibitory domain as a result of PP2C-D subfamily of type 2C phosphatases inhibition, thus leading to the acidification of the apoplast and the facilitation of solutes and water uptake to drive cell expansion (PubMed:24858935, PubMed:27999086). Prevents the apical hook maintenance of etiolated seedlings (PubMed:24858935). Functions as positive effectors of cell expansion through modulation of auxin transport (PubMed:22348445, PubMed:27999086).
Seedlings over-expressing SAUR19 display auxin-related phenotypes. These phenotypes include increased cell expansion, increased hypocotyl and leaf size, defective apical hook maintenance, altered tropic responses and increased basipetal auxin transport in hypocotyls.
Belongs to the PsbB/PsbC family. PsbB subfamily.
Binds multiple chlorophylls. PSII binds additional chlorophylls, carotenoids and specific lipids.
One of the components of the core complex of photosystem II (PSII). It binds chlorophyll and helps catalyze the primary light-induced photochemical processes of PSII. PSII is a light-driven water:plastoquinone oxidoreductase, using light energy to abstract electrons from H(2)O, generating O(2) and a proton gradient subsequently used for ATP formation.
PSII is composed of 1 copy each of membrane proteins PsbA, PsbB, PsbC, PsbD, PsbE, PsbF, PsbH, PsbI, PsbJ, PsbK, PsbL, PsbM, PsbT, PsbX, PsbY, PsbZ, Psb30/Ycf12, at least 3 peripheral proteins of the oxygen-evolving complex and a large number of cofactors. It forms dimeric complexes (PubMed:20923938). Interacts with PAM68 (PubMed:20923938). Interacts with HHL1 (PubMed:24632535).
Probable transcription factor that may function in the maintenance of the proper function of the central cell in pollen tube attraction.
Contains 4-hydroxyproline; hydroxylated on Pro-31, Pro-33 and Pro-35.
Highly expressed during early germination.
Important for the metabolism of amino acids and Krebs-cycle related organic acids. Involved in plant nitrogen metabolism of Asp and Asp-derived amino acids and in the synthesis of Asp/Asn for seed storage (PubMed:12068109). May be involved in the assessment of the pyridoxal phosphate levels in the cell (PubMed:21511809).
No visible phenotype, but slight modification of the amino acid composition. Growth defect, when grown in vitro.
Several mutations in ASP2, but not all, suppress the root UV-B sensitive (rus) phenotype. A loss of ASP2 activity is not sufficient for this suppression.
Predominantly expressed in open flowers. Also expressed in leaves and stems, and at a lower level in roots.
Belongs to the nucleosome assembly protein (NAP) family.
Can form homomeric and heteromeric protein complexes with NAP1;2, NAP1;3 and NAP1;4. Binds histone H2A. Interacts with PP438/PNM1.
May modulate chromatin structure by regulation of nucleosome assembly/disassembly (By similarity). Contributes to the regulation of cell proliferation and cell expansion. May function in nucleotide excision repair (NER). Involved in somatic homologous recombination.
No visible phenotype (PubMed:19228338). Enlarged plants early in the development but reduced plants in size in a later stage (PubMed:17041028).
Prenylation of the protein is required for its function during the cell proliferation phase of leaf development.
The acidic domain is probably involved in the interaction with histones.
Triple mutant nap1;1-nap1;2-nap1;3 has no obvious visible phenotype but exhibits hypersensitivity to DNA damage after UV-radiation, affected transcription of NER related genes (PubMed:19228338), slight hypersensitive response to abscisic acid (ABA) in seedling growth (PubMed:19825649) and impaired somatic homologous recombination (PubMed:22534127).
Constitutively interacts with CASP4; required for the localization of procaspase 4 to the ER.
Critical mediator, in cooperation with CASP4, of endoplasmic reticulum-stress induced apoptosis. Required or the activation of CASP4 following endoplasmic reticulum stress.
Up-regulated by cold temperatures and down-regulated by light. In response to low temperatures, transcripts accumulate in the whole etiolated seedlings but only in roots of light-grown seedlings.
Down-regulated by high succrose; via the repression of bZIP11. Up-regulated by proline and salt or drought stress.
Expressed in the vascular tissue and in the abscission zone of petals, sepals, stamina, pistils and siliques. Not detected in petioles.
No visible phenotype when grown under normal conditions. No proline hypersensitivity.
Belongs to the RBOH (TC 5.B.1.3) family.
Calcium-dependent NADPH oxidase that generates superoxide.
Belongs to the phosphoglycerate kinase family.
May trigger the phosphorylation of FTSZ2-1 and FTSZ2-2.
Monomer (By similarity). Binds to FTSZ2-1 and FTSZ2-2 (PubMed:22823492).
Expressed in flowers, stamen, pollen, and pollinated carpels.
Hydroxylated on proline residues in the S-P-P-P-P repeat.
Modulates cell morphogenesis by regulating cell wall formation and assembly, and/or growth polarization.
Mostly expressed in seedlings shoots and roots, and, to a lower extent, in leaves, but barely in flowers.
Catalyzes the formation of the isocyclic ring in chlorophyll biosynthesis. Mediates the cyclase reaction, which results in the formation of divinylprotochlorophyllide (Pchlide) characteristic of all chlorophylls from magnesium-protoporphyrin IX 13-monomethyl ester (MgPMME).
Knock-down mutant (chl27-t) grow slowly with a pale green appearance. confers also severe defects in chloroplast development, including the unstacking of thylakoid membranes (PubMed:18682427).
Belongs to the steroid 5-alpha reductase family. Polyprenol reductase subfamily.
Plays a key role in early steps of protein N-linked glycosylation by being required for the conversion of polyprenol into dolichol. Dolichols are required for the synthesis of dolichol-linked monosaccharides and the oligosaccharide precursor used for N-glycosylation. Acts as a polyprenol reductase that promotes the reduction of the alpha-isoprene unit of polyprenols into dolichols in a NADP-dependent mechanism. Involved in the regulation of plant growth and reproductive processes.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class OBG-HflX-like GTPase superfamily. HflX GTPase family.
Repressed by heat and dehydration stress.
Component of the retromer complex which consists of VPS29 (MAG1), VPS26 (VPS26A or VPS26B), VPS35 (VPS35A or VPS35B or VPS35C), VPS5/17 (SNX1 or SNX2A or SNX2B). Component of a retromer subcomplex consisting of VPS29 (MAG1), VPS26 (VPS26A or VPS26B), VPS35 (VPS35A or VPS35B or VPS35C).
Plays a role in vesicular protein sorting. Component of the membrane-associated retromer complex which is essential in endosome-to-Golgi retrograde transport. Also involved in the efficient sorting of seed storage proteins (By similarity). The VPS29-VPS26-VPS35 subcomplex may be involved in recycling of specific cargos from endosome to the plasma membrane.
FMN hydrolase that catalyzes the dephosphorylation of flavin mononucleotide (FMN) to riboflavin (PubMed:22002057, PubMed:24123841, PubMed:27490826). Can also dephosphorylate 5-amino-6-(5-phospho-D-ribitylamino)uracil, also known as ARPP (PubMed:24123841, PubMed:27490826). Not required for riboflavin biosynthesis in planta, but may help maintaining flavin homeostasis within chloroplasts (PubMed:27490826).
No visible phenotype and no effect on flavin metabolite profile and abundances.
Belongs to the F-actin-capping protein alpha subunit family.
F-actin-capping proteins bind in a Ca(2+)-independent manner to the fast growing ends of actin filaments (barbed end) thereby blocking the exchange of subunits at these ends. Unlike other capping proteins (such as gelsolin and severin), these proteins do not sever actin filaments (By similarity).
F-actin-capping proteins bind in a Ca(2+)-independent manner to the fast growing ends of actin filaments (barbed end) thereby blocking the exchange of subunits at these ends. Unlike other capping proteins (such as gelsolin and severin), these proteins do not sever actin filaments.
Although this sequence lacks the C-terminal cysteine motifs subject to isoprenylation in other Rab proteins, it does have N-terminal N-myristoylation and S-palmitoylation.
Endosomal protein probably involved in endocytosis. Probably not involved in vacuolar trafficking.
Interacts with VPS9A (PubMed:18055610). Interacts with TCTP1 (PubMed:20736351).
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 27 family.
May be processed or degraded in a VPEgamma-dependent manner in vacuoles.
May regulate leaf (and possibly other organ) development by functioning in cell wall loosening and cell wall expansion.
Binds to 14-3-3 proteins. The binding is induced by phosphorylation of Thr-959. Binding to 14-3-3 proteins activates the H(+)-ATPase (By similarity).
Circadian-regulation with a peak at midnight.
Expressed in shoots, cotyledons, rosette and cauline leaves, stems, sepals, pistils and siliques.
Plants silencing CRSH have abnormally small siliques with few seeds, due to altered timing of pistil and pollen maturation and unsuccessful pollination.
Possesses calcium-dependent ppGpp (guanosine 3'-diphosphate 5'-diphosphate) synthetase activity in vitro and is able to functionally complement E.coli relA mutants. Plays an important role in the timing adjustment of pistil and pollen maturation required for successful pollination. May be involved in a rapid plant ppGpp-mediated response to pathogens and other stresses.
The calcium-binding sites of the 2 EF-hand domains are required for enzyme activity.
As accessory component of DNA polymerase II participates in chromosomal DNA replication. Required for the timing and determination of cell fate during plant embryogenesis and root pole development, by promoting cell cycle and cell type patterning. Necessary for proper shoot (SAM) and root apical meristem (RAM) functions (By similarity). Is essential to promote the first divisions of the zygote (PubMed:16212602).
Belongs to the DNA polymerase epsilon subunit B family.
Cell cycle regulated. Up-regulated at the G1/S phase transition and then decreases rapidly as cells progress into S-phase.
During plant development, expressed in the shoot and root meristematic regions, but not inthe meristems in seeds at germination nor in trichomes undergoing endoreduplication. During male gametogenesis, transiently expressed in immature pollen grains at the time of post-meiotic mitosis, but not in the female macrospores at any time of development. Expressed in the embryo sac after fertilization and the in the embryo proper and suspensor cells until the globular stage. At the triangular stage, expressed in the forming shoot apical meristem.
Embryonic lethality when homozygous, due to embryo development arrested at one-cell stage.
Participates in DNA repair and in chromosomal DNA replication.
Subunit of the DNA polymerase II (Probable). Interacts with POL2A (via C-terminus) (PubMed:16212602).
ATPase subunit of a multiprotein complex equivalent of the SWI/SNF complex that acts by remodeling the chromatin by catalyzing an ATP-dependent alteration in the structure of nucleosomal DNA. Represses embryonic genes in leaves and controls shoot development and flowering. Activates flower homeotic genes. The association of BRM with its target genes requires REF6 (PubMed:27111034). Necessary to acquire heat stress (HS) memory, by globally binding to HS memory genes (PubMed:27680998).
Highly expressed in inflorescences and leaves. Low expression in siliques, roots and seedlings. Detected in shoot apical meristem, root meristem, vascular tissue of developing leaves, petals, stamens filaments, anthers and carpels.
Interacts with SWI3B, SWI3C, H3 and H4, but not with SWI3A, SWI3D or BSH (PubMed:15371304, PubMed:16845477, PubMed:17825834). Interacts with LFY (PubMed:22323601). Interacts with REF6 (PubMed:27111034). Binds to FGT1 (PubMed:27680998).
Sterility. Reduced heat stress (HS) memory associated with a premature decline of expression of HSA32, HSP18.2, HSP21, HSP22 and HSP101 after HS. The double mutant brm-1 fgt1-1 exhibits retarted seedling development resulting in reduced development and delayed leaf initiation, as well as delayed flowering time.
The AT-hook region (1568-1919) contains at least 3 DNA-binding sites with different characteristics.
Was previously split between At2g46010 and At2g46020.
Required for normal meiosis in male and female gametophytes. Acts with ASY1 at the interface between the developing chromosome axes and the recombination machinery to ensure interhomolog recombination. Required for synaptonemal complex formation during meiosis.
Delayed pollen hydration and impaired competitive ability due to a failure to interact with the stigma (PubMed:10655594, PubMed:20033440). Abnormal anther tapetum development (PubMed:26305561).
Flower specific, especially in anther tapetum, pollen (at protein level) and flowers florets.
Lipid-binding oleosin pollen coat protein required to mediate pollen recognition by stigma cells and subsequent pollen hydration (PubMed:10655594, PubMed:20033440, PubMed:26305561). Involved in anther tapetum development, especially for the physiology of tapetosomes (PubMed:26305561). Also implicated in the formation of pollen coat (PubMed:26305561).
Mostly expressed in anthers at the later stage of flower development until tapetum degeneration (PubMed:8220457, PubMed:23602096). In flowers, present in the anther tapetum early in anther development and later in the pollen coat (PubMed:11929861, PubMed:26305561). Upon tapetum degeneration, associated with tapetosomal debris 'in transit' to the pollen cell wall in the anther locule (PubMed:26305561, PubMed:23602096). Translocates from the pollen coat at exine cavities to the site of contact between the pollen grain and a papillar cell, called 'foot', 10 minutes after pollen landing; the pollen tube elongation initiates later (about 20 minutes after pollination) at the foot (PubMed:26305561).
Proteolytically cleaved following anther tapetal breakdown.
Activates the ARF proteins by exchanging bound GDP for free GTP. Plays a role in vesicular protein sorting. Essential for pollen germination.
Preferentially expressed in mature pollen grains and growing pollen tubes.
Acts as a gatekeeper for degradative protein sorting to the vacuole. Plays a role in recognition of ubiquitinated PIN2 auxin carrier at the plasma membrane and further to its endocytic sorting. Binds ubiquitin in vitro (PubMed:24316203). Might contribute to the loading of the ESCRT machinery (Probable).
Belongs to the RNA polymerase beta' chain family. RpoC1 subfamily.
In plastids the minimal PEP RNA polymerase catalytic core is composed of four subunits: alpha, beta, beta', and beta''. When a (nuclear-encoded) sigma factor is associated with the core the holoenzyme is formed, which can initiate transcription.
Accelerated cell death. Enhanced susceptibility to virulent and avirulent pathogens.
Component of the MAC complex that probably regulates defense responses through transcriptional control and thereby is essential for plant innate immunity. Possesses a sequence specific DNA sequence 'CTCAGCG' binding activity. Involved in mRNA splicing and cell cycle control. May also play a role in the response to DNA damage.
Component of the multiprotein assembly MOS4-associated complex (MAC) at least composed of MOS4, CDC5, PRL1 and PRP19. Interacts with PRL1, MOS4 and PRP19A. Associated with the spliceosome.
Expressed extensively in shoot and root meristems.
Interacts with beet curly top virus AL4/C4 (PubMed:17280695). Binds to RGF peptides such as RGF1, GLV5/CLEL1/RGF2, GLV7/CLEL3/RGF3, GLV3/RGF4, GLV10/CLEL7/RGF5 and RGF10/CLELN; these interactions trigger the formation of heterodimers with SERK1, SERK2 or BAK1/SERK3 via LRR regions (PubMed:27001831, PubMed:27229311, PubMed:27229312). Interacts with UBP13 (PubMed:29339500).
Phosphorylated and ubiquitinated upon interaction with RGF1, thus leading to activation a subsequent degradation (PubMed:27229312). Stabilized by UBP12 and UBP13-mediated deubiquitination (PubMed:29339500).
Present in the whole roots with a predominant expression in the proximal meristem, including the elongation zone, and a gradual decreases toward the differentiation zone.
Smaller root meristem size and fewer root meristematic cortex cells, associated with shorter roots and a slighty reduced sensitivity to RGF1 (PubMed:27229311). Quintuple mutants rgi1 rgi2 rgi3 rgi4 rgi5 display a consistent short primary root phenotype with a small size of meristem associated with a total insensitivity to RGF1 and undetectable levels of PLT1 and PLT2 (PubMed:27229312). The triple mutant missing RGI1, RGI2 and RGI3 is insensitive to externally applied RGF peptides (e.g. RGF1 and RGF2) and has short roots characterized by a strong decrease in meristematic cell number and declined levels of PLT1 and PLT2 at the root tip (PubMed:27001831).
Together with RGI2, RGI3, RGI4 and RGI5, acts as receptor of RGF peptides (e.g. RGF1, GLV5/CLEL1/RGF2, GLV7/CLEL3/RGF3, GLV3/RGF4, GLV10/CLEL7/RGF5 and RGF10/CLELN), peptide hormones which maintain the postembryonic root stem cell niche by regulating the expression levels and patterns of the transcription factor PLETHORA (PLT, e.g. PLT1 and PLT2) (PubMed:27229312, PubMed:27229311, PubMed:27001831). Links RGF peptides signal with their downstream components (PubMed:27229311, PubMed:27001831).
Belongs to the elongation factor P family.
An article reported an auxin transcription module controlling cell division plane rotation through CLASP; however, this paper was later retracted.
Cortical microtubule plus-end tracking protein required for cell morphogenesis and cell division. Promotes the stabilization of dynamic microtubules during mitosis. Regulates microtubule-cortex attachment, thereby contributing to self-organization of cortical microtubules and subsequent cell shape.
Expressed at a low level in all tissues, mostly in young developing tissues.
Various plant growth reductions (e.g. dwarf), cell form defects (e.g. reduced trichome branches number) and reduced mitotic activity. Less root cortical microtubule arrays hypersensitive to microtubule-destabilizing drugs. Aberrant microtubule preprophase bands, mitotic spindles, and phragmoplasts.
Functions as a multidrug and toxin extrusion transporter in the export of abscisic acid (ABA) in guard cells. Plays a role in ABA-mediated growth inhibition and responses to drought conditions (PubMed:24851876). May act as a negative regulator of hypocotyl cell elongation in the light (PubMed:26160579).
Overexpression of DTX50 alters shoot developmental programs leading to a loss of apical dominance phenotype.
Preferentially expressed in rosette leaves. Detected mainly in the vascular tissues and guard cells (PubMed:24851876). Mostly detected at reproductive stages in young anthers, in mature pollens and during pollen germination on the pistil. Also expressed in developing seeds (PubMed:26160579).
Smaller and yellowish rosette leaves. Enhanced sensitivity to abscisic acid (ABA) in growth inhibition and seed germination. Accumulation of ABA in leaves. Enhanced tolerance to drought with lower stomatal conductance.
Putative channel that allows diffusion of small hydrophilic molecules through membranes.
By cold, UV, flagellin, jasmonic acid (JA), and salicylic acid (SA) treatments.
Homodimer (Probable). Interacts with MYB75/PAP1, MYB90/PAP2, MYB4, MYB5, MYB6, MYB23, MYB82, MYB113, MYB114, TT2, MYB0/GL1, and MYB66/WER.
Mostly expressed in developing seeds. Also detected in stems and leaves.
Trancsription activator, when associated with MYB75/PAP1 or MYB90/PAP2.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 16 family. XTH group 3 subfamily.
In contrast to group 1 and group 2 endotransglucosylase/hydrolase proteins, it may not contain the ligase activity, and may catalyze endohydrolysis xyloglucan polymers only.
Expressed in mature pollen grains in the anthers and on the stigma. Found in pollen tubes within the style.
Up-regulated by dehydration and salt stresses.
Component of the 60S subunit of the ribosome.
Exists either covalently attached to another protein, or free (unanchored). When covalently bound, it is conjugated to target proteins via an isopeptide bond either as a monomer (monoubiquitin), a polymer linked via different Lys residues of the ubiquitin (polyubiquitin chains) or a linear polymer linked via the initiator Met of the ubiquitin (linear polyubiquitin chains). Polyubiquitin chains, when attached to a target protein, have different functions depending on the Lys residue of the ubiquitin that is linked: Lys-11-linked is involved in ERAD (endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation) and in cell-cycle regulation; Lys-29-linked is involved in lysosomal degradation; Lys-33-linked is involved in kinase modification; Lys-48-linked is involved in protein degradation via the proteasome; Lys-63-linked is involved in endocytosis, and DNA-damage responses. Linear polymer chains formed via attachment by the initiator Met lead to cell signaling. Ubiquitin is usually conjugated to Lys residues of target proteins, however, in rare cases, conjugation to Cys or Ser residues has been observed. When polyubiquitin is free (unanchored-polyubiquitin), it also has distinct roles, such as in activation of protein kinases, and in signaling (By similarity).
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL40 family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the ubiquitin family.
Ubiquitin is encoded by 16 different genes. Ubiquitin is generally synthesized as a polyubiquitin precursor with tandem head to tail repeats. Often, there are one to three additional amino acids after the last repeat, removed in the mature protein. Alternatively, ubiquitin extension protein is synthesized as a single copy of ubiquitin fused to a ribosomal protein (either eL40 or eS31) or to a ubiquitin-related protein (either RUB1 or RUB2). Following translation, extension protein is cleaved from ubiquitin.
Involved in an ethylene-independent separation step of floral abscission. May act with RLK5 and HSL2 as ligand-receptor pairs.
The N-terminal signal peptide is necessary for IDL1 function.
May play a role in plant defense against pathogens.
Involved in the post-translational conjugation of arginine to the N-terminal aspartate or glutamate of a protein. This arginylation is required for degradation of the protein via the ubiquitin pathway.
Involved in the post-translational conjugation of arginine to the N-terminal aspartate or glutamate of a protein. This arginylation is required for degradation of the protein via the ubiquitin pathway. Component of the N-end rule pathway with ATE1 and PRT6 (PubMed:19255443, PubMed:19620738, PubMed:22020282). The N-end rule pathway regulates seed after-ripening, seedling sugar sensitivity, seedling lipid breakdown, and abscisic acid (ABA) sensitivity of germination (PubMed:19255443). The end-rule pathway regulates various aspects of leaf and shoot development (PubMed:19620738). Involved in the oxygen-dependent N-arginylation of RAP2-12, an activator of hypoxic gene expression. This N-terminal modification leads to ubiquitination by PRT6 and subsequent degradation of RAP2-12 under aerobic conditions (PubMed:22020282). Involved in disease resistance (PubMed:27173012). The end-rule pathway plays a role in regulating the timing and amplitude of the immune response following infection with the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato (PubMed:27173012). Regulates the biosynthesis of plant-defense metabolites such as glucosinolates, and the biosynthesis and response to the phytohormone jasmonate (JA), which plays a key role in plant immunity (PubMed:27173012).
The double mutants ate1 and ate2 show reduced seed germination potential and inhibition of seedling establishment by sucrose (PubMed:19255443). The double mutants ate1 and ate2 exhibit abnormal shoot and leaf development (PubMed:19620738).
Belongs to the iron/manganese superoxide dismutase family.
By UV-B treatment. Induced by salt stress.
Destroys superoxide anion radicals which are normally produced within the cells and which are toxic to biological systems (By similarity). Plays important role in chloroplast development, particularly in the maintenance of thylakoids membranes. Seems to act as a heterodimer with FSD3.
Heterodimer with FSD3 (PubMed:18996978). Interacts with MRL7 and PRDA1 (PubMed:24132784).
Pale green phenotype. Abnormal plastids, highly vacuolated and without internal membrane structures like thylakoids.
CIPK serine-threonine protein kinases interact with CBL proteins. Binding of a CBL protein to the regulatory NAF domain of CIPK protein lead to the activation of the kinase in a calcium-dependent manner (By similarity). Required for the abscisic acid-mediated (ABA) signaling pathway involved in seed germination and growth elongation inhibition.
Expressed in roots, inflorescences, siliques, leaves and stems.
Probably involved in pectin biosynthesis in cell walls.
Reduced galacturonic acid content in cell wall.
Expressed in the whole plant at low levels.
Expressed in root epidermis, leaf hydathodes, trichomes and petioles, stem vascular cylinder, receptacle, stigma apex and pollen grains.
Component of the CSN complex, probably composed of CSN1, CSN2, CSN3, CSN4, CSN5 (CSN5A or CSN5B), CSN6 (CSN6A or CSN6B), CSN7 and CSN8. Interacts with itself. In the complex, it probably interacts directly with CSN4 and CSN5A or CSN5B. Interacts with CSN7 (via C-terminal tail). Binds to the translation initiation factors TIF3E1 (PubMed:19704582).
Belongs to the activator 1 large subunit family.
Expressed at high levels in flowers and siliques, and at lower levels in roots, stems and leaves.
Plays a role as mediator of transcriptional gene silencing (TGS), DNA replication, DNA repair, hypersensitive response (HR) and telomere length regulation. Is required in meiosis for DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair during meiotic homologous recombination. May participate in the RAD51-mediated recombination intermediate repair process. Is important for lagging strand synthesis. Promotes meiotic recombination via a specific pathway for crossovers (COs) that involves the formation of double Holliday Junction (dHJ) intermediates.
The rfc1-1 EMS mutants show reduced plant growth and organ size, and early flowering (PubMed:20639449). The rfc1-2 T-DNA mutants have normal vegetative growth, but have greatly reduced fertility due to a meiotic defect and produce short seed pods with very few seeds (PubMed:23144629). The rfc1-3 T-DNA mutant is embryonic lethal when homozygous (PubMed:23144629).
Expressed in the procambium during embryogenesis.
Expressed in the stele and the quiescent center. Not detected in the ground tissue cell lineage. The SHR protein moves from the stele to a single layer of adjacent cells, where it enters the nucleus.
Interacts with SCR, SCL23, JKD and MGP (PubMed:16640459, PubMed:17446396, PubMed:17785527, PubMed:18500650, PubMed:28211915). Interacts with SIEL (PubMed:21924907). Association to endosomes and intercellular movement of SHR rely on the interaction with SIEL (PubMed:25124761).
Moves via plasmodesmata from the stele into the adjacent cell layer where it locates in the nucleus to controls SCR transcription and endodermis specification. Intact microtubules are required for cell-to-cell trafficking of SHR (PubMed:23294290). This intercellular movement is dependent upon the endosome localized protein SIEL (PubMed:21924907). It is necessary for normal patterning of the root (PubMed:19000160).
Transcription factor required for quiescent center cells specification and maintenance of surrounding stem cells, and for the asymmetric cell division involved in radial pattern formation in roots. Essential for both cell division and cell specification. Regulates the radial organization of the shoot axial organs and is required for normal shoot gravitropism. Directly controls the transcription of SCR, and when associated with SCR, of MGP, RLK, TRI, NUC and SCL3.
Competitive inhibition by NADH. Inhibited by ATP, ADP and AMP. Redox-regulated. Inhibited under oxydizing conditions (By similarity).
Induced during cold (4 degrees Celsius) acclimation (PubMed:17461790). Induced by salt (NaCl) (PubMed:20122158).
Oxidizes specifically succinate semialdehyde. Involved in plant response to environmental stress by preventing the accumulation of reactive oxygen species, probably by regulating proline, gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) and gamma-aminobutyrate (GABA) levels (PubMed:15642352). Required for the maintenance of the shoot apical meristem (SAM) structure and subsequent adaxial-abaxial axis-dependent development of cotyledons and leaves (PubMed:21690177, PubMed:25840087).
Plants are sensitive to UVB and heat stress, and accumulate elevated levels of H(2)O(2) (PubMed:12740438). High light-dependent increased of proline, gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) and gamma-aminobutyrate (GABA) levels. Treatment with gamma-vinyl-gamma-aminobutyrate, a specific gamma-aminobutyrate (GABA)-transaminase inhibitor, prevents the accumulation of reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI) and GHB in ssadh mutants, inhibits cell death, and improves growth (PubMed:15642352). The ssadh mutant defects associated with stress responses are suppressed by POP2 disruption (PubMed:18846220). In enf1, pleiotropic developmental defects including dwarfism, and abnormal leaf shape (including abaxialized and adaxialized leaves) and cotyledon associated with altered GABA and SucA levels in shoots; these phenotypes are partially suppressed by the disruption of POP2/GABAT1, GSA1, GSA2 and HEMA1 (PubMed:21690177, PubMed:25840087). Abnormal FIL expression, especially in the adaxial side, in the leaf primordia (PubMed:21690177).
Exhibits temperature-dependent phosphorylation.
Seed-specific transcriptional regulator that specifically binds DNA sequence 5'-AGAAnnTTCT-3' known as heat shock promoter elements (HSE). Seems to be specialized for the developmental expression of heat shock protein (HSP) genes during seed maturation. Activated by ABI3.
Starts to be expressed in seeds from 18 days after pollination (DAP) to reach the highest expression in dry seeds. Expression is strongly reduced after only 2 hours of seed imbibition, declines drastically after 6 hours, but can be detected at a very low level even after 10 hours.
The hydrophobic-rich region (HR-A/B) corresponds to the oligomerization domain.
Binds 1 Mg(2+) ion per subunit. Can also utilize other divalent metal cations, such as Ca(2+), Mn(2+) and Co(2+).
Catalyzes the reversible transfer of a two-carbon ketol group from fructose-6-phosphate or sedoheptulose-7-phosphate to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to yield xylulose-5-phosphate and erythrose-4-phosphate or ribose-5-phosphate, respectively (By similarity). Could act as a stress sensor involved in adaptation process.
Up-regulated by salt, sorbitol, and abscisic acid (ABA).
Belongs to the eIF-2B gamma/epsilon subunits family.
No visible phenotype; due to the redundancy with SBH2. Sbh1 and sbh2 double mutants are severely dwarfed, do not progress from vegetative to reproductive growth and have enhanced expression of programmed cell death associated-genes.
Expressed during early-embryogenesis in the embryo proper and the suspensor up to late heart stage. Expression is not detected in the embryo during maturation.
Expressed in roots, leaves, stems, flowers and siliques. Detected in flowers only in growing organs: gynoecium, petals, stamenal filaments, anther walls and ovules.
Expressed in both procambium and xylem precursors of the root meristem. Also detected in the endodermis in the late elongation zone and onwards.
Misspecification of tissue boundaries between the xylem and procambium.
Transcription factor that specifically binds AT-rich DNA sequences related to the nuclear matrix attachment regions (MARs) (By similarity). Acts redundantly with AHL4 to regulate the formation of tissue boundary between the xylem and procambium in the root meristem (PubMed:23335615).
Plays a role in the Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation via its interaction with VirB2, the major component of the T-pilus.
Belongs to the SMC family. SMC4 subfamily.
Central component of the condensin complex, a complex required for conversion of interphase chromatin into mitotic-like condense chromosomes. The condensin complex probably introduces positive supercoils into relaxed DNA in the presence of type I topoisomerases and converts nicked DNA into positive knotted forms in the presence of type II topoisomerases. Also involved in chromosome segregation in meiosis.
Forms a heterodimer with a SMC2 subfamily member. Component of the condensin complex, which contains the SMC2 and SMC4 heterodimer, and three non SMC subunits that probably regulate the complex: CAPH, CAPD2 and CAPG.
Highly expressed in seedlings and inflorescences.
The SMC hinge domain, which separates the large intramolecular coiled coil regions, allows the heterodimerization with a SMC2 subfamily member, forming a V-shaped heterodimer.
Central component of the receptor complex responsible for the recognition and translocation of cytosolically synthesized mitochondrial preproteins. Together with TOM22 functions as the transit peptide receptor at the surface of the mitochondrion outer membrane and facilitates the movement of preproteins into the translocation pore. Directly involved in the pore formation.
Expressed in roots, flowers, young cotyledons and leaves.
Forms part of the preprotein translocase complex of the outer mitochondrial membrane (TOM complex) which consists of at least 6 different proteins (TOM5, TOM6, TOM7, TOM20, TOM22/TOM9 and TOM40) (Ref.6). Present in a large lipid-enriched complex called mitochondrial transmembrane lipoprotein (MTL) complex made of proteins located in the two mitochondrial membranes, including the TOM complex and the core components of the MICOS complex and containing at least digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) (PubMed:26898467). Binds to MIC60 (PubMed:26898467). Component of a mitochondrial large protein complex that contains, at least, MIC60, DGS1, TOM40, TOM20 proteins, and petC/RISP (PubMed:31118221).
Up-regulated after antimycin A or rotenone treatments (PubMed:14730085). Accumulates in the mitochondrial transmembrane lipoprotein (MTL) complex during phosphate (Pi) starvation (PubMed:26898467).
Belongs to the tRNA nucleotidyltransferase/poly(A) polymerase family.
Belongs to the 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase family.
Catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of 6-phosphogluconate to ribulose 5-phosphate and CO(2), with concomitant reduction of NADP to NADPH.
Forms homodimer (PubMed:27366940). Forms heterodimers with PGD2 or PGD3 (PubMed:27366940).
By abscisic acid (ABA), ethylene, dehydration, salt and cold.
Highly expressed in roots and at lower levels in leaves and stems.
Plants overexpressing AZF1 have increased sensitivity to salt stress and barely survive under high salt conditions.
Transcriptional repressor involved in the inhibition of plant growth under abiotic stress conditions. Can repress the expression of various genes, including osmotic stress and abscisic acid-repressive genes and auxin-inducible genes, by binding to their promoter regions in a DNA sequence-specific manner.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bS1 family.
Required for optimal plastid performance in terms of photosynthesis and growth. Required for the translation of plastid mRNAs (PubMed:22900828). Involved in cellular heat stress response and required for heat tolerance. Required for transcriptional activation of HSFA2 and its target genes in response to heat stress. Plays a critical role in biosynthesis of thylakoid membrane proteins encoded by chloroplast genes (PubMed:22570631).
Component of the ribosomal small subunit (SSU) processome composed of at least 40 protein subunits and snoRNA U3.
Essential protein required during embryogenesis (PubMed:15266054, PubMed:23382868). Involved in nucleolar processing of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) 40S and 90S ribosomal subunits and ribosome assembly; early in ribosome biogenesis, especially required during the maturation of 5.8S rRNA (PubMed:23382868). Has a role in the nuclear export of 40S pre-ribosomal subunit to the cytoplasm (By similarity).
Mostly expressed in flowers and stems and at lower levels in roots, hypocotyls, siliques, leaves and seeds.
Pale seeds with arrested embryo development at the globular stage in homozygous plants (PubMed:15266054, PubMed:23382868). In heterozygous plants, slight accumulation of the 23S-like precursor P-A3 (PubMed:23382868). Altered maturation of 5.8S rRNA with an especially impaired processing at the 5' end (PubMed:23382868).
Functions as an U snRNP-specific nuclear import adapter. Involved in the trimethylguanosine (m3G)-cap-dependent nuclear import of U snRNPs. Binds specifically to the terminal m3G-cap U snRNAs.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 38 family.
Liberates mannose from p-nitrophenyl-alpha-D-mannoside in vitro.
Belongs to the gamma-class carbonic anhydrase family.
Constitutively expressed in roots and leaves, with higher levels in flowers, particularly in tapetal tissue of anthers, inflorescence (IM) and floral meristems (FM).
During flower development, first expressed in anthers and later in seeds.
Enzyme involved in the catabolism of H(2)CO(3) but that does not mediates the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide (PubMed:19808034). Mediates complex I assembly in mitochondria and respiration. Binds HCO(3)-. Required for male fertility during anther development and dehiscence to regulate the secondary thickenings of the endothecial cell wall, probably by modulating H(2)O(2)-dependent lignin polymerization.
Homotrimer. Component of the mitochondrial oxidoreductase respiratory chain complex I; element of the extra matrix-exposed domain, which is attached to the membrane arm of this complex. Interacts with GAMMACAL1 and GAMMACAL2.
Reduced levels of complex I and supercomplex I + III(2) in mitochondrion. Reduced growth rates and respiration of suspension cell culture.
Component of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF-3) complex. Binds to the translation initiation factor TIF3H1 (PubMed:15548739).
RNA-binding component of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF-3) complex, which is involved in protein synthesis of a specialized repertoire of mRNAs and, together with other initiation factors, stimulates binding of mRNA and methionyl-tRNAi to the 40S ribosome. The eIF-3 complex specifically targets and initiates translation of a subset of mRNAs involved in cell proliferation.
Belongs to the anthranilate synthase component I family.
Heterotetramer consisting of two non-identical subunits: a beta subunit and a large alpha subunit.
Part of a heterotetrameric complex that catalyzes the two-step biosynthesis of anthranilate, an intermediate in the biosynthesis of L-tryptophan. In the first step, the glutamine-binding beta subunit of anthranilate synthase (AS) provides the glutamine amidotransferase activity which generates ammonia as a substrate that, along with chorismate, is used in the second step, catalyzed by the large alpha subunit of AS to produce anthranilate (By similarity).
Serine/threonine-protein kinase that may function as a signaling receptor of extracellular matrix component. Required during plant's response to pathogen infection.
May be involved in chloroplast development.
Pale-green and stunted growth phenotypes.
Auxin response factors (ARFs) are transcriptional factors that bind specifically to the DNA sequence 5'-TGTCTC-3' found in the auxin-responsive promoter elements (AuxREs). Seems to act as transcriptional repressor. Formation of heterodimers with Aux/IAA proteins may alter their ability to modulate early auxin response genes expression. Promotes flowering, stamen development, floral organ abscission and fruit dehiscence. Acts as repressor of IAA2, IAA3 and IAA7. Together with RIN13, promotes leaf senescence and cell death (PubMed:32446355).
Expressed in the sepals and carpels of young flower buds. At stage 10 of flower development, expression in the carpels becomes restricted to the style. Also expressed in anthers and filaments. At stage 13, expressed in the region at the top of the pedicel, including the abscission zone.
Homodimers and heterodimers. Interacts with the auxin-responsive proteins IAA12, IAA13, IAA17 and with ARF2. Binds to RIN13 in the nucleus (PubMed:32446355).
Catalyzes the formation of acetolactate from pyruvate, the first step in valine and isoleucine biosynthesis.
Homodimer or homotetramer. The acetolactate synthase complex contains both large catalytic subunits and small regulatory subunits (PubMed:16407096, PubMed:19187232, PubMed:9355748). Homodimer (PubMed:32640464). The acetolactate synthase complex contains 4 homodimers of the large catalytic subunits, and 1 homotetramer of the small regulatory subunits (PubMed:32640464).
Inhibited by asymmetric aryl disulfides, triazolopyrimidine sulfonanilide compounds, isatin derivatives, and sulfonylurea and imidazolinone herbicides. Insensitive to feed-back inhibition by branched-chain amino acids.
Introduced by genetic manipulation and expressed in sulfonylurea resistant plants.
Not down-regulated under iron deficiency.
Probable vacuolar iron transporter that may be involved in the regulation of iron distribution throughout the plant.
Amino acid-proton symporter. Transporter with a broad specificity for histidine, lysine, glutamic acid, alanine, serine, proline and glycine. Involved in both apoplastic transport of amino acids in leaves and their uptake by roots.
Expressed in roots, stems, flowers, leaves, siliques and pollen. Found in the tips of roots and in the rhizodermis of emerging roots and in lateral roots. Higher expression in older leaves as compared to joung leaves. Detected first at the hydathodes, then in the epidermis and finally in matures leaves in all mesophyll cells. Not detected in vascular bundles or in seeds.
Inhibited by carbonlycyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) and DEPC.
Lower biomass at the time of harvest, but no visible phenotype until bolting. Decreased uptake of L-histidine, L-glutamine, glutamic acid, L-serine, glycine, L-asparagine, aspartic acid, L-proline and L- or D-alanine.
PubMed:9390441 shows a high affinity for lysine while PubMed:16816136 and PubMed:17293438 found no significant transport of this amino acid.
Possesses quercetin 3-O-glucosyltransferase and 7-O-glucosyltransferase activities in vitro. Also active in vitro on benzoates and benzoate derivatives.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 48 family.
Highly expressed in flowers. Expressed at low levels in roots, leaves, stems, cauline leaves and siliques.
Involved in sporophytic and gametophytic development. Required for normal leaf development. During pollen formation, required for the formation of the callose wall separating the tetraspores of the tetrad (interstitial wall), but not for the callose wall surrounding the pollen mother cells (peripheral wall). Functionally redudant to CALS11 (GSL1). May play a role later in pollen grain maturation. Required for callose formation induced by wounding and pathogen attack. May interfere with salicylic acid-induced signaling pathway during defense response. During plant growth and development, callose is found as a transitory component of the cell plate in dividing cells, is a major component of pollen mother cell walls and pollen tubes, and is found as a structural component of plasmodesmatal canals.
Plants develop smaller leaves, and collapsed and inviable pollen grains. They are resistant to the biotrophic pathogens Erysiphe cichoracearum (powdery mildew), E.orontii and Hyaloperonospora parasitica.
Decreased sister chromatid alignment along arms in tetraploid cells (4C) nuclei and impaired sister centromere cohesion, associated with a high frequency of anaphases with bridges. Slightly slower development leading to delayed flowering.
Expressed in tissues containing dividing cells such as seedlings, flower buds, flowers and inflorescence meristem tissue.
Involved in sister chromatid and centromere cohesion during mitosis.
Small white seeds, with defective choloroplasts, that are unable to germinate on soil. Albino seedlings that die rapidly when grown on synthetic medium.
Transcription termination factor essential for chloroplast development. Required for maturation of 16S rRNA, 18S rRNA and 23S rRNA in the chloroplast. Binds to a specific region within the tRNA(Ile)(GAU) gene at a position adjacent to and downstream of the 16S rRNA gene. Required for the maturation of tRNA(Ile)(GAU). Binds to double-stranded DNA.
Belongs to the steroid 5-alpha reductase family.
Expressed in hypocotyls, guard cells and mesophyll cells.
Impaired leaf flattening and slight epinasty when grown under blue light.
Interacts with PKS1, PKS2, RPT2, PHOT1 and PHOT2 (PubMed:10542152, PubMed:15031408, PubMed:16777956, PubMed:20071603). Subunit of a complex made of CAR6, PHOT1 and RPT3/NPH3 (PubMed:21367967).
May act as a substrate-specific adapter of an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex (CUL3-RBX1-BTB) which mediates the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins (By similarity). Signal transducer of the phototropic response and photo-induced movements. Involved in the phot1 pathway under low blue light (LBL) fluence rate and in the phot2 pathway under higher fluence rate of blue light (HBL). Necessary for root and hypocotyl phototropisms, but not for the regulation of stomata opening. Not involved in chloroplast accumulation and translocation.
Belongs to the SMC family. SMC2 subfamily.
Forms a heterodimer with SMC4. Component of the condensin complex, which contains the SMC2 and SMC4 heterodimer, and three non SMC subunits that probably regulate the complex: CAPH, CAPD2 and CAPG.
Highly expressed in roots and young floral buds.
The SMC hinge domain, which separates the large intramolecular coiled coil regions, allows the heterodimerization with SMC4, forming a V-shaped heterodimer.
Contains the N-terminal Scar homology domain (SHD), but unlike the genuine SCAR proteins, lacks the C-terminal VCA (verprolin homology/cofilin homology/acidic) domain.
Expressed in expanding cotyledons, expanding leaves and expanding siliques containing developing embryos. Detected in unopened flower buds. Reduced expression in mature leaves.
Interacts with CDT1, a DNA replication protein and TTG1 (TRANSPARENT TESTA GLABRA1), a WD40-repeat protein involved in GLABRA2-dependent cell fate decision.
Involved in the spatial control of cell division, patterning and differentiation of Arabidopsis root epidermal cells. Could be part of a complex that negatively modulates GLABRA2 and CAPRICE expression via the maintenance of a repressor histone H3 epigenetics status of the GL2 and CPC promoters.
Highly expressed in leaves, flowers and siliques, and to lower extent in roots.
By cold treatment and during Pi starvation.
Probable transcription factor that regulates root development and phosphate (Pi) acquisition and homeostasis. Probably acts as a repressor of primary root growth and regulates Pi homeostasis through the control of root architecture.
Seeds silencing ZAT6 fail to germinate. Plants overexpressing ZAT6 have retarded growth with smaller primary roots and fewer leaves.
Belongs to the 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase gamma subunit family.
Kinase-interacting sequence (KIS) is required for interaction with KIN10 or KIN11.
Preferentially expressed in dividing cells, as well as in shoot apex and flower buds, but expressed at a lower level in differentiated tissues of roots, and leaves of rosette and inflorescence.
Regulatory subunit of the probable trimeric SNF1-related protein kinase (SnRK) complex, which may play a role in a signal transduction cascade regulating gene expression and carbohydrate metabolism in higher plants.
Subunit of a probable heterotrimeric complex consisting of an alpha catalytic (KIN10 or KIN11) subunit, and a beta (KINB) and a gamma (KING or SNF4) non-catalytic regulatory subunits (PubMed:17028154, PubMed:25736509). Interacts with KIN10, KIN11, KINB1, KINB2, KINB3, HSPRO1 and HSPRO2. Interacts with BZIP63 (PubMed:26263501). Interacts with FLZ2, FLZ8 and FLZ13 (PubMed:29945970).
Absent from the primary root (PubMed:23370719). Induced during lateral root formation after the emergence of the primordium and in mature lateral roots (PubMed:23370719). Expressed homogeneously across the cotyledon (PubMed:23370719). In leaves, expressed in the whole lamina, with a stronger signal in the outer part of the leaf (PubMed:23370719). Higher levels in younger leaves and fades out as leaves expand (PubMed:23370719). Observed in the stem and sepals, and in the gynoecium of the developing flowers, and later in siliques (PubMed:23370719). During seedling gravitropic response, restricted to the epidermis and cortex and enhanced at the lower side of the reoriented hypocotyl (PubMed:22421050).
Binds to LRR receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinases to trigger their dimerization with SERK proteins and subsequent signaling.
Expressed in siliques, stems, hypocotyls, shoot apex, leaves, flowers and cotyledons, and, to a lower extent, in roots.
Reduced hypocotyl bending and dose-dependent altered root gravitropism with an impaired formation of auxin gradients, thus leading to an irregular waves root shape.
Signaling peptide (root growth factor) that regulates the pattern of root growth and lateral root development by modulating the length and the number of cortical cells in the root apical meristem (RAM), and the anticlinal asymmetric cell divisions in lateral root initiation cells (PubMed:22307643, PubMed:23370719). Also involved in the regulation of hypocotyl bending and root gravitropism, probably by influencing the formation of auxin gradients (PubMed:22421050). Maintains the postembryonic root stem cell niche (PubMed:20798316).
By Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato strain DC3000 infection.
Interacts with MPK1, MPK2 and MPK7 (PubMed:17933903, PubMed:19513235, PubMed:25680457). Interacts with P.syringae type III effector HopF2 (PubMed:20571112). Interacts with MPK14 (PubMed:19513235). Binds to MAPKKK17 and MAPKKK18 (PubMed:25720833, PubMed:25680457). Binds to MAPKKK20 (PubMed:28848569, PubMed:30081740).
MKK3-MPK6 module plays an important role in the jasmonate signal transduction pathway through the negative regulation of MYC2/JIN1 expression. Activates by phosphorylation the downstream MPK6, MPK7 and MPK8. MKK3-MPK7 module acts as a positive regulator of PR1 gene expression. MKK3-MPK8 module negatively regulates ROS accumulation through controlling expression of the RBOHD gene. Component of the abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway that may act as ABA signal transducer in the context of abiotic stresses. Activator of the C group MAP kinases. Activates MPK7 in response to ABA (PubMed:25720833). Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) that is specifically regulated by MAPKKK20 and mediates signaling that regulates cortical microtubule functions (PubMed:28848569).
More sensitive to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 infection (PubMed:17933903). Hypersensitivity to abscisic acid (ABA) in germination and root elongation (PubMed:25720833). Short roots with abnormal twisting (e.g. leftward skewing) in media containing microtubule-disrupting drugs (e.g. oryzalin) (PubMed:28848569).
Mostly expressed in leaves, and, to a lower extent, in roots, seedlings, flower buds, flowers and siliques.
Phosphorylation at Ser-235 and Thr-241 by MAP kinase kinase kinases positively regulates kinase activity (Probable). Phosphorylated by MAPKKK20 (PubMed:28848569).
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL42 family.
Interacts with CBL1, CBL2, CBL4/SOS3, CBL5, CBL9, CBL10 and with the protein phosphatase 2C ABI2.
Involved in the regulatory pathway for the control of intracellular Na(+) and K(+) homeostasis and salt tolerance. Activates the vacuolar H(+)/Ca(2+) antiporter CAX1 and operates in synergy with CBL4/SOS3 to activate the plasma membrane Na(+)/H(+) antiporter SOS1. CIPK serine-threonine protein kinases interact with CBL proteins. Binding of a CBL protein to the regulatory NAF domain of CIPK protein lead to the activation of the kinase in a calcium-dependent manner. Phosphorylates CBL1, CBL4 and CBL10.
The activation loop within the kinase domain is the target of phosphorylation/activation by upstream protein kinases. The PPI motif mediates the interaction with the ABI (abscisic acid-insensitive) phosphatases. The C-terminal part (309-446) of the protein is required for the phosphorylation of CBL, but is not involved in autophosphorylation.
By heat, salt stress, abscisic acid (ABA) and methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) treatment.
Expressed in roots, rosette leaves, shoot apex, stems and flowers.
Transcriptional activator activated by proteolytic cleavage through regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP). Involved in oxidative stress tolerance by mediating regulation of mitochondrial retrograde signaling during mitochondrial dysfunction. Interacts directly with the mitochondrial dysfunction DNA consensus motif 5'-CTTGNNNNNCA[AC]G-3', a cis-regulatory elements of several mitochondrial retrograde regulation-induced genes, and triggers increased oxidative stress tolerance.
May promote appropriate targeting of ribosome-nascent polypeptide complexes.
Plant-specific protein that interact with microtubules.
Component of the ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase (cytochrome b-c1 complex, complex III, CIII), a multisubunit enzyme composed of 10 subunits. The complex is composed of 3 respiratory subunits cytochrome b (MT-CYB), cytochrome c1 (CYC1-1 or CYC1-2) and Rieske protein (UCR1-1 or UCR1-2), 2 core protein subunits MPPalpha1 (or MPPalpha2) and MPPB, and 5 low-molecular weight protein subunits QCR7-1 (or QCR7-2), UCRQ-1 (or UCRQ-2), QCR9, UCRY and probably QCR6-1 (or QCR6-2) (PubMed:18189341). The complex exists as an obligatory dimer and forms supercomplexes (SCs) in the inner mitochondrial membrane with NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I, CI), resulting in different assemblies (supercomplexes SCI(1)III(2) and SCI(2)III(4)) (PubMed:12970493).
Monomer (PubMed:21658606). Homodimer. Binds ABA on one subunit only (By similarity). Interacts with HAB1, ABI1 and ABI2, and possibly with other PP2Cs (PubMed:19407142, PubMed:19874541, PubMed:19898420). Binds to CARs protein in an ABA-independent manner, both at the plasma membrane and in the nucleus. Interacts directly with CAR1 and CAR4 (PubMed:25465408). Interacts with TOPP1 (PubMed:26943172). Interacts with DDA1 (PubMed:24563205). Interacts with FREE1 (via N-terminus) (PubMed:27495812). Interacts with the E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RSL1 at the plasma membrane (PubMed:25330042).
Receptor for abscisic acid (ABA) required for ABA-mediated responses such as stomatal closure and germination inhibition. Inhibits the activity of group-A protein phosphatases type 2C (PP2Cs) when activated by ABA (PubMed:19624469, PubMed:23844015, PubMed:21658606). Can be activated by both (-)-ABA and (+)-ABA (PubMed:23844015).
Ubiquitynated and degraded by the proteasome upon binding to the E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RSL1 at the plasma membrane.
Cytokinin-activating enzyme working in the direct activation pathway. Phosphoribohydrolase that converts inactive cytokinin nucleotides to the biologically active free-base forms (By similarity).
Cytokinin-activating enzyme working in the direct activation pathway. Phosphoribohydrolase that converts inactive cytokinin nucleotides to the biologically active free-base forms.
Expressed in flowers, tapetum, developing microspores, all cells of the embryo sac, provascular strands and developing vascular bundles. Low expression in adult vascular tissue.
Homo- and heterodimer. Component of the SERK1 signaling complex, composed of KAPP, CDC48A, GRF6 or GRF7, SERK1, SERK2, SERK3/BAK1 and BRI1 (By similarity). Bind to BRI1 in a brassinolide-dependent manner (By similarity). Heterodimer with PSKR1 (PubMed:26308901). Interacts with the EF-Tu receptor EFR and FLS2 in a specific ligand-induced manner. Interacts with ERECTA in a EPF2-induced manner. Interacts with ERL1 in a EPF1-induced manner. Interacts with TMM (PubMed:26320950). In the presence of the signal peptide RGF1, interacts with RGI3/RGFR1 and RGI4/RGFR2/SKM2 (PubMed:27229311). Binds to the peptide CLE44 in the presence of TDR (PubMed:27449136).
No visible phenotype. Serk1 and serk2 double mutants are completely male sterile due to a failure in tapetum specification.
Serine/threonine-kinase involved in brassinosteroid-dependent and -independent signaling pathways. Acts redundantly with SERK1 as a control point for sporophytic development controlling male gametophyte production (PubMed:18667726). Serves as coreceptor to small peptide (e.g. RGF1 and CLE44) signaling (Probable). Involved in the perception of phytosulfokine and subsequent signal transduction (PubMed:26308901).
Allosterically inhibited by lysine, but not by S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM). K(0.5) for lysine in the presence of physiological concentrations of substrates is 12.5 uM. No inhibition by threonine or leucine and no activation or inhibition by alanine, cysteine, isoleucine, serine, valine, methionine, glutamine, asparagine, glutamic acid or arginine.
Expressed in stems, leaves, floral organs and young seedlings.
Involved in the first step of essential amino acids lysine, threonine, methionine and isoleucine synthesis via the aspartate-family pathway.
Activated by threonine and tyrosine phosphorylation (By similarity). Activated in response to hydrogen peroxide. Activation is triggered by MAPKKK17 and MAPKKK18 in a MKK3-dependent manner (PubMed:25720833).
MKK3-MPK7 module acts as a positive regulator of PR1 gene expression.
ATP-independent protease that degrades both mitochondrial and chloroplastic transit peptides after their cleavage. Also degrades other unstructured peptides. Specific for peptides in the range of 10 to 65 residues. Shows a preference for cleavage after small polar residues and before basic residues, but without any positional preference.
Belongs to the peptidase M16 family. PreP subfamily.
Binds 2 cations, such as magnesium or calcium, per subunit.
Completely inhibited by the metal chelator orthophenanthroline.
Expressed in leaves, flowers and roots, but not detected in siliques and shoots.
Inhibitor of protein-phosphatase 1 (PP1). Binds to and inhibits PP1 activity (PubMed:21222654, PubMed:26943172). Acts as negative regulator of abscisic acid (ABA) signaling. Enhances the inhibition of SRK2E/SNRK2.6 by TOPP1. May promote the interaction between TOPP1 and the ABA receptor PYL11 (PubMed:26943172).
Interacts with protein phosphatase 1 (PubMed:21222654). Interacts with TOPP1, SRK2D/SNRK2.2, SRK2I/SNRK2.3, SRK2E/SNRK2.6, SRK2C/SNRK2.8 and PYL11 (PubMed:26943172).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant seedlings exhibit hypersensitivity to abscisic acid (ABA) or salt treatments.
Expressed in all tissues examined. Lower levels found in leaves.
Up-regulated by syringolin, a cell death-inducing chemical, but not induced by heat shock.
May play a role in signal transduction pathways that involve calcium as a second messenger.
There are 3 contiguous domains conserved in the CDPK subfamily: a kinase domain, an autoinhibitory (junction) domain and a calmodulin-like domain. The autoinhibitory domain (337-367) inactivates kinase activity under calcium-free conditions (By similarity).
Belongs to the AAA ATPase family. RarA/MGS1/WRNIP1 subfamily.
Highly expressed in the steles of roots and hypocotyls.
Can be acetylated to form H2BK6ac, H2BK11ac, H2BK22ac, H2BK27ac H2BK33ac and H2BK34ac.
Mono-, di- or trimethylated at the N-terminus to form H2BA1me1/2/3. H2BA1me2 and H2BA1me3 may be methylated and/or acetylated to form H2BA1me2K3me1, H2BA1me2K3me1K6ac, H2BA1me2K6ac H2BA1me3K6ac, H2BA1me3K6acK11ac and H2BA1me2K3me1K6acK11ac.
Monoubiquitinated by BRE1 to form H2BK143ub1 and deubiquitinated by UBP26. Required for heterochromatic histone H3 di- and trimethylation at H3K4me. May give a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional activation.
To ensure consistency between histone entries, we follow the 'Brno' nomenclature for histone modifications, with positions referring to those used in the literature for the 'closest' model organism. Due to slight variations in histone sequences between organisms and to the presence of initiator methionine in UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot sequences, the actual positions of modified amino acids in the sequence generally differ. In this entry the following conventions are used: H2BA1me1/2/3 = mono-, di- and trimethylated Ala-2; H2BK3me1 = monomethylated Lys-4; H2BK6ac = acetylated Lys-7; H2BK11ac = acetylated Lys-12; H2BK22ac = acetylated Lys-23; H2BK27ac = acetylated Lys-28; H2BK33ac = acetylated Lys-34; H2BK34ac = acetylated Lys-35; H2BK143ub1 = monoubiquitinated Lys-141.
Co-expressed with the galacturonosyltransferase GAUT8/QUASIMODO1.
Deformed dwarf phenotype and reduced cell adhesion. Hypersensitive to imbalanced C:N ratio.
May be involved in the synthesis of homogalacturonan. Required for normal cell adhesion and plant development.
Inhibited by diethyl-p-nitrophenyl phosphate, diisopropyl fluorophosphate and [E]-6-[bromoethylene]-3-[1-naphthalenyl]-2H-tetrahydropyran-2-one.
Involved in the release of fatty acids from the oil body in germinating seedlings (PubMed:16473965, PubMed:19136267, PubMed:27466365). Can hydrolyze triacylglycerols and diacylglycerols but not monoacylglycerols, phospholipids, galactolipids or cholesterol esters (PubMed:16473965, PubMed:19136267). SDP1 lipase activity is required to limit triacylglycerol accumulation in roots, leaves and stems, which are vegetative tissues (PubMed:23686420). Functions synergistically with PDAT1 in regulating fatty acid flow from membrane lipid synthesis toward peroxisomal beta-oxidation through a transient triacylglycerol pool (PubMed:25293755).
Not impaired in germination, but much slower rate of postgerminative growth.
Transcript levels do not correlate positively with enzyme activity, suggesting a post-transcriptional regulation.
Transcript levels increase at the beginning of seed maturation and remain high until seed desiccation is completed. High levels early in seed imbibition, but decline as the seed germinates.
Early flowering. Pleiotropic developmental effects including dwarf and bushy phenotype, reduced seed setting and defects in ovule and embryo sac development (PubMed:18070919, PubMed:19915673, PubMed:24838002). Altered responses to brassinosteroid (BR) (PubMed:24838002).
Histone methyltransferase involved in di and tri-methylation of 'Lys-36' of histone H3 (H3K36me2 and H3K36me3). Binds to H3 already mono- or di-methylated on 'Lys-4'(H3K4me1 or H3K4me2), but not to H3K4me3. H3K4me and H3K36me represent specific tags for epigenetic transcriptional activation. Regulates positively FLC transcription to prevent early flowering transition. Required for flowering transition in response to vernalization and for the maintenance of FLC expression in late embryos, but dispensable for the initial reactivation in early embryos during reprogramming. Seems also to modulate several traits including floral organ size, root size and dormancy. Promotes apical dominance (PubMed:16299497, PubMed:10518493, PubMed:16258034, PubMed:18070919, PubMed:19915673, PubMed:20711170). Directly involved in the tri-methylation of 'Lys-36' of histone H3 (H3K36me3) at LAZ5 chromatin to maintain a transcriptionally active state of LAZ5, a TIR-NB-LRR protein involved in innate immunity (PubMed:20949080). Required for brassinosteroid (BR)-induced gene expression and histone H3 trimethylation on 'Lys-36' (H3K36me3) in BR-regulated genes (PubMed:24838002).
Interacts with FRI and SUF4, two components of the transcription activator complex FRI-C, and with SWC6, a component of the SWR1 chromatin-remodeling complex (PubMed:20711170, PubMed:21282526, PubMed:21522130). Interacts with BZR2/BES1 and IWS1 (PubMed:24838002).
Ubiquitous, with higher levels in young tissues, including shoot and root apex. Expressed in ovules, tapetum layer and microspores.
Belongs to the C/M/P thioester hydrolase family.
Catalyzes the hydrolysis of acyl-CoAs into free fatty acids and coenzyme A (CoASH), regulating their respective intracellular levels (By similarity). Active with both medium chain and long chain acyl-CoAs as substrates (By similarity).
Expressed at the hypocotyl-root transition zone and the root hair zone. Also detected in the inflorescence.
Highly expressed in earlier growth stages in hypocotyls, roots and the vascular bundles of the leaves. Detected later in the vascular bundles of the basal leaves aera.
Homodimer. Interacts with HDA1/HDA19, HDA6 and HDA9.
Overexpression of AHL22 results in delayed flowering and inhibition of hypocotyl growth.
Transcription factor that specifically binds AT-rich DNA sequences related to the nuclear matrix attachment regions (MARs). Binds an AT-rich DNA sequences in the FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) promoter (PubMed:22442143). Acts redundantly with AHL18, AHL27 and AHL29 in the regulation of flowering and regulation of the hypocotyl elongation. Plays a role in both photo- and skotomorphogenesis (PubMed:19517252). Acts as a chromatin remodeling factor that modifies the architecture of FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) chromatin by modulating both H3 acetylation and methylation leading to the regulation of FT expression during flowering induction (PubMed:22442143).
Involved in callose synthesis at the forming cell plate during cytokinesis. During plant growth and development, callose is found as a transitory component of the cell plate in dividing cells, is a major component of pollen mother cell walls and pollen tubes, and is found as a structural component of plasmodesmatal canals (By similarity).
Mostly expressed in apical parts, including flower buds, and particularly in anthers. Also present in root hairs.
Regulates the auxin-related MAX (More Axillary Growth) pathway during the shoot branching.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase. May participate in CpG methylation-dependent transcriptional regulation (By similarity).
Multi domain E3 ubiquitin ligase that also plays a role in DNA methylation and histone modifications.
The RING fingers are required for ubiquitin ligase activity.
The YDG domain mediates the interaction with histone H3.
Belongs to the NhaD Na(+)/H(+) (TC 2.A.62) antiporter family.
Na(+)/H(+) antiporter that extrudes sodium in exchange for external protons.
Contributes to the transfer of mature mRNA from the nucleus to the cytosol. May function before mRNAs enter nuclear pore and in the same mRNA export pathway as MOS3.
Lacks the conserved zinc-binding motif HEXXH, which presumably renders it inactive for proteolysis.
Might be involved in chaperone functions or play a structural role in the thylakoid FtsH complex.
Contributes to the regulation of secretory and vacuolar transport pathways in the post-Golgi network, and to the maintenance of the Golgi apparatus and trans-Golgi network (TGN) morphologies (PubMed:22307646). Vesicle trafficking protein that functions in the secretory pathway and mediates liposome fusion (PubMed:24021022). Required for extracellular resistance responses to a fungal pathogen (PubMed:22307646). Also involved in the protection of chloroplasts from salicylic acid-dependent biotic stress (PubMed:22307646).
Expressed at low levels in roots, stems, flowers and leaves.
Gametophytic lethal in homozygote plants (PubMed:22307646). Slightly shorter roots (PubMed:22307646). The double mutant syp41 syp42 have short roots (PubMed:22307646). The double mutant syp42 syp43 exhibits severe pleiotropic defects, including short roots, a large number of lateral roots, semi dwarfism and early senescence; these phenotypes are associated with defective secretory and vacuolar transport pathways (PubMed:22307646). Double mutant plants syp42 syp43 have an increased sensitivity to the powdery fungus Golovinomyces orontii with leaf chlorosis in a pathogen-inducible salicylic acid (SA) biosynthesis-dependent manner, thus revealing a biotic stress-induced and SA-dependent chloroplast dysfunction (PubMed:22307646). Plants lacking the three genes SYP41 SYP42 and SYP43 are seedling lethals (PubMed:22307646).
Interacts with VTI12 and SYP61 to form a t-SNARE complex and with VPS45.
Hydrolyzes the sn-1 acylester bond of phospholipids. Phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidic acid can be used as substrates. Weak activity with lysophosphatidylcholine and no activity with tripalmitoylglycerol and cholesteryl oleate. Seems to have a preference for unsaturated fatty acids at the sn-1 position.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX59 subfamily.
Expressed in seedlings, apical meristems, developing leaves, roots, stipules and flowers.
In young seedlings, accumulates in shoot and root apical meristems (SAM and RAM, respectively), leaf primordia, and root stele tissues. In roots, high levels throughout young root primordia that later decrease at the arrest of cell division, and finally increase again when the apical meristem become activated. In young developing leaves, present in guard cells, vascular tissues, trichomes, and trichome support cells to be later expressed uniformly in the lamina. Gradually restricted to the leaf margin and fades out in fully expanded leaves. In roots, detected in apices, stele tissues, and lateral root primordia. In flowers, first observed over the floral bud, and later restricted to vascular tissues in developing floral organs, except for the pistil, where the expression is ubiquitous. In mature flowers, disappears progressively from the pistil, but accumulates in mature pollen and the filaments. Also present in pedicels. In pollinated pistils, highly expressed in ovaries that contain developing embryos. Present throughout embryogenesis, particularly in the lower half of the embryo at the heart-shaped stage and in the radicle RAM region at the cotyledonary stage.
Transcription activator of small-nuclear RNA genes (snRNA), which have essential roles in pre-mRNA splicing and rRNA processing. Essential protein involved in the establishment of apical meristems and organ primordia, embryogenesis, cell differentiation and cell proliferation, probably by modulating the establishment of auxin gradients. Participates in the control of competence in cell proliferation; required for the reinitiation of the progression of the cell cycle and subsequent cell proliferation during cell redifferentiation leading to callus formation, especially during the first day of dedifferentiation (e.g. callus, root and shoot formation from root and hypocotyl explants).
Transiently induced by auxin (2,4-D), with a synergistic action of auxin and cytokinin on transcript levels.
CRR3 is not conserved in cyanobacteria and seems to be a subunit of the NDH complex which is specific to the chloroplast.
Probable subunit of the chloroplast NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (NDH) complex of the photosynthetic electron transport chain. Required for both formation and activity of NDH. May function in assembly or stabilization of the NDH complex.
Alternative splice site used 50% of the time in cv. Columbia.
Could be the product of a pseudogene. The protein is severely truncated in several ecotypes and the gene even harbors a complete retrotransposon in 3 ecotypes.
Expressed in flowers. Not detected in leaves, roots, seedlings and plants prior formation of flower buds.
May be involved in the CpXpG methylation and in gene silencing.
Acts as a negative regulator of abscisic acid (ABA) and salinity responses.
Acts as a negative regulator of abscisic acid (ABA) response.
Exhibits insensitivity to abscisic acid (ABA) and salt.
Interacts with ABI5/DPBF1, AREB3/DPBF3, EEL/DPBF4, ABF1 and ABF3/DPBF5.
Predominantly expressed in roots and seedlings.
Up-regulated by abscisic acid (ABA) and salt. Down-regulated by cold and glucose.
Tetramer (PubMed:26601214). Interacts with WUS (via the C-terminal domain) (PubMed:16461579). Interacts with SPL (via EAR motif) (PubMed:25527103, PubMed:25378179). Interacts with SPEAR3/TIE1 (PubMed:23444332). Binds to and corepresses GAF1/IDD2 at the promoter of GA20OX2 gene (PubMed:25035403).
Transcription corepressor of Zinc finger transcription factors GAF1/IDD2 and ENY/IDD1 in regulation of gibberellin homeostasis and signaling.
By abscisic acid (ABA), cold, drought and salt stresses.
Involved in primary cell wall organization. Required for the accumulation of crystalline cellulose.
Belongs to the TFIIE alpha subunit family.
Binds cyclosporin A (CsA). CsA mediates some of its effects via an inhibitory action on PPIase. PPIase activity is optimal in reduced form and minimal in oxidized form. Reduction of the oxidized form is mediated by thioredoxin (TRX-M).
Hypersensitivity to high light and rose bengal.
Interacts with SAT1 and A.tumefaciens VirD2.
PPIases accelerate the folding of proteins. It catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptides. Required for the light-induced increase of thiol accumulation. Assists the folding or assembly of SAT1 enzyme to form the cysteine synthase complex. Links light and redox signals to the regulation of cysteine biosynthesis in response to stress.
Ubiquitous, mostly expressed in leaves and flowers.
Binds preferentially double-stranded DNA. Confers resistance to salt and drought stresses.
Mostly expressed lateral roots, root tips and flowers (including pedicels, but excluding ovary), and, to a lower extent, in cotyledons, hypocotyls, stems and leaves.
Expressed in inflorescences, roots, siliques, leaves and stems.
Histone demethylase that demethylates 'Lys-9' (H3K9me) of histone H3 with a specific activity for H3K9me2 and H3K9me1. No activity on H3K9me3, H3K4me3/2/1, H3K27me3/2/1 and H3K36me3/2/1. Counteracts the DNA methylation of endogenous genes (PubMed:33986281). Involved in the control of several developmental processes by protecting genes from silencing. Demethylates H3K9me2 in the promoter regions of RDR2 and DCL3 and mediates the repression of ectopic non-CpG methylation at RDR2, DCL3 and APC13 loci (PubMed:24404182). Protects also a large number of transcribed genes from non-CpG methylation. May regulate gene expression via a pathway involving indirect silencing of gene expression through small RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM)-directed repression. Modulates stomatal development by regulating the methylation-mediated silencing of ERECTA receptor genes (e.g. ER, ERL1 and ERL2) and preventing cell divisions (PubMed:27697902).
Promoted by the RNA-binding protein ASI1 via its association with an intronic heterochromatic repeat element and epigenetic regulation.
Small and narrow leaves, arrest in flower development, degenerated pollen grains and reduced fertility leading to few viable seeds. Non-CpG hypermethylation at APC13, RDR2 and DCL3 loci (PubMed:24404182). Overproduction of stomatal lineage cells due to increased cell divisions and associated with DNA hypermethylation and silencing of ERECTA receptor genes such as ER, ERL1 and ERL2 (PubMed:27697902). Growth defects are partially complemented by the loss of JMJ24 mostly at vegetative stage, but the double mutant jmj24-3 ibm1-4 has synergistic effect on root growth (PubMed:28400174). Broad spectrum of up-regulated and down-regulated genes (PubMed:28400174).
Catalyzes the reduction of methionine sulfoxide (MetSO) to methionine in proteins. Plays a protective role against oxidative stress by restoring activity to proteins that have been inactivated by methionine oxidation. MSRB family specifically reduces the MetSO R-enantiomer.
Transporter involved in a passive nitrate efflux.
Expression of MES1 can restore systemic acquired resistance in SAR-deficient tobacco plants.
Methylesterase shown to have carboxylesterase activity, methyl indole-3-acetic acid (MeIAA) esterase activity, methyl salicylate (MeSA) esterase activity and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) esterase activity in vitro. Required to convert methyl salicylate (MeSA) to salicylic acid (SA) as part of the signal transduction pathways that activate systemic acquired resistance in systemic tissue. MeSA is believed to be an inactive form that needs to be demethylated to exert a biological effect.
Component of the U11/U12 snRNPs that are part of the U12-type spliceosome.
Expressed in leaves and, to a lower extent, in roots, flowers and stems. Highly specific to the phloem, exclusively localized in companion cells (at protein level).
First seen in the tips of young rosette leaves. In older leaves and during their concomitant sink/source transition, expression proceeded from the tips to the bases of the leaves.
Homodimer. Interacts with SUC3 and SUC4.
Induced by sucrose depletion. Specifically induced by H.schachtii (cyst nematodes) in nematode-induced syncytia.
Inhibited by protonophores (e.g. dinitrophenol and carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl-hydrazone (CCCP)) and SH group inhibitors (e.g. N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) and p-chloromercuriphenyl sulphonic acid (PCMPS)).
Responsible for the transport of sucrose into the cell, with the concomitant uptake of protons (symport system). Can also transport other glucosides such as maltose, arbutin (hydroquinone-beta-D-glucoside), salicin (2-(hydroxymethyl)phenyl-beta-D-glucoside), alpha-phenylglucoside, beta-phenylglucoside, alpha-paranitrophenylglucoside, beta-paranitrophenylglucoside, and paranitrophenyl-beta-thioglucoside. May also transport biotin. Required for apoplastic phloem sucrose loading in source tissues (e.g. leaves) in order to transport it to sink tissues (e.g. roots, flowers).
DNA-binding heterodimer (By similarity). Interacts with ARIA.
Defective in glucose response and grows faster. Exhibits abscisic acid (ABA) insensitivity.
Expressed in roots, leaves, flowers and siliques but not in seeds.
Involved in ABA and stress responses and acts as a positive component of glucose signal transduction. Functions as transcriptional activator in the ABA-inducible expression of rd29B. Binds specifically to the ABA-responsive element (ABRE) of the rd29B gene promoter.
The activation by phosphorylation is induced by abscisic acid (ABA). Phosphorylated by SRK2C, SRK2D, SRK2E, SRK2F and SRK2I in vitro.
Up-regulated by drought, salt, abscisic acid (ABA), cold and glucose.
Homodimer; disulfide-linked, upon oxidation (By similarity). Interacts with the plastidial thioredoxin CDSP32. Interacts with the plastidial NADPH-dependent thioredoxin reductase ANTR-C (By similarity).
Expression increases during seed development.
Involved in thiamine salvage by hydrolyzing the thiamine breakdown product 4-amino-5-aminomethyl-2-methylpyrimidine (amino-HMP) to 4-amino-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methylpyrimidine (HMP) (PubMed:25014715). Has a high formylamino-HMP amidohydrolase activity (PubMed:25014715). No activity with other thiamine degradation products such as thiamine mono- or diphosphate, oxothiamine, oxythiamine, thiamine disulfide, desthiothiamine or thiochrome as substrates (PubMed:25014715). Does not display thiaminase II activity, as it is unable to hydrolyze thiamine (PubMed:25014715). Is able to carry out two successive steps in the salvage of thiamine breakdown product, whereas two separate enzymes are required in Bacillus species (Probable). May also serve a damage pre-emption function by hydrolyzing products that would otherwise do harm (Probable).
Defects in vein connectivity early in mutant embryo development leading to reduced complexity of cotyledon vein networks and disconnected veins, including in embryos provasculatures (PubMed:25149602). The mutant deal1-1 exhibits a bilateral symmetry breaking but no obvious defects in dorsoventrality; early leaf primordia fail to acquire bilateral symmetry and instead form ectopic lobes and sinuses (PubMed:29139551). Developmental defects of pistils, some being bent or coiled or twisted, and some showing unfused carpels with exposed ovules (PubMed:29139551). In leaves, marginal cells expressing properly polarized PIN1 are badly recruited, thus leading to misplaced auxin maxima, as well as defects in cell proliferation but not in cell expansion (PubMed:29139551). Altered spatial pattern of CUC2 (PubMed:29139551). The double mutant vcc ops exhibits a complete loss of high-complexity vascular networks (PubMed:25149602). The vcc-3 deal2-1 and vcc-3 deal3-1 double mutants show leaf asymmetry (PubMed:29139551). The vcc-3 deal2-1 deal3-1 triple mutant shows a strong leaf asymmetry (PubMed:29139551).
Expressed in vascular cells, mostly in hypocotyls, and, to a lower extent, in seedlings, roots, flowers, siliques, developing leaves and inflorescences, but barely in mature leaves and seeds (PubMed:25149602, PubMed:29139551). High levels in leaf primordia (PubMed:29139551).
Mainly present in dividing tissues and fades out during cells differentiation, to reappear later in the vasculature (PubMed:29139551). Expressed in developing embryos and procambial, cambial, and vascular cells of cotyledons, leaves, roots, hypocotyls, and anthers (PubMed:25149602). During leaves development, first observed in leaf primordia, and becomes localized to the margins and the base of the lamina during the transition from cell proliferation to expansion and differentiation (PubMed:29139551). Later confined to petiole primordia (PubMed:29139551). Also detected in flower primordia (PubMed:29139551).
Required, together with OPS, for embryo provasculature development and cotyledon vascular complexity and connectivity (PubMed:25149602). Necessary, partially redundantly with DEAL2 and DEAL3, to ensure bilateral symmetry development and early leaf margin patterning, probably via the regulation of auxin and CUC2 distribution (PubMed:29139551). Regulates cell proliferation but not cell expansion (PubMed:29139551).
Acts as an activator of both rRNA/tRNA and protein methyltransferases (By similarity). Required for TRM9 tRNA methyltransferase activity (PubMed:21653555).
First observed in the distal and middle regions of cotyledons of torpedo-shaped embryos. Later localized in bending cotyledon, and mature embryos, but no signals were detected in the presumptive shoot apical meristem (SAM) and the boundary region during embryogenesis. During flower development, first observed throughout the floral meristem. Later expressed in rapidly growing floral primordia. Detected to a lower extent in vegetative primordia. During flower development, first observed throughout the floral meristem. Expressed during ovule development (PubMed:25378179).
Interacts with SPL. Interacts with KIN10; KIN11 and FLZ3 (Ref.10).
Belongs to the polyadenylate-binding RBP45 family.
Mostly expressed in seedlings, and, to a lower extent, in leaves, stems, and flowers. Present in immature anther tissues (tapetum cells) and mature pollen grains.
By dehydration, cold stress and abscisic acid (ABA). Induction by dehydration occurs after 1 hour and increases to a maximum after 10 hours. Cold stress induction peaks at 1 hour and 5 hours after start of cold exposure.
In stems, cauline leaves, roots and flowers. Low levels found in maturing seeds. Absent in dry seeds.
Intrinsically disordered protein acting as a chaperone. Prevents heat-induced aggregation and/or inactivation of various substrates. Binds to acidic phospholipid vesicles without affecting membrane fluidity.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase involved in the positive regulation of the gametogenesis progression. Required for the degradation of KRP6, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor which accumulates during meiosis and blocks the progression of subsequent mitoses during gametophytes development. Functions in association with RHF1A.
Expressed throughout flower development.
Belongs to the ZIP transporter (TC 2.A.5) family.
Probably mediates zinc uptake from the rhizosphere.
Catalyzes the attachment of glycine to tRNA(Gly). Is also able produce diadenosine tetraphosphate (Ap4A), a universal pleiotropic signaling molecule needed for cell regulation pathways, by direct condensation of 2 ATPs (By similarity).
Beta-D-glucosidase active on scopolin >> esculin >> 4-MU-glucoside. No activity with DIMBOA-glucoside, pNP-glucoside, oNP-glucoside and sinigrin as substrates.
Up-regulated by salt, 2,4-D and methyl jasmonate. Down-regulated by cold and mannitol.
Belongs to the NADP-dependent oxidoreductase L4BD family.
Inhibited by N-ethylmaleimide and p-chloromercuribenzoic acid.
Involved in the detoxification of reactive carbonyls (PubMed:10848984, PubMed:12514241, PubMed:16299173). Acts on lipid peroxide-derived reactive aldehydes (PubMed:12514241). Specific to a double bond activated by an adjacent carbonyl group (PubMed:12514241). Can use both quinones and diamide as substrates, but not menadione, ferricyanide or phylloquinone (PubMed:10848984). Can use 4-hydroxy-(2E)-nonenal (HNE), 4-hydroxy-(2E)-hexenal (HHE), (2E)-nonenal, (2E)-hexenal, (2E)-pentenal, propenal (acrolein), 3-buten-2-one and 3-penten-2-one, but not (R)-(-)-carvone, n-nonanal, n-hexanal, (3Z)-hexanal, cyclohex-2-en-1-one or 12-oxo phytodienoic acid (OPDA) as electron acceptors (PubMed:12514241). Catalyzes the reduction of the alpha,beta-unsaturated bond of 2-alkenals, of lipid peroxide-derived oxenes 9-oxo-10(E),12(Z)-octadecadienoic acid (9-KODE) and 13-oxo-9(Z),11(E)-octadecadienoic acid (13-KODE), as well as 4-oxo-(2E)-nonenal and 4-hydroxynonenal (PubMed:16299173). Can use 12-oxo-10(E) dodecanoate (traumatin), trans-1,3 diphenyl-2-propenone, trans-1,4-diphenyl-2-butene-1,4-dione, 9-oxo-12,13-epoxy-(10E)-octadecenoic acid (trans-EKODE-1b) and 9,13-dihydroxy-10-oxo-11-octadecenoic acid as substrates (PubMed:26678323). Catalyzes the reduction of the 7-8 double bond of phenylpropanal substrates, such as p-coumaryl aldehyde and coniferyl aldehyde (in vitro) (PubMed:17028190). Has activity towards toxic substrates, such as 4-hydroxy-(2E)-nonenal (in vitro) (PubMed:17028190). May play a distinct role in plant antioxidant defense and is possibly involved in NAD(P)/NAD(P)H homeostasis (PubMed:17028190).
Up-regulated upon treatment with paraquat, t-butylhydroperoxide, diamide, and menadione.
Slightly induced by 16-hydroxypalmitic acid (HPA), a major component of cutin that triggers H(2)O(2) production. Accumulates in response to abscisic acid (ABA) and salicylic acid (SA) treatments.
Confers resistance to the necrotrophic fungus Alternaria brassicicola. Possesses lipase and antimicrobial activities that directly disrupt fungal spore integrity. Triggers systemic resistance, mostly by the ethylene-dependent pathway.
In the resistant cv. Columbia (glip1-1 and glip1-2), confers susceptibility to A.brassicicola.
The nucleosome is a histone octamer containing two molecules each of H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assembled in one H3-H4 heterotetramer and two H2A-H2B heterodimers. The octamer wraps approximately 147 bp of DNA. Interacts with ORTH2 (PubMed:17242155). Interacts with AHL27 (PubMed:24218605).
Presumably involved in the processing and regular turnover of intracellular proteins. Catalyzes the removal of unsubstituted N-terminal amino acids from various peptides (By similarity). Possesses leucine aminopeptidase activity against the model substrate leucine-amido methyl coumarin (PubMed:22493451). Does not seem to possess Cys-Gly dipeptidase activity (PubMed:25716890).
Hyposensitivity to abscisic acid (ABA) (PubMed:17217461). Reduced expression levels of aleurone-related genes (e.g. CP1, CP, GASA1, BXL1 and BXL2) in seeds. The triple mutant myb33 myb65 myb101 has a male sterility and exhibits slower protein storage vacuoles (PSVs) vacuolation rate in aleurone layers upon seed germination (PubMed:20699403). Reduced production of abnormal pollen grains with misarranged male germ unit (MGU) (PubMed:22101548). The triple mutant myb97 myb101 myb120 is impaired in pollen tube growth arrest and subsequent sperm cell release in the female gametophyte thus leading to a drastically reduced fertility. Altered pollen tube-specific gene expression (PubMed:23791732, PubMed:24278028).
Present in a small patch of cells on the innermost side of the hypocotyl hook of the germinating seedling, in the subapical pith cells of plants growing vegetatively, in a similar zone of expanding cells both in developing inflorescence stems, and below mature flowers and elongating siliques (PubMed:11743113). Accumulates in the pollen tube nucleus during pollen tube growth through the pistil (PubMed:23791732).
Present mostly in flowers, siliques and floral shoot tips (PubMed:11743113, PubMed:25268707). Expression is restricted to the subapical pith cells of both vegetative and flowering plants and to the hypocotyl hook (PubMed:11743113). Expressed in pollen grains and pollen tube (PubMed:23791732, PubMed:24278028). Mostly expressed in mature pollen grains, and, to a lower extent, in inflorescences and siliques (PubMed:24278028).
Repressed in germinating seeds by microRNA159 (miR159)-mediated cleavage in an abscisic acid (ABA) and ABI3-dependent manner, probably to desensitize hormone signaling during seedling stress responses (PubMed:15226253, PubMed:17217461). Induced by increased upon gibberellic acid (GA) treatment (PubMed:20699403).
Transcription activator (PubMed:24278028, PubMed:25268707). Binds to 5'-CAACTGTC-3' and/or 5'-TAACAAA-3' motif in target gene promoter (e.g. alpha-amylase) to promote their expression (PubMed:11743113). Positive regulator of abscisic acid (ABA) responses leading to growth arrest during seed germination (PubMed:17217461). Promotes the expression of aleurone-related genes (e.g. CP1, CP, GASA1, BXL1 and BXL2) in seeds. Together with MYB33 and MYB65, promotes the programmed cell death (PCD) leading to vacuolation of protein storage vacuoles (PSVs) in the aleurone layers during seed germination (PubMed:20699403). Maybe involved in the regulation of leaves lamina morphogenesis (PubMed:25268707). Involved in pollen grain development (PubMed:22101548). Together with MYB97 and MYB120, functions as a male factor that controls pollen tube-synergid interaction in fertilization. Required for pollen tube growth arrest and sperm cell release in the female gametophyte, probably via the regulation of pollen tube-specific gene expression (PubMed:24278028, PubMed:23791732).
Highly expressed in the cambial zone of the stem vasculature (at protein level). Expressed in roots, rosettes leaves, stems, cauline leaves, flowers and siliques.
Intrinsically disordered and metal-binding protein. Binds to the divalent cations cobalt, nickel, copper and zinc, but not to magnesium, calcium, manganese or cadmium (Ref.8). Binding to metal ions decreases disordered state, decreases susceptibility to trypsin and promotes self-association. Can reduce the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in a copper-ascorbate in vitro system (PubMed:23382551).
Phosphorylated in vivo (Ref.8). Phosphorylated in vitro by PXL1 (PubMed:25602612).
Belongs to the ABC transporter superfamily. ABCG family. PDR (TC 3.A.1.205) subfamily.
Induced by cycloheximide (CHX) and cold/dark treatment.
Belongs to the cyclophilin-type PPIase family. PPIL2 subfamily.
Expressed in leaves, flower buds and stems. Lower levels of expression in roots.
May catalyze the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptides thereby assisting the folding of proteins. May also function as a chaperone, playing a role in intracellular transport of proteins. May also have a protein ubiquitin ligase activity acting as an E3 ubiquitin protein ligase or as a ubiquitin-ubiquitin ligase promoting elongation of ubiquitin chains on proteins.
May play a role in signal transduction pathways that involve calcium as a second messenger. Functions as regulator of the calcium-mediated abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway. Phosphorylates ABA-responsive transcription factors ABF1 and ABF4 in vitro.
Mutant cpk11-2 shows reduced ABA and salt responsiveness in seed germination.
There are 3 contiguous domains conserved in the CDPK subfamily: a kinase domain, an autoinhibitory (junction) domain and a calmodulin-like domain. The autoinhibitory domain (290-320) inactivates kinase activity under calcium-free conditions (By similarity).
Expressed in a cell cycle-dependent manner. Most abundant in mid-S phase.
High expression in young cotyledons and leaves, hypocotyls, shoot apical meristem, roots and mature pollen grains, moderate in developing trichomes, flowers and at early stages of developing anthers, and barely detectable in mature leaves. Not detected in primary root meristem, emerging lateral roots, pistils, developing embryos and siliques.
Inhibitor of E2F-dependent activation of gene expression. Binds specifically the E2 recognition site without interacting with DP proteins and prevents transcription activation by E2F/DP heterodimers. Does not bind retinoblastoma-related proteins. Acts as a growth regulator but is not associated with changes in the expression of cell cycle marker genes or in nuclear ploidy levels. Has no effect on cell proliferation, but may repress cell wall biosynthesis genes during cell elongation in differentiated cells.
Expressed in the micropylar endosperm and radicle tip in early germinating seeds.
Forms heterodimers with BZIP1, BZIP9, BZIP10, BZIP25 and BZIP63.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but seeds have decreased germination speed after imbibition, without affecting overall germination rate.
Transcription factor that binds to the DNA G-box motif 5'-CACGTG-3' of MAN7 promoter. Involved in the positive regulation of seed germination through MAN7 gene activation. MAN7 is required for both, loosening of the micropylar endosperm, and rupture of the seed coat in germinating seeds.
Binds to actin filaments and promotes cross-linking into thick bundles. Has an actin-stabilizing activity. The actin regulatory activities are not regulated by pH and [Ca(2+)].
Cross-links actin with a constant of dissociation of 0.5 uM.
Expressed in roots, leaves, stems, flowers and siliques. Barely detected in pollen.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 14 family.
Beta-glucuronosyltransferase involved in the biosynthesis of type II arabinogalactan (AG). Modifies both the beta-1,6-linked galactan and beta-1,3-linked galactan present in type II AG.
'Thallo' is the Greek goddess of buds and shoots.
Embryo defective arrested at the cotyledon stage, associated with enlarged nucleoli probably due to the over-accumulation of pre-rRNAs.
Essential protein during embryogenesis (PubMed:15266054, PubMed:27792779). Involved both in gene transcription regulation and in processing events critical for proper rRNA biogenesis and nucleolar organization during reproduction; contributes to pre-rRNA processing at the 5' external transcribed spacer (PubMed:27792779). Binds RNA (By similarity).
In seedlings, observed in the subapical region of primary roots, lateral root primordia, leaf veins and around guard cells (PubMed:27792779). In flowers, present in ovules, pollen, embryos and endosperm (PubMed:27792779).
Interacts with NUCL1, NUCL2, JMJ14, NOF1 and MPP10 in the nucleus.
Mainly present in tissues undergoing rapid cellular growth and differentiation (PubMed:27792779). Mostly expressed in shoots and flowers, and, to a lower extent, in leaves, siliques, roots and seedlings (PubMed:27792779).
Constitutively expressed throughout development.
Expressed in cotyledons, leaves, roots, stems, inflorescences and siliques. Expression higher at the top than at the base of the stem.
Probable E3 ubiquitin ligase acting as a positive post-transcriptional regulator of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase activity. Might be involved in the quality control that degrades misfolded proteins (By similarity).
Semiglossy stem. Elevated drought tolerance and reduced transpiration rate. Elevated amounts of 18-carbon-length cutin monomers and shift in the cuticular wax profile toward the very-long-chain free fatty acids tetracosanoic acid (C24) and hexacosanoic acid (C26).
The RING-CH-type zinc finger domain is required for E3 ligase activity.
There are 3 contiguous domains conserved in the CDPK subfamily: a kinase domain, an autoinhibitory (junction) domain and a calmodulin-like domain. The autoinhibitory domain (318-348) inactivates kinase activity under calcium-free conditions (By similarity).
Accumulates in response to flg22, thus being a FLARE (flagellin rapidly elicited gene) (PubMed:15181213). Up-regulated by the Yariv phenylglycoside (beta-D-Glc)(3) (PubMed:15235117). Expressed during hypersensitive response (HR) mediated by the bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (PubMed:10518009). Slightly induced by the virulent pathogen Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora (PubMed:16270229). Triggered by benzothiadiazole S-methylester (BTH) (PubMed:16766691). Accumulates in the presence of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) (PubMed:18702669).
Binds to the Yariv phenylglycoside (beta-D-Glc)(3).
Down-regulated in response to iron deprivation.
Involved in resistance to oxidative stress. Influences responses to reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Regulates plastoglobules formation in thylakoids. Together with OSA1, regulates iron distribution within the chloroplast and mediates the oxidative stress response (PubMed:24117441). Together with ABC1K8, influences chloroplast lipid synthesis/accumulation and modulates chloroplast membrane composition in response to stress (PubMed:25809944).
Larger plastoglobules associated with thylakoids characterized by VTE1 accumulation and high tocopherol content. The pale green double mutant atsia1 atosa1 accumulates ferritin and superoxides, exhibits an increased nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ), and have a reduced tolerance to reactive oxygen species (ROS) (PubMed:24117441). Lower levels of the highly unsaturated lipid digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) and of different forms of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) and kaempferol. The abc1k7 abc1k8 double mutant accumulates strong levels of oxylipin-conjugated MGDG and DGDG (PubMed:25809944).
Mostly expressed in leaves and flowers, and, to a lower extent, in roots.
Belongs to the alternative oxidase family.
Catalyzes the cyanide-resistant oxidation of ubiquinol and the reduction of molecular oxygen to water, but does not translocate protons and consequently is not linked to oxidative phosphorylation. May increase respiration when the cytochrome respiratory pathway is restricted, or in response to low temperatures (By similarity).
Expressed in roots, stems, leaves, cotyledons and flowers. High expression in stamens.
Expressed ubiquitously. Not detected during germination.
No effect of antimycin A. Up-regulated by ethylene, high light, glucose, cysteine, mannitol, salicylic acid and cold treatments.
Accumulates upon infection by generalist herbivores such as Spodoptera littoralis (PubMed:35401621). Induced by wounding (PubMed:35401621). Triggered by salicylic acid (SA) (PubMed:31001913).
Brassicaceae-specific phytocytokine (plant endogenous peptide released into the apoplast) perceived by MIK2 in a BAK1/SERK3 and SERK4 coreceptors-dependent manner, that modulates various physiological and antimicrobial processes including growth prevention and reactive oxygen species (ROS) response regulation (PubMed:33514716, PubMed:34535661, PubMed:31001913). Inhibits root growth (PubMed:34535661). Prevents general growth and development (PubMed:31001913). Exhibits antibacterial effects against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000, Ralstonia solanacearum, Bacillus subtilis and Agrobacterium tumefaciens, thus being an antimicrobial peptide (AMP) (PubMed:31001913).
Mostly expressed in leaves and seedlings shoots, and, to a lower extent, in roots, stems, siliques, seeds and flowers.
Belongs to the phosphatidylserine decarboxylase family. PSD-B subfamily. Eukaryotic type II sub-subfamily.
Binds 1 pyruvoyl group covalently per subunit.
Catalyzes the formation of phosphatidylethanolamine (PtdEtn) from phosphatidylserine (PtdSer). Plays a central role in phospholipid metabolism and in the interorganelle trafficking of phosphatidylserine.
Catalyzes the formation of phosphatidylethanolamine (PtdEtn) from phosphatidylserine (PtdSer). Plays a central role in phospholipid metabolism and in the interorganelle trafficking of phosphatidylserine. Contributes only to a minor proportion of PtdEtn production.
Heterodimer of a large membrane-associated beta subunit and a small pyruvoyl-containing alpha subunit.
Highly expressed in flowers and at lower levels in leaves.
Is synthesized initially as an inactive proenzyme. Formation of the active enzyme involves a self-maturation process in which the active site pyruvoyl group is generated from an internal serine residue via an autocatalytic post-translational modification. Two non-identical subunits are generated from the proenzyme in this reaction, and the pyruvate is formed at the N-terminus of the alpha chain, which is derived from the carboxyl end of the proenzyme. The autoendoproteolytic cleavage occurs by a canonical serine protease mechanism, in which the side chain hydroxyl group of the serine supplies its oxygen atom to form the C-terminus of the beta chain, while the remainder of the serine residue undergoes an oxidative deamination to produce ammonia and the pyruvoyl prosthetic group on the alpha chain. During this reaction, the Ser that is part of the protease active site of the proenzyme becomes the pyruvoyl prosthetic group, which constitutes an essential element of the active site of the mature decarboxylase.
The C2 domains have an essential, but non-catalytic function. They may facilitate interactions with other proteins and are required for lipid transport function.
Expressed specifically in roots, pollen grains and pollen tubes.
GTPase-activating protein (GAP) for ADP ribosylation factor (ARF). Activates ARF1 and ARF2. Required for female gametophyte development. Involved in root hair and pollen tube growth.
Plants are arrested during endosperm development and have altered root hair development and pollen tube elongation.
The C-terminal domain (317-395) is responsible for the Golgi localization.
Catalyzes the first oxidative step of the phenylpropanoid pathway in higher plants by transforming trans-cinnamate into p-coumarate (By similarity). The compounds formed by this pathway are essential components for lignification, pollination, and defense against ultraviolet light, predators and pathogens (PubMed:19682296).
Expressed in roots, cotyledons and leaf hydathodes.
Glucosyltransferase that acts on the auxin indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). Mediates abiotic stress responses and stress-induced morphological adaptations by regulating auxin homeostasis. Possesses low activity in vitro on jasmonate (JA) and the synthetic auxin analog naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA).
Plants overexpressing UGT74E2 develop more compact rosette structure with shorter petioles, dark-green leaves and a shoot branching phenotype after inflorescence emergence. Mature plants are shorter than wild-type. Over-expression of UGT74E2 increases plant tolerance to osmotic stress.
Involved in the perception of CLV3 and CLV3-like peptides, that act as extracellular signals regulating meristems maintenance.
Expressed at low levels in vegetative and floral organs.
Maintains chromatin CpG methylation that plays a role in genomic imprinting, regulation of embryogenesis and seed viability. Required for proper patterns of CG DNA methylation in dividing cells (By similarity).
A stretch of 270 kb of the mitochondrial genome is duplicated within the centromere of chromosome 2 resulting in the duplication of the gene. The expression of this duplicated gene (At2g07691) is demonstrated.
May play a role in carbohydrates metabolism.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 20 family.
Belongs to the adenylate kinase family. AK6 subfamily.
Broad-specificity nucleoside monophosphate (NMP) kinase that catalyzes the reversible transfer of the terminal phosphate group between nucleoside triphosphates and monophosphates. Has also ATPase activity.
Broad-specificity nucleoside monophosphate (NMP) kinase that catalyzes the reversible transfer of the terminal phosphate group between nucleoside triphosphates and monophosphates. Preferred phosphate donor and acceptor are ATP and AMP, respectively. Has also ATPase activity (By similarity).
Expressed in seedlings, leaves, embryos, ovules, seeds and the root and shoot meristems. In heart-stage embryos, detected in cells that failed to respond to cytokinins, including the prospective cotyledons.
Purine permease implicated in ATP-dependent cytokinin translocation that controls the spatiotemporal landscape of cytokinin signaling. Depletes ligands from the apoplast, which leads to a suppression of the cytokinin response.
Acts as a glycerol-3-phosphatase with higher stereospecificity for L-glycerol-3-phosphate than DL-glycerol-3-phosphate.
Belongs to the plastid outer envelope porin OEP21 (TC 1.B.29) family.
Voltage-dependent rectifying anion channel that facilitates the translocation between chloroplast and cytoplasm of phosphorylated carbohydrates such as triosephosphate, 3-phosphoglycerate and inorganic phosphate (Pi) depending of ATP to triosephosphate ratio in the plastidial intermembrane space; in high triosephosphate/ATP conditions (e.g. photosynthesis), export of triosphosphate from chloroplast (outward rectifying channels), but in high ATP/triosephosphate conditions (e.g. dark phase), import of phosphosolutes (inward rectifying channels) (By similarity).
Voltage-dependent rectifying anion channel that facilitates the translocation between chloroplast and cytoplasm of phosphorylated carbohydrates such as triosephosphate, 3-phosphoglycerate and inorganic phosphate (Pi) depending of ATP to triosephosphate ratio in the plastidial intermembrane space; in high triosephosphate/ATP conditions (e.g. photosynthesis), export of triosphosphate from chloroplast (outward rectifying channels), but in high ATP/triosephosphate conditions (e.g. dark phase), import of phosphosolutes (inward rectifying channels).
Auxin activates expression during Pi starvation, whereas cytokinin represses it.
Expressed mainly in floral buds. Detected in roots, leaves, stems, siliques and pollen tubes.
Induced by phosphate deprivation (PubMed:11553816, PubMed:14730084, PubMed:16762032). Induced in rosette leaves when grown in acidic soil (PubMed:31201686).
Involved in the synthesis of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol, the major structural component of photosynthetic membranes and in the chloroplast envelope biogenesis. Can use both prokaryotic (18:1/16:0) or eukaryotic (18:2/18:2) 1,2-diacylglycerol species, but operates with some preference for the eukaryotic one. Plays a minor role in galactolipid synthesis in chloroplasts (PubMed:11553816). Is required for membrane lipid remodeling in phosphate-starved roots (PubMed:18808455, PubMed:31201686). Acts as the minor factor involved in digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) biosynthesis in phosphate-starved roots (PubMed:18808455). Does not seem to be required for plant growth under nutrient-sufficient conditions (PubMed:18808455). Required for membrane lipid remodeling in plants grown in acidic conditions (PubMed:31201686).
Low and continuous expression throughout whole developmental stages.
Probable membrane-anchored myosin receptors.
Induced by salt stress (PubMed:19211694, PubMed:25060192). Induced by osmotic stress (PubMed:19211694). Induced by abscisic acid (PubMed:25060192).
Phosphorylated at Ser-251 by MPK6 in response to salt stress. Phosphorylation is required for its function in salt stress tolerance.
Transcription factor involved in salt stress response. Confers tolerance to salt stress (PubMed:22575450). Involved in distinct cellular processes in response to osmotic stress, including control of primary metabolism and negative regulation of short-term transcriptional responses to osmotic stress (PubMed:19211694). Can activate the steps necessary for aliphatic suberin synthesis and deposition of cell wall-associated suberin-like lamellae. Involved in the production of aliphatic suberin under abiotic stress conditions (PubMed:25060192).
Accumulation of siRNAs and slight reductions of repressive epigenetic modifications (e.g. decreases in DNA methylation and H3K9me2 and increase in H3ac) at target sequences, especially in the shoot apical meristem after rosette leaves development, leading to derepression of silenced-genes (PubMed:22560611, PubMed:23675613). Stochastic silencing phenotype due to randomized RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) (PubMed:23675613). Impaired gene silencing due to decondensation of chromocenters leading to the derepression of DNA-methylated genes and transposable elements (TEs); DNA and histone methylation seems normal (PubMed:22555433, PubMed:24799676, PubMed:27171427).
Homodimer and heterodimers with MORC1/CRT1 and MORC2 (PubMed:24465213, PubMed:24799676). Interacts directly with SUVH9 (PubMed:24465213). Component of an RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) complex that contains at least MORC6, MORC1/CRT1, MORC2, SWI3D and SUVH9 (PubMed:24465213). Stimulated by interaction with DMS3 (PubMed:22560611). Interacts with IDN2, SWI3B, SWI3C and SWI3D (PubMed:27171427).
Involved in RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) as a component of the RdDM machinery and required for gene silencing (PubMed:22560611, PubMed:23675613, PubMed:27171427). Together with SUVH2 and SUVH9, regulates the silencing of some transposable elements (TEs) (PubMed:27171427). Exhibits ATPase activity (PubMed:22560611). May also be involved in the regulation of chromatin architecture/condensation to maintain gene silencing (PubMed:22555433, PubMed:27171427). Binds DNA/RNA in a non-specific manner and exhibits endonuclease activity. Probably involved in DNA repair (By similarity). Positive regulator of defense against the oomycete Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis (Hpa) (PubMed:27171361).
Belongs to the thioredoxin family. Plant O-type subfamily.
Thiol-disulfide oxidoreductase that may participate in various redox reactions. Possesses insulin disulfide bonds reducing activity. Reduced by thioredoxin reductases NTRA and NTRB.
May select specific target apoproteins to which a Fe-S cluster produced by the cytosolic iron-sulfur (Fe-S) protein assembly (CIA) pathway is transferred.
Part of a complex composed of AE7, CIA1, MMS19 and NAR1. Interacts with AE7.
Responsible for synthesis of pseudouridine from uracil.
Activated by DUO1 in sperm cells (SC) of mature pollen.
May be involved in heavy metals transport.
Interacts with DNA as homodimer (PubMed:9405140). Interacts with TBP2 (PubMed:24531799).
Probable transcription activator involved in leaf development. Binds to the DNA sequence 5'-CAAT[AT]ATTG-3'.
Defects in embryo development, seedling germination and early growth. Pale interveinal phenotype due to marked reduction in the density of mesophyll cells in interveinal regions of leaves.
During embryo development, expressed from the heart stage onwards and restricted to the adaxial side of the cotyledons in mature embryos.
Expressed in root meristem, root vasculature, distal region of young leaf primordia, leaf bundle sheath cells, hydathodes and pollen grains.
May play a role in leaf development. Required for leaf mesophyll cell division in the early stages of leaf organogenesis.
TIR-NB-LRR receptor-like protein that contributes to disease resistance induced by the Pseudomonas syringae type III effector AvrB. Acts additively with RPM1 to generate a full disease resistance response to P.syringae expressing this type III effector.
Acts redundantly with HSP70-6 in the thermotolerance of germinating seeds. Plays an important role in the protein precursor import into chloroplasts.
Defective in protein import into chloroplasts during early developmental stages.
Down-regulated during seed maturation. Up-regulated during germination.
Conjugated to ATG12; which is essential for autophagy. Conjugation with ATG12 involves ATG7 as an E1-like activating enzyme and ATG10 as an E2-like conjugating enzyme (By similarity).
Mutant plants are hypersensitive to nitrogen or carbon starvation (PubMed:16040659). Early senescence phenotype (PubMed:16040659, PubMed:19773385). Hyper accumulation of salicylic acid (SA) (PubMed:19773385). Increased number of peroxisomes and accumulation of peroxisomal proteins (PubMed:24463818).
Required for autophagy. Conjugation to ATG12 is essential for plant nutrient recycling (PubMed:16040659). Involved in a negative feedback loop that modulates NPR1-dependent salicylic acid (SA) signaling and limits senescence and immunity-related programmed cell death (PCD) in plants (PubMed:19773385). Involved in complete proteolysis of chloroplast stroma proteins in senescent leaves (PubMed:23327451). Involved in the degradation of damaged peroxisomes (PubMed:24463818).
Defective in retrograde plastid-to-nucleus signaling.
Involved in nuclear gene expression via the retrograde plastid-to-nucleus signaling (PubMed:17395793, PubMed:19140931, PubMed:20605896, PubMed:21673514). Plastid signals that depend on GUN1 can affect photomorphogenesis developments, such as cotyledon opening and expansion, anthocyanin biosynthesis, and hypocotyl elongation (PubMed:19140931, PubMed:21673514).
Expressed in rosette and cauline leaves, stems, flowers and siliques.
Hydrolyzes glycerolphosphoglycerol, glycerophosphocholine and glycerophosphoethanolamine in vitro.
Catalytic subunit of cellulose synthase terminal complexes ('rosettes'), required for beta-1,4-glucan microfibril crystallization, a major mechanism of the cell wall formation. Involved in the primary cell wall formation, especially in roots.
Expressed in young plants, flowers and roots, and to a lower extent in leaves and stems. Localized in all cells except meristematic cells. Accumulates particularly in root caps, root hairs, epidermal layer, midveins of leaves and anthers. Not present in old tissues.
Homodimer (PubMed:33729990). Interacts with CESA1 and CESA6. Interacts with STL1 and STL2, but not with GOT1 (PubMed:27277162). Binds to CSI1 and CSI3 (PubMed:20616083, PubMed:24368796). Interacts with PAT24/TIP1 (PubMed:35644016).
Mostly expressed in cotyledons during all steps of embryogenesis, and decrease toward the bent-cotyledon stage.
Mutants cev1 are dark green and contains more jasmonates and ethylene, that leads to shorter and thickened hypocotyls and roots, with prolific root hairs, and the accumulation of purple anthocyanins. They exhibit constitutive and high expression in leaves lamina of vegetative storage proteins (VSP1 and VSP2), basic chitinase CHI-B and plant defensin PDF1.2. In addition, this mutation confers resistance to powdery mildew pathogens such as E.cichoracearum, E.orontii and O.lycopersicum, to the bacterial pathogen P.syringae pv maculicola, and also to the green peach aphid M.persicae (PubMed:11340179). The double mutant tip1-5 ixr1-2 exhibits a reduced plant growth with stronger developmental defects phenotypes than each single mutant and associated with thin cell walls and reduced cellulose content in iterfascicular fiber cells (PubMed:35644016).
A stretch of 270 kb of the mitochondrial genome is duplicated within the centromere of chromosome 2 resulting in the duplication of the gene. The expression of this duplicated gene (At2g07701) is not demonstrated.
By copper and senescence. Down-regulated by heat stress.
Copper chaperone for the superoxide dismutases CSD1, CSD2 and CSD3. Binds copper ions and delivers them specifically to CSDs. Is required for assistance in CSDs disulfide bond formation and thereby activation of CSDs. May be involved in the negative regulation of heat stress-responsive genes and thermotolerance.
Expressed in roots, shoots, stems and flowers, and at lower levels in rosette and cauline leaves.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase family.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants have increased tolerance to heat stress.
Binds to and hydrolyzes insoluble and soluble xylan substrates (By similarity). Exhibits xylanase activity (PubMed:12154138).
In seedlings, present in the root, hypocotyl and cotyledon veins. In roots, excluded from the root tip, otherwise observed in the endodermis, pericycles and vascular bundles, except vessels. Expressed in the root differentiation zone, especially during root hair formation. In mature plants, mostly detected in vascular bundles, but not in vessel cells.
Predominantly expressed in vascular bundles, but not in vessel cells. Mostly expressed in stems, at lower levels in roots, and weakly in inflorescences and seedlings.
Belongs to the PEP-utilizing enzyme family.
Circadian regulation. Induced during light phase and repressed during dark phase.
In all starch containing tissues (e.g. roots, leaves, stems, inflorescence and siliques).
Mediates the incorporation of phosphate into starch-like phospho-alpha-glucan, mostly at the C-3 position of glucose units. Required for starch degradation, suggesting that the phosphate content of starch regulates its degradability.
The N-terminal domain contains the alpha-glucan binding site, the central domain the pyrophosphate/phosphate carrier histidine, and the C-terminal domain the ATP binding site.
The reaction takes place in three steps, mediated by a phosphocarrier histidine residue located on the surface of the central domain. The two first partial reactions are catalyzed at an active site located on the C-terminal domain, and the third partial reaction is catalyzed at an active site located on the N-terminal domain. For catalytic turnover, the central domain swivels from the concave surface of the C-terminal domain to that of the N-terminal domain (By similarity).
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX3/DED1 subfamily.
Interacts with SUVR2 (PubMed:25420628, PubMed:25425661). Interacts with itself (PubMed:25420628).
Probable helicase-like transcription factor involved in transcriptional gene silencing. Associates with SUVR2 and contributes to transcriptional gene silencing at RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) target loci but also at RdDM-independent target loci. May be involved in nucleosome positioning to form ordered nucleosome arrays on chromatin (PubMed:25420628). Associates with SUVR2 and functions redundantly with FRG2. Required for the efficient methylation of a broad range of RdDM target loci (PubMed:25425661).
Can bind about 5 Ca(2+) ions per subunit.
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) or matrixins may play a role in the degradation and remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) during development or in response to stresses (By similarity). Active on myelin basic protein (MBP) and, to some extent, on McaPLGLDpaAR-NH(2) (QF24) and beta-casein (PubMed:24156403).
Mostly expressed in flowers and stems, and, to a lower extent, in leaves and roots.
Starts to accumulate in 7-10 days old plant leaves.
Multifunctional enzyme that converts oxidosqualene to lupeol, bauerenol, alpha-amyrin, taraxasterol, psi-taraxasterol, multiflorenol, alpha-seco-amyrin and beta-seco-amyrin.
Belongs to the 2-oxoadipate dioxygenase/decarboxylase family.
Catalyzes the decarboxylation and hydroxylation of 2-oxoadipate (2OA) to form D-2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2-HGA) (PubMed:32523014). Is involved in a D-lysine catabolic pathway (PubMed:32523014).
Delayed germination, compromised development, cholortic phenotype with impaired growth, due to lysine accumulation.
Catalyzes the conversion of 4-hydroxy-tetrahydrodipicolinate (HTPA) to tetrahydrodipicolinate.
Was originally thought to be a dihydrodipicolinate reductase (DHDPR), catalyzing the conversion of dihydrodipicolinate to tetrahydrodipicolinate. However, it was shown in E.coli that the substrate of the enzymatic reaction is not dihydrodipicolinate (DHDP) but in fact (2S,4S)-4-hydroxy-2,3,4,5-tetrahydrodipicolinic acid (HTPA), the product released by the DapA-catalyzed reaction.
Contributes to cuticular wax and suberin biosynthesis. Involved in both decarbonylation and acyl-reduction wax synthesis pathways. Required for elongation of C24 fatty acids, an essential step of the cuticular wax production (PubMed:10330468, PubMed:11041893). Major condensing enzyme for stem wax and pollen coat lipid biosynthesis (PubMed:12467640).
In epidermal cells of aerial tissues and in the tapetum of anthers near maturity (PubMed:10330468, PubMed:12177469). Expressed in siliques, flowers and leaves (PubMed:18465198).
Plants have no wax crystals and are male sterile.
Repressed by herbicides such as flufenacet and benfuresate (PubMed:12916765). Up-regulated by osmotic stress and abscisic acid and down-regulated by darkness (PubMed:12177469, PubMed:18465198). Down-regulated by low temperature and up-regulated by salt and drought (PubMed:18465198).
Strongly inhibited by metazachlor and mefluidide.
Down-regulated during infection with the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato avirulent avrRpt2 strain.
RNA-binding protein required for chloroplast 16S rRNA maturation, an important process which supports chloroplast gene expression and biogenesis. Binds to 16S rRNA precursor and is involved in its 5'-end processing (PubMed:24585838). May act as negative regulator of defense response against bacterial pathogens (PubMed:18003861).
Retarded growth and photobleaching phenotype (PubMed:18003861, PubMed:24585838). Enhanced resistance to the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (PubMed:18003861).
Catalyzes the reversible transfer of the terminal phosphate group between ATP and AMP. Plays an important role in cellular energy homeostasis and in adenine nucleotide metabolism. Plays a major role in the equilibration of adenylates and de novo synthesis of ADP in the plastid stroma.
Seedling lethality when homozygous, due to loss of chloroplast integrity, causing a bleached phenotype from early embryo to seedling development.
By light in a cytokinin-dependent manner and N(6)-benzylaminopurine (BA). Also induced by sucrose, glucose and fructose. Induced by several abiotic stresses like salt, cold, heat, oxidative, drought, PEG8000, glucose treatments as well exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) application (PubMed:25058458).
First observed in imbibed seeds. Mostly localized in hypocotyls during germination and in seedlings. In mature plants, confined to vascular tissues of leaves and roots. In flowers, expressed in the vascular bundle of the stamen filament and in the stigma, where the filament joins the pistil.
Interacts with CBL2 (PubMed:11577192, PubMed:19832944, PubMed:18237745, PubMed:25058458). Interacts with CBL3 (PubMed:19832944, PubMed:25058458). Interacts with CBL8 (PubMed:19832944). Interacts with CBL9 (PubMed:25058458). Interacts with KIN10 and KIN11 (PubMed:25058458).
Predominant in roots, cauline leaves, and flowers (PubMed:11577192). Ubiquitous with highest expression in 7-day-old seedlings and flower buds, followed by that in cauline leaves and young siliques (PubMed:25058458).
Catalytically inactive DNA methyltransferase that acts as regulatory factor for DRM2-mediated DNA methylation. Required for maintenance of non-CpG DNA methylation. Required for normal establishment and maintenance of RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) and accumulation of specific repeat-associated small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) (PubMed:21060858, PubMed:25316414, PubMed:25561521). Required for nucleolus organizer region (NOR) nuclear organization during interphase (PubMed:25316414). Acts downstream of the production of siRNAs. May promote RNA polymerase V (Pol V) transcriptional elongation or assist in the stabilization of Pol V transcripts (PubMed:25561521).
Lacks the conserved tripeptide Ser-Pro-Cys in position 672 necessary for the methyltransferase activity in DRM protein (AC Q9M548).
Could be involved in splicing and/or processing of chloroplast RNAs.
Expressed in the vegetative meristem. Present in the base of flower primordia (PubMed:26390296).
May form heterodimeric complex with the TALE/BELL proteins BEL1, BLH2, BLH8/PNF and BLH9/PNY (PubMed:11701881, PubMed:12897247, PubMed:16741748, PubMed:17873098). Interacts with OFP1, OFP2, OFP4, OFP6 and OFP12 (PubMed:15781858). Interacts with CCT7 and CCT8 (PubMed:21868675). Interacts with KNATM-B (PubMed:18398054). Binds to AGO10/PNH (PubMed:26390296). Interacts with BZIP30 (PubMed:27402171).
May play a role in meristem function, and may be involved in maintaining cells in an undifferentiated, meristematic state, and its expression disappears at the same time the shoot apex undergoes the transition from vegetative to reproductive development (PubMed:11934861). Positive regulator of LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARIES (LOB) (PubMed:11934861). Probably binds to the DNA sequence 5'-TGAC-3' (PubMed:11934861). Able to traffic from the L1 to the L2/L3 layers of the meristem, presumably through plasmodesmata (PubMed:12900451).
Negatively regulated by ASYMMETRIC LEAVES1 (AS1) and ASYMMETRIC LEAVES2 (AS2).
Monomer (PubMed:21658606). Homodimer. Binds ABA on one subunit only. Binds to CARs protein in an ABA-independent manner, both at the plasma membrane and in the nucleus (By similarity). Binds both (-)-ABA and (+)-ABA (PubMed:23844015). Interacts with HAB1, ABI1 and ABI2, and possibly with other PP2Cs (PubMed:19624469, PubMed:19874541, PubMed:19898420).
Receptor for abscisic acid (ABA) required for ABA-mediated responses such as stomatal closure and germination inhibition. Inhibits the activity of group-A protein phosphatases type 2C (PP2Cs) in an ABA-independent manner but more efficiently when activated by ABA. Confers enhanced sensitivity to ABA (PubMed:19407143, PubMed:19624469, PubMed:23844015, PubMed:21658606). Can be activated by both (-)-ABA and (+)-ABA (PubMed:23844015).
Acts as an effector of RABF2A and RABF2B. Involved in vacuolar transport of storage proteins. Regulates membrane trafficking to protein storage vacuoles (PSVs). Binds specifically to phosphatidylinositol 3-monophosphate (PtdIns3P).
Interacts (via PX domain) with RABF2A and RABF2B.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but the double mutant plants erex and erel1 exhibit severe growth retardation at a juvenile stage.
No visible phenotype. Slight reduction of xylose content in the cell wall composition.
Nucleotide-sugar transporter that transports UDP-xylose and UMP in a strict counter-exchange mode.
Expressed in leaves, shoots and shoot apical meristem. Detected in the vascular tissue of the hypocotyl, the cotyledons and the leaves. Restricted to the protoxylem and phloem in young inflorescence stems and to the phloem only in older inflorescences. Also detected in the vascular tissue of the root.
Expressed with a circadian rhythm showing a broad peak between 12 hours and dawn. Higher expression under long days.
Interacts with ADO3, SPA1, SPA2, SPA3 and SPA4 (PubMed:16854975, PubMed:22628657). Interacts with MRG1 and MRG2 (via MRG domain) (PubMed:25211338). Interacts (via B-box) with MIP1A (PubMed:27015278). Interacts with AS1 to form a functional complex regulating FT expression (PubMed:21950734). Interacts with NFYC9 (PubMed:25105952). Component of a red light-dependent nuclear complex made of PHL, PHYB and CO. Interacts directly with PHL in the presence of PHYB (PubMed:24127609).
The CCT domain is essential for the interaction with SPA1.
The GIGANTEA-CONSTANS-FLOWER LOCUS T (GI-CO-FT) pathway to control photoperiodic flowering under LD is conserved between Arabidopsis and rice, but the regulation of the downstream gene by the upstream regulatory gene is reversed in the two species. In Arabidopsis, GI acts as an activator of CO, which in turn activates the floral activator FT under LD conditions. In rice, GI activates HD1/CO in a similar manner to that in Arabidopsis. However, under LD conditions, HD1 suppresses HD3A/FT expression, causing the suppression of flowering.
Transcription factor that acts in the long day flowering pathway and may mediate between the circadian clock and the control of flowering. Plays a role in the regulation of flowering time by acting on 'SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CO1', 'TERMINAL FLOWER 1' and 'FLOWERING LOCUS T'. Also regulates P5CS2 and ACS10 (involved in proline and ethylene biosynthesis, respectively). Regulates the expression of NAKR1 by binding to the 5'-TGTG(N2-3)ATG-3' motif (PubMed:27255839).
By heat stress and oilseed rape mosaic virus (PubMed:10760238, PubMed:10760305, PubMed:11489180, PubMed:16644052, PubMed:16995899, PubMed:17144892, PubMed:7866032). Regulated by HSA32 that retards its decay in a positive feedback loop (at protein level) during recovery after heat treatment (PubMed:23439916).
Molecular chaperone that plays an important role in thermotolerance. Together with HSA32, required for long-term acquired thermotolerance (LAT) in plants and naturally high basal thermotolerance observed in germinating seedlings.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but germinating seeds have greatly reduced basal thermotolerance and are unable to acquire thermotolerance (PubMed:10760305, PubMed:11489180). Faster degradation of HSA32 (at protein level) (PubMed:23439916).
Over-expression of HSP101 partially reverse the sensitivity of 14 day-old seedling to heat stress.
Starts to accumulate in maturing seeds 15 days after pollination and decreases rapidly during seed germination.
Plays a role in sugar-mediated root development. Interaction with CINV1 induces repression of CINV1 activity and negative regulation of sugar-mediated root cell elongation.
The gain-of-function mutant pip5k9-d (T-DNA insertion line) has reduced primary root length.
Can form complexes with MYC2, MYC3 or MYC4.
Expressed in both vegetative and generative organs. Mostly present in inflorescences, flowers and seedlings, in the transition zone between roots and the foliar part, and stems, and, to a lower extent, in leaves (in midvein and trichomes).
Plays a role in determining the spatial distribution of aliphatic glucosinolates (AGLSs) within the leaf, mostly short chained. Together with MYB28/HAG1 and MYB29/HAG3, promotes aliphatic glucosinolate biosynthesis and represses indolic glucosinolate biosynthesis, but could not activate AGSL biosynthesis on its own.
Primarily present around the midvein in seedlings. Accumulates gradually in expanding leaves, reaching a maximum in fully expanded leaves in both primary and secondary veins.
Slightly induced by auxin (IAA) and jasmonic acid (JA). Accumulates upon mechanical stimuli (e.g. wounding) in inflorescence. Down-regulated by sulfur-deficient stress.
Accumulates in the basal embryo region that gives rise to hypocotyl, root, and root stem cells. Expressed in the root meristem throughout embryo development.
Expressed in roots, seedlings, flowers, and siliques. Also detected at low levels in leaves. In roots, specifically detected in the distal root meristem, including the QC. This tissue specificity is regulated by auxin gradient and depends on PIN proteins.
Probably acts as a transcriptional activator. Binds to the GCC-box pathogenesis-related promoter element. May be involved in the regulation of gene expression by stress factors and by components of stress signal transduction pathways (By similarity). Master regulator of basal/root fate. Essential for root quiescent center (QC) and columella specification, stem cell activity, as well as for establishment of the stem cell niche during embryogenesis. Modulates the root polar auxin transport by regulating the distribution of PIN genes. Essential role in respecifying pattern and polarity in damaged roots. Direct target of the transcriptional corepressor TPL. Expression levels and patterns regulated post-transcriptionally by root meristem growth factors (RGFs).
Stabilized in root meristems by reactive oxygen species (ROS) mediated oxidative post-translational modification triggered by RGF1 hormone peptide in a RITF1-dependent manner.
Myosin heavy chain that is required for the cell cycle-regulated transport of various organelles and proteins for their segregation. Functions by binding with its tail domain to receptor proteins on organelles and exerting force with its N-terminal motor domain against actin filaments, thereby transporting its cargo along polarized actin cables. Involved in trafficking of Golgi stacks and mitochondria.
Mostly expressed in leaves and inflorescences, including floral organs and meristems, and, to a lower extent, in pistils.
Plant lipoxygenase may be involved in a number of diverse aspects of plant physiology including growth and development, pest resistance, and senescence or responses to wounding.
Plant lipoxygenases may be involved in a number of diverse aspects of plant physiology including growth and development, pest resistance, and senescence or responses to wounding. Catalyzes the hydroperoxidation of lipids containing a cis,cis-1,4-pentadiene structure (By similarity). 13S-lipoxygenase that can use linolenic acid as substrates.
Expressed in roots, stems, flowers and siliques.
Heterooligomeric complex of about 850 to 900 kDa that forms two stacked rings, 12 to 16 nm in diameter.
Molecular chaperone; assists the folding of proteins upon ATP hydrolysis. Known to play a role, in vitro, in the folding of actin and tubulin.
Highest expression in flowers (PubMed:14675772, PubMed:14741367, PubMed:17971035). Expressed exclusively at the pollen tube tip (PubMed:14675772, PubMed:17971035).
Inhibits pectin methylesterase (PME) from flowers and siliques (PubMed:14675772). Inhibits PME from leaves (PubMed:14741367).
Monomer and homodimer. Interacts in vitro with PPME1.
The N-terminal alpha-hairpin extension is required for pectinmethylesterase inhibitor activity.
Catalytic subunit of the oligosaccharyl transferase (OST) complex that catalyzes the initial transfer of a defined glycan (Glc(3)Man(9)GlcNAc(2) in eukaryotes) from the lipid carrier dolichol-pyrophosphate to an asparagine residue within an Asn-X-Ser/Thr consensus motif in nascent polypeptide chains, the first step in protein N-glycosylation. N-glycosylation occurs cotranslationally and the complex associates with the Sec61 complex at the channel-forming translocon complex that mediates protein translocation across the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). All subunits are required for a maximal enzyme activity. This subunit contains the active site and the acceptor peptide and donor lipid-linked oligosaccharide (LLO) binding pockets.
Despite low primary sequence conservation between eukaryotic catalytic subunits and bacterial and archaeal single subunit OSTs (ssOST), structural comparison revealed several common motifs at spatially equivalent positions, like the DXD motif 1 on the external loop 1 and the DXD motif 2 on the external loop 2 involved in binding of the metal ion cofactor and the carboxamide group of the acceptor asparagine, the conserved Glu residue of the TIXE/SVSE motif on the external loop 5 involved in catalysis, as well as the WWDYG and the DK/MI motifs in the globular domain that define the binding pocket for the +2 Ser/Thr of the acceptor sequon. In bacterial ssOSTs, an Arg residue was found to interact with a negatively charged side chain at the -2 position of the sequon. This Arg is conserved in bacterial enzymes and correlates with an extended sequon requirement (Asp-X-Asn-X-Ser/Thr) for bacterial N-glycosylation.
Expressed preferentially in the root but also in the shoot.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 64 family.
Glycosyltransferase that mediates the glycosylation of glycosylinositol phosphorylceramides (GIPCs), the major sphingolipids in the plasma membrane; acts as a HexN(Ac)-specific GIPC sugar transferase and accepts glucosamine (GlcN) and N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) as the sugar unit (PubMed:29760197). Responsible for the glycosylation of a subgroup of GIPCs found in seeds and pollen that contain GlcNAc and GlcN (GlcN(Ac)) (PubMed:29760197). Maybe involved in the maintenance of cell-cell adhesion (PubMed:29760197).
Highly expressed in dry seed but drastically down-regulated after seed imbibition.
Loss of the GlcN(Ac) glycosylinositol phosphorylceramides (GIPCs) leading to a reduced sensitivity to abiotic stress (e.g. abscisic acid and salt) on seed germination. Reduced HexNAc-GIPC content. Slightly larger seeds with more seed storage lipids and proteins and larger seed coat cells.
Specifically and highly expressed in developing embryos and mature seeds. Also detected at low levels in stigma and pollen.
Decreased DNA methylation primarily at CpG sites in genic regions, as well as repeated sequences in heterochromatic regions. Released transcriptional silencing at heterochromatin regions. Ectopic CpHpH methylation in the 5S rRNA genes against a background of CpG hypomethylation.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase. Participates in CpG methylation-dependent transcriptional regulation and epigenetic transcriptional silencing. Mediates ubiquitination with the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes UBC11, UBC8 and UBC8 homologs (e.g. UBC10, UBC11, UBC28 and UBC29) but not with UBC27, UBC30, UBC32, UBC34 and UBC36. Promotes methylation-mediated gene silencing leading, for example, to early flowering. Can bind to CpG, CpNpG, and CpNpN DNA motifs, with a strong preference for methylated forms, and with highest affinity for CpG substrate.
Expressed predominantly in roots and siliques.
Impaired in beta-aminobutyric acid (BABA)-induced sterility. Altered BABA-induced resistance (BABA-IR) against bacteria (e.g. P.syringae) and oomycetes (e.g. H.parasitica) associated with reduction in priming for salicylate (SA)-dependent defense responses (e.g. trailing necrosis and pathogenesis-related PR-1 gene expression) (PubMed:15722464, PubMed:22209872). Reduced primed to be primed phenotype in transgenerationally primed plants exposed to a second BABA-priming (PubMed:22209872).
Required for beta-aminobutyric acid (BABA)-induced resistance (BABA-IR) against bacteria (e.g. P.syringae) and oomycetes (e.g. H.parasitica) via priming for salicylate (SA)-dependent defense responses such as pathogenesis-related PR-1 gene expression and trailing necrosis. Involved in BABA-mediated sterility (PubMed:15722464, PubMed:22209872). Necessary for the inheritance of BABA-priming to next generation, especially for the primed to be primed phenotype which consists in an enhanced second BABA-priming in transgenerationally primed plants (PubMed:22209872).
Expressed during the S phase of the cell cycle.
Strongly expressed in proliferating cells. Detected in root tips, stipules, shoot apex, floral tissues, young siliques and abscission zones.
Transcriptional regulator of cell proliferation and axillary bud outgrowth. Involved in maintaining the structure of the shoot apical meristem as well as plastochron and phyllotaxy. Activates several genes involved in cell cycle regulation and dormancy breaking, including CYCD3-3, DPA, and BARD1. Strongly down-regulates DRM1, DRMH1, MARD1 and several genes encoding different types of cell wall-remodeling proteins.
Transiently up-regulated 6 to 15 hours after decapitation.
Functions redundandly with IBH1/BHLH158 in a regulation node known as the incoherent feed-forward loop (FFL). Acts as transcriptional repressor that negatively regulates cell and organ elongation in response to gibberellin (GA) and brassinosteroid (BR) signaling.
Plants over-expressing IBL1 are dwarf with round-shaped, dark-green leaves and short petioles.
Activated when autophosphorylated at Thr-153 and inactivated when phosphorylated at Ser-260 by SnRK1.1/KIN10.
Activates SnRK1.1/KIN10 and SnRK1.2/KIN11 by phosphorylation of their activation-loop 'Thr-198' and 'Thr-176', respectively. Required for the regulation by SnRK1 kinases of the transcription of a large set of genes, the modification the activity of metabolic enzymes, and the control of various nutrient-responsive cellular developmental processes.
Associates with the SNF1-related protein kinase (SnRK) complex (By similarity). Interacts with AL1, a geminivirus (TGMV) protein essential for viral replication.
By geminivirus (CaLCuV or BCTV) infection (at the protein level).
Expressed in shoot apical meristem, leaf primordium and emerging petiole (at protein level).
Functionally able to complement the yeast elm1 sak1 tos3 triple mutant.
Highly expressed in young leaf and floral tissues but not expressed in mature tissues (at protein level).
By the herbicide isoxaben and by biotic stresses.
Expressed during the G2-M phases of the cell cycle.
Expressed in all tissues with cell division activities and in mature leaves.
Chlorophyll-defective seedlings with reduced levels of chloroplast-encoded transcripts (e.g. atpB, atpE and rbcL). Delayed light-dependent chloroplast development. Constitutive acclimation to light stress. Suppressor of FLU disruption phenotype; seedlings missing both FLU and SIGF do not bleach when grown under non-permissive dark/light conditions.
Expressed in seedling, accumulating progressively. Present in leaves but not in roots.
Induced by red light. Slightly induced by blue light.
Interacts (via N-terminus) with DG1 (via C-terminus).
Phosphorylated to acquire sigma activity; site-specific phosphorylation regulates promoter affinity. Phosphorylation at Ser-174 by chloroplastic CK2 requires prior phosphorylation at Ser-177. Phosphorylation at either Ser-94, Ser-95 or Ser-174 is required for sigma activation.
Sigma factors are initiation factors that promote the attachment of plastid-encoded RNA polymerase (PEP) to specific initiation sites and are then released. Regulates transcription in chloroplast in a DG1-dependent manner. Involved in light-dependent chloroplast development. Required during early plant development and primary leaf formation.
Early flowering in both long and short days associated with reduced levels of FLC.
In seedlings, mostly expressed in the shoot apical meristem (SAM) and root tip.
Involved in the regulation of flowering time in both long and short days.
Serine/threonine-protein kinase that may function as a signaling receptor of extracellular matrix component. Binding to pectin may have significance in the control of cell expansion, morphogenesis and development.
Interacts only with active kinase forms of TOUSLED. Interacts with SNL1.
The Myb domain is not required for TOUSLED binding.
Plays a major role in single RNA editing events in chloroplasts. Acts as a site-recognition transacting factor involved in the edition of the site 5 of ndhB1 and ndhB2 (ndhB1-5 and ndhB2-5 sites corresponding to cytidine-830), which are plastid-encoded subunits of the NADH-plastoquinone oxidoreductase. May provide the catalytic activity for editing site conversion.
Belongs to the WD repeat CDC20/Fizzy family.
Delay in plant development due to reduced cell number and male sterility.
Expressed in meristems and organ primordia. Present in flowers, leaves, stems and roots.
Expression starts to rise in the S-phase and peaks in the M-phase with a non-negligible basic expression level also in the other cell cycle phases.
The APC/C is composed of at least 11 subunits that stay tightly associated throughout the cell cycle (By similarity). Interacts with APC10, FZR1, FZR2, FZR3. Part of the mitotic checkpoint complex (MCC); interacts with MAD2, BUB3.1, BUBR1 and BUB1. Binds to cyclins CYCA1-2, CYCB2-1 and CYCB2-2.
Lethal without exogenous carbon sources. Decrease of total chlorophyll content as well as a decrease in the chlorophyll a:b ratio. Unequally expanded grana thylakoids. Altered expression profiles of plastid genes.
Mostly expressed in leaves, stems and flowers, but barely in roots.
Belongs to the class-II pyridine nucleotide-disulfide oxidoreductase family.
Possesses thioredoxin-disulfide reductase activity towards thioredoxins O1, O2 and F3.
The active site is a redox-active disulfide bond.
Accepts the ubiquitin from the E1 complex and catalyzes its covalent attachment to other proteins (PubMed:12427990). Part of the anaphase-promoting complex (APC) (PubMed:12427990). May have a key function during cell cycle and be involved in cyclin B1 degradation (PubMed:12427990). Triggers OR ubiquitination that mediates its subsequent nuclear localization (PubMed:34405771). Involved in the repression of early light-induced proteins (ELIPs, e.g. ELIP1 and ELIP2) expression, probably via OR nuclear relocalization (PubMed:34405771).
Expressed during the G1-S phases of the cell cycle (PubMed:15970679). Constant levels during deetiolation (PubMed:34405771).
Increased expression levels of ELIP1 and ELIP2, especially upon illumination.
Interacts with OR (PubMed:34405771). Binds to LOT1 (PubMed:31102784).
Seems not induced by heat shock, dark to light transition, proteasome inhibitor MG132 or geldanamycin.
Expressed in senescent leaves and flowers.
Mostly expressed in seeds, and, to a lower extent, in roots, leaves, flowers and siliques.
NADPH-dependent pterin aldehyde reductase involved in pterin aldehyde salvage during folate turnover. Catalyzes the reduction of diverse aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes (e.g. acetaldehyde, n-propanal, 1-naphthaldehyde, benzaldehyde, cinnamaldehyde, n-butanal, n-hexanal, n-pentanal, 2-naphthaldehyde, n-octanal, n-nonanal and n-heptanal), in addition to the conversion of pterin-6-aldehyde (PtCHO) to 6-hydroxymethylpterin (PtCH(2)OH), and the conversion of dihydropterin-6-aldehyde (H(2)PtCHO) to 6-hydroxymethyldihydropterin (H(2)PtCH(2)OH) (PubMed:17550420). Cannot reduce the pterin ring (PubMed:17220358).
Slight reduction in seed pterin aldehyde reductase activity, especially at low temperature.
Preferentially expressed in leaves, flowers and siliques.
Acts in association with FDM4 and FDM5 for RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM).
Component of the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), a cell cycle-regulated E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex that controls progression through mitosis and the G1 phase of the cell cycle. The APC/C complex controls several key steps in the cell cycle by mediating ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of target proteins such as cyclins. The APC/C complex is required for the female gametophyte development and is involved in several aspect of development by controlling cell division and cell elongation. Involved in the control of endoreduplication. Functionally redundant with CDC27B in the control of gametophyte development.
No visible phenotype. Cdc27a and cdc27b double mutant is gametophytic lethal (PubMed:17944809).
The APC/C is composed of at least 10 subunits. Interacts with APC2 and APC10.
Component of SCF(ASK-cullin-F-box) E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes, which may mediate the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins (By similarity). Involved in the control of basipetal and acropetal auxin transport by promoting the distribution and expression of the auxin transporter PIN2 (PubMed:21653785). Promotes cytokinin-mediated cell expansion in the root elongation and differentiation zone, without affecting root cell division (PubMed:21653785).
Part of a SCF (ASK-cullin-F-box) protein ligase complex (By similarity). Interacts with SKP1A/ASK1, SKP1B/ASK2, ASK11 and ASK13 (PubMed:12169662).
Involved in regulation of actin and microtubule organization. Part of a WAVE complex that activates the Arp2/3 complex (By similarity).
Belongs to the eukaryotic release factor 1 family.
Directs the termination of nascent peptide synthesis (translation) in response to the termination codons UAA, UAG and UGA (PubMed:15474304). Modulates plant growth and development (PubMed:16113224).
Heterodimer of two subunits, one of which binds GTP.
Possesses adenylylsulfatase activity in vitro, releasing AMP and sulfate from adenylyl sulfate. Possesses also adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (APS) phosphorylase activity in vitro. Catalyzes the phosphorolysis of APS, leading to ADP and sulfate.
The adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate phosphorylase activity is enhanced at low pH.
Catalyzes the phosphorylation of adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate to 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate, which is the activated sulfate form for sulfation reactions. Essential for plant reproduction and viability.
Catalyzes the synthesis of activated sulfate.
Expressed in root vasculature, root tips, leaf epidermal and guard cells, pollen grains and radicle of immature seeds.
Induced by cold in a DREB1A-dependent manner; this induction is accompanied by a reduction in trimethylation of 'Lys-27' of histone H3 (H3K27me3) in GOLS3 promoter (PubMed:19500304). Induced by methylviologen (MV), a superoxide radical generating drug.
Functions probably as a transcriptional factor that activates genes involved in secondary cell wall biosynthesis (PubMed:25228083, PubMed:25732536). Functions redudantly with C3H14 to regulate secondary cell wall formation (PubMed:25732536). C3H14 and C3H15 have overlapping roles in the regulation of secondary cell wall formation and anther development (PubMed:25732536). C3H14 may contribute more to secondary cell wall thickening while C3H15 could be more important in anther development (PubMed:25732536). May regulate at both the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels the expression of many genes involved in various biological processes, particularly those associated with cell wall metabolism and pollen development (PubMed:25732536). Involved in the regulation of callose metabolism in male meiocytes, in integrity of newly formed microspores, and promotes male fertility (PubMed:24567187). May be involved in the regulation of the callose synthesis genes CALS5 and CALS12, the potential degradation of callose walls-related genes A6 and MYB80, as well as other putative beta-1,3-glucanase genes (PubMed:24567187). Negatively regulates cell elongation by inhibiting brassinosteroid (BR) signaling (PubMed:35139225). Functions downstream of the BRI1 receptor as a negative regulator in the BR pathway (PubMed:35139225).
Highly expressed in secondary cell wall-forming tissues and the xylem cells of roots (PubMed:25228083). Expressed predominantly in inflorescence stems, flowers and siliques (PubMed:25732536). Highly expressed in the basal portion of stems, where cells are undergoing secondary cell wall thickening (PubMed:25732536). Highly expressed in meiocytes and tapetum from anthers (PubMed:24567187).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions (PubMed:25228083). The double mutants c3h14 and c3h15 have reductions in stem secondary cell wall thickening and defects in anther development (PubMed:25732536). Callose deposition defects in microspores, and pollen exine formation severely affected, leading to male sterility (PubMed:24567187).
Phosphorylated at Ser-111 by ASK7/BIN2 in the cytoplasm in the absence of brassinosteroids (BRs).
Plants overexpressing C3H15 exhibit small and slightly curled leaves, and retarded stem elongations due to cell elongation defect and ectopic secondary cell wall formation (PubMed:25228083). Overexpression of C3H15 results in secondary cell wall thickening in fibers and vessels (PubMed:25732536).
Expressed at preprocambial stages first in wide domains, and later confined to sites of vein development.
Homodimer (Probable). Interacts with IBH1. Binds reversibly to CRY2 after blue light illumination (PubMed:24130508).
Plants over-expressing BHLH74 show increased hypocotyl and cotyledon lengths.
Transcriptional activator involved in cell elongation. Regulates the expression of a subset of genes involved in cell expansion by binding to the G-box motif. Binds to chromatin DNA of the FT gene and promotes its expression, and thus triggers flowering in response to blue light (PubMed:24130508).
Belongs to the 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase family.
May convert lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) into phosphatidic acid by incorporating acyl moiety at the 2 position (By similarity). Has no activity when expressed in bacteria or yeast.
Decapping enzyme for NAD-capped RNAs: specifically hydrolyzes the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) cap from a subset of RNAs by removing the entire NAD moiety from the 5'-end of an NAD-capped RNA (PubMed:30949699). The NAD-cap is present at the 5'-end of some RNAs and promotes mRNA decay (By similarity). Its precise role is unclear: may be involved in the connection between RNA turnover and retrograde chloroplast-to-nucleus signaling independently of its deNADding activity (PubMed:30949699).
Decapping enzyme for NAD-capped RNAs: specifically hydrolyzes the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) cap from a subset of RNAs by removing the entire NAD moiety from the 5'-end of an NAD-capped RNA.
Growth and pigmentation defects associated with global transcriptomic changes and accumulation of RNA quality control siRNAs.
In contrast to other members of the family, shows reduced activity toward of m7G capped or incompletely capped RNAs, probably caused by the presence of an Asn residue in position 298 instead of a Gly (PubMed:30949699). The presence of an Asn-298 does not affect the decapping activity on NAD-cap RNAs (PubMed:30949699).
Belongs to the short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDR) family. FabI subfamily.
Catalyzes the NAD-dependent reduction of a carbon-carbon double bond in an enoyl moiety that is covalently linked to an acyl carrier protein (ACP). Catalyzes the last reduction step in the de novo synthesis cycle of fatty acids. Involved in the elongation cycle of fatty acids which are used in lipid metabolism. Required for normal plant growth.
Expressed in flowers and siliques and at lower levels in roots and leaves (at protein level).
Inhibited by the phytotoxin cyperin and the synthetic antimicrobial compound triclosan.
Premature cell death in several organs, chlorotic and curly leaves, semidwarfism, distorted siliques, premature senescence of primary inflorescences, reduced fertility and decrease in total lipid content.
Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily. Nitrate/nitrite porter (TC 2.A.1.8) family.
Involved in high-affinity nitrate transport. Acts as a dual component transporter with NTR3.1 (By similarity).
Expressed in leaves, stems and siliques.
Higher accumulation of ToMV in infected leaves.
Negative regulator of tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) multiplication, but has no effect on the multiplication of cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). Limits the spreading of the virus (PubMed:18762309). Isoform BTR1S: binds preferentially and directly to the 5'terminal region of ToMV genomic RNA, and affects the efficiency of translation rather than mRNA stability (PubMed:18762309).
Interacts with the N-terminal propeptide of ALEU and the C-terminal part of the 12S globulin CRA1 in a calcium-dependent manner. Binds to EPSIN1.
Mostly expressed in roots and dividing cells (at protein level). Also expressed in seeds, seedlings, leaves, stems, flowers, siliques and pollen.
The tyrosine-based internalization signal may be involved in trafficking at the trans Golgi network (TGN).
Vacuolar-sorting receptor (VSR) involved in clathrin-coated vesicles sorting from Golgi apparatus to vacuoles. Required for the sorting of 12S globulin, 2S albumin and maybe other seed storage proteins to protein storage vacuoles (PSVs) in seeds. May also be implicated in targeting N-terminal propeptide containing proteins to lytic vacuoles.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the OMP decarboxylase family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the purine/pyrimidine phosphoribosyltransferase family.
Essential for pollen development. Involved in protein N-glycosylation in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), especially in the female gametophyte. Mediates pollen tube (PT) reception in synergids through protein glycosylation.
Pollen tube (PT) overgrowth inside the female gametophyte (FG) without PT rupture. Degenerated pollen grains before maturation, during the early tricellular stage.
Upon photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) (e.g. light fluence) increase and UV-B treatment. Accumulates in response to ozone fumigation. Induced in response to oxidative stress, via a reduction of miR398-mediated silencing. Repressed by sucrose in a miR398-mediated silencing-dependent manner. Induced by salt stress.
Belongs to the sucrose phosphatase family.
Catalyzes the final step of sucrose synthesis.
Co-expressed with the galacturonosyltransferases GAUT1 and GAUT9.
Component of the exocyst complex involved in the docking of exocytic vesicles with fusion sites on the plasma membrane during regulated or polarized secretion. Involved in polarized cell growth and organ morphogenesis. During cytokinesis, involved in cell plate initiation, cell plate maturation and formation of new primary cell wall.
Male gametophytic lethal due to defect in pollen germination and pollen tube growth.
The exocyst complex is composed of SEC3, SEC5, SEC6, SEC8, SEC10, EXO70A1 and EXO84B. Interacts with EXO84B and KEU (via C-terminus). Binds to EXO70E2 (PubMed:24307681). Binds directly to B1L (PubMed:35249253).
Component of the PAQosome complex which is responsible for the biogenesis of several protein complexes and which consists of R2TP complex members RUVBL1, RUVBL2, RPAP3 and PIH1D1, URI complex members PFDN2, PFDN6, PDRG1, UXT and URI1 as well as ASDURF, POLR2E and DNAAF10/WDR92.
May play a role in chaperone-mediated protein folding.
Binds to the deubiquitinating enzyme AMSH3. Interacts with SGT1B (via SGS domain). Interacts with OEP61. Interacts with HSFA1A/HSF1. Interacts with BAG3, BAG4 and BAG5. Interacts with WPP1, WPP2 and WIT1. Component of a ternary complex composed of WPP1, HSP70-1 and WIT1. Binds to TIR.
Expressed at a substantial level during normal growth in root, stem, leaf and flower tissues, but not in siliques (PubMed:8049382). Expressed in cotyledons, leaves, stems, vascular bundles, roots, stigmas and anthers (PubMed:28004282).
In cooperation with other chaperones, Hsp70s are key components that facilitate folding of de novo synthesized proteins, assist translocation of precursor proteins into organelles, and are responsible for degradation of damaged protein under stress conditions (Probable). Probably involved in defense response. Chaperone involved in protein targeting to chloroplasts. May cooperate with SGT1 and HSP90 in R gene-mediated resistance towards the oomycete Hyaloperonospora parasitica (downy mildew). Plays a role with WPP-domain proteins in facilitating WIT1 nuclear envelope targeting (PubMed:12805626, PubMed:18065690, PubMed:19617588). Modulates stomatal aperture in response to various environmental conditions and physiological responses to the hormone abscisic acid (ABA) (PubMed:21586649).
Induced by heat shock and cold (PubMed:11402207). Induced by dehydration stress and abscisic acid (ABA) (PubMed:8075396). Up-regulated by viral infection (PubMed:15805473).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions (PubMed:21418353, PubMed:28004282, PubMed:26408532). The double mutants hsp70-1 and hsp70-4 exhibit accelerated bolting, flowering, and branching, small round shape and flat leaf blades, thin stems and short siliques (PubMed:28004282). The double mutants hsp70-1 and hsp70-4 exhibit reduced tolerance to abiotic stresses, such as heat, cold, salt and osmotic shock (PubMed:28004282).
Plants overexpressing HSP70-1 show disabled immune responses, enhanced tolerance to heat shock and altered plant growth and development (PubMed:12805626). Plants overexpressing HSP70-1 are hypersensitive to abscisic acid (ABA) in seed germination assays, and are compromised in the dark- and ABA-induced stomatal closure (PubMed:21586649).
Expressed mostly in flower buds and roots.
Normal vegetative growth but fertility defects leading to reduced seed number per silique, due to abortion of male and female gametophytes characterized by abnormal tetrahedral structure becoming either asymmetric tetrads or polyads containing more than four products, because of impaired class I crossover (CO) formation during meiosis.
Ubiquitin E3 ligase required for class I crossover (CO) formation during meiosis.
Component of the plastid division machinery (PubMed:16998069). Required to mediate the dissociation of ARC5/DRP5B from plastid outer envelope membranes (OEMs) at the midplastid constriction site in the cytoplasm, thus triggering ARC5/DRP5B ring turnover at the chloroplast division site (PubMed:16998069, PubMed:32005784). Binding to phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P) modulates negatively chloroplast division (PubMed:25736058).
Expressed in young developing leaves, root tips, shoot apices, and flower buds (sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils), but not in developed tissues.
Interacts (via C-terminus) with CDP1/PARC6 (via C-terminus) (PubMed:26527658). Interacts with ARC5/DRP5B (PubMed:32005784).
Reduced number of constricted and large chloroplasts due to a blocked plastid division (PubMed:16998069, PubMed:32005784). Accumulation of ARC5/DRP5B in the plastid outer envelope membranes (OEMs) at the midplastid constriction site in the cytoplasm (PubMed:32005784).
Expressed in roots, mature leaves, stems, flowers and siliques. Most abundant in vascular bundles.
PSK-beta is an enzymatic derivative of PSK-alpha.
Increased susceptibility to A.brassicicola infection.
Involved in the biosynthesis of hydroxycinnamic acid amides, which play a role in defense against pathogens. Agmatine is the preferred acyl acceptor, lower activity is observed towards putrescine. The preferred acyl donor is p-coumaroyl-CoA, lower activity is seen towards feruloyl-CoA.
Core histone-binding subunit that may target chromatin assembly factors, chromatin remodeling factors and histone deacetylases to their histone substrates in a manner that is regulated by nucleosomal DNA. Component of the flowering autonomous pathway which positively regulates flowering by promoting transcriptional repression of the flowering repressor FLC. May promote histone deacetylation at the FLC locus leading to the formation of repressive chromatin structures. Forms a histone deacetylase complex with HDA5, HDA6 and FLD that represses FLC gene expression to control flowering time (PubMed:25922987). Also negatively regulates cold-responsive genes. Acts together with PDP1 and MSI5 to regulate the function of the PRC2 complex on FLC (PubMed:29314758). Required for systemic acquired resistance (SAR) toward pathogenic bacteria (e.g. Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato DC3000 (avrPto)) (PubMed:32392578). Together with FLD and MSI4/FVE, contributes to dehydroabietinal-dependent (DA, a diterpenoid tricyclic diterpene) activation of flowering ans SAR (PubMed:32392578).
Expressed in rosette leaves, cauline leaves, main stems and developing fruits. Expressed at higher levels in roots and flowers.
Induced by dehydroabietinal-dependent (DA), a diterpenoid tricyclic diterpene that promotes flowering and systemic acquired resistance (SAR).
Interacts with AHL16 and HOS1 (PubMed:22960247, PubMed:23394836). Interacts with LHP1, PDP1, PDP2 and PDP3 (PubMed:29314758). Component of the PRC2 (polycomb repressive complex 2) complex which regulates histone methylation on histone H3K27 (PubMed:29314758).
Reduced H3K27me3 level but increased levels of histone H3 acetylation and H3K4me3 on FLC in the fve msi5 double mutant (PubMed:29314758). Delayed flowering (PubMed:32392578). Impaired systemic acquired resistance (SAR) toward pathogenic bacteria (e.g. Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato DC3000 (avrPto)) (PubMed:32392578). Lost ability of dehydroabietinal-dependent (DA, a diterpenoid tricyclic diterpene) to trigger flowering and systemic acquired resistance (SAR) (PubMed:32392578).
May dephosphorylate and repress plasma membrane H(+)-ATPases (PM H(+)-ATPases, e.g. AHA1 and AHA2), thus influencing negatively plant growth and fitness (By similarity). Involved in pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI) signaling (PubMed:27494702). Negatively regulates immune responses by controlling the phosphorylation and activation status of BIK1, a central rate-limiting kinase in PTI signaling (PubMed:27494702). Impairs the phosphorylation of the NADPH oxidase RBOHD by BIK1 (PubMed:27494702).
Phosphorylation at Ser-77 induces dissociation of PP2C38 from BIK1.
There are six genes coding for alpha-tubulin. The sequences coded by genes 3 and 5 are identical.
Undergoes a tyrosination/detyrosination cycle, the cyclic removal and re-addition of a C-terminal tyrosine residue by the enzymes tubulin tyrosine carboxypeptidase (TTCP) and tubulin tyrosine ligase (TTL), respectively.
Belongs to the histone deacetylase HD2 family.
Expressed in leaves, roots, stems, young plantlets, flowers and siliques. Highest levels in ovules, embryos, shoot apical meristems and first leaves. Also expressed in somatic embryos.
Interacts with DNMT2 (PubMed:20331964). Interacts with DEK3 (PubMed:25387881).
Loss-of-function mutant (antisense inhibition) induces increased methylation of histone H3 'Lys-4' and hypomethylation of DNA at rDNA repeats.
Probably mediates the deacetylation of lysine residues on the N-terminal part of the core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4). Histone deacetylation gives a tag for epigenetic repression and plays an important role in transcriptional regulation, cell cycle progression and developmental events. Required for histone H3 'Lys-9' deacetylation. Involved in rRNA gene silencing in nucleolar dominance. Seems to be implicated in the regulation of genes involved in seeds development.
Binds to the 60S ribosomal subunit and prevents its association with the 40S ribosomal subunit to form the 80S initiation complex in the cytoplasm. May also be involved in ribosome biogenesis.
Monomer. Associates with the 60S ribosomal subunit.
Expressed in flowers and at lower levels in roots, stems and leaves.
Transcriptional repressor of gene expression involved in embryonic pathways, such as LEC1, ABI3, and FUS3. Repressor of the sugar-inducible genes involved in the seed maturation program in seedlings. Plays an essential role in regulating the transition from seed maturation to seedling growth. Functionally redundant with VAL2/HSL1.
Expressed in roots, apical meristem, emerging leaves, hydathodes of young leaves, styles of mature flowers and funicules of mature siliques.
Belongs to the thioredoxin family. Plant M-type subfamily.
Thiol-disulfide oxidoreductase involved in the redox regulation of enzymes of both reductive pentose phosphate pathway (Calvin-Benson cycle) and oxidative pentose phosphate pathway. Under reducing conditions, activates the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and the phosphoribulokinase, and inhibits. the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Activates NADP-malate dehydrogenase.
Acts as a negative regulator of oxidative stress cell death and hypersensitive cell death response mediated by immune response. Acts via indirect or direct regulation of AMC1 at postranscriptional level.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but enhancement of hypersensitive cell death response upon infection with avirulent pathogen.
Increased susceptibility to the fungus Alternaria brassicicola.
Involved in resistance response to the pathogenic fungus Alternaria brassicicola.
Component of the CENPA-NAC (nucleosome-associated) complex, a complex that plays a central role in assembly of kinetochore proteins, mitotic progression and chromosome segregation.
Oligomer. Component of the CENPA-NAC complex.
The MIF2 homology domain II targets centromeres and binds the alpha satellite DNA in vivo.
Catalyzes the synthesis of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)-amino acid conjugates, providing a mechanism for the plant to cope with the presence of excess auxin. Strongly reactive with Glu, Gln, Trp, Asp, Ala, Leu, Phe, Gly, Tyr, Met, Ile and Val. Little or no product formation with His, Ser, Thr, Arg, Lys, or Cys. Also active on pyruvic and butyric acid analogs of IAA, PAA and the synthetic auxin naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). The two chlorinated synthetic auxin herbicides 2,4-D and 3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid (dicamba) cannot be used as substrates (PubMed:15659623). Involved in auxin signal transduction. Inhibits shoot and hypocotyl cell elongation, and lateral root cell differentiation in light (PubMed:11169197).
Expressed in cotyledons, stipules, true leaves, hypocotyls, and all parts of the roots. Not detected in flowers.
The gain-of-function mutant dfl1-D (T-DNA tagging) has a short hypocotyl under blue, red and far-red light, but not in darkness, shows an exaggerated dwarf phenotype in the adult plant caused by the inhibition of cell elongation in shoots, and inhibition of the lateral root growth without any reduction of primary root length.
Arrest of embryo development at an early stage of zygotic embryogenesis.
Catalyzes the prenylation of para-hydroxybenzoate (PHB) with an all-trans polyprenyl group. Mediates the second step in the final reaction sequence of coenzyme Q (CoQ) biosynthesis, which is the condensation of the polyisoprenoid side chain with PHB, generating the first membrane-bound Q intermediate.
Catalyzes the prenylation of para-hydroxybenzoate (PHB) with an all-trans polyprenyl group. Mediates the second step in the final reaction sequence of coenzyme Q (CoQ) biosynthesis, which is the condensation of the polyisoprenoid side chain with PHB, generating the first membrane-bound Q intermediate. Required for embryo development.
CPSF plays a key role in pre-mRNA 3'-end formation, recognizing the AAUAAA signal sequence and interacting with poly(A)polymerase and other factors to bring about cleavage and poly(A) addition. This subunit is involved in the RNA recognition step of the polyadenylation reaction.
Component of the CPSF complex, at least composed of CPSF160, CPSF100, CPSF73-I, CPSF73-II, CPSF30, FY and FIPS5. Forms a complex with cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor (CPSF) subunits FY, CPSF30, CPSF73-I, CPSF 73-II and CPSF100.
Expressed in root vasculature and meristems, cotyledons, flowers, siliques, and leaf trichomes. Localized in the interfascicular/vascular cambia and developing xylem.
In flowers, expressed in the vasculature of sepals, petals, stamen filaments, and the gynoecium stylar region. In siliques, observed in the stigmatic region and epidermal layers.
Essential oxidoreductase that oxidizes proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum to produce disulfide bonds. Acts by oxidizing directly PDI isomerase through a direct disulfide exchange. Does not act as a direct oxidant of folding substrate, but relies on PDI to transfer oxidizing equivalent. Does not oxidize all PDI related proteins, suggesting that it can discriminate between PDI and related proteins. Its reoxidation probably involves electron transfer to molecular oxygen via FAD. Acts independently of glutathione. May be responsible for a significant proportion of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the cell, thereby being a source of oxidative stress (By similarity).
May function both as a monomer and a homodimer.
Chlorotic primary leaves soon after germination and plants not viable when grown under ambient air, but normal growth under CO(2)-enriched air.
Divalent metal ions. Mg(2+) is the most effective.
Photorespiratory enzyme that dephosphorylates the 2-phosphoglycolate produced by the RuBisCO oxygenation reaction.
Increased levels of JMJ20 and JMJ22 in far-red (FR) conditions.
Plants lacking SOM germinate in darkness, independently of various light regimens.
Probable transcription repressor that functions as negative regulator of phytochrome-mediated promotion of seed germination. Inhibits seed germination by regulating the expression of gibberellic acid (GA) and abscisic acid (ABA) metabolic genes. Does not regulate the expression of the DELLA genes RGA and RGA1. Activated by PIL5, a phytochrome-interacting basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor (PubMed:18487351). Represses directly JMJ20 and JMJ22 expression in the absence of red light (R) and in far-red (FR) conditions (PubMed:22483719).
Belongs to the terpene synthase family. Tpsb subfamily.
Involved in monoterpene (C10) biosynthesis. The major product is 1,8-cineole (52%) followed by minor amounts of sabinene (14.5%), myrcene (13.3%), (-)-(1S)-beta-pinene (7.8%), (-)-(4S)-limonene (4.0%), (E)-beta-ocimene (2.7%), alpha-terpineol (2.4%), (-)-(1S)-alpha-pinene (1.9%), terpinolene (0.8%), and (+)-alpha-thujene (0.6%).
Not induces in aerial parts by treatments with jasmonic acid, 6-ethyl indanoyl-L-Ile, fungal peptaibol elicitor alamethicin or herbivory.
Predominantly expressed in roots and at much lower levels in siliques. Not found in leaves, flowers or stems. Also detected in flowers in cv. Landsberg erecta. Not expressed in root apical meristem and elongation zone. Found in the vascular system of young roots and additionally in the cortex and epidermal cell layer of older roots.
Homotetramer (By similarity). Interacts with PLDDELTA (By similarity). Binds to DPB3-1/NF-YC10 in response to heat-stress; this interaction promotes DPB3-1/NF-YC10 DNA-binding ability to its target promoter (PubMed:32651385).
Inhibition by oxidized glutathione (GSSG), S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) and hydrogen peroxide.
Key enzyme in glycolysis that catalyzes the first step of the pathway by converting D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) into 3-phospho-D-glyceroyl phosphate. Essential for the maintenance of cellular ATP levels and carbohydrate metabolism (By similarity). Binds DNA in vitro (PubMed:22589465). Together with DNA polymerase II subunit B3-1 (DPB3-1) and GAPC1, enhances heat tolerance and promotes the expression of heat-inducible genes (PubMed:32651385).
S-glutathionylation at Cys-156 in the presence of oxidized glutathione (GSSG). S-nitrosylation at Cys-156 and Cys-160 in the presence of S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) or sodium nitroprusside (SNP). These reactions may be both a protective mechanism against irreversible oxidation and a mean to store inhibited enzyme in a recoverable form.
The double mutant gapc1 gapc2 has an impaired ability to enhance heat tolerance of seedlings and to promote the expression of heat-inducible genes.
Circadian-regulation. The transcript level rises progressively from dawn and decreases during the night.
Expressed in the vasculature of cotyledons and hypocotyls, leaves and roots.
Transcription factor that binds specifically to a 5'-AA[AG]G-3' consensus core sequence (By similarity). Transcriptional repressor of 'CONSTANS' expression (By similarity). Regulates a photoperiodic flowering response.
Belongs to the Tim17/Tim22/Tim23 family. Plastid outer envelope porin OEP16 (TC 1.B.30) subfamily.
Expressed predominantly in leaves and cotyledons.
Homodimer and oligomers in membrane (By similarity). Forms large complexes including TOC33, pPORA and OEP161 during pPORA import into plastids at the plastid envelope membrane.
Strong red Pchlide fluorescence after 3.5-4 days of growth in the dark, and cell death after subsequent illumination. Conditional seedling lethal phenotype related to defects in import and assembly of NADPH:protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) oxidoreductase A; excess Pchlide accumulated in the dark operates as photosensitizer and provokes cell death during greening.
Transient reduction upon de-etiolation (illuminated 5-day-old etiolated seedlings) (at protein level). Strongly induced by low-temperature stress and weakly in response to osmotic stress, salicylic acid (SA) and exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) treatments.
Voltage-dependent high-conductance channel with a slight cation-selectivity; selective for amino acids but excludes triosephosphates or uncharged sugars (By similarity). Non-essential amino acid-selective channel protein and translocation pore for NADPH:protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase A (PORA) and possibly PORB. Involved in PORA precursor (pPORA) import and thus confers photoprotection onto etiolated seedlings during greening.
In flowers, expressed in anthers, pollen and developing ovules (PubMed:17293437). In inflorescences, accumulates mainly in mature pistils (PubMed:27524487). In developing ovules, observed at the micropylar region in a polarized localization of the synergid cells and in inner integument surrounding the female gametophytes (at protein level) (PubMed:27524487). In mature ovules, present in the filiform apparatus and in the integuments at the micropylar region (PubMed:27524487). At later developmental stages, localization shifts from the micropyle toward the chalazal end (PubMed:27524487). Also present in the funiculus and at the junctions between the transmitting tissue and the funiculus (PubMed:27524487). Levels fade out in ovules after pollination and subsequent fertilization (PubMed:27524487).
Expressed in roots, seedlings, stems, leaves, flowers and siliques, especially in the vasculature.
First observed in the embryo proper at the four-cell stage. Later expressed throughout the embryo from the eight-cell to the bent-cotyledon stages. Until the torpedo stage of development, mostly concentrated at the root pole. Hardly detected in the suspensor. Present in seedling roots. In mature and fully differentiated young roots, restricted to root tips.
No visible phenotype. When associated with OBE1 disruption, plants exhibit premature termination of the shoot meristem and impaired root apical meristem establishment, leading to a diminutive phenotype characterized by an absence of roots and defective development of the vasculature.
Probable transcription factor that acts together with OBE1 for the maintenance and/or establishment of both the shoot and root meristems, probably by controlling the expression of the meristem genes such as WUS, PLT1 and PLT2 and of genes required for auxin responses. Promotes cell meristematic activity via the WUSCHEL-CLAVATA pathway. Involved in the development of the basal pole and in auxin-mediated root and vascular development in the embryo. Confers sensitivity to turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) probably by promoting viral movement and multiplication via interaction with TuMV VPg.
Self-interacts (PubMed:18403411, PubMed:19392692, PubMed:22378640). Interacts with OBE1, OBE3 and OBE4 (PubMed:19392692, PubMed:22378640). Binds to VPg of pea seed borne mosaic virus (PSbMV), turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) and lettuce mosaic virus (LMV), but not with VPg of tobacco etch virus (TEV), cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV), tomato black ring virus (TBRV) and grapevine fan leaf virus (GFLV) (PubMed:14963126).
Acts as a calcium sensor. CBL proteins interact with CIPK serine-threonine protein kinases. Binding of a CBL protein to the regulatory NAF domain of a CIPK protein lead to the activation of the kinase in a calcium-dependent manner.
Belongs to the calcineurin regulatory subunit family.
Dispensable for both meiotic and mitotic cell cycle progression (PubMed:24206843, PubMed:23884434). Required with SGO1 for full protection of centromeric cohesion during anaphase I (PubMed:24206843). Required to prevent precocious release of pericentromeric cohesins during meiosis (PubMed:24206843). Acts redundantly to SGO1 (PubMed:24506176).
Knock-down mutants show no meiotic or vegetative defects and no reduced fertility (PubMed:24206843, PubMed:23884434). Sgo1 and sgo2 double mutants are almost completely sterile and show a premature separation of sister chromatids at anaphase I (PubMed:24506176).
Shugoshin is Japanese for guardian spirit.
Incomplete sequence. May be due to an intron retention.
Highly induced by WRKY22 or WRKY29 and by WRKY6 in senescent leaves. Also induced 30 minutes after flagellin treatment.
Involved in innate immune response of plants.
Mostly expressed in seedlings, stems, leaves and floral tissues, and, to a lower extent, in roots.
Although the SET domain contains the active site of enzymatic activity, both pre-SET and post-SET domains are required for methyltransferase activity.
Histone methyltransferase. Methylates 'Lys-9' of histone H3. H3 'Lys-9' methylation represents a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional repression.
Possesses triterpene oxidizing activity. Catalyzes the C23 hydroxylation of marneral to form 23-hydroxymarneral. Catalyzes the C23 hydroxylation of marnerol to form 23-hydroxymarnerol.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL22 family.
By abscisic acid, dehydration and rehydration. Expression regulated by phytochrome B.
Involved in the oxidative degradation of abscisic acid, but not in the isomerization of the produced 8'-hydroxyabscisic acid (8'-OH-ABA) to (-)-phaseic acid (PA). Involved in the control of seed dormancy and germination.
Mainly expressed in dry seeds. Lower expression in rosette leaves, flowers, siliques and stems. Not expressed in roots. Expressed in both endosperm and vascular tissues of embryo during the seed development and in cortex and endodermis in germinating embryo.
Up-regulated from late-maturation to mature dry seed. Up-regulated immediately after seed imbibition, reaching a maximum at 6 hours and decreasing therafter.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL6 family.
Confers resistance to heavy metal ions (e.g. cadmium (CdCl(2)) and copper (CuCl(2))) by chelating them at the plasma membrane of root cells, thus stopping their entry and reducing their accumulation.
Mostly expressed in stems, siliques, leaves and flowers and, to a lower extent, in roots.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that acts as a positive regulator of abscisic acid-related stress signal transduction (PubMed:17573536, PubMed:18685183). Interacts with and ubiquitinates ATP1/SDIRIP1 to modulate ATP1/SDIRIP1 stability through the 26S proteasome pathway. Regulates abscisic acid (ABA) and salt stress responses by negatively affecting ATP1/SDIRIP1 stability. The SDIR1-ATP1/SDIRIP1 complex plays an important role in ABA signaling through the ubiquitination pathway (PubMed:25616872).
Longer primary root and NaCl and ABA insensitivity.
Up-regulated by salt and drought stress, but not by abscisic acid. The up-regulation is stronger and earlier when the roots are colonized by the endophytic fungus P.indica.
Polymerization of globular actin (G-actin) leads to a structural filament (F-actin) in the form of a two-stranded helix. The binding of profilin to monomeric G-actin cause the sequestration of actin into profilactin complexes, and prevents the polymerization.
Catalyzes the 3-beta-hydroxylation of 2S-flavanones to 2R,3R-dihydroflavonols which are intermediates in the biosynthesis of flavonols, anthocyanidins, catechins and proanthocyanidins in plants.
Interacts with Dihydroflavonol-4-reductase (TT3), chalcone synthase (TT4) and chalcone isomerase (TT5) to form a flavonoid enzyme complex.
Defects in primary root elongation and enhanced root hair elongation.
Expressed in the root tip of primary and lateral roots, specifically in the meristematic region, including the quiescent center and lateral root cap cells.
Required for the coordination of cell differentiation and cell elongation in the root tip (PubMed:23498857). Required for the coordination of cell processes necessary for correct root growth in response to phosphate starvation, through the modulation of the auxin transporter protein PIN7 (PubMed:23498857).
Belongs to the anthranilate phosphoribosyltransferase family.
Part of a SCF (ASK-cullin-F-box) protein ligase complex (By similarity). Interacts with CUL1 and SPK1B/ASK2.
Expressed at high levels in root cap, root tip meristematic region and elongation zones, and at lower levels in mature part of roots (at protein level). Constitutively expressed in seedlings, etiolated or not, roots, rosette leaves, cauline leaves, stems, flowers, siliques and pollen.
Plays a continuous role in plant development probably in the structural organization of compartments (By similarity). Seems to be involved in early gravitropic signal transduction within the gravity-perceiving cells (statocytes), where it influences pH changes and auxin distribution. Probably affects the localization and/or activity of auxin efflux carrier components (PIN proteins) or other proteins involved in lateral auxin transport.
Roots and hypocotyls reorient slowly upon gravistimulation. Plants are normal for phototropism and for responses to hormones such as auxin, abscisic acid, gibberellins and ethylene. They also accumulate starch like the wild-type. In response to gravistimulation arg1-2 lacks cytoplasmic pH changes in columella cells and has a bad repartition of auxin that accumulates in root tips instead of forming a gradient.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL8 family.
Common component of the spliceosome and rRNA processing machinery.
By abscisic acid (ABA) (PubMed:26518251). Induced by salinity and osmotic stress, and during leaf senescence (PubMed:27388337).
Expressed in germinating seeds, roots, leaf veins, open flowers and silique stalks.
Plants silencing NAC032 produce abnormally shaped seeds.
Transcriptional activator that positively regulates age-dependent senescence, dark-induced leaf senescence and stress-induced senescence. Regulates leaf senescence through the modulation of the expression of senescence-associated genes SGR1/NYE1, SAG113 and SAUR36/SAG201, which are involved in chlorophyll degradation, and abscisic acid (ABA) and auxin promotion of senescence, respectively. Promotes reactive oxygen species (ROS) production during age-dependent and stress-induced senescence. Regulates positively auxin-mediated responses in roots (PubMed:27388337). Stress-responsive NAC transcription factor involved in ABA-inducible leaf senescence signaling (PubMed:26518251). Required for normal seed development and morphology (PubMed:18849494).
Ascorbate oxidase involved in a redox system involving ascorbic acid (AsA) (PubMed:15883131, PubMed:27255930). The oxidation of AsA represses responses to high salinity and oxidative stress conditions such as vegetative growth and seed production reductions (PubMed:15883131). Negative regulator of defense responses toward incompatible Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV strain UK1) by preventing jasmonic acid (JA)- dependent accumulation of ascorbic acid (AsA, AS) and dehydroascobic acid (DHA) (PubMed:27255930).
Impaired ascorbate oxidase activity and reduced apoplastic hydrogen peroxide H(2)O(2) and ascorbate peroxidase accumulation, especially in high salinity (PubMed:15883131). Short stems and late flowering (PubMed:15883131). Slightly increased ascorbate (AsA) contents in the apoplasm but lower monodehydroascorbate (DHA) contents (PubMed:15883131, PubMed:27255930). Increased tolerance for high salinity during vegetative growth, seed production and seed germination (PubMed:15883131). Higher resistance to oxidative stress agents such as methyl viologen (MV) and hydrogen peroxide H(2)O(2) (PubMed:15883131). Enhanced resistance to Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) associated with an increased accumulation of ascorbic acid (AsA, AS) and dehydroascobic acid (DHA) due to a reduction of AS oxidation and activation of AS recycling (PubMed:27255930).
Repressed progressively during incompatible Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) infection (strain UK1) (PubMed:27255930). When the plant is infected by a compatible TuMV strain (UK1 m2), the down-regulation is transient and last two days (PubMed:27255930).
Expressed in flowers, leaves and stems (PubMed:16902407, PubMed:19060111). Expressed in roots and siliques. Detected in seeds. Highest expression in actively dividing and differentiating cell types, such as the meristematic and division zones of the root, the embryo or the elongating tube of germinating pollen (PubMed:19060111). Expressed in cotyledons, leaves, hypocotyls and roots. Detected in mitotically active tissues such as shoot apical meristems, root tips, lateral root initiation regions and anthers, and in guard cells (PubMed:22610367).
General regulator required for the development of the entire plant. Regulates the duration of cell cycle (PubMed:20736351). Probable activator of Rab GTPases and upstream regulator of the cell growth-regulating TOR (target of rapamycin) network (PubMed:19060111, PubMed:20736351). Might also control spatial growth in pollen tubes or root hairs via the TORC2 signaling branch (PubMed:19060111). Involved in the regulation of abscisic acid- and calcium-mediated stomatal closure, but not in light or H(+)-pumping induced stomatal opening. May regulate microtubules depolymerization (PubMed:22610367). Binds calcium and has a cytoprotective function (PubMed:24040826).
Homodimer. Interacts with the Rab GTPases RABA4A, RABA4B, RABF1 and RABF2B (PubMed:20736351). Interacts with microtubules and heterodimers of alpha- and beta-tubulins. Cytosolic calcium positively regulates this interaction (PubMed:22610367).
Knockdown mutants have retarded growth due to decreased cell size.
Male gametophytic phenotype with normal pollen formation and germination but impaired pollen tube growth (PubMed:19060111). Embryonic lethality when homozygous due to a retarded development of the embryos that eventually collapse at the silique dehiscence stage (PubMed:20736351).
Up-regulated by momilactone B (PubMed:26058145). Not regulated by light (PubMed:19060111). Up-regulated by abscisic acid (PubMed:22610367).
Catalyzes the malonylation of the 5-O-glucose residue of anthocyanins, using malonyl-CoA as the malonyl donor. Acts only on anthocyanin substrates containing a 5-O-glucosyl moiety. Acts on the four native A.thaliana anthocyanins, A3, A7, and to a lesser extent, A6 and A10. Can also use the non-native anthocyanin compounds cyanin (cyanidin 3,5-diglucoside), malvin, pelargonidin 3,5-diglucoside, peonidin 3,5-diglucoside, cyanidin 3-coumaroylglucoside 5-glucoside, delphinidin 3-coumaroylrutinoside 5-glucoside and petunidin 3-coumaroylrutinoside 5-glucoside as substrates. Is the sole enzyme responsible for producing malonylated anthocyanin 5-O-glucosides in A.thaliana. Is not able to catalyze acyl transfer using acetyl-CoA, butyryl-CoA, hexanoyl-CoA, benzoyl-CoA, cinnamoyl-CoA, methylmalonyl-CoA, succinyl-CoA, p-coumaroyl-CoA or caffeoyl-CoA.
Expressed in flowers. Detected in leaves, stems, roots and siliques.
The glycosylation of the coumaroyl group in anthocyanins A6 and A10 likely occurs after malonylation of the 5-glucoside by 5MaT, which could explain why this enzyme is more active on anthocyanins A3 and A7 than on A6 and A10.
During embryogenesis, present only in the embryo from the torpedo stage onward. During germination, first restricted to the radicle to later become more pronounced in the root tip. Expressed in hypocotyl and cotyledons 5 days after imbibition.
Specifically expressed in roots (only in steles of secondary roots).
Belongs to the phosphohexose mutase family.
This enzyme participates in both the breakdown and synthesis of glucose.
Expressed in flowers. Detected in stems, leaves and siliques.
Expressed during plant development. During pollen development, required for crosporogenesis that leads to archesporial formation and for the histogenesis of the microsporangia. During ovules development, involved in the transition to meiosis of the megaspore mother cells.
Expressed in shoot apical region and early floral tissues. Transcripts levels increase in developing pollen sacs, and decrease in later stage of anther development. Strongly expressed in the placental region of the carpels.
Trans-acting factor that binds specifically to the consensus nucleotide sequence 5'-TNCGTACAA-3'. Binds specifically to the 5'-GTAC-3' core sequence. Involved in development and floral organogenesis. Required for ovule differentiation, pollen production, filament elongation, seed formation and siliques elongation. Also seems to play a role in the formation of trichomes on sepals. May positively modulate gibberellin (GA) signaling in flower.
Expressed in hairless cell files of the hypocotyl epidermis. Expressed in shoot apical meristem (SAM) with higher levels in L1 cells and the epidermal layer of young leaves (PubMed:16778018). Expressed in primary root tips, in the L1 of apical inflorescence meristems, early flower primordia, carpel epidermis, ovule primordia, nucellus, chalaze and seed coat (PubMed:16778018).
Interacts with AIL7/PLT7, ANT, BBM and AIL1.
Probable transcription factor (By similarity). Involved, together with PDF2, in the regulation of flower organs development by promoting the expression of APETALA 3 (AP3) in the epidermis and internal cell layers of developing flowers (PubMed:23590515).
The double mutant pdf2-1 hdg2-3 exhibits abnormal flowers with sepaloid petals and carpelloid stamens in association with a reduced expression of APETALA 3 (AP3) in the epidermis and internal cell layers of developing flowers.
Expressed throughout anthers from stages 8 to 12. Later confined to distal region of anthers from stage 13.
Stamen specific, in anthers from stage 8 (PubMed:15100403, PubMed:16055634). Expressed in the outer integument, but seems not expressed in the embryo at the torpedo stage (PubMed:18849494).
Transcription factor of the NAC family (Probable). Together with NAC018/NARS2, regulates embryogenesis by regulating the development and degeneration of ovule integuments, a process required for intertissue communication between the embryo and the maternal integument (PubMed:18849494).
When associated with disruption in NAC018/NARS2, abnormally shaped seeds, defect in embryogenesis sometimes arrested at the torpedo-shaped embryo stage thus leading to partial embryonic lethality, markedly delayed integuments degeneration, and delay of silique senescence.
Ectopic endomitosis during somatic cell division leading to gigas cells, large guard cells, and round cells containing large polyploid nuclei in cotyledons. Enhancer of the myb3r4 mutant phenotype. Enhancer of bon1-2 phenotype, leading to dwarf and bushy phenotype with many lateral shoots. Production of diploid gametes by skipping the second meiotic division; male meiosis leads to dyads instead of tetrads, and selfed progeny provides tetraploids (4n) and triploids (3n), but no diploid (2n) plants.
Expressed in rapidly dividing tissues such as shoot apical meristem and young leaves. Associated with cell division but also with specific cell types.
Interacts with APC/C activators such as FZR1, FZR2, FZR3, CDC20.1 and CDC20.5.
Levels fade progressively in a basipetal fashion as the leaf develops. In the epidermis of cotyledons and leaves, observed in dividing and recently divided stomatal precursor cells, especially in dividing guard mother cells and young guard cells. Also present in asymmetrically dividing meristemoid mother cells and meristemoids. In roots, expressed preferentially in the division zones of root tips.
Negative regulator of the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) ubiquitin ligase required for proper mitotic and meiotic progression and cell fate determination. Involved in entry into both meiosis I and meiosis II. Prevents endomitosis by preferentially inhibiting APC/C(CDC20). Required for megagametophyte and endosperm development. Triggers mitotic cyclins (e.g. CYCB1-1 and CYCB1-2) accumulation. Confers immunity to bacterial pathogens (e.g. Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000), which is associated with increased expression of disease resistance (R) genes. GIG1 and PANS1 are part of a network linking centromere cohesion and cell cycle progression through control of APC/C activity.
Phosphorylated by CDKA-1 in complex with CYCA1-2.
Acts as a component of the essential kinetochore-associated NDC80 complex, which is required for chromosome segregation and spindle checkpoint activity to ensure proper cell division.
Component of the NDC80 complex, which consists of NDC80, NUF2, SPC24 and SPC25.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 6 family.
Component of the Mediator complex. Interacts with MED2.
Arginine methyltransferase involved in the assembly or stability of mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase complex (complex I).
Belongs to the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6B (TC 3.D.4.8) family.
Belongs to the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6B.
Component of the cytochrome c oxidase, the last enzyme in the mitochondrial electron transport chain which drives oxidative phosphorylation.
This protein is one of the nuclear-coded polypeptide chains of cytochrome c oxidase, the terminal oxidase in mitochondrial electron transport. This protein may be one of the heme-binding subunits of the oxidase.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 2 family. Plant cellulose synthase-like C subfamily.
Beta-1,4-glucan synthase rather involved in the synthesis of the xyloglucan backbone than cellulose. Seems to work simultaneously with xyloglucan 6-xylosyltransferase. Xyloglucan is a noncellulosic polysaccharides of plant cell wall and consists of a glucan backbone substituted by xylose, galactose and fucose (PubMed:17488821, PubMed:32737163). Associates with other xyloglucan-synthesizing enzymes to form multiprotein complexes for xyloglucan synthesis in the Golgi (PubMed:25392066).
Expressed in seedlings, roots, leaves, stems, flowers and seeds.
Homodimer (PubMed:22665445). Interacts with XXT5 (PubMed:22665445). Interacts with FUT1, MUR3 and XLT2 (PubMed:25392066).
Normal xyloglucan (XyG) levels (PubMed:32737163). Plants missing several xyloglucan synthases (e.g. CSLC4, CSLC5, CSLC6, CSLC8 and CSLC12) have no detectable XyG levels and several associated phenotypes including reduced stems height and leaves area, as well as shorter root hairs and reduced pollen tube formation ability (PubMed:32737163).
Central component of the receptor complex responsible for the recognition and translocation of cytosolically synthesized mitochondrial preproteins. Together with TOM20 functions as the transit peptide receptor at the surface of the mitochondrion outer membrane and facilitates the movement of preproteins into the translocation pore (By similarity).
Forms part of the preprotein translocase complex of the outer mitochondrial membrane (TOM complex) which consists of at least 6 different proteins (TOM5, TOM6, TOM7, TOM20, TOM22/TOM9 and TOM40).
Associates in vitro with the adrenodoxin-like protein MFDX1 to form an efficient low potential electron transfer chain that is able to reduce cytochrome C (PubMed:12714594, PubMed:13677469). Functions as accessory mitochondrial protein involved with BIO2 in the plant biotin synthase reaction (PubMed:12714594).
Belongs to the ferredoxin--NADP reductase type 1 family.
Highly selective inward-rectifying potassium channel. This voltage-gated channel could mediate long-term potassium influx into guard cells leading to stomatal opening. Assuming opened or closed conformations in response to the voltage difference across the membrane, the channel is activated by hyperpolarization. The channel activity is enhanced upon external acidification. Also permeable to ammonium ions. Blocked by tetraethylammonium and barium ions.
The potassium channel is probably composed of a homo- or heterotetrameric complex of pore-forming subunits. May interact with AKT2 and KAT2 (Probable). Interacts with SLAC1 and SLAH3 (PubMed:27002025).
The active site contains a CPPC motif wich differs from the conserved CGPC motif.
Thiol-disulfide oxidoreductase probably involved in the redox regulation of a number of cytosolic enzymes. Possesses insulin disulfide bonds reducing activity.
Expressed in siliques, leaves, roots, seed endosperm, but not in embryos. Highest expression in seeds. In leaves, only expressed in hydathodes and vascular tissue.
No spontaneous lesion formation and no significant alteration in the response to abscisic acid. Increased susceptibility to bacterial and fungal pathogens.
Nucleotide-sugar transporter that transports UDP-rhamnose or UDP-galactose and UMP in a strict counter-exchange mode.
Accumulates in tissues undergoing senescence (PubMed:20712629, PubMed:22530652). In roots tips, strongly expressed in the cortex undergoing vacuole biogenesis (PubMed:22530652).
Expressed in leaves, siliques and roots.
Involved in membrane remodeling including fission during breakdown of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the tonoplast during leaf senescence and in membrane fusion during vacuole biogenesis in roots.
Involved in the base excision repair (BER) pathway, by catalyzing the poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of a limited number of acceptor proteins involved in chromatin architecture and in DNA metabolism. This modification follows DNA damages and appears as an obligatory step in a detection/signaling pathway leading to the reparation of DNA strand breaks (By similarity).
Involved in the base excision repair (BER) pathway, by catalyzing the poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of a limited number of acceptor proteins involved in chromatin architecture and in DNA metabolism. This modification follows DNA damages and appears as an obligatory step in a detection/signaling pathway leading to the reparation of DNA strand breaks.
Constitutively expressed in green and etiolated seedlings.
Interacts with the C-terminal domain of ACS5.
Potential regulator of the ethylene pathway, which acts by regulating the stability of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase (ACS) enzymes. May act as a substrate-specific adapter that connects ACS enzymes, such as ACS5, to ubiquitin ligase complexes, leading to proteasomal degradation of ACS enzymes (By similarity).
The BTB/POZ-like domain may mediate the interaction with some component of ubiquitin ligase complexes.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. RIO-type Ser/Thr kinase family.
Altered shoot apical meristem (SAM) and increased growth rates, as well as prolonged vegetative phase and delayed bolting resulting in an impairment of flowering under long days (LD). Altered expression of FLC and SOC1.
Component of a chromatin regulatory complex involved in regulating chromatin structure in the nucleus (By similarity). Promotes flowering under long days (LD) via the regulation of bolting (PubMed:27968983).
During seed development, accumulates in the endosperm and in the developing embryo. Strongly expressed following germination throughout seedling growth, especially in aerial part. Present in cotyledons, including the vascular system, hydathodes and trichomes, as well as in young leaves and leaves primordia. In roots, mostly expressed 7 days after sowing. Localized in the central cylinder of roots and the lower hypocotyl area. Observed in the shoot apical meristem (SAM) and in the vascular system, particularly in the xylem parenchyma and phloem. During reproductive development, observed in flowers of stages 13-15, predominantly in the male reproductive tissues, mostly in the developing pollen grains, the anther tissues and the filaments, and, to a lower extent, in the vascular system of sepals and the gynoecium, and in petals. After fertilization, confined to the placenta and the abscission zone of the siliques.
Expressed in the shoot apical meristem (SAM), embryos, seedlings, cotyledons, leaves primordia, young leaves and roots.
Interacts with TPL and weakly with COI1, but not with AFPH2/NINJA (PubMed:22327740). Interacts with MYC2, MYB21, MYB24, TIFY10A/JAZ1, TIFY10B/JAZ2, TIFY6B/JAZ3, TIFY6A/JAZ4, TIFY11A/JAZ5, TIFY11B/JAZ6, TIFY7/JAZ9, TIFY9/JAZ10 and TIFY3B/JAZ12 (PubMed:19151223, PubMed:19309455, PubMed:21447791, PubMed:22327740). Interacts with RHD6 and RSL1 (PubMed:31988260).
Repressor of jasmonate responses. Unable to associate strongly with COI1 in the presence of jasmonoyl-isoleucine (JA-Ile) and is therefore more resistant to JA-mediated-degradation than other TIFY/JAZ proteins. Repress gene expression through direct recruitment of the corepressor TOPLESS to cognate transcription factors (PubMed:19151223, PubMed:22327740). Interacts with and suppresses RHD6 and RSL1 transcription factor activities to negatively regulate jasmonate-stimulated root hair development (PubMed:31988260).
TIFY5A/JAZ8-mediated repression does not require the tify domain, which, in other TIFY/JAZ proteins, recruits the corepressor TOPLESS through the adapter protein AFPH2/NINJA.
The jas domain (105-127) lacks the canonical jasmonoyl-isoleucine (JA-Ile) degron LPIARR that strongly interact with COI1 in the presence of JA-Ile in other TIFY/JAZ proteins (PubMed:22327740). The LxLxL-type EAR (ERF-associated amphiphilic repression) motif (9-13) is required for the interaction with the corepressor TOPLESS (PubMed:22327740). The jas domain (105-127) is required for interaction with Pseudomonas syringae HopZ1a (By similarity).
Involved in phospholipid biosynthesis. Catalyzes the first step in phosphatidylethanolamine biosynthesis (By similarity).
Could play a role in nuclear morphology, specifically nuclear size.
Forms homomers. Interacts with SUN1, SUN2, SUN3, SUN4 and SUN5.
Expressed in joints of immature siliques, decreases with maturation and not detected in the joints of mature siliques.
Highly expressed in inflorescences and roots. Detected in leaves and seedlings, but not in stems. Expressed in vegetative shoot apex and root meristem, but not in root cap. Detected in flower buds, junction of pedicels, joints of immature siliques and pistil.
RNA binding protein. Can also bind in vitro to single-stranded DNA.
Binds actin. Enhances the F-actin depolymerization activity of actin-depolymerizing factor (ADF) proteins.
Component of the 26S proteasome, a multiprotein complex involved in the ATP-dependent degradation of ubiquitinated proteins.
Part of the 26S proteasome (By similarity). Interacts with BRCA2B (PubMed:16415210). Interacts with EER5 (PubMed:19843313). Interacts with UCH1 and UCH2 (PubMed:22951400).
Subunit of the 26S proteasome which plays a role in ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis (By similarity). Associates also with the TREX-2 complex that is required for transcription-coupled mRNA export (PubMed:19843313).
Atypical and probable non DNA-binding bHLH transcription factor that integrates multiple signaling pathways to regulate cell elongation and plant development. Regulates light responses by binding and inhibiting the activity of the bHLH transcription factor HFR1, a critical regulator of light signaling and shade avoidance. May have a regulatory role in various aspects of gibberellin-dependent growth and development.
Plants over-expressing PRE2 show long hypocotyls, pale green and slightly narrow leaves, elongated petioles and early flowering. They are not sensitive to the gibberellin inhibitor paclobutrazol during seed germination (PubMed:16527868).
Probable common Sm protein, is found in U1 and U2 snRNPs and may be part of the spliceosome.
Belongs to the FMN-dependent alpha-hydroxy acid dehydrogenase family.
Oxidase that catalyzes the oxidation of a broad range of 2-hydroxyacids to the corresponding 2-oxoacids, with a reduction of O2 to H2O2. Displays the highest activity with the long-chain fatty acid 2-hydroxydodecanoate and has intermediate activity with 2-hydroxyhexanoate, 2-hydroxyoctanote, and the short-chain hydroxyacid (S)-lactate (L-lactate). With much lower activity, it can also use glycolate, leucic acid, valic acid, and isoleucic acid as substrates in vitro. Cannot use 2-hydroxyhexadecanoate or D-lactate as substrates. May be involved in a general medium- and long-chain fatty acid catabolic pathway such as alpha-oxidation.
Expressed in the vascular strands of cotyledons, the shoot apex, hypocotyls, roots, leaves, stems and flowers.
Leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein kinase that may play a role in vascular tissues development.
2 molecules of FMN bind covalently to cysteines after exposure to blue light and are reversed in the dark.
Autophosphorylated in response to blue light irradiation.
Enhanced drought tolerance, when associated with PHOT2 disruption.
Homodimer; disulfide-linked. Interacts with PKS1, PKS2, RPT2, RPT3, PHOT2 and BLUS1 (PubMed:10542152, PubMed:15031408, PubMed:16777956, PubMed:18585389, PubMed:20071603, PubMed:23811955). Subunit of a complex made of CAR6, PHOT1 and RPT3/NPH3 (PubMed:21367967).
Protein kinase that acts as a blue light photoreceptor in a signal-transduction pathway for photo-induced movements. Phosphorylates BLUS1, a kinase involved in stomatal opening. Required for blue light mediated mRNA destabilization. Mediates calcium spiking of extracellular origin in response to a low rate of blue light. Also mediates rapid membrane depolarization and growth inhibition in response to blue light. Necessary for root phototropism. Involved in hypocotyl phototropism under a low rate but not under a high rate of blue light. Contributes to the chloroplast accumulation but seems not to be required for chloroplast translocation. Regulates stomata opening and photomorphogenesis response of leaf tissue. Confers sensitivity to drought. Not involved in hypocotyl elongation inhibition, anthocyanin accumulation or cotyledon opening.
The activation loop within the kinase domain is the target of phosphorylation (By similarity). The PAS (PER-ARNT-SIM) domains are required for the binding of FMN chromophores.
Undergoes a photocycle characterized by fluorescence and absorption changes induced by blue light. Half-time of photoproduct formation is 14 seconds and 70 seconds for dark regeneration.
Expressed in roots, flowers and buds, the anther and in stamen filaments.
First observed at low levels in the vasculature and around hydathodes of developing leaves. In flowers, restricted to anthers tapetum at a post-meiosis stage, to filaments, and to microspores during their development. Disappears as pollen matures. In developing roots, expressed throughout the lower part, in the cap, in the epidermis and in non-epidermal tissue in the division and elongation zone. Also detected in cells lining lateral root formation.
Histone methyltransferase (By similarity). Involved in stamen development.
Interacts with AMS/bHLH21 by its SET domain and PHD finger.
Belongs to the NADPH-dependent diflavin oxidoreductase NDOR1 family.
Embryonic lethality when homozygous. Embryo development arrested at 2 to 4-cell stages.
Expressed in cell cycle-dependent manner. Most abundant at the G2 and G2/M transition. Lowest expression in S and M phases.
NADPH-dependent reductase which is a central component of the cytosolic iron-sulfur (Fe-S) protein assembly (CIA) machinery. Transfers electrons from NADPH via its FAD and FMN prosthetic groups to the [2Fe-2S] cluster of the anamorsin/DRE2 homolog, another key component of the CIA machinery. In turn, this reduced cluster provides electrons for assembly of cytosolic iron-sulfur cluster proteins (By similarity). Catalyzes the NADP-dependent reduction of cytochrome c, but not cytochrome P450 in vitro. Required for embryo development (PubMed:20406405).
NADPH-dependent reductase which is a central component of the cytosolic iron-sulfur (Fe-S) protein assembly (CIA) machinery. Transfers electrons from NADPH via its FAD and FMN prosthetic groups to the [2Fe-2S] cluster of the anamorsin/DRE2 homolog, another key component of the CIA machinery. In turn, this reduced cluster provides electrons for assembly of cytosolic iron-sulfur cluster proteins.
Extracellular signaling peptide that represses primary root growth rate and significantly inhibits lateral root formation. Promotes shoot growth. Modulates leaf morphology (PubMed:24179096). Regulates systemic nitrogen (N)-demand signaling. Mediates systemic up-regulation of genes involved in N uptake and assimilation pathways (PubMed:25324386).
Induced by auxin, but repressed by potassium (K) and nitrogen (N) (PubMed:24179095). Accumulates strongly in the roots under nitrogen depletion, and in the shoots under nitrate limitation (PubMed:24179095, PubMed:25324386). Also induced by osmotic stress (e.g. mannitol and NaCl). Strongly repressed in roots by carbon dioxide CO(2) (PubMed:24179095).
Larger root systems when grown under nitrogen-limiting, acidic, osmotic stress (e.g. mannitol) and high salt conditions, as well as in the presence of sucrose and under decreased or increased light irradiance. Reduced the lateral root density at low temperature (16 degrees Celsius). Increased root and shoot growth when grown hydroponically.
Mostly expressed in roots (PubMed:18315543). Present in lateral roots (especially in vasculature), root-hypocotyl junction and cotyledons (PubMed:24179095).
Interacts with CDKA-1 and D-type cyclins (PubMed:20706207).
Probable cyclin-dependent protein kinase (CDK) inhibitor that functions as a repressor of mitosis in the endoreduplication cell cycle (By similarity). May inhibit CDKA-1/CYCD complexes during S-phase, preventing the re-initiation of DNA replication (PubMed:20706207).
Putative transcription activator involved in regulating light control of development. May act as a negative regulator specific to phyB signaling.
Enhanced susceptibility to Alternaria brassicicola, Plectosphaerella cucumerina and Fusarium oxysporum associated with a disturbed expression of genes involved in cell wall metabolism (e.g. lower xylose content in cell walls). Reduced induction of the plant defensin gene PDF1.2, and decreased sensitivity to methyl jasmonate (MeJA). Hypersensitive to auxin-mediated induction of lateral roots, within the central cylinder, attenuating acropetally transported auxin signaling. Enhanced sensitivity to glucose and mannitol during seed germination. Abnormal roots architecture.
G proteins are composed of 3 units, alpha, beta and gamma. Interacts with the beta subunit GB1. The dimer GB1-GG1 interacts with NDL1, NDL2 and NDL3. Binds to NUDT7.
Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as a modulator or transducer in various transmembrane signaling systems. The beta and gamma chains are required for the GTPase activity, for replacement of GDP by GTP, and for G protein-effector interaction. Involved in the abscisic acid (ABA) and ethylene signaling pathways. Regulates acropetal transport of auxin (IAA) in roots and hypocotyls, and thus modulates root architecture (e.g. lateral root formation). The heterotrimeric G-protein controls defense responses to necrotrophic and vascular fungi probably by modulating cell wall-related genes expression; involved in resistance to fungal pathogens such as Alternaria brassicicola, Plectosphaerella cucumerina and Fusarium oxysporum.
In seedlings, first observed at the hypocotyl/root junction but later confined to the hypocotyl. In flowers, restricted to the stigma of mature flowers. In siliques, confined to the abscission zone.
Induced locally by Alternaria brassicicola but systemically by Fusarium oxysporum.
Mostly expressed in seedlings (especially at the hypocotyl/root junction), young cauline leaves, open flowers, and floral stems, and, to a lower extent, in roots (restricted to the stele), rosette leaves (restricted to veins), siliques, and unopened floral buds. Also present in hydathods.
Belongs to the transglutaminase-like superfamily. PNGase family.
Specifically deglycosylates the denatured form of N-linked glycoproteins in the cytoplasm and assists their proteasome-mediated degradation. Cleaves the beta-aspartyl-glucosamine (GlcNAc) of the glycan and the amide side chain of Asn, converting Asn to Asp. Prefers proteins containing high-mannose over those bearing complex type oligosaccharides. Can recognize misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum that are exported to the cytosol to be destroyed and deglycosylate them, while it has no activity toward native proteins. Deglycosylation is a prerequisite for subsequent proteasome-mediated degradation of some, but not all, misfolded glycoproteins (By similarity).
The coatomer is a cytosolic protein complex that binds to dilysine motifs and reversibly associates with Golgi non-clathrin-coated vesicles, which further mediate biosynthetic protein transport from the ER, via the Golgi up to the trans Golgi network. Coatomer complex is required for budding from Golgi membranes, and is essential for the retrograde Golgi-to-ER transport of dilysine-tagged proteins (By similarity). The zeta subunit may be involved in regulating the coat assembly and, hence, the rate of biosynthetic protein transport due to its association-dissociation properties with the coatomer complex.
Interacts with the B-type response regulators ARR1, ARR2 and ARR10. Binds to AHK1, AHK2, AHK3, AHK4, AHK5, ETR1 and CKI1.
Strongly expressed in flowers and roots. Detected also in leaves, siliques and stems.
By high light, copper, hydrogen peroxide, methyl viologen and cis-jasmone, but not methyl jasmonate.
Homodimer (Probable). Interacts with CSD1 and GPX2.
Involved in oxidative stress response. Confers protection against diverse stresses by binding both CSD1 and GPX2 and mediating the cytosolic activation of the Cu-Zn-dependent superoxide dismutase activity of CSD1.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants have increased susceptibility to oxidative stress-induced cell death and accelerated cell death in aging plants.
Contains 4-hydroxyproline; hydroxylated on Pro-32, Pro-34 and Pro-36.
Belongs to the anaerobic coproporphyrinogen-III oxidase family. HemW subfamily.
Catalyzes the glycosylation of flavonoids from UDP-glucose. Uses a wide range of flavonoid substrates including flavonols (quercetin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin, 3-OH 7,2',4'-MeO-flavone), flavones (luteolin, apigenin), flavanones (naringenin, hesperetin), flavanonols (taxifolin), isoflavones (genistein, daidzein), flavonol glycosides (quercitrin, isoquercitrin, rutin), and chalcones (isoliquiritigenin). Specific for the C-7 position, with a 20-fold lower activity for the C-3 position.
Lacks the phospho-accepting Asp (here Glu-66), present in the receiver domain, which is one of the conserved features of two-component response regulators (ARRs) family.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL24 family.
One of two assembly initiator proteins, it binds directly to the 5'-end of the 23S rRNA, where it nucleates assembly of the 50S subunit (By similarity). Required for optimal plastid performance in terms of photosynthesis and growth. Required for the translation of plastid mRNAs. Plays a critical role in biosynthesis of thylakoid membrane proteins encoded by chloroplast genes (PubMed:22900828).
Binds DNA. Interacts with chromatin via matrix attachment regions (MARs). Likely to participate in nuclear architecture by connecting chromatin with the nuclear matrix and potentially with the nuclear envelope (By similarity).
Highly expressed in seedlings and leaves. Lower expression in roots, stems, flowers and siliques. Detected in the vascular tissues of roots, in the trichomes of young rosettes leaves and hydathodes, in the floral abscission zones, in filament apex and stomata cells of anthers, in inflorescence stems and in sepals.
No visible phenotype. Probably due to the redundancy with other receptor-like kinases.
Embryo defective. Developmental arrest of the embryo at transition from the globular to heart stage.
Transcription termination factor involved in processing of plastid transcripts (By similarity). Essential for embryogenesis (PubMed:15266054).
Activated upon interaction with the KU heterodimer. Not stimulated by ATP.
Early flowering. Loss of post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS), but not of transcriptional gene silencing (TGS).
Exonuclease that digests recessed strands of DNA duplexes in the 3' to 5' direction but hardly single-stranded DNA or blunt-ended duplexes. Also able to digest 3'-protruding strands and 3'-recessed strand termini of duplexes containing mismatched bases.
Helix-distorting lesions (apurinic sites and cholesterol adducts) and oxidative DNA damage (such as 8-oxoadenine and 8-oxoguanine) block the exonuclease activity, while other DNA modifications such as uracil, hypoxanthine or ethenoadenine have no effects.
Interacts with KU70 and KU80. Interacts with RECQL2.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFA8 subunit family.
Contains four C-X9-C motifs that are predicted to form a helix-coil-helix structure, permitting the formation of intramolecular disulfide bonds.
(Microbial infection) Binding to cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) Tav protein is critical for both translation reinitiation and viral fitness (PubMed:21343906). When activated by CaMV P6, promotes CaMV translation by inhibiting cellular autophagy and suppressing both silencing and innate immunity, thus confering sensitivity to P.syringae (PubMed:27120694).
(Microbial infection) Required during infection by some potyvirus such as Watermelon mosaic virus (WMV) but not for turnip mosaic virus (TuMV).
Activated by phosphorylation on Ser-2424 triggered by cauliflower mosaic virus P6 and auxin.
Activation by auxin triggers recruitment to polysomes which release inactive ATPK1/S6K1.
Almost insensitive to rapamycin (PubMed:23963679). Strongly repressed by specific active site inhibitors (asTORis) such as AZD-8055, TORIN2 and WYE-132, and, to a lesser extent, by KU63794, WYE-354 and TORIN1, leading to impaired photoautotrophic growth and abnormally early meristematic cells differentiation (PubMed:23963679, PubMed:23524850). Repression by TORIN1 leads to impaired responses to auxin, including gravitropism (PubMed:23524850). Combined treatment with rapamycin and active-site inhibitors (e.g. Torin1 and AZD-8055) results in synergistic inhibition of activity and plant growth (PubMed:27479935). Inhibition by KU63794 leads to reduced auxin content in root tips (PubMed:27014314). AZD-8055 treatment reduces abscisic acid (ABA) levels (PubMed:26459592). In addition, inhibition by AZD-8055 leads to a strong reduction of watermelon mosaic virus (WMV) infection (PubMed:25979731).
Embryo lethality when homozygous. Premature arrest of endosperm and embryo development. RNAi mutant exhibits plant growth arrest and reduced expression of brassinosteroid (BR)-responsive genes, as well as abolished exogenous sugar-mediated promotion of BZR1 accumulation (PubMed:27345161). RNAi plants are impaired in sugar-mediated (e.g. glucose and sucrose) root growth promotion and associated genes expression (PubMed:23542588). In response to auxin, deficient plants have polysomes prebound by inactive ATPK1/S6K1, and loading of uORF-mRNAs and activation TIF3H1/eIF3h are impaired (PubMed:23524850). In RNAi plants, severe alteration of watermelon mosaic virus (WMV) infection, but only slight delay of turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) infection (PubMed:25979731). Deficient plants are resistant to viral infection by cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV), by failing to support CaMV Tav protein-mediated transactivation of reinitiation (PubMed:21343906).
Essential cell growth regulator that controls development from early embryo to seed production. Controls plant growth in environmental stress conditions. Acts through the phosphorylation of downstream effectors that are recruited by the binding partner RAPTOR. Acts by activating transcription, protein synthesis and ribosome biogenesis, and inhibiting mRNA degradation and autophagy. Can phosphorylate TAP46, a regulatory subunit of protein phosphatase 2A that modulates cell growth and survival (PubMed:21216945). Involved in modulating the transition from heterotrophic to photoautotrophic growth by regulating the expression of chloroplast- and photosynthesis-associated genes (PubMed:27479935). Essential for auxin signaling transduction, probably acting in polysomes to maintain the active ATPK1/S6K1 (and thus TIF3H1/eIF3h) phosphorylation status that is critical for translation reinitiation (e.g. uORF-mRNAs loading) (PubMed:23524850, PubMed:27014314). Promotes abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis (PubMed:26459592). Involved in the regulation of sugar-mediated (e.g. glucose and sucrose) glycolysis- and mitochondrial bioenergetics-dependent root growth promotion (PubMed:23542588). Required for sugar (e.g. glucose) promotion of hypocotyl elongation in the dark, by activating the brassinosteroid pathway and stabilizing BZR1. The regulation of BZR1 degradation is dependent on autophagy (PubMed:27345161). Regulates the expression, phosphorylation and ribosome association of MRFs (e.g. MRF1, MRF3 and MRF4), especially under energy-deficient conditions (PubMed:29084871).
Highly expressed in root meristems, shoot apical meristem (SAM) and floral buds.
Inducible silencing in seedlings or adult plants leads to plant growth arrest. Plants slightly silencing TOR show constitutive autophagy and reduced shoot and root growth, leaf size, seed production and resistance to osmotic stress. Plants overexpressing TOR show increased shoot and root growth, leaf size, seed production and resistance to osmotic stress. Plants expressing FKBP12 (BP12) are sensitive to rapamycin. BP12 plants repressed by rapamycin exhibit slower growth and development leading to poor nutrient uptake and light energy utilization.
Interacts with RAPTOR1 and itself. Interacts with FKBP12 in a rapamycin-dependent manner. Binds to LST8-1 (PubMed:22307851). Hyperactivated upon interaction with cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) Tav protein (PubMed:21343906).
One day after fertilization, expressed in endosperm, embryo, and the chalazal proliferating tissue. At globular stage, no longer expressed in endosperm, but still in embryo up to the heart and torpedo stages. In mature embryo, expressed in the apical and primary root meristems and dividing vascular tissues. During lateral root formation, expressed in the lateral root primordia and remains during the formation of the emerging secondary root meristem.
The kinase domain is required for its function.
Brassicaceae-specific phytocytokine (plant endogenous peptide released into the apoplast) perceived by MIK2 in a BAK1/SERK3 and SERK4 coreceptors-dependent manner, that modulates various physiological and antimicrobial processes including growth prevention and reactive oxygen species (ROS) response regulation (PubMed:33514716, PubMed:34535661). Inhibits root growth and regulates root meristems (PubMed:34535661). Promotes ROS production and MAPK (e.g. MPK3, MPK4 and MPK6) activation in a MIK2-dependent manner, thus leading to the up-regulation of immune-related marker genes (e.g. WRKY30, WRKY33 and CYP81F2) (PubMed:34535661).
Mostly expressed in leaves and seedlings shoots, to a lower extent, in roots, but barely in flowers.
Expressed in vascular tissues. Detected in roots.
Induced by OBP3, auxin and salicylic acid (SA). Repressed by jasmonic acid (JA). Up regulated by iron deficiency in roots and leaves, as well as by nickel, high zinc or high copper treatments. Repressed by high iron, low copper and low zinc treatments.
Repressed by the mycotoxin fumonisin B1.
Belongs to the sphingomyelin synthase family.
Catalyzes the transfer of the phosphorylinositol group from phosphatidylinositol (PI) to phytoceramide, an essential step in sphingolipid biosynthesis.
Mostly expressed in stems and flowers, and, to a lower extent, in leaves, roots and siliques.
Involved in the retrieval of endoplasmic reticulum membrane proteins from the early Golgi compartment.
Mostly expressed in proliferative tissues, including vasculature, shoot and root apical tissues. Accumulates in dry seeds.
Observed in all organs primordia and meristems. In cotyledons, hypocotyls and differentiating leaves, present in stomatal meristemoid cells, guard mother cells and trichomes. Within the anthers, transiently expressed in the proximity of the sporogenous tissue. Accumulates in embryos at globular stages, except in suspensor cell. In root elongation zones, mostly present in epidermal cells, particularly in trichoblasts.
Prohibitin probably acts as a holdase/unfoldase for the stabilization of newly synthesized mitochondrial proteins.
Transcripts levels decrease upon imbibition but remains stable at the protein level.
Belongs to the ferric reductase (FRE) family.
Expressed in siliques. Detected in roots.
Ferric chelate reductase involved in iron reduction in roots (By similarity). May participate in the transport of electrons to a Fe(3+) ion via FAD and heme intermediates.
Cell cycle-regulated expression with higher levels during mitosis.
Forms a dimer (By similarity). Binds to microtubules (MT). Bundles polymerized MT via the formation of 25-nm crossbridges with centrally located endocytic MT.
Microtubule-associated protein involved in mitotic spindle formation.
Belongs to the plant egg cell-secreted peptide family.
Confined to the egg cell before fertilization, but disappears upon gamete fusion. Also present in zygotes and early embryos.
Involved in the regulation of gamete interactions during the double fertilization and to prevent multiple-pollen tube attraction; mediates the redistribution of the gamete fusogen HAP2/GCS1 to the cell surface after secretion upon sperm arrival.
Restricted to female reproductive tissues, specifically accumulating in storage vesicles of the unfertilized egg cell.
Expressed in roots, stems, leaves and plants.
Contains 8 disulfide bonds instead of the 4 disulfide bonds, which are conserved features of the family.
Kinesin that supports microtubule movement in an ATP-dependent manner and has a minus-end directed polarity. Plays a crucial role in spindle morphogenesis in male meiosis. In mitosis, is required for normal microtubule accumulation at the spindle poles during prophase and may play a role in spindle assembly during prometaphase.
Plants show defects in male meiosis, producing an abnormal number of microspores of variable sizes. Dividing cells of mutant plants lack spindle bipolarity in metaphase of mitosis. Kin14c and kin14d double mutant is gametophytically lethal (PubMed:18088313).
Involved in morphology determination of peroxisomes, but not in import of peroxisomal matrix proteins. May act as a docking factor for PEX19 and be necessary for the import of peroxisomal membrane proteins in the peroxisomes.
Regulatory photoreceptor which exists in two forms that are reversibly interconvertible by light: the Pr form that absorbs maximally in the red region of the spectrum and the Pfr form that absorbs maximally in the far-red region.
Expressed in roots, leaves, stems, flowers and pollen.
Delayed chloroplast turnover and senescence induced by abiotic stress and associated with an enhanced tolerance to drought, salinity, and oxidative stress.
Induced by abiotic stresses such as salt stress and methyl viologen (MV)-induced oxidative stress (PubMed:25538186). Triggered by NAC072/RD26 during senescence (PubMed:29659022). Down-regulated by cytokinin (PubMed:25538186).
Interacts with the photosystem II subunit PsbO1 via its C-terminal region in the chloroplast thylakoid membrane and in CV-containing vesicles (CCVs).
Mostly expressed in senescent and mature leaves but not in young leaves.
Triggers stress-induced chloroplast degradation, independently of autophagy and senescence-associated vacuoles (PubMed:25538186). After targeting to the chloroplast, triggers its destabilization and subsequent disassembly, inducing the formation of CV-containing vesicles (CCVs) carrying stromal proteins, envelope membrane proteins, and thylakoid membrane proteins which are released from the chloroplasts and mobilized to the vacuole for proteolysis (PubMed:25538186).
Belongs to the NUP186/NUP192/NUP205 family.
Not regulated by thiamine or 4-methyl-5-(2-phosphonooxyethyl)thiazole.
Thiazole kinase involved in thiamine salvage pathway.
Circadian-regulation. Highly expressed at the beginning of the light period, then decreases, reaching a minimum between 16 and 29 hours after dawn before rising again at the end of the day.
Transcription factor that binds specifically to a 5'-AA[AG]G-3' consensus core sequence (By similarity). Regulates a photoperiodic flowering response. Transcriptional repressor of 'CONSTANS' expression.
Altered photosystem II (PSII) function under high-irradiance light (PubMed:25846821). Elevated photodamage to PSII reaction center proteins after high-light treatment (PubMed:26337456).
Interacts with photosystem II (PSII) core complexes and participates in the maintenance of normal PSII activity under photoinhibitory stress. May protect against photodamage or stabilize PSII under high-light stress (PubMed:25846821). Participates in the maintainance of proper PSII function under high-light stress by protecting PSII from photooxidative damage (PubMed:26337456).
Interacts with psbA, psbB, psbC and psbD.
Esterifies acyl-group from acyl-ACP to the sn-1 position of glycerol-3-phosphate, an essential step in glycerolipid biosynthesis.
Weakly or not expressed in roots, leaves, seedlings, developing siliques and flower buds.
Belongs to the V-ATPase E subunit family.
Subunit of the peripheral V1 complex of vacuolar ATPase essential for assembly or catalytic function. V-ATPase is responsible for acidifying a variety of intracellular compartments in eukaryotic cells (By similarity).
Was initially thought to be a protease inhibitor.
The tyrosine-based internalization signal may be involved in trafficking at the TGN.
Vacuolar-sorting receptor (VSR) involved in clathrin-coated vesicles sorting from Golgi apparatus to vacuoles.
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mS29 family.
The 26S proteasome is involved in the ATP-dependent degradation of ubiquitinated proteins. The regulatory (or ATPase) complex confers ATP dependency and substrate specificity to the 26S complex.
Contains a dimerization domain which shares similarity with the LIM-binding domain of animal transcription coregulators.
DNA-binding adapter subunit of the SEU-LUG transcriptional corepressor of the C class floral homeotic gene AGAMOUS during the early stages of floral meristem development. Is part of the A class cadastral complex that define the boundaries between the A and C class homeotic genes expression and function. Interacts together with APETALA2 and LEUNIG to repress AGAMOUS expression. In association with LUG, regulates petal shape through AGAMOUS-independent mechanisms. Controls cell division during petal development and enable the proper patterning of petal blade vasculature. Required for the proper elaboration of petal polarity along the adaxial/abaxial axis. May act through direct or indirect regulation of PHABULOSA and YAB1 and thus regulate cellular proliferation within the developing petal blade. In association with AINTEGUMENTA (ANT), coordinates patterning cues and cellular proliferation along the three positional axes of the developing gynoecium. Required for the development of the medial ridge and subsequent ovule initiation.
Ectopic and precocious expression of AGAMOUS, leading to partial homeotic transformation of the external floral organs.
Expressed in root, leaves, seedlings, vegetative and reproductive shoot apical meristems, seeds, floral meristems and all floral organs.
Forms a corepressor complex with LUG; LUG is the transcription repressor subunit and SEU the specific DNA-binding adapter. Interacts with AGL24-AP1 and SVP-AP1 dimers when complexed to SEU. Interacts with AP1/AGL7 and SEP3/AGL9 (PubMed:15277686, PubMed:16679456, PubMed:16854969). Binds to LUH (PubMed:18390806).
Induced by exposures to biotic stress (e.g. nematode and Botrytis cinerea) and abiotic stress (e.g. salt, genotoxic, wounding, drought and oxidative stress). Repressed by exposures to biotic stress (e.g. Agrobacterium tumefaciens) and abiotic stress (e.g. hypoxia, cycloheximide, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, AgNO(3) and aminoethoxyvinylglycine).
Mitochondrial transporter that mediates uptake of thiamine diphosphate (ThDP) into mitochondria.
Possesses triterpene oxidizing activity. Catalyzes the C28 hydroxylation of alpha-amyrin, beta-amyrin, and lupeol, producing uvaol, erythrodiol, and betulin, respectively. Catalyzes the C28 carboxylation of alpha- and beta-amyrin. Possesses 22alpha-hydroxylation activity against alpha- and beta-amaryn.
At the initiation time of the stomium degeneration program, expressed in all floral organs. Later, transcripts levels increase in pistil, petal, stamen filament, and in vascular region close to the stamen filament. When the anther dehiscence is initiated, levels of transcripts decrease, except within the vascular tissues.
Expressed in green seedling, leaves, flowers (anthers, pistil, petal and stamen), and to a lower extent in roots and siliques. Specifically expressed in filament during anther dehiscence initiation.
Induction mediated by wounding and methyl JA (MeJA) needs COI1. Also induced by BR (24-epibrassinolide), UV LIGHT, wind, touch, and the detergent Sapogenat T-110. Seems to not be influenced by salicylic acid, cold and heat treatments (PubMed:11094980, Ref.4). Induced by infection with the fungal pathogens Botritys cinerea and Alternaria brassicicola, insect feeding with Spodoptera littoralis, and wounding (PubMed:29291349).
Male sterility (PubMed:10973494, PubMed:19765234, PubMed:29291349). Fertility can be restored by exogenous jasmonate but not by 12-oxophytodienoic acid (PubMed:10973494, PubMed:19765234, PubMed:29291349). Large petals with altered vein patterning (PubMed:19765234).
Specifically cleaves olefinic bonds in cyclic enones (PubMed:11094980). Involved in the biosynthesis of jasmonic acid (JA) and perhaps in biosynthesis or metabolism of other oxylipin signaling moleclules (PubMed:29291349, PubMed:10872231, PubMed:10973494). Required for the spatial and temporal regulation of JA levels during dehiscence of anthers, promoting the stomium degeneration program (PubMed:10899973, PubMed:10973494). In vitro, reduces 9S,13S-12-oxophytodienoic acid (9S,13S-OPDA) and 9R,13R-OPDA to 9S,13S-OPC-8:0 and 9R,13R-OPC-8:0, respectively (PubMed:10872231). Can detoxify the explosive 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) in vitro by catalyzing its nitroreduction to form hydroxylamino-dinitrotoluene (HADNT) (PubMed:19605548).
May be a ribosome silencing factor involved in organelle biogenesis and required for germination.
Acts as a key regulator of trichome branching through an endoreduplication-independent pathway.
PEST motif is known to mediate rapid protein degradation.
Shows trichomes with exclusively no branching.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CMGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family.
The beta subunit is responsible for the synthesis of L-tryptophan from indole and L-serine.
By treatment with high concentrations of zinc.
Mediates zinc accumulation in roots and confers resistance to zinc (PubMed:23826687). Involved in sequestration of excess zinc in the cytoplasm into vacuoles to maintain zinc homeostasis (PubMed:23826687). Can also transport cadmium with a low efficiency.
No visible phenotype under normal growth condition, but hypersensitivity to elevated levels of zinc.
By dehydration and cold treatment (PubMed:9545564). By drought and high salinity conditions, with maximal expression after 1 and 2 hours of exposure to these conditions. Expression in leaves decreases after exposure to the high salinity and abscisic acid (ABA) treatment, but expression in roots remain at a constant level (PubMed:19901034).
Expressed in both shoots and roots. In roots, expressed in epidermal cells and especially strongly in cortex cells. In flowers, expressed in sepals.
Involved in the synthesis of glycan chains within amylopectin in leaves. Is required to produce chains with a degree of polymerization of 12 to 25 (DP12-DP25).
Reduced plant growth under short day photopheriod conditions and starch granules with alterated morphology.
Belongs to the AAA ATPase family. PCH2 subfamily.
Plays a key role in chromosome recombination during meiosis.
Plays a key role in chromosome recombination during meiosis. Mediates meiotic chromosome remodeling and crossover maturation.
Reduced fertility. Reduced number of seeds.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 17 family.
Component of the Mediator complex, a coactivator involved in the regulated transcription of nearly all RNA polymerase II-dependent genes. Mediator functions as a bridge to convey information from gene-specific regulatory proteins to the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. The Mediator complex, having a compact conformation in its free form, is recruited to promoters by direct interactions with regulatory proteins and serves for the assembly of a functional preinitiation complex with RNA polymerase II and the general transcription factors.
Impaired pollen tube reception in the female gametophyte synergids; the pollen tube fails to arrest and continues to grow inside the female gametophyte.
May be involved in modulation of pathogen defense and leaf cell death. Activity seems to be regulated by Ca(2+)-dependent calmodulin binding and seems not to require heterotrimeric G proteins (By similarity). Controls pollen tube reception in the female gametophyte synergids.
Restricted to pollen, synergids, pistils and immature anthers. Also detected in seedlings, leaves, stems and inflorescens.
Highly expressed in root tips, shoot apices and developing flowers.
Interacts with calmodulin (CaM), MRP1, MRP2, MDR1/PGP1, MDR11/PGP19 and SHD/HSP90. Interacts with 1-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA).
PPIases accelerate the folding of proteins. It catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptides (By similarity). Modulates the uptake of MRP substrates into the vacuole; reduces metolachlor-GS (MOC-GS) and enhances 17-beta-estradiol 17-(beta-D-glucuronide) (E(2)17betaG) uptake. Regulates cell elongation and orientation. Functions as a positive regulator of PGP1-mediated auxin transport. Confers drug modulation of PGP1 efflux activity as interaction with NPA or flavonol quercetin prevents its physical and functional interaction with PGP1. Required for the proper localization of auxin-related ABCB transporters. Plays a role in brassinosteroid (BR) signaling pathway.
Plants display helical rotation of several organs.
Belongs to the complex I subunit 2 family.
Belongs to the polysaccharide lyase 4 family.
Belongs to the class-I aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family. Glutamate--tRNA ligase type 1 subfamily.
Catalyzes the attachment of glutamate to tRNA(Glu) in a two-step reaction: glutamate is first activated by ATP to form Glu-AMP and then transferred to the acceptor end of tRNA(Glu).
Belongs to the archaeal Rpo10/eukaryotic RPB10 RNA polymerase subunit family.
Component of the RNA polymerase II, IV and V complexes. Interacts with NRPD1.
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Component of RNA polymerase II which synthesizes mRNA precursors and many functional non-coding RNAs. Pol II is the central component of the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. It is composed of mobile elements that move relative to each other. Component of RNA polymerases IV and V which mediate short-interfering RNAs (siRNA) accumulation and subsequent RNA-directed DNA methylation-dependent (RdDM) transcriptional gene silencing (TGS) of endogenous repeated sequences, including transposable elements.
Expressed in developing and germinated seeds in the chalazal region immediately adjacent to the site of penetration of the radicle through the testa.
Component of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF-3) complex (Potential). Binds to the translation initiation factors TIF3F1 and TIF3H1 (PubMed:20444226, PubMed:15548739). Associates with the CSN (COP9 signalosome) complex. Interacts directly with CSN1, CSN4, CSN6A, CSN6B, CSN7, CSN8 and TIF3C1 (PubMed:11029466, PubMed:19704582). Binds to 40S small ribosomal subunit S9 (RPS9B and RPS9C) via its N-terminal part. Interacts with the 26S proteasome subunit RPN12a via its C-terminal part. Binds also with At1g27930 and At4g30620 (PubMed:19704582).
Component of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF-3) complex, which is involved in protein synthesis of a specialized repertoire of mRNAs and, together with other initiation factors, stimulates binding of mRNA and methionyl-tRNAi to the 40S ribosome. The eIF-3 complex specifically targets and initiates translation of a subset of mRNAs involved in cell proliferation (Potential). Regulates negatively translation during flower development (PubMed:18067529, PubMed:20444226).
Several floral development defects, including delayed flowering, reduced sepaloid petals and short stamens. Male gametophytic lethal.
Targeted by the COP9 signalosome to proteasome-dependent degradation.
Preferentially expressed in cauline leaves.
Expressed in the apical meristem, the floral meristem, each whorl of organ primordia, and in ovule primordia during wild-type flower development.
Interacts with GRXC7/ROXY1. Interacts with BOP1 and BOP2.
Mutant plants have extra floral organs. The modal numbers of organs in mutant flowers are 5 sepals, 5 petals, 5 stamens, and 2 carpels in contrast with the tetramerous pattern of the wild type.
Transcriptional activator involved in the determination of floral organ number. Acts to determine floral organ patterning by establishing floral organ primordia in specific numbers and positions. Plays a role in regulating stem cell fate by directly controlling AG expression. Binds to the 5'-AAGAAT-3' cis-acting element found in AG promoter. Might represent a target for a post-translational modification by GRXC7/ROXY1.
Expressed at low levels during seed development.
Binds RNA and DNA sequences non-specifically. May be involved in tolerance to cold stress.
Expressed in roots, rosette and cauline leaves, stems, floral buds and flowers.
Associates with cellulase synthase (CESA) complexes. Binds to cortical microtubules.
Regulator of the microtubular cytoskeleton. Microtubule-associated protein involved in the association of cellulase synthase (CESA) complexes (CSCs) and cortical microtubules. Promotes dynamics of CSCs in the plasma membrane. Regulates primary cell wall biosynthesis and cellulose microfibrils organization.
The active site contains a CGVC motif wich differs from the conserved CGPC motif.
Expressed in leaves and stems. Preferentially expressed in guards cells.
Impaired light-induced stomatal opening.
Operates as a K(+)/H(+) antiporter that maintains K(+) homeostasis in guard cells and could regulate pH. Plays a critical role in osmoregulation through the control of stomates opening.
Inhibitor-type lectin that may regulate the correct polymerization and activation of BGLU23/PYK10 upon tissue damage.
Expressed in seeds, leaves and flower buds.
Expressed in siliques from 0 to 10 days after fertilization (DAF). Levels decrease at 13 DAF and disappear at 16 DAF. Expressed early in seed germination from 6 hours to 48 hours after seed imbibition.
Ribonuclease that cleaves double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). Required for 3'-external transcribed spacer (ETS) cleavage of the pre-rRNA precursors. May promote the production of 21 nucleotide small interfering RNA (siRNA) during post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS).
May act as a regulator of cell proliferation and elongation in the root.
Overexpression of BRXL1 can rescue the short root phenotype. However, it does not act redundantly with BRX in vivo, presumably due to a much lower level of expression.
Belongs to the non-lysosomal glucosylceramidase family.
Non-lysosomal glucosylceramidase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of glucosylceramide (GlcCer) to free glucose and ceramide.
Expressed in root and shoot apices and in leaf and flower primordia. Detected in the endosperm, embryo, meristems and in organ primordia, but not in mature cells. Found exclusively in the vascular bundles in mature leaves.
No visible phenotype when heterozygous. Embryo lethal when homozygous.
Over-expression of IYO activates premature cell differentiation and confers resistance to the elongation inhibitor 6-azauracil.
Positive regulator of transcriptional elongation that is essential for cells to initiate differentiation. Interacts with RNA polymerase II and the Elongator complex and is required to sustain global levels of transcriptional elongation activity, specifically in differentiating tissues.
Allosterically inhibited by tyrosine and phenylalanine. Activated by tryptophan.
By wounding, P.syringae, bacterial elicitor and the fungal pathogens F.oxysporum and A.raphani.
Expressed in roots, shoots, rosette leaves, stems, cauline leaves, flowers and siliques.
May play a role in chloroplast biogenesis.
The dimeric enzyme acts as an E1 ligase for SUMO1 and SUMO2. It mediates ATP-dependent activation of SUMO proteins and formation of a thioester with a conserved cysteine residue on SAE2. Functionally redundant with its paralog SAE1A (By similarity).
The dimeric enzyme acts as an E1 ligase for SUMO1 and SUMO2. It mediates ATP-dependent activation of SUMO proteins and formation of a thioester with a conserved cysteine residue on SAE2. Functionally redundant with its paralog SAE1A.
Putative transcription activator involved in regulating light control of development. May have a role in controlling flowering time.
Forms part of a macromolecular complex that catalyzes the attachment of specific amino acids to cognate tRNAs during protein synthesis.
By wounding in cauline leaves, stems, and siliques, but not in rosette leaves.
Found in all organs, mostly in veins, epidermis and trichome bases. Specific expression in lateral root tips.
Promotes cuticle formation by inducing the expression of enzymes involved in wax biosynthesis. Probably acts as a transcriptional activator. Binds to the GCC-box pathogenesis-related promoter element. May be involved in the regulation of gene expression by stress factors and by components of stress signal transduction pathways (By similarity).
Succinyl-CoA synthetase functions in the citric acid cycle (TCA), coupling the hydrolysis of succinyl-CoA to the synthesis of ATP and thus represents the only step of substrate-level phosphorylation in the TCA. The alpha subunit of the enzyme binds the substrates coenzyme A and phosphate, while succinate binding and nucleotide specificity is provided by the beta subunit.
Catalyzes the synthesis of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)-amino acid conjugates, providing a mechanism for the plant to cope with the presence of excess auxin.
Activation of long-chain fatty acids for both synthesis of cellular lipids, and degradation via beta-oxidation. Preferentially uses palmitate, palmitoleate, oleate and linoleate.
Highly expressed in developing seeds and young rosette leaves.
Reduced amount long-chain fatty acid (LCFA).
Brassicaceae-specific phytocytokine (plant endogenous peptide released into the apoplast) perceived by MIK2 in a BAK1/SERK3 and SERK4 coreceptors-dependent manner, that modulates various physiological and antimicrobial processes including growth prevention and reactive oxygen species (ROS) response regulation (By similarity). Inhibits the fungal growth of Alternaria brassicicola, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Fusarium graminearum, yeast (Saccharomyces) and Botrytis cinerea, thus being an antimicrobial peptide (AMP) (PubMed:25593351). Promotes resistance to A.brassicicola and B.cinerea (PubMed:25593351).
Induced by increased levels of photorespiratory hydrogen peroxide H(2)O(2) (PubMed:21443605). Transiently up-regulated by cold stress but down-regulated by heat stress (PubMed:25593351). Induced by the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea in systemically infected leaves (PubMed:25593351). Accumulates in response to salicylic acid (SA, benzothiadiazole (BTH)) and jasmonic acid (MeJA) (PubMed:25593351).
Mainly expressed in young developing leaves, hydathodes, immature flowers and elongating pollen tubes.
Associates transiently with chloroplast polysomes.
Associates with the EF-Tu.GDP complex and induces the exchange of GDP to GTP (By similarity). It remains bound to the aminoacyl-tRNA.EF-Tu.GTP complex up to the GTP hydrolysis stage on the ribosome (By similarity).
Binds to psbD and psbA 5'-untranslated regions (UTRs) in vitro.
Component of the chloroplast ribosome 30S and 70S subunits, as well as polysomes.
Component of the chloroplast ribosome 70S subunit, and at low levels, present in polysomes.
Defective embryo arrested at globular stage.
Probable substrate for the chloroplast protease ClpP6.
Belongs to the VEFS (VRN2-EMF2-FIS2-SU(Z)12) family.
Expressed maternally and zygotically. Expressed in the central cell before fertilization, and in the endosperm after fertilization, then decreases before the time of endosperm cellularization but continues in the chalazal cyst.
In cv. Landsberg erecta (AC P0DKJ7), the sequence differs from that shown due to an insertion in the genomic sequence that adds 60 residues after the Asn-564.
Polycomb group (PcG) protein. PcG proteins act by forming multiprotein complexes, which are required to maintain the transcriptionally repressive state of homeotic genes throughout development. PcG proteins are not required to initiate repression, but to maintain it during later stages of development. They probably act via the methylation of histones, rendering chromatin heritably changed in its expressibility. Required to prevent the proliferation of the central cell by repressing unknown target genes before fertilization. Regulates the anteroposterior organization of the endosperm.
Probably indirectly associated with FIE and/or MEA. In plants, PcG complexes are probably composed of a member of the EZ family (CLF or MEA), FIE, and a member of the VEFS family (FIS2, VRN2 or EMF2).
Weakly expressed. Expressed in late siliques.
Belongs to the cyclophilin-type PPIase family. PPIL4 subfamily.
Component of the BZR1 complex. Interacts with NRPB1 (via CTD domain), SCL28, SCL30, SCL30A, SCL33, SC35, SR30, SR34, RSZ21, RS2Z33, RS31 and RS40.
PPIases accelerate the folding of proteins. It catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptides. Influences somehow regulation of RNA pol II (CTD) phosphorylation. Binds RNA with preferences for GC-rich sequences. Probably involved in activities connecting transcription and pre-mRNA processing. Involved in brassinostroid response.
Belongs to the HSF family. Class C subfamily.
Transcriptional regulator that specifically binds DNA sequence 5'-AGAAnnTTCT-3' known as heat shock promoter elements (HSE).
Accumulates in response to ultraviolet-B (UV-B) illumination.
Hypersensitivity to ultraviolet-B (UV-B) illumination leading to short hypocotyls under UV-B; the sensitivity to UV-B is alleviated by the disruption of UVR8 and requires the presence of COP1 and HY5 (PubMed:25193399, PubMed:28735869). The double mutants dhu1-1 cop1-6 and dhu1-1 hy5-215 phenotypes resemble that of single mutants cop1-6 and hy5-215, respectively (PubMed:28735869). The UV-B responsiveness of the double mutant dhu1-1 rup1-1 is similar to that of the single mutants dhu1-1 and rup1-1 (PubMed:28735869).
Interacts directly with DDB1A (PubMed:25193399). Binds to COP1 and RUP1 (PubMed:28735869).
May act as a substrate receptor of a CUL4-RING E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase (CRL4) complex involved in the negative regulation of cellular responses to ultraviolet-B (UV-B) illumination, likely in coordination with RUP1 (PubMed:25193399, PubMed:28735869). Interacts with COP1 and probably prevents the formation of active UVR8-COP1 complex, thus avoiding UVR8-COP1-mediated positive regulation of UV-B responses (PubMed:28735869).
Ectopic expression of PCS1 induces survival of cells of the anther wall including stomium and septum cells. This leads to a failure in anther dehiscence and subsequent male sterility (PubMed:15723040).
Embryo-specific aspartic protease that limits programmed cell death during reproductive development. Possesses peptidase activity toward casein in vitro.
Expressed specifically in developing gametophytes and developing seeds.
In stems, defect in cell elongation resulting in dwarf and bushy plants with altered mechanical properties, as well as little to no secondary cell walls in fibers, including xylary and interfascicular fibers; these symptoms are partly reversed by continuous light conditions. At the flowering stage, red, dry and bent downwards stem apices. General repression of indole metabolism, including tryptophan, neoglucobrassicin and auxin (indole-3-acetic acid). Broad-spectrum resistance to vascular pathogens, including the bacteria Ralstonia solanacearum and Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, and the fungi Verticillium dahliae and Verticillium albo-atrum in a salicylic-acid- (SA-) dependent manner. SA accumulation in roots.
Mostly expressed in stems and hypocotyls, also present in seedlings, root, leaves, flowers and siliques. Ubiquitous, mostly expressed in vascular tissues and secondary wall-forming cells, including developing xylem vessels and fibers.
Required for secondary wall formation in fibers, especially in short days conditions. Promotes indole metabolism and transport (e.g. tryptophan, neoglucobrassicin and auxin (indole-3-acetic acid)). May prevent salicylic-acid (SA) accumulation.
Expressed in roots, leaves and stems. Barely detected in siliques and flowers.
In cv. C24, the substrate preference is restricted to a small number of desulfo-gulcosinolates: desulfo-6-methylthiohexyl glucosinolate > desulfo-benzyl glucosinolate > desulfo-2-phenylethyl glucosinolate (PubMed:16367753).
Inhibited by phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphate (PAP).
Low expression in young plants (up to 4 weeks), then slight increase in older plants.
Not induced by coronatine, methyl jasmonate or high sulfate concentration.
Strong differences in the kinetic behavior between the same protein from different cultivars.
Sulfotransferase that utilizes 3'-phospho-5'-adenylyl sulfate (PAPS) as sulfonate donor to catalyze the sulfate conjugation of desulfo-glucosinolates (dsGSs), the final step in the biosynthesis of the glucosinolate core structure. Preferred substrate are the long-chain desulfo-glucosinolates, 7-methylthioheptyl and 8-methylthiooctyl, derived from methionine. Substrate preference is desulfo-benzyl glucosinolate > desulfo-4-methylthiobutyl glucosinolate > desulfo-6-methylthiohexyl glucosinolate > desulfo-3-methylthiopropyl glucosinolate > desulfo-indol-3-yl methyl glucosinolate > desulfo-singrin > desulfo-3-butenyl glucosinolate.
Belongs to the HMG-CoA reductase family.
Catalyzes the synthesis of mevalonate. The specific precursor of all isoprenoid compounds present in plants.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but 25% lower levels in triterpenoids content and 15% lower levels in sterol content. Hmg1 and hmg2 double mutants are lethal during male gametophyte development.
Not regulated by myriocin, squalestatin or terbinafine.
Regulated at the post-translational level in response to alterations of the sphingolipid and the sterol biosynthetic pathways.
Restricted to young seedlings, roots, and inflorescences. Expressed in root tips, shoot apex, secretory zone of the stigma, microspores, mature pollen grains, gynoecium vascular tissue and fertilized ovules.
Histone methyltransferase. Methylates 'Lys-9' of histone H3. H3 'Lys-9' methylation represents a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional repression. The silencing mechanism via DNA CpNpG methylation requires the targeting of chromomethylase CMT3 to methylated histones, probably through an interaction with an HP1-like adapter. By its function, KYP is directly required for the maintenance of the DNA CpNpG and asymmetric methylation. Involved in the silencing of transposable elements.
Mutations in the KYP/SUVH4 gene decrease the level of histone H3-K9 dimethylated, trimethylated or dimethylated in association with H3-K14Ac by factors of 4,3 and 3, respectively. The level of monomethylated H3-K9 is unchanged. Such mutations lead to a drastic decrease of cytosine methylation at CpNpG sites, causing the reactivation of endogenous retrotransposons. The KRYPTONYTE methyltransferase name was given according to its involvement in SUPERMAN gene silencing.
Acts redundantly with DA1 and DAR1 to regulate endoreduplication during leaf development. Together with DA1 and DAR1, modulates the protein stability of the transcription factors TCP14 and TCP15, which repress endoreduplication by directly regulating the expression of cell-cycle genes (PubMed:25757472). Involved in root phloem development. Is an essential component of early phloem development, long-distance delivery of phloem content, and proper maintenance of root system architecture (PubMed:21749503). Involved in the control of root meristem size. Functions genetically downstream of cytokinin and IAA3 to maintain normal auxin distribution by influencing polar auxin transport. Acts through the PLETHORA pathway, upstream of PLT1 and PLT2 to influence root stem cell niche activity and thus control root meristem size (PubMed:23296689).
Exogenous treatment with auxin rescues the phloem defects of the lrd3 knockout mutant.
Expressed in the vasculature of leaves, inflorescence stems, flowers, hypocotyls, and primary and lateral roots. In roots, expressed in phloem companion cells.
Highly expressed during early stages leaf development, and expression decreases at the later stages of leaf development.
Interacts with ubiquitin, TCP14 and TCP15.
Reduced primary root growth, increased lateral root formation, and altered root system architecture, due to altered early phloem development.
The UIM domains bind molecules modified by monoubiquitin or ubiquitin chains and promote coupled monoubiquitination.
Expressed in shoots, vasculature, endodermis, petioles, shoot apical meristem, inflorescence stems, pedicels, styles and anther filaments.
Involved in the regulation of inflorescence branch growth angle (PubMed:23663106). Promotes horizontal inflorescence branch growth (PubMed:23663106).
Expressed in seedling radicles and roots, vasculature of cotyledons, leaf primordia, leaves and sepals.
Inhibited by pyridoxal 5-phosphate, bathophenanthroline, mersalyl, p-hydroxymercuribenzoate and tannic acid.
Mitochondrial adenylate carrier that catalyzes specifically the transport of ATP, ADP and AMP by a counter-exchange mechanism across the inner mitochondrial membrane. Substrate preference in reconstituted proteoliposomes is ATP > AMP > ADP. May play a role in oxidative phosphorylation and be important for the provision of energy required to support growth in heterotrophic tissues.
No visible phenotype. Double mutants lacking both MWL1 and MWL2 exhibit smaller rosettes with a decrease in rosette fresh weight and stem height associated with a reduction in total lignin content and an increase in syringyl/guaiacyl (S/G) monomer ratio.
Together with MWL1, contributes to secondary cell wall biology, specifically lignin biosynthesis.
Expressed in seedlings, leaves and pistils. Detected in the base of flowers and tips of carpels, in sepal and petal vasculature, in pollen grains, in young rosette, in the lateral and tip of primary roots, and in ovule at the exception of the outer integument.
Belongs to the iron/ascorbate-dependent oxidoreductase family. GA2OX subfamily.
By gibberellin A3 (GA3). Not regulated by auxin.
Catalyzes the 2-beta-hydroxylation of several biologically active gibberellins, leading to the homeostatic regulation of their endogenous level. Catabolism of gibberellins (GAs) plays a central role in plant development. Converts GA9/GA20 to GA51/GA29 and GA4/GA1 to GA34/GA8.
Preferentially expressed in flowers, siliques, and upper stems. Not expressed in the apex.
Belongs to the UPL family. K-HECT subfamily.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase which mediates ubiquitination.
Probable E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase which mediates ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins. Involved in the repression of endoreduplication process and the cell morphogenesis in the trichomes.
Binds 2 divalent metal cations per subunit. Magnesium or manganese.
Expressed in leaves, shoots, roots, flowers and siliques.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the GTP cyclohydrolase II family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the DHBP synthase family.
Involved in riboflavin biosynthesis. Catalyzes both the conversion of D-ribulose 5-phosphate to formate and 3,4-dihydroxy-2-butanone 4-phosphate and the conversion of GTP to 2,5-diamino-6-ribosylamino-4(3H)-pyrimidinone 5'-phosphate (DARP), formate and pyrophosphate. RIBA2 and RIBA3 together are not able to complement the loss of function of RIBA1.
No visible phenotype when heterozygous. Bleached phenotype and no viable seeds produced when homozygous.
Component of the SERK1 signaling complex, composed of KAPP, CDC48A, GRF6 or GRF7, SERK1, SERK2, SERK3/BAK1 and BRI1 (PubMed:16473966). Interacts with DREB1A and DREB1B in the nucleus (PubMed:28344081). Interacts with CINV1 (PubMed:25256212).
Activated by threonine and tyrosine phosphorylation. Activated by MAP kinase kinases MKK4, MKK5, MKK7 and MKK9. Activated in response to hydrogen peroxide, ozone, salt stress and flagellin bacterial elicitor. Triggered by Agrobacterium upon T-DNA transfer. Repressed by DSPTP1B/MKP2-mediated dephosphorylation.
By touch, cold, salinity stress and ozone.
Copolarizes with BASL, YDA and MPK6 in stomatal asymmetric cell division (ACD) cells.
Dually phosphorylated on Thr-196 and Tyr-198, which activates the enzyme (By similarity). Dephosphorylated by DSPTP1B/MKP2.
Interacts with DSPTP1B/MKP2, NDPK2 and VIP1. The interaction with DSPTP1B/MKP2 is repressed by fungal elicitation (PubMed:12506203, PubMed:17947581, PubMed:20626661). Binds to LIP5 (PubMed:25010425). Interacts with VQ4 (PubMed:24750137). Interacts with RACK1A, RACK1B and RACK1C (PubMed:25731164). Interacts with FLZ9 (Ref.28). Interacts with MKK5 (PubMed:27913741).
Involved in oxidative stress-mediated signaling cascade (such as ozone). Involved in the innate immune MAP kinase signaling cascade (MEKK1, MKK4/MKK5 and MPK3/MPK6) downstream of bacterial flagellin receptor FLS2. May be involved in hypersensitive response (HR)-mediated signaling cascade by modulating LIP5 phosphorylation and subsequent multivesicular bodies (MVBs) trafficking. May phosphorylate regulators of WRKY transcription factors. Mediates the phosphorylation of VIP1 and subsequent stress genes transcription in response to Agrobacterium. MKK9-MPK3/MPK6 module phosphorylates and activates EIN3, leading to the promotion of EIN3-mediated transcription in ethylene signaling. MPK3/MPK6 cascade regulates camalexin synthesis through transcriptional regulation of the biosynthetic genes after pathogen infection. YDA-MKK4/MKK5-MPK3/MPK6 module regulates stomatal cell fate before the guard mother cell (GMC) is specified. When activated, reinforces the feedback loop by phosphorylating BASL, and inhibits stomatal fate by phosphorylating SPCH (PubMed:25843888). This MAPK cascade also functions downstream of the ER receptor in regulating coordinated local cell proliferation, which shapes the morphology of plant organs.
Expressed in the whole plant, with the highest expression in roots.
Belongs to the chloroplast-specific ribosomal protein cL38 family.
May play a role in signal transduction pathways that involve calcium as a second messenger. Phosphorylates the Ca(2+)-ATPase ACA2 resulting in the inhibition of its calcium activation.
There are 3 contiguous domains conserved in the CDPK subfamily: a kinase domain, an autoinhibitory (junction) domain and a calmodulin-like domain. The autoinhibitory domain (414-444) inactivates kinase activity under calcium-free conditions.
Expressed in root tips, root vasculature, flower tissues, including stamens and sepals, and in the base of siliques. Not detected in mature leaves.
Interacts (via C-terminus) with calmodulin, CYTB5-B and CYTB5-D. Interacts indirectly with FAH1 via CYTB5-D.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions. Accelerated methyl jasmonate-induced leaf senescence. Enhanced sensitivity to water stress, heat shock, toxin, tunicamycin and pathogens.
Suppressor of apoptosis. Modulator of endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated programmed cell death. Involved in methyl jasmonate-induced leaf senescence through regulating cytoplasmic calcium level.
Up-regulated by water stress, heat-shock, mycotoxin and pathogens.
Calcium-dependent NADPH oxidase that generates superoxide. Generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) during incompatible interactions with pathogens and is important in the regulation of the hypersensitive response (HR). Involved in abscisic acid-induced stomatal closing and in UV-B and abscisic acid ROS-dependent signaling.
Expressed in roots, stems, seedlings, inflorescences, leaves and guard cells.
Inhibited by diphenylene iodonium (DPI).
Monomer and homodimer (By similarity). Interacts (via N-terminus) with CIPK26 (PubMed:23335733). Interacts (via N-terminus) with SRC2 (PubMed:23872431).
Not glycosylated. Phosphorylated by CIPK26.
Expressed in seedlings, roots and leaves.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants display a sugar-resistant seedling development phenotype.
UDP-glycosyltransferase that glucosylates coniferyl aldehyde to form coniferyl aldehyde 4-O-glucoside (PubMed:15907484). Glucosylates sinapyl aldehyde to form sinapyl aldehyde 4-O-glucoside (PubMed:15907484). Is not active in presence of coniferyl alcohol or sinapyl alcohol (PubMed:15907484). Can glucosylate the phytotoxic xenobiotic compound 2,4,5-trichlorophenol (TCP) (PubMed:15907484).
Impaired perception of fungal endopolygalacturonases (e.g. BcPG3) leading to absence of necrosis upon B.cinerea BcPG3, BcPG2, BcPG4, and BcPG6 or A.niger AnPGB treatments.
Recognizes fungal (e.g. B.cinerea and A.niger) endopolygalacturonases (PGs, e.g. BcPG3, BcPG2, BcPG4, BcPG6 and AnPGB) and acts as a microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP) receptor to mediate defense response against fungi (e.g. B.cinerea) and oomycetes (e.g. H.arabidopsidis). Functionality seems to depend on the presence of the receptor kinase SOBIR1 as an adapter protein.
Belongs to the SURF1 (TC 3.D.4.8) family.
May be involved in the biogenesis of the COX complex.
Probably involved in the biogenesis of the COX complex.
By abscisic acid (ABA), salt, and osmotic stress (at protein level).
Expressed in seeds, seedlings, roots (especially in tips), stems, leaves, shoots, flowers and siliques.
Interacts with ABI1 (PubMed:19874541). Interacts with I-2, TOPP1 and TOPP2 (PubMed:26943172). Interacts with FREE1 (via C-terminus) (PubMed:30962512).
Together with SRK2I, key component and activator of the abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway that regulates numerous ABA responses, such as seed germination, Pro accumulation, root growth inhibition, dormancy and seedling growth, and, to a lesser extent, stomatal closure (PubMed:17307925). In response to ABA, phosphorylates the ESCRT-I complex component FREE1, which is required for ABA-induced FREE1 nuclear import (PubMed:30962512).
Accumulates in response to brassinosteroids (BR) treatment (PubMed:22956280, PubMed:22544867). Induced by darkness in roots (PubMed:22544867).
Monitors brassinosteroids (BR) responses and homeostasis, particularly in the root and hypocotyl in darkness (PubMed:22956280, PubMed:22544867). Promotes flavonoid biosynthesis (PubMed:22956280).
Mostly expressed in roots (particularly in the root elongation zone), and, to a lower extent, in seedling, leaves (especially in hydathodes), siliques (e.g. in developing seeds) and flowers.
Component of the endosomal sorting required for transport complex III (ESCRT-III), composed at least of VPS2, VPS20, VPS24 and VPS32 (By similarity). Interacts with SKD1 (PubMed:20663085, PubMed:24812106).
Involved in immunity against bacterial infection and in non-host resistance (PubMed:20360018). Required for embryo development (PubMed:17915010). Required for systemic acquired resistance, but functions in an salicylic acid-independent manner (PubMed:20360018). Required for bacterium-triggered stomatal closure response (PubMed:21998587).
Reduced growth, pale or yellow leaves, frequent enations and pollen defect resulting in sterility. Enhanced susceptibility to bacterial infection.
This protein was called 'ILITYHIA' after the Greek goddess of childbirth.
Unlike other GCN1 homologs, ILA is not a component of the MOS4-associated complex (MSC), a protein complex with homology to the nineteen complex (NTC) in yeast and human.
Phosphoglycerate mutase-like protein lacking PGM activity, but having 2-carboxy-D-arabinitol 1-phosphate (CA1P) phosphatase activity. Prevents the accumulation of D-glycero-2,3-pentodiulose-1,5-bisphosphate (PDBP) a potent inhibitor of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (RuBisCO). PDBP is produced during the oxidation of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate, the substrate of RuBisCO.
No apparent stomatal abnormalities. The double mutant cdkb1;1 cdkb1;2 has a reduced number of abnormal stomata consisting in single guard cells (GC) (PubMed:20675570). The quadruple mutant flp-1 myb88 cdkb1;1 cdkb1;2 has a reduced number of large single guard cells blocked at mitosis, with strongly altered shape and size and characterized by enlarged nucleus due to endomitosis and endocycling, as well as extensive chloroplast replication (PubMed:24123248).
Together with CDKB1-1, promotes both the last division in the stomatal cell lineage as well as the number of stomata (PubMed:20675570). In collaboration with MYB124 and MYB88, restrict the G1/S transition and chloroplast and nuclear number during stomatal formation, and normally maintain fate and developmental progression throughout the stomatal cell lineage (PubMed:24123248).
Up-regulated transiently by a cold treatment. Induced by methyl jasmonate, a plant defense-related signaling molecule.
Expressed in flowers, siliques and root epidermis or cortex. Detected in shoots.
Binds to the ATPase domain of HSP70/HSC70 chaperones (By similarity). Interacts with HSP70-11/BIP2.
Co-chaperone that regulates diverse cellular pathways, such as programmed cell death and stress responses. Necessary for the proper maintenance of the unfolded protein response (UPR) during heat and cold tolerance.
Involved in the synthesis of both tocopherols and tocotrienols (vitamin E), which presumably protect photosynthetic complexes from oxidative stress. Catalyzes the conversion of 2-methyl-6-phytyl-1,4-hydroquinone and 2,3-dimethyl-5-phytyl-1,4-hydroquinone (DMPQ) to delta- and gamma-tocopherol respectively. Converts also 2,3-dimethyl-5-geranylgeranyl-1,4-hydroquinone (DMGQ) to gamma-tocotrienol.
Detected at very low levels in roots, stems, leaves and flowers of mature plants and strongly expressed in the roots of potassium-starved plants.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. mRNA cap 0 methyltransferase family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the dsDNA virus mRNA guanylyltransferase family.
mRNA capping methyltransferase that methylates the N7 position of the added guanosine to the 5'-cap structure of mRNAs. Binds RNA containing 5'-terminal GpppC (By similarity).
Probable transcription factor required for the initiation of inflorescence trichomes in response to gibberellin and cytokinin. Is not involved in the regulation of trichome branching. Is functionally equivalent to GIS2 (PubMed:17507408). Acts as negative regulator of abscisic acid (ABA) signaling during germination and early seedling development (PubMed:24808098).
Reduced trichome production on cauline leaves, stem branches and sepals.
Seeds over-expressing ZFP8 show decreased sensitivity to inhibition of germination by abscisic acid (ABA).
May be involved in the early secretory pathway.
Essential during early vegetative growth (PubMed:24179128). Required for the assembly of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I) (PubMed:24179128). Involved in mitochondrial translation activity (PubMed:24179128). May deliver of one or more Fe-S clusters to complex I subunits (By similarity).
Homozygous mutants are lethal, seeds failing to germinate or arrested seedlings in early growth (PubMed:24179128). Loss of mitochondrial complex I and low levels of a 650-kDa assembly intermediate associated with a reduced mitochondrial translation activity (PubMed:24179128). Heterozygous plants display delayed bolting and flowering, with small and highly branched inflorescences; they also have sporophytic defects in female and male gametophyte development (PubMed:24179128).
GTPase involved in protein precursor import into chloroplasts. Seems to recognize chloroplast-destined precursor proteins and regulate their presentation to the translocation channel through GTP hydrolysis. Probably specialized in the import of nuclear encoded non-photosynthetic preproteins from the cytoplasm to the chloroplast.
Homodimer (By similarity). Part of the TOC core complex that includes 1 protein for the specific recognition of transit peptides surrounded by a ring composed of four proteins forming translocation channels, and four to five GTP-binding proteins providing energy. This core complex can interact with components of the TIC complex to form a larger import complex. Chloroplastic protein precursor such as prSS (precursor of the RuBisCO small subunit) interacts with these complexes. The TOC complex contains a specific subset of polar lipids such as digalactosyldiacylglyceride (DGDG), phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylglycerol (PG).
Expressed in a cell cycle-dependent manner. Most abundant at the G1/S transition. Lower but constant level in the following phases.
Expressed in proliferating cells and several differentiated tissues. Detected in inflorescence and shoot apical meristems, cotyledonary vascular tissues, leaf primordia, young leaves, base of trichomes, central cylinder and elongation zone of roots, lateral root primordia, flowers, pistils of immature flowers and pollen grains.
Heterodimer with DP proteins. Interacts (via dimerization domain) preferentially with DPA, but also with DPB. Interacts with PURA1 and retinoblastoma-related protein RBR1. Component of a DREAM-like complex which modulates a variety of developmentally regulated genes and of the mitotic genes in proliferating and differentiated cells. Interacts with MYB3R4 only at early stages of leaves development (PubMed:26069325).
Transcription activator that binds DNA cooperatively with DP proteins through the E2 recognition site, 5'-TTTC[CG]CGC-3' found in the promoter region of a number of genes whose products are involved in cell cycle regulation or in DNA replication. The binding of retinoblastoma-related proteins represses transactivation. Involved in the control of cell-cycle progression from G1 to S phase and from G2 to M phase. Stimulates cell proliferation and delays differentiation. Represses cell enlargement and endoreduplication in auxin-free conditions.
Up-regulated by light and by auxin. May be up-regulated by E2FA.
Dwarf phenotype with several auxin-related defects (PubMed:17889650, PubMed:29897620). Reduced primary root length and fewer secondary roots (PubMed:17889650, PubMed:29897620). Abnormal cotyledon shape, number and positioning (PubMed:17889650, PubMed:29897620). Accumulation of storage proteins globulin 12S and albumin 2S in dry seeds (PubMed:16926167).
Plays a role in vesicular protein sorting. Component of the membrane-associated retromer complex which is essential in endosome-to-Golgi retrograde transport. Required for the auxin-carrier protein PIN2 sorting to the lytic vacuolar pathway and the PIN1 recycling to the plasma membrane, thus influencing auxin transport orientation (PubMed:29897620). Also involved in the efficient sorting of seed storage proteins globulin 12S and albumin 2S. The VPS29-VPS26-VPS35 subcomplex may be involved in recycling of specific cargos from endosome to the plasma membrane.
Expressed at low levels in abaxial regions of lateral aerial organ primordia leading to cotyledons, leaves, flower meristems, sepals, petals, stamen and carpels, but not in roots.
Expressed in subepidermal cells of anlagen regions, then in abaxial part of primordia and finally in differentiating organs. Levels decrease in differentiated organs. In embryo, expressed from the heart stage in the abaxial domain of the cotyledon primordia and decrease as the embryo matures. In stamen, expression restricted to the abaxial region differentiating into the connective. In gynoecium, expressed in the abaxial cell layers differentiating into the valves.
Interacts with SPL/NZZ and SPEAR2 (PubMed:25527103).
Involved in the abaxial cell fate determination during embryogenesis and organogenesis.
Expressed in cotyledons, hypocotyls, leaves, roots, flowers, pistils and vascular tissue of sepals, anthers, carpels and funiculi. Not detected in seeds.
Peptide transporter. Mediates the transport of di- and tripeptides. High affinity transporter with low selectivity. No transport of amino acids.
Reduced growth and lower N content when cultivated on dipeptides. No effect on germination.
Subunit of clathrin-associated adaptor protein complex 1 that plays a role in protein sorting at the trans-Golgi network and early endosomes (TGN/EE). The AP complexes mediate both the recruitment of clathrin to membranes and the recognition of sorting signals within the cytosolic tails of transmembrane cargo molecules (By similarity).
Expressed in root vasculature, root hairs, leaves, trichomes, sepals, stamens, stigma, pedicels, siliques and embryo.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants accumulate violaxanthin and completely lack neoxanthin.
Plants over-expressing ABA4 have increased levels of trans-neoxanthin.
Required for neoxanthin biosynthesis, an intermediary step in abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis. Probably not involved directly in the enzymatic conversion of violaxanthin to neoxanthin. Cannot convert violaxanthin to neoxanthin in vitro. Required for ABA biosynthesis in response to drought stress (PubMed:17470058). Required for neoxanthin biosynthesis which is involved in photoprotection of photosystem II (PSII). Neoxanthin acts as an antioxidant within the photosystem PSII supercomplex (PubMed:17351115).
Inhibited by 90 uM 3-phosphonooxypyruvate, but not by Ser, Thr, Val, Gly Trp, O-acetyl-L-Ser and Cys.
Involved in the plastidial phosphorylated pathway of serine biosynthesis (PPSB).
Not regulated by high CO(2) levels. Up-regulated upon necrotrophic pathogen infection.
Ubiquitous, but highly expressed in roots and in dark-grown leaf tissues. Expressed in the vasculature, stigma, anther filaments and shoot apical meristem. Not detected in the root meristem or in embryo.
Expressed in unelongated axillary buds, and, to a lower extent, in axillary structures such as flowers and siliques.
Induced during environmentally induced bud dormancy (planting density). Repressed transiently after shoot apical meristem (SAM) decapitation (release from apical dominance).
Transcription factor that prevents axillary bud outgrowth and delays early axillary bud development. Indirectly required for the auxin-induced control of apical dominance.
Isoform 1 and isoform 2 are widely expressed, predominantly in flowers, meristems and stems. Isoform 3 is detected at low levels.
Seems to be involved in nucleotide excision repair (NER) of damaged DNA (dark repair mechanism). Involved in repair of UV light, and probably oxidative damage. The UVH1/RAD1-ERCC1/RAD10 complex may act as an endonuclease making DNA incision 5' to the lesion site. In vitro, is implicated in double strand breaks (DSBs) repair and is required for homologous recombination in the presence of non-homologous overhangs. May mediate the induction of a DNA-damage sensitive cell-cycle checkpoint during the G2 phase.
Interacts with CHMP1A and LIP5 (PubMed:20663085). Interacts with VPS2.2 (PubMed:22010978).
Involved in ESCRT-dependent multivesicular body (MVB) formation and sorting of endosomal cargo proteins into MVBs. Mediates the MVB sorting of the auxin carriers PIN1, PIN2 and AUX1. Required for embryonic axis establishment and seedling growth (PubMed:19304934). Required for autophagic degradation of plastid proteins. Promotes the efficient sequestration of cargo from plastids into autophagosomes. Mediates the efficient delivery of autophagic plastid bodies to the vacuole, but not into the cytoplasm (PubMed:25649438).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but double mutants chmp1a and chmp1b show embryo development defect.
In flowers, expressed in anthers, stigmas and styles.
Involved in the synthesis of the hemicellulose glucuronoxylan, a major component of secondary cell walls. Probably involved in the elongation of glucuronoxylan xylosyl backbone.
No visible phenotype (PubMed:18980662). Slightly short inflorescence and reduced fertility (PubMed:18980649).
Present in the xylem and phloem, and, to a lower extent, in interfascicular cells. Expressed in the root tip, shoot apical meristem (SAM), xylem cells of roots and stems, and in the vasculature of roots, cotyledons and leaves.
Catalyzes the isomerization between 2-isopropylmalate and 3-isopropylmalate, via the formation of 2-isopropylmaleate (Probable). Functions redundantly with LEUD1 in the methionine chain elongation pathway of aliphatic glucosinolate formation.
Expressed in vascular bundles of roots, cotyledons and rosette leaves (PubMed:24608865). Expressed in stem vascular bundles which branche off into lateral inflorescences (PubMed:24608865). Expressed in connective tissues in anthers (PubMed:24608865). In hypocotyls, expressed in parenchyma cells surrounding the vasculature (PubMed:32612621). In rosette leaves, expressed in phloem cells and cells close to the xylem along the vascular bundles (PubMed:32612621). In roots of adult plants, expressed in cells closely associated with the stele (PubMed:32612621). In flowering stalks, expressed in parenchyma cells associated with the phloem or the xylem (PubMed:32612621).
Heterodimer of the large LEUC/IIL1 subunit and the small LEUD (SSU1, SSU2 or SSU3) subunits.
Changes in cell wall monosaccharide composition with a strong reduction of galacturonic acid (GalA), rhamnose and xylose content in the sead coat mucilage composition.
Expressed during seed development at the mucilage production stages.
UDP-glucuronic acid transporter that modulates the polysaccharide composition of seed mucilage. Transports UDP-glucuronic acid (UDP-GlcA) and UDP-galacturonic acid (UDP-GalA) in vitro.
Could function as a HCO(3)(-) -sensing component in the CO(2) signaling pathway in guard cells. Acts as an upstream repressor of HT1. Plays a role in stomatal response to CO(2).
Defective in stomatal responses to Co(2). Showed more rapid leaf expansion under high CO(2) condition as compared with the wild type.
Preferentially expressed in guard cells.
Contains 3 N-terminal periplasmic polypeptide transport-associated (POTRA) domains which may serve as a binding site for the preprotein in the chloroplast intermembrane space, and provide a chaperone-like activity to prevent misfolding or aggregation in the intermembrane space (Probable). Transmembrane regions consist mainly of membrane-spanning sided beta-sheets, which are not predicted by sequence analysis tools (Probable).
Essential protein. Mediates the insertion of proteins targeted to the outer membrane of chloroplasts (By similarity). Required for the import of protein precursors into chloroplasts. Forms the voltage-dependent preprotein translocation channels (hydrophilic beta barrel) of the TOC complex in the chloroplastic outer membrane.
Expressed predominantly during the early stages of plant growth, peaking at three weeks after germination (at protein level).
Mostly expressed in young and actively dividing photosynthetic tissues and, to a lower extent, in old leaves and roots. Particularly low levels in leaves after etiolation.
Part of the TOC core complex that includes a protein for the specific recognition of transit peptides surrounded by a ring composed of four proteins forming translocation channels, and four to five GTP-binding proteins providing energy. This core complex can interact with components of the TIC complex to form a larger import complex. Chloroplastic protein precursors such as prSS (precursor of the RuBisCO small subunit) also interact with these complexes. The TOC complex contains a specific subset of polar lipids such as digalactosyldiacylglyceride (DGDG), phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylglycerol (PG). TOC75-3 interacts with TOC34/OEP34, TOC159/TOC86, TOC132 and TOC120 (PubMed:15090618). Interacts with SP1 (PubMed:23118188). Interacts with TIC236 (PubMed:30464337).
Plants have an embryo development arrested at the two cells stage.
Belongs to the complex I LYR family. SDHAF1 subfamily.
Circadian-regulation with peak levels occurring at night and lower levels after dawn under both diurnal and constant light conditions in a CCA1- and LHY-dependent manner.
Early flowering (especially in long day conditions), but normal development of all organs (PubMed:31038749). Partially redundant with ELF6. Increased H3K4 methylation on specific genes, thus leading to their derepression (PubMed:25578968, PubMed:31826870). Slightly increased levels of CCA1 and LHY circadian oscillators transcription factors as well as of other clock genes such as TOC1, PRR5, PRR7, PRR9, GI, ELF3, ELF4, and LUX associated with higher H3K4me3 levels near their promoters (PubMed:31429787). Impaired systemic RDR6-dependent post-transcriptional transgene silencing (PTGS) associated with reduced production of aberrant RNAs (e.g. uncapped and antisense) (PubMed:33986281). Abnormal root meristem size as well as partial suppression of reduced root meristem size and growth vigor observed in brx mutants (PubMed:31826870). Compromised in both local and systemic defense responses to the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae Pst DC3000 avrRpt2 due to abnormal H3K4me3 enrichment and reduced expression of defense genes involved in salicylic acid (SA)- and pipecolic acid (Pip)-mediated defense pathways (e.g. PR1, FMO1, ALD1 and SARD4) (PubMed:31622519). The double mutant jmj17-1 jmj14-1 has an early flowering phenotype (especially in long day conditions) (PubMed:31038749). The triple mutant jmj17-1 jmj14-1 jmj16-1 flowers even earlier (PubMed:31038749).
Expressed in mature root vasculature and throughout root meristem.
Expressed in shoot apex, primary root tip, trichomes of young leaves, leaf vascular tissues, anther filaments and styles. Detected in inflorescences, leaves, stems, roots and siliques. Mostly expressed in floral organs, and, at low levels, in other organs (PubMed:25578968).
Interacts with NAC050 and NAC051/NAC052 (PubMed:25578968, PubMed:26617990). Interacts with THAL in the nucleus (PubMed:27792779).
Transcriptional repressor (PubMed:25578968). Histone demethylase that demethylates 'Lys-4' (H3K4me) of histone H3 with a higher activity for H3K4me3 and H3K4me2 than H3K4me1 (PubMed:29233856). No activity on H3K9me3/2, H3K36me3/2 and H3K27me3/2 (PubMed:29233856). Function as a nocturne 'eraser' to counteract the diurnal 'writer' methylase activity of ATXR3/SDG2 thus orchestrating the circadian rythm of histone modifications (e.g. H3K4me3) and modulating the rythmic expression of diurnal target genes; this mechanism relies also on the circadian clock oscillators CCA1 and LHY (PubMed:31429787). Involved in a negative regulation of root meristem growth upon suboptimal root growth conditions (PubMed:31826870). Represses FT and TSF expression to inhibit the floral transition. Binds around the transcription start site of the FT locus. Involved in the DRM2-mediated maintenance of DNA methylation, but not required for the de novo DNA methylation. Required for demethylating histone H3K4me3 at the target of RNA silencing. Counteracts the DNA methylation of expressed transgenes; specific attenuation of transgene DNA methylation enhances the production of aberrant RNAs (e.g. uncapped and antisense) that readily induce systemic RDR6-dependent post-transcriptional transgene silencing (PTGS) spreading (PubMed:33986281). Together with NAC051/NAC052 and NAC050, regulates gene expression and flowering time, probably by the promotion of RNA-mediated gene silencing (PubMed:25578968). Together with JMJ16 and JMJ17, required for plant growth and development (PubMed:31038749). Promotes local and systemic immunity (especially toward the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae Pst DC3000 avrRpt2) by regulating positively pathogen-induced H3K4me3 enrichment and expression of defense genes involved in salicylic acid (SA)- and pipecolic acid (Pip)-mediated defense pathways (e.g. PR1, FMO1, ALD1 and SARD4) (PubMed:31622519).
Highly expressed in flowers, but also found in leaves, vegetative shoots, petioles, peduncles, and receptacles of floral organs.
F-type ATPases have 2 components, CF(1) - the catalytic core - and CF(0) - the membrane proton channel. CF(1) has five subunits: alpha(3), beta(3), gamma(1), delta(1), epsilon(1). CF(0) has four main subunits: a, b, b' and c.
Key component of the proton channel; it plays a direct role in the translocation of protons across the membrane.
Expressed predominantly in root tissue with lower levels found in leaf, stem, seed and flower.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but the quadruple d6pk, d6pkl1, d6pkl2 and d6pkl3 mutants are deficient in lateral root formation and mildly agravitropic, have fused or single cotyledons and narrow and twisted leaves, form few axillary shoots, are almost infertile and impaired in phototropic hypocotyl bending when exposed to lateral white light.
Protein kinase that regulates the auxin transport activity of PIN auxin efflux facilitators by direct phosphorylation. D6PK-mediated PIN phosphorylation promotes auxin transport in the hypocotyl and this is a prerequisite for PHOT1-dependent hypocotyl bending.
The activation loop within the kinase domain is the target of phosphorylation.
Exhibits phosphatidate phosphatase (PAP) activity in vitro. May play a primary role as PAP in plastids.
Expressed in root tips, root branch points, vascular tissue of cotyledons and leaves, pistil, anthers and filaments.
Lethal effect when homozygous, due to defect in pollen germination and pollen tube growth.
May be due to the presence of a micro intron.
Belongs to the RNA polymerase beta chain family.
Component of the RNA polymerase I (Pol I) complex consisting of at least 13 subunits.
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Second largest core component of RNA polymerase I which synthesizes ribosomal RNA precursors. Proposed to contribute to the polymerase catalytic activity and forms the polymerase active center together with the largest subunit. Pol I is composed of mobile elements and NRPA2 is part of the core element with the central large cleft and probably a clamp element that moves to open and close the cleft.
Defect in seed production due to female gametophyte developmental arrest.
Essential for the completion of the three rounds of mitosis in female megaspores required for the development of mature gametophytes.
Forms a heterodimer with the catalytic subunit.
Required for the formation of N(7)-methylguanine at position 46 (m7G46) in tRNA. In the complex, it is required to stabilize and induce conformational changes of the catalytic subunit.
Confined to secondary cell wall developing tissues such as xylems and interfascicular regions. Expressed in young plants, stems, flowers and inflorescences, but not in leaves.
Interacts with CESA4 and CESA7. Assembly with CESA4 and CESA7 is required for functional complex and localization in secondary cell wall deposition sites. Interacts with STL1 and STL2, but not with GOT1 (PubMed:27277162).
Not found in embryos. Increasing amount as stems mature.
Two-heme-containing cytochrome. May catalyze ascorbate-dependent trans-membrane ferric-chelate reduction (By similarity).
Expressed specifically in tapetal cells.
Increased susceptibility to the oomycetes Phytophthora brassicae and Phytophthora capsici and to the bacteria Pseudomonas syringae, characterized by stronger necrotic symptoms.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFB2 subunit family.
Belongs to the LDH/MDH superfamily. MDH type 2 family.
Chloroplast NADP-MDH is activated upon illumination. In order to be enzymatically active, disulfide bridges on the protein must be reduced by thioredoxin which receives electrons from ferredoxin and the electron transport system of photosynthesis.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions and high-light conditions in short days.
The chloroplastic, NADP-dependent form is essential for the photosynthesis C4 cycle, which allows plants to circumvent the problem of photorespiration. In C4 plants, NADP-MDH activity acts to convert oxaloacetate to malate in chloroplasts of mesophyll cells for transport to the bundle sheath cells (Probable). Plays an essential role in the regulation of catalase activity and the accumulation of a hydrogen peroxide-dependent signal by transmitting the redox state of the chloroplast to other cell compartments (PubMed:24591715).
Auxiliary subunit of the NatB N-alpha-acetyltransferase complex. Required for flowering time regulation and for vegetative and reproductive plant development.
Leaf reticulation, mild leaf folding, early flowering and aborted or unfertilized ovules in siliques (PubMed:24244708). No stunted growth or enhanced resistance to pathogens (PubMed:25966763).
Ubiquitously expressed, with a higher expression in vascular bundles, hydathodes, leaf primordia and the base of the trichomes.
Catalyzes the oxidation of glycolate to glyoxylate, with a reduction of O2 to H2O2. Is a key enzyme in photorespiration in green plants.
By salt stress and metals. Up-regulated by salicylic acid (SA).
Expressed in leaves, stems, flowers, green siliques and roots.
Belongs to the cation transport ATPase (P-type) (TC 3.A.3) family. Type IIB subfamily.
Catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the transport of calcium.
The N-terminus contains an autoinhibitory calmodulin-binding domain, which binds calmodulin in a calcium-dependent fashion.
This magnesium-dependent enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the translocation of calcium from the cytosol out of the cell.
By abscisic acid (ABA), auxin, the etylene precursor ACC and cold treatment. Down-regulated by wounding and in etiolated seedlings.
Catalyzes the omega-hydroxylation of various fatty acids (FA). Acts on saturated and unsaturated fatty acids with chain lengths from C12 to C18. Involved in the biosynthesis of 16-hydroxypalmitate.
Expressed in stems, flowers and siliques.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants have reduced content of the flower polyesters 16-hydroxypalmitate, 10,16-dihydroxypalmitate and 1,16-hexadecanedioate.
Belongs to the 2-oxoacid dehydrogenase family.
The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex catalyzes the overall conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA and CO(2). It contains multiple copies of three enzymatic components: pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1), dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase (E2) and lipoamide dehydrogenase (E3) (By similarity).
Belongs to the Nudix hydrolase family. PCD1 subfamily.
Coenzyme A diphosphatase which mediates the cleavage of CoA into 3',5'-ADP from CoA and 4'-phosphopantetheine. Can use malonyl-CoA, hexanoyl-CoA, lauroyl-CoA, myristoyl-CoA and palmitoyl-CoA as substrates, but not isobutyryl-CoA or propionyl-CoA.
Methylesterase shown to have methyl indole-3-acetic acid (MeIAA) esterase activity in vitro.
Produced by alternative initiation at Met-23 of isoform 1.
Homodimer and heterodimers (PubMed:29272523). Binds weakly to CYSTM4, CYSTM6 and CYSTM7 (PubMed:29272523).
Belongs to the xanthine dehydrogenase family.
By salt and drought stresses, and abscisic (ABA) treatment. Down-regulated by cold and freezing stresses.
Key enzyme involved in purine catabolism. Catalyzes the oxidation of hypoxanthine to xanthine and the oxidation of xanthine to urate. Regulates the level of ureides and plays an important role during plant growth and development, senescence and response to stresses. Possesses NADH oxidase activity and may contribute to the generation of superoxide anions in planta.
Plants silencing simultaneously XDH1 and XDH2 show reduced growth, impaired silique development, increased seed sterility, precocious senescence of mature leaves and overaccumulation of xanthine.
Developmental regulator acting by forming heterodimeric complexes, that sequester CO and CO-like (COL) proteins into non-functional complexes (PubMed:27015278). Involved in the CO-mediated long-day flowering-promotion pathway (PubMed:27015278). Engages CO and the transcriptional repressor TPL in a tripartite complex (By similarity). Involved in the CO-mediated long-day flowering-promotion pathway (PubMed:27015278).
Converts tyrosine into tyramine, a precursor of isoquinoline alkaloids and various amides.
Induced by drougt stress, wounding and methyl jasmonate.
Cleaves peptides in various proteins in a process that requires ATP hydrolysis. Has a chymotrypsin-like activity. Plays a major role in the degradation of misfolded proteins (By similarity).
Component of the chloroplastic Clp protease core complex which consist of at least 16 proteins: CLPP4 (3 copies), CLPP5 (3 copies), CLPR4 (2 copies), ClpP1 (1 copy), CLPP6 (1 copy), CLPR2 (1 copy), CLPT1 (1 copy), CLPT2 (1 copy) and 3 copies of CLPP3 and/or CLPR1 and/or CLPR3 (PubMed:11278690, PubMed:14593120, PubMed:16766689, PubMed:16980539). The core complex is organized in two heptameric rings, one containing CLPP3,4,5,6 in a 1:2:3:1 ratio and the other CLPP1 and CLPR1,2,3,4 in a 3:1:1:1:1 ratio (PubMed:21712416). Interacts with CHIP (PubMed:26085677).
Mostly expressed in leaves. Also detected in stems, and to a lower extent, in roots (at protein level).
Repressed in darkness. Induced by high light stress and during cold acclimation (at protein level).
Aspartyl protease involved in a homeostatic feedback mechanism regulating systemic immunity. Has only mild or no influence on local defenses. Acts downstream of salicylic acid to suppress systemic immunity.
Up-regulated locally and systematically during systemic acquired resistance (SAR) and locally by salicylic acid. The local induction is independent of EDS1 while the systemic induction is EDS1-dependent.
Required for efficient repair of photodamaged PSII, but not tightly associated with the complex.
Belongs to the neutral ceramidase family.
Hydrolyzes the sphingolipid ceramide into sphingosine and free fatty acid (By similarity). Promotes oxidative stress resistance (PubMed:26150824).
Increased sensitivity to C2-ceramide induced cell death.
Induced locally by wounding, elicitors such as chitin, bacterial pathogens such as P.syringae, compatible fungal pathogens such as A.brassicicola, E.cichoracearum and F.oxysporum, and incompatible fungal pathogens such as B.graminis. Also induced by aphid feeding.
Mediates an active uptake of hexoses, probably by sugar/hydrogen symport. Can transport glucose, methylglucose, galactose, xylose and mannose, but not fructose.
Mostly in flowers and roots, especially in anthers, including pollen, and root tips. Also present in some hydathodes.
Belongs to the fatty acid desaturase type 1 family. DEGS subfamily.
Sphingolipid-delta-4-desaturase required for the biosynthesis of delta-4-unsaturated sphingolipids and derivatives. May be required for the biosynthesis of glucosylceramides.
Plant-specific actin binding protein. Associates with F-actin at the plasma membrane in growing pollen tubes. May be part of a membrane-cytoskeletal adapter complex.
The NAB domain, also called NAB (NET actin-binding) domain, is sufficient for F-actin binding.
Expressed in vascular tissues of all organs.
Component of the biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles complex-1 (BLOC-1) (By similarity). Interacts with BLOS2 and SNX1.
Component of the biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles complex-1 (BLOC-1), a complex that mediates the vacuolar degradative transport via the intracellular vesicle trafficking from the endosome to the vacuole. Probably regulates the PIN1 and PIN2 homeostasis through its interaction with SNX1.
Expressed in the whole plant (at protein level).
Longer primary roots and more lateral roots in the RNAi mutant.
Acts redundantly with CYP98A8 as tricoumaroylspermidine meta-hydroxylase. Involved in phenolamide synthesis, but a recombinant CYP98A9 is unable to hydroxylate triferuloylspermidine. Unable to use 5-O-(4-coumaroyl) D-quinate or 5-O-(4-coumaroyl) shikimate as substrates.
Strongly expressed in root tips, inflorescence tips, young flower buds, stamen, tapetum and pollen. Detected in aging vasculature.
Mostly expressed in inflorescence bolt, flower buds and siliques, and, to a lower extent, in roots, seedlings and leaves.
Expressed in seedlings, roots, stems, leaves, flowers and siliques (developing fruits and seeds).
Subunit of clathrin-associated adaptor protein complex 1 that plays a role in protein sorting at the trans-Golgi network and early endosomes (TGN/EE). The AP complexes mediate the recruitment of clathrin to membranes and the recognition of sorting signals within the cytosolic tails of transmembrane cargo molecules (By similarity).
Involved in the pyrimidine salvage pathway (Probable) (PubMed:21828290, PubMed:31101721, PubMed:31907295). Phosphorylates uridine to uridine monophosphate (UMP) (PubMed:21828290, PubMed:31101721, PubMed:31907295). Phosphorylates cytidine to cytidine monophosphate (CMP) (PubMed:31101721). Does not possess uracil phosphoribosyltransferase (UPRTase) activity that catalyzes the conversion of uracil and 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate (PRPP) to UMP and diphosphate (PubMed:19563437, PubMed:21828290, PubMed:31101721).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions (PubMed:17143579, PubMed:19563437). No decrease in uracil phosphoribosyltransferase activity (PubMed:17143579, PubMed:19563437). Loss of sensitivity to 5'-fluorouracil and 5'-fluorouridine (PubMed:17143579, PubMed:21828290).
Was prevsiouly characterized as an enzyme that possesses uracil phosphoribosyltransferase (UPRT) activity (PubMed:17143579). Further publications show a lack of such activity (PubMed:19563437, PubMed:21828290).
Competitive inhibitor of the HD-ZIPIII transcription factors in shoot apical meristem (SAM) development. Acts by forming non-functional heterodimers. Part of a negative feedback loop. Involved in SAM development and lateral organ patterning. Essential for proper functioning of stem cells in the SAM.
Expressed in the adaxial epidermis of the cotyledons and leaves, and in the vascular cylinder of wild-type torpedo stage embryos. Confined in the central zone and the organizing center in the shoot apical meristem.
Interacts with REV (PubMed:18055602, PubMed:18408069). Interacts with ATBH-8, ATBH-9, ATB-14 and ATB-15 (PubMed:18408069).
No visible phenotype during the vegetative growth. Disrupted activities of the shoot apical meristem and/or axillary meristems after the transition to reproductive growth. Zpr3 and zpr4 double mutants exhibit homeotic transformation and ectopic meristem activity.
Up-regulated in response to increased HD-ZIPIII activity (PubMed:18055602). Up-regulated by ATHB-14 (PubMed:18408069). Up-regulated by REV (PubMed:22781836).
May act as an activator of the calcium-dependent activation of RBOHF that mediates reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and may play a role in cold responses.
Widely expressed. Highly expressed in influorescence stem, influorescence, and silique tissue. Weakly expressed in cauline and rosette leaves. Expressed at a higher level in stem and influorescence than AtKAO2/CYP88A4.
Belongs to the class-II aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family. Type 2 subfamily.
Catalyzes the specific attachment of an amino acid to its cognate tRNA in a 2 step reaction: the amino acid (AA) is first activated by ATP to form AA-AMP and then transferred to the acceptor end of the tRNA (By similarity). Involved in the perception of beta-aminobutyric acid (BABA) and required for BABA priming effect in disease resistance (PubMed:24776930).
Expressed in roots, shoots, rosette and cauline leaves, inflorescences, and siliques. In roots, expressed in vascular bundle, epidermis, the differential zone of the tips of root hairs, and the quiescent center and columella of root tips.
Interacts with cabbage leaf curl virus (CaLCuV) BC1 protein and tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) MP protein (PubMed:20133785). Interacts with ROSY1 (PubMed:27044028).
Phospholipid binding to the first C2 domain is calcium-dependent, but binding to the second C2 domain is calcium-independent.
Plays an important role in maintaining plasma membrane integrity during freezing and osmotic stresses. May function in membrane resealing during calcium-dependent freezing tolerance. May regulate endocytosis and endosome recycling at the plasma membrane and cell-to-cell trafficking of cabbage leaf curl virus (CaLCuV) and tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) movement proteins via plasmodesmata.
By hydrogen peroxide and infection with the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato strain DC3000.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants have enhanced disease susceptibility to the pathogens P.syringae DC3000 and Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis.
Plants over-expressing SBT3.3 show enhanced disease resistance and enhanced activation of MPK3, MPK4, MPK6, MPK11 and OXI1.
Serine protease that plays a role in the control of the establishment of immune priming and systemic induced resistance.
PP2A consists of a common heterodimeric core enzyme, composed of a 36 kDa catalytic subunit (subunit C) and a 65 kDa constant regulatory subunit (subunit A), that associates with a variety of regulatory subunits such as subunits B (the R2/B/PR55/B55, R3/B''/PR72/PR130/PR59 and R5/B'/B56 families) (By similarity). Interacts with B'THETA (PubMed:25489022). Interacts with SRK2E/OST1 (PubMed:26175513). Interacts with SIC/RON3 (PubMed:26888284).
The A subunit of protein phosphatase 2A serves as a scaffolding molecule to coordinate the assembly of the catalytic subunit and a variable regulatory B subunit. Involved during developmental process such as seedling and floral developments. Seems to act as a negative regulator of PP2A catalytic activity. Associates with the serine/threonine-protein phosphatase PP2A catalytic subunit C and regulatory subunit B' to positively regulates beta-oxidation of fatty acids and protoauxins in peroxisomes by dephosphorylating peroxisomal beta-oxidation-related proteins (PubMed:25489022).
Ubiquitous, with higher levels in roots and flowers (at protein level).
Plays an important role in non-photochemical quenching, a process maintains the balance between dissipation and utilization of light energy to minimize generation of oxidizing molecules, thereby protecting the plant against photo-oxidative damage. Is not necessary for efficient light harvesting and photosynthesis.
Expressed in roots, leaves and weakly in shoots. Restricted to the veins, to the central cylinder of the young roots and to the pericycle and the endodermis cells facing the meta-xylem tubes in older roots. Expressed in the vasculature of sepals, petals, anthers, stigma and siliques, but not in developing seeds or in meristematic zones.
Inhibition upon iron and zinc deficiency. Not regulated by copper. Subjected to diurnal regulation.
May be involved in the lateral transport of nicotianamine-chelated metals in the vasculature.
Belongs to the thioesterase PaaI family.
Involved in the photosynthetic reductive pentose phosphate pathway (Calvin-Benson cycle). Catalyzes the reduction of 1,3-diphosphoglycerate by NADPH (By similarity).
Tetramer of either four A chains (GAPDH 2) or two A and two B chains (GAPDH 1).
Reduced methylation of the C(5) position of cytosine 2268 (m5C2268) in 25S rRNA.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyltransferase that specifically methylates the C(5) position of cytosine 2268 (m5C2268) in 25S rRNA.
Catalyzes the condensation of (S)-aspartate-beta-semialdehyde [(S)-ASA] and pyruvate to 4-hydroxy-tetrahydrodipicolinate (HTPA).
Was originally thought to be a dihydrodipicolinate synthase (DHDPS), catalyzing the condensation of (S)-aspartate-beta-semialdehyde [(S)-ASA] and pyruvate to dihydrodipicolinate (DHDP). However, it was shown in E.coli that the product of the enzymatic reaction is not dihydrodipicolinate but in fact (4S)-4-hydroxy-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-(2S)-dipicolinic acid (HTPA), and that the consecutive dehydration reaction leading to DHDP is not spontaneous but catalyzed by DapB.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bS16 family.
Embryo lethal, arresting development at the transition from the globular to the heart stage of embryonic development.
Expressed in leaves, stems and flowers, and, to a lower extent, in roots.
The chloroplast also encodes a gene for bS16c that is transcribed (AtCg00050).
Becomes detectable 60 hours after imbibition of the seeds and remains constant up to 101 hours after imbibition.
Belongs to the pyridoxine kinase family.
Both long and short transcripts are down-regulated in roots but not in shoots by NaCl and abscisic acid treatment (PubMed:11910005). Under cold stress, the expression of the short transcript is increased while the long one becomes undetectable (PubMed:11910005).
Catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to the 5-hydroxylmethyl group of pyridoxal to form the biologically active pyridoxal phosphate, an active form of vitamin B6 (PubMed:12068103, PubMed:12244454). Required for Na(+) and K(+) homeostasis and for salt tolerance (PubMed:11910005). Involved in root hair development, both for initiation and tip growth (PubMed:12068103).
Defective pyridoxal kinase results in both salt hypersensitive and root hairless phenotypes (PubMed:11910005, PubMed:12068103). Hypersensitivity to Na(+), K(+) and Li(+) ions (PubMed:11910005). Increased accumulation of Na(+) ions but reduced K(+) retaining under NaCl stress (PubMed:11910005).
Divalent metal cations. Zn(2+) >> Co(2+) > Mg(2+) > Mn(2+) > Ca(2+).
Expressed ubiquitously in leaves, stems, roots, flowers and siliques (PubMed:12244454). Present in root hairs and other tip-growing cells such as papillar cells on the top of stigma (PubMed:12068103).
Binds to EIF4A1 (PubMed:29084871). The association with ribosomes is modulated by cellular energy status and TOR activity (PubMed:29084871).
Increased susceptibility to dark and starvation, and to treatment with the TOR inhibitor (PubMed:29084871). Decreased translation activity associated with altered ribosome patterns, especially in the dark and starvation conditions, in which mRNAs distribution is altered and rRNA abnormally degraded (PubMed:29084871). Slightly early flowering time under long-day conditions (PubMed:29084871).
Involved in target of rapamycin (TOR)-regulated translation control, especially under energy-deficient conditions.
Mostly expressed in reproductive tissues, such as flower buds and flowers, and, to a lower extent, in vegetative tissues, such as leaves, roots and stems.
Altered nuclear morphology. Plants lacking both CRWN1 and CRWN3 exhibit markedly smaller rosettes. Plants lacking CRWN1, CRWN3 and CRWN4 are extremely stunted and set few seed.
Component of SUN-protein-containing multivariate complexes also called LINC complexes which link the nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton by providing versatile outer nuclear membrane attachment sites for cytoskeletal filaments (By similarity). Required for nucleus structure organization (e.g. size and shape) (PubMed:24308514, PubMed:23396599).
Core component of the LINC complex which is composed of inner nuclear membrane SUN domain-containing proteins coupled to outer nuclear membrane WIP proteins, the nucleoskeletal CRWN/LINC proteins, and, possibly, KAKU4.
Expressed at low levels in roots, leaves, flowers and flower stalks.
Could be the product of a pseudogene. In strain cv. Columbia, a stop codon at position 117 and a naturally occurring frameshift at position 846 result in a truncated LOV1 protein. A complete sequence for LOV1 can be found in strain cv. Cl-0 (AC A7XGN8).
Repressed by silencing mediated by polycomb group (PcG) protein complex containing EMF1 and EMF2.
Binds and inhibits CYCD2-1/CDKA-1 complex kinase activity. May target specifically CDKA-1.
Expressed in flowers, in developing pollen, and at lower levels in roots and leaves.
Present in uninucleate microspore and bicellular pollen.
Specifically interacts with CDKA-1, but not with CDKB1-1. Interacts with CYCD4-1. Binds to FBL17.
Ubiquitinated by SCF(FBL17). Ubiquitination leads to its subsequent degradation, thus controlling cell cycle progression.
Essential for the formation of class I meiotic crossovers.
Highest levels in young buds, where male meiosis occurs. Also present at low levels in plantlets, leaves, flowers, and roots.
Reduction in the number of class I crossovers (COs) during meiosis (PubMed:18812090, PubMed:21771883). Impaired fertility due to altered male and female meiosis (PubMed:18812090).
Plants overexpressing PLIP1 exhibit stunted growth and accumulate anthocyanin under normal growth conditions.
Reduced levels of oil seeds and delay in seed germination.
Sn-1-specific phospholipase A1 involved in seed oil biosynthesis. Hydrolyzes polyunsaturated acyl groups from a unique chloroplast-specific phosphatidylglycerol (PG) that contains 16:1 delta 3-trans as its second acyl group. The polyunsaturated acyl groups released by PLIP1 are exported from the chloroplast, reincorporated into phosphatidylcholine (PC), and ultimately enter seed triacylglycerol (TAG). In vitro, possesses broad substrate specificity. Can hydrolyze the galactolipid monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG), and the phoshpolipids phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidic acid (PA), phosphatidylserine (PS) phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and phosphatidylinositol (PI).
In roots, mostly expressed in the stele and young epidermis cells and, to a weaker extent, in endodermis, cortex and differentiated columella cells.
Insensitivity to root growth regulation by root CLE peptides (e.g. CLE8, CLE9/CLE10, CLE11, CLE13, CLE14, CLE16, CLE17, CLE18, CLE20, CLE21, CLE25, CLE26, CLE40, CLE41/CLE44 and CLE45) (PubMed:28607033). Impaired interaction with CRN (PubMed:27229734). Stem cell proliferation leading to enlarged shoot and flower meristems, as well as alterations in the development of the gynoecia, flower pedicels, and stamens. Reduced sensitivity to CLV3, CLE19 and CLE40 peptides. Ectopic fruit organ initiation after floral meristem termination (PubMed:21705761). Enhanced resistance to nematode infection (PubMed:21265896). Enhanced disease resistance response to the bacterial pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum and to the biotrophic oomycete pathogen Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis (PubMed:26990325).
Involved in the perception of CLV3 and CLV3-like (CLE) peptides, that act as extracellular signals regulating meristems maintenance. Required for the sensing of the root CLE peptides (e.g. CLE8, CLE9/CLE10, CLE11, CLE13, CLE14, CLE16, CLE17, CLE18, CLE20, CLE21, CLE25, CLE26, CLE40, CLE41/CLE44 and CLE45), which involves also CRN and leads to root growth regulation, mostly in the phloem and protophloem (PubMed:28607033). Involved in controlling the stem cell population size in shoot and root apical meristems, and during organ development. Promotes the formation of CLV1 multimers. In complex with CRN, perceives secreted CLV3-like effector proteins from plant-parasitic cyst nematodes as ligand mimics of the plant CLE signaling pathway (PubMed:21265896, PubMed:21750229). This recognition is required for proper feeding structure (syncytium) development and ultimately successful nematode infection (PubMed:21265896, PubMed:21750229). CLE14 perception by CLV2/CRN complex triggers root meristem differentiation (PubMed:20697738, PubMed:28586647).
Mostly expressed in apices (e.g. shoot apical meristem and flower buds), and, to a lower extent, in flowers, leaves, seedlings and siliques. Also expressed in the inner tissues of the proximal root meristem (PubMed:21265896). Expressed throughout the vascular cylinder of root tips (PubMed:28607033).
Parts of a tetrameric complex made of two CLV2/CRN heterodimers that can interact with CLV3 and CLE peptides. CLV2/CRN heterodimer interacts with CLV1 homodimers. Interacts with CRN; this dimer can interact with BAM3 (PubMed:28607033, PubMed:27229734). Interacts with CLE14 (PubMed:28586647).
Atypical and probable non DNA-binding bHLH transcription factor that regulates light-mediated responses in day light conditions by binding and inhibiting the activity of the bHLH transcription factor HFR1, a critical regulator of light signaling and shade avoidance. Forms non-functional heterodimers with HFR1, causing liberation and activation of PIF4 from the transcriptionally inactive HFR1-PIF4 complex.
Circadian regulation with a peak of expression at midday.
Gain-of-function mutants kdr-D (T-DNA tagging) show long hypocotyls, pale green and slightly narrow leaves, elongated petioles and early flowering. They are not sensitive to the gibberellin inhibitor paclobutrazol during seed germination (PubMed:16786307).
Heterooligomeric complex of about 850 to 900 kDa that forms two stacked rings, 12 to 16 nm in diameter (PubMed:11599560). Interacts with KNAT1 (PubMed:21868675).
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL20 family.
Has been suggested to be a pseudogene, RNA seq evidence shows this is transcribed.
Expressed in a cell cycle-dependent manner. Not detected at the G1/S transition, but increases during the progression into S phase and peaks after the passage into G2.
Expressed in meristematic areas, vascular tissues, apical part of the roots, cotyledons, upper region of the hypocotyls, trichomes, young flower buds and pollen grains.
Heterodimer with DP proteins. Interacts preferentially with DPB, but also with DPA. No interaction with DPB when phosphorylated. Interacts with SKP2A, CDKA-1 and maize retinoblastoma-related protein RBR1. Component of a DREAM-like complex which modulates a variety of developmentally regulated genes and of the mitotic genes in proliferating and differentiated cells. Interacts with MYB3R3 at later stages of leaves development (PubMed:26069325).
Involved in transcriptional repression. May act by repressing E2F-regulated genes in mature differentiated cells, but is not an antagonist of E2FA. Restricts cell division and is involved in the coordination between cell proliferation and endoreduplication during development. May play a role during the transition from skotomorphogenesis to photomorphogenesis. Regulated by phosphorylation-dependent proteolysis via the protein-ubiquitin ligase SCF(SKP2A) complex.
Phosphorylated by cyclin-dependent kinase. Phosphorylation is necessary to target E2FC for proteolysis.
The N-terminal region (1-100) is important for both SKP2A binding and ubiquitin-mediated degradation.
By cold stress, abscisic acid (ABA) and water stress.
Cv. Adb-0, cv. Ag-0, cv. Ang-0, cv. Bla-10, cv. Bs-1, cv. Bur-0, cv. Cal-0, cv. Cnt-1, cv. Columbia, cv. Di-1, cv. Edi-0, cv. Ei-2, cv. Ema-1, cv. Et-0, cv. Ge-0, cv. Lc-0, cv. Lo-2, cv. Mir-0, cv. Mrk-0, cv. Mt-0, cv. Pog-0, cv. Rd-0, cv. Rou-0, cv. Sf-1, cv. Tac-0, cv. Wei-0 and cv. Yo-0 contain a leaf- and seed-functional allele. Cv. Di-0, cv. Kas-1, cv. Lip-0, cv. Landsberg erecta, cv. Sha, cv. Sorbo, cv. Tsu-1 and cv. Wassilewskija contain a seed-only-functional allele. Cv. Cvi-0, cv. Hodja-Obi-Garm and cv. Kon contain a null allele. The null allele in cv. Cvi-0 is produced by 5 amino acid substitutions while the one in cv. Kon or cv. Hodja-Obi-Garm is produced by a substitution generating a stop codon at position 132.
Expressed in leaves and seeds. All cultivars with seed-only-functional allele have low to non-detectable GSL-OH expression in the leaves.
Necessary for the hydroxylation of but-3-enyl glucosinolate to 2-hydroxybut-3-enyl glucosinolate, which is toxic to insects, bacteria and nematodes, inhibits seed germination and produces bitter flavors.
Plants exhibit a complete absence of 2-hydroxybut-3-enyl glucosinolate accumulation and a decreased resistance to generalist herbivory.
Expressed in roots, inflorescence stems, flower buds and flowers. Low amount in rosette and cauline leaves.
May be involved in an oxidative stress-mediated signaling cascade that phosphorylates downstream MAP kinases MPK3 and MPK6. May suppress auxin signaling that promotes cell cycle. Functionally redundant to ANP2 and ANP3 in the positive regulation of cytokinesis.
The protein kinase activity of isoform 1S is higher than that of isoform 1L.
Acts as a transcriptional repressor. An histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity is required for transcription repression. May play a role in telomere stability.
Interacts (via PAH3) with ALY2. Interacts (via PAH2) with TBP1. Interacts with ALY3, GATA21, TRP2, TKI1, VAL1, SKP1B, FBX5 and PUB14.
Functions as soluble gibberellin (GA) receptor. GA is an essential hormone that regulates growth and development in plants. Binds with high affinity the biologically active gibberellin GA4, but has no affinity for the biologically inactive GAs. In response to GA, interacts with specific DELLA proteins, known as repressors of GA-induced growth, and targets them for degradation via proteasome. Seems to be required for GA signaling that controls root growth, seed germination and flower development. May function as a dominant GA receptor at low GA concentrations in germination. Partially redundant with GID1A and GID1C.
Interacts with the DELLA proteins GAI, RGA, RGL1, RGL2 and RGL3 in a GA-dependent manner.
Induced by ionizing irradiation and treatment with a cross-linking reagent, cisplatin.
May be involved in the homologous recombination repair (HRR) pathway of double-stranded DNA breaks arising during DNA replication or induced by DNA-damaging agents.
Preferentially expressed in flower buds and roots.
Small GTPase required for proper nuclear import of RNA polymerase II and III (RNAPII and RNAPIII). May act at an RNAP assembly step prior to nuclear import.
May be involved in the O-acetylation of mannan (PubMed:22086088). May act as a bridging protein that binds pectin and other cell wall polysaccharides. Probably involved in maintaining esterification of pectins (By similarity).
Catalyzes the cleavage of 5-oxo-L-proline to form L-glutamate coupled to the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and inorganic phosphate. Acts in the glutathione degradation pathway.
No morphological phenotype, but high accumulation of 5-oxoproline and decreased concentration of glutamate.
Catalyzes the synthesis of activated sulfate. Essential for plant reproduction and viability. Required for the production of glucosinolates.
Expressed in root vasculature, root tips, leaf epidermal cells and funiculus of developing seeds.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions. Apk1 and apk2 double mutant exhibits a semi-dwarf phenotype.
Involved in transport of proteins from the cis/medial-Golgi to the trans-Golgi network.
Expressed in roots, stems, leaves and flowers.
Expressed exclusively in mature flowers, but not in inmmature buds.
Involved in monoterpene (C10) biosynthesis. The major products are alpha- and beta-pinene, sabinene, beta-myrcene, (E)-beta-ocimene and limonene.
High-affinity magnesium transporter that mediates the influx of magnesium. Involved in tolerance to Aluminum.
By dark-induced senescence. Induced by infection with an avirulent strain of the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonase syringae pv. tomato DC3000.
Delayed germination and decreased germination rate.
Expressed in developing siliques 13 to 15 days after pollination (DAP). In germinating seeds, expressed from 12 to 48 hours after imbibition with a peak of expression at 24 hours.
Expressed in root tips, root vasculature, emerging lateral root, hydathodes, vascular tissue of leaves, vasculature of sepals and anthers, stigma, and vascular bundles at the base and the upper part of the siliques.
Inhibited by the cathepsin B inhibitors Ac-LVK-CHO, CA-074 and Z-FA-FMK, and the caspase-3 inhibitor Z-DEVD-CHO.
Thiol protease that possesses high activity toward the cathepsin synthetic substrate Arg-Arg-7-amino-4-methylcoumarin (RR-AMC) and the papain substrate Gly-Arg-Arg-AMC (GRR-AMC). Can cleave the papain substrate Phe-Arg-AMC (FR-AMC) and the caspase-3 substrate Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-rhodamine 110 (DEVD-R110). Has no activity towards the caspase-6 substrate VEID-AMC, caspase-8 substrate IETD-AMC and caspase-1 substrate YVAD-AMC (PubMed:27058316). Plays a central role in plant programmed cell death (PCD). In addition to its role in protein degradation, may cleave and/or degrade a number of target proteins, activating signaling towards PCD. Contributes to the increase of caspase-3-like activity after UV-C-induced PCD and is required for abiotic stress-induced PCD (PubMed:27058316). Functions redundantly with CATHB1 and CATHB2 in basal defense and distinct forms of plant programmed cell death (PCD). Participates in the establishment of basal resistance against the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonase syringae pv. tomato DC3000. Required for full levels of PCD during resistance (R) gene-mediated hypersensitive response (HR). Involved in the regulation of senescence, a developmental form of PCD in plants (PubMed:19453434). May be involved in the degradation of seed storage proteins during seed germination (PubMed:24600022).
Acts as component of the THO subcomplex of the TREX complex which is thought to couple mRNA transcription, processing and nuclear export. Contributes to the integrity of the endogenous trans-acting small interfering RNA (ta-siRNA) pathway. May process or transport a long RNA molecule so that it can be a template for secondary siRNA production. May participate in the trafficking of siRNA precursors to the ARGONAUTE catalytic center. Required for the generation of functional messenger ribonucleoproteins (mRNPs).
Developmental defects as well as reduced levels of endogenous trans-acting small interfering RNA (ta-siRNA).
Aberrant trichome branching with an increase in number of spikes (PubMed:29643069, PubMed:29716990). The double mutant plants ect2 and ect3 exhibit delayed timing of leaf formation and altered leaf morphology (PubMed:29643069).
Expressed in the shoot apex, at the sites of leaf formation, and in emerging leaves (PubMed:29643069). Highly expressed in rapidly developing tissues (PubMed:29716990).
Specifically recognizes and binds N6-methyladenosine (m6A)-containing RNAs, and regulates mRNA stability (Probable) (PubMed:29716990, PubMed:29618631). M6A is a modification present at internal sites of mRNAs and some non-coding RNAs and plays a role in mRNA stability and processing (Probable) (PubMed:29716990, PubMed:29618631). Binds preferentially in the 3'UTRs of target genes (PubMed:29716990). May play dual roles in regulating 3'UTR processing in the nucleus and facilitating mRNA stability in the cytoplasm (PubMed:29716990). Required for the correct timing of leaf formation and normal leaf morphology (PubMed:29643069). Functions redundantly with ECT3 (PubMed:29643069). Required for proper trichome branching and morphology (PubMed:29643069, PubMed:29716990, PubMed:29618631). Controls trichome morphology by binding transcripts related to trichome morphogenesis and affecting their stability (PubMed:29716990, PubMed:29618631).
Binds the poly(A) tail of mRNA. Appears to be an important mediator of the multiple roles of the poly(A) tail in mRNA biogenesis, stability and translation (By similarity). During infection with potyvirus TuMV, acts as a potential integral component of the viral replicase complex that could play an important role in the regulation of potyviral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) (By similarity).
Interacts with ERD15/CID1. Interacts with Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) VPg-Pro.
Pab2 and pab4 double mutants show significant growth and development defects and more resistance to Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV).
Phosphoinositide phosphatase that preferentially hydrolyzes PtdIns(4)P. Regulates the accumulation of PtdIns(4)P on membrane compartments at the tips of growing root hairs leading to proper root hair development.
Short, bulged and branched root hairs. Accumulates elevated levels of PtdIns(4)P in roots.
Belongs to the carotenoid/retinoid oxidoreductase family.
Converts phytoene into zeta-carotene via the intermediary of phytofluene by the symmetrical introduction of two double bonds at the C-11 and C-11' positions of phytoene with a concomitant isomerization of two neighboring double bonds at the C9 and C9' positions from trans to cis.
Electroneutral K(+)/H(+) efflux antiporter involved in K(+) homeostasis and osmotic adjustment (PubMed:24278440, PubMed:31296940, PubMed:30309966, PubMed:30255504). Together with KEA4 and KEA5, promotes growth and development, and facilitates endosomal pH and ions homeostasis, as well as salt tolerance (e.g. K(+), NaCl and LiCl), probably by supporting cell wall biosynthesis during rapid etiolated seedling growth (PubMed:30309966, PubMed:30255504).
Expressed in roots, stems, leaves, flowers and silique.
In roots, expressed in all cell types, including root hairs (PubMed:30309966). Also observed in the vascular bundles and tips of cotyledons, the base of true leaves, the ovarian stigma and pollen grains within the anthers, and the tip and base of the siliques (PubMed:30309966).
No visible phenotype (PubMed:30309966, PubMed:30255504). The triple mutant kea4 kea5 kea6 is compromised in cell wall biosynthesis and has small rosettes, short seedlings, and is sensitive to low potassium K(+) availability and to high salinity (e.g. K(+), NaCl and LiCl); it also exhibits a reduced luminal pH in the Golgi, trans-Golgi network, prevacuolar compartment and vacuole (PubMed:30309966, PubMed:30255504). These phenotypes are partially suppressed by the cell wall-derived pectin homogalacturonan trigalacturonic GalA(3) in the dark but not in light conditions (PubMed:30255504).
Activated by the presence of mitochondrial RNA.
Belongs to the DExH box helicase family.
Homodimer; in free form. Component of the mitochondrial degradosome (mtEXO) complex which is a heteropentamer containing 2 copies of SUPV3L1 and 3 copies of PNPT1.
Major helicase player in mitochondrial RNA metabolism. Component of the mitochondrial degradosome (mtEXO) complex, that degrades 3' overhang double-stranded RNA with a 3'-to-5' directionality in an ATP-dependent manner. ATPase and ATP-dependent multisubstrate helicase, able to unwind double-stranded (ds) DNA and RNA, and RNA/DNA heteroduplexes in the 5'-to-3' direction. Plays a role in the RNA surveillance system in mitochondria; regulates the stability of mature mRNAs, the removal of aberrantly formed mRNAs and the rapid degradation of non coding processing intermediates (By similarity). Required during pollen development (PubMed:19237690).
Variant nuclear number and positions (PubMed:15634699). Pollen development defective (PubMed:19237690).
By wounding and transition from dark to light.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class TrmE-Era-EngA-EngB-Septin-like GTPase superfamily. AIG1/Toc34/Toc159-like paraseptin GTPase family. TOC34 subfamily.
GTPase involved in protein precursor import into chloroplasts. Seems to recognize chloroplast-destined precursor proteins and regulate their presentation to the translocation channel through GTP hydrolysis.
GTPase involved in protein precursor import into chloroplasts. Seems to recognize chloroplast-destined precursor proteins and regulate their presentation to the translocation channel through GTP hydrolysis. Binds GTP, GDP, XTP, but not ATP. Probably specialized in the import of nuclear encoded photosynthetic preproteins from the cytoplasm to the chloroplast, especially during early development stages.
Homodimer, heterodimer with TOC34 and TOC159, and monomer. The homodimerization and the dimerization with TOC159 require the binding of GTP on Arg-130, and a hypothetical coGAP factor. The dimeric form has a higher GTPase activity than the monomeric form. Part of the TOC core complex that includes 1 protein for the specific recognition of transit peptides surrounded by a ring composed of four proteins forming translocation channels, and four to five GTP-binding proteins providing energy. This core complex can interact with components of the TIC complex to form a larger import complex. Chloroplastic protein precursor such as prSS (precursor of the RuBisCO small subunit) interacts with these complexes. The TOC complex contains a specific subset of polar lipids such as digalactosyldiacylglyceride (DGDG), phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylglycerol (PG). Interacts at least with TOC75-3. Forms large complexes including TOC33, pPORA and OEP161 during pPORA import into plastids at the plastid envelope membrane (PubMed:10998188, PubMed:12473690, PubMed:12951325, PubMed:15773849, PubMed:17337454, PubMed:18400179, PubMed:18541539). Interacts with SP1 (PubMed:23118188).
Mostly expressed in photosynthetic tissues undergoing rapid growth. Observed in cotyledons and vascular tissues of hypocotyls of young seedling. In roots, restricted to apical and lateral meristems, and vascular bundles. In stems, mostly detected in the upper part. Expressed in young and middle-aged leaves. In flowers, confined to sepals.
Mostly expressed in seedlings and flowers, and, to a lower extent, in roots, stems, and leaves.
Phosphorylated by a kinase present in the outer envelope of chloroplast. When Ser-181 is phosphorylated, the binding to preprotein, GTP and GDP is inhibited, and thus, GTPase activity is repressed.
Plants exhibits a pale yellowish phenotype.
Up-regulated by CIA2 in leaves. Induced in light but repressed in darkness.
Over-expression of SRF6 induces no obvious phenotypes.
Inhibitor of protein-phosphatase 1 (PP1). Binds to and inhibits PP1 activity.
Interacts with human protein phosphatase PPP1C.
Aborted seed development (PubMed:22991160). Embryos arrested at the globular to heart stage transition and defective endosperm development with multi-nucleolated endosperm cells (PubMed:22991160).
Also present in cotyledons, hypocotyls, stems, veins of sepals and stigmas, and actively dividing tissues such as shoot apical meristem, root tips and emerging true leaves (PubMed:22991160). Weak expression in petals and anthers, and not detected in mature leaves (PubMed:22991160). In seeds, expressed in both the endosperm and embryo (PubMed:22991160).
At least nine differentially spliced transcript isoforms are produced (Probable). Full-length isoforms, but not the truncated ones lacking the C-terminal domain, are able to rescue disruption mutants (PubMed:22991160) (Probable).
Key regulator for endosperm and embryo nuclear divisions.
The C-terminus is essential for the function of the protein and it contains two conserved motifs (289-300) and (365-389) of unknown function present in orthologous proteins from various eukaryotes.
Plants lacking both MBS1 and MBS2 exhibit premature leaf senescence.
Required for acclimation to reactive oxygen species (ROS) responses downstream of beta-cyclocitral, including singlet oxygen 1O(2) detoxification reactions, especially upon light-mediated photooxidative stress, and leading to programmed cell death (By similarity). Prevents leaf senescence (PubMed:24151292).
Component of the endosomal sorting required for transport complex III (ESCRT-III), composed at least of VPS2, VPS20, VPS24 and VPS32 (By similarity). Interacts with CHMP1A, CHMP1B and VPS60-1 (PubMed:22010978).
Predominantly expressed in root tissues.
Shows reduced levels of Agrobacterium-mediated root transformation.
Up-regulated after Agrobacterium infection.
Accumulates progressively in maturating seeds to reach a peak in dry seeds (PubMed:23708772). Expressed upon seed imbibition (PubMed:23708772).
Expressed in fruits, flowers, leaves, stems, seedlings and roots.
Homodimer (PubMed:24982198). Interacts with ADO1 and PKS4. Stabilized by interactions with PAPP5 and FYPP3 which are enhanced in the phosphorylated Pfr form. Interacts with VOZ1 and VOZ2 (PubMed:11260718, PubMed:12468726, PubMed:15707897, PubMed:18390804, PubMed:22904146). Binds, via its photosensory domain, to PTAC12/HMR/PAP5 when photoactivated; this interaction stimulates its localization to photobodies (PubMed:22895253). Interacts with CRY1 specifically when in the dark/far-red (Pr) state, but not when red light-activated (Pfr) (PubMed:22577138). Interacts with PIF4 and PIF5 in response to low blue light (LBL) (PubMed:26724867). Component of a red light-dependent nuclear complex made of PHL, PHYB and CO. Interacts directly with PHL (PubMed:24127609). Binds to UNE10/PIF8 when red light-activated (Pfr) (PubMed:31732705).
Inactivation is proportional to temperature in the dark.
Reduced temperature responses in light (PubMed:30635559). In oop1, defects in circadian timing with altered phase; early timing of the peak (acrophase) of multiple circadian rhythms such as leaf movement, CO(2) assimilation and light-induced gene expression. Strong photoperception defect in red light leading to long hypocotyls; this phenotype is increased when blue lights are combined to red lights. Increased sensitivity to SO(2). Elongated internodes before the transition to flowering when grown in short day conditions.
Regulatory photoreceptor which exists in two forms that are reversibly interconvertible by light: the Pr form that absorbs maximally in the red region of the spectrum and the Pfr form that absorbs maximally in the far-red region. Photoconversion of Pr to Pfr induces an array of morphogenetic responses, whereas reconversion of Pfr to Pr cancels the induction of those responses. Pfr controls the expression of a number of nuclear genes including those encoding the small subunit of ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase, chlorophyll A/B binding protein, protochlorophyllide reductase, rRNA, etc. It also controls the expression of its own gene(s) in a negative feedback fashion. Involved in the flowering time regulation. Involved in light-regulated circadian phase control that triggers stomatal aperture, stomatal conductance, and CO(2) assimilation. Implicated in red light perception, and, to a lower extent, in blue light signaling (PubMed:12177480). Controls thermomorphogenesis in the daytime and regulates temperature responses by associating with the promoters of key target genes in a temperature-dependent manner and subsequently repressing their expression in a PIF4-dependent manner (temperature-responsive transcriptional regulator); this process requires PTAC12/HMR/PAP5 (transcriptional activator) (PubMed:27789797, PubMed:30635559). Thermal timer that integrates temperature information over the course of the night (PubMed:27789797). Detabilizes UNE10/PIF8 in red light (PubMed:31732705).
Arginine methyltransferase that can both catalyze the formation of omega-N monomethylarginine (MMA) and asymmetrical dimethylarginine (aDMA).
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. Protein arginine N-methyltransferase family. PRMT6 subfamily.
Expressed in seedlings, leaves, stems and inflorescences. Detected in siliques.
SEQ4 or SEQ5 are unable to complement seq1 mutants.
Has no transcriptional activation activity.
Early induced by salicylic acid (SA) treatment.
There are 3 contiguous domains conserved in the CDPK subfamily: a kinase domain, an autoinhibitory (junction) domain and a calmodulin-like domain. The autoinhibitory domain (295-325) inactivates kinase activity under calcium-free conditions (By similarity).
Mitochondrial inner membrane calcium uniporter that mediates calcium uptake into mitochondria. Constitutes a pore-forming and calcium-conducting subunit. Mitochondrial calcium homeostasis plays key roles in cellular physiology and regulates cell bioenergetics, cytoplasmic calcium signals and activation of cell death pathways.
Interacts with PRA1B1, PRA1B2, PRA1B4, PRA1B5, PRA1B6 and PRA1E.
Interacts with G6PD1 and G6PD4 (PubMed:21309870). Interacts with PGL3 (PubMed:24008768).
Thiol-disulfide oxidoreductase that may participate in various redox reactions. May activate NADP-malate dehydrogenase.
Activated by hyperosmotic shock after mannitol or NaCl treatment (PubMed:24503647). Activated by mechanical pressure (PubMed:30382939).
Acts as an osmosensitive calcium-permeable cation channel (PubMed:24503647, PubMed:30382939). Specifically conducts cations including Ca(2+), K(+) and Na(+) in vitro. Inactivation or closure of the channel is calcium-dependent (PubMed:24503647). Mechanosensitive ion channel that converts mechanical stimuli into a flow of ions (PubMed:30382939).
Expressed in leaves and in some parts of the flowers, mainly in the sepals.
Modulates the competence to flowering of apical meristems.
Overexpression of FLP2 results in shortening of the time to flowering.
Binds to LUG and LUH; these complexes promote adaxial cell identity in leaves as well as embryonic shoot apical meristem (SAM) initiation and postembryonic SAM maintenance. Interacts with SPL/NZZ and SPEAR2 (PubMed:25527103).
Promotes adaxial cell identity. Regulates the initiation of embryonic shoot apical meristem (SAM) development.
Belongs to the AB hydrolase superfamily.
Hydrolase involved in tocopherol (vitamin E) biosynthesis (PubMed:35639691). Releases prenyl alcohols from chlorophyll biosynthetic intermediates, which are then converted to the corresponding diphosphates for tocopherol biosynthesis (PubMed:35639691). Provides most of the phytol from chlorophyll for tocopherol biosynthesis in seeds (PubMed:35639691).
Stong decrease of tocopherol (vitamin E) content in seeds.
Belongs to the prokaryotic/mitochondrial release factor family.
Methylation increases the termination efficiency of RF1.
Mostly expressed in seedlings, stems and adult plants, and, to a lower extent, in siliques (PubMed:17450416). Barely detected in etiolated seedlings and roots (PubMed:17450416).
Peptide chain release factor 1 directs the termination of translation in response to the peptide chain termination codons UAG and UAA in mitochondria.
Belongs to the heat shock protein 90 family.
During embryogenesis, highly expressed at 4 days post anthesis.
Embryonic lethality due to embryo development arrest at the heart stage.
Expressed in roots, cotyledons, young leaves, mature leaves, stems, flowers, petals and siliques.
Homodimer (PubMed:25216779). Interacts with VIPP1 (PubMed:23875936). Interacts with P23-1 (PubMed:20493581).
Molecular chaperone required for chloroplast biogenesis (PubMed:12943545, PubMed:25216779). Essential for chloroplast biogenesis and maintenance, and thus for embryogenesis (PubMed:23875936, PubMed:23382192). May be involved in the disassembly of VIPP1 for thylakoid membrane formation and/or maintenance (PubMed:23875936). Cooperates with TIC components and other molecular chaperones to drive transport of preproteins into chloroplasts and functions in the chloroplast stroma to facilitate membrane translocation during protein import into the organelle (PubMed:23382192).
Plants over-expressing HSP90.7 show albino and stunted leaves.
Although strongly related to the NB-LRR family, it is shorter and lacks the LRR repeats that are present in other proteins of the family.
Asparagine-specific endopeptidase that may be involved in processing of proteins targeted to vacuoles (By similarity). Probably involved in post-translational proteolysis of seed storage proteins in the protein storage vacuole of developing seeds (PubMed:12417707, PubMed:14688293). Exhibits a caspase-1-like activity in extracellular granules. At the early stage of seed development, required for the formation of the seed coat, by regulating cell death of specific cell layers in inner integument (PubMed:15705955).
No macroscopic phenotype, probably due to functional redundancy (PubMed:12417707, PubMed:14688293). In plants lacking all vacuolar-processing enzyme isozymes (e.g. alpha, beta, gamma and delta) shift of storage protein accumulation from normally processed polypeptides to a finite number of prominent alternatively processed polypeptides cleaved at sites other than the conserved Asn residues targeted by VPE (PubMed:14688293). Delayed cell death of the two layers of the seed coat (PubMed:15705955).
Seed specific. Restricted to developing seeds at 7 days after anthesis, and, at lower levels, detected in flowers (PubMed:12417707, PubMed:14688293). Detected in siliques, specifically in seed coats (at protein level) (PubMed:15705955).
Specifically and transiently expressed in two cell layers of the seed coat (ii2 and ii3) at an early stage of seed development (at protein level).
Strongly inhibited by biotin-YVAD-fmk (a caspase-1 inhibitor) and by Ac-DEVD-fmk.
Binds 1 zinc ion per subunit. Not sensitive to EDTA and not significantly stimulated by cations such as Ca(2+), Co(2+), Mn(2+), Ni(2+) or Zn(2+) (PubMed:16460512).
Catalyzes the first committed step in the biosynthesis of complex N-glycans. It controls conversion of high mannose to complex N-glycans; the final hydrolytic step in the N-glycan maturation pathway. Converts GlcNAcMan(5)GlcNAc(2) (Man5Gn) into GlcNAcMan(3)GlcNAc(2) (MGn) by sequential removal of two alpha1,6- and alpha1,3-linked mannose residues from the alpha1,6-mannose branch of the substrate. To a lesser extent, also able to cleave beta1,2-xylosylated Man5Gn-glycopeptide (Man5GnX-GP) and pyridylaminated substrates Man5Gn-PA and Man5GnX-PA, but not active toward Man5-glycopeptide (PubMed:16460512, PubMed:21478158). Required for resistance to salt stress (PubMed:18408158).
Homodimer; disulfide-linked (By similarity). Interacts with GALT1 (PubMed:23400704).
Inhibited by 1 mM Cu(2+) and by the class II alpha-mannosidase inhibitor swainsonine.
Predominant presence of unprocessed hybrid N-glycans (PubMed:16460512). Reduced levels of glycoprotein N-glycans (PubMed:21478158). Increased sensitivity to salt stress (PubMed:18408158).
Interacts via its C-terminal region with AKR2A and AKR2B.
The transmembrane plays critical roles in migration to the peroxisome and/or subsequent insertion into the membrane.
Belongs to the actin family. ARP4 subfamily.
Heterohexamer; composed of 3 copies of TIM8 and 3 copies of TIM13, named soluble 70 kDa complex. Associates with the TIM22 complex, whose core is composed of TIM22 (By similarity).
Mitochondrial intermembrane chaperone that participates in the import and insertion of some multi-pass transmembrane proteins into the mitochondrial inner membrane. Also required for the transfer of beta-barrel precursors from the TOM complex to the sorting and assembly machinery (SAM complex) of the outer membrane. Acts as a chaperone-like protein that protects the hydrophobic precursors from aggregation and guide them through the mitochondrial intermembrane space.
Mitochondrial intermembrane chaperone that participates in the import and insertion of some multi-pass transmembrane proteins into the mitochondrial inner membrane. Also required for the transfer of beta-barrel precursors from the TOM complex to the sorting and assembly machinery (SAM complex) of the outer membrane. Acts as a chaperone-like protein that protects the hydrophobic precursors from aggregation and guide them through the mitochondrial intermembrane space. The TIM8-TIM13 complex mediates the import of some proteins while the predominant TIM9-TIM10 70 kDa complex mediates the import of much more proteins (By similarity).
The twin CX3C motif contains 4 conserved Cys residues that form 2 disulfide bonds in the mitochondrial intermembrane space.
The twin CX3C motif contains 4 conserved Cys residues that form 2 disulfide bonds in the mitochondrial intermembrane space. However, during the transit of TIM13 from cytoplasm into mitochondrion, the Cys residues probably coordinate zinc, thereby preventing folding and allowing its transfer across mitochondrial outer membrane (By similarity).
Predominantly expressed in flowers and at a lower level in roots and siliques.
By abscisic acid, dehydration and rehydration.
Involved in the oxidative degradation of abscisic acid, but not in the isomerization of the produced 8'-hydroxyabscisic acid (8'-OH-ABA) to (-)-phaseic acid (PA).
Mainly expressed in flowers. Lower expression in siliques, rosette leaves, roots and stems. Not expressed in dry seeds. Expressed in silique envelopes, but not in embryo or endosperm during the seed development.
Aquaporins facilitate the transport of water and small neutral solutes across cell membranes. Transports urea in yeast cells in a pH-independent manner.
Belongs to the MIP/aquaporin (TC 1.A.8) family. TIP (TC 1.A.8.10) subfamily.
Starts to be expressed in seedlings from 2 days ays after germination.
There are six genes coding for alpha-tubulin.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family. CK2 subfamily.
Casein kinases are operationally defined by their preferential utilization of acidic proteins such as caseins as substrates (By similarity). The alpha chain contains the catalytic site. The tetrameric holoenzyme CK2, composed of two alpha and two beta subunits, phosphorylates the transcription factor PIF1 after an exposure to light, resulting in a proteasome-dependent degradation of PIF1 and promotion of photomorphogenesis (PubMed:21330376). CK2 phosphorylates translation initiation factors. May participate in the regulation of the initiation of translation (PubMed:19509278). Acts as circadian clock component that maintains the correct period length through phosphorylation of CCA1 (PubMed:21900482). May act as an ectokinase that phosphorylates several extracellular proteins.
Heterotetramer of two catalytic alpha subunits and two regulatory beta subunits.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but the triple mutant cka1, cka2 and cka3 show altered circadian rhythms and delayed flowering under long day conditions.
Seems to be present in all plant organs. But seems to be more expressed than CKA1.
Acts as component of the GARP complex that is involved in retrograde transport from early and late endosomes to the trans-Golgi network (TGN). The GARP complex facilitates tethering as well as SNARE complex assembly at the Golgi (By similarity). Required for vesicle trafficking involved in plasma membrane protein composition. Probably involved in pollen tube elongation and other polar growth. Confers basal tolerance to long-term heat stress and osmotic stress, by acclimation of the plasma membrane.
Component of the Golgi-associated retrograde protein (GARP) complex, composed by VPS52, VPS53 and VPS54. Interacts directly with VPS52 and VPS54.
Lethal when homozygous. In hemizygous plants, male-specific transmission defect.
Present in pollen. Mostly expressed in vegetative tissues, including leaves, siliques, and stems, and flower buds, and, at lower levels, in roots and mature flowers.
Highly expressed in stems. Detected in roots, inflorescences, siliques, and leaves. Expressed in cells undergoing secondary wall thickening, including interfascicular fibers and primary and secondary xylem.
Involved in pectin assembly and/or distribution, and in the synthesis of secondary wall glucuronoxylan. Probably involved in the synthesis of the glycosyl sequence at the glucuronoxylan reducing end. May be involved in synthesis of a complex glycan primer for xylan synthesis.
Severe dwarfing and seedling lethality. Collapsed xylem vessels. Reduced glucuronoxylan and homogalacturonan content in cell wall.
Accumulates upon infection by generalist herbivores such as Spodoptera littoralis.
Mostly expressed in leaves and flowers, and, to a lower extent, in seedlings shoots.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL36 family.
No visible phenotype under normal growth condition, but decreased accumulation of iron in the root and increased accumulation in the shoot when grown under high iron concentration.
Early flowering under both long and short days and pleiotropic alterations in shoot development.
Expressed in seedlings, leaves, shoots, flowers and roots.
Inhibited by thiol reagent and N-ethylmaleimide, but not by ubiquitin aldehyde, pepstatin A or benzamidine HCl.
Interacts with NUA (via N-terminus). Interacts with KIN10 (PubMed:20855607).
Protease that catalyzes two essential functions in the SUMO pathway: processing of full-length SUMOs to their mature forms and deconjugation of SUMO from targeted proteins. Cleaves precursors of SUM1 and SUM2, but not of SUM3 or SUM5. Able to release SUM1 and SUM2 from conjugates, but unable to cleave SUM3. Acts predominantly as an isopeptidase, cleaving SUMO-conjugated proteins better than SUMO peptides. Plays an important role in the control of flowering time.
The N-terminal regulatory domain is required for peptidase activity in vitro.
Required for proper 27S pre-rRNA processing and 60S ribosome subunit assembly.
Slightly repressed in roots by carbon dioxide CO(2). Induced in shoots by osmotic stress (e.g. mannitol).
Plants lacking both CGR2 and CGR3 (cgr2-1 cgr3-1) exihibit severe defects in plant growth and development (e.g. shorter hypocotyl and primary root length due to reduced cell elongation, and abnormal pollen tube elongation), as well as reduced levels of pectin methylesterification associated with decreased microsomal pectin methyltransferase activity. The double mutant cgr2-1 cgr3-1 also lacks uronic acids and methyl ester (PubMed:25704846). Reduced HG methylesterification in cgr2-1 cgr3-1 double mutant results in thin but dense leaf mesophyll that limits CO(2) diffusion to chloroplasts and reduces leaf area, thus impairing photosynthesis efficiency and carbon (C) partitioning (PubMed:27208234).
Together with CGR3, required for homogalacturonan pectins (HG) methylesterification in the Golgi apparatus prior to integration into cell walls, essential for general growth and development (PubMed:25704846, PubMed:27208234). Promotes rosette growth (PubMed:25704846). Impacts carbon (C) partitioning, photosynthesis and respiration efficiency by influencing leaf mesophyll cell walls morphology and physiology; pectin methylesterification modulates both expansion and positioning of cells in leaves, probably by changing cell walls plasticity (PubMed:27208234).
Belongs to the zinc-containing alcohol dehydrogenase family. Quinone oxidoreductase subfamily.
No visible phenotype under normal conditions, but enhanced susceptibility to methyl viologen.
Reduces the double bond in short-chain unsaturated carbonyls (PubMed:21169366). Acts preferentially on alpha,beta-unsaturated ketones rather on alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes (PubMed:21169366). Has no activity with (E)-2-hexenal and (E)-2-pentenal (PubMed:21169366). Contributes to detoxify stromal reactive carbonyls produced under oxidative stress (PubMed:22575657).
Expressed in developing ovules, but not in vascular tissues.
Defects in photosynthesis and reduced growth rate (PubMed:27302341, PubMed:27020959). Pale yellow leaves with reduced PSII activity (PubMed:27302341). Altered Ca(2+) and Mn(2+) partitioning in chloroplasts and reduced Mn(2+) binding to PSII (PubMed:27020959).
Mn(2+)/H(+) exchanger, which transport Mn(2+)from the chloroplast stroma into the acidic thylakoid lumen (PubMed:27020959). Might be a chloroplast-localized Ca(2+)/H(+) antiporter (PubMed:27302341). Regulates Ca(2+), Mn(2+) and pH homeostasis (PubMed:27302341). Required for chloroplast development (PubMed:27302341).
Belongs to the protein prenyltransferase subunit beta family.
Catalyzes the transfer of a geranylgeranyl moiety from geranylgeranyl diphosphate to both cysteines of Rab proteins with the C-terminal sequence -CCXX, CXXX, -XCCX and -XCXC, such as RABA1A, RABA2A, RABF2A and RABG2 (PubMed:26589801). Involved in the geranylgeranylation of RABA2A (PubMed:20180921). In vitro, can prenylate PGGTI targets with the C-terminal sequence Cys-aliphatic-aliphatic-X (CaaX) with leucine in the terminal position. Substrates with the C-terminal sequence -CSIL such as ARAC11/ROP1 or GG2/AGG2 are prenylated independently of REP and when the beta subunit is associated with the alpha subunit RGTA1 (PubMed:26589801).
Catalyzes the transfer of a geranylgeranyl moiety from geranylgeranyl diphosphate to both cysteines of proteins with the C-terminal sequence -XXCC, -XCXC and -CCXX.
Pleiotropic effects on plant growth and development, including dwarf size, aberrant root development, multiple inflorescence stems and small siliques mostly sterile. Impaired shoot gravitropism and photomorphogenesis (PubMed:20180921). The double mutant plants rgtb1 and rgtb2 are male sterile, due to shrunken pollen with abnormal exine structure, and strong disorganization of the endoplasmic reticulum membranes (PubMed:25316062).
Required for male fertility and root tip growth.
Detected in root vessels of protoxylems, outermost metaxylems, inner metaxylems, shoots and hypocotyls. Expressed in roots, hypocotyls, cotyledons and leaves (PubMed:18445131). Expressed in developing xylems (PubMed:16103214, PubMed:17565617). Specifically expressed in vessels in the secondary xylem of the root-hypocotyl region, and in vessels but not in interfascicular fibers in stems (PubMed:25148240).
By ethylene, abscisic acid (ABA) and dark.
May be involved in oxidative stress response.
Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily.
Repressor of photomorphogenesis in the light. Probably part of the COP1/SPA E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex.
The protein kinase domain is predicted to be catalytically inactive. The DWD box is required for interaction with DDB1A (By similarity).
Up-regulated by red, far-red and blue light.
Belongs to the nucleotide-sugar transporter family. CMP-Sialate:CMP antiporter (TC 2.A.7.12) subfamily.
Sugar transporter involved in the transport of CMP-sialic acid from the cytoplasm into the Golgi.
Belongs to the SRP receptor beta subunit family.
Probable ATP-dependent zinc metallopeptidase.
Highly expressed in the proliferating cells of the vegetative shoot, root, floral inflorescence and flowers, and in rapidly growing cells.
Homohexamer (PubMed:15498773, PubMed:17190830). Interacts with SERK1, GRF6, KAPP and SYP31, but not with KNOLLE. Component of the SERK1 signaling complex, composed of KAPP, CDC48A, GRF6 or GRF7, SERK1, SERK2, SERK3/BAK1 and BRI1 (PubMed:12427991, PubMed:15592873, PubMed:16621602, PubMed:17693538, PubMed:23747397). Interacts with PUX1, PUX2, PUX3, PUX4, PUX5, PUX7 and PUX11 via its N-terminus (PubMed:15498773, Ref.7, PubMed:17190830).
Phosphorylated on at least one threonine residue and on Ser-41 by SERK1.
Protease involved in the C-terminal processing of the chloroplastic D1 protein of photosystem II. This proteolytic processing is necessary to allow the light-driven assembly of the tetranuclear manganese cluster, which is responsible for photosynthetic water oxidation.
Component of the spliceosome (Probable). Interacts with SUA (PubMed:20525852). Interacts with SF1 in the nucleus (PubMed:24580679).
N-terminal RS domain has a very strong bias in favor of D over S.
Involved in RNA editing event in chloroplasts. Required for the editing of a single site in ndhD transcript, which is a plastid-encoded subunits of the chloroplast NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (NDH) complex. Not essential for the activity of the NDH complex of the photosynthetic electron transport chain.
Methylates (mono and asymmetric dimethylation) the guanidino nitrogens of arginyl residues in some proteins.
The zinc-finger is responsible for substrate specificity.
By salt stress and abscisic acid (ABA) in roots.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants mutant exhibit reduced sensitivity to high salinity during seed germination and seedling development.
Transcription activator activated by proteolytic cleavage through regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP). Involved in salt stress response during seed germination and seedling growth. Binds the auxin-responsive IAA30 gene promoter and may serve as a molecular link that interconnects a developmental feedback loop of auxin signaling with a salt signal transduction pathway during seed germination (PubMed:21450938).
In glip2, enhanced auxin responses, and higher susceptibility to E.carotovora.
In roots, by salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), and ethylene (ET) treatments.
Involved in the resistance to the necrotropic bacteria Erwinia carotovora, probably via negative regulation of auxin signaling. Possesses lipase and antimicrobial activities, inhibiting germination of fungal spores (e.g. Alternaria brassicicola).
Disease resistance protein. Resistance proteins guard the plant against pathogens that contain an appropriate avirulence protein via a direct or indirect interaction with this avirulence protein. That triggers a defense system including the hypersensitive response, which restricts the pathogen growth (By similarity).
In some plant proteins and in human SARM1, the TIR domain has NAD(+) hydrolase (NADase) activity (By similarity). However, despite the presence of the catalytic Asp residue, the isolated TIR domain of human TLR4 lacks NADase activity (By similarity). Based on this, it is unlikely that Toll-like receptors have NADase activity.
Binding to polygalacturonic acid (PGA) multimers is calcium-dependent.
Expressed in shoot and root apical meristems, and in expanding leaves and sepals.
Induced by salicylic acid (SA) or INA, methyl jasmonate, ethylene, wounding and pathogen infection. Accumulated in roots after Aluminum exposure. Up-regulated by GRP3.
Interacts with the glycine-rich proteins GRP3 and GRP3S, and the type 2C protein phosphatase KAPP. Component of a 500 kDa complex, composed of WAK1, GRP3 and KAPP. Interacts with the oxygen-evolving enhancer protein 2 (OEE2).
Predominantly expressed in green tissues such as stems and leaves. Detected at organ junctions.
Serine/threonine-protein kinase that may function as a signaling receptor of extracellular matrix component. Binding to pectin may have significance in the control of cell expansion, morphogenesis and development. Required during plant's response to pathogen infection and in plant defense against heavy metal toxicity. Phosphorylates the oxygen-evolving enhancer protein 2 (OEE2) in an GRP-3-dependent manner.
Expressed in roots, leaves, especially in trichomes, shoot apical meristems (SAM), and, to a lower extent, in floral buds.
Expressed in roots, leaves and stems. Expressed in young dividing tissue, such as shoot and root tips, lateral root primordia, young leaves and flowers. Expressed in the inflorescence meristem, inflorescence stem and young flowers.
Interacts with MED14, HDA19 and LUG. Interacts with KIN10 (PubMed:23229550).
Involved in cell differentiation. Required for the specification of stamen and carpel identities and for the proper termination of stem cells in the floral meristem.
Expressed in proliferating (e.g. shoot and root apical meristems, organ primordia) and endoreplicating cells (e.g. guard cells and stomatal lineage, developing trichomes).
Member of the pre-replication complex. Component of the plastid division machinery. Promotes polyloidization and regulates endoreduplication. Involved in the coordination of cell and plastid division.
Phosphorylated by cyclin D- and cyclin A-containing CDKA-1, and thus targeted to proteasome-mediated proteolysis.
Repressed by abscisic acid (ABA) and ABAP1. Degraded by the proteasome.
Expressed in leaves, buds, flowers, seedlings and seeds. Detected at the base of pedicel, in the floral and funicule abscission zones and in vascular tissues.
IDL2 is only partially redundant with IDA.
Nuclear-encoded DNA-dependent RNA polymerase that catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA in chloroplasts using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates (Probable). Required for chloroplast development and leaf mesophyll cell proliferation (PubMed:16698900).
Reduced plant growth, impaired lateral root formation, rounded and pale-green leaves, protruding leaf laminae, irregular leaf margins and reduced seed sets.
Involved in root hair growth and morphogenesis.
Plants over-expressing RHS3 show altered root hair morphology, such as spiral, bent or branched hairs.
Specifically expressed in root hair cells.
A stretch of 270 kb of the mitochondrial genome is duplicated within the centromere of chromosome 2 resulting in the duplication of the gene. The expression of this duplicated gene (At2g07722) is not demonstrated.
Interacts with clathrin, VTI12, DELTA-ADR and ALPHA-ADR.
May have a role in transport via clathrin-coated vesicles from the trans-Golgi network to endosomes. Stimulates clathrin assembly (By similarity). Binds to membranes enriched in phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PtdIns(3)P). Plays an important role in protein trafficking.
The ENTH domain is required for PtdIns(3)P affinity and EPSIN2 subcellular location.
Belongs to the class-II DAHP synthase family.
Binds 1 divalent cation per subunit. The enzyme is active with manganese, cobalt or cadmium ions.
Processively dephosphorylates 'Ser-2' and/or 'Ser-5' of the heptad repeats YSPTSPS in the C-terminal domain of the largest RNA polymerase II subunit (RPB1). This promotes the activity of RNA polymerase II (By similarity). Required for normal plant growth.
Homo- and heterotrimer. Interacts with POLH, ATXR5 and ATXR6.
This protein is an auxiliary protein of DNA polymerase delta and is involved in the control of eukaryotic DNA replication by increasing the polymerase's processibility during elongation of the leading strand.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants exhibit increased sensitivity to cold stress.
Stabilizes specific chloroplast mRNAs. Required for normal chloroplast development under cold stress conditions by stabilizing transcripts of numerous mRNAs under these conditions.
Endosperm-specific cysteine-rich protein that acts downstream of BHLH95/ZOU to modify the interface between embryo and endosperm and mediate the separation of these two tissues during seed development. Necessary for the biogenesis of the embryo sheath, an extracuticular endosperm-derived structure at the surface of the embryo. Required for the separation of embryo and endosperm, and for normal progression of the embryo through the endosperm tissue. Required for the formation of a normal embryonic cuticle.
Increased embryonic cuticule permeability. Altered cotyledon development. Cup-shaped cotyledons.
Specifically expressed in seed endosperm at torpedo stage embryo development.
Acts in the modification of cell walls via demethylesterification of cell wall pectin (PubMed:21171891, PubMed:26183897). Required for zinc Zn(2+) homeostasis and to monitor Zn(2+) influence on cell wall-controlled growth processes such as root cell elongation (PubMed:23826687). Monitors seed germination and favors root hairs production (PubMed:28375469). Prevents cruciferin seed storage proteins activity, but promotes the expression of genes involved in cell wall organization and remodeling as well as genes involved in lipid and protein metabolism, during post-germinative growth of seedlings (PubMed:28375469). Confers sensitivity to Zn(2+) when overexpressed (PubMed:23826687). Acts as a susceptibility factor required for the initial colonization of the host tissue by virulent pathogens including Botrytis cinerea and Pectobacterium carotovorum, probably by facilitating cell wall pectine degradation by pathogen pectic enzymes after its demethylesterification (PubMed:21171891).
Early germination and reduced root hair production associated with lower expression of several pectin-degrading enzymes, genes involved in cell wall organization and remodeling and genes involved in lipid and protein metabolism, thus leading to a global decrease in proteolytic activity, however, cruciferin genes accumulate abnormally (PubMed:28375469). Normal sensitivity to zinc Zn(2+) (PubMed:23826687). Increased resistance to Botrytis cinerea and Pectobacterium carotovorum associated with a reduced global pectin methylesterase (PME) activity, and correlating with an impaired ability of pathogens to grow on methylesterified pectin (PubMed:21171891).
Expressed in roots, cotyledons, hypocotyls, seedlings, leaves, stems, flowers, dry seeds and siliques (PubMed:16622707, PubMed:9767082, PubMed:28375469). Accumulates in etiolated hypocotyls (at protein level) (PubMed:26183897).
Induced by necrotrophic pathogens such as Pectobacterium carotovorum and Botrytis cinerea.
Interacts with BIIDXI and At5g11420 (PubMed:25442819). Binds reversibly to PMEI4, PMEI7 and PMEI8 to be inhibited; the stability of the PME3-PMEIs complexes and the inhibition of the pectin methylesterase (PME) activity is pH-dependent, based on protonation status of amino-acids at the complex interface (PubMed:26183897, PubMed:29109147, PubMed:28034952).
Mutant pme3 facilitates efficiency of viable mesophyll protoplast isolation probably as a result of reduced methylesterified homogalacturonan (HGA) level.
Regulated negatively by pectinesterase inhibitors (e.g. PMEI3, PMEI4, PMEI7 and PMEI9) in a pH-dependent manner, mainly in slightly acidic conditions (pH 6.0 and 5.0), especially in dark-grown hypocotyls; this processus relies on changes in the protonation of amino acids involved in intermolecular and intramolecular interactions.
By wounding, abscisic acid (ABA), salicylic acid (SA), H(2)O(2), and infection with P.syringae pv. tomato DC3000 and B.cinerea (PubMed:20367464). Induced by salt stress (PubMed:23451802).
Highly expressed in roots and at lower levels in rosette leaves, cauline leaves, stems, flowers and siliques.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions (PubMed:20367464, PubMed:23451802). Mutant plants show increased resistance to the bacterial pathogen P.syringae and enhanced susceptibility to the fungal pathogen to B.cinerea (PubMed:20367464). Mutant plants display increased sensitivity to salt stress (PubMed:23451802).
Transcription factor. Interacts specifically with the W box (5'-TTGAC[CT]-3'), a frequently occurring stress-responsive cis-acting element. Functions as positive regulator of salt stress response. Binds the W box of LTI78/RD29A stress-response gene and directly regulates its transcription under salt stress. Functions antagonistically with VQ9 to regulate sodium and potassium homeostasis under salt stress by regulating the expression of downstream SOS (SALT OVERLY SENSITIVE) stress-responsive genes. The DNA-binding activity of WRKY8 is decreased by VQ9 (PubMed:23451802). Functions as negative regulator of basal resistance to the bacterial pathogen P.syringae and as positive regulator of resistance to the fungal pathogen to B.cinerea (PubMed:20367464). Functions as positive regulator of defense response againt tobamovirus (TMV) by regulating both the abscisic acid and ethylene signaling pathways. Positively regulates ABI4 expression and negatively modulates ACS6 and ERF104 expression by directly binding to the W box consensus motifs within their promoters (PubMed:23650359).
Belongs to the fatty acyl-CoA reductase family.
Catalyzes the reduction of fatty acyl-CoA to fatty alcohols (PubMed:20571114, PubMed:24005667). Catalyzes specifically the formation of C18:0 fatty alcohol (PubMed:20571114, PubMed:24005667). Provides the fatty alcohols required for synthesis of suberin in roots, seed coat and wound-induced leaf tissue (PubMed:20571114). Provides the fatty alcohols required for synthesis of alkyl hydroxycinnamates in root waxes (PubMed:22797656).
Catalyzes the reduction of fatty acyl-CoA to fatty alcohols.
Expressed in the endodermal cell layer surrounding the central vasculature in roots. Expressed in floral organs of very young unopened buds and receptacle of siliques.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS7 family.
Embryonic lethality when homozygous, due to cell division arrest at early embryonic development stage.
Expressed in root tips, lateral root primordia, leaf primordia, shoot apical meristem and vasculature of cotyledons.
Histone-binding component that specifically recognizes H3 tails trimethylated on 'Lys-4' (H3K4me3), which mark transcription start sites of virtually all active genes.
Interacts with H3K4me3 and to a lesser extent with H3K4me2.
Lacks the Tyr (here Asp-204), a conserved feature of the aromatic cage required for the interaction with histone H3K4me3/2.
The PHD-type zinc finger mediates the binding to H3K4me3.
Probable transcription factor (By similarity). Promotes slightly the tolerance to cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn) and to oxidizing chemicals (e.g. diamide and tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BOOH)) (PubMed:18980652).
Belongs to the RNA polymerase beta' chain family. RpoC2 subfamily.
As a component of the decapping complex, involved in the degradation of mRNAs. Promotes P-body formation. Translational repressor (By similarity).
Homodimer. Component of the decapping complex (By similarity).
Dramatically reduced fertility due to a postmeiotic rupture of microspores.
Expressed during anther development in tapetal cells and microsporocytes during meiosis. When the tapetum degenerates, detected only in pollen grains.
Expressed in inflorescences, embryo sacs and pollen, and at a lower level in stems. Barely detected in roots, leaves and seedlings.
Forms homooligomers and heterooligomers with SWEET4, SWEET5, SWEET6, SWEET7, SWEET9, SWEET10, SWEET11, SWEET13, SWEET15, SWEET16 and SWEET17.
Induced by the pathogenic bacteria P.syringae pv. tomato.
Mediates both low-affinity uptake and efflux of sugar across the membrane.
Mediates both low-affinity uptake and efflux of sugar across the plasma membrane. Required, in pollen, for microspore cell integrity and primexine pattern formation (PubMed:18434608, PubMed:25988582).
Not detected in inflorescence (PubMed:18434608).
Forms heterodimers with AGL30 and AGL65.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions. Pollen grains from the double mutant agl66 and agl104 have severely reduced viability, delayed germination and aberrant pollen tube growth.
Probable transcription factor that forms heterodimers with the MADS-box proteins AGL30 and AGL65 and is involved in the regulation of pollen maturation at the late stages of pollen development and pollen tube growth.
Expressed constitutively during the life cycle.
Acyltransferase involved in the biosynthesis of lignin (PubMed:15161961, PubMed:26858288, PubMed:27805809). Accepts caffeoyl-CoA and p-coumaroyl-CoA as substrates and transfers the acyl group on both shikimate and quinate acceptors (PubMed:15161961).
Component of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF-3) complex, which is composed of at least 13 different subunits.
The RNA gate region regulates mRNA cap recognition to prevent promiscuous mRNA-binding before assembly of eif3d into the full eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF-3) complex.
mRNA cap-binding component of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF-3) complex, which is involved in protein synthesis of a specialized repertoire of mRNAs and, together with other initiation factors, stimulates binding of mRNA and methionyl-tRNAi to the 40S ribosome. The eIF-3 complex specifically targets and initiates translation of a subset of mRNAs involved in cell proliferation. In the eIF-3 complex, eif3d specifically recognizes and binds the 7-methylguanosine cap of a subset of mRNAs.
Component of Ran complexes at least composed of WIT1 or WIT2, RANGAP1 or RANGAP2, and WIP1 or WIP2 or WIP3 (By similarity). Interacts with KAKU1 (PubMed:23973298, PubMed:25759303). Core component of the LINC complex which is composed of inner nuclear membrane SUN domain-containing proteins coupled to outer nuclear membrane WIP and WIT proteins. The LINC complex also involves nucleoskeletal proteins CRWN/LINC and possibly KAKU4 and the cytoskeletal myosin KAKU1 (PubMed:25759303). Interacts with WIP1, WIP2 and WIP3 (PubMed:25759303).
Together with WIT1, required for the nuclear envelope docking of RANGAP proteins in root tips (PubMed:18591351). Plays a role in nuclear shape determination (PubMed:25759303). As component of the SUN-WIP-WIT2-KAKU1 complex, mediates the transfer of cytoplasmic forces to the nuclear envelope (NE), leading to nuclear shape changes (PubMed:25759303).
Catalyzes the oxidation of uric acid to 5-hydroxyisourate, which is further processed to form (S)-allantoin.
By hydrogen peroxide. By abscisic acid (ABA), drought, and salt stress through the MKK1-MPK6 mediation.
Homotetramer and heterotetramer. At least six or seven isozymes are produced from a mixture of 3 gene products. Interacts with NCA1 (PubMed:25700484). Interacts with LSD1 (PubMed:23958864).
Occurs in almost all aerobically respiring organisms and serves to protect cells from the toxic effects of hydrogen peroxide.
Induced in response to sulfur deprivation.
Involved in the utilization of stored sulfate under sulfur-deficient conditions.
Belongs to the transaldolase family. Type 1 subfamily.
Pale interveinal phenotype due to marked reduction in the density of mesophyll cells in interveinal regions of leaves.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL38 family.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL29 family.
Belongs to the universal stress protein A family.
Cleaves peptides in various proteins in a process that requires ATP hydrolysis. Has a chymotrypsin-like activity. Plays a major role in the degradation of misfolded proteins (By similarity). Essential protein required for chloroplast development and integrity.
Component of the chloroplastic Clp protease core complex which consist of at least 16 proteins: CLPP4 (3 copies), CLPP5 (3 copies), CLPR4 (2 copies), ClpP1 (1 copy), CLPP6 (1 copy), CLPR2 (1 copy), CLPT1 (1 copy), CLPT2 (1 copy) and 3 copies of CLPP3 and/or CLPR1 and/or CLPR3 (PubMed:11278690, PubMed:14593120, PubMed:16766689, PubMed:16980539, PubMed:9951729). The core complex is organized in two heptameric rings, one containing CLPP3,4,5,6 in a 1:2:3:1 ratio and the other CLPP1 and CLPR1,2,3,4 in a 3:1:1:1:1 ratio (PubMed:21712416).
Repressed in darkness. Induced during cold acclimation (at protein level).
Involved in the vesicle trafficking. Binds syntaxins (By similarity).
Accumulates at the shoot apex upon the transition from short- to long-day photoperiods leading to flowering and after gibberellins (GAs) treatment (PubMed:11743113). Repressed by microRNA159 (miR159a and miR159b) in vegetative tissues (PubMed:15226253, PubMed:20699403, PubMed:17916625). Specific expression in floral organs and in the shoot apices is regulated via miR159-mediated degradation (PubMed:15722475). Repressed in germinating seeds by miR159-mediated cleavage in an abscisic acid (ABA) and ABI3-dependent manner, probably to desensitize hormone signaling during seedling stress responses (PubMed:17217461, PubMed:18305205). Slightly induced by ethylene and cytokinins (PubMed:9839469).
Hyposensitivity to abscisic acid (ABA) (PubMed:17217461). Reduced expression levels of aleurone-related genes (e.g. CP1, CP, GASA1, BXL1 and BXL2) in seeds. The triple mutant myb33 myb65 myb101 has a male sterility and exhibits slower protein storage vacuoles (PSVs) vacuolation rate in aleurone layers upon seed germination (PubMed:20699403). The myb33 myb65 double mutant is defective in anther development, with a tapetum undergoing hypertrophy at the pollen mother cell stage, resulting in premeiotic abortion of pollen development and male sterility. This sterility is conditional, fertility being increased both under higher light or lower temperature conditions (PubMed:15722475).
In germinating seeds, present in the root tip and in a linear array of up to 20 to 30 cells above the root tip. Weak expression in the vegetative shoot apex. High levels in primordial leaves. Strongly expressed in the inflorescence apex, and, to some extent, in the inflorescence stem, the vascular tissue, and the vascular tissue in leaf primordia. In the gynoecium, confined to ovules. In developing anthers detected in developing locules of immature anthers and later, at low levels, in pollen grains (PubMed:11743113). In flowers, expressed in sepals, style, receptacle, anther filaments, especially in young anthers, and connective but not in anthers themselves (PubMed:15722475).
Mostly expressed in stems, shoot apices, flowers and floral shoot tips, and, to a lower extent, in roots (e.g. root tips), seedlings, leaves and siliques.
Transcriptional activator of alpha-amylase expression that binds to 5'-CAACTGTC-3' motif in target gene promoter (PubMed:11743113). Positive regulator of abscisic acid (ABA) responses leading to growth arrest during seed germination (PubMed:17217461). In vegetative tissues, inhibits growth by reducing cell proliferation. Promotes the expression of aleurone-related genes (e.g. CP1, CP, GASA1, BXL1 and BXL2) in seeds. Together with MYB65 and MYB101, promotes the programmed cell death (PCD) the vacuolation of protein storage vacuoles (PSVs) in the aleurone layers during seed germination (PubMed:20699403). Binds to a GARE site (GA-response element) in the LEAFY promoter, essential for its gibberellic acid (GA)-mediated induction (PubMed:15226253). Together with MYB65, facilitates anther and tapetum development (PubMed:15722475).
Component of the Golgi-associated retrograde protein (GARP) complex.
Involved in retrograde transport from early and late endosomes to late Golgi, leading to the membrane fusion between late Golgi and endosomal vesicles.
Belongs to the phytochelatin synthase family.
Homoglutathione (hGSH) is a good acceptor, but a poor donor, of gamma-glutamylcysteine units.
Induced by copper, and by cadmium during the early stages of plant development. Gradual decrease of cadmium induction as plants continue to grow, and by 15 day after germination, total loss of induction.
Involved in the synthesis of phytochelatins (PC) and homophytochelatins (hPC), the heavy-metal-binding peptides of plants. Also involved in glutathione-conjugates degradation.
Plants are highly sensitive to Cd (20- to 40-fold) and AsO(4)(3-) ions, sensitive (eightfold) to Ag ions, slightly sensitive (twofold) to Cu and Hg ions, and insensitive to Zn, SeO(3)(2-) and Ni ions.
Requires cadmium for activity. Also activated in vitro or in heterologous system by Ag(+), Hg(+), Zn(2+), Cu(2+), Fe(2+) or Fe(3+) ions, but not by Co(2+) or Ni(2+) ions.
The C-terminal part (373-485) is required to determine enzyme responsiveness to a broad range of heavy metals.
The intermediate part (284-372) is important for enzyme stabilization.
Expressed mainly in roots, stems, flowers and siliques. Low expression in leaves.
Incorporation of the inositol pathway-derived monosaccharides is strongly reduced in knockout AtMIOX2 seedling walls.
Component of the ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase (cytochrome b-c1 complex, complex III, CIII), a multisubunit enzyme composed of 10 subunits. The complex is composed of 3 respiratory subunits cytochrome b (MT-CYB), cytochrome c1 (CYC1-1 or CYC1-2) and Rieske protein (UCR1-1 or UCR1-2), 2 core protein subunits MPPalpha1 (or MPPalpha2) and MPPB, and 5 low-molecular weight protein subunits QCR7-1 (or QCR7-2), UCRQ-1 (or UCRQ-2), QCR9, UCRY and probably QCR6-1 (or QCR6-2) (PubMed:18189341, PubMed:18305213). The complex exists as an obligatory dimer and forms supercomplexes (SCs) in the inner mitochondrial membrane with NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I, CI), resulting in different assemblies (supercomplexes SCI(1)III(2) and SCI(2)III(4)) (PubMed:12970493).
Component of the ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase, a multisubunit transmembrane complex that is part of the mitochondrial electron transport chain which drives oxidative phosphorylation.
Belongs to the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 5C family.
Late induced by benzothiadiazol, a chemical analog of salicylic acid. Enhanced expression following incompatible bacterial pathogen attack.
May be implicated in the systemic acquired resistance response via the salicylic acid signal transduction pathway.
Involved in the trafficking of vacuolar proteins. Functions probably as a sorting receptor for protein trafficking to the protein storage vacuole (PSV) by binding the C-terminal vacuolar sorting determinant (VSD) of vacuolar-sorted proteins.
Controls cuticle development and morphogenesis, by promoting cutin and suberin monomers loading (PubMed:16415209, PubMed:17257167, PubMed:18952782, PubMed:26990896). Involved in the regulation of abscissic acid (ABA) biosynthesis in response to osmotic stress. Plays an important role in osmotic stress and drought resistance (PubMed:21610183). Required to ensure a reduced permeability of aerial tissue, thus preventing transpiration (PubMed:18952782, PubMed:21610183, PubMed:26990896). Regulates lateral root hair development (PubMed:18952782).
Defects characteristic of the loss of cuticle structure associated with an enhanced accumulation of cell wall-bound lipids and epicuticular waxes (PubMed:16415209, PubMed:17257167, PubMed:18952782, PubMed:26990896). Reduced expression of abscissic acid (ABA) biosynthesis genes (e.g. NCED3) in response to osmotic stress (e.g. polyethylene glycol) leading to reduced levels of ABA and high sensitivity to osmotic stress and drought, especially during seed germination and early seedling development (PubMed:21610183). Increased aerial tissue permeability to the toluidine blue (TB) dye (PubMed:18952782). Enhanced transpiration. Strong decrease in total cutin monomer load in young leaves and flowers. Reduced levels of suberin in roots (PubMed:26990896). Pleiotropic effect on growth, viability, and cell differentiation, leading to abnormalities such as long root hairs, excessively branched roots, shrinking of epidermal cells, and flattened/misshapen trichomes (PubMed:16415209). Strong increase of total lateral root lengths (TOT) on mild osmotic stress conditions (PubMed:18952782). Total immunity to the pathogenic necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea accompanied by the release of a fungitoxic activity and increased expression of defense genes (PubMed:17257167).
Expressed exclusively in protodermal and epidermal cells of all organs, especially on adaxial sides.
In germinating seed, present in the embryo epidermis, in cotyledons and in leaf primordia of the first true leaves. In cotyledons, mostly expressed in guard cells and vasculature. Observed in developing leaf buds, including the nodes and buds of cauline leaves (PubMed:26990896). In flowers, expressed in all organs, levels decreasing during flower aging. In the pistil, accumulates mostly in the abaxial epidermal cells, and, to a lower extent, in the septum and the inner ovary wall (PubMed:16415209, PubMed:26990896). Also expressed in the stigmatic papillae and vasculature of the sepals, petals and stamens. Accumulates in embryo during seed dehydration. Present in the central cylinder of the roots. In addition, detected in suberized tissues, such as siliques abscission zone and seed chalaza/micropyle region (PubMed:26990896).
Induced by osmotic stress and abscissic acid (ABA).
Required for infection by the pathogenic necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea, probably by regulating structural traits of the cuticle.
NB-LRR receptor-like protein that modulates growth, cell death and freezing tolerance in a temperature-dependent manner. May be involved in defense responses.
The gain-of-function mutants chs3-1 show no visible phenotype when grown at the permissive temperature of 22 degrees Celsius. Mutant plants (chs3-1) germinated and grown at 16 degrees Celsius show developmental defects, including dwarfism, with small and curly leaves, early senescence of cotyledons, constitutively activated defense responses and enhanced tolerance to freezing temperatures.
Down-regulated by abscisic acid (ABA) and by salt stress.
Localized primarily to the hypocotyl of germinating seedlings.
Probable transcription factor that acts as a positive regulator of ABA-responsiveness, mediating the inhibitory effect of ABA on growth during seedling establishment. Binds to the DNA sequence 5'-CAATNATTG-3'.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class myosin-kinesin ATPase superfamily. Myosin family. Plant myosin class VIII subfamily.
Myosin heavy chain that is required for the cell cycle-regulated transport of various organelles and proteins for their segregation. Functions by binding with its tail domain to receptor proteins on organelles and exerting force with its N-terminal motor domain against actin filaments, thereby transporting its cargo along polarized actin cables (By similarity). Involved in endocytosis via its action in endosomal trafficking.
Microtubule-associated protein that may be involved in the maturation of cell plates and proper insertion of cross-walls after cytokinesis.
Strongly expressed in dividing cells, like the meristemic region of the root tip.
By touch, salt and hydrogen peroxide treatments, drought stress, wounding, dark and infection by the bacterial pathogen P.syringae.
Expressed in cotyledons and guard cells of young leaves. In mature root, expressed in the epidermis, trichoblasts, young lateral root and root tip. Expressed from stage 9 to 15 of flower development in anther wall.
Potential calcium sensor that binds calcium in vitro.
Putative serine/threonine-protein kinase that may function as a signaling receptor of extracellular matrix component.
Component of the 40S subunit of the ribosome.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS31 family.
Endonuclease which cleaves flap structures at the junction between single-stranded DNA and double-stranded DNA with a specific cleavage site in the 5' overhang strand exactly one nucleotide 3' of the branch point (PubMed:25037209). Structure- and sequence-specific nuclease that resolves holliday junctions (HJs) by symmetrically oriented incisions in two opposing strands near the junction point, thus leading to ligatable products; HJs are physical links between homologous DNA molecules that arise as central intermediary structures during homologous recombination and repair in meiotic and somatic cells (PubMed:25037209). Structure-specific nuclease with 5'-flap endonuclease activity, preferentially cleaving static flaps 5' overhang strand exactly one nucleotide in the 3' direction of the branch point and, to lower extent, on the two neighboring positions (PubMed:25037209). Also able to cleave double-stranded flap strand 1 one nucleotide in the 3' direction of the branch point (PubMed:25037209). Together with MUS81, essential for the resolution of toxic replication structures to ensure genome stability, and to maintain telomere integrity and replication (PubMed:26704385).
Normal sensitivity to DNA damaging agents (PubMed:26704385). Mild UV sensitivity in the gen1 send1 double mutant (PubMed:26704385). The double mutant mus81 send1 exhibits severe developmental defects (e.g. strong growth retardation and impaired leaf and shoot development), increased endoreduplication, slower cell cycle progression, spontaneous cell death and genome instability associated with a dramatic loss of telomeric repeats (PubMed:26704385).
Expression of MES9 can restore systemic acquired resistance in SAR-deficient tobacco plants.
Although both SET and pre-SET domains are present, the absence of the post-SET domain may explain the lack of methyltransferase activity. Besides, the Cys residues in the SET domain that normally bind a zinc ion are not conserved.
Component of an RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) complex that contains at least MORC6, MORC1/CRT1, MORC2, SWI3D and SUVH9. Interacts directly with MORC6, MORC2 and MORC1/CRT1. Interacts with SWI3B, SWI3C and SWI3D (PubMed:27171427).
Histone methyltransferase family member that plays a role in gene silencing (PubMed:19043555, PubMed:24463519, PubMed:27171427). Together with MORC6 and SUVH2, regulates the silencing of some transposable elements (TEs) (PubMed:27171427). According to PubMed:19043555, the protein does not bind S-adenosyl-L-methionine and lacks methyltransferase activity. Instead, it may function downstream of DRM2 in RNA-directed DNA methylation, binding to methylated DNA and recruiting DNA-directed RNA polymerase V to chromatin (PubMed:24463519, PubMed:27171427).
Impaired gene silencing due to decondensation of chromocenters leading to the derepression of DNA-methylated genes and transposable elements (TEs).
Palmitoylation at Cys-4 and Cys-6 are required for plasma membrane location.
Belongs to the CRT-like transporter family.
Involved in thiol transport from the plastid to the cytosol. Transports probably both glutathione (GSH) and its precursor, gamma-glutamylcysteine (gamma-EC). Exhibits some functional redundancy with CLT1 in maintaining the root GSH pool.
No visible phenotype. Clt1, clt3 and clt3 triple mutants are more sensitive to Cd(2+), have a decreased level of cytosolic GSH, an altered systemic acquired resistance response and are more sensitive to Phytophthora infection (PubMed:20080670). Clt1, clt3 and clt3 triple mutants have decreased lateral root densities (PubMed:24204368).
May be involved in the degradation of misfolded endoplasmic reticulum (ER) luminal proteins.
May be involved in the degradation process of specific misfolded endoplasmic reticulum (ER) luminal proteins.
Induced transiently by UV-B, ozone and wounding.
Expressed in roots, stems, leaves and floral buds.
Plants display a strong reduction of anthocyanin content on the adaxial side of rosette leaves, a slight reduction onf the abaxial side, and extra cells between cortical and epidermal layers in roots.
Probable transcription factor involved in the regulation of the tissue-specific accumulation of anthocyanins and in cellular organization of the primary root.
Acts as an activator of both rRNA/tRNA and protein methyltransferases (By similarity). Required for TRM9 tRNA methyltransferase activity (PubMed:21653555). Involved in the regulation of cell division progression during organ growth. Required for the expression of cell cycle-related genes, and the G2-M phase progression during organogenesis (PubMed:19929876).
Semi-dwarf phenotype. Reduced organ growth due to inhibition of cell proliferation.
No visible phenotype under normal growth condition, but slightly enhanced resistance of root growth in presence of Cd and increased accumulation of Mn and Zn under Fe starvation.
Vacuolar metal transporter involved in intracellular metal homeostasis. Can transport iron (Fe), manganese (Mn) and cadmium (Cd). Regulates metal accumulation under Fe starvation. Acts redundantly with NRAMP3 to mobilize vacuolar Fe and provide sufficient Fe during seed germination. In association with NRAMP3, required for optimal growth and photosynthesis under Mn deficiency. Exports Mn from vacuoles in leaf mesophyll cells, making Mn available for functional photosystem II in chloroplasts.
Binds 4 Mg(2+) or Mn(2+) ions per subunit.
Composed of two chains; the small (or glutamine) chain promotes the hydrolysis of glutamine to ammonia, which is used by the large (or ammonia) chain to synthesize carbamoyl phosphate.
Subunit of the carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase (CPS) composed of a small chain CARA/VEN6 and a large chain CARB/VEN3. Involved in arginine biosynthesis. Required for mesophyll development.
The ven3-1, ven3-2, ven3-3 and ven3-4 phenotypes are rescued by exogenous application of citrulline, an arginine precursor.
Belongs to the TDD superfamily. DTWD2 family.
Catalyzes the formation of 3-(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)uridine (acp3U) at position 20a in the D-loop of several cytoplasmic tRNAs (acp3U(20a)).
Extracellular signaling peptide that represses plant growth rate. Regulates shoot gravitropic responses (PubMed:24179095). Represses primary root length and lateral root initiation, probably by repressing the CEP receptor CEPR1 (PubMed:24179096, PubMed:27296247). Regulates systemic nitrogen (N)-demand signaling. Mediates up-regulation of genes involved in N uptake and assimilation pathways (PubMed:25324386).
Hydroxylated peptide is more active than non-hydroxylated peptide.
Increased plant height with abnormal shoot gravitropic responses (PubMed:24179095). Longer primary root length and increased number of lateral roots initiation and primordia (PubMed:27296247).
Induced by gibberellic acid (GA) and phosphorus (P), but repressed by brassinosteroids (BR), salicylic acid (SA) and nitrogen (N) (PubMed:24179095). Repressed by auxin (e.g. IAA and NAA) (PubMed:24179095, PubMed:27296247). Accumulates in roots in response to nitrate, nitrogen and ammonium chloride NH(4)Cl depletion (PubMed:24179096, PubMed:25324386). Induced in shoots by osmotic stress (e.g. mannitol) (PubMed:24179096).
Mostly expressed in roots, and, at lower levels, in stems, leaves and flowers (PubMed:18315543, PubMed:24179095). Present in lateral root primordia (especially in vasculature and in the basal meristem) (PubMed:24179095, PubMed:27296247). Predominantly expressed in the phloem pole-associated pericycle (PPP) cells, and, to a lower extent, in the adjacent phloem (PubMed:27296247). Observed in lateral roots (especially in vasculature), root-hypocotyl junction, leaves, inflorescence stems and flowers (PubMed:24179095).
Expressed in roots, leaves, stems, flower and green siliques.
Interacts with VTI11 and SYP51 to form a t-SNARE complex, but not with VPS45.
May provide the t-SNARE function in the vacuolar assembly. Promotes the formation of vacuolar membrane 'bulbs'. Required for inflorescence stem gravitropism.
The sgr3-1 mutant has a reduced gravitropic response in inflorescence stem but a normal gravitropic response in hypocotyls. Reduced formation of vacuolar membrane 'bulbs'.
Circadian-regulation (PubMed:24442277). Down-regulated in axillary buds within 24 hours after decapitation and then up-regulated (PubMed:15908603). Down-regulated by the transcription factor ERF114 (PubMed:23616605). Down-regulated by cold (PubMed:24442277). Almost complete down-regulation by sucrose, fructose and glucose, but not by other sugars (PubMed:16463203). Up-regulated by heat and dark growth conditions (PubMed:24442277). Isoform 2: Up-regulated by salt. Isoform 4: Up-regulated by salt. Isoform 1: Not up-regulated by salt. Isoform 5: Not up-regulated by salt (PubMed:24442277).
Isoform 1: Expressed mainly in the low bolt. Isoform 2: Expressed mainly in the low bolt. Detected in flowers. Isoform 4: Expressed mainly in the low bolt. Isoform 5: Expressed mainly in the 6 days old seedlings. Detected in 16 days old seedlings, axil, low bolt and floral samples, but only barely in leaves and top bolt.
May be artifactual or particularly rare.
No visible phenotype. Drm1 and drmh1 double mutants have no visible phenotype.
Predicted to be an intrinsically disordered protein.
Transcription factor that binds 5'-AACGG-3' motifs in gene promoters (By similarity). Required for proper circadian rhythm (PubMed:18426557).
Belongs to the UTP23/FCF1 family. FCF1 subfamily.
Mostly expressed in flowers and siliques and barely in roots and stems.
Up-regulated in the stem epidermis during active wax synthesis.
Acts as a stomatal lineage scaffold which regulates subcellular localization and transient polarization of kinases (e.g. ASK7/BIN2 and ASK3/SK12) involved in asymmetric cell division (ACD) in a BASL-dependent manner.
Decreased accumulation of ASK7/BIN2 at the plasma membrane and impaired polarization of ASK7/BIN2 in asymmetric cell division (ACD) precursors thus leading to its nuclear localization in the meristemoids.
Expressed in the root epidermis or cortex.
Expressed in cotyledons, leaves and flowers, and in the elongation zone in root.
Enzyme involved in the catabolism of H(2)CO(3) but that does not mediates the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide. Mediates complex I assembly in mitochondria and respiration (By similarity).
Homotrimer (Probable). Component of the oxidoreductase respiratory chain complex I; element of the extra matrix-exposed domain, which is attached to the membrane arm of this complex.
Catalyzes the conversion of methylthioalkyl glucosinolates of any chain length into methylsulfinylalkyl glucosinolates. Prefers probably short-chain methylthioalkyl glucosinolates in cv. Landsberg erecta.
In contrast to cv. Columbia, cv. Landsberg erecta has predominantly propyl C3 instead of butyl C4 Met-derived glucosinolates.
Increased accumulation of methylthiopropyl glucosinolates in leaves and seeds.
Decreased nitrate content in root phloem exudates. Enhanced root-to shoot nitrate transport and plant growth under high nitrate conditions.
Expressed in roots, stems and major veins of the leaves. Detected in the companion cells of the root phloem.
Low-affinity nitrate transporter facilitating nitrate loading into root phloem. Not involved in dipeptides transport, but has a weak glucosinolate transport activity.
Up-regulated by nitrate after long time exposure.
Component of the core Fe-S cluster (ISC) assembly machinery.
Mostly expressed in flowers and pollen, and, to a lower extent, in leaves and roots.
Scaffold protein for the de novo synthesis of iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters within mitochondria, which is required for maturation of both mitochondrial and cytoplasmic [2Fe-2S] and [4Fe-4S] proteins (PubMed:17417719). First, a [2Fe-2S] cluster is transiently assembled on the scaffold protein ISCU (ISU1, ISU2 or ISU3). In a second step, the cluster is released from ISCU, transferred to a glutaredoxin, followed by the formation of mitochondrial [2Fe-2S] proteins, the synthesis of [4Fe-4S] clusters and their target-specific insertion into the recipient apoproteins. Cluster assembly on ISCU depends on the function of the cysteine desulfurase complex NFS1-ISD11, which serves as the sulfur donor for cluster synthesis, the iron-binding protein frataxin as the putative iron donor, and the electron transfer chain comprised of ferredoxin reductase and ferredoxin, which receive their electrons from NADH (By similarity).
Scaffold protein for the de novo synthesis of iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters within mitochondria, which is required for maturation of both mitochondrial and cytoplasmic [2Fe-2S] and [4Fe-4S] proteins.
Mostly expressed in leaves, and to a lesser extent in roots. Present in seedlings.
Reduced transcription of the plastid ndhF gene.
Sigma factors are initiation factors that promote the attachment of plastid-encoded RNA polymerase (PEP) to specific initiation sites and are then released.
Sigma factors are initiation factors that promote the attachment of plastid-encoded RNA polymerase (PEP) to specific initiation sites and are then released. Regulates transcription of the ndhF gene which codes for a subunit of the plastid NDH [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase] complex.
Slightly induced by blue light, especially after dark adaptation.
Binding to target DNA is mediated mainly by the C-terminal WRKY domain, while part of the activation domain is located between positions 210 and 285.
Expressed to similar levels in root and flower, to a somewhat lower level in stem and to low levels in leaf and siliques.
Transcription factor. Binds to a 5'-CGTTGACCGAG-3' consensus core sequence which contains a W box, a frequently occurring elicitor-responsive cis-acting element.
Interacts with KIN10 and KIN11 via its FLZ-type zinc finger domain (PubMed:24600465, PubMed:29945970). Interacts with KINB3 via its N-terminal part (PubMed:29945970). Interacts with GEBP (PubMed:24600465).
Overexpression of FLZ4/IRM1 rendered plants shorter which creates mechanical resistance to M.persicae aphid attack.
Promoted M.persicae aphid population development.
Up-regulated in response to mild as well as prolonged energy depletion.
Acts as component of the GARP complex that is involved in retrograde transport from early and late endosomes to the trans-Golgi network (TGN).
Acts as component of the GARP complex that is involved in retrograde transport from early and late endosomes to the trans-Golgi network (TGN). The GARP complex is required for the maintenance of protein retrieval from endosomes to the TGN, acid hydrolase sorting, lysosome function, endosomal cholesterol traffic and autophagy. VPS51 participates in retrograde transport of acid hydrolase receptors, likely by promoting tethering and SNARE-dependent fusion of endosome-derived carriers to the TGN. Acts as component of the EARP complex that is involved in endocytic recycling. The EARP complex associates with Rab4-positive endosomes and promotes recycling of internalized transferrin receptor (TFRC) to the plasma membrane (By similarity). Required for vacuolar targeting and cellular trafficking. Involved in the regulation of vascular tissue patterning, probably by regulating PIN1 expression pattern, thus modulating auxin flux. Important to prevent PIN1 accumulation within margin cells, possibly by targeting PIN1 to the lytic vacuole. Regulates PIN1 and ATHB8 expression pattern in secondary veins (PubMed:24757006).
Component of the Golgi-associated retrograde protein (GARP) complex, composed by VPS51, VPS52, VPS53 and VPS54. Component of the endosome-associated retrograde protein (EARP) complex, composed of VPS51, VPS52, VPS53 and VPS50 (By similarity). Interacts with VPS52 (PubMed:24757006).
Expressed in primary and lateral roots, shoots of seedlings and flowers.
In leaves, first observed at low levels in a diffuse pattern 3.5 days after germination (DAG), spreads throughout much of the lamina by 4 DAG and becomes increasingly restricted to presumptive veins from 5 to 8 DAG. Confined in epidermal cells of the proximal margins in mature leaves.
Leaf vascular tissue patterning defects: simpler leaf venation with distal non-meeting of the secondary veins and fewer higher order veins, a narrower leaf with prominent serrations, and reduced root and shoot growth. Normal early endocytic events, but disrupted cellular trafficking. Reduced vacuolar targeting resulting in expanded expression of PIN1 in leaf margins and altered expression pattern of PIN1 and ATHB8 in secondary veins.
Belongs to the GST superfamily. DHAR family.
Displays a dual function. As a soluble protein, exhibits glutathione-dependent thiol transferase and dehydroascorbate (DHA) reductase activities (PubMed:12077129). Key component of the ascorbate recycling system. Involved in the redox homeostasis, especially in scavenging of ROS under oxidative stresses (By similarity).
Monomer (By similarity). Interacts with TRX3.
Partial S-glutathionylation and intramolecular disulfide bond formation between Cys-66 and Cys-69 in the presence of oxidized glutathione (GSSG). Could be reduced by TRX-dependent process.
95% inhibition by diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP) and 30% by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF).
Highly expressed in seedlings. Expressed in leaves, stems, flowers and siliques, and at low levels in roots.
In cv. Pna-10, this protein SCP8 and the adjacent SCP10 are not present due to a natural 13-kb deletion (PubMed:19969522).
Involved in plants secondary metabolism. Functions as acyltransferase to form the sinapate ester sinapoylmalate. Also capable of catalyzing the formation of 1,2-bis-O-sinapoyl beta-D-glucoside.
Plants do not contain sinapoylmalate and accumulate its biosynthetic precursor, sinapoylglucose.
Mostly expressed in anthers. Also present in pollen, base of siliques and inflorescence stems.
Transcription activator of genes involved in biosynthesis of secondary walls. Together with NST1, required for the secondary cell wall thickening of the anther endocethium, which is necessary for anther dehiscence. May also regulate the secondary cell wall lignification of other tissues such as tracheary elements.
Required for innate and induced resistance to pathogens such as compatible and incompatible isolates of P.syringae and P.parasitica.
Belongs to the aspartate/ornithine carbamoyltransferase superfamily. OTCase family.
Accumuates upon hypoxia (e.g. submergences).
Activated by phosphorylation by MPK3 and MPK6 (PubMed:18273012). Down-regulated by KIN10 that controls its protein stability under a phosphorylation-dependent manner (PubMed:28600557). Satnilitzed during hypoxia (e.g. submergences) via a ceramides-triggered and CTR1-dependent manner (PubMed:25822663).
Acts as homodimer to bind the primary ethylene response element. Interacts with TAF12B. Interacts with KIN10 (PubMed:28600557). Binds to ENAP1 in the presence of ethylene; this reaction facilitates its association with histone (PubMed:27694846, PubMed:28874528).
Loss-of-function mutations (ein3-1 and ein3-2) in the gene lead to the suppression of ethylene-mediated effects including gene expression, the triple response, cell growth inhibition, and accelerated senescence.
Transcription factor acting as a positive regulator in the ethylene response pathway, by promoting histone acetylation in an ENAP1-dependent manner, thus accelerating the expression of ethylene-responsive genes (PubMed:28874528). Binds DNA (PubMed:26352699). Is required for ethylene responsiveness in adult plant tissues. Binds a primary ethylene response element present in the ETHYLENE-RESPONSE-FACTOR1 promoter with consequence to activate the transcription of this gene.
Catalyzes the irreversible hydrolysis of pyrophosphate (PPi) to phosphate. The MgPPi(2-) complex binds to the enzyme only after a free Mg(2+) ion has bound. No activity with glycerol-3-phosphate, glucose-6-phosphate, p-nitrophenylphosphate, ADP, NADP(+), NAD(+),NADH, NADPH or phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate as substrates.
Expressed throughout plant development, with a lower expression in young plantes and a maximum during flowering.
Ubiquitous, excepted in pollen. Very low expression in cork, xylem and hypocotyls.
By the bacterial pathogen P.syringae pv. tomato.
Expressed in shoot meristems, root meristematic zone, lateral roots, leaves, stigma and anthers.
Forms a channel through the mitochondrial outer membrane that allows diffusion of small hydrophilic molecules. The channel adopts an open conformation at low or zero membrane potential and a closed conformation at potentials above 30-40 mV. The open state has a weak anion selectivity whereas the closed state is cation-selective (By similarity). Involved in plant development at reproductive stage, is important for pollen development and may regulate hydrogen peroxide generation during disease resistance.
In vdac1-6 homozygous plants, normal growth, but small siliques and decreased pollen germination rate and tube length.
Partly functionally redundant with UBC35.
Belongs to the PPP phosphatase family. PP-6 (PP-V) subfamily.
Catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase 6 (PP6) (Probable). Dephosphorylates phosphorylated phytochromes, with a preference toward Pfr forms (PubMed:12468726). Plays a major role in the photoperiodic control of flowering time in long days by modulating phytochrome signals in flowering time control (PubMed:12468726). Involved in the regulation of polar auxin transport in roots (PubMed:22715043). Dephosphorylates directly the auxin efflux carriers PIN1 and PIN2, thus promoting their proper polar localization in root cell plasma membrane (PubMed:22715043). Acts antagonistically with the protein kinase PID to regulate the reversible phosphorylation of PIN and polar targeting, subsequently impacting polar auxin transport and plant development (PubMed:22715043). Involved in the regulation of abscisic acid (ABA) signaling during seed germination and postgermination seedling growth (PubMed:23404889). Functions as negative regulator of ABA signaling through direct dephosphorylation and destabilization of ABI5 protein (PubMed:23404889). Acts antagonistically with the protein kinase SRK2E/SNRK2.6 to regulate ABI5 phosphorylation and ABA responses (PubMed:23404889). Involved in the regulation of phosphorylation status in hypocotyl phototropism (PubMed:30373470). Involved in the negative regulation of photomorphogenesis by controlling the stability and transcriptional activity of PIF3 and PIF4 proteins in the dark, via the regulation of their phosphorylation status (PubMed:31527236).
Early flowering (PubMed:12468726). No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but the double mutant plants fypp1 and fypp3 exhibit severe developmental defects in roots and leaves, and show defective gravitropism (PubMed:22715043).
Interacts with PHYA and PHYB, mostly when they are phosphorylated and in Pfr forms (PubMed:12468726). Interacts with TAP46 (PubMed:24357600, PubMed:12468726). Interacts with NRP (PubMed:24357600). Interacts with PIN1 and PIN2 (PubMed:22715043). Interacts with ABI5 (PubMed:23404889). Interacts with PIF3 and PIF4 (PubMed:31527236). Protein phosphatase 6 (PP6) holoenzyme is a heterotrimeric complex formed by the catalytic subunit FYPP, a SAPS domain-containing subunit (SAL) and a protein phosphatase 2A regulatory subunit A (PP2AA) (PubMed:22715043).
Mostly expressed in flowers (PubMed:12468726). Also detected to a lower extent in stems and leaves (PubMed:12468726). Expressed in roots (PubMed:22715043).
Displays plantlets with retarded development under low Mg(2+) concentrations growth conditions.
Isoform 1 is expressed in the whole plant. Isoform 4 is expressed only in roots and flowers.
Low-affinity magnesium transporter that mediates the influx of magnesium.
Belongs to the pyridoxal phosphate-binding protein YggS/PROSC family.
Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP)-binding protein, which may be involved in intracellular homeostatic regulation of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP), the active form of vitamin B6.
Lacks the 2 conserved His residues involved in iron binding and essential for dioxygenase activity. Its enzyme activity is therefore unsure.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX54/DBP10 subfamily.
Expressed in roots, stems, flowers, petioles, seeds, siliques, and leaves. Mostly present in major veins.
High-affinity permease involved in the transport of the cationic amino acids (e.g. arginine, lysine, histidine, citrulline, valine, and glutamate). Transport mostly basic amino acids, and, to a lower extent neutral and acidic amino acids. May function as a proton symporter.
Inhibited by the protonophore 2,4-dinitrophenol.
Expressed in roots, shoots, flowers and pollen.
By water deficit, by abscisic acid (ABA) and by salt stress.
Probable transcription activator that may act as growth regulators in response to water deficit.
Inability to limit tetrazolium salt uptake in seeds, development of hair-like structures on seeds, altered pollen morphologies, deformed or collapsed, and decreased levels of omega-hydroxy fatty acids in seed coats.
Lipid transfer protein involved in seed and ovule maturation and development, probably by regulating the fatty acids homeostasis during suberin and sporopollenin biosynthesis or deposition.
Restricted to stamen, pollen and sporophytic tissues (PubMed:14671020, PubMed:24460633). Also detected, at low levels, in stems and leaves (PubMed:14671020).
Impaired in BABA-induced sterility (ibs) and BABA-induced protection against P.syringae, H.parasitica, and salt. Affected in the priming for callose deposition.
Phosphoinositide phosphatase that hydrolyzes PtdIns(3)P and PtdIns(4)P. Involved in priming for different defense responses.
Acts as a negative regulator of fumonisin B1- and pathogen-induced programmed cell death (PCD), and regulates pathogen-induced symptom development (PubMed:25862728). May function redundantly with CYCLASE2 for normal plant growth, development and viability (Probable).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but leaves of mutant plants exhibit a severly increased cell death when exposed to fumonisin B1 or a bacterial pathogen that triggers the defensive hypersensitive cell death. The double mutants cyclase1 and cyclase2 are embryonic lethal.
Homozygous mutants are lethal (PubMed:25628629). In hemizygous mutants, increased expression of ProDH1 (PubMed:25628629). Reduced proline accumulation in response to salt (NaCl) (PubMed:25628629).
Induced by salicylic acid (SA) and upon infection by the incompatible bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato DC3000 (avrRpt2).
Interacts with VPS15 (PubMed:22361507). Component of a complex made of VPS38/USL1 and PI3K main subunits such as VPS15, ATG6/VPS30 and VPS34 (PubMed:29897620). Binds directly to VPS38/USL1 (PubMed:29184027).
Involved in the negative regulation of proline, hydrophobic and aromatic amino acids accumulation, especially in response to salt (NaCl), either through inhibition of their synthesis and/or promotion of their catabolism (PubMed:25628629). Triggers defense responses (e.g. pathogenesis related (PR1 and PR5) gene expression and hydrogen peroxide H(2)O(2) burst) to the bacterial pathogen compatible Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato DC3000 (Pst DC3000) and incompatible Pst DC3000 (avrRpt2), by regulating reactive ogygen species (ROS) production and by promoting stomatal closure (PubMed:32117334).
The PI3K inhibitor LY294002 affects phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PI3P) levels and triggers a decrease in proline, hydrophobic and aromatic amino acids, and sugars (e.g. raffinose) accumulation in response to salt treatment correlated with lower P5CS1 expression and higher ProDH1 expression, genes involved in proline biosynthesis and catabolism, respectively.
Belongs to the phosphatidylcholine:diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase family.
Functions as phosphatidylcholine:diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase that catalyzes the transfer of the phosphocholine headgroup from phosphatidylcholine (PC) to diacylglycerol, a major reaction for the transfer of 18:1 into phosphatidylcholine for desaturation and also for the reverse transfer of 18:2 and 18:3 into the triacylglycerols synthesis pathway.
Extremely slow growth, especially during the early stage of development.
Highly expressed in imbibed seeds and young seedlings.
Non-catalytic component of the RNA exosome complex which has 3'->5' exoribonuclease activity and participates in a multitude of cellular RNA processing, maturation and degradation events. In vitro, is a processive phosphorolytic exonuclease and requires a single-stranded poly(A) tail on the substrate RNA for its activity (By similarity). Plays an important role in seed germination and early seedling growth by mediating specific cytoplasmic mRNA decay of transcripts coding for the abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthetic enzymes NCED5 and NCED6, and the ABA signaling transcription factors ABI3 and ABI4 (PubMed:23132787).
Probable component of the RNA exosome complex.
Component of light signal transduction machinery. Involved in repression of photomorphogenesis in darkness by participating in the CDD complex, a complex probably required to regulate the activity of ubiquitin conjugating enzymes (E2s). Involved in repression of deetiolation in the developing seedling. Repression of photomorphogenesis is probably mediated by ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of photomorphogenesis-promoting factors such as HY5, HYH and LAF1. Involved in the repression of blue light responsive promoter in chloroplasts. May be required to stabilize the CDD complex. Its association with histone tail suggests a role in remodeling of chromatin (PubMed:9681024, PubMed:15342494). Required for the regulation of histone H2B monoubiquitination (H2Bub) over most genes by controlling the stability of the deubiquitination module (DUB module) (PubMed:30192741).
Component of the CDD complex, at least composed of COP10, DET1 and DDB1A (PubMed:15342494, PubMed:24563205). Interacts with DDB1A (PubMed:12225661). Interacts with non-acetylated N-terminal tail of histone H2B in a nucleosome context (PubMed:12225670).
Amino acid aminotransferase showing activity for D-Asp and D-Ala as amino donors with 2-oxoglutarate as an amino acceptor. Can also use D-Met, D-Tyr, D-Phe, D-Gln, D-Trp and D-Asn as substrates, but no activity with L-Asp, L-Ala, L-Leu, L-Ile or L-Val. Catalyzes also the reverse reaction where an amino group is transferred from D-Glu to pyruvate or oxaloacetate to produce D-Ala or D-Asp, respectively. Also involved in folate biosynthesis, acting as an aminodeoxychorismate lyase converting 4-amino-4-deoxychorismate (ADC) to p-aminobenzoate (PABA)(PubMed:15500462).
Inhibited by hydroxylamine or amino-oxyacetic acid.
Seems to be involved in the resistance to UV light and chemical DNA-damaging agents (PubMed:8479917). Regulates the splicing of the receptor-like kinase SNC4/LRKL-2.6 (PubMed:25267732).
Autoacetylation at Lys-269 is required for proper function.
Expressed in cotyledons, leaves, stems, roots and, at higher levels in developing flowers, particularly in the anthers and gynoecia (PubMed:19040736). Constitutively expressed in all tissues, predominantly in shoot apical meristem (PubMed:23273925).
Histone acetyltransferase which may be involved in transcriptional activation. Acetylates 'Lys-5' of histone H4 (H4K5ac) (PubMed:16648464, PubMed:17877703). Essential for gametophyte development (PubMed:19040736). Negative regulator of flowering controlling the H4K5ac levels in the FLC chromatin (PubMed:23273925).
Knockdown expression of both HAM1 and HAM2 results in earlier flowering.
No visible phenotype, due to the redundancy with HAM1. Ham1 and ham2 double mutants are lethal.
Expressed strongly in leaves and flowers, weakly in roots, and very weakly in stems.
Transcription repressor that binds DNA in a sequence-specific manner, 5'-GCCT-3', to regulate the expression of PGR. Acts as a modulatory component for the glucose-triggered developmental leaf growth process.
Belongs to the 5-formyltetrahydrofolate cyclo-ligase family.
Contributes to tetrahydrofolate metabolism and photorespiration through the regulation of serine hydroxymethyltransferase. Prefers the pentalutamyl to the monoglutamyl form of 5-formyltetrahydrofolate.
Reduced growth rate and delayed flowering.
Allosterically activated by S-adenosyl-methionine (SAM).
Belongs to the threonine synthase family.
Binds 4 S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) molecules per dimer. Although SAM3 and SAM4 have equivalent positions, their interactions with the protein are not identical. SAM3 interacts with Lys-172 and Asn-178 of monomer B, whereas SAM4 interacts only with Lys-172 of monomer A (By similarity).
Catalyzes the gamma-elimination of phosphate from L-phosphohomoserine and the beta-addition of water to produce L-threonine.
Much less active than TS1 at physiological concentrations of S-adenosyl-methionine (20 uM).
Catalyzes the 3'-hydroxylation of the flavonoid B-ring to the 3',4'-hydroxylated state. Convert naringenin to eriodictyol and dihydrokaempferol to dihydroquercetin.
High expression in siliques and to a lower extent in stems, flowers and senescing leaves.
May act as a membrane anchor for localization of other, soluble, flavonoid enzymes to the endoplasmic reticulum.
At 3 days post anthesis (DPA), expressed in the chalazal endosperm region. By 6 DPA, expressed in the endosperm and embryo. In fully germinated seed, strongest expression in the root tip and not detected in the cotyledons. In 4-days old seedlings, restricted to the vasculature of the cotyledons, the shoot apical meristem region, and the root tip. By 8 days, restricted to newly emerged leaves.
Interacts with the DELLA proteins (e.g. GAI/RGA2, RGA, RGL1, RGL2 and RGLG3), acting as coactivators.
Plants lacking both ENY/IDD1 and IDD2/GAF1 have a decreased responsiveness to gibberellic acid (GA).
Strongly up-regulated during seed development.
Transcription factor promoting the transition to germination by regulating light and hormonal signaling during seed maturation (PubMed:21571950). Acts as a positive regulator of phytochrome and/or gibberellin action (PubMed:21571950, PubMed:25035403).
2-fold higher levels of alpha-ketosuccinamate and 3-fold higher levels of alpha-hydroxysuccinamate.
Belongs to the nitrilase superfamily. NIT1/NIT2 family.
Down-regulated in roots after treatment with asparagine.
Omega-amidase involved in the metabolism of asparagine. Probably also closely coupled with glutamine transamination in the methionine salvage cycle. Can use alpha-ketosuccinamate and alpha-hydroxysuccinamate as substrates, producing respectively oxaloacetate and malate, or alpha-ketoglutaramate, producing alpha-ketoglutarate.
The T-DNA insertion may still allow the production of a functional cytosolic form of the protein, if translation is initiated from the second initiation codon, encoding Met-63 in the full-length protein.
Probable transcription factor (By similarity). Promotes slightly the tolerance to cadmium (Cd) and to oxidizing chemicals (e.g. diamide) (PubMed:18980652).
Expressed in the shoot and root apical regions of young seedlings. Expressed in cotyledons and inflorescences.
Interacts with CZS (PubMed:17224141). Interacts with OTU6/OTLD1 (PubMed:21690391).
Probable histone demethylase that reduces the levels of histone H3 'Lys-4' methylation in chromatin of the floral repressor FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) and the sporophytically silenced floral repressor FWA (PubMed:17921315). Seems to act in partial redundancy with FLOWERING LOCUS D (FLD) to repress FLC expression (PubMed:17921315). Required for cytosine methylation of FWA (PubMed:17921315). Controls primary seed dormancy by regulating DOG1 and abscisic acid signaling-related genes (PubMed:25852712). In association with OTU6/OTLD1, involved in transcriptional gene repression via histone deubiquitination and demethylation (PubMed:21690391).
Up-regulated expression of GLP2A/GLP5A due to derepression associated with hyperubiquitination of the target chromatin and H3K4 hypermethylation.
Expressed in dark-grown seedlings and remains stable throughout the greening process. Highest expression in developing green tissues and in leaves undergoing senescence or abiotic stress, with the exception of heat shock conditions that induced a drastic reduction of expression.
Highly expressed in developing photosynthetic organs such as leaves, flower buds and green siliques. Also detected in roots, flowers, mature leaves and stems.
KM and Vmax values toward ATP only are increased by m-chlorocarbonyl cyanide phenylhydrazone (CCCP). The corresponding values for ADP are not affected.
Plants show a 30-40% reduction in the thylakoid ATP transport and metabolism.
Specifically transports adenine nucleotides. Involved in the uptake of ATP into thylakoids in exchange for lumenal ADP.
No visible phenotype and no effect on drought stress response, probably due to the redundancy with RMA1 and RMA2.
Belongs to the TFIID complex together with the TBP-associated factors (TAFs). Binds DNA as monomer. Interacts with TAF1 (via N-terminus) (PubMed:17340043). Interacts with TFIIB1 (PubMed:10634912). Interacts with PTF2 (PubMed:23713077). Interacts with HAT5/ATHB-1 and ATHB-7 (PubMed:24531799). Component of a nuclear protein complex containing at least TATA binding proteins (TBPs, e.g. TBP1 and TBP2) and ATX1 (PubMed:21266657).
General transcription factor (GTF) that functions at the core of the DNA-binding multiprotein factor TFIID. Binding of TFIID to the TATA box is the initial transcriptional step of the pre-initiation complex (PIC), playing a role in the activation of eukaryotic genes transcribed by RNA polymerase II (By similarity). Interacts with TFIIB1 and is required for activated transcription and possibly basal transcription (PubMed:10634912). May act as GTF of RNA polymerase I-dependent transcription and rRNA synthesis. Forms a ternary complex with PBRP1 and the rDNA promoter region (PubMed:18668124).
Belongs to the lyase 1 family. Adenylosuccinate lyase subfamily.
Calcium-dependent mitochondrial carrier protein that catalyzes the import of ATP co-transported with metal divalent cations across the mitochondrial inner membrane in exchange for phosphate (Pi) (PubMed:22062157, PubMed:28695448, PubMed:26140942, PubMed:26444389). Can transport phosphate, AMP, ADP, ATP, adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate, sulfate and thiosulfate, and, to a lesser extent, other nucleotides (PubMed:26140942, PubMed:26444389). Binds calcium ions Ca(2+) (PubMed:22062157). Mediates also calcium uptake (PubMed:26444389).
Counter-exchange transport activity is saturable and inhibited by pyridoxal-5'-phosphate, EDTA and EGTA (PubMed:26140942, PubMed:26444389). Activated by calcium Ca(2+) and manganese Mn(2+) ions, and slightly by iron Fe(2+) and zinc Zn(2+) ions (PubMed:26140942, PubMed:28695448, PubMed:26444389). Repressed by copper ions Cu(2+) and slightly by magnesium Mg(2+) ions (PubMed:28695448). Magnesium Mg(2+) ions promotes slightly ATP uptake, ATP-Mg(2+) being exchanged with ATP(4-) (PubMed:26444389).
Expressed in flowers, leaves, stems, roots and seedlings, mostly in aerial parts.
May be involved in feedback regulation of amino acid metabolism.
Accumulates under a salt stress (PubMed:32933187). Reduced levels during cold stress (PubMed:32933187). Seems not influenced by heat, drought and abscisic acid (ABA) (PubMed:32933187).
Faster germination of seeds under cold, salt and abscisic acid (ABA) treatment conditions, but not upon dehydration stress (PubMed:32933187). Reduced survival rate under drought and heat stresses, but increased resistance to salt (PubMed:32933187). Enhanced cotyledon greening after ABA application associated with reduced transcript levels of ABA signaling-related genes (e.g. ABI3 and ABI4) (PubMed:32933187).
Probable RNA demethylase that binds to both N6-methyladenosine-containing- (m(6)A) and C5-methylcytidine-containing- (m(5)C) RNAs, thus being a probable m(6)A and m(5)C eraser (PubMed:32933187). Involved in responses to abscisic acid (ABA) via the modulation of the expression of ABA signaling-related genes (e.g. ABI3 and ABI4) (PubMed:32933187). Acts as a negative regulator during seed germination under abiotic stresses (e.g. salt, cold and ABA) (PubMed:32933187). Positive modulator of seedling growth and survival in response to drought and heat, but counteracts tolerance to salt (PubMed:32933187).
Accumulates at higher levels in dark-grown seedlings (PubMed:18687588). Induced by sucrose (PubMed:18687588).
Altered seed morphology and delayed seed germination as well as inhibited root elongation in the dark; an exogenous carbon source is required to recover from the delayed seedling establishment. Reduced levels of glutamine, pyroglutamic acid, aspartate, beta-alanine, fumaric acid, glyceraldehyde and ribose, but increased accumulation of serine, glycine, asparagine, 3-cyanoalanine and 5-methylthiopentanitrile.
Enhances the transfer of lipids between membranes in vitro (PubMed:15456765). Active on phosphatidylcholine (PC), 1-palmitoyl 2-oleoyl phosphatidylcholine (POPC) and ergosterol, and, to a lower extent, dimyristoyl phosphatidic acid, stigmasterol, desmosterol, beta-sitosterol and steryl glucoside (PubMed:15456765). Inactive or poorly active on palmitic acid, stearoyl-coenzyme A, cholesterol, glucosylceramide and ceramide (PubMed:15456765). Required during seeds and seedlings development (PubMed:18687588).
Expressed in most tissues including seedlings, cotyledons, inflorescence, leaves, stems, roots, siliques and flower buds, with the highest levels in floral tissues and in maturing seeds.
In seeds, observed mainly in the endosperm and the embryo (PubMed:18687588). In seedlings, detected in vascular tissues and hydathodes of cotyledons (PubMed:18687588). Later expressed in trichomes of rosette leaves (PubMed:18687588). In flowers, accumulates in the receptacles, in vascular tissues of sepals and petals, in the style and stigma of the carpels, and in anthers, filaments, and pollen (PubMed:18687588). Also present in siliques funiculi (PubMed:18687588).
Interacts with RAD51 and DMC1 (PubMed:15014444, PubMed:16415210). Interacts with DSS1(I) (PubMed:16415210).
Involved in double-strand break repair and/or homologous recombination by mediating RAD51- and DMC1-facilitated DNA repair. Plays an essential role in both somatic and meiotic homologous recombination. Is crucial for the formation of RAD51 and DMC1 foci during male meiotic homologous recombination in prophase I.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but the double mutants brca2a and brca2b are sterile due to aberrant chromosome aggregates, chromosomal fragmentation and missegregation during meiosis.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. Cation-dependent O-methyltransferase family. CCoAMT subfamily.
Methylates caffeoyl-CoA to feruloyl-CoA and 5-hydroxyferuloyl-CoA to sinapoyl-CoA. Plays a role in the synthesis of feruloylated polysaccharides. Involved in the reinforcement of the plant cell wall. Also involved in the responding to wounding or pathogen challenge by the increased formation of cell wall-bound ferulic acid polymers (By similarity).
Homodimer (PubMed:24112720). Forms heterodimers with ABCG11 (PubMed:24112720).
In roots, observed in the central cylinder (PubMed:24112720). Restricted to the petiole main vein (PubMed:24112720). Present in rosette leaves vascular system (PubMed:24112720). Expressed transiently during flower develoment in the anthers and developing siliques, mostly in the tapetal cell layer during pollen maturation (PubMed:24474628). Also observed in phloem cells of the flower stem (PubMed:24112720).
Pollen grains of the double mutant abcg9 abcg31 shrivel up and collapse upon exposure to dry air, and exhibit an immature coat containing reduced levels of steryl glycosides, thus leading to a low viability (PubMed:24474628). Defective in sterol (e.g. 24-methylene cholesterol) composition (PubMed:24112720). Vascular patterning defects in cotyledons and the floral stem, with a stronger phenotype in plant missing also ABCG11 and ABCG14 (PubMed:24112720).
Present in flowers and siliques, at lower levels in leaves and stems, but barely in roots (PubMed:24474628, PubMed:24112720). Accumulates in the phloem (PubMed:24112720). Highly expressed in the tapetum of anthers (PubMed:24474628, PubMed:27634427).
Together with ABCG31, involved in pollen coat deposition of steryl glycosides required for pollen fitness (PubMed:24474628). Together with ABCG11 and ABCG14, required for vascular development by regulating lipid/sterol homeostasis (PubMed:24112720).
Belongs to the ubiquitin-activating E1 family. UBA3 subfamily.
Catalytic subunit of the dimeric E1 enzyme, which activates NEDD8.
Catalytic subunit of the dimeric ECR1-AXR1 E1 enzyme. E1 activates NEDD8/RUB1 by first adenylating its C-terminal glycine residue with ATP, thereafter linking this residue to the side chain of the catalytic cysteine, yielding a NEDD8-ECR1 thioester and free AMP. E1 finally transfers NEDD8 to the catalytic cysteine of RCE1 (By similarity).
Expressed during ovules and embryo development.
Expressed in shoot, root and floral meristems, in vascular tissues of cotyledons and mature leaves, and in the stele of the root.
Heterodimer of UBA3/ECR1 and AXR1. Interacts with NEDD8 and RCE1.
No accumulation in response to auxin treatment.
The formation of the adenylate intermediate is possible in absence of AXR1 and without the participation of Cys-215.
Involved in salt stress response. May positively modulate plant tolerance to salt stress.
Dioxygenase that repairs alkylated DNA containing 1-methyladenine and 1-ethenoadenine by oxidative demethylation. Accepts double-stranded and single-stranded substrates, with a preference for dsDNA over ssDNA. Confers resistance to methylating agents such as methylmethanesulphonate (MMS).
Enhanced sensitivity to the methylating agent methylmethanesulphonate (MMS) leading to abnormal seedlings in presence of MMS.
Expressed ubiquitously, including in seedlings, leaves and flowers.
In seedlings, mostly present in the shoot meristematic region, as well as in the vasculature of the hypocotyl and root. Expressed in both primary and lateral root vasculature. In flowers, accumulates in sepals, stem, carpel tissue and anther filaments.
Expressed in leaf primordia and vasculature of pedicels, rosette leaves, sepals, carpels and siliques. Expressed in the root central cylinder.
Belongs to the Cold-regulated 413 protein family.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 18 family.
Component of the Mediator complex (PubMed:17560376). Interacts with YY1 to suppress disease susceptibility via the repression of genes glutaredoxins GRX480, GRXS13 and thioredoxin TRX-h5. Binds to ABI4 to regulate abscisic acid responses; recruited by ABI4 to ABI5 promoter in the presence of abscisic acid (ABA). Interacts with SUF4 to regulate flowering time; recruited by SUF4 to FLC promoter (PubMed:24451981).
Component of the Mediator complex, a coactivator involved in the regulated transcription of nearly all RNA polymerase II-dependent genes. Mediator functions as a bridge to convey information from gene-specific regulatory proteins to the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. The Mediator complex, having a compact conformation in its free form, is recruited to promoters by direct interactions with regulatory proteins and serves for the assembly of a functional pre-initiation complex with RNA polymerase II and the general transcription factors (PubMed:22021418, PubMed:24451981). Involved in the regulation of histone H3 lysine tri-methylation (H3K36me3). Associates with the promoter, coding and terminator regions of target genes suggesting its function in transcription initiation, elongation and termination. Multifunctional protein which regulates plant immunity, especially during necrotrophic fungal infection (e.g. B.cinerea and A.brassicicola), flowering time and responses to hormones (e.g. abscisic acid ABA and ethylene) through interactions with distinct transcription factors (PubMed:24451981).
Deregulated expression of glutaredoxins GRX480, GRXS13 and thioredoxin TRX-h5 leading to enhanced susceptibility to fungal infection (e.g. B.cinerea and A.brassicicola). Altered RNA polymerase II occupancy and histone H3 lysine tri-methylation (H3K36me3) of target genes. Insensitivity to abscisic acid (ABA) and to the ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC). Delayed flowering.
Decrease in chlorophyll b during dark incubation substantially suppressed.
Interacts with NOL to form a complex that acts as a chlorophyll b reductase. Interacts with HCAR, RCCR, SGR1 and the LHCII complex. Part of a SGR1-CCE-LHCII complex, which acts in chlorophyll breakdown.
Involved in chlorophyll b degradation. Belongs to the chlorophyll catabolic enzymes (CCEs).
Possibly has a role in RNA transcription or processing during stress.
Probable serine/threonine kinase that acts as positive regulator of brassinosteroid (BR) signaling downstream of the receptor kinase BRI1. Functions redundantly with BSK3, BSK6, BSK7 and BSK8.
During embryogenesis, specifically expressed in the precursor cells of the quiescent center (QC) at the heart, torpedo, bent-cotyledon, and mature embryo stages. At the seedling stage, expressed in the QC and vascular bundles of root differentiated zones and lateral root primordia. Expressed in the vasculature of hypocotyls, and meristemoids and guard cells of cotyledons.
Guanine-nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) that acts as an activator of Rop (Rho of plants) GTPases by promoting the exchange of GDP for GTP. In postembryonic roots, modulates root stem cell maintenance by regulating the expression of PLT1 and PLT2, which are key transcription factors that mediate the patterning of the root stem cell niche. May connect RopGEF-regulated Rac/Rop signaling and auxin-dependent PLT-regulated root pattern formation.
Interacts with ARAC1/ROP3, PLT1 and PLT2.
Plants silencing ROPGEF7 show defects in embryo patterning and maintenance of the quiescent center (QC), and postembryonic loss of root stem cell population.
Belongs to the plant Mediator complex subunit 9 family.
Component of the Mediator complex (PubMed:17560376). Interacts with MEE14/CBP1 (PubMed:26462908).
Delayed senescence (PubMed:33809440). The double mutants lpeat1 and lpeat2 exhibit impaired growth, small leaves, short roots, reduced seed setting, reduced lipid content per fresh weight in roots and seeds, and large increases in lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE) and lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) contents in leaves.
May be produced at very low levels due to a premature stop codon in the mRNA, leading to nonsense-mediated mRNA decay.
Possesses acyl-CoA-dependent lysophospholipid acyltransferase activity with a subset of lysophospholipids as substrates (PubMed:19445718, PubMed:28408542). Exhibits strong acylation activity on lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE), and lower activity on lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) and lysophosphatidylserine (LPS) (PubMed:19445718). Exhibits acylation activity on both LPE and LPC (PubMed:28408542). Has a preference for 18:1-LPE over 16:0-LPE as acceptor (PubMed:19445718). Palmitoyl-CoA (16:0-CoA) is a better acyl donor than oleoyl-CoA (18:1-CoA) (PubMed:19445718, PubMed:28408542). Among several different acyl-CoA species the best acyl donor is eicosanoyl-CoA (20:0-CoA) (PubMed:28408542). Activity is calcium-independent (PubMed:19445718). Its activity is essential for maintaining adequate levels of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), LPE and LPC in the cells, which is crucial for plant growth regulation (PubMed:28408542).
The HXXXXD motif is essential for acyltransferase activity and may constitute the binding site for the phosphate moiety of the glycerol-3-phosphocholine.
The ratio of isoform 2/isoform 1 mRNA is increased about 15-fold in the nonsense mRNA reducing factor mutant upf3-1.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 2 family.
Heavy metal-associated protein involved in salt tolerance.
Up-regulated by salt and osmotic stress.
Acts as a regulatory subunit of the 26 proteasome which is involved in the ATP-dependent degradation of ubiquitinated proteins (By similarity). Acts redundantly with RPN5A.
Belongs to the proteasome subunit p55 family.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 16 family. XTH group 2 subfamily.
Catalyzes xyloglucan endohydrolysis (XEH) and/or endotransglycosylation (XET). Cleaves and religates xyloglucan polymers, an essential constituent of the primary cell wall, and thereby participates in cell wall construction of growing tissues. Its induction in case of mechanical stress, suggests that it may contribute in the adaptive changes in morphogenesis by being recruited to alter tissues tensil strength, or flexibility, enabling adaptation to mechanically stressful environments.
Highly expressed. Predominantly expressed in green siliques. Expressed in young expanding leaves, trichomes, lateral root primordia, vascular tissue, abscission zones and elongating hypocols. Following wind stimulation, it decreases in the leaves of wind-stimulated plants, while it strongly increases in sites around cells of the pith parenchyma, between the vascular elements, and within the epidermis.
In response to mechanical perturbations such as wind or touch. Induced by auxin and brassinolide.
N-glycosylated; essential for its enzymatic activity.
May play a role in signal transduction pathways that involve calcium as a second messenger. Functions as regulator of the calcium-mediated abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway. Phosphorylates ABA-responsive transcription factors ABF1 and ABF4 in vitro. Phosphorylates the nuclear zinc finger Di19 in vitro.
Mutant cpk4-1 shows reduced ABA and salt responsiveness in seed germination.
There are 3 contiguous domains conserved in the CDPK subfamily: a kinase domain, an autoinhibitory (junction) domain and a calmodulin-like domain. The autoinhibitory domain (289-319) inactivates kinase activity under calcium-free conditions (By similarity).
Homodimer and monomer (PubMed:21658606). Binds ABA on one subunit only. ABA-binding favors monomer and trans-homodimer intermediate, and increases PP2C inhibitor activity (PubMed:22579247, PubMed:23844015). Binds both (-)-ABA and (+)-ABA (PubMed:23844015). Binds to CARs protein in an ABA-independent manner, both at the plasma membrane and in the nucleus (By similarity). Interacts with HAB1, ABI1 and ABI2, and possibly with other PP2Cs (PubMed:19407142, PubMed:19898420, PubMed:22579247, PubMed:23844015).
Receptor for abscisic acid (ABA) required for ABA-mediated responses such as stomatal closure and germination inhibition. Inhibits the activity of group-A protein phosphatases type 2C (PP2Cs) when activated by ABA (PubMed:22579247, PubMed:23844015, PubMed:21658606). Can be activated by both (-)-ABA and (+)-ABA (PubMed:23844015).
The synthetic growth inhibitor pyrabactin inhibits ABA-binding and subsequent PP2Cs inhibitor properties.
Expressed in inflorescence stems undergoing secondary wall deposition.
Probable xylan acetyltransferase that plays a role in xylan acetylation and normal deposition of secondary cell walls (PubMed:26745802). Required for 2-O-monoacetylation, 3-O-monoacetylation and 2,3-O-diacetylation of xylosyl residues in xylan (PubMed:26745802). Required for the formation of 3-O-acetylated, 2-O-glucoronic acid-substituted xylosyl residues (PubMed:26745802). May act as a bridging protein that binds pectin and other cell wall polysaccharides. Probably involved in maintaining esterification of pectins (By similarity).
Chimeric cDNA. Its 3'- and 5'-sequences are derived from the gene At4g26240.
Expressed in roots, flowers and siliques. Detected in stems and leaves.
By brassinosteroids, osmotic stress and high salinity. Accumulates in response to SA, ethylene, methyl jasmonate (MeJA), flagellin (e.g. flg22), and type A trichothecenes such as T-2 toxin and diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), but not in response to type B trichothecenes such as deoxynivalenol (DON).
Expressed in seedlings, roots, stems, leaves, buds, flowers and siliques.
Impaired growth and survival under salt stress. Reduced H(2)O(2) production. Hypersensitivity to T-2 toxin and DAS (but not to DON), accompanied by enhanced SA accumulation and several plant defense gene induction. Less susceptible to Pst DC3000.
Mediates E2-dependent ubiquitination (By similarity). Confers resistance to osmotic stress such as high salinity. Promotes H(2)O(2) production. Negative regulator of some defense-related genes via an salicylic acid (SA)-dependent signaling pathway. Confers susceptibility to the compatible phytopathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato strain DC3000 (Pst DC3000). Mediates resistance to type A trichothecenes (phytotoxins produced by phytopathogenic fungi).
The RING-type zinc finger domain interacts with an ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (E2) and facilitates ubiquitination.
Accumulates in cell walls of etiolated hypocotyls.
S-acyltransferase involved in protein lipid modification.
Bifunctional enzyme involved in flavonoid metabolism.
Autoinduction down-regulated by SUP in adaxial region of the ovule outer integument. Negatively and spatially regulated by HLL, ANT, BELL1, NZZ/SPL and SUP.
Essential for the formation and the abaxial-adaxial asymmetric growth of the ovule outer integument.
First detected in a group of around 15 epidermal cells on the abaxial half of each ovule primordium (chalaza, outer integument initiation sites). Later present in the outer cell layer of the outer integument on the abaxial side of the ovule primordium. Confined to the chalazal end of the integument and disappears after anthesis. Also present in embryos at the globular stage.
Probable cyclin-dependent protein kinase (CDK) inhibitor that functions as a repressor of mitosis in the endoreduplication cell cycle.
Accumulation of unprocessed cytosolic rRNA precursors, especially the large 35S rRNA precursor, as well as of the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) fragment corresponding to the region between the 18S and 5.8S rRNAs that contains the A3 cleavage sites.
Component of nuclear RNase P and RNase MRP ribonucleoproteins (PubMed:22641852). RNase P consists of a catalytic RNA moiety and different protein chains (By similarity). Several subunits of RNase P are also part of the RNase MRP complex (By similarity). RNase MRP consists of a catalytic RNA moiety and several protein subunits (By similarity).
Component of ribonuclease P, a ribonucleoprotein complex that generates mature tRNA molecules by cleaving their 5'-ends (PubMed:22641852). Also a component of the MRP ribonuclease complex, which cleaves pre-rRNA sequences (PubMed:22549728). Required for rRNA maturation, including 5.8S rRNA processing (PubMed:22549728).
Cleaves peptides in various proteins in a process that requires ATP hydrolysis. Has a chymotrypsin-like activity. Plays a major role in the degradation of misfolded proteins (By similarity). Essential protein required for chloroplast development and integrity (PubMed:16705403, PubMed:17241447). Essential for Embryogenesis (PubMed:23548781).
Component of the chloroplastic Clp protease core complex which consist of at least 16 proteins: CLPP4 (3 copies), CLPP5 (3 copies), CLPR4 (2 copies), ClpP1 (1 copy), CLPP6 (1 copy), CLPR2 (1 copy), CLPT1 (1 copy), CLPT2 (1 copy) and 3 copies of CLPP3 and/or CLPR1 and/or CLPR3 (PubMed:11278690, PubMed:14593120, PubMed:16766689, PubMed:16980539). Interacts with CHIP (PubMed:17241447). The core complex is organized in two heptameric rings, one containing CLPP3,4,5,6 in a 1:2:3:1 ratio and the other CLPP1 and CLPR1,2,3,4 in a 3:1:1:1:1 ratio (PubMed:21712416).
Repressed in darkness. Levels decrease in leaves during aging (at protein level). Slightly and transiently repressed by high light stress (at protein level).
Belongs to the pectinacetylesterase family.
Hydrolyzes acetyl esters in homogalacturonan regions of pectin. In type I primary cell wall, galacturonic acid residues of pectin can be acetylated at the O-2 and O-3 positions. Decreasing the degree of acetylation of pectin gels in vitro alters their physical properties.
Belongs to the archaeal Rpo6/eukaryotic RPB6 RNA polymerase subunit family.
Component of the RNA polymerase II and V complexes.
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Component of RNA polymerase II which synthesizes mRNA precursors and many functional non-coding RNAs. Pol II is the central component of the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. It is composed of mobile elements that move relative to each other. Component of RNA polymerase V which mediates RNA-directed DNA methylation-dependent (RdDM) transcriptional gene silencing (TGS) of endogenous repeated sequences, including transposable elements.
Expression is greatly increased in leaves during leaf senescence.
Induced by bacterial pathogens (e.g. Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato), ozone O(3), and wounding.
Component of the PEX2-PEX10-PEX12 retrotranslocation channel (By similarity). Interacts (via C-terminus) with PEX19-1.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase component of a retrotranslocation channel required for peroxisome organization by mediating export of the PEX5 receptor from peroxisomes to the cytosol, thereby promoting PEX5 recycling (PubMed:12883010, PubMed:14576288, PubMed:17215364, PubMed:17478547, PubMed:20679226, PubMed:23336935, PubMed:25214533). The retrotranslocation channel is composed of PEX2, PEX10 and PEX12; each subunit contributing transmembrane segments that coassemble into an open channel that specifically allows the passage of PEX5 through the peroxisomal membrane (By similarity). PEX10 also regulates PEX5 recycling by acting as a E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase (PubMed:23336935, PubMed:25214533). When PEX5 recycling is compromised, PEX10 catalyzes polyubiquitination of PEX5 during its passage through the retrotranslocation channel, leading to its degradation (By similarity).
Increased expression in early post-germinative growth.
The E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity is stimulated by PEX12.
Probable acylpyruvase. Binds copper in vitro.
Although GLYR2 acts as an aldo/keto reductase, it has no significant homology with either mammalian and bacterial NADPH-dependent SSA reductases.
Belongs to the HIBADH-related family. NP60 subfamily.
By cold and heat stresses. Down-regulated by ozone.
Catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of glyoxylate to glycolate as well as succinic semialdehyde (SSA) to gamma-hydroxybutyrate in vitro. May function in redox homeostasis and play a role in oxidative stress tolerance by detoxifying glyoxylate and SSA generated in glycolate metabolism and GABA metabolism, respectively.
The ratio of NADPH/NADP(+) may regulate enzymatic activity.
Belongs to the complex I subunit 4 family.
The initiator methionine is created by RNA editing.
Was originally thought to originate from Synechocystis PCC6803.
By copper, salicylic acid (SA), nitric oxide (NO) and infection with P.syringae pv. tomato.
Copper chaperone for cytochrome c oxidase (COX). Binds 2 copper ions and delivers them to the Cu(A) site of COX (By similarity). Can complement the yeast mutant cox17.
Belongs to the amino acid-polyamine-organocation (APC) superfamily. Amino acid/choline transporter (ACT) (TC 2.A.3.4) family.
Expressed in roots, rosette leaves, stems, cauline leaves, flowers and siliques.
May play a role in primary carbon metabolism and plant growth, by mediating the transport of GABA from the cytosol to mitochondria. When expressed in a heterologous system (yeast), imports Arg and Ala across the plasma membrane and exports Lys and Glu, but does not transport proline.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants grown on medium without sucrose show strong decrease in root growth and plants grown on soil under low light intensity have reduced rosette leaf expansion.
Thiol protease which recognizes and hydrolyzes the peptide bond at the C-terminal Gly of UFM1, a ubiquitin-like modifier protein bound to a number of target proteins.
The glycine decarboxylase (GDC) or glycine cleavage system catalyzes the degradation of glycine. The H protein shuttles the methylamine group of glycine from the P protein to the T protein (By similarity).
Was wrongly referred as Gly dehydrogenase subunit P2 in PubMed:20089767.
3'-5' exonuclease degrading single-stranded small RNAs.
No visible phenotype; due to the redundancy with other SDN ribonucleases. Simultaneous knockdown of SDN1, SDN2 and SDN3 results in elevated miRNA levels and pleiotropic developmental defects.
6-phosphofructo-2-kinase activity is activated by pyruvate. 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase activity is inhibited by PPi, phosphoenolpyruvate and 2-phosphoglycerate. Fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase activity is inhibited by pyruvate, fructose 1,6-bisphosphate and 6-phosphogluconate.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the phosphoglycerate mutase family.
Interacts with 14-3-3 proteins; these interactions may regulate both nitrate assimilation and sucrose/starch partitioning in leaves during the diurnal cycle.
Phosphorylation at Ser-220 and Ser-303 by CPK3 promotes 14-3-3 proteins binding.
Synthesis and degradation of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate. Regulates carbon partitioning between sucrose versus starch during the diurnal cycle.
May be involved in a proteolytic pathway controlling the nuclear division phase of megagametogenesis.
Expressed in roots, seedlings, leaves, stems and flowers.
Probable rhomboid-type serine protease that catalyzes intramembrane proteolysis. Unable to cleave the Drosophila protein Spitz.
Involved in cortical microtubules organization and stabilization by regulating the phosphorylation state of microtubule-associated proteins such as MAP65-1.
Involved in ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins. Together with CUL1, RBX1 and a F-box protein, it forms a SCF E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. The functional specificity of this complex depends on the type of F-box protein. In the SCF complex, it serves as an adapter that links the F-box protein to CUL1 (By similarity). Probably implicated in incompatibility response after hybridization.
Repressed by MEA and the polycomb repressive complex (PRC).
This protein was called 'Meidos' in memory of one of the murdered sons of the mythological 'Medea', as MEIDOS is repressed by MEDEA.
Essential component of the PAM complex, a complex required for the translocation of transit peptide-containing proteins from the inner membrane into the mitochondrial matrix in an ATP-dependent manner (By similarity). Seems to control the nucleotide-dependent binding of mitochondrial HSP70 to substrate proteins (By similarity). Binds ATP (PubMed:17137349). Interacts with copper ions Cu(2+) (PubMed:20018591).
Probable component of the PAM complex, at least composed of SSC1 (mtHsp70), MGE1, TIM44, PAM16/TIM16, PAM17 and PAM18/TIM14. Interacts with SSQ1.
By anaerobic stress. By hypoxia in the roots (at protein level). Up-regulated by NUC/IDD8.
Detected in the whole plant with highest expression in young rosette leaves and roots.
GTP-binding protein involved in protein trafficking; required for the sequence-specific vacuolar sorting route to the lytic vacuole, for the ER-to-Golgi transport and for the Golgi-derived transport to the plasma membrane (PubMed:24369434). Involved in the recruitment of COPI and GDAP1 to membranes. Required for recycling of PIN auxin transporters (e.g. PIN1 and PIN2) in a fungal toxin brefeldin A (BFA)-dependent manner. Involved in various auxin-dependent developmental processes (PubMed:24369434).
Interacts with AGD7 and GDAP1. GDP-locked form interacts with cytosolic tail of p24 proteins. Interacts with AGD5 at trans-Golgi network (PubMed:21105926). Interacts with A.tumefaciens AK6b (PubMed:21156810).
High levels from 5 to 20 days after germination (at protein level).
Highly expressed in flowers, roots and siliques, lower expression in stems and mature leaves (at protein level). Abundant in shoot apex, young leaves and leaf primordia, floral and inflorescence meristems, gynoecium, stamens, sepals and young siliques, but not in older leaves, petals and vascular tissues.
Methylates arginine residues of myelin basic protein (MBP) in vitro. Methylates symmetrically histone H4 of the FLC chromatin to form H4R3me2s, which in turn suppresses FLC expression to induce flowering. Regulates alternative splicing by methylating spliceosomal proteins. Involved in the post-transcriptional regulation of the circadian clock.
Plants are late-flowering. Increased alternative splicing of several genes, including APRR9.
Expressed in leaves, stems, flowers, buds and siliques. Detected in the apical gynoecium and in the developing ovules.
Expression relatively broad during early stages of embryogenesis and more restricted to apical region of the cotyledons in the mature embryo.
Involved in auxin biosynthesis. Both isoforms are catalitically active. Involved during embryogenesis and seedling development. Required for the formation of floral organs and vascular tissues. Belongs to the set of redundant YUCCA genes probably responsible for auxin biosynthesis in shoots.
May be due to an intron retention. Expressed only in flowers. Contains a transmembrane at positions 334 - 354.
Positively regulated by LEC2, by NGA3 and by STY1.
Belongs to the alpha-carbonic anhydrase family.
Expressed in root meristems after induction.
Probable cyclin-dependent protein kinase (CDK) inhibitor that functions as a repressor of mitosis in the endoreduplication cell cycle (PubMed:26546445). Acts as a potent cell cycle inhibitor (PubMed:24399300).
Up-regulated by double-stranded DNA breaks-inducing treatments (PubMed:17227549). Up-regulated by DNA damage (PubMed:24399300).
Analysis of new null mutants leads to the conclusion that plants do not need ABP1 for auxin signaling and for their growth and development under normal growth conditions.
Auxin receptor that controls cell elongation and cell division (PubMed:9804548, PubMed:11297513). Involved in embryonic morphogenesis (PubMed:11297513). Acts on the cell cycle, endocycle, cell plate formation, and cell expansion and contributes to the control of auxin-related gene expression (PubMed:18952781). Controls root meristem size and mediates auxin responsiveness (PubMed:19777056). Involved in activation of ROP GTPases in response to auxin and regulation of clathrin-mediated endocytosis in roots (PubMed:20887895, PubMed:22683261). Acts as a positive factor in clathrin recruitment to the plasma membrane, thereby promoting endocytosis (PubMed:20887896, PubMed:25922490). Upon auxin binding, restricts the internalization of PIN proteins by inhibiting clathrin-mediated endocytosis (PubMed:20887896, PubMed:25922490). Involved in the regulation of polar auxin transport (PubMed:21223392). Behaves as a negative regulator of the SCF(TIR1/AFB) signaling pathway, protecting AUX/IAA repressors from degradation (PubMed:24051655). Regulates the expression of cell wall remodeling genes via an SCF(TIR1/AFB)-dependent pathway (PubMed:24424095). Involved in the modulation of hemicellulose xyloglucan structure (PubMed:24424095). Required for rapid auxin-mediated re-orientation of microtubules to regulate cell elongation in roots and dark-grown hypocotyls as well as asymmetric growth during gravitropic responses (PubMed:25409144). Involved in the shade avoidance response (PubMed:24052532). Forms with TMK1 a cell surface auxin perception complex that activates ROP signaling pathways (PubMed:24578577). ABP1 sensing of auxin is important for the ABP1-TMK1 complex formation (PubMed:24578577). Interacts functionally with phytochrome to regulate growth (PubMed:25392478).
Embryo lethality, when homozygous (PubMed:11297513). No visible phenotype was found for other null mutants (PubMed:25646447).
Homodimer (By similarity). May interact with the GPI-anchored plasma membrane protein SKU5 and its family members (PubMed:16649105). Interacts with TMK1 (via extracellular domain) (PubMed:24578577).
Ubiquitinated by RMA2, leading to proteasomal degradation.
By abscisic acid (ABA) and stresses, including cold, drought and salt (PubMed:16227468, PubMed:26961720). Triggered by YY1 (PubMed:26961720).
Negative regulator of the abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway involved in seed germination and in responses to stress conditions. Probably acts as a transcriptional activator. Binds to the GCC-box pathogenesis-related promoter element. May be involved in the regulation of gene expression by stress factors and by components of stress signal transduction pathways (By similarity).
Ubiquitous with lower levels in seeds and siliques.
Homodimer (By similarity). Nonspherical monomer. mRNA-discriminating component of initiation complexes (By similarity). Interacts with MAD2 (PubMed:20706207).
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL1 family.
Repressed by members of the TOC1/PRR1 family of clock genes.
Phosphorylated by BRI1 upon brassinolide (BL) treatment.
Probable serine/threonine kinase that acts as positive regulator of brassinosteroid (BR) signaling downstream of the receptor kinase BRI1. Mediates signal transduction from BRI1 by functioning as substrate of BRI1.
Binds to the G-box motif (5'-CCACGTGG-3') of the rbcS-1A gene promoter. G-box and G-box-like motifs are cis-acting elements defined in promoters of certain plant genes which are regulated by such diverse stimuli as light-induction or hormone control.
DNA-binding heterodimer. Interacts with GBF4 (PubMed:8146148). Interacts with BZIP16 and BZIP68 (PubMed:18315949).
Present only in dark grown leaves and roots.
Expressed in the developing septum, transmitting tract and stigma.
Homodimer (Probable). Interacts with SPT.
Negatively regulated by ARF3/ETT in the abaxial gynoecium.
Required for the female reproductive tract development and fertility.
By wounding or by jasmonic acid (JA) treatment.
Carboxylate--CoA ligase that may use 4-coumarate as substrate. Follows a two-step reaction mechanism, wherein the carboxylate substrate first undergoes adenylation by ATP, followed by a thioesterification in the presence of CoA to yield the final CoA thioester.
Developmental and morphological defects at the vegetative stage in cotyledons and true leaves, and during the reproductive phase in flowers and siliques. Increased abortive frequency of embryos.
Involved in leaf and flower development (PubMed:18846319). Plays roles in leaf development partly by associating with AS2 and repressing KNAT1/BP transcription (PubMed:29775508). Required for the formation of anther cell layers and normal expression of genes that regulates anther development (PubMed:22461668).
By auxin (PubMed:12226665). Induced by salt stress (PubMed:24350984).
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that mediates ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins (PubMed:12226665). E3 ubiquitin ligases accept ubiquitin from an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme in the form of a thioester and then directly transfers the ubiquitin to targeted substrates (PubMed:12226665). Mediates the ubiquitination and proteasomal-dependent degradation of NAC021/NAC022, a transcription activator that functions downstream of the auxin signals, thereby acting as a down-regulator of auxin signals (PubMed:12226665). Involved in the formation of lateral roots (PubMed:12226665). Is antagonist to SINAT1, SINAT2, SINAT3 and SINAT4 by suppressing FREE1 ubiquitination and degradation mediated by SINAT1, SINAT2, SINAT3 and SINAT4, and promoting FREE1 accumulation (PubMed:32786047).
Expressed at low level in the vascular tissue of mature roots. Expressed in lateral roots and in elongation zone of the main root upon stimulation by auxin. Colocalizes with NAC021/NAC022.
Homodimer; homodimerization is essential for its function. Interacts with UBC28 and NAC021/NAC022 (PubMed:12226665). Interacts with SINAT6 (PubMed:24350984). Interacts with ATG6 and TRAF1A (PubMed:28351989). Interacts with WAV3 (PubMed:22122664). Interacts with FREE1 (PubMed:32786047).
Defects in venation pattern in leaves and cotyledons, post-genital organ fusions in all aerial organs from organ primordia to young expanding organs and glaucous and rough leaf surface.
Expressed in emerging leaf primordia and young leaves.
Involved in leaf vasculature patterning.
Activated by 3'phosphoglycerate, inhibited by orthophosphate. Allosteric regulation.
Belongs to the bacterial/plant glucose-1-phosphate adenylyltransferase family.
This protein plays a role in synthesis of starch. It catalyzes the synthesis of the activated glycosyl donor, ADP-glucose from Glc-1-P and ATP.
Dually phosphorylated on Thr-187 and Tyr-189, which activates the enzyme.
Probable transcription factor that plays a role in auxin-mediated morphogenesis. Negatively regulates lateral root elongation.
Involved in meiotic recombination in association with MSH4. Required for reciprocal recombination and proper segregation of homologous chromosomes at meiosis. Promotes homologous recombination through facilitating chiasma formation during prophase I. Involved in the control of class I crossovers formation.
Plays a role in the arabinosylation of cell wall components (PubMed:17401635). Involved in the arabinosylation of extensin proteins in root hair cells. Extensins are structural glycoproteins present in cell walls and its arabinosylation is important for root hair cell development (PubMed:21680836).
Reduced arabinose content in the insoluble cell wall fraction of meristematic region (PubMed:17401635). Reduced root hair length and content of arabinosylated extensins in root cell walls (PubMed:21680836).
Belongs to the HSF family. Class B subfamily.
Predominantly expressed in the root, with a strong expression in the cortex, endodermis, and stele.
Water channel required to facilitate the transport of water across cell membrane. Plays an predominant role in root water uptake process in conditions of reduced transpiration, and in osmotic fluid transport. Its function is impaired by Hg(2+). Inhibited by cytosolic acidosis which occurs during anoxia in roots.
Acylhydrolase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine at the sn-1 position. Has a strong galactolipase activity toward digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG). Hydrolyzes triacylglycerol (TAG), but has a low activity toward phosphatidylcholine (PC) and monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG).
Ubiquitous. Highest expression in flowers and seedlings.
Expressed in siliques, leaves, roots, seed endosperm, but not in embryos. Highest expression in leaves, but restricted to vascular tissue in older leaves.
Homotrimer or homotetramer. Interacts with ATXR5 and ATXR6.
Key enzyme in myo-inositol biosynthesis pathway that catalyzes the conversion of glucose 6-phosphate to 1-myo-inositol 1-phosphate in a NAD-dependent manner (PubMed:20215587). Catalyzes the majority of myo-inositol synthesis required for plant growth and development (PubMed:20215587). Acts as a repressor of programmed cell death and protects plant cells against cell death under high light intensity or long days (PubMed:20215587). Controls its own transcription by inhibiting ATXR6 activity (PubMed:23341037). Reduces the deposition of inhibitory histone marks on its own promoter (PubMed:23341037).
Shorter seedlings with deformed cotyledons and altered root cap organization. Spontaneous lesion formation on mature leaves when plants are transferred under long days. Enhanced basal resistance to pathogens and increased sensitivity to abscisic acid during seed germination and root growth.
Up-regulated by the IPS1 protein itself. Down-regulate upon flagellin treatment.
Acts in association with AMP1 to suppress ectopic stem cell niche formation in the shoot apical meristem (SAM) independently of cytokinin signaling pathway.
Belongs to the peptidase M28 family. M28B subfamily.
Part of a SCF (ASK-cullin-F-box) protein ligase complex (By similarity). Interacts with SKP1A/ASK1, SKP1B/ASK2, ASK11, ASK13 and ASK18.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFS5 subunit family.
Accumulates in seedlings within 6 days after a shift from dark to light.
Expressed in the shoot apex and young developing leaves (PubMed:15125775). In seedlings, present in the shoot apical meristem and throughout the lamina of young leaves primordia (PubMed:15125775). In cotyledons, stems and mature leaves, restricted to the vasculature (PubMed:15125775). Weakly expressed floral meristem primordia (PubMed:15125775). During flower development, first observed in the center of the floral meristem, in the L3 and underlying cells (PubMed:15125775). In floral buds, observed at low levels in the center of floral meristems and accumulates progressively in sepals, petals and in the center of developing stamens (PubMed:15125775). In mature flowers, confined to the vasculature of all floral organs (PubMed:15125775).
Mostly expressed in stems, flower buds, flowers and seedling shoots, to a lesser extent, in roots and young cauline leaves, but not in mature rosette leaves (PubMed:15125775). Barely observed in cotyledons and leaf primordia (PubMed:15125775).
Small polypeptide acting as a regulatory molecule which coordinates cellular responses required for differentiation, growth and development, probably by restricting polar cell proliferation in lateral organs (e.g. leaves) and coordinating socket cell recruitment and differentiation at trichome sites (PubMed:15125775, PubMed:20826883, Ref.6, PubMed:25701405). Regulates the positional cue and cell proliferation along the body axis (PubMed:20826883).
Acts as negative effector of drought tolerance. Involved in the regulation of stomatal closure and in the abscisic acid (ABA)-mediated pathway that lead to drought tolerance. Does not directly mediate nuclear import of ABI1 and ABI2 which are key regulators of the ABA signaling pathway. May be involved in nuclear translocation of other type 2C protein phosphatases that mediate ABA signaling.
Belongs to the importin beta family. Importin beta-1 subfamily.
Delayed development and flowering, reduced length of leaves, stems and siliques, increased sensitivity to abscisic acid (ABA) and increased drought tolerance.
Expressed in roots, cotyledons, leaves, stems, petals, stamen, stigma, siliques, embryos and guard cells.
Forms a complex with the importin subunits alpha IMPA1 or IMPA2, the nucleoporin NUP62 and the Ran-GTP-binding proteins RAN1, RAN2 or RAN3.
90% and 80% reduction in molybdate content in shoots and roots respectively. Reduced growth of roots and shoots under conditions of limited molybdate supply. 9-fold reduction in molybdate content in leaf vacuoles. Decreased nitrate reductase activity due to a reduced molybdate uptake.
High affinity molybdate transporter. Unable to transport sulfate.
Strongly expressed in roots. Detected in the vascular tissues of hypocotyls, in petioles and vascular tissues of cotyledons and leaves, in mesophyll cells, stamen, sepals and siliques.
The amino-acid substitution Asp-429 to Val observed in cv. Landsberg erecta may decrease the molybdate transport activity. A 54-bp deletion in the promoter of MOT1 is strongly associated with the decreased expression of the gene and the resulting low molybdate content observed in several cultivars.
Transcriptional regulator that specifically binds 5'-GATA-3' or 5'-GAT-3' motifs within gene promoters.
Activated by threonine and tyrosine phosphorylation. Activated by the MAP kinase kinases MKK2, MKK3, MKK4, MKK5, MKK7 and MKK9. Activated in response to touch, wounding, low temperature, low humidity, salt stress, hydrogen peroxide, ozone, ACC (an ethylene precursor), jasmonic acid (JA), mastoparan and UVC. Activated in response to elicitors: oligogalacturonides, hexameric chitin fragments, fungal xylanase, and the bacterial flagellin and harpin. Activated upon Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 infection. Repressed by the protein phosphatase 2C AP2C1 and the protein-tyrosine-phosphatases MKP1 and PTP1. Repressed by DSPTP1B/MKP2-mediated dephosphorylation. Activated by polarized BASL (PubMed:27746029). Triggered by MKKK20 in response to various abiotic stresses, including osmotic stress, cold and reactive oxygen species (ROS) (PubMed:21969089). Activated by MKK5 in response to abscisic acid (ABA) (PubMed:27913741).
By Alternaria brassicae pathogen infection.
Copolarizes with BASL, YDA and MPK3 in stomatal asymmetric cell division (ACD) cells.
Dually phosphorylated on Thr-221 and Tyr-223, which activates the enzyme. Dephosphorylated by DSPTP1B/MKP2.
Interacts with MEKK1, MKK1 and MKK2. May form a ternary complex with MEKK1 and MKK1 or MKK2. Interacts with NDPK2, AP2C1, MKP1 and PTP1. Interacts with DSPTP1B/MKP2, especially during HR-like responses triggered by fungal elicitors. Interacts with MKK4, MKK5 and MKK6 (PubMed:12506203, PubMed:15225555, PubMed:17630279, PubMed:19513235, PubMed:19789277, PubMed:20626661, PubMed:21057191, PubMed:21575092, PubMed:27913741). Binds to LIP5 (PubMed:25010425). Interacts with VQ4 and IKU1/VQ14 (PubMed:24750137). Interacts with RACK1A, RACK1B and RACK1C (PubMed:25731164). Interacts with PTP1 (PubMed:27029354). Interacts with FLZ9 (Ref.48). Binds to BASL and YDA (PubMed:25843888).
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) which regulates abscisic acid (ABA) responses in a MAPKKK20-MKK5-MPK6 cascade involved in root growth (e.g. root cell division and elongation) and stomatal response (PubMed:27913741). Involved in oxidative stress-mediated signaling cascade (such as ozone). Involved in the innate immune MAP kinase signaling cascade (MEKK1, MKK4/MKK5 and MPK3/MPK6) downstream of bacterial flagellin receptor FLS2. May be involved in hypersensitive response (HR)-mediated signaling cascade by modulating LIP5 phosphorylation and subsequent multivesicular bodies (MVBs) trafficking. May phosphorylate regulators of WRKY transcription factors. Phosphorylates 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthases (ACS2 and ACS6) and may be involved in the regulation of bacterial elicitor flagellin-induced ethylene production. Regulates locally gene-mediated and basal resistance response to certain pathogens. May be involved in the cold and salinity stress-mediated MAP kinase signaling cascade (MEKK1, MKK1/MKK2 and MPK4/MPK6). MKK1-MPK6 module mediates abscisic acid (ABA)-dependent CAT1 expression with H(2)O(2) production and response to drought and salt stress. MKK1-MPK6 module is also involved in sugar signaling during the process of seed germination. MKK3-MPK6 module plays an important role in the jasmonate signal transduction pathway through the negative regulation of MYC2/JIN1 expression. MKK9-MPK3/MPK6 module phosphorylates and activates EIN3, leading to the promotion of EIN3-mediated transcription in ethylene signaling. MPK3/MPK6 cascade regulates camalexin synthesis through transcriptional regulation of the biosynthetic genes after pathogen infection. MKK9-MPK6 module positively regulates leaf senescence. YDA-MKK4/MKK5-MPK3/MPK6 module regulates stomatal cell fate before the guard mother cell (GMC) is specified. When activated, reinforces the feedback loop by phosphorylating BASL, and inhibits stomatal fate by phosphorylating SPCH (PubMed:25843888). This MAPK cascade also functions downstream of the ER receptor in regulating coordinated local cell proliferation, which shapes the morphology of plant organs.
Reduced sensitivity to abscisic acid (ABA) during germination. Insensitivity to ABA in terms of root growth inhibition (e.g. root cell division and elongation) and stomatal response leading to increased water loss under dehydrated conditions (PubMed:27913741). Delayed senescence phenotype.
Component of SCF(ASK-cullin-F-box) E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes, which may mediate the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins. Confers sensitivity to the virulent bacterial pathogen P.syringae (By similarity). Auxin receptor that mediates Aux/IAA proteins proteasomal degradation and auxin-regulated transcription. Involved in embryogenesis regulation by auxin.
Part of a SCF (SKP1-cullin-F-box) protein ligase complex (By similarity). Interacts with Aux/IAA proteins (IAA7) in an auxin-dependent manner.
Repressed by miR393a (microRNA) in response to flg-22 (flagellin-derived peptide 22).
Ubiquitous, with higher levels in seedlings.
Embryonic lethality when homozygous. Embryo development arrested at very early stage (early pre-globular stage), leading to aborted shrunken seeds. Constitutive autophagy (PubMed:27545962).
Expressed in roots, leaves, flowers and seeds.
Interacts with TOR, ATPK1 and ML1. Interacts with KIN10 (PubMed:27545962).
Probable component of the plant TOR kinase pathway that recruits substrates for TOR (PubMed:16377759, PubMed:29236692). Modulates plant cell growth and regulates the activity of ATPK1 kinase in response to osmotic stress (PubMed:16377759).
Albino (white leaves) and lethal under normal culture conditions, probably due to an impairment in thiamine biosynthesis.
Binds 1 [4Fe-4S] cluster per subunit. The cluster is coordinated with 3 cysteines and an exchangeable S-adenosyl-L-methionine.
Catalyzes the synthesis of the hydroxymethylpyrimidine phosphate (HMP-P) moiety of thiamine from aminoimidazole ribotide (AIR) in a radical S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM)-dependent reaction.
Circadian-regulation (PubMed:23341335). Down-regulated by extrinsic thiamine, via a vitamin B1 derivative thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)-sensing riboswitch regulation. Detected in both dark and light grown seedlings; increased progressively after transfer of etiolated seedlings to light. Up-regulated by salt, osmotic stress and abscisic acid (PubMed:22214485).
First detected in five-days seedlings. In seedlings, mostly present at the root tips and in the jointed section between the hypocotyl and root. In two-leaves seedlings, expressed in leaves, cotyledons and vascular bundles of hypocotyls, and very weakly, in the roots. In flowers, detected in sepals, filaments and pistil tips, but not in petals. Later accumulates in the jointed region between the silique and silique stem, and in the tips of siliques. Decreasing expression during seed development (PubMed:25014715).
Strongly expressed in cotyledons, leaves, flowers and siliques, and, to a lower extent, in roots (PubMed:18048325, PubMed:25014715). Expressed in all green tissues, but not in roots, seeds, and petals (PubMed:23341335).
Component of the transcriptionally active chromosome (TAC) complexes (PubMed:21949211). Interacts with PTAC7 (PubMed:23082802).
By ethylene. By indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and cycloheximide (CHX).
High in developing leaves and in flowers. Expressed in roots and siliques.
Phosphorylated on serine residue by MAP kinase (MPK6).
Expressed in stems, apex, leaves, flowers, siliques and pollen.
The O-glycosylation (arabinosylation) of the hydroxyproline Pro-102 enhances binding affinity of the CLE10p peptide for its receptor.
For the sake of clarity sequence features are annotated only for the first chain, and are not repeated for each of the following chains.
Expressed in vascular tissues of all organs (PubMed:12472696). Expressed in seedlings, preferentially in hypocotyls and roots (PubMed:23893219). Also observed in siliques (PubMed:23893219).
Lipid transfer protein that promotes the number of phloem (pro)cambial and pericycle cells.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class YlqF/YawG GTPase family.
This protein is shorter compared to other members of the family and lacks the C-terminal part that binds zinc.
3-hydroxyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] (3-hydroxyl-ACP) dehydratase required for mitochondrial fatty acid synthesis (mtFAS) (PubMed:28202596). MtFAS are essential for photorespiration and plant development, probably by influencing mitochondrial membrane lipid composition and other lipid metabolic pathways (PubMed:28202596).
Expressed in leaves, roots, siliques and flowers.
Thicker leaves due to enlarged mesophyll cells when grown in ambient air and associated with altered thylakoid membrane assembly and starch granule ultrastructure (PubMed:28202596). Dwarf plants characterized by reduced lipoylation of lipoylated proteins and altered metabolomes due to reduced catalytic activity of lipoylated enzymes; these phenotypes are partly reversed when grown in 1 percent CO(2) atmosphere (PubMed:28202596). Depleted 3-hydroxytetradecanoic acid levels (PubMed:28202596).
Part of the chromatin-remodeling complex (DDR complex) that contains at least DRD1, DMS3 and RDM1. The DDR complex recruits/activates the RNA polymerases V and acts during siRNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) (PubMed:20409711, PubMed:22864289). Interacts with SUVH2 (PubMed:24463519, PubMed:24465213).
Reduced association of NRPE1 with chromatin, leading to altered chromatin binding of the DDR complex (PubMed:19013275, PubMed:22864289). Defective in RNA-directed non-CpG DNA methylation resulting in reactivation of silenced genes and enhancers, whereas methylation of centromeric and rDNA repeats is unaffected (PubMed:15120073, PubMed:15947783, PubMed:15924141, PubMed:16741558, PubMed:19825647, PubMed:18425128). Reduced accumulation of 24-nt siRNAs and reduced DNA methylation of siRNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) target loci (PubMed:19204117, PubMed:22647529). Increase in CpG DNA methylation leading to abnormal maintenance of some silenced genes (PubMed:15947783). Derepression of solo retrotransposon large terminal repeats (LTRs) and of transposable elements (TE) edges accompanied by reduced cytosine methylation and transcriptional up-regulation of neighboring sequences, and associated with euchromatic histone modifications but little or no H3K9 dimethylation. By contrast, LTRs of retrotransposons that remain silent in disrupted plants despite reduced cytosine methylation lack euchromatic marks and have H3K9 dimethylation (PubMed:16724114, PubMed:23540698). Decondensation of the major pericentromeric repeats and depletion of the heterochromatic mark histone H3 lysine 9 dimethylation (H3K9me2) at chromocenters, leading to transcriptional reactivation of specific classes of pericentromeric 180-bp repeats and reduced heterochromatin (PubMed:19825650). Relieved exo-Pdsi self-silencing resulting in accumulation of dsRNA and Pdsi-derivating 21-nt mobile siRNAs which increase non-cell-autonomous silencing of endo-PDS in neighboring cells (PubMed:21771120). Increases susceptibility to the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Plectosphaerella cucumerina (PubMed:22242006).
Subunit of the chromatin-remodeling complex (DDR complex) that mediates RNA polymerases IV and V (Pol IV and Pol V) recruitment to chromatin (PubMed:19013275, PubMed:22864289). Cooperates with Pol IV and Pol V to regulates RNA- and RNAi- (RNA interference) directed non-CpG de novo DNA methylation on cytosine of genes targeted for silencing and enhancers, also known as siRNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM), thus leading to epigenetic modification of the genome and promoting/maintaining heterochromatin (PubMed:15120073, PubMed:15947783, PubMed:15924141, PubMed:16724114, PubMed:16741558, PubMed:19204117, PubMed:19825647, PubMed:22647529, PubMed:18425128). In collaboration with Pol V, mediates/maintains, in cis, methylation-associated self-silencing of exogenous transgene transcribing inverted-repeat (exo-IR) silencer (exo-Pdsi) to restrain exo-IR dsRNA accumulation and subsequent inappropriate silencing of active protein-coding genes (e.g. PDS) by exo-IR-derivating 24-nt siRNAs (PubMed:21771120). Also required to mediate loss of CpG methylation when the silencing inducer is withdrawn (PubMed:15947783). Required for the maintenance of retrotransposon large terminal repeats (LTRs) and transposable elements (TE) edges silencing mediated by cytosine methylation (PubMed:16724114, PubMed:23540698). Required for transcriptional repression of specific classes of pericentromeric 180-bp repeats by promoting condensation and histone H3 lysine 9 dimethylation (H3K9me2) at chromocenters (PubMed:19825650). Required for basal resistance against the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Plectosphaerella cucumerina (PubMed:22242006).
Expressed in stems, caulines, and senescent flowers.
Decreased levels of plastoquinone-9 (PQ-9) and plastochromanol-8 (PC-8) in leaves (PubMed:23913686). The double mutants sps1 and sps2 exhibit an albino phenotype and are devoided of both PQ-9 and PC-8 in cotyledons (PubMed:23913686).
Higher expression in leaves than in roots.
Homodimer (PubMed:12437513). Interacts with FBN5 (PubMed:26432861).
Involved in providing solanesyl diphosphate for plastoquinone-9 (PQ-9) formation in plastids (PubMed:12437513, PubMed:23913686, PubMed:26039552). Catalyzes the elongation of the prenyl side chain of PQ-9 in plastids (PubMed:23913686, PubMed:26039552). Contributes to the biosynthesis of plastochromanol-8 (PC-8) in plastids (PubMed:23913686, PubMed:26039552). Does not contribute to the synthesis of tocopherol or ubiquinone (PubMed:23913686). PQ-9 and PC-8 are lipophilic antioxidants that act as protectant against photooxidative stress under high light stress conditions (PubMed:23913686, PubMed:26039552, PubMed:29901834). Prefers geranylgeranyl diphosphate to farnesyl diphosphate as substrate (PubMed:12437513). No activity with geranyl diphosphate or dimethylallyl diphosphate as substrate (PubMed:12437513).
Plants over-expressing SPS1 exhibit increased resistance to photooxidative stress, decreases in leaf bleaching, lipid peroxidation and PSII photoinhibition under excess light due to their increased capacities for plastoquinone-9 (PQ-9) biosynthesis (PubMed:26039552). Plants over-expressing SPS1 exhibit decreased singlet oxygen production in response to photooxidative stress due to increased levels of PQ-9, which acts as chemical quencher of singlet oxygen (PubMed:29901834).
Belongs to the TRAPP small subunits family.
Part of the multisubunit transport protein particle (TRAPP) complex.
Component of the TFIID complex. TFIID is composed of TATA binding protein (TBP) and a number of TBP-associated factors (TAFs) whose MWs range from 14-217 kDa. Can homodimerize. Interacts with TAF4B, TAF5, TAF10, TAF12, TAF12B, TAF13 and TAF14.
Expressed in roots, leaves and inflorescences.
TAFs are components of the transcription factor IID (TFIID) complex that is essential for mediating regulation of RNA polymerase transcription.
By trans-zeatin and isopentenyladenine in roots. Down-regulated by auxin and abscisic acid in roots.
Cytokinin hydroxylase that catalyzes the biosynthesis of trans-zeatin via the isopentenyladenine riboside 5'-monophosphate (iPRMP)-dependent pathway. Can use isopentenyladenosine-5'-monophosphate, isopentenyladenosine-5'-diphosphate and isopentenyladenosine-5'-triphosphate as substrate.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS26 family.
Thiol-disulfide oxidoreductase that possesses insulin disulfide bonds reducing activity, disulfide reductase, foldase chaperone and holdase chaperone activities. Heat shock causes oligomerization and formation of high molecular weiht (HMW) complexes with concomitant functional switching from a disulfide reductase and foldase chaperone to a holdase chaperone. May interact with HSP70 proteins through the TPR repeats.
Belongs to the LanC-like protein family.
May interact (via C-terminus) with GPA1.
May play a role in abscisic acid (ABA) signaling.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions. However, in growth conditions described in PubMed:17347412 mutant plants have decreased sensitivity to abscisic acid (ABA).
Was originally described as a plasma membrane G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) that binds ABA. Binding of ABA to GCR2 results in the release of G protein and dissociation of the heterotrimeric complex to activate downstream ABA effectors and to trigger the ABA responses (PubMed:17347412). However, GCR2 has been controversial with respect to the reproducibility of the results (PubMed:17894782, PubMed:18714360, PubMed:19286934). Moreover, GCR2 lacks the prototypical seven transmembrane domains of GPCRs, and is homologous to mammalian lanthionine synthetase C-like (LANCL) proteins (PubMed:17991845). Intriguingly, it was shown that human granulocytes and insulin-producing rat insulinoma cells release ABA, and that LANCL2 is necessary for ABA binding and signaling in these cells (PubMed:19667068).
Belongs to the peptidase M24A family. Methionine aminopeptidase eukaryotic type 2 subfamily.
Binds 2 divalent metal cations per subunit. Has a high-affinity and a low affinity metal-binding site. The true nature of the physiological cofactor is under debate. The enzyme is active with cobalt, zinc, manganese or divalent iron ions. Most likely, methionine aminopeptidases function as mononuclear Fe(2+)-metalloproteases under physiological conditions, and the catalytically relevant metal-binding site has been assigned to the histidine-containing high-affinity site.
Cotranslationally removes the N-terminal methionine from nascent proteins. The N-terminal methionine is often cleaved when the second residue in the primary sequence is small and uncharged (Met-Ala-, Cys, Gly, Pro, Ser, Thr, or Val).
Ubiquitous. Preferentially expressed in roots.
Expressed in cells that are expanding or producing secondary cell walls.
Homo- and heterodimer with STL1 (PubMed:27277162). Interacts with CESA1, CESA3, CESA4, CESA6, CESA7 and CESA8, but not with GOT1 (PubMed:27277162).
In classical Greek, STELLO mean 'to set in order, arrange, send'.
No visible phenotype, due to the redundancy with STL1. Stl1 and stl2 double mutants are impaired in cellulose production and exhibit a stunted growth.
Probable glycosyltransferase regulating the assembly and trafficking of cellulose synthase complexes.
Displays a severe male gametophyte development defects in cv. Wassilewskija but not in cv. Columbia due to the complementation by RPT5B.
The 26S proteasome is involved in the ATP-dependent degradation of ubiquitinated proteins. The regulatory (or ATPase) complex confers ATP dependency and substrate specificity to the 26S complex (Probable). Interacts with transit peptides of proteins targeted to the chloroplast, and may be involved in the degradation of unimported plastid protein precursors (PubMed:24846764). Plays a essential role in the gametophyte development (PubMed:19223514). Involved in tolerance to zinc deficiency, possibly through alleviation of oxidative stresses or processing of poly-ubiquitinated proteins (PubMed:21389614).
Binds calcium Ca(2+) and may act as a signal mediator to buffer Ca(2+).
Levels follow a circadian cycle with higher levels during the night and lower levels in light phases (PubMed:17145720). Accumulates in darkness within 24 hours, but repressed by light and the product of photosynthesis (e.g. sucrose) (at protein level) (PubMed:17145720). Induced by sucrose depletion, but activated by mannitol and sorbitol (PubMed:17145720). Triggered by gibberellic acid (GA) and salt stresses (e.g. NaCl and KCl) (PubMed:17145720). Suppressed by a high concentration of calcium Ca(2+) and of other metal ions (PubMed:17145720).
Predominantly expressed in petioles (at protein level) (PubMed:17145720). Mainly observed in shoots, flowers, siliques and roots, and, to a lower extent, in stems and leaves (PubMed:17145720).
Interacts with BRI1, ASK7/BIN2, BSK1, BSK6 and BSK8.
Probable serine/threonine kinase that acts as positive regulator of brassinosteroid (BR) signaling downstream of the receptor kinase BRI1.
Accumulation of neutral lipid droplets with marked increase in absolute triacylglycerol levels in leaf mesophyll cells.
Belongs to the peptidase S33 family. ABHD4/ABHD5 subfamily.
Lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase which functions in phosphatidic acid biosynthesis. Is highly specific for lysophosphatidic acid and able to use different acyl-CoA donors. May regulate neutral lipid accumulation and participate in the regulation of lipid turnover in vegetative cells. Possesses additional triacylglycerol lipase and phospholipase A2 activities in vitro. Is not active as esterase or lysophospholipase.
Belongs to the GHMP kinase family. Mevalonate kinase subfamily.
Catalyzes the phosphorylation of mevalonate to mevalonate 5-phosphate, a key step in isoprenoid and cholesterol biosynthesis.
Its activity is inhibited in vitro by geranyl pyrophosphate (GPP) and farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) that bind competitively at the ATP-binding site on the enzyme.
Probable mitochondrial adenylate carrier that catalyzes the transport of ATP, ADP and AMP.
Sequence-specific RNA-binding protein that regulates translation and mRNA stability by binding the 3'-UTR of target mRNAs. Binds the APUM-binding elements (APBEs) in the 3'-UTR mRNA sequence of CLV1, PNH, WUS and FAS2.
Expressed in the outer integument of seed coat.
Lysosomal thiol reductase that can reduce protein disulfide bonds. May facilitate the complete unfolding of proteins destined for lysosomal degradation.
May be involved in the biosynthesis of hydroxylated tetraketide compounds that serve as sporopollenin precursors (the main constituents of exine). Acts on tetraketide alpha-pyrones and reduces the carbonyl function on the tetraketide alkyl chain to a secondary alcohol function.
Acts as a plus-end microtubule-dependent motor protein (PubMed:25159991). Involved in the control of root hair tip growth by promoting microtubule depolymerization and limiting the accumulation of endoplasmic microtubules (PubMed:17957256, PubMed:17971038, PubMed:24400013, PubMed:25159991). In vitro, binds to polymerized actin through ARM repeats, and to polymerized tubulin through N-terminal motor domain (PubMed:17957256).
Belongs to the TRAFAC class myosin-kinesin ATPase superfamily. Kinesin family. Ungrouped subfamily.
D-BOX motif functions as a recognition motif for the ubiquitination machinery.
Expressed in young root hair-forming cells and in root hair-producing cells at the boundary between the hypocotyl and root. Expressed in cotyledons, young leaves, trichomes and flowers.
Wavy growth phenotype with altered root hairs displaying multiple tips and branches (PubMed:18539780, PubMed:24400013). Reduced microtubules catastrophe frequency and growth rates (PubMed:25159991).
Casein kinases are operationally defined by their preferential utilization of acidic proteins such as caseins as substrates. The alpha chain contains the catalytic site. The tetrameric holoenzyme CK2 is composed of two alpha and two beta subunits (By similarity). Acts as circadian clock component that maintains the correct period length through phosphorylation of CCA1 (PubMed:21900482).
Expressed in roots, stems, flowers and leaves. Mostly present in young and rapidly dividing tissues such as the shoot and root apical meristem, and in young leaves and petioles during seedling development.
Probable helicase-like transcription factor involved in transcriptional gene silencing. Associates with SUVR2 and contributes to transcriptional gene silencing at RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) target loci but also at RdDM-independent target loci. May be involved in nucleosome positioning to form ordered nucleosome arrays on chromatin (PubMed:25420628). Associates with SUVR2 and functions redundantly with FRG1. Required for the efficient methylation of a broad range of RdDM target loci (PubMed:25425661).
Abundant in leaves and seedlings. Barely detectable in root tissue.
Microsomal (ER) omega-3 fatty acid desaturase introduces the third double bond in the biosynthesis of 18:3 fatty acids, important constituents of plant membranes. It is thought to use cytochrome b5 as an electron donor and to act on fatty acids esterified to phosphatidylcholine and, possibly, other phospholipids.
By abiotic stresses such as chilling, heat-shock and salts (selenate and NaCl).
Has E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity and may target misfolded substrates towards proteasomal degradation. Regulates the activity of some serine/threonine-protein phosphatases by E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity. Required for responses to biotic and abiotic stresses such as auxin, abscisic acid (ABA), low and high temperature and darkness, probably through the activation of serine/threonine-protein phosphatase and the subsequent modification of the plasma membrane composition. Regulates the chloroplastic Clp proteolytic activity in response to stresses. Ubiquitylates FtsH1, a component of the chloroplast FtsH protease, and affects protein degradation in chloroplasts. Mediates plastid precursor degradation to prevent cytosolic precursor accumulation, together with the molecular chaperone HSC70-4. Mediates ubiquitination of transit peptides and thereby led to their degradation through the ubiquitin-proteasome system.
Interacts with HSC70-4, PP2AA1, PP2AA3 and PP2A5, as well as with UBC8, UBC9 and UBC10. Interacts also with the chloroplastic proteolytic subunits ClpP4, FtsH1 and FtsH2.
The U-box domain is required for the ubiquitin protein ligase activity.
Expressed in roots, rosette leaves, stems and flowers.
Expressed in roots, cotyledons, leaves, stems, flowers and siliques.
Mediates the transport of UDP-linked acetylated hexosamines across the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane (PubMed:25535363). Facilitates UDP-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) and UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine (UDP-GalNAc) transport (PubMed:25535363). Regulates the cytokinin signal in meristematic cells through modulating activity of cytokinin oxidases/dehydrogenases (PubMed:25535363). Part of the ER quality control system, which determines the fate of aberrant proteins in the secretory pathway (PubMed:25535363).
Distorted trichomes and reduced numbers of root hairs.
Highly expressed in young roots, young siliques, and shoot apex. Lowly expressed in young leaves, stems and cotyledons.
Cysteine protease that plays a key role in autophagy by mediating both proteolytic activation and delipidation of ATG8 family proteins.
Cysteine protease that plays a key role in autophagy by mediating both proteolytic activation and delipidation of ATG8 family proteins. The protease activity is required for proteolytic activation of ATG8 family proteins: cleaves the C-terminal amino acid of ATG8 proteins to reveal a C-terminal glycine (By similarity). Exposure of the glycine at the C-terminus is essential for ATG8 proteins conjugation to phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and insertion to membranes, which is necessary for autophagy. In addition to the protease activity, also mediates delipidation of PE-conjugated ATG8 proteins (By similarity).
Expressed in leaves after powdery mildew infection (e.g. Erysiphe cichoracearum UCSC1).
Albino and seedling lethality. Tic20-I and tic20-IV double mutant is embryo lethal.
Expressed in leaves, shoots and roots. High expression in mature photosynthetic tissues. Lower levels in non-photosynthetic tissues and roots.
Highly expressed during germination and early development, with levels peaking at 25 days.
Involved in protein precursor import into chloroplasts.
Involved in protein precursor import into chloroplasts. May be part of an intermediate translocation complex acting as a protein-conducting channel at the inner envelope. Seems to be specific for photosynthesis-related pre-proteins. Partially redundant with TIC20-IV, but not with TIC20-II or TIC20-V.
Part of the Tic complex. Component of the 1-MD complex, composed of TIC20-I, TIC214, TIC100 and TIC56 (PubMed:23372012). Interacts with the translocating preproteins. Hydrolysis of ATP is essential for the formation of this complex(PubMed:19531596, PubMed:23372012). The 1-MD complex interacts with TIC21 (PubMed:19531596).
Belongs to the plant homeotic and developmental regulators ALOG protein family.
Probable transcription regulator that acts as a developmental regulator by promoting cell growth in response to light.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bS6 family.
Binds together with bS18 to 16S ribosomal RNA.
Interacts with CIPK23. Interacts with CIPK14 at the cell membrane exclusively.
The N-terminal 16 amino acids are sufficient for the cell membrane targeting of a heterologous protein.
Converts tryptophan to indole-3-acetaldoxime, a precursor for tryptophan derived glucosinolates and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA).
Lacks the Cys (here Ser-215), present in the DUF26 domain, which is one of the conserved features of the cysteine-rich repeat secretory protein family.
Component of the peroxisomal and mitochondrial division machineries. Plays a role in promoting the fission of mitochondria and peroxisomes.
Component of the peroxisomal and mitochondrial division machineries. Plays a role in promoting the fission of mitochondria and peroxisomes. In association with PEX11C, PEX11D, PEX11E and DRP3A, is involved in cell cycle-associated constitutive self-replication of preexisting peroxisomes.
Interacts with PEX11A, PEX11B, PEX11C, PEX11D and PEX11E.
Plants silencing FIS1B show reduced growth, increase in the size of mitochondria and decrease in the number of mitochondria per cell (PubMed:18785999). Overexpression of FIS1B increases the fission of peroxisomes and mitochondria (PubMed:19825601).
The C-terminus is necessary for mitochondrial or peroxisomal targeting, while the N-terminus is necessary for mitochondrial or peroxisomal fission.
Amino acid-proton symporter. Stereospecific transporter with a broad specificity for histidine, arginine, glutamate and neutral amino acids, favoring small amino acids such as alanine, asparagine and glutamine. Accepts also large aromatic residues such as in phenlalanine or tyrosine. Has a much higher affinity for basic amino acids as compared with AAP1. May function in xylem-to-phloem transfer and in uptake of amino acids assimilated in the green silique tissue.
Highly expressed in developing pods. Found in the vascular strands of siliques, cotyledons, leaves and roots, in the inner phloem of stems, and in the funiculi. Lower levels of expression in flowers. Not expressed in seeds.
Inhibited by diethylpyrocarbonate (DEPC).
Strongly induced at heart stage of embryogenesis.
Inositol polyphosphate sensor that associates with transcription factors to regulate inorganic phosphate (Pi) starvation responses (PubMed:27080106). Probably acts by binding inositol polyphosphate via its SPX domain (PubMed:27080106). Acts as a Pi exporter, mediating efflux of Pi out of cells (PubMed:21309867, PubMed:22449068). Transfers Pi from the epidermal and cortical cells to the root xylem vessels (PubMed:11971143). Involved in the transfer of Pi from roots to shoots (PubMed:11971143, PubMed:17461783). Involved in abscisic acid (ABA) induction of stomatal closure and ABA repression of stomatal opening (PubMed:22612335).
PHO1 degradation is PHO2 dependent and involves multivesicular body-mediated vacuolar proteolysis (PubMed:22634761).
Pi content in shoot of pho1 mutant can be restored to wild-type levels after treatment with cytokinins.
Predominantly in roots, but also weak expression in the lower part of the hypocotyl (PubMed:11971143). In the stellar cells, including the pericycle and xylem parenchyma cells, but not in the cortical or epidermal cells (PubMed:11971143). Expressed in guard cells (PubMed:22612335).
Strong reduction in plant size and biomass. Severe deficiency in shoot Pi level, but normal root Pi content.
The EXS domain is essential for Pi efflux out of cells and is necessary for the endomembrane localization.
The SPX domain provides a basic binding surface for inositol polyphosphate signaling molecules (PubMed:27080106).
Up-regulated by sucrose and Pi deficiency in roots (PubMed:18094993). Down-regulated by auxin, cytokinin and abscisic acid (ABA) (PubMed:18094993). Up-regulated in leaves following treatment with ABA (PubMed:22612335). Down-regulated by the transcription factors WRKY6 and WRKY42 (PubMed:25733771).
Belongs to the GTP-binding elongation factor family. LepA subfamily.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class translation factor GTPase superfamily. Classic translation factor GTPase family. LepA subfamily.
Promotes mitochondrial protein synthesis. May act as a fidelity factor of the translation reaction, by catalyzing a one-codon backward translocation of tRNAs on improperly translocated ribosomes. Binds to mitochondrial ribosomes in a GTP-dependent manner.
Mostly expressed in flowers, and, to a lower extent, in leaves, but barely in seedlings, stems, seeds and roots.
Expressed in various aboveground tissues undergoing thickening of the lignified secondary wall such as anthers, filaments of stamens, the base of carpels, styles, the boundaries between siliques and pedicels, the midrib of leaf veins, and inflorescence stems, specifically in interfascicular fibers (sclerenchyma), cells differentiating into vascular vessels, and xylary fibers (secondary xylem).
Transcription activator of genes involved in biosynthesis of secondary walls. Together with NST2 and NST3, required for the secondary cell wall thickening of sclerenchymatous fibers, secondary xylem (tracheary elements), and of the anther endocethium, which is necessary for anther dehiscence. May also regulate the secondary cell wall lignification of other tissues.
Acts in the modification of cell walls via demethylesterification of cell wall pectin. Involved in the pollen tube growth and determination of pollen tube morphology.
After germination, the pollen tube is sunted, curved and has an irregular morphology. No effect on the morphology of ungerminated pollen grains, on the efficiency of pollen germination, fertilization or seed production.
Expressed in mature pollen grains in the anthers and on the stigma. Found in pollen tubes within the style. Located at the tip and in the shank of the pollen tube.
Interacts with PMEI2, and in vitro with PMEI1.
The pectin methylesterase activity is inhibited by PMEI2.
Expressed in inflorescence meristems, floral meristems and stem epidermis.
Plants over-expressing GIS have delayed shoot maturation and flowering, and a strong production of trichome on the inflorescence.
Probable transcription factor required for the initiation of inflorescence trichomes in response to gibberellin (GA) (PubMed:16679458, PubMed:17507408). Mediates the induction of GL1 expression by GA in inflorescence organs and is antagonized in its action by the DELLA repressor GAI. Acts upstream of the trichome initiation regulators GL1 and GL3, and downstream of the GA signaling repressor SPINDLY (SPY) (PubMed:16679458). Does not play a significant role in the cytokinin response (PubMed:17507408). Controls trichome branching through GA signaling (PubMed:22210898, PubMed:23825141). Acts downstream of the key regulator STICHEL (STI) in an endoreduplication-independent pathway (PubMed:22210898). Controls trichome cell division indirectly by acting downstream of a key endoreduplication regulator SIAMESE (SIM) (PubMed:23825141).
Reduced trichome production on cauline leaves, stem internodes and branches, and sepals.
Functions as actin-binding component of the Arp2/3 complex which is involved in regulation of actin polymerization and together with an activating nucleation-promoting factor (NPF) mediates the formation of branched actin networks.
Functions as actin-binding component of the Arp2/3 complex which is involved in regulation of actin polymerization and together with an activating nucleation-promoting factor (NPF) mediates the formation of branched actin networks. Seems to contact the mother actin filament (By similarity). Arp2/3 complex plays a critical role in the control of cell morphogenesis via the modulation of cell polarity development (By similarity).
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the PPR family. P subfamily.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 13 family.
Creation of a second N-glycosylation site in mutant cgl1 C5/cgl1-1 interferes with protein folding and sequesters the protein for degradation in the endoplasmic reticulum.
Initiates complex N-linked carbohydrate formation. Essential for the conversion of high-mannose to hybrid and complex N-glycans.
Initiates complex N-linked carbohydrate formation. Essential for the conversion of high-mannose to hybrid and complex N-glycans. Required for normal root growth and morphology.
Plants have an increased salt-sensitivity resulting in growth inhibition, aberrant root-tip morphology and callose accumulation.
The cofactor is mostly bound to the substrate.
May interact with BHLH122/CFLAP1 and BHLH80/CFLAP2.
May regulate negatively the cuticle development by interacting with the HD-ZIP IV transcription factor HDG1.
Belongs to the cation transport ATPase (P-type) (TC 3.A.3) family. Type V subfamily.
Highly expressed in root meristem. Expressed in pavement cells of trichomes, stipules, stamens and pollen grains.
Imbalances in cation homeostasis and severe reduction in fertility. Increased inhibition of primary root growth in low inorganic phosphate conditions.
Mediates manganese transport into the endoplasmic reticulum. The ATPase activity is required for cellular manganese homeostasis (By similarity). Plays an important role in pollen and root development through its impact on protein secretion and transport processes. Functions together with LPR1 and LPR2 in a common pathway that adjusts root meristem activity to phosphate availability. Under phosphate limitation, restricts SHR movement in root meristem and is required for maintaining SCR expression in the root meristem stem-cell niche as well as for proximal meristem activity. Can complement the yeast spf1 mutant.
One of the primary rRNA binding proteins, it binds directly to 16S rRNA where it nucleates assembly of the head domain of the 30S subunit.
Belongs to the SurE nucleotidase family.
Expressed in seedlings, preferentially in hypocotyls and roots (PubMed:23893219). Also observed in siliques and sepals (PubMed:23893219).
Acts as homodimer to bind the primary ethylene response element.
Probable transcription factor acting as a positive regulator in the ethylene response pathway. Could bind the primary ethylene response element present in the ETHYLENE-RESPONSE-FACTOR1 promoter.
Belongs to the S1FA transcription factor family.
DNA-binding protein that specifically recognizes a negative element (S1F) within the RPS1 promoter.
Reduction of 18:2 and 18:3 triacylglycerols (TAG) accumulation in seeds by 40 percent.
Extensively expressed in guard mother cells and young guard cells of cotyledons and leaves during stomatal formation.
Belongs to the ABC transporter superfamily.
Acylhydrolase with broad specificity (PubMed:19527719). Catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine at the sn-1 position (PubMed:19527719). Possesses moderate activity toward phosphatidylcholine (PC), monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG), digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) and triacylglycerol (TAG) (PubMed:19527719).
Slightly induced by wounding (PubMed:18267087). Induced by wounding (PubMed:24430866, PubMed:31928671). Induced by cadmium and selenium in roots (PubMed:31928671).
Widely expressed (PubMed:19527719). Highly expressed in leaves and stems (PubMed:19527719).
Broadly expressed in leaves, flowers, stems and roots. Detected in root apical meristem region and pollen.
PPIases accelerate the folding of proteins. It catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptides (By similarity). Histone chaperone possibly involved in H3/H4 deposition to the nucleosome. Associates with 18S rDNA chromatin and negatively regulates the level of its expression.
Belongs to the saccharopine dehydrogenase family.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 2 family. Plant cellulose synthase-like D subfamily.
Upon photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) (e.g. light fluence) increase or after high-light pulse, and UV-B treatment. Accumulates in response to ozone fumigation, during recovery. Repressed by salt stress.
Highly expressed in seeds and at lower level in roots and senescing leaves. Expressed in leaves and flowers.
Induced by abscisic acid (ABA), osmotic shock and drought stress. Slightly induced by salt stress.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant seeds show decreased sensitivity to abscisic acid (ABA) during germination.
Plays an important role in the abiotic stresses-induced abscisic acid (ABA) signaling and biosynthesis. Acts as positive regulator of ABA-mediated seed germination inhibition. Functions downstream of ABF2/AREB1, ABF4/AREB2 and ABF3.
Accumulates gradually in the embryo during the seed development to reach high levels in mature seeds, but repressed rapidly in germinating seeds.
Expressed in seeds, specifically in the embryo.
Induced by abscisic acid (ABA) and abiotic stresses, such as drought, cold, and salt stresses, in an abscisic acid (ABA)- dependent manner.
Required to regulate morphology and anatomy during seed maturation.
Expressed in seeds, stems, leaves, flowers and siliques.
Inhibited by L-1-tosylamido-2-phenylethyl chloromethyl ketone (TPCK) and N-ethylmaleimide, but not by EDTA.
Proteolytically removes the C-terminal three residues of farnesylated and geranylated proteins. The substrate specificity is only partially overlapping with that of FACE1.
Detected in the whole plant. Predominantly expressed in roots and stems.
Transcriptional activator that binds specific DNA sequence.
Transcriptional activator that binds specifically to the DNA sequence 5'-[AG]GATT-3'. Functions as a response regulator involved in His-to-Asp phosphorelay signal transduction system. Phosphorylation of the Asp residue in the receiver domain activates the ability of the protein to promote the transcription of target genes. Could directly activate some type-A response regulators in response to cytokinins (By similarity).
Aspartyl protease. Not able to cleave BAG6.
Binds 1 heme b (iron(II)-protoporphyrin IX) group.
Calcium-binding peroxygenase involved in the degradation of storage lipid in oil bodies. May be involved in the interaction between oil bodies and vacuoles during seed germination and in the oxylipin signaling pathways and plant defense responses. Can catalyze sulfoxidation of thiobenzamide, hydroxylation of aniline and epoxidation of oleic acid.
Down-regulated by light and upon germination. Not induced by abscisic acid or osmotic stress.
Expressed in roots, cotyledons, hypocotyls, leaves, shoots, flowers, siliques and dry seeds.
The proline-knot motif (117-126) may be involved in targeting to lipid bodies.
Acts as negative regulator of abscisic acid (ABA) signaling during germination and early seedling development.
Seeds over-expressing ZFP7 are insensitive to inhibition of germination by abscisic acid (ABA).
Predominantly expressed in flowers and at a lower level in leaves and siliques.
Involved in protein precursor import into chloroplasts. May be part of an intermediate translocation complex acting as a protein-conducting channel at the inner envelope (PubMed:23372012). Plays an important role during embryogenesis and chloroplast biogenesis (PubMed:20738804).
Part of the Tic complex. Component of the 1-MD complex, composed of TIC20-I, TIC214, TIC100 and TIC56. Interacts with the translocating preproteins. Hydrolysis of ATP is essential for the formation of this complex (PubMed:23372012). The 1-MD complex interacts with TIC21 (By similarity).
Preferentially expressed in ovules, and moderately expressed in leaves and siliques.
Severe defects during embryogenesis, producing abnormal embryos and thereby leading to a lethality of young seedlings.
By cold treatment (PubMed:12679534). Down-regulated by jasmonic acid (MJ) (PubMed:23708772). Accumulates in far-red light more than in darkness and red light; this profile requires COP1-triggered protein degradation in darkness, phyA inhibition of COP1 in far-red light, and phyB-mediated protein degradation in red light (PubMed:31732705). Follows a free-running robust circadian rhythm, with higher levels during the dark (PubMed:23708772).
Expressed transiently in early developing seeds, later present at low levels in maturating seeds until dry seeds (PubMed:23708772). Observed during seed imbibition (PubMed:23708772).
Homodimer (Probable). Associates to PTAC12/HMR/PAP5 which acts as a transcriptional coactivator (PubMed:25944101). Interacts with the Pfr form of phyB but barely with that of phyA (PubMed:31732705). Binds to COP1 (PubMed:31732705).
Mainly expressed in stems, leaves, seedlings, fruits and flowers, and, to a lower extent, in roots.
Plants exhibit unfertilized ovules but normal pollen tube attraction.
Stabilized by phyA but destabilized by phyB (PubMed:31732705). Accumulates in the dark but not in far-red light upon MG132 treatment, a 26S proteasome inhibitor (at protein level) (PubMed:31732705).
Transcription factor binding to G-box elements (5'-CACGTG-3') in target genes promoters, particularly in far-red light but barely in the dark (PubMed:31732705). Required during the fertilization of ovules by pollen (PubMed:15634699). Repressor of phytochrome A-mediated far-red light responses including seed germination, suppression of hypocotyl elongation, and randomization of hypocotyl growth orientation (PubMed:31732705). Does not inhibit phyB-induced red light responses (PubMed:31732705).
Ubiquitinated and subsequently targeted to protein degradation by COP1 in the dark, but not in far-red light.
Mediates high-affinity intracellular uptake of the rare oligo-element molybdenum.
Reduced seed germination potential and inhibition of seedling establishment by sucrose (PubMed:19255443). Exhibits abnormal shoot and leaf development (PubMed:19620738). Increased tolerance of seedlings to submergence and starvation (PubMed:25667318).
Ubiquitin ligase protein which is a component of the N-end rule pathway. Recognizes and binds to proteins bearing specific N-terminal residues that are destabilizing according to the N-end rule, leading to their ubiquitination and subsequent degradation.
Ubiquitin protein ligase which is a component of the N-end rule pathway with arginine specificity, and functions with the arginyltransferases ATE1 and ATE2. Recognizes and binds to proteins bearing specific N-terminal residues that are destabilizing according to the N-end rule, leading to their ubiquitination and subsequent degradation (PubMed:17572409, PubMed:19255443, PubMed:19620738, PubMed:22020282). Does not participate in degradation of proteins with N-terminal Phe or Leu (PubMed:17572409). The N-end rule pathway regulates seed after-ripening, seedling sugar sensitivity, seedling lipid breakdown, and abscisic acid (ABA) sensitivity of germination (PubMed:19255443). The N-end rule pathway regulates various aspects of leaf and shoot development (PubMed:19620738). Involved in the ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of RAP2-12, an activator of hypoxic gene expression. The ubiquitination occurs after the N-arginylation of RAP2-12 by ATE1 or ATE2 under aerobic conditions (PubMed:22020282). The end-rule pathway plays a role in regulating the timing and amplitude of the immune response following infection with the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato (PubMed:27173012, PubMed:30117535). Regulates the biosynthesis of plant-defense metabolites such as glucosinolates, and the biosynthesis and response to the phytohormone jasmonate (JA), which plays a key role in plant immunity (PubMed:27173012). Controls the expression of specific defense-response genes, activates the synthesis pathway for the phytoalexin camalexin, and influences basal resistance to the hemibiotroph pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato (PubMed:30117535). Coordinates the mobilization of seed storage reserves and regulates the abundance and activities of several proteases following seed germination (PubMed:29168982).
Converts adenosine 3'-phosphate 5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) to adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (APS) and 3'(2')-phosphoadenosine 5'- phosphate (PAP) to AMP (PubMed:10205895). May regulate the flux of sulfur in the sulfur-activation pathway by converting PAPS to APS (By similarity). Prevents both the toxicity of PAP on RNA processing enzymes as well as the product inhibition by PAP of sulfate conjugation.
Substrate preference is 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphate (PAP) = adenosine 3'-phosphate 5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS). No activity observed against 3' or 5'-AMP, inositol mono and diphosphates and fructose-1,6-bisphosphate.
Expressed in roots, petioles, leaf blades and floral organs.
In association with LNG2, regulates leaf morphology by promoting longitudinal polar cell elongation independently of ROT3.
Interacts (via C-terminus) with TON1A and TON1B.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but the lng1 and lng2 double mutant shows reduced length of cotyledons, rosette leaves, siliques and flowers.
The gain-of-function mutant lng1-1D (T-DNA tagging) shows increased elongation of aerial lateral organs, partly due to elongated cells in leaves, petals and siliques.
Belongs to the 2S seed storage albumins family.
The mature protein consists of a small and a large chain linked by disulfide bonds.
Cohesin cofactor dispensable during the meiotic division but playing an important role in DNA repair by homologous recombination (HR) probably by helping SMC5/SMC6 complex (PubMed:26648949). Regulator of sister chromatid cohesion in mitosis which may stabilize cohesin complex association with chromatin (PubMed:26648949). May couple sister chromatid cohesion during mitosis to DNA replication (By similarity). Cohesion ensures that chromosome partitioning is accurate in both meiotic and mitotic cells and plays an important role in DNA repair (PubMed:26648949).
Weak impact on meiosis such as formation of some chromosome bridges at late anaphase I and telophase I in forming pollen, but severe effects on development, fertility, somatic homologous recombination (HR) and DNA repair, especially in plants lacking PDS5A, PDS5B, PDS5C, PDS5D and PDS5E.
Interacts with BHLH002/EGL3/MYC146, BHLH012/MYC1 and BHLH042/TT8.
Transcription activator, when associated with BHLH002/EGL3/MYC146, BHLH012/MYC1 or BHLH042/TT8.
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mL53 family.
Ectopic growth in filaments and petals, distortion of integument planar growth and aberrant embryogenesis and partial lethality in ucn-1 embryos. The double mutants ucn-2 and ucnl-5 are embryonic lethal.
Expressed in the epidermis and cortex of the transition zone of the root apex and developing flowers. Expressed in rosette leaves, stems and siliques.
Regulates planar ovule integument development by suppressing aberrantly oriented growth. Maintains planar growth of integuments by repressing the developmental regulator and transcription factor KAN4 which is involved in the control of early integument growth and polarity. Restricts growth in stamen filaments, petals, and cotyledons.
Dimers and oligomers (By similarity). Binds to PYR/PYL/RCAR abscisic acid intracellular receptors in an ABA-independent manner, both at the plasma membrane and in the nucleus. Interacts directly with PYR1, PYL1, PYL4, PYL6 and PYL8. Binds phospholipids in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner.
Predominantly expressed in the vascular bundle of the primary root and in the cortex of the root upper part. In lateral roots, detected in epidermis and root tips.
Stimulates the GTPase/ATPase activities of Obg-like ATPases (By similarity). Mediates the transient calcium-dependent interaction of PYR/PYL/RCAR abscisic acid (ABA) receptors with the plasma membrane and thus regulates ABA sensitivity (PubMed:25465408). Binds liposomes in the absence of exogenous Ca(2+), but this activity is enhanced in the presence of Ca(2+) and generates membrane curvature (By similarity).
When associated with disruption in CAR4, CAR5 and CAR9 genes, reduced sensitivity to abscisic acid (ABA) during seedling establishment and root growth regulation.
Component of a pre-mRNA splicing complex. Interacts with STA1. Interacts with PRP31 (PubMed:25684655).
Nucleic acid-binding protein that promotes Pol IV-dependent small interfering RNA (siRNA) accumulation, DNA methylation and transcriptional silencing. May possess both RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM)-dependent and -independent roles in transcriptional silencing. Acts as a pre-mRNA splicing factor that associates with several typical components of the splicing machinery as well as with Pol II.
Belongs to the type IV zinc-finger family. Class C subfamily.
Predominantly expressed in shoot apices, inflorescences and roots.
Dually phosphorylated on Thr-178 and Tyr-180, which activates the enzyme.
Functions redundantly with TRAF1B in the regulation of plant immune response. Contributes to the turnover of the nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat-containing (NB-LRR) immune receptors SNC1 and RPS2. May associate with an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex, which modulates ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of NB-LRR immune sensors to maintain their homeostasis (PubMed:26867179). Functions redundantly with TRAF1B in the regulation of autophagosome formation. Required for SINAT1- and SINAT2-mediated ubiquitination and destabilization of ATG6. Functions as molecular adapter that helps to regulate autophagy by modulating ATG6 stability (PubMed:28351989).
Interacts with AHK3 (PubMed:18642946). Interacts with ATG6, SINAT1, SINAT2, SINAT5 and SINAT6 (PubMed:28351989).
Expressed in rosette and cauline leaves. Expressed at low levels in cotyledons and shoots.
No visible phenotype (PubMed:12220263). Pale-green seedlings in double mutants glk1/glk2 (PubMed:23459204).
Plants overexpressing GLK1 have a delay in flowering under long days, show high constitutive expression of genes encoding disease defense related proteins and are resistant to the pathogen F.graminearum.
Transcriptional activator that functions with GLK2 to promote chloroplast development. Acts as an activator of nuclear photosynthetic genes involved in chlorophyll biosynthesis, light harvesting, and electron transport. Acts in a cell-autonomous manner to coordinate and maintain the photosynthetic apparatus within individual cells. May function in photosynthetic capacity optimization by integrating responses to variable environmental and endogenous cues (PubMed:11828027, PubMed:12220263, PubMed:17533111, PubMed:18643989, PubMed:19376934, PubMed:19383092, PubMed:19726569). Prevents premature senescence (PubMed:23459204).
By high salt, desiccation and light stresses (at protein level).
Serine protease that performs the primary cleavage of the photodamaged D1 protein in plant photosystem II.
Bound potassium ions stabilize the protein structure.
Contains a N-terminal ordered domain (NOD) (1-117), central internal disordered domain (IDD) (118-349) and a C-terminal domain (CTD) (350-608) with an atypical Tudor domain containing probably two large unstructured loops.
Homooligomer. Interaction with RNA results in multimerization due to structural alteration in the NOD domain.
No visible phenotype, but loss of Cajal bodies.
Probable component of nuclear coiled bodies, also known as Cajal bodies or CBs, which are involved in the modification and assembly of nucleoplasmic snRNPs (Probable). Required for CBs formation (PubMed:16624863). Binds snRNAs and non-specific artificial RNA via the N-terminal part of the NOD domain and via the NLS2 region (212-282) of the IDD domain (PubMed:23320094). The two sites are able to function independently and provide effective RNA-binding in a non-cooperative manner (PubMed:23320094).
Expressed at the lateral root initiation sites, in the vascular tissues of the primary lateral root and the root caps. Expressed in the hypocotyl, cotyledon and leaf veins, apical meristem region, hydathodes, at the base of the trichomes and cauline leaves. In stems, expressed in the cells associated with the vascular cambium, interfascicular cambium and the developing xylem. Expressed in the vascular strand of petals and sepals, anthers, stamen filaments, stigma with papillary cells in flowers, and abscission, style and stigmatic regions of siliques.
Involved in lignin biosynthesis in the floral stem. Catalyzes the final step specific for the production of lignin monomers. Catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of coniferaldehyde, 5-hydroxyconiferaldehyde, sinapaldehyde, 4-coumaraldehyde and caffeyl aldehyde to their respective alcohols.
Reduced lignin content and rigidity of the floral stems.
By nitrogen, salicylic acid, NaCl and abscisic acid (ABA).
Was originally erroneously termed LCR51 before the split of the gene model.
Lacks the conserved Glu active site which is replaced by Gly. Its enzyme activity is therefore unsure.
Binds double-stranded RNA. May be involved in RNA-mediated silencing.
Expressed in the shoot apical meristem (SAM).
Heterodimer with DRB1, DRB2 or DRB4. Interacts with DCL1 and DCL3.
Fructose and glucose phosphorylating enzyme.
Highly expressed in leaves, at intermediate levels in stems and at lower levels in roots and flowers.
May only reduce GSH-thiol disulfides, but not protein disulfides (Potential). Probably involved in the regulation of the redox state of the BOLA proteins (Potential). May act as Fe-S cluster donors to Fe-S cluster-requiring proteins (PubMed:18044966). May protect cells against protein oxidative damage (PubMed:16829529). May regulate CAX cation transporters (PubMed:16829529). The GRXS14-BOLA1 heterodimer binds a labile, oxygen sensitive Fe-S cluster (PubMed:24714563).
Plants display high sensitivity to external oxidants, and their content of protein carbonylation is higher than wild-type plants.
The C-terminal region (79-168) is involved in BOLA recognition in GRXS-BOLA apo-heterodimer.
[2Fe-2S]-bridged holo-homodimer (By similarity). Interacts with N-terminal part of CAX1 in yeast (PubMed:12480930). Interacts in vitro with SUFE1, BOLA1, BOLA2 and BOLA4 (PubMed:24203231). Interacts in vivo only with SUFE1, BOLA1 and BOLA4 (PubMed:24203231, PubMed:24714563, PubMed:12480930) (By similarity). Interacts with SBP1 (PubMed:30824043).
By light (at the protein level). Down-regulated by dark (at the protein level). Down-regulated by DCMU, an exogenous photosynthesis inhibitor.
Constitutively expressed in both vegetative and reproductive organs under normal growth conditions (at protein level).
Inhibited by EDTA, Zn(2+), Cd(2+), Co(2+), p-chloromercuribenzoate and L-ascorbic acid (AsA).
Phosphomannose isomerase involved in the synthesis of the GDP-mannose and dolichol-phosphate-mannose required for a number of critical mannosyl transfer reactions. Involved in the ascorbic acid (AsA) biosynthesis. Required during the endosperm development.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL37 family.
Component of the large ribosomal subunit. The ribosome is a large ribonucleoprotein complex responsible for the synthesis of proteins in the cell.
Auxin response factors (ARFs) are transcriptional factors that bind specifically to the DNA sequence 5'-TGTCTC-3' found in the auxin-responsive promoter elements (AuxREs). Acts as a transcriptional activator of several tropic stimulus-induced (TSI) genes, including SAUR50. Formation of heterodimers with Aux/IAA proteins may alter their ability to modulate early auxin response genes expression. Required for differential growth responses of aerial tissues. Involved in ethylene responses. Regulates lateral root formation through direct regulation of LBD16 and/or LBD29 (PubMed:29184030). Functionally redundant with ARF19 (PubMed:29184030). Mediates embryo axis formation and vascular tissues differentiation. Functionally redundant with ARF5. Involved in cellular dedifferentiation during callus formation on callus-inducing medium (CIM) and in an ATXR2-dependent manner (PubMed:29184030).
Homodimers and heterodimers (PubMed:10476078, PubMed:21734647). Interacts with the auxin-responsive proteins IAA1 and IAA12 (BODENLOS)(PubMed:14973283, PubMed:21734647). Interacts (via PB1 domain) with IAA17 (via PB1 domain) (PubMed:24706860, PubMed:21734647). Interacts with IAA19 (PubMed:14729917, PubMed:21734647). Interacts with ARF5 (PubMed:17259263, PubMed:21734647). Binds to JMJ30 (PubMed:29923261). Binds to ATXR2 in the nucleus (PubMed:29184030).
Incomplete sequence. May be due to exon skipping.
The PB1 domain provides both positive and negative electrostatic interfaces for directional protein interaction.
The arf7-1 arf19-2 double mutant is defective in callus formation.
Homo- and heterodimer with other ZFHD proteins (By similarity). Interacts with MIF1, MIF2 and MIF3; these interactions prevent nuclear localization and DNA-binding to inhibit transcription regulation activity. Binds to ZHD11.
Belongs to the selenoprotein M/F family.
Belongs to the selenium-binding protein family.
Mostly expressed in seedlings, leaves and stems, and, to a lower extent, in flowers and roots.
Required for the fusion of female gametophyte polar nuclei.
By wounding and infection by the bacterial pathogens X.campestris and P.syringae.
Interacts with TON1A and TON1B (PubMed:18757558). Interacts with SAC3A and SAC3B (PubMed:19843313). Interacts with UCH1 and UCH2 (PubMed:22951400).
Heat stable and remains soluble at temperatures exceeding 90 degrees Celsius.
May serve as docking site to facilitate the association of other proteins to the plasma membrane.
Component of the COP9 signalosome complex (CSN), a complex involved in various cellular and developmental processes such as photomorphogenesis and auxin and jasmonate responses. The CSN complex is an essential regulator of the ubiquitin (Ubl) conjugation pathway by mediating the deneddylation of the cullin subunits of SCF-type E3 ligase complexes, leading to decrease the Ubl ligase activity of SCF. It is involved in repression of photomorphogenesis in darkness by regulating the activity of COP1-containing Ubl ligase complexes. The complex is also required for degradation of IAA6 by regulating the activity of the Ubl ligase SCF-TIR complex. In the complex, it plays a central role in CSN assembly.
Component of the CSN complex, probably composed of CSN1, CSN2, CSN3, CSN4, CSN5 (CSN5A or CSN5B), CSN6 (CSN6A or CSN6B), CSN7 and CSN8. Interacts with itself and (via PCI domain) with CSN7 (via PCI domain). In the CSN complex, it probably interacts directly with CSN2, CSN3, CSN4 and CSN5B. Interacts with the 26S proteasome subunit RPN6. Interacts (via N-terminal domain) with TSA1 (via C-terminal domain). Binds to the translation initiation factors TIF3C1, TIF3E1 and TIF3H1 (PubMed:9849901, PubMed:19704582, PubMed:15548739).
Expressed in leaves, flowers, immature siliques, and light-grown roots.
The N-terminal part (1-211), which is not required for deneddylating activity and CSN complex formation, is nevertheless essential for other aspects of CSN complex function.
The PCI domain is necessary and sufficient for the interactions with other CSN subunits of the complex.
Exhibits ATPase activity. Binds DNA/RNA in a non-specific manner and exhibits endonuclease activity. Probably involved in DNA repair. Involved in RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) as a component of the RdDM machinery and required for gene silencing. May also be involved in the regulation of chromatin architecture to maintain gene silencing.
Homodimer and heterodimer. Component of an RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) complex.
Binds to actin monomers and regulates the organization of the actin cytoskeleton (PubMed:26574597). At high concentrations, profilin prevents the polymerization of actin, whereas it enhances it at low concentrations (PubMed:29861135). At low concentrations, associates with the poly-proline motif of formins to enhance actin filament elongation rate (PubMed:29861135). Binds ACT1, ACT7 and ACT11 and inhibits actin polymerization (PubMed:26578694). Coordinates the stochastic dynamic properties of actin filaments by modulating formin-mediated actin nucleation and assembly during axial cell expansion (PubMed:26574597). Binds G-actin and poly-L-proline in vitro (PubMed:19200149). Inhibits cell growth of various pathogenic fungal strains (PubMed:30056100). May play a role as antifungal proteins in the defense system against fungal pathogen attacks (PubMed:30056100).
Delayed germination (PubMed:11340190). In young seedlings, excessive numbers of root hairs, abnormal raised cotyledons, elongated hypocotyls, and elongated cells in the hypocotyl (PubMed:11340190, PubMed:26574597). Defects in rosette leaf and inflorescence development (PubMed:26160044).
Expressed at low levels roots, leaves, stems, flowers and siliques (PubMed:8771785, PubMed:8685262). Expressed in leaf epidermal cells, trichomes and stem epidermal cells (PubMed:19200149). Detected in phloem exudates (at protein level) (PubMed:30056100).
First detected in early flower primordia and during stamen development. Later expressed in anthers and in pollen.
Mostly expressed in flower buds, especially in stamens.
Expressed in roots, senescent leaves and flowers.
Transcriptional activator that binds specifically to the DNA sequence 5'-[AG]CCGAC-3'. Binding to the C-repeat/DRE element mediates high salinity- and dehydration-inducible transcription.
Component of an exocyst subcomplex specifically involved in autophagy-related, Golgi-independent membrane traffic to the vacuole. Regulates autophagosome formation and autophagy-related Golgi-independent import into the vacuole (By similarity). Positive regulator of defense responses to pathogenic bacteria (e.g. P.syringae pv. maculicola), to the biotrophic oomycete H.arabidopsidis and to fungi (e.g. B.graminis hordei), especially in cell wall apposition formation related to plant defense (PubMed:21199889, PubMed:23170036). Required for both immediate and later responses triggered by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) (PubMed:23170036). Positive regulator of abscisic acid (ABA)-independent mannitol (drought)-promoted stomatal closure (PubMed:27956469).
Induced by elicitor peptides elf18 and flg22, by the fungus B.graminis hordei and by the bacterium P.syringae.
Mostly expressed in leaves and, to a lower extent, in roots, cotyledons, internodes, flower buds, siliques and anthers.
No discernible phenotype in normal conditions (PubMed:16942608, PubMed:21199889, PubMed:27956469). Altered mannitol (drought)-promoted stomatal closure (PubMed:27956469). Enhanced susceptibility to the bacterial pathogen P.syringae pv. maculicola and abnormal papilla formation, with an unusual wide halo made of vesicle-like structures upon inoculation by the fungal pathogen B.graminis hordei (PubMed:21199889). Reduced sensitivity to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) (e.g. bacterial elicitor flg22, bacterial transcription factor elf18, Pep1 and fungal chitin) leading to a reduced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and impaired induction of several plant defense genes. Increased disease susceptibility to the biotrophic oomycete H.arabidopsidis (PubMed:23170036).
Self interacts (PubMed:21199889). Interacts with EXO70B1 (PubMed:23944713). Interacts with the exocyst subunits EXO70H1, SEC5A and SEC15B. Binds to SNAP33 (PubMed:21199889). Subunit of the exocyst complex that mediates vesicle tethering during exocytosis (Probable). Binds to PUB22 (PubMed:23170036).
Target of the E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase PUB22 that mediates its ubiquitination and degradation via the 26S proteasome to attenuate pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP)-induced signaling, especially is response to the bacterial elicitor flg22.
By dark treatment (at the protein level). Induced by the calmodulin antagonists trifluoperazine and fluphenazine in darkness. Down-regulated by sucrose in a hexokinase dependent manner (at protein level). Up-regulated by Leucine and its derivative alpha-keto acid (KIC).
Forms a 24-polypeptide structural core with octahedral symmetry.
The branched-chain alpha-keto dehydrogenase complex catalyzes the overall conversion of alpha-keto acids to acyl-CoA and CO(2). It contains multiple copies of three enzymatic components: branched-chain alpha-keto acid decarboxylase (E1), lipoamide acyltransferase (E2) and lipoamide dehydrogenase (E3). Within this complex, the catalytic function of this enzyme is to accept, and to transfer to coenzyme A, acyl groups that are generated by the branched-chain alpha-keto acid decarboxylase component (By similarity). Required during sugar starvation and acts under the control of a sugar-sensing mechanism involving Ser/Thr kinases and phosphatases.
Expressed at the early flowering stage and at the late stage of silique development.
Acts in low affinity electroneutral exchange of protons for cations such as Na(+) or K(+) across membranes. May also exchange Li(+) and Cs(+) with a lower affinity. Involved in vacuolar ion compartmentalization necessary for cell volume regulation and cytoplasmic Na(+) detoxification.
Induced by abscisic acid (ABA), and by NaCl and sorbitol in a ABA-dependent manner.
Light-dependent serine/threonine protein kinase that specifically phosphorylates N-terminal threonine residues in psbA/D1, psbD/D2, psbC/CP43 and psbH, which are components of the core antenna complex of photosystem II. Phosphorylation of PSII core components facilitates the exchange of chlorophyll proteins between the grana and the stroma lamellae. Also involved in the phosphorylation of the calcium-sensing receptor (CaS).
Not significantly affected in state transitions. Enhanced thylakoid folding and reduced mobility of thylakoid proteins under low-light conditions.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the HesA/MoeB/ThiF family. UBA4 subfamily.
Plays a central role in 2-thiolation of mcm(5)S(2)U at tRNA wobble positions of cytosolic tRNA(Lys), tRNA(Glu) and tRNA(Gln). Also essential during biosynthesis of the molybdenum cofactor. Acts by mediating the C-terminal thiocarboxylation of sulfur carriers URM1 and MOCS2A. Its N-terminus first activates URM1 and MOCS2A as acyl-adenylates (-COAMP), then the persulfide sulfur on the catalytic cysteine is transferred to URM1 and MOCS2A to form thiocarboxylation (-COSH) of their C-terminus. The reaction probably involves hydrogen sulfide that is generated from the persulfide intermediate and that acts as nucleophile towards URM1 and MOCS2A. Subsequently, a transient disulfide bond is formed. Does not use thiosulfate as sulfur donor; NFS1 probably acting as a sulfur donor for thiocarboxylation reactions.
Phosphorylated to form H2AXS139ph (gamma-H2AX) in response to DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) generated by exogenous genotoxic agents and by stalled replication forks, and may also occur during meiotic recombination events. Phosphorylation can extend up to several thousand nucleosomes from the actual site of the DSB and may mark the surrounding chromatin for recruitment of proteins required for DNA damage signaling and repair. Widespread phosphorylation may also serve to amplify the damage signal or aid repair of persistent lesions. H2AXS139ph in response to ionizing radiation is mediated by ATM while defects in DNA replication induce H2AXS139ph subsequent to activation of ATR. Dephosphorylation of H2AXS139ph by PP2A is required for DNA DSB repair (By similarity).
The [ST]-Q motif constitutes a recognition sequence for kinases from the PI3/PI4-kinase family.
The nucleosome is a histone octamer containing two molecules each of H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assembled in one H3-H4 heterotetramer and two H2A-H2B heterodimers. The octamer wraps approximately 147 bp of DNA. Interacts with numerous proteins required for DNA damage signaling and repair when phosphorylated on Ser-139 (By similarity).
To ensure consistency between histone entries, we follow the 'Brno' nomenclature for histone modifications, with positions referring to those used in the literature for the 'closest' model organism. Due to slight variations in histone sequences between organisms and to the presence of initiator methionine in UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot sequences, the actual positions of modified amino acids in the sequence generally differ. In this entry the following conventions are used: H2AXS139ph = phosphorylated Ser-139.
Variant histone H2A which replaces conventional H2A in a subset of nucleosomes. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling. Required for checkpoint-mediated arrest of cell cycle progression in response to low doses of ionizing radiation and for efficient repair of DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) specifically when modified by C-terminal phosphorylation (By similarity).
Belongs to the glutaredoxin family. CPYC subfamily.
Has a glutathione-disulfide oxidoreductase activity in the presence of NADPH and glutathione reductase. Reduces low molecular weight disulfides and proteins. Can assemble a [2Fe-2S] cluster, but cannot transfer it to an apoferredoxin.
Monomeric apoprotein and homodimeric holoprotein containing a [2Fe-2S] cluster (PubMed:21632542). No in vitro interactions with SUFE1, BOLA1, BOLA2 or BOLA4 (PubMed:24203231).
Activated by calcium (PubMed:23252373). Autophosphorylation plays an important role in the regulation of the kinase activity (PubMed:23252373).
Expressed in vascular and meristematic tissues throughout plant development.
May play a role in signal transduction pathways that involve calcium as a second messenger (Probable). Acts as developmentally controlled regulator for coordinated stem elongation and vascular development. Acts as key component which contributes to the developmental switch that establishes the transition from vegetative to reproductive growth (PubMed:23252373). Involved in pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI) signaling. Interacts with and phosphorylates the kinase BIK1, a central rate-limiting kinase in PTI signaling. Facilitates BIK1 turnover and negatively regulates BIK1-mediated immune responses triggered by several PAMPs. Its kinase activity is necessary and sufficient for its function in PTI signaling (PubMed:25525792).
Severe growth defect in shoot elongation. Severe growth defect of flowering stem.
There are 3 contiguous domains conserved in the CDPK subfamily: a kinase domain, an autoinhibitory (junction) domain and a calmodulin-like domain. The autoinhibitory domain (328-358) inactivates kinase activity under calcium-free conditions (By similarity).
Calmodulin-binding protein that functions as a negative regulator of osmotic stress tolerance.
Expressed in leaves, flowers and siliques.
Interacts with calmodulin (CaM) (PubMed:15086802). Interacts with WRKY25 and WRKY51 (PubMed:22535423).
Homodimers and heterodimers. Interacts with the auxin response factor ARF5. Interacts (via domain I) with TPL (via the LisH domain).
Component of the cytochrome b6-f complex, which mediates electron transfer between photosystem II (PSII) and photosystem I (PSI), cyclic electron flow around PSI, and state transitions. PetG is required for either the stability or assembly of the cytochrome b6-f complex.
The 4 large subunits of the cytochrome b6-f complex are cytochrome b6, subunit IV (17 kDa polypeptide, PetD), cytochrome f and the Rieske protein, while the 4 small subunits are PetG, PetL, PetM and PetN. The complex functions as a dimer.
Induced in roots during drought and salt stresses.
Component of a multiprotein complex equivalent of the SWI/SNF complex, an ATP-dependent chromatin-remodeling complex, which is required for the positive and negative regulation of gene expression of a large number of genes. It changes chromatin structure by altering DNA-histone contacts within a nucleosome, leading eventually to a change in nucleosome position, thus facilitating or repressing binding of gene-specific transcription factors.
Interacts with SWI3B, but not with BSH. Component of a RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) complex that contains at least MORC6, MORC1/CRT1, MORC2, SWI3D and SUVH9 (PubMed:24465213). Interacts with MORC6 and SUVH9 (PubMed:27171427).
Plants are viable but have alterations in leaf, root and flower development, and are early flowering.
Was originally incorrectly assigned as CHB4.
Expressed at low levels in roots (e.g. root tips and lateral roots), leaves (e.g. at the edge of mature leaves, possibly in hydathodes, and in vascular bundles), flowers (e.g. floral filaments), stems, siliques and cotyledons.
Probable transcription factor. Together with STOP1, plays a critical role in tolerance to major stress factors in acid soils such as proton H(+) and aluminum ion Al(3+). Required for the expression of genes in response to acidic stress (e.g. ALMT1 and MATE), and Al-activated citrate exudation.
By methylviologen (MV), a superoxide radical generating drug.
During early phases of embryogenesis, expressed in all the cells of the embryo proper and the suspensor until the 32-cell embryo stage. At the heart stage, expression completely disappears in the suspensor, but remains in the embryo proper. After germination, expressed in shoot apical meristem (SAM), leaf primordia, root apical meristem (RAM), and lateral root primordia.
Involved in auxin signaling pathway. Required for embryo development and meristem organization. Functions in the auxin pathway, integrating auxin signaling in the organization and maintenance of the shoot apical meristem (SAM) and root apical meristem (RAM).
Temperature-sensitive phenotype. Defective in embryo development and embryo lethality when grown at 22 degrees Celsius. Embryo lethality phenotype rescued when grown at 29 degrees Celsius. Germination of temperature-rescued pcn mutant seeds give plants with small and narrow-shaped leaves, abnormal leaf vein patterns, altered flowering organs and defects in the root apical meristem (RAM).
Interacts with RGS1 and GB1, but not with GPA1. The association with RGS1 at the plasma membrane is triggered by induction of glucose (PubMed:21952135, PubMed:22940907). Binds to EDM2 in nucleus (PubMed:20149132).
Regulates flowering time by modulating the photoperiod pathway. Phosphorylates the vacuolar ATPase subunit C (VATC) and RGS1 (PubMed:16427632, PubMed:18761494). Regulates EDM2 that, in turn, modulates development processes (PubMed:20840782, PubMed:20149132).
Confined to shoot meristem, vascular region of cotyledons and siliques abscission zone.
Dirigent proteins impart stereoselectivity on the phenoxy radical-coupling reaction, yielding optically active lignans from two molecules of coniferyl alcohol in the biosynthesis of lignans, flavonolignans, and alkaloids and thus plays a central role in plant secondary metabolism. Enantiocomplementary dirigent protein that mediates the laccase-catalyzed enantioselective oxidative phenol coupling of (E)-coniferyl alcohol to (-)-pinoresinol.
Ethylene-responsive transcription factor RAP2-12, N-terminally processed: The N-terminal cysteine residue of can be oxidized by PCO1 or PCO2, thus preparing the protein for N-end rule pathway-mediated proteasomal degradation.
Highly expressed in seedlings, leaves, flowers, siliques and germinating seeds.
The N-terminus (1-13) is important for the regulation of the oxygen-dependent activation of the transcription factor activity, an internal region (123-177) is required for the interactions with ACPB1 and ACPB2, while the C-terminus (343-358) is required for positive regulation of gene transcription.
The N-terminus qualifies RAP2-12 as candidate substrate of the N-end rule pathway for protein destabilization. The oxygen-dependent oxidation of Cys-2 prevents hypoxic gene expression via the destabilization of RAP2-12 in air. When the oxygen concentration decreases, Cys oxidation is prevented and an active RAP2.12 accumulates in the nucleus.
Transcription factor involved in the activation of hypoxic gene expression and in ethylene response. Partially redundant with RAP2-2. Acts as a downstream regulator in the ethylene signaling pathway.
Up-regulated by hypoxia but not by ethylene.
Expressed in reproductive tissues. Expressed in chalaza, funiculus, stigma, septum, style and transmitting tract.
Based on mass spectrometry analysis, the N-peptide must be modified and there might be additional modifications other than myristoylation.
Down-regulated by high temperature. Up-regulated by pathogen, calcium, low humidity, avirulence gene product avrRpt2 and salicylic acid.
Dwarf, twisted leaves and enhanced disease resistance in cv. Columbia when grown at 22 degrees Celsius. No visible phenotype when grown at 28 degrees Celsius, or in cv. Landsberg erecta, cv. No-0, and cv. Wassilewskija at any temperature. Humidity and temperature sensitive lesion mimic phenotype, accelerated hypersensitive response (HR) and increased disease resistance. Bon1 and bon2 double mutants, as well as bon1 and bon3 double mutants are seedling-lethal when grown at 22 degrees Celsius. bon1, bon2 and bon3 triple mutant is seedling-lethal at any temperature.
Expressed in roots and flowers and, at higher levels, in leaves and stems. Strongly expressed in growing tissues. Not detected in green siliques.
Interacts (via VWA domain) with BAP1 and BAP2 (PubMed:17631528). Interacts with HSP70-1 and HSP70-2 (PubMed:26408532).
Negative regulator of cell death and defense responses. Negative regulator of several R genes, including SNC1. May have effects in promoting growth and development. May function in membrane trafficking and in fusion of vesicles with plasma membrane at low temperature. Exhibits calcium-dependent phospholipid binding properties.
Overexpression of BON1 has no effects on pathogen resistance.
The N-terminus (1-116) is sufficient for plasma membrane localization. VWA domain fragments interfere with the function of the full-length protein, triggering a lesion-mimic phenotype.
Binds to 14-3-3 proteins. The binding is induced by phosphorylation of Thr-955. Binding to 14-3-3 proteins activates the H(+)-ATPase (By similarity).
Accumulates in leaves during senescence, in a SA-independent manner. Expressed in the lateral roots and in flowers. Expressed in developing seeds (PubMed:25794936).
Forms heterooligomers with SWEET1, SWEET6, SWEET8, SWEET11 and SWEET17.
In seedlings, expressed at low levels in the petioles (at protein level) (PubMed:25794936). In young plants, mainly expressed in the roots, particularly in the tips and primordia of lateral roots. In flowering plants, first observed at high levels in young buds of the inflorescence (at protein level), later detected in reproductive tissues, such as pollen grains and ovules. In developing seeds, accumulates specifically at different stages. At globular stage, mostly present in outer integument, but also in endosperm and embryo. At the heart stage, only observed in endosperm and embryo. From the linear mature cotyledon stage until mature seed, accumulates in outer integument and in micropylar endosperm. Detected at low levels in senescent leaves (at protein level) despite a high transcription induction during senescence (PubMed:25794936).
Induced by the pathogenic bacteria P.syringae pv. tomato and the fungal pathogen B.cinerea, as well as by salicylic acid (SA) and abscisic acid (ABA). Induced by osmotic stresses (e.g. cold, high salinity, drought, mannitol, and sorbitol) via an abscisic acid-dependent pathway. Highly induced during senescence (PubMed:25794936). Triggered by NAC072/RD26 during senescence (PubMed:29659022).
Mediates both low-affinity uptake and efflux of sugar across the plasma membrane. Regulates cell viability under high salinity. Promotes senescence and sensitivity to salt stress (PubMed:20963606). Contributes to seed filling by triggering sucrose efflux involved in the transfer of sugars from seed coat to embryos (PubMed:25988582).
Reduced sensitivity to high salinity. In plants lacking SWEET11, SWEET12 and SWEET15, severe seed defects, which include retarded embryo development, reduced seed weight, and reduced starch and lipid content, causing a wrinkled seed phenotype. Altered sucrose efflux involved in the transfer of sugars from seed coat to embryos thus leading to starch accumulation in the seed coat but not in the embryo (PubMed:25794936).
Required for both formation and activity of the chloroplast NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (NDH) complex of the photosynthetic electron transport chain. May function in assembly or stabilization of the NDH complex (PubMed:16359395, PubMed:20444231). Required for the accumulation of NDH subcomplex A, which is a core part of NDH. May be involved in post-translational steps during the biogenesis of subcomplex A (PubMed:20444231).
Decreased of mannosyl levels due to a reduction of glucomannan content.
Belongs to the cation diffusion facilitator (CDF) transporter (TC 2.A.4) family.
Expressed in organ primordia (PubMed:29258424). Hardly observed in leaves (PubMed:29258424).
Highly active in root primordia, leaf primordia and flower primordia.
Induced by zeatin (PubMed:29258424). Repressed by abscisic acid (PubMed:29258424).
Provide a mechanistic link between auxin and plasma membrane H(+)-ATPases (PM H(+)-ATPases, e.g. AHA1 and AHA2), and triggers PM H(+)-ATPases activity by promoting phosphorylation of their C-terminal autoinhibitory domain as a result of PP2C-D subfamily of type 2C phosphatases inhibition, thus leading to the acidification of the apoplast and the facilitation of solutes and water uptake to drive cell expansion (By similarity). Triggers plant growth probably by promoting cell elongation (By similarity). Regulates branch angles and bending (By similarity).
Interacts with FRI, and with FLX and FES1, two component of the transcription activator complex FRI-C. Interacts with the disease resistance genes RPM1 and RPP5.
Proposed core component of the chromatin remodeling INO80 complex which is involved in transcriptional regulation, DNA replication and probably DNA repair. Component of the NuA4 histone acetyltransferase complex which is involved in transcriptional activation of select genes principally by acetylation of nucleosomal histones H4 and H2A. Has single-stranded DNA-stimulated ATPase and ATP-dependent DNA helicase (3' to 5') activity suggesting a role in nuclear processes such as recombination and transcription (By similarity).
Carrier protein that may be involved in membrane-trafficking events associated with cell plate formation during cytokinesis. Binds to some hydrophobic molecules such as phosphoinositides and promotes their transfer between the different cellular sites (By similarity).
In contrast to RPS5, which is absent in cv. Landsberg erecta, RFL1 in present in both cv. Columbia and cv. Landsberg erecta.
Belongs to the DNA polymerase type-A family.
In addition to polymerase activity, this DNA polymerase exhibits 5'-3' exonuclease activity (By similarity). Required for DNA replication and accumulation in plastids and mitochondria.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants have reduced levels of DNA in both mitochondria and plastids. Double homozygous mutants polIa and polIb are sterile.
May play a role in chromosome segregation through establishment of sister chromatid cohesion (By similarity). Unable to complement ae7 mutants, and thus probably not involved in the cytosolic iron-sulfur assembly (CIA) pathway (PubMed:23104832).
Involved in maintaining Cys homeostasis through the desulfuration of L-cysteine. Modulates the generation of the signaling molecule sulfide in plant cytosol. Probably unable to interact with SAT and to form the decameric Cys synthase complex (CSC) and is therefore not an enzymatically true OASTL protein.
No visible phenotype. Light early-flowering and premature leaf senescence phenotype. Increased total cysteine content and increased resistance to pathogens.
Monomer (By similarity). No interactions with GGR.
Autophosphorylated and phosphorylated by ACR4.
Required during the differentiation of the protoderm into shoots epidermis and cuticle.
Various epidermal defects, including disorganization of epidermis-related tissues, defects in the leaf cuticle and the fusion of organs.
Expressed exclusively in mitotically dividing cells. Highly expressed in young leaves and mature flowers. Lower expression in young stalk and in young and mature flowers.
Expressed in a cell cycle-dependent manner. Not detected during early S phase. Expressed at both the G1/S and S/G2 transitions, with a peak during G2.
Inhibitor of E2F-dependent activation of gene expression. Binds specifically the E2 recognition site without interacting with DP proteins and prevents transcription activation by E2F/DP heterodimers. Controls the timing of endocycle onset and inhibits endoreduplication.
No visible phenotype, but increased ploidy levels.
Induced by cold/dark treatment, 2,4-D, epibrassinolide (EBR), sodium chloride (NaCl) and cadmium (Cd).
Involved in suppression of photomorphogenesis in dark-grown seedlings. Probably part of the COP1/SPA E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex.
Not induced by red, far-red or blue light.
Belongs to the COX11/CtaG (TC 3.D.4.8) family.
Exerts its effect at some terminal stage of cytochrome c oxidase synthesis, probably by being involved in the insertion of the copper B into subunit I.
Seems to act as a modulator of the dynamics of the mitochondrial protein transport machinery. Seems to promote the dissociation of subunits of the outer membrane translocase (By similarity).
Induced by infection with the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (PubMed:16553894). Induced by wounding (PubMed:17675405, PubMed:28760569). Induced by infection with the fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea (PubMed:28760569, PubMed:28559313). Induced by methyl jasmonate (MeJA) (PubMed:28559313). Induced by infestation with the caterpillar Mamestra brassicae (PubMed:28559313). Induced by salt stress (PubMed:11351099). Down-regulated by UV-B (PubMed:17587374).
Component of the TIM23 complex, at least composed of TIM23, TIM17, TIM50 and TIM21.
Essential component of the TIM17:23 complex, a complex that mediates the translocation of transit peptide-containing proteins across the mitochondrial inner membrane. Links the inner and outer membranes (By similarity).
Essential component of the TIM23 complex, a complex that mediates the translocation of transit peptide-containing proteins across the mitochondrial inner membrane.
Expressed in roots and young cotyledons. Detected in leaves and flowers.
Homomultimer. Component of the TIM17:23 complex at least composed of TIM23, TIM17 and TIM50. The complex interacts with the TIM44 component of the PAM complex. Also part of the NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase complex I. Interacts with OEP163, TIM17-2, TIM21, TIM50 and MPPA2.
The C-terminal part (143-188) is required for insertion in the mitochondrial inner membrane.
During floral transition, expressed very early at the flanks of the inflorescence meristem in the anlagens upon the transition to flowering Subsequently, expression levels increase in the first and second stages of the floral meristem and at stage 3, expression is restricted to the L1 and L2 layers. Later on, expressed in the gynoecium and stamen primordia at stage 6.
Plants over-expressing AGL14/XAL2 show early flowering phenotype and flowers have vegetative traits.
Preferentially expressed in roots (PubMed:7549482). Expressed in lateral root cap, root epidermis, root endodermis, columella of the root meristematic region, the vascular cylinder in differentiated zones of the primary root and in emerged lateral root primordia (PubMed:24121311). Expressed in pollen (PubMed:12949148).
Retarded root growth, and altered root meristem size and stem-cell patterning (PubMed:24121311). Late flowering phenotype (PubMed:25636918).
Transcriptional activator that regulates root development by controlling meristem size and patterning of the root apical meristem. Regulates auxin transport and gradients in the root meristematic cells via direct regulation of the auxin efflux carrier PIN1 and PIN4 gene expression. Binds specifically to the CArG-box DNA sequences in the promoter regions of PIN1 and PIN4 genes (PubMed:24121311). Involved in the regulation of shoot apical meristem (SAM) cell identities and transitions. Promotes flowering transition and participates in flower meristem maintenance and determinacy. Positively regulates TFL1 and WUS expression. Binds directly to the TFL1 regulatory sequences (PubMed:25636918).
XAANTAL is the Mayan word for 'go slower' in recognition of the retarded root growth phenotypes of xaantal mutants.
Belongs to the enoyl-CoA hydratase/isomerase family. MenB subfamily.
Involved in the biosynthesis of phylloquinone (vitamin K1). Converts o-succinylbenzoyl-CoA (OSB-CoA) to 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoyl-CoA (DHNA-CoA) (By similarity).
The hydrogencarbonate anion plays the same catalytic role (proton acceptor) as the side-chain carboxylate group of the essential 'Asp-185' found in actinobacteria, archaea, bacteroidetes, and deltaproteobacteria.
Might be involved in the organization and polarity of the actin cytoskeleton. Interacts with the barbed end of actin filaments and nucleates actin-filament polymerization in vitro.
Expressed in root elongation zone and in gametophytic cells.
Regulates mitochondrial DNA recombination. Represses homologous recombination, preventing mitochondrial genome instability and unbalanced transmission of alternative mtDNA configurations. Binds preferentially single-stranded DNA. Does not bind to RNA.
Severe leaf variegation, distortion and partial sterility.
The PDF region is required for protein-DNA interaction while the SSB domain is not required for ssDNA binding.
Involved in unsaturated fatty acids biosynthesis. Catalyzes the dehydration of short chain beta-hydroxyacyl-ACPs and long chain saturated and unsaturated beta-hydroxyacyl-ACPs.
Double knock-down mutants of ETP1 and ETP2 show an accumulation of EIN2 protein and a constitutive ethylene response.
Ethylene treatment has no effect on RNA, but down-regulates the protein levels.
Negative regulator of EIN2 protein stability.
No visible phenotype, probably due to the redundancy with ETP1.
Increased vacuolar invertase activity leading to accumulation of hexose.
Inhibits fructosidases from vacuoles (vacuolar invertase VI).
Mostly expressed in roots, senescent leaves and flowers (in sepals), and, to a lower extent, in stems, specifically in the vascular tissues (e.g. in the phloem).
Detected in trichomes (at the protein level).
Expressed in seedlings, roots and senescent leaves.
Converts pentacyclic cyclopropyl sterols to tetracyclic sterols.
Expressed in vascular tissues of leaves, stems and siliques, anthers, filaments, tapetum, mature pollen grains, pistil vascular tissues and papillar cells, and funiculi.
Forms heterodimers with BZIP18, BZIP43 and VIP1/BZIP51.
Pollen morphological defects, reduced pollen germination efficiency and pollen tube growth.
Transcriptional activator involved in the sporophytic control of cell wall patterning and gametophytic control of pollen development. May play a role in the control of metabolic pathways regulating cellular transport and lipid metabolism.
Binds 1 heme c group covalently per subunit.
Component of the ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase, a multisubunit transmembrane complex that is part of the mitochondrial electron transport chain which drives oxidative phosphorylation. The respiratory chain contains 3 multisubunit complexes succinate dehydrogenase (complex II, CII), ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase (cytochrome b-c1 complex, complex III, CIII) and cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV, CIV), that cooperate to transfer electrons derived from NADH and succinate to molecular oxygen, creating an electrochemical gradient over the inner membrane that drives transmembrane transport and the ATP synthase. The cytochrome b-c1 complex catalyzes electron transfer from ubiquinol to cytochrome c, linking this redox reaction to translocation of protons across the mitochondrial inner membrane, with protons being carried across the membrane as hydrogens on the quinol. In the process called Q cycle, 2 protons are consumed from the matrix, 4 protons are released into the intermembrane space and 2 electrons are passed to cytochrome c. Cytochrome c1 is a catalytic core subunit containing a c-type heme. It transfers electrons from the [2Fe-2S] iron-sulfur cluster of the Rieske protein to cytochrome c.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that possess E3 ubiquitin ligase activity in vitro and mediates protein monoubiquitination (Ref.7). Triggers the monoubiquitination of phosphorylated BIK1 in response to pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) detection (Ref.7).
Expressed in stems, flowers and green siliques.
Expressed in seedlings, roots, leaves and flowers.
Dimers and oligomers (PubMed:26719420). Binds to PYR/PYL/RCAR abscisic acid intracellular receptors in an ABA-independent manner, both at the plasma membrane and in the nucleus (PubMed:25465408, PubMed:26719420). Interacts directly with PYR1, PYL1, PYL4, PYL6 and PYL8 (PubMed:25465408, PubMed:26719420). Binds phospholipids in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner (PubMed:25465408). Interacts with YchF1 (PubMed:23550829).
Mediates the transient calcium-dependent interaction of PYR/PYL/RCAR abscisic acid (ABA) receptors with the plasma membrane and thus regulates ABA sensitivity (PubMed:26719420, PubMed:25465408). Stimulates the GTPase/ATPase activities of YchF1, and regulates its subcellular localization. Promotes tolerance towards salinity stress by limiting the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (PubMed:23550829). Promotes resistance to bacterial pathogens (e.g. Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae and P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000) (By similarity). Binds liposomes in the absence of exogenous Ca(2+), but this activity is enhanced in the presence of Ca(2+) and generates membrane curvature (PubMed:26719420).
When associated with disruption in CAR1, CAR5 and CAR9 genes, reduced sensitivity to abscisic acid (ABA) during seedling establishment and root growth regulation.
Expressed in leaves, anthers and pollen grains. Restricted to the vasculature.
Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCDD) inhibits ATPase.
F(1)F(0) ATP synthase produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton or sodium gradient. F-type ATPases consist of two structural domains, F(1) containing the extramembraneous catalytic core and F(0) containing the membrane proton channel, linked together by a central stalk and a peripheral stalk. During catalysis, ATP synthesis in the catalytic domain of F(1) is coupled via a rotary mechanism of the central stalk subunits to proton translocation.
F-type ATPases have 2 components, F(1) - the catalytic core - and F(0) - the membrane proton channel. F(1) has five subunits: alpha(3), beta(3), gamma(1), delta(1), epsilon(1). F(0) has four main subunits: a(1), b(1), b'(1) and c(10-14). The alpha and beta chains form an alternating ring which encloses part of the gamma chain. F(1) is attached to F(0) by a central stalk formed by the gamma and epsilon chains, while a peripheral stalk is formed by the delta, b and b' chains.
In plastids the F-type ATPase is also known as CF(1)CF(0).
Key component of the F(0) channel; it plays a direct role in translocation across the membrane. A homomeric c-ring of between 10-14 subunits forms the central stalk rotor element with the F(1) delta and epsilon subunits.
This protein is one of the chains of the nonenzymatic membrane component (F0) of mitochondrial ATPase.
Protein transport. Regulator of membrane traffic from the Golgi apparatus towards the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
Expressed in an S phase-dependent fashion.
Expressed mainly in actively dividing cells (e.g. central cylinder of the root tip, young leaves and vascular tissues).
Interacts with APC/C activators such as APC5, FZR2, FZR3, CDC20.1 and CDC20.5.
Levels fade progressively in a basipetal fashion as the leaf develops.
Negative regulator of the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) ubiquitin ligase required for proper mitotic progression and cell fate determination; inhibits premature cell differentiation. Prevents DNA endoreplication by promoting the maintenance of the mitotic state by preferentially inhibiting APC/C(FZR) and triggering cyclins accumulation (e.g. CYCB1-1, CYCB1-2 and CYCA2-3) in a temporal manner. Required for megagametophyte and endosperm development. Counteracts the activity of CCS52A1 thus inhibiting the turnover of CYCA2-3. Confers immunity to bacterial pathogens (e.g. Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000), which is associated with increased expression of disease resistance (R) genes.
Premature occurrence of endoreplication during organ development leading to an increased DNA content in hypocotyls and trichomes associated with an increased branching of trichomes (e.g. four to five branches). Reduced accumulation of CYCA2-3 during the S phase leading to a premature exit from the cell cycle, thus triggering the onset of the endocycle. Increased tolerance towards ultraviolet B light (UVB), probably due to the enhanced polyploidization. Considerably larger average cell area in the leaf adaxial epidermis leading to fewer but larger epidermal cells.
Expressed in leaves from the third leaf to rosette leaves from six-week old plants. Expression follows a development-dependent gradient in successive leaves.
Expressed in roots, stems and flowers. Expressed in dry seeds (PubMed:9678577). Expressed in root vasculature, root tips and lateral root (PubMed:17675404).
Induced by auxin (PubMed:17675404). Down-regulated by potassium deprivation (PubMed:15173595).
Interacts with ARF1, ARF7 and IAA19 (PubMed:17675404). Interacts with PYL8 (PubMed:24894996).
Plants overexpressing MYB77 exhibit stunted roots and shoots.
Transcription factor involved in auxin response. Functions in auxin signal transduction and modulates lateral root growth. Interacts with ARF response factors to promote auxin-responsive gene expression (PubMed:17675404). In response to auxin, binds sequence-specific motifs in the promoter of the auxin-responsive gene IAA19, and activates IAA19 transcription. The IAA19 transcription activation by MYB77 is enhanced by direct interaction between MYB77 and PYL8 (PubMed:24894996).
Confined to secondary cell wall developing tissues such as xylems and interfascicular regions. Expressed in young plants, stems and flowers, but not in leaves, roots and shoots.
Interacts with CESA4 and CESA8. Assembly with CESA4 and CESA8 is required for functional complex and localization in secondary cell wall deposition sites. Interacts with STL1 and STL2, but not with GOT1 (PubMed:27277162). Binds to TED6 (PubMed:19383897).
Phosphorylated protein may be subject to proteasome degradation.
Reduced plant size, reduced content of cellulose, collapsed xylem vessels and wilting of inflorescence stems (PubMed:9165747). Enhanced resistance to the pathogens Ralstonia solanacearum and Plectosphaerella cucumerina (PubMed:17351116).
S-acylated at Cys-621, Cys-623, Cys-624, Cys-626, Cys-1022 and Cys-1026. The ratio of acylation by either palmitate or stearate is unknown. S-acylation is essential for plasma membrane localization.
Embryonic lethality due to embryo development arrest at globular stage.
Expression transiently increases in siliques 4 hours after flowering.
Plastidial enzyme of the prokaryotic glycerol-3-phosphate pathway that converts lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) into phosphatidic acid by incorporating an acyl moiety at position sn-2 (PubMed:15169931). Utilizes palmitoyl-ACP (16:0-ACP) to produce phosphatidic acid containing a saturated group at position sn-2, which is characteristic of lipids synthesized by the prokaryotic pathway (PubMed:15169931). In vitro, can use 16:0-CoA as acyl donor (PubMed:14976237). Essential for embryo development during the transition from the globular to the heart stage when chloroplasts begin to form (PubMed:15169931, PubMed:14976237).
Widely expressed. Expressed at higher level in leaves. Expressed at lower level in silique walls compared to leaves.
Belongs to the eukaryotic-type primase small subunit family.
Accumulates during aging. Expressed in leaves and roots of young seedlings and in leaves, roots, and inflorescences of mature flowering plants. In leaves, present in the phloem, in developing xylem elements, epidermal cells, and neighboring mesophyll cell layers. In flowers, localized in pistils, ovules, and receptacles.
Growth inhibition, due to inhibited onset of shoots, reduced growth of roots, leaves and shoots, late flowering, fast degradation of chlorophyll in leaves and early senescence.
Induced in seedling rosette leaves by methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and cadmium (Cd). Induced in seedling roots by salt stress (NaCl). Inhibited in leaves and inflorescences of adult plants by exposure to cadmium.
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) or matrixins may play a role in the degradation and remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) during development or in response to stresses (By similarity). Required for plant growth, morphogenesis, and development with particular relevance for flowering and senescence (PubMed:11726650). Active on McaPLGLDpaAR-NH(2) (QF24) and myelin basic protein (MBP) and, to some extent, on beta-casein (PubMed:24156403).
Mostly expressed in roots, and, to a lower extent, in flowers, leaves and stems.
Activated when autophosphorylated at Thr-154 and inactivated when phosphorylated at Ser-261 by SnRK1.1/KIN10.
By geminivirus (TGMV, CaLCuV or BCTV) infection (at the protein level).
Expressed mainly in the phloem tissues throughout the plant but also, at a lower level, in leaf epiderm, mesophyll and guard cells.
Highly selective and weak inward-rectifying potassium channel. Plays a role in both loading and unloading potassium into/from the phloem sap. Seems to control sugar loading into phloem via a voltage-dependent process. Blocked by physiological concentrations of external calcium and by external acidification. May interact with the cytoskeleton or with regulatory proteins. Dephosphorylation by PP2CA not only leads to the inhibition of potassium currents but also to an increase of the voltage-dependence of the channel. Regulated by the CBL4/CIPK6 calcium sensor/protein kinase complex via a kinase interaction-dependent but phosphorylation-independent translocation of the channel to the plasma membrane.
In shoots, strongly induced by abscisic acid (ABA) treatment and reduced after NaCl treatment or potassium starvation.
The potassium channel is probably composed of a homo- or heterotetrameric complex of pore-forming subunits. Interacts with the phosphatase PPC2A and the kinase CIPK6. May interact with AKT1, KAT1 and KAT3. Interacts with SLAC1 (PubMed:27002025).
Defective in root hair expansion (PubMed:20562230). Mutant plants are resistant to the inhibitory effect of intermediate levels of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and 2,4-DB on root elongation (PubMed:18725356, PubMed:19043666).
Involved with IBR3 and IBR10 in the peroxisomal beta-oxidation of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) to form indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), a biologically active auxin. May be responsible for catalyzing the dehydrogenation step in the conversion of IBA (PubMed:20562230). May be involved in the peroxisomal activation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxybutyric acid (2,4-DB), a precursor of active auxins that inhibit root growth (PubMed:19043666).
Binds to PYR/PYL/RCAR abscisic acid intracellular receptors in an ABA-independent manner, both at the plasma membrane and in the nucleus (By similarity). Subunit of a complex made of CAR6, PHOT1 and RPT3/NPH3. Interacts directly with RPT3/NPH3 (PubMed:21367967).
Increased sensitivity to blue light leading to an enhanced phototropic bending and a faster response to gravitropic stimulus.
Stimulates the GTPase/ATPase activities of Obg-like ATPases (By similarity). Mediates the transient calcium-dependent interaction of PYR/PYL/RCAR abscisic acid (ABA) receptors with the plasma membrane and thus regulates ABA sensitivity (By similarity). Prevents hypocotyl bending as well as gravitropic response under blue light conditions (PubMed:21367967).
Expressed in roots, hypocotyls, cotyledons, leaves, flowers and siliques.
Required for normal root and shoot development. Prevents constitutive production of a root mobile carotenoid-derived signaling compound that is capable of arresting shoot and leaf development.
The mobile signal produced in absence of BPS1 is neither abscisic acid nor the MAX-dependent hormone.
Binds medium- and long-chain acyl-CoA esters with very high affinity. Can interact in vitro with arachidonyl-CoA, barely with oleoyl-CoA, but not with palmitoyl-CoA. Confers tolerance and binds to lead ions Pb(2+), probably by promoting lead translocation from roots to shoots. May function as an intracellular carrier of acyl-CoA esters (By similarity). Modulates negatively sterol synthesis during embryogenesis and gametophytes development via interactions with SMO1-1 and SMO1-2; sterols serve as lipid modulators for gene expression of homeodomain-leucine zipper IV transcription factors (PubMed:28500265, PubMed:29288621).
Expressed at low levels in roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and siliques, especially within seeds.
Glycosylated. In seeds, localized in the outer integument.
Increased sensitivity to lead ions (PubMed:18182029). Proembryo abortion in the double mutant lacking both SMO1-1 and ACBP1 associated with altered fatty acids (FAs) and sterols profiles (PubMed:28500265). Double mutants lacking SMO1-2 and ACBP1 are impaired in seed development, embryo sac development, male and female gamete transmission, and pollen function, as well as altered fatty acids (FAs) and sterols profiles (PubMed:29288621).
Interacts with RAP2-12 (PubMed:22020282). Binds to SMO1-1 and SMO1-2 (PubMed:28500265, PubMed:29288621).
Strongly expressed in developing ovules (PubMed:28500265). Expressed in embryos at the cotyledons, hypocotyls, procambiums, especially in epidermal cells and axis (PubMed:10363372, PubMed:28500265). Accumulates in imbibed pollen grains and in germinating pollen tubes (PubMed:29288621). Detected in embryo sacs (PubMed:29288621).
Belongs to the snRNP Sm proteins family. SmF/LSm6 subfamily.
Component of LSM protein complexes, which are involved in RNA processing. Component of the cytoplasmic LSM1-LSM7 complex which is involved in mRNA degradation by promoting decapping and leading to accurate 5'-3' mRNA decay. The cytoplasmic LSM1-LSM7 complex regulates developmental gene expression by the decapping of specific development-related transcripts. Component of the nuclear LSM2-LSM8 complex which is involved splicing nuclear mRNAs. LSM2-LSM8 binds directly to the U6 small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) and is essential for accurate splicing of selected development-related mRNAs through the stabilization of the spliceosomal U6 snRNA. Plays a critical role in the regulation of development-related gene expression.
Component of the heptameric LSM1-LSM7 complex that forms a seven-membered ring structure with a donut shape. The LSM subunits are arranged in the order LSM1, LSM2, LSM3, LSM6, LSM5, LSM7 and LSM4. Component of the heptameric LSM2-LSM8 complex that forms a seven-membered ring structure with a donut shape. The LSM subunits are arranged in the order LSM8, LSM2, LSM3, LSM6, LSM5, LSM7 and LSM4 (PubMed:23221597, PubMed:23620288). LSM6B subunit interacts only with its two neighboring subunits, LSM3A or LSM3B and LSM5 (PubMed:23221597).
Belongs to the plant organ size related (OSR) protein family.
Detected in leaf primordia. In leaves, present in the blade and the petiole, especially at the dispersed meristematic regions and the leaf margin. Accumulates in floral organs.
Induced by ethylene but repressed by abscisic acid (ABA) and epi-brassinolide (epi-BL) treatments.
Mostly expressed in flowers, and, to a lower extent, in leaves and cotyledons.
The OSR domain is sufficient to promote organ growth.
Together with ARGOS and ARL, regulates organ growth and final organ size. Promotes both cell expansion and proliferation-dependent organ growth, in an ANT-dependent manner.
When associated with ARGOS disruption, reduction in organ size.
Binds with high affinity to importin-alpha only in the presence of RanGTP.
Export receptor for importin alpha. Mediates importin-alpha re-export from the nucleus to the cytoplasm after import substrates have been released into the nucleoplasm (By similarity).
Involved in thiol transport from the plastid to the cytosol. Transports probably both glutathione (GSH) and its precursor, gamma-glutamylcysteine (gamma-EC). Exhibits some functional redundancy with CLT3 in maintaining the root GSH pool.
No visible phenotype, but resistance to L-buthionine-SR-sulfoximine (BSO), an inhibitor of GSH1. Clt1, clt3 and clt3 triple mutants are more sensitive to Cd(2+), have a decreased level of cytosolic GSH, an altered systemic acquired resistance response and are more sensitive to Phytophthora infection (PubMed:20080670). Clt1, clt3 and clt3 triple mutants have decreased lateral root densities (PubMed:24204368).
MORN domains promote interaction with ARC6 and CDP1/PARC6 but prevent binding to FTSZ1, FTSZ2, MIND and MINE proteins.
Self-interacts. Interacts with FTSZ, CDP1/PARC6 (via N-terminus), MIND1 and MINE1 (PubMed:26527658, PubMed:30824505). Part of a complex made of ARC3, ARC6, FTSZ1 and FTSZ2 (PubMed:30824505). Recruited to the middle of the plastid by CDP1/PARC6 where subsequent complex made of CDP1/PARC6, ARC3 and FtsZ proteins can form; this complex enhances the dynamics of Z rings during chloroplast division (PubMed:30824505). Binding to FTSZ2-1 is enabled by ARC6 (PubMed:29138260).
Small number of abnormally large and heterogeneous chloroplasts sometimes exhibiting alteration in stromule length and frequency in non-green tissues (e.g. slightly increased stromule frequency in hypocotyl epidermal cells) (PubMed:30824505, PubMed:23936263). Normal shape and number of etioplasts in cotyledons (PubMed:23936263). Misexpression and mislocalization of ADT2 (PubMed:30252596). Formation of multiple MCD1 and MIND1-containing ring structures in dividing chloroplasts, instead of single ring (PubMed:29967285). Slow trunover of FtsZ ring subunits (e.g. FTSZ2-1, FTSZ2-2 and FTSZ1) in contractile rings at the chloroplast midpoint (PubMed:25731613).
Together with MIND1 and MCD1, regulates FtsZ ring positioning in chloroplasts in an ARC6-dependent manner (PubMed:29967285). Z-ring accessory protein involved in the initiation of plastid division and division site placement (might functionally replace bacterial MinC) (PubMed:23936263). Acts as a disassembly factor that accelerates fragmentation and depolymerization of existing FtsZ2 filaments by enhancing FTSZ2 GTPase activity, thus leading to the conversion of FTSZ2 bound GTP into GDP, a process which triggers FtsZ2 filaments destabilization (PubMed:29138260, PubMed:25731613). Prevents misplaced Z-ring formation at chloroplast stroma nondivision sites (PubMed:30824505). May control the rate of chloroplast expansion. Seems to influence stromule (stroma-filled tubular extensions of the plastid envelope membrane) length and frequency.
Associated with the protein storage vacuole formation.
Expressed in cotyledons, radicle, floral buds, open flowers, roots and developing seeds, but not in leaves (PubMed:19714473). Highly expressed in the root tips. Detected in young leaves, hypocotyls, stems and mature seed funiculum (PubMed:25333723).
Expressed in embryos at the cotyledon stage.
No visible effect on seed development, but significant reduction of 11S seed storage protein content in the mature seeds (PubMed:19639386). Enhanced drought tolerance (PubMed:25333723).
Up-regulated in the root by dehydration, salt stress, osmotic stress, high temperature and abscisic acid.
2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase involved in the oxidation of jasmonate (JA), a stress-induced phytohormone synthesized in response to attack by pathogens and herbivores, which triggers the activation of defense responses via the JA-mediated signaling pathway (PubMed:28559313). Converts JA to 12-hydroxyjasmonate (12OH-JA), an inactive form of JA (PubMed:28559313). Prevents over-accumulation of JA and indirectly its bioactive form JA-Ile under stress response (PubMed:28559313). Acts as negative regulator of JA-mediated defense signaling, by contributing to 12OH-JA accumulation, which represses JA defense responses upon infection by the fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea and the herbivorous caterpillar Mamestra brassicae (PubMed:28559313).
Expressed during pollen germination and pollen tube growth.
Induced at low levels by wounding (PubMed:28760569). Induced by methyl jasmonate (MeJA), infection by the fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea and infestation with the caterpillar Mamestra brassicae (PubMed:28559313).
Expressed in flowers, green siliques, seeds and rosette leaves.
Functions as an E3 ubiquitin ligase with specific E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes. Undergoes auto-ubiquitination.
Homodimer (Probable). Interacts with SNL1. Binds to SD11, SD16, SD17, SD18, SD113, SD129 and SD25.
The U-box N-terminal domain (UND) is not required for in vitro ubiquitination activity.
Belongs to the metallo-dependent hydrolases superfamily. Allantoinase family.
Carboxylation allows a single lysine to coordinate two zinc ions.
Catalyzes the conversion of allantoin (5-ureidohydantoin) to allantoate by hydrolytic cleavage of the five-member hydantoin ring. Catalyzes the first step of the ureide allantoin degradation followed by the sequential activity of AAH, UGLYAH and UAH which allows a complete purine breakdown without the intermediate generation of urea.
In Arabidopsis the intermediary metabolite allantoin plays a role in abiotic stress tolerance via activation of abscisic acid (ABA) metabolism.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants are unable to grow on a medium containing allantoin as the sole nitrogen source, accumulate allantoin and have increased tolerance to drought and osmotic stresses.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFB8 subunit family.
May regulate flowering time by modulating the photoperiod pathway.
Component of the MAC complex that probably regulates defense responses through transcriptional control and thereby is essential for plant innate immunity. Involved in mRNA splicing.
Component of the multiprotein assembly MOS4-associated complex (MAC) at least composed of MOS4, CDC5 and PRL1 (PubMed:19629177). Interacts with CYCL1-1 and CDC5 (PubMed:22248079). Associated with the spliceosome (PubMed:22248079). Interacts with ENY2 (PubMed:29588169).
Enhanced susceptibility to virulent and avirulent pathogens.
Catalyzes the specific phosphorylation of the 3-hydroxyl group of shikimic acid using ATP as a cosubstrate.
Inactivated by heat (37 degrees Celsius).
Expressed in leaves. Not detected in roots.
Aldehyde oxidases (AO) are homodimers and heterodimers of AO subunits. AO-alpha is an AAO1 homodimer; AO-beta is an AAO1-AAO2 heterodimer.
In higher plants aldehyde oxidases (AO) appear to be homo- and heterodimeric assemblies of AO subunits with probably different physiological functions. AO-alpha may be involved in the biosynthesis of auxin, and in biosynthesis of abscisic acid (ABA) in seeds. In vitro, AO-alpha uses heptaldehyde, protocatechualdehyde, benzaldehyde, indole-3-aldehyde (IAld), indole-3-acetaldehyde (IAAld), cinnamaldehyde and citral as substrates; AO-beta uses IAAld, IAld and naphtaldehyde as substrates.
Predominantly expressed in roots, seedlings, mature siliques and seeds, and to lower extent in stems and rosettes. In seedlings, mostly expressed in lower part of hypocotyls and roots.
Strongly inhibited by iodoacetate and potassium cyanide (KCN). Weakly inhibited by 2-mercaptoethanol, dithiothreitol (DTT), menadione, estradiol, 4'-(9-acridinylamino)methanesulfon-m-anisidine (mAMSA), allopurinol and tritonX-100. Not affected by p-chloromercuribenzoate.
Calcium-binding peroxygenase involved in the degradation of storage lipid in oil bodies. May be involved in the interaction between oil bodies and vacuoles during seed germination and in the oxylipin signaling pathways and plant defense responses. Can catalyze sulfoxidation of thiobenzamide, hydroxylation of aniline, epoxidation of oleic acid or intramolecular oxygen transfer.
Expressed during the early-to-late cotyledon stage of seed maturation.
Expressed in seeds. Expression restricted to the developing embryo with enhanced expression in both the protoderm and vasculature. Detected in root tip cells throughout development.
Inhibited by beta-mercaptoethanol and the organophosphorothioate terbufos.
No visible phenotype, but retarded growth during the first 48 hours after germination.
Not induced by abscisic acid or osmotic stress.
Phosphorylated. Partially phosphorylated at Ser-225, but not phosphorylated at Ser-72, Tyr-145, Thr-166 or Ser-172. Phosphorylation is not required for catalytic activity.
The proline-knot motif (118-127) may be involved in targeting to lipid bodies.
'Jing he sheng' means fasciated stem in Chinese.
Belongs to the DNA2/NAM7 helicase family.
Defective embryo arrested at preglobular/early globular stage with the formation of giant endosperm nuclei (PubMed:15266054). In jhs1, retarded growth, abnormal pattern of shoot apical meristem (SAM) cell division and differentiation, and morphological defects such as fasciation, irregular arrangement of siliques and phyllotaxy, and short roots (PubMed:26951435). Increased sensitivity to DNA damage stress (PubMed:26951435). Increased DNA damage response, including increased expression of genes involved in DNA damage repair and cell cycle regulation, and a higher frequency of homologous recombination (PubMed:26951435). Meristems exhibit a delayed cell cycle progression at the G2 or late S phase, and a misregulation of genes essential for meristem maintenance (PubMed:26951435).
Essential protein required during embryogenesis (PubMed:15266054). Key enzyme involved in DNA replication and damage repair, shoot apical meristem (SAM) maintenance, and development (PubMed:26951435). Involved in Okazaki fragments processing. Possesses different enzymatic activities, such as single-stranded DNA (ssDNA)-dependent ATPase, 5'-3' helicase and endonuclease activities. While the ATPase and endonuclease activities are well-defined and play a key role in Okazaki fragments processing and DSB repair, the 5'-3' DNA helicase activity is atypical: it cannot load onto its tracking strand internally and has an absolute free 5'-end requirement (By similarity).
Key enzyme involved in DNA replication and DNA repair. Involved in Okazaki fragments processing by cleaving long flaps that escape FEN1: flaps that are longer than 27 nucleotides are coated by replication protein A complex (RPA), leading to recruit DNA2 which cleaves the flap until it is too short to bind RPA and becomes a substrate for FEN1. Also involved in 5'-end resection of DNA during double-strand break (DSB) repair by mediating the cleavage of 5'-ssDNA.
Strongly expressed in meristems, including both root and shoot apical meristems (RAM and SAM) (PubMed:26951435). Also present in the vasculature and in young floral tissues (PubMed:26951435).
Copper amine oxidase that can use putrescine and spermidine as substrates (PubMed:28383668). Involved in putrescine catabolism in peroxisomes in response to salt stress (PubMed:28383668). Regulates arginine-dependent nitric oxide (NO) production, a key signaling molecule regulating a wide range of physiological processes including responses to salt stress, by influencing arginine bioavailability (PubMed:28383668). Modulates primary root growth (PubMed:28383668).
Decreased nitric oxide (NO) production in seedlings after elicitor treatment with 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid (INA) in root tips and salt stress associated with a reduced arginine availability but with a normal nitrate reductase activity in plants (PubMed:28383668). Reduced primary root length (PubMed:28383668).
In young seedlings, first observed in hydathodes and borders of new emerging cotyledons and in leaf primordia (PubMed:31862580). Accumulates in expanding leaves (PubMed:31862580).
Induced transiently by auxin (IAA) (PubMed:31862580). Accumulates during dehydration recovery, wounding and treatment with putrescine (Put) and jasmonic acid (MeJA) (PubMed:31862580). Repressed by abscisic acid (ABA) and salicylic acid (SA) (PubMed:31862580).
Transposase-like protein that is essential for plant growth and development. Binds the promoter region of the DNA helicase KU70 and genes involved in chromatin remodeling. May regulate global gene expression by recruiting other cellular factors.
Very slow growth and absence of expansion of cotyledons or development of normal leaves or floral organs. Short root with an excess of abnormal root hairs. Extremely rare production of some photosynthetic tissue.
By salicylic acid, ethylene, methyl jasmonate, auxin, H(2)O(2), metolachlor, and the pathogen Hyaloperonospora parasitica.
In vitro, possesses glutathione S-transferase activity toward 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) and glutathione peroxidase activity toward cumene hydroperoxide and linoleic acid-13-hydroperoxide. May be involved in the conjugation of reduced glutathione to a wide number of exogenous and endogenous hydrophobic electrophiles and have a detoxification role against certain herbicides.
Isoform 1 is predominantly expressed in leaves and isoform 2 in roots.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL11 family.
Binds directly to microtubules (PubMed:29167353). Microtubule-destabilizing protein involved in the PIF3-dependent positive regulation of hypocotyl cell elongation via the modulation of cortical microtubules dynamic in response to light and ethylene signaling (PubMed:29167353, PubMed:31638649). Promotes submergence-induced and ethylene-dependent underwater hypocotyl elongation (PubMed:31638649).
Induced by ethylene (ACC) via PIF3 binding to its promoter and subsequent transcription regulation (PubMed:29167353). Accumulates upon submergence through ethylene signaling (PubMed:31638649). Repressed by aminoethoxyvinyl-Gly (AVG), an inhibitor of ethylene biosynthesis (PubMed:29167353, PubMed:31638649). Higher levels in light-grown hypocotyls (PubMed:29167353).
Reduced hypocotyls length in light conditions and in response to ethylene due to reduced cell elongation and associated with the disruption of cortical microtubules (PubMed:29167353). Suppressed effects of submergence on hypocotyl elongation and cortical microtubule reorganization (PubMed:31638649).
By wounding and hydrogen peroxide, but not by jasmonate.
Component of the PEX13-PEX14 docking complex, a translocon channel that specifically mediates the import of peroxisomal cargo proteins bound to PEX5 receptor (PubMed:11060021, PubMed:11978862, PubMed:17478547, PubMed:19594707). The PEX13-PEX14 docking complex forms a large import pore which can be opened to a diameter of about 9 nm (By similarity). Mechanistically, PEX5 receptor along with cargo proteins associates with the PEX14 subunit of the PEX13-PEX14 docking complex in the cytosol, leading to the insertion of the receptor into the organelle membrane with the concomitant translocation of the cargo into the peroxisome matrix (By similarity).
Expressed at the early stage of germination and during the conversion of glyoxysomes to peroxisomes.
Expressed in flowers, siliques, leaves and roots.
Interacts with PEX13; forming the PEX13-PEX14 docking complex (By similarity). Interacts with PEX5 (via WxxxF/Y motifs) (PubMed:11978862).
Excises uracil residues from the DNA which can arise as a result of misincorporation of dUMP residues by DNA polymerase or due to deamination of cytosine.
Excises uracil residues from the DNA which can arise as a result of misincorporation of dUMP residues by DNA polymerase or due to deamination of cytosine. More active on U:G, U:T and U:C mispairs than on U:A pairs. Highly specific for uracil and no activity with 5-substituted uracil or cytosine derivatives. Required for initiation of base excision repair (BER) of uracil.
Inhidited by the small peptide uracil-DNA-glycosylase inhibitor (Ugi).
No visible phenotype under standard growth conditions. Increased resistance to 5-fluorouracil cytotoxicity.
Expressed in embryos from the early heart stage and throughout embryogenesis (PubMed:18695688, PubMed:19066902). Induced at the onset of the maturation phase in the endosperm, in a high and homogeneous repartition (PubMed:18695688, PubMed:19066902, PubMed:25194028, PubMed:27681170).
Mainly expressed in siliques (PubMed:18695688, PubMed:19066902). Also detected at low levels in leaves and flowers (PubMed:19066902).
Single and myb118 myb115 double mutants do not show apparent developmental abnormalities (PubMed:18695688, PubMed:25194028). Reduced omega-7 fatty acids accumulation in the endosperm. The endosperm oil of double mutant myb115 myb118 lacks omega-7 fatty acids (PubMed:27681170). Endosperm-specific derepression of maturation-related genes associated with a partial relocation of storage compounds from the embryo to the endosperm (PubMed:25194028).
Transcription activator that recognizes the motif 5'-TAACGG-3' in the promoter of endosperm-induced genes (PubMed:27681170, PubMed:25194028, PubMed:19066902). Promotes vegetative-to-embryonic transition and the formation of somatic embryos from root explants in a WUS-independent manner but via the expression of embryonic genes (e.g. LEC1, LEC2, FUS3 and WUS) (PubMed:18695688). May play an important role during embryogenesis and seed maturation (PubMed:19066902, PubMed:25194028). Together with MYB115, activates the transcription of S-ACP-DES2/AAD2 and S-ACP-DES3/AAD3 thus promoting the biosynthesis of omega-7 monounsaturated fatty acid in seed endosperm (PubMed:27681170). Regulates negatively maturation genes in the endosperm (PubMed:25194028).
The protein kinase domain is predicted to be catalytically inactive. Lacks the conserved Asp active site at position 712, which is replaced by an Asn residue.
Contains 1 EAR motif required for the interaction with TPR2.
Expressed in axillary branches and roots. Detected in seedlings and leaves (PubMed:23893171). Expressed in the primary rosette buds and expanding leaves of adult rosettes, the vasculature of the hypocotyls, cotyledons, and mature roots, and in the midvein and petioles of young leaves (PubMed:26546447).
Interacts with TPL/TPR in an EAR-motif dependent manner (PubMed:26546447). Interacts with TPL, TPR1, TPR2 and TPR4 (PubMed:26546447). Interacts with MAX2 and TPR2 (PubMed:26546446). Interacts with D14 (PubMed:26546446, PubMed:25713176). The interaction with D14 occurs in the presence of (2'R) stereoisomers of strigolactones, but not (2'S) stereoisomers (PubMed:25713176).
No visible phenotype. Suppresses max2 phenotypes associated with strigolactone-D14-regulated growth. Smxl7 and max2 double mutants have reduced branching and increased inflorescence heights compared with max2 mutants.
Probable component of a transcriptional corepressor complex involved in branching control. Regulates cotyledon expansion and lateral root growth, but not germination or hypocotyl elongation. Promotes auxin transport and PIN1 accumulation in the stem and represses BRC1/TCP18 expression in axillary buds (PubMed:26546447, PubMed:26546446).
Ubiquitinated upon strigolactone treatment. Strigolactone, but not karrikin, triggers rapid SCF(MAX2)-dependent degradation (PubMed:26546447, PubMed:26546446).
Up-regulated by strigolactone treatment.
Belongs to the TFIIE beta subunit family.
Recruits TFIIH to the initiation complex and stimulates the RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain kinase and DNA-dependent ATPase activities of TFIIH. Both TFIIH and TFIIE are required for promoter clearance by RNA polymerase.
In all the vegetative organs, but not in seeds. Preferentially expressed in roots.
Interacts with cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) Protein 1a.
Plants display lesion formation or plant death, and low contents of glucose, fructose, inositol, and threonic, succinic, fumaric, and malic acids.
Water channel required to facilitate the transport of water, diffusion of amino acids and/or peptides from the vacuolar compartment to the cytoplasm. Does not promote glycerol permeability. May play a role in the control of cell turgor and cell expansion. Its function is impaired by Hg(2+). May be involved in a vesicle-based metabolite routing through or between pre-vacuolar compartments and the central vacuole. Transports urea in yeast cells in a pH-independent manner. Transports H(2)O(2) in yeast cells.
Abundant in leaves, inflorescences and roots of mature plants. Also detected in roots of young plants, and in siliques (PubMed:7565594). Expressed in leaf mesophyll cells, filaments, stigma and tips of elongating lateral roots (Ref.8).
Metallothioneins have a high content of cysteine residues that bind various heavy metals.
Long-chain fatty alcohol oxidase involved in the omega-oxidation pathway of lipid degradation.
GTPase involved in ribosome biogenesis (Probable). Binds to 23S rRNA and associates with 60S pre-ribosomes (PubMed:25319368). Involved in early cotyledon and leaf development (PubMed:25319368).
No effect on the association with 60S pre-ribosomes, but altered rRNA processing and accumulation of 18S rRNA precursors (PubMed:25319368). Embryo and leaf developmental defects (PubMed:25319368). Severe delay in development of the first true rosette leaves and frequent fused or triple cotyledons (PubMed:25319368). Lsg1-1 and lsg1-2 double mutants are lethal, when homozygous (PubMed:25319368).
Ubiquitous, with the highest expression in reproductive and strongly dividing tissues.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase. Participates in CpG methylation-dependent transcriptional regulation and epigenetic transcriptional silencing. Mediates ubiquitination with the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme UBC11.
Homodimer. Part of the mitotic checkpoint complex (MCC). Interacts with MAD2 and NUA.
Required for the execution of the mitotic checkpoint which monitors the process of kinetochore-spindle attachment and delays the onset of anaphase when this process is not complete. It inhibits the activity of the anaphase promoting complex by sequestering CDC20 until all chromosomes are aligned at the metaphase plate. Required for anchoring MAD2 to the nuclear envelope.
Interacts with BTB/POZ-MATH proteins BPM1 and BPM3.
Expressed in the epidermal cells of the root apical region.
Transcriptional regulator that binds specific DNA sequences on the promoter regions of target genes.
Expressed in roots, stems, flowers, buds and green siliques. Found within columella, lateral root cap cells, and in the endodermis, the cortex and the epidermis during lateral root formation. Expressed in the abscission zones of the flower organs.
Expressed when organs wither and separate from the fruit or the green silique. Expressed in unpollinated, degrading ovules (PubMed:21632425). Expressed specifically in the tapetum from stages 5 to 11 of anther development (PubMed:25035401).
Inhibited by leupeptin and the cysteine protease inhibitor E64 (L-trans-epoxysuccinyl-leucylamide-(4-guanido)-butane).
Possesses protease activity in vitro (PubMed:25035401). Involved in the final stage of developmental programmed cell death and in intercalation of new cells. Cleaves extensins, thus probably supporting the final cell collapse (PubMed:21632425). During the compatible interaction with the biotrophic powdery mildew fungus Erysiphe cruciferarum, involved in the control of late epidermal cell death that limits growth and susceptibility to the parasite (PubMed:24605116). During anther development, involved in tapetal programmed cell death (PCD), leading to degeneration of tapetal cells and functional pollen formation (PubMed:25035401).
Reduced male fertility due to impaired pollen development and abnormal pollen exine (PubMed:25035401). Enhanced susceptibility to powdery mildew caused by the biotrophic ascomycete Erysiphe cruciferarum (PubMed:24605116).
Reduced pollen fertility. Pollen grain exhibit a partial formation of coat and impaired water absorption and germination capacities.
Required for the formation of pollen coats and male fertility.
Strongly expressed in tapetal cells at the flower developmental stage 10 to middle 12, where the components of pollen coat are synthesized actively.
Promotes probably uncoating of clathrin-coated vesicles.
Expressed in the whole plant with highest expression in imbibed seeds and embryos, and the root hair zone.
Thought to play a role in cellular copper homeostasis, mitochondrial redox signaling or insertion of copper into the active site of COX (By similarity). Participates in copper and redox homeostasis.
Transcriptional activator involved in stress responses.
Activated via O-glycosylation by SEC; this modification triggers FLC locus H3K4me3 histone modification, thus preventing premature flowering.
Binds to the promoter and regulates the transcription of target genes, maintaining them in an active state; at promoters, required for TATA binding proteins (TBPs, e.g. TBP1 and TBP2) and RNA polymerase II (Pol II) recruitment, and, in a subsequent event, is recruited by a phosphorylated form of Pol II to the +300-bp region of transcribed sequences to trimethylates nucleosomes (PubMed:21266657, PubMed:23284292). Histone trimethyltransferase that trimethylates 'Lys-4' of histone H3 (H3K4me3); H3 'Lys-4' methylation represents a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional activation and is required for efficient elongation of transcription but not for transcription initiation (PubMed:17965588, PubMed:17881378, PubMed:18375658, PubMed:23284292). Methylates only a limited fraction of nucleosomes of target genes (e.g. FLC, NAP, XTH33 and WRKY70) (PubMed:18375658). Necessary for WDR5A occupancy at WRKY70 and LTP7 genes (PubMed:23284292). Required to maintain the active state of class A (AP1 and AP2), class B (PI and AP3) and class C (AG, AGAMOUS) floral homeotic genes at early stages of flower development (PubMed:17881378). Together with CLF, modulates AG nucleosome methylation statement (PubMed:17881378). Involved in epigenetic regulation (e.g. H3K4me3) of the floral repressors FLC, FT and SOC1 to prevent the transition from vegetative to reproductive development, independently of the photoperiod; binds the active FLC locus before flowering, but this interaction is released upon the transition to flowering (PubMed:18375656, PubMed:24102415, PubMed:30150325). Regulates floral organ identity and flowering transition. Functions as a receptor for the lipid messenger phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate (PI5P), which regulates negatively its transcriptional activation activity. Exhibits histone methylase activity and subsequent transcriptional regulation on WRKY70 gene, and, to a lower extent on secondary defense-response targets salicylic acid (SA)-responsive gene PR1 and jasmonic acid (JA)-responsive gene THI2.1 (PubMed:17965588). Involved in response to dehydration stress-response in both abscisic acid (ABA)-dependent and ABA-independent pathways; this includes specific genes (e.g. COR15A, ADH1, CBF4, RD29A, RD29B, RD26, ABF3, NCED3 and ABA3) epigenetic regulation (e.g. H3K4me3 and Pol II recruitment) to promotes their transcription and influence ABA production (PubMed:19901554, PubMed:21309869). Implicated in stomatal closure regulation (PubMed:21309869). Indirect repressor of XTH genes (XTH33) (PubMed:19154201). Necessary for the phosphorylation of Pol II NRPB1 (e.g. Ser5P and Ser2P) at the promoters of target genes, thus regulating both early and late stages of transcription (PubMed:21266657). Controls root growth and architecture by regulating the timing of root development, stem cell niche maintenance (e.g. quiescent center (QC)), and cell patterning during primary and lateral root development (PubMed:25205583). Modulates cell cycle duration, cell production, and the transition from cell proliferation in the root apical meristem (RAM) to cell elongation (PubMed:25205583).
Decreased germination rates, larger stomatal apertures, more rapid transpiration and decreased tolerance to dehydration stress in atx1 plants partly due to reduced ABA biosynthesis as a result of decreased NCED3 transcript levels (PubMed:21309869). Reduced trimethylated 'Lys-4' histone H3 (H3K4me3) but normal dimethylated 'Lys-4' histone H3 (H3K4me2) at NAP, XTH33, NCED3, LTP and WRKY70 nucleosomes leading to decreased transcript levels in atx1 plants (PubMed:18375658, PubMed:21266657). Lower Pol II phosphorylation (e.g. Ser5P and Ser2P) and TBP (e.g. TBP1 and TBP2) occupancy at the promoters of NCED3, LTP and WRKY70 associated with reduced gene expression (PubMed:21266657). Strongly reduced occupancy of WDR5A at WRKY70 and LTP7 genes (PubMed:23284292). Accelerated transition from vegetative to reproductive development, under both long-day and short-day conditions, especially in medium-day conditions (12 hours light / 12 hours dark), due to FLC, FT and SOC1 epigenetic misregulation; specific depletion in H3K4me3 but increased H3K27me2 associated with reduced FLC, FT and SOC1 levels (PubMed:18375656, PubMed:21245040, PubMed:24102415). Misexpression of AGAMOUS, recognizable phenotypes (e.g. small and slightly serrated leaves, and early flowering time) and loss of H3K4me3 histone H3-tail marks (PubMed:17881378). Impaired in primary root growth with irregular shape and expanded quiescent center (QC) cells (PubMed:25205583). Ectopic expression of QC-specific markers (e.g. QC46, WOX5 and SCR) in the primary RAM and in the developing lateral root primordia (PubMed:25205583). Lack of coordination between cell division and cell growth leading to atypical distribution of T-divisions, the presence of oblique divisions, and abnormal cell patterning in the root apical meristem (RAM) (PubMed:25205583). Reduced lateral root (LR) density within the branching zone (PubMed:25205583). Altered transcription levels of target genes, including several endomembrane and cell wall-associated proteins coding genes, XTH genes being up-regulated (PubMed:18375658, PubMed:19154201). Derepression of XTH33 in roots, stems and seedlings (PubMed:19154201). Increased sensitivity to osmotic or dehydration stress due to an altered expression of genes involved in response to drought in both abscisic acid (ABA)-dependent and ABA-independent pathways (e.g. COR15A, ADH1, CBF4, RD29A, RD29B, RD26, ABF3, NCED3 and ABA3) (PubMed:19901554, PubMed:21309869). Double mutant plants atx1 clf exhibits normal leaf-phenotype and flowering time (PubMed:17881378). Reduced basal levels and induction of WRKY70 and of the salicylic acid (SA)-responsive gene PR1 upon pathogen infection by Pseudomonas syringae DC3000 or after SA treatment, but increased basal levels of the jasmonic acid (JA)-responsive gene THI2.1or after JA treatment (PubMed:17965588).
Expressed in young seedlings (PubMed:21245040). Later in development, confined to cells at attachment sites of organ to stems (PubMed:21245040).
Expression is associated with the initiation of flower organs and ovules (PubMed:12699618, PubMed:18375658). Accumulates in the tissues of young seedlings but also in adult plants (PubMed:18375658, PubMed:21245040). In flowers, present in sepals, in the vasculature of petals, and in the filaments of the stamens and, at low levels, at the tips of the stigma (PubMed:18375658). In seedlings, observed in the vasculature of the cotyledons, hypocotyls, stems, and the first pair of leaves (PubMed:18375656, PubMed:21245040). Just prior to flowering, a strong reduction in expression levels occurs in the vasculature (PubMed:18375656).
Interacts with A4/EF1A in the cytoplasm on the nuclear periphery.
Interacts with PIP5 (PubMed:16585509). Interacts with WDR5A (PubMed:19567704, PubMed:23284292). Binds to CLF in the nucleus (PubMed:17881378). Interacts with NRPB1 CTD domain, especially when NRPB1 is phosphorylated on 'Ser-5' of the heptapeptide repeat (PubMed:21266657). Component of a nuclear protein complex containing at least TATA binding proteins (TBPs, e.g. TBP1 and TBP2) and ATX1 (PubMed:21266657). Associates with ULT1 for trimethylating 'Lys-4' on histone H3 (H3K4me3) at flower MADS box gene loci (PubMed:23632855). Interacts with SEC (PubMed:30150325).
Precocious flowering, asymmetric rosettes, aberrant flowers and chlorosis (PubMed:21245040). Dramatically different pattern of reduced actin bundles and absent actin transvacuolar cytoplasmic strands (TVSs) (PubMed:21245040).
Strongly expressed in cotyledons, but weak levels in the first true leaves, except at the hydothodes (PubMed:21245040). Ubiquitous with higher levels in dividing tissues, including inflorescence meristem and flower primordia (PubMed:11418242, PubMed:12699618, PubMed:18375658). Expressed also in leaves (especially at hydathodes), in growing inflorescence stems and in the mature flowers (PubMed:18375658).
Trimethylates A4/EF1A post-translationally at Lys-396 (PubMed:21245040). Required for actin cytoskeleton organization (PubMed:21245040).
Can convert Man(9)GlcNAc(2) and Man(8)GlcNAc(2) into N-glycans with a terminal alpha-1,6-linked Man residue in the C-branch. Functions in the formation of unique N-glycan structures that are specifically recognized by components of the endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) machinery, which leads to the degradation of misfolded glycoproteins. Most likely generates N-glycan signal on misfolded glycoproteins that is subsequently recognized by OS9. Required for ERAD of the heavily glycosylated and misfolded BRI1 variants BRI1-5 and BRI1-9. Does not seem to play role in N-glycan processing of correctly folded proteins destined for secretion.
Catalyzes the sequential condensation of isopentenyl pyrophosphate with the allylic pyrophosphates, dimethylallyl pyrophosphate, and then with the resultant geranylpyrophosphate to the ultimate product farnesyl pyrophosphate.
The FPS1L mRNA accumulates preferentially in inflorescences, whereas the FPS1S mRNA is predominantly expressed in roots and inflorescences.
By heat shock and by cold. Up-regulated by virus infection.
Interacts with GDP-mannose 3,5-epimerase and SGT1B (via SGS domain). Binds to the deubiquitinating enzyme AMSH3. Interacts with WPP1. Interacts with DEK3 (PubMed:25387881).
Activated by phosphorylation at Ser-234.
Expressed at high levels in the stamen and pollen grains (PubMed:21855796). Expressed at a very low level in vegetative tissues (PubMed:15466232, PubMed:21855796).
Phosphorylated at Ser-44, Ser-47 and Ser-234 by BRI1.
Serine/threonine-protein kinase involved in the positive regulation of brassinosteroid (BR) signaling and plant growth. Mediates BR signal transduction from BRI1 receptor kinase to BSU1 phosphatase. After activation by phosphorylation at Ser-234 by BRI1, CDG1 phosphorylates BSU1 at 'Ser-764' in the phosphatase domain, increasing the ability of BSU1 to inactivate the negative regulator of BR signaling ASK7/BIN2 by dephosphorylation at 'Tyr-200'. The full kinase activity of CDG1 is required for its biological function.
The gain of function mutants cdg1-D (T-DNA tagging) show pleiotropic phenotype such as dwarfism, exaggerated leaf epinasty and twisted or spiral growth in hypocotyl, inflorescence stem, and petiole.
A stretch of 270 kb of the mitochondrial genome is duplicated within the centromere of chromosome 2 resulting in the duplication of the gene. The expression of this duplicated gene (At2g07672) is demonstrated.
Component of nucleolar complexes (PubMed:30338215). Interacts with RBL and NOC2 in both the nucleolus and nucleoplasm (PubMed:30338215).
May be required for synthesis of 60S ribosomal subunits and the transport of pre-ribosomes from the nucleoplasm to the cytoplasm (By similarity). Also required for initiation of DNA replication (PubMed:17556508).
Buds, flowers and developing siliques, but not in leaves, stems and roots.
Faint expression in buds and flowers. Increases during the very early stages of seed development, reaches a maximum at the globular embryo stage and stays high throughout seed formation.
Homodimer (Probable). Interacts with MYB4, MYB5, MYB6, MYB82, MYB113, MYB114, MYB75/PAP1, MYB90/PAP2, and TT2.
TT8 might interact with TT2 and TTG1 to modulate the late genes of the flavonoid pathway.
Transcription activator, when associated with MYB75/PAP1 or MYB90/PAP2. Involved in the control of flavonoid pigmentation. Plays a key role in regulating leucoanthocyanidin reductase (BANYULS) and dihydroflavonol-4-reductase (DFR). Not required for leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase (LDOX) expression.
Expressed in cotyledons, rosette leaves, stems, sepals, style, and tip of pedicel in mature siliques.
May be involved in feedback regulation of amino acid metabolism. May be involved in the regulation of glutamine metabolism.
Expressed in root tips, vascular tissues, stomata, flowers, pollen tubes and developing seeds.
Homodimer (PubMed:24645846). Monomer (PubMed:21658606). Binds ABA on one subunit only. Binds to CARs protein in an ABA-independent manner, both at the plasma membrane and in the nucleus (By similarity). Binds specifically (+)-ABA but not (-)-ABA (PubMed:23844015, PubMed:24645846). Interacts with HAB1, ABI1 and ABI2, and possibly with other PP2Cs (PubMed:19407142, PubMed:19407143, PubMed:19874541). Interacts with TOPP1 (PubMed:26943172). Interacts with DDA1 (PubMed:24563205).
Receptor for abscisic acid (ABA) required for ABA-mediated responses such as stomatal closure and germination inhibition. Inhibits the activity of group-A protein phosphatases type 2C (PP2Cs) in an ABA-independent manner but more efficiently when activated by ABA. Confers enhanced sensitivity to ABA (PubMed:19407143, PubMed:23844015, PubMed:21658606). Can be activated only by (+)-ABA but not by (-)-ABA (PubMed:23844015).
Involved in plant defense. Confers resistance to the bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas through recognition of the microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP) eMax (PubMed:23898033, PubMed:24384530). Functionality seems to depend on the presence of the receptor kinase SOBIR1 as an adapter protein (PubMed:24384530).
Lack of responsiveness to MAMP eMax from Xanthomonas.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX18/HAS1 subfamily.
Activated by tissue damage and upon binding to PBP1 or PBP2.
Beta-D-glucosidase active on scopolin > esculin >> 4-MU-glucoside >> DIMBOA-glucoside. No activity with pNP-glucoside, oNP-glucoside and sinigrin as substrates. May possess beta-D-fucosidase activity. Required for the beneficial interaction with the endophytic fungus P.indica. May participate in the control of root colonization by P.indica by repressing defense responses and modulating other responses required for a mutualistic interaction.
Homodimers. Binds to the deubiquitinating enzyme AMSH3. The inactive form interacts with PBP1/JAL30 to form the PYK10 complex, at least composed of PYK10/BGLU23, BGLU21, BGLU22, JAL22, JAL23, PBP1/JAL30, PBP2/JAL31, JAL32, JAL33, JAL34, JAL35, GLL22 and GLL23.
Up-regulated by wounding, 2,4-D and methyl jasmonate (MeJA). Down-regulated by salt and mannitol.
Belongs to the cytochrome b5 family. MAPR subfamily.
The cytochrome b5 heme-binding domain lacks the conserved iron-binding His residues at positions 37 and 61.
Exhibits reduced salt tolerance. Reduced shoot growth in response to salt stress.
Expressed in flowers, siliques, rosette leaves, cauline leaves, stems and at a lower level in roots. In roots, expressed in the sieve elements.
Interacts with SHM1 and SHM4 (PubMed:23232097). Interacts with HIPP27 (PubMed:23857362).
Recognizes and hydrolyzes the peptide bond at the C-terminal Gly of ubiquitin. Involved in the processing of poly-ubiquitin precursors as well as that of ubiquitinated proteins. Involved in salt tolerance by modulating sodium transport activity and repressing cell death at least partially through modulating SHM1 stability and activity (PubMed:23232097). Involved in cadmium tolerance by interacting with HIPP27 and probably modulating its stability (PubMed:23857362).
Regulated by the transcription factors NAC045 and NAC086 and up-regulated by salt stress.
DNA helicase that acts as an essential component of the spindle assembly checkpoint (By similarity). Probable chromatin remodeling factor that regulate homologous recombination (HR) and non-homologous recombination (NHR).
Belongs to the DNA polymerase delta/II small subunit family.
Heterodimer with subunits of 125 kDa and 50 kDa.
The function of the small subunit is not yet clear.
Expressed in root meristems and at very low levels throughout mature vasculature.
No visible phenotype, due to the redundancy with NET1B. Net1a and net1b double mutant shows a significant acceleration in root-cell expansion.
Plant-specific actin binding protein. Associates with F-actin at the plasma membrane and plasmodesmata. May be part of a membrane-cytoskeletal adapter complex.
Component of the CUL4-RBX1-DDB1-DWA1/DWA2 E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex that acts as negative regulator in abscisic acid (ABA) signaling. May function as the substrate recognition module within this complex leading to ABI5 degradation. Functionally redundant with DWA1.
Increased sensitivity to abscisic acid (ABA) and salt.
Acetyltransferase enzyme. Acetylates histones, giving a specific tag for transcriptional activation.
Belongs to the WD repeat WDR12/YTM1 family.
Interacts with PES (PubMed:23909681, PubMed:25443833). Interacts with BOP1 (PubMed:23909681).
Required for maturation of ribosomal RNAs and formation of the large ribosomal subunit.
Involved in the regulation of the onset of mitosis. Involved in a pathway that coordinates cell proliferation and differentiation. Implicated in spindle pole body (SPD) duplication (By similarity). May be a downstream regulator of auxin signaling in the formation of secondary roots (Probable).
Expressed in the inflorescence meristem, floral primordia, inflorescence stem, and floral pedicels. Also detected in the shoot apical meristem, stems, leaves, embryos, and roots.
Hua2 mutations enhance the phenotype of mild ag-4 and elf4 alleles and also induce early flowering by reducing the expression of several MADS genes that act as floral repressors like FLC, FLM/MAF1, MAF2 and SVP.
In cv. Sy-0, a naturally occurring allele K525E, termed ART1, together with active FRI and FLC alleles causes delayed flowering of primary and axillary meristems, resulting in the distinctive Sy-0 morphology (PubMed:17764945).
Transcription factor that functions as repressor of flowering by enhancing the expression of several genes that delay flowering including FLC, FLM/MAF1, MAF2 and SVP (PubMed:15659097). Also acts in the floral homeotic AGAMOUS (AG) pathway, specifically by processing the AGAMOUS pre-mRNA (PubMed:10198637, PubMed:12530963). Functions in association with HUA1 and HEN4 in AG pre-mRNA processing (PubMed:12530963). Involved in all three aspects of the AG functions, the specification of stamen and carpel identities, the control of floral determinacy, and the spatial restriction of AP1 expression (PubMed:10198637, PubMed:12530963, PubMed:15659097). Acts as transcription regulator that controls anthocyanin accumulation (PubMed:25425527).
Collaboratively with SUB and QKY, regulates cell growth anisotropy during gynoecium development, thus linking together cell-cell communication and cellular growth.
Homodimer (PubMed:24173806). Interacts with QKY and SUB/SCM at the plasma membrane (PubMed:24173806).
No visible phenotype (PubMed:24173806). Double mutants sub/scm poq and qky poq have a stronger pistil twisting than single mutants (PubMed:24173806). The triple mutant qky sub/scm poq has a dramatic pistil twisting phenotype due to defects of valve cell growth anisotropy (PubMed:24173806).
Observed in seedlings, roots, shoots, leaves, stems, inflorescence and flowers.
Activated by calcium and calmodulin. Autophosphorylation may play an important role in the regulation of the kinase activity (By similarity).
Binds calmodulin (CaM) in a calcium-dependent manner.
There are 3 contiguous domains conserved in the CDPK subfamily: a kinase domain, an autoinhibitory (junction) domain and a calmodulin-like domain. The autoinhibitory domain (415-445) inactivates kinase activity under calcium-free conditions (By similarity).
Self-interacts and forms heteromers. Interacts with NB-LRR class of R proteins before R proteins (e.g. RPS2 or RPM1) are activated by the effectors.
May be involved in osmotic stress and abscisic acid signaling in a calcium-dependent manner.
Plants are hypersensitive to osmotic stress and abscisic acid (ABA) during germination and early seedling growth.
Up-regulated by salt, osmotic and oxidative stresses. Up-regulated by abscisic acid (ABA) and salicylic acid (SA). Down-regulated by heat shock and dehydration stresses.
Preferentially expressed in roots, bolting stems and siliques. Also detected in leaves.
Expressed in root vascular tissues and meristems (PubMed:29259105). Observed in flowers (PubMed:29259105).
In developing flowers, present at low levels in ovules.
Expressed in seedlings, roots, leaves, stems, flowers and inflorescence.
Homo- and heterodimer with other ZFHD proteins (By similarity). Interacts with MIF1 and MIF3; these interactions prevent nuclear localization and DNA-binding to inhibit transcription regulation activity. Binds to ZHD1, ZHD2, ZHD10 and ZHD11.
Inhibited by human TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 and by the peptide hydroxamate inhibitor (BB-94) (PubMed:10574937). Repressed by acetohydroxamic acid (AHA) (PubMed:24156403).
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) or matrixins may play a role in the degradation and remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) during development or in response to stresses (PubMed:10574937). Can cleave myelin basic protein as well as fluorigenic peptide substrates, McaPLANvaDpaAR-NH(2) and McaPChaGNvaHADpa-NH(2) 4-fold more efficiently than McaPLGLDpaAR-NH(2) (QF24) (PubMed:10574937). Active on myelin basic protein (MBP) and, to some extent, on McaPLGLDpaAR-NH(2) (QF24) and beta-casein (PubMed:24156403).
Mostly expressed in flowers, roots and stems, and, to a lower extent, in leaves.
In contrast to other members of the family, lacks the conserved Glu active site in position 473, which is replaced by an Arg residue, explaining why it is inactive.
No alpha-1,4-glucan hydrolase activity, including beta-amylase, alpha-amylase, a-glucosidase or alpha-amyloglucosidase. However, facilitates or regulates starch breakdown, especially at night, by a mechanism involving direct interaction with starch or other alpha-1,4-glucan.
Preferentially expressed in vascular tissue of cotyledons, leaves, petioles, stems, petals, siliques and roots, particularly in phloem. Also present in root tip.
Slightly retarded growth rate and reduced starch breakdown in leaves during the night.
CIPK serine-threonine protein kinases interact with CBL proteins. Binding of a CBL protein to the regulatory NAF domain of CIPK protein lead to the activation of the kinase in a calcium-dependent manner. Downstream of CBL1, CBL2, CBL3 and CBL9, regulates by phosphorylation the K(+) conductance and uptake of AKT1. Binds to CBL4 to modulate AKT2 activity by promoting a kinase interaction-dependent but phosphorylation-independent translocation of the channel to the plasma membrane.
Part of a K(+)-channel calcium-sensing kinase/phosphatase complex composed by a calcium sensor CBL (CBL1, CBL2, CBL3 or CBL9), a kinase CIPK (CIPK6, CIPK16 or CIPK23), a phosphatase PP2C (AIP1) and a K(+)-channel (AKT1). Interacts with AKT1, AKT2,CBL1, CBL2, CBL3, CBL4/SOS3 and CBL9.
Part of the t-SNARE complex. Interacts with CDC48A, but not with VPS45.
Highly expressed during seed development and germination.
May be involved in free fatty acids export from the plastids.
Can form homomeric and heteromeric protein complexes with NAP1;1, NAP1;2 and NAP1;4. Binds histone H2A and associates with chromatin in vivo.
May modulate chromatin structure by regulation of nucleosome assembly/disassembly (By similarity). May function in nucleotide excision repair (NER). Involved in somatic homologous recombination. Could be involved in response to abscisic acid (ABA) and to salt stress.
No visible phenotype. Exhibits hyposensitive response to abscisic acid (ABA) with defects in stomata closure, and a decreased tolerance to salt stress.
Forms homooligomers and heterooligomers with SWEET8 and SWEET17.
Induced by the pathogenic bacteria P.syringae pv. tomato, and slightly induced by the powdery mildew fungus G.cichoracearum and the fungal pathogen B.cinerea.
Mediates both low-affinity uptake and efflux of sugar across the plasma membrane.
Not induced by pathogens, cycloheximide and ozone treatment.
Contributes to the regulation of secretory and vacuolar transport pathways in the post-Golgi network, and to the maintenance of the Golgi apparatus and trans-Golgi network (TGN) morphologies (PubMed:22307646). Together with VTI12, required for membrane fusion (PubMed:15919093). Vesicle trafficking protein that functions in the secretory pathway and mediates liposome fusion; the fusion of phospholipid vesicles containing SYP41 and VTI12 is triggered by YKT61 and YKT62 (PubMed:15919093, PubMed:24021022). Required for extracellular resistance responses to a fungal pathogen (PubMed:22307646). Also involved in the protection of chloroplasts from salicylic acid-dependent biotic stress (PubMed:22307646).
Gametophytic lethal in homozygote plants (PubMed:22307646). The double mutant syp41 syp42 have short roots (PubMed:22307646). Plants lacking the three genes SYP41 SYP42 and SYP43 are seedling lethals (PubMed:22307646).
Interacts with VTI12 and SYP61 to form a t-SNARE complex and with VPS45 (PubMed:10888666, PubMed:11739776, PubMed:15919093). Interacts with TNO1 (PubMed:21521696). Binds to YKT61 and YKT62 (PubMed:15919093). Core constituent of the SNARE complex required for membrane fusion at the trans-Golgi network (PubMed:15919093).
Mostly expressed in flowers, to a lower extent in leaves and roots, and, at low levels, in stems.
Bifunctional dehydroquinate dehydratase-shikimate dehydrogenase enzyme that catalyzes two steps in the chorismate biosynthesis pathway.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the shikimate dehydrogenase family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the type-I 3-dehydroquinase family.
Interacts with CHLH, the protoporphyrin IX-binding subunit of Mg-chelatase. Monomer or extremely compact dimer.
Regulates chlorophyll synthesis and plastid-to-nucleus signal transduction by binding both the product and the substrate of Mg-chelatase, an enzyme that produces magnesium-protoporphyrin IX (Mg-Proto). Activates also Mg-chelatase. Neither binds abscisic acid (ABA) nor is involved in ABA signaling.
Component of the PAF1 complex (PAF1C) which is involved in histone modifications such as methylation on histone H3 'Lys-4' (H3K4me3) (PubMed:20363855). Involved in regulation of flowering time. Required for the expression of the flowering repressors and FLC and MADS-box genes of the MAF family (PubMed:15472079). Involved in the control of seed dormancy and germination (PubMed:21799800).
Component of the nuclear PAF1 complex (PAF1C), which consists of VIP2/ELF7/PAF1, VIP3/SKI8/WDR61, VIP4/LEO1, VIP5/RTF1, VIP6/ELF8/CTR9 and CDC73.
Early flowering, reduced plant size and defects in floral morphology in whorls 1-3, but fully fertile flowers (PubMed:12750345). Reduced seed dormancy and increased germination rate of freshly harvested seeds (PubMed:21799800).
Initially detected in the tapetum and microsporocytes during meiosis. Highest expression during the tetrad stage. After microspores were released from tetrad, slightly detected in the tapetum and microspores.
Proteoglycan that seems to be implicated in diverse developmental roles such as differentiation, cell-cell recognition, embryogenesis and programmed cell death (By similarity). Plays an important role during the formation of the nexine layer of the pollen wall (PubMed:25336567).
Component of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport II (ESCRT-II), composed of VPS22, VPS25 and VPS36.
Component of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport II (ESCRT-II), which is required for multivesicular body (MVB) formation and sorting of endosomal cargo proteins into MVBs.
Component of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport II (ESCRT-II), which is required for multivesicular body (MVB) formation and sorting of endosomal cargo proteins into MVBs. The ESCRT-II complex is probably involved in the recruitment of the ESCRT-III complex (By similarity).
Component of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport II (ESCRT-II).
Probable component of an E3 ubiquitin ligase complex.
Early leaf senescence. Strong reduction in total sterol esters content in leaves and seeds. No change in flowers.
Involved in lipid catabolism. Essential for sterol esters biosynthesis in leaves and seeds, but not in flowers. Plays a role in controlling the free sterol content of leaves. Catalyzes the transacylation of acyl groups from phospholipids to a variety of different sterols. Prefers phosphatidylethanolamine over phosphatidylcholine as an acyl donor. Not active toward neutral lipids. Highly specific for position sn-2, which in plant lipids is essentially devoid of saturated acyl groups. Broad sterol specificity (cholesterol > campesterol > sitosterol > stigmasterol), but no activity with lupeol or beta-amyrin.
Binds to the ATPase domain of HSP70/HSC70 chaperones.
Co-chaperone that regulates diverse cellular pathways, such as programmed cell death and stress responses.
Belongs to the Nudix hydrolase family. NudC subfamily.
mRNA decapping enzyme that specifically removes the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) cap from a subset of mRNAs by hydrolyzing the diphosphate linkage to produce nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) and 5' monophosphate mRNA. The NAD-cap is present at the 5'-end of some RNAs; in contrast to the canonical N7 methylguanosine (m7G) cap, the NAD cap promotes mRNA decay (By similarity). Mediates the hydrolysis of some nucleoside diphosphate derivatives. Has a high affinity for NADPH compared with that for NADH (PubMed:18815383).
Involved in the 3'-end formation of mRNA precursors (pre-mRNA) by the addition of a poly(A) tail of 200-250 nt to the upstream cleavage product. Stimulates poly(A) polymerase (PAPOLA) conferring processivity on the poly(A) tail elongation reaction and controls also the poly(A) tail length. Increases the affinity of poly(A) polymerase for RNA. Binds to poly(A) and to poly(G) with high affinity. May protect the poly(A) tail from degradation.
Monomer and homooligomer (PubMed:18479511). Binds RNA as a monomer and oligomerizes when bound to poly(A) (By similarity). Forms a complex with cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor (CPSF) subunits PAPS4, PABN1, PABN2, CSTF50 and FIPS5 (PubMed:18479511). Interacts with CSP3 (PubMed:23334891).
The RRM domain is essential for the recognition of specific adenine bases in the poly(A) tail, but not sufficient for poly(A) binding.
Expressed in pollen, cotyledons and lateral roots.
Up-regulated by brassinolide and heat treatment. Down-regulated by 2-aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG), high CO(2), isoxaben, and propiconazole treatments.
Binds the target DNA as a monomer (By similarity). Interacts with histidine-containing phosphotransfer proteins.
Detected in the whole plant. Expressed at the root transition zone (PubMed:17363254).
Expressed only from 5 days post germination onward, when the fixed meristem cell number is established.
Transcriptional activator that binds specifically to the DNA sequence 5'-[AG]GATT-3'. Functions as a response regulator involved in His-to-Asp phosphorelay signal transduction system. Phosphorylation of the Asp residue in the receiver domain activates the ability of the protein to promote the transcription of target genes. Could directly activate some type-A response regulators in response to cytokinins. Regulates SHY2 by binding to its promoter (PubMed:19039136). Involved in the root-meristem size determination through the regulation of cell differentiation (PubMed:17363254).
Polymerizer-type lectin that may facilitate the correct polymerization of BGLU23/PYK10 upon tissue damage. Activates BGLU21, BGLU22 and BGLU23.
Belongs to the ubiquitin conjugation factor E4 family.
Ubiquitin-protein ligase that may function as an E3 ligase in conjunction with specific E1 and E2 ligases. May also function as an E4 ligase mediating the assembly of polyubiquitin chain assembly on substrates monoubiquitinated by another E3 ubiquitin ligase.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. Erg6/SMT family.
Catalyzes the methyl transfer from S-adenosyl-methionine to the methylene group of 24-methylene lophenol to form 24-ethylidene lophenol.
Belongs to the complex I subunit 1 family.
Circadian-regulation with a peak of expression at or before dawn. Not regulated by biotic and abiotic stresses, by light and nutrient conditions or upon treatment with elicitors, chemicals, abscisic acid or phytohormones.
Constitutively expressed in mesophyll and guard cells.
No obvious morphological alterations. Enhanced growth and survival under water or salt stress. Enhanced H(2)O(2) production. Elevated abscisic acid levels and reduced stomatal aperture.
Probable transcriptional regulator. May mediate E2- or E3-dependent ubiquitination. Required to gate light sensitivity during the night. Regulates the speed of the clock by acting in the feedback loop between CCA1, LHY and APRR1/TOC1. Promotes the expression of CCA1 at night but not by days. This activational effect is enhanced by interaction with ADO1/ZTL. Association with ADO1/ZTL is not leading to the degradation of NFXL2. Confers sensitivity to osmotic stress such as high salinity. Prevents H(2)O(2) production and abscisic acid accumulation. Part of a regulatory network that integrates the biosynthesis and action of abscisic acid, reactive oxygen species and cuticle components.
Accumulates progressively in maturating seeds to reach a peak in dry seeds (PubMed:23708772). Slightly induced upon seed imbibition (PubMed:23708772).
Homodimer (PubMed:25944101). Interacts with the photoactivated conformer (Pfr) of phytochromes A and B, PHYA and PHYB. Interacts also with APRR1/TOC1. Binds to RGL2, RGA and FHY3 (via N-terminus). Associates to PTAC12/HMR/PAP5 which acts as a transcriptional coactivator (PubMed:25944101).
Mainly expressed in leaves, stems and seedlings, and, to a lower extent, in fruits, flowers and roots.
Phosphorylated at Thr-10, Thr-197, Ser-202, Ser-464, Ser-465, Ser-466 and Ser-469 by CK2 (PubMed:21330376). Phosphorylated and ubiquitinated after an exposure to light (especially red and far-red), in a phytochrome-dependent manner. Modified proteins undergo a proteasome-dependent degradation. Its stability and degradation plays a central role in photomorphogenesis of seedlings.
Plants overaccumulate free protochlorophyllide in the darkness and exhibit photooxidative damage (bleaching) in subsequent light, probably caused by the photosensitizing activity of this tetrapyrrole intermediate.
Repressed by red (R) and far red (FR) light treatments in a phyB- and phyA-dependent manner, and via a PTAC12/HMR/PAP5 regulated process (PubMed:15448264, PubMed:25944101). Down-regulated by abscisic acid (ABA) and auxin (IAA), but up-regulated by cold and heat (PubMed:23708772). Follows a free-running tenous circadian rhythm, with slightly higher levels during in the light phase (PubMed:23708772).
Transcription activator. Regulates negatively chlorophyll biosynthesis and seed germination in the dark, and lightinduced degradation of PIF1 relieves this negative regulation to promote photomorphogenesis. Binds to the G-box motif (5'-CACGTG-3') found in many light-regulated promoters. Promotes the expression of SOM, and thus modulates responses to abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellic acid (GA).
Probable lipid transfer protein (LTP). May improve freezing survival.
Transient slight accumulation in response to a brief exposures to cold.
Repressed post-transcriptionally by miR164.
In leaves, less expressed in dark than in light.
By low oxygen levels but not by cold, dehydration, heat shock, wounding or oxidative stress.
May not function as an oxygen storage or transport protein, but might act as an oxygen sensor or play a role in electron transfer, possibly to a bound oxygen molecule. Has an unusually high affinity for O(2) because of a very low dissociation constant.
Lignin degradation and detoxification of lignin-derived products.
Ubiquitous with higher levels in the inflorescence stem.
Belongs to the protein-tyrosine phosphatase family. Non-receptor class dual specificity subfamily.
Exhibits phosphatidylglycerophosphate phosphatase activity (PubMed:29476828). Involved in root growth and columella cells organization (PubMed:29476828). May possess protein phosphatase activity (By similarity).
Expressed at low levels in stems and flowers.
No visible phenotype in the double mutant ptpmt1-1 ptpmt2-1 (PubMed:29476828). But plants lacking PTPMT1, PTPMT2 and PGPP1 have strongly shorter roots associated with a defective order of columella cells in the root apices, with stronger effect than in the single mutant pgpp1-1 (PubMed:29476828).
Down-regulated in response to mild as well as prolonged energy depletion (PubMed:26442059). Up-regulated by glucose, sucrose and mannose (PubMed:26442059).
Interacts with KIN10 and KIN11 via its FLZ-type zinc finger domain (PubMed:24600465, PubMed:29945970). Interacts with KINB3 via its N-terminal part (PubMed:29945970). Interacts with DELLA proteins GAI and RGA (Ref.9).
Altered phytochrome regulation and shorter circadian oscillations (PubMed:10097183, PubMed:19218364). Abnormal pace and rhythmicity of the circadian clock (PubMed:25246594). The double mutant cca1 lhy accumulates higher levels of JMJ14 but lower levels of ATXR3/SDG2, and exhibits damped H3K4me3 levels near the transcription start sites of genic regions (PubMed:31429787).
CCA1 and LHY are only partially redundant, but they bind to the same region of the promoters.
Circadian-regulation with peak levels occurring around 1 hour after dawn. Up-regulated by APRR1/TOC1 and transiently by light treatment. Down-regulated by APRR5, APRR7 and APRR9. The CCA1 mRNA is relatively stable in the dark and in far-red light but has a short half-life in red and blue light. Modulated by BHLH80/FBH1 via direct negative promoter regulation in response to warm temperature (at 28 degrees Celsius) (PubMed:25246594).
Expressed in leaves, roots, stems, flowers and siliques.
Homodimer or heterodimer with LHY. Interacts with LHY; independently of photoperiod. Probably part of a large complex. Interacts with CKB1, CKB2 and CKB3. Interacts with LNK1 and LNK2 (PubMed:25012192).
Phosphorylated at Ser-5, Ser-6, and at least at one of the position Ser-431, Ser-432, Ser-433 or Ser-484. Phosphorylation is involved in dimerization and is necessary for binding to promoters and regulation of the circadian clock.
The N-terminal part (11-82) is essential for DNA binding, an internal domain (136-316) is important for homodimerization and for interaction with LHY and the C-terminal part (317-608) is necessary for interaction with CKB3.
Transcription factor involved in the circadian clock and in the phytochrome regulation. Binds to the promoter regions of APRR1/TOC1 and TCP21/CHE to repress their transcription. Binds to the promoter regions of CAB2A and CAB2B to promote their transcription. Represses both LHY and itself. Recognizes the promoter of JMJ14 to regulates its expression during the night in a circadian manner (PubMed:31429787). Binds to the promoter of BHLH80/FBH1 and regulates its expression in response to warm temperature, thus contributing to temperature compensation of the circadian clock (PubMed:25246594).
Although strongly related to DNA glycosylase proteins, it differs from these proteins. The DNA repair function may not exist.
Expressed during the syncytial endosperm development.
Expressed in the endosperm but not in the embryo. Detected in young siliques, roots, leaves, stems, young flowers and anthers.
Interacts with AGL36, PHE1/AGL37, PHE2/AGL38, AGL80, AGL86, AGL90, AGL92 and AGL97.
Plants lacking AGL62 show a premature endosperm cellularization and a seed-lethal phenotype.
Probable transcription factor. Required for suppression of cellularization and promotion of nuclear proliferation during early endosperm development. The FERTILIZATION-INDEPENDENT SEED (FIS) polycomb complex is required for suppression of ALG62 expression at the end of the syncytial phase of endosperm development.
Expressed in trichomes of the root maturation zone. Detected constitutively in flowers.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions (PubMed:19675148, PubMed:28585562). The triple mutant lrl1, lrl2 and lrl3 exhibit very short root hairs (PubMed:19675148).
Transcription factor that regulates the development of root hairs (PubMed:19675148). Does not seem to be involved in the regulation of sperm cell development (PubMed:28585562).
Accumulates in seeds 8 days after anthesis.
Detected in siliques at nucleotide level from 6 days post anthesis (dpa) to 17 dpa. First observed in siliques at protein level 15 dpa and accumulates progressively as native isoforms or proteolytic fragments during the last week of seed maturation/desiccation. Present in dry seeds, essentially in cotyledons and hypocotyls, but disappears during their germination (at protein level).
Hexamer; each subunit is composed of an acidic and a basic chain derived from a single precursor and linked by a disulfide bond.
Phosphorylated in seeds on some Tyr residues in response to abscisic acid (ABA).
Proteolytically processed during seed maturation at a conserved Asn-Gly peptide bond by an asparaginyl endopeptidase to produce two mature polypeptides referred to as alpha and beta subunits that are joined together by a disulfide bond.
Catalyzes the dephosphorylation of the nucleoside 5'-monophosphates deoxyadenosine monophosphate (dAMP), deoxycytidine monophosphate (dCMP), deoxyguanosine monophosphate (dGMP) and deoxythymidine monophosphate (dTMP).
By light and abscisic acid (ABA) in roots.
Expressed in root meristematic region, cortical cells, lateral root cap cells, columella cells of the root cap, mature region of the roots and leaf hydathodes.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants are impaired in hydrotropic response.
Plays a role in lateral root development by maintaining auxin levels. This function requires GNOM (GN/MIZ2) activity. Negatively regulates cytokinin sensitivity on root development. Positively regulates hydrotropism in roots.
The Japanese words 'mizu' and 'kussei' means water and tropism, respectively (PubMed:17360591). Plants over-expressing MIZ1 in roots have a reduced number of lateral roots formed, however this defect is recovered with the application of auxin (PubMed:21940997).
Interacts with NEAP1 (PubMed:27630107). Forms homodimer and heterodimer with bZIP34 and bZIP61 (PubMed:27896439).
Transcription factor that may participate with bZIP34 in the gametophytic control of pollen development.
Ubiquitous. Strongly expressed in mature pollen.
Allosterically activated by fructose 2,6-bisphosphate.
Belongs to the phosphofructokinase type A (PFKA) family. PPi-dependent PFK group II subfamily. Clade 'Long' sub-subfamily.
Catalytic subunit of pyrophosphate--fructose 6-phosphate 1-phosphotransferase. Catalyzes the phosphorylation of D-fructose 6-phosphate, the first committing step of glycolysis. Uses inorganic phosphate (PPi) as phosphoryl donor instead of ATP like common ATP-dependent phosphofructokinases (ATP-PFKs), which renders the reaction reversible, and can thus function both in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.
Tetramer of two alpha (regulatory) and two beta (catalytic) chains.
High expression in roots. Barely detected in shoots. Expressed in root pericycle cells close to the xylem.
Low-affinity proton-dependent bidirectional nitrate transporter. Involved in nitrate loading into xylem and not in nitrate uptake. Not involved in histidine or dipeptides transport.
No visible phenotype when grown under normal conditions. Lower nitrate concentration in xylem sap. Decreased long-distance root-to-shoot transport of nitrate but not of sulfate or phosphate.
Up-regulated slowly by nitrate. Down-regulated by cadmium and high pH. Circadian-regulation. Expression increase during the dark phase and decrease during the light phase.
Electroneutral K(+)/H(+) efflux antiporter involved in K(+) homeostasis and osmotic adjustment (PubMed:24278440, PubMed:31296940, PubMed:30309966, PubMed:30255504). Together with KEA4 and KEA6, promotes growth and development, and facilitates endosomal pH and ions homeostasis, as well as salt tolerance (e.g. K(+), NaCl and LiCl), probably by supporting cell wall biosynthesis during rapid etiolated seedling growth (PubMed:30309966, PubMed:30255504).
In roots, restricted to the vasculature and the tips of primary and secondary roots (PubMed:30309966). Also observed in the vascular bundles and tips of cotyledons, the base of true leaves, the ovarian stigma and pollen grains within the anthers, and the tip and base of the siliques (PubMed:30309966).
No visible phenotype (PubMed:30309966, PubMed:30255504). The triple mutant kea4 kea5 kea6 is compromised in cell wall biosynthesis and has a reduced growth, small rosettes and short seedlings, and is sensitive to low potassium K(+) availability and to high salinity (e.g. K(+), NaCl and LiCl); it also exhibits a reduced luminal pH in the Golgi, trans-Golgi network, prevacuolar compartment and vacuole (PubMed:30309966, PubMed:30255504). These phenotypes are partially suppressed by the cell wall-derived pectin homogalacturonan trigalacturonic GalA(3) in the dark but not in light conditions (PubMed:30255504).
By heat shock, UVB, salt, wounding, ethylene, methyl jasmonate, abscisic acid, H(2)O(2) and salicylic acid (PubMed:12218065). Induced by cold stress (PubMed:28351986).
Transcription activator that binds to the DNA consensus sequence 5'-[ACG]CGCG[GTC]-3' (By similarity). Regulates transcriptional activity in response to calcium signals (Probable). Binds calmodulin in a calcium-dependent manner (By similarity). Involved together with CAMTA2 and CAMTA3 in the positive regulation of a general stress response (PubMed:25039701).
Although LSG1-1 does not show a nuclear localization, is not associated with ribosomes and the lsg1-1 mutant does not show any rRNA processing alterations, it might be redundant with LSG1-2 since it can partially complement a yeast lsg1 depletion strain, it binds to rRNA and a lsg1-1 and lsg1-2 double mutant is lethal.
GTPase that might be redundant with LSG1-2 for ribosome biogenesis (Probable). Binds to 23S rRNA (PubMed:25319368).
No effect on the rRNA processing (PubMed:25319368). Lsg1-1 and lsg1-2 double mutants are lethal, when homozygous (PubMed:25319368).
Ubiquitous, with the highest expression in stem and hypsophyll on day 66.
P700 is a chlorophyll a/chlorophyll a' dimer, A0 is one or more chlorophyll a, A1 is one or both phylloquinones and FX is a shared 4Fe-4S iron-sulfur center.
PsaA and PsaB bind P700, the primary electron donor of photosystem I (PSI), as well as the electron acceptors A0, A1 and FX. PSI is a plastocyanin-ferredoxin oxidoreductase, converting photonic excitation into a charge separation, which transfers an electron from the donor P700 chlorophyll pair to the spectroscopically characterized acceptors A0, A1, FX, FA and FB in turn. Oxidized P700 is reduced on the lumenal side of the thylakoid membrane by plastocyanin.
The PsaA/B heterodimer binds the P700 chlorophyll special pair and subsequent electron acceptors. PSI consists of a core antenna complex that captures photons, and an electron transfer chain that converts photonic excitation into a charge separation. The eukaryotic PSI reaction center is composed of at least 11 subunits.
Regulates lateral organ growth. Functionally redundant with NGA1, NGA2 and NGA4.
Assigned as a member of the MYB-related gene family, I-box-binding-like subfamily.
Decreased biomasses and lower chlorophyll levels after sodium feeding. Increased Na(+) levels in chloroplasts in high sodium chloride conditions but impaired photosynthetic performance. Altered levels of phenylalanine and tyrosine.
Mostly expressed in mature and senescent leaves, and, to a lower extent, in seeds, roots, shoots, flowers and developing siliques.
Forms a dimer (By similarity). Binds to microtubules (MT). Bundles polymerized MT via the formation of 25-nm crossbridges following an intracellular dotted lines pattern and at the minus-end of phragmoplast MT near the nuclear surface.
Counteracted by the antibiotic cefotaxime during responses to light stress.
Expressed in shoot apical meristems (SAM); mostly specific to the L1 layer in the center of the meristem but also detected in the L2 layer in organ primordia. Also observed in the vasculature of seedling roots.
Observed in seedlings shoot apical meristem (SAM). Later present in the entire inflorescence meristem, and accumulates strongly in organ primordia. In flowers, expressed in the anthers and in the nectaries. Present in the paraclade junctions between the primary stem and axillary stems, especially at the base of the cauline leaf and the emerging axillary shoot.
Signaling peptide involved in the regulation of lateral organs separation, including fruits and leaves (PubMed:26071531). Involved in the perception of and response to light stress via the control of sinapoyl-malate accumulation, a UV-B protecting compound (PubMed:26967827).
ESM1 is highly expressed in cv. Columbia while lowly expressed in cv. Landsberg erecta.
In cv. Columbia, altered ratio of endogenous nitrile to isothiocyanate hydrolysis products.
Represses or inhibits nitriles production from methionine-derived and from indol-3-ylmethyl glucosinolates. Favors isothiocyanate production.
Constitutively and ubiquitously expressed (at protein level).
Recognizes and hydrolyzes the peptide bond at the C-terminal Gly of ubiquitin. Involved in the processing of poly-ubiquitin precursors as well as that of ubiquitinated proteins. Involved in seed and embryo development.
Belongs to the PTEN phosphatase protein family.
Expressed exclusively in pollen grains during the late stage of development (at protein level).
Pollen cell death after mitosis, during the late stage of development, characterized by collapsed pollen grains, shrunken, with highly deformed exines and reduced size.
Protein tyrosine phosphatase that exhibits also lipid phosphatase activity. Can use phosphatidylinositol substrates such as PtdIns(3,4,5)P(3) as substrate. Pollen-specific phosphatase required for pollen development.
Nucleoside transporter that can mediate uptake of adenosine, uridine, guanosine or cytidine when expressed in a heterologous system (yeast).
Belongs to the thiamine pyrophosphokinase family.
Catalyzes the phosphorylation of thiamine to thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) (PubMed:17611796). TPP is an active cofactor for enzymes involved in glycolysis and energy production (PubMed:17611796). Plant leaves require high levels of TPP for photosynthesis and carbohydrate metabolism (PubMed:17611796).
Expressed in leaves and at lower levels in flowers.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions (PubMed:17611796). Tpk1 and tpk2 double mutants exhibit a seedling lethal phenotype (PubMed:17611796).
Binds to actin monomers and regulates the organization of the actin cytoskeleton (PubMed:29861135). At high concentrations, profilin prevents the polymerization of actin, whereas it enhances it at low concentrations (PubMed:29861135). At low concentrations, associates with the poly-proline motif of formins to enhance actin filament elongation rate (PubMed:29861135). Acts redundantly with PRF4 to regulate apical actin polymerization at the tip of pollen tube and control polarized pollen tube growth (PubMed:26433093). Functions probably by favoring formin-mediated actin polymerization at pollen tube tips (PubMed:26433093).
In germinating pollen grain, the double mutant prf4 and prf5 reduces the amount of F-actin and induces disorganization of actin filaments within the apical and subapical regions of the pollen tube.
Specifically expressed in mature pollen grains (PubMed:8771785, PubMed:8685262, PubMed:11977080, PubMed:16361517). Expressed in germinating pollen grains (PubMed:8771785, PubMed:11977080). Expressed in growing pollen tubes (at protein level) (PubMed:11977080).
Can form homodimer. Interacts with RLP24, RPL24A, RPL24B, EBP1 and JJJ1.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions. When grown at 10 degrees Celsius, the double mutant seedlings reil1-1 and reil2-1 show growth arrest at two cotyledon stage and die.
Pre-60S-associated factor involved in the cytoplasmic maturation of the 60S subunit. Involved in the dissociation and recycling of other late pre-60S factors before newly synthesized large ribosomal subunits enter translation (By similarity). Can complement the growth defect of a yeast mutant lacking REI1 (PubMed:24038679). Required for leaf growth under cold temperature conditions (PubMed:24038679).
Belongs to the V-ATPase C subunit family.
Phosphorylated on Ser/Thr residues by WNK8.
Subunit of the V1 complex of vacuolar(H+)-ATPase (V-ATPase), a multisubunit enzyme composed of a peripheral complex (V1) that hydrolyzes ATP and a membrane integral complex (V0) that translocates protons. V-ATPase is responsible for acidifying and maintaining the pH of intracellular compartments and in some cell types, is targeted to the plasma membrane, where it is responsible for acidifying the extracellular environment. Subunit C is necessary for the assembly of the catalytic sector of the enzyme and is likely to have a specific function in its catalytic activity.
Subunit of the peripheral V1 complex of vacuolar ATPase. Subunit C is necessary for the assembly of the catalytic sector of the enzyme and is likely to have a specific function in its catalytic activity. V-ATPase is responsible for acidifying a variety of intracellular compartments in eukaryotic cells.
V-ATPase is a heteromultimeric enzyme composed of a peripheral catalytic V1 complex (components A to H) attached to an integral membrane V0 proton pore complex.
Expressed in leaves, petiols, petals, carpels and shoot apex.
Hydrolyzes the Ser-derived enamine/imine product of Thr dehydratase, protecting the plastidial branched-chain aminotransferase BCAT3 (AC Q9M401) from inactivation. Involved in Ile biosynthesis.
Reduced root growth and increased sensitivity of the root to added Ser.
Interacts with the B-type response regulators ARR1 and ARR2. Binds to AHK2, AHK3, AHK4 and AHK5.
Ubiquitous, with higher levels in flowers.
Binds 4 Cu cations per monomer. The Cu cations are bound as 3 distinct Cu centers known as type 1 or blue, type 2 or normal, and type 3 or coupled binuclear.
Multicopper oxidase that may be involved in copper homeostasis and oxidative stress response, and that is necessary for root growth inhibition by low phosphate conditions. Functions together with LPR2 and PDR2 in a common pathway that adjusts root meristem activity to phosphate availability. Oxidizes the substrate 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate) in vitro.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants have reduced inhibition of primary root growth in low inorganic phosphate conditions.
Mostly expressed in seedlings, roots and flowers, and, to a lower extent, in leaves, stems and seeds.
Abnormal accumulation of InsP7 and reduced levels of InsP8. Increased weight increase of P.rapae and M.brassicae larvae feeded on mutant plants thus leading to a reduced resistance. Increased susceptibility to the necrotrophic fungi B.cinerea and A.brassicicola. Increased levels of jasmonic acid (JA) and bioactive conjugates such as JA-Leu/Ile and JA-Val upon mechanical wounding, but reduced induction of JA-responsive genes in challenged mutant plants.
Bifunctional inositol kinase that acts in concert with the IP6K kinases to synthesize the diphosphate group-containing inositol pyrophosphates diphosphoinositol pentakisphosphate, PP-InsP5, and bis-diphosphoinositol tetrakisphosphate, (PP)2-InsP4. PP-InsP5 and (PP)2-InsP4, also respectively called InsP7 and InsP8, may regulate a variety of cellular processes, including apoptosis, vesicle trafficking, cytoskeletal dynamics, and exocytosis. Phosphorylates inositol hexakisphosphate (InsP6) at position 1 to produce PP-InsP5 which is in turn phosphorylated by IP6Ks to produce (PP)2-InsP4. Alternatively, phosphorylates PP-InsP5 at position 1, produced by IP6Ks from InsP6, to produce (PP)2-InsP4 (PubMed:25231822). Probably involved in vitamin E homeostasis via the regulation of gamma-tocopherol biosynthesis (PubMed:17077148). Catalyzes the conversion of InsP7 to InsP8. Regulates jasmonic acid (JA) perception and plant defenses against herbivorous insects (e.g. P.rapae) and necrotrophic fungi (e.g. M.brassicae, B.cinerea and A.brassicicola) by triggering the production of jasmonate-induced pools of InsP8 and subsequent activation of SCF(COI1) E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes with JAZ proteins (e.g. TIFY10A/JAZ1) (PubMed:25901085).
Mostly expressed in vegetative tissues (e.g. leaves and stems), and, to a lower extent, in roots, shoots and reproductive tissues (e.g. flowers and siliques) (PubMed:25231822, PubMed:25901085). Also present in mature pollen (PubMed:25901085).
Expressed in young shoots, roots, stems, leaves and flowers.
At the seedling stage, present in the veins of cotyledons, hypocotyls, roots and germinated seedlings (PubMed:31038749). Later observed in leaves, primary and secondary roots, floral tissues, siliques and guard cells (PubMed:31038749).
Expressed in inflorescences, roots, seedlings and siliques, and, at low levels, in leaves and stems.
Functions as histone H3 'Lys-4' (H3K4me) demethylase involved in the regulation of gene expression (PubMed:31038749). Active on H3K4me1, H3K4me2 and H3K4me3 (PubMed:31038749). Repressor of the abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway, especially during stomatal closure regulation (PubMed:31038749). Negative regulator of responses to dehydration stress by binding directly to the chromatin of SRK2E/OST1 and demethylating H3K4me3 to regulates its expression (PubMed:31038749). Together with JMJ14 and JMJ16, required for plant growth and development (PubMed:31038749).
Increased dehydration stress tolerance associated with abscisic acid (ABA) hypersensitivity during stomatal closure regulation (PubMed:31038749). Ectopic increase in genome-wide H3K4me1, H3K4me2 and H3K4me3 levels and activation of several dehydration stress-responsive genes, including OST1 (PubMed:31038749). The double mutants jmj17-1 jmj14-1 and jmj17-1 jmj16-1 have an early flowering phenotype (especially in long day conditions) (PubMed:31038749). The triple mutant jmj17-1 jmj14-1 jmj16-1 flowers even earlier (PubMed:31038749).
Slightly reduced in guard cells upon dehydration stress and abscisic acid (ABA) treatment.
Induced by infection with the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv maculicola strain ES4326.
A protein lacking the first 69 amino acids has a normal in vitro activity, while a protein lacking 129 N-terminal amino acids produces predominantly the monohydroxy intermediate beta-cryptoxanthin.
Expressed in leaves, flowers, stems, roots and siliques.
No visible phenotype when grown under normal light conditions; due to redundancy with BCH2. Bch1 and bch2 double mutant has no visible phenotype but lower levels of beta, beta-xanthophylls and increased beta-carotene and lutein. Cyp97c1, bch1 and bch2 triple mutant is paler and smaller than wild-type.
Nonheme diiron monooxygenase involved in the biosynthesis of xanthophylls. Specific for beta-ring hydroxylations of beta-carotene. Has also a low activity toward the beta- and epsilon-rings of alpha-carotene. No activity with acyclic carotenoids such as lycopene and neurosporene. Uses ferredoxin as an electron donor.
The N-terminal part of the mature protein (70-129) is probably involved in the formation of a functional homodimer.
The histidine box domains may contain the active site and/or be involved in iron binding.
Interacts with RLT1 (PubMed:22694359). Binds to FGT1 (PubMed:27680998).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but the double mutant plants chr11-1 and chr17-1 are very small and display early flowering and sterility (PubMed:22694359). Premature decline of expression of HSA32, HSP18.2, HSP21, HSP22 and HSP101 after HS in the double mutant plants chr11-1 and chr17-1 (PubMed:27680998).
Possesses intrinsic ATP-dependent nucleosome-remodeling activity. Constitutes the catalytic subunit of several complexes capable of forming ordered nucleosome arrays on chromatin (By similarity). Involved in the formation of nucleosome distribution patterns (PubMed:24606212). Required for the maintenance of the plant vegetative phase. In association with RLT1 or RLT2 may prevent the early activation of the vegetative-to-reproductive transition by regulating key genes that contribute to flower timing, such as FT, SEP1, SEP3, AGL8/FUL, SOC1 and FLC (PubMed:22694359). Necessary to acquire heat stress (HS) memory (PubMed:27680998).
Broad spectrum of moderate ethylene-insensitive phenotypes. Reduced salt sensitivity. Delayed senescence phenotype.
MKK9-MPK3/MPK6 module phosphorylates and activates EIN3, leading to the promotion of EIN3-mediated transcription in ethylene signaling. Autophosphorylates and also phosphorylates MPK3 and MPK6. Plays an important role in ethylene and camalexin biosynthesis and in salt stress response. MKK9-MPK6 module positively regulates leaf senescence.
Phosphorylation at Ser-195 and Ser-201 by MAP kinase kinase kinases positively regulates kinase activity. Autophosphorylated (Probable).
Up-regulated during leaf senescence. By Alternaria brassicae pathogen infection.
Thiol-disulfide oxidoreductase involved in the redox regulation of enzyme of the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway. Under reducing conditions, inhibits the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase.
Catalyzes the 2-thiolation of uridine at the wobble position (U34) of mitochondrial tRNA(Lys), tRNA(Glu) and tRNA(Gln). Required for the formation of 5-taurinomethyl-2-thiouridine (tm5s2U) of mitochondrial tRNA(Lys), tRNA(Glu), and tRNA(Gln) at the wobble position. ATP is required to activate the C2 atom of the wobble base.
Expressed in leaves, stems, siliques, seeds and flowers. Detected in the distal tips of cotyledons and seedling leaves, hydathodes of leaves from mature plants, pollen, ovules and developing seeds.
Hydrolyzes certain amino acid conjugates of the plant growth regulator indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), including IAA-Ala, IAA-Leu, IAA-Met, IAA-Phe, IAA-Ser, IAA-Thr, IAA-Tyr and IAA-Val (PubMed:11923288). Is the most efficient enzyme of the ILL family for IAA-Ala (PubMed:11923288). Not important for IAA-Leu hydrolysis in roots (PubMed:15155875). May act with ILR1 to provide free IAA to germinating seedlings (PubMed:15155875).
No effect on the sensitivity to the inhibition of root elongation caused by IAA-Leu or IAA-Ala.
By UV, flagellin, and jasmonic acid (JA) treatments.
Strongly expressed in meristemoids and at lower levels in guard mother cells (GMCs) and guard cells.
Transcription factor. Together with FMA and SPCH, regulates the stomata formation. Required for the differentiation of stomatal guard cells, by promoting successive asymmetric cell divisions and the formation of guard mother cells. Promotes the conversion of the leaf epidermis into stomata.
Belongs to the band 7/mec-2 family. Flotillin subfamily.
May act as a scaffolding protein within caveolar membranes, functionally participating in formation of caveolae or caveolae-like vesicles.
Interacts with protoporphyrinogen oxidase 1 PPOX1 (PubMed:24497494). Interacts with PCMP-H52/MEF10 (PubMed:23288601). Homodimer and heterodimers with MORF1/RIP8, MORF2/RIP2, MORF3/RIP3, MORF4/RIP4, MORF5/RIP5, MORF6/RIP6 and MORF7/RIP7 (PubMed:25583991). Interacts with RBG3/ORRM3 (PubMed:25800738). Interacts with PCMP-A2/PMD1 (PubMed:26123918). Interacts with ORRM1 and VAT3/OZ1 (PubMed:25768119). Interacts with PCMP-H13/MEF35 (PubMed:26470017). Interacts with RBG5/ORRM4 (PubMed:26578708). Interacts with ORRM6 (PubMed:28213559).
Involved in organellar RNA editing. Required for the processing of numerous RNA editing sites in mitochondria and plastids (PubMed:22566615, PubMed:23818871). Binds to the plastid RARE1 factor, a pentatricopeptide repeat-containing protein involved in RNA editing (PubMed:22566615).
'BELAYA SMERT' means white death in Russian.
Embryonic lethality when homozygous, due to growth arrest at the late globular stage.
Transcription termination factor required for processing and steady-state levels of plastid transcripts. Required for splicing of the chloroplastic Clp protease (ClpP) group IIa intron. Required for maturation of 16S rRNA and 23S rRNA in the chloroplast. Essential for embryogenesis (PubMed:21464319). Required for the maintenance of the correct levels of transcripts in the mitochondria and chloroplasts.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 2 family. Plant cellulose synthase-like G subfamily.
Expressed ubiquitously with highest levels in flowers buds and elongating inflorescences.
Homodimer. Forms tetramers (PubMed:20167108). Interacts with BRI1 in a kinase-dependent manner (PubMed:15319482). Interacts with B1L (PubMed:32664862).
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the transthyretin family. 5-hydroxyisourate hydrolase subfamily.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the OHCU decarboxylase family.
Involved in the last two steps of the degradation of uric acid, i.e. the hydrolysis of 5-hydroxyisourate (HIU) to 2-oxo-4-hydroxy-4-carboxy-5-ureidoimidazoline (OHCU) and its stereoselective decarboxylation to (S)-allantoin, a major ureide compound (PubMed:20167108, PubMed:20511299). Might function as a negative regulator to modulate brassinosteroid-mediated plant growth (PubMed:15319482). Together with B1L, prevents plant growth and development, but by opposition to B1L, regulates negatively cold tolerance, probably in a brassinosteroid (BR) and allantoin-dependent manner (PubMed:32664862).
Longer hypocotyls and roots, as well as greater fresh weight due to plant growth promotion (PubMed:32664862, PubMed:15319482). Enhanced sensitivity to brassinosteroid (BR) in term of plant growth regulation (PubMed:15319482). Increased freezing tolerance to cold treatment (PubMed:32664862). The double mutant b1l ttl exhibits a developmental phenotype and freezing tolerance comparable to the single mutant ttl (PubMed:32664862).
Mainly expressed in stems and leaves, and, to a lower extent, in flowers, flower buds and seedlings.
Strongly expressed in flower buds and leaves, to a lower extent in stems, and at low levels in seedlings and flowers.
The N-terminal 29 amino acids are essential, but not sufficient, for the interaction with BRI1.
Homodimer (Probable). Interacts with BTS and BHLH47/PYE (PubMed:20675571, PubMed:25452667).
Acts as a substrate-specific adapter of an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex (CUL3-RBX1-BTB) which mediates the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins (Probable). Involved in disease resistance. Acts as a substrate adapter that recruits CAMTA3/SR1 for ubiquitination and degradation during pathogen infection. Acts as positive regulator of plant defense by removing the defense suppressor CAMTA3/SR1 (PubMed:24528504).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants exhibit enhanced susceptibility to the bacterial virulent pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato strain DC3000.
Belongs to the metallo-beta-lactamase superfamily. Glyoxalase II family.
Binds 1 Fe(2+) or Fe(3+) and 1 Zn(2+) ion per subunit. Electron spin resonance indicates the presence of a mixture of protein molecules that contain either Fe(2+) or Zn(2+).
Mainly expressed in roots, flowers and flower buds. Also detected in leaves.
Thiolesterase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of S-D-lactoyl-glutathione to form glutathione and D-lactic acid.
Component of the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), a cell cycle-regulated E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex that controls progression through mitosis and the G1 phase of the cell cycle. The APC/C complex controls several key steps in the cell cycle by mediating ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of target proteins such as cyclins. The APC/C complex is required for the female gametophyte development and is involved in several aspect of development by controlling cell division and cell elongation. Involved in the control of endoreduplication.
The APC/C is composed of at least 10 subunits. Interacts with APC2.
Belongs to the PPP phosphatase family. PP-7 subfamily.
Expressed in leaves, and, to a lower extent, in stems and flowers.
Inhibited by NaF and orthovanadate, as well as by divalent cations such as Ni(2+) and Zn(2+). Inhibited by polylysine with myelin basic protein as substrate, but activated by polylysine with pNPP as substrate. Reversibly regulated by redox agents. Inhibited by submillimolar Pi concentrations. Slightly repressed by calmodulin (CaM).
Monomer, homodimer, and heteromer. Interacts with calmodulin (CaM3 and CaM4) and HSFA1A/HSF1.
Phosphatase active on para-nitrophenylphosphate (pNPP) and on various phosphoproteins such as myelin basic protein. Seems to act as a positive regulator of cryptochrome signaling involved in hypocotyl growth inhibition and cotyledon expansion under white and blue light conditions. Confers thermotolerance. Required for heat shock mediated-signaling pathway that leads to the expression of heat shock proteins (HSPs).
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL31 family.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL31 family. Type A subfamily.
Possesses one additional DUF26 domain, as compared to other members of the CRK subfamily.
As part of the PRC1-like complex, repress class I KNOX gene expression. PcG PRC1 complex maintains the transcriptionally repressive state of many genes, including Hox genes, throughout development. PcG PRC1 complex acts via chromatin remodeling and modification of histones, rendering chromatin heritably changed in its expressibility.
Heterodimer with RING1A. Interacts with CLF. Component of the PRC1-like complex, at least composed of RING1A, RING1B and LHP1.
Normal phenotype. Drastic growth defects like ectopic meristem formation and sterility when associated with the disruption of RING1A.
Putative E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that mediates monoubiquitination of 'Lys-119' of histone H2A (H2AK119ub), thereby playing a central role in histone code and gene regulation.
Contains 7 disulfide bonds instead of the 4 disulfide bonds, which are conserved features of the family.
Homodimer (Probable). Interacts with FAMA.
Transcription factor. May be involved in the differentiation of stomatal guard cells.
By dehydration (Ref.1). Not affected by water stress (PubMed:7846153).
Water channel required to facilitate the transport of water across cell membrane; mercury-insensitive.
Homodimer (Probable). Interacts with IBH1.
Exhibits ATPase activity. Binds DNA/RNA in a non-specific manner and exhibits endonuclease activity. Probably involved in DNA repair. Involved in RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) as a component of the RdDM machinery and required for gene silencing. May also be involved in the regulation of chromatin architecture to maintain gene silencing. Together with MORC4, acts to suppress a wide set of non-methylated protein-coding genes, especially involved in pathogen response. Positive regulators of defense against the oomycete Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis (Hpa) (PubMed:27171361).
Homodimer and heterodimer. Component of an RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) complex. Forms homomeric complexes (PubMed:27171361).
The double mutant atmorc4 atmorc7 exhibits a pathogen response phenotype with abnormal up-regulation of several genes involved in plant defense.
Circadian-regulation. Up-regulated y virus infection.
Clock protein essential for the proper expression phase and period length of both the oscillator and output genes known to participate in photoperiod sensing. Required for the expression of APRR9, APRR7, and APRR5. Regulated by APRR9 and APRR7 at the transcriptional level, indicating the existence of a positive feedback loop within the circadian clock (PubMed:21357491).
Plants lacking LWD2 do not show obvious phenotypic alterations. Plants lacking both LWD1 and LWD2 are early flowering and this phenotype is more prominent under short-day conditions.
Dirigent proteins impart stereoselectivity on the phenoxy radical-coupling reaction, yielding optically active lignans from two molecules of coniferyl alcohol in the biosynthesis of lignans, flavonolignans, and alkaloids and thus plays a central role in plant secondary metabolism (By similarity). Regulates suberin accumulation in roots.
In flowers, localized to vasculature of the stamen filament, in anthers and papillar cells of the stigma. In siliques, mostly expressed in the abscission zone.
In roots, mostly detected in root endodermis and quiescent center, and, to a lower extent, in root stele and cortex. Expressed in root vascular cylinder, flowers, siliques, cotyledon and leaf veins, and leaf margins. Present in the basal region of rosette leaf trichomes and in developing xylem.
Increased root suberin accumulation characterized by an increased aliphatic monomer content in suberin. Reduced day time transpiration rates and increased water-use efficiency during the vegetative growth period. Decreases in the accumulation of Ca, Mn, and Zn and increases in the accumulation of Na, S, K, As, Se, and Mo in the shoot.
Rhomboid-type serine protease that catalyzes intramembrane proteolysis. May cleave the plastid translocon component Tic40.
Involved in trafficking and recycling of synaptic vesicles.
Plants over-expressing CIB5 show increased hypocotyl and cotyledon lengths and increased flower size.
Interacts with the Xanthomonas campestris effector XopAC/AvrAC.
Strongly expressed in leaves, moderately in flowers, and barely in roots.
Component of the spliceosome. Interacts with SR45.
Expressed constitutively. Up-regulated by abiotic stress and abscisic acid.
Expressed in every developmental stage. Up-regulated by senescence.
Expressed in roots, stems, seedlings, siliques, cotyledons, leaves, inflorescences, seeds and shoot apical meristem.
Longer circadian period. Severely dwarfed and infertile when homozygous.
Splicing factor involved in post-transcriptional regulation of circadian clock and flowering time genes. Associates with the pre-mRNA of PRR7, PRR9, ELF3 and GI, and is necessary for the regulation of their alternative splicing and mRNA maturation. Probably involved in splice site recognition.
Expressed exclusively in flowers, in male and female organs, petals and pedicels. Not detected in pollen grains or sepals.
Highly expressed in immature flowers, but progressively decrease as flowers mature and senesce.
Expressed in floral primordia, in STM-negative region, then in sepal primordia. As sepal develops, progressively confined to a basal core before disappearing. Present in stamen primordia, then confined to a central region as they become stalked and develop locules. Later reduced to procambial cells as stamen mature. From petal primordia, expressed on the lateral edges of developing petals and finally confined to petal epidermis before disappearing. Present in carpel primordia, then in inner side of carpels especially in the placenta. Strong levels in ovules primordia and young ovules, then localized in integuments initiation zone before being confined to inner integument cells that will differentiate into the endothelium. Expressed in the distal half of the funiculus throughout ovule development and later extends into the chalaza. After fertilization, expression shift to the embryo. First on the apical part at the globular stage, then in cotyledons primordia, and later in cotyledons during the torpedo stage. As cotyledons grow out, expression becomes limited to a plane separating adaxial and abaxial parts. Excluded from the embryonic central region (ECR). In seedlings, found in leaf primordia then in central and lateral actively developing regions of extending leaves.
Interacts with ANL2, HDG2 and HDG10, and possibly with GL2, HDG3, HDG8, ATML1 and PDF2.
Mostly expressed in developing flowers. Also present in mature flowers, siliques and seedlings, but not in mature roots, leaves and stems. Expressed in ovules and in vegetative and floral primordia.
Transcription activator that recognizes and binds to the DNA consensus sequence 5'-CAC[AG]N[AT]TNCCNANG-3'. Required for the initiation and growth of ovules integumenta, and for the development of female gametophyte. Plays a critical role in the development of gynoecium marginal tissues (e.g. stigma, style and septa), and in the fusion of carpels and of medial ridges leading to ovule primordia. Also involved in organs initiation and development, including floral organs. Maintains the meristematic competence of cells and consequently sustains expression of cell cycle regulators during organogenesis, thus controlling the final size of each organ by controlling their cell number. Regulates INO autoinduction and expression pattern. As ANT promotes petal cell identity and mediates down-regulation of AG in flower whorl 2, it functions as a class A homeotic gene.
Belongs to the DNA photolyase class-2 family.
By high-fluence white light, UV-A and UV-B.
Highly expressed in flowers. Expressed in roots and stems.
Involved in repair of UV radiation-induced DNA damage. Catalyzes the light-dependent monomerization (300-600 nm) of cyclobutylpyrimidine dimers (CPDs), which are formed between adjacent bases on the same DNA strand upon exposure to ultraviolet radiation. Required for plant survival in the presence of UV-B light. Not involved in the repair of (6-4) photoproducts.
No visible phenotype under white light, but inhibition of growth and leaf necrosis under white light and UV-B. Increased accumulation of CPDs under UV-B.
Over-expression of PHR1 decreases CPDs accumulation during UV-B treatment.
Associates with the serine/threonine-protein phosphatase PP2A regulatory subunits A and B' to positively regulates beta-oxidation of fatty acids and protoauxins in peroxisomes by dephosphorylating peroxisomal beta-oxidation-related proteins (PubMed:25489022). Involved in the positive regulation of salt stress responses. May function by increasing chloride channel activities on vacuolar membranes (PubMed:27676158).
Belongs to the PPP phosphatase family. PP-2A subfamily.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants are hypersensitive to salt stress.
PP2A consists of a common heterodimeric core enzyme, composed of a 36 kDa catalytic subunit (subunit C) and a 65 kDa constant regulatory subunit (subunit A), that associates with a variety of regulatory subunits such as subunits B (the R2/B/PR55/B55, R3/B''/PR72/PR130/PR59 and R5/B'/B56 families). Also interacts with CHIP and TAF12B. Interacts with B'THETA (PubMed:25489022). Interacts with CLC-A, CLC-B, CLC-C and CLC-G (PubMed:27676158).
Phosphorylation of either threonine (by autophosphorylation-activated protein kinase) or tyrosine results in inactivation of the phosphatase. Auto-dephosphorylation has been suggested as a mechanism for reactivation.
Reversibly methyl esterified on Leu-307 by leucine carboxyl methyltransferase 1 (LCMT1) and pectin methylesterase 1 (PME1). Carboxyl methylation influences the affinity of the catalytic subunit for the different regulatory subunits, thereby modulating the PP2A holoenzyme's substrate specificity, enzyme activity and cellular localization.
Ubiquitinated. CHIP-mediated ubiquitination enhances phosphatase activity after an abiotic stress such as low temperature or darkness (By similarity).
Coordinates and prevents auxin (IAA) and ethylene biosynthesis, thus regulating auxin homeostasis in young seedlings (PubMed:23377040, PubMed:26163189). Shows aminotransferase activity with methionine; can use the ethylene biosynthetic intermediate L-methionine (L-Met) as an amino donor and the auxin biosynthetic intermediate, indole-3-pyruvic acid (3-IPA) as an amino acceptor to produce L-tryptophan (L-Trp) and 2-oxo-4-methylthiobutyric acid (KMBA) (PubMed:23377040). Can also use tryptophan (Trp), phenylalanine (Phe), and tyrosine (Tyr) as substrates. Regulates tryptophan (Trp) homeostasis and catabolism in mature plants. Also possibly involved in the metabolism of other aromatic amino acids and phenylpropanoid homeostasis (PubMed:26163189).
Expressed in roots, cotyledons and flowers.
Suppressor of sav3 mutant plants leading to rescued hypocotyl elongation in response to shade and restored auxin biosynthetic pathway. In continuous white light, elongated hypocotyls and petioles, with increased leaf hyponasty, decreased leaf area, and accelerated leaf senescence as well as early flowering. Increases levels of auxin (IAA), indole-3-pyruvic acid (3-IPA) and the ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) (PubMed:23377040). Indole-dependent auxin (IAA) overproduction phenotypes including leaf epinasty and adventitious rooting. In contrast to normal plants, uses primarily Trp-independent (Trp-I) IAA synthesis when grown on indole-supplemented medium, but uses primarily Trp-dependent (Trp-D) IAA synthesis when grown on unsupplemented medium. Accumulates strongly IAA and Trp when grown on indole, probably due to loss of Trp catabolism. Altered phenylpropanoid profile (PubMed:26163189).
Belongs to the glutamyl-tRNA reductase family.
Catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of glutamyl-tRNA(Glu) to glutamate 1-semialdehyde (GSA).
During catalysis, the active site Cys acts as a nucleophile attacking the alpha-carbonyl group of tRNA-bound glutamate with the formation of a thioester intermediate between enzyme and glutamate, and the concomitant release of tRNA(Glu). The thioester intermediate is finally reduced by direct hydride transfer from NADPH, to form the product GSA (By similarity).
May be involved in the redox regulation of photosystem II.
Down-regulated in shoots by copper deficiency. Not regulated by iron availability. Light dependent expression.
Expressed in shoots and leaves. Detected in cotyledons, stems, siliques, flowers, sepals, anther filaments and stigmas, but not in roots.
Ferric chelate reductase involved in iron uptake by shoot and leaf cells. May participate in the transport of electrons to a Fe(3+) ion via FAD and heme intermediates.
Not expressed in germinating seeds. Expressed during cell or organ differentiation.
Transcription factor (By similarity). Interacts specifically with the W box (5'-(T)TGAC[CT]-3'), a frequently occurring elicitor-responsive cis-acting element (By similarity).
Exhibits chaperone activity toward chloroplast outer envelope membrane, mitochondrion outer membrane, endoplasmic reticulum membrane and peroxisomal proteins, by recruiting specific proteins containing a single transmembrane associated with an AKR2A-binding sequence (ABS) and subsequently binding glycolipids (e.g. monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) and phosphatidylglycerol (PG)) present in the membrane of the target organelle (PubMed:18193034, PubMed:20215589, PubMed:25203210). Seems to be involved in the regulation of hydrogen peroxide levels during biotic and abiotic stresses by optimizing the ascorbate peroxidase 3 (APX3) hydrogen peroxide-degrading activity. This regulation might be monitored by GRF6. Cytosolic targeting factor for chloroplast outer membrane (COM) proteins that mediates sorting and targeting of nascent chloroplast outer envelope membrane (OEM) proteins to the chloroplast. Facilitates the targeting of OEP7 to chloroplasts (PubMed:18193034). Facilitates the targeting of APX3 to peroxisomes. Involved in cellular metabolism (e.g. peroxisome activity) and required for plant growth and development (PubMed:20215589).
Interacts with TOM20-4, CYTB5-E, CBR1, APX3, APX5, TOC34 and GRF6. Binds to chloroplast outer envelope membrane (OEM) protein targeting signals, as well as to chloroplasts. Interacts with OEP7 (PubMed:18193034). Binds to HSP17.8 via its ankyrin repeats, this interaction enhances chaperone activity and chloroplast binding. Interacts also with HSP17.4A, HSP17.6A and HSP18.1 (PubMed:21730198). Binds specifically to two chloroplast glycolipids, monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) and phosphatidylglycerol (PG) (PubMed:25203210).
Lethal chlorotic phenotype when homozygote (PubMed:20215589). Reduced levels of chloroplast proteins, including outer envelope membrane (OEM) proteins. Defective chloroplast biogenesis (PubMed:18193034). Reduced APX3 levels and reduced targeting of APX3 to peroxisomes. Compromised peroxisomal function leading to increased sensitivity to aminotriazole during seed germination and shorter hypocotyls in darkness in the absence of sucrose (PubMed:20215589).
The ankyrin repeats (ANK) mediate interactions with hexoses-containing lipids present in organellar membranes (e.g. chloroplast), such as monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) and phosphatidylglycerol (PG).
Phytosulfokine receptor with a serine/threonine-protein kinase activity.
Acylhydrolase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,3-diacylglycerol (1,3-DAG) and 1-monoacylglycerol (1-MAG) at the sn-1 position. High activity toward 1,3-DAG and 1-MAG, but low activity toward 1,2-diacylglycerol (1,2-DAG) and 1-lysophosphatidylcholine (1-LPC), and no activity toward phosphatidylcholine (PC), monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG), digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG), triacylglycerol (TAG) and 2-monoacylglycerol (2-MAG). May be involved in the negative regulation of seedling establishment by inhibiting the breakdown, beta-oxidation and mobilization of seed storage oils.
Acylhydrolase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of phospholipids at the sn-1 position.
Expressed in seedlings, stems and siliques, and, to a lower extent, in flowers.
Mildly fast-growing seedlings regardless of the presence of an exogenous carbon source, accompanied by a better beta-oxidation and mobilization of seed storage oils.
Expressed in leaves, stems, roots, siliques and flowers. Detected in pollen.
Hydrolyzes certain amino acid conjugates of the plant growth regulator indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), including IAA-Ala, IAA-Asn and IAA-Tyr.
Expressed predominantly in root hairs and root endodermis and, at a lower level, in leaf nodes, trichomes, and hydathodes.
Probable modulatory (alpha) subunit of inward-rectifying potassium channels. Could mediate potassium uptake from the soil solution by plant roots in association with AKT1.
Strongly reduced in roots after 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) treatment and after benzyladenine (BA) treatment. Strongly induced in shoots after NaCl treatment.
The potassium channel is probably composed of a homo- or heterotetrameric complex of pore-forming subunits. May interact with AKT1 and AKT2 (PubMed:12678562). Interacts with SLAC1 (PubMed:27002025).
Asparagine-specific endopeptidase involved in the processing of vacuolar seed protein precursors into the mature forms (PubMed:10417725). Probably involved in post-translational proteolysis of seed storage proteins in the protein storage vacuole of developing seeds (PubMed:14688293).
By senescence, wounding, jasmonic acid (JA), ethylene and salicylic acid (SA).
No macroscopic phenotype, probably due to functional redundancy. In plants lacking all vacuolar-processing enzyme isozymes (e.g. alpha, beta, gamma and delta) shift of storage protein accumulation from normally processed polypeptides to a finite number of prominent alternatively processed polypeptides cleaved at sites other than the conserved Asn residues targeted by VPE.
Specific to vegetative organs, especially in senescent tissues. Also expressed in seeds and root tips.
LEA proteins are late embryonic proteins abundant in higher plant seed embryos. The function of those proteins is not known.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL10 family.
P0 forms a pentameric complex by interaction with dimers of P1 and P2.
Ribosomal protein P0 is the functional equivalent of E.coli protein L10.
Belongs to the PTH family. CRS2 subfamily.
Part of large ribonucleo-protein complexes that include group IIB introns and either CAF1 or CAF2.
Required for the splicing of group IIB introns in chloroplasts.
By nitrogen deprivation in roots and nitrogen supply in leaves.
High affinity ammonium transporter probably involved in ammonium uptake from the soil, long-distance transport to the shoots and re-uptake of apoplastic ammonium that derives from photorespiration in shoots. Contributes with AMT1-3 to the overall ammonium uptake capacity in roots under nitrogen-deficiency conditions.
Highly expressed in roots. Expressed in root tips, root hairs, root epidermis, rhizodermis, cortex and pericycle. Expressed in leaves epidermal and mesophyll cells.
No effect on ammonium uptake. Higher expression of AMT1-2; AMT1-3 and AMT2-1.
Self interacts. Interacts with the receptor protein kinases CEPR2, At2g28990 and PAM74.
Catalyzes the interconversion of serine and glycine with the conversion of tetrahydrofolate (THF) into 5,10-methylene-THF.
Homotetramer (PubMed:31873125). Interacts with UBP16 (PubMed:23232097).
Inhibited by the antifolate drugs methotrexate and pemetrexed.
Mostly expressed in flowers, less abundant in roots, inflorescence stems, and siliques, and barely detectable in leaves.
Confers sensitivity to the virulent bacterial pathogen P.syringae (By similarity). Component of SCF(ASK-cullin-F-box) E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes, which may mediate the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins. Auxin receptor that mediates Aux/IAA proteins proteasomal degradation and auxin-regulated transcription. Involved in embryogenesis regulation by auxin.
Part of a SCF (SKP1-cullin-F-box) protein ligase complex. Interacts with CUL1 and SKP1A/ASK1. Interacts with Aux/IAA proteins (IAA7 and IAA12) in an auxin-dependent manner.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS28 family.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class TrmE-Era-EngA-EngB-Septin-like GTPase superfamily. EngB GTPase family.
Monofunctional pyrimidine deaminase involved in the riboflavin biosynthesis pathway. Has also a reductase domain that lacks catalytically essential substrate-binding residues.
The N-terminal domain (64-250) is required for the deaminase activity.
Unlike bacteria that have a bifunctional, two-domain RibD enzyme, plants have a monofunctional reductase and a monofunctional deaminase, each having an enzymatically inactive domain.
Belongs to the PPP phosphatase family. PP-5 (PP-T) subfamily.
Interacts with PHYA and PHYB, mostly when they are phosphorylated and in Pfr forms.
Isoform 2 dephosphorylates phosphorylated phytochromes, with a preference toward Pfr forms, and enhances phytochrome-mediated photoresponses, probably by enhancing their stability and their binding affinity for light signal transducers such as NDPK2. Can use para-nitrophenylphosphate (pNPP) as substrate.
Partial isoform 2 lacking TPR repeats exhibits enhanced activity at pH 7.5 with pNPP as substrate. This partial protein is in addition inhibited by okadaic acid.
TPR repeats are required for the binding with phytochromes.
Component of the replication protein A complex (RPA) required for DNA recombination, repair and replication. The activity of RPA is mediated by single-stranded DNA binding and protein interactions (By similarity). Probably involved in repair of double-strand DNA breaks (DSBs) induced by genotoxic stresses (By similarity).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants have increased sensitivity to genotoxic stresses and agents that damage DNA bases (UV and methyl methanesulfonate, MMS).
Belongs to the ubiquitin-activating E1 family. ULA1 subfamily.
Heterodimer of ECR1 and AXL1. The complex binds to RUB1/NEDD8 and RCE1.
Regulatory subunit of the dimeric E1 enzyme. E1 activates RUB1/NEDD8 by first adenylating its C-terminal glycine residue with ATP, thereafter linking this residue to the side chain of the catalytic cysteine, yielding a RUB1-ECR1 thioester and free AMP. E1 finally transfers RUB1 to the catalytic cysteine of RCE1.
Regulatory subunit of the dimeric ECR1-AXL1 E1 enzyme. E1 activates RUB1/NEDD8 by first adenylating its C-terminal glycine residue with ATP, thereafter linking this residue to the side chain of the catalytic cysteine, yielding a RUB1-ECR1 thioester and free AMP. E1 finally transfers RUB1 to the catalytic cysteine of RCE1 (Probable). May function redundantly with AXR1 in the RUB conjugating pathway (PubMed:17655650). Seems not to be functionally equivalent to AXR1 in vivo (PubMed:21311953).
Hydrolyzes, with low efficiency, only single-stranded DNA and RNA without apparent specificity for bases (PubMed:17651368, PubMed:23620482). Endonuclease that recognizes and cleaves some mismatches with high efficiency, including heteroduplex double-stranded DNA; mostly efficient on T/G, A/G and G/G mismatches, less efficient for T/T and poorly efficient for C/C, A/A, T/C and A/C (PubMed:17651368).
Associates in vivo with Pol IV but not with Pol V (PubMed:23637343) and this interaction is not dependent on its H3K9me binding activity (PubMed:23636332). Glu-130 and Asp-141 interact with the H3K4 side chain while the H3K9me1/2/3 side chains insert into a hydrophobic aromatic cage formed by Tyr-140, Phe-162 and Phe-165 (PubMed:23636332).
Associates with the RNA polymerase IV (Pol IV) complex. Interacts with NRPD1, NRPD2, NRPD3, NRPD3B, CLSY1 and CLSY2.
Involved in RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM). Required for the silencing of some endogenous RdDM targets and accumulation of 24-nt siRNAs, but not for the production of Pol V-dependent transcripts. Functions in transcriptional silencing through both DNA methylation-dependent and -independent pathways. Required for both maintenance and de-novo DNA methylation. Plays a role in the recruitment of Pol IV to genomic regions associated with K9 methylated histone H3 that are targets for RdDM.
Loss of DRM2 controlled DNA methylation, but no effect on CMT3 or MET1 controlled methylation.
The SAWADEE domain (138-244) binds to mono-, di-, or trimethylated H3K9 histone peptides, but this interaction is impaired if H3K4me2/3 methylation is present (PubMed:23637343, PubMed:23636332).
Expressed in stems. Detected in primary root caps and immature petals.
Required to form the C-22 double bond in the sterol side chain. Possesses in vitro C-22 desaturase activity toward beta-sitosterol and produces stigmasterol.
Plants overexpressing PAR1 are dwarf with compact rosettes and inflorescences, epinastic leaves, shorter flowering stems and siliques and a general dark-green phenotype.
Slight increase in the length of hypocotyls, cotyledons and primary leaves.
Belongs to the tRNA pseudouridine synthase TruA family.
Belongs to the 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase beta subunit family.
Expressed in rosette (at the protein level). Expressed in the whole plant and at the different developmental stage with a higher level in stems.
Kinase-interacting sequence (KIS) is specific for the alpha catalytic subunit interaction and Association with SNF1 Complex (ASC) is specific for the gamma non-catalytic regulatory subunit interaction.
Presents a truncated kinase-interacting sequence (KIS).
Subunit of a probable heterotrimeric complex consisting of an alpha catalytic (KIN10 or KIN11) subunit, and a beta (KINB) and a gamma (KING or SNF4) non-catalytic regulatory subunits (PubMed:17028154, PubMed:25736509). Interacts with KIN10, KIN11 and SNF4. Interacts with FLZ1, FLZ2, FLZ3, FLZ4, FLZ5, FLZ7, FLZ8, FLZ10, FLZ13, FLZ14, FLZ15 and FLZ16 (PubMed:29945970).
Expressed around trichome support cells in the adaxial epidermis of rosette leaves, in cauline leaves, petals and both the proximal and distal ends of siliques.
Binds 1 myo-inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6) per subunit.
Highly expressed in siliques. Expressed at low levels in roots, rosette leaves, cauline leaves, stems and flowers.
Involved in RNA editing. Catalyzes the specific deamination of adenosine-37 in the cytosolic tRNA-Ala. Generates inosine at the position 3'-adjacent to the anticodon tRNA-Ala.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants exhibit reduced growth rate under cold or heat stresses.
Component of the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), a cell cycle-regulated E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex that controls progression through mitosis and the G1 phase of the cell cycle. The APC/C complex controls several key steps in the cell cycle by mediating ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of target proteins such as cyclins. The APC/C complex is required for the female gametophyte development and is involved in several aspect of development by controlling cell division and cell elongation. Involved in the control of endoreduplication (By similarity).
The APC/C is composed of at least 10 subunits (By similarity). Interacts with PYM.
Belongs to the cysteine dioxygenase family.
Catalyzes the oxidation of N-terminal cysteine residues (N-Cys), thus preparing the protein for N-end rule pathway-mediated proteasomal degradation, upstream of the N-end rule enzymes ATE1, ATE2 and PRT6 (PubMed:24599061, PubMed:29848548, PubMed:33207269). Controls the preparation of the group VII ethylene response factor (ERF-VII) proteins for degradation via the 26S proteasome N-end rule pathway (PubMed:24599061, PubMed:29848548, PubMed:33207269). Acts as an oxygen sensor that controls the stability of ERF-VII proteins, which are stabilized in flooding-induced hypoxia, and regulate transcriptional adaptation to these adverse conditions (Probable) (PubMed:29848548). Not active on Cys located inside or at the C-terminus of a peptide (PubMed:24599061). Acts redundantly with PCO1 to repress the anaerobic response (PubMed:24599061).
Expressed throughout development, with the highest expression in mature siliques and during seed germination.
Up-regulated by hypoxia (PubMed:20097791). Up-regulated by the ERF-VII transcription factor RAP2-12 during hypoxia.
Catalyzes the oxidation of cytokinins, a family of N(6)-substituted adenine derivatives that are plant hormones, where the substituent is an isopentenyl group (PubMed:14555694). Catalyzes in vitro the oxidation of various types of cytokinin nucleotides that are known as direct products of cytokinin biosynthesis (PubMed:20825956). In association with CKX5 regulates the activity of the reproductive meristems, flower organ size and ovule formation (PubMed:21224426).
Very weak expression in the young shoot tissues around two weeks after germination (PubMed:14555694). Present in the center of the floral meristem and the boundary between long stamen primordia and gynoecial primordia (PubMed:26390296).
Expressed at the early stages of embryo development, up to the late heart stage.
Expressed in roots and in immature seeds with highest expression in the chalazal endosperm.
Involved in cytokinin biosynthesis. Catalyzes the transfer of an isopentenyl group from dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) to ATP and ADP.
No visible phenotype, due the redundancy with other IPTs.
Possesses phosphotyrosine phosphatase activity in vitro (PubMed:21409566). Hydrolyzes para-nitrophenyl phosphate in vitro (PubMed:17976645, PubMed:21409566). Hydrolyzes O-methylfluorescein phosphate in vitro. Dephosphorylates the phosphoinositides PI(3,5)P2 (PubMed:21409566).
Expressed during silique development, but limited to the carpels and the pedicel.
Expressed in roots, stems, flowers, buds, green siliques, trichomes and near the stomata of cotyledons but not of true leaves. Found at the hypocotyl-root transition zone, in the vascular tissue, along primary and lateral roots, but not in root tips. Never found in the abscission zone of flower organs.
Involved in the final stage of developmental programmed cell death and in intercalation of new cells. Cleaves extensins, thus probably supporting the final cell collapse.
DNA-binding protein, which specifically recognizes the GL1 enhancer sequence (PubMed:12535344). May be involved in leaf initiation (PubMed:12535344). May play redundant roles with GPL1 and GPL2 in cytokinin responses by regulating the transcript levels of type-A ARR response genes (PubMed:18162594). Involved in stress responses (PubMed:21875893). Plays a repressive role in cell expansion by counteracting the positive role of CPR5 in this process, but does not regulate cell proliferation or endoreduplication (PubMed:21875893). May play a role in plant defense (PubMed:29192025).
Expressed in the apical meristem and young leaf primordia (PubMed:12535344, PubMed:18162594). Not detected in emerging or mature leaves (PubMed:12535344). Detected in the vascular tissues of cotyledons and leaves, in hydathodes and at the base of flowers and siliques, but not in roots (PubMed:18162594).
Homo- and heterodimers (PubMed:18162594, PubMed:29192025). Interacts with GPL1, GPL2 and GPL3 (PubMed:18162594). Interacts with KIN10, KIN11 and FLZ4 (PubMed:24600465). Interacts with KIN10 and KIN11 via its N-terminal part (PubMed:29192025). Interacts with GPL1 and GPL3 via its C-terminal part (PubMed:29192025).
Overexpression of GEBP results in a reduced plant growth, a delay in flowering, a reduced anthocyanin accumulation, a delayed senescence and an enhanced resistance toward a virulent strain of the biotrophic oomycete pathogen H.arabidopsidis.
Up-regulated by KNAT1. Not regulated by gibberellins.
Accumulates strongly in response to blue light due to reduced preventing 26S proteasome-mediated degradation in an ADO1/ZTL and ADO2/LKP2 dependent manner, but levels decrease in the absence of blue light via 26S proteasome degradation (at protein level).
Expressed constitutively in roots, leaves, and stems.
Homodimer (Probable). Interacts with IBH1 (PubMed:23161888). Binds reversibly to CRY2 after blue light illumination (PubMed:18988809, PubMed:24780222, PubMed:24130508).
The blue light-mediated interaction between CRY2 and BHLH63/CIB1 is used to design an optogenetic control of target proteins or organelles.
Transcription factor that binds DNA to G box 5'-CACGTG-3' and, to a lower extent, to E-box 5'-CANNTG-3' in vitro. Binds to chromatin DNA of the FT gene and promotes its expression, and thus triggers flowering in response to blue light.
Increased susceptibility to penetration of the epidermal cell wall by the non-host mildew fungal agent Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei (Bgh) (PubMed:30102837). Some early aborted seeds and infertile ovules, and increased salt permeability in seeds associated with an increase in unsubstituted fatty acids but a decrease in omega-hydroxy fatty acids in seed coats (PubMed:24460633).
Lipid transfer protein involved in seed and ovule maturation and development, probably by regulating the fatty acids homeostasis during suberin and sporopollenin biosynthesis or deposition (PubMed:24460633). Contributes to pre-invasive defense against some non-host powdery mildew pathogens by preventing the penetration of the epidermal cell wall by the fungal agents (e.g. Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei (Bgh)) (PubMed:30102837).
Mainly present in proliferating tissues (PubMed:21558309). In flowers, expressed in stamens, carpels, petals, sepals and pedicels (PubMed:23893219). Accumulates progressively in leaves during aging (PubMed:23893219).
Preferentially expressed in the shoot apical meristem and the root meristem (PubMed:21558309). Also present in the ovules and developing embryos (PubMed:21558309). Observed in cotyledons, hypocotyls, flowers, leaves and siliques (PubMed:23893219). Up-regulated in the epidermis of stems (PubMed:16299169).
Adaptor protein complex 3 (AP-3) is a heterotetramer composed of two large adaptins (delta-type subunit and beta-type subunit), a medium adaptin (mu-type subunit) and a small adaptin (sigma-type subunit). Binds to EPSIN2.
The conserved PP2C phosphatase domain (250-651) is interrupted by an insertion of approximately 100 amino acids.
Embryo lethality at the globular or earlier stages (PubMed:24963069). Compromised pollen tubes micropylar guidance, but normal pollen germination and tube growth, associated with an abnormal localization of GPI-anchored proteins (e.g. COBL10) (PubMed:24963069). Impaired apical plasma membrane localization of COBL10 in pollen tubes, important for the growth of pollen tubes in the transmitting tract of pistil (PubMed:24963069). Lost A36 plasma membrane and cytoplasmic punctate localization which displays a constitutive reticular localization (PubMed:27872247).
Expressed in vascular tissue of seedlings, leaves, root tips, inflorescence stems and flowers (PubMed:24963069). In pistils, detected in the ovary walls, styles, mature embryo sacs and developing embryos (PubMed:24963069). In pollen grains, mostly present in mature grains at anthesis and in germinated pollen tubes (PubMed:24963069).
Mannosyltransferase involved in glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchor biosynthesis (PubMed:24963069). Required for the pollen tube micropylar guidance and embryo development by regulating GPI-anchor mediated protein localization (e.g. COBL10 and A36) (PubMed:24963069, PubMed:27872247).
Mostly expressed, mainly in vascular tissues, in leaves, roots, stems, flowers, siliques and pollen, and, to a lower extent, in seedlings.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but leaves have decreased levels of hexadecatrienoic fatty acid (16:3) and increased levels of oleic acid (18:1).
Required to supply glycerol-3-phosphate in the chloroplast for the synthesis of glycerolipids. Required for activation of systemic acquired resistance (SAR). Provision of glycerol-3-phosphate may be involved in generating lipid signals necessary for mediating defense responses and SAR.
Disruption of NUCL1 induces NUCL2 expression.
Involved in pre-rRNA processing and ribosome assembly.
Component of the cap-binding complex (CBC), which binds cotranscriptionally to the 5'-cap of pre-mRNAs and is involved in various processes such as pre-mRNA splicing and RNA-mediated gene silencing (RNAi) by microRNAs (miRNAs). The CBC complex is involved in miRNA-mediated RNA interference and is required for primary miRNA processing. In the CBC complex, ABH1/CBP80 does not bind directly capped RNAs (m7GpppG-capped RNA) but is required to stabilize the movement of the N-terminal loop of CBP20 and lock the CBC into a high affinity cap-binding state with the cap structure. Involved in flowering regulation, possibly by regulating pre-mRNA splicing of FLC gene. Acts as a negative regulator of abscisic acid signaling in guard cells.
Component of the nuclear cap-binding complex (CBC), a heterodimer composed of ABH1/CBP80 and CBP20 that interacts with m7GpppG-capped RNA.
Expressed in all tissues analyzed, including roots, stems, leaves and flowers.
In contrast to other organisms, the CBC complex is apparently not essential for nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) in Arabidopsis.
Stomatal closing and reduced wilting during drought due to abscisic acid-hypersensitivity in early abscisic acid signaling. Abscisic acid-hypersensitive cytosolic calcium increases in guard cells.
Expressed in lateral root primordia and in lateral roots excluding the meristem region. Also present in the aerial tissues, such as leaf petioles and the shoot apex region.
Extracellular signaling peptide that represses primary root growth rate. Modulates leaf morphology (PubMed:24179096). Regulates systemic nitrogen (N)-demand signaling. Mediates up-regulation of genes involved in N uptake and assimilation pathways (PubMed:25324386).
Down-regulated upon Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato strain DC3000 infection.
Highly phosphorylated in S/TQ-enriched N-terminal and C-terminal regions; required for formation of mRNA surveillance complexes.
Involved in nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) of mRNAs containing premature stop codons (premature termination codon PTC) by associating with the nuclear exon junction complex (EJC) and serving as link between the EJC core and NMD machinery. Eliminates the production of nonsense-containing RNAs (ncRNAs). Required for plant development and adaptation to environmental stresses, including plant defense and response to wounding.
Seedling lethal. Increased expression of not only protein-coding transcripts but also many mRNA-like nonprotein-coding RNAs (mlncRNAs), including natural antisense transcript RNAs (nat-RNAs). Dwarf with curly leaves and late flowering. Photoperiod-dependent altered development and stress responses; in long days (16 hours light), altered organ morphologies (e.g. narrow and epinastic leaves with wide petiole, small rosette size, long seeds, some abnormal flowers and stunted stem growth), disturbed homeostasis of wounding-induced jasmonic acid and pathogen-elicited salicylic acid. Increased resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato strain DC3000.
The helicase ATP-binding domain is implicated in early steps of nonsense-mediated decay (NMD).
Ectopic expression of UGT84A2 causes delay in flowering increase of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) level, down-regulation of the auxin-response factors ARF6 and ARF8, and down-regulation of the flowering-related genes FT, SOC1, AP1, and LFY.
Expressed in roots, cotyledons, leaf veins and trichomes.
Induced by the auxin indole-3-butyric acid (IBA).
No visible phenotype under normal growth condition, but reduced epidermal fluorescence due to reduced content of sinapoylmalate and hyper-fluorescence of trichomes due to accumulation of sinapic acid-derived polyketide.
Sinapate glucosyltransferase (SGT) required for the biosynthesis of the glucose ester sinapoylglucose and subsequently sinapoylmalate and sinapoylcholine. Is the major SGT activity in plant (PubMed:11187886, PubMed:11042211, PubMed:17217457, PubMed:21899608). Plays an important role in sinapoylation of anthocyanins. Sinapoylglucose produced by UGT84A2 is a significant source of sinapoyl moieties for anthocyanins (PubMed:21899608). Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA)-specific glucosyltransferase that catalyzes the glucosylation of the auxin IBA, but not indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). May be involved in flowering regulation through IBA-mediated transcriptional repression of the auxin-response factors ARF6 and ARF8 and downstream flowering pathway genes (PubMed:29027578). Can glucosylate the phytotoxic xenobiotic compound 2,4,5-trichlorophenol (TCP) (PubMed:12721858).
Binds to small phloem-mobile single-stranded RNAs (ss-sRNA, e.g. small interfering RNA (siRNA) and microRNA (miRNA)) in the phloeme exudate, including viral-derived sRNA (vsiRNA) (PubMed:31812689). Interacts with ORRM2, RBG3/ORRM3 and RBG5/ORRM4 (PubMed:28549172).
Defects in seed germination under salt or cold stress (PubMed:17376161). Altered seedling growth under cold stress (PubMed:17376161). Delayed growth and late flowering associated with reduced mitochondrial RNA editing efficiency, including the cis-splicing of the first intron of the NAD5 transcript (PubMed:28549172). The triple mutant srbp1 srbp2 srbp3 is more susceptible to tobacco rattle virus (TRV) (PubMed:31812689).
Plants overexpressing RBG2 confer freezing tolerance.
Promotes the cis-splicing and editing of several mitochondrial RNAs (including NAD5 transcripts) (PubMed:28549172). Plays a role in RNA transcription or processing during stress. Binds RNAs and DNAs sequence with a preference to single-stranded nucleic acids. Displays strong affinity to poly(U) sequence. Exerts cold and freezing tolerance, probably by exhibiting an RNA chaperone activity during the cold and freezing adaptation process. Mediates cell-to-cell trafficking of RNA interference (RNAi) signals (small RNAs (sRNA), e.g. small interfering RNA (siRNA) and microRNA (miRNA)) which regulate growth and development, as well as responses to environmental inputs, including pathogen attack; can compromise zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) and tobacco rattle virus (TRV) infections at the early stage (PubMed:31812689).
The RRM domain is required to promote mitochondrial RNA processing.
The glycine-rich (GR) domain is necessary and sufficient for cell-to-cell movement and to interefere with zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) infection.
Up-regulated by cold stress and down-regulated by dehydration stress. Induced by hydrogen peroxide (at the protein level).
During seedling growth expressed on the inner side of apical hook.
May play a role in the apical hook development (Ref.6).
Seedlings over-expressing SAUR32 display reduced hypocotyl elongation and are defective in apical hook maintenance when grown in the dark.
Belongs to the class-I pyridine nucleotide-disulfide oxidoreductase family.
Homodimer (By similarity). Part of both the glycine cleavage system composed of four proteins: P, T, L and H and of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex containing multiple copies of three enzymatic components: pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1), dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase (E2) and lipoamide dehydrogenase (E3).
Lipoamide dehydrogenase is a component of the glycine decarboxylase (GDC) or glycine cleavage system as well as of the alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase complexes. LPD1 is probably the protein most often associated with the glycine decarboxylase complex while LPD2 is probably incorporated into alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase complexes.
Preferentially expressed in leaves, flowers and siliques and at a lower level in roots and stems.
Hydrolase that can remove conjugated ubiquitin from proteins in vitro and may therefore play an important regulatory role at the level of protein turnover by preventing degradation (PubMed:24659992). Cysteine protease with a preference for 'Lys-63' over 'Lys-48' over 'Met-1' -linked ubiquitin (UB) tetramers as substrates (PubMed:24659992). Cleaves also RUB-GST fusion (PubMed:24659992).
Expressed in imbibed seeds, hypocotyls, cotyledons, roots, seedlings, siliques and flowers.
Increased tolerance to freezing stress and higher accumulation of CBF genes and downstream genes under cold treatment.
Induced by salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), salt (NaCl), ethylene and auxin (IAA) (PubMed:16463103). Down-regulated by cold treatment (PubMed:24415840).
Transcription activator that regulates freezing tolerance by affecting expression of CBF genes.
Expressed during vegetative to reproductive phase of development, with the main expression occurring in early flower development.
Homodimer (PubMed:19795213, PubMed:26538092). Interacts wtih ABAP1, ARIA and LHP1 (PubMed:26538092). Interacts with the non-modified histones H1, H2B, H3 and H4 (PubMed:26538092).
May act as a link between DNA replication, transcription and chromatin remodeling during flower development. May participate in the repression of LHP1-targeted genes during flower development by direct interaction with LHP1 (PubMed:26538092). May be involved in the polar growth of plant cells via transportation of RNAs (Probable).
Plants with reduced expression of DUF7 show a slight delay in flowering.
No visible phenotype, due to the redundancy with SEC10b.
The exocyst complex is composed of SEC3, SEC5, SEC6, SEC8, SEC10, EXO70A1 and EXO84B. Interacts with EXO84B. Binds to EXO70E2 (PubMed:24307681). Binds directly to B1L (PubMed:35249253).
This locus, comprising the single gene At5g12370 in the original reference genome assembly, contains in fact two paralogous genes in tandem, SEC10a (At5g12370) and SEC10b (At5g12365), and a sequence segment of 7 kb in length is missing from the reference genome sequence.
Expressed in seedlings, preferentially in the endodermis of hypocotyls and roots, as well as in anthers, sepals and flower tori.
In roots, restricted to the endodermis/pericycle above the middle of the differentiation zone and the regions where new lateral roots are emerging (PubMed:21558309). Accumulates in the abscission zone of young siliques (PubMed:21558309, PubMed:23893219). Expressed in senescing leaves (PubMed:23893219).
Increased susceptibility to penetration of the epidermal cell wall by the non-host mildew fungal agent Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei (Bgh) (PubMed:30102837). Increased salt permeability in shrunken and deformed seeds, with abnormal hair-like outgrowths (PubMed:24460633).
Induced by Phytophthora parasitica-derived necrosis and ethylene-inducing peptide (NLPPp) and microbe-associated molecular patterns (e.g. flg22).
Autophosphorylates (Probable). Autophosphorylation may be required to trigger the RPS5-mediated plant defense system.
Cleaved by avrPphB in infected plant cells. Its cleavage serves as a signal that triggers the RPS5-mediated defense system.
In infected plant cells, it interacts with the P.syringae virulence protein avrPphB. In uninfected plants, autophosphorylated form interacts with RPS5. Interacts with FLS2.
Palmitoylation at Cys-3 and Cys-6 are required for plasma membrane location that is essential for the RPS5-mediated plant defense response.
Protein kinase required for plant defense mechanism mediated by the disease resistance (R) protein RPS5. In case of infection by Pseudomonas syringae, AvrPphB triggers RPS5-mediated defense mechanism via the cleavage of PBS1. Both kinase activity and cleavage by avrPphB are independently required to trigger the RPS5-mediated resistance. Contributes to PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) signaling and defense responses downstream of FLS2.
Reduction in H(2)O(2) accumulation and callose deposits.
ATP-dependent RNA helicase involved in pre-mRNA splicing. Required for the export of mRNA out of the nucleus. In addition to ssRNA and dsRNA, binds dsDNA, but not ssDNA.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DECD subfamily.
Plant-specific factor involved in mitochondria fission. Is required for the correct localization of DRP3A from the cytosol to mitochondrial fission sites. Does not seem to be required for peroxisomal division.
Reduced plant growth and early bolting. Elongated mitochondria and reduction of the number of mitochondria per cell.
Ribosome-binding protein that acts as a regulator of mRNA translation by promoting ribosome inactivation (By similarity). Binds RNA (By similarity).
Catalytic subunit of the probable trimeric SNF1-related protein kinase (SnRK) complex, a central regulator of cellular energy homeostasis, which, in response to seemingly unrelated darkness, sugar and stress conditions, activates energy-producing pathways and inhibits energy-consuming processes. May play a role in a signal transduction cascade regulating gene expression and carbohydrate metabolism in higher plants. The SnRK complex may also be involved in the regulation of fatty acid synthesis by phosphorylation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase and in assimilation of nitrogen by phosphorylating nitrate reductase (PubMed:17671505). In vitro, KIN11 exhibits kinase activity on sucrose phosphate synthase and the kinase activity is inhibited by PRL1 (PubMed:10220464). May be a subunit of a SCF ubiquitin ligase complex and thus be involved in proteasomal ubiquitination (PubMed:11387208). Involved in innate antiviral defenses (PubMed:12671096). Phosphorylates REM4.1 in vitro (PubMed:25289013). Phosphorylates ADK2 in vitro (PubMed:24498147).
Expressed in roots, shoots, flower buds, flowers, siliques and leaves (PubMed:10417704). Restrictly expressed to the base of the leaf, the vascular tissue, and the hydathodes (PubMed:25071807).
Inactivated by the begomovirus AL2 protein or the curtovirus L2 protein (PubMed:12671096). Activated by phosphorylation at Thr-176 by GRIK1/SNAK2 and GRIK2/SNAK1 (PubMed:19339507). Inhibited by trehalose-6-phosphate (PubMed:19193861).
Induced by sucrose (PubMed:10220464). Down-regulated under phosphate starvation (at the protein level) (PubMed:19211700). Up-regulated by beta-aminobutyric acid (BABA) (PubMed:20484986). Induced after infection by the effector avirulence protein AvrRpm1 from P.syringae (PubMed:27337039). Induced by trehalose (PubMed:25071807).
Phosphorylated at Thr-176 under submergence (PubMed:27029354). Autophosphorylated (PubMed:10220464). Phosphorylated at Thr-176 by GRIK1/SNAK2 and GRIK2/SNAK1 (PubMed:19339507).
Subunit of a probable heterotrimeric complex consisting of an alpha catalytic (KIN10 or KIN11) subunit, and a beta (KINB) and a gamma (KING or SNF4) non-catalytic regulatory subunits (PubMed:17028154, PubMed:25736509). Interacts with KINB2, KINB3, SNF4 and probably with KINB1 and KING1 (PubMed:10417704, PubMed:10929106, PubMed:11522840, PubMed:15803412, PubMed:17028154). Interacts with SKP1/ASK1, PAD1 and the N-terminus of PRL1 (PubMed:10220464, PubMed:11387208). Potential subunit of a SCF ubiquitin ligase complex consisting of a SNF1-related protein kinase, SKP1 and CUL1. The association of the SCF complex with the proteasome may be mediated by PAD1 and seems to be inhibited by the interaction with PRL1 (PubMed:11387208). Interacts with DSP4 (PubMed:12148529). Interacts with the begomovirus AL2 protein and the curtovirus L2 protein (PubMed:12671096). Interacts with ATAF1 (Ref.20). Interacts with CIPK14 (PubMed:25058458). Interacts with FLZ proteins through their FLZ-type zinc finger domains (PubMed:24600465, PubMed:29945970). Interacts with GEBP/STKR1 (PubMed:24600465, PubMed:29192025). Interacts with REM4.1 and REM4.2 (PubMed:25289013). Interacts with ADK2 (PubMed:24498147). Interacts with IDD8 (PubMed:25929516). Interacts with FLZ3, FLZ9, TCP3, TCP13, HB21/ZHD3 and HB23/ZHD10 (Ref.32). Interacts with WRI1 (PubMed:28314829). Interacts with IPK2b (PubMed:29216370). Interacts with FLZ6 and FLZ10 (PubMed:29406622).
The PPI motif mediates the interaction with the ABI (abscisic acid-insensitive) phosphatases.
The regulatory domain (RD) contains the auto-inhibitory domain (AID) that inhibits kinase activity of the protein kinase domain (KD).
Belongs to the actin family. ARP8 subfamily.
Expressed in root tips, vascular cylinders of roots and filaments, leaf hydathodes, stem, receptacle and stigma apex.
Double mutants NEAP1-NEAP3 display reduced primary root growth, and altered nuclear morphology and chromatin structure.
Forms homomers and heteromers with NEAP1 and NEAP2. Interacts with SUN1 and SUN2.
9S-lipoxygenase that can use linoleic acid or linolenic acid as substrates. Plant lipoxygenases may be involved in a number of diverse aspects of plant physiology including growth and development, pest resistance, and senescence or responses to wounding. Catalyzes the hydroperoxidation of lipids containing a cis,cis-1,4-pentadiene structure. Function as regulators of root development by controlling the emergence of lateral roots (PubMed:17369372, PubMed:18949503). 9S-lypoxygenase-derived oxylipins may play an antagonistic role to ethylene signaling in the control of responses involving oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation and plant defense (PubMed:21481031). LOX1-derived oxylipins may be involved in stress signaling from roots to shoots in response to cadmium exposure (PubMed:23314084). 9S-lypoxygenase-derived oxylipins are engaged during infection to control the balance between salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonate (JA) signaling to facilitate infection by the fungal pathogen Fusarium graminearum (PubMed:26075826). 9S-lypoxygenase-derived oxylipins activate brassinosteroid signaling to promote cell wall-based defense and limit pathogen infection (PubMed:26417008). The LOX1-derived compound (9S)-hydroperoxy-(10E,12Z,15Z)-octadecatrienoate protects plant tissues against infection by the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato DC3000 (PubMed:22199234). The LOX1-derived oxylipins are required to trigger stomatal closure in response to both infection by the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato DC3000, and the pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) flagellin peptide flg22 (PubMed:23526882). Contributes to the oxidation of free fatty acids during seed aging (PubMed:28371855).
Binds 1 Fe cation per subunit. Iron is tightly bound.
By pathogens (e.g. Pseudomonas syringae), wounding, abscisic acid (ABA) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA). Higher levels in light than in dark conditions (PubMed:12232208, PubMed:7506426). Induced by infection with the fungal pathogen Fusarium graminearum (PubMed:26075826).
Increment in the number of lateral roots, and moderate increase in the length of the primary root (PubMed:17369372). Enhanced disease resistance to the fungal pathogen Fusarium graminearum (PubMed:26075826). Enhanced susceptibility to the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato DC3000 (PubMed:22199234, PubMed:23526882). The double mutant plants lox1 and lox5 exhibit enhanced susceptibility to the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato DC3000 and the biotrophic powdery mildew pathogen Golovinomyces cichoracearum (PubMed:26417008).
Seedlings, roots, leaves, and flowers (at protein level) (PubMed:12232208, PubMed:17369372, PubMed:7506426, Ref.7). Expressed in guard cells (PubMed:23526882).
Transiently expressed during germination, within 1 day after imbibition, especially in the epidermis and the aleurone layer. Later present in the epidermis of the radicle and the adaxial side of the cotyledons. In roots, confined to the pericycle cells and in the lateral root primordia (LRP), and declined at the time of lateral root emergence. Expression is greatly increased in leaves during leaf senescence.
Induced by type III effector proteins (TTEs) secreted by the pathogenic bacteria P.syringae pv. tomato DC3000 during basal defense.
The double mutant nac050 nac052 exhibits early flowering and increased H3K4 methylation on specific genes, thus leading to their derepression (PubMed:25578968). Impaired pollen development (PubMed:19237690). Impaired RNA-mediated gene silencing (PubMed:26617990).
Transcriptional repressor that binds to the motif 5'-(C/T)A(C/A)G-3' in the promoter of target genes (PubMed:25578968). Binds also to the 5'-CTTGNNNNNCAAG-3' consensus sequence in chromatin (PubMed:26617990). Can bind to the mitochondrial dysfunction motif (MDM) present in the upstream regions of mitochondrial dysfunction stimulon (MDS) genes involved in mitochondrial retrograde regulation (MRR) (PubMed:24045019). Together with NAC050 and JMJ14, regulates gene expression and flowering time by associating with the histone demethylase JMJ14, probably by the promotion of RNA-mediated gene silencing (PubMed:25578968, PubMed:26617990). Regulates siRNA-dependent post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) through SGS3 expression modulation (PubMed:28207953). Required during pollen development (PubMed:19237690).
Catalyzes the oxidation of cytokinins, a family of N(6)-substituted adenine derivatives that are plant hormones, where the substituent is an isopentenyl group (PubMed:14555694). Modulates asymmetric cytokinin signaling in emerged lateral roots (PubMed:31387989). Its activity determines cell elongation and number in emerged lateral roots and defines angular growth of lateral roots (PubMed:31387989).
Expressed in the shoot apex, in stipules, and occasionally in the most apical part of the inflorescence stems. Not detected in roots.
Dwarf in spk1-1 and spk1-5 (PubMed:22683260). Seedling lethal with trichome, cotyledon, and leaf-shape defects due to a misregulation of laterally clustered foci of microtubules and polarized growth in epidermal cells. Sporophytic sterility. Trichomes show a reduced branch number and an irregular swelling along the stalk and branches (PubMed:11826302, PubMed:18308939). Long and narrow petals, as well as increased anisotropic cell expansion of petal epidermis during flower development, as a result of increased microtubule ordering in petal abaxial epidermal cells (PubMed:31623377). Enlarged endoplasmic reticulum (ER) cisternae and constitutively activated ER stress response (PubMed:21109438). Increased lateral root density and retarded gravitropic responses associated with PIN2 internalization. In spk1-4, enhanced cell shape changes induced by ROP6 overexpression, and reduced active ROP6 (GTP-bound) levels (PubMed:22683260).
Expressed ubiquitously, in roots and aerial organs.
Guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for Rho and Rac. GEF proteins activate small GTPases by exchanging bound GDP for free GTP. Controls actin polymerization via the two heteromeric complexes WAVE and actin-related protein (ARP) 2/3 (PubMed:18308939). Involved in cytoskeletal reorganization required for cell shape (e.g. trichome and cotyledon) control and tissue development (PubMed:11826302). Prevents cortical microtubules organization into parallel arrays oriented perpendicular to the axis of cell elongation to limit anisotropic cell growth during petal development, probably by triggering ARAC4/ROP2 and ARAC3/ROP6 activity (PubMed:31623377). Promotes polarized growth and cell-cell adhesion in the leaf epidermis probably by promoting the formation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) exit site (ERES) and/or trafficking between the ER and Golgi (PubMed:21109438). Triggers ARAC3/ROP6 activation required for auxin-mediated inhibition of PIN2 internalization during gravitropic responses (, PubMed:22683260).
Homodimer. Component of SCAR/WAVE and ARP2/3 complexes. Interacts directly with ARAC4/ROP2, ARAC1/ROP3, ARAC5/ROP4, ARAC6/ROP5, ARAC8/ROP10, ARAC9/ROP8, SCAR1, SCAR2, SCAR3, SCAR4, ABI1, ABI2, ABI3 and ABI4 (PubMed:17267444, PubMed:18308939). Binds to the inactive GDP-bound form of ARAC3/ROP6 (PubMed:22683260).
The DOCKER domain may mediate some GEF activity.
Interacts with SIZ1 (via PHD domain) and MMS21 (PubMed:18502747, PubMed:19682286). Interacts with TCP14 and TCP15 (PubMed:29250092). Interacts with KIN10 (PubMed:20855607, PubMed:26662259).
SUMO-conjugating enzyme that accepts the SUMO proteins from the E1 SUMO-activating heterodimer SAE1/SAE2 and catalyzes its covalent attachment to other proteins with the E3 SUMO ligases SIZ1 and MMS21. Associates with SIZ1 for sumoylation of the transcription factor GTE3.
Transaminase involved in tyrosine breakdown. Converts tyrosine to 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)pyruvate. Can catalyze the reverse reaction, using L-glutamate in vitro. Can convert phenylalanine to phenylpyruvate and catalyze the reverse reaction in vitro.
Negatively regulated by microRNAs miR156 and miR157 (Probable). Up-regulated by Turnip mosaic virus P1/HC-Pro protein, that acts as an antagonist of miR156.
Detected early after abscisic acid (ABA) treatment or after dehydration and high-salt stresses. Induced by UV treatment. Up-regulated by methyl jasmonate and herbivory.
Down-regulated by KIN10 that controls its protein stability under a phosphorylation-dependent manner.
Homotetramer. Tetramerization enhances DNA binding affinity (PubMed:28514654). Interacts (via N-terminus) with RGA, (via TAD domain) with the mediator subunit MED25, with TIC, MYC3, AFPH2/NINJA and the JAZ repressors TIFY10A/JAZ1, TIFY10B/JAZ2, TIFY6B/JAZ3, TIFY6A/JAZ4, TIFY11A/JAZ5, TIFY11B/JAZ6, TIFY5A/JAZ8, TIFY7/JAZ9, TIFY9/JAZ10, TIFY3A/JAZ11 and TIFY3B/JAZ12. Interacts with JAZ13 (via jas motif) (PubMed:25846245). Interacts with MYB28, MYB29, MYB34, MYB51, MYB76, MYB122 and mybe MYB2. Interacts with PYL6 in the nucleus. Interaction with PYL6 is increased in the presence of abscisic acid (PubMed:27357749). Interacts with KIN10 (PubMed:24890857).
Minor effect on jasmonic acid response and no effect on glucosinolate biosynthesis, but decreased abscisic acid sensitivity. Myc2 and myc3 double mutant has an increased insensitivity to jasmonic acid. Myc2 and myc4 double mutant has an increased insensitivity to jasmonic acid. Myc2, myc3 and myc4 triple mutant has no jasmonate-related defense response, is devoid of glucosinolates and is extremely susceptible to generalist herbivores.
The C-terminal half contains an active nuclear localization signal (NLS).
The JAZ-interaction domain (JID) (93-160) is sufficient for interaction with MYB proteins and most of the TIFY/JAZ proteins (PubMed:21335373, PubMed:23943862).
The phosphorylation at Thr-328 is increased by methyl jasmonate treatment, facilitates the proteolysis of the protein and is coupled to transcriptional activity (PubMed:23593022). The phosphorylation at Ser-563 by KIN10 represses its activity in the regulation of ABA-inducible genes (PubMed:24890857).
The transcriptional activation domain (TAD) (149-188) overlaps with the destruction element (DE) (154-165).
Transcriptional activator. Common transcription factor of light, abscisic acid (ABA), and jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathways. With MYC3 and MYC4, controls additively subsets of JA-dependent responses. In cooperation with MYB2 is involved in the regulation of ABA-inducible genes under drought stress conditions. Can form complexes with all known glucosinolate-related MYBs to regulate glucosinolate biosynthesis. Binds to the MYC recognition site (5'-CACATG-3'), and to the G-box (5'-CACNTG-3') and Z-box (5'-ATACGTGT-3') of promoters. Binds directly to the promoters of the transcription factors PLETHORA1 (PLT1) and PLT2 and represses their expression. Negative regulator of blue light-mediated photomorphogenic growth and blue- and far-red-light regulated gene expression. Activates multiple TIFY/JAZ promoters. Positive regulator of lateral root formation. Regulates sesquiterpene biosynthesis. Subjected to proteasome-dependent proteolysis. The presence of the destruction element (DE) involved in turnover is required for the function to regulate gene transcription.
Widely expressed in the whole plant with the highest expression in stem. Constitutively expressed in dark- and light-grown seedlings.
Interacts with ATG4B (PubMed:15178341). Interacts with NBR1 (PubMed:21606687).
The C-terminal 3 residues are removed by ATG4 to expose Gly-117 at the C-terminus. This Gly-117 forms then a thioester bond with the 'Cys-558' of ATG7 (E1-like activating enzyme) before being transferred to the 'Cys-258' of ATG3 (the specific E2 conjugating enzyme), in order to be finally amidated with phosphatidylethanolamine. This lipid modification anchors ATG8 to autophagosomes.
Both isoform 1 and isoform 2 interact with poly(A)+ RNA in nucleus.
By both biotic and abiotic stresses (e.g. ozone, oxidative chemicals and pathogens such as virulent and avirulent Pseudomonas syringae).
Expressed in roots, leaves, stems, flowers, siliques, and seedlings. Present in immature anther tissues (tapetum cells) and mature pollen grains.
GTP-binding protein involved in protein trafficking; may modulate vesicle budding and uncoating within the Golgi apparatus.
Interacts with GRIP; but preferentially when bound to GTP.
Circadian-regulation. Expression is higher during the late light phase than during the dark phase.
Component of an E3 ubiquitin ligase complex that plays a central role in blue light-dependent circadian cycles. Acts as a blue light photoreceptor, due to the presence of FMN, that mediates light-regulated protein degradation of critical clock components by targeting them to the proteasome complex. The SCF(ADO3) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex is involved in the regulation of circadian clock-dependent processes including transition to flowering time, hypocotyl elongation, cotyledons and leaf movement rhythms. Forms a complex with 'GIGANTEA' (GI) to regulate 'CONSTANS' (CO) expression. Promotes CO expression during the light period of long days by decreasing the stability of CDF1 and CDF2 and by interacting directly with the CO protein and stabilizing it. ADO3 function is mainly GI dependent. Does not act as a regulator of CDF1 transcription. The interactions of ADO1/ZTL and ADO2 with ADO3 prevent its interaction with CDF1.
Highly expressed in stomata and leaves and to a lower extent in seeds, roots, rosettes, stems and siliques. Also present in sepals and anther filaments.
Interacts with ADO1 (via Kelch repeats), ADO2 (via Kelch repeats), SKP1A/ASK1, SKP1B/ASK2, ASK3, SKP1K/ASK11, ASK12, ASK13 and SKP1N/ASK14. Interacts (via Kelch repeats) with CDF1, CDF2 and CDF3. Interacts (via N-terminus) with CO and GI (via N-terminus) in a blue-light-dependent manner.
Invertase that cleaves sucrose into glucose and fructose.
Part of a translocon most abundantly expressed in etiolated plants and involved in the protochlorophyllide-dependent import of the precursor NADPH:protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase A (pPORA).
Belongs to the class-II aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family. Alax-L subfamily.
Expressed in the whole plant, but preferentially in roots.
Pathogen and elicitor-induced. Up-regulated transiently by a cold treatment.
Interacts with MOM1 (PubMed:27113777). Component of the ASI1-AIPP1-EDM2 (AAE) RNA regulatory complex composed of at least AIPP1/EDM3, ASI1 and EDM2 and may contain CPL2, AIPP2 and AIPP3/BDT1 (PubMed:28808009). Part of the BAH-PHD bivalent histone reader complex that contains AIPP2, PAIPP2 and AIPP3/BDT1; the BAH-PHD module associates with CPL2 to form the BAH-PHD-CPL2 complex (BPC) for transcriptional repression (PubMed:33277495). Binds directly to CPL2, PHD1, PAIPP2/PHD2, AIPP2/PHD3, PHD4, PHD5 and PHD6 (PubMed:28808009, PubMed:33433058, PubMed:33277495).
The BAH domain (129-248) recognizes specifically histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) hallmarks, binding affinity being proportionnal to H3K27 methylation level.
The mutant aipp3-1 exhibits multiple developmental defects, such as a dwarfed size, early flowering, small leaves and poor fertility (PubMed:33277495). Accelerated flowering time under long-day conditions (PubMed:33433058). Abnormally up-regulated expression of many genes localized at H3K27me3 and low-methylated H3K4 enriched loci associated with an higher accumulation of activated RNA polymerase II phosphorylated at 'Ser-5' (Ser5P-Pol II) (PubMed:33277495, PubMed:33433058). No impact on vernalization (PubMed:28584114). Enhanced accumulation of intronic heterochromatin (HC)-containing genes functional full-length transcripts (e.g. IBM1, At3g05410 and RPP7) (PubMed:28808009). Increased expression of At4g16870, a transposable element (TE) of Copia-like retrotransposon origin, associated with methylated status (PubMed:28808009).
Transcriptional repressor (PubMed:33433058). Together with PHD finger-containing proteins (e.g. PHD1, PAIPP2/PHD2, AIPP2/PHD3, PHD4, PHD5 and PHD6), cooperates to form a BAH-PHD bivalent histone reader complex able to read histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) and low-methylated H3K4 histone marks in order to regulate transcription, especially to prevent early flowering; H3K27me3 reader of this complex (PubMed:33277495, PubMed:33433058). CPL2 is subsequently recruited to form a BAH-PHD-CPL2 complex (BPC) in order to silence several H3K27me3 and low-methylated H3K4 enriched loci, including AGO5, via the phosphorylation state-dependent inhibition of Pol II release from the transcriptional start site (e.g. Ser5P-Pol II dephosphorylation) (PubMed:33277495, PubMed:33433058). The BPC complex represses flowering by inhibiting the expression of several genes, including AGL6, FT, FUL and SOC1 (PubMed:33277495, PubMed:33433058). Prevents the accumulation of intronic heterochromatin-containing genes (e.g. IBM1, At3g05410 and RPP7) (PubMed:28808009). Seems to not be involved in vernalization establishment, by contrast to orthologs in grass plants (PubMed:28584114).
Highly expressed in dry seeds. Expressed at low levels in roots, rosette and cauline leaves, stems and flowers.
May function in the anterograde transport of protein from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi complex and in the retrograde transport from the Golgi complex to the ER.
Expressed in embryo and in extraembryonic tissues (PubMed:16763149). Expressed in inflorescences, flowers, floral meristems, developing anthers and ovules (PubMed:16461579). Detected in the vascular tissues, shoot apical meristem, cotyledons and young leaves (PubMed:23444332). Expressed ubiquitously in the pistils, stamens and pollens (PubMed:25378179).
Expressed in the embryo proper during early embryogenesis and in the developing vasculature in later stages (PubMed:16763149). Expressed dinamically in the proximal region and in the nucellus during ovule development and mainly observed in the nucellus in mature ovules (PubMed:25378179).
No visible phenotype, due to the redundancy with the other TPR proteins.
Tetramer (PubMed:26601214). Homodimer (PubMed:28698367). Interacts (via the LisH domain) with WUS (via the C-terminal domain) (PubMed:16461579). Interacts with NINJA/AFPH2 (PubMed:20360743, PubMed:24416306). Interacts with IAA1; IAA2; IAA3; IAA4; IAA6; IAA8; IAA9; IAA11; IAA13; IAA14; IAA17; IAA18; IAA26; IAA27 and IAA28 (PubMed:18258861). Interacts (via the LisH domain) with IAA12/BDL (via domain I) (PubMed:18258861). Can form a complex with IAA12 and ARF5 (PubMed:20360743). Interacts with AP2 (via EAR motif) and HDA19 (PubMed:23034631). Interacts with TIFY5A/JAZ8 (via EAR motif) (PubMed:22327740). Interacts with SPEAR3/TIE1 (PubMed:23444332). Interacts with SPL (via EAR motif) (PubMed:25527103, PubMed:25378179). Interacts with ZAT2 and ZAT3 (via the EAR motif) (PubMed:24876252). Interacts with JAZ13 (via EAR motif) (PubMed:25846245, PubMed:16461579, PubMed:18258861, PubMed:20360743, PubMed:22327740, PubMed:23034631, PubMed:23444332, PubMed:24416306, PubMed:24876252, PubMed:25378179, PubMed:25527103, PubMed:26601214). Interacts with GIR1 and GIR2 (PubMed:28526412).
The tpl-1 gain-of-function allele is suppressed by mutations in the histone acetyltransferase HAG1 gene. The tpl-1 gain-of-function allele suppresses developmental defects in IAA12/BDL mutants.
Transcriptional corepressor. May repress the expression of root-promoting genes in the top half of the embryo to allow proper differentiation of the shoot pole during the transition stage of embryogenesis. Regulates the expression of PLT1 and PLT2. Negative regulator of jasmonate responses. Negative regulator of auxin responses. Negative regulator of multiple floral organ identity genes (PubMed:23034631). Required for ovule development (PubMed:25378179).
Major role in the synthesis of nucleoside triphosphates other than ATP. The ATP gamma phosphate is transferred to the NDP beta phosphate via a ping-pong mechanism, using a phosphorylated active-site intermediate. Shows the highest specificity towards GDP (By similarity).
Cleavage after Gly-152 by AvrRpt2 is critical for the release of RIN4 from the membrane and its subsequent proteasome-dependent elimination.
Essential regulator of plant defense, which plays a central role in resistance in case of infection by a pathogen. It is a common target for both type III avirulence proteins from P.syringae (AvrB, AvrRpm1 and AvrRpt2) and for the plant Resistance (R) proteins RPM1 and RPS2. In strains carrying the appropriate R gene for avirulence proteins of the pathogen, its association with avirulence proteins triggers a defense system including the hypersensitive response, which limits the spread of disease. In contrast, in plants lacking appropriate R genes, its association with avirulence proteins of the pathogen impairs the defense system and leads to the pathogen multiplication.
Interacts with the unrelated avirulence proteins AvrB, AvrRpm1 and AvrRpt2 from P.syringae. Interacts with the N-terminal domain of PRM1. Interacts indirectly with RPS2. Its association with AvrB and AvrRpm1 results in its phosphorylation, which is in turn recognized by the resistance RPM1 protein, leading to the activation of RPM1-dependent disease resistance responses. On the other hand, its association with AvrRpt2 results in its destruction, which activates RPS2-dependent disease resistance responses. Interacts (via C-terminus) with NDR1. Interaction with NDR1 is required for association with RPS2 and RPS2-mediated resistance (PubMed:11955429, PubMed:12581526, PubMed:12581527, PubMed:15746386, PubMed:17012600, PubMed:17397263). Interacts with RIPK (PubMed:21320696).
Palmitoylation is required for membrane localization. It is uncertain whether Cys-203, Cys-204 or Cys-205 is palmitoylated.
Phosphorylated following the interaction with the Pseudomonas syringae effectors AvrB or AvrRpm1 (PubMed:11955429). Phosphorylated at Thr-21, Ser-160 and Thr-166 by RIPK following interaction with the effectors AvrB or AvrRpm1 (PubMed:21320696).
Heterodimers (PubMed:29272523). Interacts with WIH1/CYSTM13 (PubMed:29272523).
Induced by heat in shoots (PubMed:29272523). Repressed in roots in response to drought, oxidation stress and salt (PubMed:29272523).
Mostly expressed in roots and flowers and, to a lower extent, in stems, siliques and leaves.
Embryonic lethality due to division arrest before the globular stage.
Expressed in roots, stems, leaves and flowers. Expressed in tips of growing root hair cells.
Regulator of membrane trafficking. May be required for secretion of cell wall components in cells.
Predominantly expressed in flower buds and stem.
During leaf developlement, expressed in young leaf primordia, hydathodes of young leaf tips, hydathodes of the lobes in maturating leaves and lamina within the minor veins in adult leaves. During flower development, expressed in developing stamens, germinating pollen grains, ovules and developing seeds.
Expressed in roots, stems, leaves, pollen and siliques.
Induced by UVB, wounding, ethylene and methyl jasmonate (PubMed:12218065). Induced by salt stress and heat shock (PubMed:12218065, PubMed:20383645). Induced by aluminum (PubMed:25627216).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant seedling are hyper-responsive to auxin in hypocotyl growth inhibition (PubMed:20383645). No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant seedling exhibit reduced drought tolerance (PubMed:23547968). No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but the double mutants camta1 and camta3 are impaired in freezing tolerance (PubMed:19270186). No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but the double mutants camt1 and camt3 exhibit semi-dwarf phenotypes (PubMed:19270186, PubMed:23581962).
The two IQ domains are probably not interacting with calcium/calmodulin.
Transcription activator that binds calmodulin in a calcium-dependent manner in vitro (PubMed:11925432). Binds to the DNA consensus sequence 5'-[ACG]CGCG[GTC]-3' (By similarity). Regulates transcriptional activity in response to calcium signals (Probable). Involved in freezing tolerance (PubMed:19270186). Involved in freezing tolerance in association with CAMTA2 and CAMTA3. Contributes together with CAMTA2 and CAMTA3 to the positive regulation of the cold-induced expression of DREB1A/CBF3, DREB1B/CBF1 and DREB1C/CBF2 (PubMed:23581962). Involved in drought stress responses by regulating several drought-responsive genes (PubMed:23547968). Involved in auxin signaling and responses to abiotic stresses (PubMed:20383645). Activates the expression of the V-PPase proton pump AVP1 in pollen (PubMed:14581622).
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. Trm1 family.
Dimethylates a single guanine residue at position 26 of most tRNAs using S-adenosyl-L-methionine as donor of the methyl groups.
May have a structural role to stabilize the lipid body during desiccation of the seed by preventing coalescence of the oil. Probably interacts with both lipid and phospholipid moieties of lipid bodies. May also provide recognition signals for specific lipase anchorage in lipolysis during seedling growth.
Belongs to the BPG-independent phosphoglycerate mutase family.
Catalyzes the interconversion of 2-phosphoglycerate (2-PGA) and 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PGA) (PubMed:21813794). Required for guard cell function (e.g. blue light-, abscisic acid- (ABA), and low CO(2)-regulated stomatal movements) and fertility (e.g. pollen grains production) (PubMed:21813794).
No visible phenotype (PubMed:21813794). Plants missing both PGM1 and PGM2 have no detectable phosphoglycerate mutase activity and show defects in blue light-, abscisic acid- (ABA), and low CO(2)-regulated stomatal movements (PubMed:21813794). The double mutant ipgam1 ipgam2 exhibits a severely impaired vegetative growth with pale reticulate leaves and don't produce pollen (PubMed:21813794).
Converts lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) into phosphatidic acid by incorporating acyl moiety at the 2 position. Has preference for C-18-CoA substrates compared to C-16-CoA substrates.
Interacts with the helicase domain of the tobamovirus (TMV) and the tobacco etch virus (TEV) replicases.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but the mutant plants die rapidly after challenges with the turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) and turnip vein clearing virus (TVCV). The double mutant erdj3b and p58ipk is male gametophytic lethal.
Plays an important positive role in viral symptom development and is required for viral multiplication and pathogenesis.
Involved in nucleolar processing of pre-18S ribosomal RNA.
Belongs to the archaeal rpoM/eukaryotic RPA12/RPB9/RPC11 RNA polymerase family.
Cleaves peptides in various proteins in a process that requires ATP hydrolysis. Has a chymotrypsin-like activity. Plays a major role in the degradation of misfolded proteins (By similarity). In the absence of CLPP3, modified ClpPR core(s) could be formed, albeit at strongly reduced levels (PubMed:23548781).
Component of the chloroplastic Clp protease core complex which consist of at least 16 proteins: CLPP4 (3 copies), CLPP5 (3 copies), CLPR4 (2 copies), ClpP1 (1 copy), CLPP6 (1 copy), CLPR2 (1 copy), CLPT1 (1 copy), CLPT2 (1 copy) and 3 copies of CLPP3 and/or CLPR1 and/or CLPR3 (PubMed:11278690, PubMed:14593120, PubMed:16766689). The core complex is organized in two heptameric rings, one containing CLPP3,4,5,6 in a 1:2:3:1 ratio and the other CLPP1 and CLPR1,2,3,4 in a 3:1:1:1:1 ratio (PubMed:21712416). Interacts with CHIP (PubMed:26085677).
Delayed embryo development and seedling lethality. Can be rescued by adding sugars to the growth medium.
Repressed in darkness. Accumulates during leaf senescence. Induced during cold acclimation (at protein level).
No visible phenotype in terms of overall growth, salt sensitivity and flowering time. Early flowering time and salt sensitivity in ulp1d/ots1 and ulp1c/ots2 double mutants.
Protease that catalyzes two essential functions in the SUMO pathway: processing of full-length SUMOs to their mature forms and deconjugation of SUMO from targeted proteins. Cleaves precursors of SUM1 and SUM2, but not of SUM3 or SUM5. Able to release SUM1 and SUM2 from conjugates, but unable to cleave SUM3. Protease activity mainly directed at deconjugating SUM1 and SUM2 from their target proteins. Regulates salt stress responses and flowering time. Redundant with ULP1D.
The N-terminal regulatory domain is not required for peptidase activity in vitro.
Binds to RGF peptides such as RGF1, GLV5/CLEL1/RGF2, GLV7/CLEL3/RGF3, GLV3/RGF4, GLV10/CLEL7/RGF5 and RGF10/CLELN; these interactions trigger the formation of heterodimers with SERK1 (PubMed:27001831, PubMed:27229311). Interacts with UBP13 (PubMed:29339500).
Phosphorylated and ubiquitinated upon interaction with RGF1, thus leading to activation a subsequent degradation (By similarity). Stabilized by UBP12 and UBP13-mediated deubiquitination (By similarity).
Specific to root meristems, especially in lateral root meristems (LRM).
Together with RGI1, RGI3, RGI4 and RGI5, acts as receptor of RGF peptides (e.g. RGF1, GLV5/CLEL1/RGF2, GLV7/CLEL3/RGF3, GLV3/RGF4, GLV10/CLEL7/RGF5 and RGF10/CLELN), peptide hormones which maintain the postembryonic root stem cell niche by regulating the expression levels and patterns of the transcription factor PLETHORA (PLT, e.g. PLT1 and PLT2) (PubMed:27229312, PubMed:27229311, PubMed:27001831). Links RGF peptides signal with their downstream components (PubMed:27229311, PubMed:27001831).
Belongs to the Orn/Lys/Arg decarboxylase class-II family. LysA subfamily.
Specifically catalyzes the decarboxylation of meso-diaminopimelate (meso-DAP) to L-lysine.
Belongs to the pseudouridine synthase TruB family.
Accumulates during seed development in embryo cell types and in endosperm tissue.
Altered response to blue light (BL) and abscisic acid (ABA).
Component of the NF-Y/HAP transcription factor complex. The NF-Y complex stimulates the transcription of various genes by recognizing and binding to a CCAAT motif in promoters. Acts as a central regulator of the embryogenesis. Required for the speciation of cotyledon identity and the completion of embryo maturation. Controls seed storage protein genes through the regulation of FUS3 and ABI3. Involved in the blue light (BL) and abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathways.
Expressed in green siliques. Present in etiolated seedlings.
Heterotrimeric transcription factor composed of three components, NF-YA, NF-YB and NF-YC. NF-YB and NF-YC must interact and dimerize for NF-YA association and DNA binding (By similarity). Interacts with PRN1.
Chromatin remodeling factor that binds to methylated histone (e.g. H3K4me2/3) to prevent their acetylation (e.g. H3K9K14Ac), likely by recruiting histone deacetylase (HDAC) complexes, and thus regulating the transcription of target genes (PubMed:25281686). Negative regulator in developmental processes in a gibberellic acid- (GA-) dependent manner, such as germination, flowering induction, and flower organ specification, probably by modulating developmental gene expression (PubMed:11340178, PubMed:25281686). Involved in the chromatin-mediated repression of floral initiation and controls genes regulating flowering (PubMed:25281686). Negatively regulates the expression of the floral integrator FT epigenetically, by preventing high levels of H3 acetylation, thus maintaining an inactive chromatin conformation at FT locus (PubMed:25281686, PubMed:12837946).
Expressed at all stages of development, from seedlings to adult reproductive phase, throughout the shoot apical meristem and young primordia.
Expressed ubiquitously, with higher levels in floral buds.
Higher H3K9K14 acetylation in the genomic region of the FT locus leading to an enhanced accumulation (PubMed:25281686, PubMed:12837946). In ebs-2, acceleration of flowering associated with a shorter adult vegetative phase (PubMed:11340178, PubMed:12837946, PubMed:25281686). Other developmental defects include smaller leaves and siliques, reduction in seed dormancy, plant size, and fertility, and partial suppression of LEAFY disruption (e.g. lfy-6) effects (PubMed:11340178, PubMed:25281686).
Recognizes di- and trimethylated histone H3 at lysine 4 (H3K4me2 and H3K4me3). Interacts with HDA6.
By cadmium (Cd). Not induced under sulfur-deficient conditions. Repressed in trichomes in response to NaCl treatment.
Homomultimer (By similarity). Interacts with OASA1 and CYP20-3. Component of the cysteine synthase complex (CSC) composed of two OAS-TL dimers and one SAT hexamer.
Mostly expressed in leaves. Localized in cortex, trichomes and vascular tissues, particularly in phloem.
Serine acetyltransferase which catalyzes the formation of O-acetyl-L-serine from acetyl-CoA and L-serine (PubMed:7851429, PubMed:9830017). Also displays O-acetylserine (thio1)-lyase activity in vitro (PubMed:7851429). May be involved in detoxification process by mediating the production of glutathione.
By salicylic acid (SA) or by a bacterial pathogen infection.
Expressed in a ring surrounding the center of meristems extended in the cortex of developing stems and older pedicels. Present in all developing floral organs, especially in anthers and gynoecium. Observed in anthers at stage 2 in the archesporial cells. At stage 3, localized in the primary sporogenous and primary parietal cells. Subsequently preferentially expressed in the sporogenous cells at anther stage 4. Later restricted to the tapetum and pollen mother cells (PMCs) before disappearing progressively.
Expressed in seedlings, roots, leaves, inflorescences, flowers and siliques.
Rescues partially CLV3 disruption. When associated with BAM2 disruption, abnormal anthers at a very early stage and later lack of endothecium, middle and tapetum layers. Loss of stem cells at the shoot and flower meristems.
Self-interacts and interacts with BAM2 and CLV1. Binds to the CLV3, CLE5, CLE11, CLE18, CLE19, CLE22, CLE25, CLE26, CLE40, CLE41 and CLE42 mature peptides, probably via its extracellular leucine-rich repeat region.
Acts as positive regulator of seedling photomorphogenesis. Plays a negative role in brassinosteroid responses.
COP1-mediated ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of BBX20 occurs in the dark.
Interacts with MED25 (PubMed:21343311) and COP1 (PubMed:22535582).
Transcription factor involved in the negative regulation of flowering time in short days, probably through the photoperiodic and vernalization pathways. Prevents premature flowering, particularly in the cv. Landsberg erecta background. In non-inductive photoperiods (e.g. short days), required for flowering through VIL2-mediated maintenance of the epigenetically repressed state of MAF5 via H3K9me2 and plant homeodomain / polycomb repressive complex 2 (PHD-PRC2)-dependent H3K27me3.
Up-regulated by vernalization. Repressed by VIL2, AGL6, CLF, EMF2 and FIE via epigenetic chromatin H3K27me3 and H3K9me2 regulation during the vegetative development.
Involved in the early secretory pathway. Required for the correct export of secretory products from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and involved in the maintenance of ER integrity.
Accumulates progressively in floral nectaries during maturation, reaching highest levels during maximal nectar secretion.
Forms heterooligomers with SWEET1, SWEET5, SWEET8, SWEET11, SWEET13, SWEET16 and SWEET17.
In sweet9-1, reduced nectar production accompanied by starch accumulation in nectaries.
Mediates both low-affinity uptake and efflux of sugar across the plasma membrane (By similarity). Nectary-specific sugar transporter required for nectar production by mediating the secretion of sucrose from the nectary parenchyma to the extracellular space.
Specifically expressed in nectaries, mostly in the lower half of nectary parenchyma.
Interacts directly or indirectly with NAI2.
May sequester excess cytosolic iron and manganese into endoplasmic reticulum to reduce metal ion toxicity. Not essential for the accumulation of ER body components, including PYK10.
No visible phenotype and no effect on pathogen sensitivity.
Expressed during pollen germination and tube growth.
PA2 catalyzes the calcium-dependent hydrolysis of the 2-acyl groups in 3-sn-phosphoglycerides. Releases lysophospholipids (LPLs) and free fatty acids (FFAs) from membrane phospholipids in response to hormones and other external stimuli. Plays a role in pollen development and germination and tube growth.
Strongly expressed in mature flowers but weakly expressed in other tissues. Detected in buds, open flowers and in pollen.
The enzyme has a slight preference for phosphatidylethanolamine over phosphatidylcholine.
Expressed in young flower meristems, ovules and the carpel margin meristem.
Forms corepressor complexes with LUH; LUH is the transcription repressor subunit and SLK1 the specific DNA-binding adapters.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but the double mutants seu and slk1 are short in stature, sterile and display strong disruptions of floral development and high frequency of female gametophyte disruption (PubMed:20007451). Enhanced tolerance to salt and osmotic stress conditions (PubMed:24564815).
Probable transcription regulator that functions in the development of the carpel margin meristem similarly to SEUSS (SEU). In association with SEU, supports organ development from meristematic regions by facilitating auxin response and thus organ initiation, and by sustaining meristematic potential through the maintenance of PHABULOSA expression (PubMed:20007451). DNA-binding adapter subunit of the SEU-SLK1 transcriptional corepressor of abiotic stress (e.g. salt and osmotic stress) response genes (PubMed:24564815).
Belongs to the tRNA-intron endonuclease family.
Constitutes one of the two catalytic subunit of the tRNA-splicing endonuclease complex, a complex responsible for identification and cleavage of the splice sites in pre-tRNA. It cleaves pre-tRNA at the 5'- and 3'-splice sites to release the intron. The products are an intron and two tRNA half-molecules bearing 2',3'-cyclic phosphate and 5'-OH termini. There are no conserved sequences at the splice sites, but the intron is invariably located at the same site in the gene, placing the splice sites an invariant distance from the constant structural features of the tRNA body. Probably carries the active site for 5'-splice site cleavage (By similarity).
tRNA splicing endonuclease is a heterotetramer composed of SEN2, SEN15, SEN34/LENG5 and SEN54.
May be involved in the regulation of ethylene receptor signaling. Promotes cell expansion and plant growth.
Plants silencing SAUR77 exhibit increased sensitivity to ethylene, while plants over-expressing SAUR77 display reduced ethylene sensitivity. Plants over-expressing SAUR77 exhibit increased rosette diameters.
The article by Li et al was retracted by the editors after publication. Concerns were raised regarding a number of figure panels, such as partial overlap between the panels and duplication of protein gel analysis.
Endomembrane-localized H(+)-dependent K(+) and Na(+) transporter. May have a function associated with the pollen vacuole during tube elongation and polarized top growth.
Up-regulated by exogenous Na(+), K(+) and Mn(2+).
Down-regulated by microRNA 408 (miR408) via AGO1 and AGO2 in response to low copper availability.
Expressed in style and papilla cells when pollination occurs. Detected in the mature embryo sacs of ovules before and after fertilization.
Expressed in the inflorescence and in the transmitting tract of the pistil. Detected in roots, stems, cauline leaves, cotyledons, hypocotyls, guard cells, pistils, sepals, stamen filaments and vascular bundles of roots but not of leaves. Not expressed in petals, anthers or pollen.
Forms a concentration gradient along the pollen tube growth path, with a lower level in the stigma papilla cell wall and a higher level in the transmitting tract extracellular matix of the style.
Expressed in seedlings, roots, cauline leaves, flowers and siliques.
Expressed in the apical parts of the developing gynoecium. In carpels, first observed at late development stage in the most apical parts of the open-ended gynoecium. Accumulates in differentiating style and stigmatic tissues. Not expressed in the stigma after fertilization but remains in the style until full silique maturation. Also detected in anthers. In seedlings, present in the shoot apex and in cotyledons, leaf primordia, stipules, hydathodes and in primordia of lateral roots. Detected in developing trichomes and in leaf and pedicel attachment sites.
No visible phenotype. The double mutant sty1-1 and sty2-1 has a reduction in the amount of stylar and stigmatic tissues and decreased proliferation of stylar xylem, as well as shorter siliques and rosette and cauline leaves with a higher degree of serration. Hypersensitive to 1-N-naphthylphtalamic acid (NPA), but restored by exogenous application of auxin.
Transcription activator that binds DNA on 5'-ACTCTAC-3' and promotes auxin homeostasis-regulating gene expression (e.g. YUC genes), as well as genes affecting stamen development, cell expansion and timing of flowering. Synergistically with other SHI-related proteins, regulates gynoecium, stamen and leaf development in a dose-dependent manner, controlling apical-basal patterning. Promotes style and stigma formation, and influence vascular development during gynoecium development. May also have a role in the formation and/or maintenance of the shoot apical meristem (SAM).
Displays a dual function. As a soluble protein, exhibits glutathione-dependent thiol transferase and dehydroascorbate (DHA) reductase activities (PubMed:12077129). Key component of the ascorbate recycling system. Involved in the redox homeostasis, especially in scavenging of ROS under oxidative stresses, subsequently to biotic or abiotic inducers (PubMed:16262714). As a peripheral membrane protein, could also function as voltage-gated ion channel (PubMed:17267397).
Induced by jasmonic acid (JA), oxidative chemical stresses (e.g. norflurazon, menadione, paraquat, and antimycin A), and during photosynthetic operation in the light. Also up-regulated by insects such as Pieris rapae in a JA-dependent manner.
May change from a globular, soluble state to a state where the N-terminal domain is inserted into the membrane and functions as ion channel. A conformation change of the N-terminal domain is thought to expose hydrophobic surfaces that trigger membrane insertion (By similarity).
Monomer (PubMed:12077129). Interacts with copper (Cu) (PubMed:16526091).
Spontaneous S-glutathionylation in the presence of oxidized glutathione (GSSG).
Core component of at least two putative endosomal tethering complexes, the homotypic fusion and vacuole protein sorting (HOPS) complex and the class C core vacuole/endosome tethering (CORVET) complex. Their common core is composed of the class C Vps proteins VPS11, VCL1, VPS18 and VPS33, which in HOPS further associates with VPS39 and VPS41 and in CORVET with VPS3.
Essential protein required during embryogenesis. Believed to act as a core component of the putative HOPS endosomal tethering complex and of the class C core vacuole/endosome tethering (CORVET) complex. CORVET is required for vacuolar transport of SYP22. HOPS is required for the central vacuole formation. Involved in root development (PubMed:29463724). Plays a role in vesicle-mediated protein trafficking to lysosomal compartments including the endocytic membrane transport pathways (By similarity).
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the gamma-glutamyl phosphate reductase family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the glutamate 5-kinase family.
P5CS plays a key role in proline biosynthesis, leading to osmoregulation in plants.
Abnormal quiescent center (QC) in the root apical meristem (RAM) and defects in cell differentiation.
Specifically expressed in the central cells of a quiescent center (QC) of the root.
Specifically expressed in the hypophysis of the majority of early globular embryos, approximately one round of cell division after the 16-cell stage, but never at the 16-cell stage itself. After the division of the hypophysis, it is detected in the upper lens-shaped cell that gives rise to the QC, but not in the lower daughter cell that gives rise to the central root cap. Subsequently, in heart stage and bent cotyledon stage embryos, it is detected in the four cells of the QC, which are the direct descendants of the lens-shaped cell. Also expressed in patches of cells that appeared associated with the vascular primordium of the cotyledons. This expression is strongest in late heart stage embryos and then gradually decreases.
Transcription factor, which may be involved in the specification and maintenance of the stem cells (QC cells) in the root apical meristem (RAM).
Putative RNA polymerase II subunit B1 C-terminal domain (CTD) phosphatase involved in RNA polymerase II transcription regulation.
The transmembrane plays critical roles in migration to the chloroplasts and/or subsequent insertion into the membrane.
E3 ubiquitin protein ligase that acts as positive regulator of sugar signaling during early seedling development. Possesses E3 ligase activity in vitro.
Resistance to high concentrations of exogenous glucose and sucrose on early seedling development.
Belongs to the V-ATPase F subunit family.
Subunit of the V1 complex of vacuolar(H+)-ATPase (V-ATPase), a multisubunit enzyme composed of a peripheral complex (V1) that hydrolyzes ATP and a membrane integral complex (V0) that translocates protons. V-ATPase is responsible for acidifying and maintaining the pH of intracellular compartments.
Interacts with VTI11 and either SYP21, or SYP22, or SYP61 in the prevacuolar compartment, or with VTI12 and SYP61 in the trans-Golgi network to form t-SNARE complexes.
SYP51 and SYP52 may have redundant functions. The exact location of the SYP51/SYP61 complex is unclear, but is probably on the trans-Golgi network because of the likelihood of containing chiefly VTI12.
Belongs to the beta-class carbonic anhydrase family.
In plants lacking both BCA1 and BCA4, impaired CO(2)-regulation of stomatal movements associated with reduced beta carbonic anhydrase activity in guard cells, and increased stomatal density.
Reversible hydration of carbon dioxide. Together with BCA1, involved in the CO(2) signaling pathway which controls gas-exchange between plants and the atmosphere by modulating stomatal development and movements. Promotes water use efficiency.
Strongly expressed in aerial tissues including leaves, stems, flowers and siliques. Accumulates in both guard cells and mesophyll cells.
Expressed in roots, stems and developing seeds.
Accumulates in vascular tissues, leaf primordia and flowers (PubMed:29259105). Highly expressed in roots meristems and in both vegetative and inflorescence shoot apical meristems (SAMs) (PubMed:29742441, PubMed:29259105).
Interacts with and regulates subcellular localization and trafficking of STM.
No visible phenotypes. Plants lacking both FTIP3 and FTIP4 have a dwarf and bushy phenotype due to an accelerated stem cell differentiation causing early termination of shoot apices associated with an increased STM localization to the plasma membrane, but compromises nuclear localization.
Required for proliferation and differentiation of shoot stem cells in the shoot apical meristem (SAM), thus determining the appropriate balance between the maintenance of shoot stem cells and their differentiation into other aboveground plant parts via the control of subcellular localization and intercellular trafficking of STM in the shoot apex (PubMed:29742441). Prevents intracellular trafficking of STM to the plasma membrane in cells in the peripheral shoot meristem region thus facilitating STM recycling to the nucleus to maintain stem cells (PubMed:29742441). May function as a signaling molecule by regulating the trafficking of other regulators (PubMed:29259105).
Belongs to the D-isomer specific 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase family. Plant AN subfamily.
Cofactor binding induces a conformational change.
Dwarfism. Impaired cortical microtubules (MTs) arrangement leading to abnormal cell shapes (reduced complexity), and narrow but thick leaves, characterized by cells small in the leaf-width direction and large in the leaf-thickness direction; this phenotype is also slightly observed in floral organs. Reduced trichome branching. Twisted siliques and reduced seed productivity. Delayed flowering and senescence, but increased tolerance to drought and pathogen attack. No impact on polarized localization of SOKs proteins in root cells (PubMed:32004461). The an-t1 ipga1-2 double mutant exhibits stronger phenotypes than single mutants in term of longer and narrower cotyledons and leaves (PubMed:35975703). The an-t1 ktn1-4 double mutant has an enhanced phenotype of pavement cells, resembling soap bubbles and no lobe formation (PubMed:35975703).
Expressed in cotyledons, leaves, roots, stems and floral buds.
Homodimer (PubMed:21801251). Interacts with KCBP and SUB (via intra-cellular domain); AN is not required for the correct subcellular localization and recycling of SUB (PubMed:23368817, PubMed:11889034). Binds to SOKs proteins polymers (e.g. SOK1, SOK2, SOK3 and SOK4) (PubMed:32004461). Interacts with IPGA1 on microtubule upon mechanical stress to regulate microtubule organization (PubMed:35975703).
Involved in controlling the equilibrium between tubular and stacked structures in the Golgi complex (By similarity). Required for cortical microtubules (MTs) arrangement that confers cell shape. Cooperatively with IPGA1, regulates negatively cortical microtubules (CMTs) organization in response to mechanical stress and modulates pavement cells morphogenesis leading to puzzle shape, probably in an AAA1/KTN1-dependent manner (PubMed:35975703). Regulates the width of leaves by controlling the polar elongation of leaf cells. Involved in the regulation of trichome branching. Seems to not be able to regulate gene transcription. Regulates epidermal cell divisions and elongation in a non-cell-autonomous manner (regulated by subepidermal cells), but regulates epidermal cell polarity, shape, trichome branching and elongation in a cell-autonomous manner. Negatively regulates growth in the petiole elongation. Prevents lipid peroxidation as a result of abiotic stress response. Is involved in the SUB-dependent signaling mechanism and may act in a membrane trafficking event around the trans-Golgi network.
The C-terminal region (631-636) is indispenasble for homodimerization.
Was initially thought to function as a transcriptional corepressor.
During flower development, expressed in the transmitting tract of the septum from stage 12 to stage 15.
Expressed in vascular bundles of the carpels, the transmitting tract of the style and septum epidermis (PubMed:26160583). Expressed in etiolated seedlings (PubMed:26016527).
Interacts with RD21A (PubMed:26160583, PubMed:26016527). Interacts with RD21B and RD21C (PubMed:26160583).
Water-soluble and chlorophyll-binding protein that probably does not function as a chloroplast chlorophyll carrier and is not involved in photosynthesis (PubMed:11577184, PubMed:26160583). Involved in the control of cell death in the transmitting tract and septum epidermis during flower development. Binds and inhibits the activity of the cysteine protease RD21A as a pro-death protein (PubMed:26160583). May play a role in herbivore resistance activation during seedling greening (PubMed:26016527).
Microtubule-associated protein (MAP) that regulates the orientation of interphase cortical microtubules.
Gradual reduction of expression as the first leaf develops. 90% reduction of expression at day 20 after imbibition.
Interacts with STIPL1/NTR1 (PubMed:25568310).
Reduction of polyploidy and inhibition of hypocotyl elongation.
The C-terminal region (474-908) is responsible for the repressor activity.
Transcriptional repressor regulating endoreduplication through control of A-type cyclins expression (PubMed:17012601). Does not bind to promoter sequences (in vitro) and may act by interacting with tissue-specific transcription factors (PubMed:17012601). Enhances the endocycle in endoreduplicating cells in seedlings (PubMed:17012601). Required for efficient splicing (PubMed:25568310).
Belongs to the CND3 (condensin subunit 3) family.
Possesses low quercetin 3-O-glucosyltransferase and 4'-O-glucosyltransferase activities in vitro.
Confined to proliferating cells. Mainly present in proliferating tissues (e.g. root, shoot and floral meristems, and young organs) and vasculature. During petal growth, gradually restricted to the distal part of the petal. Expressed in developing embryos.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that limits organ size, and possibly seed size, in a dose-dependent manner. Negatively regulates the duration of cell proliferation in leaves and petals independently of the major phytohormones (e.g. auxin, cytokinin, gibberellin, brassinosteroids, ethylene, abscisic acid, jasmonic acid), probably by targeting growth stimulators for degradation (PubMed:16461280, PubMed:18483219). Limits the proliferation of root meristematic cells (PubMed:28922745). Polyubiquitinates DA1 (PubMed:28167503). Involved in the promotion of leaf senescence, in addition to its function in restricting plant growth (PubMed:28003326). Possesses E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity in vitro (PubMed:16461280, PubMed:18483219, PubMed:28167503).
Enlarged floral organs (e.g. petals and sepals) and thick stems mainly due to altered numbers of normally sized cells. Enhanced da1-1 phenotype leading to increased seed and organ size.
Interacts with the E2 ubiquitin conjugating enzyme UBC10 via the RING domain (PubMed:16461280). Interacts with DA1 (PubMed:28167503).
Mostly expressed in inflorescence, and, to a lower extent, in seedlings, roots, stems, leaves and siliques.
Plants overexpressing BB exhibit early senescence.
Rapid turn-over by proteasome-mediated degradation (at protein level).
Accumulates in response to higher temperature and during long days (at protein level).
Early flowering in both long and short days conditions, but in a temperature sensitive manner only in short days.
Histone demethylase that demethylates 'Lys-27' (H3K27me) of histone H3 with a specific activity for H3K27me3 and involved in the regulation of gene expression (PubMed:30899015). Acts as a temperature and photoperiod dependent flowering repressor (PubMed:30899015).
Accumulates during aging (PubMed:23915037, PubMed:21471330). In young seedlings, expressed in hydathodes of new emerging leaves and cotyledons as well as in vascular tissues of new emerging leaves and in cortical root cells at the division/elongation transition zone (PubMed:31862580). Observed in shoot apex, in hypocotyls and hypocotyl/root junction (PubMed:31862580).
Copper amine oxidase that can use putrescine and spermidine as substrates (PubMed:23915037). Required for abscisic acid- (ABA) and polyamine- (PA) and H(2)O(2)-dependent induced nitric oxide (NO) biosynthesis (PubMed:21471330). Involved in ABA signal transduction and in responses to osmotic stress (PubMed:21471330).
Impaired in nitric oxide (NO) production in response to polyamines (PA) and abscisic acid (ABA) associated with reduced levels of hydrogen preroxide (H(2)O(2)) (PubMed:21471330). Reduced sensibility to ABA leading to a lower induction of ABA-responsive genes in response to ABA as well as abnormal growth regulation (PubMed:21471330). Altered responses to osmotic stress (PubMed:21471330).
Induced transiently by auxin (IAA) (PubMed:31862580). Strongly induced by salicylic acid (SA), and, to a lower extent, by jasmonic acid (MeJA) and flagellin 22 (fgl22) (PubMed:23915037, PubMed:31862580). Triggered by abcisic acid (ABA) (PubMed:23915037, PubMed:21471330, PubMed:31862580). Induced during wounding, dehydration recovery, and treatment with putrescine (Put) (PubMed:31862580).
Mostly expressed in roots, stems and flowers, and, at lower levels, in leaves and cotyledons.
Expressed in roots, shoots, flowers and stamens.
In roots, present in both the quiescent center (QC) and the root apical meristem (RAM); within the meristem, mainly present in the cortex but also in the epidermal and procambial cells closest to the QC, with very strong levels in the initials surrounding the QC (PubMed:23370719). Also present in the QC, and the first and second columella cells (CC) layers (PubMed:23370719). Induced early during lateral root formation (PubMed:23370719). Detected in the vasculature of cotyledons and leaves (PubMed:23370719). In the shoot apical meristem (SAM), present at the border between the meristem and the leaf primordia (PubMed:23370719). In flowers, accumulates in the vasculature of sepals, stamens, and petals as well as at the tip of the gynoecium and later in the siliques (PubMed:23370719).
Signaling peptide (root growth factor) required during root gravitropism in a PIN2-traffic dependent manner (PubMed:23370719). May be involved in maintaining the postembryonic root stem cell niche (PubMed:20798316). Root growth factor that regulates the pattern of root growth and lateral root development by modulating the length and the number of cortical cells in the root apical meristem (RAM), and the anticlinal asymmetric cell divisions in lateral root initiation cells (By similarity).
Expressed in vasculature of leaves, roots and siliques.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant seeds have decreased germination rate in presence of abscisic acid (ABA) or salt, compared to wild-type.
Probable RNA-binding protein involved in the regulation of abscisic acid (ABA) response during seed germination. May regulate transcript levels of several germination-responsive genes under ABA.
Abundant in roots, flowers and flower buds, low or absent in expanded leaves, stems and siliques.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family. Aurora subfamily.
Overexpression of AUR3 induces mitotic spindle defects, but the distribution of phosphorylation of histone H3 on the chromosome is not affected.
Phosphorylates in vitro histone H3 at 'Ser-10' (H3S10ph) and 'Ser-28' (H3S28ph), but not at 'Thr-3' (H3T3ph) or 'Thr-11' (H3T11ph). Colocalizes with phosphorylated histone H3 during mitosis. Associates with cytoskeletal structures that are necessary for cytokinesis and with the microtubule spindle.
Phosphorylation at Thr-176 may regulate activity and degradation of AUR3 in a cell cycle dependent manner.
A nonterminal hydrophilic domain (59-100) is essential for targeting to the chloroplast. The C-terminal part (101-329) is necessary and sufficient to select for the import site.
Homodimer or homotetramer (PubMed:25849509). Transition to monomer upon NADPH binding (PubMed:25849509). Interacts with calmodulin (PubMed:23549413). Interacts with HP30-1, HP30-2 and HP20 (PubMed:24248378).
NADPH-dependent alpha,beta-unsaturated oxoene reductase reducing the double bond of medium-chain (C9) to long-chain (C18) reactive electrophile species deriving from poly-unsaturated fatty acid peroxides. The best substrates are 13-lipoxygenase-derived gamma-ketols, but is unable to reduce the double bond of short-chain alkenals and alkenones such as acrolein, crotonaldehyde, 3-buten-2-one, 4-hexen-3-one and trans-2-hexenal, or quinones such as duroquinone, decylubiquinone, coenzyme Q0, menadione, menaquinone and phylloquinone. Can use trans-2-nonenal, trans-3-decen-2-one, 4-hydroxynonenal, 12-oxo-10(E) dodecanoate (traumatin), 4-oxononenal, trans-1,3 diphenyl-2-propenone, trans-1,4-diphenyl-2-butene-1,4-dione, 9-oxo-12,13-epoxy-(10E)-octadecenoic acid (trans-EKODE-1b), 9-hydroxy-12-oxo-10(E)-octadecenoic acid, 9-Hydroxy-12-oxo-10(E),15(Z)-octadecadienoic acid and 9,13-dihydroxy-10-oxo-11-octadecenoic acid as substrates, but has no activity with 13(R,S)-hydroperoxy-9(Z),11(E)-octadecadienoic acid (13-HPOD), 9(S),12(S),13(S)-trihydroxy-10(E)-octadecenoic acid, 13-hydroxy-12-oxo-9(Z)-octadecenoic acid, 9-oxo-10(E),12(Z)-octadecadienoic acid (9-KODE), 13-oxo-9(Z),11(E)-octadecadienoic acid (13-KODE) and 12-oxo-10,15(Z)-phytodienoic acid (12-OPDA).
Not regulated by 2,6-dimethoxy-p-benzoquinone (DMBQ).
The trimeric TOC159/75/34 complex is not involved in chloroplast import of CEQORH.
First observed in the distal and middle regions of cotyledons of heart-shaped embryos. Later localized in bending cotyledon, and mature embryos, but no signals were detected in the presumptive shoot apical meristem (SAM) and the boundary region during embryogenesis. Expressed during ovule development (PubMed:25378179).
Interacts with AHP1, AHP2 and AHP3 (PubMed:11158442). Interacts with SPL (PubMed:25527103, PubMed:25378179).
Mostly detected in lateral organs, such as leaves and flowers. Expressed in cotyledons, particularly in the vascular region, in leaves, roots, stems, buds, flowers and immature siliques.
Predominantly expressed in flowers and siliques.
Down-regulated by KIN10 through its protein phosphorylation.
Expressed in leaves, stems, roots, siliques and flowers. Detected in vascular strands, stigma cells, the abscission zones of fully elongated siliques, the root central cylinder and the root tip.
Expressed in mature pollen, but not in immature pollen grains.
Induced by auxin, but not by salt, abscisic acid, mannitol, water or drought.
Inositol phosphate kinase with a broad substrate specificity. Phosphorylates inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (Ins(1,4,5)P3), inositol 1,4,5,6-tetrakisphosphate (Ins(1,4,5,6)P4), inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate (Ins(1,3,4,5)P4), inositol 1,3,4,6-tetrakisphosphate (Ins(1,3,4,6)P4) and inositol 1,2,3,4,6-pentakisphosphate (Ins(1,2,3,4,6)P5) but not inositol 1,4-bisphosphate (Ins(1,4)P2), inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate (Ins(1,3,4)P3), inositol 1,2,6-trisphosphate (Ins(1,2,6)P3), inositol 3,4,5,6-tetrakisphosphate (Ins(3,4,5,6)P4), inositol 1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate (Ins(1,3,4,5,6)P5), inositol 1,2,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate (Ins(1,2,4,5,6)P5) or inositol hexakisphosphate (InsP6). Involved in the auxin signaling pathway. Regulates axillary shoot branching and is required for phytate synthesis in seeds.
Loss-of-function mutant atIpk2beta-1 (T-DNA insertion) is fully complemented by AtIPK2alpha in tissue but not in seeds, leading to the generation of phytate-free seeds. Increased sensitivity to 6% glucose during seedling development and decreased germination in response to the gibberellin biosynthesis inhibitor paclobutrazol (PAC) (PubMed:29216370).
Constitutively expressed. Up-regulated at post-transcriptional level by wounding and pathogen infection.
Homodimer. Interacts with AHK4 and AHP1. Cytokinin regulates the formation of the AHP1-AHK4-ELF5A-2 complex.
Lys-51 undergoes hypusination, a unique post-translational modification that consists in the addition of a butylamino group from spermidine to lysine side chain, leading to the formation of the unusual amino acid hypusine. eIF-5As are the only known proteins to undergo this modification, which is essential for their function.
Severe defects in plant growth and development. Delayed dark-induced leaf senescence. Dwarfism, defective sporogenesis and shorter primary roots. Impaired protoxylem development.
Translation factor that promotes translation elongation and termination, particularly upon ribosome stalling at specific amino acid sequence contexts (By similarity). Binds between the exit (E) and peptidyl (P) site of the ribosome and promotes rescue of stalled ribosome: specifically required for efficient translation of polyproline-containing peptides as well as other motifs that stall the ribosome (By similarity). Acts as ribosome quality control (RQC) cofactor by joining the RQC complex to facilitate peptidyl transfer during CAT tailing step (By similarity). Regulates cytokinin-mediated root protoxylem specification and represses secifically the expression of AHP6 (PubMed:24163315). Regulates the induction of programmed cell death caused by infection with virulent pathogen (PubMed:17513484, PubMed:18633122).
Translation factor that promotes translation elongation and termination, particularly upon ribosome stalling at specific amino acid sequence contexts. Binds between the exit (E) and peptidyl (P) site of the ribosome and promotes rescue of stalled ribosome: specifically required for efficient translation of polyproline-containing peptides as well as other motifs that stall the ribosome. Acts as ribosome quality control (RQC) cofactor by joining the RQC complex to facilitate peptidyl transfer during CAT tailing step.
Ubiquitous. In roots, expressed mostly inside the stele of the mature zone.
eIF-5A seems to be the only eukaryotic protein to have a hypusine residue which is a post-translational modification of a lysine by the addition of a butylamino group.
Homodimers and heterodimers (By similarity). Interacts with phytochrome A. Interacts with TPL.
Belongs to the eukaryotic RPC9 RNA polymerase subunit family.
Autophosphorylated mainly on threonine and serine residues.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CMGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. GSK-3 subfamily.
May mediate extracellular signals to regulate transcription in differentiating cells.
Forms a complex with cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor (CPSF) subunits CSTF77, CLPS3, PCFS4 and PCFS1.
Expressed in hypocotyls, roots, lateral roots, lateral root caps, columella cells, leaves and stomata.
Interacts with PRA1B1, PRA1B2, PRA1B3, PRA1B4, PRA1B5 and PRA1E.
BRI1 is not required for BKI1 association with the plasma membrane, but the BRI1 kinase activity is necessary for the membrane release.
Expressed in leaves, petioles, shoot apices, hypocotyls, roots and flowers.
Interacts (via C-terminus) with BRI1 (via kinase domain).
Negative regulator of brassinosteroid signaling. When associated to the membrane, limits the interaction of BRI1 with BAK1 by binding to the kinase-inactive form of BRI1.
Phosphorylated on Tyr-211 in response to brassinosteroid perception, leading to its inactivation: once phosphorylated, displaced into the cytosol where it is inactive.
The c-terminal part (253-337) is necessary and sufficient for the interaction with BRI1.
Acyltransferase that catalyzes the N-acylation of phosphatidylethanolamine to form N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine (N-acyl-PE) (e.g. NAPEs containing C16:0, C16:1, C18:0, and C18:1). Mediates also the formation of acylphosphatidylglycerol (acyl-PG) from lysoglycerophospholipid by O-acylation. Uses acyl-CoA as acyl donors. Acylates 1-acyllysophosphatidylethanolamine (1-acyllyso-PE) and 1-acyllysophosphatidylglycerol (1-acyllyso-PG) at the sn-2-position.
Essentially present in young tissues. Expressed in roots, cotyledons, leaves, and shoot and root apical meristems.
In imbibed seeds, accumulates in cotyledons and hypocotyls. In flowers, expressed in the filament of stamens, in the style, and in ovary with eggs of pistil.
Accumulates in germinating seeds and in young seedlings. During the reproductive phase, strongly expressed in leaves and flowers. Barely detectable in stems, pedicels and siliques.
Component of the spliceosome (Probable). Interacts with U2AF65a and U2AF65b in the nucleus (PubMed:24580679).
Expressed in the shoot apex, flowers, stems, leaves, roots and seedling.
Necessary for the splicing of pre-mRNA. Required during development and for abscisic acid (ABA) responses.
Pleiotropic developmental defects, including early flowering and hypersensitivity to abscisic acid (ABA). Enhanced accumulation of many mRNAs, including heat shock mRNAs, with altered alternative splicing pattern.
Expressed in pollen, but not in pistils or seedlings.
Male paralog of FERONIA, a female factor expressed in synergid cells that controls pollen tube behavior.
Named Anxur after the husband of the Etruscan goddess of fertility Feronia.
No effect on male fertility and pollen germination, but siliques slightly shorter. Anx1 and anx2 double mutants show defects in male gametophytes due to premature pollen tube rupture.
Receptor-like protein kinase that controls pollen tube behavior by directing rupture at proper timing to release the sperm cell.
Cyclin-dependent protein kinase (CDK) inhibitor that restricts cell proliferation and cooperates with SIM and SMR1 to promote endoreplication during leaf development (PubMed:26546445).
Expressed at low levels in roots and stems (PubMed:17098811). Expressed in the root vascular tissue (PubMed:24399300).
Interacts with CYCD2-1 (PubMed:17098811). Interacts with CDKB1-1 (PubMed:20706207).
Larger leaves with an increased cell number.
Part of a SCF (ASK-cullin-F-box) protein ligase complex (By similarity). Interacts with ASK4.
May be involved in the release of fatty acids from the oil body in germinating seedlings. Can hydrolyze triacylglycerols in vitro.
Lacks the phospho-accepting Asp (here Glu-89), present in the receiver domain, which is one of the conserved features of two-component response regulators (ARRs) family.
Phosphorylated. Phosphorylation varies throughout the diurnal cycle.
Regulated at the level of mRNA maturation and alternative splicing by SKIP (PubMed:22942380) and PRMT5 (PubMed:20962777). The expression of APRR9, APRR7, and APRR5 requires the presence of LWD1 and/or LWD2, indicating the existence of a positive feedback loop within the circadian clock (PubMed:21357491).
Transcriptional repressor of CCA1 and LHY, and positive regulator of LWD1 and LWD2 expression. Controls photoperiodic flowering response and temperature compensation. Involved in the positive and negative feedback loops of the circadian clock. Expression of several members of the ARR-like family is controlled by circadian rhythm. Regulated at the transcriptional level by a corepressor complex consisting of ELF4, ELF3, and LUX. APRR9, APRR7, and APRR5 coordinately act on the upstream region of the target genes to repress their expression from noon until midnight. The particular coordinated sequential expression of APRR9, APRR7, APRR5, APRR3 and APPR1 result to circadian waves that may be at the basis of the endogenous circadian clock.
Component of the CST complex, a complex that binds to single-stranded DNA and is required to protect telomeres from DNA degradation. The CST complex binds single-stranded DNA with high affinity in a sequence-independent manner, while isolated subunits bind DNA with low affinity by themselves (PubMed:19064932). Associates with enzymatically active telomerase (PubMed:25329641). Plays a genomewide role in DNA replication and facilitates re-replication at non-telomeric loci (PubMed:25299252).
Component of the CST complex, composed of CTC1, TEN1 and STN1. Interacts with CTC1 (PubMed:19854131). Interacts with TEN1 (PubMed:23572541, PubMed:25329641). Interacts with POT1A (PubMed:25329641). In vitro interaction with TEN1 and POT1A is mutually exclusive, indicating that POT1A and TEN1 may compete for the same binding site (PubMed:25329641).
Plants display an immediate onset of growth and developmental defects and reduced fertility, probably due to impaired telomeres (PubMed:19064932). In nearly all mutants, apical dominance is completely abolished, leading to multiple inflorescence bolts that are often fused (PubMed:19064932). In addition, floral phyllotaxy is perturbed and siliques develop at irregular positions on the inflorescence bolt (PubMed:19064932). Moreover, leaf size is substantially reduced, likely reflecting defects in cell proliferation (PubMed:19064932). These effects are accompanied by catastrophic loss of telomeric and subtelomeric DNA, high levels of end-to-end chromosome fusions, increased G-overhang signals, and elevated telomere recombination (PubMed:19064932). Progressive loss of telomeric DNA and gradual onset of telomere dysfunction (PubMed:25299252). Hindered re-replication of heterochromatic regions (PubMed:25299252).
Homodimer and heterodimers with MORF8/RIP1, MORF3/RIP3, MORF6/RIP6, MORF7/RIP7 and MORF9/RIP9.
Involved in organellar RNA editing. Required for the processing of few RNA editing sites in mitochondria.
Catalyzes conversion of folates to polyglutamate derivatives allowing concentration of folate compounds in the cell and the intracellular retention of these cofactors, which are important substrates for most of the folate-dependent enzymes that are involved in one-carbon transfer reactions involved in purine, pyrimidine and amino acid synthesis. Essential for organellar and whole-plant folate homeostasis. Required for postembryonic root development. Generates polyglutamylated folate cofactors to support C1 metabolism required for meristem maintenance and cell expansion during postembryonic root development.
Expressed in both shoots and roots, but expression in roots is higher compared with shoots. Distinct expression in the quiescent center (QC) region of the root tip. Also expressed in vascular tissues of the cotyledons and hypocotyls, and the first true leaves of 7 days old seedlings.
Has short primary roots. Root hairs are also short and wavy. Epidermal cells of wild-type roots are two times longer than epidermal cells of the mutant roots. Short primary roots of the mutant are impaired in F-actin organization due to extensive bundling. Reduced primary root growth of mutants indicate defects in both cell division and cell expansion. Total folate content does not significantly change between the wild-type and mutant in either shoots or roots. However, differences in the accumulation patterns of some folate classes, and general changes in the contribution of each folate class to the total folate pool are found. A considerable increase in total monoglutamylated folates in mutant roots when compared with wild-type is found. This difference is not observed in shoots. Total polyglutamylated folate content is not altered in either tissue. Nucleotides and amino acids are generally depleted in mutant. Vegetative phenotype does not differ visually from wild-type. Polyglutamylated folates are still detectable in the disruption mutant. In comparison to wild-type, the plastid and mitochondrial folate levels are reduced by approximately 50 and 25%, respectively. Folate polyglutamylation levels are significantly reduced but not abolished within the respective compartments. Combined loss of FPGS1 and FPGS2 result in embryo lethality. This double mutant has abnormal seeds that are readily distinguishable as albinos which do not proceed beyond the globular stage of embryogenesis. The absence of a developing embryo lead to collapse of seed walls, leaving shrivelled seed reamnants. FPGS1 and FPGS3 double mutant exhibits dwarfed leaves, late flowering (approximately 13 days after wild-type), reduced fecundity and delayed senescence. Pollination with FPGS1 and FPGS3 double mutant pollen yield at most one or two seeds per silique compared to the yield of full siliques when wild-type stigmas are pollinated with wild-type pollen. There is a 40% reduction in the total of 5-CH(3)-THF pool in FPGS1 and FPGS3 double mutant leaf tissue. FPGS1 and FPGS3 double mutants have 70% lower methionine content than wild-type.
Interacts with FBA6 (PubMed:21782461). Interacts with MDH1 (PubMed:29194485).
Thiol-disulfide oxidoreductase involved in the redox regulation of a number of cytosolic enzymes. Activates the cytosolic malate dehydrogenase (MDH) probably by reducing an interchain disulfide bond of the inactive MDH homodimer. Possesses insulin disulfide bonds reducing activity.
Confined to the anthers of the inflorescence.
Expressed in juvenile leaves, stems, cauline leaves and siliques.
Possesses hydroxyproline O-galactosyltransferase activity. Transfers galactose from UDP-galactose to hydroxyproline residues in the arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs). Is specific for AGPs containing non-contiguous peptidyl hydroxyproline residues. Utilizes UDP-galactose solely as sugar donor. The addition of galactose onto the peptidyl hydroxyproline residues in AGP core proteins represents the first committed step in arabinogalactan polysaccharide addition. AGP glycans play essential roles in both vegetative and reproductive plant growth.
Reduced levels of arabinogalactan proteins. Root hair defects. Reduced seed coat mucilage. Increased sensitivity to salt stress.
By ER stress inducer tunicamycin, by salicylic acid (SA) and by bacterial pathogen infection.
Homodimer; disulfide-linked. Dimer formation is driven by hydrophobic interactions within the N-terminal luminal domains and stabilized by disulfide bridges (By similarity).
No visible phenotype. Ire1a and ire1b double mutant is more sensitive to the ER stress inducer tunicamycin than the wild-type and is enable to give rise to the spliced bZIP60 mRNA form (PubMed:22355548). Ire1a and ire1b double mutant displays short roots and a ER stress-sensitive phenotype (PubMed:21914012).
Senses unfolded proteins in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum via its N-terminal domain which leads to enzyme auto-activation. The active endoribonuclease domain splices bZIP60 mRNA to generate a new C-terminus, converting it into a potent unfolded-protein response transcriptional activator which then induces transcription of UPR target genes. Involved in organ growth regulation. Plays a role in plant immunity and abiotic stress responses. Required for ER stress-induced autophagy.
The kinase domain is activated by trans-autophosphorylation. Kinase activity is required for activation of the endoribonuclease domain (By similarity).
Ubiquitous. Detected in the apical meristem, at leaf margins where vascular bundles end, in the anthers before pollen is formed and in the ovules at a very early stage of development. There is no expression in more mature embryos. Also strongly expressed in the cotyledons immediately after germination but not later on.
Can form homodimer (PubMed:23713077). Interacts with TBP2 (PubMed:23713077).
Expressed in shoot apical meristems, root tips, primordia of lateral roots, inflorescences, developing pollen grains and embryos.
In developing pollen grains, expressed in the vegetative nuclei at the early binucleate stage and during the second pollen mitosis. Expression significantly decreases at the late trinucleate developmental stage. Not expressed in released mature pollen grains, germinating pollen grains and pollen tubes.
Plant-specific TFIIB-related protein that plays important roles in pollen germination and embryogenesis, possibly by regulating gene expression through interaction with TBP2 and the subunits of RNA polymerases. Binds double-stranded DNA in vitro.
PUMPS are mitochondrial transporter proteins that create proton leaks across the inner mitochondrial membrane, thus uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation. This leads to a decrease in the efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation and an increase in heat production. May be involved in protecting plant cells against oxidative stress damage (By similarity). Recombinant PUMP4, reconstituted into liposomes, transports a wide range of dicarboxylic acids including malate, oxaloacetate and succinate as well as phosphate, sulfate and thiosulfate. However, it is unknown if these transports are of any biological significance in vivo.
The APC/C is composed of at least 10 subunits.
Increased susceptibility to ozone and to bacterial disease.
Part of the Photosystem II light-harvesting complex (LHCII).
Phosphorylated as part of a basal defense response.
Required for plastoglobule development and resistance to multiple stresses. Regulates plastoglobule osmiophilic content. May be involved in the transport of lipophilic antioxidants in and out of the plastoglobule.
Belongs to the UbiA prenyltransferase family. Chlorophyll synthase subfamily.
Involved in one of the last steps of the biosynthesis of chlorophyll a. Catalyzes the esterification of chlorophillide a or b with a preference for geranylgeranyldiphosphate (GGPP) rather than for phytyldiphosphate (PhyPP).
Low level in flower buds, flowers, stems, leaves, greening cotyledons and immature siliques, but not in mature siliques or seeds.
Possesses low quercetin 3-O-glucosyltransferase, 7-O-glucosyltransferase and 3'-O-glucosyltransferase activities in vitro. Glucosylates other secondary metabolites in vitro like vanillin, trans-resveratrol, curumin and etoposide.
Expressed at high levels in the synergid cells of the female gametophyte, and at lower levels in the endosperm of young seeds and the trichomes of young leaves and sepals.
Expressed in cellularized but not uncellularized female gametophytes.
Impaired in pollen tube attraction associated with a reduced cytoplasmic calcium burst during pollen tube tips growing (PubMed:17937500, PubMed:23093426). Altered expression of several ovule-specific genes (PubMed:17937500).
Transcription factor that binds to the motif 5'-GTAACNT-3' in the promoter of target genes (e.g. DD11 and DD18) and promotes their expression within synergid cells (e.g. in the filiform apparatus) in ovules (PubMed:16214903, PubMed:17693534, PubMed:18410484, PubMed:17937500). Required for the formation of the filiform apparatus during synergid cell differentiation in the female gametophyte (PubMed:16214903). Involved in pollen tube guidance to the micropyle (PubMed:16214903, PubMed:17937500, PubMed:23093426).
Binds to 14-3-3 proteins. The binding is induced by phosphorylation of Thr-953. Binding to 14-3-3 proteins activates the H(+)-ATPase (By similarity).
The plasma membrane H(+) ATPase of plants and fungi generates a proton gradient that drives the active transport of nutrients by H(+)-symport. The resulting external acidification and/or internal alkinization may mediate growth responses.
Binds to the ATPase domain of HSP70/HSC70 chaperones (By similarity). Interacts with HSP70-1.
Expressed in the whole plant, except roots. Present in etiolated seedlings.
Stimulates the transcription of various genes by recognizing and binding to a CCAAT motif in promoters (By similarity). Involved in the blue light (BL) and abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathways.
Autophosphorylated. The kinase activity is activated by the binding of CAM1 and/or GB1.
Expressed at the micropylar nuclei of the embryo sac at eight-nucleate stage before cellularization, but not in chalazal nuclei. After cellularization, expressed in central cell and synergids in mature embryo sac. After fertilization, detected specifically in zygote, endosperm precursor cell, and later in endosperm. In addition, also present in sperm and the vegetative cells in both pollen and pollen tube. Expressed at high level in the egg cell, the central cell, the endosperm, and at low level in the zygote.
Part of an in vivo complex containing ZAR1, CAM1 and GB1 (PubMed:27014878). Interacts (via CaMBD domain) with calmodulins CAM1 and CML8 in a calcium independent manner (PubMed:27014878). Interacts (via GBeta-binding domain) with GB1 (PubMed:27014878). Component of an immune signaling complex made of, at least, SZE1, BKN2/SZE2, ZAR1 and ZED1 (PubMed:30947022). Binds directly to SZE1 and SZE2 at the plasma membrane (PubMed:30947022).
Receptor protein kinase acting as an integrator for intracellular calcium and heterotrimeric G protein signaling with extracellular signals during early zygote development (PubMed:27014878). Involved in modulating the asymmetric division of zygote and the cell fate determination of its daughter cells (PubMed:27014878). Required for effector-triggered immunity (e.g. Pseudomonas syringae effector HopZ1a) via an activation triggered by SZE1, BKN2/SZE2 and ZED1, thus being essential for resistance against P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000 expressing HopZ1a (PubMed:30947022).
The CaMBD domain (358-373) is required for calmodulin binding.
The GBeta-binding domain (577-584) is required for GB1 binding.
Homodimer (PubMed:21658606, PubMed:19898494, PubMed:19933100). Binds ABA on one subunit only. Interacts with HAB1, AHG3, ABI1 and ABI2 when complexed to ABA, and possibly with other PP2Cs (PubMed:19407142, PubMed:19874541, PubMed:19898420, PubMed:19898494, PubMed:19933100). Binds to CARs protein in an ABA-independent manner, both at the plasma membrane and in the nucleus (PubMed:26719420). Interacts directly with CAR1 and CAR4 (PubMed:25465408, PubMed:26719420). Interacts with CARK1 in the cytosol (PubMed:29928509, PubMed:19407142, PubMed:19874541, PubMed:19898420, PubMed:19898494, PubMed:19933100, PubMed:21658606, PubMed:25465408, PubMed:26719420). Interacts with AIP1 in an abscisic acid-dependent manner (PubMed:29928509). Interacts with FREE1 (via N-terminus) (PubMed:27495812). Interacts with the E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RSL1 at the plasma membrane (PubMed:25330042).
Phosphorylated by CARK1 especially in response to abscisic acid (ABA); this phosphorylation promotes its stability and inhibitory ability to ABI1.
Receptor for abscisic acid (ABA) required for ABA-mediated responses such as stomatal closure and germination inhibition. Inhibits the activity of group-A protein phosphatases type 2C (PP2Cs) when activated by ABA (PubMed:19407142, PubMed:19624469, PubMed:19769575, PubMed:23844015, PubMed:21658606). Can be activated by both (-)-ABA and (+)-ABA (PubMed:23844015). Promotes drought tolerance (PubMed:29970817).
Considered as a reference gene in terms of expression stability throughout development.
Expressed throughout all development stages.
May be involved in the regulation of the TOR signaling pathway. Indirectly activates the PP2A phosphatase via interaction with its suppressor TAP46. Could play a role in cytoskeleton functions.
Predominantly expressed in leaves and floral stalks.
Blocked in the perpetuation of CNN, CG and CNG methylation in repeated endogenous DNA accompanied by a reduction in 24-nt siRNAs. Reduction of heterochromatin association into chromocenters, coincident with losses in cytosine methylation at pericentromeric 5S gene clusters and AtSN1 retroelements. Impaired RNA-directed DNA methylation-dependent (RdDM) silencing. Defective in the maintenance of post-transcriptional RNA silencing.
Component of the RNA polymerase V complex. Interacts with NRPD4, NRPD2A, and (via C-terminus) with AGO4. Interacts with SUVH2.
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Largest and catalytic component of RNA polymerase V involved in RNA-directed DNA methylation-dependent (RdDM) silencing of endogenous repeated sequences, including transposable elements. Also required for full erasure of methylation when the RNA trigger is withdrawn. Seems also involved in the synthesis of short-interfering RNAs (siRNA). Essential component of a self-reinforcing loop coupling de novo DNA methylation to siRNA production. Involved in the maintenance of post-transcriptional RNA silencing.
Mostly expressed in flowers, and, to a lower extent, in leaves. Present in sperm cells.
WG/GW repeats are involved in AGO4 binding.
Belongs to the ABC transporter superfamily. ABCB family. Heavy Metal importer (TC 3.A.1.210) subfamily.
Mostly expressed at low levels in roots and flowers.
Performs an essential function in the generation of cytoplasmic iron-sulfur proteins by mediating export of Fe/S cluster precursors synthesized by NFS1 and other mitochondrial proteins (By similarity). Not involved in the export of cyclic pyranopterin monophosphate (cPMP) from mitochondria to the cytosol.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL27 family.
Hydrolyzes the sphingolipid ceramide into sphingosine and free fatty acid. Regulates sphingolipid homeostasis. Promotes oxidative stress resistance.
Increased accumulation of hydroxyceramides. Enhanced sensitivity to oxidative stress induced by methyl viologen. Increased sensitivity to C2-ceramide induced cell death.
Mostly expressed in stems, leaves, roots and siliques, and, to a lower extent, in flowers.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class OBG-HflX-like GTPase superfamily. OBG GTPase family.
Binds GDP and GTP, and has low GTPase activity in vitro.
The nomenclature of the 3 Arabidopsis DRG genes is ambiguous; in the literature several gene names have been used for the same protein.
Impaired chloroplastic NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (NDH) activity leading to the loss of post-illumination increases in Chl fluorescence, probably due to a reduced stability of the NDH complex.
NDH shuttles electrons from NAD(P)H:plastoquinone, via FMN and iron-sulfur (Fe-S) centers, to quinones in the photosynthetic chain and possibly in a chloroplast respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme in this species is believed to be plastoquinone. Couples the redox reaction to proton translocation, and thus conserves the redox energy in a proton gradient (Probable). Required for both formation and activity of the chloroplast NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (NDH) complex (PubMed:20430763, PubMed:20460499).
Part of the chloroplast NDH complex, composed of a mixture of chloroplast and nucleus encoded subunits. Component of the NDH lumenal subcomplex, at least composed of PnsL1, PnsL2, PnsL3, PnsL4 and PnsL5.
Forms homodimer and may homooligomerize and heterooligomerize to form the phragmoplastin complex (By similarity). Binds to PHIP1 (PubMed:18621982).
Microtubule-associated force-producing protein that is targeted to at the leading edges of the forming cell plate during cytokinesis (PubMed:18612642). Has a GTPase activity (By similarity).
Acts as negative regulator of salt tolerance (PubMed:18299802). Mediates sugar response during early seedling development (PubMed:24320620).
Expressed roots, rosette and cauline leaves, and at lower levels in flowers and siliques.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants exhibit increased tolerance to salt stress during germination (PubMed:18299802). No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants display a sugar-resistant seedling development phenotype (PubMed:24320620).
Cysteine protease involved in xylem tracheary element (TE) autolysis during xylogenesis in roots. Participates in micro autolysis within the intact central vacuole before mega autolysis is initiated by tonoplast implosion (PubMed:18573193). Involved in susceptibility to the bacterial plant pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum (PubMed:24947605).
Mostly expressed in roots, stems and flowers. Confined to tracheary elements, and specifically to xylem.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants show increased resistance to infection by the bacterial wilt pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum.
Belongs to the type IA topoisomerase family.
Introduces a single-strand break via transesterification at a target site in duplex DNA. Releases the supercoiling and torsional tension of DNA introduced during the DNA replication and transcription by transiently cleaving and rejoining one strand of the DNA duplex. The scissile phosphodiester is attacked by the catalytic tyrosine of the enzyme, resulting in the formation of a DNA-(5'-phosphotyrosyl)-enzyme intermediate and the expulsion of a 3'-OH DNA strand.
Releases the supercoiling and torsional tension of DNA introduced during the DNA replication and transcription by transiently cleaving and rejoining one strand of the DNA duplex. Introduces a single-strand break via transesterification at a target site in duplex DNA. The scissile phosphodiester is attacked by the catalytic tyrosine of the enzyme, resulting in the formation of a DNA-(5'-phosphotyrosyl)-enzyme intermediate and the expulsion of a 3'-OH DNA strand. The free DNA strand then undergoes passage around the unbroken strand thus removing DNA supercoils. Finally, in the religation step, the DNA 3'-OH attacks the covalent intermediate to expel the active-site tyrosine and restore the DNA phosphodiester backbone. Essential component of the RMI complex, a complex that plays an important role in the resolution step of homologous recombination, in a process called Holliday Junction dissolution, to limit DNA crossover formation in cells. Together with RMI1, is essential for the resolution of meiotic recombination intermediates, a step that prevents entanglement of the parental chromosomes. May have DNA decatenation activity.
Severe developmental defects and early lethality.
Dwarf plants with early flowering and inflorescences termination with floral structures in both long days and short days (PubMed:9611176). Phenotypes of the lhp1-3 mutant are enhanced by the disruption of EOL1, thus leading to reduced plant size, early flowering in all photoperiod conditions and altered leaf morphology, associated with an increased expression of H3K27me3-positive genes (PubMed:28428341).
Homodimer (PubMed:11731464). Interacts with CYP71 (PubMed:21596687). Interacts with histone H3 and CMT3 (PubMed:11898023). Interacts with SUVH (PubMed:15546353). Component of the PRC1-like complex, at least composed of RING1A, RING1B and LHP1 (PubMed:19097900). Binds to POL2A (PubMed:19097900). Interacts with DUF7/AIP1 (PubMed:26538092). Binds to LIF2 in the nucleus on a common set of chromatin regions (PubMed:21304947, PubMed:27495811). Interacts with PDP3, MSI4/FVE and MSI5 (PubMed:29314758). Component of the PRC2 (polycomb repressive complex 2) complex which regulates histone methylation on histone H3K27 (PubMed:29314758). Interacts with EOL1 (PubMed:28428341).
Mainly expressed in meristematic tissues of vegetative, inflorescence and floral organs, like in developing ovules, petals, root pericycle, petiole and petiole side of developing leaf blade or vascular tissue.
Structural component of heterochromatin involved in gene repression, including several floral homeotic genes and FLT that regulates flowering time (PubMed:9611176). Required for maintenance of vernalization-induced repression of FLC. As part of the PRC1-like complex, recognizes and binds histone H3 tails methylated at 'Lys-9' (H3K9me) and 'Lys-27' (H3K27me), leading to epigenetic repression. PcG PRC1 complex maintains the transcriptionally repressive state of many genes, including Hox genes, throughout development. PcG PRC1 complex acts via chromatin remodeling and modification of histones, rendering chromatin heritably changed in its expressibility. Transcriptional repressor that binds DNA on GAGA-like motif and 5'-(A/G/T)AACCCTA(A/G)-3' consensus motif in the promoters of target genes. Recognizes and binds histone H3 tails methylated at 'Lys-27' (H3K27me) but depleted in active histone marks such as H3K4me, leading to epigenetic repression. When in complex with LHP1, recognizes and binds histone H3 tails methylated at 'Lys-4' (H3K4me) and 'Lys-27' (H3K27me), mostly corresponding to stress-responsive genes (PubMed:27495811).
The chromo domain specifically binds to dimethylated H3 'Lys-9' while the chromo shadow domain is required for dimerization.
Expressed throughout young primordia, and vegetative and reproductive apices.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but the triple mutant plants hulk1, hulk2 and hulk3 show delayed flowering.
Probable transcription factor that acts with partial redundancy with HULK1 and HULK2. Plays diverse and essential roles in the control of plant development, physiology and flowering time.
Belongs to the plant tobamovirus multiplication TOM1 protein family.
Expressed in shoots, stems, leaves and flowers.
Epigenetically down-regulated by vernalization.
Part of a three-gene cluster containing FLC, UFC and DFC, which is coordinately regulated in response to vernalization. Not regulated by FLX.
ATP-dependent RNA helicase involved in mRNA splicing. May destabilize the U1/5'-splice site duplex to permit an effective competition for the 5'-splice site by the U6 snRNA, resulting in the switch between U1 and U6 at the 5'-splice site. May also act to unwind the U4/U6 base-pairing interaction in the U4/U6/U5 snRNP, facilitating the first covalent step of splicing (By similarity).
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX23/PRP28 subfamily.
Coenzyme A diphosphatase which mediates the cleavage of oxidized CoA. Can use malonyl-CoA, hexanoyl-CoA, lauroyl-CoA, myristoyl-CoA and palmitoyl-CoA as substrates, but not isobutyryl-CoA or propionyl-CoA.
Abnormal embryogenesis. Defective seedlings with high levels of reactive oxygen species and monoubiquitinated LHCB4 precursors (PubMed:20028838). No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions (PubMed:28004282).
Expressed in cotyledons, leaves, stems, vascular bundles, roots, stigmas and anthers.
In cooperation with other chaperones, Hsp70s are key components that facilitate folding of de novo synthesized proteins, assist translocation of precursor proteins into organelles, and are responsible for degradation of damaged protein under stress conditions (Probable). ATP-dependent molecular chaperone that assists folding of unfolded or misfolded proteins under stress conditions. Mediates plastid precursor degradation to prevent cytosolic precursor accumulation, together with the E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase CHIP. Recognizes specific sequence motifs in transit peptides and thereby led to precursor degradation through the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Plays a critical role in embryogenesis.
Induced by heat shock and cold (PubMed:11402207). Induced by high light treatment and oxidative stress (PubMed:19704521). Up-regulated by viral infection (PubMed:15805473). Induced by infection with the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae (PubMed:18065690). Induced by abscisic acid (ABA), salt stress, osmotic shock, brassinosteroid, cytokinin and auxin (PubMed:28004282).
Interacts with CHIP (PubMed:20028838). Interacts with HSFA1A/HSF1 (PubMed:11807141).
A heat shock at 35 degrees Celsius for 5 hours resulted in a 5-fold increase in levels.
Belongs to the DnaJ family. A/I subfamily.
Roots, shoots, flowers, siliques and cotyledons.
Mediates the hydrolysis of some nucleoside diphosphate derivatives. Can use ADP-glucose, ADP-mannose and ADP-ribose as substrates. Regulates the intracellular ADP-glucose levels linked to starch biosynthesis.
Expressed specifically in guard cells (PubMed:16005292). Expressed in sink tissues, such as xylem, roots and developing seeds (PubMed:22708996).
Increased stomatal pore opening (PubMed:16005292). Reduced amount of seed mucilage (PubMed:19401413). Early germination, slow growth, delayed flowering and senescence (PubMed:22708996).
Transcription factor that coordinates a small network of downstream target genes required for several aspects of plant growth and development, such as xylem formation and xylem cell differentiation, and lateral root formation (PubMed:22708996). Regulates a specific set of target genes by binding DNA to the AC cis-element 5'-ACCTAC-3' (PubMed:23741471). Functions as a transcriptional regulator of stomatal closure. Plays a role the regulation of stomatal pore size independently of abscisic acid (ABA) (PubMed:16005292). Required for seed coat mucilage deposition during the development of the seed coat epidermis (PubMed:19401413). Involved in the induction of trichome initiation and branching by positively regulating GL1 and GL2. Required for gibberellin (GA) biosynthesis and degradation by positively affecting the expression of the enzymes that convert GA9 into the bioactive GA4, as well as the enzymes involved in the degradation of GA4 (PubMed:28207974).
Overexpression of CID5/IPD1 leads to increased ploidy levels and longer hypocotyls in dark-grown seedlings compared to wild-type.
Promotes polyploidy in dark-grown seedlings. Regulates the endocycle leading to hypocotyl elongation.
Specifically expressed in immature siliques.
Specifically expressed in mitotically dividing cells of seedlings.
Mostly expressed in roots, flowers and siliques.
Expressed with a circadian rhythm showing a peak at dawn.
Highly expressed in leaves and at lower levels in stems, flowers and siliques. Not detected in roots.
Putative transcription factor that may be involved in the light input to the circadian clock but does not affect flowering time.
Expressed in the primary and lateral roots, and root caps. Expressed in the hypocotyl, cotyledon veins and hydathodes. In stems, expressed in the vascular cambium, interfascicular cambium and developing xylem. Expressed in the style, anthers, stamen filaments, vascular tissues of sepals, stigmatic regions in flowers, and abscission and style regions of siliques.
Double mutants lacking SMO1-2 and ACBP1 are impaired in seed development, embryo sac development, male and female gamete transmission, and pollen function, as well as altered fatty acids (FAs) and sterols profiles (PubMed:29288621). The double mutant smo1-1 smo1-2, which accumulates dramatically 4,4-dimethylsterols, is embryo lethal, with embryo exhibiting severe defects, including no cotyledon or shoot apical meristem formation, abnormal division of suspensor cells, and twin embryos, and is associated with an altered auxin and cytokinin homeostasis (PubMed:31341004).
Expressed in embryo sacs, pollen and trichomes (PubMed:29288621). Observed in leaves, roots, siliques and flowers (PubMed:31341004).
Highly expressed in pollen grains at all floral stages and in pollen tubes at anthesis (PubMed:29288621). Observed in transmitting tracts along pistils, nectaries and ovules, and in the entire pistils at anthesis (PubMed:29288621). In anthers, present in pollen and tapetal cells (PubMed:29288621). Accumulates in imbibed pollen grains and in germinating pollen tubes (PubMed:29288621). Detected in embryo sacs at stages 13-14 (PubMed:29288621). During embryogenesis, expressed from the globular stage to the mature stage in the embryo but not in the endosperm, especially in the embryonic root meristem (PubMed:31341004). Accumulates also in trichomes on rosettes and stems, and the vasculature in roots (PubMed:29288621). In developing seeds, expressed in the basal suspensor cells and chalazal seed coat at the heart stage of embryogenesis, and in the radicle and cotyledons of mature green embryos (PubMed:29288621). In leaves, strongly expressed in vascular tissues (PubMed:31341004). In roots, detected in root tips, mostly in the root stem cell niche and columella cells (PubMed:31341004). In flowers, accumulates in styles, petals and anther filaments (PubMed:31341004). In siliques, present in funiculi (PubMed:31341004).
Non-heme iron oxygenase involved in sterols biosynthesis by catalyzing the removal of the first methyl group at the C-4 position (By similarity). 4,4-dimethyl-9-beta,19-cyclopropylsterols such as 24-methylenecycloartanol are the preferred substrates (By similarity). Acts as a rate-limiting enzyme in the sterol pathway via interaction with ACBP1; sterols serve as lipid modulators for gene expression of homeodomain-leucine zipper IV transcription factors (PubMed:29288621). Together with SMO1-1, involved in the maintenance of sterol composition to balance auxin and cytokinin activities during embryogenesis (PubMed:31341004).
Requires a membrane-bound cytochrome b5 as an obligatory electron carrier from NAD(P)H to SMO.
Expressed at the early stages of embryo development, up to the early heart stage.
Expressed in immature seeds with highest expression in the chalazal endosperm.
Involved in cytokinin biosynthesis. Catalyzes the transfer of an isopentenyl group from dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) to ATP and ADP, but not to AMP. Has no DMAPP:tRNA isopentenyltransferase activity.
Dwarf plants with short roots and defective meristems.
E3 SUMO-protein ligase that modulates cell cycle progression and functions as a repressor of endocycle onset in meristems. May function downstream of the meristem patterning transcription factors PLETHORA 1 and 2 (PLT1 and PLT2) in root meristem development. Modulates the expression of the mitotic cyclins CYCB1-1 and CYCB1-2 and cyclin-dependent kinases CDKB1-1 and CDKB2-1 in root meristem. Involved in cytokinin signaling in root development.
Sumoylated, possibly via autosumoylation.
By coronalon, jasmonic acid and wounding, but not by salicylic acid, cimene and limonene. Also induced in response to the caterpillar P.xylostella or P.rapae feeding.
Predominantly expressed in flowers but also in leaves, roots, stems and siliques.
Predominantly involved in sesquiterpenes (C15) biosynthesis. Using FPP as substrate, the major product is (E,E)-alpha-farnesene with minor amounts of (Z,E)-alpha-farnesene and (E,E)-beta-farnesene. Using GPP as substrate, could also be able in vitro to synthesize monoterpene (C10) with (E)-beta-ocimene as the major product and with (Z)-beta-ocimene and myrcene as minor products.
Reduction of TMTT, MeSA and (E,E)-alpha-farnesene emmission. No formation of (E)-beta-ocimene detected.
Expressed in generative organs, mature leaves and trichomes.
First present in stems, petioles and the main veins of true leaves in young seedlings. Later accumulates in leaves and present in lateral roots. During transition from the vegetative to the generative stage, preferentially expressed in inflorescence.
Low levels of aliphatic glucosinolates and decreased repressing effect of brassinosteroid on glucosinolates.
Major regulator of short-chained aliphatic glucosinolates (GLSs) biosynthesis. Together with MYB29/HAG3 and MYB76/HAG2, promotes aliphatic glucosinolate biosynthesis but represses indolic glucosinolate biosynthesis. Prevents insect performance (e.g. lepidopteran insect Mamestra brassicae and Spodoptera exigua) by promoting glucosinolates.
Slightly induced by glucose, gibberellic acid (GA), jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA). Transiently induced in inflorescence by mechanical stimuli such as touch or wounding, including herbivory-wounding. Up-regulated by sulfur-deficient stress.
May play a role in a brassinosteroid-dependent regulatory pathway that controls growth and development under low carbon and energy availability.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants show diminished biomass production under low carbon and energy conditions.
Embryogenesis arrest at the midglobular stage.
Forms homodimers (PubMed:28503769). Interacts with MTA/EMB1706 (PubMed:18505803, PubMed:28503769). Interacts with FKBP12; interaction is inhibited by the immunosuppressive drug FK506 (PubMed:9807817). Interacts with VIR (PubMed:28503769). Associates with MTA, MTB, VIR and HAKAI to form the m6A writer complex which is essential for adenosine methylation at specific mRNA sequences (PubMed:28503769).
Probable regulatory subunit of the N6-methyltransferase complex, a multiprotein complex that mediates N6-methyladenosine (m6A) methylation at the 5'-[AG]GAC-3' consensus sites of some mRNAs (PubMed:15047892, PubMed:28503769). Associates with MTA, MTB, VIR and HAKAI to form the m6A writer complex which is essential for adenosine methylation at specific mRNA sequences (PubMed:28503769). N6-methyladenosine (m6A) plays a role in mRNA stability, processing, translation efficiency and editing (PubMed:15047892, PubMed:28503769). Essential protein required during endosperm development and embryogenesis. Involved in endoreduplication, especially in trichomes. May play a role in splicing events (PubMed:15047892).
Ubiquitously expressed with higher levels in primary and lateral roots, leaves, trichomes, and in pollen grains (at protein level).
Expressed in flower buds, developing anthers, pollen grains, siliques, rosette leaves and roots. Detected at lower levels in open flowers, stems and cauline leaves. Expressed in young seedling in the hydathodes, shoot apical meristem, root tips and lateral root primordia.
Expressed to a high level in young floral buds, but decreases in the later floral developmental stages. Expression restricted to microspores and pollen grains at the later developmental stages of anther.
Regulates tapetum degeneration and pollen maturation during anther development.
Expressed in leaves, flower buds and flowers.
May play a role in protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum.
Belongs to the RNase HII family. Eukaryotic subfamily.
Catalytic subunit of RNase HII, an endonuclease that specifically degrades the RNA of RNA:DNA hybrids. Participates in DNA replication, possibly by mediating the removal of lagging-strand Okazaki fragment RNA primers during DNA replication. Mediates the excision of single ribonucleotides from DNA:RNA duplexes (By similarity).
Endonuclease that specifically degrades the RNA of RNA-DNA hybrids.
Manganese or magnesium. Binds 1 divalent metal ion per monomer in the absence of substrate. May bind a second metal ion after substrate binding.
Acts redundantly with WOX4 downstream of the TDR/PXY receptor kinase to regulate procambial cell proliferation and differentiation in vascular tissue, independently of any role in vascular (PubMed:23578929). Involved in the regulation of gibberellin (GA) biosynthesis pathway (PubMed:28218997). Regulates positively the expression of the GA biosynthesis gene GA3OX1, and negatively regulates the expression of GA2OX1 during secondary growth, which increases bioactive GA content in the inflorescence stem (PubMed:28218997). Promotes vascular cell differentiation in the inflorescence stem (PubMed:28218997).
Expressed in root vasculature, pericycle and stamen (PubMed:18950478). Expressed in the procambium during stem maturation (PubMed:28218997).
Overexpression of WOX14 increases bioactive gibberellin (GA) production and induces radial growth with strong lignification of vascular stem tissues.
Retarded growth of the primary root, and partial sterility with aborted and short siliques (PubMed:18950478). Late flowering under long-day conditions (PubMed:18950478, PubMed:28218997). The double mutants wox4 and wox14 exhibit reductions in vascular cell division (PubMed:23578929).
Associates with the 60S ribosomal subunit of the 80S translational complex.
Belongs to the peptidase M24A family. Methionine aminopeptidase type 1 subfamily.
Binds 2 divalent metal cations per subunit. Has a high-affinity and a low affinity metal-binding site. The true nature of the physiological cofactor is under debate. The enzyme is active with cobalt, zinc, manganese or divalent iron ions.
Binds 2 divalent metal cations per subunit. Has a high-affinity and a low affinity metal-binding site. The true nature of the physiological cofactor is under debate. The enzyme is active with zinc, cobalt, manganese or divalent iron ions. Has high activity with zinc; zinc cofactor is transferred into the active site region by the ZNG1 zinc chaperone.
The kinesin motor domain is truncated at the C-terminus in comparison with other members of the gene family.
Component of the small ribosomal subunit. Mature ribosomes consist of a small (40S) and a large (60S) subunit. The 40S subunit contains about 33 different proteins and 1 molecule of RNA (18S). The 60S subunit contains about 49 different proteins and 3 molecules of RNA (25S, 5.8S and 5S) (By similarity).
Expressed in green tissues. Low levels in roots and seeds.
Monomer. Interacts with FFC/cpSRP54, a component of the cpSRP complex, composed of a FFC/cpSRP54 monomer and a CAO/cpSRP43 dimer. The complex with FFC/cpSRP54 is formed when both proteins are bound with GTP.
Peak of expression 20 days after germination.
Signal recognition particle receptor protein. Binds GTP specifically. The GTPase activity is inhibited by the N-terminus of the protein until binding to the thylakoid membrane. Activates the GTPase activity of FFC/cpSRP54 when bound to the cpSRP complex. Required for light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-binding protein (LHCP) integration into thylakoids. Might be also functionally linked to the Sec translocation machinery.
The N-terminal domain (39-56) is necessary and sufficient for thylakoid binding.
Interacts with GRF1, GRF2, GRF5 and GRF9.
Small and narrow lateral organs, such as leaves, cotyledons, and flowers. Significant defects in the number of cells in both the leaf blade and leaf petiole (PubMed:22669825, PubMed:19392710). Excessive postmitotic cell enlargement in leaves (compensation phenotype) (PubMed:19392710). Plant missing GIF1/AN3 and OLI2, OLI5 or OLI7 have a strong compensation phenotype (PubMed:19392710). The double mutant an3 han-30 exhibits severe defects in cotyledon development such as ectopic roots formation at the apical region of the embryo and seedlings, and associated with an abnormal expansion of PLT1 expression from the basal embryonic region to the apical region (PubMed:22669825).
Strongly expressed in actively growing and developing tissues, such as roots, upper stems, and shoot tips and flower buds. Also expressed in mature flowers. Not expressed in the shoot apical meristem (SAM). Highly accumulated in the proximal part of leaf primordia, in the key proliferative zone at the junction region between the leaf blade and leaf petiole.
Transcription coactivator that plays a role in the regulation of cell expansion in leaf and cotyledons tissues. Component of a network formed by miR396, the GRFs and their interacting factors (GIFs) acting in the regulation of meristem function, at least partially through the control of cell proliferation (PubMed:19392710). Appears to function synergistically with GRF1 as a transcriptional coactivator. Acts together with GRF5 for the development of appropriate leaf size and shape through the promotion and/or maintenance of cell proliferation activity in leaf primordia. Plays a role in adaxial/abaxial patterning and growth in leaf morphogenesis. GIFs are involved in the positive regulation of cell proliferation of lateral organs in a functionally redundant manner. Together with GATA18/HAN, mediates cotyledon identity by preventing ectopic root formation through the repression of PLT1 expression (PubMed:22669825).
Mostly expressed in flowers and siliques and at low levels in stems.
Activated by chorismate and inhibited by dihydrofolate and methotrexate.
Bifunctional enzyme that catalyzes the biosynthesis of 4-amino-4-deoxychorismate (ADC) from chorismate and glutamine. In the first step, a glutamine amidotransferase generates ammonia that is channelled between the binding sites of glutamine and chorismate and used along with chorismate in the second step, catalyzed by aminodeoxychorismate synthase, to produce ADC. Required for the synthesis of 4-aminobenzoate (PABA), an important component in tetrahydrofolate biosynthesis. Does not possess ADC lyase activity.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the anthranilate synthase component I family.
The PABA component provides the glutamine amidotransferase activity.
The PABB component catalyzes the formation of ADC by binding chorismate and ammonia.
Mostly expressed in roots, leaves and flowers, and, to a lower extent, in inflorescence, siliques, pollen and shoots.
Probable transcription factor involved in the negative regulation of flowering time, probably through the photoperiodic and vernalization pathways; more efficient in cv. Landsberg erecta than in cv. Columbia background. Prevents premature flowering (PubMed:12724541, PubMed:25339407). Involved in the modulation of vernalization impact on flowering according to genotype acclimation to altitude (PubMed:25339407).
Repressed during vernalization (PubMed:12724541). Regulated by HAM1 and HAM2 via epigenetic modification of chromatins at H4K5 acetylation during flowering (PubMed:23273925).
This truncated primase was identified on the basis of sequence homologies, but no information is available about whether this protein is functional.
Could be the product of a pseudogene. A stop codon at position 188 results in a truncated and certainly non functional protein.
Belongs to the amino acid/polyamine transporter 2 family. Amino acid/auxin permease (AAAP) (TC 2.A.18.3) subfamily.
Expressed in epidermal and cortex cells of roots. Expressed in stipules.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants grown with exogenous high concentrations of D-proline show reduced inhibition of root growth.
Proline transporter that mediates proline and glycine betaine transport. May be involved in the uptake of compatible solutes from the soil into the roots, or in retrieval of apoplastic amino acids delivered to the roots via the phloem. May be involved in delivery of proline to wounding sites. When expressed in a heterologous system (yeast), imports D- and L-proline, glycine betaine and GABA across the plasma membrane. Has the same affinity for D- and L-proline.
Treatment with toxic concentrations of proline reduces shoot growth and root elongation in wild-type plants, while plant lines over-expressing PROT2 stop growing shortly after unfolding of cotyledons.
Accumulates in etiolated cotyledons and in seedlings, also present in roots, flowers and siliques (at protein level). High levels in wounded leaves.
Belongs to the thiolase-like superfamily. Thiolase family.
Expressed in the dark, repressed by light (at protein level). Induced by dehydration, by abscisic acid (ABA) and by wounding, both locally and systemically.
Involved in long chain fatty-acid beta-oxidation prior to gluconeogenesis during germination and subsequent seedling growth. Confers sensitivity to 2,4-dichlorophenoxybutiric acid (2,4-DB). Required for local and systemic induction of jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis after wounding. Seems to be involved in JA biosynthesis during senescence.
Levels increase strongly upon imbibition and decrease 3 days later. Strongly induced in leaves during senescence.
Has a dual specificity toward Ser/Thr and Tyr-containing proteins. Dephosphorylates MPK4 in vitro.
Inhibited by sodium vanadate and sodium tungstate. NaF and spermifine repress specifically phosphoserine and phosphothreonine phosphatase activity.
Interacts with calmodulin (CaM) in a calcium Ca(2+)-dependent manner.
Early flowering (PubMed:19726574, PubMed:19855050). Reduced seed dormancy and increased germination rate of freshly harvested seeds (PubMed:21799800).
Expressed in the shoot and root apices, vascular tissues and mesophyll cells of rosette leaves.
Histone methyltransferase involved in regulation of flowering time. Required for the expression of the flowering repressors FLC and MADS-box genes of the MAF family (PubMed:19726574, PubMed:19855050). Required for histone H3 dimethylation on 'Lys-36' H3K36me2 at the FLC locus (PubMed:19726574). Required for histone H3 trimethylation on 'Lys-4' (H3K4me3) at the FLC locus. Prevents trimethylation on 'Lys-27' (H3K27me3) at the same locus (PubMed:19855050). Involved in the control of seed dormancy and germination (PubMed:21799800).
RNA-binding protein involved in the regulation of flowering time. Acts as repressor of the activity of SOC1, a transcriptional activator of flowering time. Binds to the 3'-UTR of SOC1 mRNA in the cytoplasm and participates in SOC1 mRNA decay, mediated by the distal region of the SOC1 3'-UTR.
Lacks the EAR-like motif (Domain I) which is one of the conserved features of the Aux/IAA family.
The N-terminal half of the protein contains the conserved domain II which is required for the correct degradation of the protein through the SCF-mediated ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Interactions between Aux/IAA proteins and auxin response factors (ARFs) occur through their C-terminal dimerization domains III and IV.
Abolished brassinosteroid (BR)-induced ASK7/BIN2/SK21 degradation, and severe BR-insensitivity. Suppression of the constitutive BR-response phenotype in the dominant mutant bzr1-1D, and accumulation of phosphorylated BZR1.
Component of SCF(ASK-cullin-F-box) E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes, which may mediate the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins. Required for brassinosteroid (BR) signal transduction. Mediates ASK7/BIN2/SK21 inactivation both by competing with substrate binding (e.g. BZR1) and by promoting its ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation.
Expressed in seedlings, leaves, stems, flower buds and flowers.
Part of a SCF (SKP1-cullin-F-box) protein ligase complex. Binds directly to several GSK3 family proteins such as SKP1A/ASK1, ASK1/SK11, ASK3/SK12, ASK5/SK13, ASK7/BIN2/SK21, ASK9/SK22 and ASK6/SK23. Interacts with ASK7/BIN2/SK21 in a brassinosteroid (BR)-dependent manner.
Belongs to the AB hydrolase superfamily. AB hydrolase 2 family.
Required for chloroplast protein synthesis and accumulation of subunits of the thylakoid protein complexes. Activates psaC and petA translation by binding their 5'-UTRs. Required for the correct processing of petB and petD mRNAs. Interacts with the petB and petD intergenic region and is required for the generation of petB and petD monocistronic RNAs.
Seedling lethality under normal growth conditions.
During embryogenesis, present in the embryo at the globular and heart stages. Detected in the central vasculature of the siliques. During germination, only observed in stipules at the shoot apex and restricted to trichomes of the primary leaves.
Mostly expressed in flowers, and, to a lower extent, in stems. In leaves and stems, restricted to the trichomes and trichome basal cells. Also present in the stipules flanking the base of the inflorescence bract leaves and in the meristematic zone of developing lateral roots. In flowers, present in pollen and the abscission zone of developing siliques.
Slightly activated by succinate and aspartate. Repressed by fumarate, malate, oxaloacetate and glucose.
Accumulates in root hairs within five days under phosphate (Pi) deficient conditions (at protein level).
Belongs to the plant proline-rich protein superfamily.
Contributes to cell wall structure in root hairs and seeds, especially in phosphate (Pi) deprivation conditions or in the presence of ethylene (PubMed:28138059, PubMed:28837399). Particularly important in maternal tissues (pericarps and seed coats) during seed development, especially under stress conditions (PubMed:28138059, PubMed:30673938). Confers thermotolerance in seed germination rate (PubMed:30673938).
In roots, observed in root tips and elongating regions of the primary and lateral roots, especially in root hairs and collet hairs (PubMed:28138059). In reproductive organs, present in fruits and anthers (mostly in young anthers) (PubMed:28138059). Later detected in the pericarps and receptacles during maturation of siliques (PubMed:28138059). In siliques, expressed in the embryo (from the initial globular to mature stages), funiculus and seed coat (in the transparent inner integument) (PubMed:28138059). Expression levels are coordinated with root hair cell elongation (PubMed:28837399).
No visible phenotype under normal conditions (PubMed:28138059). Short and abnormally shaped root hairs due to the suppression of cell growth and cell death, and withered seeds, both having a tendency to necrotize and thick cell walls with abnormal structure in phosphate (Pi) deficient conditions or after ethylene treatment (PubMed:28138059, PubMed:28837399). Production of dark brown shrunken seeds unable to germinate, especially in low humidity (PubMed:30673938).
Root hair and seed specific expression (PubMed:19448035, PubMed:28138059, PubMed:28837399). Also observed in other tissues including siliques, roots and flowers (PubMed:28138059, PubMed:28837399).
Catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase 6 (PP6) (Probable). Dephosphorylates phosphorylated phytochromes, with a preference toward Pfr forms. Plays a major role in the photoperiodic control of flowering time in long days by modulating phytochrome signals in flowering time control (By similarity). Involved in the regulation of polar auxin transport in roots (PubMed:22715043). Dephosphorylates directly the auxin efflux carriers PIN1 and PIN2, thus promoting their proper polar localization in root cell plasma membrane (PubMed:22715043). Acts antagonistically with the protein kinase PID to regulate the reversible phosphorylation of PIN and polar targeting, subsequently impacting polar auxin transport and plant development (PubMed:22715043). Involved in the regulation of abscisic acid (ABA) signaling during seed germination and postgermination seedling growth (PubMed:23404889). Functions as negative regulator of ABA signaling through direct dephosphorylation and destabilization of ABI5 (PubMed:23404889). Acts antagonistically with the protein kinase SRK2E/SNRK2.6 to regulate ABI5 phosphorylation and ABA responses (PubMed:23404889). Involved in the regulation of phosphorylation status in hypocotyl phototropism (PubMed:30373470). Involved in the negative regulation of photomorphogenesis by controlling the stability and transcriptional activity of PIF3 and PIF4 proteins in the dark, via the regulation of their phosphorylation status (PubMed:31527236).
Interacts with PHYA and PHYB, mostly when they are phosphorylated and in Pfr forms (By similarity). Interacts with TAP46 (PubMed:21216945, PubMed:24357600) (By similarity). Interacts with PIN1 and PIN2 (PubMed:22715043). Interacts with ABI5 (PubMed:23404889). Interacts with PIF3 and PIF4 (PubMed:31527236). Protein phosphatase 6 (PP6) holoenzyme is a heterotrimeric complex formed by the catalytic subunit FYPP, a SAPS domain-containing subunit (SAL) and a protein phosphatase 2A regulatory subunit A (PP2AA) (PubMed:22715043).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but the double mutant plants fypp1 and fypp3 exhibit severe developmental defects in roots and leaves, and show defective gravitropism.
Accessory protein involved in autophagy. Acts as scaffold protein of the ATG1-ATG13 complex for faithful delivery of autophagic vesicles to the vacuole. Required for selective mitophagy.
Component of the DNA topoisomerase VI involved in chromatin organization and progression of endoreduplication cycles. Relaxes both positive and negative superturns and exhibits a strong decatenase activity. The B subunit binds ATP.
Component of the DNA topoisomerase VI involved in chromatin organization and progression of endoreduplication cycles. Relaxes both positive and negative superturns and exhibits a strong decatenase activity. The B subunit binds ATP. Involved in cell-elongation processes.
Highly expressed in leaves, stems, flowers and seedlings.
Homodimer. Heterotetramer of two TOP6A and two TOP6B subunits.
Homodimer. Heterotetramer of two TOP6A and two TOP6B subunits. Interacts with SPO11-2, but not with SPO11-1, RHL1 or BIN4.
Plants are defective in cell elongation and show a severe dwarf phenotype.
Interacts with SIM and SMR1 (PubMed:25455564).
May play a role in transcriptional processes (PubMed:21875893). Regulates negatively the senescence and chlorotic lesions induced by biotic (e.g. pathogens) and abiotic (e.g. sugars, darkness) agents, probably by controlling programmed cell death (pcd) (PubMed:11846876, PubMed:9338960, Ref.6, PubMed:11728314). Negative regulator of plant programmed cell death (PCD) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI) (PubMed:25455564). Promotes cell division and endoreduplication (e.g. in trichomes) (PubMed:11728314).
Plants are more resistant to pathogens such as P.syringea and P.parasitica and develops spontaneous lesions.
Belongs to the retinoblastoma protein (RB) family.
Expressed in actively dividing cells. Detected in the shoot apical meristem, in young leaf primordia and in both sporophytic tissue and the megagametophyte.
Highly expressed before and after fertilization (PubMed:15201912). During meiosis, found to localize along the chromosome axes during late G2/early leptotene. As prophase I progressed, a lower expression is detectable at zygotene then more reduced at pachytene. Not detected at later stages (PubMed:21217641).
Highly phosphorylated by CDKA-1 during G1 to S phase transition. Once hyper-phosphorylated, becomes inactive and unable to interact with E2F.
Interacts with the begomovirus replication-associated protein (Rep) (PubMed:10880461), the nanovirus Clink protein (PubMed:17267511), the mastrevirus RepA protein, E2FA, E2FB and E2FC (PubMed:16361519, PubMed:18064404, PubMed:16055635, PubMed:20683442, PubMed:22307083). Interacts with MSI1 through its Domain A (PubMed:18700816). Interacts with ATPK1/S6K1 (PubMed:20683442). Interacts with SCR (PubMed:22921914, PubMed:24302889). Interacts with HAT2 (PubMed:24302889). Interacts with FAMA (PubMed:25303364, PubMed:24571519). Interacts with MYB124 and MYB88 (PubMed:24571519). Component of a DREAM-like complex which modulates a variety of developmentally regulated genes and of the mitotic genes in proliferating and differentiated cells. Associates with MYB3R3 in both earlier and later stages of leaves development. Interacts with MYB3R4 only at early stages of leaves development (PubMed:26069325).
Key regulator of entry into cell division. Acts as a transcription repressor of E2F target genes, whose activity is required for progress from the G1 to the S phase of the cell cycle. Hyperphosphorylation by CDKA-1 prevents the binding to E2F transcription factors, allowing G1 to S phase transition to operate (PubMed:18064404, PubMed:21444209). Forms a stable complex with E2FA that functions in maintaining cell proliferation through repression of cell differentiation (PubMed:22307083). Plays a central role in the mechanism controlling meristem cell differentiation, cell fate establishment and cell fate maintenance during organogenesis and gametogenesis (PubMed:16377572, PubMed:16815954, PubMed:19359496, PubMed:20525851, PubMed:20585548, PubMed:20683442, PubMed:22595674, PubMed:24285791, PubMed:25303364). Required during lateral organ production (PubMed:20525851). Also involved in controlling asymmetric divisions of stem cells in different stem cell niches (PubMed:22921914, PubMed:23104828, PubMed:24302889). Acts as negative regulator of cell proliferation during leaf and gametophytes development (PubMed:15201912, PubMed:16361519, PubMed:18976913). At later stages of development, restricts the progression through additional endocycles (PubMed:16361519). In the leaf, plays a role in the control of the mesophyll differentiation (PubMed:24118480). Another role is its implication in the regulation of imprinted genes. Acts together with MSI1 to repress the expression of MET1 during gametogenesis. This in turn activates expression of the imprinted genes FIS2 and FWA (PubMed:18700816). Regulates many genes of the polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) (PubMed:18976913, PubMed:19704913, PubMed:20585548). Plays an important role in meiosis affecting different aspects of this complex process (PubMed:21217641). Functions as a positive regulator of the developmental switch from embryonic heterotrophic growth to autotrophic growth (PubMed:21693514). Interaction with mastrevirus RepA or nanovirus Clink protein disrupts the RBR/E2F interaction and releases the transcription of replicative enzymes needed by the virus by increasing the E2F DNA-binding activity (PubMed:16361519).
Plants are gametophytic lethals (PubMed:15201912). During meiosis, reduction in the formation of meiotic crossing-overs and a failure of chromosome synapsis, leading to a dramatic reduction in fertility (PubMed:21217641).
The polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) containing MSI1, MEA, FIS2 and FIE repress the paternal RBR allele during pollen and seed development (PubMed:18976913). Down-regulated by TCP15 (PubMed:21992944).
Ubiquitinated (Probable). Subject to proteasome-dependent degradation during sucrose starvation (PubMed:21444209).
Acts as negative regulator of seedling photomorphogenesis.
Belongs to the amidase family. GatA subfamily.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase group 1 family. Glycosyltransferase 33 subfamily.
In ovules, mostly observed in the female gametophyte (FG) including the synergids, which showed a ring shaped localization around their nuclei, and throughout the pollen tube (PT).
Pollen tube (PT) overgrowth inside the female gametophyte (FG) without PT rupture. Premature burst immediately after PT germination. Dwarf plants accumulating anthocyanins and dying prematurely in RNAi conditions. Impaired accumulation of ANX1 and ANX2 proteins.
Required for pollen tube (PT) growth and integrity by affecting the stability of the pollen-specific ANX1 and ANX2 proteins. Involved in protein N-glycosylation in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), especially in the female gametophyte. Mediates PT reception in synergids through protein glycosylation.
Belongs to the GLUTAMINE DUMPER 1 (TC 9.B.60) family.
Expressed in the vascular tissues, even in the minor veins of the leaves.
Overexpression of GLUTAMINE DUMPER 4 leads to free amino acid levels accumulation (Ref.7, PubMed:20018597).
Probable subunit of an amino acid transporter involved in the regulation of the amino acid metabolism. Stimulates amino acid export by activating nonselective amino acid facilitators.
The VIMAG motif is necessary for the function of the protein.
Interacts with PHR1 in a highly Pi-dependent manner (PubMed:25271326).
No effect on Pi accumulation, due to the redundancy with SPX2. Spx1 and spx2 double mutants have an increased root-to-shoot growth ratio and a reduced rot hair size when grown in Pi-sufficient conditions.
Plays a positive role in plant adaptation to phosphate starvation (PubMed:18315545). Inhibits PHR1 DNA-binding activity in a Pi-dependent manner (PubMed:25271326).
May act as the scaffold of a protein complex, which sequesters key factors that are required for the G2 to M transition in meristematic tissues (By similarity). Together with REC2, REC3 and FMT/CLU, contributes to the establishment of the cellular volume devoted to the chloroplast compartment (PubMed:26862170).
Reduced proportion of the cellular volume devoted to chloroplasts leading to an abnormal chloroplasts distributions (PubMed:26862170). Lower levels of chlorophyll, especially in plants lacking REC1, REC2, REC3 and FMT/CLU (PubMed:26862170).
Expressed in provascular cells and phloem initials (e.g. protophloem, metaphloem, sieve element precursor cells and sieve element procambium precursor cells).
First expressed in provascular cells, and upon vascular cell type specification becomes restricted to the phloem cell lineage.
Phosphorylation at Ser-318 amplifies the promotion of protophloem differentiation.
Potentiates primary root protophloem differentiation (PubMed:22395740, PubMed:25049386, PubMed:28652362). Required, together with VCC, for embryo provasculature development and cotyledon vascular complexity and connectivity (PubMed:25149602). Regulates roots architecture (PubMed:25049386). Mediates the recruitment of ASK7/BIN2 to the plasma membrane (PubMed:28652362).
Short roots associated with both reduced cell division in the root meristem and altered root cell elongation. Early emergence of lateral roots at the root-hypocotyl junction (PubMed:22395740, PubMed:25049386, PubMed:28652362). Reductions in the complexity of vascular networks in cotyledons and discontinuous phloem differentiation (PubMed:25149602, PubMed:22395740, PubMed:25049386, PubMed:28652362). Impaired primary root protophloem differentiation during root development leading to altered phloem long-distance transport (PubMed:22395740). The double mutant vcc ops exhibits a complete loss of high-complexity vascular networks (PubMed:25149602). The double mutant brx ops double mutant has strongly reduced root length and meristem size, with missing protophloem strands (PubMed:28652362).
Expressed mainly in roots. Detected in flowers, leaves, stems, siliques and pollen tubes.
Involved in the synthesis of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol, the major structural component of photosynthetic membranes and in the chloroplast envelope biogenesis. Can use both prokaryotic (18:1/16:0) or eukaryotic (18:2/18:2) 1,2-diacylglycerol species, but operates with some preference for the eukaryotic one. Plays a minor role in galactolipid synthesis in chloroplasts (PubMed:11553816). Is essential for membrane lipid remodeling in phosphate-starved roots (PubMed:18808455, PubMed:31201686). Acts as the major factor involved in digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) biosynthesis in phosphate-starved roots (PubMed:18808455). Does not seem to be required for plant growth under nutrient-sufficient conditions (PubMed:18808455). Required for membrane lipid remodeling in plants grown in acidic conditions (PubMed:31201686).
Mostly expressed in early stages of development.
Expressed in roots, cotyledons, leaves and flowers.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions (permissive temperature of 21 degrees Celsius), but mutant plants have a temperature-sensitive phenotype (when transferred to 31 degrees Celsius) showing radially swollen roots and reduction in cellulose production.
Expressed in cotyledons at the base of the hypocotyls, in root elongation zone, lateral root primordia, vascular system of young leaves, abscission zone of the pedicle,.
Plants develop approximately half the number of lateral roots without affecting significantly aerial parts development, and are resistant to A.tumefaciens transformation.
Possesses glucomannan synthase and mannan synthase activities in vitro. Mannan synthase consists of a 4-beta-mannosyltransferase activity on mannan using GDP-mannose. The beta-1,4-mannan product is the backbone for galactomannan synthesis by galactomannan galactosyltransferase. Galactomannan is a noncellulosic polysaccharides of plant cell wall (PubMed:15647349, PubMed:17307900). Required for lateral root development (PubMed:14612582).
Molecular scaffold for [Fe-S] cluster assembly of mitochondrial iron-sulfur proteins.
Belongs to the phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase beta subunit family. Type 2 subfamily.
Tetramer of two alpha and two beta subunits.
Repressor of light-mediated regulation of seedling development. Functions by suppressing the activities of positive cofactors like BBX21 and HY5 involved in modulating light-regulated gene expression and growth.
Expressed in leaves, stems, roots, siliques and flowers. Detected in the vascular tissue of cotyledons and roots, in adult leaves, stems, siliques, petals, hydathodes and in silique abscission zones and funicles.
Hydrolyzes certain amino acid conjugates of the plant growth regulator indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), including IAA-Ala, IAA-Asn, IAA-Cys, IAA-Glu, IAA-Met, IAA-Ser and IAA-Gly (PubMed:10072397, PubMed:11923288). Has a lower efficiency with IAA-Phe, IAA-Leu and IAA-Val and no activity with IAA-Ile (PubMed:10072397, PubMed:11923288). Important for IAA-Leu hydrolysis in roots (PubMed:15155875). Also hydrolyzes amino acid conjugates of jasmonic acid and 12-hydroxy jasmonic acid (PubMed:24052260).
Expressed in stems and at lower levels in cauline leaves and siliques.
Reduced levels of arabinogalactan proteins (PubMed:26690932, PubMed:25974423). Defects in root hair growth, root elongation, pollen tube growth, flowering time, leaf development, silique length and inflorescence growth. Increased sensitivity to salt stress (PubMed:25974423).
Expressed in roots, stems, flower buds and siliques.
Interacts with BLH1, BLH2, BLH3, BLH4, BLH6, BLH10, KNAT1, KNAT3, KNAT4, KNAT5, KNAT6 and KNAT7.
Plants over-expressing OFP2 show kidney-shaped cotyledons, round and curled leaves, small rosette size, late flowering, reduced fertilization and round seeds.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that promotes osmotic stress and abscisic acid (ABA) responses (PubMed:23415322). Regulates negatively drought-mediated control of early seedling development, probably by influencing proline content, water loss, membrane ion leakage and the expression of dehydration stress-related genes (e.g. RAB18, RD29A, RD29B, AOX1A, ERD15, ERD1, COR15A, P5CS1 and P5CR) (PubMed:23415322, PubMed:28369480). Modulates bZIP11 accumulation during rehydration following drought (PubMed:28369480).
In seedlings, especially present in the vascular system (PubMed:23415322, PubMed:28369480). In flowers, observed in sepals, anthers of stamen, and pollen (PubMed:23415322).
Reduced sensitivity to osmotic stress, dehydration and abscisic acid (ABA) during early seedling development (PubMed:23415322, PubMed:28369480). Increased proline accumulation and higher expression of stress-related genes (e.g. RAB18, RD29A, RD29B, AOX1A, ERD15, ERD1, COR15A, P5CS1 and P5CR) under drought stress (PubMed:23415322). Lower production of malondialdehyde (MDA) upon drought stress (PubMed:28369480). Slightly enhanced pollen tube growth (PubMed:28369480). Impaired bZIP11 accumulation after rehydration following drought (PubMed:28369480).
Repressed by drought and osmotic (e.g. 400 mM mannitol) stresses.
Cannot use 4-coumarate for ubiquinone biosynthesis.
Contributes to jasmonic acid biosynthesis by initiating the beta-oxidative chain shortening of its precursors (PubMed:18267944). Acts as a carboxylate--CoA ligase that can use preferentially p-coumarate, ferulate and caffeate as substrates and, with a lower efficiency, (E)-cinnamate and 4-hydroxybenzoate as substrates (PubMed:24838974). Involved in the biosynthesis of ubiquinone from phenylalanine by activating the propyl side chain of 4-coumarate, and possibly trans-cinnamate and 4-hydroxybenzoate, for subsequent beta-oxidative shortening and the formation of the benzenoid moiety of ubiquinone (PubMed:24838974). Follows a two-step reaction mechanism, wherein the carboxylate substrate first undergoes adenylation by ATP, followed by a thioesterification in the presence of CoA to yield the final CoA thioester (By similarity).
Component of the SWR1 chromatin-remodeling complex and of the NuA4 histone acetyltransferase complex. Interacts with the SWI/SNF complex. Interacts with EAF1A and EAF1B.
Involved in several developmental processes including organization of plant organs, flowering time, anther development, flower senescence and fertility, probably by regulating the chromatin structure.
Mostly expressed in flowers, and, to a lower extent, in roots, seedlings, leaves and siliques (at protein level).
Forms homooligomers and heterooligomers with SWEET5, SWEET8, SWEET11, SWEET13, SWEET15 and SWEET17.
Localized to cotyledons and hypocotyl in the early stages of development, and later appears in young leaves.
Low-affinity potassium transporter. Could mediate the potassium-dependent cell expansion in growing tissues.
Plants display a short hypocotyl phenotype. Kup2-2, kup2-3 and kup2-7 are considered as null mutants.
Slightly detected in roots, stems, leaves and flowers of mature plants and in potassium-starved plants.
Rapidly induced in local tissues by both compatible and incompatible P.syringae pv. tomato DC3000 strains. Accumulates transiently in systemic tissue after challenge with incompatible P.syringae pv. tomato DC3000(avrRpm1) strain but not with a compatible strains; this systemic induction is abolished by a treatment with the calcium ion channel blocker LaCl(3), thus being dependent of a cytoplasmic calcium burst. Triggered by jasmonic acid (JA) and wounding.
Belongs to the PI3/PI4-kinase family. Type II PI4K subfamily.
The phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol (PI) to PI4P is the first committed step in the generation of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), a precursor of the second messenger inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3).
Altered cauline leaf shape, abnormal stem development and architecture, including enhanced branching, decreased inflorescence branch angles, and shorter stem and internode lengths. Reduced stems elongation after bolting.
Dramatically up-regulated upon the transition from vegetative to reproductive development.
Homodimer capable of binding to CArG-box sequences.
Probable transcription factor that promotes early floral meristem identity in synergy with APETALA1 and CAULIFLOWER. Is required subsequently for the transition of an inflorescence meristem into a floral meristem (PubMed:28586421). Seems to be partially redundant to the function of APETALA1 and CAULIFLOWER in the up-regulation of LEAFY. Is also required for normal pattern of cell division, expansion and differentiation during morphogenesis of the silique (PubMed:28586421). Probably not required for fruit elongation but instead is required to prevent ectopic activity of IND. Represses SAUR10 expression in stems and inflorescence branches (PubMed:28586421).
Vascular tissue of cauline leaves, floral shoot apex and valves of carpels and fruits.
Diurnally oscillating levels. Induced by abscisic acid (ABA) (PubMed:18202002). Regulated indirectly by CAMTA1, probably via a DREB/ERF pathway (PubMed:23547968). Accumulates during dehydration stress (PubMed:8075396).
Involved in the import/insertion pathway in the thylakoids. The signal recognition particle is not involved in the insertion of SECE1 in the thylakoid membrane.
Part of the Sec protein translocation apparatus. Interacts with SCY1 and ALB3.
Seedling lethal. Albino seedlings with yellow and translucent (glassy) lateral organs when grown heterotrophically.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 51 family.
Expressed in roots, leaves, flowers, stems, siliques and seedlings. Observed in zones of cell proliferation, the vascular system and floral abscission zones. Expressed in the guard cells in stems, in xylem vessels and parenchyma cells surrounding the vessels, in the cambium and in the phloem, but not in the secondary xylem.
May be involved in the coordinated dissolution of the cell wall matrix during abscission and in the secondary cell wall formation in xylem vessels. Prefers arabinoxylan, but may also use pectic arabinans as substrates.
No visible phenotype; even in asd1 and asd2 double mutant.
Not induced by hormones or during leaf senescence.
Component of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) quality control system called ER-associated degradation (ERAD) and involved in ubiquitin-dependent degradation of misfolded endoplasmic reticulum proteins. Functions as an ERAD substrate-recruiting factor that recognizes misfolded proteins for the HRD1 E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. Targets the misfolded LRR receptor kinase BRI1.
Expressed mainly in meristems and dividing cells. In roots, restricted to the vasculature in the maturation zone.
Variant histones H2A are synthesized throughout the cell cycle and are very different from classical S-phase regulated H2A. May replace conventional H2A in a subset of nucleosomes. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling (By similarity).
PA phosphatase activity inhibited by N-ethylmaleimide with an IC(50) value of 10 mM.
Plays a general role in cellular responses to stress, may be by attenuating the signal produced by phospholipases. Exhibits both diacylglycerol pyrophosphate (DGPP) phosphatase and phosphatidate (PA) phosphatase activities. Substrate preference is diacylglycerol pyrophosphate > phosphatidate.
Rapid increase in response to severe radiation stress (gamma rays or UV-B). Returns to basal level 45 min after the radiation injury. Also induced by mastoparan and by the hypersensitive response elicitor harpin. In this later case, induction is also observed in the leaves adjacent to those that were infiltrated with harpin.
Strongly expressed in leaves, moderately in roots, weakly in floral hamps and flower buds, and not detected in adult flowers and seedpods.
C2 domain is a calcium-binding fold, and the binding induces conformational changes, promoting the protein association with membranes. These conformational changes occure at millimolar Ca(2+) concentrations. Binds also PIP2. A lower affinity toward calcium can be anticipated for PLD alpha due to the absence of two potential calcium ligands.
Ca(2+) requirement for activity depends on pH. Active either under acidic conditions with micromolar levels of calcium (PIP2-dependent) or at neutral pH with millimolar levels of calcium (PIP2-independent).
Highly expressed in roots, stems and flowers, moderately in leaves, seedlings and siliques. Not detected in seeds.
Hydrolyzes glycerol-phospholipids at the terminal phosphodiesteric bond to generate phosphatidic acids (PA). Plays an important role in various cellular processes, including phytohormone action and response to stress, characterized by acidification of the cell (PubMed:9437863). Involved in wound induction of jasmonic acid (PubMed:11090221). May be involved in membrane lipid remodeling (PubMed:11239826). Probably involved in freezing tolerance by modulating the cold-responsive genes and accumulation of osmolytes (PubMed:16949955). Can use phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylglycerol (PG) as substrates, both in presence or in absence of PIP2 (PubMed:9578608). Its main substrate is phosphatidylcholine (PubMed:11239826). Stimulates the intrinsic GTPase activity of GPA1 upon binding (PubMed:14594812). Mediates the abscisic acid effects on stomata through interaction with GPA1 and the production of phosphatidic acid that bind to ABI1 (PubMed:17261695, PubMed:17565616). Involved in seed aging and deterioration (PubMed:17565616). Involved in microtubule stabilization and salt tolerance (PubMed:23150630). Involved in abscisic acid-induced stomatal closure (PubMed:22392280).
Interacts with GPA1 (PubMed:14594812, PubMed:16614222, PubMed:23913032). This binding inhibits PLDALPHA1 activity and is relieved by GTP (PubMed:14594812).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but improved resistance of the seeds to deterioration during storage (PubMed:17565616). Insensitivity to abscisic acid for both promotion of stomatal closure and inhibition of stomatal opening (PubMed:16614222). Hypersensitivity to hyperosmotic stress (PubMed:19017627). Increased NaCl-induced disorganization of microtubules (PubMed:23150630). No effect on abscisic acid-induced stomatal closure (PubMed:22392280). Pldalpha1 and plddelta double mutants have a suppressed abscisic acid-induced stomatal closure (PubMed:22392280).
Up-regulated by abscisic acid and ethylene (PubMed:9437863). Up-regulated by salt, dehydration and osmotic stresses (PubMed:19017627). Not regulated by abscisic acid (PubMed:22392280).
Binds preferentially DNA with A/T-rich content (PubMed:19053246). Required for karyogamy during female gametophyte development, when the two polar nuclei fuse to form the diploid central cell nucleus (PubMed:16698901).
Predominantly expressed in leaves, flowers and seedlings.
Belongs to the acetylglutamate kinase family. ArgB subfamily.
Inhibited by arginine. Inhibition is relieved by binding to GLB1.
Interacts with GLB1. Interaction is dependent of MgATP and inhibited by 2-oxoglutarate, arginine, glutamate, citrate, and oxaloacetate.
Involved in the arginine biosynthetic pathway via the intermediate compound ornithine.
Expressed in roots, rosette leaves, cauline leaves, guard cells and flowers.
Homodimer (PubMed:24350984). Interacts with SINAT1, SINAT2, SINAT3, SINAT4 and SINAT5 (PubMed:24350984). Interacts with ATG6 and TRAF1A (PubMed:28351989).
Induced by abscisic acid (ABA) and salt stress.
Lacks the RING-type zinc finger domain that is essential for ubiquitin ligase activity. May not possess E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity by itself.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants are hypersensitive to drought stress.
Probable inactive E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that plays a role in regulation of autophagy. Upon starvation, involved in maintaining ATG6 homeostasis by competitively associating with ATG6, a component of the autophagosome complex (PubMed:28351989). Acts as positive regulator of drought stress response. Functions as positive regulator of abscisic acid-mediated stomatal closure (PubMed:24350984).
This magnesium-dependent enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the translocation of calcium from the cytosol into small vacuoles.
Essential protein. Required for male and female gametophytes development (PubMed:26586834). Exhibits sn-1 acyltransferase activity with high specificity for acyl-coenzyme A, thus triggering storage lipid biosynthesis and playing an important role in the Kennedy pathway of glycerolipid biosynthesis (PubMed:27325892). Catalyzes triacylglycerol (TAG) accumulation involved in membrane lipid and oil biosynthesis, especially in seeds (PubMed:26586834, PubMed:27325892). Contributes also to the biosynthesis of both polar lipids and TAG in developing leaves, as well as lipid droplet production in developing pollen grains. Seems to not contribute to surface lipid biosynthesis (e.g. waxes and cutin) (PubMed:27325892).
Homozygous lethal. Male (pollen) and female gametophytic lethality. Reduces oil content and altered fatty acids (FA) composition.
Self-interacts. Interacts with LPAT2 and LPCAT2.
Up-regulated during embryogenesis (PubMed:19539490, PubMed:27325892). Expressed in seedlings, leaves, stems, roots, floral buds, flowers, pollen, and siliques at various developmental stages (PubMed:27325892).
Within siliques, accumulates strongly in developing embryos in the mid-stages of embryo development, during the time of abundant glycerolipid biosynthesis. In stems, confined to phloem and xylem. In flowers, mostly restricted to anthers (and more specifically pollen), and barely in sepals and petals.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bS21 family.
Belongs to the Clp1 family. Clp1 subfamily.
Interacts with PCFS4 and SYM5. Forms a complex with cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor (CPSF) subunits CPSF30, CPSF100, PCFS1, PCFS4, PCFS5, CPSF160 and FY.
Required for endonucleolytic cleavage during polyadenylation-dependent pre-mRNA 3'-end formation (By similarity). Functions in gametophyte, embryo and postembryotic development (PubMed:18971429).
Required for endonucleolytic cleavage during polyadenylation-dependent pre-mRNA 3'-end formation.
Expressed in developing siliques 3-13 days after pollination.
Expressed in inflorescence and developing siliques. Detected in seeds, roots, cotyledons and leaves. In seeds, specifically detected at the rim of the embryo and the outer integument.
Key oxidase enzyme in the biosynthesis of gibberellin that catalyzes the conversion of GA12 to GA9, via a three-step oxidation at C-20 of the GA skeleton, and GA25 is also formed as a minor product. GA53 is less effectively oxidized than GA12 and is only oxidized one step to GA44 (PubMed:7630935). Involved in the promotion of the floral transition, fertility and silique elongation, but plays only a minor role in elongation of seedling organs. Acts redundantly with GA20OX1 (PubMed:18069939).
Negatively controlled by the level of physiologically active gibberellin. Up-regulated by auxin, paclobutrazol, long day exposure and cold treatment.
Belongs to the peptidase M67A family. BRCC36 subfamily.
Catalyzes the trans-addition of the three molecules of isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) onto dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) to form geranylgeranyl diphosphate.
Faintly expressed in flowers (PubMed:10759500). Expressed in roots and siliques (PubMed:23729351).
Abnormally branched root pattern (PubMed:12468724). Hypersensitivity to inhibition by Na(+), K(+) and Li(+) but not Cs(+) (PubMed:12468724). Abnormal PIP2-7 trafficking and subcellular localization leading to a reduced levels at the plasma membrane and abnormal accumulation in globular or lenticular structures (PubMed:25082856).
Expressed in root, leaf, stem, flower and silique, but not in hypocotyl or young leaf (PubMed:12468724, PubMed:15919093, PubMed:15342965). Strong expression in the vasculature and in guard cells of the leaf epidermis (PubMed:12468724).
Interacts with VTI12 and either SYP41, SYP42 or SYP51 in the trans-Golgi network or with VTI11 and SYP51 in the prevacuolar compartment to form t-SNARE complexes (PubMed:11739776, PubMed:15919093, PubMed:21826108). Core constituent of the SNARE complex required for membrane fusion at the trans-Golgi network (PubMed:15919093, PubMed:21826108). Also observed in the SYP121-complex and cellulose synthases (PubMed:21826108). Colocalizes with PIP2-7 and SYP121 in trafficking vesicles and at the plasma membrane (PubMed:25082856). Interacts with SYP121 and PIP2-7 (PubMed:25082856).
Not induced by osmotic stress or ABA treatment.
The exact location of the SYP51/SYP61 complex is unclear, but is probably on the trans-Golgi network because of the likelihood of containing chiefly VTI12.
Vesicle trafficking protein that functions in the secretory pathway; the fusion of phospholipid vesicles containing SYP61 and VTI12 is triggered by YKT61 and YKT62 (PubMed:15919093, PubMed:21826108). Together with VTI12, required for membrane fusion (PubMed:15919093). Involved in osmotic stress tolerance and in abscisic acid (ABA) regulation of stomatal responses (PubMed:12468724). Plays a role in the exocytic trafficking of cellulose synthases (CESAs) and the transport of cell wall components to the plasma membrane (PubMed:21826108, PubMed:25535279). Together with SYP121, regulates the post-Golgi trafficking of the aquaporin PIP2-7 to the plasma membrane, thus modulating cell membrane water permeability (PubMed:25082856).
ATP-dependent RNA helicase which is a subunit of the eIF4F complex involved in cap recognition and is required for mRNA binding to ribosome. In the current model of translation initiation, eIF4A unwinds RNA secondary structures in the 5'-UTR of mRNAs which is necessary to allow efficient binding of the small ribosomal subunit, and subsequent scanning for the initiator codon (By similarity).
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. eIF4A subfamily.
eIF4F is a multi-subunit complex, the composition of which varies with external and internal environmental conditions. It is composed of at least EIF4A, EIF4E and EIF4G (By similarity).
E2 conjugating enzyme responsible for the E2-like covalent binding of phosphatidylethanolamine to the C-terminal Gly of ATG8. This step is required for the membrane association of ATG8. The formation of the ATG8-phosphatidylethanolamine conjugate is essential for autophagy and for the cytoplasm to vacuole transport (Cvt).
Interacts with ATG8 through an intermediate thioester bond between Cys-258 and the C-terminal Gly of ATG8. Also interacts with the C-terminal region of the E1-like ATG7 enzyme (By similarity).
Enhanced susceptibility to B.cinerea and permissive fungal growth.
Involved in proteolytic processing of BAG6.
Up-regulated by cold, drought, salinity, abscisic acid and fungal infection.
Expressed in lateral root primordia and in lateral roots excluding the meristem region.
Extracellular signaling peptide that may regulate primary root growth rate and systemic nitrogen (N)-demand signaling (By similarity). Mediates up-regulation of genes involved in N uptake and assimilation pathways (PubMed:25324386).
Stimulates the GTPase/ATPase activities of Obg-like ATPases (By similarity). Mediates the transient calcium-dependent interaction of PYR/PYL/RCAR abscisic acid (ABA) receptors with the plasma membrane and thus regulates ABA sensitivity (PubMed:25465408).
When associated with disruption in CAR1, CAR4 and CAR9 genes, reduced sensitivity to abscisic acid (ABA) during seedling establishment and root growth regulation.
By beta-aminobutyric acid (BABA) and elicitors of pattern-triggered immunity (PTI), such as flg22 and elf26 peptides.
Involved in indole glucosinolate biosynthesis. Catalyzes hydroxylation reactions of the glucosinolate indole ring. Converts indol-3-yl-methylglucosinolate (I3M) to 4-hydroxy-indol-3-yl-methylglucosinolate (4OH-I3M) and/or 1-hydroxy-indol-3-yl-methylglucosinolate (1OH-I3M) intermediates. These hydroxy intermediates are converted to 4-methoxy-indol-3-yl-methylglucosinolate (4MO-I3M) and 1-methoxy-indol-3-yl-methylglucosinolate (1MO-I3M) by indole glucosinolate methyltransferase 1 and 2 (IGMT1 and IGMT2) (PubMed:21317374). Contributes to defense against the green peach aphid (Myzus persicae), a generalist phloem-feeding herbivore (PubMed:19293369). Required for the biosynthesis of antifungal indole glucosinolate metabolites (PubMed:19095900, PubMed:20605856, PubMed:20408997, PubMed:21317374). Required for the pathogen-induced accumulation of 4MO-I3M, which in turn is activated by the atypical BGLU26/PEN2 myrosinase (PubMed:19095900). Required for the biosynthesis of Trp-derived antifungal compounds and non-host resistance to the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Plectosphaerella cucumerina (PubMed:20408997). Required for resistance to the non-adapted fungal pathogen Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (PubMed:20605856).
Catalyzes the adenylation of flavin mononucleotide (FMN) to form flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) coenzyme.
Expressed in xylem and phloem cells in roots and inflorescence stems (PubMed:20388856). Highly expressed in senescent leaves. Expressed in roots, and abscission and dehiscence tissues, such as axils of bracts and abscission zones in cauline leaves and siliques (PubMed:21673078).
Interacts with NAC007/VND4, NAC026/VND5 and NAC030/VND7 (PubMed:20388856). Interacts with the mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV) AC1 replication-associated protein (PubMed:24442717).
Over-expression of NAC083 inhibits protoxylem vessel formation in roots.
Transcriptional repressor that negatively regulates the expression of genes involved in xylem vessel formation. Represses the transcriptional activation activity of NAC030/VND7, which regulates protoxylem vessel differentiation by promoting immature xylem vessel-specific genes expression (PubMed:20388856). Transcriptional activator that regulates the COLD-REGULATED (COR15A and COR15B) and RESPONSIVE TO DEHYDRATION (LTI78/RD29A and LTI65/RD29B) genes by binding directly to their promoters. Mediates signaling crosstalk between salt stress response and leaf aging process (PubMed:21673078). May play a role in DNA replication of mungbean yellow mosaic virus (PubMed:24442717).
Up-regulated during xylem vessel element differentiation.
Activated by Mn(2+) ions. Strongly inhibited by Cu(2+), Zn(2+), Fe(3+) and Fe(2+) ions. Moderately inhibited by Na(+) and Ca(2+) ions. Rapidly degraded at temperatures above 40 degrees Celsius.
Belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily. SABATH family.
Induced in the presence of the herbivory P.xylostella larvae (PubMed:14617060). Accumulates slighty in response to wounding and to several defense responses-inducing compounds including salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (MeJA) and alamethicin (Ala), an antibiotic peptide of fungal origin (PubMed:16165084).
May catalyze the production of the insect juvenile hormone methyl farnesoate (MeFA) to trigger defense against insect herbivory.
Mostly expressed in leaves and, at very low levels, in roots, stems, flowers and siliques.
Lacks the conserved active histidine at position 83 that mediates the phosphotransfer. Shows a conserved HPt domain that may have some alternative degenerated phosphorelay role in cell signaling.
Expressed in green tissues (PubMed:32633465). Accumulates mainly in flowers and young leaves, and, to a lower extent, in stems and mature leaves, but barely in roots (PubMed:31698875).
Inhibited by 5-methoxytryptamine in vitro.
Protein acetyltransferase with dual specificity triggering both N-alpha-acetylation (NTA) and epsilon-lysine acetylation (KA), possibly with a low efficiency or toward specific plastid substrates (PubMed:32633465). Involved in melatonin biosynthesis by catalyzing the formation of N-acetylserotonin (NAS) from serotonin and of melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) from 5-methoxytryptamine (5-MT) (PubMed:31698875).
Reduced melatonin content in flowers but not in leaves, reduced leaf area and biomass, and delayed flowering probably due to lower expression level of ent-kaurene synthase (KS) and FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT).
Embryonic lethal, when homozygous and no visible phenotype, when heterozygous.
Hypomorphs (siel-3 and siel-4) have reduced movement of SHR and cause defects in root patterning (PubMed:21924907). Inhibition of microtubules results in mis-localization of SIEL (PubMed:23294290).
Interacts with SHR, MGP, SCR, JKD, CPC, TMO7 and AGL21, but not with LFY or STM.
Intracellular shuttle that promotes movement of SHR from the stele into the endodermis (PubMed:21924907). Required for SHR association to endosomes and localization, and for intercellular movement of SHR (PubMed:25124761).
Expressed in roots, leaves, siliques and seedlings.
Extracellular signal peptide that regulates cell fate (PubMed:16489133). Represses root apical meristem maintenance (PubMed:16902140). Root growth factor that regulates the pattern of root growth and lateral root development (PubMed:22307643). Regulates the transition of protophloem cells from proliferation to differentiation, thus impinging on postembryonic growth capacity of the root meristem; this signaling pathway requires CRN and CLV2 (PubMed:28607033).
Root growth factor that regulates the pattern of root growth and lateral root development by modulating the length and the number of cortical cells in the root apical meristem (RAM), and the anticlinal asymmetric cell divisions in lateral root initiation cells.
The O-glycosylation (arabinosylation) of the hydroxyproline Pro-43 enhances binding affinity of the CLE18p peptide for its receptor.
The tyrosine sulfation is critical for the function of the peptide.
Embryonic lethality when homozygous due to aborted ovules that had not been fertilized.
Expressed in roots, leaves, stems, flowers, siliques and seeds.
Plays a major role in biotin-dependent carboxylase biotinylation (PubMed:18156294). Catalyzes the addition of biotin to the biotin carboxyl carrier protein (BCCP) subunit of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (PubMed:9173880, PubMed:9874227, PubMed:18156294). Can also biotinylate methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase (PubMed:9874227, PubMed:18156294). Is responsible for most, if not all, biotin--protein ligase activity in Arabidopsis (PubMed:18156294). Is essential for plant viability and required for ovule development (PubMed:18156294).
The alternative splicing of the 5'UTR of HCS1 mRNA controls the dual targeting of HCS1 protein through alternative use of distinct initiation codons. A small ORF (uORF24) located in the HCS1 mRNA 5'UTR is essential for the AUG choice. The presence of uORF24 favors the synthesis of a short protein form initiated at the second AUG, which consequently localizes in the cytosol. In the absence of uORF24, the translation initiation begins at the first AUG, allowing the production of a HCS1 protein headed by a transit peptide.
Component of the small ribosomal subunit, ribosomal RNA processing complex (SSU RRP complex).
Delayed pollen development with reduced nuclei content leading to reduced pollen germination capacity, and pale seeds with arrested embryo development at the globular stage in homozygous plants (PubMed:23382868). In heterozygous plants, strong accumulation of the 23S-like precursor P-A3, and moderate increased levels of 35S/33S precursors and 20S pre-rRNAs (PubMed:23382868). Alterated leaf morphology and inhibited inflorescence elongation leading to a loss of reproduction, seeds abortion and slightly reduced siliques size (PubMed:23382868).
Essential protein required during embryogenesis and pollen development (PubMed:23382868). Endonuclease cleaving pre-rRNA at the 3' end of the mature 18S rRNA (D-site); cleaves 20S pre-rRNA in the cytoplasm (PubMed:23382868). Required for processing of 20S pre-rRNA precursor and biogenesis of 40S ribosomal subunits (PubMed:23382868).
Highly expressed in flowers and siliques and at lower levels in roots, hypocotyls, stems, leaves and seeds.
E3 ubiquitin ligase acting as a negative regulator of oxidative stress tolerance, probably by mediating 26S proteasome-mediated degradation of PRMT13/PRMT4B, thus preventing APX1 and GPX1 accumulation via the reduction of histone H3 methylation (H3R17me2a). Confers sensitivity to cadmium CdCl(2) and salt NaCl stresses.
Expressed constitutively in both shoot and root tissues.
Increased tolerance to paraquat-triggered oxidative stress associated with PRMT13/PRMT4B, APX1 and GPX1 accumulation due to increased histone H3 methylation (H3R17me2a).
Interacts with PRMT13/PRMT4B in the nucleus.
Repressed rapidly by oxidative stress such as paraquat, hydrogen peroxide H(2)O(2), mannitol, drought and cadmium ion CdCl(2).
Up-regulated by abscisic acid and abiotic stresses. Regulated by the microRNA miR846. Abscisic acid represses also the expression of miR846, thus increasing the accumulation of JAL40.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL31 family.
Dissociates RAD51 from nucleoprotein filaments formed on dsDNA. Could be involved in the turnover of RAD51 protein-dsDNA filaments. Addition of RAD54 overcomes inhibition of DNA strand exchange by RAD51 bound to substrate dsDNA. Species preference in the RAD51 dissociation and DNA strand exchange assays underlines the importance of specific RAD54-RAD51 interactions. RAD51 is unable to release dsDNA upon ATP hydrolysis, leaving it stuck on the heteroduplex DNA product after DNA strand exchange (By similarity). Involved in DNA repair and mitotic recombination (PubMed:17227544, PubMed:16547115, PubMed:18430956). Functions in the homologous recombinational DNA repair (RAD52) pathway (PubMed:17227544, PubMed:16547115, PubMed:18430956). Required for synthesis-dependent strand annealing (SDSA) during double-strand break repair (PubMed:22860689).
Expressed ubiquitously, with the highest levels of expression in flower buds. Present in flower buds (at protein level).
Facilitates geminiviral replication (e.g. geminivirus mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV) and tomato leaf curl virus (ToLCV)).
Increased sensitivity to gamma-irradiation and to the cross-linking reagent cisplatin (PubMed:17227544). Reduced efficiency of somatic homologous recombination (HR) (PubMed:17227544, PubMed:16547115). Reduced synthesis-dependent strand annealing (SDSA) frequency (PubMed:22860689). Impaired geminiviral replication (e.g. tomato leaf curl virus (ToLCV)) (PubMed:22171001).
Induced by gamma-irradiation and by heavy ion irradiation (PubMed:17227544, PubMed:22683605). Induced by the genotoxic formaldehyde (FA) (PubMed:20399886). Accumulates in aerial part of low-energy-ion irradiated dormant plant seeds, thus revealing an abscopal mutagenic effect (PubMed:21557702).
Interacts with RAD51 (PubMed:17227544, PubMed:18430956). Binds to the geminivirus mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV) and to the tomato leaf curl virus (ToLCV) replication-associated proteins (PubMed:22171001).
By cold and salt stresses. Not induced by heat stress.
Highly expressed in rosette leaves. Expressed in roots, stems and inflorescences (PubMed:11982939, PubMed:15659100, PubMed:20382967). Expressed in photosynthetic green tissues with high levels in young, developing leaf tissues (PubMed:23898032).
Homodimer (PubMed:14593120). May form hexamer and interact with Clp core (PubMed:14593120). Interacts (via N-terminus) with CLPS1 (PubMed:23898032). Interacts with CLPF (PubMed:26419670).
Molecular chaperone that hydrolyzes ATP and is associated with the chloroplast protein import apparatus. May function as the motor for chloroplast protein translocation, as translocation requires ATP hydrolysis in the stroma. May interact with a ClpP-like protease involved in degradation of denatured proteins in the chloroplast. Involved in the regulation of chlorophyll b biosynthesis through the destabilization of chlorophyllide a oxygenase (CAO) protein in response to the accumulation of chlorophyll b. Involved in leaf iron homeostasis.
Small plants with chlorotic leaves, aberrant chloroplast biogenesis and inefficient chloroplast import of both photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic preproteins (PubMed:15516497, PubMed:15563614, Ref.11, PubMed:15659100, PubMed:17376159, PubMed:17291312, PubMed:20382967). Clpc1 and clpc2 double mutants are embryo lethal when homozygous (PubMed:17376159).
The Clp repeat (R) domain is important for membrane association and is essential for the in vivo functions, but not for the ATPase activity.
Expressed in leaves and in gynoecia, especially in styles, the basal and distal ends of ovaries and in siliques.
By salt and osmotic stress (at protein level).
Mediates E2-dependent protein ubiquitination.
Belongs to the TPT transporter family. GPT (TC 2.A.7.9) subfamily.
Expressed in seeds, flowers, stamens, and rosette leaves, with highest levels found in sepals and senescing leaves.
Glucose 6-phosphate (Glc6P) transporter (PubMed:15722468). Transports also inorganic phosphate, 3-phosphoglycerate, triose phosphates and, to a leser extent, phosphoenolpyruvate (PubMed:15722468). Responsible for the transport of Glc6P into plastids of heterotrophic tissues where it can be used as a carbon source for starch biosynthesis, as substrate for fatty acid biosynthesis or as substrate for NADPH generation via the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (OPPP) (PubMed:15722468, PubMed:20712627). Required for dynamic acclimation of photosynthesis and partitioning of Glc6P between the chloroplast and the cytosol (PubMed:19939944, PubMed:25474495). May modulate the sensing of sugar status during early seedling development (PubMed:24489010).
Induced when grown in high light conditions (PubMed:19939944, PubMed:31316533). Highly expressed in response to Pseudomonas syringae treatment (PubMed:15722468).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions (PubMed:15722468). Slight delay in seedling establishement, specifically in the process of cotyledon greening (PubMed:24489010).
Transcription termination factor that is transcriptionally active in chloroplasts.
Expression levels gradually decrease with aging in both the shoot and root vasculature.
In sgr5-2 and sgr5-3, abnormal inflorescence stems gravitropism but normal hypocotyl and root gravitropism. Slow amyloplasts sedimentation associated with lower amyloplast starch levels. Attenuated stem circumnutation movement. No visible phenotype (PubMed:24039602).
Mainly expressed in the endodermis, the gravity-sensing tissue in inflorescence stems. Mostly present in stems and flowers, and, to a lower extent, in seedlings, hypocotyls, roots and the shoot apical meristem (SAM).
Transcription factor involved in inflorescence stems gravitropism, probably by regulating starch accumulation in amyloplasts of graviperceptive cells. Required for stem circumnutation movements. Regulates lateral organ morphogenesis and gravitropic responses (PubMed:24039602). Acts cooperatively with IDD16 to control silique and branche orientation (PubMed:24039602). Involved in the establishment of auxin gradients through the regulation of auxin biosynthesis and transport (PubMed:24039602).
Defective in root growth and leaf vascularization, characterized by more anchor roots at the root-hypocotyl junction. Cells of the root meristem and the cortex of the primary root are short and more radially expanded. Reduced meristem cell divisions in meristems and reduced axial cell elongation in roots. Enhanced ethylene-response, hyperresponsiveness to cytokinin, defective auxin transport and homeostasis, and altered microtubule sensitivity to inhibitors.
First observed in embryos from the heart stage and throughout embryo development, restricted to the basal part, constituting the developing radicle. During the curled cotyledonary stage, strongly expressed in the radicle and detectable in the cotyledons. On germination, mostly present in root tips, but also at low levels in the cotyledons and hypocotyl. In flowering plants, restricted to the root tip and to the silique wall.
Mostly expressed in the embryonic root from the heart stage and in the seedling primary and lateral root tips, especially in the columella initials and lateral root cap. Also detectable in aerial parts of the seedling, sepals and leaves, principally in vascular tissues of the lamina and petiole.
Repressed by ethylene (ACC) and cytokinin, but induced by auxin (1-NAA and 2,4-D).
Required for correct root growth and vascular development, probably by modulating both cell division rate in meristems and cell elongation in roots. Negative regulator of the ethylene signaling pathway that modulates microtubule cytoskeleton dynamics and auxin transport and homeostasis, and possibly cytokinin signaling, thus influencing root growth and lateral root development.
Homodimer in the absence of UV-B, but absorption of UV-B induces monomerization of UVR8 and interaction with COP1. Interacts with RUP1, RUP2 and histone H2B.
Hypersensitivity to ultraviolet-B (UV-B) illumination (PubMed:12226503, PubMed:28735869). Abrogated induction of DHU1 in response to UV-B (PubMed:28735869). Disruption in a plant lacking DHU1 alleviates its hypersensitivity to UV-B (PubMed:28735869).
UV-B specific signaling component that acts as UV-B photoreceptor and plays a key role in establishing UV-protective responses in plants. Upon UV-B irradiation, UVR8 undergoes an immediate switch from homodimer to monomer, accumulates in the nucleus, interacts with the photomorphogenic repressor COP1 and regulates the expression of the transcription factor HY5 by associating with chromatin (through histone H2B binding) in the HY5 promoter region. UVR8 is involved in controlling aspects of leaf growth and morphogenesis in response to UV-B, is required for normal progression of endocycle and has a regulatory role in stomatal differentiation. Is required for plant circadian clock response to photomorphogenic UV-B light, partly through the transcriptional activation of responsive clock genes. Promotes photosynthetic efficiency at elevated levels of UV-B. Plays a role in mediating the effects of UV-B radiation on pathogen resistance by controlling the expression of the sinapate biosynthetic pathway. The two tryptophans, Trp-285 and Trp-233, serve collectively as the UV-B chromophore.
Required for the insertion of integral membrane proteins into the mitochondrial inner membrane. Essential for activity and assembly of cytochrome c oxidase.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase involved in the positive regulation of abscisic acid-dependent drought stress responses. Possesses E3 ubiquitin ligase activity in vitro.
Induced by abscisic acid (ABA), and drought and salt stresses.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants have decreased sensitivity to abscisic acid (ABA) and reduced tolerance to drought stress.
Glycosyltransferase that plays a role in cell adhesion.
Expressed in leaves, stems, flowers, and seedlings.
Accumulates in tissues undergoing senescence.
Expressed in leaves, siliques and roots (e.g. root hairs).
3'-to-5' exoribonuclease (RNase) specifically targeting single-stranded RNAs (PubMed:28463111). Triggers miRNA accumulation in RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), composed of miRNAs and AGO proteins, by degrading uridylated cleavage fragments (PubMed:28463111). Required during plant growth and development (By similarity).
Homohexamer with DnaQ-like exonuclease fold in a ring-shaped structure with a central cavity (PubMed:28463111, PubMed:23616405, PubMed:17850744). Component of AGO1 and AGO10-centered RNA-induced silencing complexes (RISC) (PubMed:28463111). Interacts with and acts as a cofactor of AGO1 and AGO10 (PubMed:28463111).
Little effect on miRNAs levels (PubMed:28463111). Plants lacking both RICE1 and RICE2 have reduced miRNAs levels and lower miRNA retained by AGO1, thus leading to the up-regulation of targeted mRNA transcripts (PubMed:28463111).
Restricted to shoot and root apical meristems, trichomes, and vascular veins.
May be involved in response to oxidative stresses.
Defects in plastid constriction leading to large and dumbbell-shaped chloroplasts in mesophyll-cell only (PubMed:29466386, PubMed:32005784). Sligthly larger division-competent chloroplasts in leaf epidermal pavement cells (PCs) with normal shapes (PubMed:29466386). A few stomatal guard cells (GCs) are missing chlorophyll-bearing plastids (chloroplasts) while accumulating minute chlorophyll-less plastids (PubMed:29466386). Reduced number of large chloroplasts in green tissues. Mostly normal vascular and epidermal chloroplasts and normal plastid size in non green tissues, sometimes exhibiting alteration in stromule length and frequency (e.g. increase in the frequency of stromules in cells of stamen filaments). Presence of highly clustered peroxisomes unable to complete fission and/or enlarged peroxisomes. Impaired peroxisome-related functions, such as photorespiration and fatty acid beta-oxidation.
Forms a homodimer and heterodimers with DRP3A and DRP3B on peroxisomes. Interacts also with FIS1A (but not FIS1B) and PEX11 proteins (PEX11A, PEX11B, PEX11C, PEX11D and PEX11E) on peroxisomes. Interacts with PDV1 and PDV2 (PubMed:32005784).
GTPase activity is repressed by PDV2 thus increasing stability at the plastid outer envelope membranes (OEMs) periphery.
Mechanochemical GTPase component of both plastid and peroxisome division machinery (PubMed:32005784). Required for the last steps of plastid division specifically in mesophyll-cell, when the narrow isthmus breaks, facilitating the separation of the daughter plastids (PubMed:29466386). Necessary for peroxisome activities. Seems to influence stromule (stroma-filled tubular extensions of the plastid envelope membrane) length and frequency (PubMed:29466386).
Stabilized at the plastid outer envelope membranes (OEMs) in the constriction site when in complex with GTP, but destabilized after conversion of GTP into GDP leading to turnover with a cytosolic pool.
Aquaporins contain two tandem repeats each containing three membrane-spanning domains and a pore-forming loop with the signature motif Asn-Pro-Ala/Cys (NPA).
Expressed in roots and above ground. Expressed in elongating regions of the root tips, cotyledons, minor veins and hydathode cells of the rosette leaves. Weakly expressed in vascular tissues of the flower petals, filaments of stamens, upper part of the styles and receptacles of the siliques.
Belongs to the NFYC/HAP5 subunit family.
Expressed in inflorescences and flowers.
Component of the intracellular auxin-transport pathway in the male gametophyte (PubMed:20439545, PubMed:22540348). Involved in the regulation of auxin homeostasis in pollen (PubMed:22540348). Involved in the efflux of auxin from the endoplasmic reticulum into the cytoplasm (PubMed:22760640). PIN5 and PIN8 may have an antagonistic/compensatory activity (PubMed:22760640, PubMed:22990451). Involved in the control of vein patterning (PubMed:23437008, PubMed:24304505). Redundantly with PIN6, inhibits the vein-formation-promoting functions of PIN5 (PubMed:26560462). PIN5, PIN6, and PIN8 control vein network geometry, but they are expressed in mutually exclusive domains of leaf vascular cells (PubMed:26560462).
Expressed at later stages of microgametogenesis, after the pollen has reached the tricellular stage and until pollen dehiscence (PubMed:22540348). Expressed during vein formation (PubMed:23437008).
Expressed in veins of mature leaves (PubMed:26560462). Strongly expressed in pollen (PubMed:22760640, PubMed:22540348).
No visible phenotype (PubMed:22760640, PubMed:22540348). Increased frequency of aborted and misshaped pollen grains and decreased pollen germination (PubMed:22760640).
Down-regulated by nitrate and by imbibition (PubMed:12668777, PubMed:17540716, PubMed:25474587). No induction by growth on low nitrate concentration, but strong induction in mutant with disruption in both NRT2.1 and NRT2.2 (PubMed:15107992). However, this overexpression could not restore the nitrate influx (PubMed:15107992). Induced under long-term nitrogen starvation (PubMed:25065551). Strongly up-regulated upon inoculation with the plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria Phyllobacterium (PubMed:16160849).
Expressed in roots, shoots and seeds (PubMed:12668777, PubMed:17540716). Expressed in leaves (PubMed:23398541). Expressed in root hair zone of the primary root and the lateral roots, but not in the lateral root tip or in older parts of the roots (PubMed:25065551). Detected mainly in the epidermis and the cortex (PubMed:25065551). Expressed in shoots only in higher-order veins (PubMed:25065551).
Loss of plant growth and root system architecture responses to the rhizospheric Phyllobacterium (PubMed:23398541). Decreased nitrate uptake in the high-affinity range (PubMed:25065551, PubMed:25474587).
Nitrate transporter involved in the constitutive high-affinity transport system (cHATS) under long-term N starvation conditions (PubMed:15107992, PubMed:25065551). Predominantly expressed in roots of nitrate-deprived plants as a 150 kDa molecular complex with NRT3.1 representing the major contributor to cHATS influx (PubMed:25474587). The principal role of this cHATS is to enable roots previously deprived of nitrate to absorb this ion and initiate induction of nitrate-inducible genes (PubMed:25474587). Not involved in transfer of nitrate from roots to shoots (PubMed:25474587). Contributes to phloem loading of nitrate in shoots during N starvation, but not required for growth and nitrate uptake in young plants (PubMed:25065551). Required for the nitrate uptake-independent plant growth promotion and lateral root response to the rhizospheric Phyllobacterium (PubMed:23398541). Might be involved in the transfer of nitrate from stored pools to cytoplasm (PubMed:15107992).
Oligomeric molecular complex with NRT3.1 (PubMed:22432443, PubMed:25474587).
Accelerated germination, faster hypocotyl and primary root elongation, more lateral and adventitious roots formation, faster development of the inflorescence, and more lateral inflorescences initiation and fruits (PubMed:18359753). The double mutant myb11 myb111 and triple mutant myb11 myb12 myb111 accumulate less flavonols in roots, leaves, stems, inflorescence, and siliques. The double mutant myb11 myb12 is specifically altered in flavonols content of siliques (PubMed:20731781). The triple mutant myb11 myb12 myb111 is impaired in flavonols biosynthesis and exhibits a reduced UV-B tolerance (PubMed:17419845, PubMed:19895401).
Expressed in root and shoot meristems and also in young still meristematic leaf and flower primordia (PubMed:18359753). In seedlings, accumulates ubiquitously at low levels. Expressed in shoot apical meristem (SAM), primary leaves, apex of cotyledons, and at the hypocotyl-root transition. In roots, present at the origin of lateral roots and the root tip, as well as in the vascular tissue of lateral roots (PubMed:17419845).
Expressed in seedlings, roots, cotyledons, leaves and apical meristems.
Modulates overall growth by reducing the proliferation activity of meristematic cells and delaying development (PubMed:18359753). Flavonol-specific transcription activator involved in the regulation of several genes of flavonoid biosynthesis. Activates the expression of CHS, CHI, F3H and FLS1 (PubMed:17419845, PubMed:20731781). Confers tolerance to UV-B (PubMed:19895401).
Promotes flavonoid biosynthesis when expressed in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) through up-regulation of the biosynthetic genes.
Homodimer (PubMed:21658606, PubMed:19898420). Binds ABA on one subunit only. Interacts with HAB1, ABI1 and ABI2, and possibly with other PP2Cs (PubMed:19407142, PubMed:19855379, PubMed:19874541, PubMed:19893533, PubMed:19898420). Binds to CARs protein in an ABA-independent manner, both at the plasma membrane and in the nucleus. Interacts directly with CAR1 and CAR4 (PubMed:25465408).
Receptor for abscisic acid (ABA) required for ABA-mediated responses such as stomatal closure and germination inhibition. Inhibits the activity of group-A protein phosphatases type 2C (PP2Cs) when activated by ABA (PubMed:19407143, PubMed:19855379, PubMed:19893533, PubMed:19898420, PubMed:23844015, PubMed:21658606). Can be activated by both (-)-ABA and (+)-ABA (PubMed:23844015).
Contributes to cuticular wax and suberin biosynthesis (By similarity). Regulates negatively the stomatal development in elevated CO(2) conditions.
Expressed during male meiosis specifically in male meiotic cells (male meiocytes within anther locules). Expressed during female meiosis specifically in the female meiocytes within the ovule.
Meiosis-specific cyclin. Required for normal homolog synapsis and recombination in early to mid-prophase 1. May regulate the timing of sister chromatid separation.
Plants exhibit a severe defect in homolog synapsis recombination and bivalent formation in prophase 1, resulting in random chromosome distribution and formation of abnormal meiotic products.
Highest expression levels in leaves and roots, and lowest in flowers and siliques. Also expressed in stems and seedlings. Also expressed in stromata. In flowers, expressed in the pistil, junction of filament and anther, and vascular tissue of sepals and petals. In roots, expressed in stelar cells including the pericycle, phloem and parenchyma cells. In leaves, expressed in bundle sheath, phloem and parenchyma cells of the vascular tissue.
Required for nitrate signaling. Regulates expression of the nitrate-responsive genes NIA1, NIR1, NRT2.1 and NPF6.3/NRT1.1.
Under high nitrate concentration, seedlings are slightly smaller and display later flowering than wild-type. Under low nitrate concentration, seedlings appear normal. Nitrate accumulation of the seedlings and roots is significantly lower than in wild-type, however no difference of nitrate accumulation in leaves. Nitrate content differences in roots and leaves may be due to the reduced expression of NPF6.3/NRT1.1 in roots and the increased expression of NPF7.2/NRT1.8 in leaves. After nitrate treatment, altered expression of many genes involved in nitrogen-related clusters including nitrate transport and response to nitrate.
Belongs to the V-ATPase V0D/AC39 subunit family.
Subunit of the V0 complex of vacuolar(H+)-ATPase (V-ATPase), a multisubunit enzyme composed of a peripheral complex (V1) that hydrolyzes ATP and a membrane integral complex (V0) that translocates protons. V-ATPase is responsible for acidifying and maintaining the pH of intracellular compartments and in some cell types, is targeted to the plasma membrane, where it is responsible for acidifying the extracellular environment.
Subunit of the integral membrane V0 complex of vacuolar ATPase. Vacuolar ATPase is responsible for acidifying a variety of intracellular compartments in eukaryotic cells, thus providing most of the energy required for transport processes in the vacuolar system.
Restricted to actively growing cells. Peak of accumulation in the G1/S boundary and in the S phase.
Variant histone H2A which may replace conventional H2A in a subset of nucleosomes. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling (By similarity).
Belongs to the plant Mediator complex subunit 19 family.
ADS3.2 does not contribute to the FAD5 phenotype.
No visible phenotype and wild-type levels of both Hexadeca 7,10,13-trienoic acid (16:3(7Z,10Z,13Z)) and leaf chlorophyll content.
Catalyzes the attachment of alanine to tRNA(Ala) in a two-step reaction: alanine is first activated by ATP to form Ala-AMP and then transferred to the acceptor end of tRNA(Ala). Also edits incorrectly charged tRNA(Ala) via its editing domain.
Consists of three domains; the N-terminal catalytic domain, the editing domain and the C-terminal C-Ala domain. The editing domain removes incorrectly charged amino acids, while the C-Ala domain, along with tRNA(Ala), serves as a bridge to cooperatively bring together the editing and aminoacylation centers thus stimulating deacylation of misacylated tRNAs.
Embryo defective. Developmental arrest of the embryo at early cotyledon stage.
Belongs to the 5'(3')-deoxyribonucleotidase family.
Mostly expressed in roots, and, to a lower extent, in seedlings shoots.
Expressed in root tips and in hydathodes. Expressed in root vasculature and quiescent center, but not in the meristematic zone of the root tip.
Involved in auxin biosynthesis. Belongs to the set of redundant YUCCA genes probably responsible for auxin biosynthesis in roots.
Up-regulated by high temperature via activation by PIF4. Positively regulated by STY1 and during the day by REV1.
Alteration of the morphology of feeding site and failure of nematode life cycle completion.
Gamma-tubulin complex is essential for the control of microtubular network remodeling in the course of initiation and development of giant-feeding cells, and for the successful reproduction of nematodes (e.g. Meloidogyne spp.) in their plant hosts.
Tubulin is the major constituent of microtubules. The gamma chain is found at microtubule organizing centers (MTOC) such as the spindle poles or the centrosome.
Tubulin is the major constituent of microtubules. The gamma chain is found at microtubule organizing centers (MTOC) such as the spindle poles, suggesting that it is involved in the minus-end nucleation of microtubule assembly.
4'-phosphopantetheine is transferred from CoA to a specific serine of the apo-ACP-like protein.
Carrier of the growing fatty acid chain in fatty acid biosynthesis (By similarity). May be involved in the synthesis of short and medium chain fatty acids. Accessory and non-catalytic subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I), which functions in the transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain (By similarity).
Expressed in the phloem of cotyledons, hypocotyls and roots.
High-affinity H(+)/sulfate cotransporter that mediates the loading of sulfate into the sieve tube. Plays a central role in the regulation of sulfate assimilation.
In roots and leaves by sulfate starvation.
Loss-of-function mutation of the gene result in an attenuation of the source-to-sink transport of sulfate.
Catalyzes the phosphorylation of pseudouridine to pseudouridine 5'-phosphate (PsiMP) (PubMed:31907295). Catalyzes the first step in a pseudouridine degradation pathway (PubMed:31907295). Acts together with the pseudouridine 5'-phosphate glycosidase PUMY in the peroxisome to prevent toxic pseudouridine monophosphate accumulation (PubMed:31907295).
Component of the spliceosome. Homodimer. Interacts with AFC2, CYP59, RS2Z33, RNU1 and SR45. The interaction with AFC2 depends on phosphorylation status.
Involved in intron recognition and spliceosome assembly. Binds to multiple 5'-GAAG-3' repeats found in its third intron, suggesting autoregulation of alternative splicing (PubMed:22913769). May be necessary for accurate splicing of the 3' region of introns.
Near the primary root tip, expressed in the vascular bundle, endodermis, cortex, epidermis, and lateral root cap. In leaves, present in guard cells leaf epidermal pavement cells and trichomes. In flowers, high expression in the pollen grains, mostly in vegetative nuclei. Also present in sepals, petals, and young siliques. After flowering, the expression level decreases gradually.
No effect on alternative splicing, due to the redundancy with SCL30A. Scl33 and scl30a double mutant shows altered splicing.
The splicing pattern of the pre-mRNA is regulated in a tissue-specific manner and by development, and changes in response to various types of abiotic stresses and hormones.
Ubiquitous. Mostly expressed in roots, fruits and flowers, and, to a lower extent, in leaves.
Component of the CUL4-RBX1-CDD (COP10-DDB1a-DET1) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex which mediates the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins. Participates in the CDD complex to light-mediated control of development. May repress photomorphogenesis through enhancing COP1 E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity. Acts together with the CUL4-DDB1-COP1-SPA E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complexes in the repression of photomorphogenesis and flowering time. Component ot the CUL4-RBX1-DDB1-PRL1 E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex which mediates ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of AKIN10. Component of the CUL4-RBX1-DDB1-DWA1/DWA2 E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex that acts as negative regulator in abscisic acid (ABA) signaling and may target ABI5 for degradation.
Interacts with COP10, CSN3, CSN4, CSN5, CSN8, DDB1A, DDB1B, DDB2, DET1 and RBX1.
Neddylated (rubylated). Deneddylated via its interaction with the COP9 signalosome (CSN) complex.
Small plants with mishaped cotyledons and leaves. Reduction of the number and the size of lateral roots. Increased sensitivity to sugar, cytokinin and abscisic acid (ABA). Early flowering under short day (SD) conditions.
Mainly expressed in immature flower buds, then decreases as the flower matures. Expressed in the ovule carpels, but not expressed in pollen stamens. Expressed in developing and mature ovules (stages 12-14), then strongly decreases after fertilization.
Maternally expressed. Expressed primarily in the central cell of gametophyte before fertilization. Not expressed in endosperm and embryo after fertilization.
Transcriptional activator involved in gene imprinting. Catalyzes the release of 5-methylcytosine (5-meC) from DNA by a glycosylase/lyase mechanism. Allows the expression of the maternal copy of the imprinted MEA gene before fertilization, possibly by antagonizing or suppressing DNA methylation on target promoter. Probably acts by nicking the MEA promoter. Required for stable reproducible patterns of floral and vegetative development.
By acetochlor, metolachlor and 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT).
Acts in electroneutral exchange of protons for cations such as Na(+) or Li(+) across plasma membrane. Involved in Na(+) and K(+) homeostasis. Required for cytoplasmic Na(+) and Li(+) detoxification by secreting them from the cytoplasm to the extracellular space. Regulates Na(+) content of the xylem sap.
By Na(+), in a SOS signaling pathway-dependent manner.
Interacts with CIPK24/SOS2 and CBL4/SOS3.
More expressed in roots than in shoots. Mostly localized in parenchyma cells at the xylem/symplast boundary in roots, hypocotyls, stems and leaves. Also present in root tips epidermal cells.
Phosphorylated by CIPK24/SOS2 in complex with CBL4/SOS3.
Positively regulated by the salt overly sensitive (SOS) signaling pathway that involves the kinase CIPK24/SOS2 and the calcium sensor CBL4/SOS3.
Transgenic plants that overexpress NHX7 have enhanced capability to grow on high saline soils.
Detected in globular-stage embryos in the epidermis with the highest concentration at the apical region. At early heart stage, expression is restricted to the two cotyledon primordia and the meristem. In the late heart to torpedo stages, expression is restricted to the meristem and the cotyledon tips. In mature embryos, stricly expressed at the apical meristem. During seedling development, highly expressed in young leaf primordia and the apical meristems. Detected in the protodermal cell layer of the embryo and the meristem L1 layer at the site of organ initiation. After transition to the reproductive phase, detected in the inflorescence meristem and at various stages of floral development.
Expressed mainly in the apical regions of embryos including cotyledon tips and the apical meristem. Highly expressed in primary root tips.
May act as a substrate-specific adapter of an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex (CUL3-RBX1-BTB) which mediates the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins (By similarity). Coregulates with PID the auxin-mediated plant organogenesis. Regulates cotyledon development through control of PIN1 polarity. May play an essential role in root gravitropic responses.
Impaired disinapoyl spermidine conjugates accumulation in seeds.
Predominantly expressed in siliques, especially in seeds around the embryo, and, at low levels, in flowers. Barely detectable in stems, leaves, and roots.
Spermidine sinapoyl-CoA acyltransferase that mediates the accumulation of disinapoyl spermidine conjugates in seeds (PubMed:19168716). Catalyzes the two conjugating steps required for the biosynthesis of N1,N8-disipanoyl-spermidine (PubMed:19168716, PubMed:33519864). Can also use putrescine as an acyl acceptor to convert it into monosinapoyl-putrescine (PubMed:19168716).
Strongly expressed in the cotyledons and emerging radical of the germinating seeds one day after imbibition. Accumulates in the root tip of young seedlings and in the cotyledons and the basal region of the hypocotyl as the seedlings emerges from the seed coat three days after imbibition. Later confined to the basal region of the hypocotyls and to the root tip before progressively disappearing.
Observed in maturing tracheary elements (TE) in the root maturation zone.
Up-regulated by auxin and paclobutrazol.
Inhibited by S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) and lysine in a synergistic manner. No inhibition by threonine, leucine or SAM alone, and no activation or inhibition by alanine, cysteine, isoleucine, serine, valine, methionine, glutamine, asparagine, glutamic acid or arginine.
Only one ACT domain (ACT1) is implicated in effector binding.
Concentrations above 100 uM sulfite inhibit the reaction.
Induced in response to altered availability of inorganic phosphate.
Involved in the biosynthesis of sulfolipids found in thylakoid membranes. Converts UDP-glucose and sulfite to the sulfolipid head group precursor UDP-sulfoquinovose.
Constitutively activated HR-like cell death phenotype with endogenous accumulation of high levels of salicylic acid (SA) and constitutively activated defense phenotype against challenge with P.syringae. Dwarf plant with normal cotyledons, but dark brown- or black-colored cell death lesions on the true leaves.
Mainly expressed in the vascular system.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFS6 subunit family.
Reduced drought tolerance, but no effect on freezing tolerance or on the ability to cold acclimation.
Expressed in shoots. Restricted to green tissues, being more abundant in siliques.
Heterodimer with LFNR2. Interacts with PGRL1A and PGRL1B. Interacts with TIC62. Component of high molecular weight thylakoid LFNRs-containing protein complexes containing LIR1, LFNR1, LFNR2, TIC62 and TROL proteins. Interacts directly with LIR1 and TIC62; LIR1 increases the affinity of LFNR1 and LFNR2 for TIC62 (By similarity).
May form interchain disulfide bonds with LIR1.
Plants have a reduced capacity for carbon fixation and prevent the association of LFNR2 with the thylakoid membrane.
Plays a key role in regulating the relative amounts of cyclic and non-cyclic electron flow to meet the demands of the plant for ATP and reducing power.
Highly expressed in siliques and at lower levels in roots and flowers.
Possesses non-specific lipolytic acyl hydrolase (LAH) activity. Hydrolyzes phospholipids as well as galactolipids. May play a role in disease resistance (By similarity).
Belongs to the PpiC/parvulin rotamase family.
Like all plant Pin1-type PPIases, do not contain the N-terminal WW domain found in other eukaryotic parvulins, but contains a four-amino acid insertion next to the phospho-specific recognition site of the active site. These extra amino acids may be important for mediating the substrate interaction of plant enzymes.
Prolyl cis/trans isomerase with specificity for phospho-Ser-Pro bonds.
Component of the RNA exosome complex (PubMed:11809881, PubMed:18160042). Interacts with RPP41 (PubMed:11809881).
Embryonic lethality due to embryo developmental arrest at early globular stage.
Expressed in roots, stems, rosette and cauline leaves, flowers and siliques.
Non-catalytic component of the RNA exosome complex which has 3'->5' exoribonuclease activity and participates in a multitude of cellular RNA processing, maturation and degradation events. In vitro, is an active and distributive 3'->5' exonuclease requiring a free 3'-OH on the substrate and releasing nucleoside 5'-monophosphates (PubMed:11809881). Required for normal embryo development (PubMed:18160042).
The two RNA-binding domains (S1 motif and KH domain) are separated by a conserved linker of five amino acids (KYGKL) and can bind RNA independently. Both domains are also needed for RNA degradation and interaction with RRP41, another exosome subunit.
Inhibited by olomoucine and 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine.
Involved in the N-glucosylation of cytokinins. Catalyzes the formation of both the 7-N and the 9-N-glucosides.
Functions redundantly with PP2A4, and is involved in establishing auxin gradients, apical-basal axis of polarity and root and shoot apical meristem during embryogenesis. May dephosphorylate PIN1 and regulate its subcellular distribution for polar auxin transport (PubMed:23167545). Involved in the regulation of formative cell division in roots by dephosphorylating ACR4 protein kinase (PubMed:26792519).
PP2A consists of a common heterodimeric core enzyme, composed of a 36 kDa catalytic subunit (subunit C) and a 65 kDa constant regulatory subunit (subunit A), that associates with a variety of regulatory subunits such as subunits B (the R2/B/PR55/B55, R3/B''/PR72/PR130/PR59 and R5/B'/B56 families) (By similarity). Interacts with ACR4 (PubMed:26792519). Interacts with TAP46 (PubMed:21216945, PubMed:24357600). Interacts with SIC/RON3 (PubMed:26888284).
Reversibly methyl esterified on Leu-313 by leucine carboxyl methyltransferase 1 (LCMT1) and pectin methylesterase 1 (PME1). Carboxyl methylation influences the affinity of the catalytic subunit for the different regulatory subunits, thereby modulating the PP2A holoenzyme's substrate specificity, enzyme activity and cellular localization.
Expressed constitutively during plant development.
Expressed in roots rosette leaves, cauline leaves, stems, flowers and siliques.
Homodimer (PubMed:25207797). Interacts with KIN17 (PubMed:24335506). Interacts with HY5 (PubMed:25516599).
Retarded growth and hypersensitivity to copper deprivation.
Transcription factor that participates in reprogramming global gene expression during copper deficiency in order to improve the metal uptake and prioritize its distribution to copper proteins of major importance (Probable). Binds directly to 5'-GTAC-3' motifs in the microRNA (miRNA) promoter of the stress-responsive miRNAs miR398b and miR398c to activate their transcription. During copper deficiency, activates the copper transporters COPT1 and COPT2, and the copper chaperone CCH, directly or indirectly via miRNAs. Required for the expression of the miRNAs miR397, miR408 and miR857 (PubMed:19122104). Acts coordinately with HY5 to regulate miR408 and its target genes in response to changes in light and copper conditions (PubMed:25516599). Activates miR857 and its target genes in response to low copper conditions (PubMed:26511915). Involved in cadmium stress response by regulating miR397a, miR398b, miR398c and miR857 (PubMed:27352843). Required for iron homeostasis during copper deficiency (PubMed:22374396).
Accumulates in shoots and roots upon potassium-starvation.
Mutants with impaired chloroplast development that display aberrant chloroplast structure (PubMed:15220473). No defect in male fertility, due to redundancy with CHX21. Chx21 and chx23 double mutants are male sterile (PubMed:21239645).
Operates as a K(+)/H(+) antiporter or Na(+)/H(+) antiporter of the chloroplast envelope that functions in pH homeostasis and chloroplast development. Monovalent cation transporter with a preference for Cs(+), K(+) and Rb(+) relative to Na(+) or Li(+). Required for pollen tube guidance, but not for normal pollen development. May also be involved in the development or function of the female gametophyte.
Specifically expressed in flower buds and pollen. Expressed in leaves, roots and stems (PubMed:15220473).
The article by Evans et al was retracted by the editors due to concerns over image manipulation, which raised sufficient doubts regarding the credibility of the study.
Homodimers and heterodimers (PubMed:20838596, PubMed:11511543). Interacts with SPX1 in a Pi-dependent manner (PubMed:25271326). Does not interact with PHL2 or PHL3 (PubMed:26586833).
Only moderately up-regulated by Pi starvation.
Strongly reduced shoot growth, and slightly increased root growth. Reduced expression of phosphate starvation-induced (PSI) genes, decreased cellular inorganic phosphate (Pi) content and shoot-to-root ratio, and impaired anthocyanin accumulation (PubMed:17927693).
Sumoylated by SIZ1. Sumoylation controls phosphate deficiency responses.
Transcription factor involved in phosphate starvation signaling (PubMed:11511543, PubMed:17927693, PubMed:26586833). Binds as a dimer to P1BS, an imperfect palindromic sequence 5'-GNATATNC-3', to promote the expression of inorganic phosphate (Pi) starvation-responsive genes (PubMed:11511543, PubMed:20838596, PubMed:26586833). SPX1 is a competitive inhibitor of this DNA-binding (PubMed:25271326). PHR1 binding to its targets is low Pi-dependent (PubMed:25271326). Regulates the expression of miR399 (PubMed:20838596). Regulates the expression of IPS1 (At3g09922), a non-coding RNA that mimics the target of miR399 to block the cleavage of PHO2 under Pi-deficient conditions (PubMed:17643101). Regulates lipid remodeling and triacylglycerol accumulation during phosphorus starvation (PubMed:25680792). Required for the shoot-specific hypoxic response (PubMed:24753539). Regulates FER1 expression upon phosphate starvation, linking iron and phosphate homeostasis (PubMed:23788639). Contributes to the homeostasis of both sulfate and phosphate in plants under phosphate deficiency (PubMed:21261953). Required for adaptation to high light and retaining functional photosynthesis during phosphate starvation (PubMed:21910737). Involved in the coregulation of Zn and Pi homeostasis (PubMed:24420568).
Component of the NF-Y/HAP transcription factor complex (By similarity). The NF-Y complex stimulates the transcription of various genes by recognizing and binding to a CCAAT motif in promoters (By similarity). Promotes the expression of heat stress-inducible genes by contributing to the formation of a heat stress-specific transcriptional complex with NF-Y subunits (e.g. DPB3-1, NF-YA2 and NF-YB3) and DREB2A at the promoter of target genes, thus promoting heat tolerance (PubMed:25490919).
Enhanced by heat stress but repressed by dehydration stress.
Heterotrimeric transcription factor composed of three components, NF-YA, NF-YB and NF-YC (By similarity). NF-YB and NF-YC must interact and dimerize for NF-YA association and DNA binding (By similarity). Component of a heat stress-inducible transcriptional complex with NF-YA and NF-YB subunits made, at least, of NFYA2, NFYB3 and DPB3-1 in cooperation with DREB2A (PubMed:25490919). Binds directly with DPB3-1 (PubMed:25490919).
Ubiquitous (PubMed:11250072). Expressed in seedlings, petioles, hypocotyls, reproductive organ tissues and leaves (PubMed:25490919).
Catalyzes C3-oxidation steps in brassinosteroids biosynthesis (PubMed:22822057). Converts (22S)-22-hydroxycampesterol (22-OHCR) to (22S,24R)-22-hydroxyergost-4-en-3-one (22-hydroxy-campesta-4-en-3-one, 22-OH-4-en-3-one), 6-deoxocathasterone (6-deoxoCT) to (22S,24R)-22-hydroxy-5alpha-ergostan-3-one (22-hydroxy-campesta-3-one, 22-OH-3-one), (22R,23R)-22,23-dihydroxycampesterol (22,23-diOHCR) to (22R,23R)-22,23-dihydroxy-campest-4-en-3-one (22,23-diOH-4-en-3-one), and 6-deoxoteasterone (6-deoxoTE) to 3-dehydro-6-deoxoteasterone (6-deoxo3DT, 6-deoxo-3-DHT) (PubMed:22822057).
Dwarf plants containing severely reduced levels of castasterone (CS) and brassinolide (BL) and of their precursor molecules.
Expressed in roots, rosette leaves, cauline leaves, stems, flower buds and open flowers.
Pale-green phenotype, reduced growth and altered structure of chloroplasts (PubMed:22905186, PubMed:31128276). Defect in photosystem II (PSII) function with strongly reduced levels of core subunits, including psbE, psbF, psbL and psbJ cotranscribed from psbEFLJ (PubMed:31128276). Enhanced osmotic stress tolerance and altered sugar responses during seedling establishment (PubMed:22905186).
Transcription termination factor required for processing and steady-state levels of plastid transcripts (PubMed:22905186). Involved also in chloroplast transcriptional pausing, a general feature of chloroplast genes (PubMed:31128276). Specifically and positively regulates the transcription of chloroplast psbEFLJ encoding for photosystem II (PSII) core subunits psbE, psbF, psbL and psbJ; causes the plastid-encoded RNA polymerase (PEP) complex to pause at psbEFLJ by binding to the +30 to +51 region of double-stranded DNA, and recruits additional pTAC6 to the transcriptionally paused region of psbEFLJ (PubMed:31128276). May play a role in response to abiotic stresses (PubMed:22905186).
Has a dual function during gametophyte development and early embryogenesis. Required for correct pollen maturation.
In tricellular pollen, expressed in mature sperm cells. Not expressed in bicellular or unicellular pollen. Detected in ovules, roots and guard cells. Expressed in the embryo sac before cellularization, in the egg cell after cellularization, in the zygote/embryo immediately after fertilization and in the pollen vegetative cell.
The extracellular domain (25-427) is sufficient for male and female gametophyte development before double fertilization, but not for early embryogenesis. The cytoplasmic domain (507-593) is necessary for correct early embryogenesis and mediates homodimer formation at the plasma membrane.
Belongs to the complex I 23 kDa subunit family.
Core subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I) that is believed to belong to the minimal assembly required for catalysis. Complex I functions in the transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme is believed to be ubiquinone (By similarity). May donate electrons to ubiquinone.
Defective in pollen germination and pollen tube growth.
Expressed in roots, stems, leaves, flowers and pollen grains.
Part of the complex catalyzing the transfer of N-acetylglucosamine from UDP-N-acetylglucosamine to phosphatidylinositol, the first step of GPI biosynthesis (Probable). Required for pollen germination and pollen tube growth (PubMed:14671020).
Expressed in all tissues examined except root. Highest levels found in leaves and flowers.
In continuous light, by inorganic phosphate, sed7P, glycerate and ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate.
Light activation through pH changes, Mg(2+) levels and also by light-modulated reduction of essential disulfide groups via the ferredoxin-thioredoxin f system. In etiolated seedlings, induction occurs only after 8 hours of illumination.
Actins are highly conserved proteins that are involved in various types of cell motility and are ubiquitously expressed in all eukaryotic cells. Essential component of cell cytoskeleton; plays an important role in cytoplasmic streaming, cell shape determination, cell division, organelle movement and extension growth. This is considered as one of the vegetative actins.
Strongly expressed in nearly all vegetative tissues, and levels remain high in older tissues. Little or no expression is detected in mature pollen sacs, ovules, embryos or seeds.
Subject to negative translational control in pollen.
Belongs to the RING-type zinc finger family. NIP subfamily.
May be involved in the early steps of the plant defense signaling pathway. Does not display E3 catalytic activity.
Was originally (PubMed:16557337) assigned as a member of the E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase ATL subfamily but does not display E3 catalytic activity (PubMed:16339806).
Expressed in leaves (PubMed:9839469). Specifically expressed in fibers and vessels undergoing secondary wall thickening, especially in inflorescence stems (PubMed:19122102).
In nonelongating internodes, highly expressed in interfascicular fibers and xylem cells but not in parenchymatous pith cells. In elongating internodes, predominantly expressed in protoxylem vessels.
Reduction in secondary wall thickening and lignin content.
Slightly induced by light (PubMed:9839469). Regulated by the SND1 close homologs NST1, NST2, VND6, and VND7 and their downstream targets MYB46 and MYB83 (PubMed:19122102, PubMed:22197883).
Transcriptional activator that binds DNA to the AC cis-elements 5'-ACCTACC-3', 5'-ACCAACC-3' and 5'-ACCTAAC-3' of promoters and specifically activates lignin biosynthetic genes during secondary wall formation mediated by SND1.
Expressed in roots, inflorescences and siliques.
By Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato strain DC3000 (PstDC3000).
Homodimer (PubMed:20663085, PubMed:25010425). Interacts with SKD1/VPS4, VPS60-1, CHMP1A and CHMP1B (PubMed:17468262, PubMed:19304934, PubMed:20663085). Binds to PROS/At4g24370 (PubMed:24385429, PubMed:25010425). Interacts with MPK6 and MPK3 (PubMed:25010425).
Involved in the endosomal multivesicular bodies (MVB) pathway. MVBs contain intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) that are generated by invagination and scission from the limiting membrane of the endosome and are delivered to lysosomes enabling degradation of membrane proteins (By similarity). Thought to be a cofactor of SKD1/VPS4, which catalyzes the disassembly of membrane-associated ESCRT-III (PubMed:17468262). Target of pathogen-responsive mitogen-activated protein kinases (MPKs) that plays a critical role in plant basal resistance to Pseudomonas syringae in a SKD1-dependent manner by promoting multivesicular bodies (MVBs) trafficking upon plant infection (PubMed:25010425).
No strong phenotypic alterations under normal growth conditions; slightly slow growth, slightly pale green and flat leaves, and reduced seed yields (PubMed:17468262, PubMed:25010425). Increased sensitivity to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato strain DC3000 (PstDC3000)(PubMed:25010425).
Phosphorylated by activated MPK6 and MPK3, this activation is required to trigger multivesicular bodies (MVBs) trafficking upon plant infection.
Heterodimer with KU80. Interacts with TRP1. Interacts with WEX. Interacts with OFP1.
No visible phenotype when grown under normal conditions. Hypersensitivity to ionising radiation (IR) and to methylmethane sulfonate (MMS). Longer telomeres.
Single-stranded DNA-dependent ATP-dependent helicase. Involved in DNA non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) required for double-strand break repair. When associated with KU80, binds to double-stranded telomeric and non-telomeric DNA sequences, but not to single-stranded DNA. Plays a role in maintaining telomere length. Acts as a negative regulator of telomerase. Required for maintenance of the telomeric C-rich strand.
Up-regulated in response to induction of double-strand breaks. Down-regulated by heat shock.
Expressed in the shoot apex, stamens, carpels and young siliques. Detected in provascular and vascular tissue, and in the center of the vegetative and inflorescence meristems. Expressed in the funiculus. In roots and leaves, predominantly expressed in phloem.
Expressed throughout development. Increased expression in the shoot apex during the transition to flowering. Induced in the inflorescence vasculature and young flower buds as flowering commenced.
Regulates the size of the shoot meristem by modulating the CLV3-WUS feedback loop. Can repress WUS but is under negative control by CLV3.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL9 family.
Scaffold protein required to form the phloem filament matrix in sieve elements.
Probable exonuclease involved in enuclation of sieve elements.
Regulated both transcriptionally and post-translationally by the transcription factors NAC045 and NAC086.
Expressed just outside the vascular bundles in the rosette stem and the leaf traces. Not detected in floral primordia.
Belongs to the small GTPase superfamily.
Activated through serine and threonine phosphorylation in response to wounding, cold, drought, salt stresses, abscisic acid (ABA), hydrogen peroxide, bacterial flagellin and laminarin beta-glucan.
Expressed in roots, stem, flowers and siliques.
Interacts with MEKK1 and MPK4. May form a ternary complex composed of MEKK1 and MKK1/MKK2 and MPK4. Interacts with P.syringae type III effector HopF2. Interacts with MPK11.
MEKK1, MKK1/MKK2 and MPK4/MPK6 function in a signaling pathway that modulates the expression of genes responding to biotic and abiotic stresses and also plays an important role in pathogen defense by negatively regulating innate immunity. Activates by phosphorylation the downstream MPK4. Acts redundantly with MKK2. MKK1-MPK6 module mediates abscisic acid (ABA)-dependent CAT1 expression with H(2)O(2) production and response to drought and salt stress. MKK1-MPK6 module is also involved in sugar signaling during the process of seed germination.
No obvious developmental defects under normal growth conditions. Compromised in resistance to both virulent and avirulent Pseudomonas syringae strains. Reduced sensitivity to abscisic acid (ABA) during germination and reduced drought tolerance of seedlings. Simultaneous knockdown of MKK1 and MKK2 results in dwarf and small plants exhibiting a seedling-lethality phenotype.
Phosphorylation at Thr-218 and Ser-224 by MAP kinase kinase kinases positively regulates kinase activity.
Expressed in floral and vegetative organs. Also barely detectable in leaves and stems.
High chlorophyll fluorescence (hcf) phenotype and plant death at seedling stage when homozygous.
Involved in the light- and stress-dependent regulation of stability of 3' processed petB transcripts, thus regulating cytochrome b6 accumulation, a rate-limiting step in photosynthetic electron transport. May be recruited to specifically protect petB transcripts against 3'-5' exonucleolytic attack by masking the 3' ends. Does not function as release factor.
Lacks the stop codon recognition motif 'SPF' and the catalytic center 'GGQ' for peptidyl-tRNA hydrolysis, which are two conserved features of the family.
Putative DNA-binding elements conserved in B3 domains from the RAV, ARF and ABI3/VP1 subfamilies are largely absent in At1g16640, suggesting that B3 domains could function in contexts other than transcriptional regulation.
A paper reported a role in assisting chlorophyll a binding protein psbC assembly within photosystem II (PSII); however, this paper was later retracted. An article reported an interaction with LPA3; however, this paper was later retracted.
By water deficit, by abscisic acid (ABA) and by salt stress. Self expression regulation.
Phosphorylated by PKA. Reversible inactivation of the binding to DNA by phosphorylation.
Transcription activator that may act as growth regulators in response to water deficit. Interacts with the core sequence 5'-CAATTATTA-3' of promoters in response to ABA and in an ABI1-dependent manner. Involved in the negative regulation of the ABA signaling pathway.
Belongs to the agmatine deiminase family.
Inhibited by N-ethylmaleimide and iodoacetamide.
Mediates the hydrolysis of agmatine into N-carbamoylputrescine in the arginine decarboxylase (ADC) pathway of putrescine biosynthesis, a basic polyamine.
Part of a SCF (ASK-cullin-F-box) protein ligase complex (By similarity). Interacts with ASK13 and ASK14.
Involved in the 5-carboxymethylaminomethyl modification (mnm(5)s(2)U34) of the wobble uridine base in mitochondrial tRNAs.
Involved in the mitochondrial activation of MSD1 by specifically facilitating insertion of the essential manganese cofactor. Has the ability to activate iron regulon in an iron-dependent manner.
Aminocarboxypropyltransferase that catalyzes the aminocarboxypropyl transfer on pseudouridine in 18S rRNA. It constitutes the last step in biosynthesis of the hypermodified N1-methyl-N3-(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl) pseudouridine (m1acp3-Psi).
Belongs to the TDD superfamily. TSR3 family.
Dually phosphorylated on Thr-185 and Tyr-187, which activates the enzyme.
Defects in venation pattern in leaves and cotyledons.
Plays a major role in single RNA editing events in chloroplasts. Acts as a site-recognition transacting factor involved in the edition of the unique site (corresponding to cytidine-488) of rpoC1, which is a plastid-encoded subunit of the chloroplast DNA-directed RNA polymerase. May provide the catalytic activity for editing site conversion (PubMed:24194514). Involved in leaf vasculature patterning (PubMed:18643975).
Belongs to the WD repeat G protein beta family. Ribosomal protein RACK1 subfamily.
Homodimer and heterodimer with RACK1A or RACK1B (Probable). Interacts with GB1, MEKK1, MKK4, MKK5, MPK3 and MPK6, but not with GPA1 or MPK4 (PubMed:25731164).
Minor component of the RACK1 regulatory proteins that play a role in multiple signal transduction pathways. Involved in multiple hormone responses and developmental processes (PubMed:18947417). MAPK cascade scaffolding protein involved in the protease IV and ArgC signaling pathway but not the flg22 pathway (PubMed:25731164).
Interacts with SAE2, SCE1, SIZ1 and MMS21 (By similarity). Interacts with HSFA2. Covalently attached to ABI5, FLD, GTE3, HSFA2 and ICE1.
Ubiquitin-like protein which can be covalently attached to target lysines as a monomer. Does not seem to be involved in protein degradation and may function as an antagonist of ubiquitin in the degradation process. Required for the massive protein sumoylation in the nucleus induced by heat shock and controlled by SIZ1. Involved in the regulation of the heat stress transcription factor HSFA2 in acquired thermotolerance.
Activated by Mg(2+), Co(2+), Mn(2+) and Ba(2+). Inhibited by Fe(2+), Cu(2+), Zn(2+), NaF, molybdate, arsenate, vanadate and inorganic phosphate. No effect of tartrate, Asp, Gln, glutathione, Asn, ascorbic acid and phosphite.
Metallo-phosphoesterase involved in phosphate metabolism. Acid phosphatase activity with phosphoenolpyruvate, inorganic pyrophosphate, phenyl-phosphate and p-nitrophenyl-phosphate as the most effective substrates. No activity with phytic acid, phosphocholine or bis-p-nitrophenyl-phosphate. Has a peroxidase activity at alkaline pH.
Not induced at the transcription level by phosphate starvation, but accumulation of the protein in starved shoots.
Belongs to the class IV-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily.
Catalyzes a salvage reaction resulting in the formation of AMP, that is energically less costly than de novo synthesis. May contribute to the recycling of adenine into adenylate nucleotides and the inactivation of cytokinins by phosphoribosylation. Possesses low activity toward adenine and cytokinins.
Expressed in roots, shoots, young leaves, pollen, and flowers.
Homodimer. Forms a heterodimer with LSD1, BZIP1, BZIP2, BZIP9, BZIP10, BZIP11, BZIP25, BZIP44 and BZIP53. Interacts with KIN10 and SNF4 (PubMed:26263501). Component of a ternary complex composed of BZIP2-BZIP63 heterodimer and KIN10 (PubMed:29348240).
Phosphorylated. The phosphorylation at Ser-29, Ser-294 and Ser-300 by KIN10 strongly enhances its ability to form homo- as well as heterodimers and are then essential for its transcriptional activity (PubMed:26263501).
Present in silique valves, vasculature and funiculi.
Starvation-related phenotype with reduced growth and accumulation of anthocyanins.
Transcription factor involved in controlling responses to starvation (PubMed:26263501). BZIP2-BZIP63-KIN10 complex binds to the ETFQO promoter to up-regulate its transcription (PubMed:29348240).
Up-regulated by KIN10 under a phosphorylation-dependent manner.
By infection with the cucumber mosaic virus (CMV).
Highly expressed in flowers and siliques.
Plasmodesmal-associated membrane beta-1,3-glucanase involved in plasmodesmal callose degradation and functions in the gating of plasmodesmata.
Expressed in conductive tissues of young roots, cotyledons, rosette leaves, cauline leaves and sepals. Expressed in the leaf trichome support cells.
Delayed leaf formation during vegetative development, abnormal SAM layered structure, altered inflorescences, disrupted phyllotaxy, reduced number of seeds and reduced number of lateral roots.
Expressed in young leaves, growing leaf blades, young floral organs and root tips.
Probable tRNA nucleus export receptor which regulates tRNA processing and facilitates tRNA translocation across the nuclear pore complex. Is required for proper activity of the shoot apical meristem (SAM) and correct leaf initiation at different developmental stages, and may play a role in floral patterning.
Interacts with MPK6. May interact with MPK3 and MPK4.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions in Wassilewskija (Ws) ecotype (PubMed:11274055), but Columbia (Col) ecotype show growth defects, elevated levels of salicylic acid (SA) and constitutive defense responses (PubMed:19789277).
Phosphorylated on threonine and serine residues by MPK6.
Protein-tyrosine-phosphatase that acts as a negative regulator of MPK6 and MPK3 signaling by dephosphorylating and repressing MPK6 and MPK3. Modulates defense response by repressing salicylic acid (SA) production, camalexin biosynthesis and SNC1-mediated responses. Acts as a negative regulator of MPK6-mediated pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) responses, including MPK6 and MPK3 activation, accumulation of extracellular reactive oxygen species and inhibition of seedling growth. Involved in UV-B stress tolerance. May be involved in salt and genotoxic stress responses.
The observed mkp1 phenotype in Col ecotype is largely due to the Col-specific TIR-NB-LRR receptor-like protein SNC1, which is absent in Ws ecotype.
Expressed in root endodermis, cotyledons, young buds, developing cauline leaves, rosette and cauline leaf stipules, sepals of young flower buds, stigma and seeds.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but double mutant plants chr12 and chr23 are embryonic lethal.
Probable chromatin-remodeling factor that is functionally redundant with CHR23 in root and shoot stem cell initiation, and root apical meristem (RAM) and shoot apical meristem (SAM) maintenance. Plays an important role in mediating the temporary plant growth arrest induced upon perception of stress (PubMed:17605754, PubMed:23062007). May promote seed maturation and repress initiation of germination (PubMed:24839909).
Expressed in buds, flowers and immature seeds, but not in roots, stems, leaves, seedlings or siliques valves. Expression in seed coat is confined to the endothelium layer.
Interacts with AP1/AGL7, SEP1/AGL2, SEP2/AGL4, SEP3/AGL9 and AGL3/SEP4.
The two isoforms were always coexpressed in the tissues investigated. The pigmentation of the chalaza-micropyle region is not under the control of ABS, as opposed to the pigmentation of the seed body.
Transcription factor involved in the developmental regulation of the endothelium and in the accumulation of proanthocyanidins (PAs) or condensed tannins which give the seed its brown pigmentation after oxidation (PubMed:12368498, PubMed:16080001). Necessary for the normal activation of the BANYULS promoter in the endothelium body (PubMed:12368498). Is required, together with AGL11/STK for the maternal control of endothelium formation, which is essential for female gametophyte development and fertilization, and seed formation (PubMed:22176531). Interacts genetically with AGL1/SHP1 and AGL5/SHP2 in a partially antagonistic manner and represses AGL1/SHP1, AGL5/SHP2, and AGL8/FUL during flower development. Is essential for the coordination of cell divisions in ovule, seed coat development and endosperm formation (PubMed:27776173). Mediates the crosstalk between endothelium and nucellus to ensure proper seed formation. Functions redundantly with AGL63/GOA to repress nucellus growth and promote its degeneration. Represses the negative regulator of autophagy and programmed cell death HVA22D in the proximal nucellus (PubMed:27233529). Binds specifically to the CArG box DNA sequence 5'-CC (A/T)6 GG-3' (PubMed:16080001).
Accumulation of fluorescent chlorophyll catabolites (FCC) during senescence (PubMed:24302623). No effect on root length when grown in presence of exogenous MeIAA.
Involved in the chlorophyll breakdown by its action in fluorescent chlorophyll catabolites (FCCs) demethylation (PubMed:22147518, PubMed:23723324, PubMed:24302623). Demethylates the C13(2)-carboxymethyl group present at the isocyclic ring of chlorophyll (PubMed:22147518). Uses primary fluorescent dioxobilin-type chlorophyll catabolite (pFDCC) as substrate to produce O13(4)-desmethyl pFDCC (PubMed:23723324, PubMed:24302623). Also able to catalyze pheophorbides in vitro (PubMed:22147518). Methylesterase shown to have carboxylesterase activity, methyl indole-3-acetic acid (MeIAA) esterase activity and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) esterase activity in vitro (PubMed:18467465, PubMed:27109476).
Assisted protein folding requires ATP hydrolysis, but not K(+) ions.
Belongs to the chaperonin (HSP60) family.
Binds RuBisCO small and large subunits and is implicated in the assembly of the enzyme oligomer. Involved in protein assisted folding. Required for proper plastid division.
Expressed in leaves, stems, petioles and flowers.
Normal germination, but chloroplast-division defect and late dwarf phenotype. Lesion formation on leaves when grown under short-day conditions. Cpn60B1 and cpn60B2 double mutant produces small albino seedlings.
Part of the Cpn60 complex composed of 7 alpha and 7 beta subunits. Can also form a complex composed of 14 beta subunits only. Both complexes show ATPase activity. The Cpn60 complex interacts with the Cpn10 complex. Interacts with RAB during heat stress.
Up-regulated by light. Down-regulated by wounding. Not induced by heat.
Belongs to the metallo-beta-lactamase superfamily. RNA-metabolizing metallo-beta-lactamase-like family. INTS11 subfamily.
CPSF73-I and CPSF73-II are not functionally redundant, but both are essential in plant development. Knockdown or overexpression of CPSF73-I are lethal.
Component of the CPSF complex, at least composed of CPSF160, CPSF100, CPSF73-I, CPSF73-II, CPSF30, FY and FIPS5. Interacts with CLPS3, CPSF100, CPSF160 and FY.
Component of the cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor (CPSF) complex that play a key role in pre-mRNA 3'-end formation, recognizing the AAUAAA signal sequence and interacting with poly(A) polymerase and other factors to bring about cleavage and poly(A) addition. May function as mRNA 3'-end-processing endonuclease and also be involved in the histone 3'-end pre-mRNA processing.
Highly expressed in carpels. Also detected in seedlings, roots, stems, leaves, flowers and siliques.
The HXHXDH motif is essential for the endoribonuclease activity of the CPSF complex.
At the globular stage, expressed in cells adjacent to the hypophysis and at later embryonic stages, specific for vascular tissues.
No visible phenotype, probably due to redundancy with BHLH30.
Transcription factor required for MONOPTEROS-dependent root initiation in embryo. Transcriptionally controlled by MONOPTEROS.
Activated by magnesium and PDK1. Inhibited by staurosporine. Repressed by calcium.
Autophosphorylated. Phosphorylated by PDK1.
Expressed during embryogenesis at the globular stage on the apical flanks of the embryo, where the cotyledons are subsequently formed. Expression in the cotyledons persists at the heart stage until the mid-torpedo stage. At the bent-cotyledon stage, expressed weakly in the apical meristem. At the early phase of flowering, expressed in discrete groups of cells on the flanks of the apex initially marking the floral anlagen. During primordia differentiation, expressed in the adaxial portion of the primordia. In developing flowers, transiently expressed in nascent floral organs and then decreases as floral organs mature.
Expressed in root hair cells, shoot xylem parenchyma cells and endodermis around the vasculature. Expressed in anther primordia, vasculature of the growing flower stalk, young pedicels and bracts and developing sepals, but not in petals. In pistils, transiently expressed in the vasculature of the style and the septum, and in the integuments and funiculus of the developing ovule.
Plants overexpressing PID are small with dark green, curled leaves, with vegetative and floral organs defects and reduced apical dominance and internode elongation. Specific overexpression of PID in root hair cells suppresses root hair development. Over-expression of PID induces a basal-to-apical shift in PIN2 and PIN4 localization, resulting in the loss of auxin gradients and strong defects in embryo and seedling roots.
Pleiotropic defects in the development of floral organs, cotyledons and leaves, especially in the number of organs produced. Loss of function induces an apical-to-basal shift in PIN1 polar targeting at the inflorescence apex, accompanied by defective organogenesis.
Serine/threonine-protein kinase involved in the regulation of auxin signaling. Acts as a positive regulator of cellular auxin efflux and regulates organ development by enhancing polar auxin transport. Phosphorylates conserved serine residues in the PIN auxin efflux carriers. Phosphorylation of PIN proteins is required and sufficient for apical-basal PIN polarity that enables directional intercellular auxin fluxes, which mediate differential growth, tissue patterning and organogenesis. Acts in association with PIN1 to control the establishment of bilateral symmetry and promotion of cotyledon outgrowth. Regulates root gravitropism through modulation of PIN2-dependent basipetal auxin transport. Required for polarization of PIN3-dependent auxin transport for hypocotyl gravitropic response. The protein kinase activity of PID is essential for its auxin efflux regulatory function. PID kinase and PP2A phosphatase activities antagonistically regulate phosphorylation of PIN proteins, affecting PIN sorting.
Defects in inflorescence and flower development. Bop1 and bop2 double mutant displays leafy petioles, loss of floral organ abscission, and asymmetric flowers subtended by a bract.
Expressed during vegetative development in young leaf primordia and at the base of the rosette leaves on the adaxial side. Expressed during reproductive development in young floral buds, and at the base of the sepals and petals.
Highly expressed in young floral meristem (PubMed:15805484). Predominantly expressed in the boundary between floral meristem (FM) and sepal primordia (PubMed:26390296).
Homodimer or heterodimer with BOP1. Interacts with PAN.
May act as a substrate-specific adapter of an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex (CUL3-RBX1-BTB) which mediates the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins (By similarity). Acts redundantly with BOP2. BOP1/2 promote leaf and floral meristem fate and determinacy in a pathway targeting AP1 and AGL24. BOP1/2 act as transcriptional co-regulators through direct interaction with TGA factors, including PAN, a direct regulator of AP1. Controls lateral organ fate through positive regulation of adaxial-abaxial polarity genes ATHB-14/PHB, YAB1/FIL and YAB3, and through positive regulation of LOB domain-containing genes LOB, LBD6/AS2 and LBD36. Promotes and maintains a developmentally determinate state in leaf cells through the negative regulation of JAG, JGL and class I KNOX genes. Is also involved in nectary development, formation of normal abscission zones and suppression of bract formation.
'Da' means 'large' in Chinese (PubMed:24045020). Plants overexpressing DA2 exhibit reduced organ size, biomass, and seed size and weight (PubMed:24045020).
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase involved in the regulation of organ and seed size. Acts synergistically with DA1 to regulate seed size. Functions synergistically with DA1 to restrict cell proliferation in the maternal integuments of ovules and developing seeds. Seems to function independently of BB. Possesses E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity in vitro (PubMed:24045020). Polyubiquitinates DA1, DAR1 and DAR2, but not DAR3 (PubMed:28167503).
Highly expressed during early stages of petal, stamen, carpel and ovule development, and expression decreases at the later stages of organ development.
Increased organ size, biomass, and seed size and weight.
This magnesium-dependent enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the translocation of calcium from the cytosol into the endoplasmic reticulum.
Belongs to the casein kinase 2 subunit beta family.
Heterotetramer of two catalytic alpha subunits and two regulatory beta subunits (PubMed:19509278). Interacts with CCA1 (PubMed:9724822).
Plays a complex role in regulating the basal catalytic activity of the alpha subunit.
Plays a complex role in regulating the basal catalytic activity of the alpha subunit. The tetrameric holoenzyme CK2, composed of two alpha and two beta subunits, phosphorylates the transcription factor PIF1 after an exposure to light, resulting in a proteasome-dependent degradation of PIF1 and promotion of photomorphogenesis (PubMed:21330376). CK2 phosphorylates translation initiation factors. May participate in the regulation of the initiation of translation (PubMed:19509278).
Expressed predominantly in dividing tissues such as young leaves, root tips, flower buds and embryos.
Regulates COOLAIR, a set of antisense transcripts originating from the 3' end of FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC). Associates with single-stranded DNA that is part of an RNA-DNA hybrid, or R-loop, that covers the COOLAIR promoter. R-loop stabilization mediated by NDX inhibits COOLAIR transcription, which in turn modifies FLC expression.
Defects in efflux of the auxin precursor indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) associated with developmental defects such as abnormally long root hairs and increased lateral root production (PubMed:20498067). Strongly reduced coumarin (e.g. highly oxygenated compounds scopoletin, dihydroxyscopoletin, esculetin, fraxin, fraxetin and esculin) exudation in the rhizosphere, especially in iron (Fe) deficient conditions (PubMed:28623273, PubMed:24015802). Hypersensitivity to iron (Fe) deficiency (PubMed:24015802). Increased sensitivity to the auxinic herbicides 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)butyric acid (2,4-DB) and 2-naphthoxyacetic acid (2-NOA), but normal responses to the endogenous auxins indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), phenylacetic acid (PAA) and indole-butyric acid (IBA) (PubMed:16877699, PubMed:20498067). Hypersensitivity to polar auxin transport inhibitors including napthylphthalamic acid (NPA), 1-naphthoxyacetic acid (1-NOA), 2-(1-pyrenoyl)benzoic acid (PBA) and 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA) (PubMed:16877699, PubMed:20498067).
Expressed in roots and, to a lower extent, in seedlings.
In roots, mostly expressed in the cells of the lateral root cap and epidermal cells at the root tip (PubMed:16877699, PubMed:20498067). In shoots, confined to the stipules (PubMed:16877699).
Induced by cycloheximide (CHX) and cold/dark treatment (PubMed:12430018). Up-regulated in response to iron (Fe) deficiency (PubMed:24015802).
Together with ABCG36, regulates auxin homeostasis and responses by playing a dual role in coumarine (and derivatives) and in the auxin precursor indole 3-butyric acid (IBA) efflux transport, thus influencing roots and root hairs development (PubMed:24015802, PubMed:20498067). Mediates coumarin exudation in the rhizosphere, especially in iron (Fe) deficient conditions, with a strong specificity for highly oxygenated compounds such as scopoletin and derivatives, dihydroxyscopoletin, esculetin, fraxin, fraxetin and esculin; these molecules improve plant Fe nutrition (PubMed:28623273, PubMed:26517905, PubMed:24015802). Involved in the cellular detoxification of xenobiotics by promoting the excretion of some auxinic herbicides including 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)butyric acid (2,4-DB) and other members of the phenoxyalkanoic acid family as well as the polar auxin transport inhibitor, napthylphthalamic acid (NPA) (PubMed:24015802, PubMed:16877699, PubMed:20498067). May be a general defense protein (By similarity).
Expressed at a low level in flowers and siliques.
Expressed in vasculature of roots, cotyledons, leaves and sepals.
Component of the mitochondrial oxidoreductase respiratory chain complex I; element of the extra matrix-exposed domain, which is attached to the membrane arm of this complex. Interacts with GAMMACA2.
Involved in complex I assembly in mitochondria and respiration.
Catalyzes the conversion of monodehydroascorbate to ascorbate, oxidizing NADH in the process.
Active on saturated acyl-CoAs up to C22. Mediates the synthesis of VLCFAs from 20 to 26 carbons in length (e.g. C20:1, C20, C24, C26).
Inhibited by K3 herbicides such as alachlor, allidochlor, anilofos, cafenstrole, fentrazamide and flufenacet (PubMed:15277688). Strongly inhibited by metazachlor (PubMed:22284369).
Forms a complex with IDN2 and FDM2/IDNL2 that is required for RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) and that functions at a downstream step of the RdDM pathway (PubMed:22302148, PubMed:22757778, PubMed:22570638, PubMed:22592791). Required for de novo DNA methylation and 24 nucleotide small interfering RNA (siRNA) accumulation (PubMed:22570638). Binds unmethylated but not methylated DNAs through its coiled-coil domain (PubMed:22757778). May bind double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) with 5'-overhangs through its XS domain (PubMed:22302148, PubMed:22757778). However, according to (PubMed:22570638), FMD1 does not bind dsRNAs.
Highly expressed in flowers and at lower levels in roots, leaves and stems.
Homodimer (PubMed:22757778). Interacts with IDN2 (PubMed:22757778, PubMed:22592791) and AGO4 (PubMed:22302148). Forms a complex with IDN2 and FMD2/INDL2 (PubMed:22570638, PubMed:22592791).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions. The double mutants idnl1-1 and idnl2-1 show a late-flowering phenotype and reduced level of DNA methylation (PubMed:22592791). The double mutants fdm1-1 and fdm2-1 show reduced level of DNA methylation and repeat-associated small interfering RNAs (ra-siRNAs) (PubMed:22302148).
Straight-chain enoyl-CoA thioesters from C4 up to at least C16 are processed, although with decreasing catalytic rate.
Expressed in roots and stems. Expressed in the shoot apex, leaf primordia and young leaves.
Expressed in stomatal guard cells of leaves.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions. Leaves of well-watered mutant plants have increased relative water content due to decreased stomata opening.
Possible bi-functional kinase. In vitro, it exhibits serine/threonine activity. In vivo, can phosphorylate tyrosine residues of limited substrates (By similarity). May be involved in plant defense signaling (By similarity). Required for full light-induced stomatal opening (PubMed:24828466).
Activated by threonine and tyrosine phosphorylation (Probable). Inactivated by phosphatase PHS1.
Dually phosphorylated on Thr-187 and Tyr-189, which activates the enzyme (By similarity). Phosphorylated by MAPKKK20 (PubMed:28848569).
Expressed in roots, seedlings, leaves, flower buds, flowers and siliques.
Interacts with PHS1 (PubMed:19392697). Binds to MAPKKK20 (PubMed:28848569).
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) that is specifically regulated by PHS1 and MAPKKK20 and mediates signaling that regulates cortical microtubule functions, maybe through regulation of microtubule dynamic instability.
No visible phenotype under normal growth condition, but mutant plants show reduced sensitivity to microtubule-disrupting drugs (PubMed:19392697). Short roots with abnormal twisting (e.g. leftward skewing) in media containing microtubule-disrupting drugs (e.g. oryzalin) (PubMed:28848569).
According to some authors, recombinant REF6 can demethylate H3K4me3/2 and H3K36me3/2 (PubMed:20711170). In contrast, PubMed:21642989 and PubMed:27111035 show that REF6 is an intrinsic H3K27me3/2-specific demethylase. The different activities seen may be caused by the presence of different cofactors.
Accumulates during seed development, seed storage, and seed germination stages (PubMed:33037128). In roots, highly expressed in the stele, but barely detectable in the cortex and epidermis (PubMed:30267471). Not observed in lateral root primordia, but detected in both young and mature lateral roots (PubMed:30267471).
Belongs to the JHDM3 histone demethylase family.
Forms homooligomers (PubMed:32257379). Interacts with BZR2 (via N-terminus) (PubMed:18467490). Interacts with BRM in the SWI/SNF complex (PubMed:27111034). Interacts (via N-terminus) with NFYC9 (PubMed:25105952). Associates with INO80 (PubMed:31418686).
Highly expressed in the shoot apical meristem and primary and secondary root tips, and lower expression in cotyledons, leaves and root axis along vascular tissues (PubMed:30267471). Detected in inflorescences, stems and siliques. Present in seeds (PubMed:33037128).
Histone demethylase that demethylates 'Lys-27' (H3K27me) of histone H3, thus acting as a positive regulator of gene expression (PubMed:33107825). Demethylates both tri- (H3K27me3) and di-methylated (H3K27me2) H3K27me (PubMed:21642989, PubMed:27111035, PubMed:33107825). Demethylates also H3K4me3/2 and H3K36me3/2 in an in vitro assay (PubMed:20711170). Involved in the transcriptional regulation of hundreds of genes regulating developmental patterning and responses to various stimuli (PubMed:18467490). Binds DNA via its four zinc fingers in a sequence-specific manner, 5'-CTCTG(C/T)T(C/T)-3' (5'-CTCTGYTY-3'), with a preference for hypo-methylated status (e.g. cytosine methylation), to promote the demethylation of H3K27me3 and recruit the chromatin remodeler BRM in order to activate gene expression (PubMed:27111034, PubMed:27111035, PubMed:32257379, PubMed:31048693). Participates in the regulation of organ boundary formation (PubMed:27111034, PubMed:27111035, PubMed:32257379, PubMed:31048693). Bind mostly motifs located in active chromatin states which are depleted for heterochromatic modifications (PubMed:31048693). Involved in the regulation of flowering time by repressing FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) expression (PubMed:15377760, PubMed:33107825, PubMed:32392578). Stimulates lateral roots formation (e.g. primordium initiation and emergence) via the epigenetic de-repression of PIN genes such as PIN1, PIN3 and PIN7 directly by modulating the methylation status of their loci (PubMed:30267471). Interacts with the NF-Y complex to regulate SOC1 (PubMed:25105952). Mediates the recruitment of BRM to its target loci (PubMed:27111034). Together with EEN, involved in the epigenetic chromatin-dependent regulatory mechanism that monitors the expression of the essential multifunctional plant stress regulator EIN2 via H3K27me3 repressive histone demethylation and histone variant H2A.Z eviction, thus modulating responses to ethylene (ET), especially during embryogenesis (PubMed:31418686). Eluviates seed dormancy by triggering abscisic acid (ABA) catabolism in seeds via the induction of CYP707A1 and CYP707A3 expression, genes involved in ABA degradation; binds directly to CYP707A1 and CYP707A3 loci to reduce their H3K27me3 levels in developing siliques (PubMed:33037128). Required for systemic acquired resistance (SAR) toward pathogenic bacteria (e.g. Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato DC3000 (avrPto)) (PubMed:32392578). Together with FLD and MSI4/FVE, contributes to dehydroabietinal-dependent (DA, a diterpenoid tricyclic diterpene) activation of flowering ans SAR (PubMed:32392578). Binds to the HSFA2 chromatin region to alleviate H3K27me3 repressive marks and trigger its expression in response to heat in a BRM-dependent manner (PubMed:30778176). Involved in the mechanisms necessary for quick response to heat and subsequent heritable transgenerational memory of heat acclimation (global warming) such as early flowering and attenuated immunity; this process includes epigenetic regulation as well as post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) (PubMed:30778176). In response to heat, HSFA2 is activated and promotes the expression of REF6 which in turn derepresses HSFA2, thus establishing an heritable feedback loop able to trigger SGIP1 and subsequent SGIP1-mediated SGS3 degradation; this prevents the biosynthesis of trans-acting siRNA (tasiRNA) and leads to the release of HTT5, which drives early flowering but attenuates immunity (PubMed:30778176).
Induced by abscisic acid (ABA) during seed germination (PubMed:33037128). Induced by dehydroabietinal-dependent (DA), a diterpenoid tricyclic diterpene that promotes flowering and systemic acquired resistance (SAR) (PubMed:32392578). Up-regulated by heat stress (at 30 degrees Celsius) and remains up-regulated transgenerationally in the unstressed progeny (at 22 degrees Celsius), partly via an heritable feedback loop involving HSFA2 (PubMed:30778176).
Involved in the maintenance of H3K27me1 histone marks on euchromatin in a PRC2-dependent manner, to maintain low-level basal expression of corresponding genes (PubMed:33107825). Together with ELF6, required for H3K27me3 resetting (especially in constitutive heterochromatin within the pericentromeric regions) and transgenerational inheritance of histone marks, thus acting in safeguarding genome and epigenome integrity during sexual reproduction (PubMed:33107825).
Late-flowering in both long and short days with an increased number of rosette leaves at bolting stage (PubMed:15377760, PubMed:33107825, PubMed:32392578). Brassinosteroid-insensitive phenotype (PubMed:18467490). Hyper-methylated genes with accumulation of H3K27me3 histone marks, but drastic reduction in H3K27me1 (PubMed:33107825). Enhanced dormancy associated with increased abscisic acid (ABA) levels as well as reduced expression of CYP707A1 and CYP707A3 (due to higher H3K27me3 content at their loci), genes involved in ABA catabolism, during seed development and germination (PubMed:33037128). Suppressed expression of PIN genes (e.g. PIN1, PIN3 and PIN7) due to increased levels of H3K27me3 at their loci and leading to altered lateral root formation and elongation (PubMed:30267471). Impaired systemic acquired resistance (SAR) toward pathogenic bacteria (e.g. Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato DC3000 (avrPto)) (PubMed:32392578). Lost ability of dehydroabietinal-dependent (DA, a diterpenoid tricyclic diterpene) to trigger flowering and systemic acquired resistance (SAR) (PubMed:32392578). Elevated H3K27me3 levels at HSFA2 locus associated with a reduced expression of HSFA2 and altered thermo-responsiveness and thermomemory of flowering (PubMed:30778176). Plants lacking both REF6 and ELF6 have several growth defects, such as increased number of petals, reduced silique length, embryos with patterning defects, and pleiotropic defects in leaf morphology, such as serrations and downward curling; these defects are caused by epimutations arising in offspring lineage due to a lack of H3K27me3 resetting during sexual reproduction (PubMed:33107825). Plants missing both EEN and REF6/EIN6 (e.g. ref6-1 een-2 and ein6-1 een-1), as well as double mutants ref6-1 ino80-1 and ref6-1 arp5-1, are insensitive to ethylene (ET) and exhibit reduced levels of EIN2 associated with a shift of the chromatin landscape to a repressive state at its locus (e.g. H3K27me3 and H2A.Z) (PubMed:31418686).
The 4 C2H2-type zinc fingers are required for DNA-binding, but dispensable for the H3K27me3/2 demethylase activity.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class myosin-kinesin ATPase superfamily. Kinesin family. KIN-10 subfamily.
Probable plus end-directed motor protein that may contribute to the transport of Golgi-derived vesicles in the phragmoplast.
Belongs to the prefoldin subunit beta family.
Binds specifically to cytosolic chaperonin (c-CPN) and transfers target proteins to it (PubMed:19825635). Binds to nascent polypeptide chain and promotes folding in an environment in which there are many competing pathways for nonnative proteins (PubMed:19825635). Together with other chaperonins, contribute to the regulation of gene expression by modulating the spliceosome function on pre-mRNA splicing post-transcriptionally by acting as a co-chaperone of Hsp90 to control levels of LSM8 (PubMed:32396196). Required for microtubules (MTs) organization and dynamicity (By similarity). Involved in the process leading to microtubules dissociation in response to gibberellic acid (GA) probably due to the DELLA proteins-mediated translocation of the prefoldin co-chaperone complex from the cytoplasm to the nucleus (By similarity).
Heterohexamer of two PFD-alpha type and four PFD-beta type subunits forming prefoldin co-chaperone complex (By similarity). Interacts with LSM8, a specific subunit of the LSM2-8 complex, which is a core component of the spliceosome (PubMed:32396196).
Smaller plants (PubMed:32396196). Lower pre-mRNA splicing events and reduced production of U6 snRNA in plants lacking PFD2, PFD4 and PFD6, probably due to a reduced activity of the LSM2-8 complex (PubMed:32396196).
Inhibition of primary root elongation and early lateral root emergence.
Plays an essential role in the assembly of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), an enzyme complex (also referred to as respiratory complex II) that is a component of both the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and the mitochondrial electron transport chain, and which couples the oxidation of succinate to fumarate with the reduction of ubiquinone (coenzyme Q) to ubiquinol (PubMed:23036115). Required for flavinylation (covalent attachment of FAD) of the flavoprotein subunit of the SDH catalytic dimer (PubMed:23036115, PubMed:23154507).
Low water transport activity in yeast cells.
Specifically expressed in roots with high expression in root elongation zone and root stele.
Required for chromosome synapsis and normal fidelity of crossing over.
Down-regulated by salicylic acid (SA), ethylene, hydrogen peroxide and cold. Up-regulated by NaCl.
May act as a substrate-specific adapter of an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex (CUL3-RBX1-BTB) which mediates the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins. Essential for female and male gametophyte development.
PP2A consists of a common heteromeric enzyme, composed of a catalytic subunit (subunits C), a constant regulatory subunit (subunit A), and a variety of regulatory subunits such as subunits B (the R2/B/PR55/B55, R3/B''/PR72/PR130/PR59 and R5/B'/B56 families).
Expression peaks early in embryonic development and decreases during later stages.
Confined to flowers and siliques (PubMed:17293437, PubMed:19897921). Expressed in female gametophytes (PubMed:17559508).
In flowers, expressed in anthers, pollen and developing ovules (e.g. in egg cells) (PubMed:17293437). In developing ovules, accumulates mainly in the micropylar region of the embryo sac (PubMed:27524487).
Interacts with AHL22 (PubMed:22442143). Binds to farnesylated ASG2 in the cytosol (PubMed:28663238).
Responsible for the deacetylation of lysine residues on the N-terminal part of the core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4). Histone deacetylation gives a tag for epigenetic repression and plays an important role in transcriptional regulation, cell cycle progression and developmental events. Histone deacetylases act via the formation of large multiprotein complexes.
Component of the ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase (cytochrome b-c1 complex, complex III, CIII), a multisubunit enzyme composed of 10 subunits. The complex is composed of 3 respiratory subunits cytochrome b (MT-CYB), cytochrome c1 (CYC1-1 or CYC1-2) and Rieske protein (UCR1-1 or UCR1-2), 2 core protein subunits MPPalpha1 (or MPPalpha2) and MPPB, and 5 low-molecular weight protein subunits QCR7-1 (or QCR7-2), UCRQ-1 (or UCRQ-2), QCR9, UCRY and probably QCR6-1 (or QCR6-2) (Probable). The complex exists as an obligatory dimer and forms supercomplexes (SCs) in the inner mitochondrial membrane with NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I, CI), resulting in different assemblies (supercomplexes SCI(1)III(2) and SCI(2)III(4)) (PubMed:12970493).
High affinity ammonium transporter that may play an important role in moving ammonium between the apoplast and symplast of cells throughout the plant. Does not transport methylammonium.
Expressed in embryos, shoot meristems, leaf primordia, root meristems, floral meristems and young floral buds.
Interacts with TUBB2, TUBB3, TUBB4 and TUBB5.
Plant roots over-expressing PLP3A have increased microtubule resistance to propyzamide, an inhibitor of tubulin polymerization. Plants with reduced levels of both PLP3A and PLP3B show defects in cytokinesis, cortical microtubule array formation, oriented cell growth, and maintenance of proper ploidy (PubMed:18390592).
Tubulin-binding protein involved in microtubule formation.
Predominantly expressed in green siliques. Also expressed above ground, in roots and flower buds.
Detected early in the floral meristem but mostly expressed in stamen and carpel primordia.
Homodimer, capable of binding to CArG-box sequences. Forms a heterodimer via the K-box domain with either SEPALATTA1/AGL2, SEPALATTA2/AGL4, SEPALLATA3/AGL9 or AGL6. Heterodimerization also seen with some other Agamous-like MADS-box proteins. Interacts with AGL15 and AGL16. Component of a complex made of FLOR1, VSP1 and AGAMOUS (AG). Binds directly with FLR1 (PubMed:11689012).
Mutations result in the replacement of the six stamens by six petals and of the carpels by a new mutant flower.
Negatively regulated by the A class floral homeotic protein APETALA2 and by other repressors like LEUNIG, SEUSS, SAP or CURLY LEAF. Positively regulated by both LEAFY and APETALA1. Repressed by silencing mediated by polycomb group (PcG) protein complex containing EMF1 and EMF2. Up-regulated by HUA2.
Probable transcription factor involved in the control of organ identity during the early development of flowers. Is required for normal development of stamens and carpels in the wild-type flower. Plays a role in maintaining the determinacy of the floral meristem. Acts as C class cadastral protein by repressing the A class floral homeotic genes like APETALA1. Forms a heterodimer via the K-box domain with either SEPALATTA1/AGL2, SEPALATTA2/AGL4, SEPALLATA3/AGL9 or AGL6 that could be involved in genes regulation during floral meristem development. Controls AHL21/GIK, a multifunctional chromatin modifier in reproductive organ patterning and differentiation (PubMed:19956801). Induces microsporogenesis through the activation of SPL/NZZ (PubMed:15254538).
Expressed in seeds, leaves and shoots. Lower expression in roots.
Expressed mainly at the end of seed maturation when the tissue is completely dry.
Involved in high-affinity nitrate transport. Controls nitrate content in seeds.
No visible phenotype during vegetative growth. No effect on root nitrate influx. Decreased nitrate content in mature seeds and delayed germination.
Not induced by nitrate or by growth on low nitrate concentration. Down-regulated by imbibition.
Expressed in the endosperm cells during embryo development.
Seedlings lethality when homozygous due to water loss. Mutant seedling grown under high humidity can survive and show small, crinkled cotyledons and fused leaves due to impaired cuticule formation.
Serine protease required for epidermal surface formation in embryos and juvenile plants (PubMed:11731449, PubMed:17376810, PubMed:23318634). Involved in embryonic cuticle formation downstream of BHLH95/ZOU (PubMed:23318634).
Belongs to the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase family.
Catalyzes the rate-limiting step of the oxidative pentose-phosphate pathway, which represents a route for the dissimilation of carbohydrates besides glycolysis (PubMed:15634201). The main function of this enzyme is to provide reducing power (NADPH) and pentose phosphates for fatty acid and nucleic acid synthesis which are involved in membrane synthesis and cell division (PubMed:15634201).
There are 6 glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase genes in A.thaliana.
(Microbial infection) Required for the polarization of reflected light on both adaxial and abaxial leaves surfaces upon viral infection by Turnip vein clearing virus (TVCV), probably by regulating cuticular wax compounds deposition, thus influencing visual attractiveness of infected plants for insect vectors.
Abnormal cuticle and unusual lipidic cytoplasmatic inclusions in epidermal cells associated with a reduced secretion of aldehydes, alcohols and acids (PubMed:17951461, PubMed:26965486). The double mutant abcg11 abcg12 exhibits ABCG12-containing membrane inclusions protruded into the vacuole and contiguous with the endoplasmic reticulum (PubMed:20870961). Reduced polarizing on the adaxial and abaxial leaves surfaces, and impaired impact of viral infection by Turnip vein clearing virus (TVCV) on the polarization of reflected light leading to high light reflections; this phenotype is not visible upon viral infection by Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) (PubMed:28346494).
Exclusively and constitutively expressed in epidermal cells.
Forms heterodimers with ABCG11 in epidermal cells.
Involved in the secretion of cuticular wax from epidermal cells to the cuticle, especially in the transport of aldehydes, alcohols and acids.
Involved in the biosynthesis of lipid A, a phosphorylated glycolipid that in bacteria anchors the lipopolysaccharide to the outer membrane of the cell. Lipid A-like molecules in plants may serve as structural components of the outer membranes of mitochondria and/or chloroplasts, or may be involved in signal transduction or plant defense responses (Potential).
Involved in the biosynthesis of lipid A, a phosphorylated glycolipid that in bacteria anchors the lipopolysaccharide to the outer membrane of the cell. Lipid A-like molecules in plants may serve as structural components of the outer membranes of mitochondria and/or chloroplasts, or may be involved in signal transduction or plant defense responses.
Plants silencing LPXC do not have altered morphology compared to wild-type plants when grown under normal growth conditions, but they do not accumulate 2,3-diacylglucosamine-1-phosphate.
Belongs to the plant ureide permease (TC 2.A.7.19) family.
Proton-coupled transporter that transports a wide spectrum of oxo derivatives of heterocyclic nitrogen compounds.
Accumulates in young seedlings with a peak three days after seed germination (PubMed:11726703). Mostly abundant in young seedlings grown in darkness, but quickly down-regulated during further seedling development and by light exposure (at protein level) (PubMed:16244150).
Activated by FHY3 and FAR1 under far-red light (FR); HY5 prevents this activation (PubMed:16045472, PubMed:21097709, PubMed:18033885). Down-regulated by FR, red (R) and blue (B) lights (PubMed:18033885, PubMed:16045472). Accumulates in dark (D)-grown but not in R and FR-grown hypocotyl cells. Repressed in etiolated plants transferred to FR conditions in a FHY3-dependent manner (PubMed:15469493, PubMed:11711433). Inhibited by light (PubMed:11726703). Repressed by PHYA-mediated phosphorylation in R illumination; the phosphorylated form is a substrate for ubiquitin/proteasome-mediated degradation (PubMed:22582101, PubMed:19208901). PHYA-dependent down-regulation by light is largely at post-transcriptional level, primarily mediated through the 26S proteasome-dependent protein degradation (PubMed:16244150).
Expressed in hypocotyl cells of etiolated plants.
Homodimer and heterodimer with FHL (PubMed:16045472). Interacts with underphosphorylated PHYA, especially upon far-red (FR) light illumination (PubMed:19208901, PubMed:18722184, PubMed:21884939, PubMed:19482971). Binds to LAF1 and HFR1. Forms PHYA/FHY1/HFR1 complex in darkness but dissociates from PHYA and HFR1 in response to continuous FR light (FRc) (PubMed:19482971).
Inactivated by rapid reversible PHYA-mediated phosphorylation at Ser-39 and Thr-61 in red light (R), thus inhibiting PHYA signaling in a negative feedback loop; this ensures the seedling deetiolation process in response to a R-enriched light condition (PubMed:19208901, PubMed:22582101). Subsequent exposure to far-red light (FR) after the R conditions leads to dephosphorylation (PubMed:19208901). The phosphorylated form is cytoplasmic only and unable to bind to chromatin at direct target genes whereas the unphosphorylated form can shuttle from cytoplasm to nucleus (PubMed:22582101).
Key regulator of far red / red (FR/R) spectrum-specific responses essential for the adaption to changing light conditions (e.g. de-etiolation), essentially by regulating PHYA shuttling from the cytoplasm to the nucleus and by directly regulating the expression of some target genes, depending on light conditions and phosphorylation status (PubMed:22582101). Binds chromatin at target genes promoters, especially in FR light conditions (PubMed:25071219). Can activate transcription of different genes, some being in a phytochrome A (PHYA)-dependent and other in a PHYA-independent manners (PubMed:15469493, PubMed:11726703, PubMed:25071219). Controls specific aspects of plant development, such as the inhibition of seed germination under FR during salt stress (PubMed:25071219). Essential for light-regulated PHYA nuclear accumulation and subsequent PHYA phototropic signaling processes involved in photomorphogenesis (PubMed:17566111, PubMed:21969386, PubMed:25071219, PubMed:22374392, PubMed:19482971). Mediates the association of PHYA with HFR1 and LAF1 in the nucleus in response to FR conditions (PubMed:19482971). PHYA-specific signal transducer in response to continuous FR lights (PubMed:15469493, PubMed:16045472, PubMed:19482971, PubMed:11711433, PubMed:11726703, PubMed:8364355). Contributes to inhibition of hypocotyl elongation in continuous blue light (B) (PubMed:16045472).
Partially blind to far-red (FR) (PubMed:15469493, PubMed:11711433, PubMed:11726703, PubMed:19482971, PubMed:16045472). Impaired inhibition of hypocotyl elongation and cotyledons expansion under continuous FR light conditions (PubMed:11711433, PubMed:11726703, PubMed:8364355, PubMed:22582101, PubMed:19482971, PubMed:16045472). Absence of FR-induced killing response (PubMed:11726703). Increased seed germination rate in salt stress conditions (PubMed:25071219). In plants lacking FHY1 and FHL, altered phototropism (e.g. phototropic bending) associated with abnormal consitutive cytosolic localization of PHYA (PubMed:22374392, PubMed:17566111). In the double mutant fhl fhy1 several PHYA-dependent phototropic responses are altered (e.g. hypocotyl elongation and cotyledon opening under high-irradiance conditions and seed germination under very-low-fluence conditions), but not for some PHYA-dependent responses such as the abrogation of negative gravitropism in blue light and red-enhanced phototropism (PubMed:17566111). Hyposensitivity to blue light (B) (PubMed:16045472).
Component of an histone acetyltransferase complex.
Component of an histone acetyltransferase complex. Interacts with H3K4me3 and to a lesser extent with H3K4me2.
Expressed in root hair cells (at protein level).
First observed in differentiating trichoblast and later confined to root hair proper. Soluble in the early stages of root hair development and becomes insolubilized in later stages.
Irregular root hair development that frequently abort, swell, or branch. Stronger phenotype when associated with LRX2 disruption; frequent rupture of root hairs soon after their initiation.
Modulates cell morphogenesis by regulating cell wall formation and assembly, and/or growth polarization. Together with LRX2, component of the extracellular mechanism regulating root hair morphogenesis and elongation.
Binds 16S rRNA, required for the assembly of 30S particles.
Expressed in seedlings, stems, leaves, flowers and siliques (PubMed:18465198). Expressed in roots, leaves, and stems, including epidermis, silique walls, sepals, the upper portion of the styles, and seed coats, but not in developing embryos (PubMed:23585652).
Involved in the elongation of C22 to C24 fatty acids, which are precursors for the biosynthesis of cuticular waxes, aliphatic suberins, and membrane lipids, including sphingolipids and phospholipids.
No visible phenotype, but significant reduction in C24 VLCFAs and accumulation of C20 and C22 VLCFAs.
Repressed by herbicides such as flufenacet and benfuresate (PubMed:12916765). Down-regulated by darkness and low temperature, and up-regulated by drought and osmotic stress (PubMed:18465198).
Expressed at all developmental stages. Detected in globular to heart stage embryos.
Phosphatase required for histidine production. Acts also on L-galactose 1-phosphate (L-Gal 1-P), D-myoinositol 3-phosphate (D-Ins 3-P) and D-myoinositol 1-phosphate (D-Ins 1-P).
Ubiquitous. High expression in roots. Expressed in pistil and seed endosperm.
Expressed in leaves, flowers and embryos at globular stage.
May play a role in ribosome biogenesis and in determining the rate of cell division. Involved in a process essential for nuclear and nucleolar functions.
Homotetramer. Component of the multiprotein assembly MOS4-associated complex (MAC) at least composed of MOS4, CDC5, PRL1 and PRP19 which is related to the PRP19C/Prp19 complex/NTC/Nineteen complex identified in other organisms. Associated with the spliceosome.
Probable ubiquitin-protein ligase which is mainly involved pre-mRNA splicing and DNA repair (By similarity). Component of the MAC complex that probably regulates defense responses through transcriptional control and thereby is essential for plant innate immunity.
Ubiquitin-protein ligase which is mainly involved pre-mRNA splicing and DNA repair. Required for pre-mRNA splicing as component of the spliceosome.
In roots, leaf veins, siliques, flowers, pollen and stems.
CIPK serine-threonine protein kinases interact with CBL proteins. Binding of a CBL protein to the regulatory NAF domain of CIPK protein leads to activation of the kinase in a calcium-dependent manner. Downstream of CBL1, CBL2, CBL3 and CBL9, regulates by phosphorylation the K(+) conductance and uptake of AKT1 in low K(+) condition, in response to calcium signaling and during the stomatal opening regulation by monitoring the turgor pressure in guard cells. In response to low nitrate concentration, phosphorylates NRT1.1, switching it from a low-affinity nitrate transporter to a high-affinity transporter. Confers tolerance to low potassium conditions. Involved in drought sensitivity and leaf transpiration.
In roots under low K(+) conditions and transiently by nitrate.
In seedlings, mostly in vascular bundles, and in roots, especially in cortex and endodermis cells. In adult plants, mostly expressed in flowers, and, to a lower extent, in roots, leaves, stems and siliques, particularly in vascular tissues. Also detected in guard cells and root hairs.
Part of a K(+)-channel calcium-sensing kinase/phosphatase complex composed by a calcium sensor CBL (CBL1, CBL2, CBL3 or CBL9), a kinase CIPK (CIPK6, CIPK16 or CIPK23), a phosphatase PP2C (AIP1) and a K(+)-channel (AKT1). Interacts with AKT1, CBL1, CBL2, CBL3, CBL5, CBL8, CBL9 and NRT1.1.
Plants exhibit an increased drought tolerance and an enhanced sensitivity to abscisic acid (ABA) during the stomatal regulation.
Expressed highly in rosette leaves, cauline leaves, open flowers, developing siliques and dry seeds, but at a low level in stems and floral buds.
No visible phenotype; probably due to a complementation by PV42b. Shorter siliques and reduced seed sets in pv42a and pv42b RNAi double mutant.
Plays redundant role with PV42a in regulating male gametogenesis and pollen tube guidance.
Abnormal vacuolar trafficking of soluble cargo proteins, and premature termination of the shoot apical meristem and of floral meristems. Plant missing both AGD5 and MTV1 are severely dwarfed, develop short siliques, exhibit abscission defect, and have altered subcellular distribution of clathrin-coated vesicle (CCV) cargo exported from the trans-Golgi network (TGN).
Expressed in inflorescence stems, stigmas, roots, roots meristems, embryos, and floral and leaf vasculatures, but absent from the floral abscission zone.
Mediates clathrin-dependent trafficking of vacuolar cargo from the trans-Golgi network (TGN). Promotes plant growth.
Strongly expressed in developing and mature embryos.
Belongs to the CND2 (condensin subunit 2) family.
Embryo development arrested at the preglobular stage.
Mostly expressed in flower buds and flowers, and, to a lower extent, in roots, stems, leaves and seedlings.
Regulatory subunit of the condensin complex, a complex required for conversion of interphase chromatin into mitotic-like condense chromosomes.
Regulatory subunit of the condensin complex, a complex required for conversion of interphase chromatin into mitotic-like condense chromosomes. The condensin complex probably introduces positive supercoils into relaxed DNA in the presence of type I topoisomerases and converts nicked DNA into positive knotted forms in the presence of type II topoisomerases (By similarity). Essential protein.
Baeckstroem et al identified PRP40A in a Mediator complex pull-down assay and suggested that PRP40A could be a plant specific component of the Mediator complex (PubMed:17560376). However, no experimental evidence has been brought so far to confirm this hypothesis (Probable).
Binds the phosphorylated C-terminal domain (CTD) of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II and functions as a scaffold for RNA processing machineries (Probable). May be involved in pre-mRNA splicing (Probable).
Highly expressed in roots (PubMed:19467629). Expressed in shoots, rosette leaves, cauline leaves, stems and flowers (PubMed:19467629).
Interacts (via the WW domains) with the phosphorylated C-terminal domain of NRPB1 (via CTD domain).
No visible phenotype, probably due to the redundancy with PRP40B and PRP40C.
Expressed in roots and in the abscission zone of the sepals, petals and stamens of flowers, at the base of cauline leaves and in the basal cell of trichomes from senescing leaves. Found at the site of lateral root emergence, in the dehiscence zone of anthers and maturing siliques. Also expressed early in anther development, at the time of microspore separation. Expressed in germinating seeds, at the point at which the radicle broke through the seed coat. Not expressed at the junction between the seed and the funiculus or in the dehiscence zone of anthers or pods.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions. Small delay in floral organ shedding.
Polygalacturonase involved in cell separation in the final stages of pod shatter, in anther dehiscence and in floral organ abscission.
Expressed in inflorescence meristem during flower development at least until stage 6 of development.
Floral organ defects such as reproductive-to-perianth organ transformation and loss of floral determinacy.
Functions in floral reproductive organ identity in the third whorl and floral determinacy specification by specifically promoting the processing of AGAMOUS (AG) pre-mRNA. Functions in association with HUA1 and HUA2.
Interacts with HUA1 (PubMed:15310842). Interacts with FLK and PEP (PubMed:25658099).
Expressed in flowers and green siliques.
Binds to zinc finger proteins MGP/IDD3, IDD4, IDD5, BIB/IDD9 and JKD/IDD10.
Expressed in seedlings, root epidermis, leaves, flowers and siliques.
By salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA).
Heat stable protein involved in defense against fungal pathogens. Possesses antifungal activity against diverse pathogenic fungi. Possesses antimicrobial activity. Possesses ribonuclease activity.
Was originally thought to contain a F-box domain and LRR repeats, but it lacks both types of domains.
Translocates preferentially neutral amino acids from the vacuole to the cytoplasm.
Enhanced resistances to the virulent bacterial pathogen P.syringae pv. tomato accompanied by an increase in PR1 expression.
Interacts with PUB9, PUB13 and PUB14. Binds to calmodulin (CaM) in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner.
Mostly expressed in rosette leaves, and, to a lower extent, in cauline leaves and stems.
Receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase that represses the disease resistance signaling pathway triggered in response to bacterial pathogen such as Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato.
Mostly expressed in roots. Also expressed in flowers and leaves, and to a lower extent in stems.
Putative dioxygenase that may repair alkylated DNA or RNA by oxidative demethylation. Requires molecular oxygen, alpha-ketoglutarate and iron (By similarity).
Phosphorylates Ins(1,3,4,5,6)P5 at position 2 to form Ins(1,2,3,4,5,6)P6 (InsP6 or phytate).
The EXKPK motif is conserved in inositol-pentakisphosphate 2-kinases of both family 1 and 2.
ER (microsomal) omega-6 fatty acid desaturase introduces the second double bond in the biosynthesis of 18:3 fatty acids, important constituents of plant membranes (PubMed:14593172, PubMed:7907506). Delta(12)-desaturase with regioselectivity determined by the double bond (delta(9) position) and carboxyl group of the substrate. Can use both 16:1 and 18:1 fatty acids as substrates (PubMed:8685264). It is thought to use cytochrome b5 as an electron donor and to act on fatty acids esterified to phosphatidylcholine (PC) and, possibly, other phospholipids (PubMed:14593172, PubMed:7907506, PubMed:1730697). Very low constitutive hydroxylation activity (PubMed:11864983). Required for desaturation of fatty acids present in extraplastidial membranes, including mitochondria (PubMed:11104757, PubMed:17507388). Required for salt tolerance during seed germination and early seedling growth (PubMed:22279586).
Enhancement of both microviscosity and lipid/protein ratio of mitochondrial membranes, which in turn were responsible for the change in lateral mobility of lipids and for bioenergetic parameter modifications (PubMed:11104757). Increased membrane rigidity and cold sensitivity (PubMed:17507388). Hypersensitivity to salt or osmotic stress (PubMed:22279586).
Expressed in shoots and roots (PubMed:7907506, PubMed:22279586). Expressed in leaves, stems, flowers and siliques (PubMed:22279586).
Homo- and heterodimer (PubMed:24811169). Interacts with FAD3 but not with FAD6 (PubMed:24811169). FAD2-FAD3 heterodimers can form a metabolic channel in which 18:1-PC is converted to 18:3-PC without releasing a free 18:2-PC intermediate (PubMed:24811169).
Introduction of Ile at position 146 or 324 has a dominant role in specifying hydroxylation activity.
The histidine box domains may contain the active site and/or be involved in metal ion binding (Probable). The C-terminal sequence (-YNNKL) is necessary and sufficient for maintaining localization in the endoplasmic reticulum (PubMed:14690501).
Up-regulated by osmotic stress (PubMed:22279586). Not regulated by cold stress (PubMed:7907506).
Flavonol 7-O-rhamnosyltransferase that catalyzes the transfer of rhamnose from UDP-rhamnose to the 7-OH position of 3-O-glycosylated flavonols, such as kaempferol 3-O-rhamnoside, kaempferol 3-O-glucoside, quercetin 3-O-glucoside, quercetin 3-O-galactoside, quercetin 3-O-rhamnoside and isorhamnetin 3-O-glucoside (PubMed:17314094, PubMed:23549747, PubMed:24251900, PubMed:30893500). Is able to glycosylate the flavonols quercetin and kaempferol to yield quercetin 7-O-rhamnoside and kaempferol 7-O-rhamnoside (PubMed:17314094, PubMed:26513760, PubMed:30893500). Shows a strict specificity for UDP-rhamnose as sugar donor (PubMed:17314094, PubMed:30893500). Does not act on 3-O-glycosylated anthocyanins (PubMed:17314094). The accumulation of kaempferol 3-O-rhamnoside-7-O-rhamnoside inhibits basipetal auxin transport, which influences auxin distribution and plant organ development (PubMed:24251900, PubMed:26742840).
Highly expressed in floral buds (PubMed:17314094). Expressed in stems, leaves and flowers (PubMed:17314094). Expressed at low levels in roots and siliques (PubMed:17314094). Expressed on the adaxial side of cotyledons and emerging leaves, in trichomes, root columella cells, and the late elongation/early differentiation zone of roots (PubMed:26742840).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants do not accumulate 7-O-rhamnosylated flavonols (PubMed:17314094, PubMed:24251900, PubMed:26742840). Increased concentrations of auxin precursors and auxin metabolites (PubMed:26742840).
Interacts with CDKA-1, CYCD2-1 and AT4G14310.
Disruption of interfascicular cambium formation and development in inflorescence stems.
Expressed in the vascular tissues and pericycle of primary roots. Detected in the vasculature of the cotyledons, rosette leaves and cauline leaves. In flowers, localized in vasculature of petals, stigma, and stamen filaments, and, to a lower extent, in anthers and carpels. In inflorescence stems, accumulates in the vasculature, particularly in cambium, phloem, and interfascicular parenchyma cells.
The PEAR proteins (e.g. DOF2.4, DOF5.1, DOF3.2, DOF1.1, DOF5.6 and DOF5.3) form a short-range concentration gradient that peaks at protophloem sieve elements (PSE) (PubMed:30626969). Preferentially expressed in the vasculature of all organs, including seedlings, roots, stems, buds, leaves, flowers and siliques, and particularly in the cambium, phloem and interfascicular parenchyma cells of inflorescence stems (PubMed:19915089).
Transcription factor that binds specifically to a 5'-AA[AG]G-3' consensus core sequence (By similarity). Promotes expression (PubMed:19915089). The PEAR proteins (e.g. DOF2.4, DOF5.1, DOF3.2, DOF1.1, DOF5.6 and DOF5.3) activate gene expression that promotes radial growth of protophloem sieve elements (PubMed:30626969). Involved in the regulation of interfascicular cambium formation and vascular tissue development, particularly at a very early stage during inflorescence stem development; promotes both cambium activity and phloem specification, but prevents xylem specification (PubMed:19915089).
Delayed germination (PubMed:17953649). No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but the double mutant plants tcp14 and tcp15 exhibit reduction in inflorescence height and pedicel length (PubMed:21668538).
Expressed in the vascular tissues of the embryo (PubMed:17953649). Expressed in young proliferating tissues (PubMed:21668538).
Induced during seed imbibition (PubMed:17953649). Circadian-regulation with the lowest expression in the middle of the dark period (PubMed:17953649).
Interacts with DOF3.2 (PubMed:22155632). Interacts with SPY (PubMed:22267487). Interacts with SRFR1 (PubMed:24689742). Interacts with GAI and RGL2 (PubMed:25655823). Interacts with DA1, DAR1 and DAR2 (PubMed:25757472). Interacts with the Pseudomonas syringae type III effector HopBB1 (PubMed:28132837). Interacts with SCE1 (PubMed:29250092). Interacts with MOS1 (PubMed:29086441). Associates with OR in the nucleus; this leads to the repression of its transactivation activity to inhibit chloroplast biogenesis in etiolated seedlings (PubMed:31604812).
Plants overexpressing TCP14 exhibit altered plant development and occasionally are lethal (PubMed:22267487). Plants overexpressing TCP14 are modestly reduced in size and exhibit enhanced resistance to the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato strain DC3000, and the oomycete Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis (PubMed:28132837).
Transcription factor involved the regulation of plant development (PubMed:21668538). Binds to the Up1 elements (5'-GGCCCAWW-3') in early light-induced proteins (ELIPs, e.g. ELIP1 and ELIP2) promoters to trigger their expression and promote chloroplast biogenesis; this activation is inhibited by OR binding in the absence of light to prevent cotyledon greening (PubMed:31604812). Supports also OR expression (PubMed:31604812). Together with TCP15, modulates plant stature by promoting cell division in young internodes (PubMed:21668538). Represses cell proliferation in leaf and floral tissues (PubMed:21668538). Together with TCP15, acts downstream of gibberellin (GA), and the stratification pathways that promote seed germination. Involved in the control of cell proliferation at the root apical meristem (RAM) by regulating the activity of CYCB1-1 (PubMed:25655823). Involved in the regulation of seed germination. May regulate the activation of embryonic growth potential during seed germination (PubMed:17953649, PubMed:22155632). Acts together with SPY to promote cytokinin responses that affect leaf shape and trichome development in flowers (PubMed:22267487). Transcription factor involved in the regulation of endoreduplication. Represses endoreduplication by activating the gene expression of the key cell-cycle regulators RBR1 and CYCA2-3 (PubMed:25757472). Regulates the expression of the defense gene pathogenesis-related protein 2 (PR2) in antagonism to SRFR1, a negative regulator of effector-triggered immunity (PubMed:24689742). Involved in positive regulation of plant defense. Represses jasmonate (JA) response to promote disease resistance. Regulates the plant immune system by transcriptionally repressing a subset of JA-responsive genes (PubMed:28132837).
Ubiquitinated (Probable). Targeted for degradation by the SCF(COI1) E3 ubiquitin ligase-proteasome pathway during jasmonate signaling in response to Pseudomonas syringae infection and the secreted type III effector HopBB1 (PubMed:28132837).
Activated by wounding, methyl jasmonate, heavy metal, osmotic and salt stresses.
C2 domain is a calcium-binding fold, and the binding induces conformational changes, promoting the protein association with membranes. These conformational changes occure at micromolar Ca(2+) concentrations. Exhibits three Ca(2+)-binding sites. Binds also PIP2.
Expressed in stems, and to a lower amount in leaves, flowers and siliques.
Hydrolyzes glycerol-phospholipids at the terminal phosphodiesteric bond to generate phosphatidic acids (PA). Plays an important role in various cellular processes, including phytohormone action, vesicular trafficking, secretion, cytoskeletal arrangement, meiosis, tumor promotion, pathogenesis, membrane deterioration and senescence. Involved in regulating stomatal movement and plant-water status (PubMed:11722757). Can use phosphatidylserine (PS) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) as substrates only in the presence of PIP2. Can use phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylglycerol (PG) or N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine (NAPE) as substrates in the presence of PE and PIP2 (PubMed:9578608). Modulates defense responses to bacterial and fungal pathogens (PubMed:23577648).
Inhibited by neomycin. Up-regulated by PIP2 binding.
Catalytic subunit of the error prone DNA polymerase zeta. Involved in damage-tolerance mechanisms through translesion DNA synthesis.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants are hypersensitive to UV-B light and gamma rays.
Cross-links actin filaments (F-actin). Stabilizes and prevents F-actin depolymerization mediated by profilin. May regulate actin cytoarchitecture, cell cycle, cell division, cell elongation and cytoplasmic tractus.
Interacts with Meloidogyne incognita 16D10.
Probably involved in callose synthesis, but not required for callose formation after wounding or pathogen attack. During plant growth and development, callose is found as a transitory component of the cell plate in dividing cells, is a major component of pollen mother cell walls and pollen tubes, and is found as a structural component of plasmodesmatal canals.
Catalyzes the ATP-dependent ligation of glycine to the 3'-end of its cognate tRNA, via the formation of an aminoacyl-adenylate intermediate (Gly-AMP). Also produces diadenosine tetraphosphate (Ap4A), a universal pleiotropic signaling molecule needed for cell regulation pathways, by direct condensation of 2 ATPs. Thereby, may play a special role in Ap4A homeostasis.
A structure-specific endonuclease that resolves Holliday junction (HJ) intermediates during genetic recombination. Cleaves 4-way DNA junctions introducing paired nicks in opposing strands, leaving a 5'-terminal phosphate and a 3'-terminal hydroxyl group that are ligated to produce recombinant products. Mediates chloroplast nucleoid segregation during chloroplast division.
Albino phenotype and decrease in cpDNA copy number.
RNAi mutant displays chloroplasts with no chlorophyll and aberrant nucleoid morphology.
Expressed in pollen and/or in flowers (PubMed:12139002). Detected at low levels in leaves (PubMed:25398910).
No effect on pollen germination and growth. Prk2 and prk5 double mutant has no effect on pollen germination and growth. Prk1, prk2 and prk5 triple mutant shows reduced pollen tube elongation.
Receptor-like kinase involved in the control of pollen germination and pollen tube polar growth (PubMed:23024212). The extracellular domain serves as a sensor for peptides derived from GRI (PubMed:25398910). May act as a downstream element for ROS-dependent cell death induced by GRI (PubMed:25398910).
The protein kinase domain may be catalytically impaired due to the lack of the conserved Asp active site at position 500, which is replaced by a His residue.
Up-regulated by biotic and abiotic stresses.
Binds to 14-3-3 proteins. The binding is induced by phosphorylation of Thr-948. Binding to 14-3-3 proteins activates the H(+)-ATPase.
Found predominantly in phloem cells of leaves, stems, roots and flowers.
Phosphorylation level varies significantly during early response to bacterial elicitor (e.g. fusicoccin FC).
Accumulates prior to flowering in the vegetative shoot apical meristem and after flowering in floral meristems.
Expressed in shoot apex, root apex, leaf primordia and floral buds.
Plants show late flowering phenotype (mutants LD-1 and LD-3).
Seems to play a role in the regulation of flowering time in the autonomous flowering pathway by repressing FLOWERING LOCUS C expression.
Expressed in roots, rosette leaves and stems.
No visible phenotype; due to the redundancy with GXM1 and GXM3. Gxm2 and gxm3 double mutants show reduced stem mechanical strength.
Catalyzes the transport of dicarboxylates, such as oxoglutarate, oxaloacetate, malate, and succinate, and of tricarboxylates, such as citrate, isocitrate, cis-aconitate, and trans-aconitate by a counter-exchange mechanism across the inner mitochondrial membrane. Substrate preference in reconstituted proteoliposomes is oxaloacetate > malonate > malate > maleate > succinate > oxoglutarate > citrate > trans-aconitate > cis-aconitate > sulfate > isocitrate. May be important for plant metabolic functions requiring organic acid flux to or from the mitochondria, such as nitrogen assimilation, export of reducing equivalents from the mitochondria, and fatty acid elongation.
Highly expressed in flower buds and at lower levels in roots, leaves and stems.
(Microbial infection) Confers susceptibility to the downy mildew pathogen Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis.
Converts salicylic acid (SA) to 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,3-DHBA) (By similarity). Negative regulator of defense against Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis (PubMed:25376907).
Central component of stress responses that interacts with poly(A)-binding proteins. Negative regulator of abscisic acid (ABA) responses, including resistance to drought and freezing as well as stomatal closure regulation. Mediates resistance to the bacterial necrotroph pathogen Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora and promotes the induction of marker genes for systemic acquired resistance (SAR).
Hypersensitive to abscisic acid (ABA) leading to improved tolerance to both drought and freezing, as well as impaired seed germination in the presence of ABA.
Interacts with PAB2, PAB4 and PAB8. Interacts with MPC.
Strongly induced by abiotic stresses such as abscisic acid (ABA), salicylic acid (SA), wounding, high light, cold stress, oxidative stress, hypergravity and dehydration. Accumulates upon root colonization by the plant-growth-promoting rhizobacterium (PGPR) Paenibacillus polymyxa. Slightly reduced levels in response to UV-A illumination, salt stress and heat shock treatment.
Acts on phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) in the first committed step in the production of the second messenger inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate. Necessary for proper organization of the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and post-Golgi secretion in root hairs. Together with PI4KB2, required during polarized root hair expansion and pollen tube elongation. Functions redundantly with PI4KB2 upstream of the cold response phosphoinositide-dependent phospholipase C (PI-PLC) pathway.
Expressed constitutively in leaves, roots, flowers, and stems.
Stimulated by phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PtdIns4P). Slightly repressed by phosphatidyl-choline (PtdCho), wortmannin and adenosine.
When associated with PI4KB2 disruption: aberrant root hair morphologies, and short and wavy pollen tubes.
(Microbial infection) Component of tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) RNA replication complexes. Required for tobamovirus multiplication, especially for efficient negative-strand RNA synthesis and viral RNA capping.
In double and triple mutants arl8a-1 arl8b-1 and arl8a-1 arl8b-1 arl8c-1, impaired multiplication of tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) associated with reduced production of negative-strand RNA.
May play a role in lysosome motility. May play a role in chromosome segregation.
Catalyzes a reversible epimerization of GDP-D-mannose that precedes the committed step in the biosynthesis of vitamin C (L-ascorbate), resulting in the hydrolysis of the highly energetic glycosyl-pyrophosphoryl linkage. Able to catalyze 2 distinct epimerization reactions and can release both GDP-L-galactose and GDP-L-gulose from GDP-mannose.
Homodimer. Interacts with chaperone Hsc70-3 protein, which may regulate epimerase activity.
Interacts with PRA1B1, PRA1B3, PRA1B4, PRA1B5, PRA1B6 and PRA1E.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. PEAMT family.
Expressed in root vasculature, shoots, rosettes leaves, cauline leaves, sepals, petals, anther filaments and ovules (PubMed:29777000). Highly expressed in leaf vasculature (PubMed:30218542).
Involved in phosphocholine biosynthesis (PubMed:29777000). Catalyzes the N-methylation of phosphoethanolamine, phosphomonomethylethanolamine and phosphodimethylethanolamine, the three methylation steps required to convert phosphoethanolamine to phosphocholine (PC) (PubMed:29777000). In association with NMT1, regulates PC homeostasis, phase transition at the shoot apex, coordinated organ development, and fertility (PubMed:29777000). In associtation with NMT1, involved in phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis and vascular development (PubMed:30218542).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions (PubMed:29777000). The double mutant nmt1 and nmt3 exhibit severe compromised aerial growth and reproduction, extensive sterility, drastically reduced phosphocholine concentrations, and altered lipid profiles (PubMed:30218542, PubMed:29777000). The triple mutant nmt1, nmt2 and nmt3 is seedling lethal (PubMed:30518673).
Expressed in photosynthetically active tissues (at protein level).
Interacts with GGR (PubMed:20823244, PubMed:24275650). Forms homodimer and heterodimer with LIL3.1 (PubMed:26320415).
Light-harvesting-like protein required for biosynthesis of phytylated chlorophylls and alpha-tocopherol in green seedlings. Functions by anchoring geranylgeranyl reductase (GGR) in the thylakoid membrane, leading to the stabilization of GGR activity (PubMed:20823244, PubMed:24275650). Binds chlorophyll a in the thylakoid membrane (PubMed:26320415). Plays a role in the regulation of chlorophyll biosynthesis under light stress and under standard growth conditions (PubMed:25808681).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but the double mutant plants lli3:1 and lli3:2 are dwarf with yellowish green leaves.
Promotes slightly the tolerance to oxidizing chemicals (e.g. diamide).
Acts as a negative regulator in the ethylene response pathway (PubMed:8431946). Phosphorylates the cytosolic C-terminal domain of EIN2, preventing the signaling in the absence of ethylene (PubMed:23132950). Interacts with C24:1-ceramide upon hypoxic conditions (e.g. submergences) to in turn regulate EIN2 endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-to-nucleus translocation and EIN3 stabilization (PubMed:25822663).
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. TKL Ser/Thr protein kinase family. RAF subfamily.
Expressed in both seedlings and adult plants.
Kinase activity is inhibited by C24:1-ceramide during hypoxia (e.g. submergences).
Mutants display ethylene-treated phenotypes, resulting in plants with small, unexpanded leaves and whose seed cotyledon growth is impaired.
Expressed in vasculature of rosette leaves and roots, cotyledon and root tips and developing seeds.
By stressful environmental conditions such as salt stress, AgNO(3), and sulfur deficiency.
In leaves, pollen and siliques, but not in roots or flowers.
Calcium-permeable stretch-activated channel component. Probably involved in mechanosensing and in mechano-stimulated calcium uptake mechanism.
Expressed in roots, leaves, stems, flowers and siliques. In the root, high levels of expression in vascular tissues, in the stele and endodermis, but no expression in the cortex, epidermis, root cap, promeristem and adjacent elongation zone of the primary root. Not expressed in root hairs. Detected in shoot apical meristem, leaf mesophyll cells and vascular tissues, upper half of inflorescence, but not in petioles of rosette leaves.
No visible phenotype when grown under normal conditions, due to redundancy with MCA1. The roots are able to normally sense the hardness of the growth medium. Mca1 and mca2 double mutant shows a strong growth defect.
PubMed:14736920 demonstrates a thylakoid lumen location, while PubMed:14671022 shows a mitochondrial location.
Disulfide bridge between Cys-52 and Cys-216 is required for correct folding.
N-glycosylation is required for activity and chloroplast targeting, probably by facilitating folding and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) export.
Strongly expressed in aerial tissues including leaves, stems, flowers and siliques.
Expressed in pollen and/or in flowers, but not in leaves.
Interacts in vitro with ROPGEF1 (via PRONE domain) (PubMed:23024212). Interacts with PRK6 (PubMed:26961657).
Receptor-like kinase involved in the control of pollen germination and pollen tube polar growth (PubMed:23024212). Can phosphorylate ROPGEF1 in vitro (PubMed:23024212).
The phosphorylation activity is calcium-independent.
The protein kinase domain may be catalytically impaired due to the lack of the conserved Asp active site at position 486, which is replaced by a Asn residue.
Probable rhomboid-type serine protease that catalyzes intramembrane proteolysis. May function in the heat-shock response pathway.
The 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex catalyzes the overall conversion of 2-oxoglutarate to succinyl-CoA and CO(2). It contains multiple copies of three enzymatic components: 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (E1), dihydrolipoamide succinyltransferase (E2) and lipoamide dehydrogenase (E3) (By similarity).
Collaboratively with CYP40/SQN and ULT1, influences floral meristem (FM) determinacy in an AGAMOUS and SUPERMAN-dependent manner, thus contributing to the floral developmental homeostasis.
Expressed at low levels in roots, shoots, leaves, stems, inflorescences, flowers and siliques, with highest levels dividing tissues.
Interacts with SWA2, NOC2 and NOC3 in both the nucleolus and nucleoplasm (PubMed:30338215). Binds to ENAP1 and OBE1 (PubMed:30338215).
Plants lacking both CRC and RBL exhibit strong floral meristem (FM) indeterminacy with reiterations of extra floral whorls in the center of the flower associated with reduced AGAMOUS and SUPERMAN levels.
Accumulates strongly in the root stele when exposed to iron (Fe)-deficient conditions (PubMed:24278034). Accumulates upon potassium ion (K) depletion (PubMed:15489280). Induced in roots by zinc (Zn) and cadmium (Cd) ions (PubMed:18088336). Specifically activated in the roots upon colonization by nonpathogenic P.fluorescens WCS417r (PubMed:18218967).
Involved in metal ions homeostasis, including iron ions (Fe) acquisition, via the regulation of NAS4 and NAS2 genes expression. Necessary for plant survival in alkaline soil where iron availability is greatly restricted (PubMed:18088336, PubMed:24278034). Involved in the up-regulation of several biosynthesis genes of secondary metabolites involved in iron uptake under conditions of iron deficiency (PubMed:25138267). Triggers tolerance to nickel (Ni) and zinc (Zn) ions (PubMed:24278034). Required in the roots during early signaling steps of rhizobacteria-mediated (e.g. P.fluorescens WCS417r) and beneficial fungi-mediated (e.g. T.asperellum T34) broad-spectrum induced systemic resistance (ISR) against several pathogens (e.g. P.syringae pv tomato, H.parasitica, P.cucumerina, A.brassicicola and B.cinerea) and implying enhanced callose deposition (PubMed:18218967, PubMed:19121118). Required for the induction of some genes (e.g. BGLU42) upon rhizobacteria-mediated ISR (PubMed:25138267).
Shorter roots due to increased sensitivity to excess zinc ions (Zn) and iron ions (Fe) deficiency, respectively (PubMed:18088336). Reduced production of root-derived phenolics upon iron ions (Fe) depletion (PubMed:25138267). Plants lacking myb10 and myb72 fail to induce transcript accumulation of the nicotianamine synthase genes NAS4 and NAS2 in iron ions (Fe) deficiency, and exhibits nickel (Ni) and zinc (Zn) sensitivity (PubMed:24278034). Impaired P.fluorescens WCS417r- and T.asperellum T34- mediated broad-spectrum induced systemic resistance (ISR) against the pathogens P.syringae pv tomato, H.parasitica, A.brassicicola, P.cucumerina and B.cinerea and characterized by blocked priming of enhanced callose deposition (PubMed:18218967, PubMed:19121118). Misregulation of several genes (e.g. BGLU42) triggered by P.fluorescens WCS417r upon ISR (PubMed:25138267).
Interacts with the Xanthomonas campestris effector XopAC/AvrAC (PubMed:23951354). Interacts with SD129 (PubMed:31922267).
Involved in chitin-triggered immune signaling and is required for reactive oxygen species (ROS) production (PubMed:29907700). Acts downstream of SD129 in defense signaling triggered by the pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) 3-OH-C10:0, a medium-chain 3-hydroxy fatty acid (PubMed:31922267).
It is uncertain whether Met-1 or Met-55 is the initiator.
Phosphorylated by SD129 at Thr-306 and Thr-310 in response to the pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) 3-OH-C10:0, a medium-chain 3-hydroxy fatty acid.
Expressed in a patchy pattern during embryogenesis.
Expressed in roots, flowers, pollen mother cells and embryos.
Growth defects, dwarf plants with small, humped cotyledons and leaves. Development arrested at the vegetative stage without production of reproductive organs.
Phosphorylated at Thr-145, Thr-687 and Thr-703 by CDKAs and CDKBs. Phosphorylated NACK1 fails to mediate cytokinesis.
Probable plus end-directed motor protein that functions in the NACK-PQR (ANP1-MKK6-MPK4) MAP kinase signaling pathway, which is essential for somatic cell cytokinesis, especially for the cell-plate formation and its expansion. Regulates the activity and the localization of ANP1, probably by association through the non-catalytic region of the kinase. Functionally redundant with NACK2 and essential to promote the progression of cytokinesis and for cellularization (formation of the cell plate) during microgametogenesis and megagametogenesis.
Expressed in roots, shoots, stems, young leaves, and flowers, mostly in vascular tissues (e.g. phloem).
Homodimer. Interacts with BZIP1, BZIP2, BZIP10, BZIP11, BZIP25, BZIP44, BZIP53 and BZIP63.
Present in silique vasculature and funiculi. In the anthers, restricted to the connective tissue at pre- and post-dehiscence stages and detected in the vascular tissue of the stamen filament.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DEAH subfamily. PRP43 sub-subfamily.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that mediates ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins. Functions in the N-end rule pathway of protein degradation, where it specifically recognizes and ubiquitinates proteins with a N-terminal bulky aromatic amino acid (Phe). Does not act on aliphatic hydrophobic and basic N-terminal residues (Arg or Leu) containing proteins.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DEAH subfamily. PRP16 sub-subfamily.
Interacts with the Phytophthora PSR1 protein.
Involved in pre-mRNA splicing by mediating structural transitions of the spliceosome during the catalytic step. Facilitates expression of genes involved in auxin-mediated development including male-gametophyte transmission, apical-basal patterning of embryonic and gynoecium development, stamen development, phyllotactic flower positioning, and vascular development (PubMed:25384462). Also involved in root-meristem maintenance and planar polarity of root-hair positioning (PubMed:26237376). Acts as a component of RNA silencing that regulates distinct classes of endogenous small RNAs. Functions as a positive regulator of plant immunity (PubMed:25902521).
Narrow rosette leaves with altered venation pattern.
Preferentially expressed in developing organs.
Silencing of PINP1 renders defects in small RNA accumulation, developmental defects and hypersensitivity to Phytophthora infection.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but the delayed leaf emergence and leaf morphology defect of the double mutant ect2 and ect3 is enhanced in the triple mutant ect2, ect3 and ect4.
Specifically recognizes and binds N6-methyladenosine (m6A)-containing RNAs, and regulates mRNA stability (Probable). M6A is a modification present at internal sites of mRNAs and some non-coding RNAs and plays a role in mRNA stability and processing (Probable). Required for the correct timing of leaf formation and normal leaf morphology (PubMed:29643069).
Component of the spliceosome. Interacts with SNRNP35, CYP59 and RS2Z33.
Involved in intron recognition and spliceosome assembly. Binds probably to multiple 5'-GAAG-3' repeats found in its third intron, suggesting autoregulation of alternative splicing (PubMed:22913769). May be necessary for accurate splicing of the 3' region of introns.
No effect on alternative splicing, due to the redundancy with SCL33. Scl33 and scl30a double mutant shows altered splicing.
Expressed in roots, leaves, stems and flowers. Expressed in the central cell of mature ovules.
Homotetramer (PubMed:26462908). Interacts with MEE12/CCG, MED7A, MED7B, MED9, AGL49, AGL53, AGL75, AGL80, AGL81, AGL82, AGL103 and NRPB1 (via CTD) (PubMed:26462908).
Required for the development of the one-cell zygote and endosperm in embryos (PubMed:15634699). Required for micropylar pollen tube guidance, but has no effect on ovule development and gametophytic cell fate specification. May connect transcription factors and the Pol II machinery to regulate pollen tube attraction, via its interactions with AGAMOUS-like (AGL) transcription factors, MEE14/CCG and the Mediator complex (PubMed:26462908).
Phosphorylated by SD129 in response to the pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) 3-OH-C10:0, a medium-chain 3-hydroxy fatty acid.
Exhibits protein kinase activity according to PubMed:22730405, but in contradiction, described as an inactive pseudokinase by PubMed:30361234.
Expressed in guard cells and in the vasculature of roots and leaves.
Interacts with SLAC1 (via N-terminus) (PubMed:22730405, PubMed:30361234). Binds to ABI2, but not ABI1 (PubMed:22730405). Interacts with CPK3 (PubMed:30361234).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions but early wilting (PubMed:22730405). Increased sensitivity to drought stress due to impaired stomatal closure and increased water loss (PubMed:22730405). Abolished CO(2)-mediated and darkness-induced stomatal closure (PubMed:27694184). Defective abscisic acid (ABA) and hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) induction of stomatal closure associated with an impaired activation of S-type anion currents in guard cells (PubMed:22730405). Impaired stomatal closure after treatment with methyl jasmonate (MeJA), salicylic acid (SA) and flagellin 22 (Flg22) (PubMed:29463779). Altered ABA-mediated inhibition of light-induced stomatal opening (PubMed:22730405). Apoplastic ROS-sensitive plants exhibiting severe tissue damage when exposed to ozone (O3) (PubMed:30361234).
Phosphorylated by HT1; this phosphorylation is inhibited by MPK12 and MPK4.
Receptor kinase acting as an early component in abscisic acid (ABA) signaling (PubMed:22730405). Required for darkness, ABA, high CO(2) and hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) induction of S-type anion currents in guard cells leading to stomatal closure, possibly via the phosphorylation and activation of the anion channel SLAC1 and as a scaffolding component (PubMed:22730405, PubMed:27694184, PubMed:30361234). Seems to act in parallel with SRK2E/OST1 in the ABA signaling pathway which regulates stomatal movement (PubMed:22730405). Binds ATP (PubMed:30361234). Involved in the local and/or systemic stomatal responses (e.g. stomatal closure) to light stress (PubMed:29463779).
Component of the exocyst complex involved in the docking of exocytic vesicles with fusion sites on the plasma membrane.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but the double mutant sec5a-1 and sec5b-1 is male gametophytic lethal due to defect in pollen germination and pollen tube growth.
The exocyst complex is composed of SEC3, SEC5, SEC6, SEC8, SEC10, EXO70A1 and EXO84B.
Methylates (mono- and asymmetric dimethylation) the guanidino nitrogens of arginyl residues in several proteins involved in DNA packaging, transcription regulation, and mRNA stability. Recruited to promoters upon gene activation, methylates histone H3 and activates transcription via chromatin remodeling.
Accumulates at stronger levels in low light than in normal or high light; more expressed in growth chamber conditions than when grown in the field (PubMed:22236032). Repressed in leaves exposed to desiccation, cold and high irradiance via a metalloprotease-dependent proteolytic process (at protein level) (PubMed:23598180).
In plants silenced with microRNAs, functional LHCII thylakoid protein complexes where LHCB2 is replaced by LHCB1. However these LHCII complexes are impaired in light state transitions, leading to stunted growth in high light.
Photoregulated by reversible but rapid phosphorylation by STN7 of its threonine residues under state 2 (red) light conditions (PubMed:23995216, PubMed:23888908, PubMed:26392145). Dephosphorylated by PPH1 in state 1 (far red) light conditions (PubMed:20176943, PubMed:23995216, PubMed:23888908, PubMed:26392145). Phosphorylation triggers the formation of the PSI-LHCII supercomplex (PubMed:26392145).
The LHC complex consists of chlorophyll a-b binding proteins (By similarity). Component of LHCII trimers made of LHCB1, LHCB2 and LHCB3 subunits (PubMed:23888908, PubMed:23995216, PubMed:25194026). Associated with super- (PSI-LHCII and PSII-LHCII) and mega-complexes (PSI-PSII-LHCII) containing LHCII and both photosystem (PS)I and PSII, in state 2 (red) light conditions (PubMed:23995216, PubMed:23888908, PubMed:25194026, PubMed:26392145).
The light-harvesting complex (LHC) functions as a light receptor, it captures and delivers excitation energy to photosystems with which it is closely associated (By similarity). Mediates rapid phosphorylation and migration of LHCII-PSII to photosystem I (PSI) after transition to state 2 (red) light conditions, thus leading to the formation of PSI-PSII-LHCII and PSI-LHCII supercomplex to balance the relative excitation of PSI and PSII (PubMed:23995216, PubMed:23888908, PubMed:25194026, PubMed:26392145). Involved in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and stomatal closure upon abscisic acid (ABA) treatment. Required to prevent water loss (By similarity).
Transcriptional activator that plays a regulatory role in the development of secondary cell wall fibers. Is a direct target of SND1.
Phosphorylates specifically 'Ser-10' of histone H3 in vitro. Associates with cytoskeletal structures that are necessary for cytokinesis and with the microtubule spindle. Might colocalize with gamma-tubulin and function in microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs).
Phosphorylation at Thr-173 may regulate activity and degradation of AUR2 in a cell cycle dependent manner.
Mostly expressed in siliques, mainly in young seeds. Present in stems (cortical cells and parenchyma cells), at the basis of secondary inflorescences, and at the base of trichomes.
Gamma-tubulin complex is necessary for microtubule nucleation at the microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs). Required for the positioning of the gamma-tubulin-containing complex on pre-existing microtubules and for the proper organization of cortical arrays.
Part of the gamma-tubulin complex. Gamma-tubulin complex is composed of gamma-tubulin and GCP proteins. Interacts directly with GCP2, GIP1 and GIP2.
TIR-NB-LRR receptor-like protein that confers resistance to the pathogen Hyaloperonospora arabidopsis isolate Noco2 (downy mildew disease) (PubMed:9212464). Confers resistance to H.arabidopsis isolates Emoy2, Emwa1 and Noco2 (PubMed:11846877).
No visible phenotype due to the redundancy with TRZ4. Trz3 and trz4 double mutants are lethal.
Zinc phosphodiesterase, which displays tRNA 3'-processing endonuclease activity (PubMed:19411372). Involved in tRNA maturation, by removing a 3'-trailer from precursor tRNA (PubMed:19411372). Can process the mitochondrial tRNA-like structures (t-elements) (PubMed:19411372). Involved in the processing of small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) (PubMed:19420328).
Protease that catalyzes two essential functions in the SUMO pathway: processing of full-length SUMOs to their mature forms and deconjugation of SUMO from targeted proteins. Cleaves precursors of SUM1 and SUM2, and very inefficiently of SUM3. Seems to be the only ULP1 able to cleave SUM3 precursors. Cleaves SUMO peptides better than SUMO-conjugated proteins.
Lacks the conserved cytochrome b5 heme-binding domain present in other sulfite oxidases.
Probably involved in sulfite oxidative detoxification.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class myosin-kinesin ATPase superfamily. Kinesin family. KIN-4 subfamily.
Composed of an N-terminal domain which is responsible for the motor activity of kinesin (it hydrolyzes ATP and binds microtubule) and a central to C-terminal alpha-helical coiled coil domain that mediates the heavy chain dimerization.
Expressed in stems and flowers (PubMed:12468730). Detected in cells undergoing secondary wall deposition including developing interfascicular fibers and xylem cells, but also in dividing cells and expanding/elongating parenchyma cells (Ref.6).
Kinesin-like motor protein involved in the control of the oriented deposition of cellulose microfibrils (PubMed:12468730, Ref.6). Its motor activity is directed toward the microtubule's plus end. It possesses the potential to drive long-distance transport of cargo along cortical microtubules (PubMed:21914648, PubMed:25646318). Regulates cell wall mechanics during cell elongation, by the regulation of primary and secondary walls deposition (Ref.6, PubMed:25600279, PubMed:25646318). Contributes to cortical microtubule-mediated trafficking of cell wall components (PubMed:25646318).
Overexpression of KIN4A/FRA1 caused a severe reduction in the thickness of secondary walls in interfascicular fibers and deformation of vessels, an increase in the number of secondary wall layers, which are accompanied with a marked decrease in stem strength.
Reduced length of roots and inflorescence stems. Altered orientation of cellulose microfibrils in fiber walls leading to dramatic reduction in fiber mechanical strength. No apparent alteration in cell wall composition. Lower expansion rate of the inflorescence stem along with the reduced thickness of both primary and secondary cell walls leading to mechanically weaker stems (PubMed:25646318).
Alpha-N-methyltransferase that methylates the N-terminus of target proteins containing the N-terminal motif [Ala/Pro/Ser]-Pro-Lys when the initiator Met is cleaved. Specifically catalyzes mono-, di- or tri-methylation of exposed alpha-amino group of Ala or Ser residue in the [Ala/Ser]-Pro-Lys motif and mono- or di-methylation of Pro in the Pro-Pro-Lys motif (By similarity).
Belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily. NTM1 family.
Expressed in young organs such as shoot apices and root tips. Present in roots, stems, flowers, leaves, hydathodes and siliques.
High gibberellin (GA) levels associated with dwarfism, short hypocotyl, narrow leaves, reduced apical dominance, and late flowering, but more flowers.
In germinating seeds, first detected at about 48 h after imbibition. In young seedlings grown in continuous light, present in the root/shoot transition zone, in the apex, and in the apical region of the cotyledons. Later observed in lateral root primordia and in emerging lateral roots, particularly in the root tips, as well as in the shoot apex and in the new leaves, especially in the apical and lateral hydathodes. In adult plants, accumulates in lateral root tips, lateral root primordia, and axillary shoot primordia. In flowers, expressed in the style and stigmatic surface of the pistil and in the receptacle (base) of the flower throughout the development of the pistil until anthesis and later in the silique. Fades out after fertilization.
Transcription activator that binds DNA on 5'-ACTCTAC-3' and promotes auxin homeostasis-regulating gene expression (e.g. YUC genes), as well as genes affecting stamen development, cell expansion and timing of flowering. Synergistically with other SHI-related proteins, regulates gynoecium, stamen and leaf development in a dose-dependent manner, controlling apical-basal patterning. Promotes style and stigma formation, and influences vascular development during gynoecium development. May also have a role in the formation and/or maintenance of the shoot apical meristem (SAM). Suppressor of the gibberellin (GA) signal transduction.
Belongs to the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family. UFC1 subfamily.
E1-like enzyme which specifically catalyzes the second step in ufmylation. Ufmylation is involved in reticulophagy (also called ER-phagy) induced in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress.
E2-like enzyme which forms an intermediate with UFM1 via a thioester linkage.
Acts as a regulatory subunit of the 26S proteasome which is involved in the ATP-dependent degradation of ubiquitinated proteins (By similarity). Required for innate immunity.
Slightly dwarfish, with long and narrow rosette leaves. Exhibits a delayed flowering time. Mutant displays enhanced susceptibility to the fungal pathogen G. cichoracearum.
Interacts (via protein kinase 2 domain) with BCHC1 (via PH-BEACH domain).
May act predominantly to suppress BCHC1, which itself is a negative factor in protein storage vacuole (PSV) trafficking regulation and plant effector triggered immunity (ETI). Required for ETI, but not for cell death.
No visible phenotype. Accumulation of unprocessed 12S globulin in the seeds.
Weakly expressed in the cotyledons of germinating seedlings. Restricted to the vascular tissues of cotyledons. Detected in root tips, apical meristem, young flower buds and receptacles.
Acid sensitivity and increased susceptibility to P.syringae infection.
By heat shock and by intracellular acid stress. Up-regulated by HSFA2 and upon pathogen infection.
PPIases accelerate the folding of proteins. It catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptides. Co-chaperone that negatively modulates thermotolerance by interacting with FKBP62 and decreasing the HSFA2-mediated accumulation of chaperones of the small-HSPs family. Plays a positive role in tolerance to intracellular acid stress by maintaining the pH homeostasis. May be a part of transcription regulation pathways upon pathogen infection.
This PPIase probably binds calmodulin (By similarity). Forms heterodimers with FKBP62/ROF1.
Part of a SCF (ASK-cullin-F-box) protein ligase complex (By similarity). Interacts with SKP1A/ASK1 and SKP1B/ASK2.
Accumulates rapidly and transiently in leaves after inoculation with Xanthomonas campestris (PubMed:9426222). Slightly repressed by wounding (PubMed:19420714).
Expressed during somatic embryogenesis in nursing cells surrounding the embryos but not in embryos. Accumulates in mature pollen and growing pollen tubes until they enter the receptive synergid, but not in endosperm and integuments. In adult plants, present in hydathodes, stipules, root epidermis and emerging root hairs.
Expressed in cells surrounding embryos, stems, seedlings, pollen, roots, shoots, inflorescence, flowers, siliques and leaves (PubMed:11525512, PubMed:19420714). Present in seedpods and seed embryos, but not in roots, inflorescence stems, leaves and flowers (PubMed:9426222).
Probably involved in hypersensitive reaction upon Xanthomonas campestris infection.
Although assigned as a calmodulin family member by Ref.3, it only contains EF-hand domains.
Induced by abscisic acid (ABA) and gravity in roots.
Homodimer (PubMed:18429938). Interacts with MYOB1 and MYOB2 (PubMed:23995081). Interacts with PHOX1 (PubMed:28096376).
Myosin heavy chain that is required for the cell cycle-regulated transport of various organelles and proteins for their segregation. Functions by binding with its tail domain to receptor proteins on organelles and exerting force with its N-terminal motor domain against actin filaments, thereby transporting its cargo along polarized actin cables. Contributes to the trafficking of Golgi stacks, mitochondria and peroxisomes. Required for development of pavement cells, trichomes, and stigmatic papillae.
Essential component of the SCF-type E3 ligase complex, SCF(GID2), a complex that positively regulates the gibberellin signaling pathway. Upon gibberellin treatment, the SCF(GID2) complex mediates the ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of DELLA proteins (GAI, RGA and RGL2), some repressors of the gibberellin pathway, leading to activate the pathway.
Expressed in all tissues tested, including rosette leaves, green siliques, flowers, stems, cauline leaves and seedlings.
Part of some SCF(GID2) complex, which consist of SKP1B, CUL1 cullin, GID2/SLY1 and some RING box protein. Interacts directly with SKP1A and SKP1B. Interacts directly with DELLA proteins GAI, RGA, RGL1, RGL3 and probably RGL2. May have a higher affinity for phosphorylated DELLA proteins.
The reactive center loop (RCL) extends out from the body of the protein and directs binding to the target protease. The protease cleaves the serpin at the reactive site within the RCL, establishing a covalent linkage between the carboxyl group of the serpin reactive site and the serine hydroxyl of the protease. The resulting inactive serpin-protease complex is highly stable (By similarity).
Expressed in roots, leaves, flowers and pollen.
Functions as downstream effector of Rho-related GTP binding proteins of the 'Rho of Plants' (ROPs) family. Participates in the propagation of ROP GTPase signals in specific cellular responses. Is involved in pollen tube growth regulation.
Over-expression of RIC10 in tobacco germinating pollen increases pollen tube elongation.
Defective in root hair formation (PubMed:16367956, PubMed:18718934). This phenotype is partially suppressed by application of exogenous borate (PubMed:18718934).
Expressed in roots, shoots, rosette and cauline leaves, stems, flowers and siliques.
Actins are highly conserved proteins that are involved in various types of cell motility and are ubiquitously expressed in all eukaryotic cells (PubMed:11449050). Essential component of cell cytoskeleton; plays an important role in cytoplasmic streaming, cell shape determination, cell division, organelle movement and extension growth (PubMed:11449050). This is considered as one of the vegetative actins which is involved in the regulation of hormone-induced plant cell proliferation and callus formation (PubMed:11449050). Required for the trafficking and endocytic recycling of ABCG36/PEN3 between the trans-Golgi network and the plasma membrane in root epidermal and cap cells (PubMed:27803190).
Constitutively expressed at high levels in young expanding vegetative tissues. Also strongly expressed in the hypocotyl and seed coat. Little or no expression is detected in mature pollen sacs, ovules, embryos or seeds.
Differentially regulated in response to exogenous hormone treatment. In particular, auxin is a strong inducer.
Impaired trafficking and endocytic recycling of ABCG36/PEN3 between the trans-Golgi network and the plasma membrane in root epidermal and cap cells.
During embryogenesis, expressed in the embryo from octant to torpedo stage.
Embryonic lethality due to embryo development arrest at the octant stage.
Expressed in vascular tissues, root tips, apical and root meristematic regions, and floral primordia.
Plants silencing QQT1 exhibit severe defects in growth and development, such as severely arrested stem growth, small size, formation of serrated leaves and abnormal structures of the shoot apical meristems.
Small GTPase required for proper localization of RNA polymerase II and III (RNAPII and RNAPIII). May act at an RNAP assembly step prior to nuclear import.
Small GTPase that is essential for the correct formation of the tangential divisions in early embryos. Associates with microtubule during mitosis and may function in the positioning of the division plane. May participate in the patterning of the early embryo at the octant-dermatogen transition (PubMed:17419841). Is crucial for normal development of the plant (PubMed:28475733).
Expressed in a cell cycle-dependent manner. Most abundant in early S phase. Decreased expression during the passage into G2.
Heterodimer with DP proteins. Interacts (via dimerization domain) preferentially with DPA, but also with DPB. Interacts with maize retinoblastoma-related protein RBR1. No interaction with E2FD.
Highly expressed in the shoot apical meristem, emerging leaf primordia, and vascular tissues of young leaf primordia. Expressed in flowers, in epidermis and cortex of hypocotyls, and at lower levels in leaves.
The C-terminal region (366-485) is required for transactivational activity. The N-terminal region (92-128) is important for nuclear localization.
Transcription activator that binds DNA cooperatively with DP proteins through the E2 recognition site, 5'-TTTC[CG]CGC-3' found in the promoter region of a number of genes whose products are involved in cell cycle regulation or in DNA replication. The binding of retinoblastoma-related proteins represses transactivation. Regulates gene expression both positively and negatively. Activates the expression of E2FB. Involved in the control of cell-cycle progression from G1 to S phase. Stimulates cell proliferation and delays differentiation.
Dephosphorylates and represses plasma membrane H(+)-ATPases (PM H(+)-ATPases, e.g. AHA1 and AHA2), thus influencing negatively plant growth and fitness.
Slight increase in hypocotyl length (PubMed:24858935). Plants missing PP2C42/PP2C-D2, PP2C64/PP2C-D5, PP2C79/PP2C-D7, PP2C63/PP2C-D8 and PP2C68/PP2C-D9 exhibit an increased hypocotyl length, as well as an enhanced sensitivity to LiCl and media acidification (PubMed:24858935).
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bS18 family.
Chlorotic (PubMed:12172022, PubMed:8754685, PubMed:18826429, PubMed:21742986). Constitutive expression of strategy I iron deficiency response and accumulation of iron, manganese and zinc in shoots. No reduction in aluminum tolerance (PubMed:12172022, PubMed:18826429). Accumulation of Mn, Cu, Zn and Mg in leaves and accumulation of Fe in roots (PubMed:8754685). Altered pollen development (PubMed:21742986).
Citrate transporter responsible for loading citrate into xylem tissues, which helps facilitate iron transport to shoots (PubMed:12172022, PubMed:15310833, PubMed:17351051, PubMed:18826429). Mediates the citrate release in the apoplastic spaces during plant development allowing iron nutrition between symplastically disconnected tissues (PubMed:21742986).
Expressed during embryogenesis and during the early stages of germination.
Expressed in roots in the pericycle and cells internal to the pericycle and surrounding the vascular tissue (PubMed:12172022, PubMed:15310833). Also expressed in seed and flower (PubMed:21742986).
Two-fold induction by iron deficiency. Not induced by aluminum (PubMed:12172022, PubMed:18826429). Induced by abscisic acid (ABA) (PubMed:24111973).
In seeds, accumulates in endosperm and embryo. In torpedo-shaped embryos, restricted to the hypocotyl and in the outer parts of the young cotyledons. In later embryo stages, present in all tissues except root tips.
Mostly expressed in seeds, and, to a lower extent, in roots, leaves (veins and trichomes), stems, inflorescences, siliques, pollen (grains and tubes) and flowers (sepals and petals).
Reduced plastidial pyruvate kinase activity and altered seed oil content leading to wrinkled seeds, retarded embryo elongation and reduced seed germination.
Required for plastidial pyruvate kinase activity. Involved in seed oil accumulation, embryo development and seed storage compounds mobilization upon germination.
Belongs to the PPP phosphatase family. PP-1 subfamily.
Phosphatase activity is strongly reduced by the protein phosphatase inhibitor 2 (I-2).
Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase that possesses phosphatase activity toward para-nitrophenyl phosphate (pNPP) in vitro.
Belongs to the ornithine cyclodeaminase/mu-crystallin family.
Induced by Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola (PubMed:27758894). Induced by low water potential stress and treatment with exogenous proline (PubMed:24237637).
Involved in the biosynthesis of pipecolate (Pip), a metabolite that orchestrates defense amplification, positive regulation of salicylic acid (SA) biosynthesis, and priming to guarantee effective local resistance induction and the establishment of systemic acquired resistance (SAR). Converts delta-(1)-piperideine-2-carboxylate (P2C) to Pip. Mediates reduction of P2C and biosynthesis of Pip in systemic tissue and contributes to SAR establishment (PubMed:27758894). Does not possess ornithine cyclodeaminase activity in vitro (PubMed:24237637).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions (PubMed:24237637, PubMed:27758894). Mutant plants have compromised systemic acquired resistance (SAR) (PubMed:27758894). Mutant seedlings accumulate increased levels of proline (PubMed:24237637).
Expressed in the shoot meristem and root epidermal cells in germinating seeds.
Intramembrane-cleaving aspartic protease (I-CLiP) that cleaves type II membrane signal peptides in the hydrophobic plane of the membrane.
The PAL motif is required for normal active site conformation.
Could be the product of a pseudogene. Lacks the signal peptide and 1 of the 4 disulfide bonds, which are conserved features of the family.
Expressed in root meristems, vascular tissues, guard cells, trichomes, styles and receptacles.
Induced by infection with the soil-born fungal pathogen Verticillium longisporum.
Interacts with AGT1 in peroxisome under biotic stress conditions.
Involved in defense response against fungal and bacterial pathogens (PubMed:24505423). Acts as negative regulator of jasmonate (JA) responses during infection by the soil-born fungal pathogen Verticillium longisporum (PubMed:24505423). Involved in abscisic acid-dependent stomata closure in response to infection by V. longisporum and Pseudomonas syringae (PubMed:24505423). May be a downstream component of brassinosteroid-mediated signaling (PubMed:24505423).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants exhibit increased susceptibility to the soil-born fungal pathogen Verticillium longisporum.
Aminopeptidase that preferentially cleaves di- and tripeptides. Also has low epoxide hydrolase activity (in vitro). Can hydrolyze the epoxide leukotriene LTA(4) but it forms preferentially 5,6-dihydroxy-7,9,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid rather than the cytokine leukotriene B(4) as the product compared to the homologous mammalian enzyme (in vitro).
Highest expression levels in young seedlings and much lower expression abundance in the later developmental stages.
Up-regulated by brassinolides and nematode infection. Down-regulated by 2-aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG), high CO(2), isoxaben, and propiconazole treatments.
Mostly expressed in leaves and, to a lower extent, in roots and stems.
No visible phenotype (PubMed:14871303). Impaired developmental regulatory activity (PubMed:14871303).
First observed in roots and cotyledons of young developing seedlings. Later confined to root tips and vascular tissue around the shoot apex. In flowers, detected in the stamens and at the senescence region of developing siliques.
Homodimer, and heterodimer with WIP1. Component of Ran complexes at least composed of WIT1 or WIT2, RANGAP1 or RANGAP2, and WIP1 or WIP2 or WIP3. Interacts with RANGAP1, RANGAP2, WIT1, WPP1/MAF1, and WPP2/MAF2 (PubMed:17600715, PubMed:18591351). Interacts with SUN1 and SUN2 (PubMed:22270916). Interacts with KIN1 (PubMed:25330379). Core component of the LINC complex which is composed of inner nuclear membrane SUN domain-containing proteins coupled to outer nuclear membrane WIP and WIT proteins. The LINC complex also involves nucleoskeletal proteins CRWN/LINC and possibly KAKU4 and the cytoskeletal myosin KAKU1 (PubMed:25759303). Interacts with WIT2 (PubMed:25759303).
Accumulates in fatty acids synthesizing tissues. Mostly expressed in siliques, developing leaves, and flowers, present in roots and embryos (especially at torpedo stage), and, to a lower extent, in mature leaves.
Acetyl-CoA carboxylase is a heterohexamer composed of biotin carboxyl carrier protein, biotin carboxylase and two subunits each of ACCase subunit alpha and ACCase plastid-coded subunit beta (accD).
Acetyl-CoA carboxylase is a heterohexamer of biotin carboxyl carrier protein, biotin carboxylase and the two subunits of carboxyl transferase in a 2:2 complex.
This protein is a component of the acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase complex; first, biotin carboxylase catalyzes the carboxylation of the carrier protein and then the transcarboxylase transfers the carboxyl group to form malonyl-CoA.
Belongs to the GPI inositol-deacylase family.
Involved in inositol deacylation of GPI-anchored proteins which plays important roles in the quality control and ER-associated degradation of GPI-anchored proteins.
Belongs to the class-V pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family.
Forms homodimers (PubMed:18235971, PubMed:31681359). Interacts with RABGAP22 (PubMed:24505423).
Inhibited by aminooxyacetate and beta-chloro-L-alanine, but not by p-hydroxymercuribenzoate.
Photorespiratory enzyme that catalyzes transamination reactions with multiple substrates, including asparagine. Functions exclusively as a catabolic enzyme in Asn metabolism (PubMed:18235971, PubMed:23098902). Involved in root development during seedling establishment after seed germination by regulating serine homeostasis and acetate conversion (PubMed:31161264).
Preferentially acts as a serine--glyoxylate aminotransferase in vitro (PubMed:18235971). Seedlings overexpressing AGT1 exhibit increased length of primary roots, increased number of lateral roots and increased tolerance to salt stress (PubMed:31161264).
Up-regulated in roots after treatment with asparagine (PubMed:23098902). Induced in roots by infection with the soil-born fungal pathogen Verticillium longisporum (PubMed:24505423). Induced in roots by abscicic acid (ABA) and salt stress (PubMed:31161264).
Widely expressed. Preferentially expressed in green, leafy tissues, root cortex and epidermis, developing siliques and dry seeds.
Strongly expressed in nearly all vegetative tissues, and remains high in older tissues. Little or no expression is detected in mature pollen sacs, ovules, embryos or seeds.
May act as a carbohydrate transporter (PubMed:24470637). Mainly required for reproductive functions (PubMed:19897921).
Mostly expressed in leaves and flowers, and, to a lower extent, in stems.
Expressed in stems, leaves, flowers and siliques.
Activity is strongly promoted by Co(2+), Ni(2+) and Mn(2+) (PubMed:27322068). Activity is inhibited by EDTA (PubMed:27322068).
Belongs to the type II pantothenate kinase family.
Catalyzes the phosphorylation of pantothenate the first step in CoA biosynthesis. May play a role in the physiological regulation of the intracellular CoA concentration.
Catalyzes the phosphorylation of pantothenate the first step in CoA biosynthesis. May play a role in the physiological regulation of the intracellular CoA concentration. Functionally redudant with PANK1 (PubMed:16897480). The phosphatase activity shows preference for normal or oxidatively damaged intermediates of 4'-phosphopantetheine, which provides strong indirect evidence that the phosphatase activity pre-empts damage in the CoA pathway (PubMed:27322068). Hydrolyzing excess 4'-phosphopantetheine could constitute a directed overflow mechanism to prevent its oxidation to the S-sulfonate, sulfonate, or other forms (PubMed:27322068). Hydrolyzing 4'-phosphopantetheine sulfonate or S-sulfonate would forestall their conversion to inactive forms of CoA and acyl carrier protein (PubMed:27322068).
Highly expressed in leaves and developing seeds. Expressed in roots, stems and flowers.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the damage-control phosphatase family. Phosphopantetheine phosphatase II subfamily.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the type II pantothenate kinase family.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but homozygous double mutants pank1-1 and pank2-1 are embryonic lethal.
Phosphatase activity is strongly promoted by several divalent cation ions but it is suggested s that Mn(2+) and possibly Ni(2+) represent biologically relevant metal ion cofactors for damage-control phosphatases.
Homodimer or heterodimer with BPM3, BPM5 and BPM6. Interacts with CUL3A and CUL3B. Interacts with RAP2-4 and RAP2-13. Binds to MYB56 at the promoter of FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) (PubMed:25343985).
By abscisic acid (ABA), salt, and osmotic stress.
Derived from PCR data. Produced by intron retention.
Indole-3-glycerol phosphate synthase required for tryptophan biosynthesis.
Activated by binding to phosphatidic acid.
Expressed in leaves, stems, flower buds and flowers.
GTPase-activating protein (GAP) for ADP ribosylation factor (ARF). Involved in protein trafficking by controlling ARF1 activity; may participate in COPI vesicle formation at the Golgi complex.
Plants overexpressing AGD7 show a relocation of proteins from the Golgi complex to the endoplasmic reticulum.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. AGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. S6 kinase subfamily.
Downstream effector of TOR signaling pathway. May be involved in adaptation of plant to cold or high-salt conditions. Mediates the phosphorylation of MRFs (e.g. MRF1) (PubMed:29084871).
Interacts with TAP46 (PubMed:25399018). Binds to MRF1 (PubMed:29084871).
Undergoes serine-specific autophosphorylation (By similarity). Phosphorylated at Thr-455 by TOR.
Heterodimer of alpha and beta subunits, forming the mitochondrial processing protease (MPP) in which subunit alpha is involved in substrate recognition and binding and subunit beta is the catalytic subunit (By similarity). Component of the ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase (cytochrome b-c1 complex, complex III, CIII), a multisubunit enzyme composed of 10 subunits. The complex is composed of 3 respiratory subunits cytochrome b (MT-CYB), cytochrome c1 (CYC1-1 or CYC1-2) and Rieske protein (UCR1-1 or UCR1-2), 2 core protein subunits MPPalpha1 (or MPPalpha2) and MPPB, and 5 low-molecular weight protein subunits QCR7-1 (or QCR7-2), UCRQ-1 (or UCRQ-2), QCR9, UCRY and probably QCR6-1 (or QCR6-2) (PubMed:18189341, PubMed:18305213). The complex exists as an obligatory dimer and forms supercomplexes (SCs) in the inner mitochondrial membrane with NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I, CI), resulting in different assemblies (supercomplexes SCI(1)III(2) and SCI(2)III(4)) (PubMed:12970493).
Lacks three Cys residues in the RING-type zinc finger domain 1 and two Cys residues in the RING-type zinc finger domain 2 that are conserved features of the family.
Preferentially expressed in green siliques.
Belongs to the actin family. Plant ARP8 subfamily.
Ubiquitously expressed in all organs and cell types. Higher expression in seedlings.
Component of an exocyst subcomplex specifically involved in autophagy-related, Golgi-independent membrane traffic to the vacuole. Regulates autophagosome formation and autophagy-related Golgi-independent import into the vacuole. Positive regulator of both abscisic acid (ABA)-promoted and mannitol (drought)-promoted stomatal closure (PubMed:27956469). Involved in the regulation of lateral root formation (PubMed:35249253).
Interacts with EXO70B2, SEC5A and EXO84B (PubMed:23944713). Binds to PUB18 (PubMed:27956469). Binds directly to B1L at the plasma membrane and in small vesicles (PubMed:35249253).
Target of the E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase PUB18 that mediates its ubiquitination and degradation via the 26S proteasome.
Twisted leaves with small spontaneous lesions, early yellowing of leaves and anthocyanin accumulation defects. Chlorotic shoots. Retarded growth with wrinkled rosette leaves under long-day growth conditions. Impaired abscisic acid (ABA)-mediated and mannitol (drought)-promoted stomatal closure (PubMed:27956469). Increased number of lateral roots (PubMed:35249253). Plants impaired for both B1L and EXO70B1 produce more lateral roots than single mutants (PubMed:35249253).
Belongs to the peptidase S26 family. IMP2 subfamily.
Accumulates in response to sirtinol (a small molecule that activates many auxin-inducible genes and responses) and auxin (PubMed:12893885, PubMed:16006581). Expressed in the dark (PubMed:16412086). PIF4-dependent regulation by temperature (PubMed:31127632). In low thermo-responsive cultivars (e.g. Col-0), higher expression at 28 degrees Celsius than at 22 degrees Celsius in petioles but not in leaf blades (PubMed:31127632). In high thermo-responsive cultivars (e.g. cv. Alst-1 and cv. Ang-0) higher expression at 28 degrees Celsius than at 22 degrees Celsius in both petioles and leaf blades (PubMed:31127632).
Exhibits a high natural sequence polymorphism between cultivars, thus confering thermo-adaptation to environmental conditions.
Functions as positive effectors of cell expansion through modulation of auxin transport (By similarity). Involved in thermo-responsiveness of plant architecture (PubMed:31127632). Enhances plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase (PubMed:31127632).
Higher expression in thermo-responsive cultivars (e.g. cv. Alst-1, cv. Ang-0 and cv. Com-0) than in low thermo-responsive cultivars (e.g. cv. Dja-1, cv. El-0 and cv. Kon).
Reduced rosette weight and area at 22 degrees Celsius but not at 28 degrees Celsius.
High expression in younger leaves and in the apical region of the inflorescence stem.
Hydrolyzes alpha-1,2-linked fucose. Also active on fucosylated xyloglucan oligosaccharides.
The functional assignment is controversial.
Autophosphorylated (PubMed:21320696, PubMed:22504181). Autophosphorylation is reduced in presence of the Xanthomonas campestris effector XopAC/AvrAC (PubMed:22504181).
Induced by the microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP) flagellin (flg22) (PubMed:15181213). Induced by the Pseudomonas syringae effectors AvrB and AvrRpm1 (PubMed:21320696). Induced by 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA) (PubMed:16258017). Down-regulated by UV-B (PubMed:17587374).
Interacts with the Pseudomonas syringae effector AvrB (PubMed:21320696). Interacts with RIN4 (PubMed:21320696). Interacts with the Xanthomonas campestris effector XopAC/AvrAC (PubMed:22504181, PubMed:23951354).
Reduced leaf width. Enhanced disease resistance to the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato.
Serine/threonine-protein kinase involved in disease resistance. During Pseudomonas syringae infection, and in response to the bacterial effectors AvrB and AvrRpm1, RIPK phosphorylates the host target RIN4, which subsequently activates RPM1-dependent effector-triggered immunity (ETI) (PubMed:21320696, PubMed:25625821). Seems to act as negative regulator of plant basal defense responses and may play a role in pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI) (PubMed:21320696). Required for the bacterial XopAC/AvrAC effector-triggered immunity against Xanthomonas campestris (PubMed:23951354).
Uridylylated at Ser-251 and Thr-252 by the Xanthomonas campestris effector XopAC/AvrAC. This conceals conserved phosphorylation sites in the activation loop, reducing RIPK kinase activity and consequently inhibiting downstream signaling.
Highly expressed in green and actively dividing tissues.
Zinc phosphodiesterase, which displays tRNA 3'-processing endonuclease activity. Involved in tRNA maturation, by removing a 3'-trailer from precursor tRNA.
Detected in inflorescences, seedlings, leaves, hydathodes, stems, roots, embryo and siliques. Expressed in a polar pattern in organ primordia and at the boundary of mature organs. Detected in the lateral domains of flower meristems, but not in the inflorescence meristem or the vegetative shoot apical meristem.
Down-regulated by the AS1 repressor complex including HDA6.
Interacts with KNAT1, KNAT3, KNAT4, BEL1, BLH2, BLH4 and BLH9, but not with BLH8 or the KNATM-A and KNATM-C isoforms. Isoforms KNATM-A and KNATM-C: no interactions with KNATM-B, KNOXX or BELL proteins.
The MEINOX domain (33-138) is sufficient for interactions with BELL proteins (PubMed:18398054). The BP-interacting domain (BPID, 1-32) is necessary for interactions with KNOX proteins (PubMed:18398054).
Transcriptional regulator involved in leaf proximal/distal patterning. May act by sequestering BELL transcription factors.
Circadian-controlled expression (PubMed:15356333). Expressed transiently in early developing seeds, later accumulates progressively in maturating seeds to reach a peak in dry seeds (PubMed:23708772). Fades out upon seed imbibition (PubMed:23708772).
Dephosphorylated by TOPP4 during photomorphogenesis, leading to subsequent degradation of PIF5 by the proteasomal pathway.
Down-regulated by brassinolids (BL), but up-regulated by cold (PubMed:23708772). Follows a free-running robust circadian rhythm, with higher levels during the light phase (PubMed:23708772). Rapidly induced by light in etiolated plants. Up-regulated by white light. Rapid degradation after red light exposure (at protein level). Accumulates to high levels in the dark, is selectively degraded in response to red light and remains at high levels under shade-mimicking conditions.
Homodimer (By similarity). Interacts specifically with the Pfr form of phytochrome B and with TOC1/APRR1. May form a heterodimer with PIF3. Interacts with PHYB, CRY1 and CRY2 in the nucleus in response to low blue light (LBL) (PubMed:26724867). Interacts with TOPP4 (PubMed:26704640). Associates to PTAC12/HMR/PAP5 which acts as a transcriptional coactivator (PubMed:25944101).
Mainly expressed in leaves and seedlings, and, to a lower extent, in stems, fruits, flowers and roots.
Phosphorylated. Additional phosphorylations induced within 60 seconds following phytochrome B photoactivation.
The active phytochrome binding (APB) motif (26-39) is involved in interaction with PHYB and is required for proteasome-mediated degradation.
Transcription factor acting negatively in the phytochrome B signaling pathway to promote the shade-avoidance response. Regulates PHYB abundance at the post-transcriptional level, possibly via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Promotes ethylene activity in the dark. May regulate the expression of a subset of genes by binding to the G-box motif. Might be involved in the integration of light-signals to control both circadian and photomorphogenic processes. Activated by CRY1 and CRY2 in response to low blue light (LBL) by direct binding at chromatin on E-box variant 5'-CA[CT]GTG-3' to stimulate specific gene expression to adapt global physiology (e.g. hypocotyl elongation in low blue light) (PubMed:26724867).
Acts as a negative regulator of abscisic acid (ABA) responses.
Although this sequence has a C-terminal -CXXX, it is palmitoylated at Cys-205, rather than prenylated.
Belongs to the small GTPase superfamily. Rho family.
Interacts with ICR1 (PubMed:17493810). Binds to SPK1 (PubMed:18308939).
This protein catalyzes the committed step to the synthesis of the acidic phospholipids.
Embryonic lethality. Embryo development arrested at the globular stage.
Non-catalytic component of the proteasome.
Xylosyltransferase specific to UDP-D-xylose that accepts cellohexaose as substrate to produce xyloglucan.
By gamma radiation, hydrogen peroxide and infection by P.syringae.
Expressed during development from young seedlings to flowering plants.
Phosphorylates both NAD(+) and NADH, with a twofold preference for NADH. Source of the cellular reductant NADPH which is an important antioxidant factor.
Expressed in leaves, stems, buds, flowers and siliques.
Forms homodimer (By similarity). Interacts with G6PD2, G6PD3 and G6PD4 (PubMed:21309870).
Increase of activity in the apex linked to the early stages of the transition from vegetative to reproductive growth.
Regulated by metabolites. Post-translationally inactivated by cysteine-mediated redox modification via the ferredoxin-thioredoxin system in the light and this avoids futile cycles with photosynthetic CO2 fixation.
Highly expressed in seedlings, leaves, stems and roots and, to a lower extent, in flowers, pollen and siliques.
In young seedlings, expressed in all tissues except in the root tip. Later accumulates in cotyledons, newly emerging leaves and the lower region of roots. In rosettes, predominantly observed in the main veins of leaves. In flowers, present in petals, pistils and in the ends of young siliques.
Involved in both glucosinolate and leucine biosynthesis; catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation step in both leucine biosynthesis (primary metabolism) and methionine chain elongation of glucosinolates (specialized metabolism) (PubMed:19674406, PubMed:19493961, PubMed:21697089). Catalyzes the oxidation of 3-carboxy-2-hydroxy-4-methylpentanoate (3-isopropylmalate, 3-IPM) to 3-carboxy-4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate. The product decarboxylates to 4-methyl-2 oxopentanoate (PubMed:15849421, PubMed:20840499). Required during pollen development and involved in embryo sac development (PubMed:20840499). More active on 3-isopropylmalate and NAD(+) than towards D-malate (PubMed:19674406).
No discernible vegetative or reproductive phenotypes except a slight reduction of both male and female transmission efficiency, but decreased leucine biosynthetic enzyme activities and lower free leucine concentrations (PubMed:19674406, PubMed:20840499). The double mutant ipmdh2 ipmdh3 is lethal in male gametophytes (small aborted pollen grains abnormal in cellular structure, and arrested in germination) and had reduced transmission through female gametophytes (slow embryo sacs development) (PubMed:20840499). In atimd1-1 and atipmdh1 mutants, reduced levels of methionine-derived glucosinolates (Met-GSLs) with long chains (C7-C8) and, to some extent, with short chains (C4-C6) (PubMed:19493961, PubMed:19674406, PubMed:21697089). Altered glucosinolate profile is restored by constructs expressing IPMDH2-L134F or IPMDH3-L133F mutants (PubMed:21697089).
Regulated by a thiol-based redox modification; oxidation by CuCl(2) leads to a decreased activity.
Albino phenotype and seedling lethality under normal growth conditions.
Belongs to the MurCDEF family. MurE subfamily.
Component of the plastid-encoded plastid RNA polymerase (PEP) complex.
Involved in chloroplast biogenesis. Required for thylakoid membrane development. Seems to be required for plastid-encoded plastid RNA polymerase (PEP)-dependent gene expression.
Expressed in roots, leaves, stems, flowers, mature pollen grains and growing pollen tubes.
Induced by tunicamycin and heat shock (PubMed:18718935, PubMed:18980646). Induced by DTT and azetidine-2-carboxylate (PubMed:26186593).
Interacts with BIP1 and BIP3 (PubMed:26186593). The interaction with BIP1 and BIP3 activates the ATPase enzyme activities of BIP1 and BIP3 (PubMed:26186593).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions (permissive temperature of 22 degrees Celsius), but mutant plants show gametophytic male sterility due to defect in pollen tube growth at temperature of 30 degrees Celsius.
Regulates protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen. Functions probably as a co-molecular chaperone that is required for normal growth of pollen tubes under high-temperature stress.
Belongs to the non-repetitive/WGA-negative nucleoporin family.
Major component of the nuclear pore complex (NPC).
Interacts with key regulators of transcription and represses transcription. Acts as a histone-binding protein that regulates transcription. Acts as a deubiquitinating enzyme (By similarity).
Belongs to the IPP isomerase type 1 family.
Catalyzes the 1,3-allylic rearrangement of the homoallylic substrate isopentenyl (IPP) to its highly electrophilic allylic isomer, dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP).
May act as repressor of root growth during copper excess and of hypocotyl growth in the dark.
Expressed in stems and developing embryos.
Expressed in siliques, flowers and leaves. Not detected in roots.
Involved in repair of UV radiation-induced DNA damage. Catalyzes the photoreactivation of pyrimidine [6-4] pyrimidone photoproduct (6-4 products). Binds specifically to DNA containing 6-4 products and repairs these lesions in a visible light-dependent manner. Not required for repair of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD).
Phosphorylated in vitro by CPK3 or CPK11.
Binds specifically to the 3'-terminal U-tract of U6 snRNA.
Component of the heptameric LSM1-LSM7 complex that forms a seven-membered ring structure with a donut shape. The LSM subunits are arranged in the order LSM1, LSM2, LSM3, LSM6, LSM5, LSM7 and LSM4. Component of the heptameric LSM2-LSM8 complex that forms a seven-membered ring structure with a donut shape. The LSM subunits are arranged in the order LSM8, LSM2, LSM3, LSM6, LSM5, LSM7 and LSM4 (PubMed:23221597, PubMed:23620288). LSM3B subunit interacts only with its two neighboring subunits, LSM2 and LSM6A or LSM6B (PubMed:23221597).
Interacts with SIC/RON3 (PubMed:26888284). Interacts with RGI1 and RGI2 (PubMed:29339500).
Recognizes and hydrolyzes the peptide bond at the C-terminal Gly of ubiquitin. Involved in the processing of poly-ubiquitin precursors as well as that of ubiquitinated proteins (By similarity). Positive regulator of root meristem development that, together with UBP12, prevents the ubiquitination and turnover of RGFR1 induced by the RGF1 hormone peptide, thus influencing PLT1 and PLT2 expression (PubMed:29339500).
Involved in negative regulation of abscisic acid response in seed germination.
Involved in resistance response to the pathogenic bacteria Pseudomonas syringae.
Slight enhancement in abscisic acid-inhibited germination. Redundant with LECRKA4.2 and LECRKA4.3.
Strongly expressed in the vascular system and trichomes of the leaves. Also expressed in guard cells, anthers, stigmas and germinating seeds, but not found in petals or roots. Increased susceptibility to the bacteria Pseudomonas syringae, characterized by stronger necrotic symptoms and higher bacterial proliferation (PubMed:25083911).
Expressed in roots, leaves and developing siliques.
In seedlings by transition from dark to light. Up-regulated during senescence.
Belongs to the BIG GRAIN 1 (BG1) plant protein family.
Involved in auxin transport. Regulator of the auxin signaling pathway.
Predominantly expressed in roots and young vegetative tissues, while it was under detectable levels in reproductive tissues, such as inflorescence stems, pedicels, and floral buds.
Belongs to the helicase family. RecG subfamily.
Critical role in recombination and DNA repair.
Amino acids 110-145 are necessary and sufficient for phosphatidic acid binding, while amino acids 1-80 are only necessary.
Homodimer. Forms dimeric beta-barrel (PubMed:23297418). Interacts with TGD5 (PubMed:26410300).
Involved in lipid transfer from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to plastids. Specifically binds phosphatidic acid (PtdOH).
Stunted, pale yellow and infertile plants, which accumulate oligogalactoglycerolipids and phosphatidates.
Interacts with ELC/VPS23A and ELCL/VPS23B.
Electron carrier protein. The oxidized form of the cytochrome c heme group can accept an electron from the heme group of the cytochrome c1 subunit of cytochrome reductase. Cytochrome c then transfers this electron to the cytochrome oxidase complex, the final protein carrier in the mitochondrial electron-transport chain (By similarity).
Electron carrier protein. The oxidized form of the cytochrome c heme group can accept an electron from the heme group of the cytochrome c1 subunit of cytochrome reductase. Cytochrome c then transfers this electron to the cytochrome oxidase complex, the final protein carrier in the mitochondrial electron-transport chain.
Required for the chloroplast avoidance response under high intensity blue light. This avoidance response consists in the relocation of chloroplasts on the anticlinal side of exposed cells. Acts in association with WEB1 to maintain the velocity of chloroplast photorelocation movement via cp-actin filaments regulation.
Ubiquitous but preferentially in chloroplast-containing tissues.
Calcium-dependent mitochondrial carrier protein that catalyzes the import of ATP co-transported with metal divalent cations across the mitochondrial inner membrane in exchange for phosphate (Pi) (PubMed:22062157, PubMed:28695448, PubMed:26140942, PubMed:26444389). Can transport phosphate, AMP, ADP, ATP, adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate, sulfate and thiosulfate, and, to a lesser extent, other nucleotides (PubMed:26140942, PubMed:26444389). Binds calcium ions Ca(2+) (PubMed:22062157). Mediates also calcium uptake (By similarity).
Expressed in flowers, leaves, stems, roots and seedlings, mostly in seedlings.
Activated by Mg(+) but not by K(+). Inhibited by Ca(2+).
Belongs to the H(+)-translocating pyrophosphatase (TC 3.A.10) family. K(+)-insensitive subfamily.
It is uncertain whether Met-1, Met-2 or Met-3 is the initiator.
Pyrophosphatase active in both inorganic pyrophosphate hydrolysis and H(+) translocation.
Ubiquitous. Mostly expressed in cotyledons, roots and flowers. Especially high levels in trichomes, sepals and stamen filaments.
Forms homodimers (PubMed:28096354). Interacts with GET3A (PubMed:28096354).
Required for the post-translational delivery of tail-anchored (TA) proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum. Acts as a membrane receptor for soluble GET3, which recognizes and selectively binds the transmembrane domain of TA proteins in the cytosol (By similarity). Involved in the control of root hair growth through the regulation of syntaxin SYP123 expression (PubMed:28096354).
Catalyzes the oxygenative cleavage of myo-inositol to D-glucuronate. Involved in the biosynthesis of UDP-glucuronic acid (UDP-GlcA), providing nucleotide sugars for cell-wall polymers. May be also involved in plant ascorbate biosynthesis.
Expressed in flowers, leaves, siliques, and to a lesser extent in roots.
Belongs to the cytidylyltransferase family.
Plays an important role in the biosynthesis of the phospholipid phosphatidylcholine (PubMed:12461134, PubMed:19667100). Catalyzes the formation of CDP-choline (PubMed:12461134, PubMed:19667100).
By heat shock, UVB, wounding, abscisic acid, H(2)O(2) and salicylic acid.
Expressed in roots, stems, leaves, pollen, top of sepals and siliques.
Transcription activator (PubMed:14581622). Binds to the DNA consensus sequence 5'-[ACG]CGCG[GTC]-3' (By similarity). Regulates transcriptional activity in response to calcium signals (Probable). Binds calmodulin in a calcium-dependent manner (By similarity). Involved in response to cold. Contributes together with CAMTA3 to the positive regulation of the cold-induced expression of DREB1A/CBF3, DREB1B/CBF1 and DREB1C/CBF2 (PubMed:28351986).
Over-expression of SRF2 led to male-sterility in cv. Columbia but not in cv. Landsberg.
Widely expressed but preferentially in roots.
Interacts with FD (PubMed:25661797). Interacts with CINV1 (PubMed:25256212).
Expressed in roots, stems, seedlings, and siliques. Lower expression in inflorescence tips, and leaves.
In bacteria, TDP-L-rhamnose is formed by the successive action of three different enzymes on TDP-D-glucose. In plants, on the other hand, a single polypeptide probably catalyzes all three reactions that lead to the conversion of UDP-D-glucose to UDP-L-rhamnose.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the dTDP-4-dehydrorhamnose reductase family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the NAD(P)-dependent epimerase/dehydratase family. dTDP-glucose dehydratase subfamily.
The dehydratase activity is contained in the N-terminal region while the epimerase and reductase activities are in the C-terminal region.
Trifunctional enzyme involved in UDP-beta-L-rhamnose biosynthesis, a precursor of the primary cell wall components rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I) and rhamnogalacturonan II (RG-II) (PubMed:17190829). Catalyzes the dehydration of UDP-glucose to form UDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-glucose followed by the epimerization of the C3' and C5' positions of UDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-glucose to form UDP-4-keto-beta-L-rhamnose and the reduction of UDP-4-keto-beta-L-rhamnose to yield UDP-beta-L-rhamnose (By similarity).
By root flooding (PubMed:24363315). Induced by senescence (PubMed:24659488).
In rosette plants, root flooding (waterlogging) triggers rapid upward (hyponastic) leaf movement representing an important architectural stress response that critically determines plant performance in natural habitats (Probable). Plants silencing NAC047 produce abnormally shaped seeds (PubMed:18849494).
Transcription factor that binds to the promoter of ACO5, an ACC oxidase involved in ethylene biosynthesis. Mediates waterlogging-induced hyponastic leaf movement, and cell expansion in abaxial cells of the basal petiole region, by directly regulating the expression of ACO5 (PubMed:24363315). Required for normal seed development and morphology (PubMed:18849494).
In floral tissues, expressed in pollen grains and fertilized ovules until they develop into seeds, and, at low levels, in the styles. Observed in germinating seedlings, and later confined to shoot and root apical meristems.
Decreased sensitivity to ABA with respect to seed germination, seedling growth and primary root tip elongation. Impaired cytoplasmic Ca(2+) accumulation in response to ABA.
Mostly expressed in inflorescence bolts. Also present in roots, stems, germinated seeds, cotyledons, pollen, stamen and stigma.
Required during abscisic acid (ABA)-mediated activation of Ca(2+) channels. Regulates ABA signaling pathways. Modulates the expression of genes related to cell elongation and ABA signaling during root growth.
Bifunctional aspartate kinase and homoserine dehydrogenase that catalyzes the first and the third steps toward the synthesis of the essential amino acids threonine, isoleucine, and methionine.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the homoserine dehydrogenase family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the aspartokinase family.
Inhibition of aspartate kinase activity by threonine and leucine and 3-fold activation by cysteine, isoleucine, valine, serine and alanine at 2.5 mM. Partial inhibition of homoserine dehydrogenase activity by threonine and cysteine (14% of activity remaining at saturation with either amino acid). No synergy between the effectors for both activation or inhibition.
Involved in terpene biosynthesis in roots. Possesses sesquiterpene (C15) synthase activity and diterpene (C20) synthase activity in vitro.
At least one of the two introns in the MYB82 gene is essential to the protein's trichome developmental function. The MYB-binding box (5'-TAAGCCAGTTATGTCT-3') located in the third exon of the MYB82 gene is required for MYB82 function in trichome initiation.
Homodimer and heterodimer with GL1 (PubMed:24803498). Part of the WD40-bHLH-MYB complex (PubMed:24803498). Interacts with BHLH012/MYC1 and BHLH042/TT8 (PubMed:15361138). Interacts (via N-terminus) with GL1 and GL3 (PubMed:24803498).
Mainly expressed in the trichomes of new leaves.
The N-terminal domain is necessary and sufficient for dimer formation. The C-terminal domain is responsible for the transcription activation function.
Transcription activation factor positively regulating trichomes development (PubMed:24803498). Has a function nearly equivalent to that of GL1 and can complement gl1 mutants (PubMed:24803498).
Expressed in developing root hair cells.
Homodimer and heterodimer with YIP4A (PubMed:23832588). Component of a trans-Golgi network (TGN)-localized ECH/YIP4 complex made of ECH, YIP4A and YIP4B (PubMed:23832588). Interacts directly with ECH (PubMed:23832588).
No visible phenotype (PubMed:23832588). The double mutant yip4a yip4b exhibits disturbed trans-Golgi network (TGN)-Golgi association and cell elongation defects leading to reduced roots and hypocotyls growth associated with an abnormal cell wall composition and a mislocalization of trans-Golgi network (TGN)-localized proteins SYP61 and VHA-a1 (PubMed:23832588, PubMed:30770391). The double mutant yip4a yip4b has also a reduced number of root trichoblasts displaying Rho-of-plant (ROPs e.g. ARAC4/ROP2, ARAC5/ROP4 and ARAC3/ROP6) patches and leading to an almost complete absence of root hairs (PubMed:30770391).
Together with YIP4A, involved in the regulation of cell elongation during root and hypocotyl growth (PubMed:23832588). YIP4A and YIP4B are central trafficking components in Rho-of-plant (ROPs, e.g. ARAC4/ROP2, ARAC5/ROP4 and ARAC3/ROP6) small GTPases-dependent root hair formation, thus contributing to activation and plasma membrane accumulation of ROPs during hair initiation (PubMed:30770391). The ECH/YIP4 complex is involved in the modulation of the trans-Golgi network (TGN)-mediated trafficking of some proteins and cell wall components (e.g. pectin and hemicellulose) to the cell wall in dark-grown hypocotyls and in secretory cells of the seed coat (PubMed:23832588).
Ubiquitous expression in elongating root hair and non-hair cells prior to hair formation.
Transcription factor involved in somatic embryogenesis. Acts as positive regulator of somatic embryo formation (PubMed:23874927, PubMed:26973252). Acts as positive regulator of ECP63 by targeting its promoter and inducing its expression (PubMed:26973252).
Expressed in aerial vegetative organs and flowers, but not in roots (PubMed:7632923). Expressed in flower primordia (PubMed:15530395).
Forms homodimers (PubMed:25183521). Interacts with TT16/AGL32 (PubMed:16080001).
Probable transcription factor that binds specifically to the CArG box DNA sequence 5'-CC (A/T)6 GG-3' (PubMed:7632923, PubMed:25183521). Plays an important role in the determination of flower meristem identity. Involved in the specification of sepal identity. Contributes to the development of petals, stamens and carpels (PubMed:15530395).
Deformylase involved in photorespiration. Prevents excessive accumulation of 5-formyl tetrahydrofolate (THF), a potent inhibitor of the Gly decarboxylase/Ser hydroxymethyltransferase complex.
Expressed in leaves, cotyledons, roots, seeds and flowers.
No visible phenotype. Puru1 and puru2 double mutant shows a 70-fold increase in Gly levels and accumulates elevated levels of 5- and 10-formyl THF. Embryo development arrests between heart and early bent cotyledon stages, and mature seeds are shriveled, accumulate low amounts of lipids, and fail to germinate. Puru1 and puru2 double mutant is only conditionally lethal and is rescued by growth under nonphotorespiratory conditions. Puru1, puru2 and fold1 triple mutant shows no photorespiratory phenotype.
Accumulates during senescence and in response to 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole (3-AT) and silver nitrate (PubMed:12947053). Induced by viral infection (e.g. cucumber mosaic cucumovirus, oil seed rape tobamovirus, turnip vein clearing tobamovirus, potato virus X potexvirus, and turnip mosaic potyvirus) (PubMed:12535341). Induced by pathogens (PubMed:12920300).
Expressed in roots, cotyledons, rosette leaves, cauline leaves and mature flowers. Expressed at low levels in stems and flower buds.
Homodimer (PubMed:22937923). Interacts with AHK2 (PubMed:18642946). Interacts with AHL12 and AHL27 (PubMed:24218605). Interacts with the helicase domain of the tobamovirus (TMV) replicase (PubMed:19625399).
Induced by wounding, salicylic acid (SA), methyl jasmonate, drought stress, dark and sucrose starvation (PubMed:16115070). Induced by chitin elicitor (chitooctaose) (PubMed:17722694). Induced by salicylic acid and infection with tobamovirus (TMV) (PubMed:19625399). By indole-3-acetonitrile, salicylic acid (SA), sodium nitroprusside (SNP), salt stress and drought stress (PubMed:22965747). Down-regulated by brassinosteroid (BR) and transition from dark to white light (PubMed:26493403).
Involved in disease resistance response (PubMed:16115070, PubMed:19625399). May function as repressor of pathogenesis-related proteins (PubMed:16115070). May function in the regulation of host basal defense responses against viral infection (PubMed:19625399). Transcriptional activator involved in responses to wounding and infection with tobamovirus (TMV) (PubMed:22937923). Binds to the DNA sequences 5'-AAAATATCT-3' and 5'AGATTTTT-3' of CYP734A1/BAS1 and CYP72C1/SOB7 promoters, respectively. Acts as suppressor of the brassinosteroid (BR)-inactivating enzymes CYP734A1/BAS1 and CYP72C1/SOB7, and prevents their expression in almost all tissues. Plays a central role in integrating BR homeostasis and seedling development. Regulates the spatial regulation of BR homeostasis and participates in the regulation of hypocotyl elongation and root growth by suppressing BR catabolism. Mediates connection between BR catabolism and photomorphogenesis (PubMed:26493403). Binds to, and transactivates the promoter of the auxin biosynthetic gene NIT2 (PubMed:22965747). Stress-responsive NAC transcription factor involved in ABA-inducible leaf senescence signaling (PubMed:26518251). Required for normal seed development and morphology (PubMed:18849494).
Plants over-expressing NAC081 show enhanced susceptibility to the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum (PubMed:16115070). Plants over-expressing NAC081 exhibit abnormal developmental phenotypes such as dwarfism and leaf-yellowing (PubMed:22965747). Plants silencing NAC081 produce abnormally shaped seeds (PubMed:18849494).
Reduced sensitivity to indole-3-acetonitrile.
Interacts (via C-terminal domain) with MND1 and HOP2. Interacts with XRI1 (via C-terminal domain).
A shift from 22 degrees Celsius to 30 degrees Celsius leads to a modified spatial repartition in flowers.
Binds to SKM1 present in the pollen grain, particularly under relatively high temperature (at 30 degrees Celsius) (PubMed:23910659). Interacts with BAM3, especially in roots (PubMed:28607033).
Expressed at low levels in flowers, especially in pistils (PubMed:16489133, PubMed:23910659). Present in vascular tissues (PubMed:23910659). In roots, confined to protophloem and sieve element precursor cells (PubMed:25049386, PubMed:23569225).
Extracellular signal peptide that regulates cell fate (PubMed:16902140). Represses root apical meristem maintenance (PubMed:16902140, PubMed:23569225). Represses protophloem differentiation in a BAM3-dependent manner (PubMed:23569225). BRX, BAM3, and CLE45 act together to regulate the transition of protophloem cells from proliferation to differentiation, thus impinging on postembryonic growth capacity of the root meristem; this signaling pathway requires CRN and CLV2 and involves MAKR5 for its transduction/amplification (PubMed:23569225, PubMed:27354416, PubMed:28607033). Triggers the accumulation of MAKR5 in developing sieve elements in a BAM3-dependent manner (PubMed:27354416). Prevents, in a dose-dependent manner, auxin response in the root meristem thus leading in the repression of protophloem differentiation and periclinal sieve element precursor cell division (PubMed:25049386). Promotes pollen tube growth prolongation in a SKM1 and SKM2-dependent manner, especially under relatively high temperature (at 30 degrees Celsius), thus conferring tolerance against high temperature probably through the maintenance of mitochondrial activity (PubMed:23910659). Alleviates mitochondrial decay pollen tube in vitro culture (PubMed:23910659).
In flowers, at 22 degrees Celsius, preferentially expressed in the stigma in the pistil, but expands to the transmitting tract, along which pollen tubes elongated, upon temperature shift to 30 degrees Celsius (PubMed:23910659). Expressed in roots developing protophloem, up to the end of the transition zone (PubMed:23569225).
Reduced seed production at 30 degrees Celsius, but not at 22 degrees Celsius.
Expressed in cotyledons and the vasculature of reosette leaves. Weak expression in hypocotyls and floral organs, but not detected in roots and inflorescence stems.
Homo- and heterodimer of IDD14alpha and IDD14beta.
Lacks a functional DNA-binding domain. Induced under cold conditions.
No visible phenotype (PubMed:24039602). Accelerated growth and slightly early flowering (PubMed:21556057).
The coiled-coil domain (311-350) is involved in dimerization.
Transcription factor regulating starch metabolism by binding directly to the promoter of QQS (PubMed:21556057). The IDD14beta isoform attenuates the transcription factor activity by competitively forming heterodimers with reduced DNA-binding capacity(PubMed:21556057). Regulates lateral organ morphogenesis and gravitropic responses (PubMed:24039602). Has a redundant role with IDD16 in directing leaf and floral organ morphogenesis (PubMed:24039602). Involved in the establishment of auxin gradients through the regulation of auxin biosynthesis and transport (PubMed:24039602).
Compact rosette with smaller leaves, reduced petiole lengths and shorter inflorescences.
Essential regulator of the ethylene pathway, which acts by regulating the stability of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase (ACS) enzymes. May act as a substrate-specific adapter that connects ACS enzymes, such as ACS5, to ubiquitin ligase complexes, leading to proteasomal degradation of ACS enzymes.
Interacts with the C-terminal domain of ACS4, ACS5 and ACS9. Interacts with CUL3A. Putative component of a ubiquitin ligase complex containing CUL3.
Abscisic acid receptor. The GDP-bound form exhibits greater abscisic acid binding than the GTP-bound form (PubMed:19135895). Required for seedling growth and fertility (PubMed:23001037).
Belongs to the Golgi pH regulator (TC 1.A.38) family.
Expressed in cotyledons, leaves, stems, roots, flowers and guard cells.
Has both a topology similar to GPCRs and a GTP-binding/GTPase activity.
No visible phenotype; due to the redundancy with GTG1. The double mutants gtg1 and gtg2 are hyposensitive to abscisic acid.
Not induced by abscisic acid, cold, salt or drought treatments.
The GTPase activity is Mg(2+) dependent and is strongly inhibited by the interaction with GPA1.
Expressed in leaves, stems, and inflorescence, exclusively in phloem-associated cells (e.g. sieve elements).
Has been shown to be inactive in cv. Ct-1 and cv. Ga-0 (AC D5K211), cv. Bl-1 and cv. Sakata (AC D9UBX6), cv. Blh-1, cv. Pyl-1 and cv. Sha (AC D9UBX4), and cv. Ge-1 (AC D9UC01) due to naturally occurring sequence variation in these strains. The sequence shown is from strain cv. Columbia.
Required for the restriction of long-distance movement of the pathogenic tobacco etch virus (TEV) without causing a hypersensitive response or inducing systemic acquired resistance. Seems to not be involved in heat resistance.
Susceptible to systemic infection by tobacco etch virus (TEV).
Activated by glycerol, not effected by dimethyl sulfoxide and inhibited by high concentration of monovalent salts, UDP-xylose, UDP-arabinose or UDP.
Highly expressed and abundant in suspension-cultured cells, but low levels in seedlings.
In seedlings, no altered phenotypes or changes in pectin methylation (PubMed:21725030). In contrast, suspension-cultured cells exhibit less pectin methylation as well as altered composition and assembly of cell wall polysaccharides (PubMed:21725030).
S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM)-dependent methyltransferase (MTase) which mediates the methylesterification of the pectin homogalacturonan (HG) and thus regulates cell wall biosynthesis, at least in suspension-cultured cells.
Expressed specifically at sites of lateral root emergence.
Serine protease. Has a substrate preference for the hydrophobic residues Phe and Ala and the basic residue Asp in the P1 position, and for Asp, Leu or Ala in the P1' position. May play a role in the degradation of structural proteins in the extracellular matrix of cells located above sites of lateral root formation and thus facilitate lateral root emergence (By similarity).
Induced in leaves during infection by Botrytis cinerea.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants have enhanced susceptibility to infection by the necrotrophic pathogen Botrytis cinerea.
Pectin methylesterase (PME) inhibitor involved in the maintenance of cell wall integrity in response to necrotrophic pathogens. Modulates PME activity and pectin methylesterification during infection by Botrytis cinerea and contributes to resistance against the pathogen.
Expressed in leaves, roots, stems, flowers and siliques. Up-regulated in tissues where cell division is active.
Histone methyltransferase that specifically monomethylates 'Lys-27' of histone H3 (H3K27me1). Has higher activity on nucleosomes containing H3.1 than H3.3. Involved in the formation of constitutive heterochromatin and the silencing of heterochromatic elements. May act as a positive regulator of the G1-S transition. Influences which sets of rRNA gene variants are expressed or silenced. Up-regulated by E2FB.
Interacts with PCNA1 and PCNA2. Interacts (via PHD domain) with HTR1 (via N-terminus). Interacts with IPS1.
No visible phenotype. Atxr5 and atxr6 double mutant is smaller than wild-type plants, shows partial decondensation of the chromocenter, decreased H3K27 monomethylation and increased DNA re-replication.
The binding to histone H3.2 is unaffected by mono-, di, or trimethylation at H3K9, but is strongly reduced by increasing levels of H3K4 methylation.
Expressed in root tips, cotyledons, leaf primordia and hypocotyls.
Probable E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase involved in the regulation of root growth. Acts as positive regulator of root gravitropism.
Involved in vesicular protein trafficking. Mainly functions in the early secretory pathway. Required for trafficking GLL23, a component of the PYK10 complex. May act as a receptor facilitating its packing into COPII carriers and export from the endoplasmic reticulum.
Probably oligomerizes with other members of the EMP24/GP25L family (By similarity). Associates with the COPI vesicle coat (coatomer). Associates with the COPII vesicle coat (coatomer).
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL13 family.
Belongs to the type IV zinc-finger family. Class D subfamily.
Alterations in germination and in dark-growth seedlings. Elevated level of Ins(1,4,5)P3 and InsP2 levels.
Has phosphatase activity toward PtdIns(4,5)P2, and in vitro toward PtdIns(3,5)P2 and PtdIns(3,4,5)P3. Cannot dephosphorylate PtdIns(5)P, Ins(1,4,5)P3 and Ins(1,3,4,5)P4.
Induced by abscisic acid (ABA), jasmonic acid (JA) and auxin (PubMed:15181205). Up-regulated in seedlings and down-regulated in mature plant by salt stress (PubMed:21677096).
It is uncertain whether Met-1 or Met-4 is the initiator.
Belongs to the NAD(P)-dependent epimerase/dehydratase family. GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase subfamily.
Catalyzes the conversion of GDP-D-mannose to GDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-mannose.
Expressed in roots, flowers, siliques, leaves and stems. Not expressed in the root meristem and the proximal part of the elongation zone, or in emerging lateral roots. Expressed in trichomes and guard cells, and in pollen just before anthesis.
RNA-binding protein involved in group II intron splicing. Binds specific group II introns and promotes their splicing (e.g. rpl2 and ccmFC).
Severely stunted shoots and roots, small flowers with very small anthers and little pollen, and very small siliques containing only a few aborted seeds. Impaired splicing of rpl2 and ccmFC mRNAs. Absence of c-type cytochromes, complex III and cytochrome oxidase.
Detected in the shoot apical meristem (SAM) and in young leaf primordium.
Probably involved in the phytochrome signaling pathway.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase involved in the positive regulation of the gametogenesis progression. Mediates the proteasomal degradation of KRP6, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor which accumulates during meiosis and blocks the progression of subsequent mitoses during gametophyte development. Functions in association with RHF2A (PubMed:18552199). Possesses E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity when associated with the E2 enzyme UBC8 in vitro (PubMed:15644464).
Expressed in emerging floral primordia and then in stamens and carpels. Expressed first in stamen primordia, then in pollen mother cells and tapetal cells and later in microspores until flower stage 11. Expressed in carpels throughout flower development from primordia to the mature embryo sac stage. Expressed in developing embryo.
Expressed in stems, flowers, green siliques, cauline leaves, seeds and roots.
Belongs to the mitochondrial Rho GTPase family.
Embryonic lethality between the apical 2-cell and the 4-terminal-cell embryo stage (PubMed:18344283, PubMed:20931334). Impaired in pollen germination and pollen tube growth (PubMed:18344283).
Mitochondrial GTPase required to maintain proper development, morphology and intracellular distribution of mitochondria, which in turn are essential for the progress of embryonic cell division, development of haploid male and female gametes, and pollen tube growth.
Calcium-independent kinase involved in light-dependent phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase phosphorylation.
Expressed in flowers and roots, and at lower levels in cauline leaves. Barely detectable in rosette leaves and stems.
Lacks the autoinhibitory region and EF hands found in calcium-dependent protein kinases.
Up-regulated by light, cycloheximide, phosphate starvation, carbon availability and high pH. Down-regulated by phosphate and phosphite. Very high sensitivity to phosphate at low pH. Not under circadian control and not affected by nitrogen supply.
Decreased and delayed seed germination, but no other growth and development phenotypes. Increased sensitivity to oxalate-producing fungal pathogens.
Oxalyl-CoA synthetase acting exclusively against oxalate (PubMed:22447686, PubMed:27326693). Follows a two-step reaction mechanism, wherein oxalate first undergoes adenylation by ATP, followed by a thioesterification in the presence of CoA to yield oxalyl-CoA (By similarity). No activity with malonate, succinate, malate, acetate, formate, lactate, glycolate, glyoxylate or glutarate (PubMed:22447686). Required for oxalate degradation, normal seed development and defense against oxalate-producing fungal pathogens (PubMed:22447686).
Up-regulated upon infection with oxalate-producing fungal pathogens.
Belongs to the anoctamin (TC 1.A.17) family.
May act as a calcium-activated chloride channel.
Found in a nuclear export complex with RanGTP, exportin and pre-miRNA (By similarity).
Ubiquitous, with higher expression levels in siliques.
Expressed at low levels in roots, leaves, stems, flowers and siliques.
Increased tolerance to high salinity with reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and associated with an over-activation of nuclear salt stress-responsive genes.
Mostly expressed in leaves and flowers and, to a lower extent, in stems, siliques, shoots and roots.
Regulates negatively salt stress responses and Na(+) homeostasis (PubMed:29272523, PubMed:30701352). Prevents Na(+) efflux, disturbs reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis, and represses the expression of nuclear salt stress-responsive genes (PubMed:30701352). Involved in resistance to abiotic stress (PubMed:29272523).
By BRM, at the chromatin level, and conferring a very specific spatial expression pattern. Directly induced by ESR2 in response to cytokinins. Precise spatial regulation by post-transcriptional repression directed by the microRNA miR164.
Expressed in inflorescence stems, rosette leaves, aerial parts of seedlings, flowers, floral buds and roots.
First observed in young embryonic SAM. Later confined to the boundaries between cotyledon primordia and the SAM. In mature embryos, localized around first leaves primordia. Only weakly present in vegetative SAM. In inflorescence, observed at the boundaries between floral organ primordia. In callus, expressed during transition to shoot development, with a progressive restriction to specific areas corresponding to future shoot apex.
Overexpressing transgenic plants exhibit adventitious shoot apical meristems.
Transcription activator of STM and KNAT6. Involved in molecular mechanisms regulating shoot apical meristem (SAM) formation during embryogenesis and organ separation. Required for the fusion of septa of gynoecia along the length of the ovaries. Activates the shoot formation in callus in a STM-dependent manner. Seems to act as an inhibitor of cell division.
A 70 amino acid island between the 21st and the 22th LRR is essential for the binding of brassinosteroids.
A guanylyl cyclase domain (1021-1134) having an in vitro activity is included in the C-terminal kinase domain.
Activated by Ser and Thr phosphorylation.
Autophosphorylated on Tyr-831, Tyr-956 and maybe Tyr-1072. Phosphorylated on at least 12 sites, with a preference for Ser residues. Transphosphorylated on Ser-887 by SERK1 and on Ser-838, Thr-846, Ser-858 and Ser-1166 by BAK1. Phosphorylation on Ser-1166 enhances the kinase activity.
Binding of brassinosteroid induces intramolecular autophosphorylation of BRI1. Interaction with BAK1 activates both receptor kinases and the full activation of either receptor kinase requires transphosphorylation by their partners. Optimum in vitro phosphorylation of the substrate requires Arg or Lys residues at P-3, P-4, and P+5 (relative to the phosphorylated amino acid at P=0). Homodimerizes in the absence of ligand and binds brassinosteroid in the absence of its coreceptor BAK1.
Contains one leucine-zipper motif and two pairs of conservatively spaced Cys (Cys pair 1 and 2) involved in forming heterodimers.
Dwarf phenotype and aberrant leaf shape.
Expressed constitutively in either dark- or light-grown seedlings.
Monomer or homodimer in the plasma membrane. Heterodimer with BAK1 in the endosomes. Interacts with SERK1 and TTL in a kinase-dependent manner (PubMed:15319482). Bind to SERK1 in a brassinolide-dependent manner (PubMed:23929946). Component of the SERK1 signaling complex, composed of KAPP, CDC48A, GRF6 or GRF7, SERK1, SERK2, SERK3/BAK1 and BRI1. Interacts with CDG1 (PubMed:21855796). No interactions with PSKR1 or CNGC17 (PubMed:26071421). Interacts with BIK1 (PubMed:23818580). Interacts with B'ALPHA, B'BETA, B'GAMMA and B'ETA (PubMed:26517938). Interacts with BSK1 and BSK3 (PubMed:18653891). Interacts with BSK5, BSK6 and BSK11 (PubMed:23496207).
Receptor with a dual specificity kinase activity acting on both serine/threonine- and tyrosine-containing substrates. Regulates, in response to brassinosteroid binding, a signaling cascade involved in plant development, including expression of light- and stress-regulated genes, promotion of cell elongation, normal leaf and chloroplast senescence, and flowering. Binds brassinolide (BL), and less effectively castasterone (CS), but not 2,3,22,23-O-tetramethylbrassinolide or ecdysone. May be involved in a feedback regulation of brassinosteroid biosynthesis. Phosphorylates BRI1-associated receptor kinase 1 (BAK1), Transthyretin-Like protein (TTL) and SERK1 on 'Ser-299' and 'Thr-462' in vitro (PubMed:15319482). May have a guanylyl cyclase activity (PubMed:10557222, PubMed:10938344, PubMed:17138891, PubMed:17520012, PubMed:18694562, PubMed:19124768). Phosphorylates BSK1, BSK2 and BSK3 in vitro (PubMed:18653891). Phosphorylates BSK1, BSK3, BSK5, BSK6, BSK8 and BSK11 in vitro (PubMed:23496207).
The JM domain (815-883) is a positive regulator of kinase activity and is required for Tyr phosphorylation.
The bri1-9 mutation produces a fully active protein with a subtle conformational change that is recognized for reglucosylation by UGGT, resulting in its endoplasmic reticulum retention via Glc(1)Man(9)GlcNAc(2)-calreticulin/calnexin interaction.
Light emission at 684 nm upon excitation at 410 and 470 nm.
The LHC complex consists of chlorophyll a-b binding proteins. Red-emitting heterodimer with LHCA4 (PubMed:21083539). Interacts with LHCA5 (PubMed:21806943, PubMed:15563470).
Highly expressed in leaves, stems, flowers and young siliques.
Induced by jasmonic acid, ethylene, wounding and pathogen infection. Inhibited by sodium butyrate.
Interacts with SIN3, SAP18 and TPR1. Interacts with CDKE-1, MED14 and LUG. Interacts with TPL (PubMed:23034631). Interacts with AHL22 (PubMed:22442143).
Loss-of-function mutant (antisense inhibition) has an increased level of tetraacetylated histone H4 and shows late flowering, developmental pleiotropy and increased symptoms when infected by a pathogen.
Responsible for the deacetylation of lysine residues on the N-terminal part of the core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4). Histone deacetylation gives a tag for epigenetic repression and plays an important role in transcriptional regulation, cell cycle progression and developmental events. Histone deacetylases act via the formation of large multiprotein complexes. HDA19 is involved in jasmonic acid and ethylene signaling of pathogen response. Part of a repressor complex including APETALA2 (AP2) and TOPLESS (TPL) that control the expression domains of numerous floral organ identity genes (PubMed:23034631). Involved in negative regulation of salinity stress response (PubMed:29018096). Represses the expression of stress tolerance-related genes, genes coding for late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins that prevent protein aggregation, and positive regulators of abscisic acid (ABA) signaling, such as ABI5 and NAC019 (PubMed:29018096).
Lacks the conserved Asp residue in position 654 essential for protease activity.
Expressed in trichomes (PubMed:29258424). Hardly observed in leaves (PubMed:29258424).
Highly expressed in the trichomes of emerging leaves (PubMed:29258424). Observed in flower stigma (PubMed:29258424).
Belongs to the fructosamine kinase family.
Initiates a process leading to the deglycation of proteins (PubMed:15705060). Phosphorylates low-molecular-mass and protein-bound erythrulosamines and ribulosamines, but not fructosamines or psicosamines, on the third carbon of the sugar moiety (PubMed:15705060). Protein-bound erythrulosamine 3-phosphates and ribulosamine 3-phosphates are unstable and decompose under physiological conditions (PubMed:15705060).
Belongs to the ferredoxin thioredoxin reductase beta subunit family.
Catalytic subunit of the ferredoxin-thioredoxin reductase (FTR), which catalyzes the two-electron reduction of thioredoxins by the electrons provided by reduced ferredoxin.
Heterodimer of subunit A (variable subunit) and subunit B (catalytic subunit) (By similarity). Heterodimeric FTR forms a complex with ferredoxin and thioredoxin (By similarity).
Defects in light-dependent anthocyanin and chlorophyll accumulation, as well as defects in the light control expression of light-inducible genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis and photosynthesis.
Exhibits transcriptional activation activity. Positive regulator of light-regulated genes, probably being a direct downstream target of COP1 for mediating light control of gene expression.
Triggered by light. Repressed by COP1 in darkness.
No visible phenotype. Slight reduction of galactose content in the cell wall composition.
Expressed at very low levels in the shoot apex.
Involved in the perception of CLV3 and CLV3-like peptides, that act as extracellular signals regulating meristems maintenance (By similarity). Contributes, with WAKL22/RFO1, to resistance to F.oxysporum (f.) matthioli in cv. Columbia relative to cv. Ty-0 (PubMed:15965251, PubMed:23717215).
Normal resistance to F.oxysporum (f.) matthioli in cv. Columbia. The double mutant rfo1 rfo2 is strongly susceptible to F.oxysporum.
Involved in the methylation of glucuronic acid of different plant cell wall component, but mainly on side chains of arabinogalactans.
The double mutant agm1 and agm2 results in the absence of methylation on arabinogalactan glucoronic acid side chains.
Interacts with WRKY25, WRKY26 and WRKY33.
Expressed predominantly in the roots of zinc-deficient plants.
Mediates zinc uptake from the rhizosphere. May also transport copper and cadmium ions.
Zinc uptake is inhibited by copper and cadmium ions.
Binds to conventional NLS motifs and mediates nuclear protein import across the nuclear envelope (By similarity). Acts as cellular receptor for the nuclear import of the virD2 protein of Agrobacterium, but is not essential for Agrobacterium-mediated root transformation (PubMed:18836040). May be involved in the regulation of pathogen-induced salicylic acid accumulation (PubMed:15964279).
Forms a complex with importin subunit beta-1 (By similarity). Interacts with PRL1 (PubMed:9765207). Interacts with A.tumefaciens VirD2 and VirE2 (PubMed:18836040).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants show enhanced disease susceptibility to the virulent pathogen H.arabidopsidis isolate NOCO2.
Component of box C/D small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein (snoRNP) particles (By similarity). Interacts with SKP1A (PubMed:11387208).
Expressed in roots, leaves and flowers (PubMed:10829025, PubMed:10806224). Expressed in stems (PubMed:10829025).
S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyltransferase that has the ability to methylate both RNAs and proteins (Probable). Involved in pre-rRNA processing. Utilizes the methyl donor S-adenosyl-L-methionine to catalyze the site-specific 2'-hydroxyl methylation of ribose moieties in pre-ribosomal RNA (Probable). Site specificity is provided by a guide RNA that base pairs with the substrate (Probable). Methylation occurs at a characteristic distance from the sequence involved in base pairing with the guide RNA (Probable). Also acts as a protein methyltransferase by mediating methylation of 'Gln-105' of histone H2A (H2AQ105me), a modification that impairs binding of the FACT complex and is specifically present at 35S ribosomal DNA locus (By similarity). Binds monophosphate phosphoinositides in vitro (PubMed:29163603).
The N-terminal DMA/Gly-rich region (also called GAR domain) is rich in Gly and Arg and functions in nucleolar targeting.
Expressed in shoots, essentially in leaves and flowers, mostly in vascular tissues. Also detected in stems and roots.
Rapidly induced upon low-oxygen stress in roots and shoots.
Homomultimer. Part of the translocon complex.
Involved in chloroplast protein import across the inner envelope membrane. Acts also as a chloroplast permease regulating the iron transport and homeostasis. Involved in the uptake and sequestration of iron in plastids.
Seedling lethal when grown on soil. Albino or chlorotic dwarfed plants that accumulate unprocessed precursor proteins and chloroplast ferritin clusters when grown in vitro.
Ubiquitous. Highest expression in green tissues and very low levels in mature pollen.
Serine-type protease active in vitro against the LHCII N-terminal. Cleaves its substrate on the carboxy-side of Glu residues (By similarity).
May help in the organization of the PsaE and PsaF subunits.
Lacks the phospho-accepting Asp (here Glu-76), present in the receiver domain, which is one of the conserved features of the two-component response regulators (ARRs) family.
Transcriptional activator that binds specifically to the DNA sequence 5'-[AG]GATT-3'.
Belongs to the ATPase epsilon chain family.
Mitochondrial membrane ATP synthase (F(1)F(0) ATP synthase or Complex V) produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane which is generated by electron transport complexes of the respiratory chain. F-type ATPases consist of two structural domains, F(1) - containing the extramembraneous catalytic core, and F(0) - containing the membrane proton channel, linked together by a central stalk and a peripheral stalk. During catalysis, ATP turnover in the catalytic domain of F(1) is coupled via a rotary mechanism of the central stalk subunits to proton translocation. Part of the complex F(1) domain and of the central stalk which is part of the complex rotary element. Rotation of the central stalk against the surrounding alpha(3)beta(3) subunits leads to hydrolysis of ATP in three separate catalytic sites on the beta subunits.
Possesses low quercetin 3-O-glucosyltransferase, 7-O-glucosyltransferase, 3'-O-glucosyltransferase and 4'-O-glucosyltransferase activities in vitro.
Expressed in roots and at lower levels in shoots.
Highly expressed in roots and leaf trichomes (PubMed:24728113). Expressed in rosette leaves, stems, cauline leaves and flowers (PubMed:24728113).
In presence of oxygen, the N-terminal cysteine residue (Cys-2) of ERF73 can be oxidized by cysteine oxidases, thus preparing the protein for N-end rule pathway-mediated proteasomal degradation (Probable). Under low oxygen levels, Cys oxidation is prevented, ERF73 is stabilized and confers tolerance to hypoxia (Probable).
Induced under hypoxic conditions in roots (PubMed:20113439, PubMed:21615413, PubMed:21398256, PubMed:24395201, PubMed:24728113, PubMed:32977426). Induced during hypoxia under nitrate nutrition (PubMed:30535180). Induced by ethylene (PubMed:21398256, PubMed:28698356). Induced by hydrogen peroxide (PubMed:24395201).
Involved in root development through the regulation of root meristem cell division (PubMed:24728113). Does not act as a transcriptional activator via the cis-acting CRT/DRE element (PubMed:24728113).
Is mostly responsible for transactivation of hypoxia-responsive genes.
Plants overexpressing ERF73 exhibit increase tolerance to submergence.
Seedlings silencing ERF73 exhibit reduced elongation of the primary root (PubMed:21398256). Seedlings overexpressing ERF73 exhibit increased elongation of the primary root (PubMed:32977426). Plants overexpressing ERF73 exhibit increased tolerance to hypoxia treatment (PubMed:32977426).
Transcriptional activator involved in the hypoxic stress response (PubMed:20113439, PubMed:21615413, PubMed:21398256, PubMed:24728113, PubMed:32977426). Acts as a transcriptional activator via the cis-acting element GCC box (PubMed:24728113, PubMed:32977426). Plays a role in low oxygen signaling and contributes to tolerance to anoxia stress by enhancing anaerobic gene expression and ethanolic fermentation (PubMed:20113439, PubMed:21398256). Invovlved in the modulation of ethylene responses under both normoxia and hypoxia (PubMed:21398256).
Expressed in roots, leaves, stems, buds, flowers and siliques.
Forms homodimer (By similarity). Interacts with G6PD1 (PubMed:21309870).
Required for 60S ribosomal subunit biogenesis.
One of the primary rRNA binding proteins, it binds directly near the 3'-end of the 23S rRNA, where it nucleates assembly of the 50S subunit.
A high chlorophyll fluorescence mutant. Impaired PSII function, maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII was decreased, about 25% PSII in thylakoids; severely reduced growth, decreased chlorophyll content. Inefficient processing of the D1 precursor to the mature form.
Interacts with the C-terminus of both the precursor and mature form of D1.
Required, but not essential, for D1 (psbA) precursor processing and thus correct photosystem II assembly (PSII).
Belongs to the proteasome subunit S14 family.
Component of the 19S regulatory particle (RP/PA700) lid subcomplex of the 26S proteasome. The 26S proteasome is composed of a core protease (CP), known as the 20S proteasome, capped at one or both ends by the 19S regulatory particle (RP/PA700). The RP/PA700 complex is composed of at least 17 different subunits in two subcomplexes, the base and the lid, which form the portions proximal and distal to the 20S proteolytic core, respectively (PubMed:20516081). Interacts with UCH1 and UCH2 (PubMed:22951400).
Belongs to the class-V pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family. SerC subfamily.
Involved in the plastidial phosphorylated pathway of serine biosynthesis (PPSB). Catalyzes the reversible conversion of 3-phosphohydroxypyruvate to phosphoserine.
Accumulates at the earliest stages of sieve element differentiation (PubMed:17293437). In flowers, expressed in the vascular tissue of petals, sepals, stamens and in the gynoecium (PubMed:17293437).
May act as a carbohydrate transporter (PubMed:24470637). Mainly required for reproductive functions (PubMed:17293437, PubMed:19897921).
Slight alteration of vegetative growth and reduced overall reproductive potential characterized by delayed bolting and lower number of siliques reduced in size.
Specifically observed at the plasma membrane of sieve elements in vascular tissues of leaves, stems, roots, flowers and reproductive organs (PubMed:17293437, PubMed:19897921). Absent from companion cells (PubMed:17293437).
Microtubule-associated protein that stabilize microtubules (MT). Involved in the regulation of MT organization and dynamics. Confers MT resistance to the drug propyzamide and cold conditions.
Expressed at low levels in leaves, stems, flowers and siliques.
May be involved in the polar growth of plant cells via transportation of RNAs.
Acts redundantly with CYP98A9 as tricoumaroylspermidine meta-hydroxylase. Catalyzes also the meta-hydroxylation of the three triferuloylspermidine phenolic rings. Unable to use 5-O-(4-coumaroyl) D-quinate or 5-O-(4-coumaroyl) shikimate as substrates.
Drastic reduction in flower buds of the content in N1,N5,N10-tri-(hydroxyferuloyl)-spermidine and N1,N5-di(hydroxyferuloyl)-N10-sinapoyl-spermidine.
Strongly expressed in inflorescence tips, young flower buds, seeds, stamen, tapetum and pollen.
Major helicase player in mitochondrial RNA metabolism. Component of the mitochondrial degradosome (mtEXO) complex, that degrades 3' overhang double-stranded RNA with a 3'-to-5' directionality in an ATP-dependent manner. ATPase and ATP-dependent multisubstrate helicase, able to unwind double-stranded (ds) DNA and RNA, and RNA/DNA heteroduplexes in the 5'-to-3' direction. Plays a role in the RNA surveillance system in mitochondria; regulates the stability of mature mRNAs, the removal of aberrantly formed mRNAs and the rapid degradation of non coding processing intermediates.
Component of the FER-regulated Rho GTPase signaling complex. Acts as a chaperone and coreceptor for FER. Required for localization of FER to the plasma membrane.
Expressed in pollen, pollen tubes, sporophytic pistil tissues, in the early stages of female gametophyte development, and in unfertilized, mature ovules (PubMed:20163554). Expressed in roots, lateral roots, shoots, cotyledons, petioles, developing leaves and anther filaments.
Retarded growth, collapsed root hairs, defective trichomes, abnormal accumulation of high levels of anthocyanin and overall reduced plant size (PubMed:26052747). No aborted seed phenotype and normal production of seed sets (PubMed:20163554, PubMed:26052747).
Carbamylation allows a single lysine to coordinate two nickel ions.
Carboxylation allows a single lysine to coordinate two nickel ions.
Homohexamer. Other oligomeric forms may exist depending on pH and presence of salts.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the metallo-dependent hydrolases superfamily. Urease alpha subunit family.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants cannot grow on medium with urea as the sole source of nitrogen.
Requires the three urease accessory proteins URED, UREF AND UREG for its activation.
Urea hydrolase involved in nitrogen recycling from ureide, purine, and arginine catabolism.
CIPK serine-threonine protein kinases interact with CBL proteins. Binding of a CBL protein to the regulatory NAF domain of CIPK protein lead to the activation of the kinase in a calcium-dependent manner. Involved in K(+) homeostasis under low-K(+) stress.
Expressed at low levels in roots and shoots. Detected in root vascular bundles and in the leaf vascular tissue and hydathode, but not in root tips.
Heterodimer with KU70. Interacts with WEX.
No visible phenotype when grown under normal conditions. Hypersensitivity to ionising radiation (IR) and to DNA-damaging agents. Longer telomeres. Defective in T-DNA integration.
Single-stranded DNA-dependent ATP-dependent helicase.
Single-stranded DNA-dependent ATP-dependent helicase. Involved in DNA non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) required for double-strand break repair. When associated with KU70, binds to double-stranded telomeric and non-telomeric DNA sequences, but not to single-stranded DNA. Plays a role in maintaining telomere length. Acts as a negative regulator of telomerase. Binds to and recombines double-stranded T-DNA molecules.
Expressed in seedlings, roots, flowers and siliques.
Induced by high light (HL) but repressed by low light (LL). Slightly inhibited by cold.
Slightly lower NDH activity in immature leaves. Smaller version of the NAD(P)H dehydrogenase-photosystem I supercomplex (NDH-PSI) supercomplex (PubMed:19903870). In the double mutant lhca5 lhca6, drastic reduction of NDH subunits accumulation upon increased light intensity (PubMed:21278308).
The LHC complex consists of chlorophyll a-b binding proteins (PubMed:19139095). Homodimer. Heterodimer with LHCA2 and, possibly, LHCA3 (PubMed:15356385, PubMed:17107674). Can substitute to LHCA4 to form a complex with LHCA1 (PubMed:21806943, PubMed:15563470). Binds pigments (PubMed:15563470). Element of the NAD(P)H dehydrogenase-photosystem I supercomplex (NDH-PSI) (PubMed:19903870).
The light-harvesting complex (LHC) functions as a light receptor, it captures and delivers excitation energy to photosystems with which it is closely associated (PubMed:15563470, PubMed:21806943). Seems involved in the function of the photosystem I in low light conditions, when other LHCA proteins are less abundant (PubMed:15356385). Required, together with LHCA6, for the formation of a full-size NAD(P)H dehydrogenase-photosystem I supercomplex (NDH-PSI) that triggers cyclic and chlororespiratory electron transport in chloroplast thylakoids, especially under stress conditions (e.g. increased light intensity) (Probable) (PubMed:19903870, PubMed:21278308).
Expressed at low levels in roots, stems and flowers. Expressed in the shoot apex, leaf primordia and young leaves.
Belongs to the eukaryotic diacylglycerol kinase family.
Highly expressed in flowers, and at low levels in roots, stems and leaves.
Phosphorylates the second messenger diacylglycerol (DAG) to generate phosphatidic acid (PA), another important signaling molecule. PA is required for plant development and responses to abiotic stress and pathogen attack.
Phosphorylates the second messenger diacylglycerol (DAG) to generate phosphatidic acid (PA), another important signaling molecule. PA is required for plant development and responses to abiotic stress and pathogen attack. May be involved in the accumulation of PA during cold stress xhibits high specificity for 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycerol (1,2-DOG), 1-palmitoyl, 2-oleoyl-sn-glycerol (1,2 POG), 1-stearoyl, 2-linoleoyl-sn-glycerol (1,2-SLG) and 1-oleoyl, 2-palmitoyl-sn-glycerol (1,2-OPG).
Acts as histone H2A/H2B chaperone in nucleosome assembly, playing a critical role for the correct expression of genes involved in root proliferation and patterning. Required with NRP2 for the maintenance of cell proliferation and differentiation in postembryonic root growth. Involved in both intramolecular and intermolecular somatic homologous recombination.
Can form homomeric and heteromeric protein complexes with NRP2. Binds histones H2A and H2B and associates with chromatin in vivo.
Double mutant nrp1-nrp2 shows arrest of cell cycle progression at G2/M and disordered cellular organization occurred in root tips resulting in a short-root phenotype (PubMed:17122067). Double mutant nrp1-nrp2 also displays hypersensitive response to DNA damage (PubMed:17122067) and impaired somatic homologous recombination (PubMed:22534127).
Expressed in the embryo at the heart and torpedo stages. Highly expressed throughout the vegetative shoot apex.
Highest activities is obtained at about 30 mM CTP and 2 mM phosphatidic acid (PA).
May be involved in the synthesis of minor phospholipids and in modulation of IP3-mediated signal transduction. Promotes the biosynthesis of plastidial phosphatidylglycerol (PG) which is required for structure and function of thylakoid membranes and, hence, for photoautotrophic growth.
Produced by a combination of alternative splicing and alternative initiation.
Requires a divalent cation for activity. Displays highest activities with MgCl(2).
When associated with the disruption of CDS5, requires sucrose (Suc) treatment to grow. Pale yellow-green leaves with reduced chlorophyll levels but an increased chlorophyll a/b ratio. Reduced plastidial phosphatidylglycerol (PG) biosynthesis leading to abnormal thylakoid membrane development.
Autophosphorylated at threonine residues and to a lesser extent at serine residues.
Impaired kinase activity and reduced plant sensitivity to abscisic acid (ABA).
Interacts with PYL8/RCAR3 and PYR1/RCAR11 in the cytosol.
Receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase (RLCK) that triggers abscisic acid (ABA) signaling by phosphorylating and activating ABA receptors (e.g. PYL8/RCAR3 and PYR1/RCAR11), which in turn repress ABI1, a negative regulator of ABA responses (PubMed:29928509). Promotes drought tolerance (PubMed:29970817).
Accumulates in response to CuCl(2), mannitol, sorbitol, and flagellin oligopeptide (e.g. flg22) treatments. Induced after long treatment (2 days) with NaCl, KCl, MgCl(2) and FeCl(3). Slight induction in Mg(2+) deprivation. Slightly repressed by dehydration.
Binds 6 Cu(2+) ions per subunit. Decreased of the heat stability in the presence of metal ions (e.g. K(+), Ca(2+), Cu(2+), Sr(2+) and Mg(2+)).
Interacts with Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) P3N-PIPO.
Long etiolated hypocotyls. Reduced accumulation and cell-to-cell movement of Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) leading to an enhanced plant resistance.
May be involved in intracellular signaling through interaction with PtdInsPs and calmodulin (CaM); may keep PtdInsPs attached to the plasma membrane until Ca(2+)-CaM reaches a competitive concentration subsequent to an increase triggered by a stimulus, thus leading to PtdInsPs release and subsequent activation of InsPs-dependent signaling cascade. Interacts competitively at the N-terminus with calcium ions and CaM (in a calcium-dependent manner), and with the phosphatidylinositol phosphates PtdIns(3,4,5)P(3), PtdIns(3,4)P(2), PtdIns(4,5)P(2) and PtdIns(3,5)P(2). Binds also weakly to PtdIns(3)P, PtdIns(4)P and PtdIns(5)P. Negative regulator of hypocotyl cell elongation by destabilizing cortical microtubules in a calcium-dependent manner. Binds directly to and destabilized microtubules to enhance microtubule depolymerization when cytoplasmic calcium increases. In case of Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) infection, confers sensitivity by promoting viral cell-to-cell movement through interaction with viral P3N-PIPO.
Mostly expressed in the basal region of hypocotyls. Expressed in seedlings, roots, shoots, stems, leaves (e.g. in epidermis and vascular tissues), flowers (e.g. in pistils and anthers) and siliques (at protein level).
Oxysterol-binding protein that may be involved in the transport of sterols between the ER and the Golgi. Binds beta-sitosterol. Required for ovule fertilization.
Unfertilized ovules, but normal pollen tube attraction.
Belongs to the dihydrofolate reductase family.
Bifunctional enzyme. Involved in de novo dTMP biosynthesis. Key enzyme in folate metabolism. Can play two different roles depending on the source of dihydrofolate: de novo synthesis of tetrahydrofolate or recycling of the dihydrofolate released as one of the end products of the TS catalyzed reaction. Catalyzes an essential reaction for de novo glycine and purine synthesis, DNA precursor synthesis, and for the conversion of dUMP to dTMP.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the thymidylate synthase family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the dihydrofolate reductase family.
Expressed in flowers and siliques. Not detected in pollen, pedicels and seeds.
Expressed in developing phloem and lateral root.
Flat leaves. Altered morphology of abaxial mesophyll cells. Decreased number of trichomes on the adaxial surface and increased number of abaxial trichomes.
In globular embryos, expressed in the peripheral cells in a basal region above the hypophysis. In heart-stage embryos, expressed in the periphery of the presumptive hypocotyl and on the abaxial side of cotyledon primordia. During vegetative growth, expressed the abaxial side of very young leaf primordia. Expressed on the abaxial side of carpel primordia and then in a localized region on the abaxial margin that gives rise to the septum. Later, expressed in the tissue that gives rise to ovules.
Plants overexpressing KAN1 develop elongated and pointed cotyledons and do not produced subsequent leaves, resulting in seedling lethality.
Transcriptional repressor that regulates lateral organ polarity. Promotes lateral organ abaxial identity by repressing the adaxial regulator ASYMMETRIC LEAVES2 (AS2) in abaxial cells. Required for abaxial identity in both leaves and carpels. Functions with KAN2 in the specification of polarity of the ovule outer integument. Regulates cambium activity by repressing the auxin efflux carrier PIN1. Plays a role in lateral root formation and development.
Embryo specific, only in dry mature seeds. Expressed at low levels.
In mature embryos, restricted to provascular tissues. Also present in the seed coat outer tegument and silique epidermis. Levels decrease during seed imbibition and germination.
During embryo development, expressed in the basal part and the vasculature of heart stage and torpedo stage embryos.
Expressed in root tips, emerging lateral roots, shoot apical meristem (SAM), vasculature of cotyledons, leaves, sepals and carpels.
Is required for normal leaf, flower and seed development and controls cotyledon and leaf patterning by inhibiting premature differentiation. Regulates the expression of a subset of PcG target genes. Is required for the repression of the floral specific genes PI, SEP2, and SEP3, but also for the activation of FLC (PubMed:20647345). Involved in response to cold. Involved in the regulation of COR15A, COR15B, BAM3 and AMY3 transcripts, and ascorbate levels in response to prolonged chilling temperatures (PubMed:20674078).
Pleiotropic phenotype with defects in cotyledon, leaf, flower and seed development, slow growth, severe epidermal defects, including loss of cell adhesion, outgrowth of cells and increased cotyledon cell size.
Mostly expressed in flower buds, and, to a lower extent, in inflorescence bolts, roots, seedlings, leaves and siliques.
Essential protein for male fertility. Component of the SCF(ASK-cullin-F-box) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex SCF(FBL17), which mediates the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins. Enables the switch in cell cycle control leading to male germ cell lineage formation from microspores after meiosis. Targets CDKA-1 inhibitors the degradation specifically in male germ cells (e.g. KRP6 and KRP7) and thus enables CDKA-1 activation and germ cell S-phase progression. Promotes twin sperm cell production and double fertilization.
Expressed transiently in the male germ line after asymmetric division. Present in maturing pollen with highest levels in bicellular pollen.
Part of a SCF (ASK-cullin-F-box) protein ligase complex. Interacts with SKP1A/ASK1, KRP4, KRP6 and KRP7.
Stabilization of KRP6 and inhibition of germ cell cycle progression leading to male sterility.
Contains a C-terminal polysaccharide-binding domain which interacts with the phosphatase domain; this interaction is required for glucan phosphatase activity.
Expressed with a circadian rhythm showing a peak at the end of the day and then decreasing to reach the lowest levels at the end of the night.
Reduced plant size, slightly delayed flowering, leaves with large round starch granules and starch in excess.
Starch binding efficiency is dependent on pH and redox conditions.
Starch granule-associated phosphoglucan phosphatase involved in the control of starch accumulation. Acts as major regulator of the initial steps of starch degradation at the granule surface. Functions during the day by dephosphorylating the night-accumulated phospho-oligosaccharides. Can release phosphate from both the C6 and the C3 positions, but dephosphorylates preferentially the C6 position (PubMed:20018599, PubMed:26231210).
Chromo domain 1 may act as a negative regulator of GTP hydrolysis by FFC/cpSRP54. It is unnecessary for targeting complex formation but is required for integration into the thylakoid membrane.
Chromo domain 2 is involved in binding to the M domain of FFC/cpSRP54.
Component of the chloroplast signal recognition particle pathway. Required for post-translational targeting of proteins into the thylakoid membrane but seems to be dispensable for co-translational targeting with a translating ribosome present. May be able to function independently of cpFTSY and FFC/cpSRP54 in targeting LHCPs to the thylakoids. Acts as a highly specific chaperone for LHCPs, preventing aggregation and being able to dissolve aggregates.
Homodimer. Component of the cpSRP complex, composed of a FFC/cpSRP54 monomer and a CAO/cpSRP43 dimer. Interacts (via chromo domains 2 and 3) with ALB3 (via C-terminus), but not with ALB3L1/ALB4. Can interact simultaneously with ALB3 and FFC/cpSRP54. Interacts with LHCP and LTD.
Homodimerization occurs through both the third and the fourth ankyrin repeats.
Plants show a reduced level of the major light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-binding proteins (LHCPs).
The binding to LHCP occurs through the first ankyrin repeat and the L18 domain of LHCP.
Belongs to the allene oxide cyclase family.
High local and systemic induction by wounding.
Highly expressed in fully developed leaves.
Involved in the production of 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA), a precursor of jasmonic acid.
The four allene oxide cyclase proteins (AOC1, AOC2, AOC3 and AOC4) are encoded by duplicated genes. They are very similar, and most experiments involving antibodies do not discriminate between the different members.
Belongs to the SAICAR synthetase family.
Possesses low catalytic activity in vitro. Also active as glucosyltransferase in vitro on benzoates and benzoate derivatives.
Interacts with ABC1K1 in plastoglobules (PG) (PubMed:23673981). Interacts with PGM48 (PubMed:27895226).
Kinase that can phosphorylate the tocopherol cyclase VTE1, a key enzyme of tocopherol (vitamin E) metabolism and involved in the recycling of oxidated alpha-tocopherol quinone, possibly stabilizing it at plastoglobules. Regulates also membrane prenylquinone composition (PubMed:23632854). Required for photooxidative stress responses to prevent photosystem II core and chlorophyll degradations. Together with ABC1K1, contributes to plastoglobule (PG) function in prenyl-lipid metabolism, stress response, and thylakoid remodeling (PubMed:23673981, PubMed:23632854). Promotes photodamage of chloroplasts under continuous red light, thus working in opposition to ABC1K1 (PubMed:25882344).
Suppression of the bleaching and dwarf phenotypes of plants lacking ABC1K1 in red light, associated with the rescue of chlorophylls and carotenoid contents as well as D1 protein level, product of psbA, one of the four core subunits of the photosystem II (PSII) (PubMed:25882344). Slight reduction of nonphotochemical quenching after high light intensity treatment. Abnormal chloroplast ultrastructure with slightly scattered thylakoid grana and reduced starch granules accumulation in normal light. In high light (HL), stronger phenotype with large scattered grana and extensive vacuolation as well as an increase in plastoglobule size and higher number of plastoglobule clusters, but no starch granule (PubMed:23632854). Impaired for the production of plastochromanol-8 (a plastoquinone-derived lipid antioxidant) and the redox recycling of alpha-tocopherol, but normal tocopherol. Increased accumulation of VTE1 and PAP1/FBN1a transcripts, but reduced levels of proteins fibrillin-1a (PAP1/FBN1a) and tocopherol cyclase (VTE1) due to protein instability and leading to abnormal accumulation of the alpha-tocopherol (alpha-T) oxidative- derivate alpha-tocopherol quinone (alpha-TQ) (PubMed:23632854). Conditional light stress phenotype in the double mutant abc1k1 abc1k3 that displays rapid chlorosis upon high light stress and slower, but irreversible, senescence-like phenotype during moderate light stress, drought or nitrogen limitation, but not cold stress. This senescence-like phenotype is associated with the degradation of the photosystem II core and up-regulation of chlorophyll degradation. During light stress, modified prenyl-lipid composition in plastoglobules (PG) probably due to reduced VTE1 activity and loss of CCD4, as well as abnormal recruitment of plastid jasmonate biosynthesis enzymes in PG (PubMed:23673981).
Acts as negative regulator of seedling photomorphogenesis (PubMed:18540109). BBX25/STH and BBX24/STO function as transcriptional corepressors of HY5 activity, leading to the down-regulation of BBX22 expression. BBX25/STH acts additively with BBX24/STO during de-etiolation and the hypocotyl shade avoidance response (PubMed:23624715).
COP1-mediated ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of BBX25/STH occurs in the dark.
Interacts with COP1 WD40 domain (PubMed:11226162). Interacts with HY5 (PubMed:23624715) and HYH (PubMed:23733077).
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 89 family.
Expressed during early and late male gametogenesis, and in cells of the embryo sac at the time of fertilization. After fertilization, expressed in the embryo, suspensor, and endosperm until the cotyledon stage embryo.
Involved in the remodeling of the N-acetyl-glucosamine residues of proteoglycan complexes during reproductive development. Is essential to promote the first divisions of the zygote.
By cold (e.g. 4 degrees Celsius). Levels follow a diurnal regulation with an accumulation during the dark period and reduced levels upon exposure to light (at protein level).
Delayed flowering in short days but not in long days conditions, associated with high expression of MAF5, a floral repressor, due to a reduced H3K9me2 status of MAF5 locus.
Maybe involved in both the vernalization and photoperiod pathways by regulating gene expression. Binds preferentially to dimethylated histone H3 'Lys-9' (H3K9me2). Promotes flowering in non-inductive photoperiods (e.g. short days) through the maintenance of the epigenetically repressed state of MAF5 via H3K9me2 and plant homeodomain / polycomb repressive complex 2 (PHD-PRC2)-dependent H3K27me3.
Self-interacts. Interacts with VIN3 and VIL1. Component of the plant homeodomain / polycomb repressive complex 2 (PHD-PRC2) large complex during prolonged cold, composed of core PRC2 components (VRN2, EZA1, FIE and MSI1), and three related PHD finger proteins (VIL1, VIL2 and VIN3) that mediates histone H3 trimethylation on 'Lys-27' (H3K27me3).
Mainly expressed in roots, flowers and seeds, and, at very low levels, in seedlings, leaves and stems.
Probable beta-1,4-glucan synthase rather involved in the synthesis of the xyloglucan backbone than cellulose. Seems to work simultaneously with xyloglucan 6-xylosyltransferase. Xyloglucan is a noncellulosic polysaccharides of plant cell wall and consists of a glucan backbone substituted by xylose, galactose and fucose.
Interacts with 'Lys-48'-linked polyubiquitin chains. Interacts with RPN10 via its ubiquitin-like domain. Interacts with UBQ1, UBQ2, UBQ5, UBQ7, UBQ10, UBQ11 and IAA16. Binds to RAD4 (PubMed:29283431).
May be involved in nucleotide excision repair (By similarity). Binds and presumably selects ubiquitin-conjugates for destruction. Prefers multiubiquitin chains rather than single ubiquitins, with a binding affinity for 'Lys-48'-linked ubiquitin chains. Acts as a ubiquitin receptor that associates with the 26S proteasomal docking subunit RPN10 for the indirect recognition of ubiquitinated substrates of ubiquitin/26S proteasome-mediated proteolysis (UPP).
May be involved in nucleotide excision repair (By similarity). Binds and presumably selects ubiquitin-conjugates for destruction. Prefers multiubiquitin chains rather than single ubiquitins, with a binding affinity for 'Lys-48'-linked ubiquitin chains. Acts as a ubiquitin receptor that associates with the 26S proteasomal docking subunit RPN10 for the indirect recognition of ubiquitinated substrates of ubiquitin/26S proteasome-mediated proteolysis (UPP). Involved in UV tolerance in both roots and hypocotyls, specifically in dark conditions (PubMed:29283431).
Multiubiquitin chain receptor involved in modulation of proteasomal degradation. Involved in nucleotide excision repair.
Slow growth with abnormal phyllotaxy, shorter primary root with fewer lateral roots, shorter inflorescences, smaller siliques and reduced seed set, with unfertilized ovules interspersed among seeds of normal appearance. Mutant displays resistance to mitomycin C (MMC) (PubMed:20086187). Increased UV sensitivity in both roots and hypocotyls, specifically in dark conditions (PubMed:29283431).
May be responsible for the transport of glucosides into the cell, with the concomitant uptake of protons (symport system). Does not seem to transport sucrose.
Belongs to the acetolactate synthase small subunit family.
Highly expressed in leaves and stems (PubMed:28388946). Expressed in roots, flowers and siliques (PubMed:28388946).
Induced by submergence and low oxygen stress.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions (PubMed:28388946). The double mutants aip1 and aip3 exhibit a lethal phenotype; they fail to develop adult organs, are chlorotic and die (PubMed:28388946).
Plants overexpressing AHASS1 exhibit tolerance to low-oxygen stress.
Regulatory subunit of acetohydroxy-acid synthase (PubMed:11389597, PubMed:11852076, PubMed:28388946). Involved in the feed-back inhibition by branched-chain amino acids (PubMed:11389597, PubMed:11852076, PubMed:28388946). Contains 2 repeats, each of them being able to activate partially the catalytic subunit (PubMed:11389597, PubMed:11852076). The enzyme reconstituted with the first repeat is inhibited by leucine, but not by valine or isoleucine and the enzyme reconstituted with the second repeat is not inhibited by any branched-chain amino acid (PubMed:11389597, PubMed:11852076). In vitro, inhibited by valine and leucine, but not isoleucine (PubMed:28522547). Involved in valine and leucine homeostasis (PubMed:28522547). Required for reproductive development and sodium homeostasis (PubMed:28388946). May play a role under prolonged flooding or oxygen deficiency (PubMed:34834615).
The acetolactate synthase complex contains both large catalytic subunits and small regulatory subunits. The active enzyme may have an alpha(4)beta(4) structure (Probable). The acetolactate synthase complex contains 4 homodimers of the large catalytic subunits, and 1 homotetramer of the small regulatory subunits (PubMed:32640464).
(Microbial infection) Facilitates the development of the powdery mildew fungus E.cruciferarum.
(Microbial infection) May prevent cell death upon A.alternata f.sp. lycopersici (AAL) toxin treatment.
Delayed development of the powdery mildew fungus E.cruciferarum. Increased cell death upon A.alternata f.sp. lycopersici (AAL) toxin treatment.
Expressed in seedlings, roots, leaves, inflorescences and flowers.
Regulates the brassinosteroid (BR) signaling pathway that mediates cell elongation and organ morphogenesis (PubMed:19202280).
Repressed by Brz, a triazole compound that acts as a brassinosteroid (BR)-specific inhibitor.
Molecular chaperone essential for chloroplast development and seedling viability. Mediates internal thylakoid membrane formation and confers thermotolerance to chloroplasts during heat stress.
Plants overexpressing CLPB3 show inhibition of chloroplast development and a mild pale-green phenotype.
Seedling lethal when grown on soil. On agar plates supplied with sucrose, seedlings grow slowly with a chlorotic phenotype. They display irregular and small chloroplasts without starch grains in the stroma and with disorganized grana stacks and undeveloped thylakoid membranes.
Catalyzes the post-translational formation of 4-hydroxyproline in -Xaa-Pro-Gly- sequences in proline-rich peptide sequences of plant glycoproteins and other proteins. Hydroxyprolines are important constituent of many plant cell wall glycoproteins such as extensins, hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins, lectins and arabinogalactan proteins. Possesses high affinity for leucine-rich repeat and proline-rich extensins of root cell walls that are essential for root hair development. Hydroxyprolines define the subsequent O-glycosylation sites by arabinosyltransferases which elongate the O-arabinosides on extensins.
Expressed in epidermal root hair cells (trichoblasts) root hairless cells (atrichoblasts).
Removes the N-terminal methionine from nascent proteins. The N-terminal methionine is often cleaved when the second residue in the primary sequence is small and uncharged (Met-Ala-, Cys, Gly, Pro, Ser, Thr, or Val).
Ubiquitous. Preferentially expressed in green tissues.
Highly expressed in shoot apical meristem (SAM) and in young vegetative tissues.
Increased number of lateral roots and wider stem diameter. Altered cell wall composition with an increased level of de-esterified pectins.
May play a role in the biosynthesis of matrix polysaccharides and contribute to the biomechanics and development of the plant cell wall.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class dynamin-like GTPase superfamily. Dynamin/Fzo/YdjA family. EHD subfamily.
Early flowering in short-day growth conditions.
Homooligomer, and heterooligomer with EHD1 (PubMed:18547399). Interacts with AP-4 complex subunit sigma (At2g19790) (PubMed:19936242).
Involved in endocytosis negative regulation, probably by influencing actin organization. Acts in early endocytic membrane fusion and membrane trafficking of recycling endosomes. Exhibits an inhibitory effect on endocytosis when over-expressed.
The coiled coil domain (488-546) is required to inhibit endocytosis.
Produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane. The alpha chain is a regulatory subunit.
Belongs to the Glu/Leu/Phe/Val dehydrogenases family.
Expressed in roots, stems, leaves and flowers. Low expression in seedlings and siliques.
Not essential for epidermal patterning and not redundant with STRUBBELIG.
Over-expression of SRF1B induces no obvious phenotypes while overexpression of SRF1A may lead to seedling lethality in both cv. Landsberg and cv. Columbia.
Plants do not show root phenotype alteration.
Forms heterooligomers with SWEET11, SWEET13 and SWEET17.
Loss-of-function mutants do not show any induction of At5g16590, another leucine-rich repeat protein located in plasma membrane microdomains.
Required for growth promotion and enhanced seed production mediated by the endophytic fungus Piriformospora indica.
Expressed exclusively in roots, in epidermis and cortex cells of the root elongation zone, and lateral root cap cells at the root tip.
Involved in the regulation of gravitropic response and basipetal auxin transport in roots. Involved in salt stress tolerance. May facilitate membrane trafficking and asymmetric cell elongation via SYT1. Binds stigmasterol and dipalmitoyl phosphoethanolamine (DPPE) in vitro.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants exhibit decreased root basipetal auxin transport, faster root gravitropic response and increase in salt stress tolerance.
Belongs to the ferroportin (FP) (TC 2.A.100) family. SLC40A subfamily.
May be involved in iron transport and iron homeostasis.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but plants have increased sensitivity to nickel when grown in an iron-deficient environment.
Plants over-expressing IREG2 show increased tolerance to elevated concentrations of nickel.
Vacuolar transporter that is involved in the transport of excess nickel into the vacuole under iron deficiency, increasing cellular tolerance to nickel under iron deficiency stress response.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL23 family.
Binds to a specific region on the 26S rRNA.
Ubiquitous, with lower levels in siliques.
Homo- and heterodimer with other ZFHD proteins. Interacts with MIF1, MIF2 and MIF3; these interactions prevent nuclear localization and DNA-binding to inhibit transcription regulation activity. Binds to ZHD1, ZHD2, ZHD4, ZHD5, ZHD6, ZHD7 and ZHD8. Interacts with KIN10 and KIN11 (Ref.11).
In young leaves, accumulates in the adaxial domain of leaf primordia and the rib meristem.
Mostly expressed in rosettes (e.g. young leaves), flowers (e.g. styles), siliques and inflorescence.
Putative transcription factor. Probably involved in establishing polarity during leaf development through the gibberellic acid (GA) signaling pathway.
Heme-containing cytochrome P450 probably involved in the biosynthesis of xanthophylls. Hydroxylates beta-rings of alpha-carotene. May also have activity on beta-rings of beta-carotene.
Confined to the midveins of petioles and leaf blades (PubMed:29258424). In flowers, only expressed in the filaments and stigma papillae (PubMed:29258424).
Expressed in etiolated hypocotyls, petioles, leaves and flowers.
Induced by auxin in an ABP1-dependent manner (PubMed:21223392, PubMed:29258424, PubMed:27999086). Triggered by brassinosteroids, including brassinolide (BL) (PubMed:29258424, PubMed:30649552). Accumulates in reduced red/far-red light ration (R:FR) conditions mimicking shaded conditions (PubMed:29258424). Repressed by abscisic acid (PubMed:29258424). Induced by light (PubMed:31325959).
Provide a mechanistic link between auxin and plasma membrane H(+)-ATPases (PM H(+)-ATPases, e.g. AHA1 and AHA2), and triggers PM H(+)-ATPases activity by promoting phosphorylation of their C-terminal autoinhibitory domain as a result of PP2C-D subfamily of type 2C phosphatases inhibition, thus leading to the acidification of the apoplast and the facilitation of solutes and water uptake to drive cell expansion (PubMed:24858935). Triggers plant growth probably by promoting cell elongation (By similarity). Regulates branch angles and bending (By similarity). Probably involved in light intensity mediated root development (PubMed:31325959).
Highly expressed in roots, young leaves, developing stems, branches, inflorescence meristems, floral meristems and siliques. Expressed at low levels in rosette and cauline leaves.
Plants over-expressing ZFP5 show formation of ectopic trichomes on carpels and other inflorescence organs.
Probable transcription factor required for the initiation of inflorescence trichomes in response to gibberellin (GA). Acts upstream of GIS, GIS2, ZFP8 and the trichome initiation regulators GL1 and GL3 (PubMed:21803862, PubMed:22301962). Binds the promoter region of ZFP8, which may be a direct target of ZPF5 (PubMed:21803862). Is not involved in the regulation of trichome branching (PubMed:22301962). Modulates root hair initiation and elongation in response to cytokinin and ethylene signals by directly promoting expression of the CAPRICE (CPC) gene (PubMed:22762888).
Reduced trichome production on sepals, cauline leaves, paraclades and main inflorescence stems. Reduced number and size of root hairs, due to reduced growth rate.
Required for the biogenesis and accumulation of native cytochrome b6 in the thylakoid membrane. Controls the conversion of apocytochrome b6 to holocytochrome b6. Required for covalent binding of the c-type heme to cytochrome b6.
Seedling lethal when grown on soil. On agar plates supplied with sucrose, seedlings grow very slowly with a chlorotic phenotype. Deficiency in the accumulation of the subunits of the cytochrome b6f complex and lack of covalent heme binding to cytochrome b6.
Benzoate--CoA ligase involved in benzoyloxyglucosinolate biosynthesis in seeds. Glucosinolates are secondary metabolites involved in pathogen and insect defense of cruciferous plants.
Increased susceptibility to the oomycetes Phytophthora brassicae and Phytophthora capsici.
Involved in resistance response to the pathogenic oomycetes Phytophthora infestans and Phytophthora capsici.
Involved in endosomal protein transport.
Long roots in young seedlings and large inflorescences in adult plants. Arrested seedling development in response to glucose.
Proposed as a reliable reference gene for normalization purposes.
Required for some glucose-regulated gene expression, being a physical connection between RGS1 and HXK1 in sugar signaling. Prevents roots and inflorecences growth.
By cytokinins (BA and zeatin) and nitrate.
There are 3 contiguous domains conserved in the CDPK subfamily: a kinase domain, an autoinhibitory (junction) domain and a calmodulin-like domain. The autoinhibitory domain (321-351) inactivates kinase activity under calcium-free conditions (By similarity).
Binds weakly to specific single strand RNA (ssRNA).
Regulates lateral organ growth. Functionally redundant with NGA1, NGA2 and NGA3.
In seedlings, mainly expressed in root tips, cotyledons, hypocotyls, and leaves, as well as its guard cells. In adult plant, detectable in stems, flowers, and siliques.
Transcription activator. Regulates positively abscisic acid (ABA) response. Confers drought tolerance and sensitivity to ABA.
Transiently by ABA and polyethylene glycol (PEG).
Expressed in siliques, but not in flower buds.
Expression restricted to early to mid-stage of silique development. Not found in vegetative stage. Expressed in the micropyle area of the ovule just after fertilization.
Binds preferentially single-stranded DNA. Does not bind to RNA.
Expressed in the floral abscission zone.
Component of the cytochrome b6-f complex, which mediates electron transfer between photosystem II (PSII) and photosystem I (PSI), cyclic electron flow around PSI, and state transitions. PetL is important for photoautotrophic growth as well as for electron transfer efficiency and stability of the cytochrome b6-f complex.
Component of the 7-subunit TFIIH core complex composed of XPB, XPD, TFB1/GTF2H1, GTF2H2/P44, TFB4/GTF2H3, TFB2/GTF2H4 and TFB5/GTF2H5, which is active in NER. The core complex associates with the 3-subunit CDK-activating kinase (CAK) module composed of CYCH1/cyclin H1, CDKD and MAT1/At4g30820 to form the 10-subunit holoenzyme (holo-TFIIH) active in transcription (By similarity). Interacts with XPD (PubMed:16623910).
Component of the general transcription and DNA repair factor IIH (TFIIH) core complex, which is involved in general and transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair (NER) of damaged DNA and, when complexed to CAK, in RNA transcription by RNA polymerase II. In NER, TFIIH acts by opening DNA around the lesion to allow the excision of the damaged oligonucleotide and its replacement by a new DNA fragment. In transcription, TFIIH has an essential role in transcription initiation. When the pre-initiation complex (PIC) has been established, TFIIH is required for promoter opening and promoter escape. Phosphorylation of the C-terminal tail (CTD) of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II by the kinase module CAK controls the initiation of transcription (By similarity). Can restore UV resistance in the NER-deficient ssl1-1 yeast mutant (PubMed:16623910).
This gene was called SMR13 in PubMed:24399300.
Interacts with FKBP42 (PubMed:12410806). Interacts with P23-1 (PubMed:20493581).
May have a molecular chaperone role in the processing of secreted materials. Required for shoot apical meristem (SAM), root apical meristem (RAM) and floral meristem (FM) formation, probably by regulating the folding of CLAVATA proteins (CLVs). Also involved in pollen tube elongation (PubMed:11867518). Involved in resistance to tunicamycin- or high calcium-induced ER stresses. Possesses ATPase activity (PubMed:25297550).
Expressed in hypocotyls, leaves, roots, flowers, sepals and stamina. In leaves, expressed almost exclusively in mesophyll cells.
Vacuolar malate channel. Has a higher selectivity for malate than for fumarate. Exhibits also a weak chloride conductance.
Down-regulated by pathogen, salicylic acid and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC). Up-regulated by salt, gibberellic acid and methyl jasmonate.
Essential component of the signal peptidase complex (SPC) which catalyzes the cleavage of N-terminal signal sequences from nascent proteins as they are translocated into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (By similarity). Essential for the SPC catalytic activity, possibly by stabilizing and positioning the active center of the complex close to the lumenal surface (By similarity).
Essential component of the signal peptidase complex (SPC) which catalyzes the cleavage of N-terminal signal sequences from nascent proteins as they are translocated into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. Essential for the SPC catalytic activity, possibly by stabilizing and positioning the active center of the complex close to the lumenal surface.
Component of the small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein particles containing H/ACA-type snoRNAs (H/ACA snoRNPs).
Required for ribosome biogenesis. Part of a complex which catalyzes pseudouridylation of rRNA. This involves the isomerization of uridine such that the ribose is subsequently attached to C5, instead of the normal N1. Pseudouridine ('psi') residues may serve to stabilize the conformation of rRNAs (By similarity).
Catalyzes the reduction of fatty acyl-CoA to fatty alcohols (PubMed:19062129, PubMed:20571114). Catalyzes specifically the formation of C18:0 and C22:0 fatty alcohols. Provides the fatty alcohols required for synthesis of suberin in roots, seed coat and wound-induced leaf tissue (PubMed:20571114). Provides the fatty alcohols required for synthesis of alkyl hydroxycinnamates in root waxes (PubMed:22797656).
Expressed in the endodermal cell layer surrounding the central vasculature in roots. Expressed in the hilum region of seeds. Expressed in lateral root tips, cotyledons, the shoot apex, young leaves, petals, stamen filaments, and receptacle of siliques.
The O-glycosylation (arabinosylation) of the hydroxyproline Pro-75 enhances binding affinity of the CLE4p peptide for its receptor.
Belongs to the dTDP-4-dehydrorhamnose reductase family.
Bifunctional enzyme involved in dTDP-beta-L-rhamnose biosynthesis. Catalyzes the epimerization of the C3' and C5'positions of dTDP-6-deoxy-4-keto-alpha-D-glucose to form dTDP-4-keto-beta-L-rhamnose and its reduction to yield dTDP-beta-L-rhamnose. Can form UDP-beta-L-rhamnose from UDP-6-deoxy-4-keto-alpha-D-glucose, but cannot convert GDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-mannose to GDP-fucose.
Component of light signal transduction machinery. Involved in repression of photomorphogenesis in darkness by participating in the CDD complex, a complex probably required to regulate the activity of ubiquitin conjugating enzymes (E2s). Repression of photomorphogenesis is probably mediated by ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of photomorphogenesis-promoting factors such as HY5, HYH and LAF1. Plays a role in DNA repair by forming with DDB2 the UV-damaged DNA-binding protein complex (UV-DDB). Component of the CUL4-RBX1-DDB1-PRL1 E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex.
Component of the CDD complex, at least composed of COP10, DET1 and DDB1A (PubMed:15342494, PubMed:24563205). Component of the CUL4-RBX1-CDD complex (PubMed:16844902). Component of the CUL4-RBX1-DDB1-PRL1 E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex (PubMed:18223036). Component of the UV-DDB complex, which is composed of DDB1A and DDB2 (PubMed:17409070). Interacts with RAE1 (PubMed:16844902, PubMed:18223036). Interacts with WDR55 (PubMed:22447688). Interacts with ATCSA-1 (PubMed:20128879). Interacts with DDA1 (PubMed:24563205). Binds to ASG2; the subcellular localization of this complex depends on ASG2 farnesylation status (PubMed:26147561). Binds to KTN80.2/DWA3 (PubMed:21421380). Interacts with HTD1 (PubMed:25358503). Interacts directly with DHU1 (PubMed:25193399).
ADP-ribosylation at Arg-313 by P.syringae type III effector HopF2 reduces the ability of the protein to phosphorylate downstream MPK6.
Activated through serine and threonine phosphorylation by MEKK1 and MAPKKK20 in response to abscisic acid (ABA). Inhibited through phosphorylation by GSK3/Shaggy-like kinase ASKs. Inhibited through ADP-Ribosylation by P.syringae HopF2. Activated after high light stress.
Expressed higher in stems and leaves than in flowers and roots.
Interacts with P.syringae type III effector HopF2 (PubMed:20571112). Interacts with BZR1 (PubMed:24019147). Interacts with MPK6 and MPK3 (PubMed:19513235, PubMed:27913741). Interacts with RACK1A, RACK1B and RACK1C (PubMed:25731164). Interacts with MAPKKK5 mainly in the cytosol (PubMed:27679653). Binds to BASL (PubMed:25843888). Interacts with MAPKKK20 (PubMed:27913741).
Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MAPKK) which regulates abscisic acid (ABA) responses in a MAPKKK20-MKK5-MPK6 cascade involved in root growth (e.g. root cell division and elongation) and stomatal response, probably via MAPK6 activation by protein phosphorylation (PubMed:27913741). Involved in the second phase of hydrogen peroxide generation during hypersensitive response-like cell death. Involved in the innate immune MAP kinase signaling cascade (MEKK1, MKK4/MKK5 and MPK3/MPK6) downstream of bacterial flagellin receptor FLS2. Activates by phosphorylation the downstream MPK3 and MPK6. YDA-MKK4/MKK5-MPK3/MPK6 module regulates stomatal cell fate before the guard mother cell (GMC) is specified. This MAPK cascade also functions downstream of the ER receptor in regulating coordinated local cell proliferation, which shapes the morphology of plant organs. MKK4 and MKK5 participate in the regulation of floral organ abscission. Target of the Pseudomonas syringae type III effector HopF2, that inhibits the activation of the downstream MPK6 and PAMP-triggered immunity. Plays a critical role in high light stress tolerance by the mediation of the Cu/Zn SODs CSD1 and CSD2 gene expression. Phosphorylates BZR1 in vitro.
Phosphorylation at Thr-215 and Ser-221 by MAP kinase kinase kinases positively regulates kinase activity (PubMed:11875555). Phosphorylated by MAPKKK5 and MAPKKK20 in response to abscisic acid (ABA) (PubMed:27679653, PubMed:27913741).
RNAi double mutants MKK4 and MKK5 have a strong abscission defect. RNAi mutant MKK5 shows super-sensitivity to high light stress. Insensitivity to abscisic acid (ABA) in terms of root growth inhibition (e.g. root cell division and elongation) and stomatal response leading to increased water loss under dehydrated conditions (PubMed:27913741). Impaired ABA-mediated increased activity of MPK6 (PubMed:27913741).
Contains 2 motifs that are conserved in esterases, but it is unlikely that this protein belongs to the catalytically active pectin esterases (PubMed:20657172). Tbr mutants are lacking leaf and stem trichome birefringence characteristic of plant cells that contain highly ordered cellulose in their secondary walls (PubMed:20388664).
Expressed in leaf vasculature, growing part of the root, expanding inflorescence stems and trichomes.
Required during cellulose deposition (PubMed:20388664). May act as a bridging protein that binds pectin and other cell wall polysaccharides. Probably involved in maintaining esterification of pectins (Probable). May be involved in the specific O-acetylation of cell wall polymers (By similarity).
Belongs to the RNA methyltransferase RsmE family.
Specifically methylates the N3 position of the uracil ring of uridine 1498 (m3U1498) in 16S rRNA. Acts on the fully assembled 30S ribosomal subunit.
Altered silique morphology and reduced seed set.
Expressed in dry pollen grains and germinating pollen grains.
Probable protein O-fucosyltransferase required for correct pollen tube penetration through the stigma-style interface (PubMed:29467178). May be involved in protein O-glycosylation events during pollen-pistil interactions (PubMed:29467178).
By salicylic acid (SA), menadione and, to a lower extent, by 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB), benoxacor, cloquintocet, fenchlorazol and fluorazol.
Involved in the regulation of stomatal aperture. May function as a high-capacity pump for folates.
Plants have larger stomatal aperture and increased drought susceptibility, but are not affected by the ABA signal transduction pathway.
Ubiquitous. High expression in the guard cells.
By high-salt stress, cold stress and abscisic acid (ABA) treatment.
Homodimer (Probable). Efficient DNA binding requires dimerization with another bHLH protein (By similarity). Interacts with the C-terminal part of HOS1 (PubMed:18641265). Heterodimers with SPCH, MUTE, and FAMA (PubMed:18641265, PubMed:28507175).
The ice1-2 scrm2-1 double mutant lacks stomata so that the epidermis only contains pavement cells.
Transcriptional activator that regulates the cold-induced transcription of CBF/DREB1 genes. Binds specifically to the MYC recognition sites (5'-CANNTG-3') found in the CBF3/DREB1A promoter. Mediates stomatal differentiation in the epidermis probably by controlling successive roles of SPCH, MUTE, and FAMA. Functions as a dimer with SPCH during stomatal initiation (PubMed:18641265, PubMed:28507175).
Ubiquitinated. Cold-treatment induced association with the E3 ubiquitin ligase HOS1 targets the protein for proteolysis by the ubiquitin-dependent proteasome pathway. Sumoylated at Lys-393 by SIZ1. Sumoylated ICE1 represses HOS1 and MYB15 and facilitates the positive regulation of CBF3/DREB1A-dependent cold signaling and freezing tolerance.
Widely expressed in the whole plant with high expression in leaves and stem. Broad expression within stomatal cell lineages of leaf epidermis.
Functions as a proteasomal ubiquitin receptor. Binds and presumably selects ubiquitin-conjugates for destruction. Prefers multiubiquitin chains rather than single ubiquitins, with a binding affinity for 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitin chains.
Interacts with 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitin chains. Interacts with DSK2a.
The PH domain mediates interactions with ubiquitin and DSK2A.
Collaboratively with AIPP1/EDM3 and EDM2, the AAE complex regulates alternative RNA processing (e.g. alternative splicing) and epigenetic silencing (e.g. H3K9me2) of intronic heterochromatin-containing genes as well as genic heterochromatin-containing genes by promoting distal 3' polyadenylation; may associate with intronic heterochromatin and bind gene transcripts to modulates polyadenylation (PubMed:24003136, PubMed:28808009, PubMed:33438356). Required to prevent promoter DNA hypermethylation and transcriptional silencing of some transgenes (PubMed:24003136). Plays a similar role to that of the histone H3K9 demethylase JMJ25/IBM1 in preventing CHG methylation in the bodies of numerous genes. RNA-binding protein that ensures the proper expression of JMJ25/IBM1 full-length transcript by associating with an intronic heterochromatic repeat element of JMJ25/IBM1 (PubMed:24003136, PubMed:23934508, PubMed:24404182). Modulates also transposable elements (TE) expression (PubMed:28808009, PubMed:33438356). Contributes to a unique mechanism to deal with the collateral effect of silencing intronic repeat elements (PubMed:24003136, PubMed:23934508, PubMed:24404182).
Component of the ASI1-AIPP1-EDM2 (AAE) RNA regulatory complex composed of at least AIPP1/EDM3, ASI1 and EDM2 and may contain CPL2, AIPP2 and AIPP3/BDT1 (PubMed:28808009). Binds directly to AIPP1/EDM3 and AIPP2 (PubMed:28808009).
Developmental defects, dwarf phenotype and short siliques. DNA hypermethylation at genic regions. Impeded use of distal polyadenylation sites at intronic heterochromatin (HC)-containing genes (e.g. histone demethylase gene IBM1) resulting in a lack of functional full-length transcripts (PubMed:28808009). Abolished expression of At4g16870, a transposable element (TE) of Copia-like retrotransposon origin, associated with methylated status (PubMed:28808009).
Catalyzes the glutamate:glyoxylate (GGT or GGAT), alanine:glyoxylate (AGT), alanine:2-oxoglutarate (AKT) and glutamate:pyruvate (GPT) aminotransferase reactions in peroxisomes. Required for abscisic acid (ABA)- and stress-mediated responses in an H(2)O(2)-dependent manner. Functions as a photorespiratory aminotransferase that modulates amino acid content during photorespiration (GGAT activity); promotes serine, glycine and citrulline metabolism in response to light.
Down regulated in the dark. Slightly induced upon low-oxygen stress in shoots.
Mostly expressed in leaves, and, to a lower extent, in shoots, stems, flowers, seedlings and green siliques.
Reduced growth. Loss of alanine aminotransferase activity and increased light sensitivity alleviated by addition of sucrose and rescued by high CO(2). Higher H(2)O(2) levels in light conditions. Greater root growth in low water potential and upon NaCl-stress.
Activated by light-induced dephosphorylation. Inhibited by dark-induced phosphorylation. Both reactions are catalyzed by PDRP1.
Both isoforms 1 and 2 increase up to 7 days after sowing, but then decline.
Formation of phosphoenolpyruvate. May be involved in regulating the flux of carbon into starch and fatty acids of seeds and in the remobilization of nitrogen reserves in senescing leaves.
Homotetramer. Interacts with RP1 and RP2.
Isoform 1 is expressed in leaves, flowers and siliques. Isoform 2 is found in cotyledons, rosette and cauline leaves, petioles, flowers and siliques.
Isoform 2, but not isoform 1, is induced during darkness.
Phosphorylation of Thr-543 in the dark inactivates the enzyme. Dephosphorylation upon light stimulation reactivates the enzyme.
Produced by alternative promoter usage. Cytoplasmic.
Produced by alternative splicing of isoform 1.
The N-terminal domain contains the ATP/Pi binding site, the central domain the pyrophosphate/phosphate carrier histidine, and the C-terminal domain the pyruvate binding site.
The catalytic core domain alone is sufficient for the binding to PDRP1 but not for the binding to PDRP2.
The reaction takes place in three steps, mediated by a phosphocarrier histidine residue located on the surface of the central domain. The two first partial reactions are catalyzed at an active site located on the N-terminal domain, and the third partial reaction is catalyzed at an active site located on the C-terminal domain. For catalytic turnover, the central domain swivels from the concave surface of the N-terminal domain to that of the C-terminal domain.
Translation of the sequence shown in PubMed:16915520 was N-terminally extended.
Expressed in the vascular bundles of shoots, cotyledons, young leaves, sepals and petals, at the top of the flower stem and in the style. Expressed in the peduncle of developing siliques as well as in the septum and the funiculi.
No visible phenotype under normal growth condition, but in presence of Cd, increased tolerance to Cd toxicity.
Probable intracellular cadmium (Cd) transporter that participates in the distribution or availability of Cd within the cell.
Interacts with the DELLA proteins (e.g. GAI/RGA2, RGA, RGL1, RGL2 and RGLG3), acting as coactivators and with TPR1 and TPR4, acting as a corepressors, at the promoter of GA20OX2 gene.
Observed in vegetative tissues. Mainly expressed in hypocotyls, petioles, shoot apices, root tips, and trichomes, and, at low levels, in leaves, stems and flowers.
Plants lacking both ENY/IDD1 and GAF1/IDD2 have a decreased responsiveness to gibberellic acid (GA).
Transcription activation is repressed by gibberellic acid GA(3) in the presence of TPR4.
Transcription factor that acts as a positive regulator of gibberellin (GA) action, homeostasis and signaling. GA converts the GAF1 complex from transcriptional activator to repressor via the degradation of DELLA proteins.
In root stele, leaves, siliques, flowers, pollen and stems.
UDP-D-glucuronate 4-epimerase involved in the synthesis of the negatively charged monosaccharide that forms the backbone of pectic cell wall components.
Homodimers and heterodimers. Interacts with the auxin-responsive protein IAA1. Interacts with TPL.
Preferentially expressed in vegetative organs.
Overexpression of GLUTAMINE DUMPER 6 leads to free amino acid levels accumulation and plant size decrease (Ref.6, PubMed:20018597).
Involved in susceptibility to the bacterial plant pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum. Stabilizes the xylem cysteine protease XCP2 by blocking its autolysis.
May be involved in DNA replication and thus regulate cell proliferation.
Acts as a transcriptional repressor. Plays roles in regulating gene expression and genome stability (By similarity).
Highly expressed in pollen grains (PubMed:30628082). Expressed in roots, hypocotyls, leaf vasculature, developing anthers and stigmas, and receptacles of siliques (PubMed:32471859).
Phosphorylates the second messenger diacylglycerol (DAG) to generate phosphatidic acid (PA), another important signaling molecule (PubMed:32471859). PA is required for plant development and responses to abiotic stress and pathogen attack. May be involved in the accumulation of PA during cold stress (By similarity). Involved in the regulation of PA and phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis in growing pollen tubes (PubMed:30628082). Required for nitric oxide-dependent pollen tube growth and re-orientation responses (PubMed:32220864). Functions together with DGK2 in male gametophyte development and biosynthesis of phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylinositol in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) (PubMed:32471859). Involved in PA production for pollen grain growth, as well as leaf and root growth (PubMed:32471859). Possesses guanylyl cyclase activity in vitro (PubMed:30628082, PubMed:32220864).
Reduced plant size with small and curly leaves (PubMed:30628082). Reduced growth rate of pollen tubes and reduced number of seeds (PubMed:30628082). No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but the double mutants dgk2 and dgk4 exhibit defective pollen growth and seed development because of non-viable male gametophyte (PubMed:32471859).
Interacts with ATG13A (PubMed:21984698). Interacts with ATG8E. Binds to ATG8E on autophagic vesicles (PubMed:24563201).
Serine/threonine protein kinase involved in autophagy in a nutritional condition-dependent manner. The ATG1-ATG13 protein kinase complex regulates downstream events required for autophagosome enclosure and/or vacuolar delivery. Becomes a target of autophagy under nutrient starvation. Connects autophagy to plant nutritional status.
Essential for the assembly of the photosystem I (PSI) complex. May act as a chaperone-like factor to guide the assembly of the PSI subunits.
Binds to both sense and antisense RNA (By similarity). Can also bind sheared DNA and dodecamer DNA with a low affinity (By similarity). Interacts with mesophyll plasmodesmata to mediate its own cell-to-cell transport and potentiate RNA trafficking (By similarity). May play a role in plant defense signaling (By similarity).
Circadian-regulation with the lowest levels at the end of the dark period.
Expressed in roots, leaves, stems, buds and flowers.
Involved in the synthesis of short glycan chains within amylopectin in leaves. Is required to generate chains up to about a degree of polymerization of 10 (DP10).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants have reduced starch content in leaves.
Embryonic lethality: arrest at the globular stage of embryo development.
Forms homodimers (PubMed:28503769). Interacts with HAKAI, MTA and VIR (PubMed:28503769). Associates with MTA, FIP37, VIR and HAKAI to form the m6A writer complex which is essential for adenosine methylation at specific mRNA sequences (PubMed:28503769).
Probable non-catalytic subunit of the N6-methyltransferase complex, a multiprotein complex that mediates N6-methyladenosine (m6A) methylation at the 5'-[AG]GAC-3' consensus sites of some mRNAs (PubMed:28503769). Associates with MTA, FIP37, VIR and HAKAI to form the m6A writer complex which is essential for adenosine methylation at specific mRNA sequences (PubMed:28503769). N6-methyladenosine (m6A) plays a role in mRNA stability, processing, translation efficiency and editing (PubMed:28503769).
Component of the TIM17:23 complex at least composed of TIM23, TIM17 and TIM50. The complex interacts with the TIM44 component of the PAM complex (By similarity).
Down-regulated after antimycin A or rotenone treatments.
Expressed in cotyledons, roots, flowers and leaves.
Expressed at low levels in vegetative tissues (roots, stems and seedlings) (PubMed:19154201). Predominantly expressed in green siliques (PubMed:11673616). Expressed in flowers (PubMed:18375658).
Regulated by ATX1 and ATX2 by epigenetic histone H3 methylation.
ABCG36/PEN3 retention and accumulation in the endoplasmic reticulum associated with an increased sensitivity to the root-penetrating pathogenic fungus Fusarium oxysporum.
May act as a substrate-specific adapter of an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex (CUL3-RBX1-BTB) which mediates the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins (By similarity). Confers resistance to soil-born pathogens (e.g. the root-penetrating fungus Fusarium oxysporum) by regulating membrane trafficking, specifically mediating ABCG36/PEN3 exit from the endoplasmic reticulum and subsequent relocalization at the host-pathogen interface of the plasma membrane (PubMed:29085068).
AAL61996 is a fragment and was originally reported as a spliced variant of AAL61995.
Glutamate-gated receptor that probably acts as non-selective cation channel. Can transport calcium ions. May be involved in light-signal transduction and calcium homeostasis via the regulation of calcium influx into cells.
Cross-links actin with a constant of dissociation of 0.4 uM.
Catalyzes the conversion of divinyl chlorophyllide to monovinyl chlorophyllide. Reduces the 8-vinyl group of the tetrapyrrole to an ethyl group using NADPH as the reductant. The best substrate is (3,8-divinyl)-chlorophyllide a (DV-Chlidea). Very low activity with (3,8-divinyl)-protochlorophyllide a (DV-Pchlidea) and (3,8-divinyl)-magnesium-protoporphyrin IX monomethyl ester (DV-MPE). No activity with (3,8-divinyl)-chlorophyllide b (DV-Chlideb), (3,8-divinyl)-magnesium-protoporphyrin IX (DV-Mg-Proto) and either (3,8-divinyl)-chlorophyll a (DV-Chla) or b (DV-Chlb).
Highly expressed in leaves, stems and flower buds. Detected in roots.
Pale-green leaves with a reduced amount of chlorophylls a and b, and an accumulation of divinyl chlorophylls. Severe reduction of grana stacks in chloroplasts.
Interacts with ATG4 (By similarity). Interacts with NBR1 (PubMed:21606687).
The C-terminal 5 residues are removed by ATG4 to expose Gly-117 at the C-terminus. This Gly-117 forms then a thioester bond with the 'Cys-558' of ATG7 (E1-like activating enzyme) before being transferred to the 'Cys-258' of ATG3 (the specific E2 conjugating enzyme), in order to be finally amidated with phosphatidylethanolamine. This lipid modification anchors ATG8 to autophagosomes.
Impaired pollen development and partial male-sterile phenotype.
Involved in pollen wall development. Catalyzes the conversion of medium-chain saturated fatty acids to the corresponding monohydroxylated fatty acids, with a preferential hydroxylation of lauric acid at the C-7 position. In-chain hydroxylated fatty acids, together with omega-hydroxylated fatty acids, are key monomeric aliphatic building blocks for sporopollenin synthesis during exine formation.
Specifically expressed in the tapetum cell layer and the microspores of anthers at the tetrad stage. Expression starts to decrease during pollen maturation and tapetum cell degeneration to finally disappear.
By NaCl and abscisic acid (ABA) treatments.
Highly expressed in flowers, expressed at low levels in siliques, and at low level in leaves and roots (PubMed:10102577, PubMed:11806824). Highly levels in elongating cells in both roots and shoots (PubMed:25082856).
Interacts with SYP61 and SYP121 in trafficking vesicles and at the plasma membrane.
Water channel required to facilitate the transport of water across cell membrane. May be involved in the osmoregulation in plants under high osmotic stress such as under a high salt condition.
Produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane.
Activator of mRNA decapping. Involved in mRNA decay via decapping.
Embryo lethal when homozygous, and defective for seed maturation when heterozygous.
RNA chaperone required for proper U12 intron splicing and for normal growth and development of plants. Mainly responsible for meristem activity. Plays a role in regulating cell division.
Ubiquitous. Abundantly expressed in the shoot apical neristem.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 29 family.
Hydrolyzes both 3- and 4-linked fucoses in Lewis determinants. Not active on neither 2-linked fucose nor on fucose in alpha-1,3-linkage to the innermost GlcNAc.
Was reported by PubMed:11788770 to be an alpha-1,2-fucosidase.
Belongs to the DPH1/DPH2 family. DPH2 subfamily.
Required for the first step of diphthamide biosynthesis, a post-translational modification of histidine which occurs in elongation factor 2. DPH1 and DPH2 transfer a 3-amino-3-carboxypropyl (ACP) group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) to a histidine residue, the reaction is assisted by a reduction system comprising DPH3 and a NADH-dependent reductase. Facilitates the reduction of the catalytic iron-sulfur cluster found in the DPH1 subunit.
An article reported a role as negative regulator of ABA during seed germination; however, this paper was later retracted.
Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 2 family.
Improved drought tolerance accompanied by lower rates of water loss. Impaired sensitivity to gibberellin (GA) and brassinosteroid (BR) in seed germination. Hypersensitivity to ABA and glucose (Glc) during and after seed germination. Altered response to blue light (BL).
In seedlings, mostly expressed in small roots, and to a lower extent in hypocotyls. In young plants, equaly expressed in leaves, roots, and shoot tip. In old plants, present in roots, flower buds and young siliques, but not in leaves.
Modulated during the cell cycle with a peak during the early G(1) phase.
Mostly present in the meristematic regions. Expressed at low levels in seedlings, vascular tissues of cotyledons, hypocotyl, and roots, stems, leaves, flowering buds and siliques. In dark-grown seedlings, localized in the cotyledons and the hook.
Together with GPA1, may regulate the cell cycle via a signaling cascade that uses phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) as an effector and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate(IP(3)) as a second messenger. Promotes PI-PLC activity and IP(3) accumulation. Involved in the blue light (BL) signaling. Together with GPA1 and ADT3, required for BL-mediated synthesis of phenylpyruvate and subsequently of phenylalanine (Phe), in etiolated seedlings. Probably involved in cytokinin signal transduction. Plays a positive role in gibberellin- (GA) and brassinosteroid- (BR) regulated seed germination, probably independently of a heterotrimeric G-protein. Mediates seed dormancy abolition, and promotes seed germination and flowering.
Expressed in rosette leaves, flower and siliques.
Low expression in vegetative and flower stages. No expression in young siliques but highly expressed in older siliques.
Highly expressed in roots meristems and shoot apical meristems (SAMs) (PubMed:29259105). Observed in flowers (PubMed:29259105).
Pollen tube attractants guiding pollen tubes to the ovular micropyle.
Functions in chloroplast biogenesis and chloroplast division (PubMed:10417716, PubMed:22900897). Required for plastid development during embryogenesis (PubMed:22900897, PubMed:24964212). Might be involved in chaperone functions or play a structural role in the thylakoid FtsH complex (PubMed:12185496).
Expressed in roots and flowers. Expressed in the shoot apex, leaf primordia and young leaves.
Interacts with WAK1 (via the extracellular domain). Component of a 500 kDa complex, composed of GRP3 or GRP3-S, WAK1 and KAPP.
Regulates the function of the receptor protein kinase WAK1.
Beta-glucosidase involved in the rapid degradation of flavonol 3-O-beta-glucoside-7-O-alpha-rhamnosides during abiotic stress recovery. No activity with quercetin 3-O-alpha-rhamnoside, quercetin 3-O-beta-galactoside and rutin.
Up-regulated during abiotic stress recovery.
Mediates oxidation of p-hydroxylated derivatives of cinnamyl alcohol (i.e. the monolignols p-coumaryl-, coniferyl-, and sinapyl alcohol) to their corresponding aldehydes. The electron acceptor required for these reactions is not known, but does not seem to be dioxygen. Is much less efficient towards cinnamyl alcohol.
Expressed in cotyledons, leaves and sepals.
Involved in the regulation of cellular expansion and differentiation.
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mL41 family.
Substrate-binding subunit of the Rab geranylgeranyltransferase (GGTase) complex. Binds unprenylated Rab proteins and presents the substrate peptide to the catalytic component composed of the alpha subunit RGTA and the beta subunit RGTB (Probable). Preferentially binds the GDP-bound form of Rab and stimulates geranylgeranylation of various Rab GTPases in vitro (PubMed:15854662).
Belongs to the class V-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. Histone-lysine methyltransferase family. SETD6 subfamily.
Core component of at least two putative endosomal tethering complexes, the homotypic fusion and vacuole protein sorting (HOPS) complex and the class C core vacuole/endosome tethering (CORVET) complex.
Core component of at least two putative endosomal tethering complexes, the homotypic fusion and vacuole protein sorting (HOPS) complex and the class C core vacuole/endosome tethering (CORVET) complex. Their common core is composed of the class C Vps proteins VPS11, VCL1, VPS18 and VPS33, which in HOPS further associates with VPS39 and VPS41 and in CORVET with VPS3 (PubMed:12589039, PubMed:29463724). Interacts directly with VPS39 and VPS3 (PubMed:29463724).
Expressed in roots, leaves, stems, siliques and flowers.
Involved in regulating membrane fusion at the tonoplast and the prevacuolar compartment.
SNAREs, soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor-attachment protein receptors, are essential proteins for fusion of cellular membranes. SNAREs localized on opposing membranes assemble to form a trans-SNARE complex, an extended, parallel four alpha-helical bundle that drives membrane fusion.
Predominantly expressed in the inflorescence stem, but not in siliques.
In young seedlings, expressed in the shoot apical meristem (SAM) and in root tips (PubMed:22897245). In inflorescence, observed only in young floral buds and seeds (PubMed:22897245). Accumulates at the late bicellular pollen stage and levels gradually strengthened from the tricellular pollen stage to the mature pollen stage (PubMed:22897245).
Involved in pollen mitosis II (PMII) regulation during male gametogenesis.
Plants lacking APD1, APD2, APD3 and APD4 are defective for cell division in male gametogenesis resulting in severe abnormal bicellular-like pollen phenotypes.
Binds medium- and long-chain acyl-CoA esters with very high affinity. Can interact in vitro with arachidonyl-CoA, barely with oleoyl-CoA, but not with palmitoyl-CoA.
According to PubMed:11877383, it is not involved in seed germination.
Interacts directly with the GID2/SLY1 component of the SCF(GID2) complex. Interacts (via N-terminus) with GID1A, GID1B and GID1B (via N-terminus). Interacts with the BOI proteins BOI, BRG1, BRG2 and BRG3. Binds to and coactivates GAF1/IDD2 and ENY/IDD1 (PubMed:25035403).
May be ubiquitinated, as suggested by its interaction with GID2. Ubiquitination is however unsure since in contrast to other DELLA proteins, it is not ubiquitinated and degraded upon GA application. Nevertheless, ubiquitination may be triggered by other processes.
Predominantly expressed in germinating seeds and flowers and siliques. Highly expressed in inflorescences and weakly or not expressed in rosette leaves, etiolated seedlings, siliques, mature stems and roots. RGA and GAI transcripts were detected at slightly varying levels in all tissues examined. RGL2 signal was undetected, and RGL3 signal was very weak in all tissues examined (rosette leaves, seedlings, inflorescences, and siliques) except inflorescences. In the flower, it is expressed in developing ovules as well as in developing anthers throughout microspore development.
Probable transcriptional regulator that acts as a repressor of the gibberellin (GA) signaling pathway. No effect of the BOI proteins on its stability. Probably acts by participating in large multiprotein complexes that repress transcription of GA-inducible genes. Has overlapping but distinct roles in GA signaling compared to RGA and GAI. Regulates the floral development. May also participate in seed germination and in ovule and anther development. Its activity is probably regulated by other phytohormones such as auxin and ethylene.
The DELLA motif is required for its GA-induced degradation.
Transcriptional regulator that acts as a repressor of the gibberellin (GA) signaling pathway. Probably acts by participating in large multiprotein complexes that repress transcription of GA-inducible genes.
Circadian-regulation. Induction by light.
Displays a lethal photorespiratory phenotype when grown at ambient carbon dioxide.
Functions in the photorespiratory pathway in catalyzing the interconversion of serine and glycine. Involved in controlling cell damage caused by abiotic stress, such as high light and salt and the hypersensitive defense response of plants.
Homotetramer (By similarity). Interacts with GLU1 (PubMed:19223513). Interacts with UBP16 (PubMed:23232097).
Recessive mutant shmt1-1 (shm1-3) shows enhanced susceptibility to salt stress and to biotrophic and necrotrophic pathogens.
Ubiquitous. Mostly expressed in leaves, less abundant in stems, flowers and siliques, and barely detectable in roots.
Highly expressed in pollen. Detected in seedlings, inflorescences, seeds, leaves and roots.
Magnesium. Can also use other divalent cations like manganese or cobalt.
Sugar-1-kinase with a strict substrate specificity for D-glucuronic acid and ATP. Involved in the biosynthesis of UDP-glucuronic acid (UDP-GlcA), providing nucleotide sugars for cell-wall polymers. May be also involved in a salvage pathway for glucuronic acid.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that promotes the ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of KRP1 and KRP2.
Favors geminivirus replication by up-regulating the host cell cycle.
Induced by the beet severe curly top virus (BSCTV) C4 protein and by BSCTV infection.
No defects in growth and development, but reduced susceptibility to beet severe curly top virus infection.
Homodimer (By similarity). Interacts with FBN5 (PubMed:26432861).
Involved in providing solanesyl diphosphate for plastoquinone-9 (PQ-9) formation in plastids (PubMed:15784989, PubMed:23913686) (Probable). Catalyzes the elongation of the prenyl side chain of PQ-9 in plastids (PubMed:23913686). Contributes to the biosynthesis of plastochromanol-8 (PC-8) in plastids (PubMed:23913686). Does not contribute to the synthesis of tocopherol or ubiquinone (PubMed:23913686). PQ-9 and PC-8 are lipophilic antioxidants that act as protectant against photooxidative stress under high light stress conditions (PubMed:23913686). Prefers geranylgeranyl diphosphate to farnesyl diphosphate as substrate (PubMed:15784989). No activity with geranyl diphosphate or dimethylallyl diphosphate as substrate (PubMed:15784989).
Reduced growth (PubMed:23913686). Decreased levels of plastoquinone-9 (PQ-9) and complete loss of plastochromanol-8 (PC-8) in leaves (PubMed:23913686). Severe increase of photoinhibition at high light intensity (PubMed:23913686). The double mutants sps1 and sps2 exhibit an albino phenotype and are devoided of both PQ-9 and PC-8 in cotyledons (PubMed:23913686).
Ectopic fruit organ initiation after floral meristem termination (PubMed:21705761). Enhanced disease resistance response to the bacterial pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum and to the biotrophic oomycete pathogen Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis (PubMed:26990325).
In a central region of the shoot and in early flower meristems.
Involved in the detection of CLV3 and CLV3-like (CLE) peptides, that act as extracellular signals regulating meristem maintenance. Acts with CLV3p as a ligand-receptor pair in a signal transduction pathway coordinating growth between adjacent meristematic regions and controlling the balance between meristem cell proliferation and differentiation.
Self-interacts. Interacts with CRN; this interaction is direct. Interacts with CLV3 and CLE2 mature peptides (MCLV3 and CLE2p, respectively) via its extracellular leucine-rich repeat region.
Key regulatory enzyme of the glycolytic pathway that catalyzes the final step of glycolysis, converting ADP and phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to ATP and pyruvate by essentially irreversible transphosphorylation.
Acts as a dual component transporter with NTR2.1. Required for high-affinity nitrate transport. Acts as a repressor of lateral root initiation. May be involved in targeting NRT2 proteins to the plasma membrane.
Heterotetramer composed of two NRT2.1 and two NRT3.1 (PubMed:20561257). Interacts with NRT2.1 and NRT2.3 (PubMed:17012411). Interacts with all other NRT2 transporters, including NRT2.5 (PubMed:22432443).
Highly expressed in roots. Detected in shoots.
No visible phenotype when grown under normal conditions. Reduced growth on low-nitrate media.
Up-regulated in roots by nitrate. No effect in shoots. Induced by sudden N starvation and by low nitrate concentration.
By wounding, salicylic acid, abscisic acid, methyl jasmonate, salt treatment and amino acids histidine, leucine and phenylalanine. No induction by glutamic acid, methionine or tryptophan.
Expressed in roots. Detected in shoots, leaves and flowers.
Peptide transporter involved in stress tolerance in seeds during germination and in defense against virulent bacterial pathogens.
Belongs to the 2H phosphoesterase superfamily. CPD1 family.
Expressed in leaves, stems, roots, floral buds and germinating seeds.
Hydrolyzes ADP-ribose 1'',2''-cyclic phosphate (Appr>1) that is produced during tRNA splicing into ADP-ribose 1''-phosphate (Appr-1''p) (PubMed:9148938). Acts also on nucleoside 2',3'-cyclic phosphates (PubMed:9148938).
Inhibited by Cu(2+) and Zn(2+) at 0.5 mM by 93 and 87% respectively (PubMed:9148938). Not inhibited by Ca(2+), Mg(2+), Co(2+), Ni(2+), and EDTA at 0.5 mM (PubMed:9148938).
Adds the second glucose residue to the lipid-linked oligosaccharide precursor for N-linked glycosylation. Transfers glucose from dolichyl phosphate glucose (Dol-P-Glc) onto the lipid-linked oligosaccharide Glc(1)Man(9)GlcNAc(2)-PP-Dol (By similarity).
The phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol (PI) to PI4P is the first committed step in the generation of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), a precursor of the second messenger inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3) (By similarity). Undergoes autophosphorylation and phosphorylates serine/threonine residues of protein substrates (PubMed:17880284).
Reduces the C14=C15 double bond of 4,4-dimethyl-cholesta-8,14,24-trienol to produce 4,4-dimethyl-cholesta-8,24-dienol. Required for cell division and expansion and is involved in proper organization of the embryo.
Acts as an important epigenetic regulator through multiple silencing mechanisms (PubMed:23555312, PubMed:24726328, PubMed:24719467, PubMed:25211139). Involved in transcriptional gene silencing (TGS). Plays a role for DNA methylation in the RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) pathway. Contributes to the methylation status of the retrotransposon SN1. Required for DNA methylation only at a subset of RdDM target loci (PubMed:24719467). Plays a regulatory role in RdDM through retention of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in normal cells. Helps to retain Pol V-transcribed RNAs in chromatin to enable their scaffold function and is required for genome-wide Pol IV-dependent siRNA (24 nt siRNA) production that may involve retention of Pol IV transcripts (PubMed:24726328). Involved in association with RRP6L2 in the silencing of the solo LTR locus. Controls levels of ncRNAs from the solo LTR locus. Seems to function independently of the RdDM pathway (PubMed:23555312). Functions redundantly with RRP6L2 in the regulation of FLC locus. Participates in the maintenance of trimethylated 'Lys-27' (H3K27me3) at FLC locus via the regulation of antisense long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and the regulation of diverse antisense RNAs derived from the FLC locus (PubMed:25211139). Seems not involved in the exosomal RNA degradation (PubMed:24726328, PubMed:25211139). Can complement the growth defect of a yeast mutant lacking RRP6 exonuclease (PubMed:18285452).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions (PubMed:18285452, PubMed:25211139). The double mutants rrp6l1 and rrp6l2 have a late flowering phenotype (PubMed:25211139).
Abrogated induction of DHU1 in response to UV-B (PubMed:28735869). The double mutant shw1 cop1 displays an enhanced photomorphogenic growth in the darkness as well as abnormal accumulation of HY5 (PubMed:26474641). The double mutant dhu1-1 cop1-6 phenotype resemble that of the single mutant cop1-6 (PubMed:28735869).
Although plants lack TRIB proteins, a human TRIB1 peptide binds to a highly conserved surface on the top face of the beta propeller, indicating a general mode for recognition of peptide motifs by COP1.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that acts as a repressor of photomorphogenesis and as an activator of etiolation in darkness. E3 ubiquitin ligases accept ubiquitin from an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme in the form of a thioester and then directly transfers the ubiquitin to targeted substrates. Represses photomorphogenesis in darkness by mediating ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of light-induced transcription factors such as HY5, HYH and LAF1. Down-regulates MYB21, probably via ubiquitination process. Light stimuli abrogate the repression of photomorphogenesis, possibly due to its localization to the cytoplasm. Could play a role in switching between skotomorphogenetic and photomorphogenetic pathways. Mediates the ubiquitination-dependent degradation of HY5 in the darkness during seedling development (e.g. hypocotyl growth) (PubMed:26474641). Represses CIP7 in darkness (PubMed:9668129). Triggers ubiquitination and subsequent protein degradation of UNE10/PIF8 in the dark (PubMed:31732705).
Homodimer. Interacts with HY5, HYH, BBX24/STO, BBX25/STH, CIP8, COP10, SPA1, SPA2, SPA3, SPA4 and UVR8 and phosphorylated PHYA. Light induces dissociation of the SPA1/COP1 complex. Interacts with HRT/RPP8 and triggers it to the 26s proteasome. Binds to CRY2; this competitive interaction prevents triggering to proteasome of other binding proteins (PubMed:20624951). Binds to SHW1 in the nucleus (PubMed:26474641). Bonds to CIP7 (PubMed:9668129). Interacts with CSU2 (PubMed:26714275). Binds to CIP1 (PubMed:7753789). Interacts directly with DHU1 (PubMed:28735869). Associates to UNE10/PIF8 (PubMed:31732705).
The coiled-coil domain (134-201) is necessary for SPA1, SPA3 or SPA4 binding. The DWD box is required for interaction with DDB1A.
Contains 4-hydroxyproline; hydroxylated on Pro-65 and Pro-67.
Endogenous secreted peptide that acts as elicitor of immune response and positive regulator of defense response. Amplifies the immune response triggered by flg22, the active epitope of bacterial flagellin. Acts as negative regulator of root growth.
Expressed in guard cells, hydathodes, leaf trichomes, and vascular tissues of leaves and roots.
Induced by infection with the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato strain DC3000 and the fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum conglutinans strain 699. Induced by the flagellin flg22, chitin elicitor and salicylate.
Belongs to the phytoene/squalene synthase family.
Catalyzes the condensation of 2 farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) moieties to form squalene.
Expressed in all tissues analyzed (seedlings, cotyledons, inflorescences, siliques, leaves, stems and roots). Highly expressed in roots and pollen.
First observed in very early stages of seedling development. Particularly expressed in the vascular tissues and the petioles.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS30 family.
Catalyzes the production of acetyl-CoA, an activated form of acetate that can be used for lipid synthesis or for energy generation. May play a limited role in the biosynthesis of lipids.
Expressed in leaves, flower buds and young flowers.
In the forming silique, expressed in the funiculus and ovule from 1 to 3 day after flowering (DAF). At 3 DAF, expressed in the globular embryo, but expression decreases at 5 DAF and almost disappears at 7 DAF in the embryo. By 1 d after imbibition, expressed in the tip of seed radicle and then in the root tip up to 4 d after imbibition.
Maintains high levels of reduced glutathione in the cytosol.
Maintains high levels of reduced glutathione.
Catalyzes the C6-oxidation step in brassinosteroids biosynthesis (PubMed:11402205, PubMed:12529536, PubMed:16024588). Converts 6-deoxocastasterone (6-deoxoCS) to castasterone (CS) (PubMed:16024588). May also convert 6-deoxoteasterone (6-deoxoTE) to teasterone (TE), 3-dehydro-6-deoxoteasterone (6-deoxo3DT, 6-deoxo-3-DHT) to 3-dehydroteasterone (3DT, 3-DHT), and 6-deoxotyphasterol (6-deoxoTY) to typhasterol (TY) (PubMed:11402205, PubMed:12529536). Required for the initiation of female gametogenesis (megagametogenesis) (PubMed:21364326).
In the female gametophyte, accumulates in ovules and its neighboring sporophytic cells.
Mainly expressed in apical shoots, hypocotyls, siliques and roots (PubMed:12529536, PubMed:32333772). Also present in the female gametophyte (PubMed:21364326).
No obvious morphological alteration during vegetative or floral development, but semi-sterile phenotype with several female gametophytes arrested before the first nuclear mitotic division of the haploid functional megaspore.
Repressed by brassinolide (BL) treatment (PubMed:12427998). Induced rapidly and transiently in seedlings hooks but fades out of hypocotyls after exposure to light (PubMed:32333772).
Embryo lethality when homozygous (PubMed:20118203, PubMed:21423667). Eearly flowering (PubMed:23284292). Slightly lower ATX1 occupancy at the 5'-end regions of the target genes (PubMed:23284292). Decreased TATA-binding protein (TBP) levels lower Ser5P Pol II levels near the transcription start sites (TSSs) of target genes and of Pol II at the genes 3'-ends thus affecting the transition from transcription initiation to transcription elongation (PubMed:23284292). Significantly reduced trimethylated 'Lys-4' of histone H3 (H3K4me3) levels at the 5'-ends of WRKY70 and LTP7 genes leading to reduced transcript accumulation (PubMed:23284292).
Named TRAUCO (TRO) in honor of the fertility mythology from the Chiloe island in southern Chile.
Part of a complex composed of TRO, RBL and WDR5A. Interacts with RBL, but not with WDR5A or WDR5B. This complex is formed during both vegetative and reproductive development.
Trithorax-group gene homolog required for early embryogenesis (PubMed:20118203, PubMed:21423667). Required for the expression of FLC and FLC homologs and represses flowering (PubMed:21423667). Required for proper leaf growth and development (PubMed:21423667). Part of COMPASS-like complexes responsible for H3K4 trimethylation, but not for di- or mono-methylation of histone H3 'Lys-4' (PubMed:21423667). Binds to target loci chromatin, increasing H3K4 trimethylation and causing activation of the gene (PubMed:21423667). Involved in the transition from transcription initiation to transcription elongation (PubMed:23284292).
Ubiquitous. Highest expression in pollen and seeds. Expressed in the embryo and the suspensor cells. Detected in cotyledons, roots, leaf hydathodes, sepals, anthers and pollen grains (PubMed:20118203). Strongly expressed in root tips, shoot apices, vascular tissues, developing embryos and endosperms (PubMed:21423667).
Expressed from 16 cell embryo stage, long before shoot meristem is evident, and gradually become restricted to the center of shoot meristem primordium.
In the active shoot meristem, it is specifically expressed in a small cell group underneath the presume position of stem cells. Also expressed in the floral meristem. Expressed in the nucellus of ovule primordia.
Interacts with TPL and TPR4. Interacts with BZIP30 (PubMed:27402171).
Repressed by the CLV (CLV1, CLV2 and CLV3) proteins, possibly to rapidly down-regulate WUS expression in apical daughter cells after cell divisions, suggesting the existence of a feedback loop. Repressed by AG at the end of floral development. Down-regulated by ULT1, probably to establish floral meristem determinacy.
Transcription factor that plays a central role during early embryogenesis, oogenesis and flowering, probably by regulating expression of specific genes. Required to specify stem cell identity in meristems, such as shoot apical meristem (SAM). May induce shoot stem cells activity in order to maintain the stem cell identity. Involved in the developmental root meristem. In shoot apices, it is sufficient to induce the expression of CLV3, a putative ligand of the CLV signaling pathway. Also required to sustain organogenesis in the floral meristem by contributing to the expression of its own repressor, the AGAMOUS (AG) gene at the end of flower development. Binds directly to the 5'-TTAAT[GC][GC]-3' DNA sequence in the regulatory sequence of AG and activates its expression directly. Regulates one important step in ovule development to induce integument formation from the underlying chalazal domain. Participates in the promotion of vegetative to embryonic transition. Required to repress LEC1 expression.
High-chlorophyll-fluorescence phenotype. Short roots.
Mediates copper transfer across the plastid envelope. Required for the delivery of copper into the plastid stroma, which is essential for the function of copper proteins. Seems to be selective for monovalent copper Cu(+) transport. Also plays a role in glucose signaling-mediated cell proliferation of root meristem in non-green tissues.
Plays redundant role with PV42b in regulating male gametogenesis and pollen tube guidance.
Shorter siliques and reduced seed sets in pv42a and pv42b RNAi double mutant.
By ozone. By salicylic acid (SA) (at protein level).
Displays a dual function. As a soluble protein, exhibits glutathione-dependent thiol transferase and dehydroascorbate (DHA) reductase activities (PubMed:12077129). Exhibits glutathione-dependent thiol transferase and dehydroascorbate (DHA) reductase activities. Key component of the ascorbate recycling system. Involved in the redox homeostasis, especially in scavenging of ROS under oxidative stresses. Plays a role in ozone tolerance.
Mutant develops distinct foliar lesions under ozone exposure.
By BRM, at the chromatin level, and conferring a very specific spatial expression pattern.
First expressed at the globular stage, mostly in the apical part of the embryo. During the triangular stage, confined to the boundary of emerging cotyledons. Later restricted to the center of the apical part of the embryo and to seedling apex, at the boundaries of the cotyledon margins and the boundaries between the SAM and the cotyledons. Localized in a one-cell-wide ring at the boundary between trichomes or lateral roots and epidermis. Accumulates at the boundaries between leaf primordia and the shoot meristem and between floral primordia and the inflorescence meristem. Found in the adaxial axils of secondary inflorescences and pedicels, and in axiallary buds. In flowers, expressed in a ring at the bases of sepals and petals. In carpels, confined to the boundaries between ovule primordia. In ovules, localized in a ring at the boundary between the nucellus and the chalaza. In the mature embryo sac, detected in the two polar nuclei of the central cell.
In a general manner, present at the boundaries between mersitems and araising primordia.
Transcription activator. Involved in molecular mechanisms regulating shoot apical meristem (SAM) formation during embryogenesis and organ separation. Required for axillary meristem initiation and separation of the meristem from the main stem. May act as an inhibitor of cell division.
Transposase-derived protein that may have nuclease activity.
Catalyzes the omega-hydroxylation of various fatty acids (FA). Acts on saturated and unsaturated fatty acids with chain lengths from C12 to C18. May be involved in the biosynthesis of cutin in the epidermis which prevents post-genital organ fusions. Hydroxylated FAs may be important for trichome differentiation, establishment of apical dominance and senescence.
Expressed in leaves, stems, flowers and siliques. Expressed at low levels in roots.
Induced by abscisic acid (ABA) and auxin. Down-regulated by wounding.
Organ fusion between rosette leaves and in inflorescences.
Belongs to the diacylglycerol acyltransferase family.
Lacks the N-terminal part with coiled coil domains, which are common features of the NEAP family.
Binds medium- and long-chain acyl-CoA esters with very high affinity. May function as an intracellular carrier of acyl-CoA esters. Confers resistance to cold and freezing. Interacts with phosphatidylcholine and derivatives, but not phosphatidic acid and lysophosphatidylcholine. May be involved in phospholipid metabolism.
Enhanced sensitivity to freezing stress.
Mostly expressed in seeds, stems, and siliques, and, to a lower extent, in leaves, flowers, and roots (at protein level) (PubMed:8660683, PubMed:18621979). Highly expressed in root and shoot phloem companion cells (PubMed:28786767).
Up-regulated in constant darkness and down-regulated in the light. Induced by cold (at protein level).
Expressed in flowers, and seeds, and, to a lower extent, in seedlings.
Transcriptional activator that binds specifically to the DNA sequence 5'-[AG]CCGAC-3'.
Expressed in mature cauline leaves and at the tip of influorescence, including flowers. Expressed at lower level in young tissues relative to older ones.
Phosphatase involved in elongation process, probably by acting as a regulator of brassinolide signaling.
Displays no resistance to potyvirus. Possesses reduced amounts of chlorophyll a and b. I4g1 and i4g2 double mutants show reduced germination rates, slow growth rates, moderate chlorosis, late flowering, impaired fertility and reduced long term seed viability. They also exhibit altered responses to dehydration, salinity, and heat stress. The i4g1 and i4g2 double mutant has reduced amounts of chlorophyll a and b.
Circadian-regulation. Peak of transcript abundance near subjective dawn. Up-regulated transiently by light.
No effect on the regulation of core clock associated genes or on the hypocotyl length, but hypersensitivity to freezing stress and slightly earlier-flowering phenotype. Rve1 and rve2 double mutant has no alteration in the period or phase of the clock. Rve1, rve2 and rve7 triple mutant has no alteration in the period or phase of the clock.
Positive regulator for cold-responsive gene expression and cold tolerance. Part of a regulatory feedback loop that controls a subset of the circadian outputs and modulates the central oscillator. Negatively self-regulates its own expression.
Regulated at the level of mRNA maturation by RH42 (PubMed:23371945). The RVE2 pre-mRNA can be alternatively spliced, generating a poison cassette exon that harbors an very early in-frame premature termination codon. The resulting severely truncated mRNA is not efficiently translated (PubMed:22747664).
May be involved in the early steps of the plant defense signaling pathway.
Involved in the synthesis of nucleoside triphosphates other than ATP. The ATP gamma phosphate is transferred to the NDP beta phosphate via a ping-pong mechanism, using a phosphorylated active-site intermediate (By similarity).
Expressed constitutively in roots, stems, and flowers.
Component of the cytochrome b6-f complex, which mediates electron transfer between photosystem II (PSII) and photosystem I (PSI), cyclic electron flow around PSI, and state transitions.
The 4 large subunits of the cytochrome b6-f complex are cytochrome b6, subunit IV (17 kDa polypeptide, PetD), cytochrome f and the Rieske protein, while the 4 small subunits are PetG, PetL, PetM and PetN. The complex functions as a dimer (By similarity).
CC-NB-LRR receptor-like protein required for recognition of pathogenic bacteria type III effectors (T3E) such as Pseudomonas syringae HopZ1a and HopF2a and Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) XopAC/AvrAC; this recognition requires ZED1-related kinases (e.g. PBL2, ZRK3 and ZED1/ZRK5) (PubMed:20368970, PubMed:26355215, PubMed:28288096, PubMed:30948527, PubMed:30948526, PubMed:28652264). Confers allele-specific recognition and virulence attenuation of HopZ1a (PubMed:20368970). Immunity mediated by RPP13L4/ZAR1 is independent of several genes required by other resistance protein signaling pathways such as NDR1 and RAR1 (PubMed:20368970). Together with ZED1/ZRK5, involved in the regulation of the ambient temperature-sensitive intersection of growth and immune response in the absence of pathogens (PubMed:28499073).
Increased sensitivity to the pathogenic biotrophic bacteria Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) (PubMed:26355215, PubMed:30948527). Reduced resistance to Pseudomonas syringae expressing HopZ1a (PubMed:26355215, PubMed:28288096).
Interacts with ZED1/ZRK5 (PubMed:24170858). Component of a stable high-order oligomeric complex made of RKS1 and RPP13L4/ZAR1 which recruits ZED1-related kinases (e.g. uridylylated PBL2 and acetylated ZED1/ZRK5) in the presence of ATP and pathogenic bacteria type III secreted effector (T3SE) proteins (e.g. Pseudomonas syringae HopZ1a and HopF2a and Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) XopAC/AvrAC) to form a wheel-like pentameric resistosome; this complex triggers immunity toward pathogenic bacteria (e.g. X.campestris and P.syringae), especially in vascular tissues (PubMed:26355215, PubMed:30948527, PubMed:30948526). Interacts with RKS1, ZED1/ZRK5, ZRK3, ZRK6 and ZRK15 (PubMed:26355215, PubMed:30948526, PubMed:28652264).
N-terminal amphipathic alpha helix form a funnel-shaped structure that is required for the plasma membrane association of the resistosome complex, cell death triggering, and disease resistance.
Belongs to the transcriptional coactivator PC4 family.
General coactivator that functions cooperatively with TAFs and mediates functional interactions between upstream activators and the general transcriptional machinery. Binds single-stranded DNA (By similarity).
Involved in the production of sphingoid long-chain base (LCB). Is required for the cold-induced accumulation of phytosphingosine-phosphate, the regulation of the cold-responsive MPK6 and reduction of root growth at moderate low temperature.
Belongs to the ABC transporter superfamily. ABCD family. Peroxisomal fatty acyl CoA transporter (TC 3.A.1.203) subfamily.
Contributes to the transport of fatty acids and their derivatives (acyl CoAs) across the peroxisomal membrane. Provides acetate to the glyoxylate cycle in developing seedlings. Involved in pollen tube elongation, ovule fertilization, and seeds germination after imbibition (controls the switch between the opposing developmental programs of dormancy and germination), probably by promoting beta-oxidation of storage lipids during gluconeogenesis. Required for biosynthesis of jasmonic acid and conversion of indole butyric acid to indole acetic acid. Confers sensitivity to monofluoroacetic acid (FAc), a toxic acetate analog, and to 2,4-dichlorophenoxybutyric acid (2,4-DB) and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), two precursors of auxin after beta-oxidation.
Impaired germination after imbibition, rescued by sucrose treatment. Resistance to FAc, IBA and 2,4-DB. Compromised ability to convert acetate into soluble carbohydrate. Defective in lipid mobilization and accumulate acyl CoAs. Poor initiation of lateral root formation and smaller rosettes with fewer leaves than in wild-type. Crinkled and waxy leaves.
Levels increase transiently after germination, before and during radicle emergence, especially in darkness (at protein level).
Expressed in seedlings, inflorescences, flowers and siliques, and, at low levels, in roots, leaves (including vascular bundles) and stems (PubMed:18713399, PubMed:28650521, PubMed:34197643). Particularly observed in stomatal guard cells (PubMed:34197643).
Higher accumulation of histone H3 methylation H3K9me1 and H3K9me2 marks, including hypermethylation of histones (H3) at CO and FLC promoters during flowering and at PR1 and WRKY25 promoters upon pathogenic interaction (PubMed:28650521). Early flowering probably due to misregulation of CO and FLC (PubMed:28650521). Higher water loss leading to an increased sensitivity to drought and associated with reduced abscisic acid- (ABA), hydrogen peroxide- (H(2)O(2)) and calcium- (Ca(2+)) induced stomatal closure (PubMed:34197643). Impaired resistance to the virulent bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst DC3000) associated with compromised expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes (e.g. PR1, PR3, PR4 and PR5), but an enhanced accumulation of WRKY25 (PubMed:28650521).
Histone demethylase that demethylates 'Lys-9' (H3K9me) of histone H3 with a specific activity for H3K9me1 and H3K9me2 (PubMed:28650521, PubMed:34197643). No activity on H3K4, H3K27, H3K36, H3R2 and H4R3 methyl marks, but weak activity on H3K9me3 (PubMed:28650521, PubMed:34197643). Involved in regulation of gene expression (PubMed:28650521). Regulates flowering time by repressing the major flowering regulator CONSTANS (CO) and promoting FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) (PubMed:28650521). Exhibits a positive impact on abscisic acid- (ABA), hydrogen peroxide- (H(2)O(2)) and calcium- (Ca(2+)) induced stomatal closure (PubMed:34197643). Promotes stomatal-closure-dependent drought-stress responses through its histone demethylase activity toward at least GOLS2 and RD20 loci, thus protecting them from silencing by removing H3K9me2 marks in drought conditions (PubMed:34197643). Required for plant defenses leading to resistance against the virulent bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst DC3000) via a negative regulation of WRKY25 (a repressor of defense) and by triggering the expression of several pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins (e.g. PR1, PR3, PR4 and PR5) (PubMed:28650521).
Negatively regulated by RPN1A via proteasome-mediated protein degradation in non-drought conditions (PubMed:34197643). Accumulates in response to drought (PubMed:34197643). Induced by the virulent bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst DC3000) (PubMed:28650521).
Expressed in germinating seeds, rosette and cauline leaves, flower buds, open flowers, stems and developing siliques.
Induced by salt stress, osmotic shock and abscisic acid (ABA).
Plants overexpressing MYB94 exhibit deposition of epicuticuar wax crystals on leaf surface.
Transcription activator involved in the activation of cuticular wax biosynthesis under drought stress. Binds directly to the promoters of genes involved in cuticular wax biosynthesis. Transactivates WSD1, KCS2/DAISY, CER1, CER2, FAR3 and ECR genes (PubMed:25305760, PubMed:27577115). Functions together with MYB96 in the activation of cuticular wax biosynthesis (PubMed:27577115).
Expressed in petioles, hypocotyls, peduncles, vascular bundles and root meristems.
Heavy-metal-binding protein. Involved in the maintenance of heavy metal homeostasis and/or in detoxification.
Up-regulated by cadmium, Hg, Fe and Cu, but not by Mn or Co.
Catalyzes the synthesis of jasmonates-amino acid conjugates by adenylation; can use Ile and, in vitro at least, Val, Leu and Phe as conjugating amino acids on jasmonic acid (JA) and 9,10-dihydro-JA substrates, and to a lower extent, on 3-oxo-2-(2Z-pentenyl)-cyclopentane-1-butyric acid (OPC-4) and 12-hydroxy-JA (12-OH-JA). Can synthesize adenosine 5-tetraphosphate in vitro. Required for the JA-mediated signaling pathway that regulates many developmental and defense mechanisms, including growth root inhibition, vegetative storage proteins (VSPs) accumulation, induced systemic resistance (ISR), response to wounding and herbivores, tolerance to ozone O(3) (probably having a role in lesion containment). Plays an important role in the accumulation of JA-Ile in response to wounding, both locally and systemically; promotes JA responding genes especially in distal part of wounded plants, via the JA-Ile-stimulated degradation of JAZ repressor proteins by the SCF(COI)E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase pathway. Involved in the apoptosis-like programmed cell death (PCD) induced by fungal toxin fumonisin B1-mediated (FB1). Required for volatile compounds (C6-aldehydes and allo-ocimene)-mediated defense activation. Involved in the non-pathogenic rhizobacterium-mediated ISR (defense priming) by P.fluorescens (strains CHAOr and WCS417r) and P.putida LSW17S against infection leaf pathogens such as P.syringae pv. tomato and H.parasitica. Required for the JA-dependent resistance to fungi such as P.irregulare, U.vignae and U.appendiculatus. Necessary to induce systemic resistance against R.solanaceraum and P.syringae pv. tomato with P.oligandrum (a non-pathogenic biocontrol agent) cell wall protein fraction (CWP). Mediates PGIP2 accumulation in response to B.cinerea infection and thus contributes to resistance against this pathogen. Modulates the UV-B alteration of leaves attractiveness to diamondback moths P.xylostella leading to insect oviposition. Involved in the regulation of far-red light influence on development, being an actor of the interplay between light and JA signaling (PubMed:28223489). Seems necessary for the salicylic acid (SA)-mediated, NPR1-independent resistance pathway. May contribute to the chitin-elicited pathway. Contributes to the sensitivity toward F.graminearum.
Interacts with GSTU20/FIP1 under continuous far red (cFR) light; this binding increases its activity and determines the priority of substrate binding.
Long hypocotyl phenotype under continuous far red (cFR) light. Suppression of COP1 disruption. Decreased sensitivity to jasmonic acid (JA) and methyl-jasmonate (MeJA) inhibition of root elongation, but increased sensitivity to abscisic acid during seed germination. Reduced induced systemic resistance (ISR) mediated by P.fluorescens (CHAOr and WCS417r) and P.putida LSW17S in roots toward H.parasitica and P.syringae pv. tomato in leaves. Increased susceptibility to the fungi P.irregulare, U.vignae and U.appendiculatus. Enhanced sensitivity to ozone O(3). Reduced fungal toxin fumonisin B1-mediated (FB1) induced apoptosis-like programmed cell death (PCD). Impaired SA-mediated, NPR1-independent resistance pathway. Reduced gene induction in resposne to chitin. Reduced PGIP2 accumulation upon B.cinerea infection leading to enhanced sensitivity. Altered defense activation by volatile compounds such as C6-aldehydes. Disrupted UV-B alteration of leaves attractiveness to diamondback moths P.xylostella, accompanied with reduced levels of UV-absorbing phenolic compounds. Reduced accumulation of JA-Ile conjugates in response to wounding, both locally and systemically. Compromised P.oligandrum cell wall protein fraction (CWP) induce systemic resistance against R.solanaceraum and P.syringae pv. tomato. Enhanced resistance to F.graminearum.
Rapidly induced by auxin. Accumulates locally in response to wounding.
Belongs to the TFIID complex together with the TBP-associated factors (TAFs) (PubMed:7675079). Binds DNA as monomer. Interacts with TAF1 (via N-terminus) (PubMed:17340043). Interacts with MEE12/CCG1 (PubMed:26462908). Associates with PWP2 in the nucleus (PubMed:19929880). Component of a nuclear protein complex containing at least TATA binding proteins (TBPs, e.g. TBP1 and TBP2) and ATX1 (PubMed:21266657).
General transcription factor that functions at the core of the DNA-binding multiprotein factor TFIID. Binding of TFIID to the TATA box is the initial transcriptional step of the pre-initiation complex (PIC), playing a role in the activation of eukaryotic genes transcribed by RNA polymerase II.
Embryonic lethality when homozygous in the phs1-2 allele (PubMed:15208393), but after several backcrossing, phs1-2 and other homozygous alleles (phs1-4 and phs1-5) are similar to the wild-type (PubMed:20224945).
Probable dual specificity phosphatase that binds and dephosphorylates MPK18, modulating the organization and dynamics of cortical microtubules. Acts as negative regulator of abscisic acid (ABA) signaling during seed germination and light-induced stomata aperture.
Expressed in developing microspores during pollen development. First observed at the tetrad stage, and later accumulates in an early unicellular stage. Levels decrease as the pollen grain matures.
Required during early processes in pollen development.
Expressed at its highest level between 21 and 25 days, during the inflorescence stem elongation phase.
Involved in stem and root growth. Possesses xylan and homogalacturonan synthase activity.
Significant reduction of root and stem growth, xylan reduction in stem and increased susceptibility to the cellulose synthase inhibitor isoxaben.
By pathogenic bacteria (e.g. P.syringae) and jasmonic acid (MeJA).
Hypersusceptiblity to both virulent and avirulent strains of the bacterial pathogen P.syringae associated with impaired pathogen-mediated induction of salicylic acid (SA) and reduced pathogenesis-related (PR) genes induction. These phenotypes are reversed by SA treatment. In the cv. No-0 but not the cv. Columbia background, defects in SA accumulation or signaling enhances resistance to necrotrophic pathogens such as the fungi B.cinerea and A.brassicicola, leading to small necrotic spots and minor chlorosis, as well as reduced fungal growth.
Required for pathogen-induced salicylic acid (SA) accumulation and SA-mediated resistance to virulent and avirulent pathogens (e.g. P.syringae).
Age-dependent accumulation. First observed in young seedlings in cotyledons and regularly in the tip regions of very young leaves. Accumulates strongly in older leaf parts at the senescence onset. In flowers, present in mature organs such as old sepals, petals, old stamens, mature anthers, and pollen grains. Confined to floral organ abscission zone of mature flowers. Also observed in roots.
Delayed senescence accompanied by a small delay in flowering time.
Mostly expressed in root cortex, phloem, atrichoblast and quiescent center (QC), and, to a lower extent, in root endodermis, xylem, pericycle, columella and lateral root cap (LRC) (PubMed:16581911). Expressed in roots, cotyledons, very young leaves, senescing leaves, mature flowers and pollen (PubMed:21303842).
Rapidly and strongly induced by H(2)O(2) treatment in both leaves and roots. Accumulates during senescence and in response to wounding.
Transcription activator that binds to DNA in promoters of target genes on a specific bipartite motif 5'-[AG]CGT[AG](4-5n)[AG][CT]ACGCAA-3' (PubMed:16359384, PubMed:21303842). Triggers the expression of senescence-associated genes during age-, salt- and dark-induced senescence through a regulatory network that may involve cross-talk with salt- and H(2)O(2)-dependent signaling pathways (PubMed:21303842).
Adds the third glucose residue to the lipid-linked oligosaccharide precursor for N-linked glycosylation. Transfers glucose from dolichyl phosphate glucose (Dol-P-Glc) onto the lipid-linked oligosaccharide Glc(2)Man(9)GlcNAc(2)-PP-Dol. Can complement an ALG10-deficient yeast mutant.
Belongs to the ALG10 glucosyltransferase family.
Small plants with reduced leaf size. Hypoglycosylation of glycoproteins leading to ER stress and activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR). Increased sensitivity to salt stress.
Expressed in inflorescence, specifically in male meiocytes.
First detected in sporogenous cells at late anther stage 4. Maximum levels observed in male meiocytes at anther stage 5, prior to meiosis. Fades out at anther stage 6, during meiosis to disappear later. Also present at low levels in the placenta of very young pistils.
Interacts with JMJ16 in the nucleus of male meiocytes, especially on pachytene chromosomes.
Male sterile that lacks pollen and undergoes an aberrant male meiosis resulting in the formation of two uni- to tri-nucleate cells instead of a normal tetrad, accompanied by aberrant chromosomal organization from diplotene followed by metaphase 1 arrest. After, male meiocytes exhibit signs of apoptosis, including defects in chromosome behavior, cytoplasmic shrinkage, and chromatin fragmentation, followed by cell death before cytokinesis. Reduced expression of several condensin genes in meiocytes leading to defective meiotic chromosome condensation in male meiocytes (PubMed:27385818, PubMed:32572214). Increased H3K9me3 levels specifically in male meiocytes leading to greater number of down-regulated than up-regulated genes (PubMed:32572214).
Probable transcription factor required for chromosome organization and progression during male meiosis (e.g. microsporogenesis) (PubMed:12782723, PubMed:14573517). Necessary for fertility and meiotic progressive compaction of prophase I chromosomes to metaphase I bivalents (PubMed:27385818). Together with JMJ16, promotes gene expression in male meiocytes in an H3K9me3-dependent manner, and contributes to meiotic chromosome condensation by triggering some condensin promoters (e.g. CAP-D3 and CAP-H) (PubMed:32572214, PubMed:27385818).
Abundant in floral organs and in young developing tissues.
According to the redox status, the Cys-97-Cys-138 disulfide bridge may have a role in regulating protein function by affecting its ability to bind capped mRNA.
Decreased susceptibility to TuMV and TEV.
EIF4F is a multi-subunit complex, the composition of which varies with external and internal environmental conditions. It is composed of at least EIF4A, EIF4E and EIF4G. EIF4E is also known to interact with other partners. In higher plants two isoforms of EIF4F have been identified, named isoform EIF4F and isoform EIF(iso)4F. Isoform EIF4F has subunits p220 and p26, whereas isoform EIF(iso)4F has subunits p82 and p28. This isoform interacts with the viral protein genome linked (VPg)-proteinase of turnip mosaic potyvirus. Interacts directly with LOX2. Interacts with BTF3 (PubMed:15716105).
Recognizes and binds the 7-methylguanosine-containing mRNA cap during an early step in the initiation of protein synthesis and facilitates ribosome binding by inducing the unwinding of the mRNAs secondary structures. Mediates susceptibility to Turnipmosaic potyvirus (TuMV) and Tobacco etch potyvirus (TEV).
Interacts with NRPD1 and SHH1. Associates with Pol IV complex, forming an interpolymerase channel bridging their active sites, through which the Pol IV-generated transcript is handed over to the RDR2 active site after being backtracked, where it is used as the template for double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) synthesis (PubMed:34941388). Interacts with JMJ24 (PubMed:26119694).
Late flowering and absence of siRNAs derived from FWA tandem repeat regions. Loss of de novo methylation. Increased expression of retrotransposon-derived solo long terminal repeat (solo LTR) and SDC due to their derepression; levels are even higher in the double mutant rdr2-1 jmj24-1 (PubMed:26119694).
RDR2 is non-functional in the absence of associated Pol IV.
RNA-dependent direct polymerase involved in the production of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). Binds to single-stranded RNA (ssRNA); engages ssRNAs longer than 7 nucleotides and initiates internal to their 3' ends (PubMed:34903670). Able to transcribe the RNA of an RNA/DNA hybrid, the transcript produced by Pol IV, if its 3' end is accessible, to generate double-stranded small interfering RNAs (dsRNAs) precursor essential for establishing and maintaining DNA methylation (PubMed:34903670, PubMed:34941388). Required for the biogenesis of endogenous siRNAs of 24 nucleotide which derive from heterochromatin and DNA repeats such as transposons or endogenous gene tandem repeats, such as repeats present in FWA gene. Involved in transcriptional gene silencing (TGS). Component of the RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) silencing pathway that utilizes siRNAs to guide DNA methyltransferases to asymmetric cytosines. Involved in control of flowering time through RdDM of FWA locus. Required for reception of long-distance mRNA silencing in the shoot. Required for the formation of telomeric siRNAs and the RNA-dependent DNA methylation of asymmetric cytosines in telomeric (5'-CCCTAAA-3') repeats.
In flowers, first detected at the early anther development stages with stronger expression at stages 6 and 7 (PubMed:22694475). Also observed during ovule development with high levels during meiosis (PubMed:22694475).
Interacts with PRD1; this interaction facilitates a binding to PRD3.
Reduced fertility upon self-pollination, producing polyads with an abnormal number of microspores during pollen formation (PubMed:22694475). Meiocytes are defective in homologous chromosome synapsis and segregation (PubMed:22694475). Homologous recombination is severely affected during meiotic prophase I (PubMed:22694475).
Required for meiotic double-strand break (DSB) formation, the initial event for meiotic recombination.
Expressed in root vascular tissue, tips of primary and secondary roots, young leaves, hydathodes, stomatal guard cells, cauline leaves, flower buds, stipules, carpels, pistils and anther filaments.
Plant-specific single-stranded DNA-binding protein required for efficient heterologous recombination-dependent DNA repair in nuclear and mitochondrial compartments. Forms large nucleo-protein complexes with WHY2 in mitochondria. Binds ssDNA with high affinity, but with little sequence specificity (PubMed:22762281). Involved in double-stranded DNA break repair (PubMed:22202891). Involved in the hydrolytic splicing pathway in mitochondrion. Facilitates the excision of two cis-spliced group II introns, NAD1 intron 2 and NAD2 intron 1 (PubMed:26048959).
Transcription elongation factor implicated in the maintenance of proper chromatin structure in actively transcribed regions.
Pollen tube attractants guiding pollen tubes to the ovular micropyle. Attracts pollen tubes from both A.thaliana and A.lyrata.
Belongs to the nucleotide-sugar transporter family. GDP-Mannose:GMP antiporter (GMA) (TC 2.A.7.13) subfamily.
Expressed in rosette leaves, stems, flowers and siliques.
GDP-mannose transporter that may be involved in the import of GDP-mannose from the cytoplasm into the Golgi lumen.
By salicylic acid (SA), benzol(1,2,3)thiadiazole-7-carbothioic acid S-methyl ester (BTH) and 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid (INA).
May act as a substrate-specific adapter of an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex (CUL3-RBX1-BTB) which mediates the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins (By similarity). Key positive regulator of the SA-dependent signaling pathway that negatively regulates JA-dependent signaling pathway. Mediates the binding of TGA factors to the as-1 motif found in the pathogenesis-related PR-1 gene, leading to the transcriptional regulation of the gene defense. Controls the onset of systemic acquired resistance (SAR). Upon SAR induction, a biphasic change in cellular reduction potential occurs, resulting in reduction of the cytoplasmic oligomeric form to a monomeric form that accumulates in the nucleus and activates gene expression. Phosphorylated form is target of proteasome degradation.
Oligomer in an uninduced state; disulfide-linked. Forms activated monomer upon SAR induction. Interacts with TGA1, TGA3, TGA4, TGA5, TGA6, TGA7 and with reduced forms of TGA1 and TGA4. Interacts with NIMIN-1, NIMIN-2 and NIMIN-3.
Phosphorylated at Ser-11 and Ser-15 in the nucleus; facilitates its recruitment to a cullin3-based ubiquitin ligase leading to polyubiquitination and subsequent CUL3/CSN-mediated degradation.
S-nitrosylation at Cys-156 facilitates its oligomerization.
The Cys-82-SH group reacts with Cys-216-SH of the other subunit to form an intermolecular disulfide. This disulfide might subsequently be reduced upon SAR induction.
Early expression is detected in the inflorescence apex of developing flowers and also in the ovule primordium and the integuments.
Expressed in both floral and vegetative tissues.
May form heterodimeric complexes with TALE/KNOX proteins STM, KNAT1/BP, KNAT2 and KNAT5 (PubMed:17873098). Interacts with AG-SEP1 and AG-SEP3 dimers (PubMed:17693535). Interacts with KNATM, isoform KNATM-B (PubMed:18398054). Interacts with BZIP30 (PubMed:27402171).
Plays a major role in ovule patterning and in determination of integument identity via its interaction with MADS-box factors. Formation of complex with AG-SEP dimers negatively regulates the carpel identity process and favors the maintenance of ovule identity. BEL1-STM complex maintains the indeterminacy of the inflorescence meristem. Required, with SPL, for cytokinin-induced PIN1 expression in ovules (PubMed:22786869).
No visible phenotype due to the redundancy with TRZ3. Trz3 and trz4 double mutants are lethal.
Zinc phosphodiesterase, which displays tRNA 3'-processing endonuclease activity. Involved in tRNA maturation, by removing a 3'-trailer from precursor tRNA. Can process the mitochondrial tRNA-like structures (t-elements).
Contributes to the transfer of mature mRNA from the nucleus to the cytosol. Required for both R gene-mediated and basal disease resistance. RNA export seems to play a critical role in stress responses and regulation of plant growth and development. Required for proper expression of factors associated with auxin signaling.
Expressed in roots, stems, anthers, siliques and vascular tissues of cotyledons, leaves and hypocotyls.
Pleiotropic phenotype with diverse growth defects and early flowering. Enhanced ethylene response and sensitivity to cold stress. Reduced EDS1 expression and enhanced susceptibility to virulent Pseudomonas bacteria and oomycete pathogens. Accumulation of nuclear poly(A)+ RNA and high-molecular weight SUMO conjugates.
Expressed in flowers, siliques and seeds (at protein level).
Folate-dependent protein involved in Fe/S cluster biogenesis. Functionally complements an E.coli mutant defective in ygfZ.
Belongs to the expansin family. Expansin B subfamily.
May cause loosening and extension of plant cell walls by disrupting non-covalent bonding between cellulose microfibrils and matrix glucans. No enzymatic activity has been found (By similarity).
Bifunctional enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of flavin-mononucleotide (FMN) to riboflavin (vitamin B2) and the phosphorylation of riboflavin to form (FMN) coenzyme.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the flavokinase family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the HAD-like hydrolase superfamily. CbbY/CbbZ/Gph/YieH family.
Activated by threonine and tyrosine phosphorylation (By similarity). Activated by two independent mechanisms, the binding of CAMs in a calcium-dependent manner and the phosphorylation by MAP kinase kinase MKK3. Activated in response to mechanical wounding, hydrogen peroxide and jasmonic acid (JA).
Dually phosphorylated on Thr-266 and Tyr-268, which activates the enzyme (By similarity). Autophosphorylated.
Interacts with CAM3, CAM4 and CAM7 in an calcium-dependent manner.
MKK3-MPK8 and CAMs-MPK8 modules negatively regulates ROS accumulation through controlling expression of the RBOHD gene during wounding.
No visible phenotype; due to redundancy with CPN60B1. Cpn60B1 and cpn60B2 double mutant produces small albino seedlings.
Plants over-expressing OFP18 show small rosette size, late flowering, reduced fertilization and blunt-end siliques.
Aldehyde reductase that catalyzes the reduction of the aldehyde carbonyl groups on saturated and alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes with more than 5 carbons (PubMed:21169366). No activity on alpha,beta-unsaturated ketones (PubMed:21169366). Can use propionaldehyde, butyraldehyde, methylglyoxal, (e)-2-pentenal, (E)-2-hexenal, (Z)-3-hexenal and (E)-2-nonenal as substrates, but not propenal (acrolein), crotonaldehyde, 2-butanone, 3-buten-2-one or 1-penten-3-one (PubMed:21169366). May act as a short alcohol-polyol-sugar dehydrogenase possibly related to carbohydrate metabolism and the acquisition of desiccation tolerance (By similarity). May also be involved in signal transduction (By similarity).
Required for normal plastid function and plant development. Required for correct plastid ribosome assembly. Required for processing and maturation of 4.5S rRNA.
Component of the PRC2 (polycomb repressive complex 2) complex which regulates histone methylation on histone H3K27.
May influence gene expression by regulating the function of the PRC2 complex and modulating H3K27me3 level.
Dwarfism and sterile flowers when homozygous and semi-sterility when heterozygous under normal growth conditions. Reduced inhibition of hypocotyl elongation under continuous red light.
Expressed in leaves, inflorescence stems, roots, flower buds, open flowers and siliques.
SR-like splicing factor required for phytochrome B (phyB) signal transduction and involved in phyB-dependent alternative splicing.
The RS domain (871-946) is required for phytochrome B signal transduction through alternative splicing regulation.
Catalyzes the conversion of methylthioalkyl glucosinolates into methylsulfinylalkyl glucosinolates. Specific for 8-methylthiooctyl (8-MTO) glucosinolates.
Increased accumulation of methylthiooctyl glucosinolates in seeds.
Predominantly expressed in developing seeds. Also expressed in rosette leaves.
Probable potassium channel. May interact with the cytoskeleton or with regulatory proteins (By similarity).
Component of high molecular weight thylakoid LFNRs-containing protein complexes containing LIR1, LFNR1, LFNR2, TIC62 and TROL proteins.
Expressed in leaves and stems, and at lower levels in flowers and siliques (at protein level).
Rhodanese domain-containing protein required for anchoring ferredoxin--NADP reductase to the thylakoid membranes and sustaining efficient linear electron flow (LEF).
Slight reduction in rosette size, yellowish inflorescences and siliques and small chloroplasts with irregular morphology and no starch grains.
Chromatin-associated protein which contributes to the modulation of chromatin structure (such as super-helical structure of DNA) and function (PubMed:25387881). Binds to chromatin of protein-coding genes throughout the genome to regulate nucleosome occupancy and chromatin accessibility, and to modulate the expression of target genes (PubMed:25387881). Negative regulator of stress tolerance (e.g. high salt) (PubMed:25387881).
Found in a mRNA splicing-dependent exon junction complex (EJC) (PubMed:25387881). Binds specifically histones H3 and H4 (PubMed:25387881). Interacts with TOP1A, SCC3, At1g61730, At1g20940, At1g13930, DEK4, HDT1, NIT1, SHL, CYP19-1, GEBPL, HSP70-3, PDP2, PDP3, KIN2, RPL11A and PDS5A (PubMed:25387881).
Increased expression of some target genes (e.g. TOP1A, EFS, MBD9, NUP160, DEK1, BIG, HB-1 and CMT3), but reduced expression of other target genes (e.g. HKL1 and PDS5) (PubMed:25387881). Increased salt stress tolerance leading to a better seed germination in high salt conditions (PubMed:25387881).
Strongly and rapidly down-regulated by salt stress in shoots and roots.
Essential for nitrogen assimilation, distribution and remobilization within the plant via the phloem.
Expressed in leaves, stems and roots, and at lower levels in flowers.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class myosin-kinesin ATPase superfamily. Kinesin family. KIN-5/BimC subfamily.
Responsible for microtubule translocation. May be important for the organization of phragmoplast-specific arrays of microtubules (By similarity). Plays an essential role in stabilizing the mitotic spindle. Required during mitotic cytokinesis (By similarity).
Belongs to the WD repeat PRL1/PRL2 family.
Component of the multiprotein assembly MOS4-associated complex (MAC) at least composed of MOS4, CDC5, PRL1 and PRP19 (PubMed:17575050, PubMed:19629177). Interacts with CDC5 (PubMed:17575050). Component of the CUL4-RBX1-DDB1-PRL1 E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex. Interacts with DDB1A through its DWD motif (PubMed:18223036). Interacts with AKIN10, AKIN11 and PIPC (PubMed:10220464). Interacts with KAP2 (PubMed:9765207).
Hypersensitivity to glucose and sucrose. Enhanced sensitivity of plants to stress and to growth hormones including cytokinin, ethylene, abscisic acid, and auxin. Accumulation of sugars and starch in leaves, and root elongation. Cell elongation defects. Enhanced susceptibility to virulent and avirulent pathogens.
Pleiotropic regulator of glucose, stress and hormone responses. Also regulates cytochrome P450 CYP90A1/CPD. Coordinates the expression of hormone- and stress-related genes and genes related to cell wall modification and growth, leading to altered sugar-dependent growth and developmental responses. Component of the MAC complex that probably regulates defense responses through transcriptional control and thereby is essential for plant innate immunity. By suppressing the expression of several (1)O(2)-responsive genes, PRL1 seems to play a major role in modulating responses of plants to environmental changes by interconnecting (1)O(2)-mediated retrograde signaling with other signaling pathways. Acts as negative regulator of SNF1-related protein kinases AKIN10 and AKIN11 via the inhibition of their interaction with SKP1/ASK1. Component of the CUL4-RBX1-DDB1-PRL1 E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex, PRL1 may function as the substrate recognition module within this complex, leading to the AKIN10 degradation.
Galactinol synthase involved in the biosynthesis of raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs) that function as osmoprotectants. Promotes stress tolerance of factors such as drought, chilling, salinity and methylviologen (MV), a superoxide radical generating drug, by mediating an increase in levels of the endogenous osmoprotective compounds, galactinol and raffinose.
Induced by abscisic acid (ABA), drought and high-salinity stresses. Promoted by methylviologen (MV), a superoxide radical generating drug, a superoxide radical generating drug.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DEAH subfamily. DDX35 sub-subfamily.
Acetyl-CoA carboxylase is a heterohexamer composed of biotin carboxyl carrier protein, biotin carboxylase and 2 subunits each of ACCase subunit alpha and ACCase plastid-coded subunit beta (accD).
Primarily expressed in 7 to 10 days after flowering seeds at levels approximately 2-fold less abundant than BCCP1.
Hydrolyzes D-aminoacyl-tRNA into D-amino acid and free tRNA. Broad specificity toward the amino acid, but strict specificity toward the D-isomer. Seems to be required for ethanol tolerance.
Increased sensitivity to acetaldehyde and hypersensitivity to ethanol.
Not induced by abscisic acid, paraquat, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate, ethanol, salt, sorbitol, cold, heat or low oxygen stresses.
Enzyme involved in the ethylene biosynthesis.
Has phosphatase activity toward PtdIns(4,5)P2, PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 and Ins(1,4,5)P3. Has a higher substrate affinity toward PtdIns(4,5)P2. Required for secondary wall synthesis and actin organization in fiber cells.
Predominantly expressed in interfascicular fibers and vascular bundles. Expressed in seedlings, stems, roots and flowers. Expressed at lower level in mature leaves.
Albino cotyledons without primary leaf and seedling lethality under autotrophic growth conditions.
Regulates the RNA editing of the chloroplast transcript accD, and is essential for the early stages of chloroplast biogenesis (PubMed:20143129, PubMed:19500301, PubMed:21294841). Required for the RNA editing of the chloroplast transcript ndhF (PubMed:20143129, PubMed:21294841).
Appears at later stages of developing flowers, in the vasculature of the style, and in the apical parts of the stamen filaments and petals.
Confined to the veins and petioles of rosette leaves and cauline leaves, and specifically expressed at the abaxial side of inflorescence branche; relocates to both the adaxial (Ad) and abaxial (Ab) sides of the branch in reduced red:far-red (R:FR) light, during shade (PubMed:28586421, PubMed:29258424). Also present in flowers (PubMed:28586421, PubMed:29258424).
Induced by auxin (e.g. 2,4D) (PubMed:16024589, PubMed:28586421, PubMed:29258424). Up-regulated by brassinosteroids (e.g. brassinolide) (PubMed:29258424). Highly induced by a synergistic combination of auxin (e.g. IAA) and brassinolide. Accumulates in response to reduced red:far-red (R:FR) light, during shade; this light response can be attenuated by AGL8/FUL in the stem. Repressed by AGL8/FUL in stems and inflorescence branches (PubMed:28586421). Accumulates in reduced red/far-red light ration (R:FR) conditions mimicking shaded conditions (PubMed:29258424).
Provide a mechanistic link between auxin and plasma membrane H(+)-ATPases (PM H(+)-ATPases, e.g. AHA1 and AHA2), and triggers PM H(+)-ATPases activity by promoting phosphorylation of their C-terminal autoinhibitory domain as a result of PP2C-D subfamily of type 2C phosphatases inhibition, thus leading to the acidification of the apoplast and the facilitation of solutes and water uptake to drive cell expansion (By similarity). Triggers plant growth probably by promoting cell elongation (PubMed:28586421, PubMed:29258424). Regulates branch angles and bending (PubMed:28586421, PubMed:29258424).
Expressed at low levels in leaves and sepals.
Heavy-metal-binding protein. Binds cadmium. May be involved in cadmium transport and play a role in cadmium detoxification.
Hipp20, hipp21 and hipp22 triple mutants are cadmium sensitive.
Lipid-binding protein involved in the biosynthesis of coenzyme Q, also named ubiquinone, an essential lipid-soluble electron transporter for aerobic cellular respiration.
Essential component of the PAM complex, a complex required for the translocation of transit peptide-containing proteins from the inner membrane into the mitochondrial matrix in an ATP-dependent manner (By similarity). Seems to control the nucleotide-dependent binding of mitochondrial HSP70 to substrate proteins (By similarity). Binds ATP (By similarity). Interacts with copper ions Cu(2+) (PubMed:20018591). Confers thermotolerance to long-term exposure at moderately high temperature (TMHT at 35 degrees Celsius) (PubMed:22128139).
Induced by heat treatment at 38 degrees Celsius in a HSFA1-dependent manner (at protein level).
No visible phenotype in normal conditions. Defective for thermotolerance to moderately high temperature (TMHT at 35 degrees Celsius), but normal basal thermotolerance (BT), short-term acquired thermotolerance (SAT) and long-term acquired thermotolerance (LAT) at 37 and 44 degrees Celsius.
May be part of a complex that binds ubiquitinated proteins and that is necessary for the export of misfolded proteins from the ER to the cytoplasm, where they are degraded by the proteasome.
Expressed in leaves, guard cells, trichomes, vascular tissues, stele of the root tip region and columella cells (PubMed:17971038). Highest expression detected in guard cells (PubMed:21387573).
Expressed in young seedlings, roots, leaves, floral stems, inflorescences, and siliques, with a slightly higher level in inflorescence than in other tissues.
Involved in ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins. Together with CUL1, RBX1 and a F-box protein, it forms a SCF E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. The functional specificity of this complex depends on the type of F-box protein. In the SCF complex, it serves as an adapter that links the F-box protein to CUL1 (By similarity). Plays a role during early flowers reproductive development.
Part of a SCF (SKP1-cullin-F-box) protein ligase complex (By similarity). Interacts with ADO3/FKF1, COI1/FBL2, EBF1/FBL6, PP2B10, At3g61590 and At5g49610.
Can complement TBR and is therefore functionally equivalent, but may work in different tissue (PubMed:20388664). May act as a bridging protein that binds pectin and other cell wall polysaccharides. Probably involved in maintaining esterification of pectins (By similarity). May be involved in the specific O-acetylation of cell wall polymers (By similarity).
GTPase-activating protein (GAP) for ADP ribosylation factor (ARF).
Binds to RGF1; this interaction triggers the formation of heterodimers with SERK1.
Phosphorylated and ubiquitinated upon interaction with RGF1, thus leading to activation a subsequent degradation.
Smaller root meristem size and fewer root meristematic cortex cells, associated with shorter roots and a slighty reduced sensitivity to RGF1 (PubMed:27229311). Quintuple mutants rgi1 rgi2 rgi3 rgi4 rgi5 display a consistent short primary root phenotype with a small size of meristem associated with a total insensitivity to RGF1 and undetectable levels of PLT1 and PLT2 (PubMed:27229312).
Together with RGI1, RGI2, RGI3 and RGI4, acts as receptor of RGF1, a peptide hormone that maintains the postembryonic root stem cell niche by regulating the expression levels and patterns of the transcription factor PLETHORA (PLT) (PubMed:27229312, PubMed:27229311). Links RGF1 signal with its downstream components (PubMed:27229311).
Belongs to the castor/pollux (TC 1.A.1.23) family.
The absence of an ortholog of CASTOR may explain the inability of Arabidopsis to form root symbioses with mycorrhizal fungi.
Binds to the promoter regions of genes involved in chlorophyll catabolic processes, such as NYC1, SGR1, SGR2 and PAO.
Acetylation of alpha chains at Lys-40 stabilizes microtubules and affects affinity and processivity of microtubule motors. This modification has a role in multiple cellular functions, ranging from cell motility, cell cycle progression or cell differentiation to intracellular trafficking and signaling (By similarity).
There are six genes coding for alpha-tubulin. The sequences coded by genes 2 and 4 are identical.
Expressed in rosette leaves, buds, flowers, stems, mature seeds and roots.
Homodimer and heterodimer with MBD5 (PubMed:18211904). Interacts with DDM1 via its MBD domain (PubMed:15805479). Interacts with NTF2, RPS2C, HDA6 and AGO4 (PubMed:28229965).
Impaired nucleolar dominance (PubMed:19061642). Reduced DNA methylation in some of the targets of RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) and loss of DNA methylation in 180 bp centromeric repeats (PubMed:28229965).
Transcriptional regulator that binds CpG, CpNpN and CpNpG (N is A, T, or C) islands in promoters regardless the DNA methylation status. Plays probably a role in gene silencing. May associate with histone deacetylase proteins (HDAC). Required for nucleolar dominance that consist in the silencing of rRNA genes inherited from one progenitor in genetic hybrids. Recruited to rRNA genes in a DRM2-dependent manner. Maintains gene silencing by interacting with RNA binding proteins (e.g. NTF2, RPS2C, HDA6 and AGO4) and by regulating DNA methylation status (PubMed:28229965).
Component of a topoisomerase 6 complex specifically required for meiotic recombination (PubMed:17018031, PubMed:17965269, PubMed:26917763). Together with MTOPVIB, mediates DNA cleavage that forms the double-strand breaks (DSB) that initiate meiotic recombination (PubMed:26917763, PubMed:19763177). The complex promotes relaxation of negative and positive supercoiled DNA and DNA decatenation through cleavage and ligation cycles (PubMed:17018031, PubMed:17965269, PubMed:26917763).
Heterotetramer of 2 SPO11 (SPO11-1 and/or SPO11-2) and 2 MTOPVIB chains (Probable). Interacts with MTOPVIB (PubMed:26917763, PubMed:28855712). May form a heterodimer with SPO11-1. Interacts with PRD1 (PubMed:17762870, PubMed:28855712). Does not interact with TOP6B (PubMed:11410368).
Plants show a semi-sterile phenotype and a drastic decrease of meiotic recombination, indicating that SPO11-1 and SPO11-3 are not functionally redundant. SPO11-1 and SPO11-2 are both required for double-strand breaks induction. Drastic decrease in chiasma formation at metaphase I associated with an absence of synapsis in prophase, due to the inability to make double-strand breaks (DSB) (PubMed:19763177).
Very low expression in flowers and shoots.
Altered mitochondrial morphology. Impaired seed germination (e.g. many dark and wrinkled seeds in siliques), seedling establishment and development (e.g. abnormal primary root elongation and vegetative growth). Defects in the processing and maturation of various mitochondrial NAD1 introns. Modified respiration phenotypes associated with complex I defects. Seed-specific deficiency in the regulation of carbohydrate metabolism. Small plants requiring sucrose-supplemented medium to survive.
Belongs to the plant nuclear intron maturase (nMat) family.
Nuclear-encoded maturase required for splicing of group-II introns in mitochondria. Involved in NAD1 pre-mRNA processing and maturation of introns 1, 3 and 4. Necessary for mitochondrial biogenesis during early developmental stages. Essential for respiratory holocomplex I biogenesis in mitochondria.
Acts as an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase, or as part of E3 complex, which accepts ubiquitin from specific E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes and then transfers it to substrates (PubMed:24388521). Negative regulator of the abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway which targets PYL4 and PYR1 ABA receptors in plasma membrane to promote their FREE1/FYVE1-dependent trafficking and degradation upon ubiquitynation; this process involves clathrin-mediated endocytosis and trafficking through the ESCRT pathway (PubMed:25330042, PubMed:27495812). Involved in the maintenance of seed longevity (PubMed:24388521). May enhance gibberellins responses (PubMed:24388521).
Enhanced sensitivity to abscisic acid (ABA) (PubMed:25330042). Decreased seed longevity (PubMed:24388521).
Interacts with the PYL4 and PYR1 ABA receptors at the plasma membrane.
The RING-type zinc finger domains mediate binding to an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme.
Involved in vesicular protein trafficking. Mainly functions in the early secretory pathway but also in post-Golgi membranes. Thought to act as cargo receptor at the lumenal side for incorporation of secretory cargo molecules into transport vesicles and to be involved in vesicle coat formation at the cytoplasmic side (By similarity).
The cytoplasmic C-terminal domain contains an Arg-Val motif, which is involved in the anterograde ER-to-Golgi transport of the protein.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that functions as regulator of MED25 stability by targeting MED25 for degradation in a RING-H2-dependent way. Proteasome-dependent degradation of MED25 seems to activate its function as positive regulator of FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) and is important to induce the expression of FT and consequently to promote flowering. May function downstream of HAL3 and be required for HAL3-regulated plant growth. Activation of MBR2 by HAL3 may lead to the degradation of cell cycle suppressors, resulting in enhancement of cell division and plant growth.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but the double mutant plants mbr1-1 and mbr2-1 show delayed flowering.
Belongs to the histone deacetylase family.
Expressed in stems, leaves, flowers, siliques and mature seeds.
Its activity is inhibited by trichostatin A (TSA), a known histone deacetylase inhibitor.
Regulates lysine acetylation levels of plastid proteins related to photosynthesis (PubMed:29061669). Involved in the regulation of the activation state of RuBisCO, which is controlled by lysine acetylation of RuBisCO activase under low-light conditions (PubMed:29061669). Associates with alpha- and beta-tubulins and deacetylate alpha-tubulin (PubMed:22404109). Does not seem to be required for the cellular patterning in the root epidermis (PubMed:16176989). Involved in the regulation of melatonin biosynthesis by catalyzing the deacetylation of N-acetylserotonin to produce serotonin (PubMed:29247559). N-acetylserotonin is methylated by acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase (ASMT) to produce melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) (Probable). Deacetylates melatonin to produce 5-methoxytryptamine (PubMed:29247559). In vitro, deacetylates N-acetyltyramine and N-acetyltryptamine to produce tyramine and tryptamine, respectively (PubMed:29247559).
Acetyltransferase enzyme. Acetylates histones, giving a specific tag for transcriptional activation (By similarity). No acetyltransferase activity found in vitro.
13S-lipoxygenase that can use linolenic acid as substrates. Plant lipoxygenases may be involved in a number of diverse aspects of plant physiology including growth and development, pest resistance, and senescence or responses to wounding. Catalyzes the hydroperoxidation of lipids containing a cis,cis-1,4-pentadiene structure (By similarity).
First observed in lateral root primordia (LRP), from the first pericycle divisions. Later expressed in lateral roots. Expression is greatly increased in leaves during leaf senescence.
Induced by methyl jasmonate (MeJA), bacterial pathogens (e.g. Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato), high light and wounding.
Overexpression of AHL15 results in a decreased flg22-induced expression of FRK1.
Transcription factor that specifically binds AT-rich DNA sequences related to the nuclear matrix attachment regions (MARs) (By similarity). Binds the DNA sequence GNFEI (GA-negative feedback element I) in the GA3OX1 promoter (PubMed:17277098). Negatively regulates plant innate immunity (PTI) to pathogens through the down-regulation of the PAMP-triggered FRK1 expression (PubMed:20738724).
Expressed exclusively in the root, hypocotyl and stem.
Inactive GDP-bound Rho GTPases reside in the cytosol, are found in a complex with Rho GDP-dissociation inhibitors (Rho GDIs), and are released from the GDI protein in order to translocate to membranes upon activation.
Expressed in seedlings and roots, and at lower levels in flowers and siliques.
Involved in the O-glucosylation of monolignols (alcohol monomers of lignin) (PubMed:11042211, PubMed:15907484, PubMed:24667164). Glucosylates coniferyl alcohol to form coniferyl alcohol 4-O-glucoside (PubMed:15907484, PubMed:24667164). Glucosylates sinapyl alcohol to form sinapyl alcohol 4-O-glucoside (PubMed:11042211, PubMed:15907484, PubMed:24667164). Possesses low activity with sinapate as substrate (PubMed:11042211, PubMed:15907484).
Component of the auxin signaling transduction pathway that regulates cell proliferation and differentiation during flowers stigmas and styles development (PubMed:25443839). Involved in the regulation of auxin-related genes (PubMed:22301969, PubMed:25443839).
Increased cell number in upper pistils leading to enhanced stigmatic structure. Impaired siliques formation. Reduced expression of auxin-related genes.
Contains a Gln instead of a Glu in position 176 and a Phe residue instead of a Tyr in position 209; these residues being essential in substrate recognition by ACS enzymes.
Probable aminotransferase. Does not have 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase (ACS) activity, suggesting that it is not involved in ethylene biosynthesis.
Belongs to the class-II aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family. Type 1 subfamily.
Catalyzes the specific attachment of an amino acid to its cognate tRNA in a 2 step reaction: the amino acid (AA) is first activated by ATP to form AA-AMP and then transferred to the acceptor end of the tRNA.
Expressed both in proliferating and maturing stages of leaves.
In double mutant myb3r3 myb3r5 and triple mutant myb3r1 myb3r3 myb3r5, up-regulation of many G2/M-specific genes leading to larger seeds, organs and embryos due to overproliferation and ectopic cell divisions.
Slightly induced by ethylene and salicylic acid (SA).
Transcription factor that binds 5'-AACGG-3' motifs in gene promoters (By similarity). Transcription repressor that regulates organ growth. Binds to the promoters of G2/M-specific genes and to E2F target genes to prevent their expression in post-mitotic cells and to restrict the time window of their expression in proliferating cells (PubMed:26069325).
Serine/threonine protein kinase involved in autophagy. The ATG1-ATG13 protein kinase complex regulates downstream events required for autophagosome enclosure and/or vacuolar delivery.
Cell cycle-regulated, showing a peak in the S-phase.
Component of the chromatin assembly factor 1 (CAF-1) complex, composed of FAS1, FAS2 and MSI1. Interacts with CYP71.
Component of the chromatin assembly factor complex (CAF-1) involved in chromatin assembly following DNA replication and DNA repair. Assembles histone octamers onto replicating DNA in vitro. Required for several aspects of development, including seedling growth and leaf hair differentiation. Plays a critical role in the organization of shoot apical meristem (SAM) and root apical meristem (RAM) during postembryonic development by facilitating stable maintenance of gene expression states. Seems not required to maintain transcriptional repression of heterochromatic genes. Involved in heterologous recombination. May repress endocycle.
Expressed in the shoot apical meristem, young leaf primordia, root tip and first lateral root primordium at the hypocotyl/root junction.
There are 3 contiguous domains conserved in the CDPK subfamily: a kinase domain, an autoinhibitory (junction) domain and a calmodulin-like domain. The autoinhibitory domain (374-404) inactivates kinase activity under calcium-free conditions (By similarity).
Interacts with KIN10 and KIN11 via its FLZ-type zinc finger domain (PubMed:29945970). Interacts with KINB3 via its N-terminal part (PubMed:29945970).
Binds actin and actin filament bundles in a Ca(2+)/calmodulin-insensitive manner, but is unable to sever, cap, and nucleate actin filament formation in vitro. Does not protect individual filaments from severing by VLN3 (AC O81645).
Expressed in all tissues examined. Mainly detected in the vascular tissue and the pericycle of roots and in the vasculature of leaves. Not expressed in the root cap.
Unlike in mammals and yeast, NUP96 and NUP98 are not translated as a polyprotein.
Conditionnal double mutant plants lacking both TED6 and TED7 have aberrant secondary cell wall (SCW) formation of root vessel elements.
Expressed preferentially in differentiating vessel elements in seedlings.
Interacts with CESA7/IRX3, a subunit of the secondary cell wall (SCW)-related cellulose synthase complex.
Involved in the secondary cell wall (SCW) formation of vessel elements (e.g. protoxylem and metaxylem), thus promoting tracheary element (TE) differentiation.
Restricted to differentiating vessel elements of protoxylem and metaxylem.
Belongs to the complex I 30 kDa subunit family.
Cinnamoyl-CoA reductase probably involved in the formation of phenolic compounds associated with the hypersensitive response. Seems not to be involved in lignin biosynthesis.
Expressed at low levels in leaves, stems and flowers.
Up-regulated by brassinolide, nematode infection and cold treatment. Down-regulated by aphid infection, 2-aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG), high CO(2), isoxaben, and propiconazole treatments.
By continuous red light (Rc at 8 umol.m-2.s-1).
In hcf107-2, reduced accumulation of 5'-end-processed psbH transcript, as well as psbB translation, resulting in disruption of photosystem II (PSII) and seedling lethal plants. Specific loss of processed RNAs with a 5' end 44nt upstream of the psbH start codon in the psbB-psbT-psbH-petB-petD gene cluster.
Involved, directly or indirectly, in the processing of chloroplast encoded mRNAs. Exhibits sequence-specific RNA binding and RNA remodeling activities, probably leading to the activation of translation of the target gene cluster psbB-psbT-psbH-petB-petD (PubMed:22451905). Blocks 5'-3' and 3'-5' exoribonucleases (e.g. polynucleotide phosphorylase (PNPase), RNase R) in vitro (PubMed:22451905). Necessary for intercistronic RNA processing of the psbH 5' untranslated region or the stabilization of 5' processed psbH RNAs. Also required for the synthesis of psbB (PubMed:11549768, PubMed:15918885, PubMed:22451905).
May form homomultimers (PubMed:22451905). Part of a multi-subunit complex in the range of 60-190 and 600-800 kDa in chloroplast membranes (PubMed:15918885).
Expressed in root tips (PubMed:20798316, PubMed:22307643, PubMed:23370719). Also present in siliques (PubMed:22307643).
In roots, expressed only in the quiescent center (QC), the columella stem cells (CC) and the innermost layer of central columella cells; mostly present in the third and fourth CC layers, but not, or only marginally, in the QC (PubMed:20798316, PubMed:22307643, PubMed:23370719). Induced during lateral root formation (PubMed:23370719). Accumulates in pollen grains (PubMed:23370719).
No visible phenotype, due to the redundancy with other RGF genes. Triple mutant rgf1-rgf2-rgf3 shows a decreased meristematic cell number resulting in a short root phenotype.
Signaling peptide (root growth factor) that maintains the postembryonic root stem cell niche (PubMed:20798316, PubMed:23370719). Regulates the pattern of root growth and lateral root development by modulating the length and the number of cortical cells in the root apical meristem (RAM), and the anticlinal asymmetric cell divisions in lateral root initiation cells (By similarity).
Enhanced hypersensitive response, elevated pathogen resistance against both virulent and avirulent pathogens (e.g. isolates Emwa1 and Emco5 of the oomycete pathogen H.arabidopsidis, the bacterial pathogen P.syringae DC3000 (AvrRps4)). Elevated accumulation of salicylic acid (SA) and conjugates (e.g. salicylic acid glucoside (SAG)) upon infection. Stronger systemic acquired resistance (SAR). These increased defense responses are PAD4-, ICS1- and NPR1-dependent.
Exhibits pyrophosphatase activity with stronger affinity for pyrophosphate (PPi), moderate affinity for ATP and ADP, and weak affinity for tripolyphosphate (PPPi) (PubMed:25185123, PubMed:28733390). No activity observed toward uridine substrate (PubMed:28733390). Negative regulator of the salicylic acid (SA)-mediated amplification of defense responses against both virulent and avirulent pathogens, including oomycetes (e.g. H.arabidopsidis) and bacteria (e.g. P.syringae). Represses systemic acquired resistance (SAR) (PubMed:25185123).
Predominantly expressed in the shoot apices of inflorescences.
Repressed by the oomycete pathogen H.arabidopsidis. Negatively regulated by salicylic acid (SA), benzothiadiazole (BTH) and pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP, e.g. flg22).
Belongs to the Rab3-GAP catalytic subunit family.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant seeds are hypersensitivite to inhibition of germination by abscisic acid (ABA).
Seeds over-expressing ZFP4 are insensitive to inhibition of germination by abscisic acid (ABA).
Essential component of the cytosolic iron-sulfur (Fe-S) protein assembly (CIA) machinery. Required for the maturation of extramitochondrial Fe/S proteins.
Essential component of the cytosolic iron-sulfur (Fe/S) protein assembly machinery. Required for the maturation of extramitochondrial Fe/S proteins.
Part of a complex composed of AE7, CIA1, MMS19 and NAR1. Interacts with AE7 and NAR1.
RNA helicase that plays an essential role in pre-mRNA splicing as component of the U5 snRNP and U4/U6-U5 tri-snRNP complexes. Involved in spliceosome assembly, activation and disassembly.
Expressed in roots, guard cells and meristemoid and pavement cells.
Increased stomata number at elevated CO(2) concentration and increased number of epidermal cells.
Mediates CO(2)-controlled stomatal development by cleaving peptide EPF2 (AC Q8LC53). Not active on peptides EPF1 (AC Q8S8I4) or stomagen (AC Q9SV72).
Enzyme of the plastid non-mevalonate pathway for isoprenoid biosynthesis that converts 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate (ME-2,4cPP) into 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(E)-butenyl 4-diphosphate. Is essential for chloroplast development and required for the salicylic acid (SA)-mediated disease resistance to biotrophic pathogens.
Expressed in roots, shoots, leaves, flowers and siliques (at protein level).
Specifically expressed in developing seeds.
Belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily. Type-7 methyltransferase family. SABATH subfamily.
Expressed in flowers and at lower levels in leaves and stems. Hardly detected in roots and siliques. Expressed in the sepals and the leaf trichomes and hydathodes.
Loss of accumulation of methyl salicylate upon pathogen infection, no accumulation of salicylic acid or its glucoside in uninoculated leaves and no development of systemic acquired resistance. Increased attractivity to parasitoids.
Methyltransferase involved in the biosynthesis of methylsalicylate in response to stresses. Utilizes salicylic acid (SA) more efficiently than benzoic acid (BA). Can also use anthranilic acid and m-hydroxybenzoic acid as substrate.
Up-regulated by alamethicin, herbivory, uprooting, woundingd, jasmonic acid and methyl jasmonate, but not by salicylic acid. Induced specifically around the lesions.
Due to the probable chloroplastic localization, the interactions with ROPs are questionable.
Interacts with ARAC8, ARAC11 and KIN13A in vitro, but not with ICR1 or SEC3A.
Highly expressed in roots, mature stem and lateral branches. Expressed at low levels in rosette leaves and siliques.
Probable transcription factor required for the initiation of inflorescence trichomes in response to gibberellin and cytokinin. Acts upstream of GIS, GIS2, ZFP8, ZFP5 and the trichome initiation regulators GL1 and GL3 (PubMed:23506479). Acts as negative regulator of abscisic acid (ABA) signaling during germination and early seedling development (PubMed:24808098).
Reduced number of trichomes on sepals, cauline leaves, lateral branches and main inflorescence stems.
Seeds over-expressing ZFP6 are insensitive to inhibition of germination by abscisic acid (ABA) (PubMed:24808098). Plants over-expressing ZFP6 show formation of ectopic trichomes on carpels and other inflorescence organs (Probable).
Expressed ubiquitously in roots, leaves and flowers, and, to a lower extent, in stems.
Highly expressed during germination, flower development, and silique maturation.
Increased sensitivity to high concentrations of NaCl, KCl and LiCl, and also to mannitol-induced osmotic stress (PubMed:21521696). Altered localization of SYP61 and abnormal partial secretion of vacuolar proteins to the apoplast (PubMed:21521696). Enhanced root skewing and epidermal cell file rotation (CFR) probably due to microtubule destabilization, thus leading to abnormal cell morphology in mature regions of roots and the base of hypocotyls (PubMed:28399805).
Tethering factor involved in vesicle fusion at the trans-Golgi network (TGN) thus being required for efficient protein trafficking to the vacuole (PubMed:21521696). Implicated in resistance to salt and osmotic stresses (PubMed:21521696). Modulates the cell morphology (e.g. epidermal cell file rotation (CFR) and cell expansion) in mature regions of roots and the base of hypocotyls as well as root skewing, a process leading to root movement within the soil in order to maximize anchorage and nutrient acquisition, probably by regulating microtubule stabilization independently of their orientation (PubMed:28399805).
Belongs to the pseudouridine-5'-phosphate glycosidase family.
Catalyzes the reversible cleavage of pseudouridine 5'-phosphate (PsiMP) to ribose 5-phosphate and uracil (PubMed:31907295). Functions biologically in the cleavage direction, as part of a pseudouridine degradation pathway (PubMed:31907295). Acts together with the pseudouridine kinase PUKI in the peroxisome to prevent toxic pseudouridine monophosphate accumulation (PubMed:31907295). Can catalyze the formation of pseudouridine 5'-phosphate (reverse reaction) in vitro, with a catalytic efficiency 4 times lower than the hydrolysis reaction (PubMed:31907295).
Demethylates proteins that have been reversibly carboxymethylated.
Belongs to the metallophosphoesterase superfamily.
Activated through serine and threonine phosphorylation by MEKK1. Inhibited through phosphorylation by GSK3/Shaggy-like kinase ASKs.
Interacts with ASK7/BIN2 (PubMed:23341468). Interacts with P.syringae type III effector HopF2 (PubMed:20571112). Interacts with MPK6 (PubMed:19513235). Interacts with RACK1A, RACK1B and RACK1C (PubMed:25731164). Interacts with MAPKKK5 mainly in the cytosol (PubMed:27679653).
Involved in the second phase of hydrogen peroxide generation during hypersensitive response-like cell death. Involved in the innate immune MAP kinase signaling cascade (MEKK1, MKK4/MKK5 and MPK3/MPK6) downstream of bacterial flagellin receptor FLS2. Activates by phosphorylation the downstream MPK3 and MPK6. YDA-MKK4/MKK5-MPK3/MPK6 module regulates stomatal cell fate before the guard mother cell (GMC) is specified. This MAPK cascade also functions downstream of the ER receptor in regulating coordinated local cell proliferation, which shapes the morphology of plant organs. MKK4 and MKK5 participate in the regulation of floral organ abscission. Mediates osmotic-stress response via its regulation of MPK3 activity. Target of the Pseudomonas syringae type III effector HopF2.
Phosphorylation at Thr-224 and Ser-230 by MAP kinase kinase kinases positively regulates kinase activity. Phosphorylation at Ser-230 and Thr-234 by GSK3/Shaggy-like kinase ASKs negatively regulates kinase activity. Phosphorylated by MAPKKK5 (PubMed:27679653).
RNAi double mutants MKK4 and MKK5 have a strong abscission defect. Higher sensitivity to high salt and drought stresses.
By wounding, dehydration, salt and cold treatments, osmotic shock and infection by P.syringae pv. tomato in leaves. Induced by salt treatment in roots. Induced by auxin, cytokinin, abscisic acid (ABA) and 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA), but not by jasmonic acid (JA). Induced by Pi deficiency in roots and leaves. Down-regulated by sucrose.
Expressed in root epidermis and cortex, leaf blades and hydathodes, stems and flowers.
Belongs to the ClpA/ClpB family. ClpD subfamily.
By dehydration and salt stresses. Induced after one hour of dehydration-stress and reaches maximal levels after 10 hours. Induced by cold, ozone, senescence and dark-induced etiolation. Down-regulated by ozone (at protein level). Not induced by heat stress.
CLPD is consistently found in two distinct forms, the full-length protein and a lower molecular weight form porcessed at the C-terminus. The processed form might be the active form and not the full-length protein.
Homodimer and homohexamer (PubMed:21737456). Hexamerization upon addition of ATP (PubMed:21737456). Interacts with CLPT1 (PubMed:25149061). Stably associated with the import machinery (PubMed:21737456).
Molecular chaperone that interact with a ClpP-like protease involved in degradation of denatured proteins in the chloroplast (PubMed:21737456). The ATPase activity of CLPD is stimulated by CLPT1 (PubMed:25149061). Has no ADPase activity (PubMed:21737456). Interacts with transit peptides with a positional preference (PubMed:21737456, PubMed:22545953). Localization of the signal sequence at the N-terminal end of a protein seems mandatory for interaction to take place (PubMed:22545953).
Accumulates in both root epidermis and cortex after Pi- deprivation.
In roots, expressed only in the quiescent center (QC), the columella stem cells (CC) and the innermost layer of central columella cells; mostly present in the second, third and fourth CC layers, at a lower level in undifferentiated CCs, but not, or only marginally, in the QC (PubMed:20798316, PubMed:23370719). Induced early during lateral root formation (PubMed:23370719).
No visible phenotype, due to the redundancy with other RGF genes (PubMed:20798316, PubMed:23370719). Slower root growth after (Pi)-deprivation (PubMed:25856240). Triple mutant rgf1-rgf2-rgf3 shows a decreased meristematic cell number resulting in a short root phenotype associated with an altered PIN2 traffic (PubMed:20798316, PubMed:23370719).
Signaling peptide (root growth factor) that maintains the postembryonic root stem cell niche in a PIN2-traffic dependent manner (PubMed:20798316, PubMed:23370719). Root growth factor that regulates the pattern of root growth and lateral root development by modulating the length and the number of cortical cells in the root apical meristem (RAM), and the anticlinal asymmetric cell divisions in lateral root initiation cells (By similarity). Influences the longitudinal growth rate in the primary root in response to phosphate ion (Pi)-deprivation (PubMed:25856240).
Age-dependent accumulation in rosette leaves.
Impaired abscisic acid- (ABA)-, salicylic acid- (SA)- and jasmonic acid- (MeJA)-induced leaf senescence in detached leaves.
Promotes leaf senescence mediated by abscisic acid (ABA), salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (MeJA), probably though the induction of expression of senescence-associated genes (SAGs) and defense-related genes.
By the fungal pathogen Verticillium dahliae.
Great reduction of anthocyanin pigments in the vegetative parts and brown pigments in the seed coat. Accumulation of unextractable proanthocyanidins.
Involved in the transport and/or accumulation of both anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins (PA)s in the vacuole. Functions in the cytosol to maintain the regular accumulation in the vacuole of PA precursors, such as epicatechin and glycosylated epicatechin.
Expressed during hypocotyl elongation in the dark.
Glycosylated. N-glycosylation of KOR in the endoplasmic reticulum followed by N-glycan modifications in the Golgi are essential for catalytic activity.
Highly expressed in roots and stems, at intermediate levels in leaves and flowers, and at lower levels in siliques. Expressed in xylem (at protein level).
Plants are extremely dwarf and show severe abnormal morphology with incomplete cell walls, aberrant cell plates and multinucleated cells.
Required for cellulose microfibrils formation. Involved in cell wall assembly during cell elongation and cell plate maturation in cytokinesis. Required for secondary cell wall formation in the developing xylem. May cycle through different intracellular compartments, including plasma membrane.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 37 family.
Highly expressed in flowers. Expressed at low levels in leaves and stems.
Involved in the regulation of trehalose content by hydrolyzing trehalose to glucose.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but plants accumulate high levels of trehalose and starch.
Essential protein (PubMed:23255593). Involved in the regulation of vernalization (PubMed:12114624). Acts as transcriptional repressor of FLC, a major target of the vernalization pathway (PubMed:12114624). Binds DNA in vitro in a non-sequence-specific manner (PubMed:12114624).
Expressed in roots and at lower levels in aerial parts.
Interacts with CYCB2-4 (PubMed:20706207).
Expressed in root tips. Expressed in siliques (at protein level).
Inhibits metacaspase-9 (MC9) cysteine protease. Functions through cleavage of its reactive center loop and covalent binding to MC9. Involved in the control of elicitor-stimulated programmed cell death (PCD). During infection by the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea, functions to protect cells by limiting the PCD-promoting protease RD21A activity that is released from the ER body or vacuole to the cytoplasm (PubMed:23398119). Involved in the control of water stress-induced cell death by limiting the pro-death protease RD21A activity that is released from the vacuole to the cytoplasm (PubMed:26884487).
Expressed in the root maturation zone and, transiently, in emerged lateral roots.
Functions redundantly with PP2A3, and is involved in establishing auxin gradients, apical-basal axis of polarity and root and shoot apical meristem during embryogenesis. May dephosphorylate PIN1 and regulate its subcellular distribution for polar auxin transport (PubMed:23167545). The holoenzyme composed of PP2AA1, PP2A4 and B'ZETA or B'ETA acts as negative regulator of plant innate immunity by controlling BAK1 phosphorylation state and activation in surface-localized immune receptor complexes (PubMed:25085430).
PP2A consists of a common heterodimeric core enzyme, composed of a 36 kDa catalytic subunit (subunit C) and a 65 kDa constant regulatory subunit (subunit A), that associates with a variety of regulatory subunits such as subunits B (the R2/B/PR55/B55, R3/B''/PR72/PR130/PR59 and R5/B'/B56 families) (By similarity). Interacts with SIC/RON3 (PubMed:26888284).
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase able to catalyze polyubiquitination with ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 UBC8, UBC10, UBC11, and UBC34 in vitro.
Belongs to the phospholipase D family. PXPH-PLD subfamily.
Does not require Ca(2+) or any other cation for activity.
Expressed in seedlings, roots, leaves, stems and flowers (PubMed:17259265, PubMed:16384909). Highest expression in roots (PubMed:16384909). Detected only in the meristematic regions up to 4 days after germination and then at later stages in all tissues (PubMed:16617110).
Hydrolyzes glycerol-phospholipids at the terminal phosphodiesteric bond to generate phosphatidic acids (PA). Phosphatidylcholine-selective (PubMed:11891260). Regulates vesicle trafficking and auxin responses (PubMed:17259265). Required for the normal cycling of PIN-2 containing vesicles (PubMed:17259265). Contributes to the supply of inorganic phosphorus for cell metabolism and diacylglycerol moieties for galactolipid synthesis in phosphorus-starved roots (PubMed:16891548, PubMed:16617110). Involved in root elongation during phosphate limitation (PubMed:16384909).
No visible phenotype when grown under normal conditions (PubMed:16384909). Shorter roots less sensitive to exogenous auxin (PubMed:17259265). Reduced gravitropism (PubMed:17259265). No effect on root hair patterning or root hair growth (PubMed:16384909). Defective in the hydrolysis of phospholipids, reduced capacity to accumulate galactolipids and premature change in root architecture in response to phosphate starvation (PubMed:16617110). Decreased accumulation of phosphatidic acid in roots under phosphate-limited conditions (PubMed:16384909). No effect on the concentration of phospholipids and galactolipids in phosphorus-starved roots (PubMed:16891548). Pldzeta1 and pldzeta2 double mutants show a smaller decrease in phosphatidylcholine and a smaller increase in digalactosyldiacylglycerol in phosphorus-starved roots (PubMed:16891548). Pldzeta1 and pldzeta2 double mutants show reduced primary root elongation and increased lateral root elongation under low-phosphate conditions (PubMed:16384909).
Up-regulated by auxin (PubMed:17259265). Up-regulated by phosphate limitation (PubMed:16384909, PubMed:16617110).
May play a role in the recruitment of Pol IV to genomic regions associated with K9 methylated histone H3 that are targets for RdDM.
The SAWADEE domain (154-257) binds to mono-, di-, or trimethylated H3K9 histone peptides, but this interaction is blocked if H3K4 methylation is present.
Converts 2-oxo acids to branched-chain amino acids. Acts on leucine, isoleucine and valine. Also involved in methionine chain elongation cycle of aliphatic glucosinolate formation. Catalyzes the conversion of 5-methylthiopentyl-2-oxo and 6-methylthiohexyl-2-oxo acids to their respective Met derivatives, homomethionine and dihomo-methionine, respectively.
No effect on the levels of free amino acids in seeds, but reduced levels of Val, Ser and Thr in leaves. Increased levels of Met-derived glucosinolates in leaves.
Homo- and heterodimer with other ZFHD proteins (By similarity). Interacts with MIF1, MIF2 and MIF3; these interactions prevent nuclear localization and DNA-binding to inhibit transcription regulation activity. Binds to ZHD1, ZHD2, ZHD4, ZHD10 and ZHD11. Interacts with HIPP30 (PubMed:18974936).
Binds to single and double-stranded DNA and exhibits DNA-dependent ATPase activity. Unwinds duplex DNA (By similarity). Component of the meiotic recombination pathway. Seems to play a role in mediating chromosome homology search, chromosome pairing and synapsis at early stages and probably chromosome crossing-over at later stages in meiosis. Probably is involved in the repair of meiotic double strand breaks (DBSs) generated by AtSPO11-1 and in homologous recombination. Its function is dispensable for vegetative growth and root mitosis.
Binds to single and double-stranded DNA and exhibits DNA-dependent ATPase activity. Unwinds duplex DNA. Component of the meiotic recombination pathway. Seems to play a role in mediating chromosome homology search, chromosome pairing and synapsis at early stages and probably chromosome crossing-over at later stages in meiosis. Probably is involved in the repair of meiotic double strand breaks (DBSs) and in homologous recombination.
By genotoxic stress and by DNA damage (gamma-radiation, UV-B). Regulated by ATM in response to DNA double strand breaks (DSBs).
Cell cycle regulated, peaking at the S phase. It is also expressed at high levels in exponentially growing cells in suspension cultures.
Detected in various tissues. Higher expression in reproductive tissues than in vegetative tissues, with the highest expression level in young flower buds. At cellular level, is expressed at low levels in flower primordia, then at higher levels in young anthers and at highest levels in both females and males meiocytes. Not detected in gametophytes.
Self-associates and interacts with XRCC3 (PubMed:12139010). Binds to RAD54/CHR25 (PubMed:17227544). Interacts with BRCA2A and BRCA2B (PubMed:16415210). Can form a tripartite complex with both BRCA2B and DSS1(I) (PubMed:16415210).
Expressed in cauline leaves, stems, immature siliques and primary inflorescences.
A stretch of 270 kb of the mitochondrial genome is duplicated within the centromere of chromosome 2 resulting in the duplication of the gene. The expression of this duplicated gene (At2g07718) is demonstrated.
Acts as a opponent to RZF1 during early seedling growth in term of proline accumulation in response to dehydration and abscisic acid (ABA) (PubMed:28369480). Confers sensitivity to abiotic stresses such as ABA, drought and osmotic stress (e.g. mannitol treatment) by preventing proline accumulation and by reducing the expression of dehydration-inducible genes (PubMed:28369480). Promotes the production of lipid peroxidation by drought stress thus leading to malondialdehyde (MDA) synthesis (PubMed:28369480). Prevents pollen tube elongation (PubMed:28369480). Necessary for RZF1 expression in seedlings (PubMed:28369480).
Mainly expressed in flowers, to a lower extent, in roots and, at very low levels, in leaves and stems.
Reduced levels in seedlings exposed to abiotic stresses such as mannitol, drought, polyethylene glycol (PEG) and abscisic acid (ABA) treatments.
Reduced sensitivity to abiotic stresses including dehydration and abscisic acid (ABA) treatment (PubMed:28369480). Slightly enhanced pollen tube growth (PubMed:28369480).
Activated in response to hydrogen peroxide and cellulase elicitor. Activated by PDK1 in a phosphatidic acid dependent manner.
By wounding, hydrogen peroxide and cellulase elicitor.
Highly expressed in fast-growing organs and dividing cells.
Involved in oxidative burst-mediated signaling. Required for basal resistance to P.parasitica infection and root hair growth. Partly required for the activation of MPK3 and MPK6 by hydrogen peroxide and cellulase elicitor.
Plants have enhanced susceptibility to virulent P.parasitica pathogen and reduced root hair length.
Abolished brassinosteroid (BR)-induced ASK7/BIN2/SK21 degradation, and BR-insensitivity. Suppression of the constitutive BR-response phenotype in the dominant mutant bzr1-1D, and accumulation of phosphorylated BZR1.
Component of the plastid division machinery consisting in a binary fission accomplished by the simultaneous constriction of the FtsZ ring on the stromal side of the inner envelope membrane, and the ARC5/DRP5B ring on the cytosolic side of the outer envelope membrane (PubMed:28248291). Positive factor of chloroplast division required, with a dosage effect, to mediate the recruitment and dimerization of ARC5/DRP5B at the midplastid constriction site in the cytoplasm at plastid outer envelope membranes (OEMs) (PubMed:28248291, PubMed:27988788, PubMed:32005784). Prevents ARC5/DRP5B GTPase acrivity (PubMed:27988788). Relays plastid division site position between stroma and outer surface via interactions with the cytoplasmic ARC5/DRP5B and the inner membrane ARC6 that recruits stromal FtsZ ring (PubMed:28248291). Binding to phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P) modulates negatively chloroplast division (PubMed:25736058).
Highest levels in young developing leaves with a sharp expression decrease in fast-growing and mature leaves (at protein level).
Interacts (via C-terminus) with ARC6 (via C-terminus) in the chloroplast intermembrane space; this interaction induces ARC6 homodimerization and leads to the formation of an heterotetramer containing two ARC6 and two PDV2 subunits (PubMed:18812496, PubMed:28248291). Interacts with ARC5/DRP5B (PubMed:32005784).
Reduced number of constricted and large chloroplasts (PubMed:16998069, PubMed:18812496). Attenuated PDV2-induced ARC6 dimerization in the chloroplast intermembrane space leading to an abnormal morphology of ARC6 rings thus compromizing plastidial division (PubMed:28248291). Altered localization of ARC5/DRP5B in cytosol only rather than at the constriction sites of enlarged chloroplasts (PubMed:32005784). In pd116, reduced number of dumbbell-shaped and large chloroplasts in mesophyll cells, with sometimes unique giant chloroplasts (PubMed:27988788).
Slightly induced by gibberellic acid (GA).
Expressed in cotyledons, roots, hypocotyls, leaf veins, root vascular tissues and root tips. Expressed near the root apical meristem, in the cortex region of the root elongation zone, in lateral roots and emerging lateral roots. Not detected in extreme root apical meristem or root cap.
Interacts (via the DUF647 domain) with RUS2 (via the DUF647 domain).
Involved in a root UV-B sensing pathway and in the protection against the hypersensitivity to very low-fluence-rate (VLF) UV-B. RSU1 and RUS2 are probably both negative modulators of the same UV-B perception pathway, which when overstimulated in the roots causes a block to postgermination development. Required for polar auxin transport by maintaining the proper levels of auxin transporters AUX1 (AC Q96247) and PIN proteins on the plasma membrane.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class myosin-kinesin ATPase superfamily. Kinesin family. KIN-12 subfamily.
Receptor-like serine/threonine-kinase required during the endosperm development in seeds.
Belongs to the SMC family. RAD50 subfamily.
Homodimer (By similarity). Interacts with MRE11.
Implicated in double-strand breaks (DSBs) repair by non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). Involved in telomere maintenance. Involved in telomerase action on chromosome ends. Required during meiosis for both male and female gametophytic development, for pairing and synapsis of homologous chromosomes during the early stages of meiotic recombination, especially during the pachytene stage of the first division.
The zinc-hook, which separates the large intramolecular coiled coil regions, contains 2 Cys residues that coordinate one molecule of zinc with the help of the 2 Cys residues of the zinc-hook of another RAD50 molecule, thereby forming a V-shaped homodimer. The two heads of the homodimer, which constitute the ATP-binding domain, interact with the MRE11 homodimer (By similarity).
Widely expressed, predominantly in meristematic and reproductive tissues.
Developmental defects due to abnormal miRNAs and siRNAs biogenesis including serrated, sickle-like leaf margin, reduced height, delayed flowering, and abnormal inflorescence phyllotaxy. Hypersensitivity to chilling and salt stresses (PubMed:23071326). Several symptoms associated with alteration in auxin (IAA) signaling such as increased IAA levels in shoot apices and reduced IAA accumulation in root meristems, reduced apical dominance and abnormal root gravitropism, growth and emergence. Altered PIN polarity and endocytosis in specific cells (PubMed:26888284).
Expressed in the shoot apical meristem (SAM), embryos, seedlings, root tips, and root and leaf primordia.
Interacts with ubiquitin thioesterases UBP12 and UBP13, and with protein phosphatase 2A subunits PP2AB1, PP2AB2, PP2A3, PP2A4, PP2AA1 and PP2AA2.
Involved in miRNAs and siRNAs biogenesis and thus promotes gene silencing (PubMed:23071326). Modulates auxin (IAA) transport-related developmental programs by regulating protein phosphatase 2A (PP2As)-driven auxin efflux carrier PIN proteins recycling and polarity (PubMed:26888284). Required during development (PubMed:23071326, PubMed:26888284). Necessary for abiotic stress (e.g. chilling and salt) tolerance (PubMed:23071326).
Localized in the shoot apical meristem (SAM) dome, the emerging leaf and root primordia, the provascular strands of developing seedlings, and the epidermis and cortex of the meristematic and elongation zones of the primary root tip, and in the protoderm of heart- and torpedo- stage embryos.
Delayed pollen development with reduced nuclei content leading to reduced pollen germination capacity, and pale seeds with arrested embryo development at the globular stage in homozygous plants (PubMed:23382868). In heterozygous plants, slight accumulation of the 23S-like precursor P-A3 (PubMed:23382868). Reduced siliques size with small non-developed and early aborted seeds (PubMed:23382868).
Essential protein required during embryogenesis and pollen development (PubMed:23382868). Required for processing of 20S pre-rRNA precursor and biogenesis of 40S ribosomal subunits (PubMed:23382868).
Highly expressed in flowers and at lower levels in roots, hypocotyls, stems, leaves, siliques and seeds.
The protein kinase domain is predicted to be catalytically inactive. Lacks the conserved Asp active site at position 208, which is replaced by an Asn residue.
Expressed in cotyledons, rapidly dividing root stele tissues, stems, leaves, flowers, mature pollen, and siliques.
Homodimer or heterodimer with PDX1.1 or PDX1.2. Interacts with PDX2.
Not induced by cold, salt, drought or UV stress, or by abscisic acid or jasmonic acid.
Plants have a lower leaf carotenoid and chlorophyll a and b content, and are impaired both in root cell division and in root cell elongation. Mutant rsr4-1 can be complemented by the addition of any of the vitamin B6 vitamers, except pyridoxal 5'-phosphate.
Associates with TFIID-IIA (DA complex) to form TFIID-IIA-IIB (DAB-complex) which is then recognized by polymerase II.
General factor that plays a major role in the activation of eukaryotic genes transcribed by RNA polymerase II.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase involved in regulation of abiotic stress responses. Not involved in ubiquitination of MYB108/BOS1. Has no effect on the stability of the DELLA proteins.
Up-regulated by salt and salicylic acid. Down-regulated by gibberellic acid and methyl jasmonate. Not regulated by pathogen or 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC).
Participates in electron transfer between P700 and the cytochrome b6-f complex in photosystem I. Seems to be a minor plastocyanin in Arabidopsis.
Allosterically inhibited by isoleucine. Strain GM11b is isoleucine feedback insensitive and is resistant to the antimetabolite L-O-methylthreonine.
Belongs to the serine/threonine dehydratase family.
Catalyzes the formation of alpha-ketobutyrate from threonine in a two-step reaction. The first step is a dehydration of threonine, followed by rehydration and liberation of ammonia.
Compressed root wave phenotype on tilted agar surfaces. Reduced accumulation of tryptophan, but increased levels of auxin.
Mostly expressed in roots, hypocotyls and leaves, and, to a lower extent, in seedlings, cotyledons, stems, inflorescences, flowers, siliques and seeds.
The alpha subunit is responsible for the aldol cleavage of indoleglycerol phosphate to indole and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. Required for tryptophan biosynthesis. Contributes to the tryptophan-independent indole biosynthesis, and possibly to auxin production.
Participates in efficiency of electron transfer from plastocyanin to P700 (or cytochrome c553 in algae and cyanobacteria). This plastocyanin-docking protein contributes to the specific association of plastocyanin to PSI.
Plants lacking PSAF have altered thylakoid structure and are not viable.
Water channel required to facilitate the transport of water across cell membrane. Essential for the water permeability of the plasma membrane and for the morphology of the root system. Its function is impaired by Hg(2+). Inhibited by cytosolic acidosis which occurs during anoxia in roots.
Widely expressed. Expressed in roots and above ground.
Expressed in seedlings and wounded leaves.
Induced by jasmonic acid (JA) and systemically by wounding. Slightly induced by dehydration.
Probably involved in long chain fatty-acid beta-oxidation prior to gluconeogenesis during germination and subsequent seedling growth. Involved in systemic jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis after wounding and may be during senescence.
Slightly induced in leaves during senescence.
Expressed in the whole plant, except roots.
Converts glucose 1-phosphate to UDP-glucose, which is the major glycosyl donor for polysaccharides. Acts redundantly with UGP1 and is essential for the synthesis of sucrose, starch and cell wall, and callose deposition.
Expressed in cauline leaves, flowers and siliques.
Reduced number of seeds (PubMed:19366709). The double mutants upg1 and ugp2 display severe growth defects and male sterility due to the absence of callose deposition around microspores (PubMed:20435647).
Belongs to the ATPase gamma chain family.
Mitochondrial membrane ATP synthase (F(1)F(0) ATP synthase or Complex V) produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane which is generated by electron transport complexes of the respiratory chain. F-type ATPases consist of two structural domains, F(1) - containing the extramembraneous catalytic core, and F(0) - containing the membrane proton channel, linked together by a central stalk and a peripheral stalk. During catalysis, ATP synthesis in the catalytic domain of F(1) is coupled via a rotary mechanism of the central stalk subunits to proton translocation. Part of the complex F(1) domain and the central stalk which is part of the complex rotary element. The gamma subunit protrudes into the catalytic domain formed of alpha(3)beta(3). Rotation of the central stalk against the surrounding alpha(3)beta(3) subunits leads to hydrolysis of ATP in three separate catalytic sites on the beta subunits.
Involved, partially redundantly with VCC/DEAL1 and DEAL2, to ensure bilateral symmetry development and early leaf margin patterning, probably via the regulation of auxin and CUC2 distribution.
Mainly expressed in roots, inflorescences and developing leaves, and, at low levels, in mature leaves.
No visible phenotype (PubMed:29139551). The vcc-3 deal3-1 double mutant shows leaf asymmetry (PubMed:29139551). The vcc-3 deal2-1 deal3-1 triple mutant shows a strong leaf asymmetry (PubMed:29139551).
Abnormal leaf patterning, with the abaxial mesophyll features appearing in the adaxial mesophyll domain.
Interacts with REIL1 and REIL2 (PubMed:24603461). Component of the large ribosomal subunit (By similarity).
Might have an extraribosomal function in reinitiation of translation of ETTIN and MONOPTEROS genes that are involved in the auxin-mediated gynoecium patterning (PubMed:16227452). Essential in leaf polarity establishment, probably having a role for translation in leaf dorsoventral patterning to specify leaf adaxial identity (PubMed:18305007).
Transcription factor that binds specifically to a 5'-AA[AG]G-3' consensus core sequence. Enhances the DNA binding of OBF transcription factors to OCS elements (By similarity).
Catalyzes the epoxidation of physiological unsaturated fatty acids in vitro. Can use laurate, oleate, linoleate, linolenate and vernolate as substrate.
Catalyzes xyloglucan endohydrolysis (XEH) and/or endotransglycosylation (XET). Cleaves and religates xyloglucan polymers, an essential constituent of the primary cell wall, and thereby participates in cell wall construction of growing tissues. Has some preference for non-fucosylated xyloglucan polymer. No apparent XEH activity in vitro.
N-glycosylated; not essential for its enzymatic activity.
Belongs to the imidazoleglycerol-phosphate dehydratase family.
Expressed in the endosperm. Localizes to the cell plate, a plant-specific membranous component that is assembled at the plane of cell division.
Might be involved in the organization and polarity of the actin cytoskeleton. Interacts with the barbed end of actin filaments and nucleates actin-filament polymerization in vitro. Seems to play a role in cytokinesis.
Functions in the early steps of protein synthesis of a small number of specific mRNAs. Acts by directing the binding of methionyl-tRNAi to 40S ribosomal subunits. In contrast to the eIF-2 complex, it binds methionyl-tRNAi to 40S subunits in a codon-dependent manner, whereas the eIF-2 complex binds methionyl-tRNAi to 40S subunits in a GTP-dependent manner.
A component of the complex responsible for the recognition and translocation of cytosolically synthesized mitochondrial preproteins.
Forms part of the receptor complex that consists of at least 6 different proteins (TOM5, TOM6, TOM7, TOM20, TOM22/TOM9 and TOM40).
Expressed at very low levels in leaves, inflorescences, fruits, and roots.
In leaves, mainly observed in starch-producing tissues including the mesophyll and the vascular companions cells. In flowers, detected in the stamens and pistil, as well as in the receptacle. Also expressed in the embryo.
Binds 3 divalent metal cations (PubMed:23620482). Uses Ca(2+) ions with ssDNA as substrate (PubMed:23620482). Can also use Mn(2+) with lower efficiency with ssDNA and dsDNA as substrates (PubMed:23620482).
Directly induced by NAC92 during senescence onset.
ENDO1 is used to detect mutations generated by ethyl methan sulfonate (EMS) to produce a TILLING (targeting-induced local lesions in genomes) platform (PubMed:17651368, PubMed:18433472).
Endonuclease that can use RNA, single-stranded and double-stranded DNA as substrates (PubMed:23620482). Hydrolyzes single-stranded DNA and RNA without apparent specificity for bases during senescence. Endonuclease that recognizes and cleaves all types of mismatches with high efficiency, including heteroduplex double-stranded DNA. Maybe involved in programmed cell death (PCD) and senescence.
Mostly expressed in flowers and during leaf and stem senescence, and, to a lower extent, detectable at low levels in roots, leaves, and stems. Particularly expressed in senescing tissues in a NAC92/ORE1-dependent manner.
Present in the margins and tips of the oldest leaves, senescent leaves, differentiating xylem and at the abscission zone of flowers. In flowers, expressed in developing anthers and seeds. Accumulates in stigma, mature anthers, sepals, and petals of older/fully opened flowers. Also present in floral organs after fertilization. In mature siliques, observed in abscission zones and in the distal portion of the valve margins.
Expressed in the tapetum, but not in pollen grains. Detected in leaf vascular tissue and in roots.
Inhibited by nickel and to a lesser extent by cobalt.
Plasma membrane inositol-proton symporter. Specific for several inositol epimers, such as myoinositol and scylloinositol. D-chiroinositol, mucoinositol, alloinositol and pinitol are also transported with a lower activity. Not active with galactinol and phytate.
The PSI domain (383-450) is not involved in the plasma membrane targeting and is dispensable for the transport function, but is required for the inhibition by nickel.
May form complexes with phosphorylated ligands by interfering with kinases and their effectors.
Recognizes and hydrolyzes the peptide bond at the C-terminal Gly of ubiquitin. Involved in the processing of poly-ubiquitin precursors as well as that of ubiquitinated proteins. Is involved in resistance to the arginine analog canavanine (CAN).
Chromatin-remodeling protein that binds DNA through histones and regulates gene transcription. May specifically recognize and bind trimethylated 'Lys-27' (H3K27me3) and non-methylated 'Lys-4' of histone H3 (By similarity). Probable chromatin remodeling factor.
Was also erroneously assigned to At3g27010.
Calcium-binding peroxygenase involved in the degradation of storage lipid in oil bodies. May be involved in the interaction between oil bodies and vacuoles during seed germination (By similarity). Acts as a negative regulator of abscisic acid responses in non-seed tissues.
Down-regulated by abscisic acid and high salt. Not induced by salt stress or desiccation.
Expressed in roots, leaves, stems, shoots, flowers and germinated seeds. Barely detected in dry seeds prior to germination. Preferentially expressed in vascular bundles and in guard cells.
No visible phenotype, but increased sensitivity to exogenous abscisic acid and osmotic stresses. Increased drought tolerance.
The proline-knot motif (70-79) may be involved in targeting to lipid bodies.
Expressed at low levels in roots, rosette leaves, cauline leaves, stems and flowers.
Negatively regulates telomerase activity and participates in chromosome end protection (PubMed:16107718, PubMed:23109676). Binds RNA non-specifically (PubMed:27651456). Associates with a regulatory Pol III-dependent lncRNA, which represses telomerase activity in response to DNA damage (PubMed:23109676). Binds single-stranded telomeric DNA with weak affinity (PubMed:16107718, PubMed:27651456).
Down-regulated upon phosphate deficiency.
Highly expressed in elongation zone of lateral roots.
Longer root hairs under Pi-deficient conditions.
Expressed during cell or organ differentiation.
Expressed in shoots, flowers and siliques. Detected in cotyledons, leaves and trichomes, but not in roots.
Ferric chelate reductase involved in iron mobilization from the cytosol into the chloroplast. May participate in the transport of electrons to a Fe(3+) ion via FAD and heme intermediates. Might be involved iron homeostasis in trichomes.
No visible phenotype when grown under normal conditions. Reduced photosynthetic electron transport efficiency, chloroplast ferric chelate reductase activity and iron content. Seedling lethal when grown in alkaline soil.
Up-regulated in shoots by iron deficiency and down-regulated in shoots by copper deficiency.
Expressed in roots, leaves, stems, siliques and flowers (PubMed:23613767). Ubiquitous, with a high expression in mature pollen grains and in the pericycle and the xylem vasculature of the primary and lateral roots (PubMed:23921992).
Initially up-regulated by exogenous auxin or brassinosteroid but down-regulated after a prolonged treatment. Down-regulated by abscisic acid, gibberellic acid or cytokinin.
Interacts with BAK1 (via kinase domain), SERK4 and SERK5.
Involved in auxin signal transduction and cell expansion and proliferation regulation (PubMed:23613767). May be involved in brassinosteroid-mediated plant growth and development via auxin regulation (PubMed:23921992). May be involved in microspore and pollen development (PubMed:23921992).
No visible phenotype (PubMed:23613767). Tmk2 and tmk4 double mutants, tmk3 and tmk4 double mutants and tmk2, tmk3 and tmk4 triple mutants have no visible phenotypes (PubMed:23613767). Tmk1 and tmk4 double mutants, tmk1, tmk2 and tmk4 triple mutants and tmk1, tmk3 and tmk4 triple mutants have a severe reduction in organ size, a substantial delay in growth and development, and a decrease in fertility (PubMed:23613767). Tmk1, tmk2, tmk3 and tmk4 quadruple mutants are embryo lethal (PubMed:23613767, PubMed:24578577).
The leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domain is disrupted by a non-LRR region, resulting in the formation of two LRR solenoid structures shaped like the Arabic number '7'. This is strikingly different from the horseshoe structures of the canonical LRR proteins.
Involved in RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM).
Probably regulated by the microRNA MAV8.
Reduced DNA methylation in some of the targets of RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM).
Expressed in roots, stems, leaves, siliques and flowers.
Probable plant-specific actin binding protein that bundles and stabilizes microfilaments (MFs).
By high salt conditions and drought stress.
Cysteine protease that plays a role in immunity, senescence, and biotic and abiotic stresses (Probable). Involved in immunity against the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea (PubMed:22238602). Involved in elicitor-stimulated programmed cell death (PCD). During infection by the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea, functions as PCD-promoting protease that is released from the ER body or vacuole to the cytoplasm (PubMed:23398119). Accumulates in endoplasmic reticulum-derived bodies in epidermal cells and may participate in cell death in stressed or injured cells (PubMed:11577182). Involved in water stress-induced cell death through its protease activity that is released to the cytoplasm after vacuolar collapse (PubMed:26884487). Possesses protease activity in vitro and is involved in cell death in the transmitting tract and septum epidermis during flower development (PubMed:26160583). Possesses peptide ligase activity. Can ligate peptides to unmodified N-termini of acceptor proteins. Probably ligates through a thioester intermediate (PubMed:18660805).
Inhibited by the cysteine protease inhibitor E64 (L-trans-epoxysuccinyl-leucylamide-(4-guanido)-butane).
Interacts with SERPIN1 (PubMed:23398119, PubMed:20181955). Interacts with PRN2 (PubMed:24947605). Interacts with WSCP (PubMed:26160583, PubMed:26016527). Interacts with TZF4, TZF5 and TZF6 (PubMed:26978070).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions (PubMed:22238602, PubMed:22396764). Mutant plants show increased susceptibility to infection by the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea (PubMed:22238602).
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL4 family.
This protein binds directly and specifically to 23S rRNA (By similarity). May play a role in plastid transcriptional regulation.
Belongs to the sirtuin family. Class IV subfamily.
Binds to the promoter region of genes influenced by ethylene (By similarity). Interacts with ENAP1; this interaction is enhanced in the presence of ethylene (PubMed:29298835).
NAD-dependent protein deacetylase (By similarity). Has deacetylase activity towards H3K9Ac (By similarity). May have a function in the safeguard against genome instabiliy and DNA damage to ensure plant cell growth (By similarity). Involved in responses to ethylene leading to the transcriptional repression of some ethylene-responsive genes via the regulation of histone acetylation H3K9Ac (PubMed:29298835).
Reduced ethylene sensitivity in the double mutant srt1 srt2.
Belongs to the cyclin family. Cyclin L subfamily.
Cognate cyclin for CDKG1. Required for synapsis and male meiosis, and for the proper splicing of specific resistance (R) genes. Involved in regulation of DNA methylation and transcriptional silencing.
Forms a complex with CDKG1. Interacts with MOS4 and associates with the spliceosome.
Part of a SCF (ASK-cullin-F-box) protein ligase complex (By similarity). Interacts with SKP1A/ASK1, SKP1B/ASK2, ASK11 and ASK13.
By ethylene (ACC) and jasmonic acid (JA) treatments.
Confers resistance to the pathogenic oomycetes Phytophthora infestans and Phytophthora capsici, but confers susceptibility to the pathogenic bacteria Pseudomonas syringae.
Expressed at low levels in stems, leaves, flowers and siliques.
Increased susceptibility to the oomycetes Phytophthora brassicae and Phytophthora capsici but enhanced resistance to the pathogenic bacteria Pseudomonas syringae.
Plants do not show a phenotype alteration due to the redundancy with other SDN ribonucleases.
Putative 3'-5' exonuclease degrading single-stranded small RNAs.
Expressed in root xylem vessels (PubMed:15923329). Expressed in stems, vascular tissue of cauline leaves and tracheary elements of sepals (PubMed:18069942).
Plants over-expressing NAC104 show severe dwarfism and suppression of tracheary element differentiation.
Probable transcription factor that influences tracheary elements and xylem development by negatively regulating secondary cell wall fiber synthesis and programmed cell death.
Reduced plant height and length of tracheary elements in the stem.
Acts as a calcium sensor. CBL proteins interact with CIPK serine-threonine protein kinases. Binding of a CBL protein to the regulatory NAF domain of a CIPK protein lead to the activation of the kinase in a calcium-dependent manner. May function as a positive regulator of salt or drought responses.
Both N-myristoylation and calcium-mediated conformational changes are essential for its function.
Expressed in green tissues, but not in the roots.
Homodimer (By similarity). Interacts with PP2CA, CIPK2, CIPK11, CIPK23 and CIPK24.
The N-terminal 12 amino acids are sufficient for cell membrane targeting of a heterologous protein.
Belongs to the prefoldin subunit alpha family.
Binds specifically to cytosolic chaperonin (c-CPN) and transfers target proteins to it (PubMed:19825635). Binds to nascent polypeptide chain and promotes folding in an environment in which there are many competing pathways for nonnative proteins (PubMed:19825635). Together with other chaperonins, contribute to the regulation of gene expression by modulating the spliceosome function on pre-mRNA splicing post-transcriptionally by acting as a co-chaperone of Hsp90 to control levels of LSM8 (By similarity). Required for the biogenesis of tubulins and for subsequent microtubules (MTs) organization and dynamicity (PubMed:19825635). Necessary for tolerance to NaCl salt stress (PubMed:19825635). Involved in the process leading to microtubules dissociation in response to gibberellic acid (GA) probably due to the DELLA proteins-mediated translocation of the prefoldin co-chaperone complex from the cytoplasm to the nucleus (By similarity). Prevents cold acclimation (e.g. 7 days at 4 degrees Celsius) in a DELLA proteins-dependent manner by promoting nuclear proteasome-mediated HY5 degradation, thus modulating the expression of several genes and reducing anthocyanin biosynthesis, but seems not involved in constitutive freezing tolerance (PubMed:28412546).
Binds specifically to cytosolic chaperonin (c-CPN) and transfers target proteins to it. Binds to nascent polypeptide chain and promotes folding in an environment in which there are many competing pathways for nonnative proteins.
Heterohexamer of two PFD-alpha type and four PFD-beta type subunits forming prefoldin co-chaperone complex (By similarity). Interacts with PFD6 (PubMed:19004800). Binds to the DELLA protein GAI (PubMed:23583555). Interacts with LSM8, a specific subunit of the LSM2-8 complex, which is a core component of the spliceosome (PubMed:32396196).
Heterohexamer of two PFD-alpha type and four PFD-beta type subunits.
Reduced levels of alpha- and beta-tubulin (PubMed:19825635). Altered development patterns and disturbed microtubules (MTs) organization (PubMed:19825635). Hypersensitivity to high NaCl salt levels (PubMed:19825635). Increased capacity to tolerate freezing temperatures upon acclimation (e.g. 7 days at 4 degrees Celsius) associated with a continuous accumulation of HY5 in cold conditions (PubMed:28412546).
Expressed in root apex, shoot apex, lateral root primordia, stamens, carpels and trichomes.
Specifically recognizes and binds N6-methyladenosine (m6A)-containing RNAs, and regulates mRNA stability (By similarity). M6A is a modification present at internal sites of mRNAs and some non-coding RNAs and plays a role in mRNA stability and processing (By similarity).
Glycosyltransferase involved in the biosynthesis of pectic type-II arabinogalactans.
Homozygote mutants are non viable. Heterozygote mutants display affected pollen germination.
Overexpression of PAGR positively affects the biosynthesis of type-II arabinogalactans.
Widely expressed with the highest expression in reproductive tissues and roots.
Probably acts as an electron carrier involved in oxygen activation and/or lignin formation.
Enhanced ABA signaling repressor activity by the proteasomal inhibitor MG132 accompanied by a cytoplasmic localization.
Expressed in seeds and seedlings. In roots, confined to lateral root caps and columella cells.
In abi1td, enhanced induction of MKKK18 activity after 90 minutes of abscisic acid (ABA) treatment and reduced degradation of MKKK18 by the proteasome.
Interacts with SPK1, ATHB-6, CIPK15/PKS3, GPX3, SRK2E/OST1, SRK2D, SRK2I, SCAR1, SCAR2, SCAR3 and SCARL. Binds to the PA released by the phospholipase D alpha 1 (PLDALPHA1) in response to ABA during the stomatal closure regulation. Interacts with ABA-bounded PYR1, PYL1, PYL2, PYL3, PYL4, PYL5, PYL6, PYL7, PYL8, PYL9, PYL10, and with free PYL2, PYL3, PYL4 and PYL13. Binds to RPL12B, CPK21 and CPK23. Binds to MAPKKK18 (PubMed:26443375). Interacts with KIN10 (PubMed:24179127). Interacts with phosphorylated PYL8/RCAR3 (PubMed:29928509).
Key component and repressor of the abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway that regulates numerous ABA responses, such as stomatal closure, osmotic water permeability of the plasma membrane (Pos), drought-induced resistance and rhizogenesis, response to glucose, high light stress, seed germination and inhibition of vegetative growth. During the stomatal closure regulation, modulates the inward calcium-channel permeability as well as the actin reorganization in guard cells in response to ABA. Involved in the resistance to the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato. Controls negatively fibrillin expression that is involved in mediating ABA-induced photoprotection. May be involved in ABA content regulation. Plays a role in the Pro accumulation in response to reduced water availability (low water potential). Required for the ABA negative regulation of the ethylene-induced hyponastic growth. Involved in acquired thermotolerance of root growth and seedling survival. Activates/represses SRK2E/OST1 in response to ABA-dependent stimuli, especially in stomata closure regulation involving SLAC1. Represses MAPKKK18 activity and promotes MAPKKK18 degradation by the proteasome pathway upon abscisic acid (ABA) treatment (PubMed:26443375). Represses KIN10 activity by the specific dephosphorylation of its T-loop Thr-198, leading to a poststress inactivation of SnRK1 signaling (PubMed:24179127). Restricts MAPKKK20 activity by dephosphorylation (PubMed:27913741).
Phosphatase activity repressed by oxidized GPX3 and phosphatidic acid (PA). PA is produced by PLD alpha 1 in response to ABA. Repressed by PYR/PYL/RCAR ABA receptors in an ABA-dependent manner.
Plants insensitive to ABA (abi1-1) are more resistant to P.syringae.
Repressed by MYB44. Induced by low temperature, drought, high salt, abscisic acid (ABA) and ethylene.
The 'lock' site stabilizes the complex made of PP2C, ABA and PYR/PYL/RCAR receptor by keeping receptor 'gate' and 'latch' loops in closed positions.
Autophosphorylated on Tyr and Thr residues.
Probable receptor with a dual specificity kinase activity acting on both serine/threonine- and tyrosine-containing substrates.
Interacts with KIPK1 and KIPK2 (via its cytosolic domain).
Mostly expressed in roots, especially in root hairs.
Regulates negatively root hairs elongation.
Expressed in leaf, root, flower and silique, with lower expression in roots.
Expressed in roots, leaves, stems and flowers (at protein level).
Required for keeping the ATP levels stable and balancing the aerobic respiration pathways during seed germination at low temperature.
By dehydration stress. High local and systemic induction by wounding.
Accessory subunit of the DNA polymerase alpha complex (also known as the alpha DNA polymerase-primase complex) which plays an essential role in the initiation of DNA synthesis.
Belongs to the DNA polymerase alpha subunit B family.
Expressed in etiolated hypocotyls, cotyledons, leaves, flowers and siliques.
In flowers, present in petals, stamen, and pistils styles and stigma.
Induced by zeatin (PubMed:29258424). Induced by auxin (PubMed:29258424). Triggered by brassinosteroids (PubMed:29258424). Accumulates in reduced red/far-red light ration (R:FR) conditions mimicking shaded conditions (PubMed:29258424). Repressed by abscisic acid (PubMed:29258424).
Provide a mechanistic link between auxin and plasma membrane H(+)-ATPases (PM H(+)-ATPases, e.g. AHA1 and AHA2), and triggers PM H(+)-ATPases activity by promoting phosphorylation of their C-terminal autoinhibitory domain as a result of PP2C-D subfamily of type 2C phosphatases inhibition, thus leading to the acidification of the apoplast and the facilitation of solutes and water uptake to drive cell expansion (By similarity). Triggers plant growth probably by promoting cell elongation (PubMed:29258424). Regulates branch angles and bending (PubMed:29258424).
By fungal pathogens such as Phytophthora infestans and Botrytis cinerea. Promoted by ethylene in the vascular cylinder of primary roots and in the root cortex in the root/hypocotyl junction zone.
Mostly expressed in vasculature, hydathode endothem, leaf mesophyll cells and trichomes.
Belongs to the chorismate synthase family.
Catalyzes the last common step of the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids, produced via the shikimic acid pathway.
Activated by calcium. Autophosphorylation may play an important role in the regulation of the kinase activity (By similarity). Repressed by THI1 through a negative regulation of the autophosphorylation activity in the presence of Ca(2+) (PubMed:26662273).
Ca(2+)-dependent protein kinase (PubMed:26662273). Negative regulator of stomatal closure and slow anion currents (PubMed:26662273). Unable to phosphorylate THI1 in vitro, but the kinase activity is essential for the stomatal closure regulation (PubMed:26662273). Phosphorylates FD (PubMed:25661797). May play a role in signal transduction pathways that involve calcium as a second messenger (Probable).
Expressed in primary roots, leaves, inflorescences, siliques and guard cells (PubMed:26662273). Expressed in the shoot apical meristem (PubMed:25661797).
Increased sensitivity to abscisic acid stomatal closure (PubMed:26662273). Delayed floral transition (PubMed:25661797).
Interacts with THI1 (PubMed:26662273). Interacts with FD and FDP (PubMed:25661797).
Up-regulated by abscisic acid treatment and drought stress, but not by thiamine.
Mostly expressed in dry seeds and leaves, and, to a lower extent, in roots, stems, flowers and siliques (at protein level).
Polyol dehydrogenase that catalyzes the NAD(+)-dependent oxidation of various sugar alcohols. Is mostly active with D-sorbitol (D-glucitol), ribitol and xylitol as substrates, leading to the C2-oxidized products D-fructose, D-ribulose and D-xylulose, respectively. To a lesser extent, can also oxidize arabitol, mannitol, lactitol and maltitol in vitro. Is required for sorbitol metabolism. Cannot use NADP(+) as the electron acceptor.
Reduced dry weight and primary root length when grown in the presence of sorbitol. Increased resistance to dehydration under short-day conditions.
Confers broad-spectrum resistance to pathogens. Possesses antifungal activity sensitive to inorganic cations in vitro.
Expressed predominantly in siliques and dry seeds.
Exhibits a Ca(2+)-pectate binding affinity which could be interpreted in vivo as a specificity to interact with the pectic structure of the cell wall.
Expressed in the first stage of developing seeds.
Induced either by incompatible fungal pathogen attack, or by methyl jasmonate, a plant defense-related signaling molecule.
Belongs to the complex I subunit 5 family.
NDH shuttles electrons from NAD(P)H:plastoquinone, via FMN and iron-sulfur (Fe-S) centers, to quinones in the photosynthetic chain and possibly in a chloroplast respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme in this species is believed to be plastoquinone. Couples the redox reaction to proton translocation, and thus conserves the redox energy in a proton gradient (By similarity).
E3 ubiquitin protein ligase that acts as positive regulator of RPM1- and RPS2-dependent hypersensitive response (HR), in association with RIN2. Probably not required for RPM1 degradation during HR.
Interacts (via C-terminus) with RPM1 (via N-terminus).
Repressed upon infection with the P.syringae avirulent DC3000 strain containing avrRpm1 (at protein level).
Abnormal mitochondrial morphology, functionality and distribution (PubMed:23370715). Reduced sensitivity to isoxaben (an herbicide inhibiting cellulose synthesis and altering the cell wall) and to waving-inducing oxylipins such as 9-hydroxyoctadecatrienoic acid and derivatives (9-HOT, 2-HOE, 13-HOT, 13-HOD, 13-KOD, 12,13-KHOD, 9-HOT, 9-HOD, 9-KOT, 9-KOD and 9,10-KHOE) treatment leading to an altered root development (e.g. increased numbers of lateral roots, disrupted callose accumulation and altered root waving); 9-HOT is a potent inducer of root waving and an endogenous modulator of lateral root formation (PubMed:17369372, PubMed:23370715, PubMed:26417008). Enhanced susceptibility to pathogenic bacteria (e.g. Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato) both avirulent (e.g. Pst DC3000 avrRPM1) and virulent (e.g. Pst DC3000) strains associated with reduced and delayed expression of salicylic acid (SA)-responding pathogenesis-related genes (e.g. PR1, PR2 and PR4) and of 9-HOT-responsive genes (e.g. PER71, PIF3, CYP71A12 and GLP9); these phenotypes are associated with reduced callose deposition upon infection (PubMed:17369372, PubMed:23370715, PubMed:26417008). Increased susceptibility to the obligate biotrophic pathogenic fungus Golovinomyces cichoracearum (PubMed:26417008). Defective in 9-lipoxygenase (9-LOX)-derived oxylipin synthesis, but normal responses to brassinosteroids (BRs) (PubMed:26417008).
Accumulates in cotyledons and roots after treatments with isoxaben (an herbicide) and 9-hydroxyoctadecatrienoic acid (9-HOT) (PubMed:23370715). Induced in leaves inoculated with Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato (Pst) (PubMed:23370715).
Essential for mitochondrial morphology, functionality and distribution (PubMed:23370715). Contributes to 9-lipoxygenase (9-LOX)-derived oxylipin synthesis, but not to brassinosteroids (BRs) signaling (PubMed:26417008). Required for waving-inducing oxylipin 9-hydroxyoctadecatrienoic acid and derivatives (e.g. 9-HOT, 2-HOE, 13-HOT, 13-HOD, 13-KOD, 12,13-KHOD, 9-HOT, 9-HOD, 9-KOT, 9-KOD and 9,10-KHOE)-mediated root development regulation, including callose deposition, root waving and lateral roots formation (PubMed:17369372, PubMed:23370715, PubMed:26417008). Involved in basal plant defense toward pathogenic bacteria (e.g. Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato), both in compatible (e.g. Pst DC3000) and incompatible (e.g. Pst DC3000 avrRPM1) interactions, as well as against obligate biotrophic pathogenic fungi (e.g. Golovinomyces cichoracearum), probably via the promotion of callose deposition in the cell wall (PubMed:17369372, PubMed:23370715, PubMed:26417008). Confers sensitivity to the herbicide isoxaben, an herbicide inhibiting cellulose synthesis and altering the cell wall (PubMed:23370715).
Expressed in cotyledons, roots and flowers.
First observed in vascular tissues, lateral root primordia, and root meristems.
Expressed in the basal regions and petioles of immature leaves and in the root elongation zone.
Involved in the control of epidermal-cell morphogenesis in roots and helical growth of roots by promoting microtubule depolymerization and limiting the accumulation of endoplasmic microtubules. Seems to be involved in the control of cell-file rotation (or twisting).
Expressed only in roots, particularly in xylem.
Component of a nucleolar small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particle (snoRNP) thought to participate in the processing and modification of pre-ribosomal RNA (By similarity). Essential for embryogenesis. Plays a critical role in embryo sac development and gametic cell fate. Required for the correct positioning of the first division plane of zygote. May function during early embryogenesis (PubMed:20699009).
Expressed in tissues with active in cell division such as shoot apexes, root tips, lateral root primordia, embryos, endosperm, pollen grains and embryo sacs.
Strongly expressed in early embryos and endosperm, but very weakly in globular embryos and further embryo developmental stages.
Oxidoreductase acting on a broad range of substrates: reduces ketosteroids, aromatic aldehydes, ketones, sugars and other aliphatic aldehydes, and oxidizes hydroxysteroids. May function as detoxifiying enzyme by reducing a range of toxic aldehydes and ketones produced during stress.
This protein is an auxiliary protein of DNA polymerase delta and is involved in the control of eukaryotic DNA replication by increasing the polymerase's processibility during elongation of the leading strand (By similarity). May be involved in UV resistance.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but the double mutant seedlings gtl1-1 and df1-1 exhibit increased root hair length (PubMed:29439132). Reduced amount of seed coat mucilage (PubMed:22735692, PubMed:25658798).
Plants overexpressing DF1 exhibit very short root hairs.
Transcription repressor that negatively regulates root hair growth by directly binding RSL4 promoter and repressing RSL4 expression (PubMed:29439132). Required for the synthesis of seed coat mucilage (PubMed:22735692, PubMed:25658798).
Expressed in hypocotyls and shoots. Expressed at low levels in roots.
Involved in strigolactones biosynthesis by catalyzing the isomerization of the C9-C10 double bond in all-trans-beta-carotene leading to 9-cis-beta-carotene and providing the substrate for CCD7. Strigolactones are hormones that inhibit tillering and shoot branching through the MAX-dependent pathway, contribute to the regulation of shoot architectural response to phosphate-limiting conditions and function as rhizosphere signal that stimulates hyphal branching of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and trigger seed germination of root parasitic weeds.
Alterated pistil morphogenesis, such as twisting of the gynoecium (PubMed:24173806). Double mutants sub/scm poq and qky sub/scm have a stronger pistil twisting than single mutants (PubMed:24173806). The triple mutant qky sub/scm poq has a dramatic pistil twisting phenotype due to defects of valve cell growth anisotropy (PubMed:24173806).
Cannot be functionally replaced by the SRF1 to SRF8 proteins.
Expressed in leaves, stems, inflorescences, flower buds and developing root epidermis.
Interacts (via intra-cellular domain) with AN; this interaction is not required for correct subcellular localization and recycling of SUB (PubMed:23368817). Binds to QKY and POQ at the plasma membrane (PubMed:24173806). Binds to QKY at plasmodesmata (PD) in root epidermal cells to promote tissue morphogenesis (PubMed:25256344).
Phosphorylation of Thr-486, Thr-494 or Ser-656 is not required for SUB function.
Regulated at the post-transcriptional level.
Regulates the expression of transcription factors that define the cell fates. Acts in a non-cell-autonomous fashion, functions in a radial inside-out signaling process, and mediates cell morphogenesis and cell fate across clonally distinct cell layers in floral primordia, developing ovules, and root meristems. Seems to be required for the regulation of cell shape and the orientation of the mitotic division plane. Involved in root hair specification, in the formation of the outer integument and the shape of organs such as carpels and petals and is necessary for the shape and height of the stem. Non-functional SUB proteins are retained in the endoplasmic reticulum and degraded by endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD). Collaboratively with QKY and POQ, regulates cell growth anisotropy during gynoecium development, thus linking together cell-cell communication and cellular growth (PubMed:24173806). Together with QKY, links RLK-dependent signal transduction and intercellular communication mediated by plasmodesmata (PD) to regulate tissue morphogenesis (PubMed:25256344).
Required for epidermal patterning during postembryonic root development, but not involved in hypocotyl development.
The protein kinase domain is catalytically inactive, but nevertheless important for SUB function.
The sub/scm phenotype is sensitive to ecotype and is greatly reduced in cv. Columbia background.
Enhanced drought and salt tolerance and modified gravitropic response associated with an increased expression of THAS1 (PubMed:21252258). Higher root lengths (PubMed:21252258).
Interacts with the biotrophic pathogenic fungi Microbotryum violaceum effector MVLG_01732.
May be involved in membrane trafficking (By similarity). Acts as a repressor of abiotic stress (e.g. drought and salt) responses by binding specifically to the promoter of THAS1 to regulate its transcription (PubMed:21252258). Binds to membrane lipid ceramides (PubMed:21252258).
Mostly expressed in rosette leaves and flowers, to lower extent, in cauline leaves, roots and stems, and, at low levels, in siliques.
The SMP-LTD domain is a barrel-like domain that can bind various types of glycerophospholipids in its interior and mediate their transfer between two adjacent bilayers.
Belongs to the disproportionating enzyme family.
Circadian-regulation with a peak in expression in the middle of the light period.
Cytosolic alpha-glucanotransferase essential for the cytosolic metabolism of maltose, an intermediate on the pathway by which starch is converted to sucrose in leaves at night. Metabolizes maltose exported from the chloroplast and is specific for beta-maltose. May play a role in freezing tolerance. Temperature drop induces inactivation of DPE2 that leads to rapid accumulation of maltose, a solute that protects cells from freezing damage.
Dwarf plants with yellowish leaves that accumulate large amounts of maltose. Increased tolerance to cold.
Interacts with DREB1A and DREB1B in the nucleus (PubMed:28344081). Interacts with CINV1 (PubMed:25256212).
Adapter-like transcriptional repressor recruiting TPL/TPR corepressors to inhibit TCP transcription factors.
Expressed in the vascular tissues and in hydathodes. Expressed in the phloem and xylem (at the protein level).
Overexpression of GLUTAMINE DUMPER 1 leads to free amino acid levels accumulation, plant size decrease, hypersecretion of glutamine from hydathodes and to a full resistance to geminivirus infection (Ref.9, PubMed:15208395, PubMed:20042021, PubMed:20018597).
Probable subunit of an amino acid transporter involved in the regulation of the amino acid metabolism. Stimulates amino acid export by activating nonselective amino acid facilitators. Required the interaction with the RING-type E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase LOG2 to fulfill its function. Plays a role in the Gln export at hydathodes, at xylem parenchyma into xylem sap and from mesophyll into leaf apoplasm. Acts upstream genes involved in the salicylic acid (SA) pathway and in the geminivirus-host interaction.
Accumulates after seeds imbibition (at protein level).
May be involved in the metabolism of reactive oxygen species.
Ubiquitously expressed, higher levels in flowers and green siliques (at protein level).
Esterase activity is down-regulated by salicylic acid (SA). Down-regulated by agrochemicals Paraoxon, 3,4-DCl and Profenofos.
Methylesterase shown to have carboxylesterase activity, methyl indole-3-acetic acid (MeIAA) esterase activity, methyl salicylate (MeSA) esterase activity and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) esterase activity in vitro.
Calcium-binding regulatory protein that interacts with kinesin motor protein KCBP in a calcium-dependent manner. Inhibits KCBP microtubule binding activity and microtubule-stimulated ATPase activity. Involved in the regulation of trichome branching through its interaction with KCBP.
Interacts with KCBP (via C-terminus). KIC and calmodulin show competitive binding to KCBP. Interacts with CML42. Binds to ABCG36 (PubMed:26315018).
Plants overexpressing KIC1 causes a reduction in the number of trichome branches.
Heterodimer of an alpha subunit and a beta subunit. PSII is composed of 1 copy each of membrane proteins PsbA, PsbB, PsbC, PsbD, PsbE, PsbF, PsbH, PsbI, PsbJ, PsbK, PsbL, PsbM, PsbT, PsbX, PsbY, PsbZ, Psb30/Ycf12, at least 3 peripheral proteins of the oxygen-evolving complex and a large number of cofactors. It forms dimeric complexes.
Heterodimer of an alpha subunit and a beta subunit. PSII is composed of 1 copy each of membrane proteins PsbA, PsbB, PsbC, PsbD, PsbE, PsbF, PsbH, PsbI, PsbJ, PsbK, PsbL, PsbM, PsbT, PsbX, PsbY, PsbZ, Ycf12, at least 3 peripheral proteins of the oxygen-evolving complex and a large number of cofactors. It forms dimeric complexes.
This b-type cytochrome is tightly associated with the reaction center of photosystem II (PSII). PSII is a light-driven water:plastoquinone oxidoreductase that uses light energy to abstract electrons from H(2)O, generating O(2) and a proton gradient subsequently used for ATP formation. It consists of a core antenna complex that captures photons, and an electron transfer chain that converts photonic excitation into a charge separation.
With its partner (PsbE) binds heme. PSII binds additional chlorophylls, carotenoids and specific lipids.
Auxiliary factor required, together with HCF173, for the biogenesis of photosystem II (PSII), especially for the synthesis of the reaction center proteins (e.g. D1), via the regulation of the corresponding mRNA (e.g. psbA) translation initiation (ribosomal loading) and stabilization (PubMed:29930106). Forms a trimeric complex with OHP1 and OHP2 that is required to promote PSII core subunit assembly (PubMed:29930106, PubMed:30397023). The trimeric complex forms a transient PSII reaction center-like complex with PsbA, PsbD, PsbE, PsbF and PsbI subunits in thylakoids for early assembly of PSII as well as PSII repair (PubMed:30397023). The trimeric complex is required for the recruitment of ribosomes to the psbA mRNA during PSII biogenesis and repair (PubMed:31991763).
Belongs to the NmrA-type oxidoreductase family.
Component of a high molecular weight complex containing OHP1, OHP2 and HCF244, and PSII core proteins D1/D2, HCF136 and HCF173 (PubMed:23027666, PubMed:29438089). Interacts with OHP1 (PubMed:29438089). Forms a trimeric complex with OHP1 and OHP2 that mutually stabilizes each subunit (PubMed:29930106, PubMed:30397023).
Impaired photoautotrophy (PubMed:23027666). Seedling lethal (PubMed:23027666). High chlorophyll fluorescence phenotype and severely affected photosystem II (PSII) subunits accumulation associated with a drastically decreased synthesis of the reaction center protein D1 due to a reduced translation initiation (ribosomal loading) of the corresponding psbA mRNA (PubMed:23027666). Plants lacking both HCF173 and HCF244 display stronger PSII defects (PubMed:23027666).
Isoform MYB59-1 is induced by jasmonate (JA), salicylic acid (SA), gibberellic acid (GA), and ethylene. Also induced by cadmium (Cd).
Mainly expressed in leaves and seedlings, and to a lower extent, in roots, stems and inflorescences. Isoform MYB59-1 and isoform MYB59-2 are present in roots, leaves, and seedlings, while the expression of isoform MYB59-3 and isoform MYB59-4 is confined to seedlings.
Accumulates transiently in developing seeds (e.g. including embryos and seed coat), reaching a peak ten days after pollination (10 DAP) (PubMed:32354877). Observed in young seedling and progressively restricted to vascular tissues. Present in whole blade of young leaves but confined to the vascular tissues of mature leaves. In stems, mostly present in xylem, mature phloem and differentiating fibers. In siliques, only present in the lignified extremities. Expressed during early and late stages of flower development.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. Cation-independent O-methyltransferase family. COMT subfamily.
Does not require magnesium. Completely inhibited by 5 mM of either NiSO4 or p-chloromercuribenzoate (pCMB). Acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase activity is inhibited by caffeate (PubMed:25039887).
Expressed following a circadian rhythm with the highest level 4 hours into the light and a second lower peak after 10 hours of night (PubMed:32064655). Induced by osmotic stress (PubMed:33924609).
Expressed in seeds, seedlings, leaves, stems, flowers and siliques, mostly in vascular tissues (PubMed:32354877). Mostly expressed in the apical part of the stems and in roots. Expressed in the endothecium and the epidermal anther, but not in the tapetum. Also detected in all epidermal tissues of flower organs, including petals, sepals and the tip of the stigma.
Methylates OH residues of flavonoid compounds. Converts quercetin into isorhamnetin. Dihydroquercetin is not a substrate. Catalyzes the methylation of monolignols, the lignin precursors. Does not contribute to the phenylpropanoid pattern of the pollen tryphine, but is probably confined to isorhamnetin glycoside biosynthesis (PubMed:10700397, PubMed:12777055, PubMed:20652169, PubMed:22258746). Involved in melatonin biosynthesis (PubMed:25039887, PubMed:25250906, PubMed:32354877). Functions as an acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase that catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group onto N-acetylserotonin (NAS), producing melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) (PubMed:25039887, PubMed:25250906). Can also methylate serotonin into 5-methoxytryptamine (5-MT) with low catalytic activity (PubMed:25250906). Implicated in melatonin-dependent circadian dynamics of stomatal aperture to minimize night water loss and promote drought tolerance (PubMed:32064655). Prevents the accumulation of oil and anthocyanin content in mature seeds, as well as mucilage production in the seed coat, in a melatonin-dependent manner (PubMed:32354877).
Reduced levels of syringyl (S) units in lignins that contain more 5-hydroxyguaiacyl units (5-OH-G), the precursors of S-units. Substitution of sinapyl (S) alcohol-derived substructures by 5-hydroxyconiferyl alcohol (5OHG)-derived moieties in fiber cell walls. No effect on hydroxycinnamic acid amides in pollen. Altered circadian dynamics of stomatal aperture (PubMed:32064655). Increased oil and anthocyanin content in mature seeds, as well as higher mucilage accumulation in the seed coat (PubMed:32354877).
Component of minor spliceosome required for U12-type intron splicing and alternative splicing of many introns. Binds specifically to U12 snRNA, which is necessary for branch-point site recognition. Required for normal plant development.
Component of the U11/U12 snRNPs that are part of the U12-type spliceosome. Forms a complex with U12 snRNA.
Molecular chaperone which stabilizes unfolding protein intermediates and functions as a folding molecular chaperone that assists the non-covalent folding of proteins in an ATP-dependent manner.
Arabinose kinase. Involved in the salvage pathway which converts free L-arabinose to UDP-L-arabinose. May play a role in arabinose transport.
Sup1, a suppressor of the ara1-1 arabinose-sensitive phenotype, contains a second point mutation resulting in a premature stop codon and a complete loss of kinase activity. Therefore, the putative arabinose transport function is independent from the kinase activity.
Involved in proteolytic processing of BAG6 and plant basal immunity.
Component of the exocyst complex and of the exocyst-positive organelle (EXPO). Interacts with SEC6, SEC10A and SEC10B.
Expressed in roots, in the root-hair zone, both in root hair and nonhair cells.
Influences the subcellular localization patterns of other exocyst complex proteins (e.g. SEC5A, SEC15A, SEC15B and EXO84B) leading to their recruitment to exocyst, well-defined large punctate structures throughout the cytosol (PubMed:19895414, PubMed:24307681). Essential component for the formation and the recruitment of exocyst subunits to the exocyst-positive organelle (EXPO), a secreted double membrane structure also called extracellular exosome, that acts as a sequester for cytosolic proteins to release them into the apoplast (PubMed:21193573, PubMed:24307681).
Unability to recruit a number of exocyst subunits to the exocyst-positive organelle (EXPO).
Expressed in flowers and siliques, and at lower levels in leaves and stems.
Acts as a transcriptional repressor. Interacts with ERF7 to repress genes in abscisic acid and drought stress responses. The heterodimer represses transcription by tethering SNL3 to DNA.
Interacts with ERF7 and the histone deacetylase HDA19.
Loss-of-function mutant (antisense inhibition) leads to abscisic acid hypersensitivity in germination.
The PHA domains are required for interactions with ERF7 and HDA19.
Belongs to the RNA polymerase alpha chain family.
The N-terminal domain is essential for RNAP assembly and basal transcription, whereas the C-terminal domain is involved in interaction with transcriptional regulators and with upstream promoter elements.
Involved in autophagy in a nutritional condition dependent manner. The ATG1-ATG13 protein kinase complex regulates downstream events required for autophagosome enclosure and/or vacuolar delivery. Becomes a target of autophagy under nutrient starvation (By similarity). Connects autophagy to plant nutritional status (PubMed:21984698).
A substrate-binding catalytic site, located on R1, is formed only in the presence of the second subunit R2.
Accumulated during S phase of the cell cycle.
Belongs to the ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase small chain family.
Homodimer and heterodimer with TSO2. Heterotetramer of two R1 and two R2 chains. A radical transfer pathway may occur between Tyr-125 of protein R2 and R1. Homodimer contains a dinuclear non-heme iron center and a stable tyrosyl radical essential for activity. A transfer pathway may occur between Tyr-125 of protein R2 and R1. Interacts with CSN7.
Inhibited by phenol, paracetamol, 2,4,6-trimethylphenol, resveratrol, furfuryl mercaptan, 2-thiophenthiol, phenylhydrazine, and hydroxyurea.
No visible phenotype, due to the redundancy with RNR2B and TSO2. Rnr2a and rnr2b double mutants have no visible phenotype.
Provides the precursors necessary for DNA synthesis. Catalyzes the biosynthesis of deoxyribonucleotides from the corresponding ribonucleotides.
Light emission at 715-720 nm upon excitation at 440 and 475 nm, and subsequent transfer of excitation energy to the photosystem I core with a relative slow rate of 25 nsec(-1).
Slight decrease (30 percent) of LHCA2 levels (at protein level).
The LHC complex consists of chlorophyll a-b binding proteins (PubMed:19139095, PubMed:17476261). Red-emitting heterodimer with LHCA2 (PubMed:17107674, PubMed:21083539). Interacts with LHCA5 (PubMed:15356385). Binds to carotenoids (PubMed:17326666).
Component of the biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles complex-1 (BLOC-1) (By similarity). Interacts with BLOS1 and SNX1.
Component of the biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles complex-1 (BLOC-1), a complex that mediates the vacuolar degradative transport via the intracellular vesicle trafficking from the endosome to the vacuole.
Enhanced sensitivity to abscisic acid (ABA) (PubMed:18434605). RNAi mutants also display enhanced sensitivity to abscisic acid (ABA) (PubMed:19704533).
May be involved in ABA-induced senescence responses.
During anther development, first confined to meiocytes, tapetal and middle layer cells. At the microspore stage, mainly expressed in the tapetum and microspores. Later observed in developing pollen grains.
Inflorescences-specific (PubMed:18397379). Accumulates in anthers, especially in tapetum and meiocytes/microsporocytes and microspores during anther development (PubMed:17666023, PubMed:18397379).
Male-sterile mutant, defective in tapetal development, characterized by irregular and excessive division, redundant cells and leading to dysfunction of the tapetum (PubMed:18397379, PubMed:21957980). Impaired callose dissolution resulting in altered microspores release from the tetrads and no pollen production (PubMed:18397379).
Required for anther development and early tapetal function during microspore maturation (PubMed:18397379, PubMed:21957980). Regulates callose dissolution required for microspores release from the tetrads (PubMed:18397379).
Expressed in cotyledons, roots, flowers, siliques and leaves.
Present throughout the cotyledons as well as in the mature regions of roots in young seedlings. Expressed in expanding leaves, but not in leaf primordia and juvenile leaves. In flowers, accumulates in sepals and stamen filaments, as well as at the apices and bases of siliques.
Promotes cell expansion-dependent organ growth, probably via a brassinosteroids signaling pathway. Acts downstream of BRI1.
Smaller lateral organs including cotyledons and leaves.
Expressed in leaves, roots, stems and flowers.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 61 family.
Glycosyletransferase required for the proper composition and structural properties of released seed coat mucilage (PubMed:11706181, PubMed:26482889, PubMed:26979331). Required for the production of highly branched xylan polymers in seed coat mucilage (PubMed:26482889). Facilitates the addition of xylose residues directly to the xylan backbone (PubMed:26482889, PubMed:26979331). Xylan with xylose side chains seems to be necessary for pectin attachment to the seed surface (PubMed:26482889, PubMed:26979331). Essential for xylan synthesis in seed coat epidermal (SCE) cells (PubMed:26482889).
Reduced amount and altered composition of seed coat mucilage.
The JAMM motif is essential for the protease activity.
Zinc metalloprotease that cleaves 'Lys-48'- and 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitin chains.
Binding to the alpha subunit is required for catalytic activity.
Catalytic subunit of the essential mitochondrial processing protease (MPP), which cleaves the mitochondrial sequence off newly imported precursors proteins (By similarity). Preferentially, cleaves after an arginine at position P2 (By similarity).
Heterodimer of an alpha subunit and a beta subunit subunits, forming the mitochondrial processing protease (MPP) in which the alpha subunit is involved in substrate recognition and binding and the beta subunit is the catalytic subunit (By similarity). Component of the ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase (cytochrome b-c1 complex, complex III, CIII), a multisubunit enzyme composed of 10 subunits. The complex is composed of 3 respiratory subunits cytochrome b (MT-CYB), cytochrome c1 (CYC1-1 or CYC1-2) and Rieske protein (UCR1-1 or UCR1-2), 2 core protein subunits MPPalpha1 (or MPPalpha2) and MPPB, and 5 low-molecular weight protein subunits QCR7-1 (or QCR7-2), UCRQ-1 (or UCRQ-2), QCR9, UCRY and probably QCR6-1 (or QCR6-2) (PubMed:18189341, PubMed:18305213). The complex exists as an obligatory dimer and forms supercomplexes (SCs) in the inner mitochondrial membrane with NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I, CI), resulting in different assemblies (supercomplexes SCI(1)III(2) and SCI(2)III(4)) (PubMed:12970493).
PP2A consists of a common heterodimeric core enzyme, composed of a 36 kDa catalytic subunit (subunit C) and a 65 kDa constant regulatory subunit (PR65 or subunit A), that associates with a variety of regulatory subunits. Proteins that associate with the core dimer include three families of regulatory subunits B (the R2/B/PR55/B55, R3/B''/PR72/PR130/PR59 and R5/B'/B56 families) and cell signaling molecules (By similarity).
Probable regulatory subunit of type 2A protein phosphatase.
Catalyzes the transfer of endogenously produced octanoic acid from octanoyl-acyl-carrier-protein onto the lipoyl domains of lipoate-dependent enzymes. Lipoyl-ACP can also act as a substrate although octanoyl-ACP is likely to be the physiological substrate (By similarity) (PubMed:11602263). Together with LIP1P is essential for de novo plastidial protein lipoylation during seed development. Acts redundantly with LIP2P2 (PubMed:23581459).
Expressed in roots, leaves and flowers (PubMed:11602263, PubMed:23581459). Expressed in cauline leaves, stems and siliques (PubMed:23581459).
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS27 family.
Belongs to the ACC deaminase/D-cysteine desulfhydrase family.
Catalyzes the production of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) from cysteine. Can accept both D-cysteine and L-cysteine as substrate.
Expressed in the whole plant. Detected in root-shoot junctions and lateral root initiation sites.
Induced by INA. Up-regulated in vascular tissues after Na(+), K(+), Cu(2+), Ni(2+) or Zn(2+) exposure.
Serine/threonine-protein kinase that may function as a signaling receptor of extracellular matrix component. Plays a role in plant mineral nutrients response.
Regulates lateral organ growth. Functionally redundant with NGA1, NGA3 and NGA4.
Involved in sequestration of excess zinc in the cytoplasm into vacuoles to maintain zinc homeostasis.
Expressed in the root cap and in giant cells.
Expressed in leaves, flowers and siliques. Detected in leaves.
Up-regulated in the shoots by nitrate, but down-regulated in the roots.
May play a role in a brassinosteroid-dependent regulation of growth and development.
Catalyzes a salvage reaction resulting in the formation of AMP, that is energically less costly than de novo synthesis. Contributes primarily to the recycling of adenine into adenylate nucleotides, but is also involved in the inactivation of cytokinins by phosphoribosylation. Catalyzes the conversion of cytokinins from free bases (active form) to the corresponding nucleotides (inactive form).
Male sterility due to pollen abortion after meiosis. Accumulation of free bases of cytokinins and enhanced resistance to exogenous cytokinins.
Plants with reduced activity of APT1 and increased levels of cellular adenine show enhanced stress tolerance and improve growth, leading to increases in plant biomass.
Alpha/beta hydrolase dephytylating specifically the Mg-free chlorophyll pigment (pheophytin), yielding pheophorbide. No activity on chlorophyll. Belongs to the chlorophyll catabolic enzymes (CCEs).
Interacts with HCAR, RCCR, PAO and the LHCII complex. Part of a SGR1-CCE-LHCII complex, which acts in chlorophyll breakdown.
Stay-green phenotype during leaf senescence. Delayed chlorophyll breakdown during developmental senescence.
Homodimer (PubMed:27448097). Component of the conserved oligomeric Golgi complex which is composed of eight different subunits and is required for normal Golgi morphology and localization (Probable). Binds to COG3 and COG4 (PubMed:27448097). Interacts with FPP3/VETH1 and FPP2/VETH2; this interaction promotes the association between cortical microtubules and EXO70A1 (PubMed:25541219). Binds to SEC15B, and, possibly, with EXO70A1, SEC3A and SEC10A (PubMed:27801942).
Required for normal Golgi morphology and function (By similarity). Ensures, when in complex with FPP3/VETH1 and FPP2/VETH2, the correct secondary cell wall (SCW) deposition pattern by recruiting exocyst components to cortical microtubules in xylem cells during secondary cell wall deposition (PubMed:25541219).
Expressed in etiolated seedlings, leaves, stems and flowers.
Catalyzes the reversible phosphorylation of UMP to UDP (PubMed:30409856). Required for specific post-transcriptional processes of many plastid transcripts (e.g. PSI (PsaA, PsaF), PSII (D1, CP43, CP47), Cytochrome b(6)f (Cytb(6)), ATP synthase (AtpC), LHCs (LHCa3, LHCb2), and NDH (NdhH)), thus being essential for retaining photosynthetic activity in chloroplasts (PubMed:19037728, PubMed:30409856). Associates with group II introns of the plastid transcripts trnG-UCC, trnV-UAC, petB, petD and ndhA to stabilize corresponding precursor RNAs (PubMed:30409856).
Expressed exclusively in leaves, but not in roots.
Homomultimer (PubMed:30409856). Homohexamer (By similarity). Forms RNA-containing megadalton-sized complexes (PubMed:30409856).
Induced by light, detected at low levels in etiolated seedlings.
Reduced capacity to grow photoautotrophically associated with low levels of many plastid transcripts (e.g. PSI (PsaA, PsaF), PSII (D1, CP43, CP47), Cytochrome b(6)f (Cytb(6)), ATP synthase (AtpC), LHCs (LHCa3, LHCb2), and NDH (NdhH)) but abnormal accumulation of others, altered plastid translation as well as a strongly affected plastid ultrastructure (e.g. almost absent stromal lamellae and swollen grana stacks) with a large number of plastoglobuli and reduced photosynthetic performance due to strong defects in the major complexes of the thylakoid membrane.
Might be involved in the organization and polarity of the actin cytoskeleton. Involved in polar pollen cell growth process by maintaining tip-focused cell membrane expansion for the polar extension of pollen tubes.
Up-regulated during gall formation induced by root-knot nematodes.
Autophosphorylated at Ser-17 and Ser-26.
Functions as a link between plant defense pathways, stress responses and potassium homeostasis. Promotes osmotic stress sensitivity, responses to the bacterial-derived pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) flg22, and resistance to bacterial pathogens. Promotes the accumulation of POT5/HAK5, a potassium transporter that mediates high-affinity uptake during potassium deficiency.
Induced by mannitol and the pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) flg22.
Kinase activity is suppressed by interaction with CML9.
Cohesin cofactor dispensable during the meiotic division but playing an important role in DNA repair by homologous recombination (HR) probably by helping SMC5/SMC6 complex (PubMed:26648949). Regulator of sister chromatid cohesion in mitosis which may stabilize cohesin complex association with chromatin (PubMed:26648949). May couple sister chromatid cohesion during mitosis to DNA replication (By similarity). Cohesion ensures that chromosome partitioning is accurate in both meiotic and mitotic cells and plays an important role in DNA repair (PubMed:26648949). Required for proximal-distal cell cycle-driven leaf growth in both lamina and petiole (PubMed:24946828).
Weak impact on meiosis such as formation of some chromosome bridges at late anaphase I and telophase I in forming pollen, but severe effects on development, fertility, somatic homologous recombination (HR) and DNA repair, especially in plants lacking PDS5A, PDS5B, PDS5C, PDS5D and PDS5E (PubMed:26648949). Altered two-dimensional leaf shape leading to compact rosettes and roundish leaves due to lower cell number in both the lamina and the petiole explaining the macroscopic reduction in lamina and petiole length (PubMed:24946828).
Expressed in the vegetative cell during the later stages of pollen development, mostly in tricellular pollen grains, and, to a lower extent, in bicellular pollen grains.
Forms homooligomers and heterooligomers with SWEET6, SWEET8, SWEET9, SWEET11 and SWEET12.
Mediates both low-affinity uptake and efflux of sugar across the plasma membrane (By similarity). May play roles in nurturing the male gametophyte (PubMed:25988582).
Slightly induced by the powdery mildew fungus G.cichoracearum and the pathogenic bacteria P.syringae pv. tomato.
Circadian-regulation (PubMed:23818596, PubMed:25012192). Maximum levels of expression in the subjective morning (PubMed:23818596, PubMed:25012192). Up-regulated by a light pulse in the middle of the night via the phytochrome family of red/far-red light photoreceptors (PubMed:23818596, PubMed:25332490, PubMed:25012192). Up-regulated following a temperature upshift during the dark period (PubMed:24690904). Repressed by members of the TOC1/PRR1 family of clock genes (PubMed:23818596).
Expressed in roots, stems, leaves, seedlings, cotyledons, inflorescences and siliques. Highest expression in root tips, young leaves and vasculatur tissues.
Interacts with CCA1, LHY, REV4 and REV8, but not with PRR7 or PRR9.
No differences in hypocotyl length when grown in complete darkness, but longer hypocotyls in plants under continuous white or red light (PubMed:23818596). Lengthened circadian cycle (PubMed:25012192).
The evening complex (EC) nighttime repressor is implicated in the temperature responsiveness by binding to the LNK1 promoter (PubMed:25332490, PubMed:24690904). Responds also to some extent to a dark/light transition in an EC-independent manner (PubMed:25332490).
Transcriptional coactivator necessary for expression of the clock genes PRR5 and TOC1 (PubMed:25012192, PubMed:25848708). Antagonizes REV8 function in the regulation of anthocyanin accumulation (PubMed:25848001). Involved in red light input to the clock (PubMed:25012192). Activates clock-controlled genes with afternoon peak (PubMed:23818596). Mediates light inhibition of hypocotyl elongation (PubMed:23818596).
Unable to bind to DNA, but recruited to the evening element (EE)-containing region of the PRR5 and TOC1 promoters through its interaction with the DNA binding proteins REV8 and REV4 (PubMed:25012192, PubMed:25848708).
Performs the first committed step in the biosynthesis of isoprene-containing compounds such as sterols and terpenoids. Is specific for (R)-5-diphosphomevalonate (MVAPP). The catalytic efficiency with (R)-5-phosphomevalonate (MVAP) as substrate is 10000-fold lower than for MVAPP.
One of the components of the core complex of photosystem II (PSII). PSII is a light-driven water:plastoquinone oxidoreductase that uses light energy to abstract electrons from H(2)O, generating O(2) and a proton gradient subsequently used for ATP formation. It consists of a core antenna complex that captures photons, and an electron transfer chain that converts photonic excitation into a charge separation.
PSII is composed of 1 copy each of membrane proteins PsbA, PsbB, PsbC, PsbD, PsbE, PsbF, PsbH, PsbI, PsbJ, PsbK, PsbL, PsbM, PsbT, PsbX, PsbY, PsbZ, Psb30/Ycf12, at least 3 peripheral proteins of the oxygen-evolving complex and a large number of cofactors. It forms dimeric complexes.
Involved in a signaling pathway that modulates root auxin transport and auxin gradients. Acts partially by positively regulating the auxin carrier PIN2 and AUX1 (PubMed:19948787). Acts, together with GB1 as positive regulator of meristem initiation and branching. GB1 and NDL2 positively regulate basipetal inflorescence auxin transport and modulate MAX2 expression in shoots, which regulates organ and lateral meristem formation by the establishment and maintenance of auxin gradients (PubMed:24223735).
Probable rhomboid-type serine protease that catalyzes intramembrane proteolysis. Unable to cleave either of the yeast Pcp1 substrates in yeast cells.
The functional differences between RBL12 and the yeast Pcp1 appear to be at least caused by differences in their transmembrane domains.
Component of the GINS complex which is a heterotetramer of GINS1, GINS2, GINS3 and GINS4.
The GINS complex plays an essential role in the initiation of DNA replication.
Leaf promordia, trichomes, atrichoblasts, fertilized eggs, seed coat.
Not induced by salicylic acid or wounding.
Transcription factor. Interacts specifically with the W box (5'-(T)TGAC[CT]-3'), a frequently occurring elicitor-responsive cis-acting element. Regulates trichome development, production of mucilage and tannin in seed coats, and maybe root hair development.
Catalyzes the formation of 5-oxoproline from gamma-glutamyl dipeptides and plays a significant role in glutathione (GSH) homeostasis. Converts GSH to 5-oxoproline and cysteine-glycine (Cys-Gly) dipeptide in vitro. Possesses low activity towards gamma-glutamyl-L-alanine. Has no activity towards gamma-glutamyl-L-cysteine.
Accumulates at the penetration site of powdery mildew (e.g. G.cichoracearum) infection.
Hypersensitivity to abscisic acid (ABA). Confers defense priming against pathogens and stresses such as E.cichoracearum, H.parasitica and P.syringae pv. tomato DC3000. This enhanced resistance is associated with a faster induction of several defense responses, including callose deposition and host cell death, in a salicylic acid- (SA-) dependent manner, as well as a strong elicitation of stress-induced MPK3 and MPK6 activity. Enhanced stress responses and spontaneous necrotic lesions under drought conditions. In contrast, reduced resistance to the non-adapted hemibiotrophic C.gloeosporioides and higher susceptibility to the host-adapted pathogens C.higginsianum and necrotrophic A.brassicicola. These phenotypes are rescued by disruption of KEG.
Interacts with KEG (PubMed:21343429). Binds and recruited by EDR4 at the powdery mildew (e.g. G.cichoracearum) penetration site on the plasma membrane (PubMed:25747881).
MAPKKK serine/threonine-protein kinase involved in the regulation of a MAP kinase cascade (probably including MPK3 and MPK6) that negatively regulates salicylic acid- (SA-) dependent defense responses, abscisic acid (ABA) signaling, and ethylene-induced senescence. Modulates also stress response (e.g. drought) signaling and cell death, in an ORE9-dependent manner. Functions at a point of cross talk between ethylene, ABA and SA signaling that impinges on senescence and cell death. On the other hand, it confers sensitivity to various pathogens such as the fungus E.cichoracearum, the oomycete H.parasitica and the bacteria P.syringae pv. tomato DC3000. Required for resistance to some hemibiotrophic/necrotrophic fungal pathogens (e.g. C.gloeosporioides, C.higginsianum and A.brassicicola) through the induction of defensin expression, probably by repressing MYC2, an inhibitor of defensin genes (PDFs). Together with KEG, may regulate endocytic trafficking and/or the formation of signaling complexes on trans-Golgi network (TGN)/ early endosome (EE) vesicles during stress responses.
Highly expressed in rosette leaves. Also expressed in roots, leaves, flowers, and siliques.
Converts the inactive gibberellin (GA) precursors GA9 and GA20 in the bioactives gibberellins GA4 and GA1. Involved in the production of bioactive GA for reproductive development.
Expressed in flower clusters and siliques.
Expressed in cauline leaves, stems, rosette leaves, immature siliques and primary inflorescences but at a low level.
Presence of 2'-O-methyl or 3'poly-U in the small RNA deters the activity of SDN1.
Defects in organ separation due to abnormal cell division and expansion during early boundary formation. Failure in accessory shoot meristem formation.
Probable transcription factor that involved in boundary specification, meristem initiation and maintenance, and organ patterning (PubMed:19542355, PubMed:21533201). Functions in both lateral organ separation and axillary meristem formation, in part through genetic interaction with the NAC domain genes CUC2 and CUC3 and the homeobox gene STM (PubMed:19542355). May be recruited by a variety of developmental programs for the development of floral organs and the initiation of ovule outgrowth (PubMed:21533201).
Expressed in young seedlings and flowers.
Has phosphatase activity toward PtdIns(4,5)P2, PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 and Ins(1,4,5)P3.
Component of the U11/U12 snRNPs that are part of the U12-type spliceosome. Not found in the major spliceosome (By similarity).
Likely involved in U12-type 5' splice site recognition.
The CHHC region interacts with the 5' splice site of the U12-type intron.
Involved in abiotic stress signaling. Tethered to plasma membrane (PM) and probably bound to phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate. Abiotic stresses (drought, salt, H(2)O(2)) trigger phospholipase C mediated PM dislogement and plastidial and nucleocytosolic relocation of TULP3.
Reduced colonization of the roots by the mutualistic fungus Piriformospora indica.
Ubiquitous at low levels. Not detected in mature siliques.
Expressed in lateral roots, rosette leaves, stems, stipules, flower stigma, pedicels and the connective tissue between pollen sacks.
Proton-coupled transporter that transports a wide spectrum of oxo derivatives of heterocyclic nitrogen compounds, including allantoin, uric acid and xanthine, but not adenine. Mediates transport of uracil and 5-fluorouracil (a toxic uracil analog).
Proton-coupled transporter that transports a wide spectrum of oxo derivatives of heterocyclic nitrogen compounds, including allantoin, xanthine and uracil.
Belongs to the FKBP-type PPIase family. Tig subfamily.
Consists of 3 domains; the N-terminus binds the ribosome, the middle domain has PPIase activity, while the C-terminus has intrinsic chaperone activity on its own.
Involved in protein export. Acts as a chaperone by maintaining the newly synthesized protein in an open conformation. Functions as a peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (By similarity).
Expressed in the two-cell stage embryo (PubMed:22378640). At early globular embryo stage, expressed both in the basal region of embryo proper and suspensor cells (PubMed:22378640). At heart and torpedo embryo stages expressed in the basal region apical regions of the embryo proper (PubMed:22378640).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but the double mutants tta1 and tta2 exhibit a rootless phenotype and seedling lethality (PubMed:22378640). No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but the double mutants obe3-2 and obe4-2 exhibit broad growth defects and developmental arrest of seedlings (PubMed:27196372).
Probable transcription factor that functions redundantly with OBE3 in specification of the hypophysis and establishment of the embryonic root (PubMed:22378640). Involved in the activation of ARF5/MP-dependent gene expression during embryonic root meristem initiation (PubMed:22378640). Involved in shoot meristem homeostasis (PubMed:27196372).
Self-interacts (PubMed:22378640). Interacts with OBE1 and OBE2 (PubMed:19392692, PubMed:22378640). Interacts with OBE3 (PubMed:22378640).
Accessory protein involved in autophagy. Acts as scaffold protein of the ATG1-ATG13 complex for faithful delivery of autophagic vesicles to the vacuole. Involved in the stress-induced phosphorylation of ATG1A for turnover of ATG1-ATG13 complex and proper ATG1-ATG13 complex assembly or activity. Required for selective mitophagy. Required for senescence-induced breakdown of mitochondria-resident proteins and mitochondrial vesicles. Seems not essential for ATG8-mediated autophagy.
Homodimer. Interacts with ATG8E, ATG13A and ATG101. Binds to ATG8E on autophagic vesicles.
Mutant plants are hypersensitive to nitrogen or carbon starvation and show early senescence.
Plays a central role in 2-thiolation of mcm(5)S(2)U at tRNA wobble positions of tRNA(Lys), tRNA(Glu) and tRNA(Gln). May act by forming a heterodimer with NCS6/CTU1 that ligates sulfur from thiocarboxylated URM1 onto the uridine of tRNAs at wobble position.
Citrate synthase is found in nearly all cells capable of oxidative metabolism.
Part of the complex catalyzing the transfer of N-acetylglucosamine from UDP-N-acetylglucosamine to phosphatidylinositol, the first step of GPI biosynthesis.
One of the primary rRNA binding proteins, it binds directly to 16S rRNA where it nucleates assembly of the body of the 30S subunit.
Part of the 30S ribosomal subunit. Contacts protein S5. The interaction surface between S4 and S5 is involved in control of translational fidelity (By similarity).
Part of the 30S ribosomal subunit. Contacts protein S5. The interaction surface between S4 and S5 is involved in control of translational fidelity.
With S5 and S12 plays an important role in translational accuracy.
Component of a high molecular weight complex containing OHP1, OHP2 and HCF244, and PSII core proteins D1/D2, HCF136 and HCF173 (PubMed:29438089). Forms a trimeric complex with OHP1 and HCF244 that mutually stabilizes each subunit (PubMed:29930106, PubMed:30397023).
High light sensitivity leading to stunted growth with pale-green leaves on agar plates, but unable to grow on soil.
May play a photoprotective role within PSI in response to light stress (PubMed:12805611). Forms a trimeric complex with OHP1 and HCF244 that is required to promote PSII core subunit assembly (PubMed:29930106, PubMed:30397023). The trimeric complex forms a transient PSII reaction center-like complex with PsbA, PsbD, PsbE, PsbF and PsbI subunits in thylakoids for early assembly of PSII as well as PSII repair (PubMed:30397023). The trimeric complex is required for the recruitment of ribosomes to the psbA mRNA during PSII biogenesis and repair (PubMed:31991763). Forms an heterodimer with OHP1 that binds chlorophylls and carotenoids, and that may function in the delivery of pigments to the PsbA subunit of PSII (PubMed:32071152).
Accumulates in etiolated hypocotyls (at protein level).
Binds reversibly to PME3 to inhibit its activity; the stability of the PME3-PMEI7 complex and the inhibition of the pectin methylesterase (PME) activity is pH-dependent, based on protonation status of amino-acids at the complex interface.
Pectin methylesterase (PME) inhibitor that can target PME3 in a pH-dependent manner, mainly in slightly acidic conditions (pH 6.0 and 5.0) but not at pH 7.0; this processus relies on changes in the protonation of amino acids involved in intermolecular and intramolecular interactions (PubMed:26183897, PubMed:29109147). Regulates homogalacturonan methylesterification during plant development (PubMed:26183897).
By light, cadmium (Cd), and slightly by sulfur deficiency.
Homomultimer (By similarity). Interacts with OASC. Component of the cysteine synthase complex (CSC) composed of two OAS-TL dimers and one SAT hexamer.
Ubiquitous with higher levels in leaves and siliques. Localized in vascular tissues, particularly in phloem.
Predominantly expressed in roots and green siliques. Also expressed above ground and in flower buds.
Induced by dark and starvation but repressed by glucose feeding subsequent to starvation in a TOR-dependent manner.
Mostly expressed, at low levels, in rosette leaves and flower buds, and, to a lower extent, in roots, stems, cauline leaves and flowers.
Auto-ubiquitinated leading to degradation via the 26S proteasome. This Auto-ubiquitination is repressed by the bacterial elicitor flg22 thus leading to a transiently increased protein stabilization and accumulation.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that negatively regulates water stress response. May control in coordination with PUB23 a drought signaling pathway by ubiquitinating cytosolic RPN12a. Acts as negative regulator of the immunity triggered by the pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), in association with PUB23 and PUB24. Regulates EXO70B2 ubiquitination and degradation via the 26S proteasome to attenuate PAMP-induced signaling (PubMed:23170036).
Interacts with RPN12A (PubMed:18664614). Binds to EXO70B2 (PubMed:23170036).
3'-5' DNA helicase that may play a role in the repair of DNA.
Mostly expressed in shoots, flowers, siliques and seeds, and, to a lower extent, in roots, seedlings, leaves, shoots, shoot apical mersitem, and inflorescences.
Calcium-binding protein that may mediate calcium-dependent signal during plant defense response.
In leaves by infection with the bacterial pathogen P.syringae.
2 isoforms may exist. With or without the N-terminal alanine (By similarity).
Stabilizes the interaction between PsaC and the PSI core, assists the docking of the ferredoxin to PSI and interacts with ferredoxin-NADP oxidoreductase.
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Largest and catalytic core component of RNA polymerase III which synthesizes small RNAs, such as 5S rRNA and tRNAs. Forms the polymerase active center together with the second largest subunit. A single-stranded DNA template strand of the promoter is positioned within the central active site cleft of Pol III. A bridging helix emanates from NRPC1 and crosses the cleft near the catalytic site and is thought to promote translocation of Pol III by acting as a ratchet that moves the RNA-DNA hybrid through the active site by switching from straight to bent conformations at each step of nucleotide addition.
6 and 1-fructan exohydrolase that can degrade both inulin and levan-type fructans, such as phlein, levan, neokestose, levanbiose, 6-kestose, 1-kestose, inulin, and 1,1-nystose.
Expressed in seedlings and leaves, and, to a lower extent, in flowers and seeds.
Seems to not have any beta-fructofuranosidase activity.
Induced by copper deficiency, ozone and senescence. Down-regulated by excess of copper.
Involved in copper homeostasis. Can complement the yeast mutants atx1 and sod1.
Exclusively expressed in mature pollen and pollen tubes.
May be involved in cell polarity control during the actin-dependent tip growth of pollen tubes. May regulate callose synthase 1 (CALS1) activity through the interaction with UGT1.
Part of a complex containing ROPGEF1 and PRK2 (PubMed:23024212). Interacts with UGT1, ICR1, ICR2, ICR3, ICR4 and ICR5. Interacts with PHIP1 when activated by GTP (PubMed:18621982).
Accumulates during infection by filamentous (hemi)biotrophic oomycetes (e.g. H.arabidopsidis and P.parasitica) and fungal (e.g. E.cruciferarum) pathogens, being locally expressed in cells surrounding the pathogens both at early and late stages of infection (PubMed:21711359, PubMed:25274985). Induced by microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) flg22 or elf18 (PubMed:27317676).
Homodimerization. Interacts with BAK1 and FLS2; triggers FLS2-BAK1 complex formation upon microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) treatment. Binds also to CERK1 and EFR.
Predominantly expressed in tissue with fates controlled by the phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA). In roots, expressed in the radicle emerging from the testa, in the elongation zones of roots, and in root cap border cells undergoing detachment. In hypocotyls, detected only during etiolation in the dark. In cotyledons and leaves, restricted to cells surrounding stomata. In reproductive organs, observed in the style after pollination, in the abscission zones of sepals and petals, in the transmitting tract of developing fruits, and in the abscission zones of mature siliques. Also present in pollen tubes.
Reduced infection by filamentous (hemi)biotrophic oomycetes (e.g. H.arabidopsidis and P.parasitica) and fungal (e.g. E.cruciferarum) pathogens, independently of plant defense mechanism (PubMed:21711359, PubMed:25274985). Hypersensitivity to abscisic acid (ABA), displaying enhanced ABA-mediated inhibition of seed germination, root elongation, and stomatal opening. Impaired repression of ABA-sensitive COLD REGULATED and RESISTANCE TO DESICCATION genes upon oomycete infection. No obvious modification of defense-related gene induction during pathogen attack (PubMed:25274985). Hypersusceptibility to the necrotrophic bacteria P.syringae. Defective pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) responses, delayed up-regulation of PTI marker genes, reduced callose deposition, and mitogen-activated protein kinase activation upon microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) treatment. Impaired beta-aminobutyric acid (BABA)-induced resistance and priming (PubMed:27317676).
Regulates negatively the abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway (PubMed:25274985). Required for full susceptibility to filamentous (hemi)biotrophic oomycetes (e.g. H.arabidopsidis and P.parasitica) and fungal (e.g. E.cruciferarum) pathogens, probably by triggering the repression of ABA-sensitive COLD REGULATED and RESISTANCE TO DESICCATION genes during infection, but independently of immune responses (PubMed:21711359, PubMed:25274985). Involved in BAK1-dependent and BAK1-independent microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs)-triggered immunity (PTI) leading to defense responses, including callose deposition and MAPK cascade activation, toward pathogenic bacteria (e.g. P.syringae). Required for chitin-mediated PTI (PubMed:27317676).
Probable calcium-binding peroxygenase. May be involved in pollination.
The proline-knot motif (81-90) may be involved in targeting to lipid bodies.
Expressed in all plant parts. Highest levels in the bolt stem, inflorescence, root and silique. Low level in leaves.
May modulate the level of one or more small signaling molecules that have a role in regulating meristem function. May play a role in balancing and restricting the meristem-promoting activity of auxin signaling (PubMed:17553903). Involved in ethylene and giberellin (GA) signaling pathways or in a parallel pathway controlling cell and hypocotyl elongation and cellular organization (PubMed:17006669). Involved in abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway. Plays a negative role in ABA-mediated seed germination and seedling development (PubMed:23603279). Acts in association with LAMP1 to suppress ectopic stem cell niche formation in the shoot apical meristem (SAM) independently of cytokinin signaling pathway (PubMed:25673776). Modulates responses to ABA, oxidative stress and abotic stress (PubMed:23621575). Acts as negative regulator of the ABA signaling pathway to modulate freezing and drought stress responses. Mediates carbon and amino acid metabolism (PubMed:23621575, PubMed:23603279). May be involved in the acquisition and/or maintenance of seed dormancy (PubMed:21637772). Involved in the regulation of response to heat shock and plant defense (PubMed:27743891).
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS13 family.
Located at the top of the head of the 40S subunit, it contacts several helices of the 18S rRNA.
Circadian-regulation (PubMed:24442277). Down-regulated in axillary buds within 24 hours after decapitation and then up-regulated (PubMed:15908603). Down-regulated by the transcription factor ERF114 (PubMed:23616605). Down-regulated by heat (PubMed:24442277). Up-regulated by salt, cold and dark growth conditions (PubMed:24442277).
Belongs to the class-III pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family.
Phosphoinositide phosphatase that hydrolyzes PtdIns(3)P and PtdIns(4)P.
Exhibits zinc-dependent disulfide isomerase activity. Required for seedling and chloroplast development under heat stress, probably by maintaining plastid-encoded RNA polymerase (PEP)-dependent transcription.
Interacts with HSP21; the formed complex associates with the plastid-encoded RNA polymerase (PEP) complex not only during transcription initiation, but also during elongation and termination, and with a stronger efficiency in illuminated chloroplasts. Binds to promoter regions of PEP-dependent genes, especially after a heat stress (PubMed:23922206). Interacts with FLN2 (PubMed:24019900).
Belongs to the nucleoporin interacting component (NIC) family.
Phosphorylated by BRI1 upon brassinolide (BL) treatment (PubMed:18653891). Phosphorylated by ASK7/BIN2 and ASK9/BIL2 (PubMed:23496207).
Probable serine/threonine kinase that acts as positive regulator of brassinosteroid (BR) signaling downstream of the receptor kinase BRI1. Mediates signal transduction from BRI1 by functioning as substrate of BRI1 (PubMed:18653891). Functions redundantly with BSK4, BSK6, BSK7 and BSK8 (PubMed:23496207).
There are 3 contiguous domains conserved in the CDPK subfamily: a kinase domain, an autoinhibitory (junction) domain and a calmodulin-like domain. The autoinhibitory domain (361-391) inactivates kinase activity under calcium-free conditions (By similarity).
Contains 1 EAR motif required for the interaction with TPL and TPRs.
Expressed in shoot apical meristem, cotyledons and leaves. Detected at the leaf margins and in the vascular bundles at the base of the leaves.
Interacts with TPL and the TPR corepressors TPR1, TPR2, TPR3, TPR4, and with the TCP transcription factors TCP2, TCP3, TCP4, TCP5, TCP10, TCP13, TCP17 and TCP24 (PubMed:23444332). Interacts with SPL and SPEAR2 (PubMed:25527103).
Knock down expression of SPEAR2/TIE4 and SPEAR4/TIE3 by RNAi in a SPEAR3/TIE1 null mutant produces lines displaying epinastic leaves.
No visible phenotype, due to the redundancy with SPEAR2/TIE4 and SPEAR4/TIE3.
Transcriptional regulator of leaf development. Acts as an adapter-like transcriptional repressor recruiting TPL/TPR corepressors to inhibit the CIN-like TCP transcription factors (PubMed:23444332).
Expressed in flowers, siliques and germinating seeds.
Reduced oil content in seeds (PubMed:10759515). Absence of starch granules in both the hypocotyl endodermis and the root columella associated with reduced hypocotyl negative gravitropism but normal phototropism, leading to axillary branches with wider branch angles (PubMed:34367195).
This enzyme participates in both the breakdown and synthesis of glucose (Probable). Factor that affects seed oil content (PubMed:10759515). Accumulated starch in young embryos may play an important role in providing carbon resources for seed storage lipid biosynthesis in oilseed plants (Probable). Promotes gravitropic responses, negative in shoots but positive in roots, by facilitating starch granules (statoliths) formation in hypocotyls and roots columella (PubMed:34367195).
Expressed in roots, leaves, stems, flowers, siliques and pollen.
Functions as downstream effector of Rho-related GTP binding proteins of the 'Rho of Plants' (ROPs) family. Participates in the propagation of ROP GTPase signals in specific cellular responses. Is involved in pollen tube growth regulation through its interaction with ARAC11/ROP1.
Over-expression of RIC2 in tobacco germinating pollen reduces pollen tube elongation.
Expressed in leaves and flowers and at lower levels in stems and flower buds.
Involved in chloroplast RNA processing. Can bind RNA (PubMed:11034340). Involved in chloroplast development (PubMed:21187014). Involved in chloroplast ribosomal RNA (rRNA) processing and/or translation. Required for FtsH-mediated chloroplast biogenesis (PubMed:20935174). Involved in translation and accumulation of chloroplast ATP synthase subunits (PubMed:23076438).
Reduced plant size and pale-green leaf phenotype.
Expressed in cotyledons 10 days after imbibition (DAI). Expressed in the minor and major veins of cotyledons and leaves, in the shoot apex and pedicels. Expressed in the root meristems, root tips and lateral root primordia.
Highly expressed in gynoecium development, disappearing with maturation.
Belongs to the short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDR) family. Highly divergent.
Expressed in roots, stems, leaves, flowers, seeds and siliques. Expressed in the vascular bundles.
Involved in vascular strand development. Catalyzes the stereospecific conversion of progesterone to 5-beta-pregnane-3,20-dione. Can use progesterone, testosterone, 21-acetyl cortexone, 2-cyclohexenone, but-1-en-3-one, ethyl acrylate, ethylmethacrylate, cortisone and canarigenone as substrates, lower activity with 3-methyl-2-cyclohexenone and 3,5,5-trimethyl-2-cyclohexenone as substrate, and no activity with canarigenin, canarigenin digitoxoside and pregnenolone. May be involved in the formation of 5-beta phytoecdysteroids.
Up-regulated by wounding. Not induced by drought, high salt, low temperature or herbicide treatment.
Heme-containing cytochrome P450 involved in the biosynthesis of xanthophylls. Specific for epsilon- and beta-ring hydroxylation of alpha-carotene. Has only a low activity toward the beta-rings of beta-carotene. The preferred substrate in planta is not alpha-carotene but the epsilon-ring of zeinoxanthin (PubMed:12782726, PubMed:16890225, PubMed:19147649, PubMed:19939422). Possesses a major beta-carotene hydroxylase activity in planta when depleted in its preferred substrate alpha-carotene (PubMed:22513258).
No visible phenotype, but lacks lutein and accumulates high levels of zeinoxanthin and beta-xanthophylls. Triple mutant cyp97c1, bch1 and bch2 is paler and smaller than wild-type.
Plays an important role in the control of DNA replication and the maintenance of replication fork stability.
Catalyzes the synthesis of the semivolatile diterpene rhizatalene A.
Stele, and tips of primary and secondary root.
Performs an essential function in the generation of cytoplasmic iron-sulfur proteins by mediating export of Fe/S cluster precursors synthesized by NFS1 and other mitochondrial proteins. Not involved in the export of cyclic pyranopterin monophosphate (cPMP) from mitochondria into the cytosol.
Rhomboid-type serine protease that catalyzes intramembrane proteolysis. Can cleave the Drosophila proteins Spitz and Keren (PubMed:16223493). May function in pollen elongation (PubMed:22007993).
Over-expression of SRF7 led to male-sterility in cv. Columbia but not in cv. Landsberg.
Slightly induced by dark, abscisic acid (ABA), salicylic acid (SA) (PubMed:20238146). Triggered by pathogen attack such as Pseudomonas syringae pv. Tomato DC3000 (PubMed:20238146).
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase which triggers the ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of SGS3 in response to heat (PubMed:30778176). Involved in the mechanisms necessary for quick response to heat and subsequent heritable transgenerational memory of heat acclimation (global warming) such as early flowering and attenuated immunity; this process includes epigenetic regulation as well as post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) (PubMed:30778176). In response to heat, HSFA2 is activated and promotes the expression of REF6 which in turn derepresses HSFA2, thus establishing an heritable feedback loop able to trigger SGIP1 and subsequent SGIP1-mediated SGS3 degradation; this prevents the biosynthesis of trans-acting siRNA (tasiRNA) and leads to the release of HTT5, which drives early flowering but attenuates immunity (PubMed:30778176).
Impaired heat-induced decrease of SGS3 levels and delayed SGS3 degradation associated with abolished heat-dependent early flowering and trans-acting siRNA (tasiRNA siR255 and siR1511) accumulation (PubMed:30778176). Lost heritable transgenerational thermomemory (PubMed:30778176).
Interacts with SGS3 in cytoplasmic granules.
Up-regulated in heat-stressed plants and unstressed progeny in a HSFA2-dependent manner.
Expressed in roots, cotyledons, leaves, stems and flowers.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but plants with reduced levels of both PLP3A and PLP3B show defects in cytokinesis, cortical microtubule array formation, oriented cell growth, and maintenance of proper ploidy.
A stretch of 270 kb of the mitochondrial genome is duplicated within the centromere of chromosome 2 resulting in the duplication of the gene. The expression of this duplicated gene (At2g07678) is demonstrated.
Highly expressed in flowers and at lower levels in roots, leaves, stems and siliques.
Plants overexpressing DSP4 exhibit increased sensitivity to infection by the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato strain DC3000.
Probable tyrosine-protein phosphatase that acts as negative regulator of defense responses against the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato strain DC3000.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase involved in the regulation of pathogen and abiotic stress responses by facilitating degradation of MYB108/BOI. Attenuates cell death by preventing caspase activation. Has no effect on the stability of the DELLA proteins. Not regulated by MYB108/BOI.
Expressed in leaves, siliques, roots, flowering tissues and stigma tips.
Interacts with MYB108/BOS1 and the DELLA proteins GAI, RGA, RGL1, RGL2 and RGL3.
No effect on germination. Boi, brg1, brg2 and brg3 quadruple mutant shows a higher GA signaling resulting in a higher seed germination in the presence of paclobutrazol, precocious juvenile-to-adult phase transition and early flowering.
Shares anti-apoptotic activity with IAP family proteins. However, it lacks the baculovirus IAP repeat (BIR) domain, which was shown to be essential for anti-apoptotic activity in other IAP family members (PubMed:21926169).
The N-terminal domain (1-150) prevents cell death by suppressing caspase-like protease activation.
The RING-type zinc finger domain mediates binding to an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme. It is required for the ubiquitination activity, but dispensable and not sufficient for interaction with MYB108/BOS1 (PubMed:20921156).
The WRD domain (178-214) is necessary for interaction with MYB108/BOS1.
Up-regulated by pathogen, methyl violagen, salicylic acid, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) and salt. Down-regulated by methyl jasmonate and gibberellic acid.
Lacks the transmembrane and the protein kinase domains, which are conserved features of the CRK subfamily.
13S-lipoxygenase that can use linolenic acid as substrates. Plant lipoxygenases may be involved in a number of diverse aspects of plant physiology including growth and development, pest resistance, and senescence or responses to wounding. Catalyzes the hydroperoxidation of lipids containing a cis,cis-1,4-pentadiene structure. Required for the wound-induced synthesis of jasmonic acid (JA) in leaves.
By methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and wounding, probably through nitric oxide-mediated (NO) induction. Slightly locally induced upon herbivors infestation such as aphids (Myzus persicae and Brevicoryne brassicae), or caterpillar (Spodoptera exigua). Induced by leaf-volatiles generated by herbivors-mediated wounding such as (E)-2-hexenal, (Z)-3-hexenal, (Z)-3-hexenol or allo-ocimene (2,6-dimethyl-2,4,6-octatriene). Increased levels by bacterial pathogens (e.g. P.viridiflava and P.syringae pv. tomato). Repressed by WRKY62.
Expression is sharply reduced in leaves during leaf senescence.
In leaves and inflorescences but not abundant in seeds, roots and stems.
Protein phosphatase specifically required for efficient dephosphorylation of the light-harvesting complex II outer antennae (LCHII) and transition from state 2 to state 1 (PubMed:20176943, PubMed:20126264). State transition plays a central role in response to environmental changes and allows to adjust to changing light conditions via the redistribution of light excitation energy between photosystem II (PSII) and photosystem I (PSI) in a short time by relocating LHCII proteins (Probable). Mainly responsible for the dephosphorylation of Lhcb1 and Lhcb2 but not of the photosystem II core proteins (PubMed:20176943).
Homo- and heterodimer with other ZFHD proteins (By similarity). Interacts with ZHD11.
Expressed in the vasculature, the apical meristems of roots, shoots and inflorescence, and the junction of organ or branches.
Involved in the biosynthesis of glucosinolate. In in vitro assay, may use phenylacetothiohydroximate (PATH), but not phenylacetic acid (PAA), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) or salicylic acid (SA) as substrate. Specific for the thiohydroximate functional group and does not glucosylate the carboxylate group or a hydroxyl group.
Plants are severely dwarfed, partially sterile and display decreased glucosinolate levels and increased IAA concentrations.
Down-regulated by light in a phytochrome A-dependent manner, via protein destabilization and subsequent degradation by the 26S proteasome (at protein level). Reduced transcription in light conditions in a HY5-dependent manner.
Expressed at low levels in both light- and dark-grown plants (PubMed:15010620, PubMed:12215501, PubMed:14742875). Accumulates especially in the elongation zone of roots (at protein level) (PubMed:14742875). Expressed in the roots regardless of the light treatment, high levels in the uppermost regions of hypocotyls in darkness, but low levels in light-grown hypocotyls (PubMed:24995569).
Increased plasmodesmatal permeability leading to an increase in intercellular protein trafficking (PubMed:22457425). Growth-defective due to cellulose deficiency, impaired cell elongation and altered cell division in root meristems, thus leading to stunted plants (PubMed:15010620, PubMed:10859181, PubMed:12215501). When light-grown, dwarf, with very short root and lateral organs (e.g. leaves) extremely reduced in size, as well as abnormal vascular tissues, characterized by twisted vascular bundle and the presence of undifferentiated vascular cells (PubMed:15010620, PubMed:24995569). Accumulation of ectopic lignin, especially in the mature part of the root, of ectopic callose accumulation in hypocotyls, and of ectopic suberin around the vascular bundles in roots and hypocotyls (PubMed:15010620, PubMed:10859181, PubMed:12215501). Photomorphogenesis in the dark, absence of etiolated phenotype, with extremely short hypocotyls, shoot development, and inflorescences and flowers production (PubMed:15010620, PubMed:24995569). Inability to grow in soil (PubMed:15010620, PubMed:14742875). The cell wall is constituted by abnormally randomized microfibrils occluded by a layer of pectins probably due to a defect in the synthesis of crystalline cellulose during the elongation phase of the cell (PubMed:15010620, PubMed:24995569). Abscisic acid- (ABA-) resistant germination associated with defective stomatal regulation, altered ABA-responsive gene expression, delayed flowering, and male sterility (PubMed:14742875). Glucose- (Glc-) dependent growth with impaired Glc sensitivity that normaly induces seedling developmental arrest; Glc reverses partially disruption phenotypes (PubMed:14742875).
Involved in the coordination between cell elongation and cellulose synthesis by promoting the expression of genes involved in cell elongation and cellulose synthesis (PubMed:15010620, PubMed:10859181, PubMed:12215501, PubMed:24995569). Acts as a regulator of plasmodesmatal permeability (PubMed:22457425). Mediates abscisic acid (ABA) and sugar responses essential for growth (e.g. seed germination, stomatal regulation and ABA-regulated gene expression) (PubMed:14742875). Required for normal organogenesis by promoting cell elongation, regulating cell differentiation in vascular tissues and maintaining root meristem identity (PubMed:15010620, PubMed:10859181). Regulates crystalline cellulose microfibrils deposition and parallel organization during the elongation phase of the cell (PubMed:12215501). Maybe a glycosyltransferase (PubMed:22457425). Negative factor in light inhibition of hypocotyl elongation through modulating cellulose biosynthesis (PubMed:24995569).
Aggregates to form a contractile ring-like structure; contraction of the ring was accompanied by an increase in the filament turnover rate (PubMed:27322658). This aggregation is regulated in midchloroplast stroma by MIND1 (repressor) and MINE1 (promoter). Self-interacts and binds to FTSZ2-1 in heteromers to form two morphologically distinct types of filaments, termed type-I (smooth filaments) and type-II (rough filaments), in a GTP-dependent manner (PubMed:27322658). Interacts with ARC3. Part of a complex made of ARC3, ARC6, FTSZ1 and FTSZ2 (PubMed:30824505, PubMed:22823492).
Exhibits GTPase activity. Component of the plastid division machinery that forms a contractile ring at the division site (PubMed:25731613). Required for plastid division in a dose-dependent manner. Involved in epidermal plastids division in a MINE1-dependent manner (PubMed:26500667). Involved in blue light-induced chloroplast movements. May regulate thylakoid development. In the vegetative shoot apex, at the shoot apical meristem (SAM), where the proplastid-to-chloroplast transition takes place, contributes equally with FTSZ2-1 in the L2 layer to plastid division (PubMed:29920253).
Highly heterogeneous chloroplast population with giant chloroplasts and some smaller (PubMed:25731613). Impaired chloroplast division, some green cells with one single big chloroplast (PubMed:25731613). Abnormal thylakoids (PubMed:25731613). Increased plastid volume in young leaf primordia and in the shoot apical meristem (SAM), including the central zone as well as peripheral zone of L1, the outermost layer, the peripheral zone of L2, and the peripheral zone of L3 (PubMed:29920253).
In pollen grain, restricted to plastids of vegetative cells. Also present in pollen tubes plastids.
Catalyzes the deamidation of nicotinamide, an early step in the NAD(+) salvage pathway. Prevents the accumulation of intracellular nicotinamide, a known inhibitor of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARP enzymes).
Expressed in roots and stems, and at lower levels in flowers, siliques and leaves.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants have decreased endogenous levels of NAD and NADP and display abnormal hypersensitivity to exogenous treatment with abscisic acid (ABA) and sodium chloride (NaCl).
Expressed in flowers, siliques, inflorescence stems, petiole and leaves, and at a much higher level in roots.
Involved in strigolactones biosynthesis by cleaving the C(27) 9-cis-10'-apo-beta-carotenal produced by CCD7. Produces the C(19) carlactone and a C(8) hydroxyaldehyde. Also shows lower activity with all-trans-10'-apo-beta-carotenal producing a C(9) dialdehyde and the C(18) 13-apo-beta-carotenone. Strigolactones are hormones that inhibit tillering and shoot branching through the MAX-dependent pathway, contribute to the regulation of shoot architectural response to phosphate-limiting conditions and function as rhizosphere signal that stimulates hyphal branching of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and trigger seed germination of root parasitic weeds. Also active on other carotenoid substrates like licopene or zeaxanthin.
The branching phenotypes of the max1, ccd7/max3 and ccd8/max4 mutants can be rescued by exogenous treatment with the synthetic strigolactone analogs GR24 and 4BD.
Up-regulated by auxin in the root and hypocotyl.
Expressed ubiquitously, higher levels in cotyledons and flowers.
PP2A consists of a common heteromeric enzyme, composed of a catalytic subunit (subunits C), a constant regulatory subunit (subunit A), and a variety of regulatory subunits such as subunits B (the R2/B/PR55/B55, R3/B''/PR72/PR130/PR59 and R5/B'/B56 families) (Probable). Interacts with BZR1 (PubMed:21258370). Interacts with BRI1 (PubMed:26517938). Interacts with SRK2E/OST1 (PubMed:26175513).
The B regulatory subunit may modulate substrate selectivity and catalytic activity, and may also direct the localization of the catalytic enzyme to a particular subcellular compartment (By similarity). Required for the formation of the PP2A holoenzyme that positively regulates brassinosteroid signaling by dephosphorylating and activating BZR1 (PubMed:21258370).
Early expressed in the development of root hairs within the root differentiation zone. Expressed late in the development of leaf trichomes when the stalks and branches are expanded.
Expressed in basal region of leaf blade and proximal parts of leaf and floral organ.
Binds and cleaves RNA, particularly in stem-loops. Associates with pre-ribosomal particles in chloroplasts, and participates in chloroplast ribosomal RNA metabolism, probably during the final steps of 23S rRNA maturation. May enhance transcription by the plastid-encoded polymerase and translation in plastid via the stabilization of ribosome assembly intermediates. Required for chloroplast integrity. Involved in the regulation of the circadian system. Involved in the regulation of heteroglycans and monosaccharide mobilization. Required for full expression of genes transcribed by the plastid-encoded RNA polymerase (PEP). Essential for embryo development (PubMed:25161659).
Component of a complex made of CSP41A, CSP41B, ribosomes, and the plastid-encoded RNA polymerase. Interacts with CSP41A. Binds DNA when in complex with PRIN2 (PubMed:25161659).
Expressed with a circadian rhythm showing a peak during the end of the day (under long day conditions). Repressed during senescence and upon water stress. Accumulates at wounding sites. Altered expression of both oscillator and output genes.
Highly expressed in seedlings, particularly in photosynthetically active organs. Mostly expressed in young and mature leaves, and, to a lower extent, in flowers. Low expression in etiolated seedlings compared to green seedlings.
In young seedlings, expressed in hypocotyls and cotyledons. In older seedlings, limited to the outer epidermal cell layer of leaves and petioles (including guard cells). Present in trichomes and hydathodes. In flowers, detected in sepals and siliques.
Small and pale plants, with altered chloroplast morphology (anarchic membrane organization) and reduced photosynthetic performance associated with a reduction in CSP41A levels. Altered monosaccharide pattern of heteroglycans. Lethal when associated with CSP41A disruption. Reduced transcript levels of photosynthesis genes. Defects in embryo development. The csp41b-2 prin2-2 double mutant is embryo lethal (PubMed:25161659).
High lateral root developmental progression and enhanced lateral root density.
Induced by abscisic acid (ABA), auxin and gravity in roots.
Specifically and transiently expressed in root endodermal cells overlying the early stages of lateral root primordia formation.
Transcription factor that acts as negative regulator of lateral root (LR) development. Required for normal auxin responses during LR development. May be part of a negative feedback loop stimulated specifically in the endodermis upon LR initiation to ensure that LRs are formed only in the correct place.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL28 family.
Component of the large ribosomal subunit (By similarity). Essential in leaf polarity establishment, probably having a role for translation in leaf dorsoventral patterning to specify leaf adaxial identity (PubMed:18305007).
Detected in the embryo and leaf primordia at earlier developmental stages (PubMed:18305007). In reproductive organs, expressed in the inflorescence meristem, floral primordia and four types of young floral organs (PubMed:18305007).
Expressed in seedlings, roots, stems, leaves, inflorescences and siliques.
Pale green leaves and slightly longer early appearing leaves (PubMed:18305007). Delayed leaf growth and abnormal leaf patterning, with the abaxial mesophyll features appearing in the adaxial mesophyll domain (PubMed:18305007). More proximal vein branching in the petiole and reduced number of small veins at later leaf developmental stages (PubMed:18305007). Abnormal inflorescences terminating early and producing several secondary inflorescences (PubMed:18305007). Double mutant ae5-1 as2-101 exhibits an increased number of lotus- and needle-like leaves (PubMed:18305007). The double mutant ae5 as1/2 produces severe abaxialized leaves (PubMed:18305007).
Probable component of the gamma-secretase complex, a complex composed of a presenilin homodimer, nicastrin, APH1 and PEN2.
Probable subunit of the gamma-secretase complex, an endoprotease complex that catalyzes the intramembrane cleavage of integral membrane proteins such as Notch.
By salt stress in young plants. Up-regulated during low water potential. Induced upon non-host pathogen infection.
Mediates degradation of arginine for nitrogen recycling. Plays a role in non-host disease resistance by regulating pyrroline-5-carboxylate metabolism-induced hypersensitive response.
Unable to use arginine or ornithine as nitrogen source. Displays sensitivity against type II non-host pathogen infection.
Essential sugar transporter required for the transport of UDP-galactose and UDP-glucose from the cytoplasm into the Golgi and the endoplasmic reticulum, to ensure quality control of protein folding. Essential for pollen development and involved in embryo sac progress.
The di-lysine motif confers endoplasmic reticulum localization for type I membrane proteins.
Up-regulated by stimuli that trigger unfolded protein accumulation in the ER (UPR) (e.g. DTT or tunicamycin) (at protein level).
Highly expressed in flowers, and at very low levels in leaves.
Interacts with PRK5 and to a lower extent with PRK4.
Involved in the regulation of cell death induced by extracellular reactive oxygen species (PubMed:19279211, PubMed:25398910). Only the processed peptide, and not the full length GRI can bind in vivo to the extracellular domain of the receptor PRK5 (PubMed:25398910). The GRIp-induced cell death is superoxide and salicylic acid dependent (PubMed:19279211).
Component of the TFIID complex. TFIID is composed of TATA binding protein (TBP) and a number of TBP-associated factors (TAFs) whose MWs range from 14-217 kDa. Can homodimerize. Interacts with TAF4, TAF4B, TAF8, TAF9, TAF12B and TAF13.
Expressed in roots, stems, leaves and inflorescences. Expressed preferentially in the vascular bundles and bundle sheath cells of cotyledons, the phloem of hypocotyls and the central cylinders of roots.
Expressed transiently during the development of several organs such as lateral roots, rosette leaves and most floral organs.
Overexpression of TAF10 results in salt tolerance during seed germination while knock-down mutants are more sensitive to osmotic stress (PubMed:16945932) and display several abnormal phenotypes involved in meristem activity and leaf development (PubMed:17148695).
TAFs are components of the transcription factor IID (TFIID) complex that is essential for mediating regulation of RNA polymerase transcription. Involved in osmotic stress adaptation during the germination stage and in gene expression related to meristem activity and leaf development.
Expressed throughout floral primordia at stages 1 through 4. At stage 6 and later, expression is confined to reproductive organ primordia. At stages later than stage 10, localizes in developing ovules and anther locules.
Overexpression of AHL21 results in reproductive defects such as excessive outgrowth of stigmatic tissues, short valves, and excessive proliferation of a carpelloid organ at the lateral side of a pistil with exposed ovules.
Preferentially expressed in roots, but also in flowers and leaves. Detected in the inflorescence meristem, floral primordia and developing reproductive organs.
Transcription factor that specifically binds AT-rich DNA sequences related to the nuclear matrix attachment regions (MARs). Binds to the MARs present in the ETTIN (ETT) promoter leading to a negative regulation of its gene expression. Functions as a molecular node downstream of the homeotic protein AGAMOUS (AG), regulating patterning and differentiation of reproductive organs. Acts as a chromatin remodeling factor that modifies the architecture of ETTIN (ETT) chromatin by modulating H3 methylation leading to the regulation of ETT expression. Seems to be involved in the regulation of a set of reproductives genes including CRABS CLAW (CRC), JAGGED (JAG) and KNUCKLES (KNU).
Belongs to the pseudouridine synthase Pus10 family.
Expressed specifically in stamens and petals.
The RNA-binding domain found in RPS19 may functionally replace the missing mitochondrial RPS13.
Component of the small ribosomal subunit (PubMed:20516338). Mature ribosomes consist of a small (40S) and a large (60S) subunit. The 40S subunit contains about 33 different proteins and 1 molecule of RNA (18S). The 60S subunit contains about 49 different proteins and 3 molecules of RNA (25S, 5.8S and 5S) (By similarity). Interacts with NIK1 (PubMed:18789471, PubMed:19112492). Interacts with LIMYB (PubMed:25707794).
Expressed in tissues with active division, with the highest levels in 3-week-old leaves and lowest levels in senescent leaves.
No visible phenotype, when heterozygous (PubMed:20516338). Lethality in the female gametophyte, when homozygous (PubMed:18694459, PubMed:20516338). Enhanced susceptibility to geminivirus infection (PubMed:18789471, PubMed:19112492).
Phosphorylated by NIK1 and NIK2 in vitro.
Ribosomal protein involved in translational regulation (PubMed:18694459). Contribute to general translation under UV-B stress (PubMed:20516338, PubMed:23886624). Involved in the NIK1-mediated defense response to geminivirus infection (PubMed:18789471, PubMed:19112492). Acts coordinately with LIMYB as a transcriptional repressor (PubMed:25707794).
Ubiquitous, with the highest expression in flowers (PubMed:18694459). Expressed in seedlings, leaves, roots, stems and flowers (PubMed:25707794). Expressed in young leaves, mostly in dividing cells and in the hydathodes, in the root tips and lateral root primordia, in pistils, anthers, and pollen grains, and in developing seeds (PubMed:23886624).
Under UV-B conditions, RPL10 proteins interact with several nuclear proteins, including RBG7 (glycine-rich RNA binding protein), which has an important role in mediating innate immune response to pathogens, and BTR1 that specifically binds to tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) genomic RNA and inhibits the local spread of virus.
Disturbed levels of several metabolites (e.g. beta-alanine, aspartate, pyroglutamate, glutamate, glutamine, alpha-ketoglutarate, palmitate and shikimate).
Interacts with TPK1 (PubMed:17764516). Interacts with the isocitrate dehydrogenase IDH3, and malate dehydrogenases MDH1 and MDH2 (PubMed:22104211). Interacts with DREB1A and DREB1B in the nucleus (PubMed:28344081). Interacts with CINV1 (PubMed:25256212).
Is associated with a DNA binding complex that binds to the G box, a well-characterized cis-acting DNA regulatory element found in plant genes. Involved in the regulation of nutrient metabolism (PubMed:22104211).
Predominantly expressed in green tissues such as stems and leaves.
Induced by heat shock and cold (PubMed:11402207). Up-regulated by viral infection (PubMed:15805473). Induced by infection with the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae (PubMed:18065690). Induced by cytokinin (PubMed:28004282).
No visible phenotype, under normal growth conditions.
Component of the exocyst complex involved in the docking of exocytic vesicles with fusion sites on the plasma membrane during regulated or polarized secretion. Involved in polarized cell growth and organ morphogenesis. During cytokinesis, involved in secretory processes during cell plate initiation, cell plate maturation and formation of new primary cell wall.
Participates in polarized pectin delivery required for the polarized development of the mucilage-producing volcano cells of the seed coat.
Belongs to the calycin superfamily. Lipocalin family.
By drought and heat combination stress (PubMed:15047901). Accumulates upon treatment with 50 mM (beta-D -Glc)(3), a Yariv phenylglycoside that aggregates arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs) (PubMed:15235117).
Expressed ubiquitously at similar levels, except in dry seeds (at protein level) (PubMed:18671872, PubMed:19302169). Present in seeds (PubMed:23837879).
Increased sensitivity to sudden drops in temperature and paraquat treatment. Dark-grown plants die shortly after transfer to light. These phenotypes are associated with an accumulation of hydrogen peroxide and other ROS, which causes an oxidative stress that leads to a reduction in hypocotyl growth and sensitivity to light (PubMed:18671872). Severe defects in basal (BT) and acquired thermotolerance (AT) leading to death within 7 days. Stronger sensitivity to tert-butyl hydroperoxide, a reagent that induces lipid peroxidation (PubMed:19302169). Stronger sensitivity to high salt levels (NaCl) associated with membrane injury, chlorophyll b degradation and accumulation of chloride and sodium in chloroplasts (PubMed:20959419, PubMed:24028869). When associated with disruption in CHL, highly sensitive to temperature, drought and light stresses than the single mutants, exhibiting intense lipid peroxidation. Seeds of this double mutant are very sensitive to natural and artificial aging, associated with the oxidation of polyunsaturated lipids (PubMed:23837879).
Involved in basal (BT) and acquired thermotolerance (AT), probably by preventing plasma membrane lipids peroxidation induced by severe heat-shock (HS) (PubMed:19302169, PubMed:23837879). Lipocalin that confers protection against oxidative stress caused by heat, freezing, paraquat and light (PubMed:18671872, PubMed:19302169). Confers resistance to high salt (NaCl) levels, probably by protecting chloroplasts from ion toxicity via ion homeostasis maintenance (PubMed:20959419, PubMed:24028869). Required for seed longevity by ensuring polyunsaturated lipids integrity (PubMed:23837879).
The HPR motif (90-97) is required for intracellular targeting at membranes.
Monomer and homooligomer (PubMed:18479511). Binds RNA as a monomer and oligomerizes when bound to poly(A) (By similarity). Forms a complex with cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor (CPSF) subunits PAPS2, FIPS5, PABN3 and PABN1 (PubMed:18479511). Interacts with CSP3 (PubMed:23334891).
Acts as a UDP-D-xylose 4-epimerase but lacks both UDP-D-glucose and UDP-D-glucuronic acid 4-epimerase activities in vitro.
High expression in roots. Also found in leaves, stems, flowers, and siliques.
Contributes to the regulation of secretory and vacuolar transport pathways in the post-Golgi network, and to the maintenance of the Golgi apparatus and trans-Golgi network (TGN) morphologies (PubMed:22307646). Vesicle trafficking protein that functions in the secretory pathway and mediates liposome fusion (PubMed:24021022). Required for extracellular resistance responses to a fungal pathogen (PubMed:22307646). Also involved in the protection of chloroplasts from salicylic acid-dependent biotic stress (PubMed:22307646). Also involved in the protection of chloroplasts from salicylic acid-dependent biotic stress (PubMed:22307646).
The double mutant syp42 syp43 exhibits severe pleiotropic defects, including short roots, a large number of lateral roots, semi dwarfism and early senescence (PubMed:22307646). Plants lacking the three genes SYP41 SYP42 and SYP43 are seedling lethals (PubMed:22307646).
Belongs to the nucleoporin Nup84/Nup107 family.
Functions as a component of the nuclear pore complex (NPC).
Expressed in the shoot meristem during vegetative to reproductive phase transition.
Forms heterodimers with BZIP9, BZIP10, BZIP25 and BZIP63 (PubMed:16709202). Component of a ternary complex composed of BZIP2-BZIP63 heterodimer and KIN10 (PubMed:29348240).
Transcription factor that binds to specific DNA sequences in target gene promoters. BZIP2-BZIP63-KIN10 complex binds to the ETFQO promoter to up-regulate its transcription (PubMed:29348240).
Probable cyclin-dependent protein kinase (CDK) inhibitor that functions as a repressor of mitosis in the endoreduplication cell cycle (PubMed:26546445). Acts as a potent cell cycle inhibitor, regulating a hydroxyurea-dependent checkpoint in leaves (PubMed:24399300).
Up-regulated by DNA damage and oxidative stress (PubMed:24399300). Down-regulated by iron excess treatment (PubMed:25624148).
Belongs to the metallophosphoesterase superfamily. SLP family.
By infection with the bacterial pathogen P.syringae.
Expressed in roots and siliques (at protein level).
Shows phosphatase activity, hydrolyzing the artificial substrate para-nitrophenylphosphate (pNPP) in vitro.
Enhanced resistance to bacterial pathogen PstDC3000 in RNAi mutant.
Expressed in the meristematic regions. Mainly detected in tissues where cells were actively dividing, such as leaf primordia and young leaves, the junction between lateral root and the primary root, root cap, hydathodes, the junction between secondary inflorescence and the main inflorescence, young stamen and young siliques (PubMed:24391508). Highly expressed at the junction between the hypocotyl and the root, and at the marginal areas of cotyledons and true leaves, coinciding with the locations of the hydathode. Also highly expressed at the basal regions of the newly emerged lateral roots. In the floral organs, mostly expressed at the style of the pistil (PubMed:26160579).
Functions as a multidrug and toxin extrusion transporter that negatively regulates plant disease resistance (PubMed:21762165). Plays an important role in maintaining normal plant architecture, possibly by regulating local auxin biosynthesis (PubMed:24391508). May act as a negative regulator of hypocotyl cell elongation in the light (PubMed:26160579).
Overexpression of DTX51 alters shoot developmental programs leading to a loss of apical dominance phenotype.
Belongs to the AB hydrolase superfamily. LDAH family.
Altered fatty acid profiles with a slight increase of 16:1delta7 and 18:1delta9 leaf monounsaturated fatty acids and subtle decrease of 16:3 and 18:3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, chloroplastic galactolipids monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) and digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) being the main lipid types affected (PubMed:22028775). Abnormally large chloroplasts (PubMed:22028775). The double mutant arc6 cjd1 exhibits both phenotypes of single mutants cjd1 and arc6 including altered fatty acid profiles and heterogeneous chloroplasts sizes and shapes, respectively (PubMed:22028775).
Interacts (via J-like domain) with ARC6 (via J domain).
Probably involved in the regulation of the fatty acid metabolic process in chloroplasts, especially chloroplastic galactolipids monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) and digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG).
May form a complex with the potassium channel subunit KAT1.
Induced by brassinosteroid, auxin, ethylene and cytokinin, and repressed by abscisic acid. Insensitive to gibberellic acid.
No visible phenotype. Redundant with BEE2 and BEE3.
Positive regulator of brassinosteroid signaling.
Expressed in incipient leaf primordia and roots meristems (PubMed:29259105). Observed in flowers (PubMed:29259105).
Present at late stages in developing flowers.
Aggregates to form a contractile ring-like structure; contraction of the ring was accompanied by an increase in the filament turnover rate (PubMed:27322658). Self-interacts and binds to FTSZ1 in heteropolymers to form two morphologically distinct types of filaments, termed type-I (smooth filaments) and -II (rough filaments), in a GTP-dependent manner (PubMed:27322658). Part of a complex made of ARC3, ARC6, FTSZ1 and FTSZ2 (PubMed:22823492). Interacts (via C-terminus) with ARC6. Interacts with CDP1/PARC6 (PubMed:28984364). Binds to PGK1 (PubMed:22823492).
Exhibits GTPase activity (By similarity). Component of the plastid division machinery that forms a contractile ring at the division site (PubMed:25731613). Contributes to plastid division in the vegetative shoot apex, at the shoot apical meristem (SAM) where the proplastid-to-chloroplast transition takes place (PubMed:29920253).
Phosphorylation at Thr-282 is required for the formation of contractile ring at the chloroplast midpoint.
Slightly reduced number of large chloroplasts due to impaired plastid division (PubMed:25731613). Stronger effects on pastid division in the shoot apex, where the proplastid-to-chloroplast transition takes place, than in mature leaves (PubMed:29920253). Increased plastid volume in the shoot apical meristem (SAM), including the central zone as well as peripheral zone of L1, the outermost layer, and the peripheral zone of L3 (PubMed:29920253).
Cytosolic invertase that specifically cleaves sucrose into glucose and fructose and is involved in the regulation of multiple tissue development including primary root elongation, root hair growth, leaf and silique development, and floral transition (PubMed:17220200, PubMed:19470642, PubMed:21441406, PubMed:25256212). Is involved in osmotic stress-induced inhibition on lateral root growth by controlling the concentration of hexose in cells (PubMed:17508130). May regulate sugar-mediated root development by controlling sucrose catabolism in root cells (PubMed:17220200). Contributes to carbon partitioning and cellulose biosynthesis in seedlings (PubMed:29569779).
Expressed in radicle, hypocotyls, root tips and vascular cylinder, leaf vasculature, shoot stipules, trichomes, stem, stigma apex and base of siliques.
Forms homohexamers (PubMed:32134001). Interacts with PIP5K9 (PubMed:17220200). Interaction with PIP5K9 represses CINV1 activity (PubMed:17220200). Interacts with GRF1, GRF2, GRF3, GRF4, GRF5, GRF6, GRF7, GRF8 and GRF10; these interactions are dependent of the phosphorylation at Ser-547 (PubMed:25256212).
Induced by mannitol in roots (PubMed:17508130). Induced by hydrogen peroxide (PubMed:21441406). Induced by dark-to-light transition in roots (PubMed:25256212).
Phosphorylated at Ser-547 by CPK3 and CPK21.
Reduced primary root length and increased length and number of lateral roots. Reduced plant growth and early flowering. Reduced seedling levels of glucose and fructose, but increased levels of sucrose.
Part of the nascent polypeptide-associated complex (NAC).
Dwarf plants with chlorotic leaves. Accumulation of Mg-protoporhyrin after feeding with 5-aminolevulinic acid.
May homodimerize. Interacts with the 2-Cys peroxiredoxin BAS1.
Thioredoxin reductase (TR) that exhibits both TR and thioredoxin (Trx) activities. Contains a C-terminal functional Trx domain. Functions as an electron donor for plastidial 2-Cys peroxiredoxins and participates in a NADPH-dependent hydrogen peroxide scavenging system in chloroplasts in the dark. Required for chlorophyll biosynthesis and biogenesis of the photosynthetic apparatus. Activates aerobic cyclase which converts Mg-protoporhyrin monomethyl ester into protochlorophyllide. Involved in a light-dependent regulation of starch biosynthesis by redox activation of the ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase), a central enzyme of starch synthesis.
3'-5' DNA helicase that may play a role in the repair of DNA. Exhibits an ATP or dATP-dependent DNA-helicase activity. Cannot use GTP/dGTP, CTP/dCTP or UTP/dUTP as nucleotide cofactors. Catalyzes DNA strand annealing. On nicked Holliday junctions, unwinds the lagging strand. Cannot act on intact Holliday junctions.
Heavy-metal-binding protein (By similarity). Involved in disease resistance (PubMed:12684538).
Strongly increased bacterial disease susceptibility.
Homooligomer. The complex formed by FTSH4 does not contain FTSH11.
Probable ATP-dependent zinc metallopeptidase. Involved in the assembly and/or stability of the complex V of the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation system.
Expressed in flowers, upper leaves, rosette and cauline leaves, stem. Not detectable in non-photosynthetic tissues such as roots and seeds.
No visible phenotype at the levels of the whole plant or chloroplast ultrastructure; due to the redundancy with PORB. Porb and porc double mutants have a seedling-lethal pale-yellow xantha phenotype at the cotyledon stage, contain only small amounts of Chla, and possess chloroplasts with mostly unstacked thylakoid membranes.
Up-regulated by light. Not under circadian regulation.
Phosphorylated on Thr-133 and Ser-198. Phosphorylation is calcium-dependent and increases DNA-binding activity 10 to 20-fold.
Probable transcription factor that binds specifically to the core DNA sequence 5'-GGTTAA-3'. May act as a molecular switch in response to light signals.
Dwarf plants; smaller aerial organs and wider roots because of abnormal diffuse cell growth. Abnormal cell expansion that is greatest in the root cortex cell layer and is independent of the root growth rate, and that leads to a shift in the orientation of expansion (PubMed:7867930, PubMed:8275864). Sterility due to female organ anomalies (PubMed:8275864, PubMed:14675453). Enhanced responses to Pi starvation (PubMed:22615140).
Highest levels in leaves, also expressed in leaves, flowers, and siliques, and, to a lower extent, in roots and stems.
In seedlings, expressed in hypocotyl and in the entire cotyledon. Observed in all types of cells in the root apex, but restricted to vascular tissue in the upper part of the root. Stronger expression in young leaves than in old leaves. Accumulates in all flower organs, including the sepal, petal, stamen, and gynoecium. In the silique, high levels at both ends but weak in the middle.
May be involved in membrane trafficking (By similarity). Required for cell expansion, especially in root cortex, probably by counteracting the action of ethylene in promoting cells radial expansion (PubMed:7867930, PubMed:8275864). Involved in female organ development (PubMed:14675453). Antagonistically interacts with ethylene signaling to regulate plant responses to Pi starvation (PubMed:22615140).
The sequence shown here is derived from an EMBL/GenBank/DDBJ third party annotation (TPA) entry.
Allosteric enzyme that catalyzes the rate-limiting step in glycogen catabolism, the phosphorolytic cleavage of glycogen to produce glucose-1-phosphate, and plays a central role in maintaining cellular and organismal glucose homeostasis.
Belongs to the glycogen phosphorylase family.
Phosphorylase is an important allosteric enzyme in carbohydrate metabolism. Enzymes from different sources differ in their regulatory mechanisms and in their natural substrates. However, all known phosphorylases share catalytic and structural properties (By similarity).
Expressed in inflorescences, stems, rosette leaves and weakly in roots.
Rapid but transient down-regulation by wounding, salicylic acid treatment or pathogen infection.
Leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein kinase involved in secondary cell wall formation in xylem fibers. May play a role in a regulatory network which also incorporates the TDR/PXY signaling pathway and regulates the maturation of interfascicular fiber cells. May promote the initiation of secondary cell wall deposition during the procedure of cell expansion.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but under short day conditions inflorescence stems of mutant plants show dramatic reduction of secondary cell wall formation in xylem fibers, leading to the inability of the stems to support an upright growth.
Expressed in roots, leaves, stems, flowers and siliques. Present in endoreduplicating cells.
In young seedlings, strongly expressed in cotyledons, and, at lower levels, in the hypocotyl adjacent region. Later confined to cotyledons vascular tissues and observed in leaf primordia and young growing leaves. Accumulates in the basal part of trichomes. In mature flowers, present in sepals, stamen filaments and stigma. Accumulates progressively in maturating siliques.
Template-directed low-fidelity DNA polymerase specifically involved in DNA repair (PubMed:15200644, PubMed:17550419). Able to extend primer-terminal mispairs, and to insert nucleotides opposite to a single 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoGuanine (8-oxoG) lesion and moderately extend from the resulting primer end, thus leading to both error-free and error-prone bypass of 8-oxoG DNA lesions (PubMed:17550419). Probably involved in consecutive DNA replication cycles in the absence of mitosis (PubMed:15200644). Binds preferentially template-primer DNA substrates or single-stranded DNA (PubMed:17550419). Plays an important role in translesion synthesis, where the normal high-fidelity DNA polymerases cannot proceed and DNA synthesis stalls. Depending on the context, it inserts the correct base, but causes frequent base transitions, transversions and frameshifts (By similarity).
The C-terminal region negatively affects catalytic efficiency for correct nucleotide insertion, thus decreasing the fidelity of the enzyme.
Unable to bypass a single 1,N(6)-ethenoadenine (epsilon-dA) or an abasic site lesions in DNA templates.
By iron starvation and infection with the bacterial pathogens P.syringae and E.chrysanthemi.
Vacuolar metal transporter involved in intracellular metal homeostasis. Can transport iron (Fe), manganese (Mn) and cadmium (Cd). Regulates metal accumulation under Fe starvation. Acts redundantly with NRAMP4 to mobilize vacuolar Fe and provide sufficient Fe during seed germination. In association with NRAMP4, required for optimal growth and photosynthesis under Mn deficiency. Exports Mn from vacuoles in leaf mesophyll cells, making Mn available for functional photosystem II in chloroplasts. Involved in basal resistance to the bacterial pathogen E.chrysanthemi.
Dwarf plants with lesion mimic phenotype and increased expression of the pathogenesis-related genes PR1, PR2 and PR5. Delayed flowering, impaired development of anthers and short siliques with sterile seeds.
Forms a channel through the mitochondrial outer membrane that allows diffusion of small hydrophilic molecules. The channel adopts an open conformation at low or zero membrane potential and a closed conformation at potentials above 30-40 mV. The open state has a weak anion selectivity whereas the closed state is cation-selective (By similarity). Involved in plant growth and development at the vegetative and reproductive stages. Is important for leaf and pollen development and mitochondrial membrane potential steady state. May be involved in disease resistance.
Expressed in hypocotyls, cotyledons, petioles, young rosette leaves, apical portion of inflorescence stems, stamen filaments and petals.
Plants over-expressing SAUR63 display elongated hypocotyls, twisted inflorescence stems, and increased length of stamen filaments and petals.
Expressed in seeds, seedlings, roots, leaves, flowers and siliques.
Interacts (via TPR region) with HSP70-1, but not with HSP90-2. Interacts with ERDJ2A and ERDJ2B. In the ER membrane, associates with ERDJ2 in membrane complexes of 140 and 200 kDa and specifically interacts with the HSP70 and HSP90 chaperones via its TPR domain.
Plays a role in protein import into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). May function as chaperone docking protein during post-translational protein translocation into the ER. Chaperone receptor mediating Hsp70-dependent protein targeting to chloroplasts. Interacts specifically with some chloroplast precursors, but not with mitochondrial precursors. Able to select precursors for delivery to the chloroplast translocase independently of Hsp70.
The TPR region (103-213) is necessary for interaction with HSP70-1 while the linker domain (214-530) facilitates selective recognition of chloroplast precursor complexes.
Ubiquitous. Highest expression in leaves and lowest in roots.
A stretch of 270 kb of the mitochondrial genome is duplicated within the centromere of chromosome 2 resulting in the duplication of the gene. The expression of this duplicated gene (At2g07673) is not demonstrated.
Probable transcription factor (Probable). Is required, together with TT16/AGL32 for the maternal control of endothelium formation, which is essential for female gametophyte development and fertilization, and seed formation (PubMed:22176531).
Acts as a sulfur carrier required for 2-thiolation of mcm(5)S(2)U at tRNA wobble positions of cytosolic tRNA(Lys), tRNA(Glu) and tRNA(Gln). Serves as sulfur donor in tRNA 2-thiolation reaction by being thiocarboxylated (-COSH) at its C-terminus by MOCS3. The sulfur is then transferred to tRNA to form 2-thiolation of mcm(5)S(2)U. Also acts as a ubiquitin-like protein (UBL) that is covalently conjugated via an isopeptide bond to lysine residues of target proteins. The thiocarboxylated form serves as substrate for conjugation and oxidative stress specifically induces the formation of UBL-protein conjugates.
C-terminal thiocarboxylation occurs in 2 steps, it is first acyl-adenylated (-COAMP) via the hesA/moeB/thiF part of the MOCS3 homolog, then thiocarboxylated (-COSH) via the rhodanese domain of the MOCS3 homolog.
C-terminal thiocarboxylation occurs in 2 steps, it is first acyl-adenylated (-COAMP) via the hesA/moeB/thiF part of the MOCS3/UBA4 homolog, then thiocarboxylated (-COSH) via the rhodanese domain of the MOCS3/UBA4 homolog.
Atypical bHLH transcription factor probably unable to bind DNA. Negatively regulates brassinosteroid signaling.
Homodimer (Probable). Interacts with PRE3.
Binds DNA as a dimer. Interacts with NPR1, NPR3 and NPR4. Interacts with GRXC7/ROXY1 and GRXC9/GRX480.
Transcriptional activator that binds specifically to the DNA sequence 5'-TGACG-3'. Recognizes ocs elements like the as-1 motif of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter. Binding to the as-1-like cis elements mediate auxin- and salicylic acid-inducible transcription. Required to induce the systemic acquired resistance (SAR) via the regulation of pathogenesis-related genes expression. Binding to the as-1 element of PR-1 promoter is salicylic acid-inducible and mediated by NPR1. Could also bind to the C-boxes (5'-ATGACGTCAT-3') with high affinity.
Required during early embryo development, for the endosperm formation.
Lacks the conserved Glu residue involved in nucleophilic attack and essential for hydrolase activity. Its enzyme activity is therefore unsure.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class OBG-HflX-like GTPase superfamily. OBG GTPase family. YchF/OLA1 subfamily.
Hydrolyzes ATP, and can also hydrolyze GTP with lower efficiency. Has lower affinity for GTP.
Calcium-binding mitochondrial GTPase involved in calcium signaling during salt stress response (PubMed:16832621). May play a role in the progression of embryonic cell division, development of haploid male and female gametes, and pollen tube growth (PubMed:21494602).
Expressed roots, rosette and cauline leaves, stems, flowers and siliques.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions (PubMed:16832621, PubMed:18344283). Mutant plants show increased sensitivity to ABA, NaCl or mannitol during germination (PubMed:16832621).
Brassicaceae-specific phytocytokine (plant endogenous peptide released into the apoplast) perceived by MIK2 in a BAK1/SERK3 and SERK4 coreceptors-dependent manner, that modulates various physiological and antimicrobial processes including growth prevention and reactive oxygen species (ROS) response regulation (By similarity). Prevents general growth and development (PubMed:31001913).
Induced by drought, salt stress, jasmonate (MeJA), ethylene (ET) and salicylic acid (SA), mainly in shoots.
Mostly expressed in leaves and stems, and, to a lower extent, in roots, siliques, seeds and flowers.
The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex catalyzes the overall conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA and CO(2). It contains multiple copies of three enzymatic components: pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1), dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase (E2) and lipoamide dehydrogenase (E3).
ADP-ribosylated by the Pseudomonas syringae type III effector HopU1. ADP-ribosylation reduces the ability of the protein to bind RNA.
Interacts with TRN1 (PubMed:14756317). Binds to small phloem-mobile single-stranded RNAs (ss-sRNA, e.g. small interfering RNA (siRNA) and microRNA (miRNA)) in the phloeme exudate, including viral-derived sRNA (vsiRNA) (PubMed:31812689).
Plays a role in RNA transcription or processing during stress. Binds RNAs and DNAs sequence with a preference to single-stranded nucleic acids. Involved in mRNA alternative splicing of numerous targets by modulating splice site selection. Negatively regulates the circadian oscillations of its own transcript as well as RBG7 transcript. Forms an interlocked post-transcriptional negative feedback loop with the RBG7 autoregulatory circuit. Both proteins negatively autoregulate and reciprocally crossregulate by binding to their pre-mRNAs and promoting unproductive splicing coupled to degradation via the NMD pathway. Target of the Pseudomonas syringae type III effector HopU1. Mediates cell-to-cell trafficking of RNA interference (RNAi) signals (small RNAs (sRNA), e.g. small interfering RNA (siRNA) and microRNA (miRNA)) which regulate growth and development, as well as responses to environmental inputs, including pathogen attack; can compromise zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) and tobacco rattle virus (TRV) infections at the early stage (PubMed:31812689).
The triple mutant srbp1 srbp2 srbp3 is more susceptible to tobacco rattle virus (TRV).
Up-regulated by cold stress. Circadian regulation. Induced by hydrogen peroxide (at the protein level).
Expressed in rosette leaves, flowers and siliques.
By the avirulence factor AvrRpm1 (at protein level).
Histone demethylase that demethylates 'Arg-3' (H4R3me) of histone H4 with a specific activity for H4R3me2 (PubMed:22483719). Involved in the positive regulation of gene expression (PubMed:22483719). Together with JMJ22, regulates positively seed germination by promoting the removal of repressive histone arginine methylations (e.g. H4R3me2) at GA3ox1 and GA3ox2 to trigger gibberellic acid (GA) biosynthesis (PubMed:22483719).
In far-red light (FR)-treated seeds, present in the whole embryo (PubMed:22483719). Accumulates upon red light (R) (PubMed:22483719).
Plants missing both JMJ20 and JMJ22 exhibit reduced seed germination efficiency during PHYB activation after red light (R)-pulse treatment due to an impaired H4R3me2 removal-dependent derepression of GA3ox1 and GA3ox2 causing lower endogenous gibberellic acid (GA) biosynthesis.
Repressed by the zinc-finger protein SOMNUS when PHYB is inactive in far-red (FR) conditions, but derepressed upon PHYB activation by red light (R).
Belongs to the peptidase M67A family. CSN5 subfamily.
Component of the CSN complex, probably composed of CSN1, CSN2, CSN3, CSN4, CSN5 (CSN5A or CSN5B), CSN6 (CSN6A or CSN6B), CSN7 and CSN8 (PubMed:9811788, PubMed:12615944, PubMed:15486099). CSN5A or CSN5B are present within distinct CSN complexes each containing only one copy of CSN5 (PubMed:15486099). Interacts with itself (PubMed:9811788). In the complex, it is located in the center and probably interacts directly with CSN4 and CSN6A or CSN6B (PubMed:9811788, PubMed:12615944). Also exists as monomeric form (PubMed:9811788). Interacts with CYT1 in vitro and in planta (PubMed:23424245). Interacts with FLZ3 (Ref.11).
No visible phenotype and no effect on the derubylation of CUL1 (PubMed:15486099, PubMed:17307927). Csn5a and csn5b double mutants are lethal at the seedling stage (PubMed:17307927).
Probable protease subunit of the COP9 signalosome complex (CSN), a complex involved in various cellular and developmental processes such as photomorphogenesis and auxin and jasmonate responses. The CSN complex is an essential regulator of the ubiquitin (Ubl) conjugation pathway by mediating the deneddylation of the cullin subunits of the SCF-type E3 ligase complexes, leading to decrease the Ubl ligase activity of SCF. In the complex, it probably acts as the catalytic center that mediates the cleavage of Nedd8 from cullins. It however has no metalloprotease activity by itself and requires the other subunits of the CSN complex (By similarity). The CSN complex is involved in repression of photomorphogenesis in darkness by regulating the activity of COP1-containing Ubl ligase complexes. The complex is also required for degradation of PSIAA6 by regulating the activity of the Ubl ligase SCF-TIR complex. Not involved in CSN's deneddylation/derubylation activity (PubMed:15486099, PubMed:17307927). Essential for the structural integrity of the CSN holocomplex (PubMed:17307927).
The JAMM motif is essential for the protease activity of the CSN complex resulting in deneddylation of cullins. It constitutes the catalytic center of the complex (By similarity).
Ubiquitously expressed. Highly expressed in flowers and roots. Expressed at lower level in seedlings and siliques.
Belongs to the TRAPP small subunits family. Sedlin subfamily.
Disulfide bonds; Cys-300 and Cys-303 are probably involved in the formation of disulfide bridges with 'Cys-11' and 'Cys-105' of PGR5 while Cys-272 and Cys-275 are probably involved in the binding of a Fe-containing cofactor (FCC).
Ferredoxin-plastoquinone reductase involved in cyclic electron flow (CEF) around photosystem I. The homodimer is probably not involved in CEF.
Homodimer and heterodimer with PGR5. Interacts with PGR5, FD2, petC, psaD1, LFNR1 and LFNR2. Interacts also with a Fe-containing cofactor (FCC).
No visible phenotype; due to the redundancy with PGRL1B. Pgrl1a and pgrl1b double mutant grows slowly and has pale green leaves.
The C-terminal loop (258-324) is required for ferredoxin binding.
Phosphorylated on serine residues by MPK6.
30-fold up-regulation by phosphate deficiency.
Expressed in leaves, flowers and roots, but not in stems and siliques.
Involved in the synthesis of diacylglycerol galactolipids that are specifically found in thylakoid membranes. Specific for alpha-glycosidic linkages (PubMed:11696551, PubMed:14600212). During phosphate shortage, involved in the biosynthesis of digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) which rescues the limitation of phospholipids (Probable).
Dwarf phenotype and decreased fertility.
Expressed in the vasculature of roots and cotyledons, tips of leaves, guard cells, bases of trichomes, pistils and stamen filaments.
Interacts with the DELLA proteins RGA and GAI (PubMed:25010794). Interacts with PIF3 and PIF5 (PubMed:26704640). Interacts with the auxin efflux carrier PIN1 (PubMed:25560878).
Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase that possesses phosphatase activity toward para-nitrophenyl phosphate (pNPP) in vitro (PubMed:21222654). Acts as positive regulator in the gibberellin (GA) signaling pathway to regulate plant growth and development. Promotes the GA-induced and proteasomal-dependent degradation of the DELLA proteins RGA and GAI by directly binding and dephosphorylating these proteins (PubMed:25010794). Involved in the regulation of phytochrome B (phyB) signaling pathway that controls photomorphogenesis. Promotes the proteasomal-dependent degradation of PIF5 factor by directly binding and dephosphorylating this protein (PubMed:26704640). Involved in the regulation of pavement cell (PC) interdigitation by modulating the auxin efflux carrier PIN1 polarity and endocytic trafficking. Regulates PIN1 polar targeting through direct binding and dephosphorylation. Acts antagonistically with PID in regulating PC development (PubMed:25560878).
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS10 family.
First expressed in the apical cell after the first asymmetric division of the zygote. Expressed in all proembryo cells until the eight-cell stage, and then restricted to the protoderm in the 16-cell proembryo. Not detected in the torpedo stage, but reappeared later in the L1 layer of the shoot apical meristem in the mature embryo. After germination, the L1 layer-specific expression pattern is maintained in the vegetative shoot apical meristem, inflorescence, floral meristems, and the young floral organ primordia. Finally, expressed in the protoderm of the ovule primordia and integuments and gradually restricted to the endothelium surrounding the embryo sac.
Interacts with GAI/RGA2, RGA/RGA1/GRS, RGL2/SCL19 and PDF2 (PubMed:24989044). Interacts with AIL7/PLT7, ANT, BBM and AIL1 (PubMed:25564655).
Plants missing both PDF2 and ATML1 have reduced levels of L1 box/ gibberellic acid (GA)-regulated putative targets, including LIP1, LIP2, LTP1, FDH and PDF1, in the presence of GA and during seed germination, thus leading to a delayed germination upon imbibition (PubMed:24989044). In plants missing HDG3, HDG7, HDG11, PDF2 and ATML1, increased cell division leading to cell overproliferation (PubMed:25564655).
Probable cloning artifact leading to a deletion into the sequence.
Probable transcription factor involved in cell specification and pattern formation during embryogenesis. Binds to the L1 box DNA sequence 5'-TAAATG[CT]A-3'. Plays a role in maintaining the identity of L1 cells, possibly by interacting with their L1 box or other target-gene promoters; binds to the LIP1 gene promoter and stimulates its expression upon imbibition (PubMed:24989044). Acts as a positive regulator of gibberellins (GAs)-regulated epidermal gene expression (e.g. LIP1, LIP2, LTP1, FDH and PDF1) (PubMed:24989044). Functionally redundant to PDF2 (PubMed:24989044). Seems to promote cell differentiation (PubMed:25564655).
Stimulated during seed imbibition (PubMed:24989044). Induced by gibberellins (GAs) and repressed by DELLA proteins in an ATML1- and PDF2-dependent manner (PubMed:24989044). Upon seed imbibition, increased GA levels in the epidermis reduce DELLA proteins (e.g. GAI/RGA2, RGA/RGA1/GRS and RGL2/SCL19) abundance and release, in turn, ATML1 and PDF2 which activate LIP1 expression, thus enhancing germination potential (PubMed:24989044).
By gibberellin, abscisic acid (ABA), heat shock and infection with the bacterial pathogen P.syringae. Not regulated by transition from dark to light. Triggered by NAC072/RD26 during senescence (PubMed:29659022).
Expressed in leaves, stems, flowers and developing siliques.
Possesses alpha-amylase activity in vitro, but seems not required for breakdown of transitory starch in leaves.
Belongs to the PHD-associated homeobox family.
Specifically binds to the fungal elicitor-responsive DNA element, 5'-CTAATTGTTTA-3', of the gene PR2 promoter.
Altered response to abscisic acid (ABA).
Component of the NF-Y/HAP transcription factor complex. The NF-Y complex stimulates the transcription of various genes by recognizing and binding to a CCAAT motif in promoters. Plays a role in the regulation of the embryogenesis. Involved in the abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway.
Expressed in roots, flowers and developing siliques. Present in etiolated seedlings.
Expressed primarily during seed development.
Heterotrimeric transcription factor composed of three components, NF-YA, NF-YB and NF-YC (PubMed:27871811). NF-YB and NF-YC must interact and dimerize for NF-YA association and DNA binding (PubMed:27871811). Interacts with PRN1 (PubMed:17322342). Binds directly with DPB3-1 (PubMed:25490919).
Expressed in seedlings, cotyledons, leaves and flowers. Lower levels of expression in stems and roots. Not detected in senescent leaves, petals and pollen grains.
Inhibited strongly by tannic acid, bromocresol purple, mercuric chloride, mersalyl, p-hydroxymercuribenzoate, S-adenosylhomocysteine, S-adenosylcysteine and adenosylornithine, and to a lesser extent by N-ethylmaleimide, bathophenanthroline and pyridoxal-5'-P.
Severely growth-retarded phenotype and reduced chlorophyll and plastoquinone contents. Unable to germinate when homozygous.
Transporter involved in exchange reactions through membranes. Has a low uniporter activity. Specifically mediates the transport of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) and its closest analogs. Probably involved in the uptake of SAM in exchange for S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAHC), which is produced from SAM in the mitochondrial matrix and plastidial stroma by methyltransferase activities.
Binds 2 Mg(2+) or Mg(2+) ions per subunit.
Endonuclease RNase P responsible for the 5' maturation of tRNA precursors. Preferentially cleaves at the unusual cleavage site, but also able to cleave at the classical cleavage site. Also involved in the maturation of mRNAs in mitochondria.
Chloroplast development defect, and leaf developmental abnormalities, such as virescent and serrated leaf phenotype, disorganized mesophyll cells, and altered cotyledon venation patterns.
Highly expressed in young, newly emerged leaves.
Expressed in flower buds, roots, leaves, seedlings, stems and immature siliques. Absent of mature pollen.
Activity limited by low ascorbate availability. Feedback inhibition by zeaxanthin. Requires the presence of micelle-forming lipids such as monogalactosyldiacylglyceride (MGDG). Low concentration of bilayer forming lipids, such as digalactosyldiacylglyceride (DGDG) or phosphatidylcholine, supports a slower but nearly complete activity (PubMed:11891252, PubMed:14749490, PubMed:16532316). 80% of the specific activity in lumenal chloroplast fractions is lost in vitro in the presence of reduced thioredoxin (PubMed:20049866).
Part of the xanthophyll (or violaxanthin) cycle for controlling the concentration of zeaxanthin in chloroplasts. Catalyzes the two-step mono de-epoxidation reaction. Stereospecific for all-trans xanthophylls. Zeaxanthin induces the dissipation of excitation energy in the chlorophyll of the light-harvesting protein complex of photosystem II.
The amount of VDE in vivo is estimated to be 1 molecule per 20-100 electron transport chains.
The cysteine rich N-terminal region is required for activity.
Heterodimer with non-phosphorylated E2FC. No interaction with phosphorylated E2FC. Interacts preferentially with E2FC, but also with E2FA and E2FB. Interacts with SKP2A. Targeted for proteasomal degradation by the SCF(SKP2A) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex.
Involved in the regulation of the G1/S transition. Increases the DNA binding activity of E2F proteins after heterodimerization. The complex DPB/E2FC restricts cell division and lateral root initiation and may function as a negative regulator of E2F-regulated genes. The interaction with SKP2A is controlled by auxin.
The DIM domain (182-263) is required for heterodimerization.
Functions in the biosynthesis of branched-chain amino acids. Catalyzes the dehydration of (2R,3R)-2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoate (2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylvalerate) into 2-oxo-3-methylpentanoate (2-oxo-3-methylvalerate) and of (2R)-2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutanoate (2,3-dihydroxyisovalerate) into 2-oxo-3-methylbutanoate (2-oxoisovalerate), the penultimate precursor to L-isoleucine and L-valine, respectively.
Is highly competitively inhibited by the fungal sesquiterpenoid aspterric acid, which is effective as a herbicide in spray applications.
Arginine methyltransferase that can both catalyze the formation of omega-N monomethylarginine (MMA) and symmetrical dimethylarginine (sDMA).
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. Protein arginine N-methyltransferase family. PRMT7 subfamily.
Homodimer (via C-terminus) (PubMed:23805258). Binds microtubules via its N-terminus containing the MyTH4 domain and binds F-actin via its FERM domain (PubMed:26287478). Interacts with KIPK1 (PubMed:10788494, PubMed:25262228). Interacts with KIPK2 (PubMed:25262228). Interacts with AN (PubMed:11889034). Interacts with AIR9 (PubMed:25908862). Interacts (via C-terminus) with KIC, CAM2, CAM4 and CAM6. KIC and calmodulin show competitive binding to KCBP. Binding to calmodulin inhibits microtubule binding activity. Binding to KIC inhibits microtubule binding activity and microtubule-stimulated ATPase activity.
Minus-end microtubule-dependent motor protein involved in the regulation of cell division and trichome morphogenesis through microtubules bundling. Possesses basal and microtubule-stimulated ATPase activities. Acts as a hub that brings together microtubules and actin filaments to modulate the cytoskeleton during trichome formation and morphogenesis (PubMed:26287478). Could be involved in the negative regulation of root growth (PubMed:25262228).
Trichomes with reduced branch number (PubMed:9177205, PubMed:25262228, PubMed:26287478). Impairment of trichomes branch tip sharpening due to disrupted transverse cortical F-actin cap (PubMed:26287478).
Widely expressed with the highest levels in flowers (PubMed:8636137). Strongly expressed in the root tip (PubMed:25908862). Highly detected in the branch apex of the trichome (PubMed:26287478).
Contains 4-hydroxyproline; hydroxylated on Pro-29, Pro-31 and Pro-33.
Arrested embryos at the transition to cotyledon stages of development (PubMed:11779812, PubMed:17993549). Biotin depletion leading to lethality; this phenotype is rescued by exogenous supply of biotin (PubMed:12644697, PubMed:23031218).
Bifunctional enzyme that catalyzes two different reactions involved in the biotin biosynthesis.
Catalyzes a mechanistically unusual reaction, the ATP-dependent insertion of CO2 between the N7 and N8 nitrogen atoms of 7,8-diaminopelargonic acid (DAPA) to form an ureido ring.
Catalyzes the transfer of the alpha-amino group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) to 7-keto-8-aminopelargonic acid (KAPA) to form 7,8-diaminopelargonic acid (DAPA). It is the only aminotransferase known to utilize SAM as an amino donor.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the class-III pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family. BioA subfamily.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the dethiobiotin synthetase family.
No visible phenotype under normal growth condition, but compromised pathogen-induced glycerol-3-phosphate-(G3P) and azelaic acid- (AA) dependent systemic acquired resistance (SAR).
Putative lipid transfer protein required for systemic acquired resistance (SAR) long distance signaling. May interact with a lipid-derived molecule to promote long distance signaling associated with SAR. Together with AZI1, required for glycerol-3-phosphate- (G3P) and azelaic acid- (AA) induced systemic acquired resistance (SAR). Component of plant systemic immunity involved in priming defenses in a AA-dependent manner, by modulating production and/or translocation of a mobile signal(s) during SAR. Is able to bind with high affinity monoacylated phospholipids, mainly lysophosphatidylcholines (PubMed:18552128).
Self-interacts and binds to AZI1 (PubMed:23602565). Does not interact with PDLP1 (PubMed:27078071).
Expressed during germination, and also in green shoots, etiolated seedlings and whole seedlings.
Is the most highly expressed of the GLP genes.
According to PubMed:18930082, TATA is detectable only in minor amounts in Arabidopsis chloroplasts.
Seedling lethality when homozygous. When grown on agar medium, mutant seedlings have an albino phenotype and contain plastid lacking internal membrane structures.
Expressed in leaf meristem and at points of cauline leaf attachments on the primary stem. Expressed at low levels in siliques.
Probable 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase that may be involved in glucosinolates biosynthesis. May play a role in the production of aliphatic glucosinolates (By similarity).
Necessary for efficient RNA polymerase II transcription elongation past template-encoded arresting sites (Probable). Involved in the control of seed dormancy and germination (PubMed:19150360, PubMed:21799800).
Necessary for efficient RNA polymerase II transcription elongation past template-encoded arresting sites.
Reduced seed dormancy and increased germination rate of freshly harvested seeds (PubMed:19150360, PubMed:21799800). Early flowering (PubMed:19150360).
Cleaves presequences (transit peptides) from chloroplastic protein precursors (PubMed:12795700). Initially recognizes a precursor by binding to the C-terminus of its transit peptide and then removes the transit peptide in a single endoproteolytic step. In a next step, pursues the cleavage of transit peptide to a subfragment form (By similarity).
RNAi plants were almost all seedling lethals. Surviving plants exhibited slower shoot and root growth, and grossly aberrant leaf morphology. They also displayed defects in chloroplast protein import.
Pectin methylesterase (PME) inhibitor that targets PME from seeds and modulates PME activity and pectin methylesterification during seed germination. Promotes mucilage release by limiting methylesterification of homogalacturonan in seed coat epidermal cells.
Binds the poly(A) tail of mRNA. Appears to be an important mediator of the multiple roles of the poly(A) tail in mRNA biogenesis, stability and translation. In the cytoplasm, affects both translation and mRNA decay. Stimulates translation by interaction with translation initiation factor eIF4G, a subunit of the cap-binding complex eIF4F, bringing the 5'- and 3'-ends of the mRNA in proximity. The formation of this circular mRNP structure appears to be critical for the synergistic effects of the cap and the poly(A) tail in facilitating translation initiation, recycling of ribosomes, and mRNA stability. During infection with potyvirus TuMV, acts as a potential integral component of the viral replicase complex that could play an important role in the regulation of potyviral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). Binds to uridylated mRNAs and determines the size of uridine extensions (PubMed:26972004). Limits uridine extension by URT1, likely by binding to the oligo(A) tail and preventing URT1 access (PubMed:26972004).
Expressed in all organs (at the protein level) but under distinct spatial and temporal regulation within each organ.
Interacts with eIF-iso4G. Interacts with ERD15/CID1 and CID7. Interacts with Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) VPg-Pro and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp).
Pab2 and pab4 double mutants, as well as pab2 and pab8 double mutants show significant growth and development defects and more resistance to Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV).
Calcium-dependent NADPH oxidase that generates superoxide. Required for H(2)O(2) production in response to K(+) deficiency and for the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that regulate cell expansion through the activation of Ca(2+) channels.
In roots, expressed in the epidermis in the proximal regions of the meristem, in the elongation zone, in the differentiation zone and in elongating root hairs.
Plants have short root hairs and stunted roots.
Expressed in flowers and flower buds (at protein level), and, at very low levels, in roots, seedlings, leaves and stems (PubMed:21193570, PubMed:20442277). Mostly confined to anther tapetal cells (PubMed:23632852).
Autophosphorylated after elicitation with elfl18. Autophosphorylation is inhibited by the binding with avrPto1. Phosphorylation at T-836 is required for immune signaling.
Binds to Pseudomonas syringae AvrPto1 and (via the kinase and cytoplasmic domains) to hopD2. Interacts with SERK3/BAK1, SERK4/BKK1, SERK1 and SERK2 in a specific ligand-induced manner. Binds to IOS1 (PubMed:27317676). Binds to BIK1 in the absence of pathogen elicitor; dissociates upon pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered activation (PubMed:29649442).
Constitutes the pattern-recognition receptor (PPR) that determines the specific perception of elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu), a potent elicitor of the defense response to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs); phosphorylates BIK1 upon elicitation to regulate immune responses such as defense hormone expression (e.g. jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA)) (PubMed:29649442). Reduces transformation by Rhizobium radiobacter probably by inducing plant defense during the interaction. Binding to the effector AvrPto1 from P.syringae blocks the downstream plant immune response while interaction with hopD2 decreases the phosphorylation level of EFR upon elf18 treatment. Specific endoplasmic reticulum quality control components (ERD2B, CRT3, UGGT and STT3A) are required for the biogenesis of EFR.
Enhanced susceptibility to R.radiobacter.
The last two LRR (561-597) are necessary for elf18 binding and functionality.
Auxiliary enzyme of beta-oxidation. Participates in the degradation of unsaturated fatty enoyl-CoA esters having double bonds in both even- and odd-numbered positions in peroxisome. Catalyzes the NADP-dependent reduction of 2,4-dienoyl-CoA to yield trans-3-enoyl-CoA (By similarity).
Belongs to the short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDR) family. 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase subfamily.
Although all the other members of the family possess a branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase activity, the exact function of BCAT4 remains unclear at present.
Converts 2-oxo acids to branched-chain amino acids. Shows activity with L-Leu, L-Ile and L-Val as amino donors and alpha-keto-glutarate as an amino acceptor, but no activity for D-isomers of Leu, Ile, Val, Asp, Glu or Ala. Acts on methionine and its derivatives and the corresponding 2-oxo acids. Catalyzes the initial deamination of methionine to 4-methylthio-2-oxobutyrate as well as the transamination of other typical intermediates of the methionine chain elongation pathway.
Reduced methionine-derived aliphatic glucosinolate accumulation, but increased levels of free methionine and S-methylmethionine.
Transient induction by wounding. Follows a diurnal rhythm.
Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP)-like protein that acts as a component of the pre-mRNA processing machinery. Functions to facilitate the nuclear maturation of plant pre-mRNAs (By similarity).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but the double mutants lof1 and lof2 exhibit enhanced phenotypes relative to lof1.
Probable transcription factor that involved in boundary specification, meristem initiation and maintenance, and organ patterning. Functions in both lateral organ separation and axillary meristem formation.
Forms a dimer (By similarity). Binds to polymerized centrally located endocytic MT.
Microtubule-associated protein that mediates the formation of a mesh-like stable and dense network formed by individual microtubules (MT). Confers MT resistance to high concentration of NaCl.
Expressed at all developmental stages, with a peak at early pollen development.
Expressed in cotyledons, leaves, sepals and pollen.
Mediates the export of free fatty acid from the plastids. Potentially prefers palmitic acid (C16:0) over oleic acid (C18:1) and stearic acid (C18:0). Not involved in fatty acid activation. Required for biogenesis of the outer pollen cell wall, in particular for the assembly of exine and pollen coat and for the release of ketone wax components.
Reduced biomass and male sterility. Reduced size, thinner inflorescence stalks and flowers producing short siliques containing almost no seeds. Small vascular bundles with reduced secondary cell walls and modified cuticular wax composition with strongly reduced content in C29-ketone wax components.
Up-regulated upon induction of early leaf senescence.
Plants overexpressing VUP3 exhibit severe dwarfism.
Chaperone receptor mediating Hsp90-dependent protein targeting to mitochondria.
Expressed in roots and flower buds. Detected in leaves.
Cell signaling peptide that may regulate plant stress, growth, and development. Mediates a rapid alkalinization of extracellular space by mediating a transient increase in the cytoplasmic Ca(2+) concentration leading to a calcium-dependent signaling events through a cell surface receptor and a concomitant activation of some intracellular mitogen-activated protein kinases (By similarity). Regulates negatively brassinolide (BL)-mediated signaling pathway (e.g. BL-induced hypocotyl elongation and branching limitation) (PubMed:19473327).
In very young seedlings, confined to the tips of the cotyledons. Later expressed in the cotyledon vasculature and petiole. Present in the tip of emerging leaves. In mature leaves, observed in the vasculature.
Proteolytically cleaved, probably by SBT6.1 (S1P), a subtilisin-like serine protease (subtilase).
Repressed by brassinolide (BL) treatment.
Expressed in roots and inflorescence, and to a lower extent, in leaves and stems. In roots, confined to the outer cell layers, specifically in the differentiation zone. Also detected in the endodermis and inner tissues of the central cylinder.
In roots by iron deficiency. Repressed by cytokinins. Induced by cold, UV, ethylene (ACC), jasmonic acid (JA), flagellin, and salicylic acid (SA) treatments.
Transcription factor. Essential protein involved in iron uptake responses. Regulates FRO2 at the level of mRNA accumulation and IRT1 at the level of protein accumulation. Confers enhanced iron mobilization responses at low iron supply.
Component of the retromer complex which consists of VPS29 (MAG1), VPS26 (VPS26A or VPS26B), VPS35 (VPS35A or VPS35B or VPS35C), VPS5/17 (SNX1 or SNX2A or SNX2B). Component of a retromer subcomplex consisting of VPS29 (MAG1), VPS26 (VPS26A or VPS26B), VPS35 (VPS35A or VPS35B or VPS35C) (Probable). Interacts with RABG3F (PubMed:23362252).
Plays a role in vesicular protein sorting. Component of the membrane-associated retromer complex which is essential in endosome-to-Golgi retrograde transport. Also involved in the efficient sorting of seed storage proteins (Probable). Binds alone to endosomal membranes and is required for recruitment of VPS26 and VPS29 to membrane (PubMed:23362252). The VPS29-VPS26-VPS35 subcomplex may be involved in recycling of specific cargos from endosome to the plasma membrane (PubMed:20086190).
Binds the phosphorylated C-terminal domain (CTD) of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II and functions as a scaffold for RNA processing machineries (PubMed:10907853). May be involved in pre-mRNA splicing (Probable).
Expressed in roots, shoots, rosette leaves, cauline leaves, stems and flowers.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, probably due to the redundancy with PPRP40A and PPRP40C.
Expressed specifically in fiber and vessel cells that are undergoing secondary wall thickening in floral stems. Expressed in vessels but not in xylary fibers in the developing secondary xylem of roots.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but the double mutant plants myb48 and myb83 nearly lack secondary wall thickening, stop growing after developing one to two pairs of small leaves and subsequently die.
Transcription factor that acts as molecular switch in the NAC012/SND1-mediated transcriptional network regulating secondary wall biosynthesis. Is directly activated by NAC012/SND1 and its close homologs, including NAC043/NST1, NAC066/NST2, NAC101/VND6 and NAC030/VND7. Is required for functional expression of a number of secondary wall-associated transcription factors and secondary wall biosynthetic genes involved in cellulose, xylan and lignin synthesis. Functions redundantly with MYB46 in the transcriptional regulatory cascade leading to secondary wall formation in fibers and vessels (PubMed:19808805). Transcription activator that binds to the DNA consensus sequence 5'-ACC[AT]A[AC][TC]-3', designated as the secondary wall MYB-responsive element (SMRE). Regulates directly numerous transcription factors and a number of genes involved in secondary wall biosynthesis that contain SMRE elements in their promoters (PubMed:22197883).
Interacts with NRPD1. Associates with Pol II and Pol V complexes.
Probable regulatory factor for several RNA polymerases. Effector involved in facilitation of Pol V transcription as RNA scaffold and recruitment of silencing complex to target genomic sites.
Reduced DNA methylation at RdDM target loci and pleiotropic developmental phenotype.
Although related to the protein phosphatase 2C family, lacks the conserved residues that bind manganese, suggesting it has no phosphatase activity.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX21/DDX50 subfamily.
Heavy-metal-binding protein. Binds zinc, copper and nickel in a reversible manner.
Expressed ubiquitously, mostly in roots, to a lower extent in leaves, floral buds and stems, and, at low levels, in flowers and siliques.
General retarded growth with small curled leaves and short roots in seedlings, as well as delayed floral transition and lower fertility; these phenotypes are partly due to a reduced cell proliferation.
In young seedlings, observed in shoot apices and roots and accumulates gradually in the leaf vasculature (PubMed:22492352). Later expressed in inflorescence apices, especially in the center, and in secondary inflorescence meristems (PubMed:22492352). In floral buds and flowers, strongly present in anthers (specifically in the tapetum), ovules and pollen (PubMed:22492352).
Induced by gibberellins (GA) in seedlings shoot apices, in tissues containing actively dividing cells (PubMed:22492352). Down-regulated by RGA in the GA signaling pathway (PubMed:22492352).
Promotes cell proliferation in the gibberellic acid (GA) signaling pathway, acting downstream of RGA, and possibly through a negative regulation of two cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors SIM and SMR1.
Belongs to the sulfated-peptide plant hormone family.
Promotes cellular proliferation and expansion.
The sulfation and the glycosylation are required for full activity.
May function as negative regulator of plant defense.
Plants over-expressing VQ5 display enhanced disease symptoms after infection by the necrotrophic fungal pathogen B.cinerea.
Expressed in roots, inflorescences and at lower levels in leaves.
Involved in de novo DNA methylation. Controls asymmetric and CpNpG methylation. Required for FWA gene silencing but not for the maintenance of SUP gene silencing. Functionally redundant to CMT3 to maintain non-CpG methylation. Involved in RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) (PubMed:12121623, PubMed:12151602, PubMed:14680640). Acts as major DNA methyltransferase in the RdDM pathway, and is essential for RNA-directed de novo DNA methylation of cytosines in all sequence contexts (PubMed:21060858, PubMed:21212233). Associates with long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) produced by RNA polymerase V (Pol V). This association is dependent on AGO4 and IDN2, and results in DNA methylation of RdDM target loci (PubMed:24862207).
Belongs to the class V-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. Histone-lysine methyltransferase family.
Interacts with SUVR1, CHR19, CHR28 and itself (PubMed:25420628). Interacts with CHR27 (PubMed:25420628, PubMed:25425661).
Probable inactive histone-lysine methyltransferase that acts as regulator of transctiptional gene silencing independently of histone H3K9 methylation. Contributes to transcriptional gene silencing at RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) target loci but also at RdDM-independent target loci. Forms a complex with SUVR1 and associates with the SNF2-related chromatin-remodeling proteins CHR19, CHR27, and CHR28, thereby mediating nucleosome positioning and transcriptional silencing. Does not possess histone-lysine methyltransferase activity in vitro, and the conserved catalytic sites of SUVR2 are dispensable for its function in transcriptional gene silencing.
Detected in stems and flower buds, but not in leaves, mature flowers and seedlings.
May function as a stable post-translational protein modifier.
Expressed in roots, leaves, hydathodes, sepals and style.
Glycosylates the amino acid-related molecules isoleucic acid (2-hydroxy-3-methylpentanoic acid) and valic acid (2-hydroxy-3-methylbutyric acid). Acts as a negative regulator of salicylic acid (SA)-dependent plant defense in the absence of pathogens and promotes the jasmonate (JA) response. Negatively influences the onset of senescence.
Induced by wounding and the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (avirulent avrRpm1 strain).
Reduced rosette size, early leaf senescence, enhanced resistance to the biotrophic pathogen Pseudomonas syringae, increased susceptibility toward necrotrophic Alternaria brassicicola and constitutively elevated salicylic acid (SA) levels.
Kinase that can phosphorylate various inositol polyphosphate such as Ins(3,4,5,6)P4 or Ins(1,3,4)P3. Phosphorylates Ins(3,4,5,6)P4 at position 1 to form Ins(1,3,4,5,6)P5. This reaction is thought to have regulatory importance, since Ins(3,4,5,6)P4 is an inhibitor of plasma membrane Ca(2+)-activated Cl(-) channels, while Ins(1,3,4,5,6)P5 is not (By similarity). Also phosphorylates Ins(1,3,4)P3 on O-5 and O-6 to form Ins(1,3,4,6)P4, an essential molecule in the hexakisphosphate (InsP6) pathway (PubMed:9126335).
Low inositol hexakisphosphate (phytate) levels in seed tissue.
Mostly expressed in leaves and roots, and, to a lower extent, in seedlings, stems and flowers, but barely in seeds.
Component of the plant cell wall polysaccharide acetylation pathway (PubMed:25681330, PubMed:30083810). Does not directly catalyze O-acetylation of xyloglucan but exhibits weak acetylesterase activity in vitro (PubMed:30083810).
Severe growth defects and collapsed xylem (PubMed:25681330). Decreased xyloglucan acetylation and decreased O-acetylation of xylan (PubMed:25681330).
Component of TORC1 complex, which is an essential cell growth regulator that controls plant development. Acts by activating transcription, protein synthesis and ribosome biogenesis, and inhibiting mRNA degradation and autophagy (Probable). Involved in regulating amino acid accumulation and the synthesis of myo-inositol and raffinose during plant adaptation to long days (PubMed:22307851). Involved in the regulation of plant growth and abscisic acid (ABA) accumulation. Acts as positive regulation of the ABA biosynthetic genes ZEP, NCED3 and AAO3, and negative regulator of the ABA catabolic genes CYP707A2 and CYP707A3 (PubMed:26459592).
Component of TORC1 complex, which is an essential cell growth regulator that controls plant development. Acts by activating transcription, protein synthesis and ribosome biogenesis, and inhibiting mRNA degradation and autophagy.
Expressed in the root central cylinder, root tips, emerging lateral roots, vasculature of cotyledons, leaf stomata, leaf stipules, anthers, pollen, filaments, and vasculature of petals and sepals.
Reduced growth and unable to flower under short day conditions. Retarded growth, bushy rosettes, development of multiple apical meristems and unable to flower under long day conditions.
The target of rapamycin complex 1 (TORC1) is composed of at least RAPTOR, LST8 and TOR (Probable). Interacts with TOR (PubMed:22307851).
The target of rapamycin complex 1 (TORC1) is composed of at least RAPTOR, LST8 and TOR.
By auxin and salicylic acid (SA). Repressed by jasmonic acid (JA).
Belongs to the cation transport ATPase (P-type) (TC 3.A.3) family. Type IIA subfamily.
ECA3 is functionally distinct from ECA1 and is localized to a separate compartment.
Expressed in root cap, in elongation and differentiation zones of roots, in vascular tissues of roots, leaves, floral pedicels and style, in leaves, including hydathodes and guard cells, in stamens, in petals, in sepals and in siliques.
This magnesium-dependent enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the translocation of calcium from the cytosol to an endomembrane compartment (Probable). Involved in calcium-enhanced root growth, in tolerance to toxic levels of manganese and in secretory processes (PubMed:18567829). Has a crucial role in manganese nutrition, but is not involved in transporting copper, iron or zinc (PubMed:18024560).
According to publications, it is related to the galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase type 1 family and histidine triad superfamily (PubMed:12119013). However, such families are not detected by prediction tools such as Pfam or SUPFAM.
By jasmonate, ozone and high light. Circadian-regulation, with a peak in expression at the beginning of the light cycle.
Catalyzes a reaction of the Smirnoff-Wheeler pathway, the major route to ascorbate biosynthesis in plants. Acts as a phosphorylase rather than as a transferase. Uses preferentially GDP-L-galactose and GDP-D-glucose as substrates. Lower activity with GDP-L-fucose, very low activity with GDP-D-mannose, and no activity with UDP-D-glucose, UDP-D-galactose or ADP-D-glucose. Highly specific for inorganic phosphate as the guanylyl acceptor.
Dwarf. 20% of the wild-type ascorbate level, due to the partial redundancy with VTC5. Vtc2 and vtc5 double mutants show growth arrest immediately upon germination and are not viable.
Expressed in leaves, stems, roots, flowers and siliques. Highest expression in green tissues.
Not inhibited by dithiothreitol, N-ethylmaleimide, phenylmethane sulfonyl fluoride, ascorbate, L-galactose and L-galactonolactone.
Expressed throughout early globular-staged embryos and during embryogenesis.
Highly expressed in stem internodes and roots. Lower levels in young seedlings before flowering and rosette leaves. Expressed in the vascular tissues. Restricted to procambial and/or provascular cells during primary root development and early leaves development.
Required for correct xylem specification through regulation of the lifetime of the xylem elements. Prevents premature death of the xylem vessel elements.
Severe reduction in the length of stem internodes. Increased thickness of veins in leaves and inflorescence stems. Altered morphology of xylem vessel elements.
Up-regulated by auxin (IAA), but not by abscisic acid (ABA), brassinolid (BR), gibberelic acid (GA3)or benzyl aminopurine (BA). Down-regulated by salt stress and thermospermine.
Catalyzes the oxidation of L-gulono-1,4-lactone to ascorbic acid (PubMed:20622436). L-gulono-1,4-lactone is oxidized to hydrogen peroxide and L-xylo-hexulonolactone which spontaneously isomerizes to L-ascorbate (By similarity).
Abnormal pavement cell morphogenesis in cotyledons characterized by reduced interdigitation associated with altered microtubules organization and dynamics and reduced rates of cellulose deposition in anticlinal cell walls thus correleted with a reduced anisotropic cell expansion (PubMed:29976837, PubMed:30407556). Hypersensitivity to the microtubule-disrupting drug oryzalin (PubMed:29976837).
Expressed mostly in vegetative tissues including older parts of the root, cotyledons, leaves and shoot apical meristems (SAM) (PubMed:30407556). Present at low levels in pollen, siliques and seeds (PubMed:30407556).
In leaves and hypocotyls, mostly observed in vascular tissues (PubMed:30407556). In root tips, restricted to the lateral root cap of primary and lateral root meristems (PubMed:30407556).
May be involved in cooperative interactions with calmodulins or calmodulin-like proteins (By similarity). Recruits calmodulin (CaM) calcium sensor proteins to cortical microtubule arrays, thus being a potential scaffold in cellular signaling and trafficking (PubMed:29976837, PubMed:30407556). Binds to microtubules (MTs) and promotes MT assembly and dynamics to modulate pavement cell (PC) morphogenesis via cellulose deposition-dependent anisotropic cell expansion triggered by cellulose synthase complexes (CSCs) (PubMed:29976837, PubMed:30407556). May associate with nucleic acids and regulate gene expression at the transcriptional or post-transcriptional level (By similarity).
Microtubule-associated protein probably involved in the regulation of microtubule organization.
By ethylene, asbscisic acid (ABA), auxin (IAA), and Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolica.
Expressed in roots, stems, flower buds, and siliques.
Interacts with BHLH012/MYC1 and BHLH042/TT8.
Albino seed and embryo defective when homozygous (PubMed:12324593, PubMed:19563435). Developmental arrest of the embryo from globular to mature stages (PubMed:12324593).
Transcription termination factor required for plastid-specific rRNA accumulation and protein synthesis in plastids (PubMed:19563435). Essential for embryogenesis (PubMed:12324593, PubMed:19563435).
Component of the minichromosome maintenance (MCM) complex, a heterotetramer composed of MCM2, MCM3, MCM4, MCM5, MCM6 and MCM7. Interacts with ETG1 and the replication-associated protein of the geminivirus mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV).
Expressed in root apical meristem, lateral root meristem primordia, leaf primordia, shoot apical meristem and flower buds.
Over-expression of MCM2 strongly reduces plant and cell sizes and inhibits endoreduplication.
Probable component of the MCM2-7 complex (MCM complex) that may function as a DNA helicase and which is essential to undergo a single round of replication initiation and elongation per cell cycle in eukaryotic cells. May play a crucial role in the control of de-differentiation and cell proliferation processes required for lateral root formation. Is essential for embryo development. Is involved in the geminivirus mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV) DNA replication, presumably in conjunction with other host factors.
Part of the ABC transporter complex CcmAB involved in the biogenesis of c-type cytochromes; once thought to export heme, this seems not to be the case, but its exact role is uncertain. Responsible for energy coupling to the transport system (By similarity).
May be involved in cooperative interactions with calmodulins or calmodulin-like proteins (By similarity). Recruits calmodulin proteins to microtubules, thus being a potential scaffold in cellular signaling and trafficking (PubMed:28115582). Regulates cell shape and elongation in aerial organs (i.e. epidermis pavement cells) probably by regulating cortical microtubules (MT) arrays orientation (PubMed:28115582). May associate with nucleic acids and regulate gene expression at the transcriptional or post-transcriptional level (By similarity).
Component of the origin recognition complex (ORC) composed of at least ORC1 (ORC1A or ORC1B), ORC2, ORC3, ORC4, ORC5 and ORC6. ORC is regulated in a cell-cycle and development dependent manner. It is sequentially assembled at the exit from anaphase of mitosis and disassembled as cells enter S phase. Interacts directly with ORC1A, ORC2, ORC3, ORC5 and ORC6.
Component of the origin recognition complex (ORC) that binds origins of replication.
Follow a cell-cycle regulation with a peak at the G1/S-phase (PubMed:16179646). Isoform AtORC4a is expressed at low levels ubiquitously (PubMed:15358564). Isoform AtORC4b is mostly expressed in siliques, flowers and flower buds, and, to a lower exent, in roots, leaves and stems (PubMed:16179646, PubMed:15358564).
Regulated by E2F (PubMed:16179646). Accumulates rapidly after cell cycle reactivation by sucrose addition following cell cycle arrest mediated by sucrose deprivation (PubMed:16179646, PubMed:15358564).
Belongs to the GTP-binding elongation factor family. EF-G/EF-2 subfamily.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class translation factor GTPase superfamily. Classic translation factor GTPase family. EF-G/EF-2 subfamily.
Expressed in cotyledons and adult leaves at the same levels.
Mitochondrial GTPase that catalyzes the GTP-dependent ribosomal translocation step during translation elongation. During this step, the ribosome changes from the pre-translocational (PRE) to the post-translocational (POST) state as the newly formed A-site-bound peptidyl-tRNA and P-site-bound deacylated tRNA move to the P and E sites, respectively. Catalyzes the coordinated movement of the two tRNA molecules, the mRNA and conformational changes in the ribosome.
Expressed during late developmental phases of siliques.
Expressed in roots, leaves, stems, petals, carpels, seed pods and dry seeds.
Involved in the breakdown of propeptides of storage proteins in protein-storage vacuoles (By similarity). Possesses aspartic protease activity in vitro.
Binds specifically to bipartite recognition sequences composed of two unrelated motifs, 5'-CAACA-3' and 5'-CACCTG-3'. May function as negative regulator of plant growth and development.
Contains two distinct DNA-binding domains. One is located in the N-terminal region and binds to the 5'-CAACA-3' motif. The second is located in the C-terminal region and binds to the 5'-CACCTG-3' motif.
Down-regulated by brassinosteroid and zeatin.
Expressed in all tissues examined: Roots, rosette leaves, cauline leaves, inflorescence stems, flowers and siliques. Highest expression in roots and rosette leaves. Very low expression in flowers.
Expressed in cells around the base of leaf primordia, in the outermost 2 to 3 cell layers along the boundary between two leaf primordia. Expressed in lateral root primordia and tips, and in the epidermal boundaries of two cotyledons at heart-stage embryo.
In plants missing HDG3, HDG7, HDG11, PDF2 and ATML1, increased cell division leading to cell overproliferation.
Probable transcription factor that binds to the DNA sequence 5'-GCATTAAATGC-3' (PubMed:16778018). Seems to promote cell differentiation (PubMed:25564655).
Expressed at low levels in roots, stems, siliques, leaves, seedlings and flower buds.
No visible phenotype under standard growth conditions.
Cancer prevention by GLSs is attributed to the formation of isothiocyanates (Scheme 1a) upon hydrolysis.
Involved in glucosinolate biosynthesis. Hydrolyzes the gamma-glutamyl peptide bond of several glutathione (GSH) conjugates to produce Cys-Gly conjugates related to glucosinolates. The gamma-Glu-Cys-Gly-GSH conjugates are the sulfur-donating molecule in glucosinolate biosynthesis (PubMed:19483696, PubMed:21712415). Converts phenylacetohydroximoyl-GSH to benzylglucosinolate (PubMed:19483696). Can use the GSH conjugate of the camalexin intermediate IAN (GS-IAN) as substrate. Required for the biosynthesis of camalexin, a pathogen-inducible phytoalexin with antibacterial and antifungal properties (PubMed:21712415).
Highly expressed in the root central cylinder. Expressed in the filaments and stigmatic papillae of pollinated flowers and developing siliques.
Probable leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein kinase.
Gametophyte defective when both XPO1A and XPO1B are disrupted. Abnormal pollen germination and tube growth, impaired female gametophyte development and embryo lethal.
Present in mature pollen grains, unpollinated pistils, and 2-week-old seedlings.
Receptor for the leucine-rich nuclear export signal (NES). Binds cooperatively to the NES on its target protein and to the small GTPase Ran in its active GTP-bound form (By similarity). Required for the maternal-to-embryonic transition and during gametophyte development (PubMed:18791220).
Acts as a membrane anchor, bringing other regulators of programmed cell death (PCD) to the plasma membrane. Negatively regulates hypersensitive cell death.
Both N-terminal (1-47) and C-terminal (114-134) domains are sufficient for the interaction with MIEL1 or with the N-terminal domain of LSD1.
Interacts (via N- and C-terminal) with MIEL1 and LSD1 (via N-terminus).
The LITAF domain (48-113) is not involved in the interaction with LSD1.
The LITAF domain is stabilized by a bound zinc ion (By similarity). The LITAF amphipathic helix region (68-90) is necessary for plasma membrane localization.
Up-regulated by Pseudomonas syringae avrRpt2 and fumonisin B1 (FB1).
Belongs to the archaeal Rpo12/eukaryotic RPC10 RNA polymerase subunit family.
Component of the RNA polymerase II, IV and V complexes. Associates with the mediator complex. Interacts with NRPD1.
Catalyzes the 2-beta-hydroxylation of gibberellins (GA) precursors, rendering them unable to be converted to active GAs. Hydroxylates the C20-GA GA12 and GA53, but is not active on C19-GAs, like GA1, GA4, GA9 and GA20.
Not regulated by auxin. Down-regulated by paclobutrazol.
Putative Lysin motif (LysM) receptor kinase that may recognize microbe-derived N-acetylglucosamine (NAG)-containing ligands.
Component of the signal peptidase complex (SPC) which catalyzes the cleavage of N-terminal signal sequences from nascent proteins as they are translocated into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (By similarity). Dispensable for SPC enzymatic activity (By similarity).
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL34 family.
Expressed predominantly in flowers notably in anthers at early stages of flower development.
Has the ability to complement mutants in Salmonella typhimurium and yeast lacking magnesium transport capability.
Magnesium transporter that mediates the influx/efflux of magnesium in a concentration-dependent manner. Plays a crucial role in male gametophyte development and male fertility.
Component of LSM protein complexes, which are involved in RNA processing. Component of the cytoplasmic LSM1-LSM7 complex which is involved in mRNA degradation by promoting decapping and leading to accurate 5'-3' mRNA decay. The cytoplasmic LSM1-LSM7 complex regulates developmental gene expression by the decapping of specific development-related transcripts. Component of the nuclear LSM2-LSM8 complex which is involved splicing nuclear mRNAs. LSM2-LSM8 binds directly to the U6 small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) and is essential for accurate splicing of selected development-related mRNAs through the stabilization of the spliceosomal U6 snRNA. Plays a critical role in the regulation of development-related gene expression (PubMed:23221597, PubMed:23620288). Involved in the control of plant sensitivity to abscisic acid (ABA) and drought (PubMed:11740939). Functions with ABH1 as negative regulator of ABA signaling in guard cells (PubMed:12427994). Required for regulation of splicing efficiency of many stress-responsive genes under stress conditions (PubMed:24393432).
Component of the heptameric LSM1-LSM7 complex that forms a seven-membered ring structure with a donut shape. The LSM subunits are arranged in the order LSM1, LSM2, LSM3, LSM6, LSM5, LSM7 and LSM4. Component of the heptameric LSM2-LSM8 complex that forms a seven-membered ring structure with a donut shape. The LSM subunits are arranged in the order LSM8, LSM2, LSM3, LSM6, LSM5, LSM7 and LSM4 (PubMed:23221597, PubMed:23620288). LSM2 subunit interacts only with its two neighboring subunits, LSM6A or LSM6B and LSM7 (PubMed:23221597).
Plays a role in U6 snRNP assembly and function. Binds to the 3' end of U6 snRNA.
Binds to KIB1 (PubMed:28575660). Interacts with BSK6 (PubMed:23496207).
Phosphorylates BSK1, BSK3, BSK5, BSK6, BSK8 and BSK11 in vitro (PubMed:23496207). May mediate extracellular signals to regulate transcription in differentiating cells (By similarity).
Key regulator of the exon junction complex (EJC), a multiprotein complex that associates immediately upstream of the exon-exon junction on mRNAs and serves as a positional landmark for the intron exon structure of genes and directs post-transcriptional processes in the cytoplasm such as mRNA export, nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) or translation. Acts as an EJC disassembly factor, allowing translation-dependent EJC removal and recycling by disrupting mature EJC from spliced mRNAs (By similarity). Can increase in vitro the expression from reporter constructs that contain leader introns required for the expression of different genes. In association with MAGO and PYM, participates in intron-mediated enhancement of gene expression (PubMed:21676911).
Acts as a calcium sensor. CBL proteins interact with CIPK serine-threonine protein kinases. Binding of a CBL protein to the regulatory NAF domain of a CIPK protein lead to the activation of the kinase in a calcium-dependent manner. Binds four calcium ions per subunit. Mediates the activation of AKT1 by CIPK proteins (CIPK6, CIPK16, and CIPK23) in response to low potassium conditions and in the context of stomatal movement. Mediates the inactivation of the proton pump AHA2 by CIPK11. Probably involved in regulating signaling responses to abscisic acid.
Blockage of vesicle trafficking by Brefeldin-A does not affect S-acylation and vacuolar membrane targeting of CBL2.
EF-hands 1 and 4 have been shown to bind calcium. It is not known if EF-hands 2 and 3 are capable of calcium-binding. The N-terminal 22 amino acids are necessary and sufficient for vacuolar membrane targeting.
Expressed early during germination and increases to a peak level when seedlings are established.
Homodimer (By similarity). Part of a K(+)-channel calcium-sensing kinase/phosphatase complex composed by a calcium sensor CBL (CBL1, CBL2, CBL3 or CBL9), a kinase CIPK (CIPK6, CIPK16 or CIPK23), a phosphatase PP2C (AIP1) and a K(+)-channel (AKT1). Interacts with PP2CA, CIPK1, CIPK2, CIPK4, CIPK6, CIPK7, CIPK9, CIPK11, CIPK12, CIPK13, CIPK14/SR1, CIPK16, CIPK23, and CIPK24.
No visible phenotype when grown under normal conditions; due to partial redundancy with CLB3. Chlorotic symptoms under low-K(+) stress. Clb2 and cbl3 double mutants show stunted growth, reduced fertility and necrotic lesions at leaf tips. They have also a reduced vacuolar H(+)-ATPase activity, are hypersensitive to excessive metal ions and are more tolerant to low-K(+) conditions.
S-acylated in vivo by PAT10. The ratio of acylation by either palmitate or stearate between Cys-4, Cys-12 and Cys-18 is unknown.
Ubiquitous. Stronger expression in aerial parts. Expressed in guard cells, meristems and elongation zones of roots, mesophyll cells of leaves, cortex and pith of inflorescence stems and anthers and stamen filaments in flowers.
Putative transcriptional activator that binds specifically to the DNA sequence 5'-[AG]CCGAC-3'. Binding to the C-repeat/DRE element mediates high salinity-inducible transcription.
Bifunctional enzyme involved in the salvage pathway which converts free L-fucose to GDP-L-fucose. The sugar-1-kinase activity has a strict substrate specificity for L-fucose and ATP. The pyrophosphorylase activity has a strict substrate specificity for L-fucose 1-phosphate and GTP.
Divalent metal cations. Mn(2+) is better for the L-fucokinase activity, while Mg(2+) is preferred for the GDP-fucose pyrophosphorylase activity.
No visible phenotype and no alteration of the sugar composition of cell wall polysaccharides, but accumulation of free L-fucose.
Ubiquitous. Highest expression in flower buds.
Catalyzes xyloglucan endohydrolysis (XEH) and/or endotransglycosylation (XET). Cleaves and religates xyloglucan polymers, an essential constituent of the primary cell wall, and thereby participates in cell wall construction of growing tissues. Involved in internodal cell elongation.
Highly expressed in shoot apices. In the vegetative and reproductive phases, it accumulates in the shoot apex region, where cell division is most active. In the reproductive phase, it is also expressed in flower buds, flower stalks and internodes bearing flowers.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 16 (GT16) protein family.
Catalyzes an essential step in the conversion of oligo-mannose and hybrid to complex N-glycans.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. TrmB family.
Catalyzes the formation of N(7)-methylguanine at position 46 (m7G46) in tRNA.
In young seedlings, detected in the hypocotyl, cotyledons and rosette leaves,mostly in expanding leaves. At flowering time, expressed in stems, cauline leaves, sepals, and, in open flowers only, in anthers and on stigma surface. Later present in pedicels of developing siliques, nectaries, and along the length of maturing siliques. Expressed in roots during the early stages of lateral root formation.
Mostly expressed in aerial organs, particularly in expanding leaves, stems, flowers, and siliques. Also present in stipules.
Over-expression of LOL1 induces cell death.
Positive regulator of reactive oxygen-induced cell death. May be involved in the repression of the copper/zinc superoxide dismutase CSD1 and CSD2 that detoxify accumulating superoxide before the reactive oxygen species (ROS) can trigger a cell death cascade. LSD1 and LOL1 have antagonistic effects on CSD1 and CSD2 accumulation to regulate oxidative stress-induced cell death.
Broadly expressed in emerging organs. Mostly localized in procambium of growing organs. Restricted to vascular differentiating cells of young organs.
Cvp1 and cvp2 double mutant displays high PtdIns(4,5)P2 levels.
Expressed in developing veins of late torpedo, walking stick and bent cotyledon stage embryos.
Has phosphatase activity toward PtdIns(4,5)P2 and at a lower extent toward PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 but not toward Ins(1,4,5)P3 (PubMed:19473324, PubMed:21677096, PubMed:23658066). Acts redundantly with CVP2 for maintaining vascular continuity (PubMed:19363154, PubMed:25813544). Regulates phosphoinositide-dependent VAN3 localization (PubMed:19473324). Functions in salt stress response by regulating reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and stress-responsive genes expression (PubMed:21677096).
No visible phenotype (PubMed:19473324). Increased salt sensitivity with reduced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (PubMed:21677096).
Belongs to the sulfate adenylyltransferase family.
Mediates selenate (Se) reduction, and promotes Se and sulfur (S) uptake and assimilation.
Repressed locally and systemically by phloem-translocated glutathione (GSH).
By sucrose (PubMed:22561114). Induced by drought stress (PubMed:22561114).
Can be trimethylated at Lys-395 by LSMT-L, but the trimethylation has no effect in vitro on the kinetic properties of the enzyme.
Highly expressed in rosettes leaves and cauline leaves.
Exhibits cryoprotective activity toward stromal substrates in chloroplasts and in protoplasts and confers freezing tolerance to plants in a CBF-dependent manner. Protectant against various stresses (e.g. cold, drought and heat stress) by preventing protein aggregation and attenuating enzyme inactivation. Influences the intrinsic curvature of the inner membrane of the chloroplast envelope, and modulates the freeze-induced lamellar-to-hexagonal II phase transitions that occur in regions where the plasma membrane is brought into close apposition with the chloroplast envelope during freeze-induced osmotic contraction (By similarity). Mediates a shift in the melting curves of phospholipids-containing membranes to lower temperatures (PubMed:20510170). Involved in the regulation of leaf senescence by abscisic acid (ABA) in a VNI2-dependent manner (PubMed:21673078).
Forms homooligomers which interact with potential stromal substrates in the stroma of chloroplasts (By similarity). Interacts with the galactose headgroup of the chloroplast lipid monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) (PubMed:20510170).
Predominantly unstructured in solution and mainly alpha-helical after drying.
Strongly induced by cold (PubMed:8260628, PubMed:15144380, PubMed:12481097, PubMed:18808718). Accumulates in response to abscisic acid (ABA) (PubMed:8260628, PubMed:21673078). Accumulates during compatible but not during incompatible interactions with the downy mildew pathogen Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis, and thus belongs to compatible specific (CS) proteins (PubMed:19656045).
Present in inflorescence meristem and later in young floral mersitems. Expressed in sepal, petal, stamen and carpel primordia. In petal, progressively confined to petal margin and epidermal cells. Restricted to sporogenous tissue in the stamen and to the medial ridge of the carpel. Present in tissues that develop from this ridge, such as placenta and ovule primordia. In ovules, first expressed in distal part of the funiculus and the outer integument, before being confined to the funiculus.
Probably acts as a transcriptional activator. Binds to the GCC-box pathogenesis-related promoter element. May be involved in the regulation of gene expression by stress factors and by components of stress signal transduction pathways (By similarity). Involved in the regulation of floral organs size (PubMed:15988559).
Belongs to the proteasome subunit S10 family.
Double mutant shows that ISA3 and PU1 have redundant function for starch degradation.
Involved in starch catabolism. ISA3 removes different branches than ISA1-ISA2, namely short chains that prevent amylopectin crystallization. May be the debranching enzyme required to assist beta-amylases for starch degradation in leaves at night.
Strong increase of the starch level in leaves at the end of both day and night periods, but no modification in water-soluble polysaccharides content. No alteration of the amylase-to-amylopectin ratio.
Binds to actin filaments and promotes cross-linking into thick bundles. Has an actin-stabilizing activity. Associates predominantly with long and dynamic actin bundles in the shank of growing pollen tubes. The actin regulatory activities are inhibited by pH > 6.8 and/or high [Ca(2+)].
Cross-links actin with a constant of dissociation of 1.5 uM.
The C-terminal domain (159-213) is required for the ability to respond to pH and calcium variations.
No E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity observed when associated with the E2 enzyme UBC8 in vitro.
Component of the HIRA complex made of UBN1, UBN2, ASF1A, CABIN1 and HIRA (PubMed:25086063, PubMed:25600486). Interacts with HIRA (PubMed:25086063).
May be required for replication-independent chromatin assembly.
Involved in indole glucosinolate biosynthesis. Catalyzes hydroxylation reactions of the glucosinolate indole ring. Converts indol-3-yl-methylglucosinolate (I3M) to 1-hydroxy-indol-3-yl-methylglucosinolate (1OH-I3M) intermediate. This hydroxy intermediates is converted to 1-methoxy-indol-3-yl-methylglucosinolate (1MO-I3M) by indole glucosinolate methyltransferase 1 and 2 (IGMT1 and IGMT2).
Blind to far-red (FR). Impaired inhibition of hypocotyl elongation and cotyledons expansion under continuous FR light conditions.
Homodimer. Interacts with NDPK2 and PKS4. Stabilized by interactions with PAPP5 and FYPP3 which are enhanced in the phosphorylated Pfr form. Interacts with COP1/SPA1 complex (PubMed:12468726, PubMed:15465053, PubMed:15707897, PubMed:18390804, PubMed:18722184). Binds, via its photosensory domain, to PTAC12/HMR when photoactivated; this interaction stimulates its localization to photobodies (PubMed:22895253). Interacts with FHY1, FHL and FHY3, especially upon far-red (FR) light illumination; when underphosphorylated (PubMed:18722184, PubMed:19208901, PubMed:21884939, PubMed:19482971). Forms PHYA/FHY1/HFR1 complex (PubMed:19482971). Binds to PIF3/PAP3 (PubMed:31732705).
PHYA association with FHY1 and FHY3 protect underphosphorylated PHYA from being recognized by the COP1/SPA complex.
Regulatory photoreceptor which exists in two forms that are reversibly interconvertible by light: the Pr form that absorbs maximally in the red region of the spectrum and the Pfr form that absorbs maximally in the far-red region. Photoconversion of Pr to Pfr induces an array of morphogenetic responses, whereas reconversion of Pfr to Pr cancels the induction of those responses. Pfr controls the expression of a number of nuclear genes including those encoding the small subunit of ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase, chlorophyll A/B binding protein, protochlorophyllide reductase, rRNA, etc. It also controls the expression of its own gene(s) in a negative feedback fashion. Involved in the flowering time regulation. Can phosphorylate FHY1 and, possibly, FHL, in red light conditions; this inactivates their co-shuttling to the nucleus (PubMed:19208901). Regulates phototropic responses both in the nucleus (e.g. hypocotyl elongation and cotyledon opening under high-irradiance conditions and seed germination under very-low-fluence conditions) and in the cytoplasm (e.g. negative gravitropism in blue light and red-enhanced phototropism) (PubMed:17566111). Promotes seed germination, suppression of hypocotyl elongation, and randomization of hypocotyl growth orientation in far-red light; these responses to far-red light are repressed by UNE10/PIF8 (PubMed:31732705). Stabilizes UNE10/PIF8 but sequesters PIF3/PAP3 from its target genes promoters in far-red light (PubMed:31732705).
Accumulates upon infection with avirulent Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst DC3000) carrying avirulence genes avrRpm1, avrRpt2, avrB, or avrRps4 but not with the virulent Pst DC3000 (Ref.1, PubMed:12059109). Induced by salicylic acid (SA). Accumulates rapidly in local and systemic tissues after wounding (PubMed:12059109). Triggered by spermine, an inducer of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes. Up-regulated by cucumber mosaic virus (CMV-Y and CMV-B2 strains) (PubMed:14666423).
Confers resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst DC3000).
Expressed in roots, young and senescing leaves, cauline leaves, stems and siliques.
May form oligomers or be a component of larger protein complex in plasma membranes.
Expressed at very low levels in siliques.
Component of an immune signaling complex made of, at least, SZE1, BKN2/SZE2, ZAR1 and ZED1 (PubMed:30947022). Interacts directly with ZED1, ZAR1 and Pseudomonas syringae HOPZ1A at the plasma membrane (PubMed:30947022).
Expressed in roots, seedlings, rosette leaves, floral organs, siliques and inflorescence stems.
Partial suppression of the pleiotropic phenotypes conferred by the dominant mutation zed1-D (e.g. high-temperature-dependent growth retardation and autoimmunity).
Together with BKN2/SZE2 and ZED1, required for effector-triggered immunity (e.g. Pseudomonas syringae effector type III HopZ1a) via the activation of ZAR1, thus being essential for resistance against P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000 expressing HopZ1a.
Expressed in cotyledons, cauline and rosette leaves, stems, sepals, flovers and siliques. Very low in roots.
Heterohexamers with FTSH1, FTSH2 and FTSH5. May also form homooligomers.
No visible changes in phenotype, probably due to a complementation by FTSH2. The presence of both FTSH1 or FTSH5 (subunit type A) and FTSH2 or FTSH8 (subunit type B) is essential for an active complex formation.
Part of a complex that function as an ATP-dependent zinc metallopeptidase. Involved in the thylakoid formation and in the removal of damaged D1 in the photosystem II, preventing cell death under high-intensity light conditions.
The conserved lumenal (CL) domain (74-154) is present only in some FtsH homologs from organisms performing oxygenic photosynthesis.
Core component of the LINC complex which is composed of inner nuclear membrane SUN domain-containing proteins coupled to outer nuclear membrane WIP proteins, the nucleoskeletal CRWN/LINC proteins, and, possibly, KAKU4. Interacts with CRWN1 and CRWN4.
Required for nucleus structure organization (e.g. size and shape).
Detected in the root tip and throughout the vasculature of the root and leaf.
The O-glycosylation (arabinosylation) of the hydroxyproline Pro-64 enhances binding affinity of the CLE46p peptide for its receptor.
By hydrogen peroxide (PubMed:16183833). Induced by light. Down-regulated by salt stress and treatment with mannitol (Ref.5).
Expressed in roots, cauline leaves and flowers, and at lower levels in rosette leaves, stems and siliques.
Interacts with the P.syringae pv. maculicola effector HopW1-1 (via C-terminus).
Involved in the biosynthesis of citrulline (By similarity). Essential gene that modulates defense response to pathogenic bacteria, conferring susceptibility and repressing salicylic acid (SA) accumulation.
Belongs to the acetyltransferase family. ArgA subfamily.
N-acetylglutamate synthase involved in arginine biosynthesis.
Distorted trichomes, decreased lobing of epidermal pavement cells, disconnected epidermal cells on various organs and shorter root hairs (PubMed:19392685). Fragmented vacuoles in root hairs (PubMed:19392685). Salt hypersensitivity.
Expressed in flowers, leaves, stems, hypocotyls and roots.
Involved in cell morphogenesis (PubMed:19392685). May have a function in membrane fusion or membrane composition (PubMed:19392685). Required for salt stress tolerance (PubMed:26133670). Regulates the salt stress-dependent post-transcriptional stabilization, cytoplasmic agglomeration, and localization to P-bodies of a subset of salt stress-regulated mRNAs (PubMed:26133670).
May play a role in the transport of zinc in the plastids.
A stretch of 270 kb of the mitochondrial genome is duplicated within the centromere of chromosome 2 resulting in the duplication of the gene. The expression of the duplicated genes (At2g07681 and At2g07771) is demonstrated.
May be involved in the export of heme to the mitochondrion for the biogenesis of c-type cytochromes.
The stop codon at position 257 is created by RNA editing.
Was originally (PubMed:18299247) thought to belong to the ABC transporter family. Lacks the conserved ABC domain, which is one of the features of the ABC transporter family.
Binds 2 iron ions per dimer. The dimer may bind additional iron ions.
Homodimer; may form tetramers and higher multimers.
Involved in the assembly of mitochondrial iron-sulfur proteins. Probably involved in the binding of an intermediate of Fe/S cluster assembly (By similarity).
Component of a multiprotein complex equivalent of the yeast SWI/SNF complex, an ATP-dependent chromatin-remodeling complex, which is required for the positive and negative regulation of gene expression of a large number of genes. It changes chromatin structure by altering DNA-histone contacts within a nucleosome, leading eventually to a change in nucleosome position, thus facilitating or repressing binding of gene-specific transcription factors.
Interacts with SWI3A and SWI3B, but not with BRM.
Was named BUSHY by PubMed:10325430 because antisense transgenic plants have a 'bushy' phenotype.
Cytokinesis-defective leading to aberrant pollen and embryo sacs.
Interacts with Kinesin-12 members KIN12A/PAKRP1 and KIN12B/PAKRP1L (PubMed:22709276). Interacts with KIN7B/NACK2 (PubMed:24146312).
Plays a role in conventional modes of cytokinesis in meristems and during male gametogenesis but also acts in nonconventional modes of cytokinesis (cellularization) during female gametogenesis. Constitutes a signaling module in association with Kinesin-12 members that is required to support phragmoplast expansion and cell-plate growth in plant cells.
The ARM-repeat containing C-terminal region is required for the binding to the Kinesin-12 members.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 27 family.
Expressed early during flower development.
Expressed mainly in carpels, and weakly in stamens.
Heterodimer with AGAMOUS capable of binding to CArG-box sequences. Interacts with AGL16 (PubMed:15805477). Interacts with TT16/AGL32 (PubMed:16080001).
Probable transcription factor. Functions with SEPALLATA2/AGL4 and SEPALLATA3/AGL9 to ensure proper development of petals, stamens and carpels, and to prevent the indeterminate growth of the flower meristem. Forms a heterodimer via the K-box domain with AGAMOUS, that could be involved in genes regulation during floral meristem development.
Triple mutations in the SEP1, SEP2 and SEP3 genes result in the replacement of the stamens and petals by sepals and of the carpels by a new mutant flower with sepaloid organs.
Interacts with EME1 to form a DNA structure-specific endonuclease with substrate preference for branched DNA structures with a 5'-end at the branch nick. Typical substrates include 3'-flap structures, D-loops, replication forks and nicked Holliday junctions. May be required in mitosis for the processing of stalled or collapsed replication fork intermediates. May be required in meiosis for the repair of meiosis-specific double strand breaks subsequent to single-end invasion (SEI).
Chloroplastic alpha-glucanotransferase involved in maltotriose metabolism. Probably uses maltotriose as substrate to transfer a maltosyl unit from one molecule to another, resulting in glucose and maltopentaose. The latter can then be further metabolized to maltose and maltotriose by beta-amylase. Required for normal starch degradation in leaves.
Increased amounts of maltotriose and leaf starch.
No visible phenotype, but enhanced susceptibility to virulent Pseudomonas bacteria and oomycete pathogens.
Required for proper export of mRNAs from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.
Ethylene-responsive N-acetyltransferase required for differential cell elongation in the hypocotyl. Regulates apical hook formation of dark-grown seedlings. May control differential cell growth by regulating auxin activity. May be involved in negative feedback regulation of auxin homeostasis through the control of GH3-like genes. Modulates de novo shoot organogenesis.
Unable to develop apical hook in the dark. Reduced length of dark-grown hypocotyls and reduced leaf initiation rate in light-grown seedlings.
Displays photorespiratory chlorosis when grown at ambient CO2.
Highly expressed in leaves. High expression in the leaf mesophyll and phloem companion cell-sieve element complex.
Involved in glutamate biosynthesis in leaf. Required for the reassimilation of ammonium ions generated during photorespiration.
Up-regulated by GATA21/GNC and GATA22/CGA1. Induced by light or sucrose.
It is uncertain whether Met-1 or Met-13 is the initiator.
Belongs to the chaperone-like protein of POR1 protein family.
Essential protein required during embryogenesis (PubMed:24097264). Exhibits holdase chaperone activity involved in the stabilization of NADPH:protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (POR) proteins against photooxidative stress during POR proteins import into chloroplasts. Required for chloroplast biogenesis and development (PubMed:24151298, PubMed:25901327). When expressed in yeast, triggers mitochondria-mediated cell death associated with the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (PubMed:16192270).
Expressed ubiquitously with higher levels in young leaves, flowers, and the root elongation zone.
Interacts with PORB in chloroplast (PubMed:24151298). Interacts with PORA during plastid import (PubMed:25901327).
Low levels in the globular stage, but accumulates during early heart stage of embryogenesis and remains expressed during all later embryogenesis stages.
Reduced chloroplast biogenesis and chlorophyll synthesis associated with less POR protein accumulation. Photobleaching and growth inhibition of plants under light conditions. In dark-grown plants, reduced POR accumulation in etioplasts and impaired formation of prolamellar bodies, subsequently affecting chloroplast biogenesis upon illumination (PubMed:24151298). Embryo lethal with arrested embryogenesis at the globular stage (PubMed:24097264).
Enhanced thiol accumulation and arsenic tolerance. Mutation can be complemented by overexpression of PAF2.
Levels decrease as seedling grow (9-day-old) but is high in 3-week-old plants.
Slightly induced by heat-shock and high intensity light.
The proteasome is a multicatalytic proteinase complex which is characterized by its ability to cleave peptides with Arg, Phe, Tyr, Leu, and Glu adjacent to the leaving group at neutral or slightly basic pH. The proteasome has an ATP-dependent proteolytic activity. Negatively regulates thiol biosynthesis and arsenic tolerance.
Lacks the phospho-accepting Asp (here Asn-65), present in the receiver domain, which is one of the conserved features of the two-component response regulators (ARRs) family.
Converts the prephenate produced from the shikimate-chorismate pathway into phenylalanine (PubMed:17726025). Dehydratase that uses arogenate and prephenate as substrates (PubMed:17726025). Utilzes more efficiently arogenate than prephenate (PubMed:17726025). Required for chloroplast division prior to ARC5, but in an ARC3- and ARC6-dependent manner, especially involved in the Z-ring formation (PubMed:30252596).
Expressed in roots, leaves, stems, flowers and siliques. Most abundant in leaves and seeds.
Large and misshapen chloroplasts with distorted and irregular outlines.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. EFM4 family.
Transcription factor. Involved in stem elongation, probably by regulating a subset of genes involved in this process.
Heavy-metal-binding protein. Binds high amounts of zinc. May act as an upstream regulator of the salicylate-dependent pathogen response. Involved in abiotic stress responses, and seed and flower development.
Induced by infection with the bacterial pathogen P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000. Repressed in response to drought and abscisic acid (ABA).
Plants over-expressing HIPP3 show delayed growth of inflorescence.
By nitrogen deprivation, sucrose, glucose and fructose. Down-regulated by ammonium supply. Induced during leaf senescence.
Expressed in root tips, root hairs and epidermis. Ubiquitously expressed with higher levels in siliques and roots.
High-affinity glutamine synthetase which catalyzes the synthesis of glutamine from ammonium and glutamate (PubMed:14757761). May contribute to the homeostatic control of glutamine synthesis in roots.
Homooctamer (By similarity). Interacts with CRK3 and GRF3.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that mediates E2-dependent protein ubiquitination (PubMed:17355433). Plays a role in salicylic acid-mediated negative feedback regulation of salicylic acid (SA) accumulation (PubMed:18753285). May be involved in the overall regulation of SA, benzoic acid and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis (PubMed:18753285). Involved in defense response (PubMed:35839945). May act as negative regulator of resistance to the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Plectosphaerella cucumerina by modulating the accumulation of the phytoalexin camalexin and the salicylic acid- and jasmonate- dependent defense pathways (PubMed:35839945). Controls the adaptability to nitrogen limitation by channeling the phenylpropanoid metabolic flux to the induced anthocyanin synthesis (PubMed:17355433, PubMed:18552353). Involved in the regulation of inorganic phosphate (Pi) homeostasis in a nitrate-dependent fashion (PubMed:21455488). Directs the ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of the plasma membrane-localized inorganic phosphate transporters PHT1-1 and PHT1-4, to maintain phosphate homeostasis (PubMed:24122828). The ubiquitination of PHTs triggers their clathrin-dependent endocytosis and trafficking to the vacuole through the endosomal pathway for degradation (PubMed:24122828). Functions cooperatively with UBC24/PHO2 to regulate the abundance of PHT1-1, PHT1-2 and PHT1-3 in different subcellular compartments (PubMed:24122828). Regulates Pi homeostasis by mediating, cooperatively with UBC24/PHO2, polyubiquitination of PHT1-4 and its targeting for degradation (PubMed:24474629). Directs the polyubiquitination and subsequent degradation of the plasma membrane-localized nitrate transporter NPF2.13/NRT1.7, to help plants to adapt to nitrogen deficiency by regulating the source-to-sink remobilization of nitrate (PubMed:28032637). Regulates leaf senescence during nitrogen deficiency by mediating, cooperatively with UBC24/PHO2, polyubiquitination of NAC92/ORE1 and its targeting for degradation (PubMed:30374089).
High expression in roots and stems, medium in seedlings, flowers, rosette and cauline leaves, and very low in siliques. Detected in cotyledons, hypocotyls, pedicel, receptacle, pistil, sepal, filament of stamen and at the two ends of developing siliques.
Induced by salicylic acid and benzoic acid.
Interacts with UBC8 (PubMed:17355433). Interacts with PHT1-1 and PHT1-4 (PubMed:24122828). Forms homodimers (via RING domain) (PubMed:24474629). Interacts with UBC24/PHO2 (PubMed:24474629). Interacts with NPF2.13/NRT1.7 (PubMed:28032637). Interacts with NAC92/ORE1 (PubMed:30374089).
Is the target of miR827, a Pi starvation-induced microRNA.
Plants show a low-nitrogen-induced early senescence phenotype and an excessive accumulation of salicylic acid after pathogen infection or application of benzoic acid.
Component of the COP9 signalosome complex (CSN), a complex involved in various cellular and developmental processes such as photomorphogenesis and auxin and jasmonate responses. The CSN complex is an essential regulator of the ubiquitin (Ubl) conjugation pathway by mediating the deneddylation of the cullin subunits of SCF-type E3 ligase complexes, leading to decrease the Ubl ligase activity of SCF. It is involved in repression of photomorphogenesis in darkness by regulating the activity of COP1-containing Ubl ligase complexes. The complex is also required for degradation of IAA6 by regulating the activity of the Ubl ligase SCF-TIR complex.
Component of the CSN complex, probably composed of CSN1, CSN2, CSN3, CSN4, CSN5 (CSN5A or CSN5B), CSN6 (CSN6A or CSN6B), CSN7 and CSN8. In the CSN complex, it probably interacts directly with CSN1, CSN4, CSN6 and CSN8. Interacts with COP10.
Catalyzes the conversion of the long chain elongated methionines penta- and hexahomomethionine to their corresponding aldoximes 8-methylthiooctanaldoxime and 9-methylthiononanaldoxime.
Expressed above the root elongation zone, but not in the root primordium.
Highly expressed in hypocotyl and roots. Lower expression in siliques, stems and leaves. Barely detectable in flowers. Expressed only in the vascular bundles in apical plant parts.
Plants show a slight lateral root growth reduction.
Expressed in leaves, stems and flowers. Not detected in roots.
Involved in degradation of the branched-chain amino acids, phytol and lysine for the supply of carbon and electrons to the ETF/ETFQO complex during dark-induced sugar starvation.
Histones H1 are necessary for the condensation of nucleosome chains into higher-order structures.
First induced but later repressed transiently by jasmonic acid (MJ). Slight induction after wounding, both in local and systemic tissues.
Kinky-shaped pollen tubes due to periodic growth arrests alternated with phases of tube axis reorientation of pollen tube tip, as well as shorter and thicker root hairs. Lack of callose plugs in pollen tubes. Reduced seed set.
May be involved in membrane trafficking (By similarity). Required for tip growth in pollen tubes and root hairs.
Mostly expressed in pollen and roots, especially in tip-growing cells, but also present in seedlings, stems, leaves, buds, flowers, siliques and seeds.
May be involved in the degradation of nucleosides.
Associates with the pre-60S ribosomal particle.
Component of the ribosome assembly machinery. Nuclear paralog of the ribosomal protein P0, it binds pre-60S subunits at an early stage of assembly in the nucleolus, and is replaced by P0 in cytoplasmic pre-60S subunits and mature 80S ribosomes.
Mainly expressed in roots, especially in the stele of the primary root, the pericycle and trichoblasts of secondary roots. To a lower extent, present in hydathodes and vascular tissues of young leaves.
Catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of glyoxylate and hydroxypyruvate (HP) into glycolate and glycerate. Mostly active in the presence of NADPH and glyoxylate.
Disrupted photorespiratory flux leading to a slight altered leaf concentrations of the photorespiratory intermediates hydroxypyruvate (HP), glycerate, and glycine.
Expressed in the shoot apex and young siliques. Detected in provascular and vascular tissue, but not in the vegetative meristem. In inflorescences, restricted to the base of the flower and to the vasculature of the stem and the pedicels, but absent from young flowers. Detected in the center of the inflorescence meristem.
Expressed throughout development. Decreased expression in the shoot apex during the transition to flowering. Expressed in developing embryos from the early heart stage until torpedo stage.
Mainly expressed in flowers and seeds, and, to a lower extent, in seedlings, roots, leaves and stems.
Mostly expressed roots and flowers, and, to a lower extent, in stems and leaves.
Abnormal vacuolar trafficking of soluble cargo proteins, and premature termination of the shoot apical meristem and of floral meristems leading to short siliques and abscission defect (PubMed:23771894, PubMed:25763490). Plant missing both AGD5 and MTV1 are severely dwarfed and have altered subcellular distribution of clathrin-coated vesicle (CCV) cargo exported from the trans-Golgi network (TGN) (PubMed:23771894). Floral organs remain attached to the plant body after the shedding of mature seeds, including abnormal petal breakstrength (pBS) (PubMed:23963677, PubMed:19429787, PubMed:20081191, PubMed:20230490). Ectopic enlargement of abscission zone (AZ) cells during shedding (PubMed:23963677). Impaired floral organ shedding associated with defects in the structure of the Golgi apparatus and extensive accumulation of vesicles adjacent to the cell walls in abscission zone regions (PubMed:19429787, PubMed:20081191, PubMed:20230490). Rescued by SOBIR1/EVR disruption, leading to premature shedding of floral organs and enlarge abscission zones (PubMed:20081191). Rescued by SERK1 disruption, leading to normal Golgi apparatus and endosome, as well as correct floral organ shedding (PubMed:20230490).
Expressed in inflorescence stems, abscission zones, stigmas, roots, roots meristems, embryos, and floral and leaf vasculatures.
GTPase-activating protein (GAP) for ADP ribosylation factor (ARF) (PubMed:19429787). Mediates clathrin-dependent trafficking of vacuolar cargo from the trans-Golgi network (TGN) (PubMed:23771894). Promotes plant growth (PubMed:23771894, PubMed:25763490). Involved in the regulation of membrane trafficking and cell separation during floral organ shedding and abscission (PubMed:19429787, PubMed:20081191, PubMed:20230490, PubMed:23963677). Prevents abscission zone (AZ) cells enlargement (PubMed:23963677, PubMed:25763490). Exhibits ARF-GTPase activity toward ARF1 at TGN (PubMed:21105926).
Interacts with ARF1 at trans-Golgi network (TGN) (PubMed:21105926). Binds to clathrin heavy chain (PubMed:23771894).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants are insensitive to seedling growth inhibition in response to the pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) elf18. The double mutant erdj3b and p58ipk is male gametophytic lethal.
Regulates protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen. Forms a complex in the ER with SDF2 and MED37A/BIP1 which is required for the proper accumulation and function of the surface-exposed leucine-rich repeat receptor kinases EFR involved in pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) triggered immunity.
Predominantly expressed in siliques but also in stems.
Expressed in seedlings, leaves, stems, floral tips and flowers.
Homodimer. Interacts with AHL27 and AHL29.
Transcription factor that specifically binds AT-rich DNA sequences related to the nuclear matrix attachment regions (MARs) (By similarity). Binds the DNA sequence GNFEI (GA-negative feedback element I) in the GA3OX1 promoter. Binding to GNFEI sequence is required for GA-negative feedback regulation of GA3OX1.
Converts the prephenate produced from the shikimate-chorismate pathway into phenylalanine (PubMed:17726025). Dehydratase that uses arogenate and prephenate as substrates (PubMed:17726025). Utilzes more efficiently arogenate than prephenate (PubMed:17726025).
Highly expressed in young leaves, roots and germinating seeds, intermediately in stems, flowers and mature leaves and at low level in siliques.
Peptide transporter. Mediates the transport of di- and tripeptides. High affinity, low capacity transporter. Can also transport histidine.
Chloroplast omega-3 fatty acid desaturase introduces the third double bond in the biosynthesis of 16:3 and 18:3 fatty acids, important constituents of plant membranes. It is thought to use ferredoxin as an electron donor and to act on fatty acids esterified to galactolipids, sulfolipids and phosphatidylglycerol.
Brassicaceae-specific phytocytokine (plant endogenous peptide released into the apoplast) perceived by MIK2 in a BAK1/SERK3 and SERK4 coreceptors-dependent manner, that modulates various physiological and antimicrobial processes including growth prevention and reactive oxygen species (ROS) response regulation (PubMed:33514716, PubMed:34535661, PubMed:31001913). Inhibits root growth and regulates root meristems (PubMed:34535661, PubMed:31001913). Prevents general growth and development (PubMed:31001913). Exhibits antibacterial effects against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000, Ralstonia solanacearum, Bacillus subtilis and Agrobacterium tumefaciens, thus being an antimicrobial peptide (AMP) (PubMed:31001913).
Mostly expressed in seedlings shoots and leaves, and, to a lower extent, in roots, stems, siliques, seeds and flowers.
Activated by autophosphorylation on serine and threonine residues in response to extracellular hydrogen peroxide.
Autophosphorylated at Ser-606, Ser-607, Thr-786, Thr-789, Thr-790 and Ser-942 in response to extracellular hydrogen peroxide.
Leucine-rich repeat receptor protein kinase that acts as sensor of extracellular hydrogen peroxide (PubMed:32076270). Required for intracellular calcium influx in response to extracellular hydrogen peroxide (PubMed:32076270). Mediates hydrogen peroxide-induced activation of calcium channels in guard cells and is required for stomatal closure (PubMed:32076270).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant seedlings exhibit reduced accumulation of intracellular calcium in response to extracellular hydrogen peroxide.
Belongs to the ETF alpha-subunit/FixB family.
Expressed constitutively. Not induced by dark treatment or sucrose starvation.
The electron transfer flavoprotein serves as a specific electron acceptor for several dehydrogenases, including five acyl-CoA dehydrogenases, glutaryl-CoA and sarcosine dehydrogenase. It transfers the electrons to the main mitochondrial respiratory chain via ETF-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (ETF dehydrogenase).
The electron transfer flavoprotein serves as a specific electron acceptor for several dehydrogenases, including five acyl-CoA dehydrogenases, glutaryl-CoA and sarcosine dehydrogenase. It transfers the electrons to the main mitochondrial respiratory chain via ETF-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (ETF dehydrogenase). Involved in leucine catabolism and in phytol degradation (By similarity).
Lacks one of the 9 transmembrane regions, which are conserved features of the family.
Accumulates transiently within 2 days in response to cold; the proteasome-mediated degradation observed after accumulation is triggered by prefoldin co-chaperone complex (e.g. PFD3, PFD4 and PFD5).
Expressed in root, hypocotyl, cotyledon, leaf, stem and floral organs.
Homodimer; homodimerizes via the leucine-zipper domains (PubMed:17261584). Heterodimer; heterodimerizes with HYH via the leucine-zipper domains (PubMed:12023303). Interacts with COP1 WD40 domain (PubMed:11226162). Interacts with BBX21 (PubMed:21632973), BBX24/STO (PubMed:23733077) and BBX25/STH (PubMed:23624715). Interacts with SPL7 (PubMed:25516599). Binds to SHW1 in the nucleus (PubMed:26474641). Interacts with HDA15 in the nucleus (PubMed:31061103). Interacts with PFD4 in the nucleus and at low temperature (e.g. at 4 degrees Celsius) (PubMed:28412546).
Phosphorylated by CK2. Shows a stronger interaction with COP1 when unphosphorylated. However, phosphorylation does not affect its susceptibility to be ubiquitinated.
Reduced sensitivity to abscisic acid (ABA) leading to impaired ABA-mediated reduction of seed germination (PubMed:26474641). Abrogated induction of DHU1 in response to UV-B (PubMed:28735869). The double mutant shw1 hy5 has altered root growth, hypocotyl length and hook angle similar to the single mutant shw1 in the darkness and far red light (FR), but shorter hypocotyl in WL, red light (RL) and blue light (BL) (PubMed:26474641). In addition, shw1 hy5 is recued for gravitropic root growth defect observed in hy5 single mutant (PubMed:26474641). The double mutant dhu1-1 hy5-215 phenotype resemble that of the single mutant hy5-215 (PubMed:28735869).
Transcription factor that promotes photomorphogenesis in light. Acts downstream of the light receptor network and directly affects transcription of light-induced genes. Specifically involved in the blue light specific pathway, suggesting that it participates in transmission of cryptochromes (CRY1 and CRY2) signals to downstream responses. In darkness, its degradation prevents the activation of light-induced genes (Probable). Involved in responses to cold conditions probably by modulating the expression of several genes and triggering anthocyanin biosynthesis (PubMed:28412546). Acts coordinately with SPL7 to regulate the microRNA miR408 and its target genes in response to changes in light and copper conditions (PubMed:25516599). Regulates the abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway. Also involved in root gravitropism (PubMed:26474641). Involved in the repression of hypocotyl cell elongation to promote photomorphogenesis (PubMed:31061103). Recruits the histone deacetylase HDA15 to the promoters of a subset of cell wall organization and auxin signaling-related genes (PubMed:31061103). HDA15 represses their transcription by decreasing the levels of histone H4 acetylation in a light-dependent manner (PubMed:31061103).
Ubiquitinated by COP1 and/or CIP8. Ubiquitination takes place in darkness and leads to its subsequent degradation, thereby preventing activation of photomorphogenesis signals (PubMed:10839542, PubMed:12028569). Ubiquitination and subsequent COP1-mediated degradation is triggered by SHW1 in the darkness during seedling development (PubMed:26474641). Ubiquinated and degraded in response to cold when reaching an accumulation peak after 2 days; this proteasome-mediated decay is promoted by prefoldin co-chaperone complex (e.g. PFD4) (PubMed:28412546).
Probably involved in the activation of fatty acids to acyl-carrier-protein prior to fatty acid elongation in plastids. Acts on medium- to long-chain fatty acids.
Interacts with BZR2/BES1 and SPT6 (via N-terminus) (PubMed:20139304). Interacts with ASHH2/SDG8 (PubMed:24838002).
Semi-dwarf phenotype. Stunted growth characterized by reduced leaf petiole lengths and small leaves. Altered responses to brassinosteroid (BR).
Transcription factor involved in RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) transcription regulation. Involved in transcription elongation. May function at post-recruitment and elongation steps of transcription. May be recruited by BZR2/BES1 to target genes and promote their expression during transcription elongation process. Required for brassinosteroid (BR)-induced gene expression (PubMed:20139304). Required the for regulation of numerous nitrogen-responsive genes in roots. Acts in roots to repress NRT2.1 transcription in response to high nitrogen supply. This repression is associated with an IWS1-dependent increase of trimethylation on 'Lys-27' H3K27me3 at the NRT2.1 locus (PubMed:21788519).
Belongs to the ABC transporter superfamily. ABCE family.
Mostly expressed in roots and leaves, and, to a lower extent, in stems, flowers and siliques.
By red or far-red light. Circadian-regulation. The transcript level rises progressively from dawn and decreases during the night.
Transcription factor that binds specifically to a 5'-AA[AG]G-3' consensus core sequence. Acts as a negative regulator in the phytochrome-mediated light responses. Controls phyB-mediated end-of-day response and the phyA-mediated anthocyanin accumulation. Not involved in direct flowering time regulation.
Delayed development including late seed germination and cotyledon greening as well as delayed flowering time, short roots and mildly curled rosette leaves in long-day conditions, thus leading to extended life span (PubMed:21623974, PubMed:28262819). Reduced root length is associated with a smaller size of the root apical meristem (RAM) due to a decreased cortical cell number (PubMed:28262819). Reduced mitochondrial complex I abundance and activity. Lower levels of complex I subunits NAD9 and FRO1, but induced expression of the alternative oxidase (AOX) (PubMed:21623974). Reduced splicing efficiencies for both the trans-spliced intron 2 and the cis-spliced intron 3 of ND2/NAD2 mRNA (PubMed:21623974, PubMed:28262819). Increased capacities for import of nucleus-encoded mitochondrial proteins into the organelle and moderately increased mitochondrial transcript levels (PubMed:21623974). Increased plant responses to abscisic acid (ABA) during seed germination and post-germinative growth (PubMed:28613105). Augmented DNA damage response (DDR) associated with increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and cell cycle arrest at the G2/M checkpoint in the root apical meristem (RAM), thus leading to root growth retardation (PubMed:28262819).
Mostly expressed in roots and rosette leaves of young seedlings, and, to a lower extent, in the flowers and siliques of mature plants. Preferentially expressed in the vascular tissues.
Reduced by methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) treatment.
Regulates DNA damage response (DDR) synergistically with ATM (PubMed:28262819). Together with ATM, involved in the splicing of the ND2/NAD2 mRNA (PubMed:21623974, PubMed:28262819). Required for the accumulation of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I (PubMed:21623974). Negative regulator of plant responses to abscisic acid (ABA) (PubMed:28613105). May have a pivotal role in vegetative growth and the phase transition from vegetative to reproductive growth (PubMed:28262819).
Probable inactive rhomboid-type serine protease.
Probably essential for the meiosis stage-specific callose accumulation and pollen exine formation.
Curling and serrated leaves. Down curling phenotype on both the distal and lateral axis.
HDA6 mutations induce high acetylation of histone H4, increased methylation of histone H3 'Lys-4' and hypomethylation of DNA at particular loci, such as the rDNA repeats.
Interacts with Coi1, which functions in an SCF complex that recruits regulators for ubiquitination (PubMed:12445118). Interacts with AHL22 (PubMed:12445118, PubMed:22442143). Interacts with AS1 (PubMed:23271976). Part of the AS1 repressor complex composed of AS1, LBD6/AS2 and HDA6 (PubMed:23271976). Binds to EBS and SHL (PubMed:25281686). Interacts with MBD6 (PubMed:28229965). Interacts with HDA5 (PubMed:25922987). Interacts with FLD (PubMed:21398257).
Not detected in leaves, stems, flowers and young siliques.
Responsible for the deacetylation of lysine residues on the N-terminal part of the core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4). Might remove acetyl residues only from specific targets, such as rDNA repeats or complex transgenes. Histone deacetylation gives a tag for epigenetic repression and plays an important role in transcriptional regulation, cell cycle progression and developmental events. Histone deacetylases act via the formation of large multiprotein complexes. Required for rRNA gene silencing in nucleolar dominance. Plays a role in transgene silencing, but this effect seems to bee independent of the histone deacetylase activity (PubMed:11340181, PubMed:12486004, PubMed:15037732, PubMed:16648464). Part of the AS1 repressor complex to regulate the KNOX expression in leaf development (PubMed:23271976). Binds to KNAT1, KNAT2, and KNATM chromatin (PubMed:23271976). Involved in the regulation of flowering time (PubMed:21398257, PubMed:25922987). Forms a histone deacetylase complex with HDA5, FLD and MSI4/FVE that represses FLC gene expression to control flowering time (PubMed:21398257, PubMed:25922987).
Expressed in cotyledons, stipule, young leaves and at the hypocotyl-root junction. In mature root, expressed in the stele, cortex, emerging lateral root, root tip and root cap. In mature plant, expressed at the base of cauline and floral branches, and in rosette and cauline leaves. Expressed from stage 9 to 14 of flower development in anthers. At stage 15, expressed in carpel, sepals, petals and pollen until dehiscence. Expressed in developing seeds and young siliques.
Converts thalian-diol to a desaturated thalian-diol.
Increased levels of thalian-diol in roots.
May be involved in the regulation of gene expression by stress factors and by components of stress signal transduction pathways (By similarity). Transcriptional activator involved in the activation of a subset of sugar-responsive genes and the control of carbon flow from sucrose import to oil accumulation in developing seeds. Binds to the GCC-box pathogenesis-related promoter element. Promotes sugar uptake and seed oil accumulation by glycolysis. Required for embryo development, seed germination and, indirectly, for seedling establishment. Negative regulator of the ABA-mediated germination inhibition.
Mostly expressed in siliques, especially in seeds. Also detected in roots and flowers, and, to a lower extent, in leaves stems and seedlings.
The phosphorylation at Thr-70 and Ser-166 by KIN10 facilitates its degradation via the proteasomal pathway.
Transiantly in leaves by sucrose, but not by abscisic acid (ABA).
Does not interact with GC5. Interacts with XI-2/MYA2.
E1 activity is regulated by phosphorylation (inactivation) and dephosphorylation (activation) of the alpha subunit.
Expressed in roots, rosettes and flowers.
Tetramer of 2 alpha and 2 beta subunits.
High expression in flowers and siliques. Lower expression in leaves and stems.
Mitochondrial arginine transporter that catalyzes the counter-exchange of arginine with lysine, ornithine, arginine and histidine. Substrate preference in reconstituted proteoliposomes is arginine > lysine > ornithine > histidine. May be involved in the delivery of arginine, released from seed reserves, to mitochondrial arginase and the export of ornithine.
Essential for recycling GMP and indirectly, cGMP.
Plants silencing GK3 have dwarf phenotype and develop albino cotyledons and leaves.
Required for normal chloroplast development.
Part of a SCF (SKP1-cullin-F-box) protein ligase complex (By similarity). Interacts with SKP1A/ASK1 and SPK1B/ASK2.
In siliques, expression is first detected at stage 7 when the siliques are green-brown. Expression then rises steadily to reach a maximum at maturity.
Cysteine protease that cleaves specifically after arginine or lysine residues. Does not cleave caspase-specific substrates. May be involved in the modulation of programmed cell death activated by oxidative stress.
Expressed in roots, leaves, cauline leaves and flower buds.
Proteolytically processed; by an autocatalytic mechanism.
Mostly expressed in leaves, and, to a lower extent, in roots and flowers.
Promotes the expression of genes involved in photosynthesis at least in dedifferentiated calli.
Glycosyltransferase involved in the O-arabinosylation of several proteins including extensins and small signaling peptides (PubMed:24036508, PubMed:26577059). Catalyzes the transfer of the initial L-arabinose to the hydroxyl group of Hyp residues (PubMed:24036508). Contributes redundantly with HPAT2 and HPAT3 to arabinosylation of EXT3 (PubMed:24036508).
No visible phenotype (PubMed:24036508). Short-root-hair phenotype (PubMed:25944827). Hpat1 hpat2 double mutants have longer hypocotyls, are early flowering and show early senescence in leaves associated with a decrease in chlorophyll content (PubMed:24036508). Hpat1 hpat3 double mutants have an impaired growth of pollen tubes, thereby causing a transmisson defect through the male gametophyte (PubMed:24036508). Hpat1 hpat2 hpat3 triple mutants fail to produce detectable levels of Hyp-arabinosides, have low fertility and shorter pollen tubes (PubMed:26577059).
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS4 family.
Forms corepressor complexes with LUH; LUH is the transcription repressor subunit and SLK2 the specific DNA-binding adapters.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but the double mutants seu and slk2 show severe embryonic and seedling defects characterized by a loss of all structures derived from the shoot apical meristem (SAM) (PubMed:20007451). Enhanced tolerance to salt and osmotic stress conditions (PubMed:24564815).
Probable transcription regulator that functions in the development of the carpel margin meristem similarly to SEUSS (SEU). In association with SEU, supports organ development from meristematic regions by facilitating auxin response and thus organ initiation, and by sustaining meristematic potential through the maintenance of PHABULOSA expression (PubMed:20007451). DNA-binding adapter subunit of the SEU-SLK2 transcriptional corepressor of abiotic stress (e.g. salt and osmotic stress) response genes (PubMed:24564815).
Expressed in roots, rosette and cauline leaves, shoots, stems, flower buds and siliques.
Plants over-expressing OFP14 have no visible phenotype.
Transcriptional repressor that may regulate multiple aspects of plant growth and development through the regulation of BEL1-LIKE (BLH) and KNOX TALE (KNAT) homeodomain transcription factors.
Converts glucose 1-phosphate to UDP-glucose, which is the major glycosyl donor for polysaccharides. Acts redundantly with UGP2 and is essential for the synthesis of sucrose, starch and cell wall, and callose deposition (PubMed:19366709, PubMed:20435647). Involved in the regulation of the programmed cell death (PCD) induced by the fungal toxin fumonisin B1 (FB1) (PubMed:23438466).
By heat shock, UVB, salt, wounding, ethylene and methyl jasmonate (PubMed:11162426, PubMed:12218065). Induced by infection with the fungal pathogen Golovinomyces cichoracearum (powdery mildew) and the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato strain DC3000 (PubMed:22345509).
Expressed in roots, stems, leaves, carpels, and siliques, but not in stigmas or other parts of the flower.
Interacts with SR1IP1 (PubMed:24528504). Interacts with DSC1 (PubMed:28407487).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but the double mutants camta1 and camta3 are impaired in freezing tolerance (PubMed:19270186). No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but the double mutants camt1 and camt3 exhibit semi-dwarf phenotypes (PubMed:19270186, PubMed:23581962). No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but the double mutants camt2 and camt3 exhibit dwarf phenotypes (PubMed:23581962). Reduced growth, chlorosis, spontaneous lesions and constitutive expression of defense-related genes when grown under 22 degrees Celsius (PubMed:18298954, PubMed:19122675, PubMed:28407487). Enhanced sensitivity to insect herbivores (PubMed:23072934, PubMed:22371088).
The camta3-3D activation tagging mutant plants exhibit compromised systemic acquired resistance (SAR) and enhanced susceptibility to virulent pathogens.
Transcription activator that binds to the DNA consensus sequence 5'-[ACG]CGCG[GTC]-3'. Binds calmodulin in a calcium-dependent manner in vitro (PubMed:12218065). Regulates transcriptional activity in response to calcium signals (Probable). Involved in freezing tolerance in association with CAMTA1 and CAMTA2 (PubMed:23581962). Required for the cold-induced expression of DREB1B/CBF1, DREB1C/CBF2, ZAT12 and GOLS3 (PubMed:19270186). Involved in response to cold. Contributes together with CAMTA5 to the positive regulation of the cold-induced expression of DREB1A/CBF3, DREB1B/CBF1 and DREB1C/CBF2 (PubMed:28351986). Involved together with CAMTA2 and CAMTA4 in the positive regulation of a general stress response (GSR) (PubMed:25039701). Involved in the regulation of GSR amplitude downstream of MEKK1 (PubMed:25157030). Involved in the regulation of a set of genes involved in defense responses against pathogens (PubMed:18298954). Involved in the regulation of both basal resistance and systemic acquired resistance (SAR) (PubMed:21900483). Acts as negative regulator of plant immunity (PubMed:19122675, PubMed:21900483, PubMed:22345509, PubMed:28407487). Binds to the promoter of the defense-related gene EDS1 and represses its expression (PubMed:19122675). Binds to the promoter of the defense-related gene NDR1 and represses its expression (PubMed:22345509). Involved in defense against insects (PubMed:23072934, PubMed:22371088). Required for tolerance to the generalist herbivore Trichoplusia ni, and contributes to the positive regulation of genes associated with glucosinolate metabolism (PubMed:23072934). Required for tolerance to Bradysia impatiens larvae. Mediates herbivore-induced wound response (PubMed:22371088). Required for wound-induced jasmonate accumulation (PubMed:23072934, PubMed:22371088). Involved in the regulation of ethylene-induced senescence by binding to the promoter of the senescence-inducer gene EIN3 and repressing its expression (PubMed:22345509).
Ubiquinated during pathogen infection. Ubiquitination leads to its subsequent proteasome-dependent degradation, thus allowing the establishment of plant defense response.
During the catalytic reaction, a sulfide is transferred from Cys-216 to a reaction intermediate, generating a dehydroalanine residue (PubMed:22031445, PubMed:24637331). Not phosphorylated in vitro by CPK33 (PubMed:26662273).
During the catalytic reaction, a sulfide is transferred from Cys-216 to a reaction intermediate, generating a dehydroalanine residue.
Expressed at high levels in chloroplast-containing parenchymatic cells of leaves, inflorescence shoots and flowers, and at lower levels in the vascular system (PubMed:8771789). In young plants, detected in roots and shoots including cotyledons, leaves and hypocotyls (PubMed:12941878). Also observed in apical meristematic regions, siliques and embryos (PubMed:15897230). Low expression in roots, limited to the vascular tissue (PubMed:15897230). Broadly expressed in roots, cotyledons, leaves, hypocotyls, inflorescences, siliques, and strongly in guard cells (PubMed:26662273).
Homooctamer (PubMed:16912043, PubMed:24637331). Interacts with RBCX1 and RBCX1 (PubMed:21922322). Interacts with CPK33 (PubMed:26662273).
Involved in biosynthesis of the thiamine precursor thiazole. Catalyzes the conversion of NAD and glycine to adenosine diphosphate 5-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-methylthiazole-2-carboxylic acid (ADT), an adenylated thiazole intermediate. The reaction includes an iron-dependent sulfide transfer from a conserved cysteine residue of the protein to a thiazole intermediate. The enzyme can only undergo a single turnover, which suggests it is a suicide enzyme. May have additional roles in adaptation to various stress conditions and in DNA damage tolerance.
Involved in biosynthesis of the thiamine precursor thiazole. Catalyzes the conversion of NAD and glycine to adenosine diphosphate 5-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-methylthiazole-2-carboxylic acid (ADT), an adenylated thiazole intermediate. The reaction includes an iron-dependent sulfide transfer from a conserved cysteine residue of the protein to a thiazole intermediate. The enzyme can only undergo a single turnover, which suggests it is a suicide enzyme. May have additional roles in adaptation to various stress conditions and in DNA damage tolerance. Acts as a positive regulator for the abscisic acid-induced activation of slow type anion channels during stomatal closure by repressing CPK33 kinase activity.
Mitochondrial precursor. Contains a mitochondrial presequence-like structure at its N-terminus.
Up-regulated by osmotic stress, sugar deprivation, high salinity, and hypoxia (PubMed:15897230, PubMed:22214485). Up-regulated by abscisic acid treatment and drought stress (PubMed:22214485, PubMed:26662273). No effect of thiamine, salicylic acid or paraquat treatments (PubMed:12941878, PubMed:22214485). Down-regulated by dark incubation (PubMed:12941878).
Phosphorylase is an important allosteric enzyme in carbohydrate metabolism. Enzymes from different sources differ in their regulatory mechanisms and in their natural substrates. However, all known phosphorylases share catalytic and structural properties (By similarity). May be not required for the degradation of starch, but the phosphorolysis of starch may play an important role in water stress tolerance.
Small white lesions on the tips or margins of fully expanded leaves.
Expressed in low levels in the whole plant. Preferentially expressed in roots.
Leucine-rich repeat protein that likely mediates protein interactions, possibly in the context of signal transduction. PIRL1 acts redundantly with PIRL9 in the differentiation of microspores into pollen.
No visible phenotype. Pirl1 and pirl9 double mutant is lethal due to a male-specific transmission failure leading to a severe pollen malformation.
Interacts with the deubiquitinating enzyme AMSH3.
May remobilize phosphate, particularly when cells senesce or when phosphate becomes limiting.
Expressed in meristems and dividing cells.
Required for vesicular transport between the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus.
Belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily. RRP8 family.
Probable methyltransferase required to silence rDNA.
Belongs to the cyclin family. Cyclin C subfamily.
48% reduction in total glucosinolate levels in seeds. Gtr1 and gtr2 double mutant has no detectable glucosinolate in seeds.
Expressed in roots. Detected in shoots, stems and flowers. Expressed in veins and in the root vasculature with highest expression in lateral branching points.
High-affinity, proton-dependent glucosinolate-specific transporter. Involved in apoplasmic phloem-loading of glucosinolates and in bidirectional long-distance transport of aliphatic but not indole glucosinolates. May be involved in removal of glucosinolates from the xylem in roots.
Hydrolase that can remove conjugated ubiquitin from proteins in vitro and may therefore play an important regulatory role at the level of protein turnover by preventing degradation (PubMed:24659992). Cysteine protease with a preference for 'Lys-63' over 'Lys-48'-linked over 'Met-1' ubiquitin (UB) tetramers (e.g. Ub3 and Ub4) as substrates (PubMed:24659992). Cleaves also RUB-GST fusion (PubMed:24659992).
Could be involved in splicing and/or processing of chloroplast RNA's.
Phosphorylated on tyrosine residues after treatment with abscisic acid (ABA). Phosphorylation may reduce the ability of the protein to bind RNA.
Up-regulated by cold, heat shock, dehydration and salt stresses.
Contains two additional disulfide bonds, but it is unclear if they are between the pairs Cys-409-Cys-416 and Cys-425-Cys-471 or between the pairs Cys-409-Cys-471 and Cys-416-Cys-425.
Embryonic lethality due to division arrested at one-cell zygotic stage.
Probable beta-1,3-glucanase that may be involved in the degradation of callose walls around the microspore tetrad during pollen development (Probable). May be required for pollen exine formation (PubMed:21849515).
Acts as a transcriptional repressor. Binds to the GCC-box pathogenesis-related promoter element. Involved in the regulation of gene expression by stress factors and by components of stress signal transduction pathways, and could also regulate other AtERFs.
Induced by jasmonate (JA) and by Alternaria brassicicola (locally and systemically), but only slightly by ethylene. Strong induction by wounding, cold or drought stress does not require EIN2, whereas induction by NaCl does. Transcripts accumulate in cycloheximide-treated plants, a protein synthesis inhibitor. Seems to not be influenced by exogenous abscisic acid (ABA), and heat stress.
By sugar starvation and exposure to darkness for 24 hours.
Preferentially hydrolyzes para-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactoside. Can hydrolyze para-nitrophenyl-beta-D-fucoside with 5 time less efficiency.
Expressed in shoot and root apical meristems, epidermal cells and vasculature of developing leaves, trichome progenitor cells, young flowers, developing pollen grains and ovules, and mature pollen grains.
Interacts with BOP1 and WDR12 (PubMed:23909681, PubMed:25443833). Interacts with NSN1 (PubMed:26163696).
Plants silencing PES display severely compromised root meristem structures and a reduction of the primary root length of up to two-thirds.
Required for maturation of ribosomal RNAs and formation of the large ribosomal subunit (By similarity). Plays an essential role in cell growth and survival through its regulation of ribosome biogenesis and mitotic progression (PubMed:23909681). Required for normal root cell growth and differentiation (PubMed:25443833).
Interacts with ASK7/BIN2, BSK1, BSK5, BSK6 and BSK11 (PubMed:23496207). Interacts with BSL2 (PubMed:24924143).
Probable serine/threonine kinase that acts as positive regulator of brassinosteroid (BR) signaling downstream of the receptor kinase BRI1. Functions redundantly with BSK3, BSK4, BSK6 and BSK7 (PubMed:23496207). Involved in the regulation of sucrose-phosphate synthase 1 (SPS1) in the context of sucrose resuply after starvation. Activates BSL2, a phosphatase that may dephosphorylate SPS1, leading to the activation of SPS1 (PubMed:24924143).
Activated by phosphorylation at Thr-175 by GRIK1/SNAK2 and GRIK2/SNAK1 (PubMed:19339507). Inactivated by dephosphorylation at Thr-175 (PubMed:24179127). Inhibited by trehalose-6-phosphate (PubMed:19193861). Down-regulated by SR45 by affecting its stability (PubMed:27436712). Reduced kinase activity in response to H(2)O(2) treatment. The redox-state of Cys-177 seems to directly influence its kinase activity (PubMed:28940407). Down-regulated by FLZ6 and FLZ10 (PubMed:29406622).
Anthocyanin accumulation and accelerated senescence (PubMed:17671505). Starch accumulation during phosphate deficiency (PubMed:19211700). Reduced sensitivity to glucose during early development (PubMed:27436712). Increased seed abortion (PubMed:28922765). Blocked autophagy during abiotic stresses but not under control conditions (PubMed:28783755). Enhanced sucrose-induced hypocotyl elongation (PubMed:29584583).
Catalytic subunit of the probable trimeric SNF1-related protein kinase (SnRK) complex, a central regulator of cellular energy homeostasis, which, in response to seemingly unrelated darkness, sugar and stress conditions, activates energy-producing pathways and inhibits energy-consuming processes. May play a role in a signal transduction cascade regulating gene expression and carbohydrate metabolism in higher plants. The SnRK complex may also be involved in the regulation of fatty acid synthesis by phosphorylation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase and in assimilation of nitrogen by phosphorylating nitrate reductase (PubMed:17671505). In vitro, KIN10 exhibits kinase activity on sucrose phosphate synthase and the kinase activity is inhibited by PRL1 (PubMed:10220464). May be a subunit of a SCF ubiquitin ligase complex and thus be involved in proteasomal ubiquitination (PubMed:11387208). Phosphorylates GRIK1/SNAK2 and GRIK2/SNAK1 in vitro (PubMed:20164192). Cooperates with FUS3 to regulate developmental phase transitions and lateral organ development and act both as positive regulators of abscisic acid (ABA) signaling during germination (PubMed:22026387, PubMed:22902692). Phosphorylates FUS3 in embryo (PubMed:28922765). Negatively modulates MYC2 accumulation through its protein phosphorylation (PubMed:24890857). Phosphorylates geminivirus (CaLCuV, TGMV, ToMoV) AL2 protein resulting in a delay in the viral DNA accumulation and symptom appearance during infection (PubMed:24990996). Regulates bZIP63 activity to alter metabolism in response to starvation through its protein phosphorylation (PubMed:26263501). Under sugar deprivation conditions, antagonizes the IDD8 function in flowering time control by its protein phosphorylation (PubMed:25929516). Plays a cardinal role in the control of cell proliferation through inhibition of KRP6 activity by its protein phosphorylation (PubMed:23617622). Under submergence, phosphorylates PTP1, leading to the release of the MPK6 signaling pathway inhibition (PubMed:27029354). Triggers its own SUMO-mediated proteasomal degradation, establishing a negative feedback loop that attenuates SnRK1 signaling and prevents detrimental hyperactivation of stress responses (PubMed:26662259). Phosphorylates RAPTOR1B in vitro (PubMed:27545962). Phosphorylates and down-regulates HMGR1S in vitro (PubMed:28263378). Kinase activity is redox-sensitive (PubMed:28940407). Acts upstream of TOR in the regulation of autophagy. Required for the activation of autophagy by many abiotic stresses (PubMed:28783755). Involved in positive regulation of autophagy, possibly by affecting the phosphorylation of ATG1 proteins (PubMed:28740502). Negatively modulates WRI1 accumulation through its protein phosphorylation (PubMed:28314829). Modulates leaf senescence progression by the negative regulation of EIN3 accumulation through its protein phosphorylation (PubMed:28600557). Under extended darkness, C/S1-bZIP-SnRK1 complex interacts with the histone acetylation machinery to remodel chromatin and facilitate transcription. BZIP2-BZIP63-KIN10 complex binds to the ETFQO promoter to up-regulate its transcription (PubMed:29348240). Phosphorylates and down-regulates IPK2b in vitro (PubMed:29216370). Involved in the regulation of sucrose-induced hypocotyl elongation under light/dark cycles (PubMed:29114081, PubMed:29584583).
Expressed throughout embryo development from the heart to mature embryo stages.
Induced by sucrose (PubMed:10220464). Induced by DCMU herbicide (PubMed:17671505). Induced by glucose (PubMed:19302419). Up-regulated by beta-aminobutyric acid (BABA) (PubMed:20484986). Induced by hypoxia following submergence (PubMed:22232383). Induced by salt and oxidative stresses (at the protein level) (PubMed:26471895).
Isoform 2 is widely expressed, especially in newly developing tissues (PubMed:25697797). Isoform 2 is expressed throughout the seedling, with highest expression in leaf primordia and vascular tissue, and the seedling root tip. Isoform 2 is later expressed in developing lateral root primordia and developing embryos within siliques (PubMed:25071807). Isoform 1 is widely expressed but at very low levels (PubMed:25071807).
Overexpressing plants show delayed leaf senescence, enhanced tolerance to nutrient starvation dependent on a functional autophagy pathway, enhanced formation of autophagosomes, and tolerance to drought and submergence (PubMed:28740502). Overexpression of KIN10 leads to increased autophagy (PubMed:28783755). Overexpression inhibits sucrose-induced hypocotyl elongation (PubMed:29114081).
Phosphorylated at Thr-175 in response to glucose (PubMed:19302419). Phosphorylated at Thr-175 under submergence (PubMed:27029354). Autophosphorylated (PubMed:10220464, PubMed:24179127, PubMed:25929516). Dephosphorylated at Thr-175 by ABI1 and PP2CA (PubMed:24179127).
Subunit of a probable heterotrimeric complex consisting of an alpha catalytic (KIN10 or KIN11) subunit, and a beta (KINB) and a gamma (KING or SNF4) non-catalytic regulatory subunits (PubMed:17028154, PubMed:25736509). Interacts with KINB2, KINB3, SNF4 and probably with KINB1 and KING1 (PubMed:10929106, PubMed:11522840, PubMed:15803412, PubMed:17028154, PubMed:21235649). Interacts with SKP1/ASK1, PAD1, the N-terminus of PRL1 and the WD40 domain of 5PTase13 (PubMed:10220464, PubMed:11387208, PubMed:18931139). Potential subunit of a SCF ubiquitin ligase complex consisting of a SNF1-related protein kinase, SKP1 and CUL1. The association of the SCF complex with the proteasome may be mediated by PAD1 and seems to be inhibited by the interaction with PRL1 (PubMed:11387208). Interacts with ATAF1 (Ref.26). Interacts with ESD4 (PubMed:20855607). Interacts with SCE1 (PubMed:20855607, PubMed:26662259). Interacts with FUS3 (PubMed:22026387). Interacts with PP2C74 (PubMed:22449965). Interacts with CDKE1 (PubMed:23229550). Interacts with ABI1 and PP2CA (PubMed:24179127). Interacts with KRP6 (PubMed:23617622). Interacts with CIPK14 (PubMed:25058458). Interacts with FLZ proteins through their FLZ-type zinc finger domains (PubMed:24600465, PubMed:29945970). Interacts with GEBP/STKR1 (PubMed:24600465, PubMed:29192025). Interacts with MYC2 (PubMed:24890857). Interacts with IDD8 (PubMed:25929516). Interacts with BZIP63 (PubMed:26263501). Interacts with PTL (PubMed:25697797). Interacts with FLZ3, FLZ9, TCP3, TCP13, HB21/ZHD3 and HB23/ZHD10 (Ref.50). Interacts with PTP1 (PubMed:27029354). Interacts with RAPTOR1B (PubMed:27545962). Forms oligomers in vitro under strongly reducing conditions (PubMed:28940407). Interacts with WRI1 (PubMed:28314829). Interacts with EIN3 (PubMed:28600557). Component of a ternary complex composed of BZIP2-BZIP63 heterodimer and KIN10 (PubMed:29348240). Interacts with IPK2b (PubMed:29216370). Interacts with FLZ6 and FLZ10 (PubMed:29406622).
Sumoylated by SIZ1 (PubMed:20855607, PubMed:26662259). Sumoylated SnRK1 is ubiquitinated and degraded by the proteasome (PubMed:26662259).
Ubiquitinated (PubMed:26662259). Degradation is mediated by a CUL4-based E3 ligase that uses PRL1 as a substrate receptor (PubMed:18223036).
Belongs to the G-alpha family. XLG subfamily.
Dark-grown xlg1-1 xlg2-1 xlg3-1 triple mutant plants showed markedly increased primary root length compared with wild-type plants. Dark-grown roots of the xlg triple mutants also showed altered sensitivity to sugars, abscisic acid (ABA) hyposensitivity and ethylene hypersensitivity, whereas seed germination in xlg triple mutants was hypersensitive to osmotic stress and ABA (PubMed:17999646).
Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as modulators or transducers in various transmembrane signaling systems (By similarity). Binds GTP with specificity. Plays a role in the root morphogenesis by regulation of the cell proliferation. Acts as a positive regulator in resistance to pathogen that triggers the salicylic acid (SA) pathway. Promotes the DNA binding activity of RTV1 specifically to promoter regions of FT and SOC1 in vivo leading to the activation of floral integrator genes.
Interacts with GB1. Component of a G-protein complex at least composed of XLG2 and GB1. Interacts with RTV1.
No visible phenotype. Enhanced susceptibility to P.syringae.
The helical domain (492-627) is required for self-activation.
Ubiquitous. Strongly expressed in vascular tissues, root and shoot meristems and lateral root primordia.
Protein acetyltransferase with dual specificity triggering both N-alpha-acetylation (NTA), with a large spectrum of modified N-termini, including methionine, alanine, serine, threonine and to a lower extent valine and proline as substrates, and epsilon-lysine acetylation (KA).
Early flowering in short-day growth conditions (PubMed:18547399). Slightly slower endocytosis with delayed internalization (PubMed:18547399, PubMed:23342166). Reduced Brefeldin A sensitivity (PubMed:23342166).
Homooligomer, and heterooligomer with EHD2.
Involved in endocytosis positive regulation. Acts in early endocytic membrane fusion and membrane trafficking of recycling endosomes (PubMed:18547399, PubMed:23342166). Confers salt tolerance (PubMed:23342166).
The EH domain (1-93) is critical for vesicular localization.
Forms a heteromeric channel with GLR3.2.
Glutamate-gated receptor that probably acts as non-selective cation channel, at least in hypocotyls (Probable). Can be triggered by Asn, Ser, Gly and, to a lower extent, Ala, Cys and Glu (PubMed:18162597, PubMed:22447719). May be involved in light-signal transduction and calcium homeostasis via the regulation of calcium influx into cells (Probable). Plays an important role in the calcium-based fast transmission of environmental stress (PubMed:15864638). Acts as negative regulator of lateral root initiation and development (PubMed:23590882). May restrict primordia numbers and position along the root axis by a signaling process originating in the phloem (PubMed:23590882). AtGLR3.4-mediated cytosolic calcium influx may be involved in the regulation of seed germination under salt stress by modulating sodium accumulation through the SOS pathway (PubMed:29432559).
Highly expressed in roots and at lower levels in leaves and siliques (PubMed:12082126). Expressed in seedlings, cotyledons, roots (e.g. root hairs, epidermis and cortex cells), stems, leaves (e.g. vascular bundles and hydathodes), and siliques (PubMed:15864638). Expressed in root phloem (PubMed:23590882).
Impaired glutamate-triggered (and Ala, Asn, Cys, Gly, Ser-triggered) membrane depolarization and calcium rise (PubMed:18162597). Slight reduction of photosynthetic yield of Photosystem II (PubMed:21110940). Overproduction and aberrant placement of lateral root primordia (PubMed:23590882).
The induction by glutamate, gamma-amino butiric acid (GABA), malate, aspartate, acetate, wounding, touch, and cold stress stimuli is abscisic acid (ABA)-independent, but calcium-dependent. Cold-mediated induction is rapid but transient.
Catalytic subunit of the NAD(+)-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase involved in the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to 2-oxoglutarate (Probable). Performs an essential role in the oxidative function of the citric acid cycle.
Ubiquitous. Predominantly expressed in leaves.
Over-expression of RIC5 in tobacco germinating pollen reduces pollen tube expansion elongation.
Aquaporins contain two tandem repeats each containing three membrane-spanning domains and a pore-forming loop with the signature motif Asn-Pro-Ala/Gly (NPA).
Water channel probably required to promote glycerol permeability and water transport across cell membranes.
Could be the product of a pseudogene. Lacks the GED domain, which is a conserved feature of the family.
Strongly expressed in actively growing and developing tissues, such as roots, upper stems, and shoot tips containing the shoot apical meristem (SAM) and flower buds. Detected in young leaf primordium. Also expressed in mature flowers, but weakly expressed in mature stems and leaves.
CDK-activating kinase that modulates CDKD-2 and CDKD-3 activities by phosphorylation of the T-loop. Activates CDKD-2 C-terminal domain (CTD) kinase activity. Activates CDKA-1 probably by phosphorylation. Posseses a CDK kinase activity independently of association with cyclin CYCH1-1. Phosphorylates the CTD of the large subunit of RNA polymerase II.
Highly expressed in suspension cell culture. Expressed at low levels in all plant organs.
Regulates prospindle assembly during late prophase and at the onset of mitosis, before nuclear envelope breakdown (NEB). Is exported from the nucleus shortly before NEB and organized into two polar crescents. After NEB, is progressively associated with the forming spindle. Probably mediates AUR1 activation and localization to spindle microtubules. Has a microtubule binding capability and is able to trigger microtubule assembly induced by RanGTP in a heterologous system. Not involved in phragmoplast assembly, nuclear envelope reformation, and cortical microtubule assembly at the onset of G1 (PubMed:18941054). Involved in the formation of specific nuclear and perinuclear microtubular arrays in the nuclei of acentrosomal plant cells. Fungi and plants have acentrosomal microtubule arrays because they lack centrosomes. They use other microtubule organizing center (MTOC) structures to organize their microtubules. May function through interaction with importin (PubMed:24006426).
TPX2 over-expressing cells display formation of nuclear and perinuclear microtubular arrays which are not specific for the transition to mitosis and occur independently of AUR1 kinase.
The N-terminal part of the protein is required for the interaction with AUR1. Two regions (220-463 and 684-758) seem involved in the targeting to the microtubule cytoskeleton.
Involved in redox-mediated retrograde signaling to synchronize the expression of photosynthetic genes from both the nuclear and plastidic genomes, especially in excess light conditions (PubMed:22211401). Required for full expression of genes transcribed by the plastid-encoded RNA polymerase (PEP) (PubMed:22211401, PubMed:25161659). Essential for embryo development (PubMed:25161659).
Misregulation of photosynthesis-associated nuclear gene expression in response to excess light, and inhibition of photosynthetic electron transport (PubMed:22211401, PubMed:25161659). Defects in embryo development (PubMed:25161659). Dwarf pale plants (PubMed:22211401, PubMed:25161659). The csp41b-2 prin2-2 double mutant is embryo lethal (PubMed:25161659).
Could be the product of a pseudogene. Lacks 3 of the 4 disulfide bonds, which are conserved features of the family.
Expressed in 7 day old seedlings, roots, rosette leaves, internodes between nodes bearing axillary shoots, nodes bearing flowers, flower buds and siliques.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFA5 subunit family.
Belongs to the HFCD (homooligomeric flavin containing Cys decarboxylase) superfamily.
Expressed in roots, shoots, leaves, flowers, developing siliques and seeds.
Involved in plant growth and salt and osmotic tolerance. Catalyzes the decarboxylation of 4'-phosphopantothenoylcysteine to 4'-phosphopantetheine, a key step in coenzyme A biosynthesis. The enzyme is also able to decarboxylate pantothenoylcysteine to pantothenoylcysteamine.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but homozygous double mutants hal3a-1 and hal3b are embryonic lethal.
May be due to a competing donor splice site and to an intron retention.
A stretch of 270 kb of the mitochondrial genome is duplicated within the centromere of chromosome 2 resulting in the duplication of the gene. The expression of this duplicated gene (At2g07724) is demonstrated.
Belongs to the bHLH protein family. LHW subfamily.
Pale yellow-green embryos arrested at mature cotyledon steps.
Transcription factor that may regulate root development.
Expressed in roots, shoot apical meristem, leaves and flowers.
No visible phenotype. Hipp20, hipp21 and hipp22 triple mutants are cadmium sensitive.
Barely detectable in dark-grown seedlings. Induced after 2 hours of light exposure.
By red light. Stable upon light exposure.
Homodimer (By similarity). Interacts specifically with the Pfr form of phytochrome B (PubMed:15486100, PubMed:18252845). Associates to PTAC12/HMR/PAP5 which acts as a transcriptional coactivator (PubMed:25944101).
Plants are hypersensitive to red light, exhibiting shorter hypocotyls and larger cotyledons.
The Gln-rich domain in the C-terminal region functions to modulate the transcriptional activity of BHLH72/PIF7.
The active phytochrome binding (APB) motif (3-17) is involved in interaction with PHYB.
Transcription factor acting negatively in the phytochrome B signaling pathway under prolonged red light. Regulates PHYB abundance at the post-transcriptional level, possibly via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. May regulate the expression of a subset of genes by binding to the G-box motif.
Probably part of the adaptor protein complex 5 (AP-5).
In root trichoblasts, accumulates into patches at the basal end of the cell before a hair bulge is visible and remain concentrated at the tip of the bulge and in the growing hair.
Interacts with GDI1 and ROPGEF8 homodimer (PubMed:10798620, PubMed:17218277, PubMed:19335195). Binds to SPK1 (PubMed:18308939).
Involved in cell polarity control during the actin-dependent tip growth of root hairs, thus regulating root hair length and root hair initiation.
Ubiquitous. Preferentially expressed at the tip of root hairs.
Interacts with the Agrobacterium tumefaciens virulence protein F (VirF) in the nucleus (PubMed:26571494). Binds to EIN2 C-terminal region in the presence of ethylene (PubMed:27694846).
Probable transcription regulator (By similarity). Promotes histone acetylation during ethylene signaling in an EIN2-dependent manner, thus regulating positively ethylene-responsive genes (By similarity).
By cold, by salicylic acid (SA), by abscisic acid (ABA) and by pathogen B.cinerea attack.
Detected in stems, leaves, flowers and roots.
Early flowering and shorter vegetative and reproductive phases, with more branched roots and inflorescences. Early senescence. Enhanced susceptibility to salt stress. Hypersensitivity to light.
Component of the Arp2/3 complex composed of ARP2, ARP3, ARPC1/p41-ARC, ARPC2/p34-ARC, ARPC3/p21-ARC, ARPC4/p20-ARC and ARPC5/p16-ARC. Interacts with SCAR2/DIS3 (WAVE complex).
Negatively regulated by microRNAs miR157.
ADP:ATP antiporter that mediates import of ADP into the mitochondrial matrix for ATP synthesis, and export of ATP out to fuel the cell (By similarity). Cycles between the cytoplasmic-open state (c-state) and the matrix-open state (m-state): operates by the alternating access mechanism with a single substrate-binding site intermittently exposed to either the cytosolic (c-state) or matrix (m-state) side of the inner mitochondrial membrane (By similarity).
Catalyzes the exchange of ADP and ATP across the membrane.
The matrix-open state (m-state) is inhibited by the membrane-permeable bongkrekic acid (BKA). The cytoplasmic-open state (c-state) is inhibited by the membrane-impermeable toxic inhibitor carboxyatractyloside (CATR).
The transmembrane helices are not perpendicular to the plane of the membrane, but cross the membrane at an angle. At least 2 of the odd-numbered transmembrane helices exhibit a sharp kink, due to the presence of a conserved proline residue.
This magnesium-dependent enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the translocation of calcium from the cytosol out of the cell or into organelles.
Catalyzes the transfer of the enolpyruvyl moiety of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to the 5-hydroxyl of shikimate-3-phosphate (S3P) to produce enolpyruvyl shikimate-3-phosphate and inorganic phosphate.
This enzyme is the target of the potent, broad-spectrum herbicide, glyphosate [n-(phosphonomethyl)glycine]. Overproduction of EPSP leads to glyphosate tolerance.
Reduced fertility due to impaired growth of pollen tubes in the transmitting tract during fertilization.
This magnesium-dependent enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the translocation of calcium from the cytosol to the endoplasmic reticulum lumen. Also regulates manganese ion homeostasis by pumping it into endomembrane compartments. Can also transport zinc.
By auxin, sucrose, oryzalin and the nematodes Heterodera schachtii and Meloidogyne incognita in roots. Down-regulated by abscisic acid (ABA) and hydroxyurea.
Expressed in the shoot apical meristem and meristematic zone of the root tips.
Belongs to the ADP/ATP translocase tlc (TC 2.A.12.2) family.
A high level expression is seen in the roots while a low level expression is seen in the leaves.
Interacts with VTI11 and SYP51 to form a t-SNARE complex and with alpha-SNAP to form a 20S complex.
May function in the docking or fusion of transport vesicles with the prevacuolar membrane.
Acyl-ACP thioesterase involved in the production of fatty acids and beta-keto fatty acids. Can produce fatty acids of medium to long chain (12:0, 14:1, 14:0, 16:1 and 16:0) when expressed in a heterologous organism (E.coli). Possesses thioesterase activity toward lauroyl-ACP (12:0-ACP) in vitro. May play a role in cuticular wax synthesis.
Belongs to the 4-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA thioesterase family.
Expressed in epidermal cells of stems, in the top portion of the gynoecium, petals and trichomes.
Component of the coat protein complex II (COPII), that covers ER-derived vesicles involved in transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus. COPII is composed of at least five proteins: the SEC23/24 complex, the SEC13/31 complex, and the protein SAR1. Acts in the cytoplasm to promote the transport of secretory, plasma membrane, and vacuolar proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi complex.
During pollen development, accumulates progressively from the immature tricellular pollen (TRCP) stage and in mature pollen grains (MPGR).
Mainly expressed at low levels in pollen, leaves, roots and stems.
Recessive resistance to auxin conjugates indole-3-acetic acid-leucine (IAA-Leu) and IAA-Phe, but normal sensitivity to free IAA. Defective in lateral root formation and primary root elongation. Resistant to manganese- and cobalt-mediated inhibition of root elongation probably due to an enhanced ATP-dependent manganese transport.
Regulates an ATP-dependent metal transporter (e.g. manganese transporter). Probably involved in the metabolism of auxin conjugates such as indole-3-acetic acid-leucine (IAA-Leu) and IAA-Phe. Required for root development.
Expressed in all tissues but mostly in reproductive tissues such as buds, flowers, siliques and seeds.
Reduces hydrogen peroxide and alkyl hydroperoxides with reducing equivalents provided through the thioredoxin or glutaredoxin system. May be involved in intracellular redox signaling.
The active site is a conserved redox-active cysteine residue, the peroxidatic cysteine (C(P)), which makes the nucleophilic attack on the peroxide substrate. The peroxide oxidizes the C(P)-SH to cysteine sulfenic acid (C(P)-SOH), which then reacts with another cysteine residue, the resolving cysteine (C(R)), to form a disulfide bridge. The disulfide is subsequently reduced by an appropriate electron donor to complete the catalytic cycle. In this 1-Cys peroxiredoxin, no C(R) is present and C(P) instead forms a disulfide with a cysteine from another protein or with a small thiol molecule. C(P) is reactivated by glutaredoxin (Grx).
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase (ACS) enzymes catalyze the conversion of S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) into 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC), a direct precursor of ethylene. Involved in bacterial flagellin-induced ethylene production.
By indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and cycloheximide (CHX). By auxin. By treatment with ozone.
The stability of ACS proteins, and the regulation of such stability, play a central role in ethylene biosynthesis. The phosphorylation of serine residues on the C-terminus increases protein stability.
Circadian-regulation. Down-regulated upon photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) (e.g. light fluence) increase and in response to ozone fumigation.
Destroys superoxide anion radicals which are normally produced within the cells and which are toxic to biological systems.
Part of the chloroplast NDH complex, composed of a mixture of chloroplast and nucleus encoded subunits. Component of the NDH subcomplex B, at least composed of PnsB1, PnsB2, PnsB3, PnsB4 and PnsB5.
First detected at the tip of developing leaf, followed by a tip-to-base progression of the expression.
Plants lacking both TIFY4A and TIFY4B have larger leaves and cotyledon laminae, a dome-shaped leaf curvature and shortened siliques.
Regulates the arrest of dispersed meristematic cells during lamina development.
Belongs to the ketol-acid reductoisomerase family.
Chemical composition modifications and structural alterations of the cuticular layer of the cell wall leading to increased permeability of the cuticle, increased sensitivity to herbicide (glufosidate), increased cuticular transpiration and increased resistance to Botrytis cinerea.
May be a general defense protein (By similarity). Required for the formation of the cuticle layer of the cell wall (PubMed:21628525).
Repressed by cycloheximide (CHX) and abscisic acid (ABA).
Ubiquitous in aerial organs (PubMed:12430018, PubMed:21628525). Higher expression levels in young, expanding tissues than in older tissues. Detected in the epidermal layer (PubMed:21628525).
Brassicaceae-specific phytocytokine (plant endogenous peptide released into the apoplast) perceived by MIK2 in a BAK1/SERK3 and SERK4 coreceptors-dependent manner, that modulates various physiological and antimicrobial processes including root growth prevention, phospholipid signaling pathway activation (e.g. accumulation of phosphatidic acid (PA), but transient reduction of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP(2)) levels) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) response regulation (PubMed:30715439, PubMed:33514716, PubMed:34535661). Moderates primary root growth, and regulates root meristems and cell elongation; this root growth regulation is associated with the modulation of ROS metabolism and alteration of cell wall structure, and depends on variations in many genes expression (PubMed:34535661, PubMed:35639812). Promotes ROS (e.g. superoxide anion O(2) and hydrogen peroxide H(2)O(2)) production and MAPK (e.g. MPK3, MPK4 and MPK6) activation in a MIK2-dependent manner, thus leading to the up-regulation of immune-related marker genes (e.g. WRKY30, WRKY33 and CYP81F2) (PubMed:34535661, PubMed:35639812). Involved in biotic and oxidative stress responses; acts as a negative regulator of defense against necrotrophic pathogens such as the bacteria Erwinia amylovora and the fungus Alternaria brassicicola (PubMed:30715439). Able to prime defense responses against the pathogenic bacteria Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (PubMed:30715439). Contributes to the triggering of defense responses toward generalist herbivores such as Spodoptera littoralis, probably via the activation of jasmonate and indole glucosinolate biosynthesis (PubMed:35401621). Triggers the expression of several PROSCOOP genes (e.g. PROSCOOP3, PROSCOOP7, PROSCOOP12 and PROSCOOP13) (PubMed:30715439).
Enhanced root growth leading to longer primary roots due increased differentiated cells size (PubMed:30715439, PubMed:35639812). Increased accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide anion O(2) and hydrogen peroxide H(2)O(2) (PubMed:35639812). Reduced susceptibility to necrogenic bacterial pathogens (e.g. Erwinia amylovora) and necrotrophic fungal pathogens (e.g. Alternaria brassicicola) infection and pathogenic induced cell death leading to the reduction of necrotic symptoms in leaves (PubMed:30715439). These symptoms are associated with disturbed expression of various genes related to stress responses (PubMed:30715439). Decreased resistance against the generalist herbivore Spodoptera littoralis, but not toward the specialist herbivore Pieris brassicae, and associated with reduced accumulation of jasmonic acid (JA), jasmonate-isoleucine and indolic glucosinolates due to a lower expression of several genes (e.g. CYP79B2, CYP79B3, CYP83B1 and GSTF9) (PubMed:35401621).
Interacts with MIK2 (via extracellular leucine-rich repeat domain); this interaction triggers the formation of complex between MIK2 and the BAK1/SERK3 and SERK4 coreceptors, and subsequent BAK1 activation by phosphorylation on 'Ser-612'.
Mostly expressed in the whole root system, and, to a lower extent, in seedlings shoots.
Triggered by AtPep1 (PubMed:30715439). Induced by Erwinia amylovora, a bacterial pathogen (PubMed:30715439). Accumulates upon infection by generalist herbivores such as Spodoptera littoralis (PubMed:35401621).
Highly expressed in leaves, stems and roots. Detected in flowers.
Converts lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) into phosphatidic acid by incorporating acyl moiety at the 2 position. Has preference for C-18-CoA substrates compared to C-16-CoA substrates. Required for female but not male gametophyte development.
Present in roots, leaves, stems, floral buds and siliques (at protein level). Widely expressed. In contrast to LPAT1, it is not expressed at higher level in leaves.
Both gene predictions and some EST data suggest that there may be an additional exon at the C-terminus, adding another 10 kDa to the protein.
Up-regulated by light. Down-regulated by dark.
Component of the Arp2/3 complex composed of ARP2, ARP3, ARPC1/p41-ARC, ARPC2/p34-ARC, ARPC3/p21-ARC, ARPC4/p20-ARC and ARPC5/p16-ARC. Interacts with ARPC4.
Functions as actin-binding component of the Arp2/3 complex which is involved in regulation of actin polymerization and together with an activating nucleation-promoting factor (NPF) mediates the formation of branched actin networks. Seems to contact the mother actin filament (By similarity). Arp2/3 complex plays a critical role in the control of cell morphogenesis via the modulation of cell polarity development.
May be involved in the substitutions of the xylan backbone in stem glucuronoxylan.
Activated by K(+) and Mg(2+). Inhibited by Ca(2+), N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD), N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) and aminomethylenediphosphonate (AMDP), and, to a lower extent, by fluoride (KF).
Belongs to the H(+)-translocating pyrophosphatase (TC 3.A.10) family. K(+)-stimulated subfamily.
Contributes to the transtonoplast (from cytosol to vacuole lumen) H(+)-electrochemical potential difference. It establishes a proton gradient of similar and often greater magnitude than the H(+)-ATPase on the same membrane. In addition, facilitates auxin transport by modulating apoplastic pH and regulates auxin-mediated developmental processes. Confers tolerance to NaCl and to drought by increasing ion retention.
Has 16 transmembrane helices and a cytoplasmic domain that contains the active site.
Has few direct interactions with pyrophosphate. Interacts with the substrate via divalent metal cations, such as magnesium ions, that are bound to the pyrophosphate (By similarity).
Increase of expression in pollen during flower development. Expressed in developing leaves, sepals, petals, stamens and carpels.
Repressed by light. Induced by CAMTA1 and/or CAMTA5 in pollen.
Ubiquitous (at protein level). Mostly expressed in vascular tissues, meristems and root pericycle.
Mediates the association of the molecular chaperones HSP70 and HSP90. Mediates nuclear encoded chloroplast preproteins binding to HSP90 prior to chloroplastic sorting (By similarity).
Expressed in roots, seedlings, hypocotyls, cotyledons, leaves, siliques and flowers.
In the vegetative stage, first detected in the seed coat upon germination and in the hypocotyl of young seedlings. In seedlings, expressed in roots (mostly in primary roots), hypocotyl, rosette leaves and cotyledons. In rosette leaves, observed in the vascular tissue of major veins, guard cells and trichomes. During the reproductive stage, expressed in flower buds, stems, stamens, carpels and funiculi of siliques.
Induced transiently by abscisic acid (ABA), salt (NaCl), cold and drought.
Mediates the dephosphorylation of 'Ser-2' of the heptad repeats YSPTSPS in the C-terminal domain of the largest RNA polymerase II subunit (RPB1). This promotes the activity of RNA polymerase II. Regulates positively abscisic acid (ABA) and drought responses, including the regulation of specific genes expression.
Weak abscisic acid (ABA) hyposensitivity during the early stages of seedling development. Slighty decreased drought stress tolerance.
Abnormal organ morphology (e.g. pale green, reduced stature, crumpled and irregular margins in leaves and floral organs, and shorter roots) due to altered pattern of cell division and differentiation. Impaired plastid division leading to enlarged chloroplasts and the formation of cells lacking plastids. Reduced susceptibility to viral infection by cabbage leaf curl virus (CaLCuV).
Belongs to the CpcT/CpeT biliprotein lyase family.
Confers sensitivity to cabbage leaf curl virus (CaLCuV), probably by supporting viral movement.
Covalently attaches a chromophore to Cys residue(s) of phycobiliproteins (By similarity). Required for plastid division, and involved in cell differentiation and regulation of the cell division plane. Maintenance of plastid homeostasis controls plant preconditioning to stress and stress acclimation.
Mostly expressed in shoot apices, to a lower extent, in leaves, inflorescence stems, buds and cotyledons, and, at low levels, in roots and siliques.
Transient strong induction in response to cabbage leaf curl virus (CaLCuV) infection at an early stage.
Expressed in the embryo at early stage and in the endosperm.
3beta-hydroxysteroid-dehydrogenase/decarboxylase involved in sterol synthesis (PubMed:16835224). Catalyzes the formation of 3-oxosteroids from 3beta-hydroxysteroids-4alpha-carboxylate (PubMed:16835224). Involved in the regulation of inflorescence internodes and leaves growth, probably by affecting auxin transporter activity possibly by altering sterol composition in the membranes (PubMed:22673766).
Lacks one transmembrane, which is a conserved feature of the family.
The RETICULON domain is partial in comparison with the other paralogs.
Binds 2 divalent metal cations per subunit.
Protein phosphatase that dephosphorylates specifically tyrosine-phosphorylated peptides; especially active on dual-phosphorylated substrates containing a phosphothreonine-X-phosphotyrosine motif.
Activator protein that regulates the ubiquitin ligase activity and substrate specificity of the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C).
Associates with the APC/C complex. Interacts with CDC20-1, CDC20-2, CYCA1-1, CYCA3-4, CYCB1-1 and CYCB1-2. Binds to GIG1 and PYM.
FZR2 controls the induction of early rounds of endoreduplication while the remaining rounds may be mediated by FZR1 and FZR3.
Mitochondrial inner membrane calcium uniporter that mediates calcium uptake into mitochondria. Mitochondrial calcium homeostasis plays key roles in cellular physiology and regulates cell bioenergetics, cytoplasmic calcium signals and activation of cell death pathways.
Component of the minichromosome maintenance (MCM) complex, a heterotetramer composed of MCM2, MCM3, MCM4, MCM5, MCM6 and MCM7. Interacts with EGT1.
Slightly induced by abscisic acid (ABA) and salicylic acid (SA).
Accumulates at the boundaries between the apical meristems and lateral organs in embryos, seedlings, and mature plants, and at the root apical meristem and in distinct cell files surrounding this area. First observed in heart-stage embryos, in the cotyledon boundary region of the shoot apex, and in the quiescent center and columella initial cells at the root tip. In bending-cotyledon stage embryos, weakly expressed in the boundary cells between the shoot apical meristem (SAM) and the cotyledons. In seedlings, accumulates in cells between the SAM and the cotyledons. During the reproductive phase, restricted to the basal regions of the pedicels and floral organs. In the inflorescence shoot apex, expressed in the early flower primordia, but not in the SAM. Later present in the cryptic bract region, but not in the floral meristem.
Expressed around apical meristems, at the boundaries of vegetative and reproductive organs. Induced by NAC054/CUC1 and NAC098/CUC2 in shoot organ boundary cells.
No phenotype, probably due to redundant function of paralogs.
Probable transcription regulator that acts as a developmental regulator by promoting cell growth in response to light (By similarity). Required for the maintenance of the shoot apical meristem and for the formation of lateral organs. Promotes petal formation and growth, but may suppress organ differentiation in the boundary region.
Constantly expressed throughout development.
Interacts with SGR1, the chlorophyll catabolic enzymes (CCEs) NYC1, NOL and RCCR, and the LHCII complex. Part of a SGR1-CCE-LHCII complex, which acts in chlorophyll breakdown.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but plants accumulate 7-hydroxymethyl chlorophyll a in green leaves.
Probable iron-sulfur flavoprotein that converts 7-hydroxymethyl chlorophyll a to chlorophyll a using ferredoxin as a reducing equivalent. Catalyzes the reduction of a hydroxymethyl group to a methyl group. Belongs to the chlorophyll catabolic enzymes (CCEs).
May be a component of the oxygen-evolving complex.
The maturation of the PSII-T precursor to its final form occurs through a two step process. First, a stromal intermediate is formed, which, upon translocation into the thylakoid membrane, is processed to the mature protein (By similarity).
Accumulates in leaves during senescence (PubMed:9617813, PubMed:16603661). Induced reversibly 4 days after exposure to ozone O(3) (PubMed:10444084, PubMed:16913859). Triggered transiently by Nep1, a fungal protein that causes necrosis (PubMed:12857840). Expressed in nematode-induced giant cells (e.g. M.javanica) at early stages, 3 days after infection (PubMed:20003167).
Binds 1 heme b group per subunit, that coordinates a highly solvent-exposed Fe(III) atom.
Forms a 10-stranded antiparallel beta-barrel structure able to accommodate a hydrophobic ligand in its interior. In fact, this fold hosts the heme group, which is located in a wide surface cleft.
Heme-binding protein able to scavenge peroxynitrite and to protect free L-tyrosine against peroxynitrite-mediated nitration, by acting as a peroxynitrite isomerase that converts peroxynitrite to nitrate. Therefore, this protein likely plays a role in peroxynitrite sensing and in the detoxification of reactive nitrogen and oxygen species (RNS and ROS, respectively) (PubMed:32295384). Is able to bind nitric oxide (NO) in vitro, but may act as a sensor of peroxynitrite levels in vivo (PubMed:32295384, PubMed:19938152).
Maintain higher tissue sulfate concentrations under sulfur-limiting conditions.
Interconverts GlcNAc-6-P and GlcNAc-1-P.
Activation of RuBisCO (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase; EC 4.1.1.39) involves the ATP-dependent carboxylation of the epsilon-amino group of lysine leading to a carbamate structure.
By pathogen infection. Systemic induction during systemic acquired resistance (SAR). Not induced by light.
No visible phenotype; due to the redundancy with ICS2. Nevertheless salicylic acid accumulation upon induction is severely impaired. Ics1 and ics2 double mutant is seedling lethal due to photosynthetic lesions induced by the lack of phylloquinone.
Cleaves the polyglutamate sidechains of folate polyglutamates in the vacuole. Is important for polyglutamyl tail length determination before vacuolar exit. Plays a role on folate stability and intracellular folate content (By similarity).
Seems to be required for maximal rate of protein biosynthesis. Enhances ribosome dissociation into subunits and stabilizes the binding of the initiator Met-tRNA(I) to 40 S ribosomal subunits.
Belongs to the splicing factor SR family. RS subfamily.
Component of the spliceosome (Probable). Interacts with SNRNP35 (PubMed:15987817). Interacts with CYP59 (PubMed:16497658). Interacts with RCF3 and CPL1 (PubMed:24146632). Interacts with DRB1/HYL1 and SE (PubMed:26227967).
Highly expressed in roots and flowers. A presumably longer alternatively spliced form is found in leaves, stems and flowers.
Mutant seedlings show increased sensitivity to salt stress and abscisic acid (ABA).
Required for constitutive and alternative pre-mRNA splicing (Probable). Involved in primary miRNA processing and pri-miRNA biogenesis. Binds both intronless and intron-containing pri-miRNAs (PubMed:26227967).
By salt stress, osmotic stress, cold treatment, and metals. Up-regulated by salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), abscisic acid (ABA) and auxin.
Expressed at a low but detectable level in leaves, stems, and flowers, but at a higher level in siliques and even higher in roots. Predominantly expressed in seeds.
Protects cells and enzymes from oxidative damage, by catalyzing the reduction of hydrogen peroxide, lipid peroxides and organic hydroperoxide, by glutathione.
May play a role in synthesis, processing and/or stability of 23S rRNA.
Adaptor protein complex 4 (AP-4) is a heterotetramer composed of two large adaptins (epsilon-type subunit and beta-type subunit), a medium adaptin (mu-type subunit) and a small adaptin (sigma-type subunit) (By similarity). Interacts with EHD2 (PubMed:19936242).
Subunit of novel type of clathrin- or non-clathrin-associated protein coat involved in targeting proteins from the trans-Golgi network (TGN) to the endosomal-lysosomal system.
By the green peach aphid Myzus persicae.
Involved in indole glucosinolate biosynthesis. Catalyzes methoxylation reactions of the glucosinolate indole ring. Converts the hydroxy intermediates 4-hydroxy-indol-3-yl-methylglucosinolate (4OH-I3M) and 1-hydroxy-indol-3-yl-methylglucosinolate (1OH-I3M) to 4-methoxy-indol-3-yl-methylglucosinolate (4MO-I3M) and 1-methoxy-indol-3-yl-methylglucosinolate (1MO-I3M), respectively.
Acts with CLE41p and CLE44p peptides as a ligand-receptor pair in a signal transduction pathway involved in the regulation of procambium maintenance and polarity during vascular-tissue development (PubMed:17570668, PubMed:18812507, PubMed:27055373). Mediates repression of tracheary element differentiation and the promotion of procambial cells formation and polar division adjacent to phloem cells in the veins (PubMed:17570668, PubMed:18812507, PubMed:27055373).
Interacts specifically with the mature peptides CLE41p and CLE44p, especially in the presence of SERK2 (PubMed:18812507, PubMed:27055373, PubMed:27449136, PubMed:27498761). Interacts with LURE1.2 (PubMed:26863186).
Widely expressed along the vascular strands. In roots and hypocotyls, confined to procambial cells.
Expressed throughout the plant, with a higher level in younger parts.
Down-regulated after exposure to far-red light. Subject to a negative feedback regulation by PHYA signaling.
Elongated hypocotyls and reduced expansion of cotyledons under continuous far-red light. Reduced protochlorophyllide levels in darkness and less photobleaching in the light.
Transcription activator that recognizes and binds to the DNA consensus sequence 5'-CACGCGC-3'. Activates the expression of FHY1 and FHL involved in light responses. Positive regulator of chlorophyll biosynthesis via the activation of HEMB1 gene expression.
Expressed in a few sieve element cells before enucleation and in phloem-pole pericycle cells.
No visible phenotype, due to the redundancy with NAC045 (AC A4VCM0). Nac045 and nac086 double mutants exhibit seedling lethality with defective development of the protophloem sieve element.
Transcription factor directing sieve element enucleation and cytosol degradation. Not required for formation of lytic vacuoles. Regulates, with NAC045, the transcription of NEN1, NEN2, NEN3, NEN4, RTM1, RTM2, UBP16, PLDZETA, ABCB10 and At1g26450.
Involved in vesicular protein trafficking. Mainly functions in the early secretory pathway. Thought to act as cargo receptor at the lumenal side for incorporation of secretory cargo molecules into transport vesicles and to be involved in vesicle coat formation at the cytoplasmic side (By similarity). On Golgi membranes, acts as primary receptor for ARF1-GDP which is involved in COPI-vesicle formation.
Probably oligomerizes with other members of the EMP24/GP25L family (By similarity). Associates with the COPI vesicle coat (coatomer). Associates with the COPII vesicle coat (coatomer). Interacts with ARF1 (GDP-bound).
Detected in mature pollen grains (at the protein level). Also expressed in the veins and hydathode regions of rosette leaves.
Involved in monoterpene (C10) biosynthesis. The major product is (S)-linalool.
Predominantly expressed in flowers but also in stems and siliques.
Catalyzes the key reaction of chlorophyll catabolism, porphyrin macrocycle cleavage of pheophorbide a (pheide a) to a primary fluorescent catabolite (pFCC). Works in a two-step reaction with pheophorbide a oxygenase (PaO) by reducing the C20/C1 double bond of the intermediate, RCC. Belongs to the chlorophyll catabolic enzymes (CCEs).
Expressed in all tissues tested, including roots.
Homodimer (PubMed:19374909, PubMed:20727901). Interacts with HCAR (PubMed:23200839). Interacts with SGR1, NYC1, NOL, PPH, PAO and the LHCII complex (PubMed:22366162). Part of a SGR1-CCE-LHCII complex, which acts in chlorophyll breakdown (PubMed:22366162).
Present at all times of development. No change of levels during senescence or pathogen attack.
The absence of light completely suppresses cell death in acd2 mutants.
Impaired xylulose kinase activity in cytoplasm. Hypersensitivity to D-xylulose (Xyl) leading to reduced seeds germination. Loss of remediation of photosynthetic pigments after oxo-clomazone-mediated bleaching, thus leading to albino plants.
Mediates 1-deoxy-D-xylulose (DX) phosphorylation in the cytoplasm prior to the translocation of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate into plastids. Can also phosphorylate D-xylulose (Xyl). Uses preferentially ATP as cosubstrate.
Repressed by oxo-clomazone (keto-clomazone), a bleaching herbicide.
Fatty acid 2-hydroxylase involved in the alpha-hydroxylation of the long-chain fatty acid (LCFA) palmitic acid. Probably involved in the resistance response to oxidative stress.
Interacts with CYTB5-A, CYTB5-B, CYTB5-C and CYTB5-D.
No visible phenotype, due to the redundancy with NET1A. Net1a and net1b double mutant shows a significant acceleration in root-cell expansion.
By ethylene, salicylic acid, copper and the bacterial pathogen P.syringae.
Catalyzes the hydrolysis of ester bond in chlorophyll to yield chlorophyllide and phytol (PubMed:10611389). Does not seem to be required for chlorophyll degradation during senescence (PubMed:17996203, PubMed:18349515, PubMed:31779896).
Constitutively expressed at low level (PubMed:11950974). Not induced by methyl jasmonate treatment (PubMed:11950974). Induced by transition from dark to white light (PubMed:21896889).
Expressed in leaves, flowers and flower buds, but not in roots.
Unlike CLH1, the expression of this protein is not dependent on the presence of a functional COI1 protein.
Before pollination, expressed in stamens and carpels. After pollination, observed in the veins of petals, sepals, and filaments. Present in seeds at the embryo globular stage, both in the embryo and the endosperm. Later, at the embryo heart stage, not detected in the embryo, but strongly expressed in the maternal chalazal tissue and present in the endosperm.
Expressed in shoot meristems, roots (vasculature and tips), hypocotyls (vasculature), cotyledons (vasculature and hydathodes), young leaves, buds, flowers and stems. Detected in stomata.
In strain cv. 24, promotes the flowering time transition, probably via the transcription regulation of FT.
In strain cv. C24, delayed flowering time during both long and short days associated with a down-regulation of the major promoters of flowering FT and SOC1. In strain cv. Columbia, no delayed phenotype.
Probable transcriptional regulator (By similarity). May regulates developmental traits such as flowering time.
Belongs to the pICln (TC 1.A.47) family.
May participate in cellular volume control by activation of a swelling-induced chloride conductance pathway.
After the eighth true leaves emerge, the expression gradually fades away from the center of the leaves toward the edges, as leaf development proceedes. In fully expanded leaves, expressed only at the edge of the leaf blade.
Catalyzes the methylation of the free carboxyl end of the plant hormone indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). Converts IAA to IAA methyl ester (MeIAA). Regulates IAA activities by IAA methylation. Methylation of IAA plays an important role in regulating plant development and auxin homeostasis. Required for correct leaf pattern formation. MeIAA seems to be an inactive form of IAA.
Expressed in seedling roots and leaves. Expressed in the stigma, funiculus, and vascular bundles in sepals, petals and stamens.
Plant silencing IAMT1 are smaller than the wild-type, show epinastic leaves and smaller siliques, and have low fertility.
Interacts with CER1, BI-1, FAH1 and FAH2.
Catalyzes a salvage reaction resulting in the formation of AMP, that is energically less costly than de novo synthesis. May contribute to the recycling of adenine into adenylate nucleotides and the inactivation of cytokinins by phosphoribosylation. Possesses low activity toward adenine, but can efficiently convert cytokinins from free bases (active form) to the corresponding nucleotides (inactive form).
Interacts with FAS1 and LHP1 (PubMed:21596687). Interacts (via WD repeat domain) with histone H3 (PubMed:17704213).
PPIases accelerate the folding of proteins (Probable). It catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptides (PubMed:33098102). Histone proline isomerase that increases the rate of cis-trans isomerization of the synthetic histone H3 peptides H3P30 (RKSAP30F-p-nitroanilide) and H3P30K27me3 (RKme3-SAP30F-p-nitroanilide) in the histone H3 N-terminal tail, in vitro (PubMed:33098102). Histone remodeling factor involved in chromatin-based gene silencing (PubMed:17704213). Reinforces H3K27 methylation (PubMed:17704213). Involved in fundamental processes of chromatin assembly and histone modification by mediating the targeting of FAS1 and LHP1 on the chromatin (PubMed:21596687). Required for the formation and development of leaves, for normal phyllotaxy and for the formation, maintenance and activity of root and shoot apical meristems (PubMed:17704213).
As part of the NSL complex it is involved in acetylation of nucleosomal histone H4 on several lysine residues and therefore may be involved in the regulation of transcription.
Component of the NSL complex at least composed of MOF/KAT8, KANSL1, KANSL2, KANSL3, MCRS1, PHF20, OGT1/OGT, WDR5 and HCFC1.
Plants overexpressing CYP710A4 show higher levels of stigmasterol and lower levels of beta-sitosterol than the wild-type.
Required to form the C-22 double bond in the sterol side chain. Possesses C-22 desaturase activity toward beta-sitosterol and produces stigmasterol.
Very weak expression in roots and root hairs. Not detected in the root tips.
Expressed in seedlings, leaves, flowers and pollen grains. Not detected in seeds.
Reduced root length at low concentrations of myo-inositol.
The C-terminal domain (465-509) is necessary and sufficient for vacuole membrane targeting. The di-Leu motif is required for this sorting.
The sorting of INT1 to the tonoplast is independent of the AP-3 adapter complex but is brefeldin A sensitive.
Vacuolar inositol-proton symporter involved in the release of myo-inositol from vacuoles. Not involved in glucose or fructose transport.
By low temperature. Also promoted by abscisic acid (ABA) and dehydration but is not a general response to stress conditions.
Expressed in leaves, stems and flower buds.
Plants silencing GC1 show greatly enlarged chloroplasts containing densely packed thylakoid membranes in mesophyll cells and leaves with decreased rates of CO(2) assimilation.
Putative NADP-dependent oxidoreductase that acts as positive regulator of chloroplast division. May play a role at an early stage of the division process.
By ABA (at protein level), dehydration, high salt levels, and low temperature.
Decreased sensitivity to ABA during germination, growth, and stomatal closure. Impaired central domain protoderm patterning defects, and defective cotyledon primordia cell types.
Expressed in roots, stems, leaves, and flowers.
First detected in the suspensor cells of octant-stage embryos, in the basal plasma membrane of the basal-most cell of the suspensor, which is in direct contact with maternal tissue. Expressed in the central domain protodermal cells when cotyledon primordia become recognizable. Later observed throughout the central domain and basal domain of the embryo proper, as well as the suspensor.
Involved in the main abscisic acid-mediated (ABA) signaling pathway and in early ABA perception. Together with RPK2, required for pattern formation along the radial axis (e.g. the apical embryonic domain cell types that generate cotyledon primordia), and the apical-basal axis (e.g. differentiation of the basal pole during early embryogenesis).
Involved in the processing of polycistronic chloroplast psbB-psbT-psbH-petB-petD transcript. Could bind RNA.
Expressed in roots, hypocotyls, cotyledons, leaves, stems, petals and carpels.
Plants over-expressing SS4 have increased levels of starch in leaves and display a higher growth rate than wild-type.
Probably involved in the priming of starch granule formation. May play a regulatory role in the control of starch accumulation in plastids. Is necessary and sufficient to establish the correct number of starch granules observed in chloroplasts.
Severe reduced growth, reduced number of starch granules, altered structure of starch granules.
Belongs to the small hydrophilic plant seed protein family.
First appears in immature seeds and is maximally expressed in dry seeds.
In seeds only. Specifically located to vascular bundles in the cotyledon and axis of the dry seed. Also found in the epiderm and outer layers of the cortex in the embryo axis.
It is thought to provide protection for the cytoplasm during the desiccation stage of embryo development.
During embryogenesis, first observed at the globular stage and accumulates in cells next to the suspensor, including lens-shaped cells (PubMed:30737509). Expressed in the inner basal edge of endodermal cells in the primary and lateral roots (PubMed:30737509).
Homodimer (By similarity). Forms long polymer filaments with other SOKs proteins polymers (e.g. SOK1, SOK2, SOK3 and SOK4) crucial for polar localization and biological activity (PubMed:32004461). Binds to ANGUSTIFOLIA (AN) (Probable).
SOSEKI proteins (SOK1-5) locally interpret global polarity cues and can influence cell division orientation to coordinate cell polarization relative to body axes.
Cleaves the gamma-glutamyl peptide bond of glutathione and glutathione conjugates.
May play a role in protecting plants from some xenobiotic chemicals by degrading vacuolar glutathione conjugates into cysteine conjugates.
Component of the ribosomal small subunit (SSU) processome (By similarity). Interacts with TBP1 in the nucleus (PubMed:19929880).
Expressed constitutively and ubiquitously; observed in seeds, seedlings, roots, leaves, stems, flowers and siliques.
Impaired maturation of 5.8S rRNA, especially the processing at the 5' end. Reduced siliques size due to defects in embryo and female gametophyte development (PubMed:23382868). Defects in guard cell function leading to reduced stomatal conductance and impaired water-use efficiency (PubMed:23185391).
Involved in nucleolar processing of pre-18S ribosomal RNA. Plays a role early in ribosome biogenesis, especially in the maturation of 5.8S rRNA (PubMed:23382868). Required for guard cell functions (PubMed:23185391).
Accumulated 12S globulin precursors in seeds.
Acts in the modification of cell walls via demethylesterification of cell wall pectin. Plays an important role in growth of pollen tubes in female floral tissues, possibly via enhancing the interaction between the pollen tube and female floral tissues by modification of the cell walls.
Expressed in pollen grains and pollen tubes.
Probable cloning artifact leading to a large internal deletion.
Expressed in roots, leaves, internodes, shoot tips and flowers.
Transcription factor that functions as regulator of genes affecting cell wall organization and remodeling. Activates genes related to the primary cell wall and represses genes related to the secondary cell wall and expansins. Required for the regulation of longitudinal cell growth in stems, leaves, petioles, roots, flowers and siliques.
Accumulates during Botrytis cinerea infection.
Accepts the ubiquitin-like protein NEDD8/RUB1 from the ECR1-AXR1 E1 complex and catalyzes its covalent attachment to other proteins.
Belongs to the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family. UBC12 subfamily.
Catalyzes a reversible NAD-dependent dehydrogenase reaction involved in central metabolism and redox homeostasis between organelle compartments.
Homodimer (By similarity). Interacts with 14-3-3-like proteins GRF1 GRF3 and GRF8 (PubMed:22104211).
Transcription factor that specifically binds AT-rich DNA sequences related to the nuclear matrix attachment regions (MARs) (By similarity). Acts redundantly with AHL22, AHL27 and AHL29 in the regulation of flowering and regulation of the hypocotyl elongation (PubMed:19517252).
Acts as negative regulator of root hair development redundantly with GIR1 (PubMed:28526410). GIR1 and GIR2 may function as adapter proteins that associate with GL2 and participate in the control of root hair formation (PubMed:28526410). GIR1 and GIR2 may function as adapter proteins that associate with TPL and participate in the repression of root gene expression (PubMed:28526412).
Activated by autophosphorylation of its activation loop.
Expressed at low levels in seeds, seedlings, roots (especially in tips), stems, leaves, shoots, flowers and siliques.
Interacts with ABI1 (PubMed:19874541). Interacts with I-2 and TOPP1 (PubMed:26943172). Interacts with FREE1 (via C-terminus) (PubMed:30962512).
Together with SRK2D, key component and activator of the abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway that regulates numerous ABA responses, such as seed germination, Pro accumulation, root growth inhibition, dormancy and seedling growth, and, to a lesser extent, stomatal closure (PubMed:17307925). In response to ABA, phosphorylates the ESCRT-I complex component FREE1, which is required for ABA-induced FREE1 nuclear import (PubMed:30962512).
Associates with ALA3 to form a stable complex. Interacts with ALA2 in a heterologous system.
Expressed in roots, leaves, stems, flowers and siliques. Found in petals and sepals, but not in reproductive tissues. In siliques, detected in the upper part of the seed pod and in the area between the seed pod and the stem, but not in developing seeds. Strong expression in vascular shoot tissues and in stomatal guard cells of young rosettes leaves. In roots, expressed in cells surrounding the xylem and in central and peripheral columella cells.
Required for the lipid transport activity of the ALA/ALIS P4-ATPase complex.
Mostly expressed in proliferative tissues, including vasculature, shoot and root apical tissues.
Able to isomerize both 3-cis and 3-trans double bonds into the 2-trans form in a range of enoyl-CoA species. Essential for the beta oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids.
Accumulates throughout roots vascular cylinders (PubMed:27354416). First observed early in the meristem, and later detected in procambial cells and phloem poles (PubMed:27354416). Absent from the xylem axis (PubMed:27354416).
Less stable in procambial than in phloem pole cells.
Partial suppression of phenotypes observed in brx mutants such as reduced root growth and smaller root meristem size (PubMed:27354416). Reduced sensitivity to externally applied CLE45 peptides in term of root growth suppression (PubMed:27354416).
Positive effector of CLE45 peptide signaling (PubMed:27354416). Post-transcriptionally regulated amplifier of the CLE45 peptide signal that acts downstream of BAM3 in the regulation of the transition of root protophloem cells from proliferation to differentiation; thus preventing primary root elongation but stimulating lateral roots development (PubMed:27354416).
Strong accumulation in developing sieve elements upon CLE45 peptide application in a BAM3-dependent manner.
Embryonic lethality when homozygous due to defective pollen tube growth and disruption of embryonic development.
Probable mannan synthase which consists of a 4-beta-mannosyltransferase activity on mannan using GDP-mannose. The beta-1,4-mannan product is the backbone for galactomannan synthesis by galactomannan galactosyltransferase. Galactomannan is a noncellulosic polysaccharides of plant cell wall (PubMed:15647349). Required for synthesis of a cell wall polysaccharide essential for pollen tube growth, for cell wall structure, or for signaling during plant embryo development (PubMed:12586879).
Glucosyltransferase that glucosylates kaempferol. Can glucosylate the phytotoxic xenobiotic compound 2,4,5-trichlorophenol (TCP).
Aldehyde reductase that catalyzes the reduction of the aldehyde carbonyl groups on saturated and alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes with more than 5 carbons (PubMed:21169366). Involved in basal resistance against pathogens.
By pathogen infection. Not detected in healthy leaves.
Expressed in stomatal guard mother cells, young stomata and trichomes of young leaves, and inflorescences.
MYB-type transcription factor involved in epidermal cell fate specification. Acts as a negative regulator of trichome development, by mediating lateral inhibition. Promotes the formation of hair developing cells in H position in root epidermis, probably by inhibiting non-hair cell formation.
Overexpression of ETC2 results in the suppression of trichomes and overproduction of root hairs, as observed for CPC, TRY, ETC1 and ETC3 (PubMed:15604688). In natural Arabidopsis populations the single amino acid substitution of Lys-19 to Glu might affect the stability of the ETC2 repressor and causes reduced trichome number (PubMed:19818620).
Expressed in floral organs, leaves, stems and roots.
Homodimer and oligomers in membrane (By similarity). Part of both the NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase complex I and of the TIM17:23 complex. Interacts with TIM23-2.
Voltage-dependent high-conductance channel with a slight cation-selectivity; selective for amino acids but excludes triosephosphates or uncharged sugars. Non-essential amino acid-selective channel protein and translocation pore for NADPH:protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase A (PORA) and possibly PORB (By similarity).
Impaired in root growth and true leaf development.
Involved in meristem development. Acts as positive regulator of the CUC-STM pathway in shoot apical meristem (SAM) neo-formation.
Binds cyclosporin A (CsA). CsA mediates some of its effects via an inhibitory action on PPIase.
Mostly expressed in both apical and basal regions in peduncles and stems (including upper roots) before the bolting stage. Later restricted in the apical region. During embryogenesis, accumulates in all cells during globular stage. From the heart stage, more expressed in inner cells than in epidermal cells (at protein level).
PPIases accelerate the folding of proteins. It catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptides. May be involved during embryogenesis and organ development by regulating the folding of EMB30/GNOM, and thus, by modulating its activity.
Ubiquitous, mostly in aerial organs (at protein level).
Up-regulated by cold, salt and cytokinin treatment.
Nuclear-encoded maturase required for splicing of group-II introns in mitochondria. Necessary for mitochondrial biogenesis during early developmental stages.
By auxin. Not induced following darkness.
Expressed in siliques. Not detected in other tested tissues.
Accumulates in roots during S starvation, but decreased after SO(4) anion restoration (at protein level). Repressed locally and systemically by phloem-translocated glutathione (GSH) (at protein level).
Belongs to the actin family. Plant ARP7 subfamily.
Essential protein required during embryogenesis and all plant development stages, probably through a chromatin-mediated regulation of gene expression.
Belongs to the cytochrome b family. PetD subfamily.
Mostly expressed in seedlings and roots, and, to a lower extent, in leaves, flowers, stems and seeds.
Characteristics of a constitutive stress response, including dwarfism, closed stomata, and accumulation of anthocyanin and reactive-oxygen species. Accumulates elevated levels of PtdIns(4,5)P(2) and Ins(1,4,5)P(3) in roots. Hypersensitivity to salt stress. Late flowering, shorter roots with less lateral branching and low fertility. Abnormalities of cell wall and membrane structures in primary root cells.
Probable phosphoinositide phosphatase that could be involved in stress signaling.
Ubiquitous. Most abundant in the roots with lower expression levels throughout the leaves and shoot.
Expressed in roots, inflorescences, siliques, leaves and stems (PubMed:19825675). Accumulates in pollen grains (PubMed:23709340).
May be involved in pectin and/or xylans biosynthesis in cell walls (By similarity). Together with GAUT13, required for pollen tube growth, possibly through the regulation of pectin biosynthesis and repartition in the pollen tube wall (PubMed:23709340).
No obvious phenotype (PubMed:19825675). Increased galacturonic acid and Gal content in cell wall, but reduced xylose and rhamnose content (PubMed:19825675). The gaut13 gaut14 double mutant is defective in male gametophyte function; swollen pollen tubes disturbed in elongation, and characterized by a disorganized outer layer cell wall with an altered repartition of pectin (e.g. homogalacturonan) (PubMed:23709340).
Strongly expressed in pollen grains and pollen tubes.
Expressed in roots, cotyledons and in the apical parts of hypocotyls. In roots, restricted to the provasculature of meristematic regions. Detected on the inner side of the apical hooks.
In early-stage flowers, expressed in all floral organs. Becomes later restricted to the gynoecia, preferentially to the outer cell layers that give rise to the valves. No expression in flowers at anthesis.
Involved in auxin production. Both TAA1 and TAR2 are required for maintaining proper auxin levels in roots, while TAA1, TAR1 and TAR2 are required for proper embryo patterning. Involved in the maintenance of the root stem cell niches.
Expressed in the vascular and surrounding tissues in cotyledons. Detected in root apical meristems.
The plantago asiatica mosaic virus (PlAMV)-resistant ecotypes (cv. Bay-0, cv. Ga-0, cv. Dra-2, cv. Eil-0 and cv. Is-1) encoded a full-length 157-amino-acid proteins (AC H3JUC3), whereas in the susceptible ecotypes (cv. Col-0 and cv. Ler), the presence of a stop codon in the first exon results in the production of a N-terminal 36-amino-acid fragments (PubMed:22307853). However, the identification of a small peptide spanning an alternative splice junction leads to the proposal of an alternative gene model in cv. Columbia.
Expressed in vessels of roots, cotyledons and leaves, as well as in trichomes.
Formation of abnormally large and round secondary cell-wall pits in roots metaxylem vessels (PubMed:28803875). The double mutant iqd13 iqd14 exhibits larger secondary cell-wall pits (PubMed:28803875).
In roots, mostly localized to microtubule-like filaments beneath the secondary cell walls of metaxylem cells.
May be involved in cooperative interactions with calmodulins or calmodulin-like proteins (By similarity). Recruits calmodulin proteins to microtubules, thus being a potential scaffold in cellular signaling and trafficking (By similarity). Regulates the formation of oval xylem secondary cell-wall deposition pits through microtubule-dependent lateral inhibition of Rho GTPase domains, thus confining the area of active ROP domains within the lattice of the cortical microtubules (PubMed:28803875). May associate with nucleic acids and regulate gene expression at the transcriptional or post-transcriptional level (By similarity).
Increased water deficit tolerance and higher integrated water use efficiency (WUE) by reducing daytime transpiration associated with a higher expression of SDD1 (PubMed:21169508). Increased trichome cell size with normal patterning and branching accompanied with an increase in the nuclear DNA content only in trichomes that have completed branching (PubMed:19717615). No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but the double mutant seedlings gtl1-1 and df1-1 exhibit increased root hair length (PubMed:29439132).
Mostly expressed in siliques, and, to a lower extent, in growing root hairs, leaves, stems, and flowers (PubMed:9501260). Present in abaxial epidermal cells, predominantly in guard cells, pavement cells, and meristemoids (PubMed:21169508).
Plants overexpressing GTL1 fail to develop root hairs.
Transcription repressor that binds specific DNA sequence such as GT3 box 5'-GGTAAA-3' in the SDD1 promoter (PubMed:21169508). Negative regulator of water use efficiency (WUE) via the promotion of stomatal density and distribution by the transcription repression of SDD1 (PubMed:21169508). Regulates the expression of several cell cycle genes and endoreduplication, especially in trichomes where it prevents ploidy-dependent plant cell growth (PubMed:19717615). Regulates negatively root hair growth by directly binding RSL4 promoter and repressing RSL4 expression (PubMed:29439132).
Highly expressed in flowers. Expressed in roots, leaves, stems and siliques.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants have strongly reduced levels of unsaturated LCB sphingolipids in all organs and show enhanced sensitivity to prolonged low-temperature exposure.
Plays a major role as delta(8)-fatty-acid desaturase which introduces a double bond at the 8-position in the long-chain base (LCB) of ceramides with or without a hydroxy group at the 4-position. The enzyme produces both the 8E and 8Z isomers (in a 4:1 ratio). This structural modification contributes to the quantitative partitioning of ceramides between the two major sphingolipid classes, glucosylceramides and glycosylinositolphosphoryl ceramides. Sphingolipids are important membrane components involved in environmental stress responses, such as resistance to chilling, and act as cell signaling molecules.
Overexpression results in the development of a fasciated stem.
Catalytic subunit of cellulose synthase terminal complexes ('rosettes'), required for beta-1,4-glucan microfibril crystallization, a major mechanism of the cell wall formation.
Expressed in young plants, stems and flowers.
Interacts with HSP90 in an ATP-dependent manner (PubMed:20349287). Interacts with HSP90-5, HSP90-6 and HSP90-7 (PubMed:20493581).
Double mutations in this protein and in ARF3 protein significantly suppresses the adaxial development defect of leaves of the AS2 and RH10 proteins double mutant at high temperatures.
Catalyzes the phosphorylation of pantothenate the first step in CoA biosynthesis (PubMed:12860978). May play a role in the physiological regulation of the intracellular CoA concentration (PubMed:16897480). Functionally redudant with PANK2 (PubMed:16897480).
Regulated by feedback inhibition by malonyl-CoA.
Induced by genotoxins such as ultraviolet-C radiation (UV-C), and ZEO and MMC treatments.
Monomer and dimer. Dimerization is stimulated by ATP.
No visible phenotype. The double mutant tk1a tk1b is seedling lethal.
Part of the salvage pathway for purine and pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotide synthesis. Phosphorylates preferentially purines over pyrimidines (PubMed:22897443). Mediates tolerance to genotoxins, such as ultraviolet-C (UV-C) irradiation, MMC, a DNA crosslinker, and ZEO, a DNA intercalator, that induce double-strand breaks and thus contributes to several DNA repair pathways by providing deoxythymidine triphosphate that serve as precursors for DNA repair and to balance deoxyribonucleotides pools (PubMed:25537647).
Strongly expressed at the early stages of germination upon testa rupture and throughout seedling development. Accumulates in the cotyledons and foliar primordia. In seedlings, highly present in almost every organ except the root meristem and secondary root primordia. In young leaves, detected in the trichomes. In mature leaves, present in the vasculature as well as in the pedicel and base. In flowers organs, mostly expressed in stigma, petals, anthers and pollen. In developing siliques, restricted to pedicels and septum.
Lipase activity is inhibited by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), but not neostigmine bromide (NB).
Lipase that can hydrolyze p-nitrophenyl butyrate and p-nitrophenyl palmitate in vitro (PubMed:23430565). Possesses low activity against p-nitrophenyl acetate (PubMed:23430565). Substrate preference is p-nitrophenyl palmitate > p-nitrophenyl butyrate >> p-nitrophenyl acetate (PubMed:23430565). Lacks cholinesterase activity (PubMed:23430565).
Essential component of cohesin complex, a complex required for the cohesion of sister chromatids after DNA replication. The cohesin complex apparently forms a large proteinaceous ring within which sister chromatids can be trapped. At anaphase, the complex is cleaved and dissociates from chromatin, allowing sister chromatids to segregate. The cohesin complex may also play a role in spindle pole assembly during mitosis. Required for centromere cohesion maintenance at anaphase I and for the monopolar orientation of the kinetochores during both male and female meiosis. Also involved in mitosis.
Expressed in mitotic and meitotic cells. In meiotic nuclei, first detected at interphase, and binds to the chromosome axis from early leptotene through to anaphase I.
Expressed in roots, mature leaves, buds and seedlings.
Part of the cohesin complex. Interacts with DEK3 (PubMed:25387881).
The null allele scc3-2 is embryo lethal. The weak allele scc3-1 exhibits mitotic and meiotic defects. Heterozygote plants are dwarf and partly sterile. Reduced chromatid alignment during interphase.
No visible phenotype, and full processing of glyoxysomal precursor proteins.
Peptidase that might be involved in pathogen or wound response. Not required for peroxisome biogenesis, indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) metabolism, fatty acid beta-oxidation or degradation of glyoxylate cycle enzymes during seedling development.
Catalyzes the transfer of a dimethylallyl group onto the adenine at position 37 in tRNAs that read codons beginning with uridine, leading to the formation of N6-(dimethylallyl)adenosine (i(6)A). Involved in the cis-type cytokinin biosynthesis.
Contains 2 inserted regions when compared with other members of the Arabidopsis IPT family. No adenylate isopentenyltransferase activity detected neither in cv. Columbia, nor in cv. Wassilewskija.
Expressed ubiquitously, with highest expression in proliferating tissues.
No visible phenotype, due the redundancy with IPT9.
Not regulated by cytokinin, auxin or nitrate.
By wounding and avirulent pathogen infection. Systemic induction by hydrogen peroxide.
Component of the PEX1-PEX6 AAA ATPase complex, a protein dislocase complex that mediates the ATP-dependent extraction of the PEX5 receptor from peroxisomal membranes, an essential step for PEX5 recycling (PubMed:17478547, PubMed:21487094). Specifically recognizes PEX5 monoubiquitinated at 'Cys-11', and pulls it out of the peroxisome lumen through the PEX2-PEX10-PEX12 retrotranslocation channel (By similarity). Extraction by the PEX1-PEX6 AAA ATPase complex is accompanied by unfolding of the TPR repeats and release of bound cargo from PEX5 (By similarity).
Highly expressed during the first two days post-germinative growth. Strongly up-regulated in senescence.
Interacts with PEX6; forming the PEX1-PEX6 AAA ATPase complex, which is composed of a heterohexamer formed by a trimer of PEX1-PEX6 dimers.
Mainly expressed in meristems and young developing leaves. Expressed in seedlings, roots, leaves, flowers, siliques and stems. Not detected in root tips.
Induced by pathogen infection and salicylic acid.
Plants overexpressing UGT73B4 show enhanced root growth in seedlings grown in presence of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene.
Possesses quercetin 3-O-glucosyltransferase and low 7-O-glucosyltransferase activities in vitro. Also active in vitro on benzoates and benzoate derivatives. Can detoxify the explosive 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene in plant by forming O- or C-glucose conjugates.
A stretch of 270 kb of the mitochondrial genome is duplicated within the centromere of chromosome 2 resulting in the duplication of the gene. The expression of this duplicated gene (At2g07692) is demonstrated.
Actin-depolymerizing protein. Severs actin filaments (F-actin) and binds to actin monomers. Binds monomeric actin (G-actin) with a marked preference for the ADP-loaded form and inhibits the rate of nucleotide exchange on G-actin. Required for pollen tube growth. Promotes turnover of longitudinal actin cables by severing actin filaments in pollen tubes.
Decreased actin filament severing frequency. Increased amount of filamentous actin and inhibition of pollen tube growth.
During male gametophyte development, expressed at the early microspore stage just after tetrad separation, polarized microspore stage, bicellular stage, mature pollen stage, anthesis stage and open flower stage. Expressed in germinating pollen grains and elongating pollen tubes.
Belongs to the methylthioribose kinase family.
Catalyzes the phosphorylation of methylthioribose into methylthioribose-1-phosphate in the methionine cycle. Contributes to the maintenance of AdoMet homeostasis and is required to sustain high rates of ethylene synthesis.
No visible phenotype under normal growth condition (PubMed:15557090). Not able to grow with methylthioadenosine (MTA) as unique source of sulfur (PubMed:15557090). Imbalanced AdoMet homeostasis in sulfur-limiting conditions associated with a retarded growth (PubMed:17144895).
Expressed in lateral roots and mature anthers.
Isoform 1 interacts with EDM2 in nucleus.
Probably involved in the regulation of chromatin states (Probable). Contributes to RPP7-mediated and basal immunity, especially against Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis isolate Hiks1. Regulates negatively EDM2-dependent floral transition (PubMed:21830950).
Reduced resistance to Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis isolate Hiks1. Slight early flowering phenotype.
Expressed constitutively in roots, seedlings, stems, leaves and flowers.
Involved in ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins. Regulator of mitotic processes which plays a role during gametogenesis and embryogenesis. Together with SKP1, RBX1 and a F-box protein, it forms a SCF complex. The functional specificity of this complex depends of the type of F-box protein. SCF(UFO) is implicated in floral organ development. SCF(TIR1) is involved in auxin signaling pathway. SCF(COI1) regulates responses to jasmonates. SCF(EID1) and SCF(AFR) are implicated in phytochrome A light signaling. SCF(ADO1/ZTL), SCF(ADO2/LKP2), SCF(ADO3/FKF1) are related to the circadian clock. SCF(ORE9) seems to be involved in senescence. SCF(EBF1/EBF2) may regulate ethylene signaling.
Neddylated (rubylated). Deneddylation occurs upon interaction with the COP9 signalosome (CSN) complex.
Part of E3 ubiquitin ligase SCF complexes such as SCF(TIR1) and SCF(COI1). SCF(TIR1) is composed of CUL1, SKP1 (SKP1A or SKP1B), RBX1 (RBX1A or RBX1B) and TIR1, while SCF(COI1) is composed of CUL1, SKP1, RBX1 and COI1. A SNF1-related protein kinase (KIN10 and KIN11) can also be part of these SCF complexes. SCF(TIR1) is able to interact with the COP9 signalosome (CSN) complex. Interacts directly with some F-box proteins such as DOR, SKIP14, FBW2/SKIP18, SKIP19/FBL20 and SKIP28/MEE11. Interacts with CAND1.
Strong accumulation in embryos (at protein level).
Acyltransferase involved in the production of green leaf volatiles (GLVs). Uses acetyl-CoA as substrate, but not malonyl-CoA or benzoyl-CoA. Prefers primary, medium-chain-length, aliphatic alcohols.
Expressed in leaves and stems. Lower levels in flowers and barely detected in roots and siliques.
Inhibited by magnesium, calcium, cobalt, zinc and copper.
Loss of (3Z)-hex-3-en-1-yl acetate production.
Up-regulated by wounding with a peak 3 hours after wounding.
By low temperature, dehydration, abscisic acid (ABA), cytokinins (BA and zeatin), nitrate and high salinity. Induced by trans-zeatin (PubMed:27274065).
Functions as response regulator involved in His-to-Asp phosphorelay signal transduction system. Phosphorylation of the Asp residue in the receiver domain activates the ability of the protein to promote the transcription of target genes. Type-A response regulators seem to act as negative regulators of the cytokinin signaling. Modulates red light signaling through its interaction with the phytochrome B photoreceptor.
Interacts with the phytochrome B photoreceptor (PubMed:11691995). Binds to AHP1 (PubMed:10930573). Interacts with DEGP9 (PubMed:27274065).
Predominantly expressed in roots, and stems of young inflorescences.
Essential component of the PAM complex, a complex required for the translocation of transit peptide-containing proteins from the inner membrane into the mitochondrial matrix in an ATP-dependent manner. Recruits mitochondrial HSP70 to drive protein translocation into the matrix using ATP as an energy source (By similarity).
Class I alpha-mannosidase essential for early N-glycan processing. Removes preferentially alpha-1,2-linked mannose residues from Man(9)GlcNAc(2) to produce Man(8)GlcNAc(2). Involved in root development and cell wall biosynthesis.
Expressed in flowers, siliques, stems, leaves, roots, stamens and sepals.
Formation of aberrant N-glycan structures.
ADP and vanadate (ABC transporters inhibitor) inhibit the ATP-dependent abscisic acid (ABA) uptake.
By abscisic acid (ABA) (PubMed:20133881). In cauline leaves, activated by cold stress, but repressed by heat stress (PubMed:22525244). Within inflorescence meristems, down-regulated by both cold and heat stress treatments (PubMed:22525244). In developing siliques, activated by cold stress, but unaffected by heat stress (PubMed:22525244).
High affinity abscisic acid (ABA) transporter that mediates the export of ABA, with a preference for (+)-ABA, through the plasma membrane, especially in vascular tissues (e.g. phloem companion cells), and is involved in the intercellular ABA signaling pathway (PubMed:20133881, PubMed:20935463, PubMed:24521878, PubMed:26517905). Together with ABCG31, export ABA from the endosperm to deliver it to the embryo via ABCG30 and ABCG40-mediated import to suppress radicle extension and subsequent embryonic growth (PubMed:26334616).
Hypersensitivity to abscisic acid (ABA).
Mainly expressed in vascular tissues,predominantly in phloem companion cells, with highest levels in roots and seeds, and lower levels in seedlings, stems, leaves and flowers (PubMed:20133881, PubMed:24521878). Mostly observed in inflorescence meristems relative to cauline leaves and developing siliques (PubMed:22525244). In seeds, mainly expressed in the endosperm and, to a lesser extent, in the embryo (PubMed:26334616).
Belongs to the WD repeat peroxin-7 family.
Expressed at the early stage of germination.
Expressed in siliques and leaves, but barely detectable in flowers, stems and roots.
Interacts with PEX5; interaction only takes place when PEX7 is associated with cargo proteins (PubMed:11978862, PubMed:15637057, PubMed:20130089). Interacts with PEX13 (via N-terminus) and PEX12 (via C-terminus), but not with PEX14 (PubMed:11978862, PubMed:16813573, PubMed:19594707).
No visible phenotype, but reduced sensitivity to indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and inefficient peroxisomal import of PTS2-containing proteins.
Receptor required for the peroxisomal import of proteins containing a C-terminal PTS2-type peroxisomal targeting signal (PubMed:15548601, PubMed:15637057, PubMed:17478547, PubMed:19594707, PubMed:20130089). Specifically binds to cargo proteins containing a PTS2 peroxisomal targeting signal in the cytosol (PubMed:15548601, PubMed:15637057, PubMed:17478547, PubMed:19594707, PubMed:20130089). Cargo protein-binding triggers interaction with PEX5 and formation of a ternary complex composed of PEX5 and PEX7 along with PTS2-containing cargo proteins, which is tranlocated into peroxisomes by passing through the PEX13-PEX14 docking complex (PubMed:15548601, PubMed:15637057, PubMed:17478547, PubMed:19594707, PubMed:20130089).
The WD40 repeats are involved in the binding of PTS2-containing proteins.
The binding of a cargo to PEX7 is necessary but not sufficient for the targeting of the complex to the peroxisome. PEX12, PEX13 and PEX14 play a critical role in this targeting. PEX7 is required for PEX5 stability in light-grown seedlings.
By dehydration stress, salicylic acid, ethylene, methyl jasmonate, auxin, H(2)O(2), copper, benoxacor, isothiocyanates and the pathogen Hyaloperonospora parasitica.
Catalyzes the glutathionylation of 12-oxophytodienoate (OPDA). In vitro, possesses glutathione S-transferase activity toward 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) and benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC), and glutathione peroxidase activity toward cumene hydroperoxide.
Acts downstream a MAPK cascade and therefore might be regulated by phosphorylation. WRKY 22 and WRKY 29 may provide redundant functions.
Transcription factor involved in the expression of defense genes in innate immune response of plants. Interacts specifically with the W box (5'-(T)TGAC[CT]-3'), a frequently occurring elicitor-responsive cis-acting element. Activates WRKY 29, SIRK and its own promoters.
Ethylene induction is completely dependent on a functional ETHYLENE-INSENSITIVE2 (EIN2). Wounding as well as cold stress induction does not require EIN2. Transcripts accumulate strongly in cycloheximide-treated plants, a protein synthesis inhibitor. Seems to not be influenced by jasmonate, Alternaria brassicicola, exogenous abscisic acid (ABA), cold, heat, NaCl or drought stress.
Expressed in seeds, roots, stems, leaves and flowers, especially in meristematic tissues, guard cells, embryo and siliques.
Interacts with SWI3B (via N-terminus). Interacts with ABA-bounded PYR1, PYL1, PYL2, PYL3, PYL4, PYL5, PYL6, PYL8 and PYL9, and with free PYL2, PYL3, PYL4, PYL10 and PYL13.
Key component and repressor of the abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway that regulates numerous ABA responses, such as stomatal closure, seed germination and inhibition of vegetative growth. Confers enhanced sensitivity to drought.
Repressed by PYR/PYL/RCAR ABA receptors in an ABA-dependent manner.
Expressed in the root vascular tissue (PubMed:24399300).
Detected in globular to heart stage embryos.
Inhibited by LiCl or CaCl(2). Not inhibited by ascorbate.
No visible phenotype, but reduced myoinositol and ascorbate levels.
Phosphatase acting on L-galactose 1-phosphate (L-Gal 1-P), D-myoinositol 3-phosphate (D-Ins 3-P) and D-myoinositol 1-phosphate (D-Ins 1-P). Can also use beta-glycerophosphate (glycerol 2-P) and, to a lesser extent, D-galactose 1-phosphate (D-Gal 1-P), alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate (a-D-Glc 1-P), D-mannitol 1-phosphate and adenosine 2'-monophosphate as substrates. No activity with D-fructose 1-phosphate (D-Fru 1-P), fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (Fru 1,6-bisP), D-glucose 6-phosphate (D-Glc 6-P), D-alpha-glycerophosphate (glycerol 3-P), D-sorbitol 6-phosphate and D-myoinositol 2-phosphate. The C1 phosphate position in a six-member ring substrate is important for catalysis.
Strongly expressed in photosynthetic tissues. Expressed in pistil and seed endosperm.
By tunicamycin, DTT and azetidine-2-carboxylate. Isoform 2 is induced by heat.
Expressed in seedlings, rosette and cauline leaves, stems, buds, flowers, siliques, immature seeds, anthers and pollen grains.
Expression and cleavage of bZIP60 in anthers observed in the absence of stress treatment, suggesting that the ER stress response functions in the normal development of active secretory cells.
No visible phenotype, but reduced induction of ER stress-responsive genes. Shows enhanced susceptibility to a bacterial pathogen.
Potent transcriptional activator. Induced by IRE1-1 in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress. IRE1-1 cleaves a 23-bp fragment causing a frameshift of the mRNA transcript.
The C-terminal transmembrane domain is cleaved in response to ER stress and the N-terminal fragment containing the bZIP domain is sufficient for transcription activation.
Transcription factor involved in the unfolded protein response (UPR). Acts during endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER) by activating unfolded protein response (UPR) target genes via direct binding to the UPR element (UPRE). Plays a role in plant immunity and abiotic stress responses.
Expressed in the vascular stele of the roots, in the xylem precursor cell files in the root tip, in leaf axils, ovules, and immature seeds.
Involved in cytokinin biosynthesis. Catalyzes the transfer of an isopentenyl group from dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) to ATP, ADP and AMP. Adenine, adenosine, isopentenylpyrophosphate and 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(E)-butenyl 4-diphosphate (HMBDP) are not used as substrates.
Belongs to the DNA polymerase type-B-like family.
Completely inhibited by 2'-O-methylation on the substrate RNA.
UTP:RNA uridylyltransferase with a marked preference for uridine polymerization and a distributive activity for the first added nucleotides (PubMed:23748567, PubMed:25928405). Uridylates oligo(A)-tailed mRNAs to prevent 3' to 5' ribonucleotytic attacks (PubMed:23748567). Reduces the accumulation of oligo(A)-tailed mRNAs (PubMed:33637717). Prevents the accumulation of excessively deadenylated mRNAs to avoid siRNA biogenesis (PubMed:26972004, PubMed:33637717). Uridylation repairs deadenylated extremities to restore the size distribution observed for non-uridylated oligo(A) tails (PubMed:26972004). Can prevent the 3' trimming of mRNAs still engaged on polysomes (PubMed:23748567). Acts synergistically with HESO1 in unmethylated miRNA uridylation, leading to their degradation (PubMed:25928341). URT1 and HESO1 prefer substrates with different 3' end nucleotides and act cooperatively to tail different forms of the same miRNAs (PubMed:25928405). URT1 and HESO1 act sequentially, with URT1 mono-uridylating the miRNAs followed by their further uridylation by HESO1 (PubMed:25928405). URT1 and HESO1 are involved in the uridylation and clearance of RISC-generated 5' mRNA fragments (PubMed:30364210). Has no effect on uridylation of heterochromatic siRNAs (PubMed:25928341). Able to act on AGO1-bound miRNAs and the uridylated species stay associated with AGO1 (PubMed:25928405). Acts as post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) suppressor (PubMed:31076735).
Expressed in vegetative tissues (hydathodes and trichomes of leaves, shoot meristems and roots) as well as in floral tissues (pistil tips, developing anthers and sepal vasculature) with higher levels in young and developing tissues than in mature ones (PubMed:16709198). Expressed in seedlings, leaves, flowers and siliques, but not in roots (PubMed:29467189).
Involved in cytokinin-mediated development (PubMed:16709198, PubMed:29467189). Promotes the expression of cytokinin synthases (e.g. IPT3 and IPT7), thus triggering the accumulation of trans-zeatin riboside, trans-zeatin riboside monophosphate and isopentenyladenine 9-glucoside (PubMed:16709198).
Expressed in stems and rosette leaves, and weakly in inflorescences. Not detected in roots.
Interacts with RLK902 (PubMed:15618630). Binds and recruits EDR1 at the powdery mildew (e.g. G.cichoracearum) penetration site on the plasma membrane. Interacts with CHC2 (PubMed:25747881).
Mild, hypersensitive response-like lesions under long-day conditions at late growth stages. Enhanced salicylic acid (SA) accumulation and SA signaling-dependent disease resistance to Golovinomyces cichoracearum UCSC1 associated with enhanced H(2)O(2) accumulation and callose deposition in the infection site as well as higher expression of defense-related genes (PRs). Reduced endocytosis rates.
Plays a negative role in salicylic acid (SA)-mediated resistance to powdery mildew (e.g. Golovinomyces cichoracearum). May modulate plant immunity by regulating the relocation of EDR1 by interacting with CHC2 and modulating endocytosis.
Rapid but transient induction by wounding, salicylic acid treatment or pathogen infection (PubMed:15618630). Accumulates at the penetration site of powdery mildew (e.g. G.cichoracearum) infection (PubMed:25747881).
ATP citrate-lyase is the primary enzyme responsible for the synthesis of cytosolic acetyl-CoA, used for the elongation of fatty acids and biosynthesis of isoprenoids, flavonoids and malonated derivatives. May supply substrate to the cytosolic acetyl-CoA carboxylase, which generates the malonyl-CoA used for the synthesis of a multitude of compounds, including very long chain fatty acids and flavonoids. Required for normal growth and development and elongation of C18 fatty acids to C20 to C24 fatty acids in seeds. In contrast to all known animal ACL enzymes having a homomeric structure, plant ACLs are composed of alpha and beta chains.
Plants silencing ACLA-1 show a severe dwarf and dark-green phenotype with some seedling lethal plants, reduced leaf cell size, altered cellular ultrastructure, altered plastid ultrastructure, hyperaccumulation of starch, increased accumulation of anthocyanins, chlorophylls and carotenoids in vegetative organs and decreased accumulation of epicuticular and cuticular waxes. These phenotypes can be complemented by exogenous supply of malonate.
Expressed in seedlings, rosette and cauline leaves, stems and flowers.
By abscisic acid (ABA), salt and osmotic stress. Not induced by anoxia.
Expressed in shoots and at lowe levels in roots, flowers and siliques.
Does not seem to have conserved a kinase activity.
Interacts with SEC13A, SEC13B and SEC31A.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but dry seeds of mutant plants accumulate the precursors of the two major storage proteins albumin 2S and globulin 12S.
Required for efficient protein export from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi by regulating COPII coat dynamics at the ER. Functions as a scaffold and regulator of COPII coat assembly at ER exit sites.
Belongs to the splicing factor SR family. SC subfamily.
No effect on SCL33 alternative splicing.
Probably involved in intron recognition and spliceosome assembly, but not involved in alternative splicing regulation of the SCL33 intron.
After the photoperiodic induction of flowering and in early transition stages, expression is only detectable in the peripheral zone of apical meristems. Later on, it can also be found in floral meristems and in axillary meristems that form secondary inflorescences.
Modulates the competence to flowering of apical meristems. Involved in a GA-dependent response in apical meristems during the transition to flowering.
Overexpression of FPF1 results in shortening of the time to flowering.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS12 family.
Processes the pre-form of the ubiquitin-like protein NEDD8/RUB1. Has the capacity to discriminate between NEDD8/RUB1 and ubiquitin. Has no SUMO protease activity.
Barely detectable in 6 days after-germination (DAG) seedlings, but highly expressed in 14 DAG seedlings.
No visible phenotype. Atpgl1, atpgl2 and atpgl3 triple mutants produce smaller leaves and petioles.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 43 family.
Binds to MSI5 (PubMed:29314758). Component of the PRC2 (polycomb repressive complex 2) complex which regulates histone methylation on histone H3K27 (By similarity).
Forms a complex with the importin subunit beta-1 KPNB1 (PubMed:23582042). Interacts with A.tumefaciens VirD2 and VirE2 (PubMed:18836040).
Component of the cytoplasmic LSM1-LSM7 complex which is involved in mRNA degradation by promoting decapping and leading to accurate 5'-3' mRNA decay. LSM1A and LSM1B are essential for the formation of the cytoplasmic LSM1-LSM7 complex which regulates developmental gene expression by the decapping of specific development-related transcripts (PubMed:23221597, PubMed:23620288). Required for P-body formation during heat stress (PubMed:23221597).
Component of the cytoplasmic LSM1-LSM7 complex which is involved in mRNA degradation.
Component of the heptameric LSM1-LSM7 complex that forms a seven-membered ring structure with a donut shape.
Component of the heptameric LSM1-LSM7 complex that forms a seven-membered ring structure with a donut shape. The LSM subunits are arranged in the order LSM1, LSM2, LSM3, LSM6, LSM5, LSM7 and LSM4 (PubMed:23221597, PubMed:23620288). LSM1A subunit interacts only with its two neighboring subunits, LSM2 and LSM4 (PubMed:23221597).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but the double mutants lsm1a and lsm1b show severe developmental alterations, such as delayed seed germination, reduced root length, epinastic, chlorotic and small cotyledons, small and serrated leaves, abnormal venation in cotyledons and leaves, dwarf plants with early flowering, short siliques with reduced seed number and small morphologically alterated seeds.
Voltage-dependent high-conductance channel with a slight cation-selectivity; selective for amino acids but excludes triosephosphates or uncharged sugars (By similarity). Non-essential amino acid-selective channel protein and translocation pore for NADPH:protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase A (PORA) and possibly PORB.
By high light (PubMed:24151292). Triggered by the carotenoid metabolite beta-cyclocitral (beta-cc) (PubMed:27813110).
Normal plants under standard growth conditions, but severe symptoms of photooxidative damage under excess light due to a deficient induction of singlet oxygen 1O(2) detoxification reactions, thus leading to pale leaf phenotype, early senescence and lack of anthocyanin accumulation (PubMed:24151292, PubMed:27813110). Increased susceptibility to low temperatures and high photon flux density (PFD) conditions. Increased lipid peroxidation in response to beta-cyclocitral (beta-cc) associated with reduced induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) responsive genes (e.g. AAA, LTI30, ZAT12 and WRKY40). Altered induction of gene (e.g. AAA, OXI1, CAT2, APX1 and RD20) expression in response to the lactone dihydroactinidiolide (PubMed:27813110). Accumulation of singlet oxygen 1O(2) in chloroplasts in response to light stress. Early senescence of the older leaves. Plants lacking both MBS1 and MBS2 exhibit premature leaf senescence (PubMed:24151292).
Required for acclimation to reactive oxygen species (ROS) responses downstream of beta-cyclocitral (beta-cc) or mediated by dihydroactinidiolide, including singlet oxygen 1O(2) detoxification reactions, especially upon light-mediated photooxidative stress, and leading to programmed cell death (PubMed:24151292, PubMed:27813110). Prevents leaf senescence (PubMed:24151292). Involved in cold acclimation (PubMed:27813110).
Possesses low quercetin 3-O-glucosyltransferase activity in vitro.
Casein kinases are operationally defined by their preferential utilization of acidic proteins such as caseins as substrates. The alpha chain contains the catalytic site (By similarity). Involved in the regulation of various developmental processes (PubMed:26025542). Involved in the regulation of plant growth and flowering time (PubMed:26883224). Involved in retrograde signaling in plant responses to abscisic acid (ABA) and heat stress. May act as an enhancing factor in abiotic stress signaling through modulation of the expression of some molecular players in retrograde signaling (PubMed:24803505). Phosphorylates RuBisCo activase (RCA) at Thr-78 (PubMed:27064346).
Defects in root, hypocotyl, cotyledon and leaf development. Delayed flowering. Reduced growth, delayed flowering and hyperaccumulation of anthocyanins.
Expressed in root tips, lateral root primordia, cotyledons, leaf primordia, sepals, filaments, stigma, and anthers.
Carrier protein that may be involved in membrane-trafficking events associated with cell-plate formation during cytokinesis. Binds to some hydrophobic molecules such as phosphoinositides and promotes their transfer between the different cellular sites (By similarity).
Acyltransferase involved in fatty acid phytyl ester synthesis in chloroplasts, a process required for the maintenance of the photosynthetic membrane integrity during abiotic stress and senescence (PubMed:22623494). Exhibits phytyl ester synthesis and diacylglycerol acyltransferase activities with broad substrate specificities, and can employ acyl-CoAs, acyl carrier proteins, and galactolipids as acyl donors (PubMed:22623494).
Plants lacking both PES1 and PES2 grow normally but show reduced phytyl ester and triacylglycerol accumulation.
Homodimer (By similarity). Interacts with PP2CA.
Expressed in roots, shoots, leaves, flowers, developing siliques and seeds with highest expression in seed embryos and phloem.
Involved in plant growth, and salt and osmotic tolerance (PubMed:10652125). Catalyzes the decarboxylation of 4'-phosphopantothenoylcysteine to 4'-phosphopantetheine, a key step in coenzyme A biosynthesis (PubMed:11279129, PubMed:11923307, PubMed:12860978, PubMed:16415216). The enzyme is also able to decarboxylate pantothenoylcysteine to pantothenoylcysteamine (PubMed:11923307).
Probable catalytic subunit of cellulose synthase terminal complexes ('rosettes'), required for beta-1,4-glucan microfibril crystallization, a major mechanism of the cell wall formation.
Belongs to the GHMP kinase family. IspE subfamily.
Circadian-regulated with a peak in the late period of the light phase.
Enzyme of the plastid non-mevalonate pathway for isoprenoid biosynthesis that catalyzes the phosphorylation of the position 2 hydroxy group of 4-diphosphocytidyl-2C-methyl-D-erythritol. Is essential for chloroplast development.
Highly expressed in roots, flowers and leaves.
Affected flavonoid levels in the plant. Altered root growth, seed development and germination, and pollen development and release (PubMed:19995827). Enhanced growth and early flowering in comparison to the wild type (PubMed:20505354).
Highly expressed in inflorescence tissues, especially in floral epidermal guard cells including those of the anthers, stigma, siliques and nectaries. Also detected in the meristematic zone of the root apex and in the elongation zone through to the fully expanded cells of the differentiation zone.
Multidrug and toxin efflux transporter involved in flavonoid metabolism. Required for proper reproductive development.
Acts as a transcriptional repressor. Binds to the GCC-box pathogenesis-related promoter element. Involved in the regulation of gene expression by stress factors and by components of stress signal transduction pathways and could also regulate other AtERFs.
Induced by jasmonate (JA), ethylene and Alternaria brassicicola (locally and systemically). Moderate induction by wounding or drought stress does not require EIN2, whereas induction by NaCl does. Transcripts accumulate slightly in cycloheximide-treated plants, a protein synthesis inhibitor. Seems to not be influenced by ethylene, exogenous abscisic acid (ABA), cold and heat stress.
This potential protein codes for a PSK precursor that would produce a PSK-alpha that differs in the last residue (His) from a normal PSK-alpha (Gln). Furthermore there are no ESTs or cDNAs so far for this potential gene.
Catalyzes the dephosphorylation of 5-amino-6-(5-phospho-D-ribitylamino)uracil, also known as ARPP, but has no activity toward flavin mononucleotide (FMN) (PubMed:27490826).
EF-1 is composed of four subunits: alpha, beta, delta, and gamma.
Probably plays a role in anchoring the complex to other cellular components.
By osmotic stress, H(2)O(2), drought stress, and metals. Regulated by abscisic acid (ABA); down-regulated by 1 mM ABA (PubMed:14617062), whereas induced by 60 uM ABA (PubMed:16998070).
Leaves of plants lacking GPX3 are 1 degree Celsius lower than normal plants, whereas leaves from plants over-expressing GPX3 are 1.2 degrees Celsius higher, probably because of the impaired evapotranspiration.
May constitute a glutathione peroxidase-like protective system against oxidative stresses. Involved positively in abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway that regulates numerous ABA responses, such as stomatal closure, seed germination and inhibition of vegetative growth. Oxidizes and represses target proteins (e.g. the phosphatase activity of ABI1 and ABI2) when oxidized by H(2)O(2), probably after ABA signaling. Modulates the calcium channel activity in guard cells in response to ABA or H(2)O(2). Confers tolerance to drought stress, by enhancing the ABA-dependent stomatal closure.
The redox states are modulated by H(2)O(2).
The reduced form of ABI2 is converted to the oxidized form by the addition of oxidized GPX3.
Highly expressed in seeds, and at lower levels in roots and siliques.
May play a role in ethanolic fermentation during anoxia.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plant roots are more sensitive to anoxia.
By low temperature, and mostly by water stress or abscisic acid (ABA).
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 79 family.
Endoglycosidase which is a cell surface and extracellular matrix-degrading enzyme. Cleaves heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) into heparan sulfate side chains and core proteoglycans (By similarity).
By ethylene and the bacterial pathogen P.syringae.
Expressed in the central cylinder of mature primary root zones, including pericycle and early lateral root primordia, and vasculature of cotyledons.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants are insensitive to inhibition of root elongation by ethylene.
Part of a heterotetrameric complex that catalyzes the two-step biosynthesis of anthranilate, an intermediate in the biosynthesis of L-tryptophan. In the first step, the glutamine-binding beta subunit of anthranilate synthase (AS) provides the glutamine amidotransferase activity which generates ammonia as a substrate that, along with chorismate, is used in the second step, catalyzed by the large alpha subunit of AS to produce anthranilate. Plays an important regulatory role in auxin production via the tryptophan-dependent biosynthetic pathway.
By wounding and water stress; in response to plant hormones 2,4-D, BAP treatment; in response to L-Pro treatment. Repressed by salt stress.
Early expressed in the whole plant, but was restricted to lower stems, flower buds and roots in the mature plant (6 weeks old).
Extensins contain a characteristic repeat of the pentapeptide Ser-Pro(4). The proline residues are hydroxylated and then O-glycosylated (arabinosylation).
Structural component which strengthens the primary cell wall.
Directly interacts with a 20-mer fragment (nlp20) from NLPs through its extracellular LRR domain. Component of a trimeric complex composed of RLP23, SOBIR1 and BAK1. BAK1 is recruited into a pre-formed RLP23-SOBIR1 complex in a ligand-dependent manner (PubMed:27251392). Interacts with SOBIR1 (PubMed:24525519, PubMed:27251392).
Involved in the perception of necrosis and ethylene-inducing peptide 1-like proteins (NLPs), that act as extracellular signals mediating immune activation. Component of the RLP23-SOBIR1-BAK1 complex that mediates NLP-triggered immunity.
Catalytic subunit of cellulose synthase terminal complexes ('rosettes'), required for beta-1,4-glucan microfibril crystallization, a major mechanism of the cell wall formation. Involved in the primary cell wall formation. The presence of each protein CESA1 and CESA6 is critical for cell expansion. The hypocotyl elongation is based on a CESA6-dependent cell elongation in dark and a CESA6-independent cell elongation in light. The transition between these two mechanisms requires photosynthesis and PHYB, but not CRY1. The CESA6-dependent cell elongation seems to be independent of gibberellic acid, auxin and ethylene. May be involved in sensitivity to isoxaben. Associates with and moves along cortical microtubules for the process of cellulose deposition.
Expressed in germinating seeds, seedlings, roots, stems, leaves and flowers. Not present in mature flowers.
Interacts with CESA1 and CESA3. Interacts with STL1 and STL2, but not with GOT1 (PubMed:27277162). Binds to CSI1 and CSI3 (PubMed:20616083, PubMed:24368796). Interacts with PAT24/TIP1 (PubMed:35644016).
Not found in embryos. Higher levels in tissues undergoing primary cell wall formation, and drop of expression when secondary wall synthesis takes place. High levels in developing seedlings and elongating stems, with a decrease at later growth stages.
Oxidoreductase that may act on a broad range of substrates such as ketosteroids, aldehydes, ketones and sugars.
Histone methyltransferase that converts monomethylated 'Lys-9' of histone H3 (H3K9me1) to dimethylated 'Lys-9' (H3K9me2) in the absence of bound ubiquitin, and to trimethylated 'Lys-9' (H3K9me3) in the presence of bound ubiquitin. Acts in a locus-specific manner and contributes to the transcriptional silencing of pseudogenes and transposons. H3 'Lys-9' methylation represents a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional repression.
(Microbial infection) Targeted by the bacterial type III effector protein tyrosine phosphatase HopAO1 from Pseudomonas syringae (PubMed:31922267). HopAO1 dephosphorylates Tyr-600, which suppresses the immune response (PubMed:31922267).
Autophosphorylated at Tyr-600 (PubMed:31922267). Autophosphorylation at Tyr-600 is required for downstream phosphorylation of the receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase PBL34, PBL35 and PBL36, and activation of plant immunity (PubMed:31922267).
Interacts with PUB9, PUB13, PUB14, PUB29, PUB38, PUB44 and PUB45 (PubMed:18552232). Interacts with PBL34, PBL35 and PBL36 (PubMed:31922267).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants are hyper-susceptible to infection by the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae.
Repressed by miR393a (microRNA) in response to bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) treatment.
S-domain receptor protein kinase involved in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) sensing (PubMed:25729922, PubMed:29431629, PubMed:31922267). Specifically detects LPS of Pseudomonas and Xanthomonas species (PubMed:25729922). LPS are major components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria and are important microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) that trigger biphasic production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and immune responses in plants (PubMed:25729922, PubMed:29431629). Seems to be only partially associated with the second LPS-triggered ROS burst (PubMed:29431629). Mediates defense signaling in response to the medium-chain 3-hydroxy fatty acid 3-OH-C10:0, a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) which induces autophosphorylation at Tyr-600 (PubMed:31922267). Autophosphorylation at Tyr-600 is required for downstream phosphorylation of the receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase PBL34, PBL35 and PBL36, and activation of plant immunity (PubMed:31922267).
Expressed preferentially in stamen, pollen and flower, and at a low level in lateral roots and root elongation zones.
Ubiquitous. Present in etiolated seedlings.
Accumulates upon P.brassicae oviposition and in response to bacterial elicitors (e.g. flg22 and elf26).
Enhanced freezing tolerance due to impaired phosphorylation and subsequent translocation of 14-3-3 proteins in cold conditions. Altered cold induction of cold-responsive C-repeat-binding factor (CBF) target genes.
Interacts with and phosphorylates 14-3-3 proteins. Binds to GRF6 at the plasma membrane.
Negative regulator of freezing tolerance that phosphorylates 14-3-3 proteins (e.g. GRF6) thus triggering their translocation from the cytosol to the nucleus in response to cold stress.
Component of SCF(ASK-cullin-F-box) E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes, which may mediate the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins (By similarity). Negative regulator of guard cell abscisic acid (ABA) signaling, especially during drought stress.
Hypersensitive ABA response of stomatal closing and substantial increase of drought tolerance.
Part of a SCF (ASK-cullin-F-box) protein ligase complex (By similarity). Interacts with ASK14 and CUL1.
Strongly expressed in guard cells. Mostly represented in seedlings, leaves and flowers, and, to a lower extent, in roots and siliques.
May function as an ATP-dependent RNA/DNA helicase. Binds DNA in vitro in a non-specific manner.
PH (probe helix) motif serves as a DNA recognition helix.
Component of the RNA polymerase II, IV and V complexes. Interacts with NRPD1, NRPB3 and NRPE3B.
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Component of RNA polymerase II which synthesizes mRNA precursors and many functional non-coding RNAs. Pol II is the central component of the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. It is composed of mobile elements that move relative to each other. NRPB11 is part of the core element with the central large cleft. Component of RNA polymerases IV and V which mediate short-interfering RNAs (siRNA) accumulation and subsequent RNA-directed DNA methylation-dependent (RdDM) transcriptional gene silencing (TGS) of endogenous repeated sequences, including transposable elements.
Alpha-dioxygenase that catalyzes the primary oxygenation step of a variety of 14-20 carbon fatty acids, containing up to three unsaturated bonds, into their corresponding 2R-hydroperoxides (PubMed:12060227, PubMed:10455113). Involved in the production of oxylipins that function in cell signaling, wound healing, and protection from infection (PubMed:12060227, PubMed:10455113). Mediates protection against oxidative stress and cell death, probably by generating some lipid-derived molecules (PubMed:12060227). Promotes local and systemic plant defense in a salicylic acid (SA)-dependent manner, including the establishment of systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in response to incompatible interaction (PubMed:22199234). Involved in a negative regulation of abscisic acid (ABA)-mediated signaling pathway (PubMed:22199234).
Expressed in roots (epiderm), mature flowers (e.g. anthers) and senescing leaves.
Induced by salicylic acid (SA) and by some chemicals generating reactive oxygen species (ROS, e.g. nitric oxide (NO), intracellular superoxide and singlet oxygen) such as sodium nitropruside (SNP), paraquat and rose bengal (RB). Accumulates locally, at the infection site, in response to both incompatible and compatible bacterial pathogens (e.g. Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000) in a SA-dependent manner, with a faster response during hypersensitive reactions.
Slightly higher accumulation of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 in infected leaves. Partially impaired systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in response to incompatible interaction. When associated with LOX1 disruption; hypersensitivity to the growth-inhibitory effect of abscisic acid (ABA) accompanied by an accumulation of ABA-inducible marker genes.
Converts oxidosqualene to arabidiol. Minor production of arabidiol 20,21-epoxide.
Export adapter involved in nuclear export of spliced and unspliced mRNA (PubMed:11432957). Plays a role in disease resistance. Mediates multiple defense responses triggered by NEP1, including stomatal closure, hypersensitive cell death (HCD) and defense-related gene expression (PubMed:24723400).
Interacts with PARP1 (PubMed:11432957). Interacts with EIF4A3 (PubMed:19435936).
May supply 2-oxoglutarate for amino acid biosynthesis and ammonia assimilation via the glutamine synthetase/glutamate synthase (GS/GOGAT) pathway. May be involved in the production of NADPH to promote redox signaling or homeostasis in response to oxidative stress, or redox signaling linked to defense responses.
Slight reduction in plant growth. Constitutive expression of pathogenesis-related genes and enhanced resistance to the bacterial pathogen P.syringae pv. tomato.
Mostly expressed in inflorescence bolts, and, to a lower extent, in flower buds and siliques.
Mediates zinc uptake from the rhizosphere. May also transport other divalent cations.
Zinc uptake is inhibited by copper, cobalt, cadmium, iron and manganese ions.
Guanine-nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) that acts as an activator of Rop (Rho of plants) GTPases by promoting the exchange of GDP for GTP. May be recruited by PRK2 at the plasma membrane to maintain polar Rop activity in the pollen tube and control polarized pollen tube growth.
Interacts (via C-terminus) with PRK2. Interacts with PRK6 (PubMed:26961657).
Phosphorylation at Ser-510 by PRK2 may release ROPGEF12 auto-inhibition, thereby activating ROPGEF12 and downstream Rop signaling.
By cold stress. Down-regulated by dehydration.
Acts as a calcium sensor. CBL proteins interact with CIPK serine-threonine protein kinases. Binds calcium ions. Binding of a CBL protein to the regulatory NAF domain of a CIPK protein lead to the activation of the kinase in a calcium-dependent manner. Mediates the activation of AKT1 by CIPK proteins (CIPK6, CIPK16, and CIPK23) in response to low potassium conditions and in the context of stomatal movement. Negatively regulates the enzyme activity of MTN1 in the presence of calcium.
Homodimer (By similarity). Part of a K(+)-channel calcium-sensing kinase/phosphatase complex composed by a calcium sensor CBL (CBL1, CBL2, CBL3 or CBL9), a kinase CIPK (CIPK6, CIPK16 or CIPK23), a phosphatase PP2C (AIP1) and a K(+)-channel (AKT1). Interacts with PP2CA, CIPK1, CIPK2, CIPK3, CIPK4, CIPK6, CIPK7, CIPK11, CIPK12, CIPK13, CIPK14, CIPK16, CIPK23, and MTN1.
No visible phenotype when grown under normal conditions; due to partial redundancy with CLB2. Tolerant to low-K(+) stress. Clb2 and cbl3 double mutants show stunted growth, reduced fertility and necrotic lesions at leaf tips. They also have a reduced vacuolar H(+)-ATPase activity, are hypersensitive to excessive metal ions and are more tolerant to low-K(+) conditions.
The N-terminal 22 amino acids are sufficient for vacuolar membrane targeting. The internal domain (109-199) is sufficient for the interaction with MTN1.
Ubiquitous. Stronger expression in roots. Expressed in root tip and root hair zone, leaf veins, vascular bundles and vasculature of sepals.
Interacts with UGT1 and phragmoplastin. May form a functional complex with UGT1, ROP1 and phragmoplastin.
Involved in callose synthesis at the forming cell plate during cytokinesis. Not required for callose formation after wounding or pathogen attack. During plant growth and development, callose is found as a transitory component of the cell plate in dividing cells, is a major component of pollen mother cell walls and pollen tubes, and is found as a structural component of plasmodesmatal canals.
May be regulated by ROP1 through the interaction with UGT1.
May play a role in signal transduction pathways that involve calcium as a second messenger. Could act as a calcium sensor involved in drought- and salt stress-induced calcium signaling cascades. Mediates the phosphorylation and activation of the S-type anion efflux channel SLAC1.
Mutant cpk23-1 shows greatly enhanced tolerance to drought and salt stresses and displays reduced stomatal aperture and reduced K(+) content.
There are 3 contiguous domains conserved in the CDPK subfamily: a kinase domain, an autoinhibitory (junction) domain and a calmodulin-like domain. The autoinhibitory domain (332-362) inactivates kinase activity under calcium-free conditions (By similarity).
Activated by autophosphorylation at Thr-439.
Autophosphorylated on serine and threonine residues. Autophosphorylated at Thr-439.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but the double mutant plants sty8 and sty46 show retarded growth.
Serine/threonine protein kinase that specifically phosphorylates chloroplast precursor proteins in the cytosol within the cleavable presequences (transit peptides). May be part of a cytosolic regulatory network involved in chloroplast protein import. Does not phosphorylate mitochondrion precursor proteins. Specific for ATP and does not utilize other NTPs (PubMed:17090544, PubMed:16429265). Plays a role in chloroplast biogenesis and differentiation in cotyledons, possibly through phosphorylation of chloroplast preproteins (PubMed:21799034).
Fructose and glucose phosphorylating enzyme (PubMed:9014361). May be involved in the phosphorylation of glucose during the export from mitochondrion to cytosol (PubMed:9014361). Acts as sugar sensor which may regulate sugar-dependent gene repression or activation (PubMed:9014361). Mediates the effects of sugar on plant growth and development independently of its catalytic activity or the sugar metabolism (PubMed:9014361). May regulate the execution of program cell death in plant cells (PubMed:16920781).
Highly expressed in siliques, at intermediate levels in roots and flowers, and at lower levels in stems, rosette and cauline leaves.
Plants are overall smaller with a reduced number of flowers and siliques and display a glucose-insensitive phenotype which allows them to grow on high glucose concentration medium (>6% glucose).
Component of the F(0) channel, it forms part of the peripheral stalk, linking F(1) to F(0).
Belongs to the fatty acid desaturase CarF family.
Fatty acid desaturase involved in the production of chloroplast-specific phosphatidylglycerol molecular species. Catalyzes the formation of a trans double bond introduced close to the carboxyl group of palmitic acid, which is specifically esterified to the sn-2 glyceryl carbon of phosphatidylglycerol (By similarity).
In flowers, mostly present in developing and mature male gametophytes and in the endosperm.
In sec22-1 and sec22-2, impaired gametophytes development (PubMed:21205036). Morphological disruption of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) as well as Golgi fragmentation and consumption in pollen grains (PubMed:21205036). Abnormal pollen development during the bicellular stage, eventually giving rise to degenerated pollen grains (PubMed:21205036). Altered embryogenesis in embryo sacs leading to unfused polar nuclei in their central cell (PubMed:21205036). Repressed cesium Cs(+) uptake and accumulation (PubMed:23817436).
Mainly expressed in flowers and siliques, to a lower extent in seedlings, and barely in roots and leaves.
V-SNARE involved in vesicle trafficking from the ER to the Golgi complex and required for early secretion (PubMed:21205036). Involved in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) biogenesis and functions as well as for Golgi-stack integrity (PubMed:21205036). Essential for gametophytes development (PubMed:21205036). Involved in cesium Cs(+) accumulation, a non-essential cation (PubMed:23817436).
Embryonic lethality when homozygous (PubMed:15266054). Embryo development arrested at globular stage (PubMed:15266054).
Part of the TIC complex, which can interact with components of the TOC complex to form a larger import complex (PubMed:30464337). Interacts with the TOC complex component TOC75-3 (PubMed:30464337).
Part of the inner chloroplast membrane translocon complex (TIC) which associates with the outer chloroplast membrane translocon complex (TOC) and forms a supercomplex involved in protein precursor import into the chloroplast stroma (PubMed:30464337). Required for the import of HSP93, TIC40 and RBCS protein precursors in the chloroplast stroma (PubMed:30464337). Links the outer and inner membrane translocons of the chloroplast envelope (PubMed:30464337).
Can be acetylated to form H2BK6ac, H2BK33ac and H2BK34ac.
Mono-, di- or trimethylated at the N-terminus to form H2BA1me1/2/3. H2BA1me2 may be acetylated to form H2BA1me2K6ac.
The nucleosome is a histone octamer containing two molecules each of H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assembled in one H3-H4 heterotetramer and two H2A-H2B heterodimers. The octamer wraps approximately 147 bp of DNA. Interacts with AHL27.
To ensure consistency between histone entries, we follow the 'Brno' nomenclature for histone modifications, with positions referring to those used in the literature for the 'closest' model organism. Due to slight variations in histone sequences between organisms and to the presence of initiator methionine in UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot sequences, the actual positions of modified amino acids in the sequence generally differ. In this entry the following conventions are used: H2BA1me1/2/3 = mono-, di- and trimethylated Ala-2; H2BK6ac = acetylated Lys-7; H2BK33ac = acetylated Lys-39; H2BK34ac = acetylated Lys-40; H2BK143ub1 = monoubiquitinated Lys-144.
Inhibits fructosidases from both cell wall (cell wall invertase CWI) and vacuoles (vacuolar invertase VI).
Mostly expressed at low levels in seedlings, stems, leaves and flowers (in all organs), and, to a lower extent, in roots and siliques.
Expressed in the vascular cylinder of roots. Expressed in the differentiation zone of the root stele.
Overexpression of NAC075 induces the formation of ectopic xylem vessel-like elements.
Transcription activator involved in xylem formation (PubMed:25265867, PubMed:25535195). Promotes the expression of the secondary wall-associated transcription factor MYB46 (PubMed:25265867). Functions upstream of NAC030/VND7, a master switch of xylem vessel differentiation (PubMed:25265867, PubMed:25535195). Acts as upstream regulator of NAC101/VND6 and LBD30/ASL19 (PubMed:25535195).
Expressed in leaves, flowers, roots and stems.
Up-regulated in response to prolonged energy depletion (PubMed:26442059). Down-regulated by glucose, sucrose and mannose (PubMed:26442059). Induced by NaCl and abscissic acid (ABA) (PubMed:26442059).
Up-regulated in response to prolonged energy depletion (PubMed:26442059). Down-regulated by glucose, sucrose and mannose (PubMed:26442059). Induced by NaCl and abscissic acid (ABA) (PubMed:26442059). Induced by cytokinin (PubMed:26442059).
Belongs to the F-actin-capping protein beta subunit family.
Component of the exocyst complex involved in the docking of exocytic vesicles with fusion sites on the plasma membrane during regulated or polarized secretion. Involved in polarized cell growth and organ morphogenesis. During cytokinesis, involved in cell plate initiation, cell plate maturation and formation of new primary cell wall. During cytokinesis, involved in cell plate initiation, cell plate maturation and formation of new primary cell wall.
The exocyst complex is composed of SEC3, SEC5, SEC6, SEC8, SEC10, EXO70A1 and EXO84B. Interacts with EXO70A1, SEC5A and ICR1, but not with ICR2. Binds to EXO70H1 (PubMed:21199889). Binds directly to B1L (PubMed:35249253).
Widely expressed. Preferentially expressed in tissues containing dividing and expanding cells, such as the shoot apical meristem, root tip, lateral root primordia and developing embryos.
Specifically catalyzes the removal of N-terminal proline residues from peptides.
Component of the ribosomal small subunit (SSU) processome (By similarity). Interacts with THAL in the nucleus (PubMed:27792779).
Interacts with CBL1/SCaBP5, CBL4/SOS3, ABI1 and ABI2.
Ubiquitous. Co-expressed with CBL1 in guard cells.
Catalyzes the key reaction of chlorophyll catabolism, porphyrin macrocycle cleavage of pheophorbide a (pheide a) to a primary fluorescent catabolite (pFCC). Works in a two-step reaction with red chlorophyll catabolite reductase (RCCR). Creates the intermediate RCC through the opening of the porphyrin macrocycle by the introduction of one atom of molecular oxygen at the alpha-methine bridge. Seems to be specific for pheide a. Belongs to the chlorophyll catabolic enzymes (CCEs).
Interacts with HCAR, SGR1, RCCR, PPH and the LHCII complex. Part of a SGR1-CCE-LHCII complex, which acts in chlorophyll breakdown.
Might be regulated by a phosphorylation/dephosphorylation mechanism.
Predominantly expressed in roots and young flowers.
Expressed in vegetative organs and, to lower extent, in reproductive organs.
Rapidly and strongly induced in the dark, quickly repressed by light.
Regulatory subunit of the probable trimeric SNF1-related protein kinase (SnRK) complex, which may play a role in a signal transduction cascade regulating gene expression and carbohydrate metabolism in higher plants. The SnRK complex may also be involved in the regulation of fatty acid synthesis by phosphorylation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase and in assimilation of nitrogen by phosphorylating nitrate reductase.
Subunit of a probable heterotrimeric complex consisting of an alpha catalytic (KIN10 or KIN11) subunit, and a beta (KINB) and a gamma (KING or SNF4) non-catalytic regulatory subunits (PubMed:17028154, PubMed:25736509). Interacts with SNF4 and CBL1. Interacts with FLZ1, FLZ2, FLZ8, FLZ9, FLZ10, FLZ12, FLZ13, FLZ14 and FLZ15 (PubMed:29945970).
Acts as component of the THO subcomplex of the TREX complex which is thought to couple mRNA transcription, processing and nuclear export. Contributes to the integrity of the endogenous trans-acting small interfering RNA (ta-siRNA) pathway. May process or transport a long RNA molecule so that it can be a template for secondary siRNA production. May participate in the trafficking of siRNA precursors to the ARGONAUTE catalytic center. Required for the generation of functional messenger ribonucleoproteins (mRNPs). Plays an important roles in plant innate immunity.
Expressed in the shoot apex and roots, specifically in lateral roots and at the root-hypocotyl transition zone.
Probably acts as a transcriptional activator. Binds to the GCC-box pathogenesis-related promoter element. May be involved in the regulation of gene expression by stress factors and by components of stress signal transduction pathways (By similarity). May regulate negatively the transition to flowering time and confers flowering time delay.
Belongs to the XPG/RAD2 endonuclease family. FEN1 subfamily.
Interacts with PCNA. Three molecules of FEN1 bind to one PCNA trimer with each molecule binding to one PCNA monomer. PCNA stimulates the nuclease activity without altering cleavage specificity.
Phosphorylated. Phosphorylation upon DNA damage induces relocalization to the nuclear plasma.
Structure-specific nuclease with 5'-flap endonuclease and 5'-3' exonuclease activities involved in DNA replication and repair. During DNA replication, cleaves the 5'-overhanging flap structure that is generated by displacement synthesis when DNA polymerase encounters the 5'-end of a downstream Okazaki fragment. It enters the flap from the 5'-end and then tracks to cleave the flap base, leaving a nick for ligation. Also involved in the long patch base excision repair (LP-BER) pathway, by cleaving within the apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) site-terminated flap. Acts as a genome stabilization factor that prevents flaps from equilibrating into structures that lead to duplications and deletions. Also possesses 5'-3' exonuclease activity on nicked or gapped double-stranded DNA, and exhibits RNase H activity. Also involved in replication and repair of rDNA and in repairing mitochondrial DNA.
Insensitivity to abscisic acid (ABA) associated with disrupted activation of Ca(2+) channels by hydrogen peroxide H(2)O(2), increased frequencies but reduced transient duration of [Ca(2+)] cytoplasmic oscillations, and leading to altered ABA- and H(2)O(2)-induced stomatal closing (PubMed:10963598, PubMed:11429606). Abnormal [CO(2)] modulation of the cytosolic Ca(2+) transient rate and strong impairment in high CO(2)-induced stomatal closing (PubMed:16651523, PubMed:19302418). Reduced induction of XERO2 in response to cold and ABA (PubMed:18088305).
May be involved in cooperative interactions with calmodulins or calmodulin-like proteins (By similarity). Recruits calmodulin proteins to microtubules, thus being a potential scaffold in cellular signaling and trafficking (By similarity). Involved in abscisic acid (ABA)-mediated signaling pathways leading to the production of hydrogen peroxide H(2)O(2) and the subsequent [Ca(2+)] cytoplasmic oscillations-dependent regulation of stomatal closure (PubMed:10963598, PubMed:11429606). Required for [CO(2)] modulation of the cytosolic Ca(2+) transient rate and for high CO(2)-induced stomatal closing (PubMed:16651523, PubMed:19302418). Essential for both cold and ABA induction of XERO2 (PubMed:18088305). May associate with nucleic acids and regulate gene expression at the transcriptional or post-transcriptional level (By similarity).
Essential protein involved in female gametophyte development (PubMed:15634699). Probable lipid transfer protein (By similarity).
Expressed in seedlings, preferentially in hypocotyls and roots (PubMed:23893219). Also observed in siliques (PubMed:23893219).
Female gametophyte disrupted development arrested at the four-nuclear stage.
Expressed at very low levels in leaves, stems and inflorescences.
Flavoenzyme involved in polyamine back-conversion (PubMed:16778015, PubMed:20532512, PubMed:21081665, PubMed:26973665). Catalyzes the oxidation of the secondary amino group of polyamines, such as spermine and its acetyl derivatives (PubMed:16778015, PubMed:20532512, PubMed:21081665). Substrate preference is thermospermine > norspermine > spermine > N(1)-acetylspermine (PubMed:16778015, PubMed:21081665). No activity detected when putrescine, spermidine or N(1)-acetylspermidine are used as substrates (PubMed:16778015). Plays an important role in the regulation of polyamine intracellular concentration (Probable) (PubMed:26973665). Involved in the production of hydrogen peroxide in response to salt and cold stresses (PubMed:26973665).
Inhibited by guazatine, N-prenylagmatine and 1,12-diaminododecane.
No visible phenotype of seedlings under normal growth conditions (PubMed:26973665). The double mutants pao1 and pao5 exhibit enhanced tolerance to salt and drought stress (PubMed:26973665).
Induced by dark, abscisic acid (ABA) and salicylic acid (SA) (PubMed:20238146). Triggered by pathogen attack such as Pseudomonas syringae pv. Tomato DC3000 (PubMed:20238146).
Regulates senescence either by modulating WRKY53 or by activating SAG12 (PubMed:20238146). Affects the natural variation of cyst nematodes sex ratio and susceptibility to parasitic nematodes, depending on single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) between cultivars (PubMed:29378065).
The s40-3a mutant, with low but constitutive S40-3 levels, exhibits a staygreen phenotype and delayed senescence associated with a reduced expression of WRKY53, SEN1 and SAG12 genes, especially at later stages of development (PubMed:20238146). Reduced cyst nematodes female/male sex ratio (PubMed:29378065).
Fructose and glucose phosphorylating enzyme (By similarity). May be involved in the phosphorylation of glucose during the export from mitochondrion to cytosol (By similarity).
Component of the ESCRT-I complex (endosomal sorting complex required for transport I), a regulator of vesicular trafficking process.
Component of the ESCRT-I complex (endosomal sorting complex required for transport I), a regulator of vesicular trafficking process. Required for the sorting of endocytic ubiquitinated cargos into multivesicular bodies (MVBs). Mediates the association to the ESCRT-0 complex (By similarity).
Required for both formation and activity of the chloroplast NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (NDH) complex of the photosynthetic electron transport chain. May function in assembly or stabilization of the NDH complex.
Destroys superoxide anion radicals which are normally produced within the cells and which are toxic to biological systems (By similarity). Plays important role in chloroplast development, particularly in the maintenance of thylakoids membranes. Seems to act as a heterodimer with FSD2.
Homodimer. Heterodimer with FSD2 (PubMed:18996978). Interacts with MRL7 (PubMed:23956074).
Aggregates to form a contractile ring-like structure; contraction of the ring was accompanied by an increase in the filament turnover rate (PubMed:29769312, PubMed:27322658). Self-interacts and binds to FTSZ1 in heteromers to form two morphologically distinct types of filaments, termed type-I (smooth filaments) and -II (rough filaments), in a GTP-dependent manner; the GDP-induced disassembly is inhibited by ARC6 (PubMed:29769312, PubMed:27322658). Interacts (via C-terminus) with ARC6; this interaction enables ARC3 binding to FTSZ2 (PubMed:29967285, PubMed:29769312, PubMed:29138260). Part of a complex made of ARC3, ARC6, FTSZ1 and FTSZ2 (PubMed:22823492). Binds to MCD1 in an ARC6-dependent manner (PubMed:29967285). Binds to CDP1/PARC6 (PubMed:26527658, PubMed:28984364). Part of a complex made of CDP1/PARC6, ARC3 and FtsZ proteins in the middle of the plastid; this complex enhances the dynamics of Z rings during chloroplast division (PubMed:30824505). Binds to PGK1 (PubMed:22823492).
Exhibits GTPase activity which converts GTP ligands to GDP (PubMed:29769312). Component of the plastid division machinery consisting in a binary fission accomplished by the simultaneous constriction of the FtsZ ring on the stromal side of the inner envelope membrane, and the ARC5 ring on the cytosolic side of the outer envelope membrane (PubMed:25731613). Required for plastid division in a dose-dependent manner. In the vegetative shoot apex, at the shoot apical meristem (SAM), where the proplastid-to-chloroplast transition takes place, major contributor of plastid division in the L1 and L3 layers and contributes equally with FTSZ1 in the L2 layer (PubMed:29920253).
Filaments containing FTSZ2-1 are stabilized when in complex with GTP but destabilized after conversion of GTP into GDP; ARC6 conteracts this destabilisation by preventing the dissociation of GDP-bound FTSZ2 molecules thus inhibiting filament disassembly whereas ARC3 promotes GTPase activity thus accelerating the conversion of GTP into GDP and triggering FtsZ2 filaments disassembly.
Phosphorylation at Ser-143 is necessary for interactions with ARC3, ARC6, FTSZ1 and FTSZ2-2. Phosphorylations at Ser-143 and Thr-286 are required for the formation of contractile ring at the chloroplast midpoint.
Reduced number of heterogeneous large chloroplast population (small and large plastids) due to impaired plastid division (PubMed:25731613). Increased plastid volume in young leaf primordia and in the shoot apical meristem (SAM), including the central zone as well as peripheral zone of L1, the outermost layer, the peripheral zone of L2, and the peripheral zone of L3 (PubMed:29920253).
Mostly expressed in seedlings and stems, and, to a lower extent, in leaves and flowers.
Expressed in junveile leaves and stems, and at lower levels in cauline leaves and siliques.
Reduced levels of arabinogalactan proteins. Root hair defects. Reduced seed sets. Reduced seed coat mucilage. Increased sensitivity to salt stress. Premature senescence.
Abnormal, small, and pale green rosette leaves (PubMed:24329537, PubMed:26494759). Low contents in chlorophylls, carotenoids and photosynthetic proteins in leaves. Impaired photosynthetic performance. Increased resistance to salt and flagellin treatment (PubMed:24329537). Increased sensitivity to de-etiolation (PubMed:26494759).
Catalyzes the ferrous insertion into protoporphyrin IX.
Catalyzes the last step of heme biosynthesis by inserting ferrous iron into protoporphyrin IX to produce protoheme. Produces heme for photosynthetic cytochromes, and for proteins involved in abiotic and biotic stress responses (PubMed:24329537). May play a role in the quality control of individual chloroplasts during photo-oxidative stress through regulation of heme biosynthesis (PubMed:26494759).
Down-regulated by wounding or oxidative stress.
Circadian-regulation. Strong up-regulation at the end of the night and the beginning of the light period.
Expressed in roots, inflorescences, flowers, fruits and at much higher levels in leaves.
Interacts with PTST. This interaction is critical for the localization to starch granules.
Required for the synthesis of amylose (PubMed:25710501). Destroyed as it is released from the starch granules during the night (PubMed:15347792). The circadian expression is controlled by CCA1 and LHY transcription factors (PubMed:12777053).
Autophosphorylated; in response to blue light and when in complex with FAD cofactor (PubMed:12846824, PubMed:14523249, PubMed:9651577, PubMed:17073458). Kinase activity is optimal in the presence of magnesium ions, about 30 percent of the optimal activity in the presence of manganese ions, but inactive with calcium ions (PubMed:17073458). Adopts an open conformation when phosphorylated upon photoexcitation and thus interacts with signaling partner proteins (PubMed:21841916).
Expression levels display circadian oscillations under constant conditions, with a high amplitude and an early phase, with maximal expression around 4-6 hours of the light phase. Induced by light (PubMed:11743105). Transcripts levels oscillate weakly and proportionally to temperature, but protein levels are stable, with higher levels at low temperature (12 degrees Celsius) (PubMed:23511208). Accumulates in response to low blue light (LBL) (PubMed:26724867).
Homodimer. Interacts with ADO1, COP1 and PHYA. Interacts specifically with the dark/far-red (Pr) state of PHYB, but not with the red light-activated (Pfr) (PubMed:22577138). Interacts with PIF4 and PIF5 in the nucleus in response to low blue light (LBL) (PubMed:26724867). Binds to SPA1 and SPA4 in response to blue light, this interaction prevents SPA1/COP1 complex formation and thus avoid COP1-dependent degradation of the transcription factor HY5 by the proteasome and promotes hypocotyl elongation (PubMed:21511872, PubMed:21511871). Interacts with TCP2 (PubMed:26596765). Binding to ATP mediates conformational changes which facilitate flavin binding (PubMed:19327354, PubMed:17073458).
Implicated in promoting R protein-mediated resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst.) DC3000 under continuous light conditions. Promotes systemic acquired resistance (SAR) and PR gene expression triggered by P. syringae.
Light exposure induces a conformational change in the C-terminal domain CCT1 required for activity.
Photoreceptor that mediates primarily blue light inhibition of hypocotyl elongation and photoperiodic control of floral initiation, and regulates other light responses, including circadian rhythms, tropic growth, stomata opening, guard cell development, root development, bacterial and viral pathogen responses, abiotic stress responses, cell cycles, programmed cell death, apical dominance, fruit and ovule development, seed dormancy, and magnetoreception. Photoexcited cryptochromes interact with signaling partner proteins to alter gene expression at both transcriptional and post-translational levels and, consequently, regulate the corresponding metabolic and developmental programs (PubMed:21841916). Blue-light absorbing flavoprotein that activates reversible flavin photoreduction via an electron transport chain comprising a tryptophan triad (W-324, W-377 and W-400), accompanied by a large conformational change upon photoexcitation, or via an alternative electron transport that involves small metabolites, including NADPH, NADH, and ATP. The half-life of the activated signaling state is about 5 minutes (PubMed:26313597, PubMed:25157750, PubMed:23398192, PubMed:21875594, PubMed:21467031). Also involved in the detection of blue/green ratio in light (shade under leaf canopies) and subsequent adaptations on plant growth and development (PubMed:20668058). In darkness, the dark reoxidation of flavin occurs and leads to inactivated state (PubMed:21467031, PubMed:23398192). Perceives low blue light (LBL) and responds by directly contacting two bHLH transcription factors, PIF4 and PIF5, at chromatin on E-box variant 5'-CA[CT]GTG-3' to promote their activity and stimulate specific gene expression to adapt global physiology (e.g. hypocotyl elongation and hyponastic growth in low blue light) (PubMed:26724867, PubMed:19558423). When activated by high-intensity blue light, catalyzes direct enzymatic conversion of molecular oxygen O(2) to reactive oxygen species (ROS) and hydrogen peroxide H(2)O(2) in vitro. ROS accumulation upon activation by blue light leads to cell death in protoplasts (PubMed:25728686). Seems essential for blue-light-triggered and singlet oxygen-mediated programmed cell death (PCD) (PubMed:17075038). Required for the induction of nuclear genes encoding photoprotective components by GATA24 and GATA28 in extreme light intensities that exceed the electron utilization capacity of the chloroplast (PubMed:22786870). Involved in shortening the circadian clock period, especially at 27 degrees Celsius, in blue light (BL) and required to maintain clock genes expression rhythm (PubMed:23511208). Mediates blue light-induced gene expression and hypocotyl elongation through the inhibition of COP1-mediated degradation of the transcription factors BIT1 and HY5 and via the activation of anion channels at the plasma membrane, probably via auxin signaling (PubMed:21511872, PubMed:21511871, PubMed:16093319, PubMed:18397371, PubMed:12324610, PubMed:8528277, PubMed:9765547, PubMed:25721730). Required for the hypocotyl hook formation in darkness (PubMed:22855128). Involved in blue light-dependent stomatal opening, CHS gene expression, transpiration, inhibition of stem growth and increase of root growth, probably by regulating abscisic acid (ABA) (PubMed:22147516, PubMed:16093319, PubMed:16703358, PubMed:7756321, PubMed:9565033). Prevents lateral roots growth by inhibiting auxin transport (PubMed:20133010). Necessary for shade avoidance syndrome (SAS), characterized by leaf hyponasty and reduced lamina/petiole ratio, when exposed to blue light attenuation (PubMed:21457375). Together with phototropins, involved in phototropism regulation by various blue light fluence; blue light attenuates phototropism in high fluence rates (100 umol.m-2.s-1) but enhances phototropism in low fluence rates (<1.0 umol.m-2.s-1) (PubMed:12857830). Required for blue/UV-A wavelengths-mediated inhibition of explants shoot regeneration in vitro (e.g. new shoot apical meristems regeneration from excised cotyledons) (PubMed:22681544). Modulates anthocyanin accumulation in a PHYA-dependent manner in far-red-light. Acts as a PHYA/PHYB-dependent modulator of chlorophyll accumulation in red light. Contributes to most blue light deetiolation responses (PubMed:9733523, PubMed:8528277). May act as a chemical magnetoreceptor, via magnetically sensitive kinetics and quantum yields of photo-induced flavin / tryptophan radical pairs (PubMed:22421133). The effect of near-null magnetic field on flowering is altered by changes of blue light cycle and intensity in a CRY1/CRY2-dependent manner (PubMed:26095447). Involved in the strigolactone signaling that regulates hypocotyl growth in response to blue light (PubMed:24126495). Modulates temperature-dependent growth and physiology maintenance, especially at warm ambient temperatures (e.g. 27 degrees Celsius) and in white light and low-light conditions, via HFR1-dependent activity; this process requires PTAC12/HMR/PAP5 (transcriptional transactivator) (PubMed:21265897, PubMed:30635559).
Prevents the shortening of period at 27 degrees Celsius, resulting in a long period phenotype. The double mutant cry1 cry2 is impaired in blue light signaling, resulting in long-period, lower-amplitude oscillations at 12 and 17 degrees Celsius and completely abolishing rhythms at 27 degrees Celsius (PubMed:23511208). Plants show reduced root and hypocotyl elongation in an anion channels activation-dependent manner at the plasma membrane, as well a reduced anthocyanin accumulation in blue light (PubMed:8528277, PubMed:12324610, PubMed:16703358, PubMed:21511871, PubMed:21511872, PubMed:9765547). Impaired blue/UV-A wavelengths-mediated inhibition of shoot regeneration (PubMed:22681544). Impaired detection of blue/green ratio in light leading to abnormal inhibition of hypocotyl growth (PubMed:20668058). Altered warm-temperature (e.g. 27 degrees Celsius) responses leading to abnormal hypocotyl elongation depending on light conditions and seedling stages (PubMed:30635559). Reduced attenuating effect of high fluence rates of blue light. This phenotype is stronger in the cry1 cry2 double mutant. Slow rate of curvature at low fluence rates of blue light in cry1 cry2 (PubMed:12857830). Lower anthocyanin accumulation in the phyB cry1 double mutant exposed to far-red light. Reduced chlorophyll levels in the phyB cry1 double mutant exposed to red light. In blue light, impaired cotyledon unfolding and smaller cotyledons, longer hypocotyls and less chlorophyll (PubMed:9733523). Impaired accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in double mutant cry1 cry2 exposed to high-intensity blue light (PubMed:25728686). Altered blue-light-triggered and singlet oxygen-mediated programmed cell death (PCD) (PubMed:17075038). The double mutant cry1 cry2 exhibits a reduced impact of near-null magnetic field on flowering in lower blue light intensity and short days (PubMed:26095447). Reduced hyponastic growth (differential growth-driven upward leaf movement) in low blue light fluence (PubMed:19558423). The double mutant cry1 cry2 is hyposensitive to the strigolactone analog GR24 (PubMed:24126495). The mutant cry1 exposed to a background of red light show severely impaired stomatal opening responses to blue light. The double mutant cry1 cry2 has reduced stomatal conductance, transpiration, and photosynthesis, particularly under the high irradiance of full sunlight at midday, associated with elevated abscisic acid levels (PubMed:22147516). The cry1 mutants grown in complete darkness have premature opening of the hypocotyl hook (PubMed:22855128). Reduced expression of nuclear genes encoding photoprotective components in response to extreme high light (PubMed:22786870). Reduced shade avoidance syndrome (SAS) when exposed to blue light attenuation (PubMed:21457375). Reduced growth at warm ambient temperatures (PubMed:21265897). Down-regulated local resistance and systemic acquired resistance (SAR) to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst.) DC3000 under continuous light conditions, leading to pathogen proliferation (PubMed:20053798). When grown in blue light, increased growth of lateral roots and reduced sensitivity to auxin (IAA) on this phenotype (PubMed:20133010).
The N-terminal domain CNT1 (1-489) is sufficient for autophosphorylation and is required for dimerization. The C-terminal domain CCT1 (490-681) of the homodimer binds to COP1.
Widely expressed (PubMed:8953250). Expressed in the aerial tissues (e.g. cotyledons and leaf primordia), but not detected in the roots (PubMed:11743105).
By cold stress. Positively regulated by the transcription factor ICE1. Subject to degradation by the 26S proteasome pathway in freezing conditions (PubMed:28344081).
Expressed specifically in differentiating cells of the root.
Extracellular signal peptide that regulates cell fate. Represses root apical meristem maintenance. Acts as an elicitor of the root meristem differentiation through the CLV2/CRN complex signaling pathway (PubMed:20697738, PubMed:28586647). Inhibits irreversibly root growth by reducing cell division rates in the root apical meristem (PubMed:20697738, PubMed:28586647). Regulates the transition of protophloem cells from proliferation to differentiation, thus impinging on postembryonic growth capacity of the root meristem; this signaling pathway requires CRN and CLV2 (PubMed:28607033).
Interacts with the extracellular leucine-rich repeat region of CLV2 and PEPR2.
Mostly expressed in roots, and, to a lower extent, in seedlings and leaves (PubMed:12602871). Expressed in the primary root tip under Pi deficiency (PubMed:28586647).
The O-glycosylation (arabinosylation) of the hydroxyproline Pro-74 enhances binding affinity of the CLE14p peptide for its receptor.
Belongs to the DNA polymerase type-X family.
DNA polymerase that functions in several pathways of DNA repair. Involved in base excision repair (BER) responsible for repair of lesions that give rise to abasic (AP) sites in DNA. Also contributes to DNA double-strand break repair by non-homologous end joining and homologous recombination. Has both template-dependent and template-independent (terminal transferase) DNA polymerase activities. Has also a 5'-deoxyribose-5-phosphate lyase (dRP lyase) activity.
Interacts with the DNA repair proteins XRCC4 and LIG4 (PubMed:23660835). Interacts with HSP90-1 (PubMed:26230318).
Repair polymerase involved in base excision repair (BER) and responsible for repair of lesions that give rise to abasic (AP) sites in DNA. Has both DNA polymerase and terminal transferase activities. Has a 5'-deoxyribose-5-phosphate lyase (dRP lyase) activity (By similarity). Involved in the repair of transposon-induced DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) (PubMed:21889425). Involved in repair of UV-B-mediated DNA damage during seedling development through an excision repair mechanism (PubMed:21227935). Involved the repair of DSBs induced by high salinity and DNA cross-linking agent. Functions via the DNA non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) pathway.
Forms homomers and heteromers with NEAP1 and NEAP3. Interacts with SUN1 and SUN2.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 28 family.
Dimers (PubMed:25877331). Component of the Mediator complex (PubMed:17560376). Interacts with GEBPL (PubMed:25877331).
Plays an important role in membrane trafficking through the secretory apparatus. In complex with MON1, acts as a guanine exchange factor (GEF) for RABG3F of the Rab7 protein family. Promotes the exchange of GDP to GTP, converting RABG3F from an inactive GDP-bound form into an active GTP-bound form. The RABG3F active form is involved in protein trafficking from prevacuolar compartments (PVCs) to vacuoles. May serve as a linker between Rab5 and Rab7 protein families in PVCs and mediate PVC maturation.
Probably mediates the deacetylation of lysine residues on the N-terminal part of the core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4). Histone deacetylation gives a tag for epigenetic repression and plays an important role in transcriptional regulation, cell cycle progression and developmental events.
V-ATPase is a heteromultimeric enzyme composed of a peripheral catalytic V1 complex (components A to H) attached to an integral membrane V0 proton pore complex (components: a, c, c'', d and e). The proteolipid components c and c'' are present as a hexameric ring that forms the proton-conducting pore (By similarity).
Expressed at low levels exclusively in phloem-associated cells (e.g. sieve elements and adjacent cells).
Has been shown to be inactive in cv. Ler-2 (AC D9UBI3) and cv. Bl-1, cv. C24 and cv. Ct-1 (AC D9UBG0) due to naturally occurring sequence variation in these strains. The sequence shown is from strain cv. Columbia.
Required for the restriction of long-distance movement of the pathogenic tobacco etch virus (TEV) without causing a hypersensitive response or inducing systemic acquired resistance.
Component of the heptameric LSM1-LSM7 complex that forms a seven-membered ring structure with a donut shape. The LSM subunits are arranged in the order LSM1, LSM2, LSM3, LSM6, LSM5, LSM7 and LSM4. Component of the heptameric LSM2-LSM8 complex that forms a seven-membered ring structure with a donut shape. The LSM subunits are arranged in the order LSM8, LSM2, LSM3, LSM6, LSM5, LSM7 and LSM4 (PubMed:23221597, PubMed:23620288). LSM7 subunit interacts only with its two neighboring subunits, LSM5 and LSM4 (PubMed:23221597).
During female gametophyte development, detected in the gametophytic nucleus from one-nucleate to two-nucleate stages, and fades out progressively during ovule maturation to be confined to the central cell of mature embryo sac.
Female gametophyte mutant with impaired progression of the mitotic cycles and lost synchrony of female gametophyte development leading to an arrest of female gametophytes at the two-, four-, or eight-nucleate stage and characterized by unfused polar nuclei (PubMed:19734265, PubMed:15634699). Defective pollen development (PubMed:19734265).
Interacts with RBL in both the nucleolus and nucleoplasm (PubMed:30338215). Binds to NOC2 (PubMed:19734265, PubMed:30338215).
Mainly expressed in actively dividing tissues (e.g. root tips, lateral root primordia, shoot apices, young leaves, inflorescences and pollen grains) through the plant, including roots, stems, leaves, inflorescences, siliques and seedlings, and in gametophytes.
Together with NOC2, probably involved in pre-ribosome export from the nucleus to the cytoplasm (PubMed:19734265). Required for coordinated cell cycle progression during female gametophyte and pollen development (PubMed:19734265, PubMed:15634699).
Probable thiol-disulfide oxidoreductase that may be involved in the redox regulation of a number of cytosolic enzymes.
The active site contains a CVPC motif wich differs from the conserved CGPC motif.
Expressed in the central cell of the female gametophyte and in early endosperm. Also detected in ovaries, young siliques, roots, leaves, stems, young flowers and anthers.
Interacts with AGL61 and AGL62. Forms a heterodimer with AGL61 (PubMed:15805477, PubMed:18334668, PubMed:18599653, PubMed:18713950). Interacts with MEE14/CBP1 (PubMed:26462908).
Plants lacking AGL80 (mutant fem111) have defects in central cell and endosperm development.
Probable transcription factor. Controls central cell differentiation during female gametophyte development. Required for the expression of DEMETER and DD46, but not for the expression of FIS2 (PubMed:16798889). Probable transcription factor that may function in the maintenance of the proper function of the central cell in pollen tube attraction (Probable).
Circadian-regulation with a peak at noon. Induced by wounding, salt stress, 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA) and abscisic acid (ABA).
Expressed in roots, hypocotyls, shoots, cotyledons, rosette and cauline leaves, stems, petals, sepals, stamens, pistils and siliques.
Possesses ppGpp (guanosine 3'-diphosphate 5'-diphosphate) synthetase activity in vitro and is able to functionally complement E.coli relA mutants. May be involved in a rapid plant ppGpp-mediated response to pathogens and other stresses.
Expressed predominantly in roots but also at lower levels in immature flowers.
Accumulates in maturing root cap cells, in both COL and LRC cells.
Additional root cap layers; increased number of columella (COL) and lateral root cap (LRC) cell layers in the mature embryo and in the postembryonic state. Lateral cap cells continue to divide and fail to detach from the root.
By FEZ in oriented-divised root cap stem cells.
First expressed at early heart stage onward in all root basal daughter cells resulting from horizontal divisions in the COL progenitors and is later maintained in these cells. Present in root stem cell daughters and accumulates in maturing root cap layers. Detectable from very early stages of lateral root development.
Transcription regulator. Together with BRN1 and BRN2, regulates cellular maturation of root cap. Represses stem cell-like divisions in the root cap daughter cells, and thus promotes daughter cell fate. Inhibits expression of its positive regulator FEZ in a feedback loop for controlled switches in cell division plane. Promotes the expression of genes involved in secondary cell walls (SCW) biosynthesis.
Aborted ovule development after the first mitosis.
Component of the RNA exosome complex (PubMed:10930416, PubMed:18160042). Interacts with RPP4 (PubMed:11809881).
Non-catalytic component of the RNA exosome complex which has 3'->5' exoribonuclease activity and participates in a multitude of cellular RNA processing, maturation and degradation events. In vitro, is a processive phosphorolytic exonuclease and requires a single-stranded poly(A) tail on the substrate RNA for its activity. Can complement the growth defect of a yeast mutant lacking RRP41 exonuclease (PubMed:10930416). Required for normal development of female gametophytes (PubMed:18160042).
Expressed in flowers, siliques, stems, leaves, roots, pollen grains and shoot apical meristems.
No visible phenotype; due the redundancy with MNS1. Lack of complex N-glycans, shorter roots and increased lateral root formation in mns1 and mns2 double mutants.
Specifically expressed during initiation of the shoot apical meristem, when cotyledonary primordia arise at the flanks of the apical embryo domain phase. Confined to the initiating vascular primordium of the cotyledons during heart and torpedo stages, but only weakly expressed during bent cotyledon stage.
Expressed in roots, seedlings and leaves.
Expressed in the root excluding the apex and at leaf primordia (PubMed:22323769). Accumulates in cotyledons, hypocotyls and leaf veins of young seedlings (PubMed:22323769). Negatively regulated during infection by the bacterium Ralstonia solanacerum (PubMed:18596930).
Induced by L-galactono-1,4-lactone (L-GalL), the terminal precursor for ascorbic acid (AsA) biosynthesis in the Smirnoff-Wheeler pathway (PubMed:22323769). Accumulates during seed imbibition (PubMed:31284602).
Involved in the regulation of testa rupture during seed germination (PubMed:31284602). Required during roots and rosettes development (PubMed:22323769).
Constitutively expressed in all green tissues.
Susceptible to systemic infection by tobacco etch virus (TEV) and to some isolates of lettuce mosaic virus (LMV) and plum pox virus (PPV).
Acts as an effector of RABF2A and RABF2B (By similarity). Involved in vacuolar transport of storage proteins. Regulates membrane trafficking to protein storage vacuoles (PSVs) (Probable). Binds specifically to phosphatidylinositol 3-monophosphate (PtdIns3P) (By similarity).
The longin domain is essential for the vacuolar and subcellular targeting.
May be involved in the transport of sterols.
Binds ubiquitin in vitro (PubMed:24316203). Might contribute to the loading of the ESCRT machinery (Probable).
Accepts the ubiquitin from the E1 complex and catalyzes its covalent attachment to other proteins. Involved in the formation of multiubiquitin chains. Signal the protein for selective degradation.
This protein has been named UBC13 according to the nomenclature proposed in PubMed:16339806, but it is not the same as the UBC13 described in several publications that correspond to the protein named UBC35 in our nomenclature.
Up-regulated by syringolin, a cell death-inducing chemical.
Binds the poly(A) tail of mRNA. Appears to be an important mediator of the multiple roles of the poly(A) tail in mRNA biogenesis, stability and translation. In the cytoplasm, affects both translation and mRNA decay. Inhibits the polyadenylated RNA degradation by the Rrp41p 3'-->5' exonuclease in vitro. Binds with the 5'UTRs of PAB2, PAB3 and with a lower affinity with the 5'UTR of PAB5.
Expressed predominantly in immature flowers. Detected in tapetum and pollen. Strongly expressed in immatures siliques.
Cleaves peptide substrates on the N-terminus of arginine residues in dibasic pairs.
Could be involved in the negative regulation of root growth.
Mostly expressed in roots, inflorescence bolts and flower buds.
Belongs to the type II topoisomerase family.
Control of topological states of DNA by transient breakage and subsequent rejoining of DNA strands. Topoisomerase II makes double-strand breaks.
Binds auxin, endogenous flavonoids and the phytoalexin camalexin and may be involved in regulating the binding and transport of small bioactive natural products and defense-related compounds during plant stress. Binds a series of heterocyclic compounds, including lumichrome, harmane, norharmane and indole-3-aldehyde. In vitro, possesses glutathione S-transferase activity toward 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) and benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC). Acts as glutathione peroxidase on cumene hydroperoxide, linoleic acid-13-hydroperoxide and trans-stilbene oxide, but not trans-cinnamic acid or IAA-CoA.
By ethylene, auxin, glutathione, salicylic acid, copper, paraquat, acetochlor, metolachlor and the pathogens P.syringae and Hyaloperonospora parasitica.
Expressed in the root-shoot transition zone and root tips.
Down-regulated by SPT and by A class genes AP2 and LUG in the outer whorl. In the third whorl, B class genes AP3 and PI, and the C class gene AG act redundantly with each other and in combination with SEP1, SEP2, SEP3, SHP1 and SHP2 to activate CRC in nectaries and carpels. LFY enhances its expression.
In carpels, expression starts when the gynoecial primordia becomes distinct. First expressed in the lateral region of each carpel. Later resolves into two distinct domains, epidermal and internal. In epidermal tissues, mostly localized on the outer surface, successively from the base to the tip of the gynoecium and finally confined to the valve region before disappearing during last flowering stages. In internal tissues, first confined to four discrete zones adjacent to the future placental tissue occupying the full length of the elongating cylinder, declining from the apical regions and disappearing after the ovule primordia arise. Before nectaries initiation, expression occupies a ring of receptacle cells between the stamen and sepal primordia, from where nectaries will develop. Strongly expressed in nectaries until latest flowering stages.
Restricted to flowers, mostly in carpels and nectaries. Expressed at low levels in sepal primordia (buds), sepal receptacle and developing petal. Not detected in placental tissues, septum, stigma and ovules.
The double mutants crc-1 rbl-1, crc-1 sqn-4, and crc-1 ult1-4 exhibit strong floral meristem (FM) indeterminacy with reiterations of extra floral whorls in the center of the flower.
Transcription factor required for the initiation of nectary development. Also involved in suppressing early radial growth of the gynoecium, in promoting its later elongation and in fusion of its carpels by regulating both cell division and expansion. Establishes the polar differentiation in the carpels by specifying abaxial cell fate in the ovary wall. Regulates both cell division and expansion.
Aquaporins contain two tandem repeats each containing three membrane-spanning domains and a pore-forming loop with the signature motif Asn-Pro-Ala/Ser/Val (NPA).
Boric acid transporter. Low water transport activity. Plays an important role as plasma membrane boric acid channel for the boron uptake required for plant growth and development under boron limitation.
By boron limitation in the root elongation and the root hair zones.
Plants display lower boric acid uptake into roots, lower biomass production, and increased sensitivity of root and shoot development to boron deficiency.
Embryonic lethality in homozygous mutant. In heterozygous plants, impaired male-female gamete recognition when pollen of ank6 mutant is placed on ank6 female gamete. Defects in female gametophyte development at the one-nucleate stage (PubMed:21123745). Abnormal hypocotyls length. Reduced accumulation of anthocyanin in seedlings grown under far-red light, in response to high light and after sucrose treatment, associated with lower levels of the UDP-flavonoid-3'-glucosyl-transferase (A3G2XYLT/UF3GT), a major enzyme in the anthocyanin biosynthesis processes (PubMed:21395597).
Interacts with phytochrome A (PHYA), both in Pr and Pfr forms (PubMed:21395597, PubMed:27143545). Binds to PIF3, a repressor of photomorphogenesis in response to phytochrome-mediated light signaling; this interaction may trigger the repression of PHYA-mediated PIF3 phosphorylation (PubMed:27143545). Interacts with SIGE/SIG5 in mitochondrion (PubMed:21123745). Interacts with RPS9M (via C terminus) (PubMed:29312411).
Levels in leaves diminishes after transition from the vegetative to the reproductive phase. Accumulates strongly in developmental tissues (PubMed:21395597). Highly expressed in the male (e.g. pollen grains and pollen tubes) and female (e.g. synergids, egg cell and central cell) gametophytes before and during, but not after fertilization. In fertilized ovules, levels decrease rapidely to become undetectable at the stage before the first division of the endosperm (PubMed:21123745).
Mostly expressed in flowers, cotyledons, leaves and siliques, and, to a lower extent, in roots and stems (PubMed:21123745, PubMed:21395597). Also detected at low levels in seedlings grown in continuous dark or light conditions (PubMed:21395597). Expressed in male and female gametophytes (PubMed:21123745).
Promotes anthocyanin accumulation through interaction with PHYA, especially in response to far-red light, high light and sucrose treatment, probably by triggering A3G2XYLT/UF3GT expression (PubMed:21395597, PubMed:27143545). Required for gametophytes development as well as male-female gamete recognition during fertilization, possibly by regulating mitochondrial gene expression (PubMed:21123745). Represses PHYA-mediated PIF3 phosphorylation (PubMed:27143545).
Plays an important role in the biosynthesis of the phospholipid phosphatidylcholine. Catalyzes the formation of CDP-choline.
Plants over-expressing ACP1 show altered composition of fatty acids, with significant decrease in levels of hexadecatrienoic acid (16:3) and increase in linolenate (18:3) content.
Belongs to the TAF9 family. CENP-S/MHF1 subfamily.
Involved in the promotion of spontaneous somatic homologous recombination (HR) events, which is opposite to the function of FANCM in ordered HR. Only FANCM is essential for replicative repair in the absence of the endonuclease MUS81 (PubMed:24635147). Acts in the same pathway as FANCM to restrain class II meiotic crossing over (CO), and acts with FANCM during meiosis to repair interstrand cross-links (ICLs) (PubMed:24635147, PubMed:25038251). This common pathway between MHF1 and FANCM is in parallel to the pathway that involves the RECQ4A helicase (PubMed:24635147).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants exhibit a defect in somatic homologous recombination.
PIF4-dependent regulation by temperature (PubMed:31127632). In low thermo-responsive cultivars (e.g. Col-0), higher expression at 28 degrees Celsius than at 22 degrees Celsius in petioles but not in leaf blades (PubMed:31127632). In high thermo-responsive cultivars (e.g. cv. Alst-1 and cv. Ang-0) higher expression at 28 degrees Celsius than at 22 degrees Celsius in both petioles and leaf blades (PubMed:31127632).
The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex catalyzes the overall conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA and CO(2).
Binds 1 Fe(2+) or Fe(3+) and 1 Zn(2+) ion per subunit, catalysis is optimal with 1 Fe and 1 Zn. Electron spin resonance indicates the presence of a mixture of protein molecules that contain either Fe(2+) or Fe(3+) and Zn(2+). Mn(2+) is not a cofactor (PubMed:19834746).
Mainly expressed in flowers and flower buds. Also detected in roots and leaves.
Homodimer. Forms a complex with CPFTSY and the signal recognition particle (cpSRP). Interacts (via C-terminus) with CAO/cpSRP43 (via chromodomains 2 and 3) and with LHCP. Interacts with PAM68, SECE1 and SCY1 (PubMed:12217076, PubMed:14517205, PubMed:15988575, PubMed:17513500, PubMed:20018841, PubMed:20828566, PubMed:20923938, PubMed:21832051). Interacts with TERC (PubMed:24612058). Interacts with ALB4 (PubMed:26265777). Interacts with STIC2 (PubMed:28684427).
Mainly expressed in organs that contain green tissues such as leaves, flower buds and stems.
Required for the insertion of some light harvesting chlorophyll-binding proteins (LHCP) into the chloroplast thylakoid membrane. Required for the insertion of LHCB1, LHCB4.1 and LHCB5 proteins into thylakoid membrane, while it is not required for insertion of proteins PsbX, PsbW and PsbY.
The C-terminus (339-462) is required for interaction with cpSRP.
Two articles reported an interaction with LPA2; however, these papers were later retracted.
By dehydration. Not affected by water stress.
Potential aquaporin, which may facilitate the transport of water and small neutral solutes across cell membranes.
Interacts with ORP3A (PubMed:19207211). Binds to VLG at the endomembrane system (PubMed:28107777).
Vesicle-associated protein that binds the oxysterol-binding protein ORP3A and allows its targeting to the ER.
Predominantly expressed in the inflorescence stem.
Acts on the G1 phase of the cell cycle to control cell division rate in both shoot and root meristems. The complex formed with CDKA-1 phosphorylates plant retinoblastoma protein.
Interacts with KRP1/ICK1 and with the C-terminal domain of CDKA-1.
Involved in the attachment of the Gal residue on the third xylosyl unit within the XXXG core structure of xyloglucan, the principal glycan that interlaces the cellulose microfibrils in plant cell wall (PubMed:12837954). Associates with other xyloglucan-synthesizing enzymes to form multiprotein complexes for xyloglucan synthesis in the Golgi (PubMed:25392066). Interacts with actin and is required for the proper endomembrane organization and for the cell elongation. Not involved in the trafficking from the endoplasmic reticulum to the vacuoles (PubMed:15863516). Involved in salt stress tolerance. Participates in the control of the expression of genes encoding for proteins involved in reactive oxygen species (ROS) detoxification under salt stress. May contribute to the maintenance of the proper organization of actin microfilaments during salt stress-induced ROS production (PubMed:23571490).
The cytoplasmic N-terminal domain interacts with actin, while the lumenal C-terminal domain contributes to the activity of xyloglucan galactosyltransferase.
Expressed in roots and shoots. Detected in root procambium, lateral root primordia, vascular tissues of immature leaves, axillary buds, style and ovular funiculus.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions; due to the redundancy with other LOG proteins.
Bidirectional monofunctional enoyl-CoA hydratase 2 involved in the degradation of even cis-unsaturated fatty acids. Devoid of 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity.
Expressed in germinating seedlings and senescing leaves.
Knock-down mutants show meiotic defects, reduction in seed set and fertility, and premature separation of sister chromatids before meiosis II, but no defects in vegetative development or growth (PubMed:24206843, PubMed:23884434). The localization of SYN1 and ZYP1 are not affected (PubMed:23884434). Sgo1 and sgo2 double mutants are almost completely sterile and show a premature separation of sister chromatids at anaphase I (PubMed:24506176).
Protects sister chromatid centromere cohesion in meiosis I but not through the protection of the cohesin SYN1 (PubMed:23884434). Required with SGO2 for full protection of centromeric cohesion during anaphase I (PubMed:24206843). Required to prevent precocious release of pericentromeric cohesins during meiosis (PubMed:24206843). Not necessary for the maintenance of the synaptonemal complex (SC) (PubMed:23884434). Not required for monopolar spindle orientation in meiosis I (PubMed:24506176).
Belongs to the radical SAM superfamily. Biotin synthase family.
Binds 1 [2Fe-2S] cluster. The cluster is coordinated with 3 cysteines and 1 arginine.
There are 3 contiguous domains conserved in the CDPK subfamily: a kinase domain, an autoinhibitory (junction) domain and a calmodulin-like domain. The autoinhibitory domain (323-353) inactivates kinase activity under calcium-free conditions (By similarity).
Expressed in young seedlings, developing leaves, sepals and trichomes.
Increased tolerance to salt stress leading to better seedling survival and enhanced seed germination on NaCl- and KCl-containing medium, due to a reduced sensitivity to and reduced levels of abscisic acid (ABA), as well as a reduced induction of stress-related genes. Altered leaf morphology, both in shape and in size.
Induced by salicylic acid (SA) and gibberellic acid (GA) (PubMed:16463103). Triggered by dehydration and salt stress (PubMed:26243618).
Transcription activator that coordinates abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis and signaling-related genes via binding to the specific promoter motif 5'-(A/T)AACCAT-3'. Represses ABA-mediated salt (e.g. NaCl and KCl) stress tolerance. Regulates leaf shape and promotes vegetative growth.
Acts as a topological specificity factor during plastid division and specify plastid constriction sites (such as the Z-ring) in a MCD1-dependent manner (PubMed:29967285, PubMed:23936263). Especially involved in epidermal plastids division in a FTSZ1-dependent manner (PubMed:26500667). Required for the proper formation of FtsZ rings at the division site in nongreen plastids (e.g. etioplasts) (PubMed:23936263). May contribute to gravitropism in stems and hypocotyls. Stimulates MIND1 ATPase activity. In cooperation with MIND1, prevents FtsZ ring formation anywhere outside of the mid-plastids.
Expressed in green tissues, especially at the shoot apex. Also present in leaves, stems, buds, and flowers, especially in sepals, siliques (tip and base), and anthers (mostly in pollen grains).
Homodimer. Interacts with MIND1. These interactions are required for proper intraplastidic localization. Binds to ARC3.
Only one or two large plastids (all type of plastid) in each plastid containing cells (PubMed:23936263). Impaired gravitropism of inflorescence stems and hypocotyls, but not of roots. Wide variation in size and shape of epidermal plastids, occasionally displaying grape-like morphology, associated with a disturbed localization of FTSZ1 ring (PubMed:26500667). Severe inhibition of plastid division, producing motile disorganized dots and short filaments of FtsZ (PubMed:29967285). Reduced number of enlarged etioplasts in cotyledons associated with fragmented FtsZ filaments (PubMed:23936263). Altered localization of MCD1 and MinD1 in puncta on the envelope membranes of giant chloroplasts (PubMed:29967285). The mcd1 arc12 double mutant contains a heterogeneous population of chloroplasts, including some with multiple membrane constrictions associated with an organization of FtsZ1 in multiple rings similar to those observed in mcd1 single mutants (PubMed:29967285).
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS11 family.
Component of the mitochondrial ribosome small subunit (28S) which comprises a 12S rRNA and about 30 distinct proteins.
Probably involved in light/cold stress-related jasmonate (JA) biosynthesis.
Simultaneous down-regulation of PAP1, PAP2 and PAP3 leads to impaired long-term acclimation to environmental constraint, namely photooxidative stress imposed by high light combined with cold.
Component of the TFIID complex. TFIID is composed of TATA binding protein (TBP) and a number of TBP-associated factors (TAFs) whose MWs range from 14-217 kDa. Component of the SWR1 chromatin-remodeling complex. Interacts with TAF4B, TAF5, TAF8, TAF12, TAF12B, TAF13 and TAF15B. Interacts with the transcription activator complex FRI-C. Interacts with SWC6, FRI and (via C-terminus) with FLX, SUF4, FRIL1 and FES1 (PubMed:17340043, PubMed:21282526). Interacts with EAF1A and EAF1B (via HSA domain) (Ref.7).
Expressed in roots, leaves, inflorescence and flowering tissues.
Negative regulator of flowering controlling the H4K5 acetylation levels in the FLC and FT chromatin. Positively regulates FLC expression. Component of the transcription factor IID (TFIID) complex that is essential for mediating regulation of RNA polymerase transcription. Component of the SWR1 complex which mediates the ATP-dependent exchange of histone H2A for the H2A variant HZT1 leading to transcriptional regulation of selected genes by chromatin remodeling. Component of a NuA4 histone acetyltransferase complex which is involved in transcriptional activation of selected genes principally by acetylation of nucleosomal histones H4 and H2A.
No visible phenotype, due to the redundancy with TAF14B (PubMed:21282526). Decreased FLC expression leading to earlier transition from vegetative to reproductive phase (Ref.7). Taf14 and taf14b double mutants show a pleiotropic phenotype that includes small size and abnormal leaf morphology (PubMed:21282526). Taf14 and taf14b double mutants flower significantly earlier than single mutants under both long days and short days conditions (Ref.7).
Interacts with the pre-spliceosomal component U2AF65A.
Splicing factor that controls alternative splicing of the developmental regulator ABI3. Reduces splicing of a cryptic intron in ABI3, leading to a decreased in ABI3-beta transcript (PubMed:20525852). Regulates the splicing of the receptor-like kinase SNC4/LRKL-2.6 (PubMed:25267732).
Ubiquitous with highest expression in siliques toward the end of seed maturation.
Interacts with XTH31. The formation of an XTH17-XTH31 dimer may be required for XET activity.
Knockdown mutants have shorter roots, decreased cell wall xyloglucan content and increased aluminum resistance.
Root specific (PubMed:11673616). Expressed in all cell types in the elongating and differentiating region of the root (PubMed:15659443).
Up-regulated by auxin and brassinolide (PubMed:11673616). Down-regulated by aluminum.
Accumulates in response to cold (PubMed:28412546, PubMed:32396196). Reduced levels upon treatment with geldanamycin (GDA), a Hsp90 inhibitor (PubMed:32396196).
Binds specifically to cytosolic chaperonin (c-CPN) and transfers target proteins to it (PubMed:19825635). Binds to nascent polypeptide chain and promotes folding in an environment in which there are many competing pathways for nonnative proteins (PubMed:19825635). Together with other chaperonins, contribute to the regulation of gene expression by modulating the spliceosome function on pre-mRNA splicing post-transcriptionally by acting as a co-chaperone of Hsp90 to control levels of LSM8, especially in cold conditions (PubMed:32396196). Required for microtubules (MTs) (MTs) organization and dynamicity (PubMed:19004800, PubMed:28412546). Involved in the process leading to microtubules dissociation in response to gibberellic acid (GA) probably due to the DELLA proteins-mediated translocation of the prefoldin co-chaperone complex from the cytoplasm to the nucleus (PubMed:28412546). Prevents cold acclimation (e.g. 7 days at 4 degrees Celsius) in a DELLA proteins-dependent manner by promoting nuclear proteasome-mediated HY5 degradation, thus modulating the expression of several genes and reducing anthocyanin biosynthesis, but seems not involved in constitutive freezing tolerance (PubMed:28412546).
Heterohexamer of two PFD-alpha type and four PFD-beta type subunits forming prefoldin co-chaperone complex (By similarity). Interacts with ABI3 (via C-terminus) (PubMed:10743655). Interacts with PFD6 (PubMed:19004800). Binds to HY5 in the nucleus and at low temperature (e.g. at 4 degrees Celsius) (PubMed:28412546). Interacts with LSM8, a specific subunit of the LSM2-8 complex, which is a core component of the spliceosome (PubMed:32396196). Binds to HSP90 to facilitate the formation of a larger complex made at least of HSP90, PFD4 and LSM8 (PubMed:32396196).
Hypersensitivity to oryzalin (a microtubule inhibitor) (PubMed:19004800). Increased sensitivity to high salt treatment (PubMed:32396196). Smaller plants due to reduced cells size and associated with lower levels of both alpha and beta tubulin subunits, as well as highly disorganized cortical microtubules (MTs) (PubMed:28412546, PubMed:32396196). Increased capacity to tolerate freezing temperatures upon acclimation (e.g. 7 days at 4 degrees Celsius) associated with a continuous accumulation of HY5 in cold conditions, characterized by a lower ubiquitination status (PubMed:28412546). Reduced levels of LSM8 and of LSM2-8 complex via a post-transcriptional process, especially in cold conditions (at protein level) (PubMed:32396196). Slightly reduced production of U6 snRNA at room temperature, but to higher extent in cold situation (PubMed:32396196). Lower pre-mRNA splicing events and reduced production of U6 snRNA in plants lacking PFD2, PFD4 and PFD6, probably due to a reduced activity of the LSM2-8 complex (PubMed:32396196).
Facilitates the assembly of the membrane proton channel of the chloroplastic F-type ATPase. Specifically required for the efficient assembly and integration of the CF(0) subunit c into the chloroplastic ATPase complex in the thylakoid membrane.
Reduced growth rate. Increase in xanthophyll cycle activity and energy-dependent non-photochemical quenching.
Amino acid-proton symporter. Stereospecific transporter with a broad specificity for GABA, tryptophan and both neutral and basic amino acids. High affinity transport of cationic amino acids.
Expressed in the root phloem. Detected in stamens, in cotyledons, and in major veins of mature leaves.
Induced in the connective tissue of stamens shortly before dehiscence.
Inhibited by carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone and 2,4-dinitrophenol.
Amino acids thought to be required for catalysis are not conserved in ISA2, suggesting that it may not be an active debranching enzyme and acts via its interaction with ISA1.
Associates with ISA1 to form the heteromultimeric complex Iso1 required for amylopectin synthesis.
Involved in the trimming of pre-amylopectin chains. Accelerates the crystallization of nascent amylopectin molecules during starch synthesis. ISA1 and ISA2 work exclusively together as a multimeric holoenzyme. ISA1-ISA2 removes preferentially branches that are very close to other branches.
Strong reduction of the starch level in leaves, but 50-fold increase of water-soluble polysaccharides. No alteration of the amylase-to-amylopectin ratio.
Component of the TFIID complex. TFIID is composed of TATA binding protein (TBP) and a number of TBP-associated factors (TAFs) whose MWs range from 14-217 kDa. Interacts with TAF12, TAF12B and TAF13.
Expressed in seedlings, roots, shoots, leaves, flowers and siliques.
Expressed in siliques, stems, flowers and weakly in leaves. Not detected in pollen, seeds and roots, but expressed in lateral root primordia. Specifically found in the L1 layer of the shoot apical meristem and in developing trichomes.
Involved in cuticule membrane and wax production, and in the typhine and sporopollenin biosynthesis of pollen. Core components of a very-long-chain alkane synthesis complex. May be the fatty acid reductase responsible for aldehyde formation.
Plants show postgenital fusion between aerial organs and severe male sterility in low-humidity environments. Altered cuticular waxes, but no effect on cutin load and composition.
Abnormal regulation of psaA gene expression by light variation and reduced plastoquinone (PQ) pool (PubMed:18632566, PubMed:22039472). Accentuated superimposition effect of light leading to PQ oxidation. Increased level of non-photochemical quenching, faster pre-steady state kinetics of the 'Kautsky' transient (PubMed:22039472). Up-regulation of chloroplast-encoded photosystem and non-photosystem genes (PubMed:31925322).
Autophosphorylated, possibly on tyrosine residues, in photosystem I (PS I) light and in the presence of manganese ions Mn(2+), to a lesser degree, in the presence of calcium ions Ca(2+), but not in the presence of magnesium ions Mg(2+). Dithiothreitol (DTT) stimulates autophosphorylation (PubMed:18632566). Phosphorylated on Ser-188 in vivo after exposure to far-red light (when plastoquinone (PQ) is oxidized). Not phosphorylated under orange light (reduces PQ) (PubMed:31925322).
Belongs to the chloroplast sensor kinase protein family.
Self-interacts. Interacts with the plastoquinone analog 2,5-dibromo-3-methyl-5-isopropyl-p-benzoquinone (DBMIB) and with SIGA/SIG1.
Sensor kinase that senses the plastoquinone (PQ) redox state involved in stoichiometry adjustment of both photosystems (e.g. long-term adaptation via transcriptional regulation of reaction center genes of photosystems I and II) and state transitions (e.g. short-term adaptation involving reversible post-translational phosphorylation of light-harvesting complex II, LHC II), thus linking photosynthesis with gene expression in chloroplasts (PubMed:18632566, PubMed:22039472). Autophosphorylates, probably on a tyrosine residue (PubMed:18632566). Probably phosphorylates SIGA/SIG1 in response to plastoquinone redox state modification (PubMed:23754813). Reduced PQ suppresses its autophosphorylation activity. Represses expression of a number of chloroplast-encoded genes (PubMed:31925322).
The 3Fe-4S cluster is redox-responsive, binds 1 cluster per monomer.
Adds a GMP to the 5'-end of tRNA(His) after transcription and RNase P cleavage.
Belongs to the tRNA(His) guanylyltransferase family.
No visible phenotype in leaves or seeds; due to the redundancy with other FMO GS-OXs.
Up-regulated in roots by salt, osmotic and cold stresses.
Acetyltransferase involved in UDP-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) biosynthesis. UDP-GlcNAc is an essential metabolite that serves as an initial sugar donor for N-glycan synthesis and thus plays an important role in protein and lipid glycosylation.
Belongs to the acetyltransferase family. GNA1 subfamily.
Expressed in roots, leaves, stems, cauline leaves, flowers and siliques.
Retarded vegetative growth, delayed flowering and short and thick inflorescence stems and siliques.
The mutant lignescens (lig) was originally isolated as a temperature-sensitive mutant that exhibits ectopic lignin deposition and growth defects under high-temperature conditions.
Involved in cuticle development and morphogenesis.
Catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of 6-phosphogluconate to ribulose 5-phosphate and CO(2), with concomitant reduction of NADP to NADPH (PubMed:26941195). Required for guided growth of the male gametophytes and interaction between the pollen tube and the ovule (PubMed:26941195).
Embryonic lethality when homozygous (PubMed:26941195). Defects in pollen tube growth (PubMed:26941195).
Forms homodimer (PubMed:26941195, PubMed:27366940). Forms heterodimers with PGD1 or PGD3 (PubMed:27366940).
Repressed by sucrose, glucose and fructose. Slightly induced by turanose and mannitol.
By gibberellins. Down-regulated by abscisic acid (ABA).
Expressed in flower buds, style, stamen filaments, vasculature of sepals, flower abscission zone and green siliques. Lower levels seen in the root phloem, cotyledons and vasculature of rosette leaves.
Belongs to the V-ATPase D subunit family.
Subunit of the peripheral V1 complex of vacuolar ATPase. V-ATPase is responsible for acidifying a variety of intracellular compartments in eukaryotic cells, thus providing most of the energy required for transport processes in the vacuolar system (By similarity).
Delayed leaf senescence phenotype (PubMed:12366806). The double mutants ate1 and ate2 show reduced seed germination potential and inhibition of seedling establishment by sucrose (PubMed:19255443). The double mutants ate1 and ate2 exhibit abnormal shoot and leaf development (PubMed:19620738).
Involved in the post-translational conjugation of arginine to the N-terminal aspartate or glutamate of a protein. This arginylation is required for degradation of the protein via the ubiquitin pathway. Component of the N-end rule pathway with ATE2 and PRT6 (PubMed:19255443, PubMed:19620738, PubMed:22020282). The N-end rule pathway regulates seed after-ripening, seedling sugar sensitivity, seedling lipid breakdown, and abscisic acid (ABA) sensitivity of germination (PubMed:19255443). The end-rule pathway regulates various aspects of leaf and shoot development (PubMed:19620738). Involved in the oxygen-dependent N-arginylation of RAP2-12, an activator of hypoxic gene expression. This N-terminal modification leads to ubiquitination by PRT6 and subsequent degradation of RAP2-12 under aerobic conditions (PubMed:22020282). Has an important role in the progression of leaf senescence (PubMed:12366806). Involved in disease resistance (PubMed:27173012). The end-rule pathway plays a role in regulating the timing and amplitude of the immune response following infection with the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato (PubMed:27173012). Regulates the biosynthesis of plant-defense metabolites such as glucosinolates, and the biosynthesis and response to the phytohormone jasmonate (JA), which plays a key role in plant immunity (PubMed:27173012).
By sucrose and nitrogen starvation and during senescence. By methyl viologen. By salt and osmotic stress. By necrotrophic fungal pathogen B.cinerea. Up-regulated in response to both water stress and hydrotropic stimulation.
Component of the PI(3,5)P2 regulatory complex at least composed of ATG18, SAC/FIG4, FAB1 and VAC14 (By similarity). Interacts with WRKY33.
Mutant is more sensitive to nutrient deprivation conditions and exhibits an early senescence phenotype. Prevents autophagosome formation during starvation. More sensitive to methyl viologen (oxidative stress) treatment and accumulates a higher level of oxidized proteins compared to wild type. High sensitivity to salt and osmotic/drought stresses. Displays an enhanced resistance to the powdery mildew pathogen G.cichoracearum with mildew-induced cell death and an enhanced resistance to P.syringae DC3000 but shows an enhanced susceptibility to infection with necrotrophic A.brassicicola and B.cinerea pathogens.
The PI(3,5)P2 regulatory complex regulates both the synthesis and turnover of phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(3,5)P2). Required for autophagy by autophagosome formation during nutrient deprivation, senescence and under abiotic stresses, including oxidative, high salt and osmotic stress conditions. Cooperates with jasmonate- and WRKY33-mediated signaling pathways in the regulation of plant defense responses to necrotrophic pathogens.
By abscisic acid (ABA), salt, osmotic stress, wounding and paraquat. Not induced by anoxia.
Expressed at low levels in roots, shoots, flowers, siliques and seeds.
Transcription factor involved in plant cell division.
Bifunctional oxidoreductase ables to act both on prenyl naphthoquinones and on prenyl benzoquinones (PubMed:21844348, PubMed:26023160). May serve a respiratory function (PubMed:12972666). Involved in an electron flow toward the plastoglobule plastoquinone pool (PubMed:21844348, PubMed:25018761). Required for plastochromanol-8 accumulation and for phylloquinone (vitamin K1) production (PubMed:21844348, PubMed:25018761). Probably not directly involved in cyclic or chlororespiratory electron flows under standard growth conditions, but participates in the redox metabolism of plastoquinone-9 and the tocophrol recycling-intermediate alpha-tocopherol quinone (PubMed:21844348, PubMed:25018761). Catalyzes the penultimate step in the biosynthesis of vitamin K1 (PubMed:26023160).
No visible phenotype (PubMed:21844348, PubMed:25018761). Increased photosensitivity to high light (PubMed:26023160).
Expressed in green tissues, including cotyledons, rosette and cauline leaves, and sepals. Also detected at the base and the tip of the trichome.
Has a central role in coupling the hydrolysis of ATP to the transfer of proteins across the thylakoid membrane. Involved in photosynthetic acclimation and required for chloroplast biogenesis.
Induced steadily during photomorphogenesis.
Part of the Sec protein translocation apparatus. Interacts probably with SCY1.
Up-regulated when light-grown seedlings are shifted to the dark.
Binds RuBisCO small and large subunits and is implicated in the assembly of the enzyme oligomer. Involved in protein assisted folding. Required for proper chloroplast development.
Embryos are albino, can germinate but are unable to produce viable seedlings.
Expressed in leaves, stems, siliques and flowers.
Part of the Cpn60 complex composed of 7 alpha and 7 beta subunits. This complex shows ATPase activity. The Cpn60 complex interacts with the Cpn10 complex.
CVP2 overexpression impairs protophloeme sieve element differentiation and overall root growth. Cvp1 and cvp2 double mutant displays high PtdIns(4,5)P2 levels.
During early stages of embryogenesis, broadly expressed throughout globular and torpedo stages. At late torpedo stage, strongly expressed in developing vascular cells and weakly expressed in surrounding cells. By the walking-stick stage, restricted to incipient vascular cells of the apical loop, the midvein of the cotyledon and the root vasculature. In emerging leaves, strongly expressed in procambium and weakly expressed in areole cells. Limited to developing vascular cells in later stage of leaf development. In roots, expressed in procambium of the elongating zone and in immature vascular cells of the root differentiation zone. During inflorescence development, broadly expressed in young floral buds, and gradually restricted to procambium of cauline leaves, sepals, petals, gynoecia and anthers.
Has phosphatase activity toward PtdIns(4,5)P2 and PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 (PubMed:19473324). Required for the patterning of procambium and during the differentiation of vascular tissues. Acts before the acquisition of preprocambial identity. Seems to be also involved in the abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway (PubMed:10559439, PubMed:15100402). Acts redundantly with CVL1 for maintaining vascular continuity (PubMed:19363154, PubMed:25813544). Regulates phosphoinositide-dependent VAN3 localization (PubMed:19473324).
Belongs to the histone deacetylase family. HD type 2 subfamily.
Delayed flowering under both long-day (LD) and short-day (SD) conditions.
Inhibited by trichostatin A (TSA), a well-known histone deacetylase inhibitor.
Responsible for the deacetylation of lysine residues on the N-terminal part of the core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) (Probable). Histone deacetylation gives a tag for epigenetic repression and plays an important role in transcriptional regulation, cell cycle progression and developmental events (Probable). Histone deacetylases act via the formation of large multiprotein complexes (PubMed:25922987). Involved in the regulation of flowering time by repressing FLC and AGL27/MAF1 expression (PubMed:25922987). Forms a histone deacetylase complex with HDA6, FLD and MSI4/FVE that represses FLC gene expression to control flowering time (PubMed:25922987). Unlike its tandem duplication HDA18, HDA5 does not seem to be required for the cellular patterning in the root epidermis (PubMed:16176989).
Disease resistance (R) protein that specifically recognizes the AvrRpt2 type III effector avirulence protein from Pseudomonas syringae. Resistance proteins guard the plant against pathogens that contain an appropriate avirulence protein via an indirect interaction with this avirulence protein. That triggers a defense system including the hypersensitive response, which restricts the pathogen growth. Acts via its interaction with RIN4, and probably triggers the plant resistance when RIN4 is degraded by AvrRpt2.
Interacts indirectly with RIN4. Found in a complex with AvrRpt2 and AvrB (PubMed:10849351, PubMed:12581526). Interacts with MORC1/CRT1 (PubMed:18191794). Binds to NRP1 (Ref.16). Interacts with TRAF1B (PubMed:26867179).
The coiled coil domain is essential for the resistance to AvrRpt2; the cultivars that do not display resistance showing specific variations in this region.
The polymorphism between the different cultivars influence the specificity to the pathogen recognition. In cv. Po.1, KNO2, BG-4 and Zu-0, RPS2 does not confer resistance to AvrRpt2.
Can form homomeric and heteromeric protein complexes with NAP1;1, NAP1;2 and NAP1;3. Binds histone H2A.
Expressed in the root segment covering the apical end of the differentiation zone, the elongation zone of the root and the mature pollen within the anthers of open flowers.
May modulate chromatin structure by regulation of nucleosome assembly/disassembly.
Interacts with CHR11 and CHR17 (PubMed:22694359). Interacts (via the DDT domain) with CHR11 (via C-terminus) (PubMed:23691993).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but the double mutant plants rlt-1 and rlt2-1 are small and display early flowering.
Transcriptional regulator required for the maintenance of the plant vegetative phase. In association with CHR11 or CHR17 may prevent the early activation of the vegetative-to-reproductive transition by regulating key genes that contribute to flower timing, such as FT, SEP1, SEP3, AGL8/FUL, SOC1 and FLC.
Expressed in response to pathogen infection (e.g. Pseudomonas syringae) at the vicinity of the hypersensitive lesions.
Involved in ethylene- and salicylic acid-dependent cell death control associated with cells in the vicinity of vascular bundles.
Lesion mimic mutant with a light conditional appearance of propagative hypersensitive response (HR)-like lesions along the vascular system, and associated with expression of defense genes, production of high levels of salicylic acid (SA) (PubMed:15269331). Increased resistance to virulent and avirulent strains of Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato (PubMed:15269331, PubMed:17720753). This necrosis symptoms are ethylene-dependent and associated with ethylene accumulation (PubMed:17720753).
By ethylene, methyl jasmonate (MeJa), wounding and infection by a virulent strain of P.syringae pv maculicola.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants are insensitive to inhibition of root elongation by ethylene, resistant to the herbicide and anthranilate analog 6-methylanthranilate, resistant to growth inhibition by the tryptophan analog alpha-methyltryptophan and insensitive to feedback inhibition by tryptophan.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL34 family.
This protein binds directly to 23S ribosomal RNA.
Accumulates in root tips and lateral root primordia. Present in young leaf and stem vascular tissues. Expressed throughout pollen development from very young floral buds to dehisced anthers, especially in microsporogenous cells, microspores, and mature pollen grains. In female reproductive organs, detected in megaspores and embryo sacs from one-nucleate to seven-celled embryo sacs.
Embryo sac development arrest at two-, four-, or eight-nucleate stages, associated with abnormal nuclear numbers and positions in embryo sac, aberrant embryo sacs and unfused polar nuclei (PubMed:15634699). Disrupted progression of the mitotic division cycles of the female gametophyte leading to an impaired synchrony of female gametophyte development (PubMed:15980260). Reduced root growth and accumulation of unprocessed 18S pre-rRNA (PubMed:15980260).
Essential protein required for nuclear division and organization during embryo sac development in female gametophyte, probably by promoting rRNA biogenesis essential for the progression of the mitotic division cycles during gametogenesis (PubMed:15634699, PubMed:15980260). Involved in nucleolar processing of pre-18S ribosomal RNA (PubMed:15980260).
Expressed in cells undergoing active cell divisions, including functional megaspores and the female gametophytic cells. Accumulates in roots, stems, leaves, inflorescences and siliques.
Belongs to the terpene synthase family. Tpsc subfamily.
Catalyzes the conversion of geranylgeranyl diphosphate to the gibberellin precursor ent-copalyl diphosphate.
Expressed in roots, leaves, flowers and also in siliques.
Inhibited by high concentrations of magnesium.
The Asp-Xaa-Asp-Asp (DXDD) motif is important for the catalytic activity through binding to Mg(2+).
Belongs to the helicase family. Dicer subfamily.
Ribonuclease (RNase) III involved in RNA-mediated post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS). Functions in the biogenesis of trans-acting small interfering RNAs (ta-siRNAs, derived from the TAS1, TAS2 or TAS3 endogenous transcripts) by cleaving small dsRNAs into 21-24 nucleotide ta-siRNAs. Functions with the dsRNA-binding protein DRB4 in ta-siRNAs processing. Acts in the RDR6/SGS3/DCL4/AGO7 ta-siRNA pathway involved in leaf developmental timing. Plays a role in transitive silencing of transgenes by processing secondary siRNAs. This pathway, which requires DCL2 and RDR6, amplifies silencing by using the target RNA as substrate to generate secondary siRNAs, providing an efficient mechanism for long-distance silencing. Required for the production of the 30-40 nucleotide bacterial-induced long siRNAs (lsiRNA). May participate with DCL3 in the production of 24 nucleotide repeat-associated siRNAs (ra-siRNAs) which derive from heterochromatin and DNA repeats such as transposons. Plays an important role in antiviral RNA silencing. Involved in the production of viral siRNAs derived from the cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), turnip crinkle virus (TCV) and tobacco rattle virus (TRV). Targeted by the viral silencing suppressor (VSR) protein 2b of the cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) that inactivates DCL4 function in RNA silencing. Does not seem to be involved in microRNAs (miRNAs) processing.
Belongs to the carotenoid/retinoid oxidoreductase family. CrtISO subfamily.
Carotene cis-trans-isomerase that converts 7,9,9'-tri-cis-neurosporene to 9'-cis-neurosporene and 7,9,9',7'-tetra-cis-lycopene (also known as prolycopene) into all-trans-lycopene. Isomerization requires redox-active components, suggesting that isomerization is achieved by a reversible redox reaction acting at specific double bonds. Isomerizes adjacent cis-double bonds at C7 and C9 pairwise into the trans-configuration, but is incapable of isomerizing single cis-double bonds at C9 and C9'. Carotenoid biosynthesis is partly required to form the prolamellar bodies of etioplasts.
Possible bi-functional kinase. In vitro, it exhibits serine/threonine activity. In vivo, can phosphorylate tyrosine residues of limited substrates (PubMed:1450380). May be involved in plant defense signaling (By similarity).
Belongs to the HD-ZIP homeobox family. Class III subfamily.
Expressed in the procambial cells and the developing vascular system of embryos, roots and shoots. Expressed during the early stages of revascularization after cutting experiment.
Interacts with ESR1 and ESR2 (PubMed:17376809). Interacts with ZPR3 (PubMed:18408069).
Probable transcription factor involved in the regulation of vascular development. May promote differentiation of precambial and cambial cells.
By volatile C6-aldehydes ((E)-2-hexenal, (Z)-3-hexenal, (Z)-3-hexenol), and allo-ocimene.
Phosphorylates the second messenger diacylglycerol (DAG) to generate phosphatidic acid (PA), another important signaling molecule. PA is required for plant development and responses to abiotic stress and pathogen attack. May be involved in the accumulation of PA during cold stress (By similarity).
Treatment with (E)-2-hexenal, (Z)-3-hexenal and allo-ocimene increases plant resistance against the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea.
By auxin, cytokinin, gibberellin, abscisic acid (ABA), brassinosteroid and hypoxia.
Expressed in roots and vascular tissues near the shoot apex in young seedlings.
May play a role in the control of plant organ development (By similarity). Does not show transactivation activity in yeast (PubMed:23192389).
Expressed in meristems, including roots, vegetative, inflorescence and floral meristems, and in embryos.
The protein kinase domain is predicted to be catalytically inactive. Lacks the conserved Asp active site at position 612, which is replaced by an Asn residue. However, according to Ref.9, the kinase activity is conserved.
Catalyzes the post-translational formation of 4-hydroxyproline in -Xaa-Pro-Gly- sequences in proline-rich peptide sequences of plant glycoproteins and other proteins. Hydroxylates preferentially prolines in second positions in the -Pro-Pro-Gly-triplets. Hydroxyprolines are important constituent of many plant cell wall glycoproteins such as extensins, hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins, lectins and arabinogalactan proteins. Can hydroxylate collagen-like peptides and hypoxia-inducible transcription factor peptides.
Plants over-expressing P4H1 show absence of trichome on leaf and petal surfaces, increased root hair and reduction in seed size.
Expressed in leaves, especially in phloem (PubMed:22157085). Expressed in developing seeds (PubMed:25794936).
Forms homooligomers and heterooligomers with SWEET1, SWEET3, SWEET5, SWEET6, SWEET7, SWEET8, SWEET9, SWEET12, SWEET13, SWEET15 and SWEET17.
In developing seeds, accumulates specifically at different stages. First observed at the linear mature cotyledon stage until mature seed, mostly in micropylar endosperm and the seed coat.
Mediates both low-affinity uptake and efflux of sugar across the plasma membrane. Involved in phloem loading by mediating export from parenchyma cells feeding H(+)-coupled import into the sieve element/companion cell complex, thus contributing to the sucrose migration from sites of synthesis in the mesophyll to the phloem (PubMed:22157085, PubMed:24027245, PubMed:25988582). Contributes to seed filling by triggering sucrose efflux involved in the transfer of sugars from seed coat to embryos (PubMed:25988582).
Slightly induced by the pathogenic bacteria P.syringae pv. tomato, the powdery mildew fungus G.cichoracearum, and the fungal pathogen B.cinerea.
Under high-light conditions, plants lacking both SWEET11 and SWEET12 are defective in phloem loading and display slower growth, mild chlorosis, and high levels of starch and sugar accumulation in leaves (PubMed:22157085). In plants lacking SWEET11, SWEET12 and SWEET15, severe seed defects, which include retarded embryo development, reduced seed weight, and reduced starch and lipid content, causing a wrinkled seed phenotype. Altered sucrose efflux involved in the transfer of sugars from seed coat to embryos thus leading to starch accumulation in the seed coat but not in the embryo (PubMed:25794936).
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL28 family.
The SHN2 gene shows a pattern of expression associated with anther and silique dehiscence. Expressed in the stomium region when tapetum degeneration is initiated in the anther. Up to anthesis and until stamens fell off the senescing flower, restricted to the anther dehiscence zone. Subsequently, when petals and sepals withered, found at the bottom of each valve. During silique development, strongly expressed along the valve margin-replum boundary.
Expressed in seedlings, leaves and roots (PubMed:27990154). Observed in seeds (PubMed:31850033).
If the presence of Fe(2+) is not required for the production of nitriles with benzylglucosinolate as substrate, Fe(2+) is mandatory with 2-propenylglucosinolate and enhances the global lyase activity in a dose-dependent manner (PubMed:22954730). More active at pH 7.4 than at pH 6 (PubMed:22954730).
In seeds, present constitutively throughout embryogenesis and during stratification at low levels (PubMed:31850033). Accumulates progressively after seed germination and in young seedlings (PubMed:31850033).
Not dependent on the presence of Fe(2+) or Fe(3+).
Reduced simple nitrile levels in favor of isothiocyanates in tissues corresponding to its main basal expression (PubMed:27990154, PubMed:18987211). Abnormal accumulation of glucosinolate in seeds, during stratification and germination (PubMed:31850033).
Specifier protein responsible for constitutive and herbivore-induced simple nitrile formation, especially in seedlings and roots (PubMed:19224919, PubMed:18987211, PubMed:27990154). Promotes simple nitriles, but not epithionitrile or thiocyanate formation (PubMed:19224919, PubMed:18987211). Converts allylglucosinolate (allyl-GSL), 4-methylsulfinylbutylglucosinolate, 4-methylthiobutylglucosinolate, 2-propenylglucosinolate (sinigrin), indol-3-ylmethylglucosinolate (glucobrassicin), benzylisothiocyanate and benzylglucosinolate (glucotropaeolin) to their corresponding simple nitriles in the presence of myrosinase (PubMed:19224919, PubMed:18987211, PubMed:22954730). Catalyzes mainly the conversion of benzylisothiocyanate when benzylglucosinolate is used as the initial substrate of myrosinase (PubMed:19224919, PubMed:22954730). Involved in the regulation of glucosinolate content in seeds, during stratification and germination (PubMed:31850033).
May play a role in the control of plant organ development and specifically in the regulation of stamen development. Does not show transactivation activity in yeast.
Slightly enlarged leaves, small siliques with few seed set, severely reduced fertility mainly due to reduced stamen filament elongation and defects in pollen development. Increased polyploidy levels in cotyledon and leaf cells.
Catalyzes the removal of elemental sulfur and selenium atoms from L-cysteine, L-cystine, L-selenocysteine, and L-selenocystine to produce L-alanine (PubMed:12033984, PubMed:16455656). Supplies the inorganic sulfur for iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters (PubMed:15480755, PubMed:17372218). Required for the maturation of all plastidic Fe-S proteins and, thus, essential for plant growth (PubMed:17372218).
Heterotetramer with SUFE1 (PubMed:16455656). Interacts with QS (PubMed:18978034). Interacts with SUFE1 (PubMed:16437155, PubMed:18978034).
NFS2-overexpressing transgenic plants have enhanced ability to tolerate and accumulate Se and may be used in phytoremediation.
The cysteine desulfurase activity is stimulated over 40-fold upon complex formation with SUFE1 (PubMed:16437155, PubMed:16455656).
Down-regulated by glucose, sucrose and mannose.
Interacts with KIN10 and KIN11 via its FLZ-type zinc finger domain (PubMed:24600465, PubMed:29945970). Interacts with KINB3 via its N-terminal part (PubMed:29945970). Forms homodimer and heterodimer with FLZ1, FLZ2 and FLZ15 in vitro (PubMed:29945970).
Lacks the conserved Asp residue expected to act as the active site proton acceptor.
High affinity ammonium transporter in the plasma membrane.
Specifically expressed in pollen grains and tubes.
Acts as positive regulator of seedling photomorphogenesis and light-regulated inhibition of hypocotyl elongation, independently and in concert with HY5 and BBX21 (PubMed:18540109, PubMed:18796637, PubMed:18182030, PubMed:21427283). Acts as a positive regulator of de-etiolation and influences chloroplast biogenesis and function through regulation of genes encoding chloroplast proteins (PubMed:18182030). Acts downstream of COP1 and plays an important role in early and long-term adjustment of the shade avoidance syndrome (SAS) responses in natural environments (PubMed:21070414). Regulates the expression of genes responsive to light hormone signals which may contribute to optimal seedling development (PubMed:21427283).
Increased hypocotyl length under short day conditions (PubMed:18796637). Delayed chloroplast development (PubMed:18182030).
Ubiquitinated by COP1 in vitro (PubMed:18796637). COP1-mediated degradation of BBX22 by the proteasome occurs in the dark and is important for a precise skotomorphogenesis process and optimization of seedling growth under short days conditions (PubMed:21427283).
Belongs to the thiamine-phosphate synthase family.
Essential for thiamine biosynthesis. Bifunctional enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of hydroxymethylpyrimidine phosphate (HMP-P) to HMP-PP and condenses 4-methyl-5-(beta-hydroxyethyl)thiazole monophosphate (THZ-P) and 2-methyl-4-amino-5-hydroxymethyl pyrimidine pyrophosphate (HMP-PP) to form thiamine monophosphate (TMP).
Seedling lethality. Mutant plants can grow on synthetic medium supplied with thiamine.
Involved in (+) and (-)-abscisic acid transport (ABA) and in gibberellin import.
Component of the endosomal sorting required for transport complex III (ESCRT-III), composed at least of VPS2, VPS20, VPS24 and VPS32.
Expressed in root vasculature, root tips, leaf epidermal and guard cells, pollen grains and funiculus of developing seeds.
Homodimer; disulfide-linked. Interacts with APK2.
Belongs to the purine-cytosine permease (2.A.39) family.
Nucleobase-proton symporter that facilitates the uptake of nucleobases in the cells. Can transport adenine, guanine and uracil (PubMed:22616996, PubMed:22474184, PubMed:24621654). Contributes to uracil import into plastids for plastidic uracil salvage which is essential for plant growth and development (PubMed:22474184).
By salt stress (e.g. NaCl) and cold. Induced by P.tabacina.
Expressed in leaves (especially in midribs and trichomes), apical meristemic regions, stems, roots and flowers.
Belongs to the uroporphyrinogen-III synthase family.
Catalyzes cyclization of the linear tetrapyrrole, hydroxymethylbilane, to the macrocyclic uroporphyrinogen III, a precursor of tetrapyrroles such as chlorophyll, heme and phycobilins.
Catalyzes cyclization of the linear tetrapyrrole, hydroxymethylbilane, to the macrocyclic uroporphyrinogen III.
By abscisic acid (ABA) and salt stresses.
Mediates an active uptake of hexoses, probably by sugar/hydrogen symport. Mostly transports glucose, and barely galactose, xylose and mannose.
Transcripts accumulate in mature pollen before and during germination, but translation starts only when pollen germination initiates, and continues in pollen tubes.
Expressed ubiquitously, especially in the vascular tissues, except in seeds, petals and anthers (PubMed:20807212). Specific to the vascular tissues in young leaves, cotyledons and flower buds (PubMed:17583520). The PEAR proteins (e.g. DOF2.4, DOF5.1, DOF3.2, DOF1.1, DOF5.6 and DOF5.3) form a short-range concentration gradient that peaks at protophloem sieve elements (PSE) (PubMed:30626969).
Narrow and down-wardly curled leaves (PubMed:20807212). The pear1 pear2 tmo6 triple mutant variably displays reduced radial growth. The pear1 pear2 dof6 tmo6 quadruple mutant plants showed a greater uniform reduction in radial growth, associated with compromised symplastic trafficking (PubMed:30626969).
Specific to both elongating procambial cells and to cells isodiametric in size that are presumably destined to develop into higher-order veins. Strongly expressed in advance of perceptible procambium formation. Expressed in the cells of prospective veins in leaf primordia of seedlings and cotyledons of developing embryos, and the vascular tissue of developing flower buds.
Transcription factor that binds specifically to a 5'-AA[AG]G-3' consensus core sequence (By similarity). Binds to 5'-TAAAGT-3' motif in REV promoter to triggers its transcription, thus regulating adaxial-abaxial polarity and influencing leaf axial patterning in an auxin transport- and response-dependent manner (e.g. IAA6 and IAA19 genes expression) (PubMed:20807212). Probably involved in early processes for vascular development (PubMed:17583520). The PEAR proteins (e.g. DOF2.4, DOF5.1, DOF3.2, DOF1.1, DOF5.6 and DOF5.3) activate gene expression that promotes radial growth of protophloem sieve elements (PubMed:30626969).
Binds to the G-box motif (5'-CCACGTGG-3') of the rbcS-1A gene promoter (PubMed:1373374). G-box and G-box-like motifs are cis-acting elements defined in promoters of certain plant genes which are regulated by such diverse stimuli as light-induction or hormone control. Binds to the G-box motif 5'-CACGTG-3' of LHCB2.4 (At3g27690) promoter. May act as transcriptional activator in light-regulated expression of LHCB2.4. Probably binds DNA as monomer. DNA-binding activity is redox-dependent (PubMed:22718771).
Found in both light and dark grown leaves.
Monomer and heterodimers with BZIP16 and BZIP68 (PubMed:18315949). Interacts with GIP1 (PubMed:25387999).
Down-regulated by the A class gene AP2 in the first whorl and by ARF3/ETT in gynoecium.
During flower initiation, expressed in the peripheral zone of the shoot apical meristem. Confined to the anlagen of successive flower buds yet to arise. Later expressed in abaxial and adaxial sepal primordia, but not in sepals. When sepals initiate, localized in the region interior to them. Within the gynoecium, detected in the initiating and developing medial regions, and then in the developing septum and stigma. SPT expression also occurs in sub-regions of developing ovules, and in the wall and dehiscence zone of the maturing fruit. As the petals develop, becomes restricted to the adaxial epidermis. In stamen expression increase in the vicinity of the archesporial cells and in cells undergoing divisions to produce sporogenous and secondary parietal cells of the anther locules. Expressed in the tapetum and microspore mother cells until the initiation of meiosis. Also detected in stomium and filaments.
Expressed in lateral root caps, young leaves, stipules, maturing pith cells of the stem, differentiating vascular cells, shoot apical meristems and flowers.
Homodimer (Probable). Interacts with HEC1, HEC2 and HEC3. Binds to RGL2 and RGA.
Transcription factor that plays a role in floral organogenesis. Promotes the growth of carpel margins and of pollen tract tissues derived from them.
Expressed in root tips, cotyledons, hypocotyls, leaves, trichomes, stems, flowers, carpels, anthers, pollen and abcission zone of siliques.
May transport cytoplasmic succinate, derived from fatty acid oxidation, into the mitochondrial matrix in exchange of fumarate during lipid mobilization in seed germination. Conversion of seed-reserved triacylglycerols into sucrose is necessary for growth before the onset of photosynthesis and involves fatty acid beta-oxidation, the glyoxylate cycle and gluconeogenesis.
As a component of the decapping complex, may play a role in the degradation of mRNAs.
Probable subunit of the gamma-secretase complex, an endoprotease complex that catalyzes the intramembrane cleavage of integral proteins such as Notch receptors.
Produced by alternative initiation at Met-59 of isoform 1.
Predominantly expressed in shoot tips containing the shoot apical meristem (SAM) and flower buds. Also expressed in mature flowers.
Transcription coactivator that plays a role in the regulation of cell expansion in leaf and cotyledons tissues (By similarity). Component of a network formed by miR396, the GRFs and their interacting factors (GIFs) acting in the regulation of meristem function, at least partially through the control of cell proliferation (By similarity). GIFs are involved in the positive regulation of cell proliferation of lateral organs in a functionally redundant manner.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. RNA M5U methyltransferase family.
Expressed in the embryos, endosperm, and outer teguments of the seed throughout seed development.
Interacts (via C-terminus) with SPK1, SCAR3, ABI5, APRR1, AIP2, AIP3 and AIP4. Binds to BZIP10 and BZIP25 and forms complexes made of ABI3, BZIP53 and BZIP25 or BZIP10.
Isoform 2 accumulates only at the end of seed maturation.
Participates in abscisic acid-regulated gene expression during seed development. Regulates the transcription of SGR1 and SGR2 that are involved in leaf and embryo degreening.
The truncated abi3-6 mutant lacking the DNA-binding domain is unable to localize to the nucleus and is an embryo stay-green mutant.
Ubiquitinated by AIP2. Ubiquitination probably leads to its subsequent degradation, thus negatively regulating ABA signaling.
Expressed in roots, cauline leaf epidermal cells, stomata, stamen, pollen and around the base of siliques.
Involved in the biosynthesis of sterol glucosides. Catalyzes the synthesis of steryl glycosides (SGs) and acyl steryl glycosides (ASGs) which are the most abundant sterol derivatives in higher plants. Can act on several sterols like sitosterol, campesterol and stigmasterol. Both UGT80A2 and UGT80B1 are required for the normal production of SGs and ASGs in seeds.
By trans-zeatin, cis-zeatin and isopentenyladenine in roots. Down-regulated by auxin and abscisic acid in roots.
Cell membrane polyamine/proton symporter involved in the polyamine uptake in cells. Possesses high affinity for spermine and spermidine and lower affinity for putrescine. Transports paraquat, a polyamine analog, and thus confers sensitivity to this chemical which is used as a herbicide.
Expressed in hypocotyls and petioles of cotyledons in 1- to 3-day-old seedlings.
Methyl viologen is the brand name of paraquat. Plants over-expressing RMV1 show hypersensitivity to paraquat (PubMed:22492932).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants show increased tolerance to paraquat.
Highly expressed at in the abscission zone (AZ) of petals, stamens, sepals and siliques. Expressed at lower levels in stamens, carpels, cotyledons, major veins of rosette leaves, trichomes of inflorescence leaves and stems.
Plants over-expressing ZFP2 fail in the abscission of floral organs (sepals, petals and stamens) after anthesis.
Probable transcription factor involved in the regulation of floral organ abscission. Participates in processes that directly or indirectly influence shedding of floral organs.
Homo- and heterodimers (By similarity). Interacts with ZHD1, ZHD3, ZHD5, ZHD8, ZHD10 and ZHD13.
Inhibits zinc finger homeodomain (ZHD) transcription factors by interacting with them to prevent both their nuclear localization and their DNA-binding properties. Involved in integrating signals from multiple hormones by regulating the expression of specific genes.
Mostly expressed in stems, flowers and siliques, and, to a lower extent, in inflorescence.
Highly expressed in dry seeds. Expressed in seedlings, rosette leaves and senescing leaves. Detected in roots and axillary shoots (PubMed:23893171). Expressed in the primary rosette buds and expanding leaves of adult rosettes, the vasculature of the hypocotyls, cotyledons, and mature roots, in the midvein and petioles of young leaves, the young leaf periphery, stomata, and the root caps (PubMed:26546447).
Interacts probably with TPL/TPR in an EAR-motif dependent manner. Interacts with TPL, TPR1, TPR2 and TPR4.
Low seed dormancy and short hypocotyls (PubMed:23893171). Suppresses max2 phenotypes associated with karrikin-KAI2-regulated growth (PubMed:26546447). Smax1 and smxl2 double mutants have substential reduction in hypocotyl elongation (PubMed:26754282).
Peak of expression in seeds during maturation.
Probable component of a transcriptional corepressor complex that acts downstream of MAX2 to negatively regulate karrikins/strigolactone responses (PubMed:23893171, PubMed:26546447). Probable target of MAX2 during germination and seedling photomorphogenesis (PubMed:26546447). Acts probably specifically in the karrikin pathway (PubMed:26754282).
Up-regulated by karrikins treatments (PubMed:20351290). Under MAX2-dependent negative feedback regulation (PubMed:23893171).
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the PP2C family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ATPase epsilon family.
Mitochondrial membrane ATP synthase (F(1)F(0) ATP synthase or Complex V) produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane which is generated by electron transport complexes of the respiratory chain. F-type ATPases consist of two structural domains, F(1) - containing the extramembraneous catalytic core, and F(0) - containing the membrane proton channel, linked together by a central stalk and a peripheral stalk. During catalysis, ATP synthesis in the catalytic domain of F(1) is coupled via a rotary mechanism of the central stalk subunits to proton translocation. Part of the complex F(1) domain and of the central stalk which is part of the complex rotary element. Rotation of the central stalk against the surrounding alpha(3)beta(3) subunits leads to hydrolysis of ATP in three separate catalytic sites on the beta subunits.
Involved in fatty-acid beta-oxidation prior to gluconeogenesis during germination and subsequent seedling growth. Implicated in jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis (By similarity).
Expressed during early seed development.
Expressed in developing and germinating pollen grains and ovules.
Peptide transporter. Mediates the transport of di- and tripeptides. High affinity transporter. Involved in the uptake of peptides during pollen germination and tube growth.
Expressed in roots, leaves, stems, flowers and developing seeds.
Expressed at low levels in roots, leaves, flowers and seeds.
Probable component of the plant TOR kinase pathway.
Catalyzes the hydrolysis of 6-phosphogluconolactone to 6-phosphogluconate (PubMed:19457984). Involved in the regulation of cellular redox state; enzymatic activity is required for this function (PubMed:19457984). Required for sugar-dependent expression of nitrate assimilation genes in the nucleus of root cells (PubMed:23621281).
Embryonic lethality when homozygous (PubMed:15266054, PubMed:19457984, PubMed:23621281). Embryo development arrest at cotyledon stage (PubMed:15266054).
Plants silencing PGL3 exhibit reduced rosette size, constitutive expression of the pathogenesis-related genes PR1, PR2 and PR5, and enhanced resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola ES4326 and Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis Noco2.
Plays a role in vesicular protein sorting. Component of the membrane-associated retromer complex which is essential in endosome-to-Golgi retrograde transport. The VPS29-VPS26-VPS35 subcomplex may be involved in recycling of specific cargos from endosome to the plasma membrane.
During anther development, accumulates in anther primordia during archesporial cell specification and later present in a horseshoe pattern associated with the lateral and adaxial portion of primordia, prior to the emergence of distinct locules. Expressed throughout sporogenic tissue and surrounding cells layers in adaxial and adaxial locules. Localized to the tapetum and middle layers, gradually fading postmeiosis with degeneration of these cell layers.
Expressed at low levels in inflorescence apex and flowers.
Homodimer (PubMed:16731568). Binds DNA as a dimer (By similarity). Interacts with floral glutaredoxins GRXC7/ROXY1 and GRXC8/ROXY2 in the nucleus (PubMed:20805327). Interacts with TGA1, TGA2, TGA3, TGA4, TGA5, TGA6, TGA7, TGA9 and PAN (PubMed:16731568).
In the double mutant tga9 tga10, reduced male fertility due to defects in male gametogenesis, with early steps in anther development blocked in adaxial lobes and later steps affected in abaxial lobes. Microspore development in abaxial anther lobes leads to the production of inviable pollen grains contained within nondehiscent anthers. In addition, multiple defects in the anther dehiscence program are observed, including abnormal stability and lignification of the middle layer and defects in septum and stomium function. Reduced SPL levels in anthers (PubMed:20805327). Increased sensitivity to flg22 treatment associated with a lack of chloroplastic H(2)O(2)-responsive genes; this phenotype is enhanced in the double mutant tga9 tga10 (PubMed:27717447).
Together with TGA9, basic leucine-zipper transcription factor required for anther development, probably via the activation of SPL expression in anthers and via the regulation of genes with functions in early and middle tapetal development (PubMed:20805327). Required for signaling responses to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) such as flg22 that involves chloroplastic reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and subsequent expression of H(2)O(2)-responsive genes (PubMed:27717447).
Belongs to the importin beta family. Importin beta-2 subfamily.
Functions in nuclear protein import as nuclear transport receptor. Serves as receptor for nuclear localization signals (NLS) in cargo substrates. Is thought to mediate docking of the importin/substrate complex to the nuclear pore complex (NPC) through binding to nucleoporin and the complex is subsequently translocated through the pore by an energy requiring, Ran-dependent mechanism. At the nucleoplasmic side of the NPC, Ran binds to the importin, the importin/substrate complex dissociates and importin is re-exported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm where GTP hydrolysis releases Ran. The directionality of nuclear import is thought to be conferred by an asymmetric distribution of the GTP- and GDP-bound forms of Ran between the cytoplasm and nucleus (By similarity). Involved in nuclear import of M9-containing proteins. In vitro, binds directly to the M9 region of the glycine-rich RNA-binding RBG7 and mediates its nuclear import.
Interacts with RBG7, RBG8, RAN1 and RNP1.
Homodimer and heterodimer. In vivo, the relevance of heterodimerization with other ACS enzymes is however unsure (By similarity). Interacts with XBAT32.
Ubiquitinated by XBAT32. Ubiquitination probably leads to its subsequent degradation, thus controlling ethylene production.
Guanine-nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) that acts as an activator of Rop (Rho of plants) GTPases by promoting the exchange of GDP for GTP. Functions as a light-signaling switch that functions in root growth and development through the activation of Rop in a phytochrome-dependent manner. May act as a negative regulator of phytochrome-mediated primary root development.
Highly expressed in elongating regions of roots and pollen grains. Expressed in flowers, and at lower levels in leaves and stems.
Interacts with ARAC4/ROP2, ARAC3/ROP, ARAC9/ROP8, PHYA and PHYB.
Plants overexpressing ROPGEF11 show retarded root elongation and irregular root hair formation.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 14 family.
Component of the Mediator complex, a coactivator involved in the regulated transcription of nearly all RNA polymerase II-dependent genes. Mediator functions as a bridge to convey information from gene-specific regulatory proteins to the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. The Mediator complex, having a compact conformation in its free form, is recruited to promoters by direct interactions with regulatory proteins and serves for the assembly of a functional pre-initiation complex with RNA polymerase II and the general transcription factors. Binds to G-box (5'-CACGTG-3')-containing regions of target genes promoters (e.g. IAA29 and IAA19) (PubMed:36063057). Involved in defining the duration of cell proliferation. Element of a PIF4/HMR/MED14-dependent thermoresponsive process; required for thermomorphogenetic hypocotyl growth in response to daytime warm temperature elicitation by associating to the promoters of thermoresponsive growth-relevant genes (e.g. mainly involved in biosynthesis and signaling of the phytohormone auxin); this process implies also PIF4 and its transcriptional coactivator PTAC12/HMR/PAP5 to promote the expression of target genes (PubMed:36063057).
Component of the Mediator complex. Interacts with CDKE-1, HDA19 and LUG (PubMed:17526732, PubMed:17560376). Interacts with PTAC12/HMR/PAP5 and PIF4 (PubMed:36063057).
During embryogenesis, detected in all cells from the early octant to the torpedo stage.
Dwarf plants with disorganized shoot apical meristem, stem fasciation, abnormal floral structure, delayed flowering and sterile flowers (PubMed:12426376). Reduced cell numbers in aerial organs (PubMed:12426376). Altered sensitivity to warm temperature (e.g. 27 degrees Celsius) leading to lower thermomorphogenetic hypocotyl growth and defects in the induction of thermoresponsive growth-relevant genes (e.g. mainly involved in biosynthesis and signaling of the phytohormone auxin) as well as low levels of PTAC12/HMR/PAP5 and PIF4 (PubMed:36063057).
Expressed in roots, stems, developing embryos, young leaf primordia, shoot apical meristems, inflorescence meristems, tapetum in anthers, ovules and floral organ primordia, but not in mature organs.
Hypersensitive responses to ABA in both seed germination and root growth. Late-flowering. Increased germination rate and seedling growth under salt and dehydration stress. Impaired mRNA export under cold stress conditions. Defective in PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) responses and high susceptibility to P.syringae and P.carotovorum SCC1 (Pec). Increased sensitivity to tobacco rattle virus (TRV) (PubMed:31812689). The triple mutant srbp1 srbp2 srbp3 is more susceptible to TRV (PubMed:31812689).
Interacts with TRN1 (PubMed:14756317). Interacts with the Pseudomonas syringae type III effector HopU1 (PubMed:22013065). Binds to small phloem-mobile single-stranded RNAs (ss-sRNA, e.g. small interfering RNA (siRNA) and microRNA (miRNA)) in the phloeme exudate, including viral-derived sRNA (vsiRNA) (PubMed:31812689).
N-terminal part of the protein is one of the crucial determinant to confer RNA chaperone activity during cold adaptation process.
Plants overexpressing RBG7 display retarded germination and affected seedling growth under salt and dehydration stress conditions, confer freezing tolerance and also possess enhanced resistance to P.syringae.
Plays a role in RNA transcription or processing during stress. Binds RNAs and DNAs sequence with a preference to single-stranded nucleic acids. Displays strong affinity to poly(U) and poly(G) sequence. Involved in mRNA alternative splicing of numerous targets by modulating splice site selection. Negatively regulates the circadian oscillations of its own transcript as well as RBG8 transcript. Forms an interlocked post-transcriptional negative feedback loop with the RBG8 autoregulatory circuit. Both proteins negatively autoregulate and reciprocally crossregulate by binding to their pre-mRNAs and promoting unproductive splicing coupled to degradation via the NMD pathway. Involved in the regulation of abscisic acid and stress responses. Affects the growth and stress tolerance under high salt and dehydration stress conditions, and also confers freezing tolerance, particularly via the regulation of stomatal opening and closing in the guard cells. Exhibits RNA chaperone activity during the cold adaptation process. Involved in the export of mRNAs from the nucleus to the cytoplasm under cold stress conditions. Target of the Pseudomonas syringae type III effector HopU1, which could probably be involved in plant innate immunity. Component of the flowering autonomous pathway which promotes floral transition, at least partly by down-regulating FLC. Mediates cell-to-cell trafficking of RNA interference (RNAi) signals (small RNAs (sRNA), e.g. small interfering RNA (siRNA) and microRNA (miRNA)) which regulate growth and development, as well as responses to environmental inputs, including pathogen attack; can compromise zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) and tobacco rattle virus (TRV) infections at the early stage (PubMed:31812689).
Ubiquitous with strong expression in guard cell.
Up-regulated by cold stress and down-regulated by dehydration stress, salt stress, abscisic acid (ABA) and mannitol. Circadian regulation. Induced by hydrogen peroxide (at the protein level). Up-regulated under P.carotovorum SCC1 (Pec) infection.
'Suu' means 'mouth' in both Estonian and Finnish.
Interacts with DTX56 (PubMed:25599916). Binds to MPK4 and MPK12 (PubMed:27694184, PubMed:27923039).
Mainly localizes in guard cells. Expressed at low level in leaves, stems, roots and flowers.
Serine/threonine/tyrosine kinase involved in the control of stomatal movement in response to CO(2) (PubMed:16518390, PubMed:27694184, PubMed:27923039, PubMed:30361234). Functions as a major negative regulator of CO(2)-induced stomatal closing (PubMed:16518390). Does not seem to be involved in stomatal closure in response to abscisic acid (ABA) or light (PubMed:16518390). Involved in the control of red light-induced stomatal opening (PubMed:26192339). Is epistatic to SRK2E/OST1 function during stomatal responses to red light and altered CO(2) (PubMed:26192339). Phosphorylates SRK2E/OST1 and GHR1 to prevents SRK2E/OST1- and GHR1-induced activation of SLAC1, thus preventing stomatal closure (PubMed:25599916, PubMed:27694184, PubMed:30361234).
Accumulates progressively in maturating seeds to reach a peak in dry seeds (PubMed:23708772). Fades out upon seed imbibition (PubMed:23708772).
Homodimer (By similarity). Interacts with APRR1/TOC1. Binds to RGL2 and RGA (PubMed:12826627, PubMed:20093430). Associates to PTAC12/HMR/PAP5 which acts as a transcriptional coactivator (PubMed:25944101).
Mainly expressed in fruits and flowers and, to a lower extent, in leaves, stems, seedlings and roots.
Up-regulated by abscisic acid (ABA) and salt (NaCl).
Predominantly expressed in green siliques.
Binds DNA as homodimer (PubMed:9747806). Interacts with ESR1 and ESR2 (PubMed:17376809). Interacts with ZPR3 (PubMed:18408069).
By auxin. Repressed by miR165 and miR166.
Probable transcription factor involved in the determination of adaxial-abaxial polarity in ovule primordium. Specifies adaxial leaf fates. Binds to the DNA sequence 5'-GTAAT[GC]ATTAC-3'.
Lignin degradation and detoxification of lignin-derived products (By similarity). Required for secondary xylem cell wall lignification.
Transcript levels diminished during rosette leaves development.
Ubiquitous, with higher levels in the inflorescence stem.
Expressed in the phloem in roots and in the phloem of vascular bundles in leaves.
In leaves by sulfate starvation. Up-regulated after treatment with zeatin, an exogenous cytokinin.
Low-affinity H(+)/sulfate cotransporter that may be involved in the distribution of sulfate from vascular bundles to the palisade cells of the leaves. Plays a central role in the regulation of sulfate assimilation.
Expressed in the endodermis of inflorescence stems and hypocotyls (PubMed:28765510). Highly expressed in hypocotyls and root tips of young seedlings (PubMed:28821594).
Involved in the regulation of root gravitropism (PubMed:27748769). Functions redundantly with LAZY3 and LAZY4 in the control of root gravitropism (PubMed:27748769). Functions redundantly with LAZY1, LAZY3 and LAZY4 to control plant architecture by coupling gravity sensing to the formation of auxin gradients (PubMed:28821594). Involved redundantly with LAZY1 and LAZY4 in the regulation of both shoot and root gravitropism (PubMed:28765510). Mediates gravity signaling in statocytes downstream of amyloplast displacement, leading to the generation of asymmetric auxin distribution in gravity-responding organs (PubMed:28765510). Regulates the direction of polar auxin transport in response to gravity through the control of asymmetric PIN3 expression in the root cap columella (PubMed:28765510). Regulation of auxin flow by the three proteins LAZY1, LAZY2 and LAZY4 in statocytes influences plant architecture by controlling the growth angle of lateral shoots and lateral roots (PubMed:28765510).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions (PubMed:27748769). Roots of plants lacking LAZY2, LAZY3 and LAZY4 exhibit a negative gravitropic response, and grow upward in the opposite direrction of root gravitropism (PubMed:27748769).
Methylesterase shown to have carboxylesterase activity in vitro.
Interacts with dehydration-responsive DREB2 proteins and a number of transcription factors belonging to several protein families.
Catalyzes the interconversion between UDP-glucose and UDP-galactose (Ref.6, PubMed:16644739, PubMed:19754426). Cooperates with UGE3 in pollen development and with UGE4 in cell wall carbohydrate biosynthesis and growth (PubMed:17496119).
Enhanced activity by NaCl. Enhanced activity by NAD(+). Strongly inhibited by UDP.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions. Uge2 and uge3 double mutant is almost completely sterile. Uge2 and uge4 double mutant displays a reduction in rosette and root growth, hypocotyl elongation, and secondary hypocotyl thickening.
Widely expressed (PubMed:12419184, PubMed:16644739, PubMed:17496119, Ref.6). Most highly expressed in stems and flowers (PubMed:17496119).
Alternative NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase which catalyzes the oxidation of mitochondrial NADH does not translocate protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Expressed in seedlings, cotyledons, young leaves, stems and flowers and, to a lower extent, in roots and buds.
Follows a circadian regulation; up-regulated in a diurnal manner. Up-regulated by high-light.
Highly expressed in anthers, pistils, developing siliques, and developing seeds.
Involved in nicotinate detoxification in planta (PubMed:28533213). Catalyzes the conversion of nicotinate to N-methylnicotinate, which is a detoxified form of endogenous nicotinate in planta (PubMed:28533213).
Enzyme of the methionine cycle that catalyzes the irreversible cleavage of the glycosidic bond in 5'-methylthioadenosine (MTA) and S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH/AdoHcy) to a lesser extent, to adenine and the corresponding thioribose, 5'-methylthioribose and S-ribosylhomocysteine, respectively (PubMed:18342331, PubMed:19249293). Contributes to the maintenance of AdoMet homeostasis and is required to sustain high rates of ethylene synthesis.
Located at the top of the head of the small subunit, it contacts several helices of the 18S rRNA.
During embryogenesis, first observed in the apical side of lower tier inner cells at the early globular stage (PubMed:30737509). At transition to heart stage and later in the post-embryonic root and lateral roots, accumulates at the outer apical corner or outer lateral side of young vascular cells, including the pericycle, and outer corners of the hypophysis (PubMed:30737509). Also present in the columella root cap of the primary root (PubMed:30737509).
Highly unstable; disappears during cell division but is afterwards quickly re-established in lateral root primordia and primary root (at the protein level).
Homodimer (PubMed:30737509). Forms long polymer filaments with other SOKs proteins polymers (e.g. SOK1, SOK2, SOK3 and SOK4) crucial for polar localization and biological activity (PubMed:32004461). Binds to ANGUSTIFOLIA (AN) (PubMed:32004461).
SOSEKI proteins (SOK1-5) locally interpret global polarity cues and can influence cell division orientation to coordinate cell polarization relative to body axes, probably by guiding ANGUSTIFOLIA (AN) polarized localization.
Interacts in vitro with ROPGEF1 (via PRONE domain).
No effect on pollen germination and growth. Prk1 and prk2 double mutant has no effect on pollen germination and growth. Prk1, prk2 and prk5 triple mutant shows reduced pollen tube elongation.
Receptor-like kinase involved in the control of pollen germination and pollen tube polar growth (PubMed:23024212).
The protein kinase domain may be catalytically impaired due to the lack of the conserved Asp active site at position 485, which is replaced by a His residue.
Belongs to the peptidase S26 family. IMP1 subfamily.
Catalyzes the removal of transit peptides required for the targeting of proteins from the mitochondrial matrix, across the inner membrane, into the inter-membrane space.
Heterodimer of 2 subunits, IMP1A/B and IMP12.
Expressed constitutively in leaves, stems, and flowers.
Component of the abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway that acts as ABA signal transducer in the context of abiotic stresses (PubMed:26443375, PubMed:25720833, PubMed:25680457). Triggers MPK1, MPK2, MPK7 and MPK14 activation in a MKK3-dependent manner and MPK6 activation in a MKK3-independent manner. Mediates the ABA-dependent activation of the MKK3-MPK7 module (PubMed:25720833). Positive regulator of ABA responses leading to the induction of gene expression (e.g. RD29B and RAB18) and involved in various responses including stomatal development, stomatal movement, inhibition of germination and root growth (PubMed:26443375). Promotes leaf senescence (PubMed:25680457).
In developing flowers, observed in sepals, anther filaments, ovaries and meristem tissues. Also expressed in root meristem tissues and in areas of lateral root formation. In leaves, detected in guard cells and trichomes.
Interacts with ABI1 (PubMed:26443375). Binds to MKK3 (PubMed:25720833, PubMed:25680457). Associates with SRK2E within the nucleus (PubMed:26852793).
Kinase activity is activated by abscisic acid (ABA) (PubMed:26443375, PubMed:25680457). Inhibited by ABI1. Activated by SRK2E (PubMed:26443375).
More vigorous root growth, decreased abaxial stomatal index and increased stomatal aperture. Reduced induction of RD29B and RAB18 expression in response to treatment with abscisic acid (ABA) (PubMed:26443375). In the double mutant map3k17 map3k18, impaired MPK7 activation mediated by ABA (PubMed:25720833).
Strongly induced by abscisic acid (ABA) in the flowers, leaves and root tissues (PubMed:26443375, PubMed:25720833). Accumulates in response to osmotic stresses (e.g. mannitol and NaCl) (PubMed:25720833).
Unstable protein degraded by the proteasome pathway; this degradation is promoted by ABI1, but blocked by ABA.
Expressed in the midrib of mature leaves, root vasculature, flower filaments, siliques and seeds.
Forms dimer. Binds to microtubules (MT) (By similarity).
Expressed in flowers, leaves, roots, and stems.
Involved in the translocation of tetra- and pentapeptides across the cellular membrane in an energy-dependent manner.
Induced by Pseudomonas syringae tomato (both virulent and avirulent avrRpt2 strains). Not affected by methyl jasmonate (MeJA), ethylene or salicylic acid (SA).
Reduced rhizobacterium B.cereus AR156-induced systemic resistance (ISR) to P.syringae pv. tomato DC3000 associated with reduced jasmonic acid (JA)-mediated signal pathway. Plants lacking both WRKY11 and WRKY70 are totally impaired in B.cereus AR156-mediated ISR.
Strongly during leaf senescence (PubMed:11722756). Repressed by rhizobacterium B.cereus AR156 in leaves, and to a lower extent, by P.fluorescens WCS417r (PubMed:26433201).
Transcription factor. Interacts specifically with the W box (5'-(T)TGAC[CT]-3'), a frequently occurring elicitor-responsive cis-acting element (By similarity). Regulates rhizobacterium B.cereus AR156-induced systemic resistance (ISR) to P.syringae pv. tomato DC3000, probably by activating the jasmonic acid (JA)- signaling pathway (PubMed:26433201).
Constitutively expressed in roots, stems, leaves and flowers.
Not induced by methyl viologen (paraquat), menadione, diamide, t-BuOOH, dithiothreitol (DTT) and H(2)O(2).
Plays a continuous role in plant development probably in the structural organization of compartments (By similarity). Seems to be involved in resistance to oxidative stresses mediated by thiol-oxidizing agents such as diamide.
In young seedlings, mostly expressed in the newly emerging leaves and in the vasculature of roots and cotyledons (PubMed:25202318). Later fades out of the vasculature but remains at high levels in emerging leaves (PubMed:25202318). Present at the base of maturing leaves but excluded from the vasculature (PubMed:25202318). In short days conditions, accumulates in newly emerging leaves, but as these leaves mature, gradually lost in the lamina until being confined to the margin (PubMed:25202318). Disapears in mature leaves (PubMed:25202318).
Lineage-specific modulator of primary metabolism (PubMed:25202318). Influences flowering time (PubMed:25202318).
Mailny observed in young seedlings and in emerging leaves.
Slightly earlier flowering time under both short and long-day conditions (PubMed:25202318). Altered metabolites profile (PubMed:25202318).
By pathogens, methyl jasmonate and ethylene. Up-regulated by ORA59/ERF094.
Belongs to the RNR ribonuclease family. DIS3L2 subfamily.
Probable inactive 3'-5'-exoribonuclease. Is unable to complement the growth defect of a yeast mutant lacking RRP44 exonuclease (PubMed:24244451).
The protein in cv. Landsberg erecta (AC P0DM58) and cv. Columbia only differ by one residue in position 705 (a Pro and Arg residue, respectively); this variation leading to inactivate the protein in cv. Columbia.
Calmodulin mediates the control of a large number of enzymes, ion channels and other proteins by Ca(2+) (PubMed:21419340). Among the enzymes to be stimulated by the calmodulin-Ca(2+) complex are a number of protein kinases and phosphatases (PubMed:21419340). Activates MPK8 in vitro (PubMed:21419340). Required during nonhost resistance (NHR) to the nonadapted fungal pathogens Phakopsora pachyrhizi and Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei, probably via its Ca(2+)-dependent interaction with ABCG36 (PubMed:26315018).
Compromised nonhost resistance (NHR) to the nonadapted fungal pathogens Phakopsora pachyrhizi and Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei.
Interacts with MPK8 (PubMed:21419340). Binds to ABCG36 in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner (PubMed:26315018).
Catalyzes the desaturation of both long- and medium-chain acyl-CoAs to 2-trans-enoyl-CoAs. Most active with C14-CoA. Activity on long-chain mono-unsaturated substrates is 40% higher than with the corresponding saturated substrates. Seems to be an important factor in the general metabolism of root tips. May be involved in the biosynthesis of jasmonic acid.
Induced by dehydration, abscisic acid (ABA) and jasmonic acid (JA), and locally and systemically by wounding.
Induced by seed imbibition with a peak at day 2 and then declines to reach a basal level 4 days after sowing.
Involved in nucleolar processing of pre-18S ribosomal RNA. Has a role in the nuclear export of 40S pre-ribosomal subunit to the cytoplasm.
Mostly expressed in roots, and, to a lower extent, in leaves, stems, flowers, and siliques.
By anaerobic stress and by glucose. Positively regulated by the NF-Y/HAP transcription factor complex at least composed of NFYB9/LEC1 or NFYB6/L1L and NFYC2/HAP5B in association with DPBF2/BZIP67. Positively regulated by LEC2.
Detected in the whole plant but at lower levels. Predominantly expressed in developing siliques. Also detected in the root tip. Detected in the embryo, endosperm and seed coat (at the protein level).
Specifically and highly expressed during seed maturation at 12 days after flowering (at the protein level).
Sucrose-cleaving enzyme that provides UDP-glucose and fructose for various metabolic pathways. Modulates metabolic homeostasis and directs carbon towards starch synthesis in developing seeds.
ATP dependent phosphorylation of adenosine and other related nucleoside analogs to monophosphate derivatives (PubMed:11115893). Essential to sustain methyl recycling (PubMed:17272833).
ATP dependent phosphorylation of adenosine and other related nucleoside analogs to monophosphate derivatives.
Inactivated by the begomovirus AL2 protein or the curtovirus L2 protein.
Interacts with the begomovirus AL2 protein and the curtovirus L2 protein (PubMed:14615595). Interacts with KIN11 (PubMed:24498147).
Up-regulated during the lignification process in inflorescence stems.
Component of the PAF1 complex (PAF1C) which is involved in histone modifications such as methylation on histone H3 'Lys-4' (H3K4me3) (PubMed:20363855). Involved in regulation of flowering time. Required for the expression of the flowering repressor and MADS box gene FLC (PubMed:12750345, PubMed:18725930). Required for histone H3 trimethylation on 'Lys-4' (H3K4me3) and histone dimethylation on 'Lys-36' (H3K36me2) at the FLC locus. Prevents trimethylation on 'Lys-27' (H3K27me3) at the same locus (PubMed:18725930). Not required for meiotic recombination or progression (PubMed:16716192). Component of the SKI complex which is thought to be involved in exosome-mediated RNA decay and associates with transcriptionally active genes in a manner dependent on PAF1 complex (PAF1C) (PubMed:22511887). Required for proper progression of cell differentiation process (PubMed:23134555).
Component of the nuclear PAF1 complex (PAF1C), which consists of VIP2/ELF7/PAF1, VIP3/SKI8/WDR61, VIP4/LEO1, VIP5/RTF1, VIP6/ELF8/CTR9 and CDC73 (PubMed:20363855). Component of the cytoplasmic SKI complex, which consists of SKI2, SKI3 and VIP3/SKI8 (PubMed:22511887). Interacts with VIP4 and VIP6 (PubMed:15472079).
Early flowering, reduced plant size and defects in floral morphology in whorls 1-3, but fully fertile flowers (PubMed:12750345, PubMed:16716192). Growth defects due to extra shoot apical meristem (SAM) formation (PubMed:23134555).
Belongs to the isopentenyl phosphate kinase family.
Catalyzes the formation of isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP), the universal five-carbon isoprenoid building block of all natural isoprenoids (PubMed:24327557, PubMed:26216978). Acts in parallel with the mevalonate (MVA) pathway and plays an important role in regulating the formation of both MVA and methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway-derived terpenoid compounds by controlling the ratio of isopentenyl phosphate (IP) and dimethylallyl phosphate (DMAP) to isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP). Controls the levels of IP and DMAP that are competitive inhibitors of the farnesyl diphosphate synthase. Regulates the production of farnesyl diphosphate-derived terpenoids in the cytosol, and geranyl diphosphate-derived compounds in plastids (PubMed:26216978).
Expressed throughout pollen development with a peak at bicellular pollen stage.
Involved in sporophytic and gametophytic development. Required for normal plant development. During pollen formation, required for the entry of microspores into mitosis and microspore symmetric division. May be required for correct temporal and spatial control of callose deposition during pollen mitosis. During plant growth and development, callose is found as a transitory component of the cell plate in dividing cells, is a major component of pollen mother cell walls and pollen tubes, and is found as a structural component of plasmodesmatal canals.
Plants develop deformed or collapsed and inviable pollen grains.
Expressed in aerial organs (PubMed:15914083). Expressed in leaves, flowers, siliques and stems (PubMed:18465198). Expressed in roots, young seedlings, leaves, flowers and siliques (PubMed:19619160).
Inhibited by K3 herbicides such as alachlor, allidochlor, anilofos, cafenstrole, fentrazamide and flufenacet (PubMed:15277688). Strongly inhibited by metazachlor and only slightly by mefluidide (PubMed:22284369).
Mediates the synthesis of VLCFAs from 22 to 26 carbons in length (e.g. C22, C24, C26) (PubMed:15277688). Functionally redundant with KCS2 in the two-carbon elongation of C22 fatty acids that is required for cuticular wax and root suberin biosynthesis (PubMed:19619160).
No visible phenotype, but reduced root growth. Kcs2 and kcs20 double mutants have a glossy green appearance due to a significant reduction of the amount of epicuticular wax crystals on the stems and siliques, a significant reduction of C22 and C24 VLCFA derivatives in aliphatic suberin and a roots growth retardation and abnormal lamellation of the suberin layer in the endodermis.
Repressed by herbicides such as flufenacet and benfuresate (PubMed:12916765). Down-regulated by darkness and low temperature, and up-regulated by drought and osmotic stress (PubMed:18465198). Up-regulated twofold by drought, but no effect of other stress treatments (PubMed:19619160).
Aborted development of female gametophytes.
Involved in the biogenesis of ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Required for the formation of 5.8S rRNA. Required for normal development of female gametophytes.
Induced by auxin (e.g. IAA) (PubMed:19000166). Accumulates in response to salt (NaCl) (PubMed:21838775).
Interacts with BRL2 (PubMed:19000166). Binds to MSSP1/TMT1 at the tonoplast (PubMed:21838775).
Reduced sensitivity to auxin (e.g. 2,4-D and NPA) and brassinosteroids (BRs) associated with altered vein pattern in foliar organs (PubMed:19000166). Decreased vacuolar sugar import associated with reduced fresh weight when grown on high glucose containing medium or in response to cold stress (PubMed:21838775). Altered intracellular sugar compartmentation due to altered regulation of MSSP1/TMT1 (PubMed:21838775).
Restricted to mature vascular cells (PubMed:19000166). Mostly expressed in mature leaves and seeds, and, to a lower level, in seedlings, young leaves, flowers and siliques (PubMed:21838775).
Serine/threonine protein kinase which may function as an adapter protein for BRL2 (PubMed:19000166). Required during vascular development for the establishment of vein pattern in foliar organs (PubMed:19000166). Mediates MSSP1/TMT1 phosphorylation and activation to enhance its carrier activity and consequently vacuolar sugar accumulation, particularly in response to cold (PubMed:21838775).
Expressed exclusively in root tip meristem.
Involved in chlorophyll biosynthesis. Catalyzes the insertion of magnesium ion into protoporphyrin IX to yield Mg-protoporphyrin IX. The reaction takes place in two steps, with an ATP-dependent activation followed by an ATP-dependent chelation step. Possesses low affinity for ATP and may play a limited role in chlorophyll biosynthesis, and contributes to the assembly of the Mg-chelatase complex.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but plants show slight decrease in chlorophyll content. Chli1 and chli2 double mutants are albino.
Redox regulation; active in reducing conditions, inactive in oxidizing conditions. Thioredoxins f and m mediate the reversible reductive activation of oxidized CHLI2.
The magnesium chelatase complex is a heterotrimer consisting of subunits CHLI, CHLD and CHLH.
AHL27 and AHL29 double mutant exhibit a long hypocotyl phenotype in the light.
Expressed in the hypocotyl and the vascular tissue of seedling.
Homodimer. Interacts with AHL12, AHL25, AHL29, TCP4, TCP13, EF114, ATAF2/NAC081, histone H2B.1, histone H3.3 and histone H4.
Overexpression of AHL27 results in a decreased flg22-induced expression of FRK1 (PubMed:20738724). Overexpression causes also delay of leaf senescence, late flowering and modified leaf development (PubMed:10759496, PubMed:17971039).
Transcription factor that specifically binds AT-rich DNA sequences related to the nuclear matrix attachment regions (MARs) (PubMed:17971039, PubMed:19517252). Negatively regulates plant innate immunity (PTI) to pathogens through the down-regulation of the PAMP-triggered FRK1 expression (PubMed:20738724). Acts redundantly with AHL18, AHL22 and AHL29 in the regulation of flowering and regulation of the hypocotyl elongation (PubMed:19517252). Acts as a chromatin remodeling factor that negatively regulates the leaf senescence (PubMed:17971039). Acts redundantly with AHL29/SOB3 to modulate hypocotyl growth inhibition in response to light (PubMed:18088311).
Accumulation of overoxidized peroxiredoxin (Prx) and hyperoxidized form of Prx IIF, especially in response to photooxidative stress, H(2)O(2) treatment and water deficit. Increased tolerance to photooxidative stress generated by high light combined with low temperature. In long days, smaller leaves.
Contributes to oxidative stress resistance by reducing cysteine-sulfinic acid formed under exposure to oxidants in a peroxiredoxin. May catalyze the reduction in a multi-step process by acting both as a specific phosphotransferase and a thioltransferase. Required to switch on the antioxidant pathway to regenerate the oxidative damage. In mitochondrion, catalyzes the retroreduction of the inactive sulfinic form of atypical Prx IIF using thioredoxin as reducing agent.
Low expression in photosynthetic tissues such as leaves and sepals.
Probable transcription factor involved in the negative regulation of cell elongation and specific cell proliferation processes such as lateral root formation and secondary growth of the vascular system. Acts as mediator of the red/far-red light effects on leaf cell expansion in the shading response. Binds to the DNA sequence 5'-CAAT[GC]ATTG-3'. Negatively regulates its own expression.
Rapidly and strongly induced by lowering the ratio of red to far-red light.
Expressed at low levels in roots, hypocotyls, stems, flowers, siliques, cotyledons, and leaves. Particularly present in hydathodes of cotyledons and root hairs.
Plant-specific microtubule-associated protein (MAP) that regulates the orientation of cortical microtubules and the direction of organ growth.
Right-handed twisting of petioles when associated with SPR2 disruption.
Enhanced expression in response of mechanical wounding. Induced either by incompatible fungal pathogen attack, or by methyl jasmonate, a plant defense-related signaling molecule. Expressed under a diurnal rhythm (circadian clock control).
Catalyzes the transfer of a geranylgeranyl moiety from geranylgeranyl diphosphate to both cysteines of Rab proteins with the C-terminal sequence -CCXX, CXXX, -XCCX and -XCXC, such as RABA1A, RABA2A, RABF2A and RABG2 (By similarity). Does not seem to be a functional Rab-GGT alpha subunit in vitro (PubMed:26589801).
By infection with the fungal pathogens B.cinerea and A.brassicicola, and avirulent and virulent strains of P.syringae pv tomato DC3000 (at protein level). Induced by ethylene and copper.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but leaves of mutant plants contain decreased levels of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) and lysophosphatidylethanolamine(LPE), but increased levels of free linolenic acid, jasmonic acid and methyl jasmonate, as well as the oxylipin-biosynthetic intermediates 13-hydroperoxylinolenic acid and 12-oxophytodienoic acid.
Possesses non-specific lipolytic acyl hydrolase (LAH) activity. Catalyzes the hydrolysis of the galactolipids monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) and digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG), and less efficiently the phoshpolipids phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), phosphatidic acid (PA), phosphatidylserine (PS) and phosphatidylinositol (PI). Favors the release of fatty acid at the sn-1 position for PC or PE and the sn-2 position for PG, PA, PS and PI. Negatively affects disease resistance to the necrotic fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea and the avirulent bacteria Pseudomonas syringae by promoting cell death and reducing the efficiency of the hypersensitive response, respectively. However, PLP2 contributes to resistance to cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), an obligate parasite inducing hypersensitive response. May negatively regulate oxylipin production, possibly via participating in membrane repair that includes removal of oxidatively modified lipids.
Belongs to the metallo-beta-lactamase superfamily. RNA-metabolizing metallo-beta-lactamase-like family. Bacterial RNase J subfamily.
Defective embryo arrested at globular stage (PubMed:15266054, PubMed:25871650). Impaired chloroplast development due to a disturbed formation of internal thylakoid membranes during embryogenesis. Aberrant embryo patterning along the apical-basal axis. Disrupted transport and response of auxin in embryos (PubMed:25871650). Silenced plants exhibit chlorosis and slight disruptions in the cleavage of polycistronic rRNA and mRNA precursors (PubMed:22033332).
During the early stages of embryo development, first observed at the transition stage. In the heart and torpedo stages, predominantly present in the upper part of embryos. In seedlings, strongly expressed in shoot meristems, hypocotyls, in the vascular bundles of cotyledons, and in the veins of mature leaves. In reproductive organs, detected in inflorescences, especially in sepals, filaments, and stigmas, as well as in mature siliques and seeds.
Essential protein required during embryogenesis, especially in initiating and maintaining the organization of shoot apical meristems (SAMs), cotyledons, and hypocotyls (PubMed:15266054, PubMed:25871650). Involved in auxin-mediated pathways during embryogenesis (PubMed:25871650). RNase that has both endonuclease and 5'-3' exonuclease activities. Involved in RNA surveillance to prevent overaccumulation of antisense RNA (PubMed:22033332). Probably involved in maturation of rRNA and in some organisms also mRNA maturation and/or decay (By similarity).
Homodimer. May be a subunit of the RNA degradosome.
Moslty expressed in inflorescences, seedlings, leaves, flowers and flower buds, and, to a lower extent, in stems, siliques and roots.
ALS3 transcripts are mobile in the phloem sap.
By Al, primarily in leaf hydathodes and the phloem throughout the plant, along with the root cortex. Regulated positively by STOP1.
Expressed in roots, leaves, stems, and flowers.
Required for aluminum (Al) resistance/tolerance, probably by translocating Al from sensitive tissues such as growing roots to tissues less sensisitive to the toxic effects of Al.
Heterodimeric geranyl(geranyl)-diphosphate (GPP) synthase large subunit. In vitro, the large subunit catalyzes mainly the trans-addition of the three molecules of IPP onto DMAPP to form geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate while the small subunit alone is inactive. Upon association of the two subunits, the product profile changes and the production of gerany-diphosphate is strongly increased.
Monomer. Part of a heterodimeric geranyl(geranyl)diphosphate synthase. Interacts with GGR.
Expressed in the inner integument throughout ovule development.
Expressed in the periphery of the shoot apical meristem and inflorescence meristem, on the adaxial sides of developing floral organs and in developing ovules in the region where the integuments emerge.
Plants over-expressing CYP78A5 have twisted and kinked stems, defects in floral organogenesis and reduced fertility.
Plays a role in regulating directional growth at the meristem/organ boundary. Is required for the promotion of leaf and floral organ growth and for the prolongation of the plastochron. Promotes organ growth in a non-cell-autonomous manner and may generate a mobile growth signal distinct from the classical phytohormones that prevents premature arrest of proliferation, until the correct primordium size has been reached. Functions probably in association with CYP78A7 in regulating relative growth of the shoot apical meristem and plant organs. Is required locally in developing ovules to stimulates cell proliferation and promote seed growth.
Reduced size of leaves, sepals, petals and seeds. Increased leaf number.
Heterooligomeric complex of about 850 to 900 kDa that forms two stacked rings, 12 to 16 nm in diameter (PubMed:11599560). Interacts with CCT8 (PubMed:21868675).
Bifunctional DNA glycosylase/lyase, which excises 5-methylcytosine (5-meC) and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmeC), leaving an apyrimidinic (AP) site that is subsequently incised by the lyase activity (PubMed:25240767). Generates 3'-phosphor-alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehyde (3'-PUA) as a primary 5-meC excision intermediate (PubMed:25228464). Prevents DNA hypermethylation, specifically in the promoter of otherwise silenced loci. May be involved in DNA repair through its nicking activity on methylated DNA. Binds with similar affinity to both methylated and non-methylated DNA. Highly distributive behavior on DNA substrates containing multiple 5-meC residues. Involved with Pol IV in the remodeling of the 5S rDNA chromatin via DNA methylation modifications during the first days of development post-germination. Participates in UV-B induced- and oxidative DNA damage repair (PubMed:24155752).
Decreased response to UV-B radiation (PubMed:24155752). No visible phenotype (PubMed:25569774).
Expressed ubiquitously in both vegetative and reproductive organs.
Interacts (via the central region) with ZDP (PubMed:22325353). Binds to RPA2A (PubMed:16271867, PubMed:16326925). Interacts with XRCC1 (PubMed:23316050). Interacts probably with a complex made of MBD7, IDM1, IDM2 and IDM3 (Probable). Interacts with APE1L (PubMed:25569774).
MBD7 binds to chromatin at high mCG density regions and then recruits IDM2 and IDM3, thus bringing IDM1 to the methylated DNA. The specific histone H3 acetylation marks produced by IDM1 create a chromatin environment that facilitate the binding of ROS1 to erase DNA methylation.
Stimulated by ZDP (PubMed:22325353). Stimulated by XRCC1 (PubMed:23316050).
The N-terminal lysine-rich domain (112-260) is required for non-specific binding to DNA and for efficient activity on 5-meC.
The glycosylase domain (510-1073) is inactive on 5-meC and 5-hmeC excisions but retains residual AP activity. Addition of the C-terminal domain (1077-1393) restored partial base excision activity and increases the AP lyase activity.
Homodimer. Belongs to the CSTF complex (By similarity). Forms a complex with cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor (CPSF) subunits CSTF64, PABN3, CPSF30, FIPS5 and CPSF100 (PubMed:18479511).
One of the multiple factors required for polyadenylation and 3'-end cleavage of pre-mRNAs. May be responsible for the interaction of CSTF with other factors to form a stable complex on the pre-mRNA.
Esterifies acyl-group from acyl-ACP to the sn-1 position of glycerol-3-phosphate (Probable). The enzyme from chilling-resistant plants discriminates against non-fluid palmitic acid and selects oleic acid whereas the enzyme from sensitive plants accepts both fatty acids. This is an oleate-selective acyltransferase.
Belongs to the MsrA Met sulfoxide reductase family.
Catalyzes the reduction of methionine sulfoxide (MetSO) to methionine in proteins. Plays a protective role against oxidative stress by restoring activity to proteins that have been inactivated by methionine oxidation. MSRA family specifically reduces the MetSO S-enantiomer (By similarity).
Expressed during bud growth and diappears when the flower opens.
Expressed in flower buds and inflorescences. Restricted to anther tapetum.
Glossy and sticky pollen, but very little changes in the exine patterns. Drastic reduction in flower buds of the content in N1,N4,N8-tri-(hydroxyferuloyl)-spermidine and N1,N4-di(hydroxyferuloyl)-N8-sinapoyl-spermidine.
Hydroxycinnamoyl transferase involved in the conjugation of feruloyl CoA to spermidine (PubMed:19077165, PubMed:19762055, PubMed:33519864). Catalyzes the three conjugating steps required for the biosynthesis of N(1),N(4),N(8)-triferuloyl-spermidine (PubMed:19077165, PubMed:33519864). Spermidine is the only acceptor substrate while feruloyl CoA > caffeoyl CoA > coumaroyl CoA > cinnamoyl CoA >> sinapoyl CoA are efficient acyl donors. No activity with hydroxyferuloyl CoA (PubMed:19077165). Required for the biosynthesis of these conjugated spermidine derivatives, specifically in anther tapetum (PubMed:22912643).
Not induced by pathogens or by wounding.
Expressed in root cap, central cylinder of roots and in vascular tissues of leaves.
In roots by sulfate starvation or after selenate treatment.
Low-affinity H(+)/sulfate cotransporter that may be involved in root-to-shoot translocation of sulfate. Plays a central role in the regulation of sulfate assimilation.
Possesses dinucleoside triphosphate hydrolase activity (PubMed:18694747). Cleaves P(1)-P(3)-bis(5'-adenosyl) triphosphate (Ap3A) to yield AMP and ADP (PubMed:18694747). Exhibits adenylylsulfatase activity, hydrolyzing adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate to yield AMP and sulfate (PubMed:18694747). Exhibits adenosine 5'-monophosphoramidase activity, hydrolyzing purine nucleotide phosphoramidates with a single phosphate group such as adenosine 5'monophosphoramidate (AMP-NH2) to yield AMP and NH2 (PubMed:18694747). Exhibits adenylylsulfate-ammonia adenylyltransferase, catalyzing the ammonolysis of adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate resulting in the formation of adenosine 5'-phosphoramidate (PubMed:26181368).
Preferentially expressed in stems and flowers.
Does not display a lethal photorespiratory phenotype when grown at ambient carbon dioxide.
Functions outside the photorespiratory pathway in catalyzing the interconversion of serine and glycine with the conversion of tetrahydrofolate (THF) into 5,10-methylene-THF.
Ubiquitous. Mainly expressed in the shoot apical meristem and roots. Also detected in the leaf vasculature, especially in the protoxylem and adjacent cell layers.
May be involved in translation through its association with polysomes. Could bind RNA.
Expression increases continuously throughout embryonic development.
Association of RLK5 with kapp domain is dependent on phosphorylation of RLK5 and can be abolished by dephosphorylation. Interacts with SERK1 and CDC48A. Component of the SERK1 signaling complex, composed of KAPP, CDC48A, GRF6 or GRF7, SERK1, SERK2, SERK3/BAK1 and BRI1 (PubMed:15592873). Interacts with CLV1 (PubMed:9294234, PubMed:9701578).
Dephosphorylates the Ser/Thr receptor-like kinase RLK5. May function as a signaling component in a pathway involving RLK5 (PubMed:15592873). Binds and dephosphorylates CLAVATA1 (CLV1). Functions as a negative regulator of the CLV1 signaling in plant development (PubMed:9294234, PubMed:9701578). Dephosphorylates SERK1 receptor kinase on threonine residues in the A-loop. Dephosphorylation of SERK1 controls SERK1 internalization (PubMed:12101128). Component of a signaling pathway which mediates adaptation to NaCl stress. Is not a component of the SALT OVERLY SENSITIVE (SOS) pathway (PubMed:18162596).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant seedlings show increased sensitivity of roots to salt stress.
Has a 11,12(11',12') 9-cis epoxycarotenoid cleavage activity. Catalyzes the first step of abscisic-acid biosynthesis from carotenoids, in response to water stress.
Localized in roots, leaves, stems, empty silique envelopes and seeds. Expressed at the point of organ attachment and the abscission zones in the plant.
Overexpression of NCED3 results in increased accumulation of abscisic acid and resistance to water stress.
Plants show enhanced germination on salt and hypersensitivity to desiccation and LiCl.
Catalyzes the transfer of electrons from NADH and NADPH to several quinones in vitro. May act as detoxification enzyme, and protect against auxin-induced oxidative stress.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants have increased resistance to the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 23 family.
Degraded through the 26S proteasome pathway during Pi starvation (PubMed:25733771).
Transcription factor. Interacts specifically with the W box (5'-(T)TGAC[CT]-3'), a frequently occurring elicitor-responsive cis-acting element (By similarity). Modulates phosphate homeostasis and Pi translocation by regulating PHO1 expression (PubMed:25733771).
Homodimer or heterodimer with BPM3 and BPM5. Interacts with CUL3A and CUL3B. Interacts with RAP2-4 and RAP2-13. Binds to MYB56 at the promoter of FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) (PubMed:25343985).
May be due to competing acceptor splice sites.
After germination, present in root epidermis and root hairs localized around the transition zone marking the root/shoot junction. Later expressed in root epidermis and root hairs, mostly in the root zone forming new hairs. Absent from the root tip. In adult plants restricted to root hair development regions of the main root and lateral roots.
Belongs to the plant proline-rich protein superfamily. ENOD12 family.
By 1-aminocyclo-propane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) and a-naphthaleneacetic acid (alpha-NAA), ethylene and auxin precursors. Repressed by the ethylene inhibitor 1-a-(2-aminoethoxyvinyl)glycine (AVG). Lower levels in calcium-depleted conditions.
Exclusively expressed in roots, particularly in root hairs-containing regions, and especially in root hairs.
May contribute to cell wall structure in root hairs.
Belongs to the bifunctional nuclease family.
Bifunctional nuclease with both RNase and DNase activities. Involved in basal defense response. Participates in abscisic acid-derived callose deposition following infection by a necrotrophic pathogen.
Increased susceptibility to fungal pathogens.
Up-regulated by pathogens, abscisic acid, etephon, salicylic acid and methyl jasmonate.
Component of the telomerase holoenzyme complex at least composed of TERT, CBF5 and POT1a (PubMed:18212040) (Probable). The RNA molecule associated to the telomerase complex, and providing a template for telomeric DNA synthesis, is most likely TR and not TER1 as described previously (PubMed:31754033, PubMed:31392988, PubMed:31754031). Interacts with the N-terminal part of TERT (PubMed:17911168). Interacts with CBF5 (PubMed:18212040, PubMed:30834599). Interacts with CTC1 and STN1 (PubMed:25329641, PubMed:25697340). Does not interact with TEN1 (PubMed:25329641).
Component of the telomerase ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex that is essential for the positive regulation of telomere length (PubMed:16107718, PubMed:17627276, PubMed:25697340). Binds RNA non-specifically (PubMed:27651456). Binds specifically single-stranded telomeric DNA (PubMed:16107718, PubMed:27651456). Not required to recruit telomerase to telomeres, but stimulates TER1 RNP repeat addition processivity (PubMed:25329641).
Expressed in roots, rosette leaves, cauline leaves, stems and flowers.
Was originally thought to associate with TER1, the RNA molecule of the telomerase complex that provides a template for telomeric DNA synthesis (PubMed:21164032). The authentic RNA subunit of the telomerase that associates with POT1A has been recently shown to be TR and not TER1 (PubMed:31392988, PubMed:31754031). The original publication has been retracted.
Casein kinases are operationally defined by their preferential utilization of acidic proteins such as caseins as substrates. Phosphorylates casein in vitro (PubMed:7678767). The alpha chain contains the catalytic site. The tetrameric holoenzyme CK2, composed of two alpha and two beta subunits, phosphorylates the transcription factor GBFl, resulting in stimulation of its DNA binding activity (PubMed:7696877). CK2 phosphorylates the transcription factor PIF1 after an exposure to light, resulting in a proteasome-dependent degradation of PIF1 and promotion of photomorphogenesis (PubMed:21330376). CK2 phosphorylates translation initiation factors. May participate in the regulation of the initiation of translation (PubMed:19509278, PubMed:19509420). Acts as circadian clock component that maintains the correct period length through phosphorylation of CCA1 (PubMed:21900482). Required for the maintenance and control of genomic stability and chromatin structure (PubMed:22487192). May act as an ectokinase that phosphorylates several extracellular proteins.
Seems to be present in all plant organs. But seems to be less expressed than CKA2.
Catalyzes the dehydration of the S-form of NAD(P)HX at the expense of ATP, which is converted to ADP. Together with NAD(P)HX epimerase, which catalyzes the epimerization of the S- and R-forms, the enzyme allows the repair of both epimers of NAD(P)HX, a damaged form of NAD(P)H that is a result of enzymatic or heat-dependent hydration.
Produced by alternative initiation at Met-45 of isoform 1.
Detected in the entire flower with strong signals in carpels, especially in differentiating ovules and the carpel wall. Patchy localization with strong levels in particular cells. In anthers, present at a high level in tetrads of microspores and the tapetum. After fertilization, mostly observed in the embryo up to the heart stage and in the chalazal endospem. Expressed at high levels in silique wall at all stages of carpel development.
Esterifies acyl-group from acyl-ACP to the sn-1 position of glycerol-3-phosphate, an essential step in glycerolipid biosynthesis. Involved in pollen development, by being required for tapetum differentiation and male fertility. In addition to the sporophytic effect, it also exerts a gametophytic effect on pollen performance.
Highly expressed in developing siliques and flower buds. Weakly or not expressed in roots, seedlings and leaves.
Plants display a massive pollen development arrest due to a perturbed degeneration of the tapetum, which is associated with altered endoplasmic reticulum profiles and reduced secretion. Defects correlate with several fatty acid composition changes in flower tissues and seeds. However, no significant change in seed oil content is observed.
Retarded growth and reduced pyrophosphate--fructose 6-phosphate 1-phosphotransferase (PFP) activity.
Expressed in roots, stems and siliques. Low expression in rosette leaves.
Binds 2 magnesium ions per monomer. The first magnesium ion is required for catalysis. The second functions as allosteric activator.
Catalyzes an early step in the biosynthesis of tetrapyrroles. Binds two molecules of 5-aminolevulinate per subunit, each at a distinct site, and catalyzes their condensation to form porphobilinogen (By similarity).
Catalyzes an early step in the biosynthesis of tetrapyrroles. Binds two molecules of 5-aminolevulinate per subunit, each at a distinct site, and catalyzes their condensation to form porphobilinogen.
Embryo lethal when homozygous. Impaired plant growth and development.
Highly expressed in cotyledons during dark-to-light transition.
Up-regulated by the transcription factors FAR1 and FHY3.
Auxin response factors (ARFs) are transcriptional factors that bind specifically to the DNA sequence 5'-TGTCTC-3' found in the auxin-responsive promoter elements (AuxREs). Could act as transcriptional activator or repressor. Formation of heterodimers with Aux/IAA proteins may alter their ability to modulate early auxin response genes expression. Involved in the establishment or elaboration of tissue patterning during gynoecial development.
Double mutations in this protein and in ARF4 protein significantly suppresses the adaxial development defect of leaves of the AS2 and RH10 proteins double mutant at high temperatures.
Activated by MYB115 and MYB118 in the endosperm.
Converts stearoyl-ACP to oleoyl-ACP by introduction of a cis double bond between carbons 9 and 10 of the acyl chain (By similarity). Exhibits delta-9 palmitoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] desaturase (PAD) activity. Involved in omega-7 monounsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis, especially in the endosperm oil (PubMed:27681170).
Reduced omega-7 fatty acids accumulation in the endosperm. The endosperm oil of double mutant aad2-3 aad3-3 lacks omega-7 fatty acids.
By heat shock, UVB, salt, wounding, abscisic acid, H(2)O(2) and salicylic acid.
Expressed in roots, stems, leaves, sepals, petals, stamen filaments, top of carpels, anthers and siliques, but not in stigmas.
Transcription activator that binds calmodulin in a calcium-dependent manner in vitro (PubMed:12218065). Binds to the DNA consensus sequence 5'-[ACG]CGCG[GTC]-3' (By similarity). Regulates transcriptional activity in response to calcium signals (Probable).
Delayed flowering associated with reduced H3K27me3 level on FLC (PubMed:29314758). The triple mutant pdp1 pdp2 pdp3 has increased levels of FLC, MAF4 and MAF5 expression, but decreased expression of FT (PubMed:29314758).
Interacts with DEK3 (PubMed:25387881). Binds to MSI4/FVE and MSI5 (PubMed:29314758). Component of the PRC2 (polycomb repressive complex 2) complex which regulates histone methylation on histone H3K27 (By similarity).
Together with PDP1, PDP3 and PDP6, interacts with MSI4/FVE and MSI5 to suppress FLC, MAF4 and MAF5 expression by regulating the function of the PRC2 complex and modulating H3K27me3 level, thereby promoting flowering.
By beta-amino-butyric acid (BABA) and infection by Pseudomonas pathogen.
Interacts with MORF8/RIP1 and MORF1/RIP8.
Involved in C-to-U editing of mitochondrial RNA. Required specifically for editing the mitochondrial NAD4, MT-CYB/COB and RPL16 transcripts.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class translation factor GTPase superfamily. Classic translation factor GTPase family. BipA subfamily.
Putative chloroplastic elongation factor involved in response to chilling stress. Required for proper chloroplast rRNA processing and/or translation at low temperature (PubMed:21187014). Involved in plastid protein homeostasis (PubMed:21208309).
Reduced plant growth, pale-green leaves with reduced levels of chlorophyll. Chilling-sensitive phenotype.
Belongs to the acetyltransferase family. NAA40 subfamily.
Expressed in shoot apex regions and siliques, and at high levels in roots. Detected in flowers, stems and leaves.
Up-regulated by drought and by abscisic acid.
The APC/C is composed of at least 11 subunits that stay tightly associated throughout the cell cycle (By similarity). Binds to GIG1 and PYM. Part of the mitotic checkpoint complex (MCC); interacts with MAD2 and BUB1.
By oligogalacturonides and the diterpenoid compound sclareol. Accumulates in response to mechanical wounding, chitin, methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and ethylene (ET) stimuli.
Expressed in rosette leaves, inflorescences, roots, leaf veins, carpel heads, and silique receptacles.
Plays a role in defense responses triggered by jasmonate, ethylene and chitin.
Encodes a member of the mid-SUN subfamily of SUN-domain proteins that is localized to both the nuclear envelope and the ER. It is involved in early seed development and nuclear morphology. [TAIR].
Forms homomers and heteromers with SUN3. Interacts with SUN1, SUN2 and TIK.
No visible phenotype. Embryo lethal when associated with disruption mutants SUN3 and SUN5.
Responsible for the release of ribosomes from messenger RNA at the termination of chloroplastic protein biosynthesis.
Catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of glutamyl-tRNA(Glu) to glutamate 1-semialdehyde (GSA). Probably involved in wound-induced supply of heme to defensive hemoproteins outside plastids.
Expressed in roots and flowers. Detected in leaves, hypocotyls and cotyledons.
No visible phenotype, but decreased heme content in roots.
Not regulated by light. Up-regulated locally by wounding and reactive oxygen species. Not regulated by methyl jasmonate.
Expressed in vascular tissues of roots, leaves, stems, sepals, petals, stamen and siliques. Expressed in pollen.
Proline transporter that mediates proline and glycine betaine transport. May be involved in long-distance transport of proline and required for phloem loading, retrieval of proline leaking from the phloem, or in xylem-to-phloem transfer. When expressed in a heterologous system (yeast), imports D- and L-proline, glycine betaine and GABA across the plasma membrane. Has the same affinity for D- and L-proline.
Treatment with toxic concentrations of proline reduces shoot growth and root elongation in wild-type plants, while plant lines over-expressing PROT1 stop growing shortly after unfolding of cotyledons.
Malfunction of the NDH complex (PubMed:18974055, PubMed:18785996). H(2)O(2) accumulation in Dark-Light transition (PubMed:18974055).
Belongs to the protoporphyrinogen/coproporphyrinogen oxidase family. Protoporphyrinogen oxidase subfamily.
Catalyzes the 6-electron oxidation of protoporphyrinogen-IX to form protoporphyrin-IX.
Embryo development arrested at one-cell zygotic stage.
Belongs to the eukaryotic AdoMetDC family.
By auxin (PubMed:20386573) and infection by Plasmodiophora brassicae (PubMed:18305204).
Essential for biosynthesis of the polyamines spermidine and spermine. Essential for polyamine homeostasis, and normal plant embryogenesis, growth and development.
Is synthesized initially as an inactive proenzyme. Formation of the active enzyme involves a self-maturation process in which the active site pyruvoyl group is generated from an internal serine residue via an autocatalytic post-translational modification. Two non-identical subunits are generated from the proenzyme in this reaction, and the pyruvate is formed at the N-terminus of the alpha chain, which is derived from the carboxyl end of the proenzyme. The post-translation cleavage follows an unusual pathway, termed non-hydrolytic serinolysis, in which the side chain hydroxyl group of the serine supplies its oxygen atom to form the C-terminus of the beta chain, while the remainder of the serine residue undergoes an oxidative deamination to produce ammonia and the pyruvoyl group blocking the N-terminus of the alpha chain (By similarity).
Probable transcription factor that may function as a negative regulator of the flowering time response to photoperiod. May act to repress cell expansion during plant development.
Widely expressed with a lower level in siliques.
'Schnarchzapfen' means 'snoring cone' in German.
Heterodimer with BPM1. Interacts with RAP2-4. Interacts with CUL3A. Binds to MYB56 at the promoter of FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) (PubMed:25343985).
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase involved in the regulation of organ and seed size. Probably functions to restrict cell proliferation during organ and seed development.
Plants overexpressing DA2L exhibit reduced organ size, biomass, and seed size and weight.
Binds 2 Zn(2+) ions per homotetramer. Zinc ions are bound between subunits.
Expressed in cotyledons, rosette and cauline leaves.
Involved in intercistronic processing of primary transcripts from chloroplast operons. The endonucleolytic activity of the enzyme depends on the number of phosphates at the 5' end, is inhibited by structured RNA, and preferentially cleaves A/U-rich sequences.
Part of a chloroplastic degradosome-like complex. Interacts with RHON1 (PubMed:18441049, PubMed:22735703). A homotetramer formed by a dimer of dimers (By similarity).
Reduced photosynthetic activity and retarded growth. Increased number and decreased size of chloroplasts. Loss of autotrophic growth. Pale cotyledons when grown on sucrose-complemented medium.
There are 3 contiguous domains conserved in the CDPK subfamily: a kinase domain, an autoinhibitory (junction) domain and a calmodulin-like domain. The autoinhibitory domain (398-428) inactivates kinase activity under calcium-free conditions (By similarity).
Belongs to the aldo/keto reductase family. Aldo/keto reductase 13 subfamily.
As a component of the decapping complex, involved in the degradation of mRNAs. Essential for postembryonic development, especially during the formation of the shoot (SAM) and root apical meristems. Required for normal patterning of internal tissues of leaves.
At early leaf developmental stages, expressed in a spot at the distal end of the organ. As leaf development progresses, present in procambium and differentiating vascular tissues.
Homodimer. Component of the decapping complex. Interacts with DCP2.
Lethal phenotype at the seedling cotyledon stage that are small and chlorotic, with disorganized veins, swollen root hairs, and altered epidermal cell morphology as well as leaf and shoot apical meristem defects. Altered RNA decay. These phenotypes are suppressed at low temperature.
Present in seedlings, roots, hypocotyls, cotyledons, leaves, stems, shoot apex, siliques and flowers. In leaves, particularly present in trichomes, some stomata and vascular tissues.
Highly expressed in actively dividing cells of root pericycle and suspension cell culture. Expressed in the G1/S phases and reaches a peak at the G2 phase.
Treatment with auxin induces lateral root initiation.
Catalyzes the transfer of endogenously produced octanoic acid from octanoyl-acyl-carrier-protein onto the lipoyl domains of lipoate-dependent enzymes. Lipoyl-ACP can also act as a substrate although octanoyl-ACP is likely to be the physiological substrate (By similarity) (PubMed:11427685). Together with LIP1 is essential for mitochondrial protein lipoylation during seed development. Required for the lipoylation of mitochondrial 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase component E2 proteins in leaves and roots (PubMed:24872381).
Expressed in leaves (PubMed:11427685). Expressed in roots, rosette leaves, cauline leaves, stems and siliques (PubMed:24872381).
By salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (MJ), ethylene (ET), wounding, and infection with the fungal pathogen A.brassicicola and cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), both in local and systemic tissues.
Expressed in root vasculature, leaves and stems.
Flavoenzyme involved in polyamine back-conversion (PubMed:24550437, PubMed:24906355, PubMed:26973665, PubMed:28199662). Catalyzes the oxidation of the secondary amino group of polyamines, such as spermine and its acetyl derivatives (PubMed:24550437, PubMed:24906355, PubMed:28199662). Substrate preference is spermine > N(1)-acetylspermine > thermospermine > norspermine (PubMed:24550437). Plays an important role in the regulation of polyamine intracellular concentration (PubMed:24550437, PubMed:26973665, PubMed:28199662). Involved in xylem differentiation by controlling thermospermine homeostasis, and participating in the tightly controlled interplay between auxin and cytokinin that is necessary for proper xylem differentiation (PubMed:28199662). Involved in the production of hydrogen peroxide in response to salt and cold stresses (PubMed:26973665).
Induced by salicylic acid (PubMed:18583528). Down-regulated upon treatment with flagellin 22, a pathogen elicitor (PubMed:18583528). Induced by auxin, cytokinin and thermospermine in roots (PubMed:28199662). Induced by spermine, thermospermine, N-acetylspermine and spermidine in roots (PubMed:24550437).
No visible phenotype of seedlings under normal growth conditions (PubMed:26973665). The double mutants pao1 and pao5 exhibit enhanced tolerance to salt and drought stress (PubMed:26973665). Increased length and thickness of floral stems (PubMed:28199662). Increased length of roots (PubMed:28199662). Delayed transition from vegetative to reproductive stage (PubMed:24906355). Increased levels of thermospermine (PubMed:24906355).
Lacks one of the three transmembrane regions, which are conserved features of the family.
Catalyzes the glutathione-dependent reduction of S-glutathionylquercetin to quercetin.
Belongs to the chloroplast-specific ribosomal protein cS23 family.
Component of the chloroplast ribosome (chloro-ribosome), a dedicated translation machinery responsible for the synthesis of chloroplast genome-encoded proteins, including proteins of the transcription and translation machinery and components of the photosynthetic apparatus.
Probable component of the exosome 3'->5' exoribonuclease complex, a complex that degrades inherently unstable mRNAs containing AU-rich elements (AREs) within their 3'-untranslated regions.
Belongs to the microtubule binding protein 2C family.
Expressed in seedlings, roots, flowers and developing ovules.
In young seedlings, expressed in the vascular tissues of cotyledons, leaf primordia, and shoot apical meristem (SAM). In roots, confined to a limited number of epidermal cells in proximity to the root apical meristem. In flowers, present in carpels and ovules. In developing ovules, observed in the funiculus and integuments.
Prevents homeodomain proteins (e.g. STM) association to plasmodesmata and, consequently, cell-to-cell transport. Binds to RNA. Alters STM RNA binding capacity (PubMed:17965274). Regulates cytoskeleton (e.g. actin) organization that determinates cell shape (PubMed:8893552, PubMed:19074626). Regulates stomata patterning and drought tolerance (PubMed:19074626). Involved in restricting tobamovirus (e.g. oilseed rape mosaic virus) infectivity, probably by interfering with cell-to-cell virus movement (PubMed:19074626).
Predominantly expressed in young developing tissues. Expressed in 7 day old seedlings, roots, nodes bearing flowers, flower buds and siliques.
Functions as a multidrug and toxin extrusion transporter. Contributes to iron homeostasis during stress responses and senescence (PubMed:22150160). Could be involved in specifying the lateral organ initiation rate (PubMed:21257605). May act as a negative regulator of hypocotyl cell elongation in the light (PubMed:26160579).
Highly expressed in shoot apices relative to leaves (PubMed:21257605). At vegetative stages, highly expressed at the stipules. At reproductive stages, most highly expressed in the mature pollen. Also expressed in the tips of sepals (PubMed:26160579).
Induced by excessive iron, but repressed by iron deficiency. Induced by heat, darkness, osmotic stresses and acid abscisic (ABA).
Plants overexpressing DTX48 in initiating leaves are short, produce leaves much faster than wild-type plants and show enhanced growth of axillary buds (PubMed:21257605). Overexpression of DTX48 alters shoot developmental programs leading to a loss of apical dominance phenotype (PubMed:26160579).
Clustered stomatal pattern distribution in seedlings characterized by excessive numbers of small epidermal cells, due to impaired meristemoid mother cell (MMC) asymmetric division (PubMed:27746029). Abnormal non-polarized subcellular localization of POLAR and YDA in asymmetric dividing cells (PubMed:30429609, PubMed:25843888).
Component of a complex made of POLAR, BASL, ASK7/BIN2 and ASK3/SK12 (PubMed:30429609). Interacts with POLAR, ASK7/BIN2 and ASK3/SK12 (PubMed:30429609). Binds to YDA when phosphorylated (PubMed:25843888). Interacts with MPK6, MPK3 and MKK5 (PubMed:25843888).
Cortical localization of BASL requires phosphorylation mediated by MPK3 and MPK6 (PubMed:25843888). Phosphorylation promotes YDA binding (PubMed:25843888). Phosphorylation status modulates subcellular mobility (PubMed:27746029).
First observed in nuclei of epidermal cells 16 hours post germination (PubMed:19523675). Later confined to cells undergoing asymmetric divisions (e.g. stomatal lineage cells) (PubMed:19523675). Expressed in protodermal cells in young seedlings (PubMed:30429609). Copolarizes with YDA and MPK3/MPK6 in stomatal asymmetric cell division (ACD) cells (PubMed:27746029).
Induced by MUTE in stomatal-lineage cells.
Mostly expressed in stomatal lineage cells including asymmetrically dividing meristemoid mother cells (MMCs) and meristemoids, and, at lower levels, in their sisters (PubMed:19523675, PubMed:27422992). Also present in vasculature (PubMed:19523675). Expressed at low levels in the epidermal pavement cells (PubMed:27422992).
Regulates asymmetric cell division (ACD), especially in stomatal-lineage cells, probably by modulating accumulation and subcellular polarization of POLAR and SPCH (PubMed:30429609, PubMed:25843888). Mediates an attenuation of MAPK signaling upon polarization of POLAR and ASK7/BIN2 in stomatal lineage ground cells (SLGCs) undergoing ACD, and relieves BIN2 inhibition of SPCH in the nucleus (PubMed:30429609, PubMed:25843888). When phosphorylated, functions as a scaffold and recruits the MAPKKK YODA, MPK3 and MPK6 to spatially reorganize the MAPK signaling pathway at the cortex of cells undergoing ACD (PubMed:25843888). Cortical polarization leads to elevated nuclear MPK6 signaling and lowered SPCH abundance in one of the two daughter cells, thus differentiating the two daughter cells after ACD (PubMed:27746029).
Thionins are small plant proteins which are toxic to animal cells. They seem to exert their toxic effect at the level of the cell membrane. Their precise function is not known.
Catalyzes the glycosylation of anthocyanins from UDP-glucose.
BUB1 N-terminal domain directs kinetochore localization and binding to BUB3.
Cell cycle regulated expression with a distinct expression peak at the G2/M boundary.
Essential component of the mitotic checkpoint. Required for normal mitosis progression. The mitotic checkpoint delays anaphase until all chromosomes are properly attached to the mitotic spindle. One of its checkpoint functions may be to inhibit the activity of the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) by blocking the binding of CDC20 to APC/C (By similarity).
Expressed in actively dividing tissues, early in organ development, in young leaves, lateral root primordia and root meristems.
Interacts with anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) (By similarity). Part of the mitotic checkpoint complex (MCC); interacts with CDC20-1 and CDC20-2. Interacts with MAD2 at chromocenters and with BUB3.1.
The KEN box is required for its ubiquitination and degradation.
No visible phenotype but shows enhanced susceptibility to a bacterial pathogen and deficiency in establishing systemic acquired resistance (SAR). Ire1a and ire1b double mutant is more sensitive to the ER stress inducer tunicamycin than the wild-type and is enable to give rise to the spliced bZIP60 mRNA form (PubMed:22355548). Ire1a and ire1b double mutant displays short roots and a ER stress-sensitive phenotype (PubMed:21914012).
Senses unfolded proteins in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum via its N-terminal domain which leads to enzyme auto-activation. The active endoribonuclease domain splices bZIP60 mRNA to generate a new C-terminus, converting it into a potent unfolded-protein response transcriptional activator which then induces transcription of UPR target genes. Involved in organ growth regulation. Plays a role in plant immunity and abiotic stress responses.
The kinase domain is activated by trans-autophosphorylation. Kinase activity is required for activation of the endoribonuclease domain.
Ubiquitous. Detected in the vascular bundles of young plants, leaves, roots, seedlings and in the receptacles of flowers and vascular bundles of the petals.
In contrast to other members of the family, the conserved Glu residue in position 94 is replaced by an Arg. Its activity is therefore unsure.
Low beta-amylase activity. Interacts poorly with starch or other alpha-1,4-glucan.
Normal growth rate and starch breakdown in leaves during the night.
ATP-dependent 5'-3' DNA helicase, component of the general transcription and DNA repair factor IIH (TFIIH) core complex, which is involved in general and transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair (NER) of damaged DNA and, when complexed to CAK, in RNA transcription by RNA polymerase II. In NER, TFIIH acts by opening DNA around the lesion to allow the excision of the damaged oligonucleotide and its replacement by a new DNA fragment. The ATP-dependent helicase activity of XPD is required for DNA opening. In transcription, TFIIH has an essential role in transcription initiation. When the pre-initiation complex (PIC) has been established, TFIIH is required for promoter opening and promoter escape. Phosphorylation of the C-terminal tail (CTD) of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II by the kinase module CAK controls the initiation of transcription. XPD acts by forming a bridge between CAK and the core-TFIIH complex (By similarity). Essential during plant growth (PubMed:12857822). May negatively regulate a common response program mediated by UV damage and heat stress, that leads to tissue death and reduced chloroplast function (PubMed:9414549).
Belongs to the helicase family. RAD3/XPD subfamily.
Component of the 7-subunit TFIIH core complex composed of XPB, XPD, TFB1/GTF2H1, GTF2H2/P44, TFB4/GTF2H3, TFB2/GTF2H4 and TFB5/GTF2H5, which is active in NER. The core complex associates with the 3-subunit CDK-activating kinase (CAK) module composed of CYCH1/cyclin H1, CDKD and MAT1/At4g30820 to form the 10-subunit holoenzyme (holo-TFIIH) active in transcription (By similarity). Interacts with GTF2H2/P44 (PubMed:16623910).
The LHC complex consists of chlorophyll a-b binding proteins. Red-emitting heterodimer with LHCA1 (PubMed:21083539).
Strongly expressed in stems, moderately expressed in flowers and roots and weakly expressed in young leaves.
Oxidoreductase active on cyclic ketones, but not on tropinone or nortropinone.
NADPH-dependent thioredoxin-disulfide reductase that reduces thioredoxins O1, O2 and F3.
Catalyzes the oxidation of N-terminal cysteine residues (N-Cys), thus preparing the protein for N-end rule pathway-mediated proteasomal degradation, upstream of the N-end rule enzymes ATE1, ATE2 and PRT6 (Probable) (PubMed:28332493, PubMed:29848548, PubMed:33207269, PubMed:32868422). Controls the preparation of the group VII ethylene response factor (ERF-VII) proteins for degradation via the 26S proteasome N-end rule pathway (Probable) (PubMed:28332493, PubMed:29848548, PubMed:33207269, PubMed:32868422). Acts as an oxygen sensor that controls the stability of ERF-VII proteins, which are stabilized in flooding-induced hypoxia, and regulate transcriptional adaptation to these adverse conditions (PubMed:28332493, PubMed:29848548).
ADP:ATP antiporter that catalyzes the exchange of ADP and ATP across the membrane.
The transmembrane helices are not perpendicular to the plane of the membrane, but cross the membrane at an angle. At least 2 of the odd-numbered transmembrane helices exhibit a sharp kink, due to the presence of a conserved proline residue (By similarity).
Catalyzes the oxidation of N-terminal cysteine residues (N-Cys), thus preparing the protein for N-end rule pathway-mediated proteasomal degradation, upstream of the N-end rule enzymes ATE1, ATE2 and PRT6 (Probable) (PubMed:29848548). Controls the preparation of the group VII ethylene response factor (ERF-VII) proteins for degradation via the 26S proteasome N-end rule pathway (Probable) (PubMed:29848548). Acts as an oxygen sensor that controls the stability of ERF-VII proteins, which are stabilized in flooding-induced hypoxia, and regulate transcriptional adaptation to these adverse conditions (Probable) (PubMed:29848548).
Was originally identified as a putative plastidic SufS-like protein and thus called CpNifS2.
Detected in roots and leaves. Expressed at very low levels in flowers and siliques. Present in floral meristems.
During vegetative phase expressed in young leaves and apical meristem until early stage of bolting. Early in development of the inflorescence present in the coflorescence and flower primordia but not in the main apical meristem. Present throughout the floral meristem during early stages of flower development. Later disappears prior to emergence of sepal primordia.
Forms a heterodimer with AP1 and SVP. Interacts with the SEU-LUG corepressor complex when complexed to AP1. Interacts with AGL15 (PubMed:15805477, PubMed:16679456). Interacts with AGL16 (PubMed:24876250).
Repressed by the floral homeotic genes AP1 and SEP3 in emerging floral meristems. Up-regulated by HUA2.
Transcription repressor that inhibit floral transition in the autonomous flowering pathway, independent of photoperiod and temperature. Acts in a dosage-dependent manner. Together with AGL24 and AP1, controls the identity of the floral meristem and regulates expression of class B, C and E genes. Promotes EFM expression to suppress flowering (PubMed:25132385).
Cytokinesis-defective and seedling-lethal phenotype.
Part of the multisubunit TRAPP (transport protein particle) II complex composed of BET3, BET5, TRS20, TRS23, TRS31, TRS33, TRS65, TRS85, TRS120 and TRS130.
Specific subunit of the TRAPP II complex, a highly conserved vesicle tethering complex that is required for the proper transport of proteins in post-Golgi trafficking pathways to the growing cell plate in mitotic active cells (PubMed:20609115, PubMed:21689172). Required for the polarized and selective transport of PIN2, but not PIN1, to the plasma membrane. Not required for ER-to-Golgi as well as biosynthetic and endocytic vacuolar transport (PubMed:21689172).
Expressed in shoots. Restricted to green tissues, being more abundant in stems.
Heterodimer with LFNR1. Interacts with PGRL1A and PGRL1B. Interacts with TIC62. Component of high molecular weight thylakoid LFNRs-containing protein complexes containing LIR1, LFNR1, LFNR2, TIC62 and TROL proteins. Interacts directly with LFNR1 and LFNR2; LIR1 increases the affinity of LFNR1 and LFNR2 for TIC62 and subsequent thylakoid relocalization (By similarity).
Belongs to the aerobic coproporphyrinogen-III oxidase family.
Key enzyme in heme biosynthesis. Catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of propionic acid side chains of rings A and B of coproporphyrinogen III (By similarity).
Bifunctional nuclease with both RNase and DNase activities. Involved in basal defense response. Participates in abscisic acid-derived callose deposition following infection by a necrotrophic pathogen (By similarity).
Associated with nucleolar and cytoplasmic pre-60S particles. At the end of biogenesis it dissociates from cytoplasmic pre-60S particles and is likely to be exchanged for its ribosomal homolog, RPL24 (By similarity). Interacts with REIL1 and REIL2 (PubMed:24603461).
Involved in the biogenesis of the 60S ribosomal subunit. Ensures the docking of NOG1 to pre-60S particles.
Phosphorylated at Ser-56 by GCN2 (Probable). Phosphorylated at Ser-317 and Ser-322 by CK2 (Probable).
Expressed throughout all developmental stages.
Interacts with turnip yellows virus (TuYV) protein P0 (via F-box-like domain); this interaction targets AGO1 for degradation, and thereby suppresses its function in silencing. Interacts with turnip crinkle virus (TCV) capsid protein P38 (via GW motifs); these interactions inhibit RNA silencing ability of AGO1. Interacts (via PAZ domain) with cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) protein 2b; these interactions inhibit AGO1 function in RNA silencing. Interacts with SDE3 (PubMed:17158744, PubMed:17869110, PubMed:20439431, PubMed:22850669, PubMed:22940249). Interacts with HESO1 (PubMed:24733911). Interacts with URT1 (PubMed:25928341). Interacts with RICE1 and RICE2 that act as cofactors (PubMed:28463111).
Involved in RNA-mediated post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS). Main component of the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) that binds to a short guide RNA such as microRNA (miRNA) or small interfering RNA (siRNA). RISC uses the mature miRNA or siRNA as a guide for slicer-directed cleavage of homologous mRNAs to repress gene expression. Requires DRB1 for directional loading of the small RNA duplex (guide stand and passenger strand) onto RISC for passenger strand degradation. Unlike animal RISC that associates in high molecular weight complex, Arabidopsis RISC is probably composed only of the AGO1 protein and associated RNA without any other proteins. Associates mainly with miRNAs of 21 nucleotide in length and preferentially recruits small RNAs with a 5' terminal uridine. Associates with 22 nucleotide miRNAs to trigger RDR6-dependent secondary siRNAs biogenesis. This pathway amplifies silencing by using the target RNA as substrate to generate secondary siRNAs. Binds to miR168 which targets its own mRNA for repression, establishing a homeostatic regulatory loop. Involved in antiviral RNA silencing by contributing to viral RNA clearance. Is capable of targeting viral RNAs with more compact structures than AGO7 which favors less structured RNA targets. May not associate with 24 nucleotide siRNAs involved in chromatin silencing. Essential for multiple processes in development. Essential for proper development of leaves and floral organs, and formation of axillary meristems. Like AGO10, required for stem cell function and organ polarity.
Narrow rosette leaves. Single shoot bearing a terminal inflorescence. Abnormal inflorescence with infertile flowers and filamentous organs.
Constitutive expression of defense-related genes that accompany the hypersensitive response normally triggered by avirulent pathogens. Induction of growth inhibition, premature leaf chlorosis and defense-related programmed cell death (PCD) at the early seedling stage, leading to a lethal phenotype before flowering (PubMed:11850411, PubMed:15923330). Large increase of cell death inducer phytoceramide (PubMed:24412362).
Exhibits selective intermembrane transfer of ceramide-1-phosphate (C1P) and phytoceramide-1-phosphate (PubMed:24412362, PubMed:28011644). Does not transport ceramide (Cer) or GalCer, suggesting a requirement for phosphate in the headgroup for functionality (PubMed:24412362). Transports in vitro sphingosine, but not glycosphingolipids (PubMed:11850411). Has also some in vitro activity with sphingomyelin, a lipid not detected in plant tissues (PubMed:18657186). The transport function may be not directly involved in regulating cell death. Rather, perturbations in the function of ACD11 or related components could be monitored by R-proteins, which then mediate defense and programmed cell death (PCD), as proposed in the guard hypothesis (Probable). C1P transfer is stimulated by phosphatidylserine in C1P source vesicles (PubMed:28011644). Regulates autophagy, inflammasome mediated IL1B and IL18 processing, and pyroptosis, but not apoptosis (PubMed:28011644).
Interacts with BPA1, PRA1F2 and PRA1F3 (PubMed:18845362).
The clustered Lys-64/Arg-99/Arg-103 residues form a positively charged triad ideally arranged for binding phosphate, explaining the inability to bind sugar headgroups and transfer glycoproteins.
Acts as an important factor for cell fate determination and maintenance throughout plant development. Required for the organization of the root apical meristem (RAM) and the shoot apical meristem (SAM). Required to maintain genome stability and cell division activity in meristematic cells.
Expressed in root tips, the shoot apical meristem (SAM), leaves, mature flowers and embryos.
Strong developmental phenotypes, such as extremely short, and agravitropic primary roots, small aerial organ size, altered shape and pale white leaves, bushy inflorescence and reduced number of seeds.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL15 family.
Converts adenosine 3'-phosphate 5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) to adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (APS) and 3'(2')-phosphoadenosine 5'- phosphate (PAP) to AMP. Is also able to hydrolyze inositol 1,4-bisphosphate.
Probable helicase-like transcription factor.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL30 family.
Catalyzes the reduction of the 7-8 double bond of phenylpropanal substrates, such as p-coumaryl aldehyde and coniferyl aldehyde (in vitro). Has activity towards toxic substrates, such as 4-hydroxy-(2E)-nonenal (in vitro) (By similarity). May play a distinct role in plant antioxidant defense and is possibly involved in NAD(P)/NAD(P)h homeostasis.
No visible phenotype. Reduced indolic glucosinolate levels in adult leaves and loss of responses to brassinosteroids.
Transcription factor involved in tryptophan gene activation and in indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and indolic glucosinolates (IG) biosynthesis. Acts as a direct transcriptional activator of both Trp synthesis genes and Trp secondary metabolism genes.
Enlarged pollen grains containing four vegetative nuclei and up to eight sperm cells. Short siliques with low fertility.
Expressed in roots, stems, flowers, pollen mother cells and embryos.
Interacts with ANP3 (PubMed:21575092). Interacts with TIO/FU (PubMed:24146312).
Probable plus end-directed motor protein that functions in the NACK-PQR (ANP3-MKK6-MPK4) MAP kinase signaling pathway, which is essential for somatic cell cytokinesis, especially for the cell-plate formation and its expansion. May regulate the activity and the localization of ANP3, probably by association through the non-catalytic region of the kinase. Functionally redundant with NACK1 and essential to promote the progression of cytokinesis and for cellularization (formation of the cell plate) during microgametogenesis and megagametogenesis.
In cv. Columbia, CYP74B2 (AC B3LF83) DNA sequence contains a 10-bp deletion that leads to a shorter N-terminus compared to typical other CYP74B subfamily members, and CYP74B2 is thought to be a non-functional enzyme. Functional alleles, with full N-terminus are found in cv. Landsberg erecta and cv. Wassilewskija (AC Q9ZSY9).
Predominantly expressed in young leaf tissue developing anthers, and siliques.
Possible component of the TREX-2 complex (transcription and export complex 2), a muliprotein complex that functions in docking export-competent ribonucleoprotein particles (mRNPs) to the nuclear entrance of the nuclear pore complex (nuclear basket). TREX-2 participates in mRNA export and accurate chromatin positioning in the nucleus by tethering genes to the nuclear periphery.
Catalyzes the committed step to the synthesis of the acidic phospholipids. Transfers specifically a phosphatidyl group from CDP-diacylglycerol to glycerol-3-phosphate to form phosphatidylglycerophosphate. Cannot catalyze the phosphatidyl group transfer to inositol, serine, choline or phosphatidylglycerol. Possesses high activity with CDP-dipalmitoylglycerol and low activity with CDP-dioleoylglycerol.
Pale green plants with impaired photosynthesis.
Associates with the EF-Tu.GDP complex and induces the exchange of GDP to GTP. It remains bound to the aminoacyl-tRNA.EF-Tu.GTP complex up to the GTP hydrolysis stage on the ribosome.
Homodimer (Probable). Binds reversibly to CRY2 after blue light illumination (PubMed:24130508).
Transcription factor that binds DNA to G box 5'-CACGTG-3' and to E-box 5'-CANNTG-3' (By similarity). Binds to chromatin DNA of the FT gene and promotes its expression, and thus triggers flowering in response to blue light (PubMed:24130508).
Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporter involved in zinc tolerance by participating in vacuolar sequestration of zinc.
Overexpression of ZIF1 confers increased zinc tolerance and causes interveinal leaf chlorosis.
Strongly expressed in developing leaves, differentiating zones of root tips and sepals of developing flowers. Restricted to vascular tissues in older leaves, mature roots, flowers, anthers and filaments. Not expressed in developing anthers.
Up-regulated by zinc and manganese. Not induced by cadmium, copper or iron. Down-regulated upon nematode infection.
Zinc sensitivity resulting in increased chlorosis and decreased shoot fresh weight and root length. Accumulation of high levels of zinc in shoots.
Interacts with the PSII subunits psbA, psbB, psbC, psbD, psbH and psbI, but not with psbE, psbF or psbO. Interacts with the PSII assembly factors HCF136, LPA1, LPA2 and ALB3.
Involved in early steps in photosystem II (PSII) biogenesis and in maturation and stability of newly synthesized psbA protein.
Strongly reduced growth. Pale-green cotyledons and leaves.
Component of the small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein particle containing H/ACA-type snoRNAs (H/ACA snoRNPs).
May be involved in protein precursor import into chloroplasts. Not redundant with TIC20-I, TIC20-IV or TIC20-V.
Belongs to the transferase hexapeptide repeat family. LpxA subfamily.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but plants lacking LPXA accumulate very low levels of 2,3-diacylglucosamine-1-phosphate.
Possesses quercetin 3-O-glucosyltransferase and 7-O-glucosyltransferase activities in vitro.
Potential transcription factor that plays a central role during developmental processes.
Interacts with MSI4/FVE (PubMed:29314758). Component of the PRC2 (polycomb repressive complex 2) complex which regulates histone methylation on histone H3K27 (By similarity).
Together with PDP2, PDP3 and PDP6, interacts with MSI4/FVE and MSI5 to suppress FLC, MAF4 and MAF5 expression by regulating the function of the PRC2 complex and modulating H3K27me3 level, thereby promoting flowering.
May be due to a competing donor splice site and an exon skipping.
Eearly flowering (PubMed:23284292). Decreased TATA-binding protein (TBP) levels lower Ser5P Pol II levels near the transcription start sites (TSSs) of target genes and of Pol II at the genes 3'-ends thus affecting the transition from transcription initiation to transcription elongation (PubMed:23284292). Significantly reduced trimethylated 'Lys-4' of histone H3 (H3K4me3) levels at the 5'-ends of WRKY70 and LTP7 genes leading to reduced transcript accumulation (PubMed:23284292).
Forms multiple COMPASS-like complexes involved in histone methylation by interacting with different histone H3 'Lys-4' methyltransferases such as ATX1, SDG14 or SDG16 (PubMed:21423667). Binds to target loci chromatin, increasing H3K4 trimethylation and causing activation of the gene (PubMed:19567704). Up-regulates FLC and MAF4 expression to delay flowering (PubMed:19567704). Present at the promoters and at the transcription start sites (TSS) regions of WRKY70 and LTP7; this occupancy is ATX1-dependent (PubMed:23284292). Involved in the transition from transcription initiation to transcription elongation (PubMed:23284292).
Part of a complex composed of TRO, RBL and WDR5A (PubMed:21423667). This complex is formed during both vegetative and reproductive development (PubMed:21423667). Interacts with SDG14, SDG16, RBL, but not with TRO (PubMed:21423667). Interacts with ATX1 and K4-methylated H3 tails (PubMed:19567704).
Strongly expressed in developing embryos and endosperms (PubMed:21423667). Expressed in shoot and root apical regions, and in vasculature (PubMed:19567704).
Altered response to auxin. Blocked ability of TAC1 to induce telomerase. Hypersensitive response to both sugar and abscisic acid (ABA)-mediated inhibition of germination.
Interacts with CUL3A. Interacts with GTE11/BET10 through the BTB domain.
May act as a substrate-specific adapter of an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex (CUL3-RBX1-BTB) which mediates the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins. Plays a key role as a component of the TAC1-mediated telomerase activation pathway certainly by targeting a telomerase repressor to degradation. Seems to occupy an integral position in a complex signaling network that perceives, integrates, and responds to multiple, and sometimes competing, signals. Enhances responses to auxin in postgermination and vegetative development. Also negatively regulates ABA- and sugar-mediated inhibition of the germination. Essential for female and male gametophyte development.
Preferentially expressed in young leaves and roots.
Up-regulated by auxin (IAA), methyl jasmonate (MeJA), hydrogen peroxide and nitrates. Down-regulated by salicylic acid (SA), abscisic acid (ABA), hydrogen peroxide, sugars, cold and NaCl. Positively regulated by the transcriptional factor TAC1. Circadian-regulation; expression increase during the dark phase and decrease during the light phase.
Plays a role in pre-mRNA splicing as a core component of the spliceosomal U1, U2, U4 and U5 small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs), the building blocks of the spliceosome.
Contains a N-terminal NAI2 domain (192-490).
Belongs to the nucleoporin Nup133 family.
Abundantly expressed in young plants, root tips, and flowers, but weakly in mature leaves and stems, implying highly expression in actively proliferating organs.
Binds to small phloem-mobile single-stranded RNAs (ss-sRNA, e.g. small interfering RNA (siRNA) and microRNA (miRNA)) in the phloeme exudate, including viral-derived sRNA (vsiRNA).
Plants overexpressing RBG4 display retarded germination under salt and dehydration stress.
Possibly has a role in RNA transcription or processing during stress (PubMed:16207746). Binds sequence non-specifically to RNAs and DNAs (PubMed:16207746). Mediates cell-to-cell trafficking of RNA interference (RNAi) signals (small RNAs (sRNA), e.g. small interfering RNA (siRNA) and microRNA (miRNA)) which regulate growth and development, as well as responses to environmental inputs, including pathogen attack; can compromise zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) and tobacco rattle virus (TRV) infections at the early stage (PubMed:31812689).
Up-regulated by cold stress and down-regulated by salt stress and dehydration stress.
Part of a SCF (SKP1-cullin-F-box) protein ligase complex (By similarity). Interacts with SKP1A/ASK1.
Activated by phosphatidic acid (PA). Binding with PA stimulates the activity by promoting the binding of substrate to the catalytic site.
Highly expressed in stems and flowers and at lower levels in roots, leaves and siliques.
Involved in the production of sphingolipid metabolites. Phosphorylates sphingosine and various sphingoid long-chain base (LCB) products, such as phytosphingosine (PHS, 4-hydroxysphinganine), 4-hydroxy-8-sphingenine, 4,8-sphingadienine, D-erythro-dihydrosphingosine and D,L-threo-dihydrosphingosine. Is required for abscisic acid (ABA) signaling that mediates stomatal closure, inhibition of seed germination and root elongation. May function upstream of PLDALPHA1 and phosphatidic acid (PA) in an amplification response to ABA that mediates stomatal closure.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but seeds have increased germination speed after imbibition, without affecting overall germination rate.
Controls phase transition from the vegetative to the reproductive state. Involved in the maintenance of the shoot apical meristem (SAM) thus preventing inflorescence meristem (IM) formation and subsequent inflorescence stem development during flowering. Regulates leaf and organ morphology.
Expressed in seedlings, roots, stems, rosettes and flowers (at protein level).
Transcribed by RNA polymerase III (pol III).
Cellular antisilencing factor and regulator of genome DNA methylation patterns involved in the regulation of chromatin states (PubMed:32925902). Together with SUVH4, monitors repressive epigenetic marks H3K27me1, H3K9me2, and prevents DNA-methylation at CHG sites, affecting especially the expression of transposons and developmentally important genes (PubMed:21830950, PubMed:23609044, PubMed:24248388). Collaboratively with ASI1 and AIPP1/EDM3, the AAE complex regulates alternative RNA processing (e.g. alternative splicing) and epigenetic silencing (e.g. H3K9me2) of intronic heterochromatin-containing genes as well as genic heterochromatin-containing genes by promoting distal 3' polyadenylation (PubMed:24248388, PubMed:28808009, PubMed:33438356). Epigenetic reader that binds DNA and contributes to transcriptional transposable element (TE) silencing by modulating levels of the repressive post-translational histone modifications (PHM) H3K9me2 (PubMed:23609044, PubMed:28808009, PubMed:32925902, PubMed:33438356). In cv. Columbia, required for RPP7-dependent disease resistance against the Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis isolate Hiks1, by promoting levels of RPP7 via alternative polyadenylation (APA), resulting from cooption of epigenetic information at the TE insertion locus COPIA-R7 (PubMed:23940361, PubMed:17253987, PubMed:20149132, PubMed:30407670). Exhibits a global role in NLR (nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich repeat) defense genes epigenetic (e.g. H3K9me2 hallmarks) expression control; promotes the accumulation of RPP7, RPP4 and some other proteins, but mediates the repression of several other NLR products, probably to compensate for fitness penalties caused by defense mechanisms (PubMed:32925902). Regulates development processes such as the formation of leaf pavement cells, leaf expansion, fertility and flowering (PubMed:20840782, PubMed:20149132, PubMed:23609044). Prevents FLC accumulation to control flowering (PubMed:23976921). Modulates stomatal development by regulating the methylation-mediated silencing of ERECTA receptor genes (e.g. ER, ERL1 and ERL2) and preventing cell divisions (PubMed:27697902).
Impeded use of distal polyadenylation sites at intronic heterochromatin (HC)-containing genes (e.g. histone demethylase gene IBM1) resulting in a lack of functional full-length transcripts (PubMed:28808009). Abolished expression of At4g16870, a transposable element (TE) of Copia-like retrotransposon origin, associated with methylated status (PubMed:28808009). Strong reduction in RPP7 levels due to altered H3K9me2 levels in COPIA-R7 (PubMed:23940361, PubMed:17253987). Disturbed expression pattern of NLR (nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich repeat) defense genes due to abnormal H3K9me2 hallmarks; some being repressed, including RPP7 and RPP4, but many being induced (PubMed:32925902). Compromised RPP7-dependent immunity leading to an increased sporulation of the incompatible Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis (downy mildew) Hpa-Hiks1 isolate, but normal resistance to Hpa-Cala2 and Hpa-Cand5 isolates in cv. Col-5 background; full susceptibility to these isolates is observed in cv. Wassilewskija background (PubMed:30407670, PubMed:17253987). Abnormal leaf development and flowering time (PubMed:20840782, PubMed:20149132). Enhanced accumulation of FLC (PubMed:23976921). Altered silencing states of several transposons associated with reduced histone methylation at H3K27me1 and H3K9me2 (PubMed:23609044, PubMed:32925902). Hypermethylation of DNA at CHG sites (PubMed:24248388). Reduced fertility (PubMed:23609044). Overproduction of stomatal lineage cells due to increased cell divisions and associated with DNA hypermethylation and silencing of ERECTA receptor genes such as ER, ERL1 and ERL2 (PubMed:27697902).
Interacts with WNK8 in nucleus; this interaction is involved in developmental processes regulation but not in RPP7-dependent disease resistance (PubMed:20149132). Interacts with EML1 and EML2 in nucleus (PubMed:21830950). Component of the ASI1-AIPP1-EDM2 (AAE) RNA regulatory complex composed of at least AIPP1/EDM3, ASI1 and EDM2 and may contain CPL2, AIPP2 and AIPP3/BDT1 (PubMed:28808009). Binds directly to AIPP1/EDM3 (PubMed:28808009). Co-associates with AIPP1/EDM3 to histone H3 lysine 9 dimethylation (H3K9me2)-marked chromatin and transcripts at a critical proximal polyadenylation site of RPP7 to hamper proximal transcript polyadeylation/termination (PubMed:30407670).
The PHD domains recognize both active and repressive histone methylation marks at the intronic repeat elements in genes.
Lacks two Cys residues in the RING-type zinc finger domain 2 that are conserved features of the family.
By salt and norspermidine treatments and phosphate starvation.
Plants lacking QSOX1 display more sensitivity to the toxic cations lithium and sodium than wild-type plants.
Sulfhydryl oxidase involved in the regulation of cation homeostasis. Positively regulates shoot accumulation of K(+) and inhibits accumulation of toxic cations. Acts at the level of root K(+) efflux systems involved in xylem loading (root symplast-xylem interface).
Interacts with CHIP and FTSH5. Heterohexamers with FTSH1, FTSH5 and FTSH8. May also form homooligomers.
Leaf-variegated. Mutations can be complemented by overexpression of FTSH8. The presence of both FTSH1 or FTSH5 (subunit type A) and FTSH2 or FTSH8 (subunit type B) is essential for an active complex formation.
Low expression in cotyledons, increasing with leaves development.
Part of a complex that function as an ATP-dependent zinc metallopeptidase. Involved in the thylakoid formation and in the removal of damaged D1 in the photosystem II, preventing cell death under high-intensity light conditions, but not involved in thermotolerance.
The FTSH2 precursor is ubiquitinated by CHIP in the cytoplasm.
The conserved lumenal (CL) domain (83-161) is present only in some FtsH homologs from organisms performing oxygenic photosynthesis.
Catalyzes the formation of 1,2-bis-O-sinapoyl beta-D-glucoside and an unidentified compound 1.
Decreased levels of 1,2-disinapoyl-glucose due to a partial redundancy with SCPL8 and SCPL13.
Expressed in seedlings, leaves, flowers and siliques.
Belongs to the SIMIBI class G3E GTPase family. UreG subfamily.
Required for the maturation and activation of urease via the functional incorporation of the urease nickel metallocenter.
URED, UREF and UREG may form a complex that acts as a GTP-hydrolysis-dependent molecular chaperone, activating the urease apoprotein.
Highly expressed in siliques and at lower levels in roots, leaves and flowers.
Homomultimer (Probable). Homodimer and homohexamer (PubMed:18433060).
Possesses phosphotyrosine phosphatase activity in vitro. Hydrolyzes para-nitrophenyl phosphate in vitro (PubMed:21409566, PubMed:18433060). Hydrolyzes O-methylfluorescein phosphate in vitro (PubMed:21409566). Hydrolyzes polyphosphate and ATP in vitro (PubMed:18433060). Dephosphorylates the phosphoinositides PI(3,4,5)P3, PI(3,5)P2, but not PI(3)P, PI(3,4)P2 or PI(4,5)P2 (PubMed:17976645).
Component of splicing factor SF3A which is composed of three subunits.
SURP motif 2 mediates direct binding to SF3A3.
By salt stress, osmotic stress and metals. Down-regulated by abscisic acid (ABA).
Inhibited by protonophores (e.g. carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl-hydrazone (CCCP)), but not by SH group inhibitors (e.g. p-chloromercuribenzene sulphonic acid (PCMBS)).
Responsible for the transport of sucrose into the cell, with the concomitant uptake of protons (symport system). Can also transport maltose at a lesser rate. May also transport biotin.
Specifically expressed in flowers, along the transmitting tissue and at the funiculi.
Part of a SCF (ASK-cullin-F-box) protein ligase complex (By similarity). Interacts with ASK11.
Highly expressed in adult leaves. Lower levels in young leaves, stems and roots.
Involved in pectin biosynthesis. Catalyzes the transfer of xylose from UDP-xylose onto oligogalacturonides and endogenous acceptors.
Up-regulated by biotic and abiotic stresses and senescence. Down-regulated by cytokinin and nematodes or Agrobacterium infection.
Binds to 14-3-3 proteins. The binding is induced by phosphorylation of Thr-947. Binding to 14-3-3 proteins activates the H(+)-ATPase (By similarity).
Component of the PEX2-PEX10-PEX12 retrotranslocation channel (By similarity). Interacts with DSK2a and DSK2b (PubMed:23336935).
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase component of a retrotranslocation channel required for peroxisome organization by mediating export of the PEX5 receptor from peroxisomes to the cytosol, thereby promoting PEX5 recycling (PubMed:17478547, PubMed:20679226, PubMed:23336935, PubMed:25214533). The retrotranslocation channel is composed of PEX2, PEX10 and PEX12; each subunit contributing transmembrane segments that coassemble into an open channel that specifically allows the passage of PEX5 through the peroxisomal membrane (By similarity). PEX2 also regulates peroxisome organization by acting as a E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase (PubMed:17478547, PubMed:20679226, PubMed:23336935). PEX2 ubiquitinates PEX5 during its passage through the retrotranslocation channel: catalyzes monoubiquitination of PEX5 at 'Cys-6', a modification that acts as a signal for PEX5 extraction into the cytosol (By similarity).
Expressed in roots, stems, leaves, flowers, pollen, ovules, seeds and siliques.
The three subunits of the retrotranslocation channel (PEX2, PEX10 and PEX12) coassemble in the membrane into a channel with an open 10 Angstrom pore. The RING-type zinc-fingers that catalyze PEX5 receptor ubiquitination are positioned above the pore on the cytosolic side of the complex.
Expressed in leaves, stems and flowers, and to a lower extent in roots.
Homodimer. Interacts with PKS1, PKS2, RPT3 and PHOT1.
Light fluence rate-dependent induction, independent of light quality.
Protein kinase that acts as a blue light photoreceptor in a signal-transduction pathway for photo-induced movements. Phosphorylates BLUS1, a kinase involved in stomatal opening. Mediates calcium spiking of extra- and intracellular origins in response to blue light. Involved in hypocotyl phototropism. Contributes to the chloroplast accumulation in low blue light and mediates their translocation (avoidance response) at high fluence. Regulates stomata opening and photomorphogenesis response of leaf tissue. Not involved in hypocotyl elongation inhibition, anthocyanin accumulation or cotyledon opening.
Undergoes a photocycle characterized by fluorescence and absorption changes induced by blue light. Half-time of photoproduct formation is 11 seconds and 15 seconds for dark regeneration.
Expressed in young leaves and cauline leaves.
Induced by salt stress (PubMed:18703123, PubMed:19248824). Induced by osmotic stress (PubMed:19248824).
Plants silencing BZIP24 show enhanced tolerance to salt stress (PubMed:18703123, PubMed:19248824). Enhanced salt stress tolerance in silencing plants is characterized by enhanced root and leaves development and reduced sodium accumulation in plants (PubMed:19248824).
Transcription factor involved in the regulation of salt stress response. Functions as a negative transcriptional regulator of salt stress acclimation response by regulating cation homeostasis (PubMed:18703123, PubMed:19248824). Regulates negatively the expression of genes contributing to ion and osmotic homeostasis during salt stress, such as the Na(+) transporter HKT1, the Na(+)/H(+) antiporter SOS1, the aquaporin PIP2-1 and the glutamine synthetase GLN1-3. In addition, targets genes with functions in plant growth and development, such as argonaute 4 (AGO4) and cyclophilin 19 (CYP19) (PubMed:19248824).
By treatment with salicylic acid (SA), abscisic acid (ABA), iron, copper and UV-C. Induced by wounding, oxidative stress, infection with incompatible P.syringae and treatment with the fungal phytotoxin victorin.
Thiol-disulfide oxidoreductase involved in response to pathogens and oxidative stresses. Required for the response to victorin, a phytotoxin which induces programmed cell death in sensitive plants. Possesses insulin disulfide bonds reducing activity.
Component of the TFIID complex. TFIID is composed of TATA binding protein (TBP) and a number of TBP-associated factors (TAFs) whose MWs range from 14-217 kDa. Interacts with TAF4B, TAF8, TAF9, TAF10, TAF11, TAF12, TAF12B and TAF14. Interacts with the members of the polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) MEA and EZA1.
Detected early after fertilization in the zygotic embryo and free endosperm nuclei. Expression continues in the embryo at the heart and torpedo stages, but is restricted to the chalazal nuclei in endosperm before cellularization. At maturity, expressed mainly in the embryo epidermis and in the vascular tissue.
TAFs are components of the transcription factor IID (TFIID) complex that is essential for mediating regulation of RNA polymerase transcription. May be involved in polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) mediated repression.
Up-regulated during the G0 to S phase transition.
Constitutive component of kinetochores that is essential for proper cell division during mitotic cell cycle (Probable). May play a role in the modulation of centromere during meiosis (PubMed:21695238).
Belongs to the GHMP kinase family. Homoserine kinase subfamily.
Catalyzes the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of L-homoserine to L-homoserine phosphate (PubMed:15703056). Is specific for L-homoserine and cannot use other substrates such D-serine, L-serine, D-threonine and L-threonine, galactose or D-homoserine in vitro. Required for susceptibility to the downy mildew pathogen Hyaloperonospora parasitica.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plant accumulate homoserine and show reduced susceptibility to the downy mildew pathogen Hyaloperonospora parasitica.
ATP-dependent RNA helicase that associates with the RNA exosome complex, with the cap binding complex (CBC) and with the NEXT-like complex. Involved in the degradation of a large number of non-coding nuclear exosome substrates such as snoRNA and miRNA precursors, incompletely spliced mRNAs, and spurious transcripts produced from pseudogenes and intergenic regions (PubMed:25144737). Involved in the maintenance of homeotic B and C gene expression in the reproductive whorls. Regulates floral organ spacing and identity, probably through the regulation of protein synthesis or mRNA degradation (PubMed:11923195).
Belongs to the DExH box helicase family. SKI2 subfamily.
Expressed in inflorescences, leaves, stems, and roots.
Expressed in specific patterns in the inflorescence meristem and developing flowers. Present throughout the inflorescence meristem and in young floral meristems through stage 4. Around stage 5, present within the developing organs of the inner three whorls but absent from sepals. At later stage of floral development, present at a low level in the gynoecium but accumulate strongly in developing ovules.
When combined with mutations in HUA1 and HUA2, reduced stem elongation and alterations in production of flowers along the inflorescence. These flowers are characterized by the presence of third whorl sepal-petal-stamens and fourth whorl sepal-carpels leading to abnormal floral organ number and positioning. Over-accumulation of non-coding nuclear exososome targets (PubMed:25144737).
Component of the endosomal sorting required for transport complex III (ESCRT-III), composed at least of VPS2, VPS20, VPS24 and VPS32 (By similarity). Interacts with SKD1 (PubMed:20663085).
During seed germination, predominantly expressed in the radicle and, to a lower extent, in hypocotyls.
Induced in the presence of the herbivory P.xylostella larvae (PubMed:14617060). Silenced by miR163 (PubMed:21602291, PubMed:26768601, PubMed:28401908). Down-regulated during seedling deetiolation and seed germination via light-induced silencing mediated by miR163 (PubMed:21602291, PubMed:26768601). Accumulates in etiolated seedlings (PubMed:26768601). Induced by the fungal elicitor alamethicin (PubMed:21602291). Slightly up-regulated by P.syringae. Induced by exogenous salicylic acid (SA) (PubMed:28401908).
Methyltransferase that may methylate 1,7-paraxanthine (PubMed:26768601). Prevents seed germination and modulates root architecture during early seedlings development (PubMed:26768601). Plays a minor role in defense responses toward pathogenic bacteria (e.g. P.syringae) (PubMed:28401908).
By brassinosteroids (e.g. brassinolide BL), auxin (e.g. 2,4-dichlorphenoxyacetic acid 2,4-D) and cytokinin (e.g. kinetin), with a synergistic effect (PubMed:16103214, PubMed:22345435). Up-regulated in a feed-back loop by ASL20 (PubMed:19088331). Levels are monitored by proteasome-mediated degradation (PubMed:18445131). Repressed by WEE1 upon replication stress to prevent premature tracheary element differentiation (PubMed:21498679). Accumulates during infection by the soilborne fungal pathogen Verticillium longisporum, especially in tissues undergoing de novo xylem formation (PubMed:23023171).
Defects in protoxylem vessel formation in seedling roots.
Expressed in developing protoxylems in roots and shoots (PubMed:16103214, PubMed:16581911, PubMed:17565617, PubMed:18952777). Detected in root protoxylem poles and in vessels of protoxylems, outermost metaxylems, inner metaxylems, shoots and hypocotyls. Expressed in roots, hypocotyls, cotyledons and leaves (PubMed:18445131). Accumulates in the xylem but not in interfascicular fibers or pith cells in inflorescence stems. Present in developing vessels of the secondary xylem in roots undergoing secondary growth (PubMed:18952777).
Forms homodimer and heterodimers with other VND proteins (e.g. NAC037/VND1, NAC076/VND2 and NAC105/VND3) via their N-termini (PubMed:18445131). Interacts with NAC083/VNI2 (PubMed:20388856).
Predominantly expressed in immature xylem vessels, only in some cells just beside xylem vessels. Also present in various vascular cells of older part of the roots, near the location of emergence of the lateral roots.
Required for the soilborne fungal pathogen Verticillium longisporum-induced transdifferentiation of chloroplast-containing bundle sheath cells to functional xylem elements leading to stunted growth, vein clearing, and leaf chloroses, as well as xylem hyperplasia within the vasculature of leaves, hypocotyls, and roots due to reinitiation of cambial activity and transdifferentiation of xylem parenchyma cells. This developmental reprogramming mediates also an increased drought stress tolerance.
Transcription activator that binds to the secondary wall NAC binding element (SNBE), 5'-(T/A)NN(C/T)(T/C/G)TNNNNNNNA(A/C)GN(A/C/T)(A/T)-3', in the promoter of target genes (e.g. genes involved in secondary wall biosynthesis, cell wall modification such as xylan accumulation, and programmed cell death) (PubMed:20935069, PubMed:20488898, PubMed:22037706, PubMed:21284754). Involved in xylem formation in roots and shoots, especially regulating protoxylem vessel differentiation by promoting immature xylem vessel-specific genes expression (PubMed:16103214, PubMed:18445131, PubMed:20488898, PubMed:21498679, PubMed:21284754). Can activate the expression of several genes including XCP1, MYB46, NAC010/SND3, MYB103, MYB58, MYB63, MYB83, KNAT7, ASL19 and ASL20 (PubMed:17890373, PubMed:19088331, PubMed:18952777, PubMed:19122102, PubMed:19808805, PubMed:20935069, PubMed:21284754).
Copper transporter involved in copper acquisition and transport in leaves. Required for copper homeostasis and normal plant growth and development.
Expressed in the root apex, lateral root primordia, embryo, trichomes, guard cells and pollen grains.
Increased root length and pollen development defects.
The increased root length and pollen development defects phenotypes of the mutants are completely and specifically reversed by copper addition.
Belongs to the SLC26A/SulP transporter (TC 2.A.53.1) family.
Expressed in lateral root cap, root hairs, epidermal and cortical cells of roots.
High-affinity H(+)/sulfate cotransporter that mediates the uptake of the environmental sulfate by plant roots. Plays a central role in the regulation of sulfate assimilation. Unable to transport molybdate.
Homodimer. Interacts with OASA1 through its STAS domain.
Interaction with OASA1 negatively impacts the transporter activity.
Sel1 mutations in the gene lead to the resistance of the plant to selenate, a toxic analog of sulfate.
Lethal when homozygous. Compromised asymmetric mitotic division in dividing microspores resulting in abortion of gametogenesis.
Regulates microtubules organization in a centrosome-independent manner. Required for the spindle to be positioned correctly and for the function of gamma-tubulin in organizing phragmoplast microtubules (PubMed:19383896). Component of active gamma-tubulin ring complexes (gamma-TuRCs) associated with cortical microtubules in interphase cells (PubMed:25438942). Mediates gamma-TuRC recruitment to the nucleation sites and is important for determining the ratio of branched to parallel nucleation (PubMed:25438942). May mediate the localization of GCP2 and GCP3 to the nuclear envelope (PubMed:19383896).
Forms heterotrimers with LHCB3 (PubMed:16551629). The LHC complex consists of chlorophyll a-b binding proteins.
Expressed in germinating seedling, including the cotyledons and hypocotyl, in vascular tissues, in pollen grains, root tips, leaf trichomes, developing seeds and siliques.
No visible phenotype, probably due to functional redundancy.
Participates in the second catalytic step of pre-mRNA splicing, when the free hydroxyl group of exon I attacks the 3'-splice site to generate spliced mRNA and the excised lariat intron.
Expressed in incipient leaf primordia and in roots meristems (PubMed:29259105). Observed in flowers (PubMed:29259105).
In developing flowers, only observed in stamens of young flowers, but disappears in old flowers.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family. WEE1 subfamily.
By replication blocking agents (hydroxyurea and aphidicolin).
Cell cycle regulatory kinase that is not rate-limiting for cycle progression under normal growth conditions. Transcriptionally activated upon DNA stress or damage in an ATR- or ATM-dependent manner. Once activated, inhibits plant growth by arresting dividing cells in the G2 phase before proceeding into mitosis. Down-regulates CDKA-1 and CDKD-2 by tyrosine phosphorylation. May target principally CDKA-1.
Expressed in shoot apex, vasculatures tissues of roots and leaves, and developing flowers.
Interacts with CDKA-1, but not with CDKB1-1.
Plants show no obvious cell division or endoreduplication phenotype when grown under nonstress conditions, but are hypersensitive to agents that impair DNA replication.
Expressed in leaves, buds, flowers, stems and siliques.
Probable transcriptional regulator (By similarity). Required for nucleolar dominance that consist in the silencing of rRNA genes inherited from one progenitor in genetic hybrids.
Expressed in seeds. Not detected in stems or mature leaves.
Highly expressed during seed maturation. Decreases rapidly after imbibition, becoming undetectable only 5 days after imbibition.
Irregularly expanded oil-containing structures, 40% reduction of triacylglycerols (TAG) content in seeds and 98% decreased seed germination rate.
AHL16/TEK knockdown results in late flowering phenotype.
Abnormal pollen wall with the absence of the nexine and intine layers causing microspore abortion and male sterility.
Expressed in tapetum during the tetrad stage.
Interacts with FVE/MSI4 and MSI5 which are components of HDAC corepressor complexes.
Preferentially expressed in the inflorescence meristem and young floral buds, as well as in seedling-stage vegetative meristems (PubMed:23394836). Widely expressed in flowers, roots and stems, with relatively low expression in leaves (PubMed:24804694).
Transcription factor that specifically binds AT-rich DNA sequences related to the nuclear matrix attachment regions (MARs) (PubMed:25336567). Encodes a nuclear matrix protein that acts in the maintenance of genomic integrity by silencing TEs and repeat-containing genes through epigenetic machinery. Acts as a chromatin remodeling factor that modifies the architecture of FLC and FWA chromatin by modulating both H3 acetylation and methylation leading to the regulation of FLC and FWA expression (PubMed:23394836, PubMed:23836195). Negatively regulates floral repressors including MAF4 and MAF5 (PubMed:23733063). Plays a transcription activation role in anther development. Regulates the expression of arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) involved in the formation of the nexine layer of the pollen wall (PubMed:25336567, PubMed:24804694). Binds AGP6, AGP11, AGP23 and AGP40 promoters (PubMed:25336567).
Involved in the coordination between cell elongation and cellulose synthesis by promoting the expression of genes involved in cell elongation and cellulose synthesis. Acts as a regulator of plasmodesmatal permeability. Maybe a glycosyltransferase.
Belongs to the shaker potassium channel beta subunit family.
Expressed in roots, leaves and flowers (at protein level).
Forms heteromultimeric complexes with potassium channel alpha subunits.
Probable accessory potassium channel protein which modulates the activity of the pore-forming alpha subunit.
Interacts with 4CLL1/ACOS5, PKSA and PKSB.
Involved in the biosynthesis of hydroxylated tetraketide compounds that serve as sporopollenin precursors (the main constituents of exine). Is essential for pollen wall development. Acts on tetraketide alpha-pyrones and reduces the carbonyl function on the tetraketide alkyl chain to a secondary alcohol function.
Male sterility due to distorted pollen grains lacking reticulate exine pattern.
Specifically expressed in anther tapetal cells during microspores development.
Binds to RGA and SCL3 competitively in the nucleus.
Transcription factor that may act a transcriptional activator of nuclear-encoded photosynthetic gene expression (Probable). Binds DNA via its zinc fingers (PubMed:24821766). Recognizes and binds to SCL3 promoter sequence 5'-AGACAA-3' to promotes its expression when in complex with RGA (PubMed:24821766).
Expressed in archespores, pollen mother cell, ovule primordia and megaspore mother cells.
Homodimers and heterodimers (PubMed:18258861, PubMed:21734647). Interacts with the auxin response factors ARF1 and IAA24 (PubMed:21734647). Interacts with IAA1 (PubMed:9342315, PubMed:21734647). Interacts with TPL (PubMed:18258861, PubMed:21734647). Interacts (via PB1 domain) with ARF7 (via PB1 domain) (PubMed:21734647, PubMed:24706860).
Increased auxin response of mutants axr3-1 and axr3-3 may result from an increased stability of AXR3.
Up-regulated by Cold. Down-regulated by salt.
Ubiquitously expressed with a preference in leaves, flowers and stems.
Found in a post-splicing messenger ribonucleoprotein (mRNP) complex. Associates with the exon junction complex (EJC). Interacts with CPL1/FRY2 (PubMed:26887918).
Recruits UPF2 at the cytoplasmic side of the nuclear envelope and the subsequent formation of an UPF1-UPF2-UPF3 surveillance complex (including UPF1 bound to release factors at the stalled ribosome) is believed to activate NMD. Binds spliced mRNA upstream of exon-exon junctions (By similarity). Involved in nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) of mRNAs containing premature stop codons (premature termination codon PTC) by associating with the nuclear exon junction complex (EJC) and serving as link between the EJC core and NMD machinery. Eliminates the production of nonsense-containing RNAs (ncRNAs). Required for plant development and adaptation to environmental stresses, including plant defense and response to wounding.
Seedling lethal. Reduced ability to degrade mRNAs with premature termination codons (PTC). Increased expression of not only protein-coding transcripts but also many mRNA-like nonprotein-coding RNAs (mlncRNAs), including natural antisense transcript RNAs (nat-RNAs). Dwarf with curly leaves and late flowering. Photoperiod-dependent altered development and stress responses; in long days (16 hours light), altered organ morphologies (e.g. narrow and epinastic leaves with wide petiole, small rosette size, long seeds, some abnormal flowers and stunted stem growth), disturbed homeostasis of wounding-induced jasmonic acid and pathogen-elicited salicylic acid. Increased resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato strain DC3000.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 25 family.
Component of the Mediator complex, a coactivator involved in the regulated transcription of nearly all RNA polymerase II-dependent genes. Mediator functions as a bridge to convey information from gene-specific regulatory proteins to the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. Mediator is recruited to promoters by direct interactions with regulatory proteins and serves as a scaffold for the assembly of a functional preinitiation complex with RNA polymerase II and the general transcription factors. Positive regulator of shade avoidance and of jasmonate signaling. Acts in repression of PhyB-mediated light signaling and regulates the expression of FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) and of CONSTANS (CO).
Component of the Mediator complex. Interacts with the transcription factors BBX20, RAP2-2, ERF1B, ERF091, ERF095, ERF098, ERF109, HB29, PHL1, DREB2A, ABI5 and MYC2. Interacts with the E3 ubiquitin-protein ligases MBR1 and MBR2.
Down-regulated by methyl jasmonate and by infection with an incompatible isolate of a necrotrophic fungal pathogen.
Late-flowering phenotype when grown under long-day conditions. Increased drought tolerance and sensitivity to necrotrophic pathogens. Increased resistance to hemibiotrophic fungal pathogen F.oxysporum.
The affinity between DREB2A and MED25 is reduced when DREB2A is pre-bound to DNA.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that acts as a negative regulator of the response to water stress. Mediates ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of the drought-induced transcriptional activator DREB2A. Functionally redundant with DRIP1.
No visible phenotype. Drip1 and drip2 double mutant shows delayed growth and development, but increased tolerance to drought stress, compared to wild-type.
Catalyzes the first committed step of methionine (Met) biosynthesis. Catalyzes the formation of L-cystathionine from homoserine esters and L-cysteine, via a gamma-replacement reaction.
Regulates the mitotic activity in roots.
Catalyzes the attachment of tyrosine to tRNA(Tyr) in a two-step reaction: tyrosine is first activated by ATP to form Tyr-AMP and then transferred to the acceptor end of tRNA(Tyr).
Can inhibit both serine proteases and cysteine proteases (PubMed:30042779). May be involved in the modulation of the proteases that participate in the hydrolysis of dietary proteins in the gut of spider mites (PubMed:30042779).
Induced by infestation with spider mites.
Expressed in roots, rosette leaves, cauline leaves, shoot apex, stems and flowers (PubMed:17158162). Expressed in guard cells (PubMed:18443413).
Interacts with calmodulin (CaM) (PubMed:17947243). Interacts with SNI1 (PubMed:22826500).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions (PubMed:18443413, PubMed:22826500). Mutant plants display enhanced resistance to the bacterial pathogen P.syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (PubMed:22826500).
Transcriptional activator activated by proteolytic cleavage through regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP) (PubMed:18443413, PubMed:24329768). Calmodulin-regulated transcriptional repressor. Binds several synthetic promoters with randomly selected binding sites (PubMed:17947243). Functions synergistically with SNI1 as negative regulator of pathogen-induced PR1 expression and basal resistance to a virulent strain of P.syringae. Binds directly to the promoter of the PR1 gene (PubMed:22826500). Acts as positive regulator of innate immunity. Involved in the effector-triggered immunity (ETI) induction of immunity-related gene expression (PubMed:24329768). Mediates osmotic stress signaling in leaf senescence by up-regulating senescence-associated genes (PubMed:18443413).
Lacks the conserved Asp residue in position 117 essential for protease activity.
Essential for recycling GMP and indirectly, cGMP. Required for normal development of the gametophyte and embryo, in association with GK1.
Growth retardation, narrow and dark-green leaves with elongated petioles, root growth inhibition and reduced fertility. The double mutant atgk1 and atgk2 is lethal.
Binds DNA as a dimer. Interacts with NPR1 and NPR4. Interacts with GRXC7/ROXY1.
Transcriptional activator that binds specifically to the DNA sequence 5'-TGACG-3'. Recognizes ocs elements like the as-1 motif of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter. Binding to the as-1-like cis elements mediate auxin- and salicylic acid-inducible transcription. May be involved in the induction of the systemic acquired resistance (SAR) via its interaction with NPR1 (By similarity).
Predominantly expressed in flowers and siliques but also in roots and leaves.
Mistakenly referred to as AT2G04040 in PubMed:11739388.
Core component of multiple SCF (SKP1-CUL1-F-box protein) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complexes. Involved in ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins (By similarity).
Neddylated; which enhances the ubiquitination activity of E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complexes.
Catalyzes the interconversion between UDP-glucose and UDP-galactose.
Enhanced activity by NaCl. Inhibited by UDP.
Abnormal embryo and cotyledon development, and embryo lethality in most cases. When viable, plants are small with greatly delayed flowering time and sterile flowers.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 13 family.
Component of the Mediator complex, a coactivator involved in regulated transcription of nearly all RNA polymerase II-dependent genes. Mediator functions as a bridge to convey information from gene-specific regulatory proteins to the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. Mediator is recruited to promoters by direct interactions with regulatory proteins and serves as a scaffold for the assembly of a functional preinitiation complex with RNA polymerase II and the general transcription factors.
Component of the Mediator complex, a coactivator involved in the regulated transcription of nearly all RNA polymerase II-dependent genes. Mediator functions as a bridge to convey information from gene-specific regulatory proteins to the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. The Mediator complex, having a compact conformation in its free form, is recruited to promoters by direct interactions with regulatory proteins and serves for the assembly of a functional preinitiation complex with RNA polymerase II and the general transcription factors. Acts closely together with MAB12. Involved in the regulation of embryo patterning and cotyledon organogenesis. May act through transient repression of specific genes such as the ones responsive to auxin.
Component of the Mediator complex. Interacts with CYCC1-2 (CDK8 homolog).
Expressed in both the apical and basal cell at the one-cell embryo stage and in all cells of the embryo and suspensor through the globular stage. Decreases in the periphery of the hypocotyl and on the abaxial side of cotyledons from the heart stage to the torpedo stage, and by the bent cotyledon stage, restricted to the vascular tissue and the shoot and root apical meristems.
Ubiquitous. Highest expression in the shoot apex.
Expressed in pollen and/or in flowers, but not in leaves (PubMed:12139002). Expressed in pollen tube (PubMed:18000057).
No effect on pollen germination and growth. Prk1 and prk2 or prk2 and prk5 double mutants have no effect on pollen germination and growth. Prk1, prk2 and prk5 triple mutant shows reduced pollen tube elongation.
Part of a complex containing ROPGEF1 and ARAC11/ROP1 (PubMed:23024212). The interaction between PRK2, ROPGEF1 and ARAC11/ROP1 is phosphorylation-independent (PubMed:23024212). Interacts with ROPGEF12 (via C-terminus)(PubMed:18000057). Interacts with ROPGEF1 (via PRONE domain)(PubMed:23024212).
Receptor-like kinase involved in the control of pollen germination and pollen tube polar growth (PubMed:23024212, PubMed:24136420). Phosphorylates ROPGEF1 in its C-terminal region, releasing its auto-inhibition, and thereby activating the ROP1 signaling pathway (PubMed:23024212). May act as a scaffolding protein, recruiting ROPGEF12 to the plasma membrane by binding to its C-terminal domain (PubMed:18000057). Phosphorylates ROPGEF12, releasing its auto-inhibition (PubMed:18000057).
The juxtamembrane domain (274-319) is necessary for a relatively uniform plasma membrane localization. The C-terminal domain (614-647) is required for the induction of pollen tube depolarization. Both domains are required for the interaction of PRK2 with ROPGEF12.
The protein kinase domain may be catalytically impaired due to the lack of the conserved Asp active site at position 466, which is replaced by a His residue.
Expressed in roots, leaves and cauline leaves.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 18 family.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 18 family. Chitinase class III subfamily.
Expression of the acidic chitinase gene was not detected in normal, untreated plants nor in plants treated with ethylene or salicylic acid.
This protein functions as a defense against chitin containing fungal pathogens.
Lacks the isocitrate binding site which is one of the conserved features of the isocitrate dehydrogenase family.
Catalyzes the oxidation of cytokinins, a family of N(6)-substituted adenine derivatives that are plant hormones, where the substituent is an isopentenyl group.
Expressed during the maturation phase of stomatal guard cells but not in fully mature stomata. In the root vasculature, detected soon after germination, with a maxima around the lateral root primordia.
Expressed in the vascular system of roots, of young growing leaves and of the most apical portion of the growing stem. No expression in the root apical meristem. In flowers, restricted to the vascular bundles and transmitting tissue of developing gynoeciae.
Binds specifically to the plant telomeric double-stranded DNA sequences. At least 6 repeats of telomeric sequences are required for binding.
May be tethered PEX4 to the peroxisome membrane and may be involved in a late step of the matrix protein import. Does not play a role in the biogenesis of the peroxisomal membrane.
Transcriptional activator activated by proteolytic cleavage through regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP). Transcriptional activator that acts as positive regulator of AOX1A during mitochondrial dysfunction. Binds directly to AOX1A promoter. Mediates mitochondrial retrograde signaling.
Expressed in both the sporophytic and the gametophytic tissues, especially in dividing cells. Mostly present in flower buds and mature flowers. Accumulates also in embryos and in roots.
Expression is cell cycle-regulated, with higher expression in G2-M phases.
Pollen lethality in plants lacking both MAP3KE1 and MAP3KE2, associated with plasma membrane irregularities following pollen mitosis I (PubMed:16965555). Smaller plants with shorter roots due to reduced cell elongation in roots and reduced cell expansion in rosette leaves, as well as embryos arrest in the early stages of development (PubMed:23087695).
Serine/threonine-protein kinase involved in the spatial and temporal control system organizing cortical activities in mitotic and postmitotic cells (PubMed:15292395). Required for the normal functioning of the plasma membrane in developing pollen (PubMed:16965555). Involved in the regulation of cell expansion and embryo development (PubMed:23087695).
Together with RGLG1, mediates the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of the target protein PP2CA. Functions as positive regulator of abscisic acid (ABA) signaling through ABA-dependent degradation of PP2CA, a major inhibitor of ABA signaling.
Expressed during ovules and embryo development and very early during the formation of lateral roots.
Expressed in shoot, root and floral meristems, in vascular tissues of cotyledons and mature leaves, and in the stele of the root. Expressed at higher levels on the lower side of an emerging root during germination and at higher levels on the underside of the apical hook.
Heterodimer of ECR1 and AXR1. The complex binds to RUB1/NEDD8 and RCE1.
Impaired meiotic recombination characterized by a shortage in bivalent formation due to a mislocalization of class I crossovers (COs) and correlated with strong synapsis defects. Dwarf plants, highly branched, with small crinkled leaves, small flowers and short fruits, symptoms of fertility defects.
Regulatory subunit of the dimeric ECR1-AXR1 E1 enzyme. E1 activates RUB1/NEDD8 by first adenylating its C-terminal glycine residue with ATP, thereafter linking this residue to the side chain of the catalytic cysteine, yielding a RUB1-ECR1 thioester and free AMP. E1 finally transfers RUB1 to the catalytic cysteine of RCE1. Plays an important role in auxin response (PubMed:8321287). Regulates the chromosomal localization of meiotic recombination by crossovers (COs) and subsequent synapsis, probably through the activation of a CRL4 complex (PubMed:25116939). Required for E3-mediated protein degradation in response to auxin, jasmonic acid and cold stress. Required for the COP1-COP10-CSN-mediated repression of photomorphogenesis in the dark (PubMed:12368504). May function redundantly with AXL1 in the RUB conjugating pathway (PubMed:17655650). Seems not to be functionally equivalent to AXL1 in vivo (PubMed:21311953).
Expressed in roots, inflorescence stems, seedlings, leaves, flower buds, inflorescences, and siliques.
Interacts with core components of POLYCOMB REPRESSIVE COMPLEX 2 (PRC2), a PcG protein complex with H3K27me3 histone methyltransferase activity. Associates with plant-specific PRC2 accessory components such as MSI1, EMF2, VRN2, FIE and CLF.
Suppression of PcG defects in several PRC1 and PRC2 components including lhp1 (in alp1-2 and alp1-3 mutants) and clf (in alp1-3 and alp1-4 mutants) phenotypes (PubMed:26642436, PubMed:22837357). In alp1-4, weak downward curling and slightly late flowering in short days. Increases synergistically ult1 and ult2 floral organ defects in double mutants alp1-3 ult1 and alp1-3 ult2. The double mutant alp1-3 efs has a stronger dwarf, branched phenotype than efs single mutant (PubMed:26642436).
Transposase-derived protein that may have nuclease activity (Probable). Antagonist of polycomb-group (PcG) protein-mediated chromatin silencing, probably by preventing the association of POLYCOMB REPRESSIVE COMPLEX 2 (PRC2) with its accessory components. Needed for full reactivation of several floral homeotic genes that are repressed by PcG (PubMed:26642436).
Catalyzes conversion of folates to polyglutamate derivatives allowing concentration of folate compounds in the cell and the intracellular retention of these cofactors, which are important substrates for most of the folate-dependent enzymes that are involved in one-carbon transfer reactions involved in purine, pyrimidine and amino acid synthesis.
Vegetative phenotype does not differ visually from wild-type. No obvious defects in root development. Polyglutamylated folates still detectable. Has significantly reduced methionine levels compared to wild-type. Combined loss of FPGS3 and FPGS2 results in seedling lethality. Seedlings fail to proceed beyond the expanded cotyledon stage, exhibit an albino phenotype and are unable to thrive beyond germination. Fpgs3 and fpgs1 double mutant exhibits dwarfed leaves, late flowering (approximately 13 days after wild-type), reduced fecundity and delayed senescence. Pollination with fpgs3 and fpgs1 double mutant pollen yields at most one or two seeds per silique compared to the yield of full siliques when wild-type stigmas are pollinated with wild-type pollen. There is a 40% reduction in the total of 5-CH(3)-THF pool in fpgs3 and fpgs1 double mutant leaf tissue. Fpgs3 and fpgs1 double mutants have 70% lower methionine content than wild-type.
Component of the exocyst complex involved in the docking of exocytic vesicles with fusion sites on the plasma membrane during regulated or polarized secretion. Involved in polarized cell growth and organ morphogenesis. During cytokinesis, involved in cell plate initiation, cell plate maturation and formation of new primary cell wall (By similarity).
The exocyst complex is composed of SEC3, SEC5, SEC6, SEC8, SEC10, EXO70A1 and EXO84.
Expressed in roots, immature rosettes, and mature rosettes.
The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex catalyzes the overall conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA and CO2.
Essential for fertility (male and female gametophyte functions and development) (PubMed:23085019). Required for the integrity of female gametic mitochondria (PubMed:23085019). Modulates male gametophyte functions, including pollen tube growth and style penetration (PubMed:23085019). Involved in mitochondrial-driven cell-to-cell communication in embryo sacs during female gametes maturation (including embryogenesis initiation and endosperm development), especially for reciprocal signaling between central and egg cells which regulates reciprocal development (PubMed:23085019).
Expressed at high levels in reproductive organs and, at lower levels, ubiquitously.
In flowers, accumulates in the female gametophytes at different stages, as well as in early embryos and endosperms.
Irregular structure and reduced number of cristae in female gametic mitochondria (PubMed:23085019). Completely disrupted male gametophyte functioning (shortened pollen tubes leading to altered style penetration) and impaired female gametes final maturation of the egg and central cells (persistent antipodal cells in embryo sacs, as well as small and short egg cells), not required for double fertilization, but essential for embryogenesis initiation and endosperm development, thus leading to the presence of aborted seeds in siliques (PubMed:23085019).
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 8 family.
Component of the Mediator complex, a coactivator involved in the regulated transcription of nearly all RNA polymerase II-dependent genes. Mediator functions as a bridge to convey information from gene-specific regulatory proteins to the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. The Mediator complex, having a compact conformation in its free form, is recruited to promoters by direct interactions with regulatory proteins and serves for the assembly of a functional preinitiation complex with RNA polymerase II and the general transcription factors. Regulator of both plant defense and flowering time. Involved in pollen tube growth.
Increased number of leaves and shorter petioles under vegetative conditions. Late-flowering phenotype when grown under both long-day and short-day conditions. Increased sensitivity to necrotrophic pathogens.
Named seth after the brother and murderer of the Egyptian fertility god Osiris.
Could be the product of a pseudogene. Lacks two of the four zinc-binding sites, which are conserved features of the MOB1/phocein family.
Hydrolase that can remove conjugated ubiquitin from proteins in vitro and may therefore play an important regulatory role at the level of protein turnover by preventing degradation (Probable). Cysteine protease with a preference for 'Lys-63' and 'Lys-48' -linked ubiquitin (UB) tetramers as substrates (PubMed:24659992). Cleaves also RUB-GST fusion (PubMed:24659992).
Catalyzes xyloglucan endohydrolysis (XEH) and/or endotransglycosylation (XET). Cleaves and religates xyloglucan polymers, an essential constituent of the primary cell wall, and thereby participates in cell wall construction of growing tissues. Involved in the accumulation of hemicelluloses. Has a high XEH activity and only a slight XET activity in vitro, but the main in planta activity seems to be XET, thus controlling aluminum sensitivity (PubMed:23204407, PubMed:23104861, PubMed:25446234). Acceptor preferences are XXXGol = XXFGol > XXLGol > XLLGol = XLFGol (PubMed:25446234).
Expressed in germinating seeds from 24 hours after imbibation, and reaches a maximum level at 72 hours. After 96 hours, it then decreases.
Interacts with XTH17. The formation of an XTH17-XTH31 dimer may be required for XET activity.
Predominantly expressed in root (PubMed:11673616, Ref.1). Weakly expressed in influorescence stems (PubMed:11673616). Expressed in root tips and elongation zones, stems, young leaves, flowers and siliques (PubMed:23204407). Expressed in root, hypocotyl, and etiolated whole seedlings (PubMed:23104861).
Reduced growth, decreased cell wall xyloglucan content and increased aluminum resistance (PubMed:23204407). No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions (PubMed:23104861).
Up-regulated by gibberellins (Probable). Not induced by auxin (Ref.1). Down-regulated by aluminum (PubMed:21285327, PubMed:23204407).
Component of a deubiquitination module (DUB module) formed by ENY2, SGF11, and UBP22 in Arabidopsis (PubMed:29588169, PubMed:30192741). Interacts directly with SGF11, but not with UBP22 (PubMed:29588169, PubMed:30192741). Interacts with MOS4 (PubMed:29588169).
Expressed in roots, cotyledons, leaves and upper part of sepals.
Expressed in roots, stems, axillary buds and flowers.
Plants over-expressing ZFP10 show are dwarf, have abnormal leaf morphology, flower early and are sterile.
Probable transcription factor that may regulate cell division and growth.
Biotin-attachment subunit of the 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase, an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA to 3-methylglutaconyl-CoA, a critical step for leucine and isovaleric acid catabolism.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the HAD-like hydrolase superfamily.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the TenA family.
Knockdown mutants show reductions in root length and shoot growth.
May be involved in the salvage of thiamine breakdown products (PubMed:25014715). This protein has a haloacid dehalogenase family domain fused to its TenA domain (PubMed:25014715). Phosphatase with the highest activity against thiamine monophosphate (ThMP) and, with a lower activity, against thiamine diphosphate (ThDP), flavin mononucleotide, inorganic pyrophosphate, CTP and dATP (PubMed:27677881). Has a thiamine salvage hydrolase activity, but only against 4-amino-5-aminomethyl-2-methylpyrimidine (amino-HMP) and not against N-formylamino-HMP, desthiothiamine, thiamine, ThMP, and ThDP (PubMed:27677881).
The thiamine monophosphate phosphatase activity resides in the HAD domain (297-571), while the TenA domain (85-292) has thiamine salvage hydrolase activity (PubMed:27677881).
Component of the active ARAC10-IRC5-KIN13A complex (PubMed:24280391). Homooligomer. Interacts (via C-terminus) with ARAC4, ARAC10, ARAC11 and (via N-terminus) with KIN13A (via C-terminus), but no interactions with SEC3A.
Expressed in xylem cells in the roots and in stamens, petals and pollen.
ROP effector binding specifically activated ROPs and linking them to the microtubule cytoskeleton. Involved in ROP-regulated polar growth. Involved in local disassembly of cortical microtubules when associated with ARAC10 and KIN13A and conversely mediates also the elimination of ARAC10 from the plasma membrane by the cortical microtubules. Accumulates at the plus end of shrinking microtubules. Targets KIN13A to microtubules.
The N-terminal part (1-122) is necessary and sufficient for homooligomerization (PubMed:20832900) and for binding to microtubules while the C-terminal domain is anchored to the plasma membrane (PubMed:20619818).
Expressed in roots and flowers. Expressed in shoot apex, axillary buds, at the basis of flowers and branching points of inflorescences.
Induced by abscisic acid (ABA), drought, light and wounding in leaves. Down-regulated by drought and ABA in roots.
Plants expressing ectopically MYB13 display peculiar hook structure at pedicel branching points, and a reversed order of first flowers and axillary buds.
Plays a regulatory role in meristem function. Functions as component of a regulatory network controlling the establishment and/or development of the shoot system by the regulation of apical meristem function (PubMed:9681014). May play a role in tolerance to boric acid (PubMed:16861809).
TIR-NB-LRR receptor-like protein involved in plant defense. Acts as a trigger of hypersensitive response (HR). Functions as guard of CAMTA3, a negative regulator of immunity, during pathogen infection.
Contains 4-hydroxyproline; hydroxylated on Pro-30, Pro-32 and Pro-34.
Expressed exclusively in ovule embryo sacs and in early developing endosperms.
Maternally-contributed central cell peptide regulating suspensor development and correct auxin distribution in early developing embryos.
No visible phenotype, due to redundancy with ESF1.1 and ESF1.2. Simultaneous down-regulation of all 3 genes by RNAi induces embryo abnormalities.
Primarily expressed in the central cell gamete of nonfertilized ovules, which upon fertilization gives rise to the endosperm, and later in the micropylar endosperm, which surrounds the embryo.
Component of the Arp2/3 complex composed of ARP2, ARP3, ARPC1/p41-ARC, ARPC2/p34-ARC, ARPC3/p21-ARC, ARPC4/p20-ARC and ARPC5/p16-ARC. Interacts with ARPC2A and ARP3.
Distorted trichomes and altered epidermal cell types.
Functions as actin-binding component of the Arp2/3 complex which is involved in regulation of actin polymerization and together with an activating nucleation-promoting factor (NPF) mediates the formation of branched actin networks. Seems to contact the mother actin filament.
Expressed at an early stage of floral initiation.
Mutations in the CAL gene result in a characteristic proliferation of inflorescence meristems in place of floral meristems. The fragment expressed in cal-5 mutant is homolog to the CAL proteins present in Brassica oleracea var. botrytis and may thus explain the 'cauliflower'-shaped floral meristem (PubMed:7824951).
Probable transcription factor that promotes early floral meristem identity in synergy with APETALA1, FRUITFULL and LEAFY. Is required subsequently for the transition of an inflorescence meristem into a floral meristem. Seems to be partially redundant to the function of APETALA1. Positively regulates the APETALA1 and LEAFY expression.
Effects on sepal fusion, petal number, fertility defects, and carpel abnormality.
Expressed throughout the inflorescence meristem (IM) and early stages of floral primordia. In developing flowers, restricted to the innert hree whorls, speci fi cally in the petals, stamens, and carpels. Within the stamens, mostly detected in the anther locules as well as in the vascular strands. In carpels, mainly present in ovules.
Transcriptional regulator that specifically binds 5'-GATA-3' or 5'-GAT-3' motifs within gene promoters. Regulates both flower and shoot apical meristem (SAM) development, especially for establishing organ boundaries in shoots and flowers, probably by controlling the number and position of WUS-expressing cells (PubMed:23335616, PubMed:25077795).
Embryonic lethality due to female gametophyte development arrest at two-nuclear stage (PubMed:15634699). Seedling lethality when homozygous. Pale green leaf, variegated leaf and slow growing phenotype when grown on MS medium supplemented with sucrose (PubMed:25228689, PubMed:27047527).
Expressed in leaves and flowers. Expressed at low levels in siliques.
Involved in female gametophyte development. Required for embryo sac development (PubMed:15634699). Nuclear genome-encoded factor required for the accumulation of photosystem I (PSI) during plant development (PubMed:25228689). Required for light acclimation and chloroplast development (PubMed:27047527).
Belongs to the thymidylate kinase family.
Catalyzes the conversion of dTMP to dTDP (Probable). Involved in the regulation of DNA replication. Is essential to promote the first division of the zygote (PubMed:18036198).
Cell cycle regulated. Up-regulated at the G1/S phase transition and then decreases rapidly as cells progress into S-phase. Not up-regulated during the male and female gametophytic mitoses.
Embryonic lethality when homozygous, due to arrest of the embryo sac development soon after fertilization.
Expressed in root, rosette leaves, flower buds, flowers and siliques.
Accumulates during cold acclimation, but down-regulated by dehydration and salt stresses.
Chaperone that binds to RNA, single- (ssDNA) and double-stranded (dsDNA) DNA, and unwinds nucleic acid duplex. Exhibits a DNA melting activity. May be involved in cold resistance. Prevents seed germination under dehydration or salt stress conditions.
High expression in the earliest stage of silique development, with a decrease during the middle stages of silique development and subsequently an increase during the later stages.
Mostly expressed in shoot apices and siliques, and, to a lower extent, in roots, cotyledons, stems, shoots, leaves, floral buds and flowers.
Expressed in leaves, flowers, siliques, and stems (PubMed:12900416). Expressed in the shoot apex (PubMed:24251900).
Flavonol 3-O-rhamnosyltransferase that catalyzes the transfer of rhamnose from UDP-rhamnose to the 3-OH position of kaempferol and quercetin (PubMed:12900416, PubMed:15352060, PubMed:23549747, PubMed:24251900). Possesses low quercetin 3-O-glucosyltransferase activity in vitro (PubMed:12900416).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants exhibit altered flavonol glycoside patter.
Expressed at low levels in anthers from closed buds, with expression in the tapetum at the stage before microspore release from tetrads.
In closed flower buds, especially in anthers.
No production of viable pollen. Degeneration of pollen occurs soon after microspore release from the tetrads, at which time the tapetum also appears abnormally vacuolated. Abnormal presence of ultrastructural features of apoptosis (PCD) in microspores, but lack of normal PCD in tapetum. Disturbed inflorescence branching and floral development. Impaired cell wall modifications after primexine formation within the callose wall, accompanied by reduced internal intine wall.
Self down-regulation. Regulated by SDG2 via chromatin methylation. Seems inducible by brassinosteroids via BES1.
Transcriptional activator required for anther and post-meiotic pollen development and maturation. Seems to regulate inflorescence branching and floral development. May control tapetal development by directly regulating tapetal programmed cell death (PCD) and breakdown. Implicated in pollen cytosolic components and wall development (e.g. exine and intine formation).
Expressed during the middle and late stages of seed development.
Highly expressed in siliques. Detected in seedlings, rosette leaves, stems and flowers.
Mediates the transport of acyl-CoAs and/or free fatty acids to the endoplasmic reticulum. Has no effect on the selectivity of fatty acid incorporation into triacylglycerol or further desaturation steps.
Overexpression of ABCA9 increases seed oil content.
Reduced seed size with abnormal morphology and reduced triacylglycerol content. Retarded growth on medium lacking sucrose.
Beta-amylase activity. Can use p-nitrophenyl maltopentaoside (PNPG5) as substrate only in reduced form. Can play a minor role in the starch degradation and maltose metabolism in chloroplasts during the night. More active on phosphorylated glucan. Interacts directly with starch or other alpha-1,4-glucan.
Expressed in leaves, roots, flowers, pollen, and seeds.
Redox regulation; active in reducing conditions, inactive in oxidizing conditions. Thioredoxins f1, m1, and y1 mediate the reversible reductive activation of oxidized BAM1.
Auxiliary factor required, together with HCF244, for the biogenesis of photosystem II (PSII), especially for the synthesis of the reaction center proteins (e.g. D1), via the regulation of the corresponding mRNA (e.g. psbA) translation initiation (ribosomal loading) and stabilization.
Component of a high molecular weight complex containing psbA mRNA, OHP1, OHP2 and HCF244, and PSII core proteins D1/D2, HCF136 and HCF173 (PubMed:17435084, PubMed:23027666, PubMed:29438089). Interacts with LPE1 (PubMed:29891689).
Impaired photoautotrophy (PubMed:17435084, PubMed:23027666). Seedling lethal (PubMed:23027666). High chlorophyll fluorescence phenotype and severely affected photosystem II (PSII) subunits accumulation associated with a drastically decreased synthesis of the reaction center protein D1 due to a reduced translation initiation (ribosomal loading) of the corresponding psbA mRNA (PubMed:17435084, PubMed:23027666, PubMed:30844105). Plants lacking both HCF173 and HCF244 display stronger PSII defects (PubMed:23027666).
Component of the SCF (SKP1-CUL1-F-box protein) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, which mediates the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins. The SCF complex plays a crucial role in regulating response to auxin and is essential for growth and development. Through the RING-type zinc finger, seems to recruit the E2 ubiquitination enzyme, to the complex and brings it into close proximity to the substrate. Promotes the neddylation of CUL1.
Part of SCF complexes, which consist of a SKP1-related protein, a cullin, a RBX protein and a F-box protein. Part of a SCF complex with ASK1 or ASK2 and CUL1. Part of a SCF complex with CUL1 and TIR1. Interacts with CUL1 and CUL4. Component of the CUL4-RBX1-CDD complex.
Widely expressed. Expressed in shoot, siliques, meristem, flowers, floral buds, open flowers, leaves, stems, roots, germinal seeds and seedlings in dark. Expressed at a higher level in tissues containing actively dividing cells.
Called 'FIDDLEHEAD' because of the shape of mutants, in which adhering floral buds cause curling of inflorescence, resulting in structures reminiscent of fern fiddlehead.
Contributes to cuticular wax and suberin biosynthesis. Prevents the postgenital fusion of epiderm cells in organs in contact, as well as ectopic pollen hydration and germination. Required during ovules formation. May regulate an epidermis-specific developmental program during gynoecial ontogeny.
Expressed in prefusion carpel abaxial and adaxial epidermis. Accumulates in ovule primordia, but restricted to chalaza in mature ovules. Also present in cells of stigmatic papillae, at the margins of ovules, and around the embryo sac.
In additions to several malformations due to organ fusion, plants lacking FDH demonstrate an enhanced cell wall permeability, reduced trichome formation, and are female sterile.
Mostly expressed in epidermal cells of floral and vegetative meristems and, to a lower extent, of leaves and coleoptiles, especially in young tissues. Also present in trichomes and phloem (PubMed:10559443, PubMed:10655527). Expressed in siliques, seedlings, flowers and leaves (PubMed:18465198).
Repressed by herbicides such as flufenacet and benfuresate (PubMed:12916765). Down-regulated by darkness and low temperature, and up-regulated by salt and osmotic stress (PubMed:18465198).
Expressed in root metaxylem pole and in shoot pre-procambium and procambium (PubMed:18445131). Present in root developing xylems (PubMed:16103214). Specifically expressed in vessels but not in interfascicular fibers in stems (PubMed:25148240).
Induced by chitin (e.g. chitooctaose) (PubMed:17722694). Accumulates in plants exposed to callus induction medium (CIM) (PubMed:17581762).
Expressed in roots, seedlings, leaves, buds and open flowers.
Accumulates after heat shock (HS) (PubMed:16500991, PubMed:23073024). Enhanced translation during recovery after heat treatment mediated by CLPB1 in a positive feedback loop (PubMed:23439916).
Belongs to the phosphosulfolactate synthase family.
Normal growth and development under nonstress conditions. Compromised acquired thermotolerance following a long recovery period (> 24 h) after acclimation heat shock (HS) treatment, but normal when challenged within a short recovery period (PubMed:16500991, PubMed:17085506). Reduced expression of several highly heat-inducible genes. Slight increased in sensitivity to HS without acclimation (PubMed:17085506). Faster degradation of HSP101 (PubMed:23439916).
Transactivator required, together with HSP101, for long-term acquired thermotolerance (LAT) maintenance, probably by regulating heat-inducible genes expression, thus being a cellular component of thermomemory.
Phosphorylated at Ser-42, Ser-80 and Ser-112 by CK2.
eIF-2 functions in the early steps of protein synthesis by forming a ternary complex with GTP and initiator tRNA. This complex binds to a 40S ribosomal subunit, followed by mRNA binding to form a 43S pre-initiation complex. Junction of the 60S ribosomal subunit to form the 80S initiation complex is preceded by hydrolysis of the GTP bound to eIF-2 and release of an eIF-2-GDP binary complex. In order for eIF-2 to recycle and catalyze another round of initiation, the GDP bound to eIF-2 must exchange with GTP by way of a reaction catalyzed by eIF-2B (By similarity).
Polygalacturonase not involved in the final stages of pod shatter.
By aeroponic growth condition, darkness, sucrose, glucose and mannitol.
Enhanced low sulfur tolerance with higher rate of sulfate uptake at low sulfate levels. Improved tolerance to heavy metal (e.g. CdCl(2)) and oxidative stress (e.g. paraquat).
Forms homomultimers. Interacts with Agrobacterium tumefaciens VirE2 and mediates its translocation to the host nucleus. Binds to VIP2. Forms a complex made of Agrobacterium VirE2, VIP1, VIP2 and single-stranded DNA (ssDNA). The interaction with KAP1 mediates its nuclear import. Binds to the H2A histone RAT5. Interacts with MPK3 and Agrobacterium virF. Forms a complex made of VIP1, VBF and Agrobacterium virE2. Interacts with SCF(VBF) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. Binds directly to VBF. Forms heterodimers with BZIP34 and BZIP61.
Mostly expressed in dividing cells, present in leaves, roots and seedlings.
Phosphorylated by MPK3. This phosphorylation promotes nuclear localization.
Transcription activator that binds specifically to the VIP1 response elements (VREs) DNA sequence 5'-ACNGCT-3' found in some stress genes (e.g. TRX8 and MYB44), when phosphorylated/activated by MPK3. Required for Agrobacterium VirE2 nuclear import and tumorigenicity. Promotes transient expression of T-DNA in early stages by interacting with VirE2 in complex with the T-DNA and facilitating its translocation to the nucleus, and mediates stable genetic transformation by Agrobacterium by binding H2A histone. Prevents cell differentiation and shoot formation. Limits sulfate utilization efficiency (SUE) and sulfate uptake, especially in low-sulfur conditions (PubMed:11432846, PubMed:12124400, PubMed:15108305, PubMed:15824315, PubMed:17947581, PubMed:19820165, PubMed:20547563). Plays a role in osmosensory response by binding to the 5'-AGCTGT/G-3' DNA sequence found in the promoters of the hypoosmolarity-responsive genes CYP707A1 and CYP707A3 (PubMed:25093810, PubMed:22452852). Involved in the negative regulation of touch-induced root bending and salt-dependent root bending (PubMed:27208231, PubMed:30010769, PubMed:31504762).
Transcriptionally activated during the acquisition of pluripotentiality (in protoplasts) by pericentromeric chromatin decondensation and DNA demethylation. Targeted to degradation by the proteasome by VBF and Agrobacterium virF in SCF(VBF) and SCF(virF) E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes after mediating T-DNA translocation to the nucleus.
Embryonic lethality. Impaired development of male and female gametophytes.
Part of the gamma-tubulin complex. Gamma-tubulin complex is composed of gamma-tubulin and GCP proteins (e.g. GCP2 and GCP3). Interacts directly with GCP3.
Expressed in the shoot meristem and root epidermal cells in germinating seeds. At the reproductive stage, expressed in the whole shoot apex.
Intramembrane-cleaving aspartic protease (I-CLiP) that cleaves type II membrane signal peptides in the hydrophobic plane of the membrane (By similarity). Catalyzes intramembrane proteolysis of some signal peptides after they have been cleaved from a preprotein, resulting in the release of the fragment from the ER membrane into the cytoplasm (By similarity). Plays a critical role in the development and function of the reproductive tissues, especially in pollen development.
Mostly lethal due to a male gametophytic defect.
The first transmembrane domain may act as a type I signal anchor. The PAL motif is required for normal active site conformation.
Ubiquitous with the highest expression in emerging leaves, roots, and floral tissues (at the protein level). Highly detected in pollen.
Albino and pale green (apg) phenotype and early seedling growth arrest.
May direct the termination of translation in response to the peptide chain termination codon UAG. Required for normal chloroplast development and plays essential roles in the termination of translation in plastids.
Highly expressed in roots, stems and cauline leaves, and at lower levels in rosette leaves, flowers and siliques.
Interacts with XXT2 and CSLC4 (PubMed:22665445). Interacts with FUT1 and XLT2 (PubMed:25392066).
Probable xyloglucan xylosyltransferase involved in the biosynthesis of xyloglucan in roots. May act in association with XXT1 and XXT2 (PubMed:18557833). Associates with other xyloglucan-synthesizing enzymes to form multiprotein complexes for xyloglucan synthesis in the Golgi (PubMed:25392066).
Root hair phenotype, characterized by short root hairs with bubble-like extrusions at the tip. Alteration of the main root cellular morphology. Reduced xyloglucan content.
Expressed in abaxial regions of young lateral aerial organs, and in primordia leading to cotyledons, leaves, flower meristems, sepals, petals, stamen and carpels, but not in roots.
Expressed in subepidermal cells of anlagen regions, then in abaxial part of primordia and finally in differentiating organs. Levels decrease in differentiated organs. In embryo the expression starts during the transition between globular and heart stages in the cotyledon anlagen. From the heart stage, expression expands to abaxial domain of the cotyledon primordia and decrease as the embryo matures. In stamen, expression restricted to the abaxial region differentiating into the connective. In gynoecium, expressed in the abaxial cell layers differentiating into the valves.
Involved in the abaxial cell fate determination during embryogenesis and organogenesis. Regulates the initiation of embryonic shoot apical meristem (SAM) development (PubMed:10323860, PubMed:10331982, PubMed:10457020, PubMed:11812777, PubMed:12417699, PubMed:9878633, Ref.3, Ref.6, PubMed:19837869). Required during flower formation and development, particularly for the patterning of floral organs. Positive regulator of class B (AP3 and PI) activity in whorls 2 and 3. Negative regulator of class B activity in whorl 1 and of SUP activity in whorl 3. Interacts with class A proteins (AP1, AP2 and LUG) to repress class C (AG) activity in whorls 1 and 2. Contributes to the repression of KNOX genes (STM, KNAT1/BP and KNAT2) to avoid ectopic meristems. Binds DNA without sequence specificity. In vitro, can compete and displace the AP1 protein binding to DNA containing CArG box (PubMed:10323860, PubMed:10331982, PubMed:10457020, PubMed:11812777, PubMed:12417699, PubMed:9878633, Ref.3, Ref.6).
Monomer and homomultimers (more than 20 subunits in vitro). Interacts with DNA as monomer. The release of 1 zinc ion from a monomer disrupts the binding to DNA and leads to multimerization. Interacts with SPL/NZZ (PubMed:15299139, PubMed:25527103). Interacts with SPEAR2 (PubMed:25527103). Binds to LUG and LUH; these complexes promote adaxial cell identity in leaves as well as embryonic shoot apical meristem (SAM) initiation and postembryonic SAM maintenance (PubMed:19837869).
The non-canonical Cys-56 facilitates the zinc ion release from the zinc finger domain.
Expressed in siliques, floral stems and rosettes leaves.
Induced by OBP3, auxin and salicylic acid (SA). Repressed by jasmonic acid (JA), UV LIGHT, and heat treatments. Up regulated by iron deficiency in roots and leaves, as well as by nickel, high zinc or high copper treatments. Repressed by high iron, low copper and low zinc treatments.
Appears to function as a stable post-translational protein modifier.
Forms a thiol ester with the heterodimer AXR1/ECR1.
Ubiquitin is encoded by 16 different genes. Ubiquitin is generally synthesized as a polyubiquitin precursor with tandem head to tail repeats. Often, there is one to three additional amino acids after the last repeat, removed in the mature protein. Alternatively, ubiquitin extension protein is synthesized as a single copy of ubiquitin fused to a ribosomal protein (either L40 or S27A) or to a ubiquitin-related protein (either RUB1 or RUB2). Following translation, extension protein is cleaved from ubiquitin.
'Ekeko' is derived from Inca language (quechua) for small and hunchbacked fortune god.
Expressed in seedlings, roots, leaves, stems, apex, siliques and flowers. Present in ovules, prominently in nucellus and integuments.
Involved in the basipetal transport of auxin (IAA) that modulates growth and organs organization, as well as cell differentiation. Regulates shoot apical meristem (SAM) organization in the peripheral zone. Required for initial meristematic divisions in the epidermal/lateral root cap leading to the formation of epidermal cells and a clone of lateral root cap cells, as well as for the maintenance of the radial pattern of cell specification in the root, thus regulating the distinction between the lateral root cap and epidermis. Together with WIH peptides, promotes megasporogenesis.
Severe dwarfism combined with twisted and malformed organs, and sterility. Loss of initial meristematic divisions in the epidermal/lateral root cap. Defection in basipetal transport of auxin (IAA) leading to several development aberrations.
Strongly expressed in all types of meristems, including the shoot apical meristem (SAM) and lateral organ primordia. Also detected in the lamina of the cotyledons, especially in the mesophyll and vascular bundles. In leaf primorida preferentially present in vascular strands and at the distal tip of the leaflet. In the floral meristem, first detected in flanking sepal primordia, and later expressed in stamens and carpels in flowers.
By salicylic acid (SA) or by a bacterial pathogen infection. May be regulated by WRKY DNA-binding proteins at the transcriptional level.
Interacts with CRKIP1 (KAPP), CRKIP2 and CRKIP3, three kinase-associated type 2C proteins.
Belongs to the PIAL protein ligase family.
Expressed in leaves, stems and flowers, and, at low levels, in siliques and old leaves.
Homodimer (By similarity). Interacts with MOM1 and PIAL2 to form a high molecular mass complex which mediates transcriptional gene silencing at heterochromatin regions (PubMed:27113777).
No obvious growth difference under standard greenhouse conditions (PubMed:25415977). Altered sulfur metabolism (PubMed:25415977). Reduced growth in high osmotic pressure (mannitol) and in response to abscisic acid (ABA), but enhanced growth and fitness in high salt (NaCl) condition (PubMed:25415977). Abnormal steady state levels of SUMO conjugates in various conditions (PubMed:25415977). Released transcriptional silencing of target genes (e.g. LTR, SDC, ROMANIAT5 and At5te35950) but unchanged DNA methylation levels; the expression level of these genes is higher in plants lacking both PIAL1 and PIAL2 (PubMed:27113777).
Together with MOM1 and PIAL2, regulates transcriptional gene silencing (TGS) independently of changes in DNA methylation (PubMed:27113777). E4-type SUMO ligase that promotes SUMO chain formation in a SCE1-dependent manner and thus contributes to a pathway for proteolytic removal of sumoylation substrates (PubMed:25415977). Involved in stress responses (e.g. osmotic, salt and abscisic acid ABA) and sulfur metabolism (PubMed:25415977).
Belongs to the U2 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein A family.
This protein is associated with sn-RNP U2. It helps the A' protein to bind stem loop IV of U2 snRNA (By similarity).
Interacts with RAP2-4. Interacts with CUL3A. Binds to MYB56 at the promoter of FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) (PubMed:25343985).
Expressed in root tips, lateral root initials, root apex, shoots, leaf periphery, leaf primordia and flowers.
Involved in the O-glucosylation of trans-zeatin and dihydrozeatin. Also active in vitro on cis-zeatin. Not active on N-glucosylated substrates.
Atypical bHLH transcription factor that acts as positive regulator of cell elongation downstream of multiple external and endogenous signals by direct binding to the promoters and activation of the two expansin genes EXPA1 and EXPA8, encoding cell wall loosening enzymes. Transcriptional activity is inhibited when binding to the bHLH transcription factor IBH1.
Highly expressed in hypocotyls and cotyledons. Expressed in leaves, stems, and flowers.
Plants over-expressing HBI1 show increased petiole length and early flowering, and plants suppressing HBI1 display dwarf, short-petiole and late-flowering phenotype. Although HBI1 contains a degenerate basic motif it can bind DNA in vitro.
Belongs to the pantothenate synthetase family.
Catalyzes the condensation of pantoate with beta-alanine to form pantothenate. Essential for panthotenate biosynthesis.
Embryonic lethality due to arrest of embryogenesis at the preglobular stage when homozygous.
Enzyme kinetics do not match Michaelis-Menten kinetics, suggesting allosteric behavior. Inhibited by high pantoate levels.
Expressed in roots, cotyledons, leaves, stems, cauline leaves, stigma, sepals and petals.
Expressed in both root and shoot meristems. Present in root tips.
Homodimer. Can also interact with bHLH proteins.
Loss of bilateral symmetry and reduced number of cells in the center of the root, resulting in roots with only single xylem and phloem poles and defect in lateral root formation.
Transcription activator that regulates root development; promotes the production of stele cells in roots. Coordinately controls the number of all vascular cell types by regulating the size of the pool of cells from which they arise.
Forms a homodimer or heterodimers with TRB1 or TRB2. Interacts with TRB1 and TRB2.
Embryo lethality. Embryo development limited to the formation of a few giant cells lacking microtubules but not actin filaments. Failure to localize KNOLLE in mitotic cells. Giant nuclei and nucleoli found in both the embryo and endosperm tissue.
Expressed in seedlings, leaves, roots and inflorescences.
Has a role in the cofactor-dependent pathway of microtubule biogenesis. Not essential for cell viability. May play a regulatory role in sequestring TFCD.
Chromatin reader component of the transcription regulatory histone acetylation (HAT) complex SAGA.
The SGF29 tudor-like domain mediates binding to methylated 'Lys-4' of histone H3 (H3K4me).
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 18 family. Chitinase class V subfamily.
Can hydrolyze glycol chitin and chitin oligosaccharides (e.g. N-acetylglucosamine) (GlcNAc)4, (GlcNAc)5 and (GlcNAc)6 (PubMed:21390509, PubMed:22936594). Hydrolyzes N-acetylglucosamine oligomers producing dimers from the non-reducing end of the substrates (PubMed:21390509).
Induced by jasmonic acid (JA), abscisic acid (ABA) and salt (NaCl).
Proteoglycan that seems to be implicated in diverse developmental roles such as differentiation, cell-cell recognition, embryogenesis and programmed cell death (Probable). Involved in the regulation of root hair elongation (PubMed:21248074).
Belongs to the complex I NDUFA13 subunit family.
Complex I functions in the transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. Accessory subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I), that is believed not to be involved in catalysis.
Defective in pollen tube guidance. Prevents gamete interaction and fertilization, resulting in male sterility.
Expressed during pollen development and tube growth.
Expressed only in mature pollen, in the two sperm cells.
HAP2/GCS1 family members mediate membrane fusion between gametes in a broad range of eukaryotes, ranging from algae and higher plants to protozoans and cnidaria, suggesting they are derived from an ancestral gamete fusogen. They function similar to viral fusogens, by inserting part of their extracellular domain into the lipid bilayer of an adjoining cell.
Required for male fertility (PubMed:17079265, PubMed:20333238). Plays a role in pollen tube guidance and successful gamete attachment (PubMed:17079265). Essential for the fusion of gametes during double fertilization, where one male gamete fuses with the egg to produce a zygote, and another male gamete fuses with the central cell to produce the endosperm (PubMed:17079265, PubMed:20333238, PubMed:21209845). Mediates the fusion of cell membranes (PubMed:28137780). Not required for pollen tube outgrowth (PubMed:17079265, PubMed:20333238).
The N-terminal domain (62-541)and the C-terminal domain (583-705) are both required for functional gamete fusion. A positive charge, and not a conserved primary amino acid sequence, is required for a functional C-terminal domain. The N-terminal domain may be involved in interactions with another membrane-bound protein on female gametes, while positively charged C-terminus may function through electrostatic interactions with the sperm plasma membrane.
Seems to be required for the assembly of the photosystem I complex.
Binds specifically to the plant telomeric double-stranded DNA sequences. At least 2 repeats of telomeric sequences are required for binding. Induces DNA bending.
Highly expressed in flowers. Expressed in seedlings, roots, rosettes and stems.
Involved in high-affinity nitrate transport.
Transient up-regulation at transcript level by nitrate. No induction by growth on low nitrate concentration.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that monoubiquitinates H2B to form H2BK143ub1. H2BK143ub1 gives a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional activation and is also prerequisite for H3K4me and maybe H3K79me. It thereby plays a central role in histone code and gene regulation. Forms a ubiquitin ligase complex in cooperation with the E2 enzyme UBC2/RAD6.
HUB1 and HUB2 are involved in the same processes, but are weakly or not redundant.
May act as a tetramer consisting of two copies of HUB1 and two copies of HUB2.
Plants have reduced seed dormancy and several pleiotropic phenotypes, including alterations in leaf color, plant architecture and flower morphology.
Phosphorylated at Thr-282 in a calcium-dependent manner by CPK6 and CPK33.
Self-interacts (PubMed:16099979). Interacts with FT and FDP/BZIP27 (PubMed:16099979, PubMed:16099980, PubMed:25661797). Interacts with GRF3 and GRF4, and in a calcium-independent manner, with CPK6 and CPK33 (PubMed:25661797).
Transcription factor required for the transition to flowering promoted by FT.
Acyl-ACP thioesterase involved in the production of fatty acids and beta-keto fatty acids. Can produce beta-keto fatty acids of medium chain (8:0 and 10:0) and small amounts of 8:0 fatty acid when expressed in a heterologous organism (E.coli). May play a role in suberin biosynthesis.
Expressed in endodermal and peridermal cells in young and mature roots, in boundaries of stem lateral organs and developing seeds.
ATP-dependent RNA helicase which is a subunit of the eIF4F complex involved in cap recognition and is required for mRNA binding to ribosome. In the current model of translation initiation, eIF4A unwinds RNA secondary structures in the 5'-UTR of mRNAs which is necessary to allow efficient binding of the small ribosomal subunit, and subsequent scanning for the initiator codon.
eIF4F is a multi-subunit complex, the composition of which varies with external and internal environmental conditions (By similarity). It is composed of at least EIF4A, EIF4E and EIF4G (By similarity). Interacts with CDKA-1 (PubMed:14706832). Interacts with MRF1, MRF2, MRF3/ECIP1 and MRF4 (PubMed:29084871).
Expressed in the shoot apex, stamens, young leaves and young siliques, but not in old leaves. Detected in provascular and vascular tissue, but not in the vegetative meristem. In inflorescences, restricted to the vasculature and absent from young flowers, except from anthers.
No visible phenotype; due to the redundancy with other FAF genes.
Mostly expressed in seedlings, roots, inflorescence bolts and flower buds.
Auxin transporter regulating intracellular auxin homeostasis and metabolism (PubMed:19506555, PubMed:20439545). Mediates the auxin transport from the cytosol into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (PubMed:19506555). May also act as an auxin efflux carrier when located to the cell membrane (PubMed:24692422). PIN5 and PIN8 may have an antagonistic/compensatory activity (PubMed:22760640, PubMed:22990451). Involved in unfolded protein response (UPR) activation (PubMed:24180465). Involved in the control of vein patterning (PubMed:24304505). Promotes vein formation (PubMed:26560462). PIN5, PIN6, and PIN8 control vein network geometry, but they are expressed in mutually exclusive domains of leaf vascular cells (PubMed:26560462).
Defects in lateral root initiation and in root and hypocotyl growth. Increased levels of endogenous free auxin.
Down-regulated upon auxin treatment (PubMed:19506555). Down-regulated by endoplasmic reticulum stress treatment (PubMed:24180465).
Expressed in elongating parts of hypocotyl, cotyledon vasculature and guard cells (PubMed:19506555, PubMed:24692422). Detected in root pericycle and root tip and at later developmental stages in leaves, stems and flowers (PubMed:19506555, PubMed:24692422). Expressed in veins of mature leaves (PubMed:26560462).
Homodimer (PubMed:27113777). Interacts with MOM1 and PIAL1 to form a high molecular mass complex which mediates transcriptional silencing at heterochromatin regions (PubMed:27113777).
No obvious growth difference under standard greenhouse conditions (PubMed:25415977). Altered sulfur metabolism (PubMed:25415977). Reduced growth in high osmotic pressure (mannitol) and in response to abscisic acid (ABA), but enhanced growth and fitness in high salt (NaCl) condition (PubMed:25415977). Abnormal steady state levels of SUMO conjugates in various conditions (PubMed:25415977). Lost ability to form a high molecular mass complex with PIAL1 and MOM1 (PubMed:27113777). Released transcriptional silencing of target genes (e.g. LTR, SDC, ROMANIAT5, At5te35950, pFWA-LUC and pRD29A-LUC) but unchanged DNA methylation levels; the expression level of these genes is higher in plants lacking both PIAL1 and PIAL2 (PubMed:27113777).
Together with MOM1 and PIAL1, regulates transcriptional gene silencing (TGS) independently of changes in DNA methylation (PubMed:27113777). E4-type SUMO ligase that promotes SUMO chain formation in a SCE1-dependent manner and thus contributes to a pathway for proteolytic removal of sumoylation substrates (PubMed:25415977). Involved in stress responses and sulfur metabolism (PubMed:25415977).
Expressed primarily in the female gametophyte and in the floral abscission zone.
Sugar phosphate/phosphate translocator that transports inorganic phosphate, triose phosphate, 3-phosphoglycerate, xylulose 5-phosphate (Xul-5-P) and to a lesser extent ribulose 5-phosphate. Does not transport ribose 5-phosphate or hexose phosphates. Provides cytosolic Xul-5-P to the chloroplast, where it is used as an intermediate in the plastidic pentose phosphate pathways.
Binds preferentially double-stranded telomeric repeats.
Forms a homodimer and heterodimers with TRB2 or TRB3. Interacts with POT1b, TRB2 and TRB3 through its H15 domain.
Severe growth and developmental retardation. Dwarf plants with small organs, altered organ structure and nonviable seeds.
Transcription termination factor required for mitochondrial NAD2 intron 3 splicing and normal membrane respiratory chain Complex I activity. Essential for normal plant growth and development. Binds to RNA but not to double-stranded DNA.
In young plants, detected at a low level only in the root tips and lateral root primordia. In fully open flowers, primarily observed in the filaments and anthers.
Mainly expressed in the filaments of flowers, the shoot apex regions and pollen. Also present in leaves.
Transcription activator that binds DNA on 5'-ACTCTAC-3' and promotes auxin homeostasis-regulating gene expression (e.g. YUC genes), as well as genes affecting stamen development, cell expansion and timing of flowering. Synergistically with other SHI-related proteins, regulates gynoecium, stamen and leaf development in a dose-dependent manner, controlling apical-basal patterning. Promotes style and stigma formation, and influences vascular development during gynoecium development. May also have a role in the formation and/or maintenance of the shoot apical meristem (SAM). Regulates anther dehiscence and floral development.
Expressed in root, leaf, inflorescence stem, pollen and floral tissue.
Palmitoyltransferase involved in cell growth regulation (Ref.8). Contributes to the palmitoylation of CESA3, thus regulating cellulose biosynthesis (PubMed:35644016).
Plants have various developmental defects, such as short and branched root hairs, short roots, small rosettes, short stature, as well as defective male gametes and pollen tube germination (PubMed:16100337, PubMed:8022944, Ref.7, PubMed:35644016). In low light conditions, short etiolated hypocotyls (PubMed:35644016). Lower S-acylation of CESA3 (PubMed:35644016). The double mutant tip1-5 ixr1-2 exhibits a reduced plant growth with stronger developmental defects phenotypes than each single mutant, and associated with thin cell walls and reduced cellulose content in iterfascicular fiber cells (PubMed:35644016).
May be involved in pectin and/or xylans biosynthesis in cell walls (By similarity). Together with GAUT14, required for pollen tube growth, possibly through the regulation of pectin biosynthesis and repartition in the pollen tube wall (PubMed:23709340).
The pollen tube growth defects of plants lacking TOD1 are partially suppressed by gaut13 mutation (PubMed:25591940). The gaut13 gaut14 double mutant is defective in male gametophyte function; swollen pollen tubes disturbed in elongation, and characterized by a disorganized outer layer cell wall with an altered repartition of pectin (e.g. homogalacturonan) (PubMed:23709340).
Expressed in seedlings, leaves, stems, inflorescences and siliques.
Mediates both basal and acquired thermotolerance.
Target of TAS1 (trans-acting siRNA precursor 1)-derived small interfering RNAs in response to temperature variations. Up-regulated by cold (at 4 degrees Celsius), but rapid drop of expression after a temperature shift to room temperature (at 22 degrees Celsius) (PubMed:20622450). Highly up-regulated in seedlings exposed to heat shock (PubMed:24728648).
Causes mitochondria to cluster within cells (PubMed:14617080). Reduced proportion of the cellular volume devoted to chloroplasts leading to an abnormal chloroplasts distributions (PubMed:26862170). Lower levels of chlorophyll, especially in plants lacking REC1, REC2, REC3 and FMT/CLU (PubMed:26862170).
mRNA-binding protein involved in proper cytoplasmic distribution of mitochondria (By similarity) (PubMed:14617080). Together with REC2, REC3 and FMT/CLU, contributes to the establishment of the cellular volume devoted to the chloroplast compartment (PubMed:26862170).
mRNA-binding protein involved in proper cytoplasmic distribution of mitochondria.
Accumulates in response to stress conditions caused by abscisic acid (ABA) or salt treatment.
Associates with MPK3 and MPK6. Interacts with MPK6 is promoted during HR-like responses triggered by fungal elicitors, whereas interaction with MPK3 in repressed.
Delayed wilting symptoms in response to Ralstonia solanacearum and, by contrast, acceleration of disease progression during Botrytis cinerea infection, suggesting that this phosphatase plays differential functions in biotrophic versus necrotrophic pathogen-induced responses. Prolonged MPK3 and MPK6 activation during ozone treatment.
Expressed in flowers, seedlings, roots, leaves, and seeds. Present in stomata and meristematic cells.
Has a dual specificity toward Ser/Thr and Tyr-containing proteins. Prevents biotic and abiotic stress responses, including ozone, oxidative stress and pathogen attacks; represses MAPK activities during hypersensitive response to limit the spread of the HR response after infection by necrotrophic pathogen such as Botrytis cinerea. May be also involved in ABA and salt responses. Dephosphorylates MPK3 and MPK6.
In flowers, expressed in stigmatic papillae, anthers, pollen grains and floral abscission zones. As flowers mature, progressively restricted to the abscission zones and the septum of the siliques. During seed development Mainly detected in seeds endosperm layer until the fourth day after germination. In young seedlings, confined to the cotyledons. Later observed in roots, especially in vascular organs and at branching points of lateral roots. In adult leaves, particularly localized in vascular tissues and hydathodes; mostly present in both young and senescent leaves, tissues undergoing developmental transitions.
Belongs to the protein-tyrosine phosphatase family. Non-receptor class myotubularin subfamily.
Expressed in young seedlings, especially at the tip of the growing shoot meristems. Later observed in roots and in aerial parts. Weakly expressed in leaves with local higher levels in the trichomes and in cotyledon veins. Present at low levels in flowers with higher accumulation in cells at organ-stem junctions. Restricted to the developing peduncle.
Mostly expressed in flowers and roots, and, to a lower extent, in siliques and leaves.
No visible phenotype in both normal and dehydration conditions.
Phosphatase with phosphoinositide 3'-phosphatase activity that can use phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate (PtdIns3P) and phosphatidylinositol-3,5-diphosphate (PtdIns3,5P(2)) as substrates and produces phosphatidylinositol-5-phosphate (PtdIns5P); participates in pathway(s) that transfer gene regulatory signals to the nucleus.
Expressed in young, mature and dehiscing anthers. Found in stems, but not in roots or in abscission zone of floral organs.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class dynamin-like GTPase superfamily. GB1/RHD3 GTPase family. RHD3 subfamily.
Expressed in the embryo throughout development.
Highly expressed in fiber and xylem cells. Expressed in roots, cotyledons, seedling hypocotyls, stems, pedicel, stigmatic papillae cells and anthers.
Probable GTP-binding protein involved in cell wall expansion. Required for appropriate root and root hair cells enlargement. May inhibit vacuole enlargement during root hair cell expansion. Plays a role in cell wall biosynthesis and actin organization. Seems to act independently from auxin and ethylene pathways. May regulate membrane traffic from the Golgi apparatus towards the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
Reduced root and root hair length due to defect in epidermal cell growth and enlargement. Reduced size of vacuole and increase in the proportion of cytoplasm in root hair cells. Strong reduction in the cell wall thickness of fibers, vessels and pith cells in the inflorescence stems. Reduced cellulose content and altered composition of the cell wall. Altered organization of the actin cytoskeleton.
Component of the DNA topoisomerase VI involved in chromatin organization and progression of endoreduplication cycles. Relaxes both positive and negative superturns and exhibits a strong decatenase activity.
Component of the DNA topoisomerase VI involved in chromatin organization and progression of endoreduplication cycles. Relaxes both positive and negative superturns and exhibits a strong decatenase activity. Involved in cell-elongation processes.
Homodimer. Heterotetramer of two TOP6A and two TOP6B subunits. Interacts with BIN4 and RHL1.
Transcriptional repressor of flowering time on long day plants. Acts directly on FT expression by binding 5'-CAACA-3' and 5'-CACCTG-3 sequences. Functionally redundant with TEM2.
Expressed in roots, leaves, buds and siliques.
Interacts with the cohesin complex throughout the cell cycle.
Plants missing both WAPL1 and WAPL2 have relatively normal growth (slightly slower) and development but exhibit a significant reduction in male and female fertility (aborted pollen and ovules prior to fertilization and embryo defects in fertilized seed), due to blocked removal of cohesin from chromosomes during meiotic prophase (late zygotene/pachytene stage) resulting in chromosome bridges, broken chromosomes and uneven chromosome segregation, and leading to shorter siliques containing fewer seeds; this double mutant restores pollen viablitity to pollen-lethal ctf7 mutation (PubMed:25033056, PubMed:26813623). During mitosis, abnormal chromosome segregation but normal cohesin release (PubMed:25033056).
Regulator of sister chromatid cohesion in meiosis which negatively regulates cohesin association with chromatin, acting as an antagonist of CTF7 (PubMed:25033056, PubMed:26813623). Cohesion ensures that chromosome partitioning is accurate in both meiotic and mitotic cells and plays an important role in DNA repair (By similarity). Essential for the prophase removal of cohesin during meiosis thus determining the timely release of meiotic cohesion (PubMed:25033056). Important for proper spindle attachment and assembly during meiosis (PubMed:25033056). Helps to prevent abnormal centromere association during prophase I in meiocytes (PubMed:25033056). Required for early embryonic patterning (PubMed:25033056). Also involved in chromosome segregation during mitosis (PubMed:25033056).
By auxin. Down-regulated by blue and far red lights.
Expressed in flowers, pollen, cotyledons, stipules, true leaves, hypocotyls, and all parts of the roots except for the primary root tips.
Active on both saturated and mono-unsaturated acyl chains C16 to C20.
Only expressed in guard cells. Expressed in siliques, flowers, leaves, stems, roots and seedlings (PubMed:18465198).
Repressed by herbicides such as flufenacet and benfuresate (PubMed:12916765). Down-regulated by darkness and low temperature (PubMed:18465198).
Acts as a regulatory subunit of the 26 proteasome which is involved in the ATP-dependent degradation of ubiquitinated proteins. Required for gametogenesis and sporophyte development. Acts redundantly with RPN5B.
Displays a host of morphogenetic defects, including abnormal embryogenesis, partially deetiolated development in the dark, a severely dwarfed phenotype when grown in the light, and infertility.
No visible phenotype except reduced nitrate content and disturbed chloride Cl(-) homeostasis (PubMed:26904077, PubMed:31201341). Lower photosynthetic performance in dark-adapted plants, associated with abnormal shape and associated parameters of the polyphasic OJIP kinetics of chlorophyll a fluorescence induction (PubMed:26904077, PubMed:31201341). Mildly altered size and composition of proton motive force (PMF) (PubMed:26904077). Altered kinetics of state transition and in the macro-organization of photosystem II supercomplexes; phenotypes reversed by potassium chloride (KCl) (PubMed:26904077). Bow-like arrangement of the thylakoid network and large thylakoid-free stromal region in chloroplast from dark-adapted plants (PubMed:26904077). Transiently decreased non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) upon transition from dark to low light (PubMed:31201341). Lower photosynthetic performance and altered NPQ upon transition from dark to low light in clce kea3 and clce vccn1 double mutants, as well as in the clce kea3 vccn1 triple mutant (PubMed:31201341).
Voltage-gated thylakoid chloride (Cl) channel/transporter involved in chloride homeostasis after transition from light to dark (PubMed:26904077). Influences chloroplast ultrastructure and subsequent photosynthetic electron transport (PubMed:26904077). During photosynthetic response on transition from dark to low light, involved in a sequential mechanism of adaptation; VCCN1 and CLCe first trigger the activation of photoprotection, which is later down-regulated by KEA3 to a low steady state, while adjusting electron transport (PubMed:31201341). Regulates photosynthesis by a pH-independent mechanism likely involving Cl(-) homeostasis (PubMed:31201341).
Expressed at low levels in the inflorescence meristem (IM) and young flowers. Later confined to sepals, petals and stamen filaments. Detectable in the valve and seed coat.
Expressed in the stele of the root and in leaves.
Present in the root maturation zone, and in lateral root primordia. Expressed in two parallel files that are probably xylem pole pericycle cells. In leaves, detected in files of cells parallel to the vasculature.
Induced by gibberellic acid (GA) but repressed by nitrogen (N) (PubMed:24179095). Accumulates in roots in response to nitrate and ammonium chloride NH(4)Cl depletion and to osmotic stress (e.g. mannitol). Repressed in shoots by nitrogen starvation (PubMed:24179096).
Glycosyltransferase involved in the O-arabinosylation of several proteins including extensins and small signaling peptides (PubMed:24036508, PubMed:26577059). Catalyzes the transfer of the initial L-arabinose to the hydroxyl group of Hyp residues (PubMed:24036508). Contributes redundantly with HPAT1 and HPAT2 to arabinosylation of EXT3, but main contributor to arabinosylation of CLE peptides (PubMed:24036508).
No visible phenotype, but reduced level of arabinosylation of EXT3 (PubMed:24036508). Short-root-hair phenotype (PubMed:25944827). Hpat1 hpat3 double mutants have an impaired growth of pollen tubes, thereby causing a transmisson defect through the male gametophyte (PubMed:24036508, PubMed:26577059). Hpat1 hpat2 hpat3 triple mutants fail to produce detectable levels of Hyp-arabinosides, have low fertility and shorter pollen tubes (PubMed:26577059).
Activated through serine and threonine phosphorylation.
Expressed in roots, stems and flower buds. Higher levels in shoot apices and flowers.
Interacts with P.syringae type III effector HopF2. Interacts with MPK4, MPK6, MPK11 and MPK13. Interacts with ANP3.
Phosphorylation at Ser-221 and Thr-227 by MAP kinase kinase kinases positively regulates kinase activity.
Plants exhibit a dwarf phenotype with fewer flowers, large cells with multiple nuclei in various organs and large malformed pollen grains. Defects in the formation of the cell plate. RNAi MKK6 displays fewer lateral roots.
The ANPs-MKK6-MPK4 module is involved in the regulation of plant cytokinesis during meiosis and mitosis. MKK6-MPK13 module positively regulates lateral root formation. Phosphorylates and activates MPK4. Activates MPK5 and MPK13 in vitro.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants exhibit multiple specific editing defects in chloroplast transcripts.
Required for specific RNA editing events in chloroplasts and stabilizes specific chloroplast mRNAs (PubMed:19297624).
Possesses quercetin 7-O-glucosyltransferase and 4'-O-glucosyltransferase activities in vitro. Also active in vitro on benzoates and benzoate derivatives. Has low affinity for the tryptophan precursor anthranilate. Catalyzes the formation of anthranilate glucose ester. Is a minor source of this activity in the plant.
Expressed in flower abscission zone, style, stamen filaments and lateral roots.
Able to isomerize both 3-cis and 3-trans double bonds into the 2-trans form in a range of enoyl-CoA species. Essential for the beta oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids (PubMed:18657232). Involved with IBR1 and IBR3 in the peroxisomal beta-oxidation of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) to form indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), a biologically active auxin (PubMed:20562230).
Defective in root hair expansion (PubMed:20562230). Mutant plants are resistant to the inhibitory effect of intermediate levels of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and 2,4-DB on root elongation (PubMed:18725356).
Belongs to the DPH1/DPH2 family. DPH1 subfamily.
Expressed in the inflorescence meristem (IM) and young buds, particularly in stamen. Also detected in pollen grains.
Expressed in young seedlings, cotyledons, roots, leaves, floral stems, inflorescences, pollen, and siliques, with a slightly higher level in inflorescence than in other tissues.
Part of a SCF (SKP1-cullin-F-box) protein ligase complex (By similarity). Interacts with ADO3/FKF1, COI1/FBL2, EBF1/FBL6, PP2A13, PP2B10, UFO, SKIP2, SKIP15, SKIP16, SKIP32, CPR1/CPR30, At1g55000, At1g67340, At1g78100, At3g04660, At3g16740, At3g61590, At4g38940 and At5g49610.
Belongs to the non-classical AGP family.
Down-regulated by wounding, abscisic acid (ABA) and jasmonic acid (JA).
Expressed in vascular bundles of roots, leaves, sepals and stamen filaments, and pistils but not stigma.
Hydroxylated on numerous prolines in the proline-rich region.
O-glycosylated on numerous hydroxyprolines in the proline-rich region; noncontiguous hydroxylproline residues are glycosylated with arabinogalactan.
Proteoglycan that may contribute to the strengthening of cell walls.
Component of the TFIID complex. TFIID is composed of TATA binding protein (TBP) and a number of TBP-associated factors (TAFs) whose MWs range from 14-217 kDa. Interacts with TAF4B, TAF5, TAF6B and TAF10.
Putative voltage-gated chloride channel.
Expressed mainly in flowers and to a lesser extent in leaves and roots.
By infection with the oomycete H.parasitica (downy mildew) and heat shock.
Functions in R gene-mediated resistance, but participates in a lower extent than SGT1B to RPP5-mediated resistance. Not required for RPM1, RPS2, RPS4 and RPS5-mediated resistance. Probably required for SCF-mediated ubiquitination, by coupling HSP90 to SCF complex for ubiquitination of HSP90 client proteins.
Interacts with RAR1. Forms a ternary complex with RAR1 and barley HSP90.
Peaks of expression at the time of rosette development and flowers production.
Up-regulated by biotic and chemical treatments.
Aspartic proteinase that can use azocasein as substrate and regulates endogenous sugar levels (e.g. sucrose, glucose and fructose) by modulating starch accumulation and remobilization (PubMed:22987884). Influences general morphology and development (PubMed:22987884).
Expressed with a pronounced diurnal rhythm characterized by a peak at the end of the day and early night (at protein level). Slightly induced by sucrose (Suc).
Probable transcription factor that forms a heterodimer with the MADS-box protein AGL30 and is involved in the regulation of pollen maturation at the late stages of pollen development and pollen tube growth.
Component of the PAF1 complex (PAF1C) which is involved in histone modifications such as methylation on histone H3 'Lys-4' (H3K4me3) (PubMed:20363855). Involved in regulation of flowering time. Required for the expression of the MADS box genes and flowering repressors FLC, AGL27/FLM and AGL31/MAF2 (PubMed:15520273, PubMed:15472079). Required for histone H3 trimethylation on 'Lys-4' H3K4me3 at the FLC and AGL27/FLM loci (PubMed:15520273). Involved in the control of seed dormancy and germination (PubMed:21799800).
Component of the nuclear PAF1 complex (PAF1C), which consists of VIP2/ELF7/PAF1, VIP3/SKI8/WDR61, VIP4/LEO1, VIP5/RTF1, VIP6/ELF8/CTR9 and CDC73 (PubMed:20363855). Interacts with VIP3 and VIP4 (PubMed:15472079).
Expressed in roots, leaves and shoot apex.
Grows normally showing no detectable abnormalities in leaf or flower development under short or long day growth conditions. The pdlp2 and pdlp3 double mutant shows altered protein diffusion (measured using GFP). In pdlp1, pdlp2 and pdlp3 triple mutant there is inhibition of GFLV 2BMP tubule formation. Virus cell-to-cell movement is negatively affected. There is a 22% reduction in mean surface area of infection foci by GFLV and an approximately 12 hour delay in long distance movement in comparison to wild-type plants. There is also a systemic delay in Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) spread.
Highly expressed in inflorescence shoot apex. Uniformly expressed within the inflorescence meristem with the exception of a boundary zone between floral primordia and the meristem where the expression is weaker (at protein level).
Expressed in roots, root caps, cotyledons, tips and margin of young leaves, senescent regions of fully expanded leaves and floral tissues, including old sepals, petals, staments, mature anthers and pollen grains. Not detected in the abscission zone of open flowers, emerging lateral roots and root meristematic zones.
Precocious senescence and lowered abiotic stress tolerance.
Transcription factor that binds to the 5'- RRYGCCGT-3' consensus core sequence. Central longevity regulator. Negative regulator of leaf senescence. Modulates cellular H(2)O(2) levels and enhances tolerance to various abiotic stresses through the regulation of DREB2A.
Up-regulated by H(2)O(2), paraquat, ozone, 3-aminotriazole and salt stress.
Expressed at very low levels in roots, leaves, stems, flowers and siliques.
Hihly expressed in both chalazal and peripheral endosperm during embryo development (from pre-globular to heart stage).
Mitochondrial GTPase that may be involved in mitochondrion development.
F-type ATPases have 2 components, CF(1) - the catalytic core - and CF(0) - the membrane proton channel. CF(1) has five subunits: alpha(3), beta(3), gamma(1), delta(1), epsilon(1). CF(0) has four main subunits: a(1), b(1), b'(1) and c(9-12).
F-type ATPases have 2 components, CF(1) - the catalytic core - and CF(0) - the membrane proton channel. CF(1) has five subunits: alpha(3), beta(3), gamma(1), delta(1), epsilon(1). CF(0) has four main subunits: a(1), b(1), b'(1) and c(9-12). Interacts with RBCX1 (PubMed:21922322).
Produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane. The catalytic sites are hosted primarily by the beta subunits.
Almost complete loss of beta-amylase activity in rosette leaves and inflorescences (stems).
Beta-amylase activity. Major cytosolic beta-amylase isoform in rosette leaves and inflorescences stems.
Circadian-regulated, with a peak in expression just before the light period in short day conditions.
Highly expressed in rosette leaves and siliques, and at lower levels in flowers.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants show increased sensitivity to abscisic acid (ABA) treatment or salt stress.
Plays a role in abscisic acid (ABA) and salt stress response. May regulate the salt stress response independently of well-characterized pathways (PubMed:24164720). Does not function as cytokinin hydroxylase in yeast heterologous system (Probable).
Positive regulator of hypersensitive response (HR)-like cell death. May be involved in potassium ion channel regulation.
Self-interacts and forms heteromers (Ref.8). Interacts with NB-LRR class of R proteins before R proteins (e.g. RPS2 or RPM1) are activated by the effectors (Ref.8). Interacts with LRR1 (PubMed:19712067).
Promotes uncoating of clathrin-coated vesicles. May interact directly with clathrin.
Belongs to the FAD-dependent glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase family.
Expressed in germinating seedlings. Also detected in roots, leaves, flowers, developing siliques and germinating seeds.
Plants lacking SDP6 are impaired in gluconeogenesis during postgerminative growth.
Required for glycerol catabolism and involved in NADH/NAD(+) homeostasis (PubMed:12586344, PubMed:18599644). Essential for postgerminative growth and seedling establishment (PubMed:18599644).
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 31 family.
Cleaves sequentially the 2 innermost alpha-1,3-linked glucose residues from the Glc(2)Man(9)GlcNAc(2) oligosaccharide precursor of immature glycoproteins (By similarity). Essential for stable accumulation of the receptor EFR that determines the specific perception of bacterial elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu), a potent elicitor of the defense response to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Required for sustained activation of EFR-mediated signaling, but not receptor FLS2-mediated signaling elicited by the bacterial flagellin flg22.
Expressed in roots, rosette leaves, leaf blades, mature stems, cauline leaves, flower buds, flowers and siliques.
Heterodimer of a catalytic alpha subunit (PSL5) and a beta subunit (PSL4).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions (permissive temperature of 21 degrees Celsius), but mutant plants have a temperature-sensitive phenotype (when transferred to 30 degrees Celsius) showing radially swollen roots and reduction in cellulose production.
Belongs to the AB hydrolase superfamily. Hydroxynitrile lyase family.
Involved in cyanogenesis, the release of HCN from injured tissues (By similarity). Displays R-selective hydroxynitrile lyase activity. Also accepts nitromethane (MeNO2) as a donor in a reaction with aromatic aldehydes to yield (R)-beta-nitro alcohols.
Was originally thought to belong to the methylesterase (MES) family.
By dark-induced senescence. Down-regulated by infection with an avirulent strain of the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonase syringae pv. tomato DC3000.
Thiol protease that plays a central role in plant programmed cell death (PCD). In addition to its role in protein degradation, may cleave and/or degrade a number of target proteins, activating signaling towards PCD. Contributes to the increase of caspase-3-like activity after UV-C-induced PCD and is required for abiotic stress-induced PCD (PubMed:27058316). Functions redundantly with CATHB2 and CATHB3 in basal defense and distinct forms of plant programmed cell death (PCD). Participates in the establishment of basal resistance against the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonase syringae pv. tomato DC3000. Required for full levels of PCD during resistance (R) gene-mediated hypersensitive response (HR). Involved in the regulation of senescence, a developmental form of PCD in plants (PubMed:19453434).
By abscisic acid and salt and dehydration treatments. Down-regulated by hypoxia.
Involved in cell redox homeostasis. Required for maintaining a steady state cellular NADH/NAD(+) ratio through a mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate redox shuttle. May function with the mitochondrial FAD-dependent glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase SDP6 to shuttle reducing equivalents into the mitochondria for respiration.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants have increased NADH/NAD(+) ratios, decreased levels of glycerol-3-phosphate, and produce constitutive high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS).
Bright green and glossy stems and siliques due to low abundance of cuticular wax. Increased levels of C26 and C28 alcohols and disappearance of C29 alkane and C30 alcohol in the stem wax.
Expressed at high levels in the epidermis of stems and young siliques. Expressed in flowers.
Involved in biosynthesis of the epicuticular wax. Plays a role in very-long-chain fatty acid (VLCFA) biosynthesis and is required for C28 fatty acid elongation in stem. Despite its classification as a BAHD acyltransferase based on sequence homology, CER2 does not seem to share the catalytic mechanism of the members of the BAHD family.
In flowers, present in the anther tapetum early in anther development and later in the pollen coat (PubMed:11929861, PubMed:26305561). Upon tapetum degeneration, associated with tapetosomal debris 'in transit' to the pollen cell wall in the anther locule (PubMed:26305561).
Lipid-binding oleosin involved in anther tapetum development, especially for the physiology of tapetosomes (PubMed:26305561). Also implicated in the formation of pollen coat (PubMed:26305561).
Present in pollen (at protein level) (PubMed:11431566, PubMed:26305561). Inflorescence-specific expression, especially in flowers florets (PubMed:11929861, PubMed:14739246).
Contains two overlapping leucine-zipper-like motifs at the C-terminal region, which might serve as a site for protein-protein interaction. In this domain, a slightly degenerated ERF-associated amphiphilic repression (EAR) motif seems to be involved in the activity of transcriptional repression.
Expressed early in the third whorl, and later becomes localized at the boundary between the stamen and carpel whorls. Also detected in developing ovule primordia.
Mutations in SUP cause the ectopic expression of APETALA3 leading to the development of extra stamens at the expense of the central carpels of the flower.
Probable transcriptional regulator considered as cadastral protein that acts indirectly to prevent the B class homeotic proteins APETALA3 and perhaps PISTILLATA from acting in the gynoecial whorl. Principal function is to balance cell proliferation in the third and fourth whorls of developing flowers thereby maintaining the boundary between stamens and carpels. May fulfill this role by repressing genes implicated in cell division. Plays equally a role in the determinacy of the floral meristem. Is also required for normal ovule development.
Repressed by KRYPTONITE/SUVH4, member of the histone H3-K9 methyltransferase family that contributes with other factors to the CpNpG methylation of the SUP gene resulting in its silencing. The alternative epigenetic states of the SUPERMAN locus have been called Clark Kent alleles. Positively regulated at an early stage of development by LEAFY and by B class homeotic proteins APETALA3 and PISTILLATA. Later expression is maintained by both the B class homeotic proteins and the C class homeotic protein AGAMOUS. These two steps of regulation require the intervention of additional factors.
Expressed at low levels in stems, roots and siliques (PubMed:9839469). Specifically expressed in fibers and vessels undergoing secondary wall thickening, especially in inflorescence stems (PubMed:19122102).
In nonelongating internodes, highly expressed in interfascicular fibers and xylem cells but not in parenchymatous pith cells. In elongating internodes, predominantly expressed in interfascicular fibers. Accumulates in the developing secondary xylem of roots.
Slightly induced by UV light (PubMed:9839469). Triggered by salicylic acid and jasmonic acid (PubMed:16463103). Regulated by the SND1 close homologs NST1, NST2, VND6, and VND7 and their downstream targets MYB46 and MYB83 (PubMed:19122102, PubMed:22197883).
Expressed at low levels in roots, leaves, stems, flowers and developing seeds.
Beta-ketoacyl-coenzyme A reductase required for the elongation of fatty acids precursors of sphingolipids, triacylglycerols, cuticular waxes and suberin. Responsible for the first reduction step in very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) synthesis. Decreased expression of KCR1 (RNAi) leads to plants with fused vegetative and reproductive organs, and abnormal trichome, epidermal cell and root morphology. Cannot be complemented by KCR2.
Expressed in embryos of different stages and young developing seedlings, but absent from mature seeds.
Expressed in green siliques, flowers, inflorescence stems, leaves and roots.
Part of the fatty acid elongase complex which contains a beta-ketoacyl-CoA synthase (KCS), a beta-ketoacyl-CoA reductase (KCR), a beta-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydratase (HCD) and an enoyl-CoA reductase (ECR).
Contains a N-terminal NAI2 domain (474-759).
Expressed preferentially in flowers and shoot apex.
Homomultimer. Interacts (via C-terminal domain) with GIP1, CSN1 (via N-terminal domain) and TSK (via TPR repeats).
Involved in seedling development in the dark. May be involved, when interacting with TSK, in the organization of spindle microtubules and may participate, when interacting with GIP1, in structural links between the nuclear envelope and the cytoskeleton.
Up-regulated by wounding and jasmonic acid treatment.
Interacts with CHR11 (PubMed:22694359). Interacts (via the DDT domain) with CHR11 (via C-terminus) (PubMed:23691993).
Transcriptional regulator required for the maintenance of the plant vegetative phase. In association with CHR11 or CHR17 may prevent the early activation of the vegetative-to-reproductive transition by regulating key genes that contribute to flower timing, such as FT, SEP1, SEP3, AGL8/FUL, SOC1 and FLC (PubMed:22694359). Involved in the transcriptional regulation of seed-specific gene expression (PubMed:23872538).
Efflux carrier for plant-derived alkaloids, antibiotics, heavy metal and other toxic compounds. Involved in cadmium detoxification. Requires probably a proton-motive force for the efflux.
Mistakenly referred to as AT2G04070 in PubMed:11739388.
Ubiquitous. Highest expression in flowers and stems.
Mostly confined to anther tapetal cells.
Involved in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) protein quality control and unfolded protein response. May be involved in the quality control of glycoproteins. Forms a complex in the ER with ERDJ3B and MED37A/BIP1 which is required for the proper accumulation and function of the surface-exposed leucine-rich repeat receptor kinases EFR involved in pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) triggered immunity.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants are insensitive to seedling growth inhibition in response to the pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) elf18 and show increased susceptibility to phytopathogenic bacteria.
Expressed in leaves, root vasculature and guard cells.
Functions as an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase. Prevents premature senescence probably by targeting proteins involved in this process for degradation. Promotes the degradation of AAO3 and thus represses abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis.
Premature senescence under low light conditions accompanied by enhanced ABA biosynthesis, accumulation of AAO3, and reduced photosynthetic capacity.
It is detectable at low levels throughout the shoot apex and at enhanced levels in the inflorescence meristem, young floral buds and throughout the early stages of flower development and organogenesis. During floral organ differentiation it becomes spatially restricted to specific organ, tissue and cell types within the flower.
May form homodimer. Interacts with HDA19 and with TPL in an EAR-motif dependent manner (PubMed:23034631).
Mutations in the APETALA2 gene result in the ectopic expression of AGAMOUS, leading to the replacement of sepals by carpels and stamens and of petals by stamens.
Negatively regulated by the C class floral homeotic protein AGAMOUS in stamens and carpels. MicroRNA 172 (miRNA172) negatively regulates APETALA2 at the translational level and may modulate its expression pattern. Seems not to be influenced by jasmonate and Alternaria brassicicola.
Probable transcriptional activator that promotes early floral meristem identity (PubMed:7919989). Is required subsequently for the transition of an inflorescence meristem into a floral meristem (PubMed:1675158). Plays a central role in the specification of floral identity, particularly for the normal development of sepals and petals in the wild-type flower, by spatially controlling the expression domains of multiple floral organ identity genes (PubMed:1675158, PubMed:23034631). Acts as A class cadastral protein by repressing the C class floral homeotic gene AGAMOUS in association with other repressors like LEUNIG and SEUSS (PubMed:1675158). Directly represses AGAMOUS by recruiting the transcriptional corepressor TOPLESS and the histone deacetylase HDA19 (PubMed:23034631). It is also required during seed development (PubMed:1675158).
Sepals, petals, stamens, carpels, developing ovules, inflorescence stem, leaf and stem.
90% decrease of all indole-3-carbonyl nitrile (ICN) derivatives and increased susceptibility to virulent Pseudomonas syringae.
Converts indole-3-acetaldoxime to indole cyanohydrin. Involved in the biosynthetic pathway to 4-hydroxyindole-3-carbonyl nitrile (4-OH-ICN), a cyanogenic metabolite required for inducible pathogen defense.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant seedlings exhibit increased survival rate upon salt stress.
Transcription factor that functions in salt stress response. Acts as negative regulator of NHX7/SOS1 and CBL4/SOS3 induction in response to salt stress (PubMed:23809151). In response to auxin, activates the transcription of the auxin-responsive gene IAA19. The IAA19 transcription activation by MYB73 is enhanced by direct interaction between MYB73 and PYL8 (PubMed:24894996).
Encodes almost entirely the C-terminal domain of poly(A)-binding proteins (PABPs). Plays a role in normal seed development and growth.
Expressed in the central cell before fertilization and in the endosperm of seeds from the time of fertilization.
In vegetative tissues, expression is repressed by MET1. In the endosperm, the maternal MPC allele is activated by DME and the paternal MPC allele is repressed by MET1.
Interacts with ERD15/CID1, CID7, CID8 and CID12.
Mainly expressed in flower buds and in siliques containing developing seeds.
The MPC locus is imprinted. Only the maternal inherited allele is expressed in endosperm.
Expressed in roots, stems, leaves and flowers, and, at low levels, in siliques.
Facilitates protein transport into the nucleus. Interacts with various nucleoporins and with Ran-GDP. Could be part of a multicomponent system of cytosolic factors that assemble at the pore complex during nuclear import.
Has a role in nuclear-cytoplasmic transport of proteins and mRNAs.
Likely lethal, leading to seeds abortion.
Delayed senescence (PubMed:29659022). Reduced expression of genes involved in the degradation of starch and the accumulation of mono- and disaccharides (e.g. AMY1, SFP1 and SWEET15) as well as of genes implicated in chloroplast protein degradation and in the catabolism of lysine, phytol and free fatty acids (e.g. CV, LKR/SDH and PES1) (PubMed:29659022).
Expressed in leaves and in root pericycle and epidermis.
Strongly induced by drought, high salinity and abscisic acid (ABA). Slightly up-regulated by cold treatment. Not induced by jasmonic acid.
Transcription factors that bind specifically to the 5'-CATGTG-3' motif and with bipartite regions with 5'-CGTr-3' and 5'-YACG-3' as cores (PubMed:15319476, PubMed:29659022). Involved in the regulation of metabolic reprogramming during senescence by promoting the chloroplast protein degradation and the catabolism of lysine, phytol and free fatty acids via the induction of CV, LKR/SDH and PES1 expression (PubMed:29659022). Triggers also the degradation of starch and the accumulation of mono- and disaccharides during senescence by enhancing the expression of AMY1, SFP1 and SWEET15 (PubMed:29659022).
Catalyzes the transfer of a geranylgeranyl moiety from geranylgeranyl diphosphate to both cysteines of Rab proteins with the C-terminal sequence -CCXX, CXXX, -XCCX and -XCXC, such as RABA1A, RABA2A, RABF2A and RABG2 (PubMed:26589801). In vitro, can prenylate PGGTI targets with the C-terminal sequence Cys-aliphatic-aliphatic-X (CaaX) with leucine in the terminal position. Substrates with the C-terminal sequence -CSIL such as ARAC11/ROP1 or GG2/AGG2 are prenylated independently of REP and when the beta subunit is associated with the alpha subunit RGTA1 (PubMed:26589801).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions. The double mutant plants rgtb1 and rgtb2 are male sterile, due to shrunken pollen with abnormal exine structure, and strong disorganization of the endoplasmic reticulum membranes.
Acts in asparagine catabolism and also in the final steps of protein degradation via hydrolysis of a range of isoaspartyl dipeptides.
Cleaved into an alpha and beta chain by autocatalysis; this activates the enzyme. The N-terminal residue of the beta subunit is responsible for the nucleophile hydrolase activity (By similarity).
Involved in DNA double-strand break (DBS) repair via homologous recombination (HR). Limits class II meiotic crossover (CO) formation by regulating the invasion step of meiotic HR. May counteract DMC1 and RAD51-mediated inter-homolog strand invasion to limit CO formation. Functions independently of FANCM.
Expressed in the whole plant but preferentially in pollen.
UDP-glucosyltransferase that forms glucose esters with phenylpropanoids (PubMed:11042211, PubMed:11187886). Glucosylates 4-coumarate, ferulate, caffeate, sinapate and cinnamate (PubMed:11042211, PubMed:11187886).
The jas domain (120-144) is required for interaction with COI1.
Transcription activator that plays a role in the regulation of cell expansion in leaf and cotyledons tissues.
No visible phenotype, due the redundancy with IPT2. Often chlorotic.
By light. Not modulated by far-red light.
Probable regulator involved in a circadian clock input pathway, which is required for normal oscillator function. Regulates the expression of clock-regulated genes such as CCA1 and TOC1. Involved in both the phytochrome B (PHYB) and PHYB-independent signaling pathways.
In addition to polymerase activity, this DNA polymerase exhibits 5'-3' exonuclease activity (By similarity). Required for DNA replication and accumulation in plastids and mitochondria. May be required for DNA repair in both organelles.
Retarded growth and reduced levels of DNA in both mitochondria and plastids. Double homozygous mutants polIa and polIb are sterile.
This sequence can initiate at a non-canonical CTG leucine codon. This non-AUG initiator start codon is located 21-bp upstream of the initiator methionine codon (PubMed:16169894).
Unusual initiator. The initiator methionine is coded by a non-canonical CTG leucine codon.
Accessory protein regulating the assembly of the plastidial Clp protease system (PubMed:21266658, PubMed:25921872). CLPT1 first binds to the heptameric P-ring containing the CLP3-6 subunits followed by CLPT2, and only then does the P-ring combine with the R-ring composed of the clpP1 and CLPR1-4 subunits (PubMed:21266658). Once the core complex is fully assembled, it then associates to the CLPC chaperone partner to form the functional protease (PubMed:21266658). CLPT2 and CLPT1 are partially redundant (PubMed:25921872).
Monomer and homodimer (PubMed:21266658). The dimers monomerize before association to the P-ring (PubMed:21266658). Component of the chloroplastic Clp protease core complex which consist of at least 16 proteins: CLPP4 (3 copies), CLPP5 (3 copies), CLPR4 (2 copies), ClpP1 (1 copy), CLPP6 (1 copy), CLPR2 (1 copy), CLPT1 (1 copy), CLPT2 (1 copy) and 3 copies of CLPP3 and/or CLPR1 and/or CLPR3 (PubMed:21266658, PubMed:14593120). Interacts with AHK2 (PubMed:18642946). Interacts with CPN21 (PubMed:25921872). No interactions with CLPS1 (PubMed:23898032).
No visible phenotype (PubMed:21266658, PubMed:25921872). Clpt1 and clpt2 double mutants show delayed development, reduced plant growth, and virescent, serrated leaves (PubMed:25921872). Clpt1 and clpt2 double mutants are seedling lethal under autotrophic conditions (PubMed:21266658).
The MYFF motif is functionally important for stabilization of the overall ClpPR complex.
Expressed in pollen, pollen tubes, sporophytic pistil tissues, in the early stages of female gametophyte development, and in unfertilized, mature ovules.
No aborted seed phenotype and normal production of seed sets.
Decreased expression shortly before the onset of abscission.
Belongs to the methyltransferase TRM13 family.
tRNA methylase which 2'-O-methylates cytidine(4) in tRNA(Pro) and tRNA(Gly)(GCC), and adenosine(4) in tRNA(His).
Predominantly expressed in young leaf tissue.
Induced by ABA, IAA, 2,4-D, GA(3) and 6-BA treatment.
May play a role in signal transduction pathways that involve calcium as a second messenger. May be a positive regulator controlling stress signal transduction. Acts as a calcium sensor involved in the hormone-signaling pathways.
Belongs to the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase family.
Plant MTHFRs strongly prefer NADH over NADPH. Not inhibited by methionine or S-adenosylmethionine.
The probable reversibility of the MTHFR reaction in plants suggests that they can metabolize the methyl group of 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate to serine, sugars and starch.
Involved dehydration tolerance. Involved in the adaptive response of vascular plants to withstand water deficit (PubMed:20668063). May possess chaperone-like activity under water deficit (By similarity).
Induced by salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (MeJA), wounding, flagellin 22 (fgl22) and abcisic acid (ABA).
Involved in putrescine catabolism in peroxisomes (PubMed:24287136). Copper amine oxidase that can use putrescine and spermidine as substrates (PubMed:23915037).
Mostly expressed in flowers, and, at lower levels, in stems and leaves.
Expressed in epidermal cells, mesophyll cells, trichomes and root cells.
No visible phenotype. More susceptible to the oomycete pathogen H.arabidopsidis (Hpa) infection.
Plays a role in innate immunity against the oomycete pathogen A.arabidopsidis (Hpa).
Low levels in roots (e.g. in cambium) and barely expressed in stems, shoots, flowers, siliques and leaves.
Triggered by gibberellic acid (GA) but repressed by salicylic acid (SA) and abscisic acid (ABA) (PubMed:17145720). Suppressed by a high concentration of calcium Ca(2+) and of other metal ions, including magnesium, cadmium, manganese, nickel and zinc (PubMed:17145720). Repressed by glucose, mannitol and sorbitol, as well as by sucrose depletion (PubMed:17145720). Up-regulated by cold treatment (e.g. transfert from 22 to 4 degrees Celsius) (PubMed:17145720). Down-regulated by flagellin peptide flg22 (PubMed:17145720).
Early senescence phenotype (PubMed:21645148, PubMed:19773385, PubMed:24368788). Defects in autophagosome formation. Enhanced resistance to powdery mildew (Golovinomyces cichoracearum) and mildew-induced cell death. Constitutive expression of defense-related genes (PubMed:21645148). Increased number of peroxisomes and accumulation of peroxisomal proteins (PubMed:24368788). Reduced sensitivity to programmed cell death (PCD) induced by both hydroxyurea and the bacterial avirulent factor avrRpm1 (PubMed:24285797).
Lipid transfer protein involved in autophagosome assembly (PubMed:21645148). Tethers the edge of the isolation membrane (IM) to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mediates direct lipid transfer from ER to IM for IM expansion (By similarity). Binds to the ER exit site (ERES), which is the membrane source for autophagosome formation, and extracts phospholipids from the membrane source to the IM for membrane expansion (By similarity). Plays an essential role in plant nutrient recycling (PubMed:21645148, PubMed:19773385). Involved in the negative regulation of plant defense responses to biotrophic pathogens (PubMed:21645148). Involved in a negative feedback loop that modulates NPR1-dependent salicylic acid (SA) signaling and limits senescence and immunity-related programmed cell death (PCD) in plants (PubMed:19773385). Involved in the degradation of damaged peroxisomes (PubMed:24368788).
Efflux-type boron transporter polarly localized in roots. Boron is essential for maintaining the integrity of plants cell walls.
Expressed in the distal sides of epidermal cells in the elongation zone of roots.
Interacts with XLG2 (PubMed:22232549). Interacts with ITN1 (PubMed:22664102).
Involved in the regulation of vernalization (By similarity). Binds to DNA in vitro in a non-sequence-specific manner. XLG2 promotes the DNA binding activity of RTV1 specifically to promoter regions of FT and SOC1 in vivo and thus leads to the activation of floral integrator genes.
Binds 2 Mg(2+). Prefers Mg(2+), but can also use Mn(2+). In vitro, can also utilize other divalent cations such as Ca(2+).
Enhanced sensitivity to UV radiation accompanied by an increased mutation frequency. Shorter root and stem growth.
Error-free DNA polymerase specifically involved in DNA repair. Plays an important role in translesion synthesis (TLS), where the normal high fidelity DNA polymerases cannot proceed and DNA synthesis stalls. Plays an important role in the repair of UV-induced pyrimidine dimers and confers resistance to ultraviolet light. Depending on the context, it inserts the correct base, but may cause base transitions and transversions. Forms a Schiff base with 5'-deoxyribose phosphate at abasic sites, but does not have lyase activity. Targets POLI to replication foci. Exhibits cyclobutane dimer nonmutagenic bypass activity in vitro.
Interacts with PCNA1 and PCNA2. The interaction with PCNA2 is required for translesion synthesis (TLS) to repair UV photoproducts.
The catalytic core consists of fingers, palm and thumb subdomains, but the fingers and thumb subdomains are much smaller than in high-fidelity polymerases; residues from five sequence motifs of the Y-family cluster around an active site cleft that can accommodate DNA and nucleotide substrates with relaxed geometric constraints, with consequently higher rates of misincorporation and low processivity.
The enzyme in complex with the DNA substrate binds a third divalent metal cation. The binding of this third divalent cation, which is coordinated by water molecules and two oxygen atoms from DNA and dNTP, is essential for catalyzing the DNA synthesis.
Activated by cold via CRLK1-mediated phosphorylation and leading to elevated kinase activity towards MKK2.
Interacts with MKK1, MMK2 and MPK4. May form a ternary complex composed of MEKK1 and MKK1/MKK2 and MPK4 (PubMed:18982020, PubMed:9878570). Interacts with RACK1A, RACK1B and RACK1C (PubMed:25731164). Binds to CRLK1 (PubMed:20724845).
Phosphorylated by CRLK1 in response to cold.
The MEKK1, MKK1/MKK2 and MPK4 function in a signaling pathway that modulates the expression of genes responding to biotic and abiotic stresses and also plays an important role in pathogen defense by negatively regulating innate immunity. Involved in the innate immune MAP kinase signaling cascade (MEKK1, MKK4/MKK5 and MPK3/MPK6) downstream of bacterial flagellin receptor FLS2. May be involved in the cold and salinity stress-mediated MAP kinase signaling cascade (MEKK1, MKK1/MKK2 and MPK4/MPK6). Activates by phosphorylation the downstream MKK2, MKK4 and MKK5 in a calcium-dependent manner.
Belongs to the extended synaptotagmin family.
In 4-days-old seedlings, confined to the root meristematic zone and in young leaves. In roots of 10-days-old seedlings, also detected in lateral root primordia, and in the stele in proximity to the hypocotyl.
Acts at an early step in the ethylene signaling pathway. Positively regulates ETR1, leading to the negative regulation of ethylene responses.
Interacts with ETR1 through a region corresponding to its ethylene-binding domain.
Strongly expressed in 1-4-day-old seedlings in the apical hook, cotyledons, root vascular tissue, root tip and root hairs, with little or no expression in the hypocotyl. In light-grown seedlings, expression could also be seen in the apex and young leaves, and disappeared from the cotyledons by 10 days. In mature plants, expressed in floral buds, the style of mature flowers, stems and the rachis.
May be involved in female gametophyte development.
Belongs to the TRAPP small subunits family. BET3 subfamily.
Part of the multisubunit TRAPP (transport protein particle) complex.
Down-regulated by high temperature. Up-regulated by salicylic acid, AgNO(3), chitin, cycloheximide, ozone, syringolin, salt stress and upon pathogen or nematode infection.
Negative regulator of cell death and defense responses. Exhibits calcium-dependent phospholipid binding properties (By similarity).
No visible phenotype, but accelerated hypersensitive response (HR). Bap1 and bap2 double mutant is seedling lethal.
Overexpression of BAP2 can suppress defects in bap1 mutants.
A stretch of 270 kb of the mitochondrial genome is duplicated within the centromere of chromosome 2 resulting in the duplication of the gene. The expression of this duplicated gene (At2g07676) is demonstrated.
By gibberellin and H(2)O(2). Down-regulated by ascorbate.
Expressed in leaves, stems, flowers, developing seeds and root.
Probable histone demethylase that reduces the levels of histone H3 'Lys-4' methylation in chromatin.
Plants over-expressing OFP17 have no visible phenotype.
Expressed predominantly in flowers, and in the cortex of the root and the stem.
Binds to BZR2/BES1 to cooperatively regulate the expression of target genes.
Decreased tolerance to dehydration and salt stress (PubMed:24773321). Increase in the number of necrotic leaves and in the intensity of necrosis in response to E.amylovora (PubMed:22316300). Increased susceptibility to P.syringae associated with reduced PR1 induction in double mutants wrky46 wrky70 and wrky46 wrky53, and triple mutant wrky46 wrky70 wrky53. In these mutants, higher induction of PDF1.2 upon jasmonic acid (MeJA) treatment (PubMed:22325892). The triple mutant wrky46 wrky54 wrky70 has defects in brassinosteroid (BR)-regulated growth and is more tolerant to drought stress (PubMed:28576847).
Expressed in guard cells, hypocotyls, and in the vascular tissues of cotyledon and root (PubMed:24773321). Mostly expressed in roots, at lower levels in leaves and petioles, and, to a lower extent, in stems, flowers and siliques (PubMed:22325892).
Transcription factor involved in the regulation of osmotic stress responses and stomatal movement (PubMed:24773321). Interacts specifically with the W box (5'-(T)TGAC[CT]-3'), a frequently occurring elicitor-responsive cis-acting element (By similarity). Positive regulator of EDS1-dependent defense against E.amylovora (PubMed:22316300). Together with WRKY70 and WRKY53, promotes resistance to P.syringae, probably by enhancing salicylic acid (SA)- dependent genes. Contributes to the suppression of jasmonic acid (MeJA)-induced expression of PDF1.2 (PubMed:22325892). Together with WRKY54 and WRKY70, promotes brassinosteroid (BR)-regulated plant growth but prevent drought response by modulating gene expression (PubMed:28576847).
Up-regulated by drought, salt and hydrogen peroxide treatments (PubMed:24773321). Induced by salicylic acid (SA) (PubMed:22268143, PubMed:22325892). Up-regulated by E.amylovora (PubMed:22316300). Triggered by P.syringae (PubMed:22325892).
When associated with disruption in CAR1, CAR4 and CAR5 genes, reduced sensitivity to abscisic acid (ABA) during seedling establishment and root growth regulation.
Belongs to the argininosuccinate synthase family. Type 1 subfamily.
During embryo development, expressed from torpedo stage onwards.
Highly expressed in the vasculature of developing leaf primordia, margins of fully expanded leaves, hydathodes of rosette of cauline leaves, basal region of the lamina, stipules, root tips, stamens and in the abscission zone of the funiculus.
May play a role in leaf development. Required for leaf mesophyll cell division in the early stages of leaf organogenesis (PubMed:12848826, PubMed:16873448). Acts in a developmental pathway that involves PPT1/CUE1 but does not include ASE2/DOV1 (PubMed:16873448).
Pale interveinal phenotype due to marked reduction in the density of mesophyll cells in interveinal regions of leaves (PubMed:12848826, PubMed:16873448). Increased sensitivity to ozone and a virulent strain of the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola (PubMed:12848826).
Mainly expressed in roots at low levels, specifically, in the root tip.
Spermidine coumaroyl-CoA acyltransferase that mediates the conversion of spermidine into dicoumaroyl-spermidine.
Belongs to the XPG/RAD2 endonuclease family. XPG subfamily.
This magnesium-dependent enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the translocation of calcium from the cytosol to an endomembrane compartment.
Component of the PEX1-PEX6 AAA ATPase complex, a protein dislocase complex that mediates the ATP-dependent extraction of the PEX5 receptor from peroxisomal membranes, an essential step for PEX5 recycling (PubMed:14745029, PubMed:17478547, PubMed:20969679). Specifically recognizes PEX5 monoubiquitinated at 'Cys-11', and pulls it out of the peroxisome lumen through the PEX2-PEX10-PEX12 retrotranslocation channel (By similarity). Extraction by the PEX1-PEX6 AAA ATPase complex is accompanied by unfolding of the TPR repeats and release of bound cargo from PEX5 (By similarity). Required for jasmonate biosynthesis (PubMed:17544464). Necessary for the developmental elimination of obsolete peroxisome matix proteins (PubMed:19246395).
Interacts with PEX1; forming the PEX1-PEX6 AAA ATPase complex, which is composed of a heterohexamer formed by a trimer of PEX1-PEX6 dimers (PubMed:21487094). Interacts with APME9 (PubMed:21487094).
Belongs to the bile acid:sodium symporter (BASS) (TC 2.A.28) family.
May function as sodium-coupled metabolite transporter across the chloroplast envelope.
Expressed in leaves, roots, flowers and siliques. High levels of expression in the guard cells and vasculature of leaves and roots.
Binds BRK1, actin, ABIL1 and ARPC3 (Arp2/3 complex). Interacts with SPK1, ABI1, ABI2 and ABI4.
Expressed in expanding cotyledons, expanding leaves and expanding siliques containing developing embryos. Lower expression, sometimes not detected, in unopened flower buds and in matures leaves.
Probably acts as a transcriptional activator. Binds to the GCC-box pathogenesis-related promoter element. May be involved in the regulation of gene expression by stress factors and by components of stress signal transduction pathways (By similarity). Regulates negatively the transition to flowering time and confers flowering time delay.
Interacts with DEK3 (PubMed:25387881). Binds to LHP1, MSI4/FVE and MSI5 (PubMed:29314758). Component of the PRC2 (polycomb repressive complex 2) complex which regulates histone methylation on histone H3K27 (PubMed:29314758).
Together with PDP1, PDP2 and PDP6, interacts with MSI4/FVE and MSI5 to suppress FLC, MAF4 and MAF5 expression by regulating the function of the PRC2 complex and modulating H3K27me3 level, thereby promoting flowering.
During seedling development, expression is high at 1 day after imbibition and then declines continuously to reach steady levels after 5 days.
Proton-coupled transporter that transports a wide spectrum of oxo derivatives of heterocyclic nitrogen compounds, including allantoin, uric acid and xanthine, but not adenine (PubMed:11971139, PubMed:15308648). Mediates high affinity transport of uracil and 5-fluorouracil (a toxic uracil analog) (PubMed:15308648, PubMed:16897711). Mediates transport of free pyrimidines and may function during early seedling development in salvage pathways, by the utilization of pyrimidines from seed storage tissue (PubMed:15308648).
Expressed in the shoot apical meristems (SAM), root tips and inflorescences.
In young seedlings, expressed in the shoot apical meristem (SAM) and in root tips (PubMed:22897245). In inflorescence, detected in young floral buds, carpels and seeds (PubMed:22897245).
Expressed in root vasculature, lateral roots, cotyledons, rosette leaves, cauline leaves, stems, sepals, style of pistils, mature pollen grains and siliques.
Plants silencing KIN17 show aberrant growth and reduced fertility.
Promotes the copper deficiency response by direct interaction with SPL7. Acts with SPL7 in a common pathway to promote copper-responsive genes and alleviate oxidative stress during copper-limiting periods. May promote SPL7 function when copper is limiting (PubMed:24335506). Participates in the control of general plant growth and development, and in the response to counteract the negative effects of UV radiation (PubMed:24713636).
Expressed in root meristem, shoot apex and flower buds.
Up-regulated by auxin (IAA), salicylic acid (SA), hydrogen peroxide and cold.
(Microbial infection) Xanthomonas campestris effector AvrAC/XopAC-mediated uridylylation prevents activation by phosphorylation at the same residues, thus affecting immune responses and reducing defense responses toward X.campestris, mediating avrAC/XopAC virulence functions.
Altered growth traits, early flowering, weak stems, small siliques and reduced fertility. Mutant plants have a severely impaired resistance to Botrytis and A.brassicicola (PubMed:16339855). Reduced plant size (PubMed:20413097, PubMed:27679580). Enhanced resistance to Plasmodiophora brassicae, a soil-borne obligate pathogen that causes clubroot disease (PubMed:27679580). Hypersensitivity to the plant hormone brassinolide (PubMed:23818580). Reduced calcium levels after elicitation with peptides representing bacteria-derived microbe- and damage-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs, flg22 and elf18, and the endogenous DAMP AtPep1) (PubMed:25522736). Compromised SCOOP10- and SCOOP12-induced root growth inhibition and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in the double mutant bik1 pbl1 (PubMed:34535661).
By infection with necrotrophic pathogens and by paraquat. Not induced by salicylic acid, jasmonate or 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) (PubMed:16339855). Induced by flagellin (flg22) (PubMed:20413097).
Interacts with FLS2 (PubMed:20413097, PubMed:20404519). Activation of FLS2 by flagellin (flg22) induces the dissociation of the complex (PubMed:20413097, Ref.20). Interacts with BAK1 (PubMed:20404519). Interacts with the Xanthomonas campestris effector XopAC/AvrAC (PubMed:22504181). Interacts with CPK28 (PubMed:25525792). Interacts with PEPR1 (PubMed:23431184). Interacts with PP2C38 (PubMed:27494702). Interacts with BRI1 (PubMed:23818580). Interacts with RBOHD (PubMed:24629339). Binds to EFR when not phosphorylated at Ser-89 and Thr-90, in the absence of pathogen elicitor; dissociates upon pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered activation by EFR-mediated phosphorylation (PubMed:29649442). Interacts directly with and phosphorylates WRKY transcription factors in the nucleus involved in the jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) regulation (e.g. WRKY33, WRKY50, WRKY51 and WRKY57) to modulate defense hormones during plant immunity (PubMed:29649442). Binds to ATL44/RHA3A and ATL45/RHA3B (Ref.20). Binds to SIK1 to be phosphorylated and stabilized (PubMed:30212650).
Kinase activation is repressed by the phosphatase PP2C38.
Monoubiquitinated by ATL44/RHA3A and ATL45/RHA3B following phosphorylation upon the recognition of microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs, e.g. flg22) by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), then released from the FLS2/BAK1 complex and internalized dynamically into endocytic compartments followed by the activation of immune signaling.
Phosphorylated by SIK1 to be stabilized (PubMed:30212650). Phosphorylated by FLS2 and BAK1 (PubMed:20404519, Ref.20). Autophosphorylated (PubMed:22504181, PubMed:23431184, PubMed:24104392, PubMed:26021844). Autophosphorylation is reduced in presence of the Xanthomonas campestris effector XopAC/AvrAC (PubMed:22504181, Ref.20). Phosphorylated, especially by EFR at Ser-89 and Thr-90, in response to the microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP) flg22 (PubMed:20413097, PubMed:22504181, PubMed:25522736, PubMed:29649442, Ref.20). Phosphorylation in response to flg22 is abolished in presence of the Xanthomonas campestris effector XopAC/AvrAC (PubMed:22504181). Phosphorylated at Ser-233, Ser-236 and Thr-237 by PEPR1 (PubMed:23431184). Phosphorylated at Tyr-150, Tyr-243 and Tyr-250. Tyrosine phosphorylation is required for BIK1 function in plant innate immunity (PubMed:24532660).
Plays a central role in immune responses (PubMed:20413097, PubMed:29649442). Required to activate the resistance responses to necrotrophic pathogens, including the regulation of defense hormone expression (e.g. jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA)) (PubMed:16339855, PubMed:29649442). Phosphorylates FLS2 and BAK1 (PubMed:20404519, PubMed:24104392). Involved in pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI) signaling, including calcium signaling, and defense responses downstream of FLS2; upon PAMP recognition, first phosphorylated by FLS2 and SIK1 prior to being monoubiquitinated by ATL44/RHA3A and ATL45/RHA3B at the plasma membrane, then internalized dynamically into endocytic compartments together with FLS2 (PubMed:20413097, PubMed:25522736, Ref.20, PubMed:30212650). Acts additively with PBL1 in PTI defenses (PubMed:20413097). Acts as positive regulator of the PAMP flg22-induced increase of cytosolic calcium. Binds directly and phosphorylates the NADPH oxidase RBOHD at specific sites in a calcium-independent manner to enhance reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation upon flg22 perception. ROS production in response to flg22 controls stomatal movement and restriction of bacterial entry into leaf tissues (PubMed:24629339). Seems not required for flg22-induced MAPK activation (Probable). Required for Pep1-induced defenses. Pep1 is an endogenous elicitor that potentiates PAMP-inducible plant responses. In association with PEPR1, acts downstream of the canonical ethylene signaling cascade to regulate ethylene responses (PubMed:23431184). Involved in ethylene signaling. Destabilizes EIN3, the key transcription activator in ethylene signaling, and represses EIN3-dependent transcription (PubMed:26021844). Acts as a negative regulator in brassinosteroid (BR) signaling. Functions in BR signaling by direct interaction with the BR receptor BRI1 cytosolic kinase domain (PubMed:23818580). Required during SCOOP small peptides (e.g. SCOOP10 and SCOOP12) perception and signaling; receptor-like cytosolic kinases (RLCK) activated by BAK1/SERK3 and SERK4 coreceptors when associated with MIK2 upon the perception of SCOOP peptides (PubMed:34535661).
The association with FLS2 and BAK1 is reduced after flagellin perception, BIK1 being probably released from the receptor complex upon phosphorylation.
Uridylylated at Ser-236 and Thr-237 by the Xanthomonas campestris effector XopAC/AvrAC. This conceals conserved phosphorylation sites in the activation loop, reducing BIK1 kinase activity and consequently inhibiting downstream signaling.
Binds to the plus end of microtubules and regulates the dynamics of the microtubule cytoskeleton. May be involved in anchoring microtubules to their nucleation sites and/or functioning as a reservoir for distribution to the growing end. In plants, microtubule minus ends are not necessarily severed from the nucleation site and transported to the plus end of a microtubule as part of the recycling process. May play a role in endomembrane organization during polarized growth of plant cells.
Composed of two functionally independent domains. The N-terminal domain forms a hydrophobic cleft involved in microtubule binding and the C-terminal is involved in protein binding. In Arabidopsis thaliana, EB1A and EB1B possess an acidic C-terminal tail that has autoinhibitory function, but EB1C has a tail region with patches of basic amino acid residues required for nuclear targeting.
Highly expressed in guard cells of leaf stomata, pollen grains and pollen tubes. Expressed in young roots.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but root growth is affected in response to gravity or touch stimuli. conditions.
Plant microtubules behave differently from those of other eukaryotes in mitosis: they lack centrosomes and spindles are barrel-shaped with unfocused poles and no astral microtubules.
3'-5' exoribonuclease that catalyzes 3' maturation of chloroplast and mitochondrion ribosomal RNAs; degrades short nucleotidic extensions to generate the mature 3'-ends. Involved in the maturation of 23S, 16S and 5S rRNAs.
Shorter 3' nucleotide extensions of mitochondrial mRNAs and reduced accumulation of several chloroplast rRNA species. Germinates only on sucrose-containing media, with white cotyledons and pale green rosette leaves.
Involved in Pi uptake by facilitating the trafficking of PHT1-1/PHT1;1 from the endoplasmic reticulum to the plasma membrane.
Involved in the transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the plasma membrane.
Ubiquitous with higher levels in flowers, roots and senescing leaves.
Forms homooligomers and/or heterooligomers.
Associates to cortical microtubules via its N-terminal region (PubMed:31198941, PubMed:35975703). Interacts with ANGUSTIFOLIA (AN) on microtubule upon mechanical stress to regulate microtubule organization (PubMed:35975703). Binds to the microtubule-severing enzyme KATANIN (KTN1) (PubMed:35975703).
Expressed ubiquitously at all development stages, with highest in developing petals (PubMed:31198941). During mechanical stress, accumulates in granules on microtubules (PubMed:35975703).
Highest levels observed in petals during late developmental stages.
Microtubule-associated protein involved in the regulation of anisotropic petal and cotyledons growth and shape by affecting cortical microtubule organization (PubMed:31198941, PubMed:31623377, PubMed:35975703). Prevents cortical microtubules organization into parallel arrays oriented perpendicular to the axis of cell elongation thus limiting anisotropic cell growth in the late phases of petal development (PubMed:31198941, PubMed:31623377, PubMed:35975703). Cooperatively with ANGUSTIFOLIA (AN), regulates negatively cortical microtubules (CMTs) organization in response to mechanical stress and modulates pavement cells morphogenesis leading to puzzle shape, probably in an AAA1/KTN1-dependent manner (PubMed:35975703).
Reduced interdigitated growth of pavement cells, with smooth shape (PubMed:35975703). Long and narrow petals and cotyledons, as well as increased anisotropic cell expansion of petal epidermis in the late phases of flower development, as a result of increased microtubule ordering in petal abaxial epidermal cells and in cotyledons pavement cells (PubMed:31198941, PubMed:31623377, PubMed:35975703). Enhanced cortical microtubules (CMTs) response to mechanical stress leading to aligned arrays (PubMed:35975703). The an-t1 ipga1-2 double mutant exhibits stronger phenotypes than single mutants in term of longer and narrower cotyledons and leaves (PubMed:35975703). The ipga1-2 ktn1-4 double mutant has an enhanced phenotype of pavement cells, resembling soap bubbles and no lobe formation (PubMed:35975703).
Heterodimer (PubMed:22951400). Interacts with UCH1, EER5, DSS1(V), DSS1(I), RPN3A, RPN3B, RPN12A, RPN12B, SAC3B, CML20 and NUP1 (PubMed:22951400).
Ubiquitin-protein hydrolase involved in the release of ubiquitin attached via both peptide and isopeptide linkages. Able to cleave 'Lys-48'-linked polyubiquitin chains. Involved in the direct or indirect regulation of AUX/IAA proteins stability (PubMed:17559514). Acts as a linker between the TREX-2 complex and 26S proteasome (PubMed:22951400).
Catalyzes the first two consecutive steps of tetrahydrofolate biosynthesis (PubMed:17289662). Plays a role in seed stress response and survival (PubMed:17289662, PubMed:21996493).
Expressed exclusively in reproductive tissues.
Expressed in early stages of seed development, until the late globular stage of embryo. Not detected at the heart stage of embryo development.
No visible phenotype (PubMed:17289662). Increased sensitivity to oxidative stress (PubMed:21996493).
Up-regulated by slat stress (PubMed:17289662). Up-regulated by oxidative stress (PubMed:21996493).
Belongs to the PIGG/PIGN/PIGO family. PIGN subfamily.
Ethanolamine phosphate transferase involved in glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchor biosynthesis. Transfers ethanolamine phosphate to the first alpha-1,4-linked mannose of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol precursor of GPI-anchor.
'Furca' means two-pronged fork in Latin.
May be involved in cooperative interactions with calmodulins or calmodulin-like proteins (By similarity). Recruits calmodulin proteins to microtubules, thus being a potential scaffold in cellular signaling and trafficking (By similarity). Acts as a positive regulator of trichome branch initiation (PubMed:10572032). May associate with nucleic acids and regulate gene expression at the transcriptional or post-transcriptional level (By similarity).
Decreased relative stomata aperture under normal growth conditions (PubMed:25002225). No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants display decreased sensitivity to abscisic acid (ABA) during seed germination (PubMed:26508764).
Expressed in roots, leaves, and anthers and stigma of open flowers.
Induced during sucrose starvation. Repressed by sucrose (PubMed:17217462). Induced by cold, drought and salt stresses, and abscisic acid (ABA) (PubMed:26508764).
Interacts with SRK2D/2SNRK2.2, SRK2I/SNRK2.3 and SRK2E/SNRK2.6.
Phosphorylated at Ser-173, Thr-178 and Ser-208 by SRK2E/SNRK2.6 in response to abscisic acid (ABA). Phosphorylation activates its E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity.
Possesses E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity in vitro. Mediates mainly 'Lys-48'-linked polyubiquitination. Promotes abscisic acid (ABA)-induced stomatal closure, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and drought tolerance (PubMed:26508764). Involved in the regulation of stomatal aperture (PubMed:25002225).
Defect in trichome development (PubMed:7926739, PubMed:28526410). Defect in accumulation of seed coat mucilage (PubMed:7926739, PubMed:21883555). Excessive root hair formation (PubMed:8811855, PubMed:8620852, PubMed:28526410). High seed oil content phenotype (PubMed:16514561, PubMed:21883555).
Expressed in individual developing trichome cells of the emerging leaf primordia (PubMed:7926739). Expressed in differentiating hairless cells of root epidermis (PubMed:8620852).
The gain-of-function gl2-1D mutants (T-DNA tagging) exhibit reduced endogenous levels of anthocyanins.
Transcription factor involved in the determination of epidermal cell identity (Probable). Required for correct morphological development and maturation of trichomes (PubMed:7926739). Regulates the frequency of trichome initiation and determines trichome spacing (PubMed:11844112). Acts as a negative factor for root hair development (PubMed:8620852, PubMed:8811855, PubMed:26486447). Required for ectopic repression of root hair development in a subset of epidermal cells (PubMed:8811855). May suppress hair formation in root epidermis by promoting differentiation into hairless epidermal cells (PubMed:8620852). Directly suppresses the bHLH transcription factor genes, RHD6, RSL1, RSL2, LRL1, and LRL2, which have diverse functions in root hair development (PubMed:26486447). Required for normal development of seed coat mucilage (PubMed:7926739, PubMed:21883555). Involved in the control of seed oil accumulation (PubMed:16514561, PubMed:21883555). Acts as a negative regulator of anthocyanin biosynthesis (PubMed:26017690). May directly repress the expression of some component genes from the MYB-bHLH-WD40 (MBW) transcriptional activator complex (PubMed:26017690). The MBW complex activates the transcription of late biosynthesis genes in the flavonoid pathway, leading to the production of anthocyanins (Probable).
Homodimer and heterodimers (PubMed:29272523). Interacts with CYSTM3, CYSTM4, CYSTM5, CYSTM6, CYSTM10, WIH1/CYSTM13 and CYSTM11 (PubMed:29272523). Binds weakly to CYSTM1, CYSTM2 and CYSTM12 (PubMed:29272523).
Mostly expressed in siliques and, to a lower extent, in stems, roots, leaves and flowers.
Could be the product of a pseudogene. Lacks the signal peptide and 2 of the 4 disulfide bonds, which are conserved features of the family.
Controls stomatal patterning. Mediates differentiation of stomatal lineage cells to pavement cells and stomatal development inhibition (PubMed:23748792). TMM (AC Q9SSD1) functions to dampen or block CLL1 signaling. Acts as growth-regulatory ligand for ERECTA family receptors. Promotes fruit growth and fertility (PubMed:22474391).
Expressed asymetically in the hypocotyl, on the side proximal to the folded cotyledons at germination. Detected in developing flowers, the chalazal region of ovules and near the root apex, but not in inflorescence stems. Expressed in cotyledons, flowers, adult leaves and fruits (PubMed:23748792).
Belongs to the very long-chain fatty acids dehydratase HACD family.
Catalyzes the third of the four reactions of the long-chain fatty acids elongation cycle. This endoplasmic reticulum-bound enzymatic process, allows the addition of two carbons to the chain of long- and very long-chain fatty acids/VLCFAs per cycle. This enzyme catalyzes the dehydration of the 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA intermediate into trans-2,3-enoyl-CoA, within each cycle of fatty acid elongation. Thereby, it participates to the production of VLCFAs of different chain lengths that are involved in multiple biological processes as precursors of membrane lipids and lipid mediators.
Water channel required to facilitate the transport of water across cell membrane. Its function is impaired by Hg(2+).
Widely expressed. Expressed in roots, above ground and in flower buds.
Component of a DREAM-like complex which modulates a variety of developmentally regulated genes and of the mitotic genes in proliferating and differentiated cells. Associates with CDKA-1, RBR1 and E2FB, but not with E2FC, in proliferating cells, at early stages of leaves development.
Expressed in roots, cotyledons and leaves, especially in vascular tissues, and in flowers.
Expressed in the root quiescent center (PubMed:15937229). Accumulates in division zone of primary root tips and emerging lateral roots. Also present in floral organs in young flower buds. Weakly and uniformly present in the developing embryo and maternal tissues (PubMed:17287251). Expressed specifically in proliferating stage of leaves (PubMed:26069325).
In EDC plants, defects of cytokinesis (PubMed:25806785). The double mutant myb3r1 myb3r4 often fails to complete cytokinesis, resulting in multinucleate cells with gapped walls and cell wall stubs in diverse tissues (e.g. in embryo during the first or second division after fertilization, in stomata guard mother cell) and several pleiotropic developmental defects, and associated with the selective reduction of several G2/M phase-specific genes transcript levels (e.g. CYCB2, CDC20.1 and KNOLLE). Hypersensitivity to caffeine, an inhibitor of cytokinesis (PubMed:17287251, PubMed:21862669). Impaired powdery mildew (e.g. G.orontii)-induced endoreduplication. Reduced G.orontii growth and reproduction leading to an enhanced resistance to powdery mildew (PubMed:20018666).
Involved in transcription regulation during induced endoreduplication at the powdery mildew (e.g. G.orontii) infection site, thus promoting G.orontii growth and reproduction.
Slightly induced by salicylic acid (SA) (PubMed:16463103). Expressed in a cell cycle-dependent manner, with highest levels 2 hours before the peak of mitotic index in cells synchronized by aphidicolin. Activated by CYCB1 (PubMed:17287251). Accumulates at powdery mildew (e.g. G.orontii) infected cells.
Transcription factor that binds 5'-AACGG-3' motifs in gene promoters (PubMed:21862669). Involved in the regulation of cytokinesis, probably via the activation of several G2/M phase-specific genes transcription (e.g. KNOLLE) (PubMed:17287251, PubMed:21862669, PubMed:25806785). Required for the maintenance of diploidy (PubMed:21862669).
Interacts with KIN14B, CDKA-1, CKS1 and CKS2.
Might be involved in division plane determination.
(Microbial infection) Required for SNC1-mediated defense response against the virulent pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 by promoting the accumulation of trans-zeatin (tZ)-type cytokinins (CK) in the shoot.
Accumulates primarily in the pericycle and stelar cells of roots (PubMed:24513716, PubMed:24778257). Expressed in leaves, stems, flowers and siliques, and, at low levels, in roots (PubMed:24112720, PubMed:24513716, PubMed:24778257). Accumulates in the phloem (PubMed:24112720).
In roots, observed in the central cylinder (vascular tissues), but absent from division zones (PubMed:24112720, PubMed:24513716, PubMed:24778257). Present in the vascular system of the cotyledons and rosette leaves (PubMed:24112720, PubMed:24513716). Also observed in phloem cells of the flower stem (PubMed:24112720). Accumulates also in the mature anthers of open flowers and in siliques (PubMed:24513716).
Positive regulator of plant growth which acts as an efflux pump involved in the major root-to-shoot (acropetal) long-distance cytokinin (CK) transport via the xylem sap (PubMed:24513716, PubMed:24778257, PubMed:26517905, PubMed:28398838). Together with ABCG9 and ABCG11, required for vascular development by regulating lipid/sterol homeostasis (PubMed:24112720). Involved in CK-dependent responses to oxidative stress such as hydrogen peroxide H(2)O(2) (PubMed:27550996).
Repressed by hydrogen peroxide H(2)O(2) in a CRF6-dependent manner.
Weak growth, small inflorescences and rosettes, slender stems, and short and retarded primary root growth leading to dwarf plants (PubMed:24513716, PubMed:24778257, PubMed:28398838). Impaired translocation of trans-zeatin (tZ)-type cytokinins (CK) from roots to shoots (acropetal), thereby affecting the plant growth and development and leading to a reduced cytokinin content in xylem sap (PubMed:24513716, PubMed:24778257). Defective in sterol (e.g. 24-methylene cholesterol and sitosterol) composition (PubMed:24112720). Vascular patterning defects in cotyledons and the floral stem, with a stronger phenotype in plant missing also ABCG9 and ABCG11 (PubMed:24112720). Altered responses to oxidative stress (e.g. hydrogen peroxide H(2)O(2)) (PubMed:27550996). Suppression of the SNC1-mediated defense response due to a deficiency of tZ-type CK in the shoot (PubMed:28398838).
Highly expressed in flowers and siliques and at lower levels in roots, leaves and stems.
Involved in the production of sphingolipid metabolites. Phosphorylates sphingosine and various l sphingoid long-chain base (LCB) products, such as phytosphingosine (PHS, 4-hydroxysphinganine), 4-hydroxy-8-sphingenine, 4,8-sphingadienine and D-erythro-dihydrosphingosine, but has a very few activity toward D,L-threo- dihydrosphingosine. Is required for abscisic acid (ABA) signaling that mediates stomatal closure, inhibition of seed germination and root elongation. May function upstream of PLDALPHA1 and phosphatidic acid (PA) in an amplification response to ABA that mediates stomatal closure.
Functions in error-free postreplication DNA repair or DNA-damage tolerance (DTT) pathway (PubMed:18310306, PubMed:21549648). Required for homologous recombination (HR) induced by DNA double-strand break (DSB) in somatic cells (PubMed:18310306). Required for damage-induced DNA repair, independently of MUS81 and RECQL4A. Plays a role in synthesis-dependent strand annealing (SDSA) but not in single-strand annealing (SSA) (PubMed:20971895). Possesses double-stranded DNA-dependent ATPase activity. Is able to regress replication forks with preference for forks with a leading strand gap. Is able to catalyze branch migration of Holliday junctions and is unaffected by protein blockades (PubMed:27458713).
Acts with JAG to promote growth and patterning in stamens and carpels. Promotes the growth of the abaxial and adaxial sides of floral organs. Promotes the growth of the pollen-bearing microsporangia in anthers, the carpel walls of the gynoecium and the establishment of the correct number of cell layers in carpel walls. Promotes leaf blade growth and trichome development.
Expressed in the emerging leaf, stamen and carpel primordia. Not expressed in the apical shoot meristem (SAM).
Functions as component of the Arp2/3 complex which is involved in regulation of actin polymerization and together with an activating nucleation-promoting factor (NPF) mediates the formation of branched actin networks (By similarity). Arp2/3 complex plays a critical role in the control of cell morphogenesis via the modulation of cell polarity development.
Interacts with clathrin, VTI11, GAMMA-ADR and VSR1. Binds to the deubiquitinating enzyme AMSH3.
May have a role in transport via clathrin-coated vesicles from the trans-Golgi network to endosomes. Stimulates clathrin assembly (By similarity). Does not seem to bind to phospholipids. Plays an important role in the vacuolar trafficking of soluble cargo proteins at the trans-Golgi network.
Mostly expressed in cotyledons and flowers, and, to a lower extent, in roots, leaves and siliques (at protein level).
Probable DNA helicase that plays a role in meiotic double-strand break (DSB) repair, but seems not required for recombination with the homologous chromosome. May be involved with RAD51 in a backup pathway that repairs meiotic DSB without giving meiotic crossover, in parallel to the meiotic homologous recombination which relies on DMC1.
Reduced fertility and seed numbers due to defects in gametogenesis.
Catalyzes the conversion of monodehydroascorbate to ascorbate, oxidizing NADH in the process (PubMed:16146528). Required for producing sufficient ascorbate to maintain the interaction between Piriformospora indica and Arabidopsis in a mutualistic state (PubMed:19386380).
Loss of growth and seed production promotion by Piriformospora indica.
Up-regulated by drought stress and in roots colonized by the beneficial endophytic fungus Piriformospora indica.
Expressed at a high level in immature siliques and at a lower level in flowers. Undetected in young seedlings, roots, leaves and inflorescence stems.
Highly expressed from the very early stages of embryogenesis to the globular stage, decreases rapidly from the late heart-torpedo stage and did not persist after the completion of embryogenesis.
Interacts with BHLH2/EGL3/MYC146, BHLH12/MYC1 and BHLH42/TT8.
TT2 activity is tightly linked to the presence of TT8.
Transcription activator, when associated with BHLH2/EGL3/MYC146, BHLH12/MYC1, or BHLH42/TT8. Involved in the control of flavonoid late metabolism in developing siliques. Plays a key role in determining the tissue-specific activation of leucoanthocyanidin reductase (BANYULS).
Expression increases shortly before the onset of abscission.
Expression is restricted to the abscission zone.
No visible phenotype; due to the redundancy with RLK5/HAE. Hae and hsl2 double mutants have a strong abscission defect.
Receptor-like serine/threonine-kinase acting on substrates that controls floral organ abscission. Regulated by the 'INFLORESCENCE DEFICIENT IN ABSCISSION' (IDA) family of ligands.
Possesses 5'->3' exoribonuclease activity (PubMed:11106401). Acts as an endogenous post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) suppressor. Degrades miRNA-derived loops, excised during miRNA maturation in the nucleus (PubMed:17993620). Involved in pre-rRNA processing. Involved in the primary exonucleolytic shortening of the 5' external transcribed spacer (5'ETS), required for endonucleolytic processing at site P by the U3 snoRNP complex. Involved with XRN3 in the 5'-end processing of 5.8S and 25S rRNAs. Contributes with XRN3 to polyadenylation-dependent nuclear RNA surveillance. Involved in the degradation of aberrant polyadenylated pre-rRNA through 5'-end processing (PubMed:20338880).
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that mediates ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins. Probably forms a minimal ubiquitin ligase complex in cooperation with the E2 enzyme UBC8. Its interaction with COP1 suggests that it may participate in proteasome-mediated degradation of HY5 in vivo.
Expressed in both light- and dark-grown seedlings.
Interacts with the RING finger of COP1. Interacts with UBC8 through its N-terminal region.
The RING-type zinc finger domain is required but not sufficient for ubiquitin ligase activity. It mediates the interaction with the RING finger of COP1.
Binds preferentially double-stranded supercoiled DNA (PubMed:14756567). Required for karyogamy during female gametophyte development, when the two polar nuclei fuse to form the diploid central cell nucleus (PubMed:16698901).
Expressed at low levels in lateral roots, root tips, cotyledons, leaves and flowers (including pedicels, but excluding styles).
Acylhydrolase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine (PC) at the sn-1 position. High activity toward PC, medium activity toward monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) and low activity toward triacylglycerol (TAG). Confers sensitivity to UV-B radiation probably by deesterifying membrane phospholipids.
Enhanced tolerance to UV-B stress but not osmotic stress. Impaired PR-1 accumulation in response to UV-B.
Expressed in leaves, stems, flowers and siliques, and, at low levels, in seeds and roots (at protein level).
Strongly induced in response to sublethal levels of UV-B radiation. Down-regulated as the leaves senesce.
Probably required for the insertion of integral membrane proteins into the mitochondrial inner membrane. May participate in the activity and assembly of cytochrome oxidase (By similarity).
Dually phosphorylated on Thr-191 and Tyr-193, which activates the enzyme (By similarity). Autophosphorylated on threonine and tyrosine residues (Probable). Phosphorylated on Ser residue.
Catalyzes the hydrolysis of the free cytosolic methylated adenosine nucleotide N(6)-methyl-AMP (N6-mAMP) to produce inositol monophosphate (IMP) and methylamine (PubMed:29884623, PubMed:30721978, PubMed:31318636). Is required for the catabolism of cytosolic N6-mAMP, which is derived from the degradation of mRNA containing N6-methylated adenine (m6A) (PubMed:29884623). Does not possess deaminase activity toward adenosine, AMP, N6-methyladenosine, or N6-mATP in vitro (PubMed:29884623).
Slight reduction of root growth (PubMed:29884623). 10-fold increase of the ratio N(6)-methyl-AMP/AMP in leaf cells (PubMed:29884623).
Dramatic defect in endodermal barrier formation leading to altered potassium ion (K) homeostasis and hypersensitivity to low potassium conditions. Casparian strips are repeatedly interrupted, forming irregularly-sized holes of several micrometer in length, probably due to abnormal CASP proteins patterning. Suppresses the enhanced suberin production when combined to other Casparian strip-defective mutants such as esb1 and casp1 casp3. Extremely sensitive to changes in environmental conditions such as high temperatures and under long-day (LD) conditions leading to dwarf plants. Normal transpiration but altered water transport and root pressure (PubMed:25233277). No visible phenotype during embryogenesis and seedling development. Gso1 and gso2 double mutants produce slightly contorted seeds, with abnormally shaped embryos and seedlings; adhesion between cotyledons and the peripheral tissue of the endosperm, short hypocotyl, and concave cotyledons sometimes fused, with compressed epidermal cells, endosperm tissue partially adherent to the surface of the cotyledons, and a rough surface. In addition, seedlings of gso1 gso2 have also root growth and patterning defects characterized by abnormal numbers of cells in longitudinal files and radial cell layers, as well as aberrant stem cell division planes. Root growth arrest and cell divisions defects are rescued by exogenous application of sucrose, but not patterning defects (PubMed:24123341). The double mutant gso1 gso2 exhibits a repeatedly interrupted, discontinuous Casparian strip due to patch-like localization of the CASPs proteins as a result of partial fusion of individual CASP containing islands in the Casparian strip membrane domain (CSD) (PubMed:28104889).
In flower buds, localized in filaments and stigmas. During embryogenesis, uniform expression from the globular embryo to the mature cotyledonary embryo. After germination, detected in whole cotyledons and in the hypocotyl. During the 6 first days after germination (DAG), highly expressed in roots throughout the elongation zone (EZ) and differentiation zone, but restricted to the endodermis and vasculature. Accumulates progressively in the quiescent center (QC). Down-regulated at sites of lateral root primordia (LRP) initiation. Absent at sites of deliberate wounding in the root. Mostly observed in the inner layers of the mature root, the QC and shoot apical meristem (SAM) (PubMed:24123341). Expressed early during endodermal differentiation, shortly after the onset of endodermal cells elongation (PubMed:25233277).
Mostly expressed in siliques, seeds, developing embryos and seedlings, detected in flower buds and roots, but not in leaves or stems.
Together with GSO2, receptor-like serine/threonine-kinase required during the development of the epidermal surface in embryos and cotyledons (PubMed:18088309). In coordination with GSO2, regulates root growth through control of cell division and cell fate specification. Controls seedling root growth by modulating sucrose response after germination (PubMed:24123341). Receptor of the peptide hormones CIF1 and CIF2 required for contiguous Casparian strip diffusion barrier formation in roots (PubMed:28104889). Required for localizing CASP proteins into the Casparian strip following an uninterrupted, ring-like domain, to trigger endodermal differentiation and thus regulate potassium ion (K) homeostasis. Involved in the maintenance of water transport and root pressure. May also be involved in the regulation of suberin accumulation in the endodermis (PubMed:25233277).
Cyclin-dependent protein kinase (CDK) inhibitor that functions as a repressor of mitosis in the endoreduplication cell cycle (PubMed:10952891, PubMed:11882294, PubMed:17098811, PubMed:17764505, PubMed:19717615, PubMed:20194967). Inhibits the kinase activity of CYCD3-1/CDKA-1, CYCD2-1/CDKA-1 and CYCB1-1/CDKB1-1 complexes in a dose dependent manner (PubMed:26546445). Cooperates with SMR1 and SMR2 to promote endoreplication during leaf development (PubMed:26546445). Required for normal trichome endoreplicating cell cycles (PubMed:10952891, PubMed:11882294, PubMed:17098811, PubMed:17764505, PubMed:19717615, PubMed:20194967). Positive regulator of effector-triggered immunity (ETI) (PubMed:25455564).
Down-regulated by gibberellin (PubMed:19576768). Up-regulated by zeocin treatment (PubMed:21613568).
Expressed in the shoot apical meristem, leaf primordia and the elongation zone of the root.
Interacts with CDKA-1 (PubMed:17098811, PubMed:26546445). Interacts with CYCD2-1, CYCD3-2 and CYCD4-1 (PubMed:17098811). Interacts with CDKB1-1 (PubMed:20706207, PubMed:26546445). Interacts with CPR5 (PubMed:25455564).
Multicellular trichomes with nuclei showing reduced levels of endoreduplication.
Plants over-expressing SIM are dwarf with serrated leaves containing enlarged cells with increased levels of nuclear DNA.
Converts oxidosqualene to baruol (90%) and 22 minor products.
Essential protein. DNA ligase that seals nicks in double-stranded DNA during DNA replication, DNA recombination and DNA repair. Involved in repair of both single strand breaks (SSBs) and double strand breaks (DSBs). Required in the endosperm for embryogenesis, probably to repair DNA-breaks generated by DME.
Expressed in all vegetative and reproductive tissues.
In the mature male gametophyte, expressed in the vegetative cell as well as in the two sperm cells. In the mature female gametes, accumulates in the embryo sac; mostly expressed in the central cell nucleus and, at lower levels, in the egg cell and synergids. After fertilization, localized in the syncytial endosperm and in the embryo.
By abscisic acid, H(2)O(2), heat treatment, dehydration and high salt, but not by cold treatment, 2,4-D, ACC, methyl jasmonate or salicylic acid.
Expressed in leaves, roots, stems, flowers, siliques and shoots. Not detected in seeds.
Plants are deficient in basal thermotolerance.
Scarcely expressed in early stages, restricted to the shoot apical meristem in 14-day-old seedlings and detected in all tissues in 28-day-old seedlings.
Transcriptional coactivator that stimulates transcriptional activity by bridging regulatory proteins and TBP, thereby recruiting TBP to promoters occupied by DNA-binding regulators. Involved in the tolerance to heat and osmotic stress by partially activating the ethylene-response signal transduction pathway.
Central component of the receptor complex responsible for the recognition and translocation of cytosolically synthesized mitochondrial preproteins. Together with TOM22 functions as the transit peptide receptor at the surface of the mitochondrion outer membrane and facilitates the movement of preproteins into the translocation pore.
Forms part of the preprotein translocase complex of the outer mitochondrial membrane (TOM complex) which consists of at least 6 different proteins (TOM5, TOM6, TOM7, TOM20, TOM22/TOM9 and TOM40) (PubMed:17981999, Ref.6). Component of a mitochondrial large protein complex that contains, at least, MIC60, DGS1, TOM40, TOM20 proteins, and petC/RISP (PubMed:31118221).
In mammals and fungi, the transmembrane domain is located at the N-terminus while it is located at the C-terminus in plants. The overall orientation of the protein in the membrane is therefore inverted.
Slightly delayed flowering time. Triple mutants tom20-2-tom20-3-tom20-4 are viable.
There are four genes (TOM20-1, TOM20-2, TOM20-3 and TOM20-4) which encode mitochondrial import receptor subunits TOM20.
Expressed in stamens, pollen grains, seeds, leaves, cotyledons, roots, stems, flowers, hypocotyls and siliques.
Expressed in the early seedling stage of post-germinative growth.
Peroxisomal adenine nucleotide transporter catalyzing the counterexchange of ATP with AMP. ATP is needed by reactions that generate acyl-CoA for peroxisomal fatty acid beta-oxidation during postgerminative growth. Required for the beta-oxidation reactions involved in auxin biosynthesis and for the conversion of seed-reserved triacylglycerols into sucrose that is necessary for growth before the onset of photosynthesis.
By brassinosteroids (e.g. brassinolide BL), auxin (e.g. 2,4-dichlorphenoxyacetic acid 2,4-D) and cytokinin (e.g. kinetin), with a synergistic effect (PubMed:16103214). Accumulates during infection by the soilborne fungal pathogen Verticillium longisporum, especially in tissues undergoing de novo xylem formation (PubMed:23023171).
Defects in metaxylem vessel formation in seedling roots.
Expressed in root inner metaxylem vessels and in hypocotyl vessels (PubMed:18445131, PubMed:18952777). Present in root developing xylems (PubMed:16103214). Accumulates in the xylem but not in interfascicular fibers or pith cells in inflorescence stems. Absent from secondary xylem in roots (PubMed:18952777).
Transcription activator that binds to the secondary wall NAC binding element (SNBE), 5'-(T/A)NN(C/T)(T/C/G)TNNNNNNNA(A/C)GN(A/C/T)(A/T)-3', and to the tracheary elements (TE) specific regulating cis-element (TERE), 5'-CTTNAAAGCNA-3', in the promoter of target genes (e.g. genes involved in secondary wall biosynthesis, cell wall modification such as xylan accumulation, and programmed cell death) (PubMed:20935069, PubMed:20952636, PubMed:20488898). Involved in xylem formation in roots and shoots, especially regulating metaxylem vessel differentiation by promoting immature xylem vessel-specific genes expression, especially genes regulating programmed cell death (PCD) and secondary wall formation in tracheary elements (TE) (PubMed:16103214, PubMed:20952636, PubMed:20488898). Can activate MYB25, MYB46, MYB58, MYB63, MYB83, MYB103, CESA4, LBD15, LBD30, ERF115, XCP1, XCP2, NAC010/SND3, KNAT7, ASL19 and ASL20 expression (PubMed:17890373, PubMed:18952777, PubMed:19088331, PubMed:19122102, PubMed:19808805, PubMed:20935069, PubMed:20952636).
Up-regulated during xylem vessel element formation. Expressed preferentially in procambial cells adjacent to root meristem, especially newly proliferating cells derived presumably from pericycle.
Binds to VLG at the endomembrane system.
By high salinity (LiCl and NaCl). Also induced transiently by salicylic acid (SA).
Involved in the mechanisms of salt tolerance (PubMed:16930315). Mediates resistance to LiCl and NaCl (PubMed:16930315).
Mostly expressed in flowers, reproductive stems and rosette leaves, and, to a lower extent, in roots.
Catalyzes the hydrolysis of L-arginine to urea and L-ornithine (Probable). The latter can be utilized in the urea cycle or as a precursor for the synthesis of both polyamines and proline (Probable). Possesses agmatinase activity. Catalyzes the formation of putrescine from agmatine (PubMed:28716421).
Expressed in vasculature of roots, root tips, cotyledons, leaves, cauline leaves, stems, sepals and pollen.
Increased formation of lateral and adventitious roots and increased production of NO in roots.
Catalyzes the synthesis of D-serine from L-serine. Has dehydratase activity towards both L-serine and D-serine. Displays high substrate specificity for L-serine, whereas L-alanine, L-arginine, and L-glutamine were poor substrates.
Deformations and branching of pollen tubes grown in pistils.
Inhibited by hydroxylamine. Racemase activity is enhanced by Ca(2+), Mg(2+), Mn(2+), and is decreased by Ni(2+), Zn(2+). Hydratase activity is enhanced by Ca(2+), Mg(2+), Mn(2+), Cu(2+), Fe(2+), Ni(2+).
Induced by drought stress (PubMed:18550687, PubMed:22095047, PubMed:23625358). Induced by salt stress (PubMed:22095047). Induced by abscisic acid (ABA) and heat stress (PubMed:23625358).
Transcriptional activator involved in abiotic stress tolerance. Can directly regulate stress-related gene expression by binding to the DNA sequence 5'-[AG]CCGAC-3' (DRE element) of their promoter region. Involved in the regulation of stomatal closure movement under drought stress (PubMed:23625358). Acts as a positive regulator of drought stress response (PubMed:22095047).
Ubiquitinated by RGLG2. Ubiquitination of ERF053 leads to its degradation by the proteasome.
Activated by chitin-mediated homodimerization.
Autophosphorylated. Autophosphorylation is induced by chitin and derivatives.
Complete loss of response to the chitin elicitor, including loss of MAPK activation, generation of reactive oxygen species, and transcriptional activation. Impaired chitin-mediated resistance against biotic and abiotic stresses such as tolerance to salinity, heavy-metal stresses, and Botrytis cinerea infection. Reduced resistance to incompatible fungi such as Erysiphe cichoracearum and Alternaria brassicicola. Enhanced susceptibility to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 associated with peptidoglycan insensitivity. Impaired chitin-induced phosphorylation of PBL27 (PubMed:24750441).
Expressed ubiquitously, with lowest expression in pollen.
Forms homodimers and homooligomers. Homodimerization is required to trigger plant defenses. Binds to chitin, chitosan and chito-oligomer oligosaccharide elicitors. Interaction with chitin octamer (NAG(8)) promotes homodimerization while shorter chitin oligomers inhibit homodimerization. Interacts with Pseudomonas syringae hopAB2/avrPtoB. Interacts (preferentially when unphosphorylated) with PBL27 at the plasma membrane (PubMed:24750441, PubMed:27679653). Binds to IOS1 (PubMed:27317676).
Induced upon treatment with chitin oligosaccharide elicitor and flagellin (e.g. flg22).
Lysin motif (LysM) receptor kinase that functions as a cell surface receptor in chitin elicitor (chitooligosaccharides) signaling leading to innate immunity toward both biotic and abiotic stresses (e.g. tolerance to salinity, heavy-metal stresses, and Botrytis cinerea infection). Recognizes microbe-derived N-acetylglucosamine (NAG)-containing ligands. Involved in the resistance to pathogenic fungi Alternaria brassicicola and Erysiphe cichoracearum, probably by sensing microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMP) and pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP). Plays an essential role in detecting peptidoglycans (e.g. PGNs) and restricting bacterial growth. Target of the bacterial type III effector E3-ligase protein hopAB2/avrPtoB of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 that mediates ubiquitination and subsequent proteolysis, thus blocking all defense responses by suppressing PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI). Mediates chitin-induced phosphorylation of PBL27 (PubMed:24750441).
Ubiquitinated and targeted to the proteasome by hopAB2/avrPtoB of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000.
PSAD can form complexes with ferredoxin and ferredoxin-oxidoreductase in photosystem I (PS I) reaction center. PSAD may encode the ferredoxin-docking protein (By similarity).
PsaD can form complexes with ferredoxin and ferredoxin-oxidoreductase in photosystem I (PS I) reaction center. PSAD may encode the ferredoxin-docking protein.
Disturbed production of mannose-carrying glycosylinositol phosphorylceramides (GIPCs) in gmt1-3 (PubMed:27895225). Dwarf plants exhibiting a constitutive hypersensitive response characterized by elevated salicylic acid (SA) and hydrogen peroxide H(2)O(2) levels (PubMed:27895225). Reduced cellulose content, but increased lignin accumulation in cell walls (PubMed:27895225). In epc1-1, strong growth reduction, mechanical fragility, defects in vascular formation and enhanced secondary growth in hypocotyl tissues probably due to abnormal cell-cell adhesion properties in hypocotyl, cotyledon and cortical parenchyma tissues (PubMed:16045474). Ectopic callose deposition, increased glucose level, but reduced level of galactose in cell walls (PubMed:16045474). In epc1-2, dwarf, reduced cell size, defective root hair development, delayed flowering, early senescence, and hypersensitivity to abscisic acid (ABA) during germination and root elongation (PubMed:17426055). Reduced levels of beta-(1,4)-galactan (PubMed:17426055).
Expressed in leaves, roots, stem, and flowers.
Initially thought to be involved in cell-cell adhesion (PubMed:16045474), this function could not be confirmed (PubMed:17426055).
Mannosyl transferase (ManT) required for the biosynthesis of mannose-carrying glycosylinositol phosphorylceramides (GIPCs) (PubMed:27895225). Maybe involved in cell-cell adhesion that maintains the integrity of organs by providing mechanical strength and facilitating the movement of metabolites throughout the plant during development (PubMed:16045474). Prevents abscisic acid- (ABA-) mediated effects on development (e.g. cell size, flowering time, senescence). Probably implicated in beta-(1,4)-galactan biosynthesis thus being a cell-wall synthesis-related (CWSR) protein (PubMed:17426055, PubMed:20687615).
By phosphate deprivation, mostly isoform 2.
A stretch of 270 kb of the mitochondrial genome is duplicated within the centromere of chromosome 2 resulting in the duplication of the gene. The expression of this duplicated gene (At2g07719) is not demonstrated.
Component of the origin recognition complex (ORC) composed of at least ORC1 (ORC1A or ORC1B), ORC2, ORC3, ORC4, ORC5 and ORC6. ORC is regulated in a cell-cycle and development dependent manner. It is sequentially assembled at the exit from anaphase of mitosis and disassembled as cells enter S phase. Interacts directly with ORC2, ORC3, ORC4 and ORC5 (PubMed:16179646, PubMed:15358564). Binds mostly unmodified histone H3, and, with lower efficiency, H3K4me1 H3K4me2 and H3K4me3 (PubMed:26876097).
Essential protein (PubMed:19171893). Component of the origin recognition complex (ORC) that binds origins of replication. It has a role in both chromosomal replication and mating type transcriptional silencing. Binds to the ARS consensus sequence (ACS) of origins of replication (By similarity). H3K4me3 effector that regulates positively the transcription of a subset of genes (PubMed:19171893).
Follow a cell-cycle regulation with a peak at the G1/S-phase (PubMed:16179646). Mostly expressed in siliques, flowers and flower buds, and, to a lower extent, in roots, leaves and stems (PubMed:16179646, PubMed:15358564).
Preferentially expressed in endoreplicating cells, such as cells of the apical hook of dark-grown seedlings.
May form heterodimeric complexes with TALE/KNOX proteins.
Expressed in roots, stems, flowers, seeds, and leaves. Mostly present in leaf rims and cotyledons of developing seedlings.
High-affinity permease involved in the transport of the cationic amino acids (e.g. arginine, and, to a lower extent, citrulline and glutamate). Transport mostly basic amino acids, and, to a lower extent neutral and acidic amino acids.
Belongs to the DCC thiol-disulfide oxidoreductase family.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that acts as a regulator of cell death and defense. E3 ubiquitin ligases accept ubiquitin from an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme in the form of a thioester and then directly transfers the ubiquitin to targeted substrates. Attenuates the activation of defense and related cell death responses in the absence of pathogens by mediating ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of MYB30.
Interacts with MYB30 (PubMed:23403577). Interacts with GILP (PubMed:21526181).
(Microbial infection) Involved in resistance response to the pathogenic oomycetes Phytophthora infestans and Phytophthora capsici.
Circadian-regulation. Expression increase during the dark phase and decrease during the light phase. Induced by cycloheximide (CHX), sclareol, and heavy metals such as Pb(2+) ions. ETR1-, EIN2-, JAR1-, NPR1- and EDS5-dependent induction by incompatible fungal pathogens (A.brassicicola), by compatible fungal pathogens (S.sclerotiorum and F.oxysporum), and by compatible bacterial pathogens (P.syringae pv tomato). Also induced by phytohormones such as salicylic acid (SA), methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and ethylene. Induced by abscisic acid (ABA) treatment and drought via a WRKY1-mediated regulation (PubMed:20133880, PubMed:26820136). In cauline leaves, activated by cold stress, but repressed by heat stress (PubMed:22525244). Within inflorescence meristems, down-regulated by both cold and heat stress treatments (PubMed:22525244). In developing siliques, activated by cold stress, but unaffected by heat stress (PubMed:22525244).
High affinity abscisic acid (ABA) transporter that mediates the import of ABA, with a preference for (+)-ABA, through the plasma membrane, especially in guard cells, and is involved in the intercellular and intracellular ABA signaling pathways leading, for example, to stomatal closure, thus conferring drought tolerance (PubMed:20935463, PubMed:20133880, PubMed:26517905). Together with ABCG30, import into the embryo the ABA delivered from the endosperm via ABCG25 and ABCG31-mediated export to suppress radicle extension and subsequent embryonic growth (PubMed:26334616). May be a general defense protein (By similarity). Functions as a pump to exclude Pb(2+) ions and/or Pb(2+)-containing toxic compounds from the cytoplasm. Contributes to Pb(2+) ions resistance. Confers some resistance to the terpene sclareol (PubMed:14526118, PubMed:15923333).
In leaves, mostly observed in guard cells.
Increased susceptibility to the oomycetes Phytophthora brassicae and Phytophthora capsici (PubMed:26011556). Decreased abscisic acid (ABA) uptake through the plasma membrane and strongly delayed up-regulation of ABA responsive genes (e.g. NCED3, ABR1 and RD29B), and associated with a slow stomatal closure in response to ABA and osmotic stress resulting in reduced drought tolerance (PubMed:20133880). Impairment in ABA regulation of seed germination and root development (PubMed:20133880). Early seeds germination on imbibition without stratification, and reduced abscisic acid (ABA)-mediated inhibition of seeds germination (PubMed:26334616).
Inhibited by glibenclamide, verapamil and vanadate (ABC transporters inhibitors).
Mostly observed in inflorescence meristems relative to cauline leaves and developing siliques (PubMed:22525244). Ubiquitous with higher levels in leaves, stems and flowers (PubMed:12430018, PubMed:14526118, PubMed:15923333, PubMed:20133880). Also present in primary and lateral roots (PubMed:20133880). In seeds, mainly expressed in the embryo and, to a lesser extent, in the endosperm (PubMed:26334616).
Expressed in the tapetum cells in the anthers and in the ovules of open flowers.
Polygalacturonase required for degrading the pollen mother cell wall during microspore development.
The mature pollen grains are arranged in a tetrad. A layer of material is frequently deposited on the surface of the distal region of the pollen grains.
Transiently expressed during the early microspore stage.
Expressed in siliques, shoots and roots. Mainly detected in larger expanded leaves, in the companion cells of major veins.
Expressed in roots, inflorescences, open flowers and seeds. Detected in stems and seedlings.
Homo- and heterodimer with other ZFHD proteins. Interacts with HIPP20, HIPP21, HIPP22, HIPP23, HIPP24, HIPP26, HIPP27, HIPP30 and MED25 (via ACID domain). Interacts with NAC019, NAC055 and NAC072 (via NAC binding domain). Binds to ZHD1, ZHD2, ZHD3, ZHD4, ZHD5, ZHD6, ZHD7, ZHD8, ZHD9, ZHD12, ZHD13 and ZHD14.
No visible phenotype. Increased sensitivity to salt stress.
The C-terminus contains the DNA-binding domain (156-218) while the N-terminus contains the transcriptional activation domain (8-82).
Transcription factor involved in the up-regulation of several stress-inducible genes. Acts as a transcriptional activator by interacting with MED25 and NAC proteins. Involved in increased drought tolerance.
Up-regulated by abscisic acid and by drought and salt stress. Not induced by cold.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that regulates the degree of methylesterification of pectin in seed mucilage. May be involved in the recycling of pectin methylesterase enzymes in the endomembrane system of seed coat epidermal cells. Possesses E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity in vitro when associated with the E1 enzyme UBA1 and the E2 enzyme UBC8. May be involved in xylem development.
Highly expressed in stems. Expressed in root xylem and seed coat.
Seed coat mutant displaying primary wall detachment, reduced mucilage extrusion, and increased mucilage adherence. Decreased degree of homogalacturonan methylesterification in seed mucilage.
Binds to actin monomers and regulates the organization of the actin cytoskeleton (PubMed:29861135). At high concentrations, profilin prevents the polymerization of actin, whereas it enhances it at low concentrations (PubMed:29861135). At low concentrations, associates with the poly-proline motif of formins to enhance actin filament elongation rate (PubMed:29861135, PubMed:26996265, PubMed:16313636). Acts redundantly with PRF5 to regulate apical actin polymerization at the tip of pollen tube and control polarized pollen tube growth (PubMed:26433093). Functions probably by favoring formin-mediated actin polymerization at pollen tube tips (PubMed:26433093).
Specifically expressed in mature and germinating pollen grains, and growing pollen tubes (at protein level).
By wounding, methyl jasmonate (MeJA), ethylene. The expression of the peptide PEP1 precursor is induced by the mature peptide PEP1.
Elicitor of plant defense. Induces the production of plant defensin (PDF1.2) and of H(2)O(2) (PubMed:16785434). Promotes resistance to the root fungal pathogen P.irregulare (PubMed:16785434). Triggers the expression of several PROSCOOP genes (e.g. PROSCOOP2, PROSCOOP7, PROSCOOP8, PROSCOOP12 and PROSCOOP13) (PubMed:30715439).
Most highly expressed in flowers, but also expressed in roots, stems, and leaves.
Belongs to the MPDU1 (TC 2.A.43.3) family.
Required for normal utilization of mannose-dolichol phosphate (Dol-P-Man) in the synthesis of N-linked and O-linked oligosaccharides and GPI anchors.
Homodimer. Interacts with RNA. Part of large ribonucleo-protein complexes that include group IIA introns and CRS1 (By similarity).
Required for the splicing of group IIA introns in chloroplasts, by regulating the intron folding. Forms splicing particles with RNA. May also be involved in chloroplast protein translation.
Heterodimer with LCB1. Component of the serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT) complex, composed of LCB1 and LCB2 (LCB2a or LCB2b).
In young flower buds was initially restricted to developing pollen spores within the stamen and is not detected in the petals, glumes or petiole until the flowers are mature.
No visible phenotype. Lcb2a and lcb2b double mutant is not viable due to pollen lethality.
Serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT). The heterodimer formed with LCB1 constitutes the catalytic core. Plays an important role during male gametogenesis and embryogenesis.
Ubiquitous with the highest expression in flowers.
Belongs to the PIEZO (TC 1.A.75) family.
Piezo comes from the Greek 'piesi' meaning pressure.
Pore-forming subunit of a mechanosensitive non-specific cation channel, that conducts both sodium and potassium ions.
Accumulates in tissues undergoing dehiscence and abscission.
Expressed in leaves, stems, flowers, siliques and roots, especially in the vasculature.
Early flowering a reduced number of rosette leaves at bolting stage, but normal development of all other organs (PubMed:33107825, PubMed:25219852). Hyper-methylated genes with accumulation of H3K27me3 histone marks (PubMed:33107825). Reduced FLC expression (PubMed:25219852). Partially redundant with JMJ14. Brassinosteroid-insensitive phenotype. Plants lacking both REF6 and ELF6 have several growth defects, such as increased number of petals, reduced silique length, embryos with patterning defects, and pleiotropic defects in leaf morphology, such as serrations and downward curling; these defects are caused by epimutations arising in offspring lineage due to a lack of H3K27me3 resetting during sexual reproduction (PubMed:33107825).
Expressed at low levels in seedlings, cotyledons and leaves (PubMed:25219852). Detected in inflorescences, stems, roots and siliques but not in shoot apical meristems or root tips. Accumulates in flowers and embryos (PubMed:25219852).
Histone demethylase that demethylates 'Lys-27' (H3K27me) of histone H3, thus acting as a positive regulator of gene expression (PubMed:33107825). Demethylates tri-methylated (H3K27me3) and di-methylated (H3K27me2) H3K27me (PubMed:33107825). Inactive on H3K27me1, H3K4me3, H3K9me2 and H3K36me3 (PubMed:33107825). Acts as a repressor of the photoperiodic flowering pathway and of FT (PubMed:33107825). May also be active on H3K4me. Binds around the transcription start site of the FT locus. Required for epigenetic reprogramming by resetting the expression of the floral repressor FLC locus, thus aluviating cold-mediated FLC epigenetically silencing occurring during vernalization and preventing inapropriate epigenetic states inheritence (PubMed:25219852, PubMed:33107825).
Together with REF6, required for H3K27me3 resetting (especially in constitutive heterochromatin within the pericentromeric regions) and transgenerational inheritance of histone marks, thus acting in safeguarding genome and epigenome integrity during sexual reproduction.
Belongs to the proteasome subunit S5A family.
Component of the 19S regulatory particle (RP/PA700) base subcomplex of the 26S proteasome. The 26S proteasome is composed of a core protease (CP), known as the 20S proteasome, capped at one or both ends by the 19S regulatory particle (RP/PA700). The RP/PA700 complex is composed of at least 17 different subunits in two subcomplexes, the base and the lid, which form the portions proximal and distal to the 20S proteolytic core, respectively. Interacts with PI4KG4. Interacts with RAD23s and DSK2s via its UIM3 and UIM1 motif, respectively. Interacts with 'Lys-48'-linked polyubiquitin chains via its UIM1 motif.
Displays reduced seed germination, growth rate, stamen number, genetic transmission through the male gamete, hormone-induced cell division and increased oxidative stress tolerance. Is also more sensitive to abscisic acid (ABA), salt, sucrose stress, heat shock and DNA-damaging agents and shows a decreased sensitivity to cytokinin and auxin. In flowers, epidermal cells in petals were larger than those in the wild type.
Plays a role in maintaining the structural integrity of the 19S regulatory particle (RP), subcomplex of the 26S proteasome. Plays a major role in both the direct and indirect recognition of ubiquitinated substrates of ubiquitin/26S proteasome-mediated proteolysis (UPP). Binds and presumably selects ubiquitin-conjugates for destruction. Prefers multiubiquitin chains rather than single ubiquitins, with a binding affinity for 'Lys-48'-linked ubiquitin chains. Acts as a potential docking subunit for both ubiquitin receptors RAD23s and DSK2s. Plays a role in the growth and development via the proteasome-dependent degradation of the ABA-signaling protein ABI5/DPBF1. Plays an important role for balancing cell expansion with cell proliferation rates during shoot development.
Expressed in guard cell-containing tissues, in root epidermal cells and in root hairs. Detected in vascular cells of the root and shoot.
Major selective outward-rectifying potassium channel of the guard cell membrane. Involved in regulation of stomatal movements according to the water status. Assuming opened or closed conformations in response to the voltage difference across the membrane, the channel is activated by depolarization. Conductance of the channel is modulated in a potassium-dependent fashion. May interact with the cytoskeleton or with regulatory proteins.
Up-regulated under drought, salt stress and cold conditions. Induced by abscisic acid (ABA) treatment in roots and shoots but not in guard cells.
Catalyzes the reduction of methionine sulfoxide (MetSO) to methionine in proteins. Specifically reduces the MetSO R-enantiomer. Plays a protective role against oxidative stress by restoring activity to proteins that have been inactivated by methionine oxidation. May play an essential function in association with MSRB1 in maintaining vegetative growth during environmental constraints, through the preservation of photosynthetic antennae. MSRB1 and MSRB2 account for most of the leaf peptide MSR capacity.
Expressed in stems, young leaves, floral buds and flowers. Expressed at low levels in roots, mature leaves and siliques (at protein level).
Reduced by thioredoxins f, m, x and y through a dithiol-disulfide exchange involving both redox-active Cys of the two partners.
By abscisic acid (ABA), by salt stress, by indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and during darkness conditions. Down-regulated by cytokinin.
Expressed in root meristem, late flowers and siliques.
Probable transcription factor that may play a regulatory role in auxin/cytokinin signaling during root development.
Homo- and heterodimer. Interacts with MYC2, AFPH2/NINJA, TIFY10A/JAZ1, TIFY6B/JAZ3, TIFY5A/JAZ8, TIFY9/JAZ10 and TIFY3A/JAZ11 (PubMed:19151223, PubMed:19309455, PubMed:20360743). Interacts with RHD6 and RSL1 (PubMed:31988260).
Repressor of jasmonate responses (PubMed:19151223). Interacts with and suppresses RHD6 and RSL1 transcription factor activities to negatively regulate jasmonate-stimulated root hair development (PubMed:31988260).
The jas domain (259-284) is required for interaction with COI1.
By UV-C illumination (PubMed:15053760). Accumulates in response to the mutagens rose Bengal (RB) and methyl methane sulfonate (MMS) (PubMed:15133154).
DNA helicase that possesses intrinsic ATP-dependent nucleosome-remodeling activity and is both required for DNA repair and heterochromatin organization. Promotes DNA end resection of double-strand breaks (DSBs) following DNA damage: probably acts by weakening histone DNA interactions in nucleosomes flanking DSBs (By similarity). Probable chromatin remodeling factor. Probable helicase-like transcription factor involved in transcriptional gene silencing. Associates with SUVR2 and contributes to transcriptional gene silencing at RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) target loci but also at RdDM-independent target loci. May be involved in nucleosome positioning to form ordered nucleosome arrays on chromatin (PubMed:25420628).
Induction by the mutagens rose Bengal (RB) and methyl methane sulfonate (MMS) is enhanced in progeny of Chernobyl plants exposed to ionizing radiation thus leading to a higher resistance to DNA damages.
Functions as response regulator involved in His-to-Asp phosphorelay signal transduction system. Phosphorylation of the Asp residue in the receiver domain activates the ability of the protein to promote the transcription of target genes. Type-A response regulators seem to act as negative regulators of the cytokinin signaling (By similarity).
Homodimer. No interactions with STL1, STL2, CESA1, CESA3, CESA4, CESA6, CESA7 or CESA8.
May be involved in fusion of ER-derived transport vesicles with the Golgi complex.
Mostly expressed in siliques, and, to a lower extent, in stems, leaves, flowers and siliques. Present in pollen. In the stems of secondary inflorescences present in the phloem cells and xylem parenchyma cells.
Catalyzes two steps in the biosynthesis of the molybdenum cofactor. In the first step, molybdopterin is adenylated. Subsequently, molybdate is inserted into adenylated molybdopterin and AMP is released.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the MoeA family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the MoaB/Mog family.
The G domain: homotrimer or homohexamer. The E domain: homodimer.
Oxidoreductase acting on a broad range of substrates: reduces ketosteroids, aromatic aldehydes, ketones, sugars and other aliphatic aldehydes, and oxidizes hydroxysteroids (PubMed:19616008). Aldehyde reductase that catalyzes the reduction of the aldehyde carbonyl groups on saturated and alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes (PubMed:21169366). No activity on alpha,beta-unsaturated ketones (PubMed:21169366). Can use propionaldehyde, butyraldehyde, methylglyoxal, (E)-2-pentenal, (E)-2-hexenal, (Z)-3-hexenal and (E)-2-nonenal as substrates, propenal (acrolein), crotonaldehyde, but not 2-butanone, 3-buten-2-one or 1-penten-3-one (PubMed:21169366). May function as detoxifiying enzyme by reducing a range of toxic aldehydes and ketones produced during stress (PubMed:19616008).
Expressed in siliques but not in flower buds.
Expression restricted to early to mid-stage of silique development.
Expressed predominantly in roots. First strongly detected in all cell types of the root except at the apex. Later expressed at the root-shoot junction.
Part of the nuclear pore complex (NPC). The NPC has an eight-fold symmetrical structure comprising a central transport channel and two rings, the cytoplasmic and nuclear rings, to which eight filaments are attached. The cytoplasmic filaments have loose ends, while the nuclear filaments are joined in a distal ring, forming a nuclear basket. NPCs are highly dynamic in configuration and composition, and can be devided in 3 subcomplexes, the NUP62 subcomplex, the NUP107-160 subcomplex and the NUP93 subcomplex, containing approximately 30 different nucleoporin proteins. Interacts with DDB1A.
Component of the cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor (CPSF) complex (Probable). Can form homodimers (PubMed:18479511). Binds to calmodulin (PubMed:16500995, PubMed:16897494). Forms a complex with cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor (CPSF) subunits CPSF73-I, CPSF73-II, CPSF100, CPSF160, CFIS2, FIPS3, FIPS5, PAPS2, PAPS3, CLPS3, PCFS1, PCFS4, CSTF50 and CSTF77 (PubMed:16282318, PubMed:18479511, PubMed:20214900, PubMed:17576667, PubMed:19573236).
Component of the cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor (CPSF) complex that play a key role in pre-mRNA 3'-end formation. May interact with poly(A) polymerase and other factors to bring about cleavage and poly(A) addition (By similarity). Mediates poly(A) site selection (PubMed:23136375). Binds RNA in a calcium-dependent manner (PubMed:16500995, PubMed:17576667, PubMed:20214900). Exhibits endonuclease activity with an ability to nick and degrade linear as well as circular single-stranded RNA that leaves RNA 3' ends with hydroxyl groups, thus mediating processing of the pre-mRNA as a prelude to the polyadenylation (PubMed:17576667). Involved in the post-transcriptional control, probably via poly(A) addition, of the responses of plants to stress, especially genes mediating tolerance to oxidative stress (PubMed:18545667). Plays a role in the regulation of salicylic acid (SA) production via the control of messenger RNA 3' end processing, thus being a key component of programmed cell death and plant immune responses required for resistance to virulent Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato DC3000 (Pst) (PubMed:24706550).
Endonuclease activity is repressed by the N-terminal domain of FIPS5 (PubMed:17576667). Nuclease activity is inhibited by zinc (>100 uM), cadmium in a progressive manner (50 percent activity at 1 mM Cd(2+)), and high salt levels (e.g. KCl or NaCl >600 mM). Stimulated by ATP in the presence of Zn(2+), even at inhibitory zinc concentrations. Elevated temperatures prevent RNA-binding at 55 degrees Celsius, but endonuclease activity at 70 degrees Celsius. The sulfhydryl reagent dithiothreitol (DTT) inhibits both RNA-binding and nuclease activities (PubMed:18331819).
Expressed in seedlings, roots, leaves, siliques, stems and flowers.
In oxt6, small plants, especially at temperatures above 22 degrees Celsius. Enhanced tolerance to oxidative stress associated with elevated constitutive expression of genes that encode proteins containing thioredoxin- and glutaredoxin- related domains (PubMed:18545667). Altered poly(A) site choice (PubMed:18545667, PubMed:23136375). Suppresses cell death in lesion-mimic mutants (e.g. mips1, lsd1, mkk4, cpr5, and cat2). Enhanced sensitivity to virulent Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato DC3000 (Pst) (PubMed:24706550).
Isoform 2 is up-regulated by exposure to the oxidative agent methyl viologen (MV).
Abolished rosette shoot development, reduced inflorescence with several flowers lacking petals, and differentiation of the apical meristem from indeterminate to determinate growth by producing a single terminal flower on all nodes. Altered inflorescence-to-flower transition. Degenerated flowers with only carpelloid structures capped with stigmatic papillae but lacking leaves, petals and stamen. Derepressed seed development program. Decreased H3K27me3 marks but increased H3K4me3 marks on target gene loci (PubMed:23632855). Plants missing both EMF1 and ULT1 have rescued normal H3K27me3 marks and H3K4me3 marks (PubMed:23632855).
After flowering, expressed in the stigma and anthers.
Expressed in mature embryo, root tips, cotyledons, leaves, stems, shoot apex, and flower clusters, with highest levels in flowers. The presence in the shoot apical meristem (SAM) is required to maintain vegetative development and prevent early flowering.
Transcription repressor that regulates phase transition during shoot, flower and seeds development. Controls leaves development, shoot architecture and flowering by delaying both the vegetative to reproductive transition and flower initiation. Participates in polycomb group (PcG) protein complex-mediated (including EMF2) silencing of the flower homeotic genes AGAMOUS (AG), PISTILLATA (PI), and APETALA3 (AP3), as well as of some regulatory genes such as ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE3 (ABI3), LONG VEGETATIVE PHASE1 (LOV1), and FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) during vegetative development. Required for histone methylation or for maintaining a stable histone methylation (e.g. H3K27me3) pattern of repressed target genes (including genes involved in salt stress response and flower development); this repression is counteracted by ULT1 (PubMed:23632855). Can bind non specifically DNA (both double- and single-stranded) and RNA.
Component of a trans-Golgi network (TGN)-localized ECH/YIP4 complex made of ECH, YIP4A and YIP4B (PubMed:23832588). Interacts directly with YIP4A and YIP4B (PubMed:23832588).
Golgi membrane protein involved in vesicular trafficking.
Mediates trans-Golgi-network trafficking and cell elongation (PubMed:21512130, PubMed:23832588). Required for keeping the appropriate balance between secretory trafficking and vacuolar targeting of a subset of proteins (PubMed:21512130). The ECH/YIP4 complex is involved in the modulation of the trans-Golgi network (TGN)-mediated trafficking of some proteins and cell wall components (e.g. pectin and hemicellulose) to the cell wall in dark-grown hypocotyls and in secretory cells of the seed coat (PubMed:23832588).
Severe size reduction of all organs (PubMed:21512130, PubMed:23832588). Abnormal cell wall composition (PubMed:23832588).
Expressed in embryos from the initiation of germination.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but freshly harvested seeds of mutant plants show reduced seed dormancy.
Over-expression of AGP30 severely affects shoot development.
Proteoglycan required for the timing of seed germination. May function in the abscisic acid (ABA) response.
No visible phenotype. Myob1, myob2 and myob3 triple mutant has a significant height reduction and a delayed flowering. Myob1, myob2, myob3 and myob4 quadruple mutant has a significant height reduction, a reduced rosette diameter and a delayed flowering.
The GTD-binding domain is sufficient for myosin binding.
Low local and systemic induction by wounding.
Impaired pollen germination and pollen tube growth thus leading to disrupted male transmission.
Mostly expressed in pollen grains and pollen tubes, and, at low levels, in seedlings, roots, stems, leaves, flowers and siliques.
Probable nucleotide-diphospho-sugar transferase required for pollen germination and tube growth.
Strongly down-regulated by abscisic acid (ABA).
Expressed specifically in flowers and pollen.
Part of a SCF (ASK-cullin-F-box) protein ligase complex (By similarity). Interacts with SKP1A/ASK1, SKP1B/ASK2, ASK3, ASK9, ASK11, ASK12, ASK13, ASK14, ASK16 and ASK18.
Belongs to the transferase hexapeptide repeat family. LpxD subfamily.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but plants lacking LPXD1 accumulate very low levels of 2,3-diacylglucosamine-1-phosphate.
Ubiquitous but weakly expressed in flowers and stems.
Glycosylation at least at one of the two sites Asn-51 and Asn-301 is necessary for enzyme stability and activity.
Glycosyltransferase involved in the xylosylation of N-glycans (PubMed:10781814, PubMed:12943552, PubMed:15013764, PubMed:15686448). Possesses beta-1,2-xylosyltransferase activity, transferring xylose from UDP-xylose to the core beta-linked mannose of N-glycans (PubMed:10781814, PubMed:12943552, PubMed:15013764, PubMed:15686448). Involved in the biosynthesis of glycoprotein bound N-glycans (PubMed:15686448, PubMed:22024534). Does not require metal ions for its activity (PubMed:15686448).
Renders plant glycoproteins immunogenic and allergenic in human. This is due to the presence of beta-1,2-xylose and/or core alpha-1,3-fucose which are not found in mammalian proteins, and which constitute epitopes for carbohydrate-reactive antibodies.
Involved in splicing regulation. Facilitates post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) by limiting the degradation of transgene aberrant RNAs by the RNA quality control (RQC) machinery, thus favoring their entry into cytoplasmic siRNA bodies where they can trigger PTGS. Does not participate in the production of small RNAs.
No visible phenotype (PubMed:26842463). Smd1a and smd2b double mutants are embryo lethal (PubMed:26842463).
SMD1A and SMD1B have redundant activity, but consistent with their expression level, SMD1B is more important than SMD1A and either one copy of SMD1B or two copies of SMD1A is necessary for the plant to survive.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family. Haspin subfamily.
During embryogenesis, expressed in embryos and suspensors from the one-cell stage to the four-cell stage. Expressed in the embryo until the torpedo stage.
Expressed in meristems and primordia of root tips, lateral roots, shoot apex, leaves and flowers.
Over-expression of an inactive kinase mutant decreases the size of the root meristem and delays root growth.
Threonine-protein kinase that phosphorylates histone H3 in vitro at 'Thr-3' (H3T3ph) and 'Thr-11' (H3T11ph), but not at 'Ser-10' (H3S10ph) or 'Ser-28' (H3S28ph). Plays a role in mitotic cell division during plant growth (PubMed:21527018). Threonine-protein kinase that phosphorylates histone H3 in vitro at 'Thr-3' (H3T3ph), but not at 'Thr-11' (H3T11ph), 'Ser-10' (H3S10ph) or 'Ser-28' (H3S28ph). Involved in histone H3 phosphorylation in mitotic cells. Contributes to organ and plant development, as well as embryonic patterning (PubMed:21749502).
Belongs to the proteasome subunit p27 family.
Aldehyde oxidases (AO) are homodimers and heterodimers of AO subunits. AO-beta is a AAO1-AAO2 heterodimer; AO-gamma is a AAO2 homodimer. AAO2 also forms a dimer with AAO3.
In higher plant aldehyde oxidases (AO) appear to be homo- and heterodimeric assemblies of AO subunits with probably different physiological functions. In vitro, AO-gamma uses heptaldehyde, benzaldehyde, naphthaldehyde and cinnamaldehyde as substrates; AO-beta uses indole-3-acetaldehyde (IAAld), indole-3-aldehyde (IAld) and naphtaldehyde; the AAO2-AAO3 dimer uses abscisic aldehyde.
Strongly inhibited by iodoacetate, potassium cyanide (KCN), 2-mercaptoethanol, dithiothreitol (DTT), p-chloromercuribenzoate, menadione and estradiol. Weakly inhibited by 4'-(9-acridinylamino)methanesulfon-m-anisidine (mAMSA) and tritonX-100. Not affected by allopurinol.
Weakly expressed in roots, leaves and seedlings. In seedlings, mostly expressed in lower part of hypocotyls. Detectable in seeds and mature siliques at low levels.
May play a role in the transport of iron in the plastids.
Fewer and shorter root hairs (PubMed:30770391). Plants lacking both ARAC4/ROP2 and ARAC3/ROP6 exhibit long and narrow petals, as well as increased anisotropic cell expansion of petal epidermis during flower development, as a result of increased microtubule ordering in petal abaxial epidermal cells (PubMed:31623377).
Inactive GDP-bound Rho GTPases reside in the cytosol, are found in a complex with Rho GDP-dissociation inhibitors (Rho GDIs), and are released from the GDI protein in order to translocate to membranes upon activation (By similarity). Involved in cell polarity control during the actin-dependent tip growth of root hairs, thus regulating root hair length and root hair initiation (PubMed:30770391). Contributes, in a SPK1-dependent manner, to the prevention of cortical microtubules organization into parallel arrays oriented perpendicular to the axis of cell elongation to limit anisotropic cell growth during petal development (PubMed:31623377). May regulate a WAVE complex that activates the Arp2/3 complex.
Interacts with SPK1, ICR1, ICR5 and PIR.
Belongs to the BPG-independent phosphoglycerate mutase family. A-PGAM subfamily.
Belongs to the diphthine synthase family.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyltransferase that catalyzes four methylations of the modified target histidine residue in translation elongation factor 2 (EF-2), to form an intermediate called diphthine methyl ester. The four successive methylation reactions represent the second step of diphthamide biosynthesis.
Interacts with P.syringae type III effector HopF2.
Although this sequence has a C-terminal -CXXX, it is palmitoylated at Cys-206, rather than prenylated.
Acts as a calcium sensor involved in abscisic acid (ABA) signaling and stress-induced ABA biosynthesis pathways. Contributes to the regulation of early stress-related CBF/DREB transcription factors. CBL proteins interact with CIPK serine-threonine protein kinases. Binding of a CBL protein to the regulatory NAF domain of a CIPK protein lead to the activation of the kinase in a calcium-dependent manner. May function as a negative regulator of stress and ABA responses. Mediates the activation of AKT1 by CIPK proteins (CIPK6, CIPK16, and CIPK23) in response to low potassium conditions and in the context of stomatal movement. Involved in the calcium-dependent regulation by CIPK26 of reactive oxygen species production by the NADPH oxidase RBOHF. The CBL9/CIPK3 complex acts in the regulation of abscisic acid response in seed germination.
By drought, cold, salt and abscisic acid (ABA) treatments.
Homodimer (By similarity). Part of a K(+)-channel calcium-sensing kinase/phosphatase complex composed by a calcium sensor CBL (CBL1, CBL2, CBL3 or CBL9), a kinase CIPK (CIPK6, CIPK16 or CIPK23), a phosphatase PP2C (AIP1) and a K(+)-channel (AKT1). Interacts with CIPK1, CIPK3, CIPK6, CIPK8, CIPK14, CIPK16, CIPK18, CIPK21, CIPK23, CIPK24 and CIPK26.
Hypersensitivity to abscisic acid in the early developmental stages.
The N-terminal 12 amino acids are sufficient for cell membrane targeting.
Ubiquitous. Colocalized with CIPK23 in root tips and vascular bundles in the stem and the leaf, as well as in guard cells and root hairs.
Catalyzes the methyl esterification of L-isoaspartyl residues in peptides and proteins that result from spontaneous decomposition of normal L-aspartyl and L-asparaginyl residues. It plays a role in the repair and/or degradation of damaged proteins. Contributes to seed longevity and germination vigor by limiting the abnormal accumulation of the L-isoaspartyl residues in seed proteins.
Expressed in roots, rosette leaves, stems, cauline leaves, flowers and developing seeds.
Seeds over-expressing PIMT1 have reduced accumulation of L-isoaspartyl residues in seed proteins and increased seed longevity and germination vigor. Conversely, reduced PIMT1 expression is associated with an increase in the accumulation of L-isoaspartyl residues in proteins, leading to increased sensitivity to aging treatments and loss of seed vigor under stressful germination conditions (PubMed:19011119).
Defects in vascular organization and phloem differentiation in inflorescence stems, characterized by aberrant accumulation of highly lignified cells, typical of xylem or fiber cells, within the phloem, and phloem cells sometimes adjacent to xylem cells. Malformed vascular cells files, probably due to defects in oriented cell divisions or cell morphology, and leading to both phloem specification defects and disrupted xylem vessel formation. Short inflorescence stems and increased anthocyanin accumulation in leaves (PubMed:21853254). Reduced total lateral root density, due to a reduction in stage I and II lateral root primordia and, to a lower extent, to fewer emerged lateral roots. Impaired sensitivity to CEP5 with respect to root growth regulation (PubMed:27296247). Growth retardation accompanied with nitrogen (N)-deficiency symptoms. Slight enhanced lateral root elongation in simple mutant. The double mutant cepr1 cepr2 is insensitive to CEP1 in a root growth regulation and exhibit pleiotropic phenotype characterized by pale-green leaves and enhanced lateral root elongation. At adult stage, smaller rosette leaves and shorter floral stems, accompanied by anthocyanin accumulation. Down-regulation of genes involved in N uptake and assimilation pathways (e.g. NRT1.1, NRT2.1 and NRT3.1) leading to impaired nitrate uptake activity. Altered systemic induction of genes involved in N uptake and assimilation pathways in N-depletion conditions (PubMed:25324386).
Expressed in the vasculature, especially in phloem and procambium regions, from the mature embryo stage through the adult plant (PubMed:21853254). Excluded from early stages of lateral root development (PubMed:27296247).
Expressed in the vasculature, especially in phloem and procambium regions, of stems, leaves, cotyledons, sepals, pedals, pedicels, hypocotyls and roots (in primary and lateral roots, but not in root tips) (PubMed:21853254, PubMed:25324386). Expressed in the root from the basal meristem onward. Present in the phloem pole pericycle and in the adjacent phloem (PubMed:27296247).
Interacts with the root-derived peptides CEP1, CEP3 and CEP5.
Receptor kinase involved in the perception of C-terminally encoded plant signaling peptide (CEP) and subsequent regulation of root and shoot development (PubMed:25324386). Required for xylem and phloem cell files morphology and organization, probably by preventing ectopic lignification in phloem cells (PubMed:21853254). Together with CEPR2, mediates systemic nitrogen (N)-demand signaling upon the perception of root-derived peptides (e.g. CEP1) via the up-regulation of genes involved in N uptake and assimilation pathways (PubMed:25324386). Regulates positively lateral root initiation and development; probably repressed by the signaling peptide CEP5 (PubMed:27296247).
Expressed ubiquitously, with higher levels in stems, inflorescences and roots (PubMed:10652141, PubMed:20345641). Present in mature pollen grains, unpollinated pistils, and 2-week-old seedlings (PubMed:18791220).
Gametophyte defective when both XPO1A and XPO1B are disrupted. Abnormal pollen germination and tube growth, impaired female gametophyte development and embryo lethal (PubMed:18791220). Impaired ability to withstand moderate heat stress (37 degrees Celsius). Enhanced sensitivity to methyl viologen (MV)-induced oxidative stress (PubMed:20345641).
Receptor for the leucine-rich nuclear export signal (NES). Binds cooperatively to the NES on its target protein and to the small GTPase Ran in its active GTP-bound form (PubMed:10652141, PubMed:16766674). Required for the maternal-to-embryonic transition and during gametophyte development (PubMed:18791220). Involved in heat-induced oxidative stress basal resistance (PubMed:20345641).
Target of TAS1 (trans-acting siRNA precursor 1)-derived small interfering RNAs in response to temperature variations (By similarity). Highly up-regulated in seedlings exposed to heat shock (PubMed:24728648).
Accumulates in leaves 1.5 hours postinfiltration of Pseudomonas syringae.
Disease resistance (R) protein that mediates resistance against Hyaloperonospora parasitica in a salicylic acid-dependent manner. Also mediates resistance against Erysiphe cichoracearum is both salicylic acid-dependent and partially NPR1-dependent. Resistance proteins guard the plant against pathogens that contain an appropriate avirulence protein via an indirect interaction with this avirulence protein. That triggers a defense system including the hypersensitive response, which restricts the pathogen growth.
Belongs to the complex I subunit 4L family.
Constitutively expressed in leaves and blades.
Interacts with the Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola effector HopW1-1 (via C-terminus).
Protein phosphatase that modulates defense response to pathogenic bacteria, conferring resistance and promoting salicylic acid (SA) accumulation.
Early detected in the floral meristem and floral organ primordia. At later stages, expressed in all floral organs and in particular in the ovule.
Expressed in seedlings, leaves and pistils. Detected in the base of flowers and tips of carpels, in leaf and sepal vasculature, in young rosette, in the lateral and tip of primary roots, and in the whole ovule.
Transcriptional regulator that specifically binds to GA-rich elements (GAGA-repeats) present in regulatory sequences of genes involved in developmental processes. Negatively regulates the homeotic gene AGL11/STK, which controls ovule primordium identity, by a cooperative binding to purine-rich elements present in the regulatory sequence leading to DNA conformational changes.
Component of the 30S ribosomal translation pre-initiation complex which assembles on the 30S ribosome in the order IF-2 and IF-3, IF-1 and N-formylmethionyl-tRNA(fMet); mRNA recruitment can occur at any time during PIC assembly.
One of the essential components for the initiation of protein synthesis. Stabilizes the binding of IF-2 and IF-3 on the 30S subunit to which N-formylmethionyl-tRNA(fMet) subsequently binds. Helps modulate mRNA selection, yielding the 30S pre-initiation complex (PIC). Upon addition of the 50S ribosomal subunit IF-1, IF-2 and IF-3 are released leaving the mature 70S translation initiation complex.
Expressed in developing leaf epidermis (PubMed:17183265). Reduced accumulation in the stomatal lineage ground cells (SLGCs) where BASL is polarized in the cell cortex (PubMed:27746029). Observed in small cells of non-protruding hypocotyl cell files and of developing cotyledon epidermis (PubMed:22466366). Restricted to meristemoids (stomatal precursor cell) in leaves epidermis, mostly in dividing cells of non-protruding cell files (PubMed:25680231, PubMed:18641265, PubMed:19008449).
First observed in a subset of undifferentiated epidermal cells, often by pair of neighboring cells. Later confined to small epidermal cells, including cells that have recently divided next to stomatal lineage cells. Also expressed in stomatal lineage cells, fading out progressively during meristemoid determination.
Homodimer (Probable). Forms dimers with SCRM and SCRM2 (PubMed:18641265, PubMed:28507175). May interact with CDKA-1 (PubMed:25680231).
Negatively regulated through phosphorylation by the MAPK module (PubMed:19008449). Activity is constrained by polarized BASL in stomatal lineage ground cells (SLGCs) undergoing ACD (PubMed:27746029).
Phosphorylated by ASK7/BIN2 and ASK3/SK12; this post-translational modification inhibits activity and limit epidermal cell proliferation (PubMed:30429609, PubMed:22466366). Phosphorylation by MPK3 and MPK6 leads to the inhibition of stomatal fate and to degradation (PubMed:25843888, PubMed:19008449). Stabilized by CDKA-1-mediated phosphorylation at Ser-186 which promotes stomatal development (PubMed:25680231).
Repressed by brassinazole (BRZ), thus leading to a reduced number of stomata in hypocotyls (PubMed:25680231). Inhibited by low relative humidity (LRH) via epigenetic CG methylation, thus leading to a reduced stomatal index (PubMed:22442411). Repressed by YDA (at protein level) (PubMed:19008449). Post-transcriptional decrease of protein level in response to osmotic stress (e.g. mannitol), through the action of a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade; this repression is reversed by the MAPK kinase inhibitor PD98059 (PubMed:25381317).
Stomatal defects in cotyledons and hypocotyls.
Transcription factor acting as an integration node for stomata and brassinosteroid (BR) signaling pathways to control stomatal initiation and development (PubMed:22466366, PubMed:28507175). Activates transcription when in the presence of SCRM/ICE1 (PubMed:28507175). Functions as a dimer with SCRM or SCRM2 during stomatal initiation (PubMed:18641265). Required for the initiation, the spacing and the formation of stomata, by promoting the first asymmetric cell divisions (PubMed:25843888, PubMed:25680231, PubMed:19008449). Together with FMA and MUTE, modulates the stomata formation. Involved in the regulation of growth reduction under osmotic stress (e.g. mannitol), associated with a quick decrease of meristemoid mother cells (MMCs) number lower stomatal index and density (PubMed:25381317).
Expressed in root steele. Detected in shoots, leaves, stems, siliques, flowers and cotyledons.
Ferric chelate reductase involved in iron reduction in roots. May participate in the transport of electrons to a Fe(3+) ion via FAD and heme intermediates.
It is not clear whether or not FRO3 functions in iron import to mitochondria or is involved in iron efflux to the cytosol.
Up-regulated in roots and shoots by iron deficiency and copper deficiency.
Hydrolase that can remove conjugated ubiquitin from proteins in vitro and may therefore play an important regulatory role at the level of protein turnover by preventing degradation (PubMed:24659992). Cysteine protease with a preference for 'Lys-63' and 'Lys-48' -linked ubiquitin (UB) tetramers as substrates (PubMed:24659992).
Expressed in aerial parts. Not detected in roots and meristematic tissue. Expressed in cotyledons, adult leaves, stigma and anther filaments. Detected in the embryo.
Up-regulated in the aerial parts by dark treatment. Not regulated by high CO(2) levels.
Expressed in root tip, lateral root primordia, leaves, shoot apex, stem vascular bundles, pollen and embryos.
Plays an important role in the biosynthesis of the phospholipid phosphatidylethanolamine. Catalyzes the formation of CDP-ethanolamine. Essential for early embryonic development.
Expressed in dark-grown etiolated seedlings, roots, leaves, stems and flowers.
Higher germination rate in the presence of glucose and at supraoptimal temperature conditions. Rga, gai, rgl1, rgl2 and rgl3 pentuple mutant displays constitutive GA responses even in the absence of GA treatment.
Interacts directly with the GID2/SLY1 component of the SCF(GID2) complex. Interacts (via N-terminus) with GID1A, GID1B and GID1C (via N-terminus). Binds to bHLH transcription factors such as PIF1, PIF4, PIF6 and SPT. Interacts with the BOI proteins BOI, BRG1, BRG2 and BRG3. Interacts with TCP14 and TCP15 (PubMed:25655823). Binds to and coactivates GAF1/IDD2 and ENY/IDD1 (PubMed:25035403). Binds to PDF2 and ATML1 (PubMed:24989044).
Phosphorylated. Phosphorylation on Tyr residues is required for proteasome-mediated degradation in response to gibberellic acid (GA). Dephosphorylation may be prerequisite for its degradation by the proteasome.
Predominantly expressed in germinating seeds, flowers and siliques. Only detectable in the inflorescence, with high levels in young flower buds and significant levels in siliques. In imbibed seeds, it is restricted to seed coats, elongating regions of pre-emergent and recently emerged radicles, endosperm (especially micropylar endosperm), and embryonic axis. Not expressed in leaves, bolting stems or roots.
Probable transcriptional regulator that acts as a repressor of the gibberellin (GA) signaling pathway. No effect of the BOI proteins on its stability. Probably acts by participating in large multiprotein complexes that repress transcription of GA-inducible genes. Upon GA application, it is degraded by the proteasome, allowing the GA signaling pathway. Acts as a major GA-response repressor of seed germination, including seed thermoinhibition. Promotes the biosynthesis of abscisic acid (ABA), especially in seed coats to maintain seed dormancy. Delays flowering and adult leaf production. Also regulates the floral development, petal, stamen and anther development, by repressing the continued growth of floral organs. Its activity is probably regulated by other phytohormones such as auxin and ethylene. Involved in the regulation of seed dormancy and germination, including glucose-induced delay of seed germination (PubMed:24989044). Promotes salt tolerance. Acts as a repressor of positive regulators of trichome initiation. Required during the flagellin-derived peptide flg22-mediated growth inhibition. Contributes to the susceptibility to the biotrophic pathogen P.syringae pv. tomato and to the resistance to the necrotrophic pathogens B.cinerea A.brassicicola, probably by repressing the SA-defense pathway and preventing cell death. Prevents stress-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation (e.g. salt stress) by acting on the ROS scavenging system, and delays ROS-induced cell death, thus promoting stress tolerance.
The DELLA motif is required for its GA-induced degradation but not for the interaction with GID2.
Ubiquitinated (Probable). Upon GA application or seed imbibation, it is ubiquitinated by the SCF(GID2) complex, leading to its subsequent degradation.
Up-regulated transiently following seed imbibition to decline rapidly as germination proceeds; this induction is delayed at supraoptimal temperature conditions (e.g. 34 degrees Celsius). Accumulates in seed coats of dormant seeds where germination does not occur after imbibition. Increased levels upon abscisic acid (ABA) treatment. Down-regulated by norflurazon (NF), an ABA biosynthesis inhibitor. Induced by stress such as glucose, salt or mannitol treatment. Upon seed imbibition, increased GA levels in the epidermis reduce DELLA proteins (e.g. GAI/RGA2, RGA/RGA1/GRS and RGL2/SCL19) abundance and release, in turn, ATML1 and PDF2 which activate LIP1 expression, thus enhancing germination potential (PubMed:24989044).
By salt and methyl jasmonate treatments, drought stress and infection by the bacterial pathogen P.syringae.
Expressed in the zones of elongation and differentiation in seedling roots and at the root-hypocotyl junction. Expressed from stage 12 of flower development in anthers, specifically in pollen.
Expressed in roots and siliques, and to a lower extent in stems, leaves and flowers.
Through the carboxylation of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) it forms oxaloacetate, a four-carbon dicarboxylic acid source for the tricarboxylic acid cycle.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL17 family.
The cytochrome b5 heme-binding domain lacks the conserved iron-binding His residues at positions 105 and 129.
By light stress, drought and salt stress.
Expressed in phloem and mesophyll cells of leaves, vascular tissues of cotyledons, sepals and petals. Expressed in anthers. Expressed in root endodermis and at lower levels in cortex of mature region of roots.
Metallothioneins have a high content of cysteine residues that bind various heavy metals (Probable). Functions as metal chelator of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn). Plays a role in Cu homeostasis in the roots under elevated Cu concentration. Functions cooperatively with the phytochelatin synthase PCS1 to protect plants from Cu and cadmium (Cd) toxicity (PubMed:18287486). Plays a role in Cu homeostasis, specifically in the remobilization of Cu from senescing leaves. The mobilization of Cu from internal sources is important for seed development (PubMed:24635746). Confers tolerance to Cd and plays a role in Cd and Zn homeostasis (PubMed:16240177).
By sucrose, glucose and fructose. Repressed in roots by salt stress. Up-regulated by cold stress.
CIPK serine-threonine protein kinases interact with CBL proteins. Binding of a CBL protein to the regulatory NAF domain of CIPK protein lead to the activation of the kinase in a calcium-dependent manner (By similarity). Phosphorylates the rice sucrose synthase (SuSy) in vitro in an allosteric manner. Involved in cold response.
Strongly expressed in leaves, but barely expressed in roots, stems or flowers.
Embryonic lethality due to abnormal suspensor development.
Functions as a scaffold that mediates the ordered assembly of spliceosomal proteins and snRNAs. Required for the assembly of the U4/U6-U5 tri-snRNP complex (By similarity). Required for embryo development (Ref.3). Required for splicing efficiency of COOLAIR introns and usage of the proximal poly(A) site. COOLAIR is a set of long non-coding antisense transcripts produced at the FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC). COOLAIR initiates just downstream of the major sense transcript poly(A) site and terminates either early or extends into the FLC promoter region. Splicing of COOLAIR by PRP8A is functionally important for FLC regulation (PubMed:24725596).
Expressed in roots and shoots. Detected in root procambium, lateral root primordia, vascular tissues of cotyledons, leaves and stems, shoot apical meristem, axillary buds, young inflorescences, fruit abscission zones and basal part of ovules.
Blocked in the perpetuation of CNN, CG and CNG methylation in repeated endogenous DNA. Reduction of heterochromatin association and methylation into chromocenters, coincident with decondensation and losses in cytosine methylation at pericentromeric major repeats such as 5S gene clusters and AtSN1 retroelements during interphase, independently of siRNA accumulation. Altered cell-to-cell movement of siRNA beyond the vasculature. Reduced 35S promoter homology-dependent transcriptional gene silencing (TGS) in transgenic plants.
Component of the RNA polymerase IV and V complexes. Interacts with SSH1, NRPD1 and NRPE1.
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Second largest component of RNA polymerases IV and V which mediate short-interfering RNAs (siRNA) accumulation and subsequent RNA-directed DNA methylation-dependent (RdDM) transcriptional gene silencing (TGS) of endogenous repeated sequences, including transposable elements. Proposed to contribute to the polymerase catalytic activity and forms the polymerase active center together with the largest subunit. Also required for full erasure of methylation when the RNA trigger is withdrawn. Required for intercellular RNA interference (RNAi) leading to systemic post-transcriptional gene silencing. Involved in the maintenance of post-transcriptional RNA silencing. During interphase, mediates siRNA-independent heterochromatin association and methylation into chromocenters and condensation and cytosine methylation at pericentromeric major repeats. Required for complete maintenance of the 35S promoter homology-dependent TGS in transgenic plants and for the initial establishment of DNA methylation.
Mostly expressed in seedlings, flowers and roots, present ubiquitously, except in sperm cells.
May form heterodimeric complex with the TALE/BELL proteins (By similarity). Interacts with OFP1, OFP2, OFP4, OFP12 and OFP14 (PubMed:15781858). Interacts with KNATM-B (PubMed:18398054).
By salt, cold and drought stresses. Down-regulated by gibberellin.
Plants overexpressing ZAT10 show growth retardation and enhanced tolerance to drought, salt, heat and osmotic stresses. Plants silencing ZAT10 show enhanced tolerance to salt and osmotic stresses.
Transcriptional repressor involved in abiotic stress responses. Can repress the stress responsive genes DREB1A and LTI78. Probably involved in jasmonate (JA) early signaling response. May regulate the expression of the JA biosynthesis gene LOX3 and control the expression of TIFY10A/JAZ1, a key repressor in the JA signaling cascade.
Accumulates in response to drought, high light, paraquat and abscisic acid (ABA) treatments (at protein level).
Expressed in leaves at low levels (at protein levels) (PubMed:23837879). Present in seeds (PubMed:23837879).
Increased sensitivity to photo-oxidative stress induced by drought, high light or paraquat, associated with a rapid accumulation of hydroxy fatty acids mediated by singlet oxygen (PubMed:19674405). When associated with disruption in TIL, highly sensitive to temperature, drought and light stresses than the single mutants, exhibiting intense lipid peroxidation. Seeds of this double mutant are very sensitive to natural and artificial aging, associated with the oxidation of polyunsaturated lipids (PubMed:23837879).
Lipocalin that prevents thylakoidal membrane lipids peroxidation and confers protection against oxidative stress, especially mediated by singlet oxygen in response to high light and other stress (e.g. heat shocks) (PubMed:19674405, PubMed:23837879). Required for seed longevity by ensuring polyunsaturated lipids integrity (PubMed:23837879).
Acts in asparagine catabolism but also in the final steps of protein degradation via hydrolysis of a range of isoaspartyl dipeptides.
May be due to intron retention or to a competing acceptor splice site.
2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase involved in the oxidation of jasmonate (JA), a stress-induced phytohormone synthesized in response to attack by pathogens and herbivores, which triggers the activation of defense responses via the JA-mediated signaling pathway (PubMed:28760569, PubMed:28559313). Converts JA to 12-hydroxyjasmonate (12OH-JA), an inactive form of JA (PubMed:28760569, PubMed:28559313, PubMed:33516967). Is specific to free JA, and cannot oxidize the bioactive form jasmonoyl-L-isoleucine (JA-Ile) or other JA-amino acid conjugates (PubMed:28760569, PubMed:33516967). Prevents over-accumulation of JA and indirectly its bioactive form JA-Ile under stress response (PubMed:28760569, PubMed:28559313). Acts as negative regulator of JA-mediated defense signaling, by contributing to 12OH-JA accumulation, which represses JA defense responses upon infection by the fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea (PubMed:28760569, PubMed:28559313). Acts as negative regulator of JA-mediated defense responses upon infestation by the herbivorous caterpillar Mamestra brassicae (PubMed:28559313). May be involved in the catabolism of cytotoxic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (PubMed:27637093).
Constitutive activation of stress-induced jasmonate-dependent responses and increased antifungal resistance to Botrytis cinerea (PubMed:28760569). The quadruple mutant jox1, jox2, jox3 and jox4 exhibit reduced root and shoot growth, delayed flowering, reduced seed production, constitutively elevated jasmonate and jasmonoyl-L-isoleucine levels, and enhanced resistance to the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea and the herbivorous caterpillar Mamestra brassicae (PubMed:28559313). No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant seedlings have increased tolerance to the cytotoxic compound phenanthrene.
Induced by salt stress (PubMed:11351099). Induced by phenanthrene (PubMed:27637093). Down-regulated by UV-B (PubMed:17587374). Induced by wounding (PubMed:28760569). Induced by the infection with the fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea (PubMed:28760569, PubMed:28559313). Induced by methyl jasmonate (MeJA) (PubMed:28559313). Induced by infestation with the caterpillar Mamestra brassicae (PubMed:28559313).
May play a role in vesicular transport from endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi.
Expressed in young seedlings, primarily in the root vascular tissue.
Constitutively expressed in roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and seedlings.
Homo- and heterodimer. Interacts with MYB28, MYB29, MYB34, MYB51, MYB76, MYB122, MYC2, MYC4, AFPH2/NINJA and the JAZ repressors TIFY10A/JAZ1, TIFY10B/JAZ2, TIFY6B/JAZ3, TIFY11A/JAZ5, TIFY11B/JAZ6, TIFY5B/JAZ7, TIFY5A/JAZ8, TIFY7/JAZ9, TIFY9/JAZ10, TIFY3A/JAZ11 and TIFY3B/JAZ12.
Minor effect on jasmonic acid response and no effect on glucosinolate biosynthesis. Myc2 and myc3 double mutant has an increased insensitivity to jasmonic acid. Myc2, myc3 and myc4 triple mutant has no jasmonate-related defense response, is devoid of glucosinolates and is extremely susceptible to generalist herbivores.
The JAZ-interaction domain (JID) (82-141) is sufficient for interaction with MYB proteins and most of the TIFY/JAZ proteins (PubMed:21335373, PubMed:23943862).
Transcription factor involved in tryptophan, jasmonic acid (JA) and other stress-responsive gene regulation. With MYC2 and MYC4, controls additively subsets of JA-dependent responses. Can form complexes with all known glucosinolate-related MYBs to regulate glucosinolate biosynthesis. Binds to the G-box (5'-CACGTG-3') of promoters. Activates multiple TIFY/JAZ promoters.
Up-regulated by cold, heat shock and salt stresses.
Belongs to the ATP-dependent AMP-binding enzyme family. MenE subfamily.
High expression in young leaves and flowers. Not expressed in roots.
Involved in the biosynthesis of phylloquinone (vitamin K1). Converts 2-succinylbenzoate (OSB) to 2-succinylbenzoyl-CoA (OSB-CoA).
Lack of phylloquinone and seedling lethal.
Transiently induced a few minutes after mechanical wounding.
Expressed in developing trichomes and non-root hair cells.
Overexpression of ETC1 results in the suppression of trichomes and overproduction of root hairs, as observed for CPC, TRY, ETC2 and ETC3.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase. May participate in methylation-dependent transcriptional regulation. Mediates ubiquitination with the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme UBC11.
Belongs to the peptidase M67A family. PSMD14 subfamily.
Metalloprotease component of the 26S proteasome that specifically cleaves 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitin chains. The 26S proteasome is involved in the ATP-dependent degradation of ubiquitinated proteins. The function of the 'Lys-63'-specific deubiquitination of the proteasome is unclear (By similarity).
Belongs to the DNA repair enzymes AP/ExoA family.
Exhibits apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) endonuclease activity in vitro (PubMed:25569774). By contrast, another report show that APE2 has no biochemical activity (PubMed:25228464). Unable to catalyze the conversion of 3'-phosphor-alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehyde (3'-PUA) to 3'-OH (PubMed:25228464, PubMed:25569774). Has no in vitro 3'-phosphatase activity (PubMed:25228464, PubMed:25569774). Redundant with APE1L and at least one functional allele is required for seed viability (PubMed:19172180). Has a strong non-specific affinity to DNA (PubMed:25228464).
Expressed in both vegetative and reproductive organs.
No visible phenotype (PubMed:19172180). Ape2 arp double mutants have no visible phenotype (PubMed:19172180). Ape1l ape2 double mutants are embryo lethal (PubMed:19172180).
Probably binds two magnesium or manganese ions per subunit.
Exhibits phosphatidate phosphatase (PAP) activity in vitro. May play a secondary role as PAP in plastids.
Expressed in root tips, root branch points, cotyledons and leaves.
Component of the ribosome, a large ribonucleoprotein complex responsible for the synthesis of proteins in the cell. The small ribosomal subunit (SSU) binds messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and translates the encoded message by selecting cognate aminoacyl-transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules. The large subunit (LSU) contains the ribosomal catalytic site termed the peptidyl transferase center (PTC), which catalyzes the formation of peptide bonds, thereby polymerizing the amino acids delivered by tRNAs into a polypeptide chain. The nascent polypeptides leave the ribosome through a tunnel in the LSU and interact with protein factors that function in enzymatic processing, targeting, and the membrane insertion of nascent chains at the exit of the ribosomal tunnel. Plays a role in the assembly and function of the 40S ribosomal subunit. Mutations in this protein affects the control of translational fidelity. Involved in nucleolar processing of pre-18S ribosomal RNA and ribosome assembly (By similarity). Also involved in RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) (PubMed:28229965).
Belongs to the ETF beta-subunit/FixA family.
Reduced plant viability on extended exposure to darkness and a reduced reproductive performance under normal growth conditions.
The electron transfer flavoprotein serves as a specific electron acceptor for several dehydrogenases, including five acyl-CoA dehydrogenases, glutaryl-CoA and sarcosine dehydrogenase. It transfers the electrons to the main mitochondrial respiratory chain via ETF-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (ETF dehydrogenase) (By similarity). Involved in leucine catabolism and in phytol degradation.
Catalyzes the oxidation of either pyridoxine 5'-phosphate (PNP) or pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate (PMP) into pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP). Involved in the PLP salvage pathway. Has a higher preference for PNP over PMP. May also catalyze the epimerization of the S- and R-forms of NAD(P)HX, a damaged form of NAD(P)H that is a result of enzymatic or heat-dependent hydration. This is a prerequisite for the S-specific NAD(P)H-hydrate dehydratase to allow the repair of both epimers of NAD(P)HX.
Circadian regulation. Up-regulated by light, heat, jasmonic acid, ethylene and abscisic acid treatments. Down-regulated by drought and salt treatment. Not induced by UV irradiation.
Expressed in leaves, stems, flowers and roots.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate oxidase family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the NnrE/AIBP family.
Most plant PPOX proteins have both a pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate oxidase domain and an extra YjeF N-terminal domain.
Mutants with reduced expression of PPOX1 (RNAi) have lower levels of total B6 vitamers, a reduced growth and are sensitive to high light.
Belongs to the class VI-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. PEMT/PEM2 methyltransferase family.
Catalyzes the second two steps of the methylation pathway of phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis, the SAM-dependent methylation of phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine (PMME) to phosphatidyldimethylethanolamine (PDME) and of PDME to phosphatidylcholine (PC).
Belongs to the adenylate kinase family. UMP-CMP kinase subfamily.
Catalyzes the phosphorylation of pyrimidine nucleoside monophosphates at the expense of ATP. Plays an important role in de novo pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis. Has preference for UMP and CMP as phosphate acceptors.
Consists of three domains, a large central CORE domain and two small peripheral domains, NMPbind and LID, which undergo movements during catalysis. The LID domain closes over the site of phosphoryl transfer upon ATP binding. Assembling and dissambling the active center during each catalytic cycle provides an effective means to prevent ATP hydrolysis.
Ubiquitous with highest expression levels in the root hair zone, pollen, and stamens.
Expressed exclusively in stems and flowers.
Belongs to the eukaryotic/archaeal RNase P protein component 3 family.
Expressed in seedlings, young leaves, root tips and lateral primordia (PubMed:22509260). In reproductive organs, present in the inflorescence, especially in pollen grains, nucellar cells and embryo sacs (PubMed:22509260).
Impaired progression of the gametophytic division during female gametogenesis leading to arrested embryo sacs at stages ranging from FG1 to FG7 (PubMed:22509260). Normal pollen development, but weaker pollen tube fitness associated with a reduced transmission through the male gametes (PubMed:22509260).
Mostly expressed in inflorescence and roots, to a lower extent in leaves, and, at low levels, in siliques, seedlings and stems.
Probable component of nuclear RNase P and RNase MRP ribonucleoproteins (By similarity). Interacts with POP5 (PubMed:22509260).
Probable component of ribonuclease P, a ribonucleoprotein complex that generates mature tRNA molecules by cleaving their 5'-ends (By similarity). May also be a component of the MRP ribonuclease complex, which cleaves pre-rRNA sequences (By similarity). Required for female gametophyte development and male competence (PubMed:22509260).
May be involved in the biosynthesis of heme A.
Belongs to the isocitrate lyase/PEP mutase superfamily. Isocitrate lyase family.
Expressed from 1 to 3 days after seed imbibition (PubMed:10805817). Expressed from 1 to 5 days after seed imbibition (at protein level).
Involved in storage lipid mobilization during the growth of higher plant seedling.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant seedlings fail to establish into plantlets with true leaves under low light or short day conditions.
Mediates the side-chain deamidation of N-terminal glutamine residues to glutamate, an important step in N-end rule pathway of protein degradation (PubMed:30117535). Conversion of the resulting N-terminal glutamine to glutamate renders the protein susceptible to arginylation, polyubiquitination and degradation as specified by the N-end rule (PubMed:30117535). Does not act on substrates with internal or C-terminal glutamine and does not act on non-glutamine residues in any position (PubMed:30117535). Involved in immune response (PubMed:30117535). Controls the expression of specific defense-response genes, activates the synthesis pathway for the phytoalexin camalexin, and influences basal resistance to the hemibiotroph pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato (Pst) (PubMed:30117535).
Belongs to the DDOST 48 kDa subunit family.
Subunit of the oligosaccharyl transferase (OST) complex that catalyzes the initial transfer of a defined glycan (Glc(3)Man(9)GlcNAc(2) in eukaryotes) from the lipid carrier dolichol-pyrophosphate to an asparagine residue within an Asn-X-Ser/Thr consensus motif in nascent polypeptide chains, the first step in protein N-glycosylation (PubMed:15860005). N-glycosylation occurs cotranslationally and the complex associates with the Sec61 complex at the channel-forming translocon complex that mediates protein translocation across the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). All subunits are required for a maximal enzyme activity (By similarity).
Subunit of the oligosaccharyl transferase (OST) complex that catalyzes the initial transfer of a defined glycan (Glc(3)Man(9)GlcNAc(2) in eukaryotes) from the lipid carrier dolichol-pyrophosphate to an asparagine residue within an Asn-X-Ser/Thr consensus motif in nascent polypeptide chains, the first step in protein N-glycosylation. N-glycosylation occurs cotranslationally and the complex associates with the Sec61 complex at the channel-forming translocon complex that mediates protein translocation across the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
Involved in the control of lateral root (LR) formation. Acts a positive regulator of early cell divisions involved in LR initiation, independently of ARF7 and ARF19-mediated auxin signaling.
Reduced number of emerged lateral roots and lateral root primordia leading to small leaves and short stems in flowering plants.
Expressed in anthers (PubMed:24319076, PubMed:25053018). Expressed in pollen grains and mature seeds (PubMed:25053018). Expressed in roots and vasculature of leaves (PubMed:24319076).
Induced by abscisic acid (ABA) and osmotic stress (PubMed:25053018). Induced by salt stress (PubMed:24319076, PubMed:25053018).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions. Increased levels of flavonols (PubMed:24319076). Decreased levels of anthocyanins (PubMed:24319076, PubMed:25053018).
Transcription factor involved in the negative regulation of flavonol biosynthesis. Represses the early phenylpropanoid genes, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H) and 4-coumarate-CoA ligase (4CL), as well as the flavonoid-specific genes, flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase (F3'H) and dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) (PubMed:24319076). Plays a role in seed germination inhibition. Negatively regulates the expression of the abscisic acid (ABA) signaling transcription factor ABI5 in seeds (PubMed:25053018).
A stretch of 270 kb of the mitochondrial genome is duplicated within the centromere of chromosome 2 resulting in the duplication of the gene. The expression of this duplicated gene (At2g07696) is demonstrated.
One of the primary rRNA binding proteins, it binds directly to 18S rRNA where it nucleates assembly of the head domain of the small subunit.
Belongs to the HAD-like hydrolase superfamily. EYA family.
Possesses phosphatase activity in presence of Mn(2+), Co(2+), Ni(2+) or Zn(2+). No phosphatase activity in presence Ca(2+).
Possesses phosphatase activity toward para-nitrophenyl phosphate (pNPP) in vitro (PubMed:15641802). Possesses phosphatase activity toward several phosphotyrosine-containing peptides in vitro, with low peptide substrate specificity (PubMed:18759246).
Component of the cullin-RING ubiquitin ligases (CRL), or CUL3-RBX1-BTB protein E3 ligase complexes which mediate the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins. The functional specificity of the CRL complex depends on the BTB domain-containing protein as the susbstrate recognition component. Involved in embryo pattern formation and endosperm development. Required for the normal division and organization of the root stem cells and columella root cap cells. Regulates primary root growth by an unknown pathway, but in an ethylene-dependent manner. Functions in distal root patterning, by an ethylene-independent mechanism. Functionally redundant with CUL3B.
Expressed during flower development in floral meristem, sepals, petals, developing carpels, growing integuments and tetrads of megaspores. In mature ovules, expressed in the cells of the embryo sac. Expressed in the sporogenous cells, tetrads of microspores and mature pollen in stamens After fertilization, expressed in the embryo and endosperm at the globular and heart stages. The progressively decreases during ovule development and is not observed in the developing seed coat.
Interacts with CSN2 and RBX1A. Interacts with BTB/POZ domain-containing proteins BPM1, BPM2, BPM3, BPM6, BT1, BT2, BT3, BT5, AT1G01640, AT1G21780 and AT5G48510 (PubMed:12615944, PubMed:15618422, PubMed:15659098, PubMed:15749712, PubMed:15772280). Interacts with SR1IP1 (PubMed:24528504).
Neddylated. Deneddylated via its interaction with the COP9 signalosome (CSN) complex.
No visible phenotype under normal growth condition. Reduced sensitivity of the inhibition of hypocotyl growth in far-red light. Cul3a and cul3b double mutant is embryonic lethal (PubMed:16045478).
Absent in the susceptible ecotype cv. Oy-0 (PubMed:8018872). Only present in ecotypes resistant against X.campestris pv. campestris race 750 (e.g. Xcc750) (PubMed:9869403).
Accumulates upon infection by the phytopathogenic bacterium X.campestris pv. campestris (both compatible and incompatible strains Xcc168 and Xcc750, respectively), agent of black rot (PubMed:8018872). Accumulates at higher levels in light than in darkness. Repressed by MIF1 (PubMed:16412086).
Expressed in leaves, flowers and stems, but not in roots.
Maybe involved in defense responses to X.campestris, but probably not a X.campestris pv. campestris race 750 (e.g. Xcc750) resistance gene; according to genetic data, linked to a locus influencing resistance to Xcc750.
Receptor of ubiquitinated protein targeted to ubiquitin/proteasome-mediated proteolysis (UPP). Relatively weak affinity for both 'Lys-48'- and 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitin chains with a slight preference for 'Lys-48-'linked chains of three or more ubiquitin units.
Peak of expression around the time of early inflorescence.
Up-regulated early after infection with P.syringae carrying avrRpt2 (PubMed:8742710). Expressed constitutively (PubMed:18214976).
Enlargment of the meristem and longer root length.
Expressed in the root vascular tissue and in root hairs and lateral root caps. Detected at the protein level in all cell files in the elongation zone.
Transcription factor that modulates the balance between cellular proliferation and differentiation in root growth. Does not act through cytokinin and auxin signaling, but by repressing peroxidase expression in the elongation zone.
Up-regulated by reactive oxygen species.
Bushy morphology, reduced fertility, blue fluorescence under UV light and resistance to the anthranilate analog 6-methylanthranilate.
Catalyzes the conversion of 5-phosphoribosylanthranilate to l-(O-carboxyphenylamino)-l-deoxyribulose-5-phosphate, which is the third step of the tryptophan biosynthetic pathway.
Homodimer. Interacts with CUL3A and CUL3B.
Glutamate-gated receptor that probably acts as non-selective cation channel. Mediates leaf-to-leaf wound signaling. May be involved in light-signal transduction and calcium homeostasis via the regulation of calcium influx into cells.
Reduced wound-activated surface potential changes (WASP) duration in the systemic leaves, resulting in a decreased induction of the regulators of jasmonate-signaling. Glr3.3 and glr3.6 double mutant has no detectable changes in surface potential in systemic leaves and the induction of the regulators of jasmonate-signaling is more strongly decreased.
Interacts (via N-terminus) with APRR1/TOC1 (PubMed:19286557). Interacts with SPL (PubMed:25527103).
No effect on the period length or phase of the circadian clock.
Transcription factor involved in the regulation of the circadian clock. Acts as a repressor of CCA1 by binding to its promoter. No binding to the LHY promoter.
Binds specifically to cytosolic chaperonin (c-CPN) and transfers target proteins to it (PubMed:19825635). Binds to nascent polypeptide chain and promotes folding in an environment in which there are many competing pathways for nonnative proteins (PubMed:19825635). Together with other chaperonins, contribute to the regulation of gene expression by modulating the spliceosome function on pre-mRNA splicing post-transcriptionally by acting as a co-chaperone of Hsp90 to control levels of LSM8 (By similarity). Required for microtubules (MTs) organization and dynamicity (By similarity). Involved in the process leading to microtubules dissociation in response to gibberellic acid (GA) probably due to the DELLA proteins-mediated translocation of the prefoldin co-chaperone complex from the cytoplasm to the nucleus (By similarity).
Embryogenesis arrested at cotyledon stage. Altered size exclusion limit of PD; abnormally maintained dilated PD at the torpedo stage, and increased formation of secondary branched PD. Chlorosis. Altered plastid development.
RNA helicase involved in group II intron splicing (PubMed:26147377). Essential protein required during embryogenesis. Involved in post-transcriptional gene silencing. Modulates the determination of cell fate. Necessary for normal plasmodesmata (PD) development and aperture regulation.
In plants, methylation steps 2, 3 and 4 of wybutosine biosynthesis are probably processed by the this multifunctional enzyme, while in other eukaryotes, these steps are mediated by 3 different proteins.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. TRM5/TYW2 family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the TYW3 family.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent transferase that acts as a component of the wybutosine biosynthesis pathway. Wybutosine is a hyper modified guanosine with a tricyclic base found at the 3'-position adjacent to the anticodon of eukaryotic phenylalanine tRNA (By similarity).
Arabidopyrones are derived from phenylalanine instead of tyrosine like other ring-cleavage-derived plant metabolites.
Cytochrome P450 involved in the production of catechol-substituted substrates needed for the arabidopyrones biosynthesis. Converts p-coumaraldehyde into caffealdehyde.
Deficient in arabidopyrones, but normal amounts of sinapate esters.
Expressed in seedlings, roots, stems and inflorescence nodes. Low or no expression in leaves, flowers, seeds and lignifying tissue.
Upon potassium K(+) and iron deprivation. Induced in leaf blades in low light intensities. Seems repressed by ethylene. Accumulates in response to very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs C20:0 to C30:0). Induced in roots by nitric oxide (NO).
Catalyzes the ligation of CoA on butanoate to produce butanoyl-CoA (PubMed:23300257). Can also use hexanoate, pentanoate and 4-methylpentanoate as substrates with a lower efficiency (PubMed:23300257).
Early flowering, short siliques and seed abortion (PubMed:20388662). The seed abortion occurs after fertilization and during embryogenesis (PubMed:20657173). Differential HSP expression, mainly during the recovery from heat shock (HS). Increased seedling survival rates during acquired thermotolerance (AT) tests, but not in response to basal thermotolerance (BT) tests (PubMed:20388662).
Homohexamer (PubMed:20388662). Interacts with HSFA1A, HSFA1B and HSFA2 (PubMed:20388662).
Mostly expressed in siliques and flowers, and, to a lower extent, in roots, stems and leaves.
Negative regulator of the heat shock (HS) response. Affects negatively HSFA1B DNA-binding capacity in vitro (PubMed:20388662). Involved in acquired thermotolerance but not basal thermotolerance (PubMed:20388662). Crucial for seed development, after fertilization and during embryogenesis (PubMed:20388662, PubMed:20657173).
Belongs to the UDP-glucose/GDP-mannose dehydrogenase family.
Involved in the biosynthesis of UDP-glucuronic acid (UDP-GlcA), providing nucleotide sugars for cell-wall polymers.
Restricted expression to the primary shoot in young seedlings. Later detected in hypocotyl, leaves and flowers.
Component of SCF(ASK-cullin-F-box) E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes, which may mediate the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins. Promotes the senescence. Is necessary for responses to strigolactones and karrikins. Contributes to the selective repression of axillary shoots and moderates the branching by regulating negatively the auxin transport in primary stems, in an AXR1-independent manner (PubMed:11487692, PubMed:11874909, PubMed:15737939, PubMed:16546078, PubMed:22357928, PubMed:9351240). Required for the progression of leaf senescence mediated by methyl jasmonate (PubMed:26507893). Required at each node to suppress axillary bud growth (PubMed:17346265).
Expressed in the vasculature of growing leaves and roots, rosette axillary bud, flowers, siliques, funiculi and stems.
Part of a SCF (SKP1-cullin-F-box) protein ligase complex (PubMed:11487692, PubMed:17346265). Interacts with SKP1A/ASK1 (PubMed:11487692, PubMed:17346265). Interacts with CUL1 (PubMed:17346265). Interacts with SMXL6, SMXL7 and SMXL8 (PubMed:26546446). Interacts with D14. Forms a complex with D14 and SKP1A/ASK1 in presence of strigolactone (PubMed:27479325).
The F-box domain (1-55) is required for activity of the protein and for the interaction with SKP1A/ASK1.
Up-regulated upon binding of EIN3 to the promoter during methyl jasmonate-induced leaf senescence.
Prokaryotic-type aspartate aminotransferase. Has also a prenate transaminase activity. Involved in the aromatic amino acids biosynthesis pathway via the arogenate route. Required for the transamination of prephenate into arogenate. Required for early development of the embryo.
Expressed in roots, young leaves, stems, flowers and siliques.
Incorporation of the inositol pathway-derived monosaccharides is strongly reduced in knockout AtMIOX1 seedling walls.
Accumulates at stronger levels in low light than in normal or high light; more expressed in growth chamber conditions than when grown in the field (PubMed:22236032). Repressed in leaves exposed to desiccation, cold and high irradiance via a metalloprotease-dependent proteolytic process (at protein level) (PubMed:23598180). Activated by BZIP68 and GBF1 but repressed by BZIP16 (PubMed:22718771).
Expressed ubiquitously in vegetative and reproductive tissues.
Extracellular signal peptide that regulates cell fate (PubMed:16407446). Represses root apical meristem maintenance (PubMed:16902140). Positively regulates the expression of the transcription factor WOX8 and thus, regulates early embryo development (PubMed:22427333). Regulates the transition of protophloem cells from proliferation to differentiation, thus impinging on postembryonic growth capacity of the root meristem; this signaling pathway requires CRN and CLV2 (PubMed:28607033).
Mostly expressed in siliques, and, to a lower extent, in flowers (PubMed:12602871). Expressed in young embryos and endosperm (PubMed:22427333).
The O-glycosylation (arabinosylation) of the hydroxyproline Pro-67 enhances binding affinity of the CLE8p peptide for its receptor.
Although its N-terminus is strongly related to pyridoxal 5'-phosphate synthase PDX1 subunits (PDX1), it is much shorter and probably not functional.
By the synthetic auxin naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 24-epibrassinolide. Down-regulated by kinetin.
Expressed in root tips, vascular tissue of roots, shoot apex, rosette leaves and embryos.
Over-expression of EXO promotes growth in both shoots and roots.
Reduced leaf size, root length and biomass production due to diminished expansion of epidermis and parenchyma cells.
Required for cell expansion in leaves. May mediate brassinosteroid (BR)-induced leaf growth. May play a role in the control of BR responses in roots. May be involved in signaling processes that coordinate BR responses with environmental or developmental signals.
Delayed dark-induced and natural senescence.
Exhibits pyrophosphatase activity with stronger affinity for pyrophosphate (PPi), moderate affinity for ATP and ADP, and weak affinity for tripolyphosphate (PPPi). No activity observed toward uridine substrate. Regulates positively natural and dark-induced leaf senescence.
Ubiquitously expressed in all tissues, with strong expression detected in senescent leaves.
Expressed in flower buds, pollen grains and pollen tubes.
Homotetramer. Forms stable complexes with CPN60 in the presence of ATP (PubMed:10205903). Interacts with FSD1 (PubMed:23057508). Interacts with CLPT1 and CLPT2 (PubMed:25921872). Interacts with CHLH (PubMed:23783410, PubMed:10205903, PubMed:23057508, PubMed:25921872). Interacts with SPY (PubMed:34712252).
Involved in abscisic acid (ABA) signaling, independently of its co-chaperone role. Acts as negative regulator of the CHLH-WRKY40 coupled ABA signaling pathway, downstream of CHLH and upstream of WRKY40.
Seems to function only as a co-chaperone, along with CPN60, and in certain cases is essential for the discharge of biologically active proteins from CPN60 (PubMed:17178727, PubMed:23057508). Required to activate the iron superoxide dismutases (FeSOD) (PubMed:23057508).
Ubiquitous. Most abundant in leaves and inflorescence. Low levels found in roots.
Regulatory subunit of type 2A protein phosphatase. Not involved in HMGR regulation in seedlings grown in standard medium, but negatively regulates root growth in response to salt.
Putative transcription factor that may be involved in the ethylene response pathway.
Possesses acyl-CoA-dependent lysophospholipid acyltransferase activity with a subset of lysophospholipids as substrates (PubMed:19445718, PubMed:28408542). Exhibits strong acylation activity on lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE) and lysophosphatidate (LPA), and lower activity on lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) and lysophosphatidylserine (LPS) (PubMed:19445718). Exhibits acylation activity on both LPE and LPC (PubMed:28408542). Has a preference for 18:1-LPE over 16:0-LPE as acceptor (PubMed:19445718). Palmitoyl-CoA (16:0-CoA) is a better acyl donor than oleoyl-CoA (18:1-CoA) (PubMed:19445718, PubMed:28408542). Among several different acyl-CoA species the best acyl donor is palmitoyl-CoA (16:0-CoA) (PubMed:28408542). Activity is calcium-independent (PubMed:19445718). Its activity is essential for maintaining adequate levels of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), LPE and LPC in the cells, which is crucial for plant growth regulation (PubMed:28408542).
Early expressed in hypocotyl and cotyledon and preferentially in the stelar region of the shoot and root. Later expressed in root-shoot junction, lateral root, old or senescing leaves and in pistil and pollen of flower buds or open flowers.
Interacts with KIN10 and KIN11 via its FLZ-type zinc finger domain (PubMed:24600465, PubMed:29945970, PubMed:29406622). Interacts with KINB1, KINB2 and KINB3 via its N-terminal part (PubMed:29945970). Forms homodimer and heterodimer with FLZ2 and FLZ12 in vitro (PubMed:29945970).
May act as an adapter to facilitate the interaction of SnRK1 complex with effector proteins, conferring tissue- and stimulus-type specific differences in the SnRK1 regulation pathway (PubMed:24600465). Negatively regulates KIN10 leading to a repression of the SnRK1 signaling pathway (PubMed:29406622).
Reduced biomass and lateral roots and shorter primary roots.
Up-regulated in response to mild as well as prolonged energy depletion (PubMed:26442059, PubMed:29406622). Up-regulated by the glycolysis inhibitor 2DG (PubMed:29406622). Induced by NaCl (PubMed:26442059). Induced by abscissic acid (ABA) (PubMed:29406622).
Severe growth and developmental retardation. Dwarf plants.
Transcription termination factor involved in the regulation of mitochondrial-encoded gene expression. Essential for normal plant growth and development.
By nitrogen deficiency and 5-fluorouracil plus methotrexate.
In young seedlings, expressed in root elongation zone, root cortex, root-hair, at the transition to the shoot and cotyledons. Expressed in hydathodes of fully developed leaves and pollen.
Nucleoside transporter involved in adenosine transport and required for nucleotide metabolism which influences growth and pollen germination. Has high affinity for adenosine when expressed in a heterologous system (yeast).
Plants over-expressing ENT1 have decreased leaf content of adenosine and show growth deficiencies. Plants silencing ENT1 have increased leaf content of adenosine and decreased rate of pollen germination.
PUMPS are mitochondrial transporter proteins that create proton leaks across the inner mitochondrial membrane, thus uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation. This leads to a decrease in the efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation and an increase in heat production. May be involved in protecting plant cells against oxidative stress damage (By similarity).
Catalyzes the stereospecific oxidation of squalene to (S)-2,3-epoxysqualene, and is considered to be a rate-limiting enzyme in steroid biosynthesis. Can produce not only oxidosqualene, but also 2,3:22,23-dioxidosqualene. Main squalene epoxidase in the root. Sqe1 mutants may show defects in membrane lipid rafts, impairing the correct localization of RHD2 NADPH oxidase and the proper polarized production of ROS.
Expressed in seedlings, leaves, stems, inflorescences, sepals, style and siliques. Expressed in expanded cotyledons, root tips and cortical cells of the root elongation zone, but not in root hair cells. In leaves, expressed in most cells, with a very strong expression in stomata.
Non viable, sterile dwarf plants with short, highly branched roots.
Binds to the phosphopeptide-binding site of GRF/14-3-3.
Early flowering phenotype under short-day conditions.
High-affinity sucrose transporter. Responsible for the transport of sucrose into the cell, with the concomitant uptake of protons (symport system). Can also transport a wide range of glucosides, such as helicin, salicin, arbutin, maltose, fraxin, esculin, uranose, alpha-methylglucoside, alpha-phenylglucoside and beta-phenylglucoside. Plays a role in flowering time transition delay.
Inhibited by protonophores (e.g. carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl-hydrazone (CCCP)) and SH group inhibitors (e.g. p-chloromercuribenzene sulphonic acid (PCMBS)).
Increased sensitivity to growth inhibition by abscisic acid (ABA) (PubMed:26404089). Altered transcript accumulation profiles due to impaired pre-messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) splicing (e.g. HAB1 transcripts alternative splicing) (PubMed:26404089, PubMed:28971960). These phenotypes are partially suppressed by an ectopic expression of HAB1 (PubMed:26404089).
Induced by abscisic acid both at transcriptional and at post-translational (pre-mRNA splicing) levels.
Phosphorylated; the phosphorylation level is repressed by abscisic acid (ABA).
RNA-binding protein that acts as a regulator of alternative pre-mRNA splicing (PubMed:26404089, PubMed:28971960). Negative regulator of responses to abscisic acid (ABA), including in early development (PubMed:26404089).
Specifically associates with functional splicing complexes (By similarity). Associates with exon junction complex (EJC) proteins (By similarity).
The PWI domain binds nucleic acids with significant help from its N-terminal flanking basic region. It has an equal preference for binding to single- or double-stranded species, and it contributes to RBM25 role in modulation of alternative splicing.
Involved in ribosome biogenesis, required for normal progression of rRNA processing (PubMed:29375609). Seems to promote cell proliferation in leaves (PubMed:29375609).
Reduced leaf cell number associated with pointed leaves shape (PubMed:29375609). Defects in pre-rRNA processing characterized by an increased accumulation of rRNA intermediates containing 50-ETS, ITS1, or ITS2 (PubMed:29375609). Higher levels of 35S, 27SA, 27SB, P-A3, and 18SA3 rRNAs (PubMed:29375609). The double mutant gdp1 oli2 exhibit strong growth defect due to a synergistically impaired cell proliferation in leaves and enlarged cells (PubMed:29375609).
Strongly expressed in tissues with high cell proliferation activity that have a high demand for ribosome production such as shoot tips, leaves primordia, root tips and floral buds.
Abnormal organ morphology and stem glossiness.
Catalyzes the last of the four reactions of the long-chain fatty acids elongation cycle. This endoplasmic reticulum-bound enzymatic process, allows the addition of 2 carbons to the chain of long- and very long-chain fatty acids/VLCFAs per cycle. This enzyme reduces the trans-2,3-enoyl-CoA fatty acid intermediate to an acyl-CoA that can be further elongated by entering a new cycle of elongation. Thereby, it participates in the production of VLCFAs of different chain lengths that are involved in multiple biological processes as precursors of membrane lipids and lipid mediators. Required for the elongation of fatty acids precursors of sphingolipids, storage lipids and cuticular waxes.
Expressed in roots, leaves, stems, flowers and siliques. Detected in mature seeds.
Component of SUN-protein-containing multivariate complexes also called LINC complexes which link the nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton by providing versatile outer nuclear membrane attachment sites for cytoskeletal filaments (PubMed:24667841). Required for the maintenance and/or formation of polarized nuclear shape in root hairs (PubMed:21294795). Modulates the anchoring and mobility of WIP proteins in the nuclear envelope (NE) (PubMed:22270916). In association with SUN1, may be involved in telomere attachment to nuclear envelope in the prophase of meiosis (PubMed:25412930). As component of the SUN-WIP-WIT2-KAKU1 complex, mediates the transfer of cytoplasmic forces to the nuclear envelope (NE), leading to nuclear shape changes (PubMed:25759303).
Expressed in roots, hypocotyls, cotyledons and leaves and inflorescences.
Forms homomers (e.g. dimers, trimers and tetramers) and heteromers with SUN1 (PubMed:19807882, PubMed:25217773). Interacts with SUN3, SUN4 and TIK (PubMed:25217773). Core component of the LINC complex which is composed of inner nuclear membrane SUN domain-containing proteins coupled to outer nuclear membrane WIP and WIT proteins. The LINC complex also involves nucleoskeletal proteins CRWN/LINC and possibly KAKU4 and the cytoskeletal myosin KAKU1 (PubMed:25759303). Interacts with LINC1, WIP1, WIP2 and WIP3 at the nuclear envelope (NE) (PubMed:22270916, PubMed:23973298, PubMed:24667841). Interacts with SINE1, SINE2, SINE3 and SINE4 (PubMed:24891605). Interacts with NEAP1, NEA2 and NEAP3 (PubMed:27630107).
No visible phenotype. When associated with SUN1 disruption, abnormal nuclear shape in some cells such as mature root hairs but also numerous meiotic defects namely a delay in the progression of meiosis, absence of full synapsis and a reduction in the mean cell chiasma frequency.
The SUN domain may play a role in nuclear anchoring and/or migration (By similarity). The SUN domain is required for interactions with WIP proteins (PubMed:22270916).
Acts as component of the peripheral membrane COG complex that is involved in intra-Golgi protein trafficking (PubMed:27448097). Involved in pollen tube growth by modulating Golgi morphology and vesicle trafficking homeostasis leading to the deposition of cell wall components and proteins at the pollen tube tip (PubMed:27448097). Required for sporophytic development (PubMed:27448097).
Component of the conserved oligomeric Golgi complex which is composed of eight different subunits and is required for normal Golgi morphology and localization.
Homodimer (PubMed:27448097). Component of the conserved oligomeric Golgi complex which is composed of eight different subunits and is required for normal Golgi morphology and localization (Probable). Interacts with COG1, COG3, COG5 and COG6 (PubMed:27448097).
Male-specific transmission defect due to incorrect deposition of cell wall components and proteins during pollen tube elongation, thus leading to disrupted pollen tube growth (PubMed:27448097). Embryo- and seedling-lethal associated with white seeds in siliques, delayed embryo development from the early stages, arrested at heart stages and resulting in abnormal curled cotyledons (PubMed:27448097). Altered Golgi bodies morphology (PubMed:27448097). Impaired Gamma-COP and TMN1/EMP12 tight association with the Golgi (PubMed:27448097).
Belongs to the UPL family. TOM1/PTR1 subfamily.
Constitutively expressed throughout development post-germination (at protein level).
Widely expressed. Expressed in root, stem, cauline and rosette leaf, seedling and flower (at protein level).
Binds and cleaves RNA, particularly in stem-loops. Associates with pre-ribosomal particles in chloroplasts, and participates in chloroplast ribosomal RNA metabolism, probably during the final steps of 23S rRNA maturation. May enhance transcription by the plastid-encoded polymerase and translation in plastid via the stabilization of ribosome assembly intermediates. Required for chloroplast integrity. Involved in the regulation of the circadian system.
Component of a complex made of CSP41A, CSP41B, ribosomes, and the plastid-encoded RNA polymerase. Interacts with CSP41B.
Lethal when associated with CSP41B disruption.
Induced during senescence. Strongly induced by ethylene and slightly by abscisic acid. Repressed by cytokinin and darkness. Seems to be not affected by dehydration.
May play a role in proteolysis leading to mobilization of nitrogen during senescence and starvation.
Belongs to the thiolase-like superfamily. FabH family.
Catalyzes the condensation reaction of fatty acid synthesis by the addition to an acyl acceptor of two carbons from malonyl-ACP. KAS III catalyzes the first condensation reaction which initiates fatty acid synthesis and may therefore play a role in governing the total rate of fatty acid production. Possesses both acetoacetyl-ACP synthase and acetyl transacylase activities (By similarity).
Expressed in the differentiation and elongation zones of primary and lateral roots. Expressed in the hypocotyl, cotyledon veins, vasculature of the first rosette leaves, hydathodes and trichomes. In stems, expressed in the vascular cambium and developing xylem tissues. Expressed in the style, anthers, stamen filaments, stigmatic regions in flowers, and abscission and style regions of siliques.
By ethylene, abscisic acid (ABA), beta-aminobutyric acid (BABA), spermine, dark and infection with the cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) (PubMed:11230571, PubMed:14666423, PubMed:22947164). Induced by infection with the fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea (PubMed:23221759).
Was originally fused with At3g23315 to form At3g23320.
Mediates the hydrolysis of diadenosine 5',5''-P(1)P(4) tetraphosphate (Ap(4)A), a signaling molecule involved in regulation of DNA replication and repair.
Interacts with ACD11, PR1F2 and PR1F3 (PubMed:18845362).
The function in peroxisome biogenesis is dubious.
May play a role in signaling. May be not involved in abscisic acid (ABA) signaling.
Activates efficiently sinapate, besides the usual 4CL substrates (4-coumarate, caffeate, and ferulate).
Produces CoA thioesters of a variety of hydroxy- and methoxy-substituted cinnamic acids, which are used to synthesize several phenylpropanoid-derived compounds, including anthocyanins, flavonoids, isoflavonoids, coumarins, lignin, suberin and wall-bound phenolics (PubMed:14769935). Follows a two-step reaction mechanism, wherein the carboxylate substrate first undergoes adenylation by ATP, followed by a thioesterification in the presence of CoA to yield the final CoA thioesters (By similarity).
The cytochrome b5 heme-binding domain lacks one of the conserved iron-binding His residues at position 100.
Early flowering (PubMed:18950478). Altered fruit development (PubMed:22946675). Siliques with narrow replum (PubMed:22946675). Reduced number of lateral roots (PubMed:22946675).
Expressed in lateral roots, cotyledon and root vasculatures, pericycle, stem cells of the primary root meristem, leaf primordia, flower vasculature, stigma and gynoecium (PubMed:18950478, PubMed:22946675). Expressed in developing carpels, floral buds and inflorescences (PubMed:22946675).
Transcription factor involved in the regulation of fruit patterning (PubMed:22946675). Promotes replum development by down-regulating JAG and YAB1/FIL genes activity in medial tissues (PubMed:22946675). Seems to inhibit fruit dehiscence, maybe by controlling valve margin lignification (PubMed:22946675). Promotes callus formation at wound sites (PubMed:34730809). Is required for the formation of highly vacuolated large cells in callus and for the establishment of organ reconnection (PubMed:34730809). Targets directly genes involved in stress-induced cellular reprogramming, and cell wall modifier genes (PubMed:34730809).
Acts as a receptor for PEP defense peptides. Unlike typical immune receptors, senses an endogenous elicitor that potentiates PAMP-inducible plant responses (By similarity).
Interacts with BAK1 (PubMed:20018402). Interacts with CLE14 (PubMed:28586647).
A naturally occurring ecotype (cv. Ty-0) lacks AXY4-mediated xyloglucan O-acetylation due to 2 amino acid changes, Asp367Glu and Gly368Lys (PubMed:22086088).
No visible phenotype. Loss of O-acetylated xyloglucan oligosaccharides in roots and rosette leaves, but no effect on xyloglucan O-acetylation in seeds.
Xyloglucan acetyltransferase that catalyzes the acetylation of fucosylated Gal residues on xyloglucan side chains (PubMed:30083810). Predominantly catalyze 6-O-monoacetylation of Gal residues in the Fuc-Gal-Xyl trisaccharide side chains of xyloglucan oligomers (PubMed:30083810). Involved in xyloglucan specific O-acetylation in roots and rosette leaves (PubMed:22086088).
Component of SCF(ASK-cullin-F-box) E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes, which may mediate the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins. Confers sensitivity to ABA during seed germination and early seedling development.
Expressed early during seed germination, especially in the preemergent radicle.
Part of a SCF (SKP1-cullin-F-box) protein ligase complex. Interacts with SKP1A/ASK1 and XERICO.
By salicylic acid, flagellin, oligogalacturonides, silver nitrate, UV-C and infection with A.alternata and various strains of P.syringae. Activated by the transcription factor WRKY33 upon infection with P.syringae.
Multifunctional enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of the indole-derived phytoalexin camalexin. Catalyzes two reactions, the formation of dihydrocamalexate from indole-3-acetonitrile-cysteine conjugate and the oxidative decarboxylation of dihydrocamalexate which is the final step in camalexin biosynthesis. Required for the resistance to the fungal pathogens A.brassicicola, B.cinerea, B.elliptica, B.tulipae, L.maculans and Colletotrichum higginsianum. Seems not to be required for resistance to P.syringae, P.porri, and not involved in age-related resistance.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but deficient in the phytoalexin camalexin accumulation upon bacterial infection and markedly increased susceptibility to infection by the necrotrophic fungus Alternaria brassicicola.
ATPase required for the post-translational delivery of tail-anchored (TA) proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum. Recognizes and selectively binds the transmembrane domain of TA proteins in the cytosol. This complex then targets to the endoplasmic reticulum by membrane-bound receptors, where the tail-anchored protein is released for insertion. This process is regulated by ATP binding and hydrolysis. ATP binding drives the homodimer towards the closed dimer state, facilitating recognition of newly synthesized TA membrane proteins. ATP hydrolysis is required for insertion. Subsequently, the homodimer reverts towards the open dimer state, lowering its affinity for the membrane-bound receptor, and returning it to the cytosol to initiate a new round of targeting (By similarity). Involved in the control of root hair growth through the regulation of syntaxin SYP123 expression (PubMed:28096354).
ATPase required for the post-translational delivery of tail-anchored (TA) proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum. Recognizes and selectively binds the transmembrane domain of TA proteins in the cytosol. This complex then targets to the endoplasmic reticulum by membrane-bound receptors, where the tail-anchored protein is released for insertion. This process is regulated by ATP binding and hydrolysis. ATP binding drives the homodimer towards the closed dimer state, facilitating recognition of newly synthesized TA membrane proteins. ATP hydrolysis is required for insertion. Subsequently, the homodimer reverts towards the open dimer state, lowering its affinity for the membrane-bound receptor, and returning it to the cytosol to initiate a new round of targeting.
Homodimer (By similarity). Interacts with GET1 and GET4 (PubMed:28096354).
Constitutively expressed in healthy plants but repressed in response to infection by necrotrophic fungi (PubMed:15923348). Repressed by drought and abscisic acid (ABA) (PubMed:19175769).
May modulate chromatin structure by regulation of nucleosome assembly/disassembly (By similarity). Homeodomain transcription factor that mediates jasmonic acid (JA)-mediated COI1-dependent and abscisic acid (ABA)-mediated PMR4-dependent resistance to infection by necrotrophic fungal pathogens (e.g. B.cinerea and P.cucumerina) and bacterial pathogens (e.g. P.syringae DC3000); this resistance involves at least callose deposition (PubMed:15923348, PubMed:20836879, PubMed:21564353). Required for the P.fluorescens WCS417r-triggered JA-dependent induced systemic resistance (ISR) against both P.syringae DC3000 and H.arabidopsidis (PubMed:20836879). Negative regulator of the ABA-dependent drought resistance (PubMed:19175769).
Activates the ARF proteins by exchanging bound GDP for free GTP. Plays a role in vesicular protein sorting. Acts as the major regulator of retrograde Golgi to endoplasmic reticulum trafficking but is also involved in the endocytosis process. Could function redundantly with GNOM. Regulates vesicle trafficking required for the coordinated polar localization of auxin efflux carriers which in turn determines the direction of auxin flow. Mediates the endocytosis of PIN2 from plasma membrane to endosomal compartments. Required for maintenance of endoplasmic reticulum morphology.
Slightly abnormal Golgi stacks with laterally expanded cisternae. Abnormal formation of spherical bodies in the endoplasmic reticulum.
By far-red light. Down-regulated by far-red light (at protein level).
Homodimer. Interacts with phytochrome B (phyB).
Transcriptional activator acting positively in the phytochrome B signaling pathway. Functions redundantly with VOZ1 to promote flowering downstream of phytochrome B (phyB). Down-regulates 'FLOWERING LOCUS C' (FLC) and up-regulates 'FLOWERING LOCUS T' (FT). Binds to the 38-bp cis-acting region of the AVP1 gene. Binds as a dimer to the palindromic sequence 5'-GCGTNNNNNNNACGC-3'. Interacts with phyB in the cytoplasm and is translocated to the nucleus at signal transmission, where it is subjected to degradation in a phytochrome-dependent manner.
Ubiquitous. Expressed in the vascular bundles and mesophyll cells of various tissues. Expressed in the root, especially in the root tip. Also detected in stamen filaments, stipules and anthers.
Associates with the TOC complex containing, at least, translocons at the chloroplast envelope (e.g. TOCs and TICs such as TOC159, TOC75, TOC33 and TIC56).
No visible phenotype under standard growth conditions (PubMed:28283569). Impaired preprotein import efficiency (PubMed:28283569). Reduced seedlings survival rates after transfer from the dark to the light, a process involving massive protein import during chloroplast biogenesis (PubMed:28283569).
Serine/threonine protein kinase acting as a regulatory component of the plastid protein import machinery by phosphorylating import receptors (e.g. the A-domain of TOC159, TOC120 and TOC132) (PubMed:28283569). Supports preprotein import and contributes to efficient chloroplast biogenesis, thus being required for survival during de-etiolation (PubMed:28283569).
Actins are highly conserved proteins that are involved in various types of cell motility and are ubiquitously expressed in all eukaryotic cells. Essential component of cell cytoskeleton; plays an important role in cytoplasmic streaming, cell shape determination, cell division, organelle movement and extension growth.
Reported as ATB2 in TAIR. The origin of the name is unclear and this protein should not be mixed with bZIP family protein ATB2.
Up-regulated by iron and sulfur starvation.
May be involved in the initiation of DNA replication.
Component of the heptameric LSM1-LSM7 complex that forms a seven-membered ring structure with a donut shape. The LSM subunits are arranged in the order LSM1, LSM2, LSM3, LSM6, LSM5, LSM7 and LSM4. Component of the heptameric LSM2-LSM8 complex that forms a seven-membered ring structure with a donut shape. The LSM subunits are arranged in the order LSM8, LSM2, LSM3, LSM6, LSM5, LSM7 and LSM4 (PubMed:23221597, PubMed:23620288). LSM3A subunit interacts only with its two neighboring subunits, LSM2 and LSM6A or LSM6B (PubMed:23221597).
Belongs to the SIS family. GutQ/KpsF subfamily.
Catalyzes the reversible aldol-ketol isomerization between D-ribulose 5-phosphate (Ru5P) and D-arabinose 5-phosphate (A5P).
Binds DNA as a dimer. Interaction with the Dof domain protein OBP1 enhances the binding to the ocs element. Interacts with NPR1, NPR3 and NPR4.
Transcriptional activator that binds specifically to the DNA sequence 5'-TGACG-3'. Recognizes ocs elements like the as-1 motif of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter. Binding to the as-1-like cis elements mediate auxin- and salicylic acid-inducible transcription. May be involved in the induction of the systemic acquired resistance (SAR) via its interaction with NPR1. Could also bind to the Hex-motif (5'-TGACGTGG-3') another cis-acting element found in plant histone promoters.
Lacks one of the disulfide bridges highly conserved in the class III peroxidase family.
Maintenance of negative gravitropic hypocotyls grow after exposure of seedlings to red (R) or far red (FR) light. Reduced seedlings viability.
Required for red (R) and far red (FR) light-induced and phytochrome-mediated deregulation of negative gravitropism leading to randomization of hypocotyl growth orientation.
Activated by abscisic acid (ABA), ethylene, heavy metal, cold, salt and osmotic stresses.
C2 domain is a calcium-binding fold, and the binding promotes the protein association with membranes. A lower affinity toward calcium can be anticipated for PLD alpha due to the absence of two potential calcium ligands.
Highly expressed in roots, stems and flowers, moderately in leaves, seedlings and siliques. Not detected in dry seeds.
Hydrolyzes glycerol-phospholipids at the terminal phosphodiesteric bond to generate phosphatidic acids (PA). Plays an important role in various cellular processes, including phytohormone action and response to stress, characterized by acidification of the cell.
Part of the 26S proteasome (By similarity). Interacts with BRCA2A and BRCA2B (PubMed:16415210). Interacts with UCH1 and UCH2 (PubMed:22951400). Can form a tripartite complex with both RAD51 and BRCA2B or both DMC1 and BRCA2B (PubMed:16415210).
Subunit of the 26S proteasome which plays a role in ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis.
Gibberellin (GA) induces dephosphorylation of GAI by TOPP4 and subsequent degradation by the proteasomal pathway.
Interacts directly with the GID2/SLY1 component of the SCF(GID2) complex. Interacts (via N-terminus) with GID1A, GID1B and GID1B (via N-terminus). Interacts with the BOI proteins BOI, BRG1, BRG2, BRG3 and NUP58 (PubMed:15155881, PubMed:15161962, PubMed:15173565, PubMed:16709201, PubMed:19037309, PubMed:23482857, PubMed:23840761). Interacts with TOPP4 (PubMed:25010794, PubMed:15155881, PubMed:15161962, PubMed:15173565, PubMed:16709201, PubMed:19037309, PubMed:23482857, PubMed:23840761). Interacts with TCP14 and TCP15 (PubMed:25655823). Interacts with FLZ5 (Ref.27). Binds to and coactivates GAF1/IDD2 and ENY/IDD1 at the promoter of GA20OX2 gene (PubMed:25035403). Binds to PDF2 and ATML1 (PubMed:24989044). Interacts with the prefoldin alpha subunits PFD3 and PFD5 in the nucleus (PubMed:23583555).
Transcriptional regulator that acts as a repressor of the gibberellin (GA) signaling pathway. Transcription coactivator of the zinc finger transcription factors GAF1/IDD2 and ENY/IDD1 in regulation of gibberellin homeostasis and signaling (PubMed:25035403). No effect of the BOI proteins on its stability. Probably acts by participating in large multiprotein complexes that repress transcription of GA-inducible genes. Positively regulates XERICO expression. In contrast to RGA, it is less sensitive to GA. Its activity is probably regulated by other phytohormones such as auxin and ethylene. Involved in the regulation of seed dormancy and germination, including glucose-induced delay of seed germination (PubMed:24989044). Involved in the process leading to microtubules (MTs) dissociation in response to gibberellic acid (GA) probably by mediating the translocation of the prefoldin co-chaperone complex from the cytoplasm to the nucleus (PubMed:23583555).
Ubiquitously expressed. Expressed in rosette leaves, roots, stems and inflorescences of greenhouse grown.
Upon seed imbibition, increased GA levels in the epidermis reduce DELLA proteins (e.g. GAI/RGA2, RGA/RGA1/GRS and RGL2/SCL19) abundance and release, in turn, ATML1 and PDF2 which activate LIP1 expression, thus enhancing germination potential.
Catalyzes the isomerization between 2-isopropylmalate and 3-isopropylmalate, via the formation of 2-isopropylmaleate (PubMed:19597944). Plays an essential role in leucine biosynthesis (PubMed:19597944, PubMed:20663849, PubMed:24608865, PubMed:32612621). Functions in both the biosynthesis of leucine, and in the methionine chain elongation pathway of aliphatic glucosinolate formation (PubMed:24608865). Plays an essential role in female gametophyte development (PubMed:19597944, PubMed:20663849, PubMed:24608865).
Expressed at low levels in roots, root tips, at the basis of the hypocotyls, and in emerging leaves (PubMed:24608865). In young seedlings, expressed in cotyledon epidermal cells (PubMed:32612621). In hypocotyls, expressed in peripheral cells (PubMed:32612621). In seedling roots, expressed in the epidermis, including root hairs, and throughout the cortex (PubMed:32612621). In rosette leaves, expressed in the upper and lower epidermis (PubMed:32612621). In roots of adult plants, expressed in the root tips and cortex of the mature root enclosing the stele (PubMed:32612621). In flowering stalks, expressed in the epidermis (PubMed:32612621). Expressed in the carpel epidermis (PubMed:32612621).
Plants silencing SSU1 exhibit stunted growth, narrow pale leaf blades with green vasculature, abnormal leaf adaxial-abaxial patterning, and abnormal flower morphology.
Expressed constitutively at a low level in young seedlings and in roots, stems and leaves of mature plants.
Putative transcription factor with an activatory role.
Required for the early stage of chloroplast development. May be involved in chloroplast protein biosynthesis and/or degradation.
Ubiquitous. Preferentially expressed in newly formed green tissues.
Activated by the presence of DNA (PubMed:11948185). Stimulated by XRCC1 (PubMed:23316050).
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the DNA 3' phosphatase family.
Interacts with ROS1 (via the central region) (PubMed:22325353). Binds to XRCC1 (PubMed:23316050).
Nick-sensing 3'-phosphoesterase involved in a base excision repair pathway required for active DNA demethylation. The N-terminal DNA-binding domain binds specifically to gap sites and sharply bends the target DNA. Lacks 5'-kinase activity but is capable of 3'-phosphoglycolate end processing. Inactive on 3'-alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehyde (3'-dRP). Protects partially genes from transcriptional silencing by preventing promoter DNA hypermethylation.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions (PubMed:22325353, PubMed:25569774). Loss of 3'-phosphatase activity and hypersensitivity to DNA-damaging agents (PubMed:22325353). Increased DNA methylation and transcriptional gene silencing (PubMed:22325353). Zdp ape1l double mutants are embryo lethal and cause DNA hypermethylation and down-regulation of imprinted genes in the endosperm (PubMed:25569774).
There are 3 contiguous domains conserved in the CDPK subfamily: a kinase domain, an autoinhibitory (junction) domain and a calmodulin-like domain. The autoinhibitory domain (286-316) inactivates kinase activity under calcium-free conditions (By similarity).
May be involved in membrane trafficking.
Highly expressed in young leaves, shoots and flowers. Expressed at low levels in stems and siliques.
Plays an essential role in early steps of chloroplast development. May be involved in the redox control of plastid gene expression by maintening the redox state around chloroplast nucleoids. May positively regulate plastid-encoded RNA polymerase (PEP) activity, through binding to FSD2.
Seedling lethality due to deficiency in chloroplast development.
Controls the tethering of the proton ATPase AHA1 to the plasma membrane. Is essential for stomatal opening in response to low concentration of carbon dioxide and light.
Expressed in roots, cotyledons, leaves, stems and flowers. Expressed in guard cells and mesophyll cells of leaves.
Retarded growth due to impaired stomatal movement.
Dwarf plants with reduced cell numbers, endoreduplication and cell expansion leading to a slow growth (PubMed:26685188, PubMed:30212650). Altered pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI) signaling characterized by a compromised ability to elicit a reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst in response to microbial features (e.g. flg22) (PubMed:30212650). Enhanced resistance to the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst) due to high levels of salicylic acid (SA) and subsequent constitutive expression of pathogenesis-related genes (e.g. PR1) and associated with reduced jasmonic acid (JA) levels (PubMed:30212650). The double mutant sik1 mob1a is arrested at the seedling stage (PubMed:26685188).
In seedlings, observed in the hypocotyls of both etiolated and light-grown plants (PubMed:26685188). Also expressed in the quiescent center and the maturation zone of primary roots (PubMed:26685188). Later present in cotyledons and the first pair of true leaves (PubMed:26685188). Accumulates strongly in mature rosette leaves (PubMed:26685188). Detected in the pollen of opened flowers (PubMed:26685188). Lower levels in dividing tissues (PubMed:26685188). Present in developed vascular tissues, stipules of true leaves, mature trichomes and guard cells (PubMed:26685188).
Interacts with MOB1A and MOB1B via its N-terminal region at the plasma membrane and in the nucleus (PubMed:26685188). Binds to BIK1 to phosphorylate and stabilize it (PubMed:30212650). Interacts with and phosphorylates RBOHD upon flagellin perception to activate it (PubMed:30212650).
Mostly expressed in mature tissues of roots, shoots, hypocotyls, cotyledons, stems, leaves and flowers, as well as in the shoot apical meristem (SAM).
Serine/threonine-protein kinase (PubMed:30212650). Regulates organ size in coordination with MOB1A by modulating cell proliferation and cell expansion, possibly by facilitating cell cycle exit (PubMed:26685188). Positive regulator of the pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP, e.g. flg22)-triggered immunity (PTI) signaling by stabilizing BIK1 and activating RBOHD by phosphorylation to promote the extracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst involved in defense responses to bacterial infection (PubMed:30212650).
By excess light treatment, by wounding and by heat-shock stress.
Detected in bundle sheath cells, the photosynthetic cells that surround the phloem and xylem.
Belongs to the enoyl-CoA hydratase/isomerase family. Mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mS47 subfamily.
Extracellular signal that regulates meristem maintenance. Acts with CLV1 as a ligand-receptor pair in a signal transduction pathway coordinating growth between adjacent meristematic regions and controlling the balance between meristem cell proliferation and differentiation.
First detected in heart stage embryos in a patch of cells between the developing cotyledons. In vegetative and inflorescence meristems, expressed in a small cone of cells at the meristem apex.
His-81 seems to be essential for the activity of MCLV3.
Interacts with the extracellular leucine-rich repeat region of CLV1 (PubMed:18202283, PubMed:19525968). Interacts with CLV2 (PubMed:20626648). CLV3-derived CLE peptides interacts with a tetrameric complex made of two CLV2/CRN heterodimers (PubMed:20697738).
The MCLV3 peptide contains two hydroxyprolines, but hydroxylation had no direct effect on MCLV3 activity.
The O-glycosylation (arabinosylation) of the hydroxyproline P-76 enhances binding affinity of the MCLV3 peptide for its receptor.
The secreted peptide MCLV3 activates a signal transduction cascade to restrict WUSCHEL (WUS) expression, inducing shoot and root meristem consumption as cells differentiated into other organs.
As a component of the minor spliceosome, involved in the splicing of U12-type introns in pre-mRNAs.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class TrmE-Era-EngA-EngB-Septin-like GTPase superfamily. TrmE GTPase family.
Expressed at higher levels in younger, faster growing leaves than in older, slower growing leaves.
Expressed in roots, stems, leaves, flowers and siliques. Expressed in cell types undergoing cell wall modifications, including trichomes, vasculature, stomata, and elongating anther filaments. Not detected in pollen.
Glycoside hydrolase releasing xylosyl residues from xyloglucan oligosaccharides at the non-reducing end. Has alpha-xylosidase activity against xylan oligosaccharides. Also has alpha-glucosidase activity against p-nitrophenyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside. No activity against p-nitrophenyl-D-xyloside.
No visible growth or morphological phenotypes, with the exception of shorter siliques. Loss of alpha-xylosidase activity and altered xyloglucan composition.
Inhibits E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity of COP1, a central repressor of seedling photomorphogenesis. Represses COP1-mediated turnover of HY5 in the dark. Required for primary root development under normal light growth conditions.
Non-catalytic subunit of the V1 complex of vacuolar(H+)-ATPase (V-ATPase), a multisubunit enzyme composed of a peripheral complex (V1) that hydrolyzes ATP and a membrane integral complex (V0) that translocates protons. V-ATPase is responsible for acidifying and maintaining the pH of intracellular compartments.
Non-catalytic subunit of the peripheral V1 complex of vacuolar ATPase. V-ATPase is responsible for acidifying a variety of intracellular compartments in eukaryotic cells.
Tapetum-specific (PubMed:9687065, PubMed:24096413). Also present in pollen (PubMed:24096413).
Decreased response to vernalization, the promotion of flowering by prolonged cold.
Maintained at very low levels by the polycomb-group (PcG) proteins MSI1, CLF, and EMF2 via histone methylation (H3K27me3). Derepressed upon cold treatment (vernalization).
Mostly expressed in the outer layers of the root meristem (lateral root cap and epidermis) and in the central cylinder cells of mature roots. Also present in rosette leaves and seedlings and, to a lesser extent, in cauline leaves and flowers. Enriched in apices including the shoot apical meristem and developing leaf primordia.
Probable transcription factor that promotes flowering, especially in response to vernalization by short periods of cold, in an FLC-inpedendent manner.
Abnormal endodermal barrier formation in cif2-1. The double mutant cif1-1 cif2-1 is defective in ion homeostasis in the xylem due to defect in endodermal barrier formation in the roots. Highly sensitive to excess iron. Retarded growth under low-potassium conditions. Repeatedly interrupted, discontinuous Casparian strip due to patch-like localization of the CASPs proteins. Reduced rosette leaf size.
Confined to the root stele in the elongation and differentiation zones of both primary and lateral roots. Disappears at the sites of lateral root initiation. In the root tip, present at and above approximately 10 cells after the onset of elongation.
Expressed exclusively in the root stele.
Induced by excess iron and further synergistically regulated by lowering the medium pH.
Interacts with the specific receptor kinases GSO1 and GSO2.
Peptide hormone required for contiguous Casparian strip diffusion barrier formation in roots via the regulation of CASPs protein expression and distribution in a GSO1-GSO2 signaling pathway. The Casparian strip is required for ion homeostasis (e.g. iron and potassium ions).
Activates ubiquitin by first adenylating its C-terminal glycine residue with ATP, and thereafter linking this residue to the side chain of a cysteine residue in E1, yielding a ubiquitin-E1 thioester and free AMP.
Both UBA1 and UBA2 are able to activate ubiquitin and transfer it to the E2s with equal efficiency.
Expressed in leaves, flowers, roots and stems. Detected in germinating seeds, cotyledons, hypocotyls, vascular tissues, anthers, filaments, pollen, style, stigma, sepals, petals, ovary, developing ovules, funiculi and silique walls.
Expressed over the entire range of development.
Mutation in UBA1 (mos5) suppresses snc1-mediated constitutive resistance and affects the resistance responses conferred by only a subset of R-proteins.
Transcription factor. Interacts specifically with the W box (5'-(T)TGAC[CT]-3'), a frequently occurring elicitor-responsive cis-acting element (By similarity). Involved in defense responses. May act as positive regulator of salicylic acid (SA)-mediated signaling and negative regulator of jasmonic acid (JA)-mediated signaling (PubMed:21030507).
Expressed in cotyledons, particularly in the vascular region, in leaves, roots, stems, buds, flowers and siliques.
Adaptor protein complex 4 (AP-4) is a heterotetramer composed of two large adaptins (epsilon-type subunit and beta-type subunit), a medium adaptin (mu-type subunit) and a small adaptin (sigma-type subunit).
Expressed at low levels in stems and siliques, specifically in xylem.
Plants over-expressing MYB46 show a significant increase in mannan synthase activity and mannan content in plant.
Slightly induced by salicylic acid (SA). Positively regulated by SND1 and homolog proteins.
Transcription activator. Involved in the regulation of secondary wall biosynthesis in fibers and vessels (PubMed:17890373). Transcription activator of the mannan synthase CSLA9 that recognizes and binds to the DNA consensus sequence 5'-[AG][GT]T[AT]GGT[GA]-3' cis-regulatory element of CSLA9 promoter (PubMed:24243147). Transcription factor that acts as molecular switch in the NAC012/SND1-mediated transcriptional network regulating secondary wall biosynthesis. Is directly activated by NAC012/SND1. Functions redundantly with MYB83 in the transcriptional regulatory cascade leading to secondary wall formation in fibers and vessels (PubMed:19808805). Transcription activator that binds to the DNA consensus sequence 5'-ACC[AT]A[AC][TC]-3', designated as the secondary wall MYB-responsive element (SMRE). Regulates directly numerous transcription factors and a number of genes involved in secondary wall biosynthesis that contain SMRE elements in their promoters (PubMed:22197883). Is an obligate component of the transcriptional regulatory complex toward the commitment of secondary wall cellulose synthesis. Is required for functional expression of the three secondary wall CESA genes, CESA4, CESA7 and CESA8 (PubMed:23726771).
Glycerophosphocholine acyltransferase (GPCAT) that utilizes acyl-CoA to acylate glycero-3-phosphocholine (GPC), forming lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) (PubMed:27758859). Shows broad acyl specificities with a preference for 16:0-CoA, polyunsaturated acyl-CoA, and the hydroxylated ricinoleoyl-CoA (PubMed:27758859). Catalyzes also the acylation of glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (GPE) with acyl-CoA (PubMed:27758859). In addition to acyl-CoA, GPCAT efficiently utilizes LPC and lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE) as acyl donors in the acylation of GPC (PubMed:27758859). Contributes to the maintenance of phosphatidylcholine (PC) homeostasis and might also have specific functions in acyl editing of PC, such as transferring acyl groups modified at the sn-2 position of PC to the sn-1 (PubMed:27758859).
Post-transcriptional gene silencing deficiency and developmental defects, including reduced stature, leaf serration and early flowering (PubMed:26842463). Smd1a and smd2b double mutants are embryo lethal (PubMed:26842463).
Predominantly expressed in flowers but also in siliques, roots, leaves and stems.
Expressed with a circadian rhythm showing a peak 14 to 16 hours after sunrise regardless of day length. Induced in roots after infection by nematodes. Up-regulated by auxin and cytokinin and down-regulated by abscisic acid and temperature stress.
Interacts specifically with both Pr and Pfr forms of phytochrome B. Interacts with ELF4. May form a homodimer.
May be a transcription factor part of a circadian clock input pathway. Acts within a 'zeitnehmer' feedback loop and is involved in its own circadian regulation. Has no role in regulating circadian clock function in the dark. Part of a corepressor complex consisting of ELF4, ELF3, and LUX involved in the transcriptional regulation of APRR9. The activity of the protein may be decreased in long day conditions due to its interaction with phytochrome B (phyB). Can regulate the initiation of flowering independently of phyB. Also involved in responses to nematode parasitism, like the formation of the nematode feeding structure.
Mostly expressed in leaves or cotyledons.
Component of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF-3) complex, which is involved in protein synthesis of a specialized repertoire of mRNAs and, together with other initiation factors, stimulates binding of mRNA and methionyl-tRNAi to the 40S ribosome. The eIF-3 complex specifically targets and initiates translation of a subset of mRNAs involved in cell proliferation (Potential). Regulates translation initiation of specific 5' mRNAs harboring multiple upstream open reading frames (uORFs) in their 5' leader sequence (e.g. BETA-OHASE 2 and LHY) (PubMed:15548739, PubMed:17439654, PubMed:23524850).
Component of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF-3) complex. Interacts directly with TIF3A1, TIF3B1, TIF3C1, TIF3E1 and TIF3F1 (PubMed:15548739, PubMed:20444226). Associates with the CSN (COP9 signalosome) complex. Binds to CSN1, CSN7 and CSN8 (PubMed:15548739). Interacts with ATPK1 (PubMed:23524850).
In response to auxin (NAA), phosphorylated at Ser-178 by ATPK1 and binds to polysomes via TOR signaling. This phosphorylation is repressed by Torin-1.
Mostly expressed in roots and flowers, and, to a lower extent, in leaves, stems and siliques.
Pleiotropic growth defects throughout development including postembryonic growth retardation, and delayed shoot and root growth, flowering, and senescence. Lethal at 80 percent at the vegetative rosettes stage. Reduced fertility. Compromised translation efficiency of specific 5' mRNA leader sequences. Requires exogenous sugar to transit from seedling to vegetative development, but hypersensitive to elevated levels of exogenous sugars (e.g. sucrose, maltose and glucose). Enhanced sensitivity to abscisic acid (ABA) (PubMed:15548739). Impaired uORF-RNAs polysomal association (PubMed:23524850).
Expressed at low levels in seedlings, roots, shoots, leaves, stems, inflorescences, flowers and siliques, with highest levels dividing tissues.
PPIases accelerate the folding of proteins (PubMed:11264535). It catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptides (PubMed:11264535). Involved in promoting the expression of the juvenile phase of vegetative development, and, to a lower extent, in regulating the positioning of floral buds, floral morphogenesis and the expression of HSPs (PubMed:11264535). Collaboratively with RBL and ULT1, influences floral meristem (FM) determinacy in an AGAMOUS and SUPERMAN-dependent manner, thus contributing to the floral developmental homeostasis (PubMed:18441215).
Plants lacking both CRC and CYP40/SQN exhibit strong floral meristem (FM) indeterminacy with reiterations of extra floral whorls in the center of the flower associated with reduced AGAMOUS and SUPERMAN levels.
Interacts with ARAC11/ROP1 and ARAC10/ROP11. Interacts with PRK6 (PubMed:26961657).
Plants overexpressing NAC046 exhibit early-senescence phenotype and reduced chlorophyll content. Plants silencing NAC046 exhibit delayed-senescence phenotype and increased chlorophyll content.
Transcriptional activator that acts as positive regulator of leaf senescence. Activates NYC1, SGR1, SGR2 and PAO, which are genes involved in chlorophyll catabolic processes. Activates senescence-associated genes, such as RNS1, SAG12 and SAG13.
Involved in C-to-U editing of mitochondrial RNA. Required for RNA editing at 8 sites in 6 different mRNAs in mitochondria.
Retarded growth, reduced size of leaves and length of petioles.
Highly selective xylulose-1,5-bisphosphate (XuBP) phosphatase. Shows also activity towards ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) and fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (FBP), but not towards fructose-6-phosphate (F6P) or ribulose-5-phosphate (Ru5P) (PubMed:27246049). Degrades xylulose-1,5-bisphosphate, a potent inhibitor of rubisco produced by the rubisco itself (PubMed:27246049).
By methyl jasmonate and infection with the fungal pathogen B.cinerea.
Catalyzes the hydrolysis of L-arginine to urea and L-ornithine. The latter can be utilized in the urea cycle or as a precursor for the synthesis of both polyamines and proline (By similarity). Possesses agmatinase activity. Catalyzes the formation of putrescine from agmatine (PubMed:28716421).
Expressed in vasculature of roots, root tips, leaves and cotyledons.
Plants over-expressing ARGAH2 have decreased susceptibility to the fungal pathogen B.cinerea.
High chlorophyll fluorescence and deficiency in the accumulation of the cytochrome b6f complex subunits.
The active site contains a CEVC motif wich differs from the conserved CGPC motif.
Thiol-disulfide oxidoreductase that participates in various redox reactions in the chloroplast. Mediates the reduction of PSI-N in the thylakoid lumen. May interact and probably reduce other target proteins of the thylakoid membrane, such as FTSH2, FTSH8, LHCB5, atpA, atpB, atpE, petA and petC. Involved in the biogenesis of the plastid cytochrome b6f complex. Reducing equivalents are provided by stromal M-type thioredoxins and probably transduced through the thylakoid membrane by CCDA. Possesses low insulin disulfide bonds reducing activity.
Contains 1 EAR motif required for the interaction with TPL and TPRs (PubMed:25378179).
Expressed during microsporogenesis and megasoprogenesis (PubMed:10465788). Expressed during ovule development (PubMed:25378179).
Expressed in flower buds (PubMed:10465788, PubMed:10500234). Not found in leaves, siliques and stems (PubMed:10465788). Detected in rosette leaves, stem tissue and seedlings (PubMed:10500234).
Homodimer and heterodimer with SPEARs (PubMed:25527103). Interacts in vitro with YAB1, YAB3 and YAB4 (PubMed:15299139). Interacts (via EAR motif) with TPL, TPR1, TPR2, TPR3 and TPR4 (PubMed:25527103, PubMed:25378179). Interacts with SPEAR1, SPEAR2, SPEAR3, SPEAR4, TCP1, TCP6, TCP8, TCP9, TCP11, TCP15, TCP20, TCP21 and TCP23 (PubMed:25527103). Interacts with TCP2, TCP3, TCP4, TCP5, TCP10, TCP13, TCP17 and TCP24 (PubMed:25527103, PubMed:25378179).
Transcriptional regulator of sporocyte development (PubMed:10465788). Acts as an adapter-like transcriptional repressor recruiting TPL/TPR corepressors to inhibit TCP transcription factors (PubMed:25378179). Required for nucellus and embryo sac development (PubMed:10500234). Plays a central role in patterning both the proximal-distal and the adaxial-abaxial axes during ovule development (PubMed:12183381). Involved in establishing the prospective chalaza of the ovule and in controlling the cell number and the length of the funiculus, and is required for the development of the integuments (PubMed:10976054). Required, with BEL1, for cytokinin-induced PIN1 expression in ovules (PubMed:22786869). Involved in controlling stamen identity (PubMed:19726570). May also regulate the morphology of lateral organs by repressing auxin production (PubMed:18557819).
Up-regulated by the transcription factor AGAMOUS (PubMed:15254538). Regulated by ATXR3/SDG2 via chromatin methylation (PubMed:21037105). Triggered by TGA9 and TGA10 in anthers (PubMed:20805327).
Expressed in flowers. Detected mainly in ovules and styles of immature flowers, but also in pistils, styles, stamens, petals and embryos. Not detected in leaves.
Not regulated by wounding, dehydration stress, methyl jasmonate, salicylic acid or abscisic acid treatments.
By cold stress. Down-regulated by salt stress.
Component of the CSN complex, probably composed of CSN1, CSN2, CSN3, CSN4, CSN5 (CSN5A or CSN5B), CSN6 (CSN6A or CSN6B), CSN7 and CSN8 (PubMed:9811788, PubMed:12615944, PubMed:15486099). CSN5A or CSN5B are present within distinct CSN complexes each containing only one copy of CSN5 (PubMed:15486099). Interacts with itself (PubMed:9811788). In the complex, it is located in the center and probably interacts directly with CSN4 and CSN6A or CSN6B (PubMed:9811788, PubMed:12615944). Present also in subcomplex forms which inculdes CSN3 (PubMed:15486099). Also exists as monomeric form (PubMed:9811788). Interacts with CYT1 in vitro, but not in planta (PubMed:23424245).
Probable protease subunit of the COP9 signalosome complex (CSN), a complex involved in various cellular and developmental processes such as photomorphogenesis and auxin and jasmonate responses. The CSN complex is an essential regulator of the ubiquitin (Ubl) conjugation pathway by mediating the deneddylation of the cullin subunits of the SCF-type E3 ligase complexes, leading to decrease the Ubl ligase activity of SCF. In the complex, it probably acts as the catalytic center that mediates the cleavage of Nedd8 from cullins. It however has no metalloprotease activity by itself and requires the other subunits of the CSN complex (By similarity). The CSN complex is involved in repression of photomorphogenesis in darkness by regulating the activity of COP1-containing Ubl ligase complexes. The complex is also required for degradation of PSIAA6 by regulating the activity of the Ubl ligase SCF-TIR complex. Involved in CSN's deneddylation/derubylation activity (PubMed:15486099). Required for the deneddylation of all cullins (PubMed:15923347, PubMed:17307927). Essential for the structural integrity of the CSN holocomplex (PubMed:17307927).
Short hypocotyl and open cotyledons in dark-grown seedling, accumulation of anthocyanin and expression of light-induced genes in the dark resulting from an impaired cullin deneddylation (PubMed:15923347). Severe developmental defects resulting in dwarf stature and loss of apical dominance (PubMed:17307927). Csn5a and csn5b double mutants are lethal at the seedling stage (PubMed:17307927).
Folic acid-binding protein involved in salicylic acid- (SA-) induced folate accumulation by triggering uptake and accumulation of folic acid in cells (PubMed:29231735). May be implicated in the transport of the folates from the site of production (leaves) to the site of storage (fruits and seeds) and utilization (roots) (Probable).
Induced by salicylic acid (SA), correlating with the accumulation of folates.
By light, UV, cold, drought, ethylene, jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA), abscisic acid (ABA), cadmium (CdCl(2)), high salt (NaCl), and cytokinins.
Mostly expressed in roots, and, to a lower extent, in stems, flower buds, and siliques.
Binds specifically to cytosolic chaperonin (c-CPN) and transfers target proteins to it (PubMed:19825635). Binds to nascent polypeptide chain and promotes folding in an environment in which there are many competing pathways for nonnative proteins (PubMed:19825635). Together with other chaperonins, contribute to the regulation of gene expression by modulating the spliceosome function on pre-mRNA splicing post-transcriptionally by acting as a co-chaperone of Hsp90 to control levels of LSM8 (By similarity). Required for the biogenesis of tubulins and for subsequent microtubules (MTs) organization and dynamicity (PubMed:19825635). Necessary for tolerance to NaCl salt stress (PubMed:19825635). Involved in the process leading to microtubules dissociation in response to gibberellic acid (GA) probably due to the DELLA proteins-mediated translocation of the prefoldin co-chaperone complex from the cytoplasm to the nucleus (PubMed:23583555). Prevents cold acclimation (e.g. 7 days at 4 degrees Celsius) in a DELLA proteins-dependent manner by promoting nuclear proteasome-mediated HY5 degradation, thus modulating the expression of several genes and reducing anthocyanin biosynthesis, but seems not involved in constitutive freezing tolerance (PubMed:28412546). Contributes to the GA-dependent regulation of PIN2 trafficking at the plasma membrane, thus influencing auxin flux (PubMed:29463731).
Heterohexamer of two PFD-alpha type and four PFD-beta type subunits forming prefoldin co-chaperone complex (By similarity). Interacts with PFD6 (PubMed:19004800). Binds to the DELLA protein GAI (PubMed:23583555).
Reduced levels of alpha- and beta-tubulin (PubMed:19825635). Altered development patterns and disturbed microtubules (MTs) organization (PubMed:19825635). Hypersensitivity to high NaCl salt levels (PubMed:19825635). Increased capacity to tolerate freezing temperatures upon acclimation (e.g. 7 days at 4 degrees Celsius) associated with a continuous accumulation of HY5 in cold conditions (PubMed:28412546). The pfd5 pfd6 double mutant is less sensitive to gibberellic acid (GA)-mediated mobilization of PIN2 at the plasma membrane (PubMed:29463731).
Reduced proportion of the cellular volume devoted to chloroplasts leading to an abnormal chloroplasts distributions (PubMed:26862170). Inhibited far-red block of seedlings greening associated with reduced levels of chlorophyll and chlorophyll a/b-binding proteins of photosystem II (e.g. Lhcb1.2) (PubMed:26862170). Lower levels of chlorophyll, especially in plants lacking REC1, REC2, REC3 and FMT/CLU (PubMed:26862170).
Catalyzes the conversion of glutamate to 4-aminobutanoate (GABA). The calmodulin-binding is calcium-dependent and it is proposed to directly or indirectly form a calcium regulated control of GABA biosynthesis.
Down-regulated by salt treatment. Not induced by hypoxia.
Expressed in roots. Detected at low levels in shoots of young seedlings. Not detected in the root tips or in the central vascular bundle in the elongating region of mature roots.
Homohexamer. Interacts with calmodulin with a 1:3 stoichiometry.
No visible phenotype, but increased glutamate levels and decreased GABA levels in the roots, and loss of GABA accumulation upon heat stress.
The N-terminus (1-57) is involved in the formation of the multimer. The C-terminus (471-502) binds calmodulin in a calcium-dependent fashion and contains probably an autoinhibitory domain.
Up-regulated by calmodulin binding at physiological pH.
By wounding, upon insect feeding, by the fungal elicitor alamethicin and infection with the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae DC3000 (PubMed:21088219). Induced by the biosynthetic intermediate 8-hydroxy-7-keto-d-cadinene (C234), especially in synergy with the bacterial pathogen P.syringae pv. maculicola (Psm) (PubMed:30967019).
Expressed in stems, flower peduncles, receptacle of developing and mature flowers and in stigma of mature opening flower buds.
Involved in the biosynthesis of homoterpenes, attractants of herbivores parasitoids and predators (e.g. predatory mites and parasitoid wasps) (PubMed:21334702). Catalyzes the conversion of the C20 (E,E)-geranyllinalool to C16-homoterpene 4,8,12-trimethyltrideca-1,3,7,11-tetraene (TMTT) of the C15 (E)-nerolidol to C11-homoterpene (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene (DMNT); these volatile compounds are produced upon insect herbivore attack and emitted from flowers and vegetative tissues during herbivore feeding (PubMed:21088219). Required during resistance responses to the fungus Alternaria brassicae (PubMed:29271603). Prevents oviposition of the phloem-feeding insect cabbage whitefly (Aleyrodes proletella) (PubMed:26699853).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but loss of TMTT production after alamethicin elicitation (PubMed:21088219). Enhanced susceptibility to the fungus Alternaria brassicae (PubMed:29271603). Increased oviposition rate of the phloem-feeding insect cabbage whitefly (Aleyrodes proletella) (PubMed:26699853).
May be a negative regulator of the ABA signaling/synthesis pathway.
Phosphoglycerate mutase-like protein lacking PGM activity. May play a role in carbohydrates metabolism.
Component of the plastid division machinery consisting in a binary fission accomplished by the simultaneous constriction of the FtsZ ring on the stromal side of the inner envelope membrane, and the ARC5 ring on the cytosolic side of the outer envelope membrane (PubMed:28248291, PubMed:29466386). Involved in the initiation of proplastid and plastid division (including chloroplasts, statoliths and leukoplasts) (PubMed:29466386). Promotes the assembly and/or stabilization of the plastid-dividing FtsZ ring, functioning as an antagonistic regulator of FtsZ dynamics against CDP1 and facilitating MCD1 positioning to membrane tethered FtsZ filaments to form the chloroplast Z-Ring; inhibits GDP-induced disassembly of FTSZ2 but enables ARC3 binding to FTSZ2-1 (PubMed:29466386, PubMed:29967285, PubMed:29769312, PubMed:29138260). Relays plastid division site position between stroma and outer surface via interactions with the stromal FtsZ ring and the outer membrane PDV2 that recruits cytoplasmic ARC5 ring (PubMed:28248291). Required for plastid equatorial positioning of PDV2 and ARC5. May contribute to gravitropism in stems and hypocotyls. Seems to influence stromule (stroma-filled tubular extensions of the plastid envelope membrane) length and frequency.
Defective in proplastid and plastid division, with only one or two grossly enlarged plastids per cell, sometimes exhibiting alteration in stromule length and frequency in non-green tissues (e.g. increase in the frequency of stromules in nearly all cells) and in stomatal guard cells (GCs) (PubMed:29466386). Heterogeneous chloroplasts sizes and shapes such as giant and mini-plastids in leaf epidermal pavement cells (PCs) (PubMed:29466386). Abnormal subplastidial localization of the key plastid division proteins FTSZ1 and FTSZ2 (numerous short and disorganized FtsZ filament fragments) (PubMed:29967285). Root cells statoliths, chloroplasts, and other plastids are also abnormally large. Impaired gravitropism of inflorescence stems and hypocotyls, but not of roots. Several mesophyll and stomatal guard cells contain chlorophyll-free plastids, probably missing chloroplastic DNA. Misexpression and mislocalization of ADT2 (PubMed:30252596). The double mutant mcd1 arc6 exhibits similar chloroplast defect than the single mutant arc6, including the abnormal localization of FTSZ1 to short filaments and dots within chloroplasts (PubMed:29967285). The double mutant arc6 cjd1 exhibits both phenotypes of single mutants cjd1 and arc6 including altered fatty acid profiles and heterogeneous chloroplasts sizes and shapes, respectively (PubMed:22028775).
Levels decrease slightly from young developing leaves to mature ones (at protein level).
Self-interacts (PubMed:28248291, PubMed:29769312). Part of a complex made of ARC3, ARC6, FTSZ1 and FTSZ2 (PubMed:22823492). Interacts with FTSZ2-1 and FTSZ2-2 (via C-terminus), but not with FTSZ1; this interaction enables ARC3 binding to FTSZ2 (PubMed:29967285, PubMed:29769312, PubMed:29138260, PubMed:26527658). Binds to CDT1A. Interacts (via C-terminus) with PDV2 (via C-terminus) in the chloroplast intermembrane space; this interaction induces homodimerization and leads to the formation of an heterotetramer containing two ARC6 and two PDV2 subunits (PubMed:28248291). Interacts with MCD1 in the chloroplast stroma and facilitates its subsequent binding to FtsZ2-1 (PubMed:29967285). Interacts (via J domain) with CJD1 (via J-like domain) (PubMed:22028775).
Expressed in all plant organs, with higher levels in stems and leaves.
Homodimer and heterodimer with YIP4B (PubMed:23832588). Component of a trans-Golgi network (TGN)-localized ECH/YIP4 complex made of ECH, YIP4A and YIP4B (PubMed:23832588). Interacts directly with ECH (PubMed:23832588).
No visible phenotype (PubMed:23832588). The double mutant yip4a yip4b exhibits disturbed trans-Golgi network (TGN)-Golgi association and cell elongation defects leading to reduced roots and hypocotyls growth associated with an abnormal cell wall composition and a mislocalization of trans-Golgi network (TGN)-localized proteins SYP61 and VHA-a1 (PubMed:23832588, PubMed:30770391). The double mutant yip4a yip4b has also a reduced number of root trichoblasts displaying Rho-of-plant (ROPs e.g. ARAC4/ROP2, ARAC5/ROP4 and ARAC3/ROP6) patches and leading to an almost complete absence of root hairs (PubMed:30770391). Strongly reduced ROP2 plasma membrane localization (PubMed:30770391).
Together with YIP4B, involved in the regulation of cell elongation during root and hypocotyl growth (PubMed:23832588). YIP4A and YIP4B are central trafficking components in Rho-of-plant (ROPs, e.g. ARAC4/ROP2, ARAC5/ROP4 and ARAC3/ROP6) small GTPases-dependent root hair formation, thus contributing to activation and plasma membrane accumulation of ROPs during hair initiation (PubMed:30770391). The ECH/YIP4 complex is involved in the modulation of the trans-Golgi network (TGN)-mediated trafficking of some proteins and cell wall components (e.g. pectin and hemicellulose) to the cell wall in dark-grown hypocotyls and in secretory cells of the seed coat (PubMed:23832588).
Induced by salt stress, cold stress, drought stress and abscisic acid (ABA).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant seeds are insensitive to germination inhibition by abscisic acid (ABA).
Plants over-expressing AIRP1 exhibit tolerance to severe drought stress.
Possesses E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity in vitro when associated with the E2 enzyme UBC8 in vitro (PubMed:20884812, PubMed:15644464). Plays combinatory roles with AIRP2 in the positive regulation of the abscisic acid-mediated drought stress response (PubMed:20884812).
Belongs to the eukaryotic RPC34/RPC39 RNA polymerase subunit family.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 10 family.
Mono-, di- and oligomers (PubMed:25877331). Component of the Mediator complex (PubMed:17560376, PubMed:22021418). Interacts with GEBPL (PubMed:25877331).
Highly expressed in inflorescences, at intermediate levels in leaves and stems and at lower levels in roots.
Interacts with HEN4 (PubMed:12530963). Interacts with FLK and PEP (PubMed:25658099).
Involved in flower development (PubMed:11595801, PubMed:12530963). Functions in floral reproductive organ identity by binding AGAMOUS (AG) pre-mRNA and promoting its processing. Functions in association with HUA2 and HEN4 (PubMed:12530963).
Abnormal stigma binding and male sterility. Abnormal pollen exine which is thinner, weaker, and missing some connections between their roof-like tectum structures. Content modification of a broad range of metabolic compounds, such as nonacosane and naringenin chalcone.
Required for the exine formation during pollen development.
Essential protein required during embryogenesis (PubMed:15266054, PubMed:22495966). Mediates group II organellar RNA introns splicing (e.g. ycf3-2 and trnA) (PubMed:22495966). Binds weakly to specific RNA (PubMed:22495966, PubMed:24047899). Promotes the biogenesis of chloroplast thylakoid membranes (PubMed:22495966).
Pigment defective embryo arrested at cotyledon stage in homozygous plants, partially rescued when grown on sucrose-containing medium (PubMed:15266054, PubMed:22495966). Retarded growth and greening. Reduced abundance of both the excised intron and the spliced product from ycf3-2 and trnA (PubMed:22495966).
May play a role as effector of cellular copper homeostasis.
Ubiquitous. Highly expressed in the root elongation zone.
Heterodimers with MORF8/RIP1, MORF3/RIP3, MORF6/RIP6, MORF7/RIP7 and MORF9/RIP9.
Gly-115 forms then a thioester bond with the 'Cys-558' of ATG7 (E1-like activating enzyme) before being transferred to the 'Cys-258' of ATG3 (the specific E2 conjugating enzyme), in order to be finally amidated with phosphatidylethanolamine. This lipid modification anchors ATG8 to autophagosomes.
During pollen development, accumulates progressively in uninucleate microspores (UNMS) and bicellular pollen (BICP) to reach a maximal peak in immature tricellular pollen (TRCP), and fades out in mature pollen grains (MPGR) (PubMed:21705385). Strongly expressed in germinating pollen (PubMed:21705385).
Mainly expressed in pollen, roots, stems, petioles and hypocotyls, and, to a lower extent, in leaves and cotyledons.
Developmental defects of pistils, some being bent or coiled or twisted, and some showing unfused carpels with exposed ovules (PubMed:29139551). The vcc-3 deal2-1 double mutant shows leaf asymmetry (PubMed:29139551). The vcc-3 deal2-1 deal3-1 triple mutant shows a strong leaf asymmetry (PubMed:29139551).
Involved, partially redundantly with VCC/DEAL1 and DEAL3, to ensure bilateral symmetry development and early leaf margin patterning, probably via the regulation of auxin and CUC2 distribution.
Necessary for the efficient intracellular multiplication of tobamoviruses.
Reduced efficiency of intracellular multiplication of tobamoviruses (e.g. crucifer strain TMV-Cg).
Defective shoot gravitropism (PubMed:23331961, PubMed:25028496). Increased angle of inflorescence branches (PubMed:23331961).
Expressed in shoot apical meristem, vascular tissues, stele, endodermis and upper portion of the inflorescence stem (PubMed:23331961). Expressed in the endodermis of inflorescence stems and hypocotyls (PubMed:28765510).
Involved in the regulation of shoot gravitropism (PubMed:23331961, PubMed:25028496). Involved in the regulation of inflorescence branch angle (PubMed:23331961). Functions redundantly with LAZY2, LAZY3 and LAZY4 to control plant architecture by coupling gravity sensing to the formation of auxin gradients (PubMed:28821594). Involved redundantly with LAZY2 and LAZY4 in the regulation of both shoot and root gravitropism (PubMed:28765510). Mediates gravity signaling in statocytes downstream of amyloplast displacement, leading to the generation of asymmetric auxin distribution in gravity-responding organs (PubMed:28765510). Regulates the direction of polar auxin transport in response to gravity through the control of asymmetric PIN3 expression in the root cap columella (PubMed:28765510). Regulation of auxin flow by the three proteins LAZY1, LAZY2 and LAZY4 in statocytes influences plant architecture by controlling the growth angle of lateral shoots and lateral roots (PubMed:28765510).
Ammonium transporter probably involved in ammonium uptake from the soil. Contributes with AMT1-1 to the overall ammonium uptake capacity in roots under nitrogen-deficiency conditions.
By nitrogen deprivation. Highest expression at the end of the light period.
Highly expressed in roots. Expressed in root tips, root hairs, root epidermis, rhizodermis and cortex.
Developmental defects, early flowering and altered nuclear morphology. Lethal when homozygous.
Nucleoporin required for nuclear mRNA export. Functions as an adapter and/or regulator molecule in the periphery of the nuclear pore complex (NPC). May interact with importin proteins and mediate active nucleocytoplasmic transport through the NPC. Involved in regulation of nuclear morphology.
Part of the nuclear pore complex (NPC). The NPC has an eight-fold symmetrical structure comprising a central transport channel and two rings, the cytoplasmic and nuclear rings, to which eight filaments are attached. The cytoplasmic filaments have loose ends, while the nuclear filaments are joined in a distal ring, forming a nuclear basket. NPCs are highly dynamic in configuration and composition, and can be devided in 3 subcomplexes, the NUP62 subcomplex, the NUP107-160 subcomplex and the NUP93 subcomplex, containing approximately 30 different nucleoporin proteins. Interacts with EER5, anchoring the TREX-2 complex on the nuclear pore complex (PubMed:19843313). Interacts with UCH1 and UCH2 (PubMed:22951400).
Represents a functional homolog of vertebrate Nup153.
Homo- and heteromultimer. Part of the gamma-tubulin complex. Interacts with TUBB2/TUBB3, GIP2, GCP3 and TSA1 (via C-terminal domain).
Mostly expressed in siliques and flowers, and, to a lower extent, in leaves, roots and seedlings, with highest levels in young tissues and meristematic cells, and the vasculature.
Belongs to the nucleobase:cation symporter-2 (NCS2) (TC 2.A.40) family. Azg-like subfamily.
Resistance to 8-azaadenine and 8-azaguanine but not to other toxic nucleobase analogs. Deficiency in the uptake of adenine and guanine.
Transports natural purines (adenine and guanine) as well as purine analogs. Confers sensitivity to 8-azaadenine and 8-azaguanine (8-azg).
Dephosphorylates and represses plasma membrane H(+)-ATPases (PM H(+)-ATPases, e.g. AHA1 and AHA2), thus influencing negatively plant growth and fitness (PubMed:24858935). Promotes the apical hook maintenance of etiolated seedlings (PubMed:24858935).
Interacts with SAUR19 (PubMed:24858935). Interacts with AHA2 at the plasma membrane (PubMed:24858935).
Reduced apical hook maintenance in etiolated seedlings (PubMed:24858935). The pp2c-d1 pp2c-d2 double mutant displays a long hypocotyl phenotype and strongly reduced apical hook maintenance in etiolated seedlings (PubMed:24858935).
May degrade glucosinolates (glucose residue linked by a thioglucoside bound to an amino acid derivative) to glucose, sulfate and any of the products: thiocyanates, isothiocyanates, nitriles, epithionitriles or oxazolidine-2-thiones. These toxic degradation products can deter insect herbivores. Seems to function in abscisic acid (ABA) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) signaling in guard cells. Functionally redundant with TGG1.
Retarded growth and slight chlorosis due to decreased chloroplast photosynthetic capacity. Reduced accumulation of starch in leaves. Late flowering when grown under short-day conditions.
Expressed in seedlings, leaves and pistils. Detected in anthers, in pollen grains, in young rosette, in leaf vasculature, in the lateral and primary roots, in embryo sac, and in the whole ovule.
Acylhydrolase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine at the sn-1 position. Has a strong galactolipase activity toward monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) and digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG). Low triacylglycerol (TAG) lipase activity. Plays a role in plant growth and in leaf senescence.
Induced by wounding (PubMed:24430866). Not induced by wounding (PubMed:18267087).
Ubiquitous. Highest expression in flowers and leaves.
Homodimer. Belongs to the CSTF complex (By similarity). Forms a complex with cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor (CPSF) subunits CPSF30, CSTF64, PCFS1, PCFS5 and FIPS5 (PubMed:12379796, PubMed:16282318, PubMed:18479511, PubMed:18221017, PubMed:20214900).
Impaired antisense-RNA-mediated gene silencing (e.g. suppression of overexpression of FCA-mediated FLC repression). Delayed flowering and female gametophytic lethality.
One of the multiple factors required for polyadenylation and 3'-end cleavage of pre-mRNAs (By similarity). Required for the targeted 3' processing of antisense transcripts that triggers transcriptional silencing of the corresponding sense gene (PubMed:19965720).
According to PubMed:20884799, this protein should not be regarded as a classical SR protein.
Belongs to the splicing factor SR family. SR45 subfamily.
Component of the spliceosome. Homodimer. Interacts with PRP38, SCL28, SR45, RNU1 and U2AF35B.
Probable splicing factor involved in constitutive and/or alternative splicing events. May bridge the 5' and 3' components of the spliceosome.
The splicing patterns of the pre-mRNA are similar throughout the developmental period, but change in response to various types of stress treatment (PubMed:17556373, PubMed:22291167).
Up-regulated early after high-light irradiation, but not by paraquat or high salt.
Expressed at low levels in roots, seedlings and leaves.
Expressed at the root apex and at leaf primordia (PubMed:22323769). Accumulates specifically in hypocotyls in shade conditions (PubMed:27401556).
Induced by L-galactono-1,4-lactone (L-GalL), the terminal precursor for ascorbic acid (AsA) biosynthesis in the Smirnoff-Wheeler pathway.
Expressed at low level in seedlings, roots, leaves, stems, flowers, and siliques.
Induced during germination. Accumulates slightly in seedlings upon de-etiolation; triggered slowly after irradiation with far-red light (FRc).
Reduced inhibition of hypocotyl elongation in continuous far-red light (FRc), associated with a strongly attenuated disappearance of XTH15/XTR7 transcripts.
Required for phyA-controlled responses to continuous far-red light (FRc) conditions, including the inhibition of hypocotyl elongation and the regulation of XTH15/XTR7 expression.
Mostly expressed in heart-shape embryos, pollen and young flower buds, and, to a lower extent, in inflorescence, leaves and roots.
The O-glycosylation (arabinosylation) of the hydroxyproline Pro-68 enhances binding affinity of the CLE19p peptide for its receptor.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants have increased sensitivity to salt-induced osmotic stress.
Transcriptional activator involved in salt and osmotic stress responses. Functions as a stress sensor and transducer in a signaling pathway that resembles an ER stress response. Following salt stress, BZIP17 is cleaved by SBT6.1 (S1P) and S2P at the C-terminus and the N-terminal bZIP component is translocated to the nucleus, where it activates the expression of salt stress response genes (PubMed:17662035). Functions as a stress sensor and transducer in ER stress signaling pathway. ER stress induces proteolysis of BZIP17 by SBT6.1 (S1P) and S2P, and the N-terminal bZIP component is translocated to the nucleus, where it activates the expression and production of ER chaperones, as well as protein involved in brassinosteroid (BR) signaling, which is required for stress acclimation and growth (PubMed:20876872).
Belongs to the quinolinate synthase family. Type 1 subfamily.
Catalyzes the condensation of iminoaspartate with dihydroxyacetone phosphate to form quinolinate. Can complement nadA-deficient E.coli mutant. Essential for the de novo synthesis of NAD. Participates also in cysteine desulfurization mediated by NFS2. Can activate the cysteine desulfurase activity of NFS2 in vitro.
Homodimer (PubMed:17452319). Interacts in vitro with NFS2, CpNIFS3 and AO (PubMed:18978034). Part of a Cys defulfurase complex (Probable).
The highly oxygen-sensitive (4Fe-4S) cluster at its NadA domain, can be reconstituted by its own SufE domain in the presence of NFS2, cysteine and ferrous iron.
Chaperone that may play a role in mitochondrial protein folding. Involved in female gametophyte development. Required for cell death of the synergid cells during fertilization process, and fusion of the polar nuclei during megagametogenesis.
Defect in fusion of polar nuclei and in synergid cell death.
May be involved in the splicing of group IIB introns in mitochondria.
Part of large ribonucleo-protein complexes that include group IIB introns.
Interacts with GAI/RGA2, RGA/RGA1/GRS, RGL2/SCL19 and ATML1 (PubMed:24989044). Binds to AIL7/PLT7, ANT, BBM and AIL1 (PubMed:25564655).
Plants missing both PDF2 and ATML1 have reduced levels of L1 box/ gibberellic acid (GA)-regulated putative targets, including LIP1, LIP2, LTP1, FDH and PDF1, in the presence of GA and during seed germination, thus leading to a delayed germination upon imbibition (PubMed:24989044). Double mutants pdf2-1 hdg1-1, pdf2-1 hdg2-3, pdf2-1 hdg5-1 and pdf2-1 hdg12-2 exhibit abnormal flowers with sepaloid petals and carpelloid stamens in association with a reduced expression of APETALA 3 (AP3) (PubMed:23590515). In plants missing HDG3, HDG7, HDG11, PDF2 and ATML1, increased cell division leading to cell overproliferation (PubMed:25564655).
Probable transcription factor that binds to the L1 box DNA sequence 5'-TAAATG[CT]A-3'. Plays a role in maintaining the identity of L1 cells, possibly by interacting with their L1 box or other target-gene promoters; binds to the LIP1 gene promoter and stimulates its expression upon imbibition (PubMed:24989044). Acts as a positive regulator of gibberellins (GAs)-regulated epidermal gene expression (e.g. LIP1, LIP2, LTP1, FDH and PDF1) (PubMed:24989044). Functionally redundant to ATML1 (PubMed:24989044). Involved, together with HDG proteins (e.g. HDG1, HDG2, HDG5 and HDG12), in the regulation of flower organs development by promoting the expression of APETALA 3 (AP3) in the epidermis and internal cell layers of developing flowers (PubMed:23590515). Seems to promote cell differentiation (PubMed:25564655).
Specifically expressed in the layer 1 (L1) of shoot meristems.
Component of the FACT complex, a general chromatin factor that acts to reorganize nucleosomes. The FACT complex is involved in multiple processes that require DNA as a template such as mRNA elongation, DNA replication and DNA repair. During transcription elongation the FACT complex acts as a histone chaperone that both destabilizes and restores nucleosomal structure. It facilitates the passage of RNA polymerase II and transcription by promoting the dissociation of one histone H2A-H2B dimer from the nucleosome, then subsequently promotes the reestablishment of the nucleosome following the passage of RNA polymerase II. Binds specifically to double-stranded DNA (Probable). Required for karyogamy during female gametophyte development, when the two polar nuclei fuse to form the diploid central cell nucleus (PubMed:16698901).
Component of the FACT complex, a stable heterodimer of SPT16 and SSRP1.
Widely expressed. Present in embryos, shoots and roots, whereas it is not present in terminally differentiated cells such as mature trichoblasts or cells of the root cap (at protein level).
Expressed in the shoots only and not in the roots.
High-chlorophyll-fluorescence phenotype.
Mediates copper transfer across the chloroplast thylakoid membrane. Required for copper delivery into the thylakoids lumen, which is essential for the function of copper proteins.
Acts as a transcriptional activator. Binds to the GCC-box pathogenesis-related promoter element. Involved in the regulation of gene expression during the plant development, and/or mediated by stress factors and by components of stress signal transduction pathways. Seems to be a key integrator of ethylene and jasmonate signals in the regulation of ethylene/jasmonate-dependent defenses. Can mediate resistance to necrotizing fungi (Botrytis cinerea and Plectosphaerella cucumerina) and to soil borne fungi (Fusarium oxysporum conglutinans and Fusiarium oxysporum lycopersici), but probably not to necrotizing bacteria (Pseudomonas syringae tomato).
Induced by Pseudomonas syringae tomato (both virulent and avirulent avrRpt2 strains), independently of PAD4. Ethylene induction is completely dependent on functional ETHYLENE-INSENSITIVE2 (EIN2), ETHYLENE-INSENSITIVE3 (EIN3), which is itself a transcription factor and CORONATIVE-INSENSITIVE1 (COI1) proteins. Induction by jasmonate, B.cinerea or F.oxysporum as well as the synergistic induction by ethylene and jasmonate requires EIN2 and COI1. Induction by methyl jasmonate (MeJA) is independent of JAR1. Induction by salicylic acid (SA) is dependent on NPR1 but not on PAD4. Seems not to be induced by Alternaria brassicicola.
Isoform 1: Homodimer. Isoform 3: Does not form homodimer.
No visible phenotype when grown under long days conditions, but early flowering when grown under short days conditions.
Transcriptional activator that may activate the transcription of specific genes involved in nitrogen uptake or assimilation (PubMed:15592750). Acts redundantly with MYR1 as a repressor of flowering and organ elongation under decreased light intensity (PubMed:21255164). Represses gibberellic acid (GA)-dependent responses and affects levels of bioactive GA (PubMed:21255164).
Belongs to the terpene synthase family. Tpse subfamily.
Expressed ubiquitously in roots, stems, leaves, flowers and siliques.
Involved in the biosynthesis of ent-kaurene diterpenoids natural products and in the production of gibberellins phytohormones (PubMed:17456599, PubMed:9536043). Catalyzes the conversion of ent-copalyl diphosphate to the gibberellin precursor ent-kaur-16-ene (PubMed:17456599, PubMed:9536043).
Hydrolyzes p-nitrophenyl beta-D-glucoside, p-nitrophenyl beta-D-galactoside and natural glucosides such as salicin, p-coumaryl alcohol glucoside, phenyl-beta-D-glucoside, coniferin, syringin and arbutin. May be involved in lignification by hydrolyzing monolignol glucosides.
Although this enzyme participates in the selenocysteinyl-tRNA(Sec) biosynthesis pathway in many taxa, this pathway has been shown in PubMed:32220326 to be lost in embryophyta.
Belongs to the class-II aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family. Type-1 seryl-tRNA synthetase subfamily.
Catalyzes the attachment of serine to tRNA(Ser) in a two-step reaction: serine is first activated by ATP to form Ser-AMP and then transferred to the acceptor end of tRNA(Ser).
Consists of two distinct domains, a catalytic core and a N-terminal extension that is involved in tRNA binding.
Homodimer (PubMed:30570212). The tRNA molecule binds across the dimer (Probable).
It is uncertain whether Met-1, Met-2, Met-5 or Met-8 is the initiator.
Positive regulator of germination and plant growth.
Slower germination and root growth, delayed growth and flowering.
Contains a bacterial GIY-YIG-like domain.
Expressed in rosette leaves, stipules, stems, flowers, siliques and mature seeds. Expressed in the vascular bundles of xylem in shoot parenchyma cells. Expressed in the remnant cytoplasm of differentiated fiber cells and in protoxylem element of parenchymal cells.
Transcriptional regulator involved in the regulation of cell differentiation in meristems (By similarity). Binds DNA without sequence preference (PubMed:22226340).
Bind to microtubules in an ATP-insensitive manner (in vitro) (PubMed:8075402, PubMed:17244481). Homodimer and heterodimer with KIN14M/KATB (in vitro) (PubMed:17244481).
Component of the elongator complex which is required for multiple tRNA modifications, including mcm5U (5-methoxycarbonylmethyl uridine), mcm5s2U (5-methoxycarbonylmethyl-2-thiouridine), and ncm5U (5-carbamoylmethyl uridine) (By similarity). The elongator complex catalyzes the formation of carboxymethyluridine in the wobble base at position 34 in tRNAs (By similarity). Promotes organ development by modulating cell division rate. Required for auxin distribution or signaling. Prevents abscisic acid (ABA) signaling leading to stomatal closure and seedling growth inhibition. Involved in oxidative stress signaling. Prevents anthocyanin accumulation.
Expressed in meristematic tissues of in roots, stems, leaves, seedlings, cotyledons, guard cells, floral buds, flowers, siliques, and shoot apices.
Homodimer (By similarity). Component of the elongator complex which consists of ELP1/ELO2, ELP2, ELP3/ELO3, ELP4/ELO1, ELP5, and ELP6.
Narrow leaves and reduced root growth that results from a decreased cell division rate and a reduced apical dominance. Increased abscisic acid (ABA) sensitivity and drought tolerance. Higher resistance to oxidative stress mediated by methyl viologen (MV) that blocks electron transport during photosynthesis and by CsCl in light. Accumulates anthocyanins.
Expressed constitutively in leaves, stems, flowers, siliques and roots (e.g. root hairs).
Belongs to the Ca(2+):cation antiporter (CaCA) (TC 2.A.19) family. MHX subfamily.
Mainly expressed in the vascular cylinder.
Vacuolar transporter that exchanges protons with Mg(2+), Zn(2+) and Fe(2+) ions. May control the partitioning of Mg(2+) and Zn(2+) between plant organs. Could also transport Cd(2+) in vitro.
Induced by brassinosteroids (BR) but repressed by abscisic acid (ABA) and salicylic acid (SA).
By salt and infection with the bacterial pathogen P.syringae pv tomato.
Heterodimer with GT-3A. Associated with the mediator complex.
Probable transcription factor that may play a role in the induction of CAM4 in response to pathogen and salt.
During embryogenesis, first observed at the globular stage and accumulates in forming cotyledons at the heart stage (PubMed:30737509). Expressed in the inner basal edge of endodermal cells in the primary and lateral roots (PubMed:30737509).
Epigenetically down-regulated by vernalization (PubMed:15186749, PubMed:18156133). Not regulated by SUF4 (PubMed:17138694).
Part of a three-gene cluster containing FLC, UFC and DFC, which is coordinately regulated in response to vernalization (PubMed:15186749, PubMed:18156133). Also regulated by FLX (PubMed:15186749). SOSEKI proteins (SOK1-5) locally interpret global polarity cues and can influence cell division orientation to coordinate cell polarization relative to body axes, probably by guiding ANGUSTIFOLIA (AN) polarized localization (PubMed:30737509, PubMed:32004461).
Expressed in leaves and stems (PubMed:11402030). Expressed at low levels in germinating seeds, seedlings, rosettes leaves, flowers and siliques (PubMed:23783410).
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mL54 family.
Expressed at low levels in flowers, and, to a lower extent, in leaves, stems and roots.
This is the only bS16 protein that is targeted to mitochondria.
By salt stress (PubMed:18839316). Induced by infection with the necrotrophic fungal pathogen B.cinerea (PubMed:17059405, PubMed:21498677, PubMed:21990940). Induced by infection with the bacterial pathogen P.syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (PubMed:17059405).
Highly expressed in roots, leaves and flowers, and at lower levels in stems, siliques and seeds.
Interacts with MKS1 (PubMed:15990873). Interacts with ATG18A (PubMed:21395886). Interacts with SIB1 and SIB2 (PubMed:21990940). Interacts with VQ1 and VQ10 (PubMed:22535423).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants are extremely susceptible to the necrotrophic fungal pathogen B.cinerea.
Phosphorylated by MPK4 (PubMed:15990873). Phosphorylated on serine residues by MPK3 and MPK6 following infection with the necrotrophic fungal pathogen B.cinerea (PubMed:21498677).
Transcription factor. Interacts specifically with the W box (5'-TTGAC[CT]-3'), a frequently occurring elicitor-responsive cis-acting element. Involved in defense responses. Required for resistance to the necrotrophic fungal pathogen B.cinerea (PubMed:17059405, PubMed:21990940). Regulates the antagonistic relationship between defense pathways mediating responses to the bacterial pathogen P. syringae and the necrotrophic pathogen B.cinerea (PubMed:17059405). Required for the phytoalexin camalexin synthesis following infection with B.cinerea. Acts as positive regulator of the camalexin biosynthetic genes PAD3 (CYP71B15) and CYP71A13 by binding to their promoters (PubMed:21498677, PubMed:22392279). Acts downstream of MPK3 and MPK6 in reprogramming the expression of camalexin biosynthetic genes, which drives the metabolic flow to camalexin production (PubMed:21498677). Functions with WRKY25 as positive regulator of salt stress response and abscisic acid (ABA) signaling (PubMed:18839316). Functions with WRKY25 and WRKY26 as positive regulator of plant thermotolerance by partially participating in ethylene-response signal transduction pathway (PubMed:21336597). The DNA-binding activity of WRKY33 is increased by SIB1 and SIB2 (PubMed:21990940).
Belongs to the complex I NDUFB10 subunit family.
Peroxisomal citrate synthase required for the fatty acid respiration in seedlings, citrate being exported from peroxisomes into mitochondria during respiration of triacylglycerol (TAG). Indeed, complete respiration requires the transfer of carbon in the form of citrate from the peroxisome to the mitochondria.
Widely expressed. Expressed throughout the shoot. Expressed in flower, silique, stem, cauline leaf, young leaf, mature leaf and senescent leaf.
It is uncertain whether Met-1 or Met-11 is the initiator.
Expressed in the cotyledon cells that would differentiate into vascular bundles. Also detected in the apical meristem and young flowers. Highly expressed in primary root tips.
May act as a substrate-specific adapter of an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex (CUL3-RBX1-BTB) which mediates the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins (By similarity). May play an essential role in auxin-mediated organogenesis and in root gravitropic responses.
Expressed in leaves, stems, seedlings, roots, inflorescences and siliques.
May be involved in remodeling of xylans during vascular development.
Partially redundant with BXL1. Bxl1 and bxl2 double mutants have shortened siliques and curled leaf edges.
Probable transcription factor that regulates lateral organ polarity. Plays a role in lateral root formation and development.
Component of the spliceosome. Homo- and heterodimer. Interacts with RNU1, U2AF35A and SR45.
Decreased root hair length under phosphate deficiency.
Auxin response factors (ARFs) are transcriptional factors that bind specifically to the DNA sequence 5'-TGTCTC-3' found in the auxin-responsive promoter elements (AuxREs). Seems to act as transcriptional activator. Formation of heterodimers with Aux/IAA proteins may alter their ability to modulate early auxin response genes expression. Regulates both stamen and gynoecium maturation. Promotes jasmonic acid production. Partially redundant with ARF8.
Expressed in sepals at stages 11, 12 and 13 of flower development. Highly expressed in petals at stages 9-10, decreases at stage 11 and disappears after flower stage 12. In anthers, expressed at stage 11 in the tapetum, disappears early in stage 12 when the tapetum degrades and reappears throughout the anther late in stage 12 to persist at least until stage 13. In stamen filaments, expressed at stages 12 to 13, especially near the apical end of the filament. Expressed throughout the gynoecium at early stages up to stage 12, especially strongly in ovules. Expression in gynoecium decreases late in stage 12, but persists through stage 13, especially near the apical end including the style.
Arsenate reductase critical for arsenic tolerance (PubMed:25099865). Reduces arsenate to arsenite in the root, facilitating efflux of arsenic back into the soil to limit both its accumulation in the root and transport to the shoot (PubMed:25464340). Essential for arsenite efflux from the root, but not necessary for arsenate uptake (PubMed:25464340).
Expressed in root hairs, epidermal cells at the surface of the root and in the pericycle within the stele.
Inhibited by trobenzenesulphonic acid (TNBS).
Reduced arsenate resistance and increased accumulation of arsenic in shoots and roots.
Up-regulated by arsenate and down-regulated by arsenite.
There are 3 contiguous domains conserved in the CDPK subfamily: a kinase domain, an autoinhibitory (junction) domain and a calmodulin-like domain. The autoinhibitory domain (365-395) inactivates kinase activity under calcium-free conditions (By similarity).
Intron retention and frameshift at position 388.
Involved in protein export. Probably interacts with other proteins to allow the postimport or conservative sorting pathway for inner membrane proteins in plastids. Central subunit of the protein translocation channel SecYE. Consists of two halves formed by TMs 1-5 and 6-10. These two domains form a lateral gate at the front which open onto the bilayer between TMs 2 and 7, and are clamped together by SecE at the back. The channel is closed by both a pore ring composed of hydrophobic SecY resides and a short helix (helix 2A) on the extracellular side of the membrane which forms a plug (By similarity).
Part of a second Sec protein translocation apparatus. Interacts probably with SECA2.
Expressed during early flower development. Not detected during germination.
Expressed in flowers. Detected only in stamen.
No effect of antimycin A, ethylene or cold treatments.
Expressed specifically in the quiescent center (QC) of the root apical meristem (RAM).
Maintains the postembryonic root stem cell niche by regulating the expression levels and patterns of the transcription factor PLETHORA (PLT), mainly at the post-transcriptional level (By similarity). Promotes root elongation (PubMed:22815541).
When applied in the extracellular space, triggers a root waving phenotype (PubMed:22815541). But seems to have a physiological nuclear subcellular location where it promotes root elongation (PubMed:22815541).
Involved in multiple distinct defense responses. May function as a disease resistance (R) protein.
Myosin heavy chain that is required for the cell cycle-regulated transport of various organelles and proteins for their segregation. Functions by binding with its tail domain to receptor proteins on organelles and exerting force with its N-terminal motor domain against actin filaments, thereby transporting its cargo along polarized actin cables. Involved in trafficking of Golgi stacks, mitochondria and peroxisomes.
Expressed in tissues enriched in dividing cells, such as root meristems, root primordia, and leaf primordia/young leaves.
Interacts with TAN. Interacts with RANGAP1.
Involved in the spatial control of cytokinesis by a proper phragmoplast guidance. Localizes TAN to the cortical division sites (CDS) during cytokinesis via direct binding.
No visible phenotype. Pok1 and pok2 double mutant dissplays smaller cotyledons as well as shorter, wider roots and hypocotyls with adult plants exhibiting a dwarfed stature and producing reduced numbers of seeds.
Expressed in stomatal guard cells and very young vascular bundles throughout the plant.
May form heterodimeric complex with the TALE/BELL protein BEL1, BLH1 and BLH2. Interacts with OFP1, OFP2, OFP3 and OFP4.
Circadian-regulation. Expression increases during the light phase and decreases during the dark phase. Up-regulated during osmotic stress and by abscisic acid (PubMed:27436713).
Possesses endoamylolytic activity in vitro, but seems not required for breakdown of transitory starch in leaves. May be involved in the determination of the final structure of glucans by shortening long linear phospho-oligosaccharides in the chloroplast stroma. Can act on both soluble and insoluble glucan substrates to release small linear and branched malto-oligosaccharides (PubMed:24089528). Works synergistically with beta-amylase toward efficient starch degradation (PubMed:24089528). Has activity against p-nitrophenyl maltoheptaoside (BPNP-G7), amylopectin and beta-limit dextrin (PubMed:24089528). Involved in stress-induced starch degradation (PubMed:27436713).
Redox-regulated, with the highest activity under reducing conditions. The midpoint redox potential is -329 mV. The disulfide bridge between Cys-499 and Cys-587 inhibits catalysis. Inhibited by CuCl(2) and H(2)O(2).
The N-terminal domain is not required for endoamylolytic activity.
Homodimer. Binds ABA on one subunit only. Interacts with PP2Cs. Binds to CARs protein in an ABA-independent manner, both at the plasma membrane and in the nucleus (By similarity). Interacts with I-2 and TOPP1 (PubMed:26943172).
Receptor for abscisic acid (ABA) required for ABA-mediated responses such as stomatal closure and germination inhibition. Inhibits the activity of group-A protein phosphatases type 2C (PP2Cs) when activated by ABA (By similarity). Suppresses the phosphatase activity of TOPP1 in a dose-dependent manner in vitro (PubMed:26943172).
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that is required for the plant C/N response during seedling growth transition. May be involved in the early steps of the plant defense signaling pathway.
Hypersensitivity to C/N conditions during post-germinative growth.
Up-regulated by chitin. Down-regulated by abscisic acid (ABA).
Component of the TFIID complex. TFIID is composed of TATA binding protein (TBP) and a number of TBP-associated factors (TAFs) whose MWs range from 14-217 kDa. Interacts with TAF1.
Abnormal coloration and morphology of embryos leading to bushy plants, with aberrant organization of the shoot apical meristem (SAM) and unexpanded leaves with irregular phyllotaxy, as well as small and round epidermal cells (PubMed:18422605). Disrupted hydrophobic layers of epidermal cells (PubMed:18422605). Mislocalization of Golgi proteins (e.g. ERD2) and altered size of the Golgi apparatus (PubMed:18422605).
Component of the conserved oligomeric Golgi complex which is composed of eight different subunits and is required for normal Golgi morphology and localization (Probable). Interacts with COG5 and COG6 (PubMed:27448097).
Required for normal Golgi function (PubMed:18422605). Necessary for embryo development and pigmentation, especially for the expansion of cells and organs, and for the formation of the organized shoot apical meristem (SAM) (PubMed:18422605). Probably involved in the generation of the extra-cellular matrix (PubMed:18422605).
Homo- and heterodimer with other ZFHD proteins (By similarity). Interacts with MIF3; this interaction prevents nuclear localization and DNA-binding to inhibit transcription regulation activity. Binds to ZHD1, ZHD2 and ZHD11.
Mostly expressed in flowers, stems and inflorescence and, to a lower extent, in leaves and stems.
ATP-dependent 3'-5' DNA helicase, component of the general transcription and DNA repair factor IIH (TFIIH) core complex, which is involved in general and transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair (NER) of damaged DNA and, when complexed to CAK, in RNA transcription by RNA polymerase II. In NER, TFIIH acts by opening DNA around the lesion to allow the excision of the damaged oligonucleotide and its replacement by a new DNA fragment. The ATPase activity of XPB, but not its helicase activity, is required for DNA opening. In transcription, TFIIH has an essential role in transcription initiation. When the pre-initiation complex (PIC) has been established, TFIIH is required for promoter opening and promoter escape. The ATP-dependent helicase activity of XPB is required for promoter opening and promoter escape. Phosphorylation of the C-terminal tail (CTD) of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II by the kinase module CAK controls the initiation of transcription (By similarity). Required during the early stages of development, including seed germination (PubMed:11737776).
Converts fumarylacetoacetate to acetoacetate and fumarate (PubMed:22980205). Involved in tyrosine catabolic pathway. Catalyzes the final step in the tyrosine degradation pathway (PubMed:22980205, PubMed:23743712, PubMed:27097641).
Spontaneous cell death phenotype under short-day conditions.
No visible phenotype; due to the redundancy with GTG2. The double mutants gtg1 and gtg2 are hyposensitive to abscisic acid.
By cadmium (Cd). Not induced under sulfur-deficient conditions.
Feedback inhibitions by L-Ser and acetyl-CoA.
Mostly expressed in stems, flowers and siliques. Localized in vascular tissues, particularly in phloem.
Binds PtdIns3P (PubMed:12207647). Interacts with SH3P3 (via SH3 domain) and (via C-terminus) with GAMMA-ADR (PubMed:12207647). May homooligomerize or heterooligomerize (PubMed:14750520).
Increased GTPase activity in the presence of phosphatidic acid.
Microtubule-associated force-producing protein involved in clathrin-mediated vesicle trafficking from the trans-Golgi network to the central vacuole. Able to bind and hydrolyze GTP. Binds specifically to phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PtdIns3P).
The PH domain binds phospholipids. The PRD1 motif (721-728) is necessary for the interaction with SH3P3.
Interacts with MTB, FIP37 and HAKAI (PubMed:28503769). Associates with MTA, MTB, FIP37 and HAKAI to form the m6A writer complex which is essential for adenosine methylation at specific mRNA sequences (PubMed:28503769).
Plants silencing VIR exhibit pleiotropic phenotypes, including aberrant root cap formation, gravity response and lateral root development, and defective development of cotyledons.
Subunit of the N6-methyltransferase complex, a multiprotein complex that mediates N6-methyladenosine (m6A) methylation at the 5'-[AG]GAC-3' consensus sites of some mRNAs (PubMed:28503769). Associates with MTA, MTB, FIP37 and HAKAI to form the m6A writer complex which is essential for adenosine methylation at specific mRNA sequences (PubMed:28503769). N6-methyladenosine (m6A) plays a role in mRNA stability, processing, translation efficiency and editing (PubMed:28503769).
Contains an N-terminal autoinhibitory domain.
Copolarizes with BASL and MPK3/MPK6 in stomatal asymmetric cell division (ACD) cells.
Expressed in roots, leaves, guard cells, stems, flowers and siliques.
Functions in a MAP kinase cascade that acts as a molecular switch to regulate the first cell fate decisions in the zygote and the early embryo. Promotes elongation of the zygote and development of its basal daughter cell into the extra-embryonic suspensor. In stomatal development, acts downstream of the LRR receptor TMM, but upstream of the MKK4/MKK5-MPK3/MPK6 module to regulate stomatal cell fate before the guard mother cell (GMC) is specified. Plays a central role in both guard cell identity and pattern formation. This MAPK cascade also functions downstream of the ER receptor in regulating coordinated local cell proliferation, which shapes the morphology of plant organs. Upon brassinosteroid signaling, is inhibited by phosphorylation of its auto-inhibitory N-terminal domain by the GSK3-like kinase ASK7.
Interacts with ASK7 (PubMed:22307275). Interacts with BSK12/SSP (PubMed:28821747). Binds to BASL and MPK6 (PubMed:25843888).
N-terminal deletions of YDA results in gain-of-function alleles with phenotypes (no stomata and exaggerated suspensor growth) opposite to loss-of-function phenotypes.
Severely dwarf plants that rarely survive on soil, small rosettes, compact leaves, extremely compressed shoots, and short, sterile flowers. No proper elongation of the zygote and differentiation of the extra-embryonic suspensor. Excess of stomata in leaves.
Belongs to the succinate dehydrogenase/fumarate reductase iron-sulfur protein family.
Expressed in floral meristems and sex organ primordia at early stages of development. Later expressed in anthers, particularly in the tapetum, pollen mother cells, and microspores.
Iron-sulfur protein (IP) subunit of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) that is involved in complex II of the mitochondrial electron transport chain and is responsible for transferring electrons from succinate to ubiquinone (coenzyme Q).
Ubiquitous. Preferentially expressed in flowers and inflorescences.
By bacterial pathogen P.syringae pv. tomato. By Salycilic acid (SA). By the bacterial elicitor flg22.
Shows high sensibility to P.syringae pv. tomato infection.
Binds to strigolactones (SLs) such as (-)-2'-epi-GR24(4DO), 5-deoxystrigol (5DS) and orobanchol, and catalyzes their hydrolysis; SL are phytohormones controlling shoot branching and communications between plants and microorganisms (PubMed:34764442). Promotes shoot branching by dampening SL-inhibited axillary bud outgrowth (PubMed:34764442).
Expressed in axillary buds, leaves, stems, hypocotyls, flowers, siliques, and vasculatures of shoots and roots.
Normal shoot branching (PubMed:34764442). Reduced hydrolysis of strigolactones (SLs) (PubMed:34764442).
Up-regulated in root explants but down-regulated in shoot explants on callus-inducing medium (CIM) incubation.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 41 family. O-GlcNAc transferase subfamily.
Early flowering phenotype due to reduced histone H3 'Lys-4' trimethylation (H3K4me3) of FLC thus leading to lower FLC expression.
Interacts with TCP14 and TCP15 (PubMed:22267487). Interacts with ATX1 (PubMed:30150325).
O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) that mediates O-glycosylation of capsid protein (CP) of virus in case of infection by Plum pox virus (PubMed:16014901). OGTs catalyze the addition of nucleotide-activated sugars directly onto the polypeptide through O-glycosidic linkage with the hydroxyl of serine or threonine (PubMed:16014901). Probably acts by adding O-linked sugars to yet unknown proteins. Its OGT activity has been proved in vitro but not in vivo (PubMed:12136030). Required with SPY for gamete and seed development (PubMed:16014901). Mediates O-glycosylation of the DELLA protein RGA, a repressor of the gibberellin (GA) signaling pathway (PubMed:26773002). O-glycosylation by SEC inhibits RGA binding to four of its interactors PIF3, PIF4, JAZ1, and BZR1 that are key regulators in light, jasmonate, and brassinosteroid signaling pathways, respectively (PubMed:26773002). Activates ATX1 through O-GlcNAc modification to augment ATX1-mediated H3K4me3 histone epigenetic modification at FLC locus, thus preventing premature flowering (PubMed:30150325).
Forms a heterodimer with APETALA3, capable of binding to CArG-box sequences. AP3/PI heterodimer binds AP1 or SEP3 to form a ternary complex.
Mutations in PI cause transformation of petals into sepals and stamina into carpels.
Positively regulated by the meristem identity proteins APETALA1 and LEAFY with the cooperation of UFO. Repressed by silencing mediated by polycomb group (PcG) protein complex containing EMF1 and EMF2.
Probable transcription factor involved in the genetic control of flower development. Is required for normal development of petals and stamens in the wild-type flower. Forms a heterodimer with APETALA3 that is required for autoregulation of both AP3 and PI genes. AP3/PI heterodimer interacts with APETALA1 or SEPALLATA3 to form a ternary complex that could be responsible for the regulation of the genes involved in the flower development. AP3/PI heterodimer activates the expression of NAP. AP3/PI prevents GATA22/GNL and GATA21/GNC expression (PubMed:18417639).
Catalyzes the oxidation of aldehydes to the corresponding carboxylate by coupling the reaction to the reduction of dioxygen to hydrogen peroxide. Substrates include glyoxal and other aldehydes (By similarity). May be regulated by the transcription factor MYB80 during anther development and play a role in tapetum and pollen development (PubMed:21673079).
During anther development, expressed from stage 10 to the latest stage 14 in tapetal cells, developing microspores and mature pollen grains and released pollen grains.
There are 3 contiguous domains conserved in the CDPK subfamily: a kinase domain, an autoinhibitory (junction) domain and a calmodulin-like domain. The autoinhibitory domain (411-441) inactivates kinase activity under calcium-free conditions (By similarity).
By the DNA-damaging agents methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) and menadione.
Expressed in roots, xylem of stems, flower buds and siliques.
Interacts with ATH1, BLH1, BLH2, BLH3, BLH4, BLH5, BLH10, KNAT1, KNAT3, KNAT4, KNAT5, KNAT7 and KU70.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants are hypersensitive to the DNA-damaging agents methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) and menadione.
Plants over-expressing OFP1 show stunted growth with general delayed development and shortening and thickening of all aerial parts. Leaves are irregularly heart-shaped and lobed and display curved surfaces. Anthers are short with a thick filament and style and stigma protruded from the flower. Siliques are short and uneven and produce few seeds (PubMed:15781858, PubMed:21886836).
Transcriptional repressor that regulates multiple aspects of plant growth and development through the regulation of BEL1-LIKE (BLH) and KNOX TALE (KNAT) homeodomain transcription factors. Controls the subcellular localization of the homeodomain protein BLH1. Plays a role in the regulation of cell elongation by controlling the expression of GA20OX1, a gene that encodes a key enzyme in gibberellin biosynthesis. May play a role in double-stranded DNA repair through the DNA non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) pathway along with KU70 and KU80 protein complex. Possesses DNA-binding activity towards double-stranded and single-stranded DNA in vitro.
Expressed in root epidermis and cortex, leaf hydathodes, pollen grains and stigma apex.
Monomer. Associates with 30S ribosomal subunit, binds 16S rRNA.
One of several proteins that assist in the late maturation steps of the functional core of the 30S ribosomal subunit. Helps release RbfA from mature subunits. May play a role in the assembly of ribosomal proteins into the subunit. Circularly permuted GTPase that catalyzes slow GTP hydrolysis, GTPase activity is stimulated by the 30S ribosomal subunit (By similarity). Required for embryo development (PubMed:15266054).
Expressed predominantly in roots. Firt detected in the vascular tissues of the cotyledons, and later in the vasculature of all organs. In leaves, preferentially expressed in guard cells.
Glutamate-gated receptor that probably acts as non-selective cation channel. May be involved in light-signal transduction and calcium homeostasis via the regulation of calcium influx into cells. Required for the long-term calcium oscillation-regulated stomatal movements.
Expression reaching a maximum in 2-week-old plants and a minimum in flowering plants.
Highly expressed in roots, stems and mature leaves. Low expression in young leaves and flowers. Barely detected in siliques.
Induced by coronatine, but not by methyl jasmonate or high sulfate concentration.
Sulfotransferase that utilizes 3'-phospho-5'-adenylyl sulfate (PAPS) as sulfonate donor to catalyze the sulfate conjugation of desulfo-glucosinolates (dsGSs), the final step in the biosynthesis of the glucosinolate core structure. Substrate preference is desulfo-benzyl glucosinolate > desulfo-6-methylthiohexyl glucosinolate. Increased specific activity with increasing chain length of desulfo-glucosinolate derived from methionine. Preferred substrate is desulfo-8-methylthiooctyl glucosinolate.
Probable transcription factor involved in the development of gametophytes and seeds.
Repressed by MEA in seeds, and by PKL after germination.
The PHE2 locus is imprinted in gametophytes. Maternal inherited gene is repressed in female gametophyte, while the paternal inherited gene is expressed in the male gametophyte (pollen tube) and in fertilized seeds. The maternal repression is dependent on MEA, which may modulate the methylation of the maternal locus, and repress its transcription.
This protein was called 'Pheres' in memory of one of the murdered sons of the mythological 'Medea', as PHERES2 is repressed by MEDEA.
Expressed in mainly in buds. Lower levels in roots. Detected at the base of pedicel, in the floral and funicule abscission zones, in vascular tissues, in guard cells of young seedlings and in hydathodes.
IDL4 is only partially redundant with IDA.
Repressed by herbicides such as flufenacet and benfuresate (PubMed:12916765). Up-regulated by osmotic stress and down-regulated by low temperature, salt and darkness (PubMed:18465198).
During embryo development, expressed in all cells at the 4- and 16-cell embryo stages (PubMed:25564655). Expression is restricted to the protoderm from the globular stage onward (PubMed:25564655). In primary and lateral roots, observed in the epidermis, the outer layer of columella cells and lateral root cap (PubMed:25564655).
Expressed in apical meristems and young epidermal tissue including trichomes and stipules. Expressed in lateral root tips, the L1 layer of apical inflorescence meristems and early flower primordia, carpel and stamen filament epidermis, stigma papillae, ovule primordia, nucellus and embryo.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but the double mutants hdg11 and hdg12 exhibit excess branching of trichomes (PubMed:16778018). The double mutant pdf2-1 hdg12-2 exhibits abnormal flowers with sepaloid petals and carpelloid stamens in association with a reduced expression of APETALA 3 (AP3) in the epidermis and internal cell layers of developing flowers (PubMed:23590515).
Probable transcription factor that acts as negative regulator of trichome branching in association with HDG11 (PubMed:16778018). Seems to promote cell differentiation (PubMed:25564655). May regulate cell differentiation and proliferation during root and shoot meristem development (PubMed:25564655). Acts as positive regulator of SCL18/LAS expression (PubMed:25358340). Involved, together with PDF2, in the regulation of flower organs development by promoting the expression of APETALA 3 (AP3) in the epidermis and internal cell layers of developing flowers (PubMed:23590515).
Accumulates in response to abscisic acid (ABA), freezing and drought treatments.
Component of the conserved oligomeric Golgi complex which is composed of eight different subunits and is required for normal Golgi morphology and localization (Probable). Interacts with COG3 and COG8 (PubMed:27448097).
Mediates the hydrolysis of some nucleoside diphosphate derivatives. Can use diadenosine 5',5'''-P(1)P(5) pentaphosphate (Ap(5)A) as substrates.
Expressed in the epidermis and cortex of the transition zone of the root apex. Expressed in rosette leaves, stems, flowers and siliques.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but the double mutants ucn-2 and ucnl-5 are embryonic lethal.
Regulates planar ovule integument development.
Does not show squalene synthase activity.
Mostly expressed in hypocotyls, leaves and cotyledons, and, to a lower extent, in stems.
Primarily detected in the vascular tissue of leaf and cotyledon petioles, and the hypocotyl of one week-old seedlings.
Activated by calcium. Inhibited by the serine protease inhibitors 4-(2-aminoethyl)benzenesulphonyl fluoride (AEBSF), PMSF, di-isopropyl phosphofluoridate (DFP) and soybean trypsin inhibitor (SBTI). Not inhibited by benzamidine or iodoacetamide. Leupeptin and pepstatin A have a minor inhibitory action.
Expressed in immature siliques and at lower levels in stems and flowers (PubMed:11055401, PubMed:7647567, PubMed:12413398). Widely expressed at low levels (PubMed:18266922).
Highest levels of expression detected during silique development (PubMed:7647567). Hihghly expressed in the seed coat during seed development (PubMed:18266922).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant seeds are defective in mucilage extrusion.
Serine protease. Has a substrate preference for the hydrophobic residues Phe and Ala and the basic residue Asp in the P1 position, and for Asp, Leu or Ala in the P1' position (PubMed:12413398). Essential for mucilage release from seed coats. Triggers the accumulation and/or activation of cell wall modifying enzymes necessary either for the loosening of the outer primary cell wall, or to facilitate swelling of the mucilage (PubMed:18266922).
Contains lower amounts of endogenous abscisic acid and is more resistant to abscisic acid treatment during seedling establishment.
Function on abscisic acid homeostasis at post-translational level, probably through ubiquitin/proteasome-dependent substrate-specific degradation.
Ubiquitous. Higher expression in actively growing tissues.
Up-regulated by salt and osmotic stress. Not regulated by abscisic acid treatment. Up-regulated by the DELLA proteins RGL2, RGA and GAI.
Circadian-regulation. Up-regulated in roots by iron deficiency, carbon monoxide and by treatment with glycine betaine. Down-regulated by zinc, cadmium and cytokinin. Not regulated by copper.
Expressed in the epidermal cells of the roots. High expression in lateral roots and root hairs. Detected in leaves, stems, siliques and in flowers in anthers and styles.
Flavocytochrome that transfers electrons across the plasma membrane to reduce ferric iron chelates to form soluble ferrous iron in the rhizosphere. May be involved in the delivery of iron to developing pollen grains. Acts also as a copper-chelate reductase. Involved in glycine betaine-mediated chilling tolerance and reactive oxygen species accumulation.
Impaired growth on media with no added iron. No response to glycine betaine in chilling assays.
Post-transcriptionally regulated by iron. Coordinately regulated with the iron transport protein IRT1.
The C-terminus is probably located inside the membrane.
Belongs to the class V-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. Histone-lysine methyltransferase family. EZ subfamily.
Component of the plant homeodomain / polycomb repressive complex 2 (PHD-PRC2) large complex during prolonged cold, composed of core PRC2 components (VRN2, EZA1, FIE and MSI1), and three related PHD finger proteins (VIL1, VIL2 and VIN3) that mediates histone H3 trimethylation on 'Lys-27' H3K27me3. Interacts with TAF13. Interacts with EOL1 (PubMed:28428341). Interacts (via SANT domain) with HXK1 in the nucleus (PubMed:35394700).
Polycomb group (PcG) protein. Catalytic subunit of some PcG multiprotein complex, which methylates 'Lys-27' of histone H3, leading to transcriptional repression of the affected target genes, mainly abscisic acid (ABA) responsive elements (PubMed:30307069). PcG proteins act by forming multiprotein complexes, which are required to maintain the transcriptionally repressive state of homeotic genes throughout development. PcG proteins are not required to initiate repression, but to maintain it during later stages of development (By similarity). Forms a nuclear complex with CLF and HXK1 to target common glucose-responsive genes and regulate glucose signaling by glucose-mediated gene repression (PubMed:35394700). Affects the recruitment of HXK1 to the target chromatin (PubMed:35394700).
The double mutant clf-50 swn-1 is hypersensitive to abscisic acid (ABA) associated with reduced ABA-responsive genes repression by histone H3 'Lys-27' methylation (H3K27me3).
Slightly down-regulated by chemically-induced ER stress response.
Expressed in seedlings, leaves, roots, stems and flowers.
Involved in defense response to geminivirus and begomovirus infection via regulation of the nuclear trafficking of RPL10A. Phosphorylates RPL10A in vitro (PubMed:15489295, PubMed:18789471, PubMed:19112492, PubMed:19492062, PubMed:25707794). Activation of NIK1 down-regulates cytosolic translation (PubMed:25707794).
Oligomer. Interacts with geminivirus nuclear shuttle protein (NSP) (PubMed:15489295). Interacts with RPL10A and RPL18B (PubMed:18789471, PubMed:19112492).
Is synthesized initially as an inactive proenzyme. Formation of the active enzyme involves a self-maturation process in which the active site pyruvoyl group is generated from an internal serine residue via an autocatalytic post-translational modification. Two non-identical subunits are generated from the proenzyme in this reaction, and the pyruvate is formed at the N-terminus of the alpha chain, which is derived from the carboxyl end of the proenzyme. The post-translation cleavage follows an unusual pathway, termed non-hydrolytic serinolysis, in which the side chain hydroxyl group of the serine supplies its oxygen atom to form the C-terminus of the beta chain, while the remainder of the serine residue undergoes an oxidative deamination to produce ammonia and the pyruvoyl group blocking the N-terminus of the alpha chain.
Reduction in the length of stem internodes. Increased thickness of veins in leaves and inflorescence stems. Altered morphology of xylem vessel elements. The double mutants of bud2-1 and samdc1-1 are embryonic lethal.
Highly expressed in the S and G2 phases and reduceed levels in the M phase.
Accumulates only in meristematic cells. Expressed in inflorescence, shoot and root apical meristems, as well as in developing organs such as gametocytes and seeds. Also detected in cortical layer and epidermis of roots, leaves, pith and vascular bundle of young stem, young floral buds and organ primordia, pollen and through the valve of siliques. Not detectable in mature root tissues.
During flower development, expressed in the tapetal layer surrounding the male microsporocytes, and in the endothelium layer surrounding the embryo sac within the ovule. During embryogenesis, expressed in all cells of the embryo and in developing endosperm surrounding the embryo, at the time of free nuclei proliferation.
Involved in ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins. Together with CUL1, RBX1 and a F-box protein, it forms a SCF E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. The functional specificity of this complex depends on the type of F-box protein. In the SCF complex, it serves as an adapter that links the F-box protein to CUL1. SCF(UFO) is required for vegetative and floral organ development as well as for male gametogenesis. SCF(TIR1) is involved in auxin signaling pathway. SCF(COI1) regulates responses to jasmonates. SCF(EID1) and SCF(AFR) are implicated in phytochrome A light signaling. SCF(ADO1), SCF(ADO2), SCF(ADO3) are related to the circadian clock. SCF(ORE9) seems to be involved in senescence. SCF(EBF1/EBF2) may regulate ethylene signaling. Plays a role during embryogenesis and early postembryonic development, especially during cell elongation and division. Contributes to the correct chromosome segregation during tetrad formation.
Part of a SCF E3 ubiquitin ligase complex composed of SKP1, CUL1, RBX1 (RBX1A or RBX1B) and F-box proteins. Interacts with SKIP1, SKIP2, SKIP3, SKIP4, SKIP6, FIB1/SKIP7, SKIP8, PP2A11/SKIP10, SKIP11, PP2B11/SKIP12, PP2A14/SKIP13, SKIP14, SKIP15, SKIP16, SKIP19/FBL20, SKIP20, PP2B1/SKIP21, SKIP22, SKIP23, SKIP24, SKIP25, TULP10/SKIP26, SKIP27, SKIP28/MEE11, AFR/SKIP29, SKIP30, SKIP31, SKIP32/FBP7, SKIP33, SKIP35, ADO1/ZTL, ADO2/LKP2, ADO3/FKF1, AFR, COI1, DOR, EBF1, EBF2, EID1, ORE9, PP2A13/SKIP9, TIR1, UFO, SKP2A, CPR1/CPR30, FBL17, NUP58, At1g55000, At1g67340, At1g78100, At3g04660, At3g61590, At4g38940 and At5g49610. The SKP1A subunit of the SCF E3 ubiquitin ligase complex can interact directly with KIN10, KIN11 and the proteasome subunit PAD1. This interaction can be disrupted by PRL1. In case of polerovirus infection, part of a SCF P0 complex composed of the viral silencing suppressor P0, SKP1 and CUL1. Interacts with turnip yellows virus P0. Interacts with VBF and Agrobacterium virF. Binds to KIB1 (PubMed:28575660).
MADS-box transcription factor that acts with AGL42 and AGL72 in the control of flowering time. Promotes flowering at the shoot apical and axillary meristems. Seems to act through a gibberellin-dependent pathway. Interacts genetically with SOC1 and its expression is directly regulated by SOC1.
Expressed in leaves, stems, flowers and root.
Expressed at low levels in leaves, flowers and siliques.
Interacts with ZAR1 (via CaMBD domain) (PubMed:27014878). Binds to IQD1 (PubMed:23204523). Binds to ABCG36 (PubMed:26315018).
Mediates the incorporation of phosphate into alpha-glucan, mostly at the C-6 position of glucose units.
The reaction takes place in three steps, mediated by a phosphocarrier histidine residue located on the surface of the central domain. The two first partial reactions are catalyzed at an active site located on the C-terminal domain, and the third partial reaction is catalyzed at an active site located on the N-terminal domain. For catalytic turnover, the central domain swivels from the concave surface of the C-terminal domain to that of the B-terminal domain (By similarity).
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. Magnesium protoporphyrin O-methyltransferase family.
Converts Mg-protoporphyrin IX to Mg-protoporphyrin IX methylester using S-adenosyl-L-methionine as a cofactor. Involved in chloroplast-to-nucleus signaling by acting as a negative effector of nuclear photosynthetic gene expression.
Lethal under normal growth conditions and stunted albino plants unable to produce seeds when grown in presence of sucrose.
Regulated by the folate status via an increased concentration of S-adenosyl-homocysteine (AdoHcy), a potent inhibitor of most AdoMet-dependent methyltransferases.
Up-regulated by light. Down-regulated by the herbicide R-imazethapyr.
Component of the HIRA complex made of UBN1, UBN2, ASF1A, CABIN1 and HIRA.
No visible phenotype (PubMed:25086063, PubMed:25600486). The double mutant hira-1 cabin1-2 has aborted and fewer viable seeds (PubMed:25600486).
Mostly expressed in leaves, and, to a lower extent, in roots, stems, siliques, seeds and flowers.
Possesses in vitro histone acetyltransferase activity with histones H3 and H4.
Interacts with MYC2, AFPH2/NINJA, TIFY10A/JAZ1, TIFY10B/JAZ2, TIFY11A/JAZ5, TIFY11B/JAZ6, TIFY5A/JAZ8 and TIFY9/JAZ10.
The jas domain (139-163) is required for interaction with COI1 and Pseudomonas syringae HopZ1a.
Involved in triacylglycerol (TAG) synthesis. Catalyzes the acylation of the sn-3 hydroxy group of sn-1,2-diacylglycerol using acyl-CoA (PubMed:23770095, PubMed:24663078). Can use oleoyl-CoA, linoleoyl-CoA and linolenoyl-CoA as substrates. Has substrate preference for linolenoyl-CoA or oleoyl-CoA compared to linoleoyl-CoA (PubMed:23770095).
Ubiquitous. Lower levels in seeds than in other tissues. Expressed in embryo and root meristematic cells (PubMed:23042274).
Catalyzes the reduction of fatty acyl-CoA to fatty alcohols (PubMed:19062129, PubMed:24005667). Catalyzes specifically the formation of C16:0 fatty alcohol (PubMed:24005667).
Lacks the conserved Glu residue that is essential for catalytic activity, suggesting it lacks enzyme activity.
Detected in siliques at nucleotide level from 6 days post anthesis (dpa) to 17 dpa. First observed in siliques at protein level 12 dpa and accumulates progressively as native isoforms or proteolytic fragments during the last week of seed maturation/desiccation. Present in dry seeds, but disappears during their germination (at protein level).
Expressed in young expanding tissues. Expressed in xylem cells, young epidermal cells and newly formed cell walls.
Required for cellulose formation of the cell wall.
Expressed at low levels in roots, shoots, pedicels and inflorescence stems, flowers, sepals, stigmas and anther filaments.
Ferric chelate reductase probably involved in iron reduction in shoots. May participate in the transport of electrons to a Fe(3+) ion via FAD and heme intermediates. May act in iron metabolism in reproductive organs (PubMed:16006655). May function as root surface cupric chelate reductase and participate in the reduction of Cu(2+), for Cu(+) acquisition via Cu(+) transporters in response to copper deficiency (PubMed:22374396).
Up-regulated in roots and shoots by iron deficiency and copper deficiency (PubMed:16362328). Induced by copper deficiency in a SPL7-dependent manner (PubMed:22374396).
Ubiquitous but expressed mostly in flowers and at significant levels in leaves. Detected with highest levels in developing ovules and microspores, and in petals.
First observed a bud stage of 0.6-mm, shortly after microspore release from the postmeiotic tetrads. Later restricted within the tapetum, microspores and anther locule. Still visible within the haploid nuclei, each of which had migrated to the pollen cell wall prior to pollen mitosis I. Not expressed later.
Homodimer (Probable). Interacts with ASHR3.
Mostly expressed in closed, post-meiotic buds, and, to a lower extent, in pre-meiotic buds. Detected in leaves, stems, and flowers.
Transcription factor. Plays a crucial role in tapetum development. Required for male fertility and pollen differentiation, especially during the post-meiotic transcriptional regulation of microspore development within the developing anther (PubMed:12535353). Binds E-box regions in the AHL16/TEK promoter.
Slightly shortened inflorescence stem when grown at 25 degrees Celsius (PubMed:28499073). The double mutant zed1-6 zrk12-1 exhibits short inflorescence stem and autoimmunity symptoms when grown at 25 degrees Celsius (PubMed:28499073).
Together with RPP13L4/ZAR1, involved in the regulation of the ambient temperature-sensitive intersection of growth and immune response in the absence of pathogens.
Component of the small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein particle containing H/ACA-type snoRNAs (H/ACA snoRNPs) (By similarity). Component of the telomerase holoenzyme complex at least composed of TERT, CBF5, POT1a and a telomerase RNA template component TER1. Interacts with POT1a.
Plays a central role in ribosomal RNA processing. Probable catalytic subunit of H/ACA small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein (H/ACA snoRNP) complex, which catalyzes pseudouridylation of rRNA. This involves the isomerization of uridine such that the ribose is subsequently attached to C5, instead of the normal N1. Pseudouridine ('psi') residues may serve to stabilize the conformation of rRNAs (By similarity).
Each of the two pore-forming region (also called P-domain or P-loop) is enclosed by two transmembrane segments (2P/4TM) and contains the GYGD signature motif which seems to be involved in potassium selectivity. The C-terminus is not required for transport to the vacuolar membrane.
Expressed in roots, cotyledons, stems, hypocotyls, leaves and flowers (PubMed:31053658). Detected in root tips and in mesophyll cells and guard cells of the leaves.
In flowers, mainly observed in the stamina and pollen sacs (PubMed:31053658). In mature leaves, restricted to hydathodes (PubMed:31053658).
Inhibited by barium, but not by tetraethylammonium.
RNAi-mediated knockdown of the protein causes no effects on germination or on plants grown under normal conditions, but decreases the rosette size, enhances the accumulation of anthocyans and desorganizes the photosynthetic membranes when the plants are grown under high light (PubMed:24009357). No effect on photosynthetic performance (PubMed:31053658).
Two-pore potassium channel modulating the proton motive force (pmf) necessary to convert photochemical energy into physiological functions. Mediates the potassium efflux from the thylakoid lumen required for the regulation of the transmembrane electrical potential, the enhancement of the pH gradient for ATP synthesis, the regulation of electron flow, and pH-mediated photoprotective responses. Requires calcium for channel activity.
Forms a complex with IDN2 and FDM1/IDNL1 that is required for RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) and that functions at a downstream step of the RdDM pathway.
Forms a complex with IDN2 and FMD1/INDL1.
Belongs to the XRCC4-XLF family. XRCC4 subfamily.
Interacts with LIG4 and specifically binds its tandem BRCT domains (PubMed:11029705). Interacts with POLL (PubMed:23660835).
May be involved in DNA non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) required for double-strand break repair. May bind to DNA. The LIG4-XRCC4 complex is probably responsible for the NHEJ ligation step, and XRCC4 may enhance the joining activity of LIG4 (By similarity).
Slightly induced by gamma radiation, but not by white light or by UV-B.
Expressed in vascular tissues of roots, cotyledons, leaves and flowers (PubMed:22536163). Expressed predominantly in phloem companion cells of roots (PubMed:22536163). Present in inflorescences, roots, siliques, leaves and stems (PubMed:18713399).
Histone demethylase that demethylates 'Lys-4' (H3K4me) of histone H3 with a specific activity for H3K4me3 and H3K4me2. No activity on H3K9me3/2, H3K27me3/2 and H3K36me3/2. Involved in the control of flowering time by demethylating H3K4me3 at the FLC locus and repressing its expression. The repression of FLC level and reduction in H3K4me3 at the FLC locus results in induction of the flowering activator FT, which is a downstream target of FLC.
Plants over-expressing JMJ18 show an early-flowering phenotype.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but starch of mutant plants contains high levels of C3-bound phosphate.
Starch-associated phosphoglucan phosphatase that selectively dephosphorylates the glucan C3 position. Probably participates in the regulation of starch degradation.
Bifunctional enzyme that catalyzes the first two steps in lysine degradation. The N-terminal and the C-terminal contain lysine-oxoglutarate reductase and saccharopine dehydrogenase activity, respectively. Negatively regulates free Lys accumulation in seeds.
Chimeric cDNA. Its C-terminal part is derived from gene At1G61240 whose function is unknown. Originally thought to be an alternative splicing form of At4g33150.
In flowers, confined to ovules and vascular tissue of anther filament. In developing and mature seeds, expressed in embryo and the outer layers of the endosperm.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the saccharopine dehydrogenase family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the AlaDH/PNT family.
Lysine, Sugar starvation, ABA and MeJA induce isoform Long, but not isoform Short (at protein level). Nitrogen starvation repress isoform Long, but not isoform Short (at protein level). Isoform Long and isoform Short are both slightly induced by NaCl and drought stress, but repressed by sugars.
Phosphorylation of Ser-458 seems important for the LKR activity.
Ubiquitous, with higher levels in flowers. Isoform Long is mostly present in young leaves, cotyledons, root tips and mature root parts. Whereas isoform Short is mostly expressed in cotyledons and at low levels in all root parts.
Slight enhancement in abscisic acid-inhibited germination. Redundant with LECRKA4.1 and LECRKA4.2.
Component of the ER membrane protein complex (EMC).
Expressed in siliques, developing seeds, anthers and germinating seeds. Not detected in leaves, stems, flowers and roots.
Expression begins at early stages of silique development, peaks in the second half of this process and decreases after the start of desiccation.
Methylates the carboxyl group of several gibberellins (GAs). Substrate preference is GA9 > GA20 > GA3 > GA4 > GA34 > GA51 > GA1 > GA19 > GA12. No activity with diterpenes abietic acid and ent-kaurenoic acid.
No visible phenotype, even in gamt1 and gamt2 double mutants.
Overexpression of GAMT1 results in dwarf phenotype.
Up-regulated by K(+) and NH(4+), down-regulated by Zn(2+), Cu(2+), Fe(2+) and Fe(3+).
Expressed in roots, shoot apical meristem, trichomes and flower buds.
Catalyzes the hydrolysis of acyl-CoAs into free fatty acids and coenzyme A (CoASH), regulating their respective intracellular levels (PubMed:11171266, PubMed:14660652). Active with both medium chain and long chain acyl-CoAs (e.g. 12:0-CoA, 14:0-CoA, 16:0-CoA, 18:0-CoA, 16:1-CoA, 18:1-CoA, 18:2-CoA and 20:4-CoA) as substrates, palmitoleoyl-CoA (16:1-CoA) being the favorite substrate (PubMed:11171266, PubMed:14660652).
Insensitive to feedback inhibition by free coenzyme A (CoASH).
Mostly expressed in leaves and flowers, and, to a lower extent, in seedlings and siliques.
Circadian-regulation. Highly expressed at the beginning of the light period, then decreases, reaching a minimum between 16 and 29 hours after dawn before rising again at the end of the day. Regulated at the protein level by ADO3 and GI pos-transcriptionally.
Interacts with ADO2 (via kelch repeats) and ADO3 (via kelch repeats).
Transcription factor that binds specifically to a 5'-AA[AG]G-3' consensus core sequence (By similarity). Regulates a photoperiodic flowering response. Transcriptional repressor of 'CONSTANS' expression. The stability of CDF2 is controlled by 'GIGANTEA' and redundantly by ADO3, ADO2 and/or ADO1.
Probable transcription factor that functions redundantly with OBE4 in specification of the hypophysis and establishment of the embryonic root (PubMed:22378640). Involved in the activation of ARF5/MP-dependent gene expression during embryonic root meristem initiation (PubMed:22378640). Involved in shoot meristem homeostasis (PubMed:27196372).
Self-interacts (PubMed:22378640). Interacts with OBE1 and OBE2 (PubMed:19392692, PubMed:22378640). Interacts with OBE4 (PubMed:22378640).
Belongs to the cytochrome b family. PetB subfamily.
Binds 2 heme b groups non-covalently with two histidine residues as axial ligands.
Binds one heme group covalently by a single cysteine link with no axial amino acid ligand. This heme was named heme ci.
Heme 1 (or BH or b566) is high-potential and absorbs at about 566 nm, and heme 2 (or BL or b562) is low-potential and absorbs at about 562 nm.
Contains a second mannose-binding lectin domain not present in other members of the family.
Mainly expressed in roots, and, to a lower extent, in seedlings and leaves (PubMed:27990154). Observed in seeds (PubMed:31850033).
Specifier protein that contributes to constitutive and herbivore-induced simple nitrile formation (PubMed:27990154). Promotes simple nitriles, but not epithionitrile or thiocyanate formation (PubMed:18987211). Converts allylglucosinolate and benzylglucosinolate (glucotropaeolin) to their corresponding simple nitriles in the presence of myrosinase (PubMed:18987211).
Component of the endomembrane trafficking machinery that is involved in protein recycling to the plasma membrane. Forms a complex with BIG5/MIN7/BEN1 and actin to modulate the function of the trans-Golgi network /early endosome at the intersection of the exocytic and endocytic pathways. May be linking post-Golgi traffic with the actin cytoskeleton.
Hypersensitivity to latrunculin B1 (LatB) and cytochalasin, reduced primary root length and root hair growth defects.
The C-terminal domain (496-565) is responsible for the localization to the trans-Golgi network/early endosome.
Basal expression regulated by ATR/RAD3. Can be induced by another pathway when dNTPs levels are low.
Belongs to the ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase large chain family.
Contains a disulfide bonds (Probable). Binding of the substrate occurs primarily when the active-site cysteines are reduced.
Heterotetramer of two large/R1 and two small/R2 subunits. A radical transfer pathway may occur between 'Tyr-125' of protein R2 and R1.
Highly expressed in actively growing tissues such as young leaves, shoot apices, inflorescences and carpels. Very low expression in cotyledons, adult and cauline leaves and senescent leaves.
Lethal when homozygous. RNAi-mediated knockdown causes severe developmental defects in seedlings failing to develop beyond the four-leaf stage.
Provides the precursors necessary for DNA synthesis. Catalyzes the biosynthesis of deoxyribonucleotides from the corresponding ribonucleotides. R1 contains the binding sites for both substrates and allosteric effectors and carries out the actual reduction of the ribonucleotide. Ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) complex function is essential for efficient organellar DNA degradation in pollen. Involved in chloroplast division.
Two distinct regulatory sites have been defined: one controls substrate specificity and the other regulates the overall catalytic activity. A substrate-binding catalytic site, located on R1, is formed only in the presence of the second subunit R2.
Under complex allosteric control mediated by deoxynucleoside triphosphates and ATP binding to separate specificity and activation sites on the large subunit. The type of nucleotide bound at the specificity site determines substrate preference. It seems probable that ATP makes the enzyme reduce CDP and UDP, dGTP favors ADP reduction and dTTP favors GDP reduction. Stimulated by ATP and inhibited by dATP binding to the activity site (By similarity).
By sucrose, glucose and fructose. Down-regulated by ammonium supply.
Expressed in the pericycle in the region of mature root.
Low-affinity glutamine synthetase (PubMed:14757761). May contribute to the homeostatic control of glutamine synthesis in roots.
Involved in UV-B tolerance and genome integrity. In association with DDB2, is necessary for repair of UV-B-induced DNA lesions.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants exhibit sensitivity to UV-B and decreased DNA repair activity following UV-B treatment.
May be involved in the elimination of damaged mRNA after UV irradiation.
Component of SCF(EBF1) E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes, which may mediate the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins (probably including EIN3 and EIL1). Regulator of the ethylene signaling cascade by modulating the stability of EIN3 and EIL1 proteins. Confers insensitivity to ethylene.
Part of a SCF (SKP1-cullin-F-box) protein ligase complex. Interacts with CUL1, SKP1A/ASK1, SKP1B/ASK2, ASK11, ASK12, ASK13, ASK18, EIN3, and EIL1.
Down-regulated by cytokinins and up-regulated by nitrate, but not by ammonium.
No visible phenotype except some decreased root thickening, due the redundancy with other IPTs.
Shade avoidance phenotype in the absence of shade and enhanced growth of the bacterial pathogen P.syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (avirulent avrRpt2 strain). The constitutive shade avoidance phenotype can be rescued by RPS4, a TIR-NBS-LRR protein that confers resistance against bacterium Pseudomonas syringae.
TIR-NB-LRR receptor-like protein that functions in photomorphogenic development. May function downstream of phytochrome B (phyB) signaling.
Catalyzes the transfer of a sulfur ion from a donor to cyanide or to other thiol compounds. Substrate preference is 3-mercaptopyruvate > thiosulfate. Involved in embryo and seed development.
Belongs to the NAD(P)-dependent epimerase/dehydratase family. Fucose synthase subfamily.
Binds and stabilizes MUR1. Homodimer (By similarity).
Catalyzes the two-step NADP-dependent conversion of GDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-mannose to GDP-fucose, involving an epimerase and a reductase reaction. Not involved in the synthesis of GDP-L-galactose from GDP-D-mannose.
Highly expressed in roots and flowers, less abundant in leaves, stems and siliques.
Isotropic expansion of endodermal and cortical cells in root, etiolated hypocotyl, and dark-grown influorescent stem, and induce right-handed spiral in epidermal cell files of these organs.
Required for directional control of cell elongation. Stabilizes growing ends of cortical microtubules and influences their dynamic properties. Acts redundantly with SP1Ls in maintaining the cortical microtubules organization essential for anisotropic cell growth. Plays a key role in salt stress-induced microtubules disassembly.
Ubiquitinated (Probable). Upon salt-stress induction, it is subject to proteasome-dependent degradation.
Ubiquitous. High expression was associated with tissues undergoing rapid cell expansion, including the root elongation zone, hypocotyls of dark grown-seedlings, and cotyledons of light-grown seedlings.
Was originally (Ref.2) erroneously thought to be a nitrilase associated protein NAP16kDa.
Expressed in flowers, siliques, inflorescence stems, petiole, leaves and roots.
Involved in strigolactones biosynthesis by cleaving asymmetrically a variety of linear and cyclic carotenoids at the 9-10 double bond. Produces one C(13) beta-ionone and the C(27) 10'-apo-beta-carotenal. Strigolactones are hormones that inhibit tillering and shoot branching through the MAX-dependent pathway, contribute to the regulation of shoot architectural response to phosphate-limiting conditions and function as rhizosphere signal that stimulates hyphal branching of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and trigger seed germination of root parasitic weeds. No activity on lycopene, lutein, zeaxanthin, violaxanthin or neoxanthin. Probably not involved in abscisic acid biosynthesis.
Interacts with CCMH (via N-terminus) (PubMed:16236729). Interacts with CCMFN2 (PubMed:18644794).
1 mM DTT required for activity. Activated by ATP and inhibited by iodoacetamide.
Belongs to the alpha-IPM synthase/homocitrate synthase family.
Determines the side chain length of aliphatic glucosinolate structures. Catalyzes exclusively the condensation reactions of both the first and second methionine carbon chain elongation.
Highly expressed in leaves, flowers, roots and siliques. Not detected in flowers in PubMed:12432038.
Manganese or any other divalent metal ion, except copper or zinc.
The 5'-part of the gene encoding this protein is deleted in cv. Bl-0, cv. Di-G, cv. Landsberg erecta and cv. Petergof, while the complete gene is missing in cv. Ka-0, cv. Lip-0, cv. No-0, cv. Sei-0, cv. Tsu-1 and cv. Wl-0.
The N-terminal part of the protein controls substrate specificity.
Expressed at low levels in roots, leaves, inflorescence and, to a lower extent, in siliques.
Expressed in roots, leaves, inflorescence and, to a lower extent, in siliques.
Identified in the spliceosome C complex. Component of the U11/U12 snRNPs that are part of the U12-type spliceosome. Component of splicing factor SF3B complex.
Subunit of the splicing factor SF3B required for 'A' complex assembly formed by the stable binding of U2 snRNP to the branchpoint sequence (BPS) in pre-mRNA. Sequence independent binding of SF3A/SF3B complex upstream of the branch site is essential, it may anchor U2 snRNP to the pre-mRNA. May also be involved in the assembly of the 'E' complex. Belongs also to the minor U12-dependent spliceosome, which is involved in the splicing of rare class of nuclear pre-mRNA intron (By similarity). Required for pollen and ovule development, especially during the transition from microspore to the bicellular stage in pollen development. Involved in the accumulation of QRT1 and QRT3 (PubMed:21680607).
The double mutant sap130a sap130b displays a slight reduction in the size of aerial organs and in the number of lateral roots, and is impaired in reproduction due to a reduced production of viable pollen and impaired female reproductive organs. Defect in the transition from microspore to the bicellular stage in pollen development. Reduced expression of QRT1 and QRT3.
Component of the RNA polymerases II and IV complexes. Interacts with NRPD1.
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Component of RNA polymerase II which synthesizes mRNA precursors and many functional non-coding RNAs. Pol II is the central component of the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. It is composed of mobile elements that move relative to each other. Component of RNA polymerase IV which mediates short-interfering RNAs (siRNA) accumulation and subsequent RNA-directed DNA methylation-dependent (RdDM) transcriptional gene silencing (TGS) of target sequences.
Expressed in roots, leaves and seeds, and to a lower level, in flower buds, flowers and siliques.
A C-terminal fragment containing the RING domain interacts with UBC35 while the full-length protein does not.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that mediates the formation of 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitin chains. Regulates apical dominance by acting on the auxin transport proteins abundance (PubMed:17586653). Mediates ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of ERF053 in response to drought stress. Acts as a negative regulator of drought stress response (PubMed:22095047).
Interacts with the heterodimer UBC35/UEV1B, UBC35 alone, PIN1, but not with UCB2, UCB9, UEV1B or UEV1C alone (PubMed:17586653). Interacts with ERF053 (PubMed:22095047).
No visible phenotype; due to the redundancy with RGLG1 (PubMed:17586653, PubMed:22095047). Rglg1 and rglg2 double mutants show a complete loss of apical dominance (PubMed:17586653). The double mutant seedlings rglg1 and rglg2 exhibit a dehydration-tolerant phenotype (PubMed:22095047).
Putative microtubule-associated force-producing protein. Has a GTPase activity (By similarity).
Acts as a regulator of cell proliferation and elongation in the root and shoot (PubMed:25049386, PubMed:28652362). Regulates roots architecture and primary root protophloem differentiation (PubMed:25049386, PubMed:28652362). BRX, BAM3, and CLE45 act together to regulate the transition of protophloem cells from proliferation to differentiation, thus impinging on postembryonic growth capacity of the root meristem (PubMed:23569225). Probable transcription regulator. Regulated by the auxin response factor ARF5. Polarly localized in vascular cells and subject to endocytic recycling. Required for CPD expression and for correct nuclear auxin response. Mediates cross-talk between the auxin and brassinosteroid pathways. BRX is a target for auxin-induced, proteasome-mediated degradation.
Expressed in the developing protophloem up to the elongation zone in root meristem of young seedlings, in the columella and the phloem vasculature throughout the root and in the phloem vasculature in the shoot (PubMed:23569225). Detected in the shoot meristem and in primordia. Low expression in stomata. Confined to sieve element precursor cells and to protophloem (PubMed:25049386).
Homodimer and heterodimer with BRXL1. Interacts with NGA1 and ARF5.
Impaired primary root protophloem differentiation. Short primary root and increased number of lateral roots (PubMed:25049386, PubMed:28652362). Absent sieve element precursor division, occurrence of gap cells lacking actin filament, associated with a reduction in the number of early dividing protophloem cells, in root meristem size and root growth; these phenotypes are partially rescued in plants also missing MAKR5 (PubMed:25049386, PubMed:28652362, PubMed:27354416). Patchy expression of SUC2 (PubMed:25049386). Reduced cotyledon and leaf size. Enhanced response to abscisic acid-mediated inhibition of root growth and insensitivity to cytokinin induced inhibition of lateral root initiation. The double mutant brx ops double mutant has strongly reduced root length and meristem size, with missing protophloem strands (PubMed:28652362). The disruption of BAM3 restores root protophloem and mersitem phenotypes observed in brx mutants (PubMed:23569225). Ectopic overexpression of BAM3 but slightly reduced CLE45 levels in root meristems (PubMed:23569225).
The DZC domain is necessary and sufficient for dimerization. A C-terminal fragment containing both DZC domains is able to rescue the short root phenotype. The N-terminal part (1-57) promotes BRX membrane association and is required for efficient degradation in the nucleus.
The truncated variant in cv. Uk-1 results in short root phenotype.
Ubiquitously expressed in early embryos and becomes restricted to the vasculature in the mature embryo and at later stages of development (PubMed:19465596). Expressed in roots developing protophloem, up to the end of the transition zone, as well as in the root tip meristem (PubMed:23569225).
Up-regulated by auxin and down-regulated by brassinolide.
Ribonuclease (RNase) III involved in RNA-mediated post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS). Involved in the processing of natural small interfering RNAs (nat-siRNAs, derived from cis-natural antisense transcripts) by cleaving small dsRNAs into 24 nucleotide nat-siRNAs. Plays an essential role in transitive silencing of transgenes by processing secondary siRNAs. This pathway, which requires DCL4 and RDR6, amplifies silencing by using the target RNA as substrate to generate secondary siRNAs, providing an efficient mechanism for long-distance silencing. May participate with DCL3 in the production of 24 nucleotide repeat-associated siRNAs (ra-siRNAs) which derive from heterochromatin and DNA repeats such as transposons. Plays a role in antiviral RNA silencing. Involved in the production of viral siRNAs derived from the turnip crinkle virus (TCV) and tobacco rattle virus (TRV). Targeted by the viral silencing suppressor (VSR) protein 2b of the cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) that inactivates DCL2 function in RNA silencing. Does not seem to be involved in microRNAs (miRNAs) processing.
May be due to a competing acceptor site.
Interacts with SYP41 (PubMed:15919093). Core constituent of the SNARE complex required for membrane fusion at the trans-Golgi network (PubMed:15919093).
Involved in the secretory pathway (PubMed:15919093). Essential for membrane fusion mediated by either SYP41 or SYP61; triggers the fusion of phospholipid vesicles containing SYP41 or SYP61 and VTI12 (PubMed:15919093, PubMed:24021022).
Binds 1 Fe(2+) ion per subunit. Can also bind Cu(2+) ions.
Enzyme involved in the ethylene biosynthesis. Required to mediate the 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC)-mediated reversion of the ABA-induced inhibition of seed germination via endosperm rupture. May promote stem elongation by maximizing the extensibility cells, possibly by activating ethylene biosynthesis, in response to very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs C20:0 to C30:0).
Expressed in vegetative tissues. Constitutively expressed in leaves and blades. In ethylene exposed etiolated seedlings, localized in cells at the outer side of the exaggerated hook in an ethylene-dependent manner and following an ethylene sensitive pattern. Also detected in the root tip when treated by ethylene.
Impaired in the 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC)-mediated reversion of the ABA-induced inhibition of seed germination.
Upon iron deprivation. Induced by ethylene, particularly in root tips and hooks of ethiolated seedlings. Promoted by ozone O(3). Accumulates in response to very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs C20:0 to C30:0). Induced in roots by nitric oxide (NO).
Detected in roots, seedlings and axillary branches (PubMed:23893171). Expressed in the primary rosette buds and expanding leaves of adult rosettes, the vasculature of the hypocotyls, cotyledons, and mature roots, and in the midvein and petioles of young leaves (PubMed:26546447).
Interacts with TPL/TPR in an EAR-motif dependent manner (PubMed:22065421). Interacts with TPR3 (PubMed:22065421). Interacts with MAX2 and TPR2 (PubMed:26546446). Interacts with D14 (PubMed:26546446, PubMed:25713176). The interaction with D14 occurs in the presence of (2'R) stereoisomers of strigolactones, but not (2'S) stereoisomers (PubMed:25713176).
No visible phenotype. Suppresses max2 phenotypes associated with strigolactone-D14-regulated growth. Smxl6 and max2 double mutants have branching and inflorescence heights similar to max2 mutants.
Ubiquitinated upon strigolactone treatment (PubMed:26546446). Probable proteolytic target of SCF(MAX2)-mediated stigolactone signaling (PubMed:26546447).
By glucose, fructose and sucrose (PubMed:22561114). Induced by abiotic stresses (PubMed:22561114). Induced by cadmium (PubMed:16502469).
Expressed in roots, rosettes leaves, cauline leaves, stems and flowers.
Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase that plays a key role in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis (PubMed:21782461). Associates with GAPC1 to the outer mitochondrial membrane, in a redox-dependent manner, leading to binding and bundling of actin. Actin binding and bundling occurs under oxidizing conditions and is reversible under reducing conditions. May be part of a redox-dependent retrograde signal transduction network for adaptation upon oxidative stress (PubMed:23316205).
Homotetramer (By similarity). Interacts with TRX1 and TRX3 (PubMed:21782461). Interacts with GAPC1 and VDAC3 (PubMed:23316205).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant seeds have increased germination rate in presence of high salt or high mannitol, and decreased germination rate in presence of abscisic acid (ABA), glucose, fructose and sucrose.
Total and irreversible inhibition by S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) (PubMed:21782461). Partial and reversible inhibition by oxidized glutathione (GSSG) (PubMed:21782461).
Component of the core Fe-S cluster (ISC) assembly machinery (By similarity). Interacts with HSCB (PubMed:19865480).
Expressed in roots, stems, leaves, flowers, pollen and siliques.
Scaffold protein for the de novo synthesis of iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters within mitochondria, which is required for maturation of both mitochondrial and cytoplasmic [2Fe-2S] and [4Fe-4S] proteins (PubMed:15507320, PubMed:17417719). First, a [2Fe-2S] cluster is transiently assembled on the scaffold protein ISCU (ISU1, ISU2 or ISU3). In a second step, the cluster is released from ISCU, transferred to a glutaredoxin, followed by the formation of mitochondrial [2Fe-2S] proteins, the synthesis of [4Fe-4S] clusters and their target-specific insertion into the recipient apoproteins. Cluster assembly on ISCU depends on the function of the cysteine desulfurase complex NFS1-ISD11, which serves as the sulfur donor for cluster synthesis, the iron-binding protein frataxin as the putative iron donor, and the electron transfer chain comprised of ferredoxin reductase and ferredoxin, which receive their electrons from NADH (By similarity).
Expressed in tricellular and mature pollen, and in germinating tube. Not detected in leaves or roots.
Mechanosensitive channel that opens in response to stretch forces in the membrane lipid bilayer. Exhibits a 6.3-fold preference for chloride over sodium. Regulates osmotic forces during pollen hydration and germination.
No visible morphological defects in the coat or cell wall of desiccated pollen grains, but strongly decreased viability during rehydration.
Not regulated by MgCl(2), ruthenium red or tetramethylammonium-Cl.
Not induced by abscisic acid (ABA), dehydration and salt stress.
Belongs to the GTP cyclohydrolase I family.
GTP cyclohydrolase 1 is the first enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway leading to folic acid.
Mostly expressed in roots. Also detected in leaves, stems and flowers but not in siliques.
Interacts with XRN4 and facilitates its attachment to polysomes upon heat stress.
Reduced heat-induced fold reduction of mRNAs and impaired attachment of XNR4 to polysomes.
Required for acclimation and survival during thermal stress. Heat-specific cofactor of XRN4 required for its targeting to polysomes and subsequent rapid degradation of seedling transcriptome during the early steps of the heat stress response.
Sn-1-specific phospholipase A1 that catalyzes the initial step of oxylipins and jasmonate (JA) biosynthesis. Hydrolyzes polyunsaturated acyl groups preferentially from chloroplastic monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG). May function downstream of abscisic acid (ABA) and provide a link between ABA-mediated abiotic stress responses and oxylipin and JA signalings. In vitro, possesses broad substrate specificity. Can hydrolyze the galactolipids monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) and digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG), the sulfolipid sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol (SQDG), and the phoshpolipids phosphatidylcholine (PC), and phosphatidylglycerol (PG).
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 29 family.
Galactosyltransferase involved in the biosynthesis of type II arabinogalactan. Possesses galactosyltransferase (GalT) activity in vitro, transferring galactose from UDP-galactose to a mixture of various oligosaccharides derived from arabinogalactan proteins. Forms a complex with GALT31A that can work cooperatively to enhance the activities of adding galactose residues at O6 positions to beta-1,6-galactan and beta-1,3-galactan.
Binds medium- and long-chain acyl-CoA esters with very high affinity. Can interact in vitro with oleoyl-CoA, barely with palmitoyl-CoA, but not with arachidonyl-CoA. May function as an intracellular carrier of acyl-CoA esters (By similarity).
Up-regulated in the light and down-regulated in constant darkness.
By abscisic acid, wounding and at a lower level, by cold and salt treatment. Down-regulated by blue light irradiation.
Converts inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (Ins(1,4,5)P3) to inositol 1,4-bisphosphate. Modulates cotyledon vein development through regulating auxin homeostasis. Involved in blue light responses. Decreases the amount of KIN10 degraded by the proteasome under low nutrient conditions. Participates with IP5P12 in the control of Ins(1,4,5)P3/Ca(2+) levels that is crucial for maintaining pollen dormancy and regulating early germination of pollen. May modulate auxin transport by regulating vesicle trafficking and thereby plays a role in root gravitropism.
Defect in development of the cotyledon veins. Altered auxin homeostasis and reduced abscisic acid sensitivity. Shortened hypocotyls and expanded cotyledons in response to blue light irradiation. Precocious pollen germination within anthers. Elevated sensitivity to gravistimulation in root gravitropic responses.
Detected in cotyledons prior to seed germination. Restricted to the cotyledon tip until 2 days after seed germination and then detected in the cotyledon or cotyledon veins on days 3 to 7.
Expressed in young seedlings and flowers. Highly expressed in anther and pollen grains, but not in pistils. Not detected in maturated roots, stems and rosette leaves.
Interacts with KIN10, but not with PHOT1.
The WD40 domain (1-533) is interacting with KIN10.
Expressed in roots, siliques, seeds, cotyledons, leaves and flowers. Low expression in leaves and roots.
Interacts with APEM9 (via both N- and C-terminus).
Involved in the formation of peroxisomes, lipid bodies and protein bodies.
Not viable shrunken seeds. Starch accumulation in mature embryos, cotyledon and hypocotyl cells. Developmental delay during early embryo morphogenesis.
The detection of an additional immunorelated polypeptide of 52 kDa suggests a post-translational modification of PEX16.
The internal domain (235-279) containing two internal membrane helices and the intervening residues that include the basic cluster VRS is sufficient for targeting recombinant proteins to endoplasmic reticulum and then to peroxisomes.
Travels from the cytosol to peroxisomes via the reticular and perinuclear endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and an ER-peroxisome intermediate compartment (ERPIC).
Expressed mainly in roots and flowers. Low in stems and bearly detectable in leaves.
In germinating seedlings, expressed in root, hypocotyl and cotyledon epidermal cells. By day 4, expression expands in the root endodermis and throughout initiating lateral roots. As the seedling matures, expression in the hypocotyl and cotyledons decreases and by day 14, expression is restricted to creases between the shoot meristem and its lateral primordia.
May mediate regulated, targeted secretion of Golgi-derived vesicles during seedling development.
Up-regulated by heat shock stress. Down-regulated by cold, dehydration, and salt stresses.
Expressed in roots, leaves, stems, inflorescences, flowers and throughout the shoot meristem.
Expressed throughout development of the floral meristem, in all four floral whorls and as floral organs matured, limited to the ovule.
Involved in the regulation of pedicel length and of CLAVATA pathways controlling stem cell identity at shoot and flower meristems.
Loss-of-function mutant pol-6 (T-DNA insertion) shows suppression of clavata mutant phenotypes. The catalytic activity of POL may be functionally replaced by the activity of PLL1. Pol and pll1 double mutant is seedling lethal.
The N-terminal domain (1-233) has a regulatory function and inhibits phosphatase activity.
The conserved PP2C phosphatase domain (271-833) is interrupted by an insertion of approximately 200 amino acids.
Functions as an E3 ubiquitin ligase (By similarity). May be involved in the abscisic acid-mediated signaling pathway, at least during germination.
Catalyzes the conversion of UDP-D-glucuronate to a mixture of UDP-D-apiose and UDP-D-xylose. D-Apiose (3-C-hydroxymethyl-d-erythrose) is the only plant cell wall monosaccharide with a branched carbon skeleton and is found in rhamnogalacturonan II (RG-II), apiogalacturonan, and several apioglycosides.
Expressed in roots and flowers, and at lower levels in young leaves and seedlings. Expressed in mature seeds and detected in expanding siliques.
Involved in plants secondary metabolism. Functions as acyltransferase to form the sinapate ester sinapoylcholine also known as sinapine. Able to convert in vitro benzoylglucose into benzoylcholine.
Plants accumulate sinapoylglucose and contain low levels of sinapoylcholine and increased levels of choline. Decreased levels of both benzoylated and sinapoylated glucosinolates.
Slightly inhibited by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF).
Expressed at low levels in seedlings, roots, young leaves, flowers and siliques.
Belongs to the anion channel-forming bestrophin (TC 1.A.46) family. Voltage-dependent chloride channel subfamily.
Mostly expressed in flowers and, to a lower extent, in leaves, stems and roots.
No visible phenotype (PubMed:26947269, PubMed:27216227). The atbest1-1 atbest2-1 double mutant has a reduced non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) during the dark-to-light transition similarly to the atbest1-1 single mutant (PubMed:26947269, PubMed:27216227).
Voltage-dependent chloride (Cl) channel probably contributing to proton motive force (PMF) partitioning across the thylakoid membrane by anion influx into the lumen (PubMed:26947269, PubMed:27216227). Influences thylakoid ultrastructure, including lumen size and organization (By similarity).
Expressed in actively dividing tissues, early in organ development, in young leaves, lateral root primordia and root meristems, flower buds, flowers and siliques.
Has a dual function in spindle-assembly checkpoint signaling and in promoting the establishment of correct kinetochore-microtubule (K-MT) attachments. Promotes the formation of stable end-on bipolar attachments. Necessary for kinetochore localization of BUB1. The BUB1/BUB3 complex plays a role in the inhibition of anaphase-promoting complex or cyclosome (APC/C) when spindle-assembly checkpoint is activated and inhibits the ubiquitin ligase activity of APC/C by phosphorylating its activator CDC20 (By similarity). Essential for gametophyte development.
Part of the mitotic checkpoint complex (MCC); interacts with CDC20-1 and CDC20-2. Interacts with MAD2 and BUBR1.
Survives only in heterozygous state. Displays defects in development of male and female gametophytes.
Interacts with ALA2 and ALA3 in a heterologous system.
Dwarf phenotype. Severe reduction in the mechanical strength of stems and collapsed vessels. Reduced fertility.
Expressed in stems, leaves, flowers, siliques and roots. Detected in fibers and xylem cells undergoing secondary wall thickening.
Required for the biosynthesis of the tetrasaccharide primer sequence, beta-D-Xyl-(1,3)-alpha-l-Rha-(1,2)-alpha-D-GalA-(1,4)-D-Xyl, located at the reducing end of glucuronoxylan. Might catalyze the transfer of the reducing Xyl residue onto a protein acceptor in the endoplasmic reticulum, which is then transported to the Golgi where the subsequent additions of sugar residues take place.
The name gaolaozhuangren came from a group of small people in a modern Chinese novel.
Component of the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), a cell cycle-regulated E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex that controls progression through mitosis and the G1 phase of the cell cycle. The APC/C complex controls several key steps in the cell cycle by mediating ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of target proteins such as cyclins. The APC/C complex is required for the female gametophyte development and is involved in several aspect of development by controlling cell division and cell elongation. Involved in the control of endoreduplication. May recruit the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes to the complex (By similarity).
Part of the APC/C complex composed of at least 10 subunits. Interacts with APC2.
The sequence shown differs from that proposed in Ref.1 due to the presence of a constitutive single-nucleotide exon.
Expressed predominantly in immature flowers.
Interacts with ERD15/CID1. Interacts with Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) VPg-Pro and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp).
Pab2 and pab8 double mutants show significant growth and development defects and more resistance to Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV).
Involved in the metabolism of aliphatic and aromatic oximes (PubMed:12970475). Involved in the biosynthesis of both short-chain and long-chain aliphatic glucosinolates (PubMed:12509530).
Reduced levels of all aliphatic glucosinolates and increased levels of indole-derived glucosinolates in leaves.
Component of the transcriptionally active chromosome (TAC) complexes (PubMed:24111559). Interacts with FSD2 and PRDA1 (PubMed:24132784). Interacts with FSD3 and CITRX/TRXZ (PubMed:23956074). Binds to PTAC12/HMR/PAP5 (PubMed:33824329).
Expressed in leaves, shoots, stems, cauline leaves, flower buds, flowers and siliques.
Plays an essential role in early steps of chloroplast development (PubMed:21220584, PubMed:21515910, PubMed:23956074, PubMed:24111559, PubMed:33824329). Involved in the regulation of plastid gene expression (PubMed:21515910, PubMed:23956074, PubMed:24111559). May positively regulate plastid-encoded RNA polymerase (PEP) activity through binding to FSD3 and CITRX/TRXZ (PubMed:23956074). Involved in redox-mediated regulation of chloroplast development (PubMed:24132784, PubMed:23956074). Possesses disulfide reductase activity in vitro (PubMed:23956074). Required for the proper function of the plastid transcriptional machinery and protein accumulation in thylakoid membranes. May function as molecular chaperone to ensure proper organization of the nucleoids in chloroplasts (PubMed:24111559). May mediate some aspect of thylakoid structure or function that controls non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) (PubMed:21220584, PubMed:21515910, PubMed:23956074, PubMed:24111559, PubMed:24132784). Participates in the early light signaling events of photobody biogenesis in chloroplasts (PubMed:31201314). May mediate the degradation of two repressors of chloroplast biogenesis, PIF1 and PIF3 in nucleus (PubMed:31201314). Collaboratively with PTAC12/HMR/PAP5, involved in the regulation of thermoresponsive responses via the stabilization of PIF4 in the daytime to initiate thermomorphogenesis (PubMed:33824329).
Seedling lethality due to deficiency in chloroplast development (PubMed:21220584, PubMed:21515910, PubMed:23956074). In the rcb-10 mutant, impeded PIF4 accumulation leading to lost warm-temperatures responses (e.g. 27 degrees Celsius) (PubMed:33824329).
Belongs to the GatB/GatE family. GatB subfamily.
Expressed in young shoots, roots, stems, leaves and flowers. At the bases of lateral organs formed from vegetative, inflorescence, and floral meristems.
Over-expression of LBD3 induces a dwarf phenotype.
Confers tolerance to lead ions (Pb) stress mediated by Pb(NO(3))(2) probably by promoting Pb accumulation leading to subsequent glutathione-dependent phytochelatin (PC) synthesis and related gene expression, including PDR12/ABCG40, GSH1, GSH2, GR1, GR2, PCS1 and PCS2.
Highly expressed in inflorescences, siliques and stems, and, to a lower extent, in roots and leaves.
Increased sensitivity to lead ions (Pb) stress mediated by Pb(NO(3))(2) associated with a reduced Pb accumulation leading to decreased phytochelatin (PC) synthesis and related gene expression. Higher sensitivity to hydrogen peroxyde H(2)O(2).
Induced by lead (Pb) stress (Pb(NO(3))(2)).
Beta-glucuronosyltransferase involved in the biosynthesis of type II arabinogalactan (AG). Modifies both the beta-1,6-linked galactan and beta-1,3-linked galactan present in type II AG. Transfers glucuronate to beta-1,6-galactooligosaccharides with degrees of polymerization ranging from 3 to 11. Transfers glucuronate to beta-1,3-galactooligosaccharides with degrees of polymerization ranging from 5 to 7. The addition of glucuronate at the O6 position may terminate galactose chain extension. Required for cell elongation during seedling growth.
Increased cell elongation in hypocotyls and roots from seedlings grown in the dark.
Found in a nuclear export complex with RanGTP, exportin and pre-miRNA (By similarity). Interacts with RanBP1a and RanBP1b (PubMed:9025305). Interacts with PHRIP1 (PubMed:17530257). Interacts with KPNB1 (PubMed:23582042). Binds to PHIP1 (PubMed:18621982).
RAN2 transcripts mRNA interacts with PHIP1 to be distributed toward the cell plate during cytokinesis.
Belongs to the DNA mismatch repair MutS family. MSH3 subfamily.
Component of the post-replicative DNA mismatch repair system (MMR).
Component of the post-replicative DNA mismatch repair system (MMR). Forms the heterodimer MutS beta (MSH2-MSH3 heterodimer) which binds to DNA mismatches thereby initiating DNA repair. MutS beta recognizes single base mismatches and trinucleotide insertion-deletion loops (IDL) in the DNA.
Heterodimer consisting of MSH2-MSH3 (MutS beta).
Enhanced activation by VIK-mediated phosphorylation promoting carrier activity and consequently vacuolar sugar accumulation.
Induced by drought, salt, cold and sugars (e.g. glucose, fructose and sucrose).
Mostly expressed in juvenile and adult leaves, to a lower extent, in flower tissues, and, at low levels, in roots and stems.
Phosphorylated by VIK; this activation promotes carrier activity.
Present in pollen cells and in all tissues of young seedlings (PubMed:17158605). In flowers, mainly expressed in petals, filaments, and pollen cells inside anthers (PubMed:17158605). In leaves, mostly observed in mesophyll cells and in cells surrounding the vascular tissue and lower epidermis, and, to a lesser extent, in the upper epidermis (PubMed:17158605).
Reduced accumulation of glucose and fructose during cold adaptation associated with lower glucose import into vacuoles (PubMed:17158605). Plants lacking both MSSP1 and MSSP2 have reduced fresh weight when grown on high glucose containing medium or in response to cold stress, and exhibit increased glucose cytosolic concentrations leading to the stimulation of mitochondrial respiration (PubMed:17158605). In triple knockout plants missing MSSP1, MSSP2 and MSSP3, reduced accumulation of glucose and fructose during cold adaptation (PubMed:17158605).
Sugar proton-coupled antiporter which contributes to vacuolar sugar import (e.g. monosaccharides including glucose, sucrose and fructose), particularly during stress responses (e.g. in response to cold) (PubMed:17158605, PubMed:20709831, PubMed:21668536). Required for cytosolic glucose homeostasis (PubMed:17158605, PubMed:20709831).
Belongs to the peptidase M48 family. M48D subfamily.
Interacts with plastoglobule (PG) core proteins ABC1K3, PES1 and CCD4.
Metalloendopeptidase with a Zn-dependent proteolytic activity and substrate cleavage upstream of hydrophobic residues (PubMed:27895226). Positive regulator of senescence, probably by degrading CCD4, thus participating in the controlled removal of carotenoids from the thylakoid membrane during the senescence process (PubMed:27895226, PubMed:28534654).
Mostly expressed in flowers (e.g. sepals, petals and stamen), seeds, leaves and cotyledons.
Acts as a calcium sensor involved in the signaling pathway during growth and development and in response to abiotic stresses. May function as a positive regulator of salt and drought responses and as a negative regulator of cold response. Contributes to the regulation of early stress-related CBF/DREB transcription factors. CBL proteins interact with CIPK serine-threonine protein kinases. Binding of a CBL protein to the regulatory NAF domain of a CIPK protein lead to the activation of the kinase in a calcium-dependent manner. Mediates the activation of AKT1 by CIPK proteins (CIPK6, CIPK16, and CIPK23) in response to low potassium conditions and in the context of stomatal movement. Involved in response to glucose and gibberellin during germination and seedling development and in response to cold stress. Involved in the calcium-dependent regulation by CIPK26 of reactive oxygen species production by the NADPH oxidase RBOHF.
By light, drought, salt, cold and wounding. Up-regulated by glucose, but not by sucrose or fructose.
Calcium binding of CBL1 is not required for membrane association and the endoplasmic reticulum-to-plasma membrane trafficking relies on a brefeldin A-insensitive pathway. Lipid modification is not required for interaction between CBL1 and CIPK1 (PubMed:18502848).
Homodimer (By similarity). Part of a K(+)-channel calcium-sensing kinase/phosphatase complex composed by a calcium sensor CBL (CBL1, CBL2, CBL3 or CBL9), a kinase CIPK (CIPK6, CIPK16 or CIPK23), a phosphatase PP2C (AIP1) and a K(+)-channel (AKT1). Interacts with PP2CA, CIPK1, CIPK6, CIPK7, CIPK8, CIPK11, CIPK15/PKS3, CIPK16, CIPK17, CIPK18, CIPK23, CIPK24 and CIPK26. Binds to PI4KB1 and to KINB1.
No visible phenotypes when grown under normal conditions, but increased sensitivity to low temperature. Hypersensitivity to paclobutrazol and to drought, glucose and salt stresses.
Preferentially expressed in stems, roots and siliques. Coexpressed with CIPK15/PKS3 in guard cells. Co-localized with CIPK23 in root tips and vascular bundles in the stem and the leaf, as well as in guard cells.
S-acylated at Cys-3 by either palmitate or stearate. Myristoylation is a prerequisite for the subsequent acylation. Myristoylation is important for endoplasmic reticulum targeting and subsequent acylation at the endoplasmic reticulum enables further trafficking to the plasma membrane. Phosphorylated by CIPK23 and CIPK24.
Component of the spliceosome (By similarity). Interacts with TRN1.
Involved in the packaging of pre-mRNA into hnRNP particles, transport of poly(A) mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and may modulate splice site selection.
Involved with pre-mRNA processing. Forms complexes (ribonucleosomes) with at least 20 other different hnRNP and heterogeneous nuclear RNA in the nucleus (By similarity).
Beta-fructofuranosidase that can use sucrose and 1-kestose, and, to a lower extent, neokestose and levan, as substrates, but not inuline.
By wounding, aeroponic growth condition, darkness, sucrose, glucose and mannitol.
Expressed in seedlings, leaves, flowers, and seeds.
Expressed in roots, shoots, stems, flower buds and siliques.
Interacts with KNAT1, KNAT2, KNAT3 and KNAT4.
Plants over-expressing OFP12 have no visible phenotype.
In strain cv. Columbia, cv. Landsberg Erecta and cv. Wassilewskija, loss-of-function mutations lead to inactive FRI protein. A complete sequence for FRI can be found in strains cv. H51 (AC P0DH90).
Intrinsic thylakoid membrane protein that fixes RPOT2 on the stromal side of the thylakoid membrane.
Was originally assigned as a member of the E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase ATL subfamily.
Catalyzes the specific attachment of an amino acid to its cognate tRNA in a 2 step reaction: the amino acid (AA) is first activated by ATP to form AA-AMP and then transferred to the acceptor end of the tRNA (By similarity). Promotes aminoacylation of non-cognate tRNAs and translational recoding of lysine at nonsense codons (PubMed:17425721).
Expressed from early G2 phase and increases to reach a peak at mitosis.
Expressed in root tips, shoot apical meristem, leaf primordia vascular tissues and tapetum of anthers.
Protein abundance may be regulated through proteasome-mediated protein degradation.
Acts as catalytic component of the CCR4-NOT core complex, which in the nucleus seems to be a general transcription factor, and in the cytoplasm the major mRNA deadenylase involved in mRNA turnover (By similarity). Transcriptional regulator of circadian rhythms with poly(A)-degrading activity that affects the expression and rhythmicity of the clock core oscillator genes TOC1 and CCA1 (PubMed:26619288). Deadenylation may be a mechanism involved in the regulation of the circadian clock (PubMed:26619288). May play a negative role in response against oxidative stress (PubMed:26619288). Possesses magnesium-dependent poly(A)-specific exoribonuclease activity in vitro and is almost inactive with poly(U), poly(C) and poly(G) as substrates (PubMed:26619288).
Component of the CCR4-NOT complex, at least composed of CRR4 and CAF1 proteins (By similarity). Forms homooligomers (PubMed:26619288).
Expressed with a high amplitude circadian rhythm showing a peak in the late day, just before night.
Plants overexpressing CCR4-4 exhibit retarded growth phenotype and severe reduction in root length that is attenuated over time.
In roots, restricted to the root apical meristem (RAM) in a pattern positioned just above the quiescent center (QC); strongest levels are observed in the meristematic cortical cells, but also detected in the epidermis and within the vasculature (PubMed:23370719). Induced during lateral root formation after the emergence of the primordium (PubMed:23370719).
Signaling peptide (root growth factor) required during root gravitropism in a PIN2-traffic dependent manner (PubMed:23370719). Regulates the pattern of root growth and lateral root development by modulating the length and the number of cortical cells in the root apical meristem (RAM), and the anticlinal asymmetric cell divisions in lateral root initiation cells (PubMed:23370719).
Histone acetyltransferase which may be involved in transcriptional activation. Acetylates 'Lys-5' of histone H4 (H4K5ac) (PubMed:17877703, PubMed:19040736, PubMed:22170978, PubMed:23273925). Essential for gametophyte development (PubMed:19040736). Involved in DNA repair after UV-B exposure (PubMed:22170978). Negative regulator of flowering controlling the H4K5ac levels in the FLC chromatin (PubMed:23273925).
Interacts with MRG1 and MRG2 (PubMed:25183522). Component of the NuA4 histone acetyltransferase complex (Ref.11).
No visible phenotype, due to the redundancy with HAM2. Ham1 and ham2 double mutants are lethal.
Induced by drought, salt stress, ethylene (ET) and salicylic acid (SA), mainly in shoots.
3'-5' DNA helicase that may play a role in the repair of DNA (PubMed:18419780, PubMed:19755539). Its DNA unwinding activity in vitro is dependent on magnesium, and ATP or dATP (PubMed:18419780, PubMed:19755539). Can use GTP/dGTP, CTP/dCTP or UTP/dUTP as nucleotide cofactors (PubMed:18419780, PubMed:19755539). Catalyzes Holliday junction branch migration and replication fork regression (PubMed:19755539, PubMed:23771268). Disrupts D-loop structures (PubMed:18419780).
Baeckstroem et al identified RECQL2 in a Mediator complex pull-down assay and suggested that RECQL2 could be a plant specific component of the Mediator complex (PubMed:17560376). However, no experimental evidence has been brought so far to confirm this hypothesis (Probable).
Expressed in shoots and flowers (PubMed:11058127, PubMed:12856935). Expressed in young leaves, inflorescences, roots, shoot apical meristem, young siliques, and mature green siliques (PubMed:12856935).
Hydrolyzes certain amino acid conjugates of the plant growth regulator indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). Also hydrolyzes amino acid conjugates of jasmonic acid and 12-hydroxy jasmonic acid.
3'-exoribonuclease that has a preference for poly(A) tails of mRNAs, thereby efficiently degrading poly(A) tails. Exonucleolytic degradation of the poly(A) tail is often the first step in the decay of eukaryotic mRNAs (By similarity).
Belongs to the AB hydrolase superfamily. Monoacylglycerol lipase family.
Esterase involved in the biosynthesis of lignin. Hydrolyzes caffeoylshikimate into caffeate and shikimate. Together with 4-coumarate--CoA ligase (4CL), acts on an alternative reaction for the formation of caffeoyl-CoA and bypasses the second reaction of shikimate O-hydroxycinnamoyltransferase (HST). Accepts also 4-coumaroylshikimate as substrate, but with lower activity. According to PubMed:20345607 and PubMed:22915575, posseses monoacylglycerol O-acyltransferase, monoacylglycerol lipase and lysophospholipase activities in vitro. With the association of ACBP2, may promote the degradation of lysophosphatidylcholine and detoxify the peroxidized membrane in response to cadmium-induced oxidative stress. However these results require additional confirmation in vivo.
Expressed in vasculature of roots and leaves, stems, flowers and siliques.
Mutant plants exhibit increased sensitivity to zinc, cadmium and H(2)O(2).
Reduced height and weight of senescent plants due to reduced lignin content.
Highly expressed in flowers (PubMed:11532180). Constitutively expressed at low levels in the other tissues (PubMed:11532180). Highly expressed in pollen grains and tissues undergoing cell death (PubMed:15548746). Expressed in old leaves, mature siliques and developing embryos (PubMed:15548746).
Induced by treatment with proline (PubMed:11532180, PubMed:15548746). Induced by drought stress (PubMed:19635803).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants are hypersensitive to treatment with proline (PubMed:15548746). Hypersensitivity to heat stress (PubMed:19635803).
Plays a role in the inhibition of programmed cell death by converting the toxic proline catabolism intermediate (s)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate (P5C) to glutamate.
Disturbed cell division patterns in lateral root primordia leading to the expansion of the proximal region of lateral roots. Short lateral roots in young seedlings (PubMed:17630277). In the shoot, formation of small pin-shaped protrusions at the base of pedicels (PubMed:17630277, PubMed:19482972).
Expressed in the early stages of lateral root primordia formation (PubMed:17630277). Expressed in early floral meristem (stage 1 to 2) (PubMed:19482972).
Probably acts as a transcriptional activator. May be involved in the regulation of gene expression by stress factors and by components of stress signal transduction pathways (By similarity). Involved in the control of cell division patterns during the early lateral root primordium development. Acts downstream of auxin signaling (PubMed:17630277). Regulated by ARF7 and ARF19 in response to auxin. Co-acts with LBD16 and LBD18 to control lateral root development (PubMed:23749813). Involved in the determination of floral meristem identity and suppression of bract growth. Required for proper conversion of secondary inflorescences to flowers. Acts together with NPR5/BOP2 and NPR6/BOP1 to promote expression of LFY and AP1, two central regulators of floral meristem identity (PubMed:19482972).
DNA helicase required for crossover formation, complete synapsis of homologous chromosomes and bivalent formation during meiosis. Is specific to recombination events resulting in interference-sensitive crossovers (class I meiotic crossover).
Low levels of fertility due to a significant decrease of meiotic crossovers.
Expressed in seedlings, cotyledons and young leaves.
Flavonol-specific transcription activator involved in the regulation of several genes of flavonoid biosynthesis. Activates the expression of CHS, CHI, F3H and FLS1. Controls flavonol biosynthesis primarily in cotyledons and leaves (PubMed:17419845, PubMed:20731781). Confers tolerance to UV-B (PubMed:19895401).
In seedlings, predominantly expressed in cotyledons. Restricted to the cotyledons and primary leaves.
Promotes flavonoid biosynthesis in a light-dependent manner when expressed in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) through up-regulation of the biosynthetic genes.
Reduced flavonols levels in leaves. The double mutants myb11 myb111 and myb12 myb111 and triple mutant myb11 myb12 myb111 accumulate less flavonols in roots, leaves, stems, inflorescence, and siliques (PubMed:20731781). The triple mutant myb11 myb12 myb111 is impaired in flavonols biosynthesis and exhibits a reduced UV-B tolerance (PubMed:17419845, PubMed:19895401).
Triggered by HY5 in response to light and UV-B.
Expressed in the vasculature of leaves, roots, inflorescences, siliques, anther filaments and sepals. Detected primarily in the phloem tissues, including in the root ans shoot apical meristems.
Involved in the glucose-triggered developmental leaf growth process.
Up-regulated by glucose (Ref.6). Down-regulated by STKL1 and STKL2 (PubMed:27031427).
Homo- and heterodimer. Interacts with COI1, MYC2, MYC3, MYC4, TIFY10A/JAZ1, TIFY10B/JAZ2, TIFY6A/JAZ4, TIFY5A/JAZ8, TIFY7/JAZ9, TIFY9/JAZ10 and TIFY3A/JAZ11. Interacts (via TIFY domain) with AFPH2/NINJA.
PubMed:17637675 showed that COI1 interacts with the N-terminal part of the protein (1-208), but not with its C terminus.
Repressor of jasmonate responses. Jasmonoyl-isoleucine (JA-Ile) specifically promotes COI1-TIFY6B/JAZ3 interaction. Acts as a negative regulator of MYC2 function. Feed-back regulated by MYC2.
The jas domain (302-326) is necessary and sufficient for the hormone dependent interaction with COI1 and the hormone independent interaction with MYC2.
The tify domain is required for homo- and heterodimerization and for the interaction with other TIFY proteins.
Ca(2+)-regulated actin-binding protein. Involved in actin filaments bundling. Caps the barbed end of actin filaments and is able to sever them in a calcium-dependent manner. Required for the construction of actin collars in pollen tubes. Acts redundantly with VLN5 (AC Q9LVC6) to generate thick actin filament bundles and to regulate polarized pollen tube growth (PubMed:23715472). Acts redundantly with VLN3 (AC O81645) to regulate directional organ growth and in sclerenchyma development (PubMed:22209875, PubMed:22563899).
Expressed in all tissues examined. Mainly detected in the root epidermis and vasculature. Expressed in the root cap.
No visible phenotype and no visible effect on pollen tube growth. Decreased severing frequency of actin filaments. Vln2 and vln5 double mutants have pollen tubes curled and wider at some regions along the tube. They accumulate actin filaments at the tips of pollen tubes (PubMed:23715472). Vln2 and vln3 double mutants show anomaly in the growth direction of organs (PubMed:22209875) and defects in sclerenchyma development, but no alterations in the secondary cell-wall machinery (PubMed:22563899).
By methyl jasmonate. Also induced in response to the caterpillar P.xylostella or P.rapae feeding.
Involved in monoterpene (C10) biosynthesis. The major product is beta-myrcene (56%) followed by (E)-beta-ocimene (20%) and minor amounts (less than 5%) of the cyclic monoterpene (-)-limonene, (+)-limonene, 2-carene and tricyclene.
Predominantly expressed in flowers but also in leaves, siliques and in stems.
Barely detectable in 3-days-old seedling, and then increases.
Expressed in root, shoot apex, leaves, stem and flowers. Expressed in expanding leaves, in the vasculature of fully expanded leaves, in the inflorescence, throughout young floral primordia, in the carpels of older flowers and in fertilized ovules.
Homodimer. Component of the transcription activator complex FRI-C composed of FRI, FRL1, SUF4, FLX and FES1. Interacts with LD, ASHH2, FRL1, (via C-terminus) with FRI (via C-terminus), and with SWC6, a component of the SWR1 chromatin-remodeling complex. Binds to MED18 to regulate flowering time; recruits MED18 to FLC promoter (PubMed:24451981).
Not regulated by photoperiod or vernalization.
Sequence-specific DNA binding factor that recognizes the 5'-CCAAATTTTAAGTTT-3' sequence. Recruits the FRI-C complex to the FLC promoter. Required for FRI-mediated FLC activation, but has no effect on the expression of MAF1, MAF2, MAF3, MAF5, UFC and CO. Dispensable for the reactivation of FLC in early embryogenesis, but required to maintain high levels of FLC expression in later embryonic and vegetative development.
Lacks one cysteine (here Phe-106), present in the RING domain, which is one of the conserved features of the RING-type zinc finger family.
Expressed in all tissues but predominantly in buds, siliques and seeds.
Thiol-specific peroxidase that catalyzes the reduction of hydrogen peroxide and organic hydroperoxides to water and alcohols, respectively. Plays a role in cell protection against oxidative stress by detoxifying peroxides (By similarity). May be involved in chloroplast redox homeostasis (Probable).
Interacts with CITRX/TRXz (PubMed:20511297). Interacts with PTAC7 (PubMed:23082802). Self-interacts. Binds to FLN2. Associates with the plastid-encoded RNA polymerase (PEP) complex (PubMed:24019900).
Autophosphorylated predominantly on Ser residues.
Belongs to the ethylene receptor family.
Ethylene receptor related to bacterial two-component regulators. Acts as a redundant negative regulator of ethylene signaling.
Expressed in etiolated seedlings, leaves, roots and stems. Highly expressed in flowers, stamens, pollen cells, tapetum cells, carpels and ovules.
Functions as a scaffold that mediates the ordered assembly of spliceosomal proteins and snRNAs. Required for the assembly of the U4/U6-U5 tri-snRNP complex.
Was originally thought to belong to the ABC transporter family (PubMed:18299247). Lacks the conserved ABC domain, which is one of the features of the ABC transporter family.
Belongs to the protease inhibitor I20 (potato type II proteinase inhibitor) family.
By abscisic acid treatment, salt or osmotic stresses, and by dehydration and rehydration. Expression regulated by phytochrome B.
Expressed predominantly during mid-maturation of seed and down-regulated during late maturation. Up-regulated 12 hours after seed imbibition.
Involved in the oxidative degradation of abscisic acid. Plays an important role in determining abscisic acid levels in dry seeds and in the control of postgermination growth.
Mainly expressed in flowers, siliques, roots and stems. Lower expression in rosette leaves and dry seeds. Expressed in vascular tissues of embryo during the seed development.
Circadian-regulation with peak levels occurring around 1 hour after dawn. Up-regulated by APRR1/TOC1 and transiently by light treatment. Down-regulated by APRR5, APRR7 and APRR9.
Homodimer or heterodimer with CCA1. Interacts with CCA1 (via internal domain); independently of photoperiod. Functions probably as part of a large complex. Interacts with CKB1 and CKB3. Interacts with LNK1 and LNK2 (PubMed:25012192).
Shorter circadian oscillations (PubMed:12015970, PubMed:19218364). The double mutant cca1 lhy accumulates higher levels of JMJ14 but lower levels of ATXR3/SDG2, and exhibits damped H3K4me3 levels near the transcription start sites of genic regions (PubMed:31429787).
Transcription factor involved in the circadian clock. Binds to the promoter region of APRR1/TOC1 and TCP21/CHE to repress their transcription. Represses both CCA1 and itself. May recognize the promoter of JMJ14 to regulates its expression during the night in a circadian manner (PubMed:31429787).
Cell division-promoting factor involved in leaf blade differentiation, inflorescence branching, as well as in carpel and silique shape. Promotes the number of xylem cells. Regulates positively the gibberellin signaling pathway leading to germination, hypocotyl elongation, and leaf expansion. Probably acts as a transcriptional activator. Binds to the GCC-box pathogenesis-related promoter element. May be involved in the regulation of gene expression by stress factors and by components of stress signal transduction pathways (By similarity).
Expressed in germinating seeds. Present in young shoots, at low levels, especially in leaf primordia and developing leaf blades. Also detected in vascular tissue, mostly in xylem, of young leaves, petioles and hypocotyls.
Component of the RNA polymerase IV and V complexes. Interacts with NRPD1.
Expressed inleaves, flower buds, flowers and siliques.
Promotes seedling growth probably via the regulation of phytosulfokine (PSK) signaling; PSK are peptide phytohormones acting as growth factors (PubMed:25062973). Involved in PSK-induced root growth (PubMed:25062973). Together with PSI1 and PSI3, required during vegetative growth and reproduction (PubMed:25062973).
Reduced fertility, premature senescence and severe dwarfism in psi2-1 psi3-1 plants due to reduced cell growth and proliferation as well as premature leaf growth arrest.
Bright green glossy stems and siliques due to reduced cuticular wax accumulation.
Probable 3'->5' exoribonuclease involved in the regulation of cuticular wax biosynthesis by controlling the expression of CER3. May act by degrading a specific mRNA species encoding a negative regulator of CER3 transcription. Can perform exosomal functions and complement the yeast rrp45 null mutant.
Reduced inflorescence stem growth and increased levels of acetate in rosette leaves.
During female gametogenesis, expressed in the female gametophyte at stage FG4 (four-nucleate stage) in all four nuclei. Expressed in the central cell in unfused polar nuclei at stage FG5 and secondary nucleus at stage FG6. Not expressed in mature female gametophytes (stage FG7).
Expressed in ovary septum and stamen filament.
Transcription factor required for female gametophyte fertility. Acts redundantly with MYB64 to initiate the FG5 transition during female gametophyte development. The FG5 transition represents the switch between free nuclear divisions and cellularization-differentiation in female gametophyte, and occurs during developmental stage FG5.
Expressed in the apical region of cotyledons 4 days after imbibition (DAI). Expressed in the whole vasculature at 12 DAI. Expressed in the root central cylinder and lateral root primordia. Expressed in the vasculature of sepals, filaments, carpels and developing siliques.
Chlorotic leaves and impaired growth when grown under ambient air, but normal growth under CO(2)-enriched air.
Detected two days after germination and reached a maximum at three days of growth.
High expression in cotyledons, leaves, flowers and developing siliques. Lower expression in roots and maturing siliques. Not detected in meristematic tissues.
Involved in photorespiratory metabolism. Acts probably as a carrier for a glycine decarboxylase (GDC) cofactor or, alternatively, may act as a mitochondrial glycine shuttle. Involved in the transition from the embryonic stage to the juvenile autotrophic stage.
Up-regulated by light and down-regulated by norflurazon and lincomycin. Low expression in the dark.
Increased sensitivity to salt and osmotic stress in germination and cotyledon development. Abscisic acid hypersensitivity.
Plays a regulatory role in abscisic acid (ABA) signaling and tolerance to abiotic stress during germination. May be involved in the regulation of the ABI transcriptional factors.
Up-regulated upon salt, osmotic, glucose or exogenous abscisic acid treatment.
CORI3 was initially isolated by Lopukhina et al (PMID:11500565) as tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT). The authors also measured a TAT activity in vitro, even though relatively weak. Jones et al (PMID:12525491) showed that CORI3 possesses cystine lyase (CL) activity, but lacks TAT activity in vitro. In addition, CL activity is not inhibited by saturation of L-tyrosine in the medium. As CORI3 should bind L-tyrosine to catalyze TAT activity, this excludes a TAT activity for CORI3. Jones et al. made the statment that TAT activity resulted probably from residual native TAT-catalyzing proteins present in the purified preparations employed by Loupokhina et al.
Expressed in cotyledons, sepals, pistils, flower buds, phloem companion cells and vascular tissues of petiole, leaf, filament and fruit.
Induced by jasmonate (PubMed:11500565, PubMed:9342878). Induced by coronatine (PubMed:11500565, PubMed:16008101). Induced by 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA) (PubMed:11500565). Induced by wounding (PubMed:11500565, PubMed:9342878, PubMed:18247047). Induced by abscisic acid (ABA) (PubMed:9342878). Induced by the cell wall elicitin from the non-pathogenic biocontrol agent Pythium oligandrum (PubMed:19304739).
Possesses cystine lyase activity in vitro. Does not possess tyrosine aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and tryptophan aminotransferase activities.
Increased susceptibility to P.syringae infection.
PPIases accelerate the folding of proteins. It catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptides (By similarity). Involved in plant response to pathogen infection by increasing PAD4 expression in absence of EDS1 up-regulation.
By salicylic acid, UV-C light and pathogens.
Enhanced susceptibility to several bacterial pathogens and alterations in PR-1 gene expression (PubMed:9090877). No salicylic acid (SA) accumulation after pathogen inoculation and more susceptibility to both virulent and avirulent forms of Pseudomonas syringae and Peronospora parasitica (PubMed:10449575, PubMed:24594657). Age-related resistance (ARR)-defective (PubMed:11884688, PubMed:19694953). Defect in stomatal response during bacterial infection (PubMed:21998587).
Functions as a multidrug and toxin extrusion transporter in the export of salicylic acid (SA) from the chloroplast to the cytoplasm (PubMed:23757404). Plays an essential function in plant defense via the pathogen-induced salicylic acid (SA) accumulation (PubMed:11826312, PubMed:24594657). Acts also as a key component of the Age-related resistance (ARR) pathway (PubMed:11884688, PubMed:19694953, PubMed:24594657).
Preferentially expressed in the epidermal cells.
ATP-dependent RNA helicase involved in 40S ribosomal subunit biogenesis. Required for the processing and cleavage of 35S pre-rRNA at sites A0, A1, and A2, leading to mature 18S rRNA (By similarity).
Mediates folate monoglutamate transport involved in tetrahydrofolate biosynthesis. It also mediates transport of antifolates, such as methotrexate and aminopterin.
Binds the poly(A) tail of mRNA. Appears to be an important mediator of the multiple roles of the poly(A) tail in mRNA biogenesis, stability and translation.
Expressed predominantly in immature flowers but also at lower levels in mature flowers and siliques. Detected in tapetum, pollen, ovules and developing seeds. Also detected in primary inflorescences and immature siliques.
Could participate in abscisic acid-regulated gene expression.
Expressed during pollen development, peaking at the tricellular stage.
Plants produce collapsed, nonviable pollen grains (PubMed:16557401, PubMed:23373795). Male sterility (PubMed:17341835).
Required for the synthesis of the intine, the pectocellulosic inner wall of developing pollen. May function as the terminal enzyme of the myo-inositol oxidation (MIO) pathway. May also play a role in the salvage pathway for synthesis of nucleotide sugars (PubMed:16557401, PubMed:16757173, PubMed:23373795). Can use a wide range of substrates including glucose-1-phosphate, galactose-1-phosphate, xylose-1-phosphate, arabinose-1-phosphate and glucuronate-1-phosphate (PubMed:17341835).
Ubiquitous, but most abundant in rosette leaves, inflorescences, stems, stamens and pollen.
Catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphoanhydride bonds of nucleoside tri- and di-phosphates.
Expressed in the initiation zone of lateral root and in the lateral root tip, the adaxial junction of lateral shoots with the stems, and in the abscission zone of flower organs. Not expressed in the rosette leaves.
Decreased resistance to avirulent strains of P.syringae.
Expressed in roots and senescent leaves.
Induced by pathogen infection, H(2)O(2) and salicylic acid.
Possesses quercetin 3-O-glucosyltransferase activity in vitro. Involved in stress or defense responses.
Accelerated growth of various plant organs including roots and inflorescence shoots.
Interacts with CDC48A (non-hexameric) via its UBX-containing C-terminal domain.
Produced by alternative initiation at Met-22 of isoform 1.
Regulates CDC48A by inhibiting its ATPase activity and by promoting the disassembly of the active hexamer.
Belongs to the histidinol dehydrogenase family.
Catalyzes the sequential NAD-dependent oxidations of L-histidinol to L-histidinaldehyde and then to L-histidine.
Could be the product of a pseudogene. In strain cv. Columbia, a naturally occurring frameshift at position 277 results in a truncated MRS2-8 protein lacking the two transmembrane regions, which are conserved features of the family. A complete sequence for MRS2-8 can be found in strain cv. Landsberg erecta (AC P0CZ21).
Expressed in the differentiation and elongation zones of primary and lateral roots. Expressed in the hypocotyl, cotyledon and leaf veins, hydathodes and trichomes. In stems, expressed in the vascular cambium region. Expressed in the style, anthers, stamen filaments, vascular tissues of sepals and stigmatic regions in flowers, and abscission, style and stigmatic regions of siliques and seed testa.
Belongs to the 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase family.
Expressed in the root hair region and root hair cells.
Plants over-expressing display increased susceptibility in primary root shortening under low phosphate conditions.
Transcription factor involved in nitrate and phosphate signaling in roots. Integrates nitrate and phosphate starvation responses and adaptation of root architecture depending on nutrient availabilities. Acts downstream of the nitrate sensor and transporter NPF6.3/NRT1.1. Represses primary root development in response to phosphate deficiency conditions, only when nitrate is present (PubMed:25723764). Involved in the modulation of primary root and root hair growth in phosphate-deprived environement (PubMed:19341407). May be required for suppressing abscisic acid (ABA) signaling in germinating embryo axis, which promotes the timely germination of seeds (PubMed:22545134).
Plants over-expressing WHY2 are small with dark-green distorted leaves, exhibit early senescence and produces shorter siliques with half the amount of seeds found in wild-type plants.
Single-stranded DNA-binding protein that associates with mitochondrial DNA and may play a role in the regulation of the gene expression machinery. Seems also to be required to prevent break-induced DNA rearrangements in the mitochondrial genome. Can bind to melt double-stranded DNA in vivo.
Highly expressed at the base of all organs of the flower, especially in the abscission zone (AZ) of petals, stamens and sepals. Expressed at low levels in sepals, filaments, stigmatic papillae, tips of young siliques, and at the base of pedicels and leaf trichomes.
Plants over-expressing DOF4.7 fail in the abscission of floral organs (sepals, petals and stamens) after anthesis.
Transcription factor that binds specifically to a 5'-AA[AG]G-3' consensus core sequence. Involved in the negative regulation of floral organ abscission by binding to the typical DOF 5'-AAAG-3' sequences in the promoter of ADPG2/PGAZAT, and by down-regulating its expression. ADPG2/PGAZAT is an abscission-related and cell wall hydrolyzing polygalacturonase. May act through the interaction with ZFP2, an abscission-related transcription factor.
Specifically expressed in siliques and flowers.
Acts in low affinity electroneutral exchange of protons for cations such as Na(+) or K(+) across membranes. Can also exchange Li(+) and Cs(+) with a lower affinity. Involved in vacuolar ion compartmentalization necessary for cell volume regulation and cytoplasmic Na(+) detoxification. Required during leaves expansion, probably to stimulate epidermal cell expansion. Confers competence to grow in high salinity conditions.
Calcium and pH-dependent interaction with CML18/CAM15 (increases when pH decreases, better at pH 5.5 than at pH 7.5).
Induced by NaCl, KCl and sorbitol in a ABA-dependent but SOS signaling-independent manner. Also induced by abscisic acid (ABA).
Inhibition of Na(+) transport activity but not of K(+) transport activity is mediated by binding with CML18/CAM15. Inhibited by the diuretic compound amiloride and its analogs ethylisopropyl-amiloride (EIPA), 5-(N-ethyl-N-isopropyl)amiloride (MIA), and benzamil. Also down-regulated by quinine.
Present in flowers, particularly in petals, stamens and anthers (including pollen). Slightly expressed in developing ovaries, strongly expressed in developing embryos and in siliques outer integuments (mostly in base and tips). During first days after germination, mainly localized in roots, including root tips. Later, ubiquitous except in root tips.
Transgenic plants of agricultural interest (e.g. cotton, Brassica napus) that overexpress NHX1 have enhanced capability to grow on high saline soils.
Ubiquitous, with higher levels around vascular tissues and guard cells.
Aldehyde decarbonylase involved in the conversion of aldehydes to alkanes. Core component of a very-long-chain alkane synthesis complex. Involved in epicuticular wax biosynthesis and pollen fertility.
Down regulated by cold and dark stresses. Up-regulated by low humidity, osmotic stress and abscisic acid treatment. No effet of methyl jasmonate, GA3, salicylic acid, cytokinin or auxin treatments.
Expressed in seedlings, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits and siliques. Not detected in roots, pollen and seeds. Expressed in trichomes, cotyledons, shoot apical meristem and leaf primordia. Preferentially associated with young leaves rather than mature leaves. Expressed in the epidermis of the stem and caulines leaves, in the carpels and the sepals.
Glossy stem and fruit and reduced fertility due to the inability of the pollen grains to rehydrate on the stigma surface. Disappearance of the wax crystals. Decreased C29, C31 and C33 alkane contents. Increased susceptibility to soil water deficit.
Homodimer. Interacts with CER3, CYTB5-B, CYTB5-C, CYTB5-D and CYTB5-E.
Interacts with CHIP and HSP70. Heterohexamers with FTSH2, FTSH5 and FTSH8.
No visible changes in phenotype, probably due to a complementation by FTSH5. The presence of both FTSH1 or FTSH5 (subunit type A) and FTSH2 or FTSH8 (subunit type B) is essential for an active complex formation.
The FTSH1 precursor is ubiquitinated by CHIP in the cytoplasm.
Interacts with 'Lys-48'-linked polyubiquitin chains via its both UBA domains. Interacts with RPN10 via its ubiquitin-like domain.
May be involved in nucleotide excision repair (By similarity). Binds and presumably selects ubiquitin-conjugates for destruction. Prefers multiubiquitin chains rather than single ubiquitins, with a binding affinity for 'Lys-48'-linked ubiquitin chains. Acts as a ubiquitin receptor that associates with the 26S proteasomal docking subunit RPN10 for the indirect recognition of ubiquitinated substrates of ubiquitin/26S proteasome-mediated proteolysis (UPP). Involved in UV tolerance in hypocotyls, specifically in dark conditions (PubMed:29283431).
No visible phenotype (PubMed:20086187). Increased UV sensitivity in hypocotyls, specifically in dark conditions (PubMed:29283431).
Component of the homotypic fusion and vacuole protein sorting (HOPS) complex composed of the class C Vps core proteins VPS11, VCL1, VPS18 and VPS33, which in HOPS further associates with VPS39 and VPS41.
Required for vacuolar assembly and vacuolar traffic.
Deregulated expression of glutaredoxins GRX480, GRXS13 and thioredoxin TRX-h5 leading to enhanced susceptibility to fungal infection (e.g. B.cinerea) (PubMed:24451981). Increased sensitivity to abscisic acid (ABA), drought, and salt (NaCl) stress. Reduced induction of ABR1, but reduced repression of RD29A, RD29B, and COR15A in response to abiotic stresses (PubMed:26961720).
Dual-function transcription factor with both repression and activation activities. Binds to 5'-CCATATT-3' motif in target gene promoters (e.g. ABR1) (PubMed:26961720). Binds also to G-rich DNA motif 5'-GGGGGCAGTGG-3' (PubMed:22508367). Regulates the expression of genes involved in diverse cellular pathways, including glucose metabolism, photosynthesis, phototropism and stress response (e.g. salt, drought and osmotic stress) (PubMed:22508367, PubMed:26961720). Regulates plant immunity, especially during necrotrophic fungal infection (e.g. B.cinerea) (PubMed:24451981). Binds to ABR1 promoter and promotes its expression, thus negatively regulating the abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway. Represses ABA- and salt-responsive genes expression (PubMed:26961720).
Induced by abscisic acid (ABA) in an ABI1- and ABI4-dependent manner. Stimulated by stress conditions including high salt, osmotic stress (e.g. mannitol) and dehydration. May be induced by ABI4 but repressed by ABR1. Repressed by darkness but induced by light.
Interacts with MED18 to suppress disease susceptibility via the repression of genes glutaredoxins GRX480, GRXS13 and thioredoxin TRX-h5.
Mostly expressed in flowers, to a lower extent in seedlings, stems and leaves, and, at low levels, in roots and senescent leaves.
Rapidly induced following seed germination, especially in tender cotyledons.
Accumulates rapidly in leaves, stems, roots, flower petals, filaments, and sepals during cold-acclimation.
An article reported induction by MKK1, MKK2 and MKK3 in response to drought and salt stresses; however, this paper was later retracted.
Enhanced root growth, photosynthesis and water use efficiency (WUE) under salt stress.
Involved in responses to abiotic stresses (PubMed:21374086). Regulates probably root elongation in cold conditions (PubMed:19470100).
Levels follow a circadian cycle with higher levels during the day, in a calcium ion-dependent manner (PubMed:17227550). Triggered by water stress, osmotic stress (e.g. salt and mannitol), diacylglycerol pyrophosphate (DGPP) and abscisic acid (ABA) (PubMed:8148648, PubMed:9418048, PubMed:12694590, PubMed:16463099, PubMed:16766676, PubMed:21374086, PubMed:8448363, PubMed:1830821). Pretreatment with lanthanum, a calcium-channel blocker, prevents mannitol-mediated induction (PubMed:9418048). Induced reversibly by low temperature; by both acute (2-24 hours at 4 degrees Celsius) and chronic (5-6 weeks at 10 degrees Celsius) cold treatments (PubMed:8148648, PubMed:12694590, PubMed:21374086, PubMed:8290624, PubMed:8448363, PubMed:1830821, PubMed:19470100, PubMed:17227550). Levels are correlated with the rate of root elongation in the cold (PubMed:19470100). Induced by the plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs) Enterobacter sp. EJ01 (PubMed:24598995). Triggered by WRKY8 during salt stress via direct promoter regulation in a pathway that involves PP2CG1 (PubMed:21374086, PubMed:23451802, PubMed:22627139). Induction by salt is also ethylene-dependent, with the intervention of EIN3 that activates ESE1, the transcription regulator of the pathway (PubMed:21832142). The salt-mediated accumulation involves reactive oxygen species (ROS), ROS-dependent induction being repressed by the NADPH oxidase inhibitor diphenylene iodonium (DPI) (PubMed:21677096). Stimulated reversibly via histone modifications (e.g. enrichment of H3K9ac and H3K4me3) by wounding and water deprivation (PubMed:22983672, PubMed:22505693, PubMed:18779215). Inactivated via histone modifications after rehydration (e.g. removal of H3K9ac and reduction of H3K4me3) (PubMed:22505693). At 22 degrees Celsius, induced synergistically by osmotic stress and ABA. In cold conditions, however, impaired induction by osmotic stress but induced synergistically by cold and ABA (PubMed:9880362).
The cold-inducible promoter of RD29A can be used to improve chill-resistance of crops by triggering the expression of given genes in low temperature conditions (e.g. potato low temperature sweetening).
Chaperone protein required for seedling and chloroplast development under heat stress, probably by maintaining plastid-encoded RNA polymerase (PEP)-dependent transcription.
Confined to pollen grains of budding flowers.
Forms oligomeric structures: dodecameric arrangement of two trimer- of-dimer disks stabilized by the C-terminal tails, possibly through tail-to-tail interactions between the disks (PubMed:28325834). Interacts with PTAC5; the formed complex associates with the plastid-encoded RNA polymerase (PEP) complex not only during transcription initiation, but also during elongation and termination, and with a stronger efficiency in illuminated chloroplasts. Binds to promoter regions of PEP-dependent genes (PubMed:23922206).
Highly induced in roots, stems, leaves, flowers and siliques after a heat shock at 30 degrees Celsius. Highly and quickly induced by heat stress during early seedling development.
Ivory phenotype seedling under heat stress (30 degrees Celsius). Decrease in transcript levels of class I genes, but enhanced expression of class III genes (e.g. accD, rpoB and clpP) after heat shock.
There are 3 contiguous domains conserved in the CDPK subfamily: a kinase domain, an autoinhibitory (junction) domain and a calmodulin-like domain. The autoinhibitory domain (348-378) inactivates kinase activity under calcium-free conditions (By similarity).
Activated through serine, threonine and tyrosine phosphorylation, especially upon abscisic acid (ABA) treatment (PubMed:28848569, PubMed:27913741). Restricted activity by ABI1-mediated dephosphorylation (PubMed:27913741).
Autophosphorylates; active in phosphorylated state (PubMed:28848569). Dephosphorylated by ABI1 (PubMed:27913741).
During flower development, strongly expressed in pollen grains with a progressive increase from young buds to later stages of maturation (PubMed:28848569). To a lesser extent, present in the gynoecium, particularly in the style and carpel (PubMed:28848569). Also expressed in nectaries, petals, sepals and pollen tubes (PubMed:28848569). Accumulates progressively during seedlings development (PubMed:21969089). In mature plants, confined to floral clusters (PubMed:21969089). In roots, present in meristematic and elongation zones (PubMed:27913741).
Induced by salt (NaCl), mannitol, methyl viologen (MV), sorbitol and cold (PubMed:21969089). Triggered by abscisic acid (ABA) (PubMed:27913741).
Interacts with MKK3 and MPK18 via its C-terminal domain (PubMed:28848569, PubMed:30081740). Binds to MKK5 (PubMed:27913741).
Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MAPKK) that phosphorylates both MKK3 and MPK18 and regulate two separate signaling pathways involved in root microtubule functions (PubMed:28848569). MAPKK which regulates abscisic acid (ABA) responses in a MAPKKK20-MKK5-MPK6 cascade involved in root growth (e.g. root cell division and elongation) and stomatal response, probably via MKK5 activation by protein phosphorylation and subsequent activation of MAPK6 by MKK5 (PubMed:27913741). Involved in various abiotic stresses (e.g. osmotic stress, cold and hydrogen peroxide) responses by phosphorylating and thus regulating MPK6 activity, in an ABA-independent manner (PubMed:21969089).
Short roots with abnormal twisting (e.g. leftward skewing) in media containing microtubule-disrupting drugs (e.g. oryzalin) (PubMed:28848569). Stronger sensitivity to high salt concentration and higher water loss rates under dehydration conditions (PubMed:21969089). Increased accumulation of superoxide under high salt condition (PubMed:21969089). All these phenotypes are associated with reduced MPK6 activity (PubMed:21969089). Insensitivity to abscisic acid (ABA) in terms of root growth inhibition (e.g. root cell division and elongation) and stomatal response leading to increased water loss under dehydrated conditions (PubMed:27913741). Impaired ABA-mediated increased activity of MPK6 (PubMed:27913741).
Activator of the abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway that regulates numerous ABA responses, such as stomata closure in response to drought, darkness, high CO(2), plant pathogens, or decreases in atmospheric relative humidity (RH) (PubMed:30361234). Involved in the resistance to drought by avoiding water loss. Required for the stomata closure mediated by pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMPs) (e.g. flg22 and LPS) of pathogenic bacteria such as P.syringae pv. tomato (Pst) and E.coli O157:H7. As a plant defense process, stomata are closed transiently in order to limit invaders, but actively reopened by bacteria after a few hours; virulent strains (e.g. Pst DC3000) are more efficient than avirulent strains (e.g. Pst DC3000 AvrRpt2) in reopening stomata. Mediates the phosphorylation and activation of the S-type anion efflux channel SLAC1, and thus promotes stomata closure. Essential for stomatal closure in response to reactive oxygen species (ROS). Promotes MAPKKK18 activity upon abscisic acid (ABA) treatment (PubMed:26443375).
Autophosphorylation on residues Ser-7, Ser-18, Ser-29, Ser-43, Ser-175 and/or Thr-176 (PubMed:30361234). Only the phosphorylation of Ser-175 is crucial for the kinase activity. The phosphorylation of Ser-43 may repress the ABA signaling pathway in absence of ABA.
Expressed in seedlings, leaves, flowers, stems, and roots, but restricted to guard cells and vascular tissue.
Impaired ozone-triggered rapid transient decrease (RTD) in stomatal conductance (PubMed:20128877). Impaired induction of MKKK18 activity after 90 minutes of abscisic acid (ABA) treatment (PubMed:26443375). Delayed CO(2)-mediated and darkness-induced and reduced abscisic acid (ABA)-triggered stomatal closure (PubMed:30361234).
In roots by ABA in an ABI1-dependent manner and by osmotic stress (e.g. sorbitol) in an ABI1-independent manner, but in leaves by low humidity (at protein level). Also induced by salt stress.
Interacts with ABI1, PP2CA and SLAC1 (PubMed:16365038, PubMed:19874541, PubMed:19955405, PubMed:19955427). Interacts with B'ALPHA, B'BETA, B'DELTA, PP2AA2, PP2AA3, PP2A1 and PP2A2 (PubMed:26175513). Associates with MAPKKK18 within the nucleus (PubMed:26852793). Interacts with I-2, TOPP1 and TOPP2 (PubMed:26943172). Interacts with ABI2 (PubMed:22730405).
Kinase activity enhanced by ABA and low humidity. Repressed by PP2CA independently of its phosphatase activity. Probably inactivated by ABI1 (PubMed:12468729, PubMed:12514244, PubMed:19955427). Repressed by TOPP1 (PubMed:26943172). Negatively regulated by ABI2 (PubMed:22730405).
Plants contain 2 cells with prominent nuclei in the central region of the ovule where the embryo sac is normally located. Sometimes, an unreduced diploid female gamete, arising from apomeiosis, can be fertilized by a haploid male gamete, leading to a viable triploid embryo.
Required for fertility. Involved in chromatid cohesion establishment, in chromosome structure during male and female meiosis (e.g. the synapse formation between homologous chromosomes, the recombination, and the cohesion of both chromatid arm and centromere), and in axial element formation. Regulates the switch from mitosis to the reductional meiosis division of megaspores prior to the female gametogenesis (megasporogenesis).
Implicated in mitochondrial protein import and macromolecular assembly. May facilitate the correct folding of imported proteins. May also prevent misfolding and promote the refolding and proper assembly of unfolded polypeptides generated under stress conditions in the mitochondrial matrix (By similarity).
Regulates negatively a plant defense signaling pathway which is independent of salicylic acid (SA) and systemic acquired resistance (SAR). Confers sensitivity to P.syringae and P.parasitica.
Involved in a dynamic process of vesicle-mediated thylakoid membrane biogenesis. Required for the normal organization of vesicles into mature thylakoid stacks and ultimately for leaf development. Also involved in a sugar-signaling mechanism in roots by mediating signaling between the plasma membrane and the plastid. Probably acts downstream of the plasma membrane-delimited heterotrimeric G-protein GPA1 in a D-glucose signaling pathway.
Rapidly degraded upon D-glucose but not L-glucose treatment (at protein level). Accumulates in leaves of plants grown under normal long daylight (16 hours)/dark (8 hours) conditions. Levels are greatly reduced in leaves from plants placed in complete darkness for 24 hours. Transcript levels return to normal within 6 hours after plants are returned to normal light levels.
Ubiquitous. Present at higher level in hypocotyls (at protein level). Ubiquitously expressed in all organs, in roots of both light-grown and dark-grown seedlings. Highly expressed in the root apical meristems.
The twin CX3C motif contains 4 conserved Cys residues that form 2 disulfide bonds in the mitochondrial intermembrane space. However, during the transit of TIM8 from cytoplasm into mitochondrion, the Cys residues probably coordinate zinc, thereby preventing folding and allowing its transfer across mitochondrial outer membrane (By similarity).
Belongs to the class-II fumarase/aspartase family. Fumarase subfamily.
Catalyzes the reversible stereospecific interconversion of fumarate to L-malate (PubMed:29688630). Catalyzes the hydration of fumarate to L-malate in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle to facilitate a transition step in the production of energy in the form of NADH (By similarity).
Fumarate hydratase activity (fumarate to L-malate) is strongly inhibited by phosphoenolpyruvate, citrate, oxaloacetate, ATP and ADP (PubMed:29688630). Malate dehydratase activity (malate to fumarate) is activated by oxaloacetate, pyruvate, Asn and Gln (PubMed:29688630). Malate dehydratase activity (malate to fumarate) is inhibited by citrate, succinate, ADP, ATP, glucose-6P and phosphoenolpyruvate (PubMed:29688630).
There are 2 substrate-binding sites: the catalytic A site, and the non-catalytic B site that may play a role in the transfer of substrate or product between the active site and the solvent. Alternatively, the B site may bind allosteric effectors.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFA2 subunit family.
100-fold reduction of starch-bound GBSS1 protein and production of amylose-free starch.
Circadian-regulation. Up-regulated during the day (at protein level).
Contains a C-terminal (199-277) carbohydrate-binding domain (CBM).
Involved in targeting GBSS1 to the starch granule (PubMed:25710501). Was originally thought to be a carbohydrate-binding scaffold protein, but it has been shown that it is mainly found as a soluble protein and that interaction with GBSS1 is a pre-requisite for subsequent starch granule binding (PubMed:19038037, PubMed:25710501). Dissociation from starch as a function of pH, Mg(2+) concentration or redox state is not observed (PubMed:19038037). Interacts primarily with amylopectin and is required for amylose synthesis (PubMed:25710501).
The L18 domain (188-205) is required for the transit complex formation with CAO/cpSRP43 and the targeting to the thylakoid.
The LHC complex consists of chlorophyll a-b binding proteins. Interacts (via T14 domain) with LTD. Interacts with CAO/cpSRP43 during its post-translational targeting to the thylakoid.
The T14 domain (211-224) is required for the interaction with LTD and the translocation across the envelope.
By dehydration stress, wounding, H(2)O(2) and jasmonate, but not by growth regulators.
Expressed in roots, stems, floral buds, mature flowers and leaves.
No visible phenotype, maybe due to the possible redundancy with GSTF9.
Homodimer. Constituent of tobamovirus replication complex. Interacts with TOM1.
Necessary for the efficient intracellular multiplication of tobamoviruses, being a component of the replication complex.
Reduced efficiency of intracellular multiplication of tobamoviruses (e.g. crucifer strain TMV-Cg), characterized by a reduced amplification of TMV-related RNAs.
Component of the RNA polymerase II complex consisting of at least 12 subunits.
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Second largest component of RNA polymerase II which synthesizes mRNA precursors and many functional non-coding RNAs. Proposed to contribute to the polymerase catalytic activity and forms the polymerase active center together with the largest subunit. Pol II is the central component of the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. It is composed of mobile elements that move relative to each other. NRPB2 is part of the core element with the central large cleft, the clamp element that moves to open and close the cleft and the jaws that are thought to grab the incoming DNA template (By similarity).
Essential for the completion of the three rounds of mitosis in female megaspores required for the development of mature gametophytes (PubMed:18723889).
The binding of ribonucleoside triphosphate to the RNA polymerase II transcribing complex probably involves a two-step mechanism. The initial binding seems to occur at the entry (E) site and involves a magnesium ion coordinated by three conserved aspartate residues of the two largest RNA Pol II subunits (By similarity).
During ovule development, first expressed in the inner integument primordium and then on the abaxial side of the inner integument.
Expressed in the periphery of the primary root apex and lateral root.
Ovules with a single integument instead of two.
Plants overexpressing KAN4 show reduced or absent ovule outer integument and color alteration of the seed coat.
Probable transcription factor that regulates carpel integuments formation. Required for the specification of polarity in the ovule inner integument. Modulates the content of flavonols and proanthocyanidin in seeds.
Involved in terpene biosynthesis in roots. Possesses sesquiterpene (C15) synthase activity and diterpene (C20) synthase activity in vitro. Possesses dolabella-3,7-dien-18-ol synthase activity in vitro. Catalyzes the formation of dolabella-3,7-dien-18-ol from geranylgeranyl diphosphate.
Predominantly expressed in flowers but also in stems, siliques, roots and leaves.
By water stress and abscisic acid (ABA) during the cold acclimation process.
To ensure consistency between histone entries, we follow the 'Brno' nomenclature for histone modifications, with positions referring to those used in the literature for the 'closest' model organism. Due to slight variations in histone sequences between organisms and to the presence of initiator methionine in UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot sequences, the actual positions of modified amino acids in the sequence generally differ. In this entry the following conventions are used: H2BK6ac = acetylated Lys-7; H2BK33ac = acetylated Lys-20; H2BK34ac = acetylated Lys-21; H2BK143ub1 = monoubiquitinated Lys-128.
Failure of the pairing of homologous chromosomes during meiosis (asynapsis or non-homologous synapsis) in both male and female gametophytes.
Required for normal meiosis in male and female gametophytes. Plays a crucial role in coordinating the activity of DMC1, a key member of the homologous recombination machinery (PubMed:18504359). Acts at the interface between the developing chromosome axes and the recombination machinery to ensure DMC1-mediated interhomolog recombination (PubMed:17785529).
During vegetative phase, expressed in the entire shoot apical meristem and in emerging leaf primordia. During floral transition, gradually detectable in the transitional shoot apex and young cauline leaves. Detected in the inflorescence meristem. Present throughout the tunica (superficial layers) of the floral meristem during early stages of flower development. Later disappears prior to emergence of sepal primordia. At later stages of floral development, weakly expressed in the distal parts of stamens and carpels. Then restricted to pollen and the adaxial surface of the gynoecium.
Induced by vernalization in a FLC-independent manner. Repressed by the floral homeotic genes AP1, LFY and SEP3 in emerging floral meristems to establish a floral identity and prevent inflorescence fate. Up-regulated at the shoot apex by SOC1.
Interacts with IMK3/MRLK. Forms a homodimer and heterodimer with SOC1, AP1 and SVP through MADS-box domain. Interacts with the SEU-LUG corepressor complex when complexed to AP1. Interacts with AGL15 and AGL16.
Mostly expressed in shoot apical meristems, including floral meristems. Also detected in stems, seedlings, leaves, flowers and siliques, and, to a lower extent, in roots.
Phosphorylated by IMK3. Induced by vernalization.
Transcription activator that mediates floral transition in response to vernalization. Promotes inflorescence fate in apical meristems. Acts in a dosage-dependent manner. Probably involved in the transduction of RLK-mediated signaling (e.g. IMK3 pathway). Together with AP1 and SVP, controls the identity of the floral meristem and regulates expression of class B, C and E genes. When associated with SOC1, mediates effect of gibberellins on flowering under short-day conditions, and regulates the expression of LEAFY (LFY), which links floral induction and floral development. Confers inflorescence characteristics to floral primordia and early flowering.
Component of the origin recognition complex (ORC) composed of at least ORC1 (ORC1A or ORC1B), ORC2, ORC3, ORC4, ORC5 and ORC6. ORC is regulated in a cell-cycle and development dependent manner. It is sequentially assembled at the exit from anaphase of mitosis and disassembled as cells enter S phase. Interacts directly with ORC1A, ORC1B, ORC3, ORC4, ORC5 and ORC6.
Component of the origin recognition complex (ORC) that binds origins of replication. DNA-binding is ATP-dependent. ORC is required to assemble the pre-replication complex necessary to initiate DNA replication.
Component of the origin recognition complex (ORC).
Detected in the mature female gametophyte, in the synergids and central cell. Mostly expressed in embryos (but not the suspensor) and endosperm of preglobular stage seeds. Present in pollen as well as in pollen tubes.
Essential protein (PubMed:15020747). Component of the origin recognition complex (ORC) that binds origins of replication. DNA-binding is ATP-dependent, however specific DNA sequences that define origins of replication have not been identified so far. ORC is required to assemble the pre-replication complex necessary to initiate DNA replication (By similarity).
Expressed in female gametophyte and embryos, and, at low levels, in trichomes, pollen and the mesophyll of leaves. Follow a cell-cycle regulation with a peak at the G1/S-phase (PubMed:16179646). Mostly expressed in siliques, flowers, flower buds and leaves, and, to a lower exent, in roots and stems (PubMed:16179646, PubMed:15358564).
Zygotic lethal mutant phenotype. Seeds abort early, with embryos made of up to eight cells, characterized by enlarged nuclei in endosperm with arrested cell cycle. These phenotypes are partly suppressed by mutation in MEA/MEDEA.
Binds specifically to phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PtdIns3P), but not to other phosphoinositides.
Accumulates during leaf and flower aging (PubMed:20113437). Induced by EIN2 during leaf aging, but negatively regulated by miR164, which expression decreases gradually with aging through negative regulation by EIN2 (PubMed:19229035). In leaves, accumulates at the tips and margins and in leaves undergoing senescence. Present in floral organs of partly or fully opened flowers, but not in young flower buds. Expressed in pollen grains of mature anthers, but not in immature anthers. In petals of open flowers mostly observed in the tip region. In mature siliques, accumulates at the abscission zone, in the distal portion of the valve margins and the tip. In roots, detected in primary and lateral roots, but not in root tips. In seeds present in embryos and the micropylar endosperm (PubMed:20113437, PubMed:23340744).
Forms homodimers (PubMed:16359384). Interacts with GLK1 and GLK2 (PubMed:23459204). Interacts with NLA (PubMed:30374089).
High levels during senescence (e.g. age-, salt- and dark-related) (PubMed:19229035, PubMed:20113437, PubMed:21511905, PubMed:22930749). By salt stress in an ethylene- and auxin-dependent manner (PubMed:16359384, PubMed:19608714, PubMed:20113437, PubMed:20404534). Induced by H(2)O(2) (PubMed:20404534). Accumulates in response to abscisic acid (ABA), ethylene (ACC) and auxin (NAA) (PubMed:16359384, PubMed:19608714). Repressed by high auxin (IAA) levels (PubMed:21511905). Age-related resistance (ARR)-associated accumulation (PubMed:19694953). Repressed by miR164 (PubMed:19229035).
Mostly expressed in roots and flowers, and, to a lower extent, in shoots and leaves. Particularly expressed in old and senescing tissues.
No visible phenotype (PubMed:16359384). Delayed leaf senescence and flowering (PubMed:9351240, PubMed:19229035, PubMed:20113437, PubMed:21303842). Increased tolerance to various types of oxidative stress including H(2)O(2), salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM), N,N-diethyldithio carbamic acid (DDC) and methyl viologen (MV) (PubMed:15295076). Impaired age-related resistance (ARR) against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato and Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis (PubMed:19694953). Increased seed germination rate under saline conditions and delay of salinity-induced chlorophyll loss in leaves (PubMed:20113437).
Transcription activator that binds to DNA in promoters of target genes on a specific bipartite motif 5'-[ACG][CA]GT[AG](5-6n)[CT]AC[AG]-3' (PubMed:23340744). Promotes lateral root development (PubMed:16359384). Triggers the expression of senescence-associated genes during age-, salt- and dark-induced senescence through a regulatory network that may involve cross-talk with salt- and H(2)O(2)-dependent signaling pathways (PubMed:9351240, PubMed:15295076, PubMed:20113437, PubMed:21303842). Regulates also genes during seed germination (PubMed:20113437). Regulates positively aging-induced cell death (PubMed:19229035). Involved in age-related resistance (ARR) against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato and Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis (PubMed:19694953). Antagonizes GLK1 and GLK2 transcriptional activity, shifting the balance from chloroplast maintenance towards deterioration during leaf senescence (PubMed:23459204). Promotes the expression of senescence-associated genes, including ENDO1/BFN1, SWEET15/SAG29 and SINA1/At3g13672, during senescence onset (PubMed:23340744).
Ubiquitinated by NLA. Ubiquitination of NAC92 leads to its degradation by the proteasome during leaf senescence under nitrogen deficiency.
Expressed in developing seeds 3 to 4 days after flowering (DAF) in the micropylar region of the endosperm. At 6 DAF, expressed the micropylar pole. At the globular stage of embryo development, expressed specifically in the endosperm and then extends to the chalazal pole of the endosperm at the torpedo stage. The expression decreases at the upturned-U stage, 9 DAF, as the endosperm becomes limited to a few cell layers embedding the maturing embryo. Expressed in the embryo at the later stages of development.
Responsible in a heterologous system for the transport of sucrose into the cell, with the concomitant uptake of protons (symport system). Can also transport biotin, and probably maltose at a lesser rate. In planta, the role of SUC5 for the transport of sucrose seems to be negligible. Plays a role in the nutrition of the filial tissues during early seed development and is probably involved in the import of biotin into the endosperm and the embryo epidermis.
Significant but transient reduction in fatty acid concentration in developing seeds. Slight delay in embryo development.
Widely expressed. Expressed in the endosperm and on the epidermis of the outer surface of the cotyledons of torpedo-stage or older embryos.
Binds to conventional NLS motifs with high affinity in the absence of an importin beta subunit. Mediates nuclear protein import across the nuclear envelope in vitro in the absence of exogenously added importin beta subunit (PubMed:10428841). Acts as cellular receptor for the nuclear import of the virD2 protein of Agrobacterium, but is not essential for Agrobacterium-mediated root transformation (PubMed:18836040).
Forms a complex with the importin subunit beta-1 KPNB1 (PubMed:10428841, PubMed:23582042). Interacts with VIP1 and promotes its nuclear import (PubMed:12124400). Interacts with A.tumefaciens VirD2 and VirE2 (PubMed:18836040).
Involved in defense response to geminivirus infection (By similarity). Phosphorylates RPL10A in vitro.
Interacts with SUN1 and SUN2. Binds to F-actin.
No visible phenotype. Affected nucleus positioning in guard cells.
Plays a role in nucleus positioning in guard cells.
Preferentially expressed in guards cells, but also detected in root cells.
Autophosphorylated on both His and Ser residues in the presence of manganese. Loss of His autophosphorylation in the presence of both manganese and magnesium.
Expressed in etiolated seedlings, leaves, stems, roots, flowers, embryos, anthers, carpels and ovules.
Homodimer; disulfide-linked. Heteromer with ETR1.
No visible phenotype in ethylene response; due to the redundancy with ETR1. Ers1 and etr1 double mutants display a constitutive ethylene-response phenotype.
Component of the transcription activator complex FRI-C composed of FRI, FRL1, SUF4, FLX and FES1. Interacts with FRI and SUF4.
Expressed during seed development and in dry seed. Preferentially expressed in the chalazal endosperm during early stages of seed development.
In cv. Landsberg erecta, FRL1 (AC P0DKC9) is not functional due to a naturally occurring premature stop codon at position 279.
Reduced levels of FLC expression and early flowering, but not redundant with FRI. Frl1 and frl2 double mutants flower earlier than frl1 single mutant, due to a partial redundancy.
Required for FRI-mediated up-regulation of FLC transcripts, but not redundant with FRI and only partially redundant with FRL2. Required for the stabilization of the FRI-C complex.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants show decreased abscisic acid (ABA)-induced inhibition of root growth and seed dormancy, and enhanced ABA-mediated stomatal closure.
Probable very long-chain fatty acid (VLCFA) elongase that controls VLCFA composition and functions to inhibit abscisic acid (ABA)-mediated stress responses, including regulation of stomatal aperture, maintenance of primary root growth and inhibition of germination. VLCFA pathway and products may function as signaling components acting upstream of sphingosine-1-phosphate, ceramide and the heterotrimeric G-protein complex, in lipid-mediated regulation of abiotic stress signaling.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 2 family. Plant cellulose synthase-like E subfamily.
Expressed in roots, flowers, and at a low level, in leaves.
Overexpression of FLP1 results in shortening of the time to flowering.
Expressed in shoots, roots and floral tissues, but not in stems or leaves.
In root tips, preferentially expressed in quiescent center (QC) cells, cortex/endodermis stem cells and their daughter cells, and endodermal and stele cells of root meristems.
Predominantly expressed in the root meristem, in the primary and lateral root tips (PubMed:21984726). Also present in leaves and pollen (PubMed:21984726).
Reduced number of dividing cells and slower rate of cell production and endoreduplication, thus affecting root meristem size and delaying postembryonic root growth (PubMed:21984726). Decreased expression of several cell cycle genes indicating a defect in cell cycle progression (PubMed:21984726). Extensive vacuolization in mitochondria (PubMed:21984726).
Required for the maintenance of mitochondrial structure (PubMed:21984726). Positive regulator of cell division and endoreduplication but negative regulator of cell expansion in the postembryonic root meristem, thus leading to the promotion of root growth (PubMed:21984726).
Expressed in the shoot apical meristem (SAM), in the inflorescence apex and flowers.
Not expressed in stage 1 flower. In stage 2 and 3 flowers, expressed in the central area of the floral dome, but not in the sepal anlagen. In stage 5 flower, restricted to the carpel anlagen. Stage 6, 7 and 8 flowers, expressed in the medial ridge. In stage 9 flower, expressed in the septum, style, and stigma. Shortly before anthesis expressed in the stigma and septum.
Expressed in developing seeds, seedlings, leaves and around the apical tip of cotyledons. In embryo, expressed in the seed coat and cotyledons.
Involved in the biosynthesis of sterol glucosides. Catalyzes the synthesis of steryl glycosides (SGs) and acyl steryl glycosides (ASGs) which are the most abundant sterol derivatives in higher plants. Can act on several sterols like sitosterol, campesterol and stigmasterol. Is required for embryonic development, seed suberin accumulation, cutin formation and flavanoid accumulation in the seed coat. Both UGT80A2 and UGT80B1 are required for the normal production of SGs and ASGs in seeds.
Reduced growth rates. Altered embryonic development, seed suberin accumulation, cutin formation in the seed coat and reduced seed size. Lack of flavanoid accumulation in the seed coat (transparent testa phenotype).
Expressed in young leaves and flowers. Not expressed in roots.
Lacks the conserved tripeptide Ser/Thr-Asn-Pro in position 205 necessary for the ACS activity.
Involved in the second step of GPI biosynthesis. De-N-acetylation of N-acetylglucosaminyl-phosphatidylinositol.
Involved in RNA editing events in chloroplasts. Required for the editing of a single site in ndhB and ndhF transcripts, which are two plastid-encoded subunits of the chloroplast NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (NDH) complex. Required for the editing of a single site in psbZ. Required for optimal activity of the NDH complex of the photosynthetic electron transport chain.
Expressed in anthers early during endothecial development, with maximal expression during pollen mitosis I and bicellular stages.
Male sterility due to a defect in anther dehiscence. Fertile pollen.
Probable transcription factor that regulates lignified secondary cell wall thickening of the anther endocethium, which is necessary for anther dehiscence (PubMed:12753590, PubMed:17147638, PubMed:17329564). May play a role in specifying early endothecial cell development by regulating a number of genes linked to secondary thickening such as NST1 and NST2. Acts upstream of the lignin biosynthesis pathway (PubMed:17329564).
Belongs to the amino acid/polyamine transporter 2 family. Amino acid/auxin permease (AAAP) (TC 2.A.18.1) subfamily.
Carrier protein involved in proton-driven auxin influx. Mediates the formation of auxin gradient from developing leaves (site of auxin biosynthesis) to tips by contributing to the loading of auxin in vascular tissues and facilitating acropetal (base to tip) auxin transport within inner tissues of the root apex, and basipetal (tip to base) auxin transport within outer tissues of the root apex (By similarity).
Increased heat stress tolerance associated with the accumulation of HSP14.7, HSP21, At2g03020 and WRKY28.
Probable component of CULLIN4 (CUL4) RING ligase (CRL4) complexes (PubMed:25358503). Interacts with DDB1A and DDB1B (PubMed:25358503). Associates with HSP90-1 (PubMed:25358503).
Probable substrate receptor of CRL4 E3 ligase complexes acting as negative regulators of thermotolerance by disturbing the action of HSP90-1 and by preventing the expression of heat-inducible genes (e.g. HSP14.7, HSP21, At2g03020 and WRKY28).
By abscisic acid (ABA) and osmotic and salt stresses (at protein level). Induced by methyl viologen.
Plants overexpressing TSPO show increased sensitivity to ABA and salt stress. Cultured cells overexpressing TSPO have reduced greening and chlorophyll a content under light-growing conditions.
Specifically expressed in seeds (at protein level).
Stress-induced membrane protein that can bind heme and may play a role in the transport of tetrapyrrole intermediates during salt stress and contribute to the detoxification of highly reactive porphyrins in the cytoplasm.
May be involved in transport of purine derivatives during pollen germination and tube elongation.
Component of the TFIID complex. TFIID is composed of TATA binding protein (TBP) and a number of TBP-associated factors (TAFs) whose MWs range from 14-217 kDa. Interacts with TAF5, TAF10, TAF12, TAF12B, TAF15 and TAF15B.
Expressed early during flower development within petals, stamens, and carpels.
Forms homodimers (PubMed:25228343). Heterodimer with AP1 or AG capable of binding to CArG-box sequences. Binds AP3/PI to form a ternary complex. Interacts with AGL16 (PubMed:15805477). Interacts with TT16/AGL32 (PubMed:16080001).
Probable transcription factor active in inflorescence development and floral organogenesis. Functions with SEPALLATA1/AGL2 and SEPALLATA2/AGL4 to ensure proper development of petals, stamens and carpels and to prevent the indeterminate growth of the flower meristem. Interacts with APETALA1, AGAMOUS or APETALA3/PISTILLATA to form complexes, that could be involved in genes regulation during floral meristem development (PubMed:10821278, PubMed:11206550). Binds specifically to the CArG box DNA sequence 5'-CC (A/T)6 GG-3' (PubMed:16080001).
Involved in the regulation of root gravitropism (PubMed:27748769). Functions redundantly with LAZY2 and LAZY3 in the control of root gravitropism (PubMed:27748769). Involved in the development of the root system architecture by influencing lateral root angles and primary root length (PubMed:28029738, PubMed:32130643). Functions redundantly with LAZY1, LAZY2 and LAZY3 to control plant architecture by coupling gravity sensing to the formation of auxin gradients (PubMed:28821594). Involved in the establishement of auxin gradient in primary and lateral roots upon gravitropic stimulation (PubMed:32130643). Involved redundantly with LAZY1 and LAZY2 in the regulation of both shoot and root gravitropism (PubMed:28765510). Mediates gravity signaling in statocytes downstream of amyloplast displacement, leading to the generation of asymmetric auxin distribution in gravity-responding organs (PubMed:28765510). Regulates the direction of polar auxin transport in response to gravity through the control of asymmetric PIN3 expression in the root cap columella (PubMed:28765510). Regulation of auxin flow by the three proteins LAZY1, LAZY2 and LAZY4 in statocytes influences plant architecture by controlling the growth angle of lateral shoots and lateral roots (PubMed:28765510).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions (PubMed:27748769). Roots of plants lacking LAZY2, LAZY3 and LAZY4 exhibit a negative gravitropic response, and grow upward in the opposite direrction of root gravitropism (PubMed:27748769). Increased branch angles of lateral roots and reduced length of primary root (PubMed:28029738, PubMed:32130643).
Plants overexpressing LAZY4 exhibit steep lateral root angles, upward leaf curling, shortened siliques and narrow lateral branch angles.
Specifically expressed in roots (PubMed:28029738). Expressed in root tips (PubMed:32130643). Expressed in the endodermis of inflorescence stems and hypocotyls (PubMed:28765510). Highly expressed in the lower hypocotyl and root stele of young seedlings (PubMed:28821594).
SKL1 does not possess shikimate kinase activity in vitro probably because it lacks the conserved active sites and substrate binding sites of the shikimate kinase family.
Belongs to the carbon-nitrogen hydrolase superfamily.
Involved in polyamine biosynthesis (PubMed:12435743). Catalyzes the hydrolysis of N-carbamoylputrescine to produce putrescine and ammonia (PubMed:12435743).
May be due to a competing donor splice site. Used for enzyme characterization.
Mostly expressed in leaf primordia, root and shoot apical meristems, lateral root primordia, and stele of older roots and hypocotyls. In leaves and cotyledons, highest levels observed in trichomes, vasculatures, and hydathode endothem.
Expressed during embryogenesis in the root meristem at the transition from heart to torpedo stage. At the cotyledon stage, expressed in root and shoot meristems, with weak expression in provascular tissues. Expressed later in the seedling root meristem, shoot apex, and vasculature. During flowering, expressed in inflorescence and floral meristems, and in petal, stamen, and carpel primordia.
Seedling lethality when homozygous. Increased callose deposition and accumulation of reactive oxygen species in roots.
Thiol-disulfide oxidoreductase required for maintaining symplastic permeability in the meristem. Involved in redox regulation of callose deposition, plasmodesmata cell-to-cell communication and meristem maintenance.
May be involved in the synthesis of minor phospholipids and in modulation of IP3-mediated signal transduction.
Requires a divalent cation for activity.
Accumulates in tissues undergoing senescence and abscission.
Expressed in leaves, flowers and siliques, especially in vascular tissues.
Binds medium- and long-chain acyl-CoA esters with very high affinity. Can interact in vitro with oleoyl-CoA, barely with palmitoyl-CoA, but not with arachidonyl-CoA. May function as an intracellular carrier of acyl-CoA esters. Plays a role in the biosynthesis of membrane lipids including galactolipids and phospholipids.
By 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC, ethylene precursor), methyl jasmonate (MeJA), and Botrytis cinerea. Up-regulated in the light and down-regulated in constant darkness.
Interacts with RAP2-3/EBP, an ethylene-responsive element binding protein.
Mostly expressed in roots, stems, and leaves, and, to a lower extent, in flowers and siliques.
Associates with ISA2 to form the heteromultimeric complex Iso1 required for amylopectin synthesis.
In the absence of ISA2, ISA1 may be unstable.
Involved in the trimming of pre-amylopectin chains. Accelerates the crystallization of nascent amylopectin molecules during starch synthesis. ISA1 and ISA2 work exclusively together as a multimeric holoenzyme. ISA1-ISA2 removes preferentially branches that are very close to other branches. Promotes negative gravitropic responses in shoots by facilitating starch granules (statoliths) formation in hypocotyls (PubMed:34367195).
Strong reduction of the starch level in leaves, but 50-fold increase of water-soluble polysaccharides. No alteration of the amylase-to-amylopectin ratio (PubMed:15743447, PubMed:15849301). Absence of starch granules in the hypocotyl endodermis associated with reduced hypocotyl negative gravitropism but normal phototropism, and presence of some starch granules in the root columella, leading to axillary branches with wider branch angles (PubMed:34367195).
Expressed in flowers and shoots. Detected at low levels in siliques, stems, leaves and roots.
Up-regulated by salt treatment and hypoxia.
Acts as a transcriptional activator. Binds to the GCC-box pathogenesis-related promoter element. Involved in the regulation of gene expression by stress factors and by components of stress signal transduction pathways. Involved in disease resistance pathways.
Induced by jasmonate (JA) and Alternaria brassicicola (locally and systemically). Ethylene induction is completely dependent on a functional ETHYLENE-INSENSITIVE2 (EIN2) while wounding induction does not require EIN2. Transcripts accumulate strongly in cycloheximide-treated plants, a protein synthesis inhibitor. Seems to not be influenced by exogenous abscisic acid (ABA), cold, heat, NaCl or drought stress.
Defective embryo arrested at preglobular stage characterized by aberrant cell division planes leading to an abnormal cell patterning; longitudinal division planes of the proembryo are frequently replaced by transverse divisions and less frequently by oblique divisions (PubMed:17616738). Altered embryo patterning genes expression patterns (PubMed:17616738).
Essential protein involved in the regulation of cell division planes during embryogenesis which defines cell patterning, especially longitudinal division planes of the proembryo, probably via the regulation of embryo patterning genes expression patterns.
Expressed in young proliferating tissues, such as root tips, meristems, young leaves and floral buds (PubMed:17616738). Also observed in the mature embryo sac of the female gametophyte (PubMed:17616738). In embryos, first observed at low levels very early in the proembryo, accumulates strongly in embryos with more than eight cells and remains at high levels until cell division ceased prior to dormancy (PubMed:17616738). In seedlings, concentrated at the developing apex in all root tips and later in the developing flowers of the inflorescence (PubMed:17616738).
Preferentially expressed in dividing cells in a variety of tissues and meristematic regions.
By light and sucrose. Down-regulated by treatment with amino acids.
Homodimer. Interacts with NAGK. Interaction with NAGK is dependent of MgATP and inhibited by 2-oxoglutarate, arginine, glutamate, citrate, and oxaloacetate.
No visible phenotype under normal growth condition, but increased sensitivity to elevated levels of nitrite.
Participates in sensing carbon and organic nitrogen status and regulates some steps of primary carbon and nitrogen metabolism. Required for nitrite uptake in chloroplasts and regulates arginine biosynthesis through interaction with acetylglutamate kinase (NAGK) in chloroplasts. Regulates fatty acids synthesis in chloroplasts by interacting with the acetyl-CoA carboxylase complex and inhibiting acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) activity.
Abnormal inflorescence stems gravitropism but normal hypocotyl gravitropism. Impaired flexible and dynamic structure of vacuolar membrane (VMs) leading to altered amyloplast sedimentation.
Expressed in roots (e.g. root cap of primary roots and vascular tissues), hypocotyls, cotyledons (including in guard cells), stems (e.g. epidermis, endodermis, phloem, developing metaxylem and interfascicular cells).
Involved in inflorescence stems gravitropism, by modulating vacuolar membrane (VMs) dynamics in gravity-sensing cells (e.g. endodermal cells) during the amyloplast sedimentation process.
Defective embryo arrested at preglobular/early globular stage with the formation of giant endosperm nuclei (PubMed:19228337, PubMed:15266054, PubMed:28137757). Suspensor overproliferation phenotype preceded by ectopic auxin maxima distribution (PubMed:28137757). Reduced sister chromatid cohesion (PubMed:19533160). In conditional RNAi plants, sterility, arising from several defects in meiotic chromosome organization (e.g. failure of homologous pairing, loss of sister-chromatid cohesion, mixed segregation of chromosomes and chromosome fragmentation) and leading to shrunken and inviable pollen grains, and degeneration of the embryo sac. In the meiocytes, aberrant distribution of the cohesin subunit SCC3 on chromosomes, and defects in chromosomal axis formation (PubMed:19228337).
Detected throughout the embryo, covering all stages of development from pre-globular to torpedo stages. Also detected in the suspensor and endosperm.
Essential protein required for cell fate determination during embryogenesis (PubMed:19228337, PubMed:15266054, PubMed:28137757). Involved in sister chromatid cohesion during meiosis and mitosis (PubMed:19228337, PubMed:19533160). Forms a complex with SCC4, which is required for the association of the cohesin complex with chromosomes (PubMed:28137757). Plays a structural role in chromatin, especially in centromere organization, chromosomal axis formation, and distribution of the cohesin subunit SCC3 on chromosomes (PubMed:19228337).
Expressed in leaves, inflorescence and siliques.
Interacts with SCC4 to form the cohesin loading complex.
Mostly expressed in roots, also present in stems at low levels. In roots, confined to differentiation zones, the collet, and meristematic cells of tips.
No visible effect. Enhances LRX1 disruption phenotype when associated with LRX1 disruption; frequent rupture of root hairs soon after their initiation.
Normal growth and photosynthesis in normal conditions (PubMed:17573537). Intact NDH complex, but altered NDH-dependent chlorophyll fluorescence increase after turning off actinic light and lower capacity for nonphotochemical quenching in high light intensities, due to altered nonphotochemical reduction of the plastoquinone (PQ) (PubMed:17573537). Increased sensitivity to photoinhibition and long-term mild heat stress (PubMed:17573537).
Required during nonphotochemical quenching (PubMed:17573537). Involved in NAD(P)H dehydrogenase complex-mediated chlororespiratory electron transport which mediates electron flow from stromal reductants to the plastoquinone (PQ) pool during chlorophyll fluorescence increase after turning off actinic light, in response to photoinhibition conditions (e.g. high light intensities), and upon long-term mild heat stress (PubMed:17573537).
Phosphatase acting preferentially on D-myoinositol 1-phosphate (D-Ins 1-P).
Ubiquitous. Expressed in pistil and seed endosperm.
By sucrose, nitrogen deficiency, ethylene, UV light and drought.
Interacts with BHLH12/MYC1, BHLH1/GL3/MYC6, BHLH2/EGL3/MYC146, and BHLH42/TT8.
Transcription activator, when associated with BHLH12/MYC1, EGL3, or GL3. Promotes the synthesis of phenylpropanoid-derived compounds such as anthocyanins.
Hydrolase that can remove conjugated ubiquitin from proteins in vitro and may therefore play an important regulatory role at the level of protein turnover by preventing degradation (Probable). Inactive cysteine protease (PubMed:24659992).
The gene model predicted by TAIR differ by the presence of one additional Glu at the splice site.
Component of nucleolar complexes (PubMed:30338215). Forms homodimers (PubMed:30338215). Interacts with RBL and NOC3 in both the nucleolus and nucleoplasm (PubMed:30338215). Binds to SWA2 (PubMed:19734265, PubMed:30338215).
Together with SWA2, probably involved in pre-ribosome export from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.
By ionising radiation (IR)-induced DNA damage, by dehydration and after cadmium exposure.
Activates the ARF proteins by exchanging bound GDP for free GTP. Plays a role in vesicular protein sorting (By similarity).
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 19 family.
Ectopic accumulation of lignin in etiolated hypocotyls.
Mostly expressed in stems, especially in xylem and interfascicular fibers.
No chitinase activity (By similarity). Required for proper cell wall biosynthesis in etiolated seedlings. Prevents lignin accumulation in hypocotyls.
Activated by cytokinins to initiate phosphorelay signaling. This cytokinin-mediated activation is repressed by the trans-zeatin antagonists 6-(2-hydroxy-3-methylbenzylamino)purine (PI-55) and 6-(2,5-dihydroxybenzylamino)purine (LGR-991).
Autophosphorylated predominantly on His residues. Activation probably requires a transfer of a phosphate group between a His in the transmitter domain and an Asp of the receiver domain.
Cytokinins (CK) receptor related to bacterial two-component regulators. Binds also the synthetic urea-type cytokinin thidiazuron, a potent defoliant and herbicide. Functions as a histidine kinase and transmits the stress signal to a downstream MAPK cascade. This protein undergoes an ATP-dependent autophosphorylation at a conserved histidine residue in the kinase core, and a phosphoryl group is then transferred to a conserved aspartate residue in the receiver domain. In the presence of cytokinin, feeds phosphate to phosphorelay-integrating histidine phosphotransfer protein (HPt) and activates subsequent cascade. In the absence of cytokinin, removes phosphate from HPt proteins, decreasing the system phosphoload. Involved in meristems establishment in seedlings. Acts as a redundant negative regulator of drought and salt stress responses, and abscisic acid (ABA) signaling in a cytokinin-dependent manner. Required to set vascular asymmetric cell divisions that establish phloem and procambium cell lines. Redundant positive regulator of cytokinin signaling that regulates many developmental processes including seed germination, cell division, seed size, chlorophyll retention during leaf senescence, root repression and shoot promotion. Can interact with isoprenoid-type cytokinins trans-zeatin (tZ and tZR), isopentenyladenine (iP), and isopentenyladenosine (iPR), the meta hydroxylated derivative of benzyladenine m-topolin, buta-2,3-dienyladenine (HA-8), penta-2,3-dienyladenine (HA-1), 4-methyl-penta-2,3-dienyladenine (HA-10), 4-hydroxy-2-butynyladenine (RM1), 2-butynyladenine (RM6), and to a lower extent, with cis-zeatin (cZ), zeatin riboside and dihydrozeatin (DZ). Together with AHK3, involved in the cytokinin-dependent responses to Pi starvation and sucrose stresses. Required for the formation of auxin-transporting vascular tissues in the hypocotyl, and primary and lateral roots, but not in adventitious roots, thus leading to auxin basipetal transport that regulates root development and branching. Involved in alkamides (e.g. N-isobutyl decanamide) and N-acylethanolamides (NAE) signaling that control meristematic activity and differentiation processes during plant development. Prevents the uptake of sulfate by mediating cytokinin-dependent down-regulation of high-affinity sulfate transporters (e.g. SULTR1;1 and SULTR1;2) expression in roots. Together with AHK2, required for growth and reproduction promotion stimulated by the endophytic fungus Piriformospora indica in a trans-zeatin-dependent manner. Required to trigger the phytotoxic effect of the snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus) flowers volatile organic compound (VOC) methyl benzoate (MB). Plays a role in the cytokinin-mediated repression of the iron uptake pathway.
Expressed specifically in the vasculature since the early stages of embryogenesis. At the globular stage of embryogenesis, detected in the four innermost cells, which are the precursors of the vascular tissue. During the heart, torpedo, and nearly mature stages, expressed in the procambium of the cotyledon shoulders, prospective hypocotyl, and embryonic root. In seedlings, mainly localized in meristematic tissues (e.g. shoot apical meristem SAM, root tips, and growing leaf and lateral root primordia), especially in vasculature. Present in all the vasculature and the shoot apical meristem (SAM) of the adult plant. In flowers, localized in carpels and developing ovules. In the root tips, expressed in the central cylinder.
Homodimer. Interacts with AHP1, AHP2, AHP3, AHP5, AHK3, AMPD, FBR12, WNK5 and At4g15630.
Mostly expressed in roots, specifically in the vascular cylinder and pericycle, and, to a lower extent, in leaves and flowers. Present in seedlings.
Rapidly induced by dehydration. Down-regulated by Pi starvation and induced by cytokinins.
Reduced sensitivity to cytokinin (mostly in shoots). Narrow vascular cylinder composed mainly of protoxylem cell files, with no apparent metaxylem or phloem. Hypersensitivity to ABA. Strong drought and salinity tolerance only in the presence of CK. Reduced cytokinin repression of several Pi starvation-responsive genes and increased sucrose sensitivity. More rapid germination, reduced requirement for light, and decreased far-red light sensitivity. Reduced sensitivity to N-isobutyl decanamide. Impaired benzyladenine (6-BA)-mediated repression of the iron uptake pathway. Impaired meristematic development in seedlings.
Dwarf phenotype. Collapsed xylem vessels and reduced xylan content in cell wall.
Expressed in developing interfascicular fibers, primary and secondary xylem in stems and developing secondary xylem in roots.
Involved in the synthesis of the hemicellulose glucuronoxylan, a major component of secondary cell walls (PubMed:15980264, PubMed:16844780, PubMed:17322407, PubMed:17938130, PubMed:17944810, PubMed:20335400, PubMed:20424005). Xylan xylosyltransferase that acts cooperatively with IRX14 to achieve the successive addition of xylosyl residues during xylan backbone elongation (PubMed:22080591, PubMed:25118690).
PSII is composed of 1 copy each of membrane proteins PsbA, PsbB, PsbC, PsbD, PsbE, PsbF, PsbH, PsbI, PsbJ, PsbK, PsbL, PsbM, PsbT, PsbX, PsbY, PsbZ, Psb30/Ycf12, at least 3 peripheral proteins of the oxygen-evolving complex and a large number of cofactors. It forms dimeric complexes. Interacts with PAM68.
Photosystem II (PSII) is a light-driven water:plastoquinone oxidoreductase that uses light energy to abstract electrons from H(2)O, generating O(2) and a proton gradient subsequently used for ATP formation. It consists of a core antenna complex that captures photons, and an electron transfer chain that converts photonic excitation into a charge separation. The D1/D2 (PsbA/PsbD) reaction center heterodimer binds P680, the primary electron donor of PSII as well as several subsequent electron acceptors. D2 is needed for assembly of a stable PSII complex.
The D1/D2 heterodimer binds P680, chlorophylls that are the primary electron donor of PSII, and subsequent electron acceptors. It shares a non-heme iron and each subunit binds pheophytin, quinone, additional chlorophylls, carotenoids and lipids. There is also a Cl(-1) ion associated with D1 and D2, which is required for oxygen evolution. The PSII complex binds additional chlorophylls, carotenoids and specific lipids.
Plants are viable with no apparent deleterious phenotype.
Possesses 5'->3' exoribonuclease activity. Acts as an endogenous post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) suppressor. Degrades miRNA target cleavage products that lack a 5'-cap structure. Antagonizes the negative feedback regulation on EIN3 by promoting EBF1 and EBF2 mRNA decay, which consequently allows the accumulation of EIN3 protein to trigger the ethylene response.
Expressed during late heart stage embryo in the SAM region between the two developing cotyledons. Expression is initially down-regulated in incipient floral primordia but a strong expression is subsequently detected in the central region of young floral primordia and the inner whorl of developing flowers. In fruit, is expressed in the replum of developing ovaries.
May form heterodimeric complex with the TALE/KNOX proteins STM, KNAT1/BP and KNAT6 (PubMed:12897247, PubMed:16513846, PubMed:16741748). Interacts with KNATM, isoform KNATM-B (PubMed:18398054).
Predominantly expressed in stems, inflorescences and flowers.
Transcription factor that is involved in the preservation of the spiral phyllotactic arrangement leading to a regular pattern of organ initiation. Required for maintenance of stem cell fate in the shoot apical meristem, and is essential for specifying floral primordia and establishing early internode patterning events during inflorescence development. Acts as transcription repressor of AG expression in floral and inflorescence meristems. Is also responsive of the nuclear import of SHOOT MERISTEMLESS (STM). In the fruit, plays a central role in patterning by negatively regulating SHP expression in order to prevent replum cells from adopting a valve margin cell fate.
Expressed in the root portion above the meristem, in sepals and pollen grains, and in cotyledons and leaves lamina, stipules and petioles.
In primary roots and mature lateral roots (LRs), expressed in cortex and epidermis from the border of the maturation zone up to the colet (PubMed:23370719). Restricted to the nonhair cell files in the epidermis, but present in all cortical cells regardless of their position (PubMed:23370719). Induced during lateral root formation in mature lateral roots (PubMed:23370719). Patchy expression in cotyledons and leaves, but accumulates at the base of the cotyledon petioles and in stipules (PubMed:23370719). In flowers, irregular repartition in the sepals and pollen grains (PubMed:23370719).
Signaling peptide (root growth factor) that promotes root hairs formation and growth (PubMed:23370719). Regulates the pattern of root growth and lateral root development by modulating the length and the number of cortical cells in the root apical meristem (RAM), and the anticlinal asymmetric cell divisions in lateral root initiation cells (By similarity).
Expressed at the pollen tube exit site in germinating pollen.
Functions in vesicle-trafficking events required for site-specific cell wall modifications during pollen germination and for anchoring of the cell plate to the mother wall at the correct cortical position.
Male sterility due to the production of shriveled pollen unable to germinate.
Component of the RNA polymerase IVa and IVb (Pol IV) complexes.
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Second largest component of RNA polymerase IVa and IVb which mediate short-interfering RNAs (siRNA) accumulation and subsequent RNA-directed DNA methylation-dependent (RdDM) silencing of endogenous repeated sequences, including transposable largest subunit. Also required for full erasure of methylation elements. Required for intercellular RNA interference (RNAi) leading to systemic post-transcriptional gene silencing (Probable).
Highly expressed in stems, rosette leaves and siliques, and moderately expressed in roots, cauline leaves and flower (PubMed:28887625). Detected at low levels in seeds (PubMed:28887625).
May be involved in the brassinosteroids (BRs) signaling pathway and regulate the growth and development of rosette leaves (PubMed:28887625). Seems to prevent over development of leaves and inflorescence stems (PubMed:12012249).
Repressed by brassinosteroids (BRs) such as brassinolide and 24-epi-brassinolide in a BRI1-dependent manner (PubMed:12012249). Induced rapidly but transiently induced by chitin, a fungal pathogen elicitor (PubMed:12012249).
Vigorous plants with thick inflorescence stems and enlarged leaves; more rounded tip in rosette leaves and more serrated cauline leaves.
Expressed in the whole plant, but preferentially in roots and flowers.
Expressed in roots, cotyledons, rosette leaves, cauline leaves, inflorescences and siliques.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions (PubMed:29915151). The double mutant seedlings icu11 and cp2 skip the vegetative phase, flower immediately after germination and then die (PubMed:29915151).
Participates in the epigenetic repression of flowering genes in association with ICU11 (PubMed:29915151). Functions in the repression of several members of the MADS-box transcription factors family, including SEP3, during vegetative development via histone modification (PubMed:29915151).
Induced by dark, abscisic acid (ABA) and salicylic acid (SA), and slightly by jasmonic acid (MeJA) (PubMed:20238146). Triggered by pathogen attack such as Pseudomonas syringae pv. Tomato DC3000 (PubMed:20238146).
Enhanced disease resistance salicylic acid-(SA-) dependent to the biotrophic powdery mildew pathogen Erysiphe cichoracearum at a late stage of the infection process and characterized by the formation of necrotic lesions. Enhanced ethylene-induced senescence phenotype. In edr2-6, exaggerated chlorosis and necrosis response to attack by pathogens (e.g. Hyaloperonospora parasitica, Golovinomyces cichoracearum and Blumeria graminis), but not in response to abiotic stresses or attack by the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae, characterized by initiation of cell death at infection site and hyper sensitive response (HR).
Expressed ubiquitously in all tissues and organs, including leaves, roots, flowers, stems and siliques.
Negative regulator of the salicylic acid- (SA-) mediated resistance to pathogens, including the biotrophic powdery mildew pathogens Golovinomyces cichoracearum and Blumeria graminis, and the downy mildew pathogen Hyaloperonospora parasitica, probably by limiting the initiation of cell death and the establishment of the hypersensitive response (HR). Prevents ethylene-induced senescence. Binds to phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate (PtdIns(4)P) in vitro.
Component of the heptameric LSM1-LSM7 complex that forms a seven-membered ring structure with a donut shape. The LSM subunits are arranged in the order LSM1, LSM2, LSM3, LSM6, LSM5, LSM7 and LSM4 (PubMed:23221597, PubMed:23620288). LSM1B subunit interacts only with its two neighboring subunits, LSM2 and LSM4 (PubMed:23221597).
Is responsible for the charging of tRNA(Phe) with phenylalanine in mitochondrial translation.
Component of the Mediator complex, a coactivator involved in the regulated transcription of nearly all RNA polymerase II-dependent genes. Mediator functions as a bridge to convey information from gene-specific regulatory proteins to the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery.
Mostly expressed in inflorescence bolts and flower buds, and, to a lower extent, in roots, seedlings, leaves and siliques.
Expressed in young seedlings, roots, leaves, floral stems, inflorescences, pollen, and siliques.
Highly expressed in the pith and vascular bundle in the stem. Found in the pedicel of young buds. In siliques, mostly expressed in inner epidermis of the valve.
Part of a SCF (SKP1-cullin-F-box) protein ligase complex (By similarity). Interacts with CPR1/CPR30, EBF1, SKP2A, At3g61590, At4g38940 and At5g49610.
Expressed in roots endodermis, anthers, stigmas, stomata of young pedicels of inflorescences, the placenta region of siliques, at the level of the hilum in matures seeds, at the junction of siliques to pedicels where abscission of floral parts takes place and in nectary glands.
Involved in very long chain fatty acids (VLCFA) omega-hydroxylation. Required for the synthesis of saturated VLCFA alpha, omega-bifunctional suberin monomers.
No visible vegetative growth phenotype. Very large reduction in alpha, omega-bifunctional C22 to C24 saturated suberin components in seeds. No effect on seed coat permeability.
Interacts with ARC5 on peroxisomes and ELM1 on mitochondria.
Involved in the control of mitochondrial and peroxisomal division and morphology.
Reduced plant growth. Increase in the size of peroxisomes and decrease in the number of peroxisomes per cell.
Expressed in pollen grains and roots vascular tissues (PubMed:23910659). Present in roots (PubMed:27354416).
In roots, restricted to the mature vasculature but absent from the meristem.
Insensitivity of pollen tubes to CLE43 and, partially, to CLE45 peptides-mediated growth stimulation (PubMed:23910659). Pollen tubes of plants missing both SKM1 and SKM2 are fully insensitive to CLE45 peptides (PubMed:23910659). Reduced seed production at 30 degrees Celsius, but not at 22 degrees Celsius (PubMed:23910659).
Receptor with a serine/threonine-protein kinase activity (By similarity). Together with SKM2, LRR-rich receptor-like kinase (LRR-RLK) required for male fertility by the perception of CLE43 and CLE45 peptides and the transduction of their promoting action in pollen tubes, especially under relatively high temperature (at 30 degrees Celsius), thus conferring tolerance against high temperature probably through the maintenance of mitochondrial activity (PubMed:23910659). Seems to not be involved in the perception of CLE45 peptide in roots (PubMed:27354416).
Self-interacts (By similarity). Binds to CLE45 present in the pistil, particularly under relatively high temperature (at 30 degrees Celsius) (PubMed:23910659).
Functions probably in nuclear protein import, either by acting as autonomous nuclear transport receptor or as an adapter-like protein in association with other importin subunits.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants lack neoxanthin.
Required for neoxanthin biosynthesis. Probably not involved directly in the enzymatic conversion of violaxanthin to neoxanthin. Is necessary but not sufficient for neoxanthin synthesis.
Catalyzes three successive oxidations of the 4-methyl group of ent-kaurene giving kaurenoic acid, a key step in gibberellins (GAs) biosynthesis. GAs, which are involved many processes, including stem elongation, play a central role in plant development.
Widely expressed. Highly expressed in influorescence tissues. In germinating seeds, it is mainly localized in the cortex and endodermis of embryo axis.
Can be divided into a N-terminal globular domain, a proline-rich P-domain forming an elongated arm-like structure and a C-terminal acidic domain. The P-domain binds one molecule of calcium with high affinity, whereas the acidic C-domain binds multiple calcium ions with low affinity (By similarity).
Molecular calcium-binding chaperone promoting folding, oligomeric assembly and quality control in the ER via the calreticulin/calnexin cycle. This lectin may interact transiently with almost all of the monoglucosylated glycoproteins that are synthesized in the ER (By similarity).
The interaction with glycans occurs through a binding site in the globular lectin domain.
The zinc binding sites are localized to the N-domain.
Catalyzes the hydrolysis of ester bond in chlorophyll to yield chlorophyllide and phytol (PubMed:10611389, PubMed:11950974). Shows a preferential activity toward chlorophyll a (PubMed:11950974). Does not seem to be required for chlorophyll degradation during senescence (PubMed:17996203, PubMed:18349515, PubMed:31779896). May modulate the balance between different plant defense pathways (PubMed:15598807).
Constitutively expressed in flowers with a higher level at the stage of buds.
Expressed in seedlings, leaves, flowers and siliques, but not in roots.
Induced by methyl jasmonate, coronatine, a phytotoxin produced by some plant-pathogenic bacteria or rapidly after wounding, with a peak after 30 minutes and a return to the basal level in the following 4 hours (PubMed:9501136). Induced by methyl jasmonate (JA), wounding, infection with the bacterial pathogen Pectobacterium carotovorum, and with the fungal pathogen Alternaria brassicicola (PubMed:15598807). Induced by transition from dark to white light (PubMed:21896889). Down-regulated by dark (PubMed:21896889).
It has been proposed that some chlorophyllase might be transported to vacuole via the endoplasmic reticulum where they might be glycosylated (Probable). Unlike CLH2, the expression of this protein is dependent on the presence of a functional COI1 protein (PubMed:11950974). Plants silencing CLH1 exhibit reduced size, and decreased levels of chlorophyll and chlorophyllide (PubMed:15598807). Plants silencing CLH1 exhibit enhanced resistance and salicylate (SA) levels, and decreased jasmonate levels (JA) upon infection with the bacterial pathogen Pectobacterium carotovorum (PubMed:15598807). Plants silencing CLH1 exhibit enhanced susceptibility to infection by the fungal pathogen Alternaria brassicicola (PubMed:15598807).
Ferredoxins are iron-sulfur proteins that transfer electrons in a wide variety of metabolic reactions (Probable). Mediates alternative electron partitioning in conditions of acceptor limitation at photosystem I. Accepts electrons from photosystem I (PSI) and is capable of electron transfer with FNR, but cannot support photoreduction of NADP(+) (PubMed:20966083).
Induced by high light at protein level, but not at transcript level. Strongly up-regulated in response to acceptor limitation at photosystem I (PSI) in plants lacking of photosynthetic [2Fe-2S] ferredoxin (Fd).
Involved in cytoplasmic peptide degradation.
Expressed in 7 day- and 14 day old seedlings.
Probable protein acetyltransferase with dual specificity triggering both N-alpha-acetylation (NTA) and epsilon-lysine acetylation (KA).
Belongs to the peroxiredoxin-like PRXL2 family. PRXL2C subfamily.
ETR2 is degraded by a proteasome-dependent pathway in response to ethylene binding.
Ethylene receptor related to bacterial two-component regulators.
Expressed in seedlings, roots, leaves, flowers, mature siliques, shoot apical meristems, leaf primordia, inflorescence meristems, young floral meristems, developing petals, carpels and ovules. Low expression in stamens.
Heteromer with ETR1 (PubMed:18577522). Binds to MRF3/ECIP1 (PubMed:21631530).
The GAF domain is sufficient to mediate heteromerization.
Expressed in roots, hypocotyls, cotyledons, leaf and shoot apical meristems and siliques.
GTPase-activating protein for the ADP ribosylation factor family.
Expressed in flower buds at development stage 2 in archesporial cells, in primary sporogenous cells and primary parietal cells at stage 3, and in secondary parietal cells at early stage 4. In microsporocytes, expression increases at stage 5 and at late stage 5, expressed predominantly in both tapetum and microsporocytes. Expression in tapetum and microsporocytes is reduced greatly at stage 6 and then declined gradually to be not detectable at stage 10.
Expressed in leaves, young seedlings, inflorescence meristems, floral meristems, carpel primordia and ovule primordia.
Involved in cell specification during anther and pollen development. Required for the differentiation, specialization and persistence of tapetal cells in the anthers (PubMed:14615601, PubMed:16055681). May serve as an extracellular ligand for the EMS1 receptor kinase to signal cell fate determination during plant sexual reproduction (PubMed:18250314).
Male-sterile phenotype due to the absence of tapetum. Presence of extra microsporocytes in the developing anthers (PubMed:14615601). No effect on cell wall degradation during microsporocyte formation (PubMed:23893118).
By indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and cycloheximide (CHX). In response to low dose of cytokinin.
Homodimer and heterodimer. In vivo, the relevance of heterodimerization with other ACS enzymes is however unsure (By similarity). Interacts (via its C-terminal region) with FEI1, FEI2, ETO1, EOL1 and EOL2 (PubMed:15118728, PubMed:19017745, PubMed:18808454). Interacts with GRF3 (PubMed:25122152).
Ubiquitinated (Probable). The interaction with ETO1 (and possibly EOL1 and EOL2) mediate its proteasome-dependent degradation. Its stability and degradation plays a central role in ethylene biosynthesis.
Abnormal female gametogenesis and altered embryo development with a disturbed cellular division pattern (PubMed:20877469). Increased rRNA expression and hypomethylation of rRNA promoters (PubMed:20877469).
Component of the ribosomal small subunit (SSU) processome composed of at least 40 protein subunits and snoRNA U3 (By similarity). Interacts with THAL in the nucleus (PubMed:27792779).
DEAD-box RNA helicase-like protein required for pre-18S rRNA processing, specifically at sites A0, A1, and A2 (By similarity). Involved in the control of rRNA expression (PubMed:20877469). Required for embryo development and female gametogenesis (PubMed:20877469).
Preferentially expressed in differentiating cells in young tissues such as floral buds, ovules, embryos, secondary roots, pollen, young seedlings and vascular bundles (PubMed:20877469). Observed ubiquitously (PubMed:20877469).
Altered chromosome dynamics and cell division during seed development, leading to aberrant mitoses and giant polyploid nuclei in endosperm as well as arrested embryos with a few small cells.
Belongs to the SMC family. SMC1 subfamily.
Central component of cohesin, a complex required for chromosome cohesion during the cell cycle. The cohesin complex may form a large proteinaceous ring within which sister chromatids can be trapped. At anaphase, the complex is cleaved and dissociates from chromatin, allowing sister chromatids to segregate. Cohesion is coupled to DNA replication and is involved in DNA repair. The cohesin complex also plays an important role in spindle pole assembly during mitosis and in chromosomes movement (By similarity). Essential protein plant viability. Required for chromosome segregation (e.g. sister chromatid alignment) and cell division during embryogenesis.
Cohesin complexes are composed of the SMC1 and SMC3 heterodimer attached via their SMC hinge domain, SCC3, and an alpha-kleisin subunit SCC1 linked to one SYN subunit (SYN1, SYN2, SYN3 or SYN4).
Mostly expressed in flower buds and stems, and, to a lower extent, in leaves and roots.
The flexible SMC hinge domain, which separates the large intramolecular coiled coil regions, allows the heterotypic interaction with the corresponding domain of SMC1A or SMC1B, forming a V-shaped heterodimer. The two heads of the heterodimer are then connected by different ends of the cleavable RAD21 protein, forming a ring structure (By similarity).
Catalyzes the irreversible hydrolysis of pyrophosphate (PPi) to phosphate. The MgPPi(2-) complex binds to the enzyme only after a free Mg(2+) ion has bound (Ref.9). No activity with glycerol-3-phosphate, glucose-6-phosphate, p-nitrophenylphosphate, ADP, NADP(+), NAD(+),NADH, NADPH or phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate as substrates (Ref.9). Controls the equilibrium of gluconeogenic reactions in the heterotrophic growth phase of early seedling establishment. Determinates the rate of cytosolic glycolysis, providing carbon for seed storage lipid accumulation (PubMed:22566496).
Expressed throughout plant development, with a slight reduction during senescence.
Ubiquitous. Lower level of expression in ovary, stigma and pollen.
Belongs to the methylthiotransferase family. CDKAL1 subfamily.
Catalyzes the methylthiolation of N6-threonylcarbamoyladenosine (t(6)A), leading to the formation of 2-methylthio-N6-threonylcarbamoyladenosine (ms(2)t(6)A) at position 37 in tRNAs that read codons beginning with adenine.
Defect in cytokinesis in embryos and defect in seedling growth.
Induced by auxin in roots (PubMed:30926657). Down-regulated by auxin in shoots (PubMed:30926657).
Plants silencing SYP132 exhibit reduced root hair length.
Vesicle trafficking protein that functions in the secretory pathway (Probable). Acts in coordination with SYP123 to mediate tip-focused membrane trafficking for root hair tip growth (PubMed:24642714). Functions in root hair elongation by forming SNARE complexes with VAMP721,VAMP722 or VAMP724 (PubMed:24642714). Involved in cytokinesis (PubMed:29396117). Acts as a cell plate-specific syntaxin, required for the fusion of vesicles at the plane of cell division (PubMed:29396117). Required for secretory trafficking to the plasma membrane during interphase (PubMed:29396117). Involved in the regulation of density of the H(+) ATPase proteins at the plasma membrane of root and shoot in epidermal cells (PubMed:30926657). Modulation of SYP132 expression by auxin affects clathrin-sensitive H(+) ATPase traffic from the plasma membrane, and influences apoplastic acidification and plant growth (PubMed:30926657).
Widely expressed in all tissues throughout plant development.
Expressed in embryo, roots and leaves. In mature plants, expression is restricted to vascular tissues of roots, leaves, flowers and siliques.
May play a role in preventing oxidative stress by metabolizing extracellular oxidized glutathione (GSSG).
Slight reduction in size, early flowering and increased chlorosis in older leaves. Accumulation of GSSG in the apoplastic space.
Expressed in young cotyledons, roots, leaves and flowers.
Homodimer. Probable component of a protein-conducting channel made of HP30-1, HP30-2 and HP20 that mediates the import of transit sequence-less proteins into the chloroplastic inner membrane. Interacts with CEQORH.
Impaired import of CEQORH in chloroplast inner membranes.
Together with HP30-1 and HP30-2, triggers the import and insertion of transit sequence-less multi-pass transmembrane proteins (e.g. CEQORH) into the chloroplastic inner membrane.
Part of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane protein complex (EMC) that enables the energy-independent insertion into endoplasmic reticulum membranes of newly synthesized membrane proteins.
By abscisic acid (ABA) in an ABI3- and FUS3-dependent manner.
Belongs to the nucleoporin Nup85 family.
Component of the nuclear pore complex (NPC).
Functions as component of the nuclear pore complex (NPC).
Mainly expressed in roots, and, at low levels, in seedlings and leaves (PubMed:27990154). Observed in seeds (PubMed:31850033).
No visible phenotype (PubMed:18987211). Reduced simple nitrile levels in favor of isothiocyanates in tissues corresponding to its main basal expression (PubMed:27990154).
Specifier protein responsible for constitutive and herbivore-induced simple nitrile formation, especially in roots (PubMed:27990154). Promotes simple nitriles, but not epithionitrile or thiocyanate formation (PubMed:18987211). Converts allylglucosinolate and benzylglucosinolate (glucotropaeolin) to their corresponding simple nitriles in the presence of myrosinase (PubMed:18987211).
Involved in vesicular protein trafficking. Mainly functions in the early secretory pathway. Thought to act as cargo receptor at the lumenal side for incorporation of secretory cargo molecules into transport vesicles and to be involved in vesicle coat formation at the cytoplasmic side (By similarity). Interacts with p24beta2 at endoplasmic reticulum export sites for endoplasmic reticulum exit and coupled transport to the Golgi apparatus. Once in the Golgi, interacts very efficiently with the COPI machinery for retrograde transport back to the endoplasmic reticulum.
Probably oligomerizes with other members of the EMP24/GP25L family (By similarity). Associates with the COPI vesicle coat (coatomer) (By similarity). Associates with the COPII vesicle coat (coatomer) (By similarity). Interacts with p24beta2.
Forms homodimer (PubMed:29784804). Interacts with XXT2 (PubMed:22665445).
Xylosyltransferase specific to UDP-D-xylose that accepts both cellopentaose and cellohexaose as substrates, with a better use of cellohexaose, to produce xyloglucan. Adds preferentially the first xylosyl residue to the fourth glucosyl residue from the reducing end of both acceptors. Transfer one xylose mainly to the second glucose residue from the non-reducing end. The acceptor should have a minimum of four glucose residues.
Embryo defective (PubMed:24964212, PubMed:21139083). Impaired plastid biogenesis and thylakoid differentiation in embryo. Defects in the photosystem II protein complex formation (PubMed:24964212).
Functions in chloroplast biogenesis and chloroplast division. Required for plastid development during embryogenesis (PubMed:24964212). Might be involved in chaperone functions or play a structural role in the thylakoid FtsH complex (PubMed:12185496).
Ubiquitous but preferentially expressed in young leaves.
ABA-insensitive and drought stress-semsitive. Late flowering.
Probable receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase involved in abscisic acid (ABA) signaling. Acts as a positive regulator of abiotic stress response.
Produced by alternative splicing of isoform 2. May be due to an intron retention.
Expressed in roots and shoots. Detected in root hairs.
Catalyzes the production of the sugar nucleotide CMP-3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate (CMP-KDO). CTP is the preferred nucleotide donor, but it can partially be replaced with UTP. Activates KDO during the biosynthesis of rhamnogalacturonan II (RG-II), a structurally complex pectic polysaccharide of the primary cell wall. RG-II is essential for the cell wall integrity of rapidly growing tissues and pollen tube growth and elongation.
Rhamnogalacturonan II (RG-II) RG-II is a structurally complex pectic polysaccharide present in the primary cell wall. RG-II consists of a linear 1,4-linked a-Dgalacturonic acid backbone with four distinct side chains, two of which contain apiosyl residues. Boric acid forms a diester with two apiosyl residues from separate RG-II molecules, thereby covalently cross-linking two RG-II molecules as a dimer.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 4 family. MraY subfamily.
Expressed during late flower bud development.
May be involved in glycosylation events.
Predominantly expressed in flowers and siliques (tapetum and ovule inner integument), but also found in roots, stems and leaves.
Interacts with MDIS1, MIK1, MIK2 and TDR/PXY, but not with MDIS2 (PubMed:26863186). Binds to PRK6 LRRs (PubMed:29109411).
Pollen tube attractants guiding pollen tubes to the ovular micropyle (PubMed:23271953, PubMed:29109411). Attracts specifically pollen tubes from A.thaliana, but not those from A.lyrata (PubMed:23271953). Triggers endocytosis of MDIS1 in the pollen tube tip (PubMed:26863186).
Accumulates in the mitochondrial transmembrane lipoprotein (MTL) complex during phosphate (Pi) starvation.
Altered mitochondria morphology leading to the presence of several big mitochondria with a round shape (PubMed:26898467). Altered lipid homeostasis; reduced levels of digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) in the mitochondrial transmembrane lipoprotein (MTL) complex during phosphate (Pi) starvation, associated with the accumulation of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) in mitochondrion (PubMed:26898467).
Belongs to the MICOS complex subunit Mic60 family.
Component of the MICOS complex, a large protein complex of the mitochondrial inner membrane that plays crucial roles in the maintenance of crista junctions, inner membrane architecture, and formation of contact sites to the outer membrane (By similarity). Plays a role in keeping cristae membranes connected to the inner boundary membrane. Also promotes protein import via the mitochondrial intermembrane space assembly (MIA) pathway (By similarity). Involved in the maintenance of mitochondria morphology (PubMed:26898467). Binds to glycerolipids such as cardiolipin (CL) (PubMed:26898467). Contributes to the export of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) from mitochondria and to the import of galactoglycerolipids from plastids during phosphate (Pi) starvation (PubMed:26898467). Promotes lipid desorption from membranes, likely as an initial step for lipid transfer, and regulates probably the tethering between the inner and outer membranes of mitochondria by binding to TOM40 proteins (PubMed:26898467).
Component of the mitochondrial contact site and cristae organizing system (MICOS) complex (By similarity). The MICOS complex associates with mitochondrial outer membrane proteins (By similarity). Present in a large lipid-enriched complex called mitochondrial transmembrane lipoprotein (MTL) complex made of proteins located in the two mitochondrial membranes, including the TOM complex and the core components of the MICOS complex and containing at least digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) (PubMed:26898467). Binds to TOM40-1 (PubMed:26898467). Component of a mitochondrial large protein complex that contains, at least, MIC60, DGS1, TOM40, TOM20 proteins, and petC/RISP (PubMed:31118221).
Protein acetyltransferase with dual specificity triggering both N-alpha-acetylation (NTA) and epsilon-lysine acetylation (KA), possibly with a low efficiency or toward specific plastid substrates.
Acts early in chloroplast biogenesis as a component of a redox chain responsible for phytoene desaturation. Prevents the generation of toxic oxygen radicals and photooxidation of the nascent photosynthetic apparatus. Involved in the differentiation of multiple plastid types, including chloroplasts, amyloplasts, and etioplasts. Might participate in the chloroplast respiratory chain.
Expressed throughout the development of the leaves.
Variegated cotyledons and leaves. The amount of white tissue increases with light intensity.
Catalyzes the opening of the heme ring to form the open-chain tetrapyrrole biliverdin IX with the release of iron and carbon monoxide (CO). Produces specifically the biliverdin IX-alpha isomer. Plays a minor role in phytochrome assembly and photomorphogenesis.
Homodimer and heterodimer with MORF2 (PubMed:22411807, PubMed:25583991). Interacts with protoporphyrinogen oxidase 1 PPOX1 (PubMed:24497494). Heterodimer with MORF5/RIP5 (PubMed:25583991). Interacts with PCMP-A2/PMD1 (PubMed:26123918). Interacts with ORRM6 (PubMed:28213559).
Involved in organellar RNA editing. Required for the processing of multiple editing sites in plastids.
White leaves with green islands, giving a variegated appearance. Mutant plants can grow autotrophically on soil.
Expressed in roots, inflorescences, leaves and stems.
In leaves, restricted to midveins and petioles (PubMed:29258424). In flowers, present in stamen and pistils styles and stigma (PubMed:29258424).
No obvious phenotype. Reduced galacturonic acid content in cell wall.
Involved in plastidial glycolytic pathway and plays a specific role in glycolytic energy production in non-green plastids and chloroplasts. Essential for breakdown of starch to form sucrose for export to non-photosynthetic tissues, and to generate primary metabolites for anabolic pathways such as fatty acid and amino acid synthesis. Plays an important role in plant development by providing substrates for the phosphorylated pathway of serine biosynthesis in roots. Plays a crucial role in pollen development. Functionally redundant with GAPCP1.
A stretch of 270 kb of the mitochondrial genome is duplicated within the centromere of chromosome 2 resulting in the duplication of the gene. The expression of this duplicated gene (At2g07698) is not demonstrated.
Constituent of tobamovirus replication complex. Interacts with TOM2A and with the helicase domain of tobamovirus-encoded replication proteins.
Necessary for the efficient intracellular multiplication of tobamoviruses, probably being a membrane anchor promoting the formation of the replication complex.
Reduced efficiency of intracellular multiplication of tobamoviruses (e.g. crucifer strain TMV-Cg), characterized by a reduced accumulation of viral coat protein (CP) and reduced amplification of TMV-related RNAs.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants have altered response to long-term high-light acclimation conditions compared to wild-type.
Serine protease that may be involved in the light-dependent degradation of antenna and photosystem II in chloroplasts. May function during high light acclimation in plastids.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS8 family. Ribosome biogenesis protein NSA2 subfamily.
Component of the pre-66S ribosomal particle.
Involved in the biogenesis of the 60S ribosomal subunit. May play a part in the quality control of pre-60S particles.
An article reported that this protein promotes microtubule reorientation in hypocotyls; however, this paper was later retracted.
Belongs to the cytochrome c family. PetJ subfamily.
Cyt c6 and plastocyanin are functionally equivalent.
Functions as an electron carrier between membrane-bound cytochrome b6-f and photosystem I in oxygenic photosynthesis.
Monomer (By similarity). Interacts in vitro with LTO1.
Abnormal embryo and cotyledon development, and embryo lethality in some cases. When viable, plants are small, with abnormal leaf shape and vascular patterning, ectopic bract-like organs and greatly delayed flowering time and sterile flowers.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 12 family.
Component of the Mediator complex, a coactivator involved in the regulated transcription of nearly all RNA polymerase II-dependent genes. Mediator functions as a bridge to convey information from gene-specific regulatory proteins to the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. The Mediator complex, having a compact conformation in its free form, is recruited to promoters by direct interactions with regulatory proteins and serves for the assembly of a functional preinitiation complex with RNA polymerase II and the general transcription factors. Flowering regulator which suppresses FLC expression, promotes FT and TSF expression and up-regulates SOC1 and FUL mainly in an FT-dependent manner under long-day conditions. Involved in diverse developmental aspects through gene regulation and modulation of the auxin response. Acts closely together with MAB13. Involved in the regulation of embryo patterning and cotyledon organogenesis by transiently repressing a transcriptional program that interferes with this process.
Expressed first at the dermatogen stage of embryogenesis and then in all cells of the embryo and suspensor through the globular stage. Decreases in the periphery of the hypocotyl and on the abaxial side of cotyledons from the heart stage to the torpedo stage, and by the bent cotyledon stage, restricted to the vascular tissue and the shoot and root apical meristems.
Ubiquitous. Higher expression in vascular tissue, shoot apex and developing floral organs.
Heterodimeric geranyl(geranyl)-diphosphate (GPP) synthase small subunit. The small subunit alone is inactive in vitro while the large subunit GGPPS1 catalyzes mainly the production of geranygeranyl-diphosphate in vitro. Upon association of the two subunits, the product profile changes and the production of gerany-diphosphate is strongly increased.
Part of a heterodimeric geranyl(geranyl)diphosphate synthase. Interacts with GGPPS1 or GGPPS2, but not with GGPPS9 (PubMed:19482937). Interacts with LIL3.1 and LIL3.2 (PubMed:20823244).
Expressed at low levels in flowers, leaves, and stems, and at very low levels in roots.
Belongs to the FAD-dependent oxidoreductase 2 family. NadB subfamily.
Catalyzes the oxidation of L-aspartate to iminoaspartate.
Catalyzes the oxidation of L-aspartate to iminoaspartate. Can complement nadB-deficient E.coli mutant. Plays a role in stomatal immunity.
Interacts in vitro with QS (PubMed:18978034).
The viable mutant fin4 (T-DNA insertion in the promoter) is impaired in the RBOHD-dependent pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst and stomatal closure.
Expressed in roots, cotyledons, rosette and cauline leaves, sepals, style, and pedicels and tips of young developing siliques.
Possesses quercetin 3-O-glucosyltransferase activity in vitro. Also active in vitro on benzoates and benzoate derivatives.
Slight reduction in rosette size and fresh weight and increased starch content in leaves.
Starch granule-associated phosphoglucan phosphatase involved in the control of starch accumulation. Participates in the regulation of the initial steps of starch degradation at the granule surface. May release a different set of phosphate groups from those removed by DSP4.
Cross-links actin filaments (F-actin) in a calcium independent manner. Induces the formation of actin bundles. Stabilizes and prevents F-actin depolymerization mediated by latrunculin B (LatB).
Cross-links actin with a constant of dissociation of 0.71 uM.
Delayed pollen germination and inhibition of pollen tube growth due to the disorganization and redistribution of actin filaments.
Acts in the same pathway as FANCM to restrain class II meiotic crossing over (CO), and acts with FANCM during meiosis to repair interstrand cross-links (ICLs).
Disruption in the biosynthesis of ER-derived thylakoid lipids, and accumulation of oligogalactolipids, triacylglycerols (TAGs), and phosphatidates (PAs). Reduced growth with stout leaves and siliques. Impaired embryogenesis.
High levels in green tissues, but low levels in nongreen tissues such as roots.
Permease subunit of the TGD complex, a lipid translocator at the inner chloroplast envelope membrane made of TGD1, TGD2 and TGD3 (PubMed:22544736). Interacts with TGD2 and TGD3 with an overall subunit stoichiometry of 2 TGD1, 2 TGD3 and 8 to 12 TGD2 (PubMed:22544736). Interacts with TGD5 (PubMed:26410300).
Required during embryogenesis. Permease involved in lipid transfer from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to plastids, and necessary for thylakoids formation.
Interacts with FBA5 and FBA8 (PubMed:15352244). Interacts with FBA6 (PubMed:21782461). Interacts with MDH1 (PubMed:29194485).
Thiol-disulfide oxidoreductase that possesses disulfide reductase and insulin disulfide bonds reducing activities. Heat shock causes oligomerization and formation of high molecular weight (HMW) complexes with concomitant functional switching from a disulfide reductase to chaperone.
Interacts with ARF1; preferentially with the active form of the protein.
The C-terminal domain (551-712) is responsible for the Golgi localization.
Albino seeds that germinate poorly and die soon after germination.
Binds specific group II introns in chloroplasts and facilitates their splicing. Acts on both subgroup IIA and subgroup IIB introns. The substrates of the subgroup IIB also require the CRM domain proteins CAF1 or CAF2, with a simultaneous binding of CFM2 and CAF1 or CAF2. Can bind to and promote the splicing of the single group I intron in chloroplast tRNA transcript of trnL-UAA gene.
Interacts with RNA. Part of large ribonucleo-protein particles that contain CAF1 and/or CAF2.
Essential for development of both female (megagametogenesis) and male (microgametogenesis) gametophytes by promoting the formation of large vacuoles early in development, maybe via the regulation of vesicular fusion.
Expressed in gametophytes (both male and female), seedlings, hypocotyls, cotyledons, leaf primordia, leaves, sepals, flowers and roots.
Highly activated by bacterial elicitors (e.g. flg22 and HrpZ) and fungal/oomycete elicitors (e.g. NPP1) (PubMed:16678099). Transiently induced by the pathogenic bacteria Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (PubMed:16678099).
Interacts with PVA12 and LTL1 at the endomembrane system.
Missing formation of the large vacuole required early in development of male and female gametophytes thus leading to development arrest in embryo sacs and pollen grains at the first mitotic division.
Present in young sporophytic tissues (PubMed:28107777). In mature leaves and sepals, confined to vascular tissues at low levels (PubMed:28107777). In mature flowers, high expressed in the filaments (PubMed:28107777). In ovules, detected in both the nucellus and inside the developing embryo sac (PubMed:28107777). After fertilization, observed in the zygote and in the developing endosperm, but fades out two days post pollination (PubMed:28107777). In pollen grains, present in the polarized microspore and at the early bicellular stage, where it is confined to the periphery of the developing pollen grain; later concentrated towards the center (PubMed:28107777). Also expressed at the pollen tricellular stage and in germinating pollen tube (PubMed:28107777). In roots, accumulates in the elongation and differentiation zones, mainly associated with vascular tissues (PubMed:28107777).
Binds to the G-box motif (5'-CCACGTGG-3') of the rbcS-1A gene promoter. G-box and G-box-like motifs are cis-acting elements defined in promoters of certain plant genes which are regulated by such diverse stimuli as light-induction or hormone control. GBF2 is found to bind asymmetrically to the G-box.
A mobile signal generated in the leaves triggers root alternative splicing responses to light.
Belongs to the splicing factor SR family. SR subfamily.
Component of the spliceosome. Interacts with SNRNP35, CYP59 and CYP63.
Regulatory splicing factor that modulates alternative splicing and gene expression in specific cell types. Autoregulates its own expression. Probably involved in intron recognition and spliceosome assembly.
The splicing pattern of the pre-mRNA is regulated in a tissue-specific manner and by development, and changes in response to various types of stress treatment (PubMed:10215626, PubMed:17556373, PubMed:17319848) or light regimes (PubMed:24763593).
Up-regulated by paraquat, high salt and early after high-light irradiation. Down-regulated by cold.
Component of the TFIID complex. TFIID is composed of TATA binding protein (TBP) and a number of TBP-associated factors (TAFs) whose MWs range from 14-217 kDa. Can homodimerize. Interacts with TAF4, TAF4B, TAF8, TAF11, TAF12B, TAF13 and TAF14.
Part of the Cpn60 complex composed of 7 alpha and 7 beta subunits. Can also form a complex composed of 14 beta subunits only. Both complexes show ATPase activity. The Cpn60 complex interacts with the Cpn10 complex.
By UV treatment (PubMed:12679534). Repressed by red (R) and far red (FR) light treatments in a phyB- and phyA-dependent manner, and via a PTAC12/HMR/PAP5 regulated process (PubMed:25944101). Up-regulated by abscisic acid (ABA), ethylene (ACC), auxin (IAA), salt (NaCl), cold and heat (PubMed:23708772). Follows a tenous circadian rhythm with slightly higher levels at the end of the light phase (PubMed:23708772).
Dephosphorylated by TOPP4 during photomorphogenesis, leading to subsequent degradation of PIF3 by the proteasomal pathway.
Expressed in stems, leaves, seedlings, fruits and flowers, and, to a lower extent, in roots.
Homodimer (PubMed:25944101). Can form a heterodimer with REP1 and PIF4. Phytochrome B binds specifically to DNA-bound PIF3, but only upon red light induced conversion to the Pfr form (PfrB). Reconversion to Pr form causes rapid dissociation. Interacts with APRR1/TOC1. Binds to PIA2; this interaction may trigger the repression of PHYA-mediated phosphorylation (PubMed:27143545). Interacts with TOPP4 (PubMed:26704640, PubMed:11828023, PubMed:12826627, PubMed:12897250, PubMed:27143545) (Probable). Interacts with FYPP1 and FYPP3 (PubMed:31527236). Interacts with HDA15 in the dark (PubMed:23548744). Associates to PTAC12/HMR/PAP5 which acts as a transcriptional coactivator (PubMed:25944101). Binds to PhyA (PubMed:31732705).
Inhibited submergence-induced and ethylene-dependent underwater hypocotyl elongation.
Phosphorylated by PHYA; this phosphorylation is repressed by PIA2.
Sequestered by PhyA from its target genes promoters in far-red light.
Transcription factor acting in the phytochrome signaling pathway (PubMed:10466729, PubMed:14508006). Activates transcription by binding to the G box (5'-CACGTG-3'), particularly in the dark but barely in far-red light (PubMed:10797009, PubMed:31732705). Acts as a negative regulator of phytochrome B signaling (PubMed:14508006). Represses chlorophyll biosynthesis and photosynthesis in the dark (PubMed:23548744). Recruits the histone deacetylase HDA15 to the promoters of chlorophyll biosynthetic and photosynthetic genes (PubMed:23548744). HDA15 represses their transcription by histone deacetylation (PubMed:23548744). Promotes the expression of MDP60 to modulate hypocotyl cell elongation in response to light and ethylene signaling (PubMed:29167353). Required for submergence-induced and ethylene-dependent underwater hypocotyl elongation (PubMed:31638649).
Component of the MRE11-RAD50-NBN complex (MRN complex) which plays a critical role in the cellular response to DNA damage and the maintenance of chromosome integrity. The complex may be involved in double-strand break (DSB) repair, DNA recombination, maintenance of telomere integrity, and cell cycle checkpoint control. Functions also in the very early stages of meiosis.
Component of the MRN complex composed of two heterodimers RAD50/MRE11 associated with a single NBN (By similarity). Interacts with MRE11.
Hypersensitivity to the DNA cross-linking reagent mitomycin C.
The FHA and BRCT domains are likely to have a crucial role for both binding to histone H2AFX and for relocalization of MRE11/RAD50 complex to the vicinity of DNA damage.
Expressed at low levels in roots and stems.
Expressed in lateral organ junctions and shoot apical meristem (SAM).
Involved in lateral organ development and boundary demarcation.
Activated by monothiol glutaredoxin GRXS14 and CXIP4. Inhibited by excess of Ca(2+) and Cd(2+), Na(+) and K(+), but not Mn(2+).
By cold in leaves. Highly induced by Ca(2+) and at low levels by Na(+) and Ni(2+).
CAX1 expression in tomato increases calcium content and prolonges shelf life and may serve as an alternative to the application of CaCl(2) used to extend shelf life in numerous agricultural commodities. Expression in potato tubers increases calcium content by 3-fold without the adverse effect of increasing other metal ion contents.
Plants exhibit a 50% reduction in tonoplast Ca(2+)/H(+) exchange activity, a 40% reduction in tonoplast V-type H(+)-translocating ATPase activity, a 36% increase in tonoplast Ca(2+)-ATPase activity and an increased expression of CAX3 and CAX4. These plants exhibit altered plant development, perturbed hormone sensitivities, altered auxin signaling response, lower sensitivity to other metal ions and increased freezing tolerance after cold acclimation.
Vacuolar cation/proton exchanger (CAX). Translocates Ca(2+) and other metal ions into vacuoles using the proton gradient formed by H(+)-ATPase and H(+)-pyrophosphatase. Involved in ion homeostasis in association with CAX3. May play a role in cold-acclimation response.
Belongs to the polypeptide deformylase family.
Removes the formyl group from the N-terminal Met of newly synthesized proteins.
Mono-, di- or trimethylated at the N-terminus to form H2BA1me1/2/3. H2BA1me2 and H2BA1me3 may be methylated and/or acetylated to form H2BA1me2K3me1, H2BA1me2K3me1K6ac, H2BA1me2K6ac and H2BA1me3K6ac.
To ensure consistency between histone entries, we follow the 'Brno' nomenclature for histone modifications, with positions referring to those used in the literature for the 'closest' model organism. Due to slight variations in histone sequences between organisms and to the presence of initiator methionine in UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot sequences, the actual positions of modified amino acids in the sequence generally differ. In this entry the following conventions are used: H2BA1me1/2/3 = mono-, di- and trimethylated Ala-2; H2BK3me1 = monomethylated Lys-4; H2BK6ac = acetylated Lys-7; H2BK33ac = acetylated Lys-39; H2BK34ac = acetylated Lys-40; H2BK143ub1 = monoubiquitinated Lys-146.
May play a role during early embryonic development. Probably involved in pre-mRNA splicing (By similarity).
Expressed in vascular cylinder of roots, leaves and filaments. Expressed in receptacle and stigma apex.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL14 family.
Expressed throughout pollen development, both in pollen mother cells and in developing and mature pollen grains. Expressed in growing pollen tube.
Plants develop deformed and inviable pollen grains which do not have exin.
Required for the formation of the callose wall separating the tetraspores (interstitial wall) and surrounding the pollen mother cells (peripheral wall). Required for exine formation on pollen wall. May be involved in callose synthesis during pollen tube growth. During plant growth and development, callose is found as a transitory component of the cell plate in dividing cells, is a major component of pollen mother cell walls and pollen tubes, and is found as a structural component of plasmodesmatal canals.
Expressed in seedlings, flowers and siliques.
Interacts with the cytokinesis-specific syntaxin KNOLLE and with SYP121 (PubMed:11718726). Binds to EXO70B2 (PubMed:21199889).
Locally and systemically induced by pathogen infection and locally only by mechanical stresses.
Ubiquitous, with a strong expression in root tips, ovules, very young leaves, vascular tissue, hydathodes, stipules and the abscission and dehiscence zones of the siliques.
t-SNARE involved in diverse vesicle trafficking and membrane fusion processes, including cell plate formation. May function in the secretory pathway.
Accumulates in response to ammonium but repressed by nitrate.
Highly expressed in leaves and flowers, and at lower levels in roots, stems, cauline leaves and siliques.
Kinase that can phosphorylate various inositol polyphosphate such as Ins(3,4,5,6)P4 or Ins(1,3,4)P3. Phosphorylates Ins(3,4,5,6)P4 to form InsP5 (PubMed:17698066). This reaction is thought to have regulatory importance, since Ins(3,4,5,6)P4 is an inhibitor of plasma membrane Ca(2+)-activated Cl(-) channels, while Ins(1,3,4,5,6)P5 is not (By similarity). Also phosphorylates Ins(1,3,4)P3 or a racemic mixture of Ins(1,4,6)P3 and Ins(3,4,6)P3 to form InsP4 (PubMed:17698066). Ins(1,3,4,6)P4 is an essential molecule in the hexakisphosphate (InsP6) pathway (By similarity).
Functions as an E3 ubiquitin ligase (By similarity). Mediates EXO70B1 ubiquitination. Involved in the regulation of abscisic acid (ABA)-mediated stomatal movements (PubMed:27956469).
Interacts with EXO70B1 via its U-box N-terminal domain (UND).
The U-box N-terminal domain (UND) confers binding specificity and subsequent ubiquitination.
Lacks the conserved cysteine (here Ser-77), present in the redox-active center, which is one of the conserved features of the thioredoxin family.
Possesses low disulfide reductase activity, but efficient protein disulfide isomerase activity. Does not possess deglutathionylation activity.
Expressed in roots, cotyledons, rosette leaves, cauline leaves, stems, flowers and siliques.
Homooctamer formed by 4 homodimers (PubMed:29180814). Interacts with ARR4 (PubMed:27274065).
Induced by trans-zeatin (at protein level).
Serine protease that degrades the two-component response regulator ARR4 (PubMed:27274065, PubMed:29180814). Regulates ARR4 stability by targeting ARR4 in the nucleus for degradation. Acts upstream of ARR4 and regulates the activity of ARR4 in cytokinin and light-signaling pathways. ARR4 mediates the cross-talk between light and cytokinin signaling through modulation of the activity of phytochrome B (PubMed:27274065).
Accumulates in nucleus during the G1 phase of the cell cycle. During mitosis, the protein rapidly disappears, returning to daughter nuclei during G1.
By both rootknot and cyst nematode infections.
Probable component of the MCM2-7 complex (MCM complex) that may function as a DNA helicase and which is essential to undergo a single round of replication initiation and elongation per cell cycle in eukaryotic cells (By similarity). Required for megagametophyte and embryo development.
Catalyzes the conversion of monodehydroascorbate to ascorbate, oxidizing NADH in the process (PubMed:16146528). Involved in the detoxification of H(2)O(2) that escapes the peroxisome and causes oxidative damage to oil bodies (PubMed:17449810).
Conditional seedling-lethal phenotype due to the unability of the seeds to break down storage oil to provide carbon skeletons and energy for early seedling growth.
The C-terminal domain (451-488) is necessary and sufficient for peroxisomal targeting.
Homodimers and heterodimers. Interacts with the auxin response factor ARF7.
Up-regulated by auxin (PubMed:14729917, PubMed:16901781). Up-regulated by phototropism in hypocotyls, with a higher level on the shaded side (Ref.10).
Endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) component regulating multivesicular body (MVB) protein sorting and plant growth (PubMed:25438943). Required for the formation of intra-luminal vesicles (ILVs)in MVBs (PubMed:25438943). Binds to phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate (PI3P) and ubiquitin (PubMed:24843126, PubMed:25438943). Controls IRT1 recycling to the plasma membrane and impacts the polar delivery of this transporter to the outer plasma membrane domain (PubMed:24843126). Regulates ubiquitin-dependent membrane protein degradation, vacuolar transport, autophagy, and vacuole biogenesis (PubMed:25624505, PubMed:25699591). ESCRT component that binds ubiquitin and regulates vacuolar sorting of proteins (PubMed:27495812). Attenuates abscisic acid (ABA) signaling through RSL1-triggered degradation of the ABA receptors PYR1 and PYL4 (PubMed:27495812). Interacts with PYL4 and PYR1, and delivers the ubiquitinated ABA receptors as cargo to the vacuolar degradation pathway (PubMed:27495812). In response to ABA, is phosphorylated by SnRK2 kinases which mediate FREE1 nuclear import (PubMed:30962512). In the nucleus, interacts with the ABA-responsive transcription factors ABF4 and ABI5 to reduce their ability to bind to their cis-regulatory sequences of downstream genes, thus leading to transcriptional inhibition of ABA signaling pathway (PubMed:30962512). Negatively regulates salt stress tolerance via a negative feedback loop involving ABA signaling pathway (PubMed:32540007).
Not regulated by iron starvation (PubMed:24843126). Induced by abscisic acid (ABA), salt stress and osmotic stress (PubMed:32540007).
Part of the ESCRT-I complex (PubMed:25438943). Interacts with VPS23A and VPS23B, but not with VPS28 or VPS37 (PubMed:25438943). Interacts with IRT1 (PubMed:24843126). Interacts with SH3P2 (PubMed:25699591, PubMed:25624505). Interacts with SH3P3, but not with SH3P1 (PubMed:25699591). Interacts (via N-terminus) with PYL4 and PYR3 (PubMed:27495812). Interacts (via C-terminus) with SNRK2D/SNRK2.2, SNRK2I/SNRK2.3, ABF4 and ABI5 (PubMed:30962512). Interacts with SINAT1, SINAT2, SINAT3 and SINAT4 (PubMed:32786047, PubMed:32753431). Interacts with SINAT5 (PubMed:32786047). Component of a phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) complex containing ATG6, SH3P2 and FREE1 (PubMed:25624505).
Phosphorylated at Ser-530 and Ser-533 by SNRK2D/SNRK2.2 and SNRK2I/SNRK2.3 in response to abscisic acid (ABA) (PubMed:30962512). Phosphorylation is necessary for ABA-induced FREE1 nuclear import (PubMed:30962512).
Reduction-of-function FREE1 alleles exhibit enhanced sensitivity to abscisic acid-mediated inhibition of seedling establishment (PubMed:27495812). Seedlings overexpressing FREE1 exhibit increased sensitivity to salt stress (PubMed:32540007).
Seedling lethality when homozygous (PubMed:25438943, PubMed:25699591). Degenerated root surface structures and vacuoles with altered morphology (PubMed:25699591). Accumulation of ubiquitinated membrane-associated proteins (PubMed:25699591). Hypersensitivity to abscisic acid (ABA) due to impaired targeting of ABA receptors (e.g. PYL4 and PYR1) for vacuolar degradation, thus leading to their accumulation and an enhanced response to ABA (PubMed:27495812).
The FYVE domain is required for PI3P binding (PubMed:25438943). The N-terminal domain (31-86) is required for the interaction with VPS23A and B (PubMed:25438943). The C-terminal domain (515-601) is required for the binding to ubiquitin (PubMed:25438943). The C-terminal coiled-coil region is required for the interaction with SH3P2 (PubMed:25624505).
Ubiquitinated by SINAT1, SINAT2, SINAT3 and SINAT4 for subsequent proteasomal degradation.
Ubiquitous. Lowest expression in mature seeds.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL5 family.
Component of the ribosome, a large ribonucleoprotein complex responsible for the synthesis of proteins in the cell. The small ribosomal subunit (SSU) binds messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and translates the encoded message by selecting cognate aminoacyl-transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules. The large subunit (LSU) contains the ribosomal catalytic site termed the peptidyl transferase center (PTC), which catalyzes the formation of peptide bonds, thereby polymerizing the amino acids delivered by tRNAs into a polypeptide chain. The nascent polypeptides leave the ribosome through a tunnel in the LSU and interact with protein factors that function in enzymatic processing, targeting, and the membrane insertion of nascent chains at the exit of the ribosomal tunnel.
Shown to be produced only by RPL11D so far.
There are four genes for RPL11 in A.thaliana.
During male gametophyte development, strongly expressed in microspores and bicellular pollen, but decrease gradually during pollen maturation in tricellular pollen to finally disappear in mature pollen.
Lacks four Cys residues in the RING-type zinc finger domain 1 and two Cys residues in the RING-type zinc finger domain 2 that are conserved features of the family.
Might act as an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase, or as part of E3 complex, which accepts ubiquitin from specific E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes and then transfers it to substrates (PubMed:12446796). Regulates negatively male gametophyte formation and double fertilization (PubMed:20478994).
Mostly expressed in closed flowers and, to a lower extent, in pollen.
Transcripts of KPL and ARI14, encoded by adjacent genes organized in a reverse orientation, have the potential to generate natural cis-antisense siRNAs (cis-nat-siRNAs) pair targeting ARI14 in sperm, thus leading to opposite expression levels during male gametophyte development.
Impaired in the high-affinity nitrate transport. Reduced growth on low-nitrate media. Reduced nitrate uptake and increased lateral root initiation.
Involved in nitrate transport, but does not seem to be able to mediate transport by its own. Acts as a dual component transporter with NTR3.1. Acts as a repressor of lateral root initiation under high sucrose/low nitrate conditions.
Might be subject to partial proteolysis at the C-terminus.
Monomer. Heterotetramer composed of two NRT2.1 and two NRT3.1. Interacts with NRT3.1.
Root cortical and epidermal cells. Not expressed in new lateral root Primordia. Detected in shoots.
Up-regulated at transcript level by light and sucrose, and transiently by nitrate, but no changes at protein level. Down-regulated by ammonium, amino acids and N-metabolites resulting from nitrate reduction. Induced by sudden N starvation and by growth on low nitrate concentration. Circadian-regulation. Expression increases during the light phase and decreases during the dark phase.
Accumulates progressively during senescence induced by detachment of leaves. In flowers, expressed in anthers and ovules prior to fertilization, and in siliques, present in developing seeds.
Alpha-dioxygenase that catalyzes the primary oxygenation of fatty acids into oxylipins. May be involved in the senescence process.
Expressed in seedlings (cotyledons, young leaves, and hypocotyls), flowers, siliques and old leaves.
IGPS catalyzes the conversion of PRFAR and glutamine to IGP, AICAR and glutamate. The glutaminase domain produces the ammonia necessary for the cyclase domain to produce IGP and AICAR from PRFAR. The ammonia is channeled to the active site of the cyclase domain.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the HisA/HisF family.
Expressed in cotyledons, leaves, flowers and siliques.
In flowers, present in stamen, petals and stigma.
Provide a mechanistic link between auxin and plasma membrane H(+)-ATPases (PM H(+)-ATPases, e.g. AHA1 and AHA2), and triggers PM H(+)-ATPases activity by promoting phosphorylation of their C-terminal autoinhibitory domain as a result of PP2C-D subfamily of type 2C phosphatases inhibition, thus leading to the acidification of the apoplast and the facilitation of solutes and water uptake to drive cell expansion (By similarity). Triggers plant growth probably by promoting cell elongation (By similarity). Regulates branch angles and bending (By similarity). Effector of hormonal and environmental signals in plant growth (Probable).
Up-regulated by brassinosteroids and gibberellins (PubMed:23020777, PubMed:29258424). Up-regulated by auxin (PubMed:16901781, PubMed:16371470, PubMed:29258424). Up-regulated by phototropism and gravitropism in the region of the hypocotyl farthest form the incident stimulation (PubMed:16371470). Transcriptionally regulated by ARF7 (PubMed:16371470). Down-regulated by abscisic acid and methyl jasmonate (PubMed:23020777). Induced by zeatin (PubMed:29258424).
Circadian-regulation with a peak at dusk.
By Hyaloperonospora parasitica. Down-regulated by salicylic acid, ethylene and methyl jasmonate.
Acts as negative regulator of seedling photomorphogenesis (PubMed:18540109). Acts as a negative regulator of blue light-mediated inhibition of hypocotyl elongation through increase of bioactive gibberellin levels (PubMed:20872270). Acts as a repressor of thermotolerance by modulating expression of a set of heat shock-responsive genes (PubMed:23238922).
By blue light (PubMed:20872270) and heat shock (at protein level) (PubMed:23238922).
Expressed in vasculature of leaves and petioles.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. AGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the PP2C family.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that monoubiquitinates H2B to form H2BK143ub1. H2BK143ub1 gives a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional activation and is also prerequisite for H3K4me and maybe H3K79me. It thereby plays a central role in histone code and gene regulation. Forms a ubiquitin ligase complex in cooperation with the E2 enzyme UBC2/RAD6. Required for the regulation of flowering time and defense against necrotrophic fungal pathogens (PubMed:12535538, PubMed:17329565, PubMed:17329563, PubMed:19286969). Involved in the control of seed dormancy and germination (PubMed:21799800).
May act as a tetramer consisting of two copies of HUB1 and two copies of HUB2 (By similarity). Interacts with MED21.
Dually phosphorylated on Thr-218 and Tyr-220, which activates the enzyme.
By auxin and nematode infection in roots. Down-regulated by salt stress in root meristem and shoot apex.
Expressed early in the G2 phase, reaches a peak at mitosis and then decreases. Expressed in the developing embryo up to the late-heart and early-torpedo stages.
Expressed in root tip, lateral root apex, shoot apex, leaf primordia, axillary buds, stamen and petal primordia, ovules and developing embryo.
Catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphoanhydride bonds of nucleoside tri- and di-phosphates. Substrate preference is ATP > ADP. Functions with APY2 to reduce extracellular ATP level which is essential for pollen germination and normal plant development. Plays a role in the regulation of stomatal function by modulating extracellular ATP levels in guard cells.
Expressed in roots, root hairs, root cap, leaves, stems, trichomes, phloem throughout the plant, guard cells, filaments of young stamens, stipules, papillae of stigmas, pollen, pollen tubes and the abscission zone of siliques.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions. Apy1 and apy2 double mutant displays developmental defects including the lack of functional root and shoot meristems, and morphogenetic and patterning abnormalities of the cotyledons. Double mutant exhibits a complete inhibition of pollen germination.
The mature protein consists of a small and a large chain linked by disulfide bonds. Interacts with AHK2.
Belongs to the Integrator subunit 7 family.
Accumulates in imbibed seeds (PubMed:19704545). Detected in early stages of seed development, especially in the basal tip of immature embryo. Particularly expressed in vascular tissues of inflorescence stems, roots, leaves and petioles (PubMed:17410378).
By high salt stress (PubMed:19704545, PubMed:17410378, PubMed:18363782, PubMed:19704528). Repressed by gibberellic acid (GA), but induced by the GA biosynthetic inhibitor paclabutrazol (PAC) (PubMed:18363782). Accumulates transiently in seeds upon imbibition (PubMed:19704545, PubMed:17410378, PubMed:18363782, PubMed:19704528). Induced by drought stress (PubMed:17158162).
Expressed in seeds, leaves, roots and inflorescence (PubMed:17410378). Expressed in roots, rosette leaves, cauline leaves, shoot apex, stems and flowers (PubMed:17158162).
In ntl8-1, no discernible phenotypic changes except slight differences in lateral root growth and flowering time, as well as reduced lateral root growth rate. Insensitive to high salt.
Proteolytically cleaved, probably by metalloprotease activity. This cleavage mediates a translocation from the plasma membrane to the nucleus.
Transcriptional activator activated by proteolytic cleavage through regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP), probably via metalloprotease activity. Regulates gibberellic acid-mediated salt-responsive repression of seed germination and flowering via FT, thus delaying seed germination under high salinity conditions.
Highly expressed in roots. inflorescences and at lower levels in leaves.
No visible phenotype under normal growth condition, but decreased accumulation of iron in the root when grown under high iron concentration.
Specifically expressed in anthers (stages 8-12).
Ubiquitin receptor that probably regulates developmental process.
By the bacterial elicitor flg22, and bacterial and oomycete pathogens.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that acts as negative regulator of the immunity triggered by the pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), in association with PUB22 and PUB23.
Ubiquitin-like protein involved in cytoplasm to vacuole transport (Cvt) and autophagic vesicle formation.
Ubiquitin-like protein involved in cytoplasm to vacuole transport (Cvt) and autophagy vesicles formation. Conjugation with ATG5 through a ubiquitin-like conjugating system involving also ATG7 as an E1-like activating enzyme and ATG10 as an E2-like conjugating enzyme, is essential for its function. ATG12/ATG5 conjugate has an essential role in plant nutrient recycling.
Broadly expressed in the plant, but predominantly in the silique.
First observed in floral meristem and early anther primordia. Later detected in archesporial cells. From stage 4 to early stage 5, weakly expressed in precursors of the middle layer, tapetum and meiocytes. Strongly expressed in the tapetum from late anther stage 5 to early stage 6, and at a lower level in meiocytes.
Mostly expressed in anthers, and, to a lower extent, in young inflorescences undergoing meiosis and siliques.
Transcription factor. Involved in the control of tapetum development. Required for male fertility and pollen differentiation, especially during callose deposition.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 11 family.
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mS38 family.
Implicated in mitochondrial protein import and macromolecular assembly. May facilitate the correct folding of imported proteins. May also prevent misfolding and promote the refolding and proper assembly of unfolded polypeptides generated under stress conditions in the mitochondrial matrix.
By dark adaptation. This gives a 20-fold increase in expression.
Maximum levels are found in 35 day old plantlets when the rosette is mature, consisting of 8-10 fully expanded leaves, and as the floral stem starts to form. This level remains constant during the further life span of the plant.
By cytokinin in procambium. Antagonized by the HD-ZIP III proteins and by mobile miR165 and miR166 microRNAs.
Specific to the midveins, containing narrow procambial cell files. Expressed in procambial cells of leaf primordia, roots and embryos, prior to the completion of xylem differentiation.
Specific to the vascular tissues (PubMed:17583520). The PEAR proteins (e.g. DOF2.4, DOF5.1, DOF3.2, DOF1.1, DOF5.6 and DOF5.3) form a short-range concentration gradient that peaks at protophloem sieve elements (PSE) (PubMed:30626969).
The pear1 pear2 tmo6 triple mutant variably displays reduced radial growth. The pear1 pear2 dof6 tmo6 quadruple mutant plants showed a greater uniform reduction in radial growth, associated with compromised symplastic trafficking.
Transcription factor that binds specifically to a 5'-AA[AG]G-3' consensus core sequence (By similarity). Probably involved in early processes for vascular development (PubMed:17583520). The PEAR proteins (e.g. DOF2.4, DOF5.1, DOF3.2, DOF1.1, DOF5.6 and DOF5.3) activate gene expression that promotes radial growth of protophloem sieve elements. Triggers the transcription of HD-ZIP III genes, especially in the central domain of vascular tissue (PubMed:30626969).
By methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and abscisic acid (ABA). Down-regulated by salicylic acid (SA), the ethylene precursor ACC, drought, wounding and mannitol treatment, and in both etiolated and dark-adapted seedlings.
Catalyzes the omega-hydroxylation of various fatty acids (FA). Acts on saturated and unsaturated fatty acids with chain lengths from C12 to C18.
Belongs to the actin family. ARP5 subfamily.
Component of the INO80 chromatin-remodeling complex (Probable). Interacts with EEN (PubMed:31418686).
Expressed ubiquitously in seedlings, roots, leaves, buds, flowers and siliques.
Moderately dwarfed plants with small organs composed of small-sized cells (PubMed:19679120). Higher density of developmentally delayed stomata (PubMed:19679120). Hypersensitivity to DNA-damaging reagents such as hydroxyurea, methylmethane sulfonate, and bleocin (PubMed:19679120). Differential expression of several genes (PubMed:31418686). The double mutant ref6-1 arp5-1 is insensitive to ethylene (ET) and exhibits reduced levels of EIN2 associated with a shift of the chromatin landscape to a repressive state at its locus (e.g. H3K27me3 and H2A.Z) (PubMed:31418686).
Probable subunit of a chromatin-remodeling complex. Involved in DNA repair. Required for multicellular development of all organs.
In vitro, possesses glutathione S-transferase activity toward 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) and benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC), and glutathione peroxidase activity toward cumene hydroperoxide and linoleic acid-13-hydroperoxide. May be involved in the conjugation of reduced glutathione to a wide number of exogenous and endogenous hydrophobic electrophiles and have a detoxification role against certain herbicides.
Oxidated at Met-35, Met-118, Met-123 and Met-184 in oxidative stress conditions (e.g. hydrogen peroxide H(2)O(2)).
Redox-regulated enzyme; in oxidative stress conditions methionine oxidation ensure a thermodynamic and structural compensatory mechanism to guarantee H(2)O(2) peroxidase activity despite transferase activity inhibition.
Expressed at low levels in cauline leaves and flowers.
Catalyzes the conversion of inosine 5'-phosphate (IMP) to xanthosine 5'-phosphate (XMP), the first committed and rate-limiting step in the de novo synthesis of guanine nucleotides, and therefore plays an important role in the regulation of cell growth.
Mycophenolic acid (MPA) is a non-competitive inhibitor that prevents formation of the closed enzyme conformation by binding to the same site as the amobile flap. In contrast, mizoribine monophosphate (MZP) is a competitive inhibitor that induces the closed conformation. MPA is a potent inhibitor of mammalian IMPDHs but a poor inhibitor of the bacterial enzymes. MZP is a more potent inhibitor of bacterial IMPDH.
Activated by phosphatidate (PA) and phosphatidylglycerol (PG) (PubMed:20023301). Inhibited by galvestine-1 (PubMed:21946275).
Expressed in roots, stems, leaves, flowers, siliques and seeds.
Highly expressed throughout whole developmental stages. Transient increase in embryos at the globular stage.
Induced by illumination and cytokinin treatment in etiolated seedlings. Not induced by phosphate deprivation.
Involved in the synthesis of the major structural component of photosynthetic membranes. Required for proper thylakoid membrane biogenesis. Does not discriminate between prokaryotic (18:1/16:0) or eukaryotic (18:2/18:2) 1,2-diacylglycerol species, but operates with some preference for the prokaryotic one. Is responsible for most galactolipid synthesis in chloroplasts (PubMed:10869420, PubMed:11171188, PubMed:11553816, PubMed:17940034). Required for the formation of thylakoid membranes and functional photosynthetic electron transport during cotyledons greening in young seedlings (PubMed:25253888). May link galactolipid synthesis with the coordinated transcriptional regulation of chloroplasts and other organelles during cotyledon greening (PubMed:25253888).
Plants show defects in chloroplast biogenesis and a dwarf and albino phenotype. The amount of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol was reduced by 98% in the mutant leaves, indicating that MGD2 or MGD3 cannot compensate for loss of MGD1 function.
Called 'TIME FOR COFFEE' because it acts in the mid to late night, a phase at which any human activity often requires coffee.
Constitutively expressed over circadian time (at protein level). Not autoregulated.
Plants have a reduced amplitude and accuracy of circadian rhythms.
Regulator of normal clock function. Acts in the mid to late night. Contributes to the amplitude of circadian clocks. May act on the transcriptional induction of LATE ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL (LHY). Inhibits MYC2 protein accumulation, acting as a negative factor in the JA-signaling pathway.
Belongs to the AP2/ERF transcription factor family.
Aquaporins contain two tandem repeats each containing three membrane-spanning domains and a pore-forming loop with the signature motif Asn-Pro-Ala/Val (NPA).
Transports glycerol, urea and formamide, in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Very low water transport activity.
Bifunctional wax ester synthase/diacylglycerol acyltransferase that uses acyl-CoAs with 16, 18 and 20 carbons as substrates, preferably in combination with 16:0ol alcohol (PubMed:30729606). Involved in cuticular wax biosynthesis (By similarity).
Induced in roots and leaves during drought and salt stresses, and upon abscisic acid (ABA) treatment (PubMed:30729606). Up-regulated in the stem epidermis during active wax synthesis (PubMed:16299169).
Contains an active site 4-methylidene-imidazol-5-one (MIO), which is formed autocatalytically by cyclization and dehydration of residues Ala-Ser-Gly.
This is a key enzyme of plant metabolism catalyzing the first reaction in the biosynthesis from L-phenylalanine of a wide variety of natural products based on the phenylpropane skeleton.
Belongs to the ribulose-phosphate 3-epimerase family.
By low temperature and also less strongly, by water stress or abscisic acid (ABA).
Expressed in desiccated pollen grains or seeds, roots, stems, trichomes and the vascular tissues of leaves, and in all tissues of young seedlings.
By cadmium (Cd). Induced in roots under sulfur-deficient conditions.
Ubiquitously expressed at low levels. Localized in vascular tissues, particularly in phloem.
Catalyzes the first irreversible reaction from fructose-1,6-bisphosphate to fructose-6-phosphate and inorganic phosphate and plays an important regulatory role in sucrose biosynthesis and metabolism (Probable). Its activity is essential to regulate starch levels (PubMed:25743161). Functions in fructose-mediated signaling independently of its catalytic activity in sugar metabolism. May act downstream of ABA2/GIN1, which is involved in abscisic acid (ABA) synthesis to regulate autotrophic transition and modulate early seedling establishment after seed germination (PubMed:21253566).
Essential protein that catalyzes the condensation reaction of fatty acid synthesis by the addition to an acyl acceptor of two carbons from malonyl-ACP. Specific for elongation from C-16 and C-16 to unsaturated C-18 fatty acids. Confers resistance to low temperatures by maintaining chloroplast membranes integrity. Involved in the regulation of fatty acids ratios during seed metabolism. Required for embryo development, especially at the transition from the globular to the heart stage.
First observed during the transition from the late globular to the early heart embryo stages. Later observed during heart, tropedo, and cotyledonary embryo stages. In seedlings, observed in the shoot apex and stomatal guard cells. In adult plants, expressed in inflorescences. In flowers, strongly present in styles and pollen grains.
Lethal when homozygous due to embryo abortion before the torpedo stage. Converts temperate oilseed composition (rich in unsaturated 18-carbon fatty acids) to that of a palm-like tropical oil (enriched in saturated 16-carbon fatty acids).
Mostly expressed in siliques, and, to a lower extent, in leaves, stems, flower buds, and flowers.
Accumulates during developmental leaf senescence.
Interacts with WRKY53, WRKY54 and WRKY70.
Delayed germination, but almost normal growth after germination in sh3p2 partial mutants (PubMed:28584166). RNAi plants exhibit cytokinesis-defective phenotypes associated with the aggregation of vesicles at the leading edge of the cell plate and abnormal cytosolic localization of DRP1A in dividing cells (PubMed:28584166).
Highly expressed in seedlings. Detected in flowers, leaves and stems.
Homodimer (PubMed:24249832, PubMed:28584166). Interacts with FREE1 (PubMed:25699591, PubMed:25624505). Interacts (via SH3 domain) with ATG8E and ATG8F (PubMed:24249832). Component of a phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) complex containing ATG6, SH3P2 and FREE1 (PubMed:25624505, PubMed:24249832). Binds to SH3P3 and DRP1A (PubMed:28584166). Forms a complex made of SH3P2 and DRP1A and triggers its accumulation at the cell plate (PubMed:28584166).
Knockdown of SH3P2 is developmentally lethal and significantly suppresses autophagosome formation.
Regulator for autophaosome formation and/or maturation (PubMed:24249832, Ref.9). Binds phosphatidylinositol-phosphate; highest affinity for vesicles containing PtdIns(3,4,5)P(3), followed by those containing PtdIns(4,5)P(2) and PtdIns(3,4)P(2), with minimal binding to phosphatidylinositol monophosphates, including PtdIns(3)P (PubMed:24249832, PubMed:28584166). Together with DRP1A, converts the fused vesicles to tubular structures at the cell plate during cytokinesis (PubMed:28584166).
The N-terminal BAR domain is required for the interaction with FREE1.
Expressed in stems, flowers, siliques, roots, shoots and leaves. Expressed in veins and in adjacent mesophyll cells in leaves, and in the root vasculature with highest expression in lateral branching points.
High-affinity, proton-dependent glucosinolate-specific transporter. Involved in the distribution of glucosinolates within the leaf, including import into the glucosinolate-rich S-cells located adjacent to the phloem. Involved in bidirectional long-distance transport of aliphatic but not indole glucosinolates. May be involved in removal of glucosinolates from the xylem in roots.
No effect on the total glucosinolate levels in seeds. Gtr1 and gtr2 double mutant has no detectable glucosinolate in seeds.
Amino acid-proton symporter. Stereospecific transporter with a broad specificity for glutamate and both neutral and basic amino acids. Reduced affinities for asparagine and valine. High affinity transport of the cationic amino acids arginine and lysine, but not of histidine.
Basic amino acids are transported in their fully ionized form.
Expressed in leaves, stems, roots, siliques and flowers.
High expression in source leaves, but almost undetected in sink leaves.
No visible phenotype, but decreased uptake of L-arginine and L-lysine.
By auxin (PubMed:8159792, PubMed:8612592, PubMed:9278170). Induced by epi-brassinolide (epi-BL) (PubMed:22961663). Induced by cycloheximide (PubMed:8159792).
Functions as a positive effector of cell expansion through modulation of auxin transport.
Acts as a component of the auxin efflux carrier (PubMed:14614497, PubMed:20439545). Mediates the initial auxin gradient which contributes to the establishment of the apical-basal axis in early embryogenesis (PubMed:14614497).
Expressed during early embryogenesis. Detected apically in the basal cell lineage resulting from the first zygotic division. At the 32-cell stage, localization shifts to the basal side of the cells in the developing embryo.
Plants display altered embryo with defects in stereotypical pattern of early embryogenesis.
Homotetramer and heterotetramer (PubMed:25700484). At least six or seven isozymes are produced from a mixture of 3 gene products. Interacts with NCA1 (PubMed:25700484). Interacts with LSD1 (PubMed:23958864).
Homodimer. Interacts with HP1 and, through its chromodomain, with the N-terminal tail of histone H3 doubly methylated at 'Lys-9' and 'Lys-27'. Binds to JMJ24 (PubMed:26798133).
Involved in the CpXpG methylation (e.g. CHG cytosine) and in gene silencing (PubMed:26798133). Methylates preferentially transposon-related sequences. Functionally redundant to DRM1/DRM2 to maintain non-CpG methylation. Involved in RNA-directed DNA methylation.
Reduced DNA methylation (e.g. CHG cytosine) at least on FWA, QQS and SDC loci.
Ubiquitinated by JMJ24, subsequently beingargeted to proteasomal degradation thus initiating the destabilization of the heterochromatic state of endogenous silenced loci.
No visible phenotype. No changes in the fatty acid content and composition of seeds. Dgat1 and pdat1 double mutants produce sterile deformed pollen.
Peak of expression in seeds 9 days after flowering.
Triacylglycerol formation by an acyl-CoA independent pathway. The enzyme preferentially transfers acyl groups from the sn-2 position of a phospholipid to diacylglycerol, thus forming an sn-1-lysophospholipid. Involved in epoxy and hydroxy fatty acid accumulation in seeds. Has complementary functions with DAG1 that are essential for triacylglycerol synthesis and normal development of both seeds and pollen.
Ubiquitous. Highest expression in young developing seeds.
Homo- and heterodimers (By similarity). Interacts with ZHD3, ZHD5, ZHD6, ZHD7, ZHD8, ZHD9, ZHD10 and ZHD13.
Inhibits zinc finger homeodomain (ZHD) transcription factors by interacting with them to prevent both their nuclear localization and their DNA-binding properties. Involved in integrating signals from multiple hormones by regulating the expression of specific genes. Promotes the formation of ectopic shoot meristems on leaf margins.
Mostly expressed in roots, stems and flowers, present in seedlings and leaves, and weakly observed in inflorescence and siliques.
Essential for breaking seed dormancy before seed germination (PubMed:26583028). Prevents reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in response to abscisic acid (ABA) and oxidative stress, probably by repressing the accumulation of ABA-induced ROS-scavenging enzymes (e.g. CSD3) (PubMed:26583028).
Hypersensitivity to abscisic acid (ABA) during seed germination and to methyl viologen (MV) at the seedling stage, associated with a reduced expression of the superoxide dismutase CSD3 and an enhanced accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) after ABA treatment.
Mostly expressed in siliques and, to a lower extent, in roots (PubMed:26583028). Barely deteclable in leaves and stems (PubMed:26583028).
Slightly induced by abscisic acid (ABA).
Acts as an anti-silencing factor that prevents DNA hypermethylation and gene repression (PubMed:25684209).
Interacts with MBD7 (via C-terminus), IDM1 and IDM2 (PubMed:25684209). Part of a complex made of MBD7, IDM1, IDM2 and IDM3 (PubMed:25684209).
Expressed at low levels in seeds, seedlings, roots, stems, leaves, flowers and siliques.
Expressed in stems, roots, rosette and cauline leaves, flowers and seeds.
Expression is induced during seed desiccation and imbibition.
Involved in repair of DNA damaged by oxidation by incising DNA at 8-oxoG residues. Excises 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine and 2,6-diamino-4-hydroxy-5-N-methylformamidopyrimidine (Fapy) from damaged DNA. Has a beta-lyase activity that nicks DNA 3' to the lesion.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions or UV-A irradiation stress.
Transgenic seeds over-expressing OGG1 exhibit enhanced seed longevity associated with reduced DNA damage, enhanced seed tolerance to abiotic stresses and improved germination performance under abiotic stresses.
During male gametophyte development, expressed at the polarized microspore stage, bicellular stage, mature pollen stage, anthesis stage and open flower stage. Expressed in germinating pollen grains and elongating pollen tubes.
Subunit of the adaptor protein complex 2 (AP-2). Adaptor protein complexes function in protein transport via transport vesicles in different membrane traffic pathways. Adaptor protein complexes are vesicle coat components and appear to be involved in cargo selection and vesicle formation. AP-2 is involved in clathrin-dependent endocytosis in which cargo proteins are incorporated into vesicles surrounded by clathrin (clathrin-coated vesicles, CCVs) which are destined for fusion with the early endosome. AP-2 recognizes Y-X-X-Phi endocytosis signal motif within the cytosolic tails of transmembrane cargo molecules. The complex binds polyphosphoinositides.
Expressed in seeds, buds, and mature flowers.
Pectin methylesterase (PME) inhibitor that targets PME from seeds and modulates PME activity and pectin methylesterification during seed germination.
Expressed in chalaza of mature seeds, cotyledons, rosette leaves, cauline leaves, veins of stems, mature siliques, sepals and styles. Expressed at low levels in roots.
Induced by salt stress, drought stress and abscisic acid (ABA). Down-regulated by salicylic acid (SA) methyl jasmonate (JA).
Plants overexpressing MYB20 display increased tolerance to salt stress.
Transcription factor that acts as positive regulator of abscisic acid (ABA) signaling in response to salt stress. Acts as negative regulator ABI1, ABI2 and PP2CA, which are protein phosphatases 2C acting as negative regulator of ABA signaling. Binds to the DNA specific sequence and core element 5'-ACGT-3' found in the promoters of ABI1 and PP2CA to negatively regulate their expression during ABA-dependent salt stress response.
By wounding, locally and systemically, by cold and heat stresses, and by UV-C. Seems to not be influenced by UV-A and UV-B. Induced by the chloroacetanilide herbicides acetochlor and metolachlor, and the explosives 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX).
Expressed at highest levels in roots and cotyledons, and at lower levels in leaves, shoots and flowers (sepals, petals, maturing siliques and developing pollen).
Expressed during late steps of pollen development.
Specifically cleaves olefinic bonds in alpha,beta-unsaturated carbonyls and may be involved in detoxification or modification of these reactive compounds (Probable). May be involved in the biosynthesis or metabolism of oxylipin signaling molecules (PubMed:10872231) (Probable). In vitro, reduces 9R,13R-12-oxophytodienoic acid (9R,13R-OPDA) to 9R,13R-OPC-8:0, but only poorly 9S,13S-OPDA, the natural precursor of jasmonic acid (JA) (PubMed:10872231). Can detoxify the explosive 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) in vitro and in vivo by catalyzing its nitroreduction to form hydroxylamino-dinitrotoluene (HADNT) (PubMed:19605548). Functions in an alternative and OPR3-independent pathway for JA biosynthesis (PubMed:29291349). Catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of 4,5-didehydrojasmonates to jasmonates (PubMed:29291349).
A stretch of 270 kb of the mitochondrial genome is duplicated within the centromere of chromosome 2 resulting in the duplication of the gene. The expression of this duplicated gene (At2g07713) is demonstrated.
By abscisic acid (ABA) and jasmonic acid. Down-regulated by gibberellin.
During embryo development, expressed from torpedo stage (6 days after pollination) to mature embryo.
Metallothioneins have a high content of cysteine residues that bind various heavy metals (Probable). Functions as metal chelator of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) (PubMed:18287486). Plays a role in storing and distributing Zn ion in seed (PubMed:22014117).
Plants silencing both MT4A and MT4B have reduced seed weight and reduced seedling growth after germination.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that may be involved in xylem development.
Catalyzes the first step in the biosynthesis of coenzyme A from vitamin B5, where cysteine is conjugated to 4'-phosphopantothenate to form 4-phosphopantothenoylcysteine.
In flowers, expressed in the sepals and the style. In siliques, present at the base and tip.
Induced by light. Repressed by darkness, cold, anaerobic treatment, heat and sucrose. Changes conformation depending on redox conditions.
Monomer. Component of a complex that contains two dimers of PRK, two tetramers of GAPDH and CP12. CP12 associates with GAPDH, causing its conformation to change. This GAPDH/CP12 complex binds PRK to form a half-complex (one unit). This unit probably dimerizes due partially to interactions between the enzymes of each unit.
Mostly expressed in cotyledons, leaves and flower stalks, and, to a lower extent, in flowers and stems. Barely detectable in roots and siliques.
By infection with the necrotrophic fungal pathogen B.cinerea.
Functions as activator of WRKY33 in plant defense against necrotrophic pathogens by stimulating the DNA-binding activity of WRKY33.
Interacts with sigma factors in chloroplast (By similarity). Interacts with WRKY33 in the nucleus (PubMed:21990940).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants have increased susceptibility to the necrotrophic fungal pathogen B.cinerea.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. TRM61 family.
Cleaves the polyglutamate sidechains of folate polyglutamates in the vacuole. Is important for polyglutamyl tail length determination before vacuolar exit. Plays a role in folate stability and intracellular folate content.
Highly expressed in roots and at lower levels in leaves, stems and siliques.
Acts as a GTPase activator for the Rac-type GTPase by converting it to an inactive GDP-bound state. Acts as negative feedback regulator in tolerance to oxygen deprivation which requires ARAC4/ROP2.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants have increased sensitivity to stresses induced by oxygen deprivation.
Can grow only in vitro on sucrose-containing medium under low light conditions. Mutant plants show a pale-green phenotype, very slow growth and delayed development.
Promotes the splicing of group II introns in chloroplasts. Required for the splicing of intron 2 of plastid ycf3 transcripts, a factor required for the assembly of photosystem I (PSI). Involved in the splicing of several other group-IIa introns. May be involved in the splicing of precursor forms of trnL, trnG, trnI, and trnA. Required for the assembly of PSI and PSII.
Late bolting, early senescence and increased tolerance to abiotic stress.
Plays an important role in plant development, senescence, reactive oxygen homeostasis, and iron metabolism. Acts as an iron-sulfur transfer protein.
Involved in transcriptional regulation and chromatin remodeling. Facilitates DNA replication in multiple cellular environments and is required for efficient replication of a subset of genomic loci. Binds to DNA tandem repeat sequences in both telomeres and euchromatin and in vitro binds DNA quadruplex structures. May help stabilizing G-rich regions into regular chromatin structures by remodeling G4 DNA and incorporating H3.3-containing nucleosomes (By similarity). Involved in DNA repair of gamma-irradiation-mediated damages (PubMed:16547115).
Slight sensitivity to gamma-irradiation.
The ADD domain predominantly interacts with histone H3 trimethylated at 'Lys-10'(H3K9me3) (and to a lesser extent H3 mono- or dimethylated at 'Lys-10') and simultanously to histone H3 unmethylated at 'Lys-5' (H3K4me0). The interaction with H3K9me3 is disrupted by the presence of H3K4me3 suggesting a readout of the combined histone H3 methylation state.
Facilitates lipid transfer from the outer to the inner plastid envelope by bridging TGD4 with the TGD1,2,3 transport complex. Required for endoplasmic reticulum-to-plastid lipid trafficking as part of the eukaryotic pathway of thylakoid lipid assembly.
Growth retardation, reduced rosette size, slightly pale color and early flowering. Deficiency in eukaryotic thylakoid galactolipids and accumulation of trigalactosyldiacylglycerol (TGDG) and phosphatidylcholine (PC). Changed fatty acid profile in leaves with a substential increase in 16:0, 18:1 and 18:2 at the expense of 16:3 and 18:3.
Interacts with TGD1, TGD2, TGD3 and TGD4.
Plays a role in metal homeostasis. Confers tolerance to high zinc (Zn) and nickel (Ni).
Up regulated by iron deficiency in roots and leaves, as well as by nickel, high zinc or high copper treatments. Repressed by heat treatment, high iron, low copper and low zinc treatments.
Expressed in seedlings, roots, stems, leaves and inflorescences.
Recognizes and hydrolyzes the peptide bond at the C-terminal Gly of ubiquitin. Involved in the processing of poly-ubiquitin precursors as well as that of ubiquitinated proteins. Deubiquitinates H2BK143ub1 of histone H2B.
Expressed at later stages of seed maturation.
Has a 11,12(11',12') 9-cis epoxycarotenoid cleavage activity. Catalyzes the first step of abscisic-acid biosynthesis from carotenoids (By similarity).
Part of a SCF (ASK-cullin-F-box) protein ligase complex (By similarity). Interacts with SKP1A/ASK1, SKP1B/ASK2 and ASK11.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions (PubMed:19675148, PubMed:28585562). The triple mutant lrl1, lrl2 and lrl3 exhibit very short root hairs (PubMed:19675148). The double mutant drop1 and drop2 fail to develop sperm cells (PubMed:28585562).
Transcription factor that regulates the development of root hairs (PubMed:19675148). Transcription factor that regulates the development of sperm cells (PubMed:28585562).
Interacts with PIF3 in the dark (PubMed:23548744). Interacts with HY5 (PubMed:31061103). Interacts with MYB96 (PubMed:30979883). Forms homotetramers (PubMed:32878973).
Responsible for the deacetylation of lysine residues on the N-terminal part of the core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) (PubMed:23548744). Histone deacetylation gives a tag for epigenetic repression and plays an important role in transcriptional regulation, cell cycle progression and developmental events (PubMed:23548744). Histone deacetylases act via the formation of large multiprotein complexes (Probable). Represses chlorophyll biosynthesis and photosynthesis in the dark (PubMed:23548744). Is recruited by PIF3 to the promoters of chlorophyll biosynthetic and photosynthetic genes, and represses their transcription by histone deacetylation (PubMed:23548744). Involved in the repression of hypocotyl cell elongation to promote photomorphogenesis (PubMed:31061103). Is recruited by HY5 to the promoters of a subset of cell wall organization and auxin signaling-related genes, and represses gene expression by decreasing the levels of histone H4 acetylation in a light-dependent manner (PubMed:31061103). Promotes abscisic acid (ABA) signaling (PubMed:30979883). Is recruited by MYB96 to the promoters of a subset of Rho GTPase (ROP) genes, which repress ABA signaling at the early stages of signal transduction (PubMed:30979883). Represses ROP expression by removing acetyl groups of histone H3 and H4 from the cognate regions, particularly in the presence of ABA (PubMed:30979883). Represses the plant response to elevated ambient temperature by directly repressing warm temperature-responsive genes (PubMed:31400169).
Expressed in young shoots, stems, leaves and flowers.
Interacts with DREB1A and DREB1B in the nucleus.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS21 family.
Expressed in the siliques, flowers, and stems (PubMed:7512729). A high level expression is seen in the leaves (PubMed:7512729). Expressed in both vegetative and reproductive organs (PubMed:25228464).
No visible phenotype (PubMed:19372224, PubMed:19172180, PubMed:21781197, PubMed:25569774). Loss of chloroplastic glycosylase-lyase/endonuclease activity (PubMed:19372224). Hypersensitivity to 5-fluorouracil (PubMed:21781197). Ape1l arp double mutants have no visible phenotype (PubMed:19172180). Ape2 arp double mutants have no visible phenotype (PubMed:19172180).
Repairs oxidative DNA damages, seems also to act as a redox factor (PubMed:7512729). Is multifunctional and may be involved both in DNA repair and in the regulation of transcription (PubMed:7512729). Exhibits apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) endonuclease activity (PubMed:25569774, PubMed:21781197, PubMed:25228464). Catalyzes the conversion of 3'-phosphor-alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehyde (3'-PUA) to 3'-OH (PubMed:25228464). May be involved in base excision repair in chloroplasts (PubMed:19372224). According to a report, has a significant in vitro 3'-phosphatase activity (PubMed:25228464). According to another report, has no in vitro 3'-phosphatase activity (PubMed:25569774). Has a strong non-specific affinity to DNA (PubMed:25228464).
Expressed in the peripheral root cap and leaf epidermis.
Can bind steroids (in vitro), and may also bind other types of hydrophobic ligands.
Involved in the deposition of apical pectin cap and cellulose microfibrils in pollen tubes (PubMed:23384085). Implicated in pollen tubes growth in the female transmitting tract of pistil and toward micropyles, via the perception of ovule guidance cues (PubMed:23384085).
Mostly expressed in flowers, stamen, anthers and pollen, and, to a lower extent, possibly in roots, stems, leaves and siliques.
Converts carlactone to carlactonoic acid by catalyzing consecutive oxidations at C-19 to convert the C-19 methyl group into carboxylic acid (PubMed:25425668). Prefers 11R-carlactone to 11S-carlactone as substrate (PubMed:25425668). Acts downstream of CCD7/MAX3 and CCD8/MAX4 in strigolactone signaling pathway and may be implicated in synthesis of carotenoid-derived branch regulators. Acts as a positive regulator of the flavonoid pathway in the late vegetative stage plant. Strigolactones are hormones that inhibit tillering and shoot branching through the MAX-dependent pathway, contribute to the regulation of shoot architectural response to phosphate-limiting conditions and function as rhizosphere signal that stimulates hyphal branching of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and trigger seed germination of root parasitic weeds (PubMed:15737939, PubMed:16387852).
Expressed in the vascular cylinder (including the pericycle) in roots, the cambial region of vascular bundles in inflorescence stems and the vascular junctions of axillary regions in leaves and flowers.
Required during biogenesis of c-type cytochromes (cytochrome c6 and cytochrome f) at the step of heme attachment.
Expressed in roots, stems, leaves, flowers and siliques (developing fruits and seeds).
Acts as negative regulator of abscisic acid (ABA) signaling during germination and early seedling development. Involved in the regulation of vegetative development and fertility. Modulates red light signaling in seedling photomorphogenesis.
Expressed in the chalaze of seeds, hypocotyls, cotyledons, roots, emerging lateral roots, leaves, sepals and stamens. These data suggest that ZFP3 is expressed in most organs, showing high expression in vascular tissues.
Seeds over-expressing ZFP3 are insensitive to inhibition of germination by abscisic acid (ABA). Plants over-expressing ZFP3 are dwarf, have reduced number and size of siliques, which contains few seeds or are empty.
Plants over-expressing OFP11 have no visible phenotype.
Belongs to the class-II pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family. BioF subfamily.
Catalyzes the decarboxylative condensation of pimeloyl-[acyl-carrier protein] and L-alanine to produce 8-amino-7-oxononanoate (AON), [acyl-carrier protein], and carbon dioxide (PubMed:16299174, PubMed:21730067). Required for the biosynthesis of D-biotin that prevents light-mediated cell death and modulates defense gene expression, probably by avoiding hydrogen peroxide H(2)O(2) accumulation (PubMed:22126457).
Light-dependent spontaneous cell death due to the absence of D-biotin. Strong accumulation of hydrogen peroxide H(2)O(2) and constitutive up-regulation of reactive oxygen species- (ROS)-responsive and defense genes. Reduction of both chloroplastic and nuclear biotinylated proteins. Accumulation of conjugated salicylic acid (SA).
The C-terminus PTS1 domain (474-476) is required for biotin biosynthesis activity and peroxisomal subcellular localization.
Present only in nearly dry and dry seeds.
To ensure consistency between histone entries, we follow the 'Brno' nomenclature for histone modifications, with positions referring to those used in the literature for the 'closest' model organism. Due to slight variations in histone sequences between organisms and to the presence of initiator methionine in UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot sequences, the actual positions of modified amino acids in the sequence generally differ. In this entry the following conventions are used: H2BK6ac = acetylated Lys-8; H2BK33ac = acetylated Lys-29; H2BK34ac = acetylated Lys-30; H2BK143ub1 = monoubiquitinated Lys-135.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFS4 subunit family.
Leaves have a reduced capacity for cold acclimation, appear water-soaked, leak electrolytes, and accumulate reactive oxygen species constitutively. Sugar-sensitive germination, delayed growth, modified respiration pathway, and altered stress responses.
ATP-dependent DNA helicase that plays a role in formation, organization, stability and heritability of heterochromatin and thus regulates several physiological traits. Binds to the nucleosome and promotes chromatin remodeling in an ATP-dependent manner; induces nucleosome repositioning on a short DNA fragment, and, possibly, could be guided to target sites (including silent transposable elements) by small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). Can bind both free and nucleosomal DNA. Required for the heritable maintenance of genome integrity and transcriptional gene silencing (TGS), including homology-dependent gene silencing (HDG silencing), via the maintenance of DNA methylation (mostly on cytosine, in both CpG and CpHpG sites, where H is A, T or C) and of histone methylation (e.g. chromatin methylation). May facilitate localization of MBD proteins at specific nuclear domains. Necessary for the maintenance of the genomic imprint at the MEA locus, especially for the silencing of paternally inherited MEA locus. Plays a major role in the inactivation maintenance of retrotransposons (e.g. Tar17, SINE, LINE, ATLN39, CAC1 (CACTAs), Athila elements, and mutator-like elements MULEs and TIR-MULEs) and the silencing of repeated genes and transgenes (e.g. T-DNA insertions). Required for KYP-dependent histone H3 'Lys-9' (H3K9me) methylation, deacetylation of histone H4 'Lys-16' (H4K16) and MET1-dependent DNA methylation. Involved in the chromatin organization of 5S rRNA genes (localized in the pericentromeric heterochromatin of chromosomes 3, 4, and 5) modifications during heterochromatin establishment. Prevents siRNA accumulation (siRNA are probably involved in epigenetic inheritance and in 5S rRNA genes regulation by silencing). Required during plant organogenesis and development, as well as during seed formation.
ATPase activity is stimulated 3-fold by DNA (both free and nucleosomal) binding.
Interacts with the MBD domains of MBD2, MBD5 and MBD6.
Reactivated transcription of heavily methylated silent loci, via chromatin demethylation. Hypomethylated chromatin; gain of histone H3 'Lys-4' methylation (H3K4me) but depletion of histone H3 'Lys-9' methylation (H3K9me). Altered leaf shape, increased cauline leaf number, and delayed flowering onset (due to FWA derepression). Accumulates developmental abnormalities and transcription derepression by slowly inducing heritable lesions (hopymethylation) at unlinked loci. Derepressed paternally inherited MEA locus in male gametophytes and seeds. Reactivation of several silent retrotransposons. Smaller chromocenters with reduced heterochromatin amount. Causes a striking decondensation of centromeric heterochromatin, a redistribution of the remaining methylation of DNA, and a drastic change in the pattern of histone modification. Abnormal subcellular localization of MBD proteins (e.g. MBD2, MBD5, MBD6 and MBD7). Smaller seeds in male inherited disruption, but larger seeds in female inherited ones. The heritable and cumulative hypermethylation and silencing of BNS, leading to the bonsai phenotype, requires the hypomethylation of the flanking LINE transposon.
Enhanced ethylene response, but altered salt response during seed germination and plant growth leading to an increased tolerance to salt stress (PubMed:21631530). Increased susceptibility to dark and starvation, and to treatment with the TOR inhibitor (PubMed:29084871). Decreased translation activity associated with altered ribosome patterns, especially in the dark and starvation conditions, in which mRNAs distribution is altered and rRNA abnormally degraded (PubMed:29084871). Slightly early flowering time under long-day conditions (PubMed:29084871).
In seedlings, observed in the root tips, root vascular tissues and at the junction region of hypocotyl and root. In flowers, mainly detected at the connection of petiole and stem, and in young flower buds. Also present at low levels in sepals and pistils.
Interacts with EIN2, ETR2 and EIN4 (PubMed:21631530). Binds to EIF4A1 (PubMed:29084871). The association with ribosomes is modulated by cellular energy status and TOR activity (PubMed:29084871).
Involved in target of rapamycin (TOR)-regulated translation control, especially under energy-deficient conditions (PubMed:29084871). Involved in the regulation of the ethylene-mediated signaling pathway (PubMed:21631530). Involved in salt stress responses (PubMed:21631530). Reduced cotyledons size and early flowering (PubMed:21631530).
Mostly expressed in vegetative tissues, such as leaves and stems, and, to a lower extent, in roots and reproductive tissues, such as flower buds and flowers (PubMed:29084871). Expressed in seedlings, roots, cauline leaf tips and flowers (PubMed:21631530).
Belongs to the autoinducer-2 exporter (AI-2E) (TC 2.A.86) family.
Belongs to the FAD-binding oxidoreductase/transferase type 4 family.
Catalyzes the stereospecific oxidation of D-lactate to pyruvate. Involved in the detoxification of methylglyoxal and D-lactate, but probably not involved in the metabolization of glycolate.
No visible phenotype when grown under standard conditions, but developmental retardation and lethality when grown in presence of methylglyoxal or D-lactate.
Accumulates upon nitrogen deprivation (PubMed:22623494). Triggered by NAC072/RD26 during senescence (PubMed:29659022).
Mostly expressed in flowers (e.g. sepals, petals and stamen).
Part of the t-SNARE complex. Interacts with MAG2 (PubMed:17194767).
By cold, especially after vernalization and transfer to warm temperatures (e.g. 40 days at 4 degrees Celsius followed by 14 days at 22 degrees Celsius).
Involved in both the vernalization and photoperiod pathways by regulating gene expression.
Catalyzes xyloglucan endohydrolysis (XEH) (By similarity). Cleaves and religates xyloglucan polymers, an essential constituent of the primary cell wall, and thereby participates in cell wall construction of growing tissues (PubMed:23585673). Involved in cell proliferation in the tissue reunion process of wounded inflorescence stems. Maybe a downstream target of NAC071 as a consequence of auxin action in wounded stems (PubMed:25182467).
Belongs to the eukaryotic RPA49/POLR1E RNA polymerase subunit family.
Decreased salt and abscisic acid (ABA) sensitivity.
Induced by abscisic acid (ABA) and salt stress (NaCl) (PubMed:20212128). Up-regulated by ZAT18 upon drought (PubMed:28586434).
Loss of function contributes to the increased salt (NaCl) tolerance of cv. Sha.
Negative regulator of salt (NaCl) tolerance probably by enhancing abscisic acid (ABA) sensitivity.
A central prokaryotic signal-sequence-like domain may be used to export the protein to the chloroplast envelope after import into the stroma.
Involved in metal homeostasis. Specifically binds Cu(2+). The truncated isoform has less specificity in metal binding.
Knockout lines indicate that CUTA is not essential for copper tolerance or accumulation.
Detected in the ground tissue of late heart-stage embryos. After germination, expressed also in the L1 layer throughout the shoot apical meristem including the peripheral zone. Detected in most tissues of young leaf primordia, except in the presumptive vasculature. In mature leaves, expressed in bundle sheath cells. Detected in inflorescence stems in a single internal cell layer corresponding to the starch sheath.
Expressed in siliques, leaves and roots. Detected in the initial daughter cell before its asymmetric division and remains expressed only in the endodermal cell layer after the division. Expressed in the endodermis or starch sheath of the seedling hypocotyl, in the leaf bundle sheath cells and the root quiescent center.
Interacts with SHR, JKD and MGP (PubMed:16640459, PubMed:17446396, PubMed:17785527, PubMed:18500650, PubMed:28211915). Interacts with SIEL (PubMed:21924907). Interacts with RBR1 through its the LxCxE motif (PubMed:22921914, PubMed:24302889).
Plants have a greatly reduced root length and only a single cell layer between the epidermis and the pericycle. The sgrl-1 mutant has no gravitropic response either in inflorescence stems or in hypocotyls.
Transcription factor required for quiescent center cells specification and maintenance of surrounding stem cells, and for the asymmetric cell division involved in radial pattern formation in roots. Essential for cell division but not differentiation of the ground tissue. Also required for normal shoot gravitropism. Regulates the radial organization of the shoot axial organs. Binds to the promoter of MGP, NUC, RLK and SCL3. Restricts SHR movment and sequesters it into the nucleus of the endodermis.
Expressed predominantly in leaves and siliques. Also detected in roots.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL20 family.
Binds directly to 23S ribosomal RNA and is necessary for the in vitro assembly process of the 50S ribosomal subunit. It is not involved in the protein synthesizing functions of that subunit (By similarity).
Binds directly to 23S ribosomal RNA and is necessary for the in vitro assembly process of the 50S ribosomal subunit. It is not involved in the protein synthesizing functions of that subunit.
Belongs to the thioredoxin family. Plant F-type subfamily.
Glutathionylation at Cys-136 decreases its ability to be reduced by ferredoxin-thioredoxin reductase and reduces its efficiency in activating target chloroplastic enzymes.
Probable thiol-disulfide oxidoreductase involved in the redox regulation of enzymes of both reductive pentose phosphate pathway (Calvin-Benson cycle) and oxidative pentose phosphate pathway.
Preferentially expressed in pollen but also detected in vegetative tissues like leaf trichomes and root vascular tissues.
Catalyzes the C22-alpha-hydroxylation step in brassinosteroids biosynthesis (PubMed:9490746, PubMed:16460510). Converts campesterol (CR) to (22S)-22-hydroxycampesterol (22-OHCR, 22-hydroxyCR), campestanol (CN) to 6-deoxycathasterone (6-deoxoCT), and 6-oxocampestanol (6-oxoCN) to cathasterone (CT) (PubMed:9490746, PubMed:16460510). Can also use cholesterol and cholestanol as substrates (PubMed:9490746, PubMed:16460510).
Expressed in stems, leaves, shoots, and roots, with a higher expression in siliques and apical shoots.
By drought, cold, high salinity, cadmium (CdCl(2)), salicylic acid (SA), jasmonate (JA), ethylene, gibberellic acid (GA), and ABA (PubMed:16463103, PubMed:18162593, PubMed:23067202). The induction by JA is COI1-dependent (PubMed:23067202).
Expressed during very late stages of embryogenesis. Later, its expression follows a development dependent gradient in successive leaves.
Expressed in roots, stems, leaves, inflorescence, and flowers (including stamen, floral nectar, carpel, petal and sepal), mostly in vasculatures and stomata.
Increased defense responses against the necrotrophic pathogen A.brassicicola. Down-regulation of salicylic acid (SA)- mediated WRKY70 and PR genes expression, leading to reduced resistance to the biotrophic pathogen P.syringae pv. tomato DC3000.
Transcription factor (PubMed:23067202, PubMed:23603962). Represses the expression of protein phosphatases 2C in response to abscisic acid (ABA). Confers resistance to abiotic stresses dependent of ABA (PubMed:18162593, PubMed:9678577). In response to auxin, activates the transcription of the auxin-responsive gene IAA19. The IAA19 transcription activation by MYB44 is enhanced by direct interaction between MYB44 and PYL8 (PubMed:24894996). Transcriptional activator of WRKY70 by direct binding to its promoter region, especially at 5'-TAACNG-3' and 5'-CNGTTA-3' symmetric motifs (PubMed:23067202, PubMed:23603962). Activates salicylic acid (SA)- mediated defenses and subsequent resistance to biotrophic pathogen P.syringae pv. tomato DC3000, but represses jasmonic acid (JA)-mediated defenses responses against the necrotrophic pathogen A.brassicicola (PubMed:23067202).
Chloroplastic invertase that cleaves sucrose into glucose and fructose and is associated with the development of the photosynthetic apparatus and the assimilation of nitrogen in seedlings to control the sucrose to hexose ratio (PubMed:20304912). Participates in the carbon flux between the cytosol and plastids in leaves (PubMed:18034262).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but the mutant plants accumulate decreased amount of starch during the day.
Accumulates at low levels in response to cold treatment.
May be involved in the supply of solanesyl diphosphate for ubiquinone-9 (UQ-9) biosynthesis in mitochondria (PubMed:21950843). Synthesizes C25 to C45 medium / long-chain products depending on the type of substrate available (PubMed:21220764). Can use geranyl diphosphate, farnesyl diphosphate or geranylgeranyl diphosphate as substrates, but not dimethylallyl diphosphate (PubMed:11069698, PubMed:17877699, PubMed:21220764).
Silencing of At2g34630 decreases ubiquinone-9 biosynthesis (UQ-9) in mitochondria but has no effect on plastoquinone-9 (PQ-9) biosynthesis in chloroplast, and maybe due to the redundancy with At1g17050.
Ubiquitous. Highest expression in seeds and shoot apical meristem.
Was proposed to be a geranyl diphosphate synthase involved in gibberellins biosynthesis.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants have compromised defense response induced by the bacterial elicitor elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu).
Regulatory subunit of glucosidase II (By similarity). Essential for stable accumulation of the receptor EFR that determines the specific perception of bacterial elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu), a potent elicitor of the defense response to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Required for sustained activation of EFR-mediated signaling, but not receptor FLS2-mediated signaling elicited by the bacterial flagellin flg22.
Involved in C-to-U editing of mitochondrial RNA. Required specifically for editing the mitochondrial NAD2 transcript.
Cytokinins (CK) receptor related to bacterial two-component regulators. Functions as a histidine kinase and transmits the stress signal to a downstream MAPK cascade. This protein undergoes an ATP-dependent autophosphorylation at a conserved histidine residue in the kinase core, and a phosphoryl group is then transferred to a conserved aspartate residue in the receiver domain. In the presence of cytokinin, feeds phosphate to phosphorelay-integrating histidine phosphotransfer protein (HPt) and activates subsequent cascade. Involved in meristems establishment in seedlings. Redundant negative regulator of drought and salt stress responses and abscisic acid (ABA) signaling. Together with AHK2, plays a negative regulatory role in cold stress signaling via inhibition of ABA response, occurring independently of the cold acclimation pathway. Redundant positive regulator of cytokinin signaling that regulates many developmental processes including seed germination, cell division, seed size, chlorophyll retention during leaf senescence, root repression and shoot promotion. Can interact with isoprenoid-type cytokinins trans-zeatin (tZ and tZR), cis-zeatin (cZ), dihydrozeatin (DZ), buta-2,3-dienyladenine (HA-8), penta-2,3-dienyladenine (HA-1), 4-methyl-penta-2,3-dienyladenine (HA-10), 4-hydroxy-2-butynyladenine (RM1), 2-propynyladenine (RM3), 2-butynyladenine (RM6), and cytokinin ribosides and ribotides. Together with AHK4, involved in the cytokinin-dependent responses to Pi starvation and sucrose stresses. Promotes cytokinin-mediated leaf longevity through a specific phosphorylation of the response regulator ARR2. Involved in alkamides (e.g. N-isobutyl decanamide) and N-acylethanolamides (NAE) signaling that control meristematic activity and differentiation processes during plant development. Contributes to vascular bundle formation and secondary growth in a cytokinin-dependent manner, probably by promoting the maintenance of mitotic activity and/or identity of procambial cells. Plays a role in the cytokinin-mediated repression of the iron uptake pathway. Required by the cytokinin-dependent flower development regulation pathway.
Hypersensitivity to ABA, and strong drought and salinity tolerance. Reduced sensitivity to cytokinin (mostly in roots). More rapid germination, reduced requirement for light, and decreased far-red light sensitivity. Early senescence promoted by darkness. Reduced sensitivity to N-isobutyl decanamide. Defects in procambium proliferation and absence of secondary growth. Enhanced freezing tolerance. Impaired benzyladenine (6-BA)-mediated repression of the iron uptake pathway. Disturbed cytokinin-mediated flower development abnormality. Impaired meristematic development in seedlings.
In seedlings, mainly localized in meristematic tissues (e.g. shoot apical meristem SAM, root tips, and growing leaf and lateral root primordia). Present in all the vasculature and the shoot apical meristem (SAM) of the adult plant. In the root tips, strongest expression in the procambium.
Interacts with AHK2, AHK4, AHP1, AHP2, AHP3, AHP5 and At5g43560.
Mostly expressed in leaves and flowers, and, to a lower extent, in roots, stems, and siliques, especially in the vascular tissues. Present in seedlings.
Rapidly induced by dehydration, high salinity and cold stresses.
Constitutively active and not activated by phosphorylation.
Expressed in rosette leaves, and to lower levels in flowers and roots. Barely detectable in siliques, cauline leaves and stems.
Retarded growth and loss of light-induced phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase phosphorylation, but little or no effect on the metabolic flux through the anaplerotic pathway.
Up-regulated by light, cycloheximide, phosphate starvation, carbon availability and high pH. Down-regulated by phosphate and phosphite. Not under circadian control and not affected by nitrogen supply.
Delay in development and flowering. Deficiency in lateral root formation.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that mediates ubiquitination of ACC synthases (ACS). Negatively regulates ethylene biosynthesis probably via ubiquitin-dependent degradation of ACS4 and ACS7 enzymes. Regulates lateral root formation and development by controlling ethylene production which inhibits lateral root formation at high concentration.
Expressed in the vascular system of primary root, vascular tissue of leaves, stems and anthers.
Accumulates in adult plants, especially in rosette leaves and roots (but not in the vasculature and in tips) (PubMed:18375658). Weakly expressed in inflorescence nodes and at the base of the flowers (PubMed:18375658). In flowers, present in pollen and, at low levels, at the tips of the stigma (PubMed:18375658). In seedlings, observed in the vasculature and in the shoot apical meristems (PubMed:18375656).
Expressed in roots, leaves and flowers and, to a lower extent, in young seedlings.
Histone methyltransferase (PubMed:18375658). Dimethylates 'Lys-4' of histone H3 (H3K4me2) (PubMed:18375658, PubMed:24102415). H3 'Lys-4' methylation represents a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional activation (PubMed:18375658). Methylates only a limited fraction of nucleosomes of target genes (e.g. NAP and XTH33) (PubMed:18375658). Involved in epigenetic regulation of the floral repressor FLC and FT to prevent the transition from vegetative to reproductive development (PubMed:18375656, PubMed:24102415).
No obvious phenotype except a slightly delayed abscission of sepals and petals after fertilization (PubMed:18375658). Reduced dimethylated 'Lys-4' histone H3 (H3K4me2) but normal trimethylated 'Lys-4' histone H3 (H3K4me3) at FLC, FT, NAP and XTH33 nucleosomes (PubMed:18375658, PubMed:24102415). Accelerated transition from vegetative to reproductive development (early flowering), especially in medium-day conditions (12 hours light / 12 hours dark), due to FLC and FT epigenetic misregulation (PubMed:18375656, PubMed:24102415). Altered transcription levels of target genes (PubMed:18375658). Decreased XTH33 but normal WRKY70 transcript levels in atx2 plants (PubMed:18375658).
Expressed predominantly in stem internodes, flower buds and roots.
Heterodimer. Component of a multiprotein complex. Interacts with SPDSYN1 and SPDSYN2.
Up-regulated by abscisic acid and salt stress.
Component of the conserved oligomeric Golgi complex which is composed of eight different subunits and is required for normal Golgi morphology and localization (Probable). Interacts with COG2 and COG3 (PubMed:27448097).
Alternative NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase which catalyzes the oxidation of mitochondrial NADH does not translocate protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane (By similarity). Calcium-dependent NAD(P)H dehydrogenase; more efficient on NADH. Binds calcium ions.
Follows a circadian regulation; up-regulated in a diurnal manner. Accumulates in response to ammonium but repressed by nitrate. Induced by chloramphenicol (Chl), paraquat (Par), rotenone (Rot) and salicylic acid (SA).
Mostly expressed in seedlings and roots and, to a lower extent, in cotyledons, leaves, stems, buds and flowers.
NADPH oxidase activity is stimulated by calcium ions.
After fertilization, it is expressed in stripes about four cells wide at the margins of developing wild-type fruit. Also expressed in the inner valve layer, which becomes lignified later in fruit development. Detected in roots.
By FUL, which restrict its expression to the margins.
Homodimer (Probable). Heterodimer; possibly with ALC.
Transcription regulator required for seed dispersal. Involved in the differentiation of all three cell types required for fruit dehiscence. Acts as the key regulator in a network including SHP and ALC that controls specification of the valve margin. Works with ALC, SHP, and FUL to allow differentiation of the lignified valve layer, the spring-loaded mechanism of fruit that promotes opening. Regulates the expression of the YJ80 marker.
Controls the proximal-distal patterning in petals and the adaxial-abaxial determination of leaves. Involved in the repression of the homeobox gene BP.
Expressed in trichomes, at the base of many lateral organs, including branching points of the inflorescence and floral organs and in the distal part of the pistil at stages when style and stigma start to develop. Also detected in pedicels and at the base of petals and sepals.
No visible phenotype; due to the partial redundancy with AS2. Gain-of-function mutants iso-3D, iso-4D and dsl1-D (T-DNA and transposon tagging) show flowers and siliques bended downwards.
Belongs to the TPT transporter family. PPT (TC 2.A.7.9) subfamily.
Expressed in root columella, lateral root cap and root vasculature tissue. In leaves, highly expressed in xylem parenchyma cells. In flowers, expressed in sepals, petals, filaments of the stamens, anthers and stigma.
Phosphoenolpyruvate/phosphate translocator that transports phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), 2-phosphoglycerate, 3-phosphoglycerate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate. Imports PEP to the chloroplast stroma as one substrate of the shikimate pathway, from which aromatic amino acids and a variety of secondary products derive. Required for correct leaf mesophyll cell development and expression of chlorophyll a/b binding protein 3 (CAB3).
Reticulate leaf phenotype. Reduced number of leaf palisade mesophyll cells and increased bundle sheath cells. Small chloroplasts in mesophyll cells. Reduced photosynthetic electron transport rate. Under-expression of CAB3 protein. Reduced levels of aromatic amino acids and phenolic compounds derived from shikimate pathway.
Cell numbers are significantly reduced in most of the organs. Cell cycle reactivation is delayed in germinating seeds, and a premature switch from mitosis to endoreduplication occurs. Furthermore, a partial loss of root quiescent center (QC) identity is observed.
Involved in the activation and maintenance of cell division in the meristems and by this controls cell numbers in differentiated organs. Its action in cell cycle regulation may be directed through the RB-E2F pathway.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class translation factor GTPase superfamily. Classic translation factor GTPase family.
Blocks specifically low temperature-induced transcription of cold-responsive genes such as RD29A (PubMed:9401119, PubMed:12032361). Reduced capacity to develop freezing tolerance but does not impair the vernalization response. Defective in protein synthesis in the cold (PubMed:12032361).
Catalyzes the GTP-dependent ribosomal translocation step during translation elongation. During this step, the ribosome changes from the pre-translocational (PRE) to the post-translocational (POST) state as the newly formed A-site-bound peptidyl-tRNA and P-site-bound deacylated tRNA move to the P and E sites, respectively. Catalyzes the coordinated movement of the two tRNA molecules, the mRNA and conformational changes in the ribosome (By similarity). Involved in cold responses leading to freezing tolerance via the induction of cold-responsive genes (PubMed:9401119, PubMed:12032361).
Expressed in root, stem, leaves, flowers and siliques.
Expressed in root cap stem cells and their immediate daughters.
Fewer root cap layers; reduced number of columella (COL) and lateral root cap (LRC) cell layers from late embryogenesis due to impaired periclinal divisions in epidermal (Epi)/LRC and COL stem cells.
First expressed at globular stage onward in the COL progenitors after the first division of the hypophyseal cell. Later observed in these cells and their descendants, mostly in direct daughter cells. Also detected in the Epi/LRC stem cells and daughters, and is retained in maturing LRC layers. Present in elongated stem cells that are about to divide.
Promotes periclinal root capforming cell divisions. Activates expression of its negative regulator SMB in a feedback loop for controlled switches in cell division plane.
Repressed by SMB in oriented-divised root cap stem cells.
Component of the exocyst complex involved in the docking of exocytic vesicles with fusion sites on the plasma membrane during regulated or polarized secretion. Involved in polarized cell growth and organ morphogenesis. Involved in polarized cell growth and organ morphogenesis. During cytokinesis, involved in cell plate initiation, cell plate maturation and formation of new primary cell wall. Participates in polarized pectin delivery required for the polarized development of the mucilage-producing volcano cells of the seed coat. Involved in the recycling and localization of auxin efflux carriers PIN1 and PIN2, and thus in polar auxin transport regulation. Functions in vesicle trafficking in tracheary elements to regulate patterned secondary cell wall (SCW) thickening (PubMed:27801942).
Dwarf and sterile plants with decreased apical dominance. Branched inflorescences due to ectopic initiation of lateral inflorescences instead of flowers. Altered polar growth of root hairs and stigmatic papillae. Reduced cell expansion and aberrant xylem development. Aberrant deposition of xylem secondary cell wall (SCW) (PubMed:27801942).
The exocyst complex is composed of SEC3, SEC5, SEC6, SEC8, SEC10, EXO70A1 and EXO84B. Interacts with SEC3A and EXO84B. Co-localizes with FPP3/VETH1, FPP2/VETH2 and COG2 in vesicle-like small motile compartments (PubMed:25541219). May interact with COG2 (PubMed:27801942).
Lacks the conserved His residue involved in heme iron binding and essential for heme oxygenase activity. Its enzyme activity is therefore unsure.
Probable inactive heme oxygenase. Binds protoporphyrin IX, a precursor for both heme and chlorophyll biosynthesis. Plays a minor role in phytochrome assembly and photomorphogenesis.
Slight reduction in plant size and chlorophyll content, and early flowering.
Catalyzes the first committed step of 'de novo' purine biosynthesis from glutamine.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the purine/pyrimidine phosphoribosyltransferase family.
Inhibited by the phenyltriazole acetic acid compound [5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-isopropyl-1H-[1,2,4]triazol-3-yl]-acetic acid (DAS734), a bleaching herbicide. Repressed by AMP, ADP, ATP and GTP, and slightly by GMP.
Mostly expressed at low levels in leaves, and, to a lower extent, in cotyledons.
Expressed above ground, and in flower buds.
Lacks part of the deaminase domain and the catalytically essential zinc-binding residues. It is therefore most likely inactive.
Auto-ubiquitinated as part of the enzymatic reaction.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase which accepts ubiquitin from an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme in the form of a thioester and then directly transfers the ubiquitin to targeted substrates. Modulates amyloplast dynamics and sedimentation in statocytes during inflorescence, hypocotyl and root gravitropism, probably by regulating amyloplast interaction with actin filaments (AFs) in endodermal cells.
Expressed in seedlings, hypocotyls, roots and stems. Present especially in hypocotyl and inflorescence endodermis, as well as in root cap columella, tissues that act as statocytes.
Reduced gravitropism, altered amyloplasts sedimentation but increased amyloplasts saltatory movement. Abnormal interactions between amyloplasts and actin filaments (AFs) in endodermal cells.
The enzyme apparently serves as a quinone reductase in connection with conjugation reactions of hydroquinones involved in detoxification pathways.
Interacts (via extracellular domain) with ABP1.
No visible phenotype (PubMed:23613767). Tmk1 and tmk2 double mutants, tmk1 and tmk3 double mutants and tmk1, tmk2 and tmk3 triple mutants have no visible phenotypes (PubMed:23613767). Tmk1 and tmk4 double mutants, tmk1, tmk2 and tmk4 triple mutants and tmk1, tmk3 and tmk4 triple mutants have a severe reduction in organ size, a substantial delay in growth and development, and a decrease in fertility (PubMed:23613767). Tmk1, tmk2, tmk3 and tmk4 quadruple mutants are embryo lethal (PubMed:23613767, PubMed:24578577).
Transmembrane kinase receptor (PubMed:1332795). Phosphorylates only serine and threonine residues (PubMed:8224199). Involved in auxin signal transduction and cell expansion and proliferation regulation (PubMed:23613767). Forms with ABP1 a cell surface auxin perception complex that activates ROP signaling pathways (PubMed:24578577). Required for auxin promotion of pavement cell interdigitation (PubMed:24578577). Auxin promotes the formation of the ABP1-TMK1 protein complex (PubMed:24578577).
Expressed in the vasculature of the primary root and elongation regions. Expressed in the hypocotyl, cotyledon veins, vasculature of the first rosette leaves, and hydathodes. In stems, expressed in the vascular cambium, interfascicular cambium, developing xylem, and phloem. Expressed in the entire floral organs at late developing stage, and in the abscission, style and stigmatic regions of siliques and seed funicules.
Involved in lignin biosynthesis. May catalyze the final step specific for the production of lignin monomers, like coniferyl alcohol, sinapyl alcohol and 4-coumaryl alcohol.
Chromatin remodeling factor that represses the expression of embryonic trait genes upon and after seed germination and thus enables the developmental switch to post-germinative growth.
Belongs to the ZIP transporter (TC 2.A.5) family. ZupT subfamily.
Interacts with RAP2-4 (PubMed:19843165). Binds to MYB56 at the promoter of FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) (PubMed:25343985).
Dehydrogenase that catalyzes the oxidation of several aminoaldehydes (PubMed:21053011, PubMed:27725774, PubMed:32845293). Metabolizes and detoxifies aldehyde products of polyamine degradation to non-toxic amino acids (Probable). Catalyzes the oxidation of 4-aminobutanal and 3-aminopropanal to 4-aminobutanoate and beta-alanine, respectively (PubMed:21053011, PubMed:27725774, PubMed:32845293). Production of 4-aminobutinoate by ALDH10A9 may confer tolerance to salt stress (PubMed:27725774). Catalyzes the oxidation of 3-aminopropanal to beta-alanine (PubMed:21053011, PubMed:27725774, PubMed:32845293). Catalyzes the oxidation of 4-(trimethylamino)butanal and 4-guanidinobutanal to 4-trimethylammoniobutanoate and 4-guanidinobutanoate, respectively (PubMed:32845293). Involved in glycine betaine biosynthesis (PubMed:21053011, PubMed:26169197, PubMed:27725774, PubMed:32845293). Catalyzes with low efficiency the oxidation of betaine aldehyde to glycine betaine (PubMed:21053011, PubMed:27725774, PubMed:32845293).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions (PubMed:27725774). Mutant seedlings exhibit increased sensitivity to salt stress (PubMed:27725774).
Interacts with RAC-like GTP binding proteins ARAC5/ROP4 and ARAC3/ROP6.
Regulates the GDP/GTP exchange reaction of the Rho proteins by inhibiting the dissociation of GDP from them, and the subsequent binding of GTP to them.
Induced by salicylic acid (SA), mainly in roots.
Mostly expressed in roots, and, to a lower extent, in leaves, stems, siliques, seeds and flowers.
Monomer and homooligomer (PubMed:18479511). Binds RNA as a monomer and oligomerizes when bound to poly(A) (By similarity). Forms a complex with cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor (CPSF) subunits FIPS5, PABN3 and PAPS4 (PubMed:16282318, PubMed:18479511). Interacts with CSP3 (PubMed:23334891).
Dwarf plants with variable number of cotyledons, short petioles in leaves and impaired flowering (PubMed:18643975, PubMed:19000164). Defects in venation pattern in leaves (PubMed:18643975).
Expressed in lateral root cap, columella, meristem and quiescent center (QC) (PubMed:19000164). Expressed in young leaves (PubMed:18643975).
Plays a role in root, shoot and flower development. Probably required for normal root and shoot meristem organization and maintenance and the proper expression of PIN and PLT genes (PubMed:19000164). Involved in leaf vasculature patterning (PubMed:18643975).
Could be the product of a pseudogene. Lacks the C-terminal part of the protein containing the NADP-binding domain, which is a conserved feature of the family.
Acts as a calcium sensor involved in the regulatory pathway for the control of intracellular Na(+) and K(+) homeostasis and salt tolerance. Binding of a CBL protein to the regulatory NAF domain of a CIPK serine-threonine protein kinase lead to the activation of the kinase in a calcium-dependent manner. Operates in synergy with CIPK24/SOS2 to activate the plasma membrane Na(+)/H(+) antiporter SOS1. Involved in salt stress responses by mediating calcium-dependent microfilament reorganization. The CBL4/CIPK6 complex mediates translocation of AKT2 from the endoplasmic reticulum to the plasma membrane. Both myristoylation and S-acylation are required for AKT2 activation.
Both N-myristoylation and calcium-mediated conformational changes are essential for its function. S-acylated at Cys-3. Phosphorylated by CIPK6 and CIPK24.
Interacts with CIPK24/SOS2, CIPK6/SIP3, CIPK10/SIP1, CIPK11/SIP4 and CIPK15/SIP2. Homodimer, mediated by calcium-binding. Binds to ABCG36 (PubMed:26315018).
The calcium-binding domain (165-176) of the EF-hand 4 can also interacts with a manganese ion. The N-terminal 18 amino acids are sufficient for the cell membrane targeting of a heterologous protein.
Acts as the major nucleotide-sugar transporter for the import of GDP-Fucose into the Golgi lumen. Transports GDP-Fucose in a strict counter-exchange mode. Is required for proper plant growth and development (PubMed:27381418). Acts also as a GDP-mannose transporter that may be involved in the import of GDP-mannose from the cytoplasm into the Golgi lumen (PubMed:15480787).
RNAi plants display dwarfed phenotype with severe developmental growth defects. Cell wall composition of the RNAi plants shows a considerable reduction of the fucose content. GFT1 down-regulation has also an impact on the levels of protein fucosylation.
Component of the TFIID complex. TFIID is composed of TATA binding protein (TBP) and a number of TBP-associated factors (TAFs) whose MWs range from 14-217 kDa. Interacts with TAF5 and TAF9.
Expressed in roots, leaves, inflorescences and siliques.
TAFs are components of the transcription factor IID (TFIID) complex that is essential for mediating regulation of RNA polymerase transcription. Not redundant with TAF6.
Part of a SCF (SKP1-cullin-F-box) protein ligase complex (By similarity). Interacts with CPR1/CPR30, At3g61590 and At4g11590.
Early-flowering phenotype at elevated temperatures (e.g. 29 degrees Celsius) but not at room temperature (e.g. 22 degrees Celsius).
Epigenetically down-regulated by vernalization. Vernalization repression is initiated by VIN3. Repressed by silencing mediated by polycomb group (PcG) protein complex containing EMF1 and EMF2. Up-regulated by HUA2. Down-regulated by VOZ1 and/or VOZ2. Down-regulated by RBG7. Accumulates at elevated temperatures via a JMJ30/JMJ32-mediated epigenetic regulation (e.g. removal of the repressive histone modification H3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3)) (PubMed:25267112).
Found in shoots of non-flowering plants grown under long-day conditions at days 4 to 15, and in shoots of plants grown under short-day conditions at days 4 to 11 after germination (PubMed:19121105). Expressed in embryos from the early globular stage (PubMed:19121105). FLC is not imprinted and both parental alleles contribute equally to expression in embryos (PubMed:19121105). Expression is repressed during gametogenesis, and is then reactivated after fertilization in embryos (PubMed:19121105). In seedlings, observed in the vasculature of the cotyledons, hypocotyls, and the first pair of leaves (PubMed:18375656). Just prior to flowering, a strong reduction in expression levels occurs in the vasculature (PubMed:18375656).
High expression in the vegetative apex and in root tissue and lower expression in leaves and stems. Not detected in young tissues of the inflorescence. Before fertilization, expressed in ovules, but not in pollen or stamens, of non-vernalized plants. After vernalization, not detected in ovules.
Prevention of early flowering by expression of FLC requires methylation of 'Lys-36' of histone H3. Repression of FLC is dependent on histone H3 'Lys-4' methylation which is partly controlled by the lysine-specific demthylase 1 (LSD1) homologs, LDL1, LDL2 and FLD. May also be regulated by the level of histone acetylation.
Putative transcription factor that seems to play a central role in the regulation of flowering time in the late-flowering phenotype by interacting with 'FRIGIDA', the autonomous and the vernalization flowering pathways. Inhibits flowering by repressing 'SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS 1'. At elevated temperatures (e.g. 29 degrees Celsius), maintained at high levels in a JMJ30/JMJ32-dependent manner to prevent extreme precocious flowering (PubMed:25267112).
Abnormalities in shoot and inflorescence development leading to the 'bonsai' phenotype characterized by short, compact inflorescence, resulting in reduced plant height, disrupted phyllotaxis, reduced apical dominance and production of clusters of bracts and flowers at the apex of the inflorescence (PubMed:17627280, PubMed:16117643, PubMed:9450349). Reduced seed set mostly due to impaired pollen maturation and thus abnormal male transmission. Defects in mature miRNA miR159 accumulation (PubMed:21441434).
Component of the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) complex.
Component of the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), a cell cycle-regulated E3 ubiquitin ligase that controls progression through mitosis and the G1 phase of the cell cycle. The APC/C complex acts by mediating ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of target proteins (By similarity). Regulates global growth and development, including phyllotaxis and apical dominance (PubMed:17627280). Required for pollen maturation. Promotes (pri) miRNA transcription of each MIR159 genes (PubMed:21441434).
Expressed constitutively in roots, leaves, stems, buds, flowers, and seeds.
Regulated by epigenetic histone methylation on H3K9me in a KYP and CMT3-dependent manner.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase involved in the positive regulation of abscisic acid-dependent drought stress responses (PubMed:22405823). Involved in the positive regulation of responses to salt and osmotic stresses during seed germination and early seedling development (PubMed:23951086). Possesses E3 ubiquitin ligase activity in vitro (PubMed:22405823, PubMed:23951086).
Expressed in root tips, leaf tips, junction of carpels and pedicels, stigma, anthers, pollen, vasculature of sepals and petals, immature seeds and embryos.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions (PubMed:22405823, PubMed:23951086). Mutant plants have decreased sensitivity to abscisic acid (ABA) and reduced tolerance to drought stress (PubMed:22405823).
Plants over-expressing RDUF1 display decreased sensitivity to salt and osmotic stresses.
Involved in the synthesis of the hemicellulose glucuronoxylan, a major component of secondary cell walls. Probably involved in the elongation of glucuronoxylan xylosyl backbone, especially in the formation of GlcUA side chain of xylans.
Limited to xylem cells. Expressed in the root tip, xylem cells of roots, and in the vasculature of roots, cotyledons and leaves.
Moderate IRX phenotype. Slight reduction of secondary wall thickness and xylan content in cell wall (PubMed:15980264, PubMed:18980662). Specific loss of the GlcUA side chain in xylans. Slightly short inflorescence and reduced fertility (PubMed:18980649).
Cleaves peptides in various proteins in a process that requires ATP hydrolysis. Has a chymotrypsin-like activity. Plays a major role in the degradation of misfolded proteins.
Component of the chloroplastic Clp protease core complex which consist of at least 16 proteins: CLPP4 (3 copies), CLPP5 (3 copies), CLPR4 (2 copies), ClpP1 (1 copy), CLPP6 (1 copy), CLPR2 (1 copy), CLPT1 (1 copy), CLPT2 (1 copy) and 3 copies of CLPP3 and/or CLPR1 and/or CLPR3 (PubMed:11278690, PubMed:14593120, PubMed:16766689, PubMed:16980539). The core complex is organized in two heptameric rings, one containing CLPP3,4,5,6 in a 1:2:3:1 ratio and the other CLPP1 and CLPR1,2,3,4 in a 3:1:1:1:1 ratio (PubMed:21712416).
Component of the chloroplastic Clp protease core complex.
Repressed in darkness. Slightly induced by high light stress and during cold acclimation (at protein level).
Involved in protein precursor import into chloroplasts. May be part of an intermediate translocation complex acting as a protein-conducting channel at the inner envelope.
There is a partial copy of the N-terminus (positions 1-343) of ycf1 in the inverted repeat (ycf1-A, BAA84433).
Expressed exclusively in the central cell of the female gametophyte and in early endosperm.
Expressed in the final stages of embryo sac development.
Interacts with PHE1/AGL37, PHE2/AGL38, AGL80 and AGL86. Forms a heterodimer with AGL80.
Plants lacking AGL61 show a reduced size of the central cell and a reduced or absent central cell vacuole. When fertilized, the central cell fails to give rise to endosperm and the embryo sac degenerates. However, mutated female gametophytesol are not defective in pollen tube guidance and the synergid function is not impaired.
Probable transcription factor. Controls central cell differentiation during female gametophyte development.
This protein was called 'DIANA' after the virginal Roman goddess of the hunt.
Belongs to the SLC12A transporter family.
Bushy plants with small leaves, short roots and short inflorescences containing a higher number of stems. Alteration in pollen grain development, high number of aborted siliques and few siliques with low number of seeds.
Cation/chloride cotransporter that mediates potassium-chloride and sodium-chloride cotransports. Involved in plant development and Cl(-) homeostasis. May be involved in long distance Cl(-) transport. Does not function as an H(+)-dependent cotransporter.
Cotransport is inhibited by the loop diuretic bumetanide.
Expressed in young seedlings cotyledon tips, plant vasculature, root tips and axillary buds. Expressed in root vascular strand in the pericycle and other parenchyma cells bordering xylem vessels. Expressed in the xylem/symplast boundaries of rosette stems, rosette leaves and cauline leaves. Expressed in stipules, trichomes and hydathodes. Expressed in pollen grains.
Component of the ASI1-AIPP1-EDM2 (AAE) RNA regulatory complex composed of at least AIPP1/EDM3, ASI1 and EDM2 and may contain CPL2, AIPP2 and AIPP3/BDT1 (PubMed:28808009). Part of the BAH-PHD bivalent histone reader complex that contains AIPP2, PAIPP2 and AIPP3/BDT1; the BAH-PHD module associates with CPL2 to form the BAH-PHD-CPL2 complex (BPC) for transcriptional repression (PubMed:33277495). Binds directly to ASI1, AIPP3/BDT1 and CPL2 but not to PAIPP2 (PubMed:28808009, PubMed:33277495, PubMed:33433058).
No obvious developmental defects (PubMed:33433058). Enhanced accumulation of intronic heterochromatin (HC)-containing genes functional full-length transcripts (e.g. IBM1, At3g05410 and RPP7) (PubMed:28808009). Increased expression of At4g16870, a transposable element (TE) of Copia-like retrotransposon origin, associated with methylated status (PubMed:28808009). The double mutant aipp2-1 paipp2-1 exhibits multiple developmental defects, such as a dwarfed size, early flowering, small leaves and poor fertility (PubMed:33277495). Abnormally up-regulated expression of many genes localized at H3K27me3 and low-methylated H3K4 enriched loci associated with an higher accumulation of activated RNA polymerase II phosphorylated at 'Ser-5' (Ser5P-Pol II) in the double mutant aipp2-1 paipp2-1 (PubMed:33277495). Plants missing all PHD finger-containing proteins (e.g. PHD1, PAIPP2/PHD2, AIPP2/PHD3, PHD4, PHD5 and PHD6) exhibit an increased expression of flowering genes leading to an early flowering phenotype under long-day conditions as well as growth retardation (PubMed:33433058).
The PHD domain (212-263) recognizes specifically unmodified histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4me0), binding affinity being inversely proportionnal to H3K4 methylation level.
Together with AIPP3/BDT1 and PAIPP2, cooperates to form a BAH-PHD bivalent histone reader complex able to read histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) and low-methylated H3K4 histone marks in order to regulate transcription, especially to prevent early flowering; promotes AIPP3/BDT1 binding to H3K27me3 (PubMed:33277495, PubMed:33433058). CPL2 is subsequently recruited to form a BAH-PHD-CPL2 complex (BPC) in order to silence several H3K27me3 and low-methylated H3K4 enriched loci, including AGO5, via the phosphorylation state-dependent inhibition of Pol II release from the transcriptional start site (e.g. Ser5P-Pol II dephosphorylation) (PubMed:33277495). The BPC complex represses flowering by inhibiting the expression of several genes, including AGL6, FT, FUL and SOC1 (PubMed:33277495). Prevents the accumulation of intronic heterochromatin-containing genes (e.g. IBM1, At3g05410 and RPP7) (PubMed:28808009).
Down-regulated by auxin (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA).
May be involved in the sloughing (cell-cell separation) of the root cap cells from root tip.
Specifically expressed in root cap cells.
The sloughing of root-cap cells from the root tip is a process of cell-cell separation that entails cell wall break down. It is important in plant development because it assists the growing root in penetrating the soil.
Component of the exocyst complex involved in the docking of exocytic vesicles with fusion sites on the plasma membrane during regulated or polarized secretion. Involved in polarized cell growth and organ morphogenesis. During cytokinesis, involved in cell plate initiation, cell plate maturation and formation of new primary cell wall. Probable component of an exocyst subcomplex specifically involved in autophagy-related, Golgi-independent membrane traffic to the vacuole. Regulates autophagosome formation and autophagy-related Golgi-independent import into the vacuole. Mediates ABCG36/PEN3 outer-membrane polarity at the periphery of lateral root cap and root epidermal cells (PubMed:27803190).
Sterile plants with extreme dwarf phenotype and cytokinetic defects, and accumulation of vesicles in leaf epidermal cells (PubMed:20870962). Impaired trafficking and endocytic recycling of ABCG36/PEN3 between the trans-Golgi network and the plasma membrane in root epidermal and cap cells leading to a strong intracellular accumulation of ABCG36/PEN3 and lost ABCG36/PEN3 outer lateral plasma membrane polarity (PubMed:27803190).
The exocyst complex is composed of SEC3, SEC5, SEC6, SEC8, SEC10, EXO70A1 and EXO84B. Interacts with SEC6, SEC10, SEC15B and EXO70A1. Interacts with EXO70B1. Binds directly to B1L (PubMed:35249253).
Component of the chloroplastic Clp protease core complex which consist of at least 16 proteins: CLPP4 (3 copies), CLPP5 (3 copies), CLPR4 (2 copies), ClpP1 (1 copy), CLPP6 (1 copy), CLPR2 (1 copy), CLPT1 (1 copy), CLPT2 (1 copy) and 3 copies of CLPP3 and/or CLPR1 and/or CLPR3 (PubMed:11278690, PubMed:14593120, PubMed:16980539). The core complex is organized in two heptameric rings, one containing CLPP3,4,5,6 in a 1:2:3:1 ratio and the other CLPP1 and CLPR1,2,3,4 in a 3:1:1:1:1 ratio (PubMed:21712416).
Embryo lethal (Ref.8). Delayed embryogenesis and albino embryos, with seedling development blocked in the cotyledon stage (PubMed:19525416). Under heterotrophic growth conditions, seedlings develop into small albino to virescent seedlings (PubMed:19525416).
Required for chloroplast development and integrity. Involved in the regulation of plastoglobules formation.
By jasmonic acid (JA), NaCl, sucrose, UV light, nitrogen deficiency and drought.
Mostly expressed in mature plant aerial part. Detected ubiquitously, with higher levels in rosette leaves and flowers.
This protein has reduced anthocyanins induction activity in cv C24 and cv cvi-1 backgrounds.
Transcription activator, when associated with BHLH12/MYC1, EGL3, or GL3. Promotes the synthesis of phenylpropanoid-derived compounds such as anthocyanins and proanthocyanidin, probably together with GL3 and BHLH2. Regulates the expression of CHS, DFRA, LDOX, and BAN.
High chlorophyll fluorescence phenotype due to an impaired photosynthetic electron flow (PubMed:17971335). Seedling lethal when grown on soil. On agar plates supplied with sucrose, seedlings grow very slowly with a chlorotic phenotype. Deficiency in the accumulation of the subunits of the cytochrome b6f complex and lack of covalent heme binding to cytochrome b6 (PubMed:17971335, PubMed:18593701).
Expressed in roots (PubMed:12679534). Expressed in root epidermal hair cells (PubMed:20139979).
Induced by jasmonate (JA) treatment (PubMed:12679534, PubMed:31988260). Induced by low phosphate conditions (PubMed:29651114).
Transcription factor involved in the regulation of root hair elongation (PubMed:20139979, PubMed:27452638). Does not seem to be a direct transcriptional target of RHD6 and RSL1 (PubMed:20139979). Involved in the regulation of root hair elongation in response to low phosphate (PubMed:29651114).
Homodimer (PubMed:19487680, PubMed:24036116). Interacts with RPM1, RAR1 and SGT1B (PubMed:14592967, PubMed:19487680). Interacts with OEP61, OEP64 and OM64 (PubMed:24036116). Interacts with HSFA1D (PubMed:17965410).
In contrast to other major heat shock proteins, this one is also expressed at normal growth temperatures. Levels increase only slightly after heat shock.
Molecular chaperone. Involved in RPM1-mediated resistance. Component of the RPM1/RAR1/SGT1 complex. May stabilize RPM1 and protect it from SGT1-mediated degradation. Associates with RAR1 which may function as co-chaperone. Possesses ATPase activity (PubMed:14592967, PubMed:19487680). In the absence of heat shock, negatively regulates heat-inducible genes by actively suppressing heat shock transcription factor A1D (HSFA1D) function (PubMed:17965410). Involved in the induction of heat shock transcription factor A2 (HSFA2) expression in response to oxidative stress (PubMed:20147301). Required for stomatal closure and modulates transcriptional and physiological responses to abscisic acid (ABA) (PubMed:21586649). Regulates RPP4-mediated temperature-dependent cell death and defense responses (PubMed:24611624). May assist SGT1B in the formation of SCF E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes that target the immune receptors SNC1, RPS2 and RPS4 for degradation, to regulate receptor levels and avoid autoimmunity (PubMed:24889324).
No visible phenotype under normal growth condition. In case of infection, plants are altered in RPM1-mediated disease resistance.
Present in all tissues. Most abundantly expressed in roots followed by floral bud clusters, flowers and young fruits.
The TPR repeat-binding motif mediates interaction with TPR repeat-containing proteins.
Expressed in roots,seeds and non-photosynthetic tissues. Low levels in leaves.
Involved in protein precursor import into chloroplasts. Partially redundant with TIC20-I, but not with TIC20-II or TIC20-V.
No visible phenotype. Tic20-I and tic20-IV double mutant is embryo lethal.
Homodimer (PubMed:11574472, PubMed:22158819). Interacts with RPS4, RPS6, SNC1, SRFR1, AvrRps4 and HopA1 (PubMed:22158818, PubMed:22158819). Part of a nuclear complex made of EDS1, PAD4 and SAG101, that can be redirected to the cytoplasm in the presence of an extranuclear form of EDS1 (PubMed:22072959).Interacts (via N-terminus) with PAD4 (via N-terminus) (PubMed:11574472, PubMed:21434927, PubMed:22072959). Interacts (via N-terminus) with SAG101 (PubMed:16040633, PubMed:21434927, PubMed:22072959). EDS1-SAG101 and EDS1-PAD4 form separate complexes in pathogen-unchallenged cells (PubMed:16040633, PubMed:21434927). Part of a nuclear protein complex made of VICTR, PAD4 and EDS1 (PubMed:23275581). Interacts with VICTR (PubMed:23275581).
No effect on RPS4-mediated resistance against avrRps4 bacteria, due to the redundancy with EDS1B.
Positive regulator of basal resistance and of effector-triggered immunity specifically mediated by TIR-NB-LRR (TNL) resistance proteins. Disruption by bacterial effector of EDS1-TIR-NB-LRR resistance protein interactions constitutes the first step in resistance activation (PubMed:22158819). Acts redundantly with salicylic acid to regulate resistance gene-mediated signaling (PubMed:19578402). Triggers early plant defenses and hypersensitive response independently of PAD4, and then recruits PAD4 to potentiate plant defenses through the accumulation of salicylic acid (PubMed:11574472). Nuclear localization is essential for basal and TNL-conditioned immunity and for reprogramming defense gene expression, while cytoplasmic EDS1 is required to induce a complete immune response (PubMed:20617163). Heterodimerization with PAD4 and/or SGA101 is necessary for TNL-mediated effector-triggered immunity (PubMed:24331460). Contributes to nonhost resistance against E.amylovora (PubMed:22316300). Loss of EDS1-PAD4 interaction compromises basal but not TNL-triggered resistance (PubMed:21434927). Necessary for systemic acquired resistance (SAR) signal generation and perception (PubMed:24755512). Has no direct lipase activity (PubMed:16040633). Putative lipase activity is dispensable for immune functions (PubMed:24331460).
Up-regulated by salicylic acid or upon turnip crinkle virus or avirulent bacterial pathogen infection.
Expressed in root meristems, lateral root primordia and root vascular tissues.
Expressed at low levels in suspension cell culture, but not in plant organs.
Complex rearrangements within the MAF2-5 gene cluster plays a role in the variation of the flowering time, an ecologically important variable phenotype.
Expressed in most plant tissues, roots, seedlings, leaves, stems, inflorescences, pollen, siliques and flowers.
Probable transcription factor that prevents vernalization by short periods of cold. Acts as a floral repressor.
Requires EARLY FLOWERING 7 (ELF7) and ELF8 to be expressed. Up-regulated by HUA2.
May play a role in the plastid ribosome biogenesis.
Expressed in flower buds, sepals of mature flowers and mature leaves, less in senescent leaves and at low levels in roots.
Specific for inorganic phosphate transport across the thylakoid membrane in a sodium dependent manner. Binds glutamate but cannot transport it. May act as an ascorbate transporter at the thylakoid membrane (Probable).
Belongs to the heat shock protein 70 (TC 1.A.33) family. HSP110/SSE subfamily.
Interacts with the B-type response regulators ARR1, ARR2, ARR4 and ARR9. Binds to ETR1, AHK2, AHK3, AHK4, AHK5 and FBR12.
Component of the CST complex, composed of CTC1, TEN1 and STN1. Interacts with STN1 (PubMed:23572541, PubMed:25329641). No interaction with POT1A, but competes with it for STN1 binding (PubMed:25329641).
Required for the maintenance of meristems and stem cells through the reduction of DNA damage (PubMed:21781195). Promotes telomere integrity by maintaining telomere length and proper architecture of the chromosome terminus (PubMed:23572541). Negatively regulates telomerase repeat addition processivity (PubMed:23572541). Hampers contacts between enzymatically active telomerase and CST complex (PubMed:25329641).
Ubiquitous (PubMed:21781195, PubMed:23572541). High expression in meristematic tissues and in vasculature (PubMed:21781195).
Acts as a component of a SCF E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes.
Component of SCF(ASK-cullin-F-box) E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes, which may mediate the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins (By similarity). Required for efficient protein synthesis during temperature stress conditions.
Component of the SCF-type E3 ligase complex.
Expressed in leaves, flowers and stems, and, to a lower extent, in roots and siliques.
In seedlings, mostly localized in shoot meristems, root tips and hypocotyl. In adult plant, strongest levels observed in the vasculature, pollen, pollen tubes, and trichomes. Also found in senescencing leaves.
Part of a SCF (ASK-cullin-F-box) protein ligase complex. Interacts with SKP1A/ASK1, SKP1B/ASK2, ASK4, ASK11 and ASK14.
Detected throughout the inflorescence at a higher level in the inflorescence meristem (IM) than in the young flower. Very strongly expressed in the valve, septum, and developing seed. Also present in pollen grains.
Mostly expressed in inflorescence and siliques, and, to a lower extent, in seedlings, roots, and stems.
Part of a SCF (SKP1-cullin-F-box) protein ligase complex (By similarity). Interacts with At1g56610, At1g67340, At3g62230, At3g59000, At4g27050, At1g55000, SKIP16 and SKIP32.
May play an important role in regulating an unconventional protein trafficking from the cytosol to the extracellular matrix.
Belongs to the RuBisCO large chain family. Type I subfamily.
Heterohexadecamer of 8 large chains and 8 small chains; disulfide-linked. The disulfide link is formed within the large subunit homodimers (PubMed:29372894). Interacts with RBCX1 and RBCX1 (PubMed:21922322). An intermediate complex made of eight RbcL subunits interacts with the chaperone BSD2 (PubMed:29217567).
Heterohexadecamer of 8 large chains and 8 small chains; disulfide-linked. The disulfide link is formed within the large subunit homodimers.
RuBisCO catalyzes two reactions: the carboxylation of D-ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate, the primary event in carbon dioxide fixation, as well as the oxidative fragmentation of the pentose substrate in the photorespiration process. Both reactions occur simultaneously and in competition at the same active site (Probable). Binds to abscisic acid (ABA) (PubMed:26197050).
RuBisCO catalyzes two reactions: the carboxylation of D-ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate, the primary event in carbon dioxide fixation, as well as the oxidative fragmentation of the pentose substrate in the photorespiration process. Both reactions occur simultaneously and in competition at the same active site.
The disulfide bond which can form in the large chain dimeric partners within the hexadecamer appears to be associated with oxidative stress and protein turnover.
Accumulates in shoots in response to nitrate depletion and to osmotic stress (e.g. mannitol), but repressed by ammonium chloride NH(4)Cl and nitrogen starvation.
Extracellular signaling peptide that represses primary root growth rate. Regulates negatively leaves number and flowering, and modulates leaf morphology (PubMed:24179096). Regulates systemic nitrogen (N)-demand signaling. Mediates up-regulation of genes involved in N uptake and assimilation pathways (PubMed:25324386).
Mostly expressed in roots (PubMed:18315543). Present in cotyledons, shoot apical meristem (SAM), leaves, inflorescence stems and flowers (PubMed:24179095).
Probably involved in nucleocytoplasmic transport via its interactions with importins and Ran, rather than by forming part of the nuclear pore complex (NPC) scaffolding.
Assembles into a large oligomeric complex containing two related proteins 153 and 142 kDa that are derived from the single TPP2 gene. The 142 kDa form mainly differs from the 153 kDa form by a truncation at the C-terminal end.
Inhibited by alanine-alanine-phenylalanine-chloromethylketone, butabindide and phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), but not by leupeptin, N-ethylmaleimide, EDTA, MG132 and lactacystin.
Serine protease of the proteasome pathway that may function with the 20S proteasome to degrade oxidized proteins generated by environmental stress.
No visible phenotype. RuBisCO content only slightly reduced.
Regulator of the large subunit (LS) of RuBisCO. Involved either in the processing or in the stabilization of the processed transcript, probably by acting as a barrier to the 5'>3' degradation.
Defect in stomatal movment and hypersensitivity to drought stress.
Dimer. Dimerization is required for actin-binding activity.
Expressed in roots, stems, leaves, flowers, siliques and guard cells.
Plant-specific actin binding protein that bundles and stabilizes microfilaments (MFs). Has no nucleation or capping activity. Regulates MF reorganization during stomatal closure. The binding to F-actin is insensitive to Ca(2+) and pH. Binds weakly to inositol phosphates (PubMed:22356912).
The NT5 region (73-100) is required for actin-binding activity.
Accumulates in reproductive organs (e.g. flowers and siliques) (PubMed:18695688, PubMed:27681170). Expressed at very low levels in vegetative organs (PubMed:27681170).
Induced at the onset of the maturation phase in the endosperm at low levels in a heterogeneous repartition, particularly in the chalazal endosperm. Also detected in pollen grains.
Induced by LEC2 but repressed by MYB118.
Single and myb118 myb115 double mutants do not show apparent developmental abnormalities (PubMed:18695688). The endosperm oil of double mutant myb115 myb118 lacks omega-7 fatty acids (PubMed:27681170).
Transcription activator that recognizes the motif 5'-TAACGG-3' in the promoter of target genes (PubMed:27681170). Promotes vegetative-to-embryonic transition and the formation of somatic embryos from root explants in a WUS-independent manner (PubMed:18695688). Together with MYB118, activates the transcription of S-ACP-DES2/AAD2 and S-ACP-DES3/AAD3 thus promoting the biosynthesis of omega-7 monounsaturated fatty acid in seed endosperm (PubMed:27681170).
Starts to be expressed during the S phase, reaches a peak at mitosis and then decreases.
Severe defects in both chloroplast and nuclear photorelocation movements resulting from the impaired regulation of chloroplast-actin filaments.
Together with PMI1, necessary for chloroplast and nuclear photorelocation movements via the regulation of chloroplast-actin (cp-actin) filaments in pavement cells.
Multimer (PubMed:18774967). Interacts with EDS1 (PubMed:22158819). Interacts with SNC1 and RPS4 (PubMed:21079790). Interacts (via TPR domain) with SGT1 (via TPR domain) (PubMed:20862316). Interacts with the TCP transcription factors TCP8, TCP14, TCP15, TCP20, TCP22 and TCP23 (PubMed:24689742).
Negative regulator of effector-triggered immunity associated with the EDS1 resistance pathway (PubMed:15469494, PubMed:18774967, PubMed:19649196, PubMed:19525323, PubMed:20862316, PubMed:21079790). May localize its interactors to a microsomal membrane (PubMed:22158819). May therefore negatively regulate RPS4 and SNC1 translocation to the nucleus (PubMed:21079790). Contributes to the regulation of RPS2 and RPS4 protein levels and negatively regulates SNC1 stability (PubMed:20862316).
Ubiquitous. Not detected in very young flowers and older siliques.
Catalyzes the methyl transfer from S-adenosyl-methionine to the C-24 of cycloartenol to form 24-methylene cycloartenol.
Highly expressed in vascular tissue, mature leaves and in regions undergoing cellular expansion.
Involved in indole glucosinolate biosynthesis. Catalyzes hydroxylation reactions of the glucosinolate indole ring. Converts indol-3-yl-methylglucosinolate (I3M) to 4-hydroxy-indol-3-yl-methylglucosinolate (4OH-I3M) and/or 1-hydroxy-indol-3-yl-methylglucosinolate (1OH-I3M) intermediates. These hydroxy intermediates are converted to 4-methoxy-indol-3-yl-methylglucosinolate (4MO-I3M) and 1-methoxy-indol-3-yl-methylglucosinolate (1MO-I3M) by indole glucosinolate methyltransferase 1 and 2 (IGMT1 and IGMT2).
Down-regulated by aphid infection, 2-aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG), high CO(2), isoxaben, and propiconazole treatments. Up-regulated by brassinolides.
Expressed at the late stage of silique development.
By methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) treatment.
Delayed root growth in seedlings. Hypersensitivity to genotoxic stress such as UV-C, X-rays, methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) and mitomycin C (MMC).
Required for the ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase activity of mitochondrial complex III.
Endosomal protein that may be involved in endocytosis (PubMed:16103374). Involved in the trafficking of proteins from prevacuolar compartments (PVCs) to vacuoles (PubMed:23682115, PubMed:24824487). May activate the MON1-CCZ1 complex which acts as guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEF) for Rab7 protein family, and serves as a link between Rab5 and Rab7 families in PVCs, and mediates PVC maturation (PubMed:24824487). Involved in vacuolar transport of storage proteins with EREX as effector. Regulates membrane trafficking to protein storage vacuoles (PSVs) (PubMed:27288222).
Expressed in roots and actively dividing cells.
Interacts with VPS9A homodimer (PubMed:18055610, PubMed:20833725). Interacts with TCTP1 (PubMed:20736351). Interacts with MON1 (PubMed:24824487). Interacts with EREX (via PX domain) (PubMed:27288222). Binds to VPS3 (PubMed:29463724).
Over-expression of the constitutively active GTP-bound mutant of Leu-69 induces the formation of large ring-like structures of 1-2 micrometers in diameter.
Regulated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) which promote the exchange of bound GDP for free GTP.
Component of the TIM17:23 complex at least composed of TIM23, TIM17 and TIM50. Interacts with TIM23-2.
Essential component of the TIM17:23 complex, a complex that mediates the translocation of transit peptide-containing proteins across the mitochondrial inner membrane.
Component of the spliceosome (Probable). Interacts with SF1 in the nucleus (PubMed:24580679).
Expressed in seedlings, inflorescences, flowers, siliques, pollen, roots, stems and leaves.
Involved in pectin biosynthesis. Catalyzes the transfer of galacturonic acid from uridine 5'-diphosphogalacturonic acid onto the pectic polysaccharide homogalacturonan.
Down-regulated by heat stress. Negatively regulated by SPL.
Highly expressed in roots but modestly expressed in the cauline leaves and flowers. Expressed in anthers.
Involved in auxin biosynthesis via the indole-3-pyruvic acid (IPA) pathway. Also able to convert in vitro phenyl pyruvate (PPA) to phenyl acetic acid (PAA). Required for the formation of floral organs and vascular tissues. Belongs to the set of redundant YUCCA genes probably responsible for auxin biosynthesis in shoots.
Binds to EIF4A1, S6K1 and S6K2 (PubMed:29084871). The association with ribosomes is modulated by cellular energy status and TOR activity (PubMed:29084871).
Mostly expressed in vegetative tissues, such as leaves, roots and stems, and, to a lower extent, in reproductive tissues, such as flower buds and flowers.
Phosphorylation by S6 kinases (e.g. S6K1 and S6K2) is modulated by cellular energy status and TOR activity.
Plants over-expressing VQ25 display enhanced disease symptoms after infection by the bacterial pathogen P.syringae.
Interacts with PCMP-H51/CRR28 and PCMP-H12/OTP82 (PubMed:23487777). Interacts with MORF8/RIP1, MORF2/RIP2 and VAR3/OZ1 (PubMed:25768119).
Involved in C-to-U editing of chloroplastic RNA. Functions as major chloroplastic editing factor. Controls 62 percent of the chloroplastic editing sites. Binds RNA close to ORRM1-dependent editing sites in vitro. Binds the editing recognition trans-factors PCMP-H51/CRR28 and PCMP-H12/OTP82.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants exhibit severe editing defects in chloroplastic transcripts.
One of the components of the core complex of photosystem II (PSII), required for its stability and/or assembly. PSII is a light-driven water:plastoquinone oxidoreductase that uses light energy to abstract electrons from H(2)O, generating O(2) and a proton gradient subsequently used for ATP formation. It consists of a core antenna complex that captures photons, and an electron transfer chain that converts photonic excitation into a charge separation.
PSII is composed of 1 copy each of membrane proteins PsbA, PsbB, PsbC, PsbD, PsbE, PsbF, PsbH, PsbI, PsbJ, PsbK, PsbL, PsbM, PsbT, PsbX, PsbY, PsbZ, Psb30/Ycf12, at least 3 peripheral proteins of the oxygen-evolving complex and a large number of cofactors. It forms dimeric complexes. Interacts with PAM68 (PubMed:20923938).
ATPase component of the INO80 complex which remodels chromatin by shifting nucleosomes and is involved in DNA repair.
ATPase component of the chromatin remodeling INO80 complex which is involved in transcriptional regulation, DNA replication and DNA repair (By similarity). Binds DNA (By similarity). As part of the INO80 complex, remodels chromatin by shifting nucleosomes (By similarity). The INO80 complex controls ethylene-induced H2A.Z eviction dynamics (PubMed:31418686). Positive regulator of homologous recombination, but not an essential component of homologous recombination (PubMed:15525519). Not involved in the illegitimate repair pathway (PubMed:15525519).
Component of the INO80 chromatin-remodeling complex (By similarity). Associates with REF6/EIN6 (PubMed:31418686).
Component of the INO80 chromatin-remodeling complex.
Decreased homologous recombination frequency, but unchanged sensitivity to genotoxic agents and efficiency of T-DNA integration (PubMed:15525519). Differential expression of several genes (PubMed:31418686). Compromised ethylene-induced H2A.Z eviction dynamics (PubMed:31418686). The double mutant ref6-1 ino80-1 is insensitive to ethylene (ET) and exhibits reduced levels of EIN2 associated with a shift of the chromatin landscape to a repressive state at its locus (e.g. H3K27me3 and H2A.Z) (PubMed:31418686).
Not induced by methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) treatment.
The DBINO region is involved in binding to DNA.
Belongs to the SIMIBI class G3E GTPase family. ZNG1 subfamily.
Belongs to the HAD-like hydrolase superfamily.
Catalyzes the specific cleavage of pyrophosphate.
Embryo specific, only in dry mature seeds.
LEA proteins are late embryonic proteins abundant in higher plant seed embryos. The function of those proteins is not known (Probable). Promotes germination rate. Enhances cation toxicity (e.g. lithium ion) and osmotic stress (e.g. NaCl and sorbitol) tolerance during germination and in seedlings (PubMed:12175017).
Stimulated in embryos by the transcriptional activator ABI3. Not induced in vegetative tissues by abscisic acid (ABA), osmotic stress or dehydration.
Induced by methyl jasmonate and wounding.
Involved in the oxidation of the plant hormone jasmonoyl-L-isoleucine (JA-Ile), a bioactive phytohormone of the jasmonate-mediated signaling pathway. Converts 12-hydroxy-JA-Ile (12OH-JA-Ile) to the carboxy-derivative 12COOH-JA-Ile (PubMed:17868380, PubMed:22215670, PubMed:26164240). Exerts negative feedback control on JA-Ile levels and plays a role in attenuation of jasmonate responses (PubMed:22215670). Functions also as in-chain fatty acids hydroxylase in vitro (PubMed:17868380). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of 12-hydroxy-jasmonoyl-L-phenylalanine (12OH-JA-Phe) in vitro. Converts 12OH-JA-Phe to the carboxy-derivative 12COOH-JA-Phe (PubMed:26164240).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants accumulate high amounts of 12COOH-JA-Ile in response to wounding.
No alteration in flowering time, probably due to the redundancy with CDF1, CDF2 and CDF5.
Binds to the plus end of microtubules and regulates the dynamics of the microtubule cytoskeleton. May be involved in anchoring microtubules to their nucleation sites and/or functioning as a reservoir for distribution to the growing end. In plants, microtubule minus ends are not necessarily severed from the nucleation site and transported to the plus end of a microtubule as part of the recycling process. May play a role in endomembrane organization during polarized growth of plant cells. Interacts with the tobamovirus movement protein (MP) and may play a role in the association of MP with the microtubule system during infection.
Homodimer and heterodimer with EB1B. Interacts with tobamovirus movement protein.
Levels increase linearly with increasing light intensities and correlate with the degree of photoinactivation and photodamage of PSII reaction centers (at protein level). Induced by high-intensity light, at both cold and warm temperatures (e.g. 4 and 22 degrees Celsius) (at protein level); quickly and transiently induced during deetiolation, and accumulates in green seedlings following increases in light intensity (PubMed:31604812). Induced by UV-A, red, far-red and blue lights illumination in a phytochrome A and phytochrome B-dependent manner; this induction is promoted by HY5. The COP9 signalosome is involved in dark-mediated repression. Accumulates upon heat shock. Transcript levels follow a circadian cycle, with highest levels 2 hours after light, without protein accumulation. In light stress-preadapted or senescent leaves exposed to light stress there is a lack of correlation between transcript and protein accumulation; transcripts accumulate in red and yellow leaves exposed to high light, but not proteins.
Prevents excess accumulation of free chlorophyll by inhibiting the entire chlorophyll biosynthesis pathway (e.g. 5-aminolevulinate synthesis and Mg-protoporphyrin IX chelatase activity), and hence prevent photooxidative stress (By similarity). Probably involved in the integration of pigments into the mature light-harvesting pigment-protein complexes. Light-harvesting chlorophyll (LHC) a/b-binding protein required to ensure a high rate of chlorophyll accumulation during deetiolation in continuous high light. Involved in seed germination. May fulfill a photoprotective functions.
Reduced greening during deetiolation in continuous high light, with a reduced ratio between chlorophylls a and especially at the highest irradiances. Slight reduction in the rate of chlorophyll accumulation during greening at moderate light intensities, and lower zeaxanthin accumulation in high light conditions. Normal sensitivity to photoinhibition and photooxidation. Impaired seed germination, especially in high light conditions and at warm to hot temperatures (greater than 22 degrees Celsius).
Heterodimer with SRP14; binds RNA as heterodimer (By similarity). Component of a signal recognition particle complex that consists of a 7SL RNA molecule and six protein subunits: srp72, srp68, srp54, srp19, srp14 and srp9 (By similarity).
Involved in pollen wall development. Catalyzes the conversion of long-chain fatty acids to the corresponding omega-hydroxylated fatty acids. Omega-hydroxylated fatty acids, together with in-chain hydroxylated fatty acids, are key monomeric aliphatic building blocks for sporopollenin synthesis during exine formation.
Specifically expressed in anthers from early stage 9 to early stage 12 of flower development, with a peak during stages 9 to 11.
Converts salicylic acid (SA) to both 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,3-DHBA) and 2,5-DHBA in vitro but only 2,3-DHBA in vivo. Component of a negative feedback regulation system of SA levels during senescence. Regulates both onset and progression of leaf senescence (PubMed:23959884). Negative regulator of defense against Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis (PubMed:25376907).
Impaired production of 2,3-DHBA sugar conjugates but accumulation of salicylic acid (SA) and its sugar conjugates. Precocious senescence. Enhanced expression of senescence-associated and defense-related genes.
Induced by the powdery mildew pathogen Erysiphe cichoracearum (PubMed:12920300). Accumulates upon infection with the downy mildew Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis, the powdery mildew Erysiphe orontii, and the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae. Present only in or around the main veins of cotyledons and leaves infected by H. arabidopsidis (PubMed:25376907). Induced by salicylic acid (SA) (PubMed:23959884, PubMed:25376907). Accumulates in senescing leaves (PubMed:23959884).
Belongs to the CND2 H2 (condensin-2 subunit 2) family.
Enhanced sensitivity to excess boron (B), to zeocin, which induces DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), and to aphidicolin, which blocks DNA replication, probably due to the accumulation of DSBs. Reduced root length, especially in the presence of genotoxic stressors, with twisted shape, ectopic lateral root formation and dense root hairs, as well as short meristematic zones.
Expressed in seedlings, roots, stems, leaves, flower buds and flowers.
Regulatory subunit of the condensin-2 complex, a complex that seems to provide chromosomes with an additional level of organization and rigidity and in establishing mitotic chromosome architecture (By similarity). The condensin-2 complex plays a role in DNA damage repair or in protecting the genome from certain genotoxic stressors (e.g. boron excess, zeocin and aphidicolin).
Belongs to the cytidine and deoxycytidylate deaminase family. ADAT3 subfamily.
Embryonic lethality due to embryo development arrest at the globular stage.
Involved in RNA editing. Catalyzes the specific deamination of adenosine-34 in several cytosolic tRNA species. Generates inosine at the wobble position of the anticodon loop.
Catalyzes the reaction from prephytoene diphosphate to phytoene.
Monomer (By similarity). Interacts with OR (PubMed:26224804, PubMed:25675505). Interacts with ORLIKE (PubMed:25675505).
Involved in thiol transport from the plastid to the cytosol. Transports probably both glutathione (GSH) and its precursor, gamma-glutamylcysteine (gamma-EC).
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 22 family.
Accumulates at the basal side and all corners of most cells in the primary root, lateral roots and embryos.
In flower buds, localized in pollen grains and the separation layer between the bud and the peduncle. During embryogenesis, uniform expression from the globular embryo to the mature cotyledonary embryo, except in the embryo suspensor. After germination, detected in whole cotyledons and in the hypocotyl. Detected in the aerial tissue of 1-3-day-old seedlings, and in the root epidermis and lateral root cap cells. Within the epidermis, mostly expressed in H cells during the first three days after germination (DAG) and becomes restricted to these H cells in mature roots. In the root apical meristem (RAM), mostly confined to the quiescent center (QC) by six DAG. Mostly observed in the outer layers of the mature root and the RAM, including the QC (PubMed:24123341).
Mostly expressed in siliques, seeds, developing embryos and seedlings, detected in flower buds, but not in roots, leaves or stems.
No visible phenotype during embryogenesis and seedling development. Arrested at two-nuclear stage and unfused polar nuclei. Gso1 and gso2 double mutants produce slightly contorted seeds, with abnormally shaped embryos and seedlings; adhesion between cotyledons and the peripheral tissue of the endosperm, short hypocotyl, and concave cotyledons sometimes fused, with compressed epidermal cells, endosperm tissue partially adherent to the surface of the cotyledons, and a rough surface. In addition, seedlings of gso1 gso2 have also root growth and patterning defects characterized by abnormal numbers of cells in longitudinal files and radial cell layers, as well as aberrant stem cell division planes. Root growth arrest and cell divisions defects are rescued by exogenous application of sucrose, but not patterning defects (PubMed:24123341). The double mutant gso1 gso2 exhibits a repeatedly interrupted, discontinuous Casparian strip due to patch-like localization of the CASPs proteins (PubMed:28104889).
Together with GSO1, receptor-like serine/threonine-kinase required during the development of the epidermal surface in embryos and cotyledons. Involved in the nuclear division phase of megagametogenesis. In coordination with GSO2, regulates root growth through control of cell division and cell fate specification. Controls seedling root growth by modulating sucrose response after germination (PubMed:24123341). Receptor of the peptide hormones CIF1 and CIF2 required for contiguous Casparian strip diffusion barrier formation in roots (PubMed:28104889).
Circadian-regulated, with a peak in expression at the beginning of the light period.
Probable alpha-amylase that does not seem to be required for breakdown of transitory starch in leaves.
Overexpression of AHL20 results in a decreased expression of NHO1 and FRK1 and in an enhanced susceptibility to virulent strain DC3000.
Transcription factor that specifically binds AT-rich DNA sequences related to the nuclear matrix attachment regions (MARs) (By similarity). Negatively regulates plant innate immunity (PTI) to pathogens through the down-regulation of the PAMP-triggered NHO1 and FRK1 expression (PubMed:20738724).
Catalyzes the interconversion of serine and glycine and directs the hydroxymethyl moiety of serine into the metabolic network of H4PteGlu(n)-bound one-carbon units.
Inhibited by 5-CH3-H4PteGlu1/5 and 5-HCO-H4PteGlu1/5 in vitro.
Membrane-bound transcription factor required for the plastid-to-nucleus retrograde signaling. Functions in multiple retrograde pathways. The plastid-to-nucleus signal plays an important role in the coordinated expression of both nuclear- and chloroplast-localized genes that encode photosynthesis-related proteins. In the nucleus, activates ABI4 transcription in a PHD-dependent manner associated with histone modifications. Localized primarily in the chloroplast outer membrane as dormant form and, in response to retrograde signals, is released from the membrane through proteolytic cleavage and its cleaved fragment containing the transcription factor domain is redistributed to the nucleus, where it regulates the expression of particular nuclear genes.
Component of the TFIID complexe. TFIID is composed of TATA binding protein (TBP) and a number of TBP-associated factors (TAFs) whose MWs range from 14-217 kDa. May homodimerize to form the scaffold for the complex. Interacts with TAF4, TAF4B, TAF6B, TAF8, TAF9, TAF12B, TAF14 and TAF15B.
Follows a light-dependent circadian-regulated expression with a small peak in the evening, about 12 hours after dawn.
Expressed in roots, leaves, flowers and siliques. Low levels of expression in seeds and stems.
GTPase-activating protein (GAP) for ADP ribosylation factor (ARF). Binds phosphatidylinositol 3-monophosohate (PI-3-P) and anionic phospholipids.
The C2 domain binds anionic phospholipids promiscuously in the presence of calcium while the N-terminal region (1-174) show a specific affinity for phosphatidylinositol 3-monophosohate.
Binds actin and actin filament bundles in a Ca(2+)-insensitive manner, but caps the barbed end of actin filaments and is able to sever them in a calcium-dependent manner. Involved in root hair growth through regulating actin organization in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner.
No changes in the primary root length, but shorter root hairs. Increased sensitivity to latrunculin B (LatB) and instability of actin filaments.
Preferentially expressed in vegetative tissues. Detected in the whole seedling, hypocotyl, cotyledon, primary root, roots hair cells and trichomes. Expressed in flowers but not in the silique.
The APC/C is composed of at least 11 subunits that stay tightly associated throughout the cell cycle.
Expressed in the vasculature of roots and leaves, stomata, sepals, stigma, anthers and siliques.
Plants over-expressing SBT5.4 show a clavata-like phenotype with fasciated inflorescence stems and compounded terminal buds. This phenotype is abolished by mutating Ser-567 to Ala which completely disrupts the catalytic center of the protease (PubMed:19588163).
Serine protease. Has a substrate preference for the hydrophobic residues Phe and Ala and the basic residue Asp in the P1 position, and for Asp, Leu or Ala in the P1' position (By similarity). Interferes with CLAVATA 3 (CLV3) signaling, but does not cleave CLV3.
(Microbial infection) Required for begomovirus infection and systemic spread (PubMed:12837950, PubMed:15452236, PubMed:16461385). In case of begomoviruses infection, acetylates the capsid protein (CP), but not the nuclear shuttle protein (NSP) (PubMed:12837950, PubMed:15452236, PubMed:16461385). Stimulates melatonin-triggered defense responses to the necrotrophic Botrytis cinerea (PubMed:34234798).
Dwarf plants, reduced starch accumulation, lower Lhcb1, Lhcb4, and RBCL protein levels (but normal corresponding transcripts expression), and delayed flowering, particularly in low fluence light conditions (PubMed:33806011). Suppressed expression of caseinolytic protease (Clp) and chloroplast heat shock proteins (CpHSPs), essential components of the chloroplast protein quality control (CPQC) (PubMed:33806011). Increased oil and anthocyanin content in mature seeds, but less mucilage accumulation in the seed coat (PubMed:32354877). Lower anthocyanin levels in cold-exposed seedlings (PubMed:27047496). Impaired N-alpha-acetylation (NTA) and epsilon-lysine acetylation (KA) activities toward several plastid proteins (PubMed:32633465). High susceptibility to high light (HL) stress as a result of devoid melatonin induction (PubMed:29770489). Decreased Lys acetylation status of specific photosynthetic proteins including PSI, PSII and LHCII subunits asssociated with their abnormal localization within the thylakoid network; LHCII antenna remaining largely in grana stacks and phosphorylated Lhcb2 associating to LHCII trimer pools (PubMed:29967049, PubMed:35792507). Absence of acetylated KEA1 and KEA2 proteins (PubMed:31865509, PubMed:29967049). Defective in state transitions of photosynthetic reaction centers photosystem II (PSII) and photosystem I (PSI) leading to an impaired accumulation of the PSI-LHCII state transition complex (PubMed:29967049, PubMed:35792507). Increased sensitivity to osmotic stress due to an altered osmotic stress-induced melatonin accumulation (PubMed:33924609). Altered circadian dynamics of stomatal aperture (PubMed:32064655). Reduced stomatal closure in response to hydrogen sulfide H(2)S and PEG (PubMed:34812898). Promoted seed germination (PubMed:33811388). Increased susceptibility to Botrytis cinerea (PubMed:34234798).
Expressed following a circadian rhythm with the highest level 4 hours into the light and the lowest level at the end of the night (PubMed:32064655, PubMed:26828406). Induced by osmotic stress (e.g. PEG), especially in the presence of hydrogen sulfide H(2)S (PubMed:34812898, PubMed:33924609). Accumulates in response to high light (HL) (PubMed:29770489).
Expressed in the apical meristem, root vasculature and all veins in the cotyledons of young developing seedlings (PubMed:16461385). Loss of expression in the older maturing tissues (PubMed:16461385). Accumulates transiently in developing seeds (e.g. including embryos and seed coat), reaching a peak ten days after pollination (10 DAP) (PubMed:32354877).
Highly expressed in cauline leaves and seeds, at lower levels in stems, siliques, inflorescences and rosettes leaves and at very low levels in roots (PubMed:32633465, PubMed:12837950, PubMed:16461385, PubMed:31698875, PubMed:32354877). Expressed in the xylem parenchyma and phloem of the leaves and root, and in guard cells of young leaves (PubMed:32633465, PubMed:12837950, PubMed:16461385).
Lacks the bromodomain involved in binding of other acetyltransferases to histones.
Oligomer. Interacts with begomoviruses NSP but not with CP. This interaction may allow NSP to recruit NSI monomers to acetylate viral genome-bound CP and thus regulate nuclear export of viral genome by NSP.
Protein acetyltransferase with dual specificity triggering both N-alpha-acetylation (NTA), with a preference for alanine, serine, threonine, methionine and to a lower extent valine as substrates (can also use glycine and leucine), and epsilon-lysine acetylation (KA) of several plastid proteins (PubMed:32633465). Triggers lysine acetylation in KEA1 and KEA2 (PubMed:31865509, PubMed:29967049). Acetylates in vitro histones H2A and H3 (PubMed:12837950). Does not act as a transcriptional activator but required for the dynamic reorganization of thylakoid protein complexes and grana during photosynthetic state transitions (PubMed:29967049, PubMed:35792507, PubMed:16461385). Involved in melatonin biosynthesis by catalyzing the formation of N-acetylserotonin (NAS) from serotonin and of melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) from 5-methoxytryptamine (5-MT) (PubMed:32354877, PubMed:25250906). By triggering melatonin biosynthesis, contributes to the chloroplast protein quality control (CPQC), which plays a pivotal role in starch synthesis, and confers melatonin-associated tolerance to high light (HL) stress (PubMed:33806011, PubMed:29770489). Prevents the accumulation of oil and anthocyanin content in mature seeds and avoids seed germination in a melatonin-dependent manner, but promotes mucilage production in the seed coat (PubMed:32354877, PubMed:33811388). Contributes to melatonin-mediated anthocyanin production in cold-exposed seedlings (PubMed:27047496). Implicated in melatonin-monitored circadian dynamics of stomatal aperture to minimize night water loss and promote drought tolerance, partly by triggering hydrogen sulfide H(2)S-dependent stomotal closure in response to osmotic stress (PubMed:32064655, PubMed:34812898, PubMed:33924609).
S-sulfhydrated and activated by hydrogen sulfide H(2)S to promote melatonin accumulation and subsequent melatonin-dependent stomotal closure to combat osmotic stress.
Expressed in leaves, stems and flowers, and, to a lower extent, in siliques and roots.
Slightly up-regulated by spermine (Spm).
Required for the processing of the 27S pre-rRNA (By similarity). Plays an important role in plant growth and senescence by modulating ribosome biogenesis in nucleolus. Associates with ribosomes (PubMed:26163696).
Binds GDP and GTP, and has low GTPase activity. May interact with phosphatidic acid (PA).
Expressed in actively growing tissues and reproductive organs. Mostly expressed in leaves, stems and siliques. Also present in flowers and flower buds, and, to a lower extent, in roots.
Belongs to the peroxiredoxin family. BCP/PrxQ subfamily.
Expressed in all tissues at the exception of roots.
Highly induced by oxidative stress. Down-regulated by salt stress and by ascorbate.
Monomer; Interacts with the plastidial thioredoxin CDSP32.
The active site is a conserved redox-active cysteine residue, the peroxidatic cysteine (C(P)), which makes the nucleophilic attack on the peroxide substrate. The peroxide oxidizes the C(P)-SH to cysteine sulfenic acid (C(P)-SOH), which then reacts with another cysteine residue, the resolving cysteine (C(R)), to form a disulfide bridge. The disulfide is subsequently reduced by an appropriate electron donor to complete the catalytic cycle. In this atypical 2-Cys peroxiredoxin, C(R) is present in the same subunit to form an intramolecular disulfide. The disulfide is subsequently reduced by thioredoxin.
Thiol-specific peroxidase that catalyzes the reduction of hydrogen peroxide and organic hydroperoxides to water and alcohols, respectively. Plays a role in cell protection against oxidative stress by detoxifying peroxides. Involved in the photosystem II protection against hydrogen peroxide.
Forms part of the preprotein translocase complex of the outer mitochondrial membrane (TOM complex) which consists of at least 6 different proteins (TOM5, TOM6, TOM7, TOM20, TOM22/TOM9 and TOM40) (PubMed:17981999, Ref.4). Component of a mitochondrial large protein complex that contains, at least, MIC60, DGS1, TOM40, TOM20 proteins, and petC/RISP (By similarity).
There are four genes (TOM20-1, TOM20-2, TOM20-3 and TOM20-4) which encode mitochondrial import receptor subunits TOM20, but TOM20-1 is the only one that has not been directly identified in isolated mitochondria from cv. Columbia.
Acetyltransferase required for the establishment of sister chromatid cohesion (PubMed:20671110). Involved in preservation of genome integrity and meiosis (PubMed:23750584, PubMed:20671110). Required for DNA repair and for the regulation of chromosome segregation during mitotic cell division (PubMed:23750584, PubMed:20671110). Knock-down mutants are extremely dwarf (PubMed:20671110). Regulator of sister chromatid cohesion in meiosis which negatively regulates cohesin association with chromatin, acting as an antagonist of WAPL1 and WAPL2 (PubMed:26813623).
Belongs to the acetyltransferase family. ECO subfamily.
Embryo lethality, but normal endosperm development (PubMed:20671110). No effect on pollen mitosis but minor alterations in female gametophyte development (PubMed:20671110). Defective microsporangenesis and anthesis (PubMed:20671110). Major defects in vegetative growth and development, as well as complete sterility; these phenotypes are partially restored in plants also missing WAPL1 and WAPL2 (PubMed:26813623).
Expressed in roots, stems, leaves, young seedlings and flower buds. Detected in the embryo, but not in the endosperm.
Component of the general transcription and DNA repair factor IIH (TFIIH) core complex which is involved in general and transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair (NER) of damaged DNA.
A stretch of 270 kb of the mitochondrial genome is duplicated within the centromere of chromosome 2 resulting in the duplication of the gene. The expression of this duplicated gene (At2g07739) is not demonstrated.
Decreased sensitivity to ABA and salt and osmotic stresses during seed germination and early seedling development.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase involved in the positive regulation of abscisic acid (ABA) signaling and responses to salt and osmotic stresses during seed germination and early seedling development (PubMed:19286935, PubMed:21478367). Acts additively with RHA2B in regulating ABA signaling and drought response (PubMed:21478367). Possesses E3 ubiquitin ligase activity in vitro (PubMed:15644464, PubMed:19286935).
Expressed in stems, flowers, cauline leaves, rosettes, siliques, seeds and roots.
Presence of both a nuclear localization sequence (NLS) and a nuclear export sequence (NES).
The ring domain is sufficient for the interaction with ANAC.
Autophosphorylation is proposed although the protein kinase domain is predicted to be catalytically inactive.
By wounding. Rapid but transient down-regulation by salicylic acid treatment or pathogen infection.
Expressed in root tips, lateral root primordia, stipules, and floral organ abscission zones.
Interacts with At3g17950, At3g27210 and At5g05190.
F-type ATPases have 2 components, CF(1) - the catalytic core - and CF(0) - the membrane proton channel. CF(1) has five subunits: alpha(3), beta(3), gamma(1), delta(1), epsilon(1). CF(0) has four main subunits: a, b, b' and c (By similarity). Interacts with PAB (PubMed:25775508).
Produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane. The gamma chain is believed to be important in regulating ATPase activity and the flow of protons through the CF(0) complex.
Involved in biosynthesis of the epicuticular wax. Plays a role in very-long-chain fatty acid (VLCFA) biosynthesis and is required for C30 fatty acid elongation in leaf. Despite its classification as a BAHD acyltransferase based on sequence homology, CER26 does not seem to share the catalytic mechanism of the members of the BAHD family.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants have increased levels of C29 alkane and reduced levels of C31 alkane in the rosette leaf wax.
DNA-binding heterodimer with GBF2 and GBF3; non DNA-binding homodimer.
High-affinity H(+)/sulfate cotransporter that mediates the uptake of the environmental sulfate by plant roots under low-sulfur conditions. Plays a central role in the regulation of sulfate assimilation.
Interacts with OASA1 through its STAS domain.
No visible phenotype, due to redundancy with GXM2 and GXM3.
Expressed in roots, leaves, stems, flowers, buds and fruits.
Interacts with PEX6 and PEX19-1, but not with PEX1 (PubMed:21487094). Interacts (via N-terminus) with PEX13, and (via N-terminus and C-terminus) with PEX16 (PubMed:24510720).
Involved in peroxisome biogenesis and matrix protein import (PubMed:24510720). Required for pollen maturation and in vivo germination via its role in peroxisomal function, which partially involves jasmonic acid biosynthesis (PubMed:24510720). Transported to peroxisomes via the interaction with PEX19-1 (PubMed:21487094). Required for peroxisomal protein import by acting as an anchoring protein for the AAA ATPase complex, which consists of PEX1 and PEX6 (PubMed:21487094).
Not detected in microspores before and at stage of pollen mitosis I. Expressed in bicellular, tricellular and mature pollen grains.
Associates in vitro with the adrenodoxin reductase MFDR to form an efficient low potential electron transfer chain that is able to reduce cytochrome C (PubMed:12714594, PubMed:13677469). Functions as accessory mitochondrial protein involved with BIO2 in the plant biotin synthase reaction (PubMed:12714594).
Accumulates in meristematic tissues such as shoot apex and root tips, young leaf veins, stamens and stigmas of flowers, and abscission layers of young siliques. In young seedlings, present in root tips and junctions of roots and hypocotyls. Highest levels are reached in ten days old seedlings. In adult plants, confined to vasculature and hydathodes in leaves, and meristems. Also observed in floral developing organs.
Induced by P.syringae pv. tomato (PubMed:17899171). Repressed by heat stress (42 degrees Celsius) but induced by low temperature (4 degrees Celsius). Slightly repressed by NaCl (PubMed:20016941).
No obvious phenotype under heat stress (PubMed:20016941). Impaired resistance to avirulent bacteria P.syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (avrRpt2) (Ref.5).
Prevents accumulation of abscisic acid (ABA) after heat treatment, thus reducing thermotolerance. May be a negative regulator of the ABA signaling/synthesis pathway (PubMed:20016941). Required for defense responses against avirulent bacteria such as P.syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (avrRpt2) (Ref.5).
Functions as nuclear import receptor for serine-arginine rich (SR) proteins. Regulates nuclear import of SR proteins that are required for proper splicing of the two resistance (R) genes SNC1 and RPS4, a crucial step for their functions in plant immunity.
Interacts with RS2Z33, RSZ21, RS31A, SR34 and RAN1.
Accumulates during cold acclimation, especially in roots.
Chaperone that binds to RNA, single- (ssDNA) and double-stranded (dsDNA) DNA, and unwinds nucleic acid duplex. Promotes freezing tolerance.
In flowers, present in pollen within anthers. High expression in the earliest stage of silique development, with a decrease during the middle stages of silique development and subsequently an increase during the later stages.
Interacts with PTAC16, PABN1, PABN2 and PABN3.
Mostly expressed in shoot and root apices, and siliques, and, to a lower extent, in roots, cotyledons, stems, shoots, leaves, floral buds and flowers.
By exposure to high light (PubMed:19887540). Induced by heat and methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) treatment (PubMed:17158162).
Expressed in root meristem (Ref.1). Expressed in roots, rosette leaves, cauline leaves, shoot apex, stems and flowers (PubMed:17158162).
Transcriptional activator activated by proteolytic cleavage through regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP) (By similarity). Transcripition activator associated with the induction of genes related to flavonoid biosynthesis and required for the accumulation of anthocyanins in response to high light stress (PubMed:19887540). Plays a role in the regulation of 20S and 26S proteasomes in response to high light stress (PubMed:21889048).
Down-regulated during natural and dark-induced leaf senescence.
Expressed in cotyledons, pollen and young leaves.
Interacts with the light harvesting complex II (LHCII) (PubMed:25261252). Interacts with the chlorophyll catabolic enzymes (CCEs) NYC1, NOL, PAO and RCCR (PubMed:25261252).
Magnesium chelatase involved in chlorophyll a degradation in the chlorophyll-protein complexes of photosystem I (PSI) and photosystem II (PSII) (PubMed:27604697). Contributes to the degradation of PSI and PSII in the thylakoid membranes (PubMed:27604697). Recombinant SGRL possesses high dechelating activity against chlorophyllide a, very low activity against chlorophyll a, and no activity against chlorophyll b (PubMed:27604697). Contributes to abiotic stress-induced chlorophyll degradation and leaf yellowing during vegetative plant growth (PubMed:25261252).
Acts as a negative regulator of abscisic acid (ABA) response during germination through the ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis of ABI5/DPBF1.
Exhibits hypersensitivity to salt, glucose and osmotic stress and slight hypersensitivity to abscisic acid (ABA).
Forms a homodimer and heterodimer with AFP1 and AFP3. Interacts with ABI5/DPBF1, DPBF2, AREB3/DPBF3, EEL/DPBF4, ABF1, ABF3/DPBF5 and ABF4/AREB2.
Up-regulated by abscisic acid (ABA), glucose and salt.
Converts the inactive gibberellin (GA) precursors GA9 and GA20 into the bioactives gibberellins GA4 and GA1, respectively. Involved in the production of bioactive GA for vegetative growth and development.
Expressed in germinating seeds and in very young seedlings. Expressed in developing siliques 3-13 days after pollination.
Expressed in stems, roots, leaves, flowers, and siliques. Highly expressed near the nodes in stems and in the stamen filaments of flowers. Detected in developing cotyledons, vegetative shoot apical meristem and non-meristematic, non-elongation regions of the roots. Found in the cortex and the endodermis of the embryo axis in germinating seeds and in the placenta in developing siliques.
Inhibited by GA3, indicating the existence of a probable feedback loop. Inhibited by dihydro gibberellins. Regulated by phytochrome. Induced sharply after red light pulse with a peak at 4 hours, and then decreases rapidly as germination occurs. Increases again when etiolated seedling growth begins. Not regulated by long day exposure or auxin. Up-regulated by cold treatment, paclobutrazol and uniconazole P.
Semi-dwarf. Ga3ox1 and ga3ox2 double mutant has a severe defect in seed germination and root growth, and a dwarf phenotype.
Forms heterodimers with BZIP34 and BZIP61.
By ABA, osmotic stress and salt and heat treatments.
Catalyzes the demethylation of isoprenylcysteine methylesters. In vitro, is specific for N-acetyl-S-farnesyl-L-cysteine methyl ester (AFCme) and has low activity toward N-acetyl-S-geranyl-L-cysteine methyl ester (AGCme). Acts as a positive regulator of ABA signaling. May be involved in the demethylation and inactivation of isoprenylated negative regulators of abscisic acid (ABA) signaling. Carboxyl methylation is a reversible and potentially regulated step in the post-translational modification of prenylated proteins.
Plants overexpressing ICME exhibit enhanced ABA inhibition of seed germination and ABA induction of stomatal closure. Plant silencing ICME exhibit a reduced ABA sensitivity in seed germination assays.
Enhanced root waving when grown on agar plates.
Expressed in root tips and lateral root primordia.
Expressed throughout embryogenesis with higher expression in the cotyledon primordia at heart stages.
Over-expression of WAG1 induces a basal-to-apical shift in PIN1, PIN2 and PIN4 localization, resulting in the loss of auxin gradients and strong defects in embryo and seedling roots.
Serine/threonine-protein kinase involved in the regulation of auxin signaling. Acts as a positive regulator of cellular auxin efflux and regulates organ development by enhancing PIN-mediated polar auxin transport. Phosphorylates conserved serine residues in the PIN auxin efflux carriers. Phosphorylation of PIN proteins is required and sufficient for apical-basal PIN polarity that enables directional intercellular auxin fluxes, which mediate differential growth, tissue patterning and organogenesis. Acts as suppressors of root waving.
Is the major alanine aminotransferase in roots that catalyzes the conversion of alanine to pyruvate (PubMed:17319845). Involved in the rapid conversion of alanine to pyruvate during recovery from low-oxygen stress (PubMed:17319845).
Mostly expressed in roots and shoots, mostly in vascular tissues, and, to a lower extent, in flowers and leaves.
Strong overall decrease of alanine aminotransferase activity, especially in roots.
During seed coat development, expressed from linear cotyledon to mature green stages, with a peak at the bent cotyledon stage.
Glycosyltransferase involved in the formation of rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I) oligosaccharides in the seed coat mucilage, which is a specialized cell wall with abundant RG-I (PubMed:30082766). Transfers the rhamnose residue from UDP-beta-L-rhamnose to RG-I oligosaccharides (PubMed:30082766). Prefers RG-I oligosaccharides with a degree of polymerization of 5 or larger than 5 (PubMed:30082766). Does not act on oligosaccharides with a degree of polymerization of 4 or smaller than 4 (PubMed:30082766). Does not require metal ions for its activity (PubMed:30082766).
Highly expressed in siliques (PubMed:30082766). Expressed in stems and flowers (PubMed:30082766). Expressed at low levels in roots and rosette leaves (PubMed:30082766).
Reduced volume of the seed coat mucilage due to reduced levels of rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I) in the seed coat mucilage.
Mediates both basal and acquired thermotolerance. Involved in the mechanisms necessary for quick response to heat and subsequent heritable transgenerational memory of heat acclimation (global warming) such as early flowering and attenuated immunity; this process includes epigenetic regulation as well as post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) (PubMed:30778176). In response to heat, HSFA2 is activated and promotes the expression of REF6 which in turn derepresses HSFA2, thus establishing an heritable feedback loop able to trigger SGIP1 and subsequent SGIP1-mediated SGS3 degradation; this prevents the biosynthesis of trans-acting siRNA (tasiRNA) and leads to the release of HTT5, which drives early flowering but attenuates immunity (PubMed:30778176).
Target of TAS1 (trans-acting siRNA precursor 1)-derived small interfering RNAs in response to temperature variations. Up-regulated by cold (at 4 degrees Celsius) (PubMed:20622450). Highly up-regulated in seedlings exposed to heat shock (PubMed:24728648).
Interacts with GL3, BHLH2/EGL3/MYC146 and BHLH12/MYC1.
Restricted to roots and hypocotyl. Specifically expressed in root non-hair developing cells (atrichoblasts) at the N position. Also present in lateral root cap cells. In hypocotyls, expressed within files of epidermal cells located outside a single cortical cell equivalent to roots N cells (at protein level).
This protein is called 'Werewolf' because plants lacking WER exhibit hairy roots.
Transcription activator, when associated with BHLH2/EGL3/MYC146 or BHLH12/MYC1. Involved in epidermal cell fate specification in roots and hypocotyl. Together with GL3 or BHLH2, promotes the formation of non-hair developing cells (atrichoblasts) et the N position in root epidermis. Regulates stomata spatial distribution in hypocotyls. Binds to the WER-binding sites (WBS) promoter regions and activates the transcription of target genes such as GL2 and of CPC.
Transcriptional activation correlates with reduced histone acetylation on H3 and H4 mediated by HDA18 in N cells. Repressed by CPC in hair cells (H position).
Defects in meristem formation. Shoot apical meristem (SAM) terminates to a flat meristem, a small radially symmetric pin-like structure that lacks a vascular strand, a radially symmetric leaf, a single leaf or two leaves fused on their adaxial sides. Abnormal ovules and embryos. The double mutant pnh-2 han-2 has smaller inflorescence meristems (IM) and taller floral meristems (FM) leading to fewer petals (PubMed:26390296).
Expressed in roots, stems, leaves, developing embryo, siliques, inflorescences, provascular tissue, shoot apical meristem (SAM) and adaxial (upper) sides of lateral organ primordia. Observed in the floral meristem, the adaxial side of sepal primordia, and the provascular tissue (PubMed:26390296).
Interacts with GATA18/HAN and KNAT1/BP (PubMed:26390296). Interacts with RICE1 and RICE2 that act as cofactors (PubMed:28463111).
Involved in RNA-mediated post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS). Main component of the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) that binds to a short guide RNA such as a microRNA (miRNA) or small interfering RNA (siRNA). RISC uses the mature miRNA or siRNA as a guide for slicer-directed cleavage of homologous mRNAs to repress gene expression. Required for reliable formation of primary and axillary shoot apical meristems. Specifies leaf adaxial identity by repressing the miR165 and miR166 microRNAs in the embryonic shoot apex, in the shoot apical meristem (SAM) and leaf. Represses the microRNA miR398 which targets CCS1 chaperone mRNAs for translational inhibition. Acts as a negative regulator of AGO1 protein level. Like AGO1, is required for stem cell function and organ polarity. Unlike AGO1, is not subjected to small RNA-mediated repression itself. Essential for multiple processes in development. Coregulates, with GATA18/HAN, the shoot apical meristem (SAM) organization (PubMed:26390296).
Plants overexpressing AGO10 show upward curling of leaf blades and double cotyledon-like structures.
Accumulation of anthocyanins and glycosylated forms of dihydroflavonols, and drastic reduction of kaempferol, quercitin and favonol glycosides.
By light, auxin and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC).
Catalyzes the formation of flavonols from dihydroflavonols. It can act on dihydrokaempferol to produce kaempferol, on dihydroquercetin to produce quercitin and on dihydromyricetin to produce myricetin. In vitro catalyzes the oxidation of both enantiomers of naringenin to give both cis- and trans-dihydrokaempferol.
Expressed in young seedlings (at protein level). Expressed in roots, emerging leaves, shoot-root transition zone, trichomes, flowers and siliques. In cotyledons, expressed mostly on the adaxial side and only in guard cells on the abaxial side.
Expressed in seedlings, young leaves, floral organs, shoot apical meristems (SAM) and inflorescence stems.
Induced by the elevation of ambient temperature both in the nucleus and the cytosol.
Interacts with RPP13L4/ZAR1 (PubMed:24170858, PubMed:26355215, PubMed:28499073, PubMed:28652264). Component of an immune signaling complex made of, at least, SZE1, BKN2/SZE2, ZAR1 and ZED1 (PubMed:30947022). Binds directly to SZE1 at the plasma membrane (PubMed:30947022).
Reduced resistance to Pseudomonas syringae expressing HopZ1a (PubMed:26355215). The double mutant zed1-6 zrk12-1 exhibits short inflorescence stem and autoimmunity symptoms when grown at 25 degrees Celsius (PubMed:28499073).
Together with RPP13L4/ZAR1, involved in the ambient temperature (above 22 degrees Celsius)-sensitive aerial organ development (PubMed:28499073). Together with RPP13L4/ZAR1, involved in the regulation of the ambient temperature-sensitive intersection of growth and immune response in the absence of pathogens, by repressing the transcription of SNC1 (PubMed:28499073). Probable non-functional kinase required for recognition of the Pseudomonas syringae type III effector HopZ1a by RPP13L4/ZAR1 and, together with SZE1 and SZE2, to trigger subsequent defense responses (PubMed:24170858, PubMed:26355215, PubMed:28652264, PubMed:30947022). May function as a decoy to trap HopZ1a in the ZAR1 complex for recognition by the plant immune system (PubMed:24170858).
Interacts in vitro with ROPGEF1 (via PRONE domain) (PubMed:23024212). Interacts weakly with the GRI peptide (PubMed:25398910).
By infection with the bacterial pathogen P.syringae pv. tomato strain DC3000.
Defective in root hair expansion (PubMed:20562230). Mutant plants are resistant to the inhibitory effect of intermediate levels of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and 2,4-DB on root elongation (PubMed:17277896, PubMed:18725356).
Involved with IBR1 and IBR10 in the peroxisomal beta-oxidation of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) to form indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), a biologically active auxin (PubMed:20562230). May be responsible for catalyzing the first step in IBA-CoA beta-oxidation (PubMed:17277896). May play a role in defense response to pathogenic bacteria (PubMed:23906045).
Plants over-expressing IBR3 exhibit enhanced susceptibility to the bacterial pathogen P.syringae pv. tomato strain DC3000.
Enhanced susceptibility to pathogen powdery mildew E.cichoracearum.
Required for defense against powdery mildew pathogen.
Mediates an active uptake of hexoses, probably by sugar/hydrogen symport. Can transport glucose, galactose, mannose, xylose and 3-O-methylglucose, but not fructose and ribose.
Specifically expressed in germinating pollen and pollen tube (at protein level).
Expressed at low levels in seedlings, roots and inflorescence.
Extracellular signal peptide that regulates cell fate. Represses tracheary element differentiation but promotes the formation of procambial cells.
The O-glycosylation (arabinosylation) of the hydroxyproline Pro-82 enhances binding affinity of the CLE42p peptide for its receptor.
Reduced levels of arabinogalactan proteins (PubMed:26690932). Defects in root hair growth, root elongation, pollen tube growth, flowering time, leaf development, silique length and inflorescence growth. Increased sensitivity to salt stress (PubMed:25974423).
Expressed in trichomes, epidermis and mesophyll cells of young leaves, stems, petals, sepals, carpels and stamens.
Involved in the control of epidermal cell morphogenesis in petals. Promotes unidirectional cell expansion once outgrowth has been initiated (PubMed:17376813). Coordinately with WIN1/SHN1, participates in the regulation of cuticle biosynthesis and wax accumulation in reproductive organs and trichomes. Functions in cuticle nanoridge formation in petals and stamens, and in morphogenesis of petal conical cells and trichomes (PubMed:23709630). Functions as a major regulator of cuticle formation in vegetative organs by regulating the cuticle biosynthesis genes CYP86A8/LCR and CER1 (PubMed:24169067).
Disulfide bonds; Cys-11 and Cys-105 are probably involved in the formation of disulfide bridges with 'Cys-300' and 'Cys-303' of PGRL1A. 'Cys-272' and 'Cys-275' of PGRL1A may also be used to form the disulfide bridges, but in this case the cyclic electron flow is lost.
Involved in the regulation of the cyclic electron flow (CEF) around Photosystem I. Essential for the reduction of PGRL1A by ferredoxin and for photoprotection. Contributes to maximize photosynthesis efficiency after a long dark adaptation via the regulation of non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) (PubMed:32978277).
The kea3 pgr5 double mutant combines the phenotypes of the single mutants in non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) induction upon overnight dark adaptation.
Homodimer or homooligomer (PubMed:24909329). Interacts with the cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) NTP-binding protein (NTB) (PubMed:11907339). Interacts with NET3C (PubMed:24909329).
Part of a membrane-cytoskeletal adapter complex that forms a bridge between the endoplasmic reticulum and the plasma membrane. Associates with microtubules.
Involved in meristem development. Acts as negative regulator of the CUC-STM pathway in shoot apical meristem (SAM) neo-formation.
Putative microtubule-associated force-producing protein, able to bind and hydrolyze GTP.
Acylhydrolase with a broad specificity. Catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine at the sn-1 position. Moderate activity toward phosphatidylcholine (PC), monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG), digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) and triacylglycerol (TAG). May display dual sn-1/sn-2 substrate specificity. Could be involved in early wound response.
No visible phenotype under standard growth phenotype. Decreased dinor-12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (dnOPDA) formation.
Not induced by wounding (PubMed:18267087). Induced by wounding (PubMed:24430866).
Enhances phenotypes of the lhp1-3 mutant, thus leading to reduced plant size, early flowering in all photoperiod conditions and altered leaf morphology, associated with an increased expression of H3K27me3-positive genes.
Expressed in root meristematic zones, initiating lateral roots, young leaves and the shoot apex.
Interacts with EZA1/SWN, LHP1, SLD5 and CLF in the nucleus.
Mainly expressed in dividing cells such as primary roots of seedlings (within the meristematic zone but not in the differentiation zone), lateral roots primordia, developiong leaves and shoot apices.
Participates in maintaining the H3K27me3 mark at target genes by interacting with LHP1-PRC2 complexes during replication, thus contributing to H3K27me3 inheritance.
Component of the elongator complex which consists of ELP1/ELO2, ELP2, ELP3/ELO3, ELP4/ELO1, ELP5, and ELP6.
Component of the elongator complex which is required for multiple tRNA modifications, including mcm5U (5-methoxycarbonylmethyl uridine), mcm5s2U (5-methoxycarbonylmethyl-2-thiouridine), and ncm5U (5-carbamoylmethyl uridine) (By similarity). The elongator complex catalyzes the formation of carboxymethyluridine in the wobble base at position 34 in tRNAs (By similarity).
C-S lyase involved in glucosinolate biosynthesis. Converts S-(alkylacetohydroximoyl)-L-cysteine to thiohydroximate. Functions in auxin homeostasis. Probably required for glucosinolate activation in response to pathogens.
Hyperproliferation of lateral roots. Small and epinastic cotyledons and true leaves. Rare floral organs and sterile flowers. High levels of endogenous free and conjugated auxin.
TRAP proteins are part of a complex whose function is to bind calcium to the ER membrane and thereby regulate the retention of ER resident proteins.
Interacts with COP1 and CO (PubMed:12887588, PubMed:16854975). Binds to CRY1 in response to blue light, this interaction prevents SPA1/COP1 complex formation and thus avoid COP1-dependent degradation of the transcription factor HY5 by the proteasome and promotes hypocotyl elongation (PubMed:21511871).
Could be the product of a pseudogene. In strain cv. Columbia, a naturally occurring variation results in the deletion of 35 amino acids in the middle part of the protein. Lacks part of the extracellular leucine-rich repeats that are required for the specificity of the elicitor protein recognition.
Acts as negative regulator of seedling photomorphogenesis and light-regulated inhibition of hypocotyl elongation (PubMed:17605755, PubMed:18540109, PubMed:21685177). BBX24/STO and BBX25/STH function as transcriptional corepressors of HY5 activity, leading to the down-regulation of BBX22 expression. BBX24/STO acts additively with BBX25/STH during de-etiolation and the hypocotyl shade avoidance response (PubMed:23624715). Functions as negative regulator of photomorphogenic UV-B responses by interacting with both COP1 and HY5 (PubMed:22410790). May act as a transcription factor in the salt-stress response (PubMed:12909688).
BBX24/STO expression is not changed in plants treated with increasing salt concentrations.
COP1-mediated ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of BBX24/STO occurs in the dark.
Circadian regulation with a peak before dawn.
High expression in leaves and lower in roots and flowers.
Interacts with COP1 WD40 domain (PubMed:11226162, PubMed:21685177, PubMed:22410790). Interacts with HY5 (PubMed:22410790, PubMed:23733077) and HYH (PubMed:23733077). Interacts with RCD1 and TRP4 (PubMed:11018516, PubMed:12909688).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant seedlings show reduction of hypocotyls length when grown under continuous blue light and a short primary root phenotype under UV-B radiation.
Found in a nuclear export complex with RanGTP, exportin and pre-miRNA (By similarity). Interacts with RanBP1a and RanBP1b (PubMed:9025305). Interacts with KPNB1 (PubMed:23582042).
Induced by salt treatment. Regulated by light.
Binds reversibly to PME3 to inhibit its activity; the stability of the PME3-PMEI9 complex and the inhibition of the pectin methylesterase (PME) activity is pH-dependent, based on protonation status of amino-acids at the complex interface.
Highly expressed in roots and etiolated hypocotyls. Expressed in seedlings, leaves, stems, siliques, floral buds and mature seeds.
Pectin methylesterase (PME) inhibitor that probably targets root-expressed PME and PME3 in a moderate pH-dependent manner, mainly in slightly acidic conditions (pH 6.3 and 5.0) and to some extent at pH 7.5; this processus relies on changes in the protonation of amino acids involved in intermolecular and intramolecular interactions (PubMed:28034952). Regulates de-methylesterification of pectins in roots and affects root growth (PubMed:28034952).
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS8 family.
Binds A/T-rich DNA with a highly dynamic distribution into the nucleus.
Lacks phosphorylation sites present in ortholog HMGA proteins.
Mostly expressed in flowers (especially in styles and filaments, and, at lower levels, in sepals and ovaries) and developing siliques, and, to a lower extent, in leaves, cotyledons, lateral roots and root tips.
Chaperone involved in the maturation of iron-sulfur [Fe-S] cluster-containing proteins. Has a low intrinsic ATPase activity which is markedly stimulated by HSCB and ISU1 (By similarity). In cooperation with other chaperones, Hsp70s are key components that facilitate folding of de novo synthesized proteins, assist translocation of precursor proteins into organelles, and are responsible for degradation of damaged protein under stress conditions (Probable).
Expressed in root vasculature, cotyledons, leaves, stems, vascular tissue of sepals, petals and stamens, pollen grains, mature siliques and abscission region of seeds.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants have strong reduction of arabinose content in leaves and stems due to a decreased content of pectic arabinan.
Probable arabinosyl transferase responsible for the polymerization of arabinose into the arabinan of arabinogalactan. May function as inverting enzyme using UDP-beta-L-arabinopyranoside. May be important for arabinan side chains of rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I), a major component of pectins. Cell wall pectic arabinans are involved in thigmomorphogenesis response of inflorescence stems to mechanical stress.
Belongs to the plant Mediator complex subunit 30 family.
Component of the endosomal sorting required for transport complex III (ESCRT-III), composed at least of VPS2, VPS20, VPS24 and VPS32 (By similarity). Interacts with SKD1 (PubMed:21810997, PubMed:24812106).
Lacks the conserved cysteine (here Ser-39), present in the redox-active center, which is one of the conserved features of the thioredoxin family.
A stretch of 270 kb of the mitochondrial genome is duplicated within the centromere of chromosome 2 resulting in the duplication of the gene. The expression of this duplicated gene (At2g07734) is not demonstrated. It is also probably not RNA edited and therefore differs in all the positions known to be edited.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. BUD23/WBSCR22 family.
Essential protein (PubMed:21401745). S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyltransferase that specifically methylates the N(7) position of a guanine in 18S rRNA. Requires the methyltransferase adapter protein TRM112 for full rRNA methyltransferase activity. Important for biogenesis end export of the 40S ribosomal subunit independent on its methyltransferase activity (By similarity). Involved in the pre-rRNA processing steps in the nucleolus leading to small-subunit rRNA production independently of its RNA-modifying catalytic activity. Supports cell proliferation (PubMed:21401745). Required for the initiation of lateral root primordia formation and for the root apical meristem (RAM) organization as well as for leaves development (PubMed:14522871). During callus formation from hypocotyl and root explants, required for the initial stage of reactivation of cell proliferation in the hypocotyl stele (PubMed:21401745). Involved in leaf polarity establishment by functioning cooperatively with AS2 to repress abaxial genes ARF3, ARF4, KAN1, KAN2, YAB1 and YAB5, and the knox homeobox genes KNAT1, KNAT2, KNAT6, and STM to promote adaxial development in leaf primordia at shoot apical meristems at high temperatures (PubMed:27334696).
In seedlings, expressed in the subapical region of the primary roots, in lateral root primordia, in developing trichomes and in stipules. In flowers, observed in pollens, embryo sacs and embryos. In roots, present at low levels in the stele. When grown on callus-inducing medium (CIM), accumulates strongly in the root stele where callus formation starts.
Plants homozygous for the rid2-2 or rid2-3 mutation are lethal (PubMed:21401745). Exhibits pointed leaves. Plants with double mutations in this protein and in AS2 have short filamentous leaves at high temperatures (PubMed:27334696).
Highly expressed in rosette leaves and inflorescence. Expressed at low levels in cotyledons, stems, cauline leaves and siliques.
Narrow, serrated and flat rosette leaves, early flowering, weak apical dominance and reduced fertility, partially due to defect in cell proliferation (PubMed:18485060). Reduced seed weight (PubMed:24585836).
Recognizes and hydrolyzes the peptide bond at the C-terminal Gly of ubiquitin. Involved in the processing of poly-ubiquitin precursors as well as that of ubiquitinated proteins (Probable). Involved in the regulation of organ size. Acts as positive regulator of cell proliferation. Possesses deubiquitinating enzyme activity in vitro. The enzyme activity of UBP15 is required for its function in regulation of cell proliferation (PubMed:18485060). Functions antagonistically in a common pathway with DA1 to regulate seed size. Acts maternally to regulate seed size by promoting cell proliferation in the integuments of ovules and developing seeds. Functions independently of DA2 and BB (PubMed:24585836).
Can complement the protophloem differentiation defect phenotypes of ops, brx and brx ops mutants.
Phosphorylation at Ser-260 amplifies the promotion of protophloem differentiation.
Potentiates primary root protophloem differentiation. Regulates roots architecture.
Delayed growth, small siliques with defects in fertility, and alterations of seed and fruit development (PubMed:18820081). Reduced respiratory rates, pyruvate levels and Krebs cycle intermediates (PubMed:18820081). Increased reactive oxygen species levels (PubMed:18820081). The double mutant gapc1 gapc2 has an impaired ability to enhance heat tolerance of seedlings and to promote the expression of heat-inducible genes (PubMed:32651385).
Expressed in leaves, stems and siliques and at lower levels in roots and flowers.
Homotetramer (By similarity). Interacts with PLDDELTA (PubMed:22589465). Interacts with FBA6 and VDAC3 (PubMed:23316205). Binds to DPB3-1/NF-YC10 in response to heat-stress; this interaction promotes DPB3-1/NF-YC10 DNA-binding ability to its target promoter (PubMed:32651385).
Inhibition by oxidized glutathione (GSSG), S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), hydrogen peroxide and sodium nitroprusside (SNP).
Key enzyme in glycolysis that catalyzes the first step of the pathway by converting D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) into 3-phospho-D-glyceroyl phosphate. Essential for the maintenance of cellular ATP levels and carbohydrate metabolism. Required for full fertility (PubMed:18820081). Involved in response to oxidative stress by mediating plant responses to abscisic acid (ABA) and water deficits through the activation of PLDDELTA and production of phosphatidic acid (PA), a multifunctional stress signaling lipid in plants (PubMed:22589465). Associates with FBA6 to the outer mitochondrial membrane, in a redox-dependent manner, leading to binding and bundling of actin. Actin binding and bundling occurs under oxidizing conditions and is reversible under reducing conditions. May be part of a redox-dependent retrograde signal transduction network for adaptation upon oxidative stress (PubMed:23316205). Binds DNA in vitro. Together with DNA polymerase II subunit B3-1 (DPB3-1) and GAPC2, enhances heat tolerance and promotes the expression of heat-inducible genes (PubMed:32651385).
S-glutathionylation at Cys-156 in the presence of oxidized glutathione (GSSG). S-nitrosylation in the presence of S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) or sodium nitroprusside (SNP). These reactions may be both a protective mechanism against irreversible oxidation and a mean to store inhibited enzyme in a recoverable form. Glutathionylation is reversed by both glutaredoxins and thioredoxins in vitro.
By salinity, drought, submergence, cold and heat stresses, and ozone.
Follows a sequentially ordered Bi-Bi catalytic mechanism involving the complexation of NADPH to the enzyme before glyoxylate or SSA, and the release of NADP(+) before glycolate or gamma-hydroxybutyrate, respectively. Although GLYR1 acts as an aldo/keto reductase, it has no significant homology with either mammalian and bacterial NADPH-dependent SSA reductases.
Belongs to the mandelate racemase/muconate lactonizing enzyme family.
Inhibited by N-methylmaleimide (NEM), but not by E64, benzamidine, aprotinin, leupeptin, pefabloc, pepstatin A, EGTA, EDTA and 1,10-phenanthroline.
Monomer and homodimer. Multimerization requires calcium ions (By similarity).
No visible phenotype, but loss of processing of glyoxysomal precursor proteins. Increased resistance to the herbicide precursor 4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) butyric acid (2,4-DB) and to the inhibitory effects of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) on root elongation.
Trypsin-like serine endopeptidase involved in the processing of glyoxysomal higher molecular weight precursor. The dimeric form carries out the specific cleavages needed to remove PTS2-containing presequences, whereas the monomeric form degrades the removed presequences and misfolded proteins (Probable). Not required for degradation of glyoxylate cycle enzymes during seedling development.
Major isoform, probably not functional. May be due to competing donor splice site.
Plasma membrane inositol-proton symporter.
Induced by infection with avirulent Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst DC3000) carrying the avirulence gene avrRpt2. Down-regulated by Pst DC3000 virulence factors AvrE and HopM1.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plant display enhanced susceptibility to the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst DC3000).
Required for plant immunity against the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst DC3000).
Activated by PDK1. Repressed during osmotic stress.
Downstream effector of TOR signaling pathway involved in osmotic stress response (PubMed:20683442). Could be involved in the control of plant growth and development (PubMed:20683442). Phosphorylates the ribosomal proteins P14, P16 and S6 (PubMed:20683442). Functions as a repressor of cell proliferation and required for maintenance of chromosome stability and ploidy levels through the RBR1-E2F pathway (PubMed:20683442). Mediates the phosphorylation of MRFs (e.g. MRF1) (PubMed:29084871).
Interacts with RAPTOR1 (PubMed:16377759). Interacts with RBR1-E2FB complex through its LVxCxE motif (PubMed:20683442). Interacts with TAP46 (PubMed:25399018). Binds to MRF1 (PubMed:29084871).
Plants overexpressing KPK1 are hypersensitive to osmotic stress.
Predominates during high metabolic activity in growing buds, root tips, leaf margins and germinating seeds.
Undergoes serine-specific autophosphorylation. Phosphorylated at Thr-449 by TOR.
By P.syringae pv. maculicola and pv. tomato. Induced by PAD4 locally at the infection site and in a salicylic acid-dependent manner systemically.
Catalyzes the conjugation of specific amino acids (e.g. Glu and possibly His, Lys, and Met) to their preferred acyl substrates (e.g. 4-substituted benzoates), in a magnesium ion- and ATP-dependent manner. Can use 4-substituted benzoates such as 4-aminobenzoate (pABA), 4-fluorobenzoate and 4-hydroxybenzoate (4-HBA), and, to a lesser extent, benzoate, vanillate and trans-cinnamate, but not 2-substituted benzoates and salicylic acid (SA), as conjugating acyl substrates. Involved in both basal and induced resistance in a SA-dependent manner. Confers resistance to virulent and avirulent pathogens (at least bacteria and oomycetes), and promotes SA glucosides accumulation. Required for the establishment of hyper-sensitive response (HR) upon incompatible interaction and subsequent systemic acquired resistance (SAR).
Enhanced susceptibility to virulent and avirulent bacterial pathogens P.syringae pv. tomato and pv. maculicola ES4326 with or without DC3000(avrPphB, avrRpt2, avrB, avrRpm1, or avrRps4) as well as to the oomycete pathogen Hyaloperonospora parasitica (downy mildew) isolates Emoy2, Hind4, Hiks1, Wela3, Cand5, and Wand1. Impaired hyper-sensitive response (HR) and systemic acquired resistance (SAR). Compromised salicylic acid glucosides (SAG) accumulation. Resistance is partially rescued by SA treatment.
Expressed in seedlings, mostly in cotyledons, leaves, hypocotyls and sporadically in roots. Not detected in unchallenged adult plants, except in flowers.
Observed in young plants. In flowers, first detected in flower buds at the beginning of the floral stage 13. In petals, levels fade out during flower maturation do disappear at floral opening. Present in sepals and to some extent in stamen and carpel.
Specifically and reversibly inhibited by salicylic acid (SA).
Forms homodimer and may homooligomerize and heterooligomerize to form the phragmoplastin complex (PubMed:14750520). Binds to PHIP1 (PubMed:18621982).
Microtubule-associated force-producing protein that is targeted to the growing edges of the cell plate during cytokinesis. Also plays a major role in plasma membrane maintenance during pollen maturation (PubMed:18344418). Has a GTPase activity (By similarity).
Appears to be a chloroplast envelope-located membrane protein lacking an N-terminal-located transit peptide.
Mediates folate import into chloroplast.
Belongs to the OEP80 (TC 1.B.33.2) family.
Plays an essential role during early stages of plastid development.
Probably not processed upon targeting to chloroplasts. The targeting is independent of the general import pathway.
The N-terminal domain (1-52) is not required for import, membrane integration or activity.
The hydrophobic-rich region (HR-A/B) corresponds to the oligomerization domain. AHA motifs are transcriptional activator elements.
Plants grow slightly slower and are slightly smaller than wild-type. Somewhat photoinhibited, in strong light the amount of D1 (psbA) protein decreased faster than wild-type and thus levels of PSII are decreased.
Probably involved in repair of photodamaged photosystem II (PSII).
Was also called At1g03610 (in AAM47889).
Found in a post-splicing messenger ribonucleoprotein (mRNP) complex. Associates with the exon junction complex (EJC). Interacts with UPF1 and UPF3 (By similarity).
Recruited by UPF3 associated with the EJC core at the cytoplasmic side of the nuclear envelope and the subsequent formation of an UPF1-UPF2-UPF3 surveillance complex (including UPF1 bound to release factors at the stalled ribosome) is believed to activate NMD. In cooperation with UPF3 stimulates both ATPase and RNA helicase activities of UPF1. Binds spliced mRNA (By similarity). Involved in nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) of mRNAs containing premature stop codons by associating with the nuclear exon junction complex (EJC). Required for plant development and adaptation to environmental stresses, including plant defense and response to wounding.
Seedling lethal. Accumulation of mRNAs with premature termination codons (PTC). Photoperiod-dependent altered development and stress responses; in long days (16 hours light), altered organ morphologies (e.g. epinastic leaves, small rosette size, long seeds, some abnormal flowers and stunted stem growth), disturbed homeostasis of wounding-induced jasmonic acid and pathogen-elicited salicylic acid. Increased resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato strain DC3000.
Activated in response to cold and salt stresses through serine and threonine phosphorylation by MEKK1.
Interacts with MEKK1, MPK4 and MPK6. May form a ternary complex composed of MEKK1 and MKK1/MKK2 and MPK4. Interacts with MPK10 and MPK11. Interacts with MAPKKK5 mainly in the cytosol (PubMed:27679653).
MEKK1, MKK1/MKK2 and MPK4 function in a signaling pathway that modulates the expression of genes responding to biotic and abiotic stresses and also plays an important role in pathogen defense by negatively regulating innate immunity. Plays a role in abiotic stress tolerance and plant disease resistance through activation of MPK4 and MPK6 by phosphorylation. Acts redundantly with MKK1.
No obvious developmental defects under normal growth conditions. Simultaneous knockdown of MKK1 and MKK2 results in dwarf and small plants exhibiting a seedling-lethality phenotype.
Phosphorylation at Thr-220 and Thr-226 by MAP kinase kinase kinases positively regulates kinase activity. Phosphorylated by MEKK1 in response to cold (PubMed:23857079). Phosphorylated by MAPKKK5 (PubMed:27679653).
By abscisic acid (ABA) and the cytokinin benzyladenine (BA).
Highly expressed in roots and at lower levels in stems and flowers.
Extracellular signal peptide that regulates cell fate. Represses root apical meristem maintenance. Inhibits irreversibly root growth by reducing cell division rates in the root apical meristem (PubMed:20697738). Regulates the transition of protophloem cells from proliferation to differentiation, thus impinging on postembryonic growth capacity of the root meristem; this signaling pathway requires CRN and CLV2 (PubMed:28607033).
Mostly expressed in roots, seedlings, leaves, flowers, stems and apex, and, to a lower extent, in siliques and pollen.
May be involved in the stable assembly of several 4Fe-4S cluster-containing complexes of mitochondria.
The APO repeats may provide ligands for 4Fe-4S centers.
Involved in the homologous recombination repair (HRR) pathway of double-stranded DNA, thought to repair chromosomal fragmentation, translocations and deletions.
Associates with CDK-2 and CDK-3 and activates the CDK kinases.
Interacts with CDKA-1, CDKD-2 and CDKD-3, but not CDKD-1 and CDKF-1.
Mono-, di- or trimethylated at the N-terminus to form H2BA1me1/2/3. H2BA1me2 may be acetylated to form H2BA1me2K6ac and H2BA1me2K6acK11ac.
Strong up-regulation during the S-phase.
To ensure consistency between histone entries, we follow the 'Brno' nomenclature for histone modifications, with positions referring to those used in the literature for the 'closest' model organism. Due to slight variations in histone sequences between organisms and to the presence of initiator methionine in UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot sequences, the actual positions of modified amino acids in the sequence generally differ. In this entry the following conventions are used: H2BA1me1/2/3 = mono-, di- and trimethylated Ala-2; H2BK6ac = acetylated Lys-7; H2BK11ac = acetylated Lys-12; H2BK22ac = acetylated Lys-28; H2BK27ac = acetylated Lys-33; H2BK33ac = acetylated Lys-39; H2BK34ac = acetylated Lys-40; H2BK143ub1 = monoubiquitinated Lys-146.
Impaired chloroplastic NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (NDH) activity.
Interacts with ORRM1 (PubMed:23487777). Interacts with VAR3/OZ1 (PubMed:25768119).
Involved in multiple sites RNA editing events in chloroplasts. Involved in the editing of the site 2 of ndhB (ndhB-2) and site 3 of ndhD (ndhD-3) transcripts, which are two plastid-encoded subunits of the chloroplast NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (NDH) complex. Required for the activity of the NDH complex of the photosynthetic electron transport chain.
The DYW motif is dispensable for editing activity in vivo.
The PMEI regions may act as autoinhibitory domains and prevent untimely PME activity during transport.
Expressed at a relatively uniform, low level at most stages of development. Observed in cotyledons and hypocotyls of young seedling. Expressed in apical meristems. Found in the whole roots. Expressed in middle-aged leaves. In flowers, mostly localized in meristems, but is also present in all organs.
Homodimer, heterodimer with TOC33, and monomer. Part of the TOC core complex that includes 1 protein for the specific recognition of transit peptides surrounded by a ring composed of four proteins forming translocation channels, and four to five GTP-binding proteins providing energy. This core complex can interact with components of the TIC complex to form a larger import complex. Chloroplastic protein precursor such as prSS (precursor of the RuBisCO small subunit) interacts with these complexes. The TOC complex contains a specific subset of polar lipids such as digalactosyldiacylglyceride (DGDG), phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylglycerol (PG). Interacts at least with TOC75. Interacts with AKR2A and AKR2B (PubMed:20215589).
Induced in light but repressed in darkness.
Mostly expressed in roots and flowers, and, to a lower extent, in seedlings, stems, and leaves.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bS20 family.
Down-regulated by pathogen. Up-regulated by light.
NDH shuttles electrons from NAD(P)H:plastoquinone, via FMN and iron-sulfur (Fe-S) centers, to quinones in the photosynthetic chain and possibly in a chloroplast respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme in this species is believed to be plastoquinone. Couples the redox reaction to proton translocation, and thus conserves the redox energy in a proton gradient (Probable). PPIases accelerate the folding of proteins. It catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptides. Responsible, with FKBP13, for all PPIase activity observed in thylakoid lumen. Modulates the conformation of BZR1, which regulates flowering (PubMed:16765949, PubMed:23897924).
Part of the chloroplast NDH complex, composed of a mixture of chloroplast and nucleus encoded subunits. Component of the NDH lumenal subcomplex, at least composed of PnsL1, PnsL2, PnsL3, PnsL4 and PnsL5 (PubMed:21785130). Interacts with AHK2 and BZR1 (PubMed:18642946, PubMed:23897924).
Belongs to the CND1 (condensin subunit 1) family.
Essential protein (PubMed:23929493). Regulatory subunit of the condensin complex, a complex required for conversion of interphase chromatin into mitotic-like condense chromosomes (By similarity). The condensin complex probably introduces positive supercoils into relaxed DNA in the presence of type I topoisomerases and converts nicked DNA into positive knotted forms in the presence of type II topoisomerases (By similarity). Required for fertility, growth and euchromatin organization, but not for sister chromatid cohesion (PubMed:23929493). Necessary to maintain normal structural integrity of the meiotic chromosomes during the two nuclear divisions of gametogenesis, especially to maintain compaction of the centromeric repeats and 45S rDNA (PubMed:25065716). Seems also involved in crossover formation during meiotic prophase I (PubMed:25065716). Prevents centromeric and pericentromeric heterochromatin repeats association (PubMed:23929493). Contributes to the induction of stress-responsive genes in response to stress treatment (PubMed:16856987).
Homozygous mutants are not viable (PubMed:23929493). Heterozygous mutants exhibit a reduced fertility (PubMed:23929493, PubMed:25065716). Non-structural maintenance of chromosomes condensing subunit (PubMed:23929493). During meiosis, elongated chromosome at metaphase I, stretched centromeric DNA at metaphase I as well as a slight reduction in crossover formation (PubMed:25065716). Reduced expression of stress-responsive genes in the root tip in response to stress treatment (PubMed:16856987).
Mostly expressed at bolting, flowering and during seed formation.
Regulated in a cell cycle-dependent manner with an increase during G2 phase, highest levels in the middle of G2 and a drop during mitosis.
Regulatory subunit of the condensin complex, a complex required for conversion of interphase chromatin into mitotic-like condense chromosomes. The condensin complex probably introduces positive supercoils into relaxed DNA in the presence of type I topoisomerases and converts nicked DNA into positive knotted forms in the presence of type II topoisomerases.
According to PubMed:18060440, it is predicted to be a non-inhibitory serpin due to Val-384 and Thr-385 which differ from the conserved residues in the reactive center loop (RCL) that is involved after cleavage in covalent linking and inhibition of the target proteinase.
Weakly expressed during seedling development.
Increased expression during seed development and as pollen development proceeded from uninucleate microspore to mature pollen.
Involved in the esterification of cycloartenol. Not implicated in the formation of sterol esters in flowers or during seed maturation. Has a substrate preference toward saturated fatty acyl donors (16:0 > 18:0 > 16:1 > 18:1). Does not require triacyglycerols (TAGs) as a fatty acyl donor, and is unable to acylate diacylglycerol to produce TAG.
Mostly expressed in leaves and apex, and, to a lower extent, in seedlings, flowers, stems and siliques.
The O-glycosylation (arabinosylation) of the hydroxyproline Pro-100 enhances binding affinity of the CLE21p peptide for its receptor.
By abscisic acid, jasmonate, salicylic acid, wounding and flagellin 22, a pathogen elicitor.
Expressed at similar levels in all tissues tested. Highest expression is seen in siliques.
Flavoenzyme involved in polyamine back-conversion (PubMed:18583528, PubMed:20532512, PubMed:21081665). Catalyzes the oxidation of the secondary amino group of polyamines, such as spermine, spermidine and their acetyl derivatives (PubMed:18583528, PubMed:20532512, PubMed:21081665). Substrate preference is spermidine > spermine > N(1)-acetylspermidine > N(1)-acetylspermine (PubMed:18583528). Plays an important role in the regulation of polyamine intracellular concentration (Probable). Involved in the production of hydrogen peroxide during pollen tube growth (PubMed:20626657). Hydrogen peroxide triggers the opening of the hyperpolarization-activated calcium permeable channels in pollen, and thus regulates pollen tube growth (PubMed:20626657).
Inhibited by guazatine, aminoguanidine and putrescine.
Lignin degradation and detoxification of lignin-derived products (By similarity). Involved in lignin synthesis in seed coats, in seed coat permeability, in seed germination, and in root elongation. Required for the seed coat (testa) brown pigmentation by mediating the polymerization of proanthocyanidin (tannin) from its monomer precursor epicatechin. Slightly promotes seed dormancy.
Mostly expressed in siliques, particularly in developing seeds. Also detected at low levels in stems, seedlings, and flowers.
Transcript levels increase during rosette leaves development. In the inflorescence stem, highest levels in the young, developing tip and lowest levels in the basal stem tissues. Strong increase 4 days after fertilization. Specifically localized in developing seed coat (testa). Detected in the endothelium and in the pigment strand at the chalaza zone during early stages of embryo morphogenesis. Later, the activity increased and spread to the outer integument, mostly in the oil penultimate cell layer. Strongly expressed in early aborted seeds and in the transmitting tissue of the silique.
Catalyzes the formation of 1,2-bis-O-sinapoyl beta-D-glucoside.
Catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of trans-2-enoyl thioesters in mitochondrial fatty acid synthesis (fatty acid synthesis type II). Fatty acid chain elongation in mitochondria uses acyl carrier protein (ACP) as an acyl group carrier, but the enzyme accepts both ACP and CoA thioesters as substrates in vitro.
Expressed in roots, stems, leaves, flowers and siliques (PubMed:12376623). Specific expression in the pollen tube (PubMed:23384085).
Gametophytic male sterility due to reduced pollen tube growth and compromised directional ovular guidance cues sensing in the female transmitting tract, thus leading to an abnormal pollen tubes guidance growth toward micropyles (PubMed:24963069, PubMed:27872247, PubMed:23384085). Normal pollen development, hydration and germination (PubMed:23384085). Disrupted apical pectin cap and cellulose microfibrils deposition in pollen tubes resulting in an abnormal cell wall organization (PubMed:23384085).
Involved in the deposition of apical pectin cap and cellulose microfibrils in pollen tubes (PubMed:23384085). Not essential for pollen development, hydration or germination, but required for pollen tubes growth in the female transmitting tract of pistil and toward micropyles, via the perception of ovule guidance cues (PubMed:23384085, PubMed:24963069, PubMed:27872247).
The GPI-anchor attachment at Ser-646 requires APTG1.
'Empfindlicher im dunkelroten licht' means sensitive to far-red light in German.
Component of SCF(ASK-cullin-F-box) E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes, which may mediate the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins. Negative regulator of the phyA signaling pathway that shifts the responsiveness of the phyA signaling system associated with hypocotyl elongation from red to far-red wavelength.
Probable component of an E3 ubiquitin ligase SCF complex. Interacts with SKP1A/ASK1 and SKP1B/ASK2.
The F-box domain is required for the interaction with SKP1A and SKP1B.
By salt stress, but not by abscisic acid.
Acts as a component involved in the crosstalk regulation between light, hormone and abiotic stress response.
Induced by auxin, abscisic acid (ABA), ethylene, mannitol and salt stress. Down-regulated by dark.
Involved in RNA-mediated post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS). Main component of the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) that binds to a short guide RNA such as a microRNA (miRNA) or small interfering RNA (siRNA). RISC uses the mature miRNA or siRNA as a guide for slicer-directed cleavage of homologous mRNAs to repress gene expression (By similarity).
In elongating stem internodes, expressed in developing protoxylem and elongating interfascicular fiber cells. In non-elongating internodes, expressed in developing metaxylem cells and interfascicular fibers. In roots, expressed in developing secondary xylem.
Plants silencing MYB54 exhibit secondary cell wall (SCW) defects including severe reduction in SCW thickening in both interfascicular fibers and xylary fibers of inflorescence stems.
Transcription factor that regulates secondary cell wall (SCW) biosynthesis, especially in interfascicular and xylary fibers.
In flowers, expressed in the anther wall.
Belongs to the deoxyhypusine synthase family.
Catalyzes the NAD-dependent oxidative cleavage of spermidine and the subsequent transfer of the butylamine moiety of spermidine to the epsilon-amino group of a specific lysine residue of the eIF-5A precursor protein to form the intermediate deoxyhypusine residue. Also able to produce homospermidine from putrescine (By similarity).
Expressed in male gametophytes (pollen) and in the endosperm of fertilized ovules.
Expressed in the endosperm of embryo from the two nuclei stage to the late globular embryo stage, including the endosperm cellularization time.
Transcription factor. Interacts specifically with the W box (5'-(T)TGAC[CT]-3'), a frequently occurring elicitor-responsive cis-acting element (By similarity). Modulates seed size by negatively regulating the cellularization of syncytial endosperm (PubMed:16293693).
Constitutively expressed at low level during leaf development, but up-regulated during seed maturation and senescence, when the leaf color changes from green to yellow.
Expressed in roots, leaves, seeds, flowers, buds, petals, sepals and siliques.
Interacts with HCAR, the chlorophyll catabolic enzymes (CCEs) NYC1, PAO and RCCR, and the LHCII complex. Part of a SGR1-CCE-LHCII complex, which acts in chlorophyll breakdown.
Magnesium chelatase involved in chlorophyll a degradation in the chlorophyll-protein complexes of photosystem I (PSI) and photosystem II (PSII) (PubMed:27604697). Contributes to the degradation of PSI and PSII in the thylakoid membranes (PubMed:27604697). Required to trigger chlorophyll degradation during natural and dark-induced leaf senescence (Probable) (PubMed:17468209). Mediates chlorophyll degradation during embryo degreening (PubMed:24043799, PubMed:28873256). Recombinant SGR1 possesses high dechelating activity against chlorophyll a, very low activity against chlorophyllide a, and no activity against chlorophyll b (PubMed:27604697). Magnesium dechelation of chlorophyll a by SGR1 activates chlorophyll b degradation by inducing the expression of NYC1, an enzyme involved in chlorophyll b degradation (PubMed:29425814).
RNAi-mediated knockout of the protein results in a stay-green leaf phenotype. No effect on seed degreening; probably due to redundancy with SGR1. Sgr1 and sgr2 double mutant has an embryo stay-green phenotype.
Up-regulated by dark treatment (PubMed:17468209). Induced during natural and dark-induced leaf senescence (PubMed:24719469).
Expressed in stems, roots, mature leaves and flowers. Most abundant in vascular bundles.
Promotes plant cell differentiation, organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis as well as cell proliferation (By similarity). May be involved in the low quiescent center cell proliferation.
Up-regulated by ERF115, by brassinosteroid treatment, wounding and fungal infection.
(Microbial infection) Promotes melatonin-triggered defense responses to the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea.
Altered circadian dynamics of stomatal aperture (PubMed:32064655). Promoted seed germination (PubMed:33811388). Increased susceptibility to Botrytis cinerea (PubMed:34234798).
Expressed following a circadian rhythm with the highest level 4 hours into the light and the lowest level at the end of the night (PubMed:32064655). Induced by cadmium (PubMed:26484897). Induced by osmotic stress (PubMed:33924609).
Methyltransferase which catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group onto N-acetylserotonin, producing melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) (PubMed:26484897). Does not seem to possess caffeate O-methyltransferase activity (PubMed:26484897). Implicated in melatonin-dependent circadian dynamics of stomatal aperture to minimize night water loss and promote drought tolerance (PubMed:32064655). Prevents seed germination by promoting melatonin biosynthesis (PubMed:33811388). Promotes melatonin-triggered defense responses to the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea (PubMed:34234798).
Hydrolyzes ATP, and can also hydrolyze GTP with lower efficiency. Has lower affinity for GTP (Potential). Exhibits GTPase activity (By similarity). Confers sensitivity to salinity stress by suppressing the anti-oxidation enzymatic activities and increasing lipid peroxidation thus leading to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (PubMed:23550829). Acts as negative regulator of disease resistance against bacterial pathogen (PubMed:26912459).
Monomer (Potential). Interacts with CAR4/GAP1 (PubMed:23550829).
Plants over-expressing OLA1 exhibit enhanced susceptibility to the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato strain DC3000.
Expressed in cotyledons, leaves and flowers.
Interacts with I-2, SRK2D/SNRK2.2, SRK2I/SNRK2.3, SRK2A/SNRK2.4, SRK2E/SNRK2.6, SRK2C/SNRK2.8, PYL4, PYL9 and PYL11.
Phosphatase activity is strongly reduced by the protein phosphatase inhibitor 2 (I-2) (PubMed:21222654, PubMed:26943172). Phosphatase activity is strongly reduced by PYL11, an abscisic acid (ABA) receptor (PubMed:26943172).
Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase that possesses phosphatase activity toward para-nitrophenyl phosphate (pNPP) in vitro (PubMed:21222654, PubMed:26943172). Acts as negative regulator of abscisic acid (ABA) signaling. In vitro, can dephosphorylate and inhibit the kinase activity of SRK2E/SNRK2.6, an activator of ABA signaling.
No visible phenotype, probably due to redundancy with LPD1.
Preferentially expressed in roots, flowers and siliques and at a lower level in stems and leaves.
Although assigned as a calmodulin family member by Ref.9, it only contains EF-hand domains.
By rain-, wind-, and touch (thigmomorphogenesis), dark, heat and cold treatments, hydrogen peroxide, ABA and auxin.
Calcium-binding protein that may positively regulate abscisic acid (ABA) inhibition of germination and seedling development. May be required for photoperiod-induced flowering and function in ion homeostasis.
Expressed in seed coat, seedling radical, cotyledons, hypocotyl, shoot apex and elongating root. Expressed in the vasculature of cotyledons, leaves and roots. Highly expressed in guard cells, trichomes and hydathodes. Expressed in inflorescence stem branch points, silique abscission zone, young and mature styles and stigmatic papillae, mature anthers and developing seed.
By the Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola effector HopW1-1 (PubMed:18266921, PubMed:16531493). By salicylic acid (PubMed:21934146, PubMed:23749844).
Highly expressed in inflorescence nodes and rosette senescent leaves. Mostly expressed in cell wall junctions between leaf epidermal and mesophyl cells, and to a lesser extent at the cross walls between epidermal or cortex cells within the hypocotyl (at protein level). Low vascular expression in seedling and mature leaf, but high expression in senescing leaves (at protein level).
Modulates cell-to-cell trafficking. Has a positive role in innate immunity. Required for systemic acquired resistance (SAR) which is mediated by the signaling molecules azelaic acid (AzA), glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P), and salicylic acid (SA) (PubMed:27078071). Negative regulator of plasmodesmata permeability triggered by SA during immune responses, through regulation of callose deposition (PubMed:21934146, PubMed:23749844). Delays the trafficking of Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) movement protein (MP). Required for symplastic signal transport (PubMed:27078071).
Monomer (PubMed:28876233). Interacts with PDLP1 (PubMed:27078071).
No growth defects (PubMed:21934146). Two-fold lower callose accumulation in plasmodesmata than wild type (PubMed:21934146). More susceptible to infection by the plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola (PubMed:21934146). Level of salicylic acid (SA) is comparable to wild type but plasmodesmata closure is impaired (PubMed:21934146, PubMed:23749844). However, overexpression leads to growth inhibition and chlorosis in seedling stage, with levels of SA fifteen-fold higher than wild type including all forms of SA, and probably triggering cell death (PubMed:23749844). Ectopic expression affects trafficking of MP from TMV, and shows four-fold accumulation of callose in plasmodesmata than wild type (PubMed:21934146). Compromised systemic acquired resistance (SAR) (PubMed:27078071).
By stresses such as cold, drought, high salt, wounding, and abscisic acid (ABA).
Involved in the resistance to some abiotic stresses (e.g. high salt, hyperosmotic stress) in young seedlings, by regulating the expression of several stress-inducible genes (cold- and salt-induced genes but not drought-responsive genes). Required for the ABA response during germination. CIPK serine-threonine protein kinases interact with CBL proteins. Binding of a CBL protein to the regulatory NAF domain of CIPK protein lead to the activation of the kinase in a calcium-dependent manner. The CBL9/CIPK3 complex acts in the regulation of abscisic acid response in seed germination.
Mostly expressed in germinating seeds and young seedlings. Detected at low levels in roots, stems, leaves and flowers.
Catalyzes the reduction of fatty acyl-CoA to fatty alcohols. The preferred substrates are C24:0 and C26:0. May be unable to use saturated and monounsaturated C16 and C18 acyl-CoA as substrates. Involved in cuticular wax formation.
Expressed in leaves, stems, flowers, siliques and roots. Detected in epidermal cells of leaves and stems, in trichomes and in the elongation zone of young roots.
Glossy stem wax. Major decreases in primary alcohols and wax esters, and slightly elevated levels of aldehydes, alkanes, secondary alcohols, and ketones.
Transiently by pathogenic bacteria Pseudomonas syringae. Faster level reduction following induction by treatment with the virulent compatible DC3000 strain than with avirulent incompatible strains.
Threonine interaction with Gln-443 leads to inhibition of aspartate kinase activity and facilitates the binding of a second threonine on Gln-524, leading to a partial inhibition of homoserine dehydrogenase activity (25% of activity remaining at saturation with threonine). Homoserine dehydrogenase activity is also partially inhibited by cysteine (15% of activity remaining at saturation with cysteine). No synergy between threonine and cysteine for the inhibition. 13-fold activation of aspartate kinase activity by cysteine, isoleucine, valine, serine and alanine at 2.5 mM and 4-fold activation by leucine at 2.5 mM, but no activation of homoserine dehydrogenase activity.
Expressed in meristems, including roots, vegetative, inflorescence and floral meristems.
The protein kinase domain is predicted to be catalytically inactive. Lacks the conserved Asp active site at position 661, which is replaced by an Asn residue.
Lethal when homozygote. Reduced pollen tube growth when heterozygote.
TAFs are components of the transcription factor IID (TFIID) complex that is essential for mediating regulation of RNA polymerase transcription. Required for proper pollen function. May stabilize the interaction of TFIID with selected promoters. Not redundant with TAF6B.
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Component of RNA polymerase II which synthesizes mRNA precursors and many functional non-coding RNAs. Pol II is the central component of the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. It is composed of mobile elements that move relative to each other. Component of RNA polymerases IV and V which mediate short-interfering RNAs (siRNA) accumulation and subsequent RNA-directed DNA methylation-dependent (RdDM) transcriptional gene silencing (TGS) of endogenous repeated sequences, including transposable elements. Required for RNA silencing.
Shorter siliques and ovate leaves with shorter petioles, smaller trichomes, prominent leaf veins and changed cuticular wax coating. Loss of methylation at RdDM target sites. Partially redundant with NRPB9A with respect to Pol II. Nrpb9a and nrpb9b double mutants are embryo lethal.
The loss of silencing in nrpb9b mutants is due to a defect in Pol V function, but not at the level of transcription. Pol IV functions are not impaired in nrpb9b mutants and Pol II functions are partially complemented by NRPB9A (PubMed:22550619).
Component of the elongator complex which consists of ELP1/ELO2, ELP2, ELP3/ELO3, ELP4/ELO1, ELP5, and ELP6 (PubMed:20080602). Interacts directly with ELP6 (PubMed:20080602).
Component of the elongator complex which is required for multiple tRNA modifications, including mcm5U (5-methoxycarbonylmethyl uridine), mcm5s2U (5-methoxycarbonylmethyl-2-thiouridine), and ncm5U (5-carbamoylmethyl uridine) (By similarity). The elongator complex catalyzes the formation of carboxymethyluridine in the wobble base at position 34 in tRNAs (By similarity). Promotes organ development by modulating cell division rate. May regulate mechanisms producing carbon assimilates or importing sucrose. Involved in the repression of the abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway during seed germination and seedling growth. Required for auxin distribution or signaling. Involved in oxidative stress signaling. Prevents anthocyanin accumulation.
Expressed in meristematic tissues of roots, leaves, stems, seedlings, cotyledons, flowers, siliques, guard cells, floral buds, and shoot apices.
Narrow leaves and reduced root growth that results from a decreased cell division rate and a reduced apical dominance. Delayed germination after imbibition. Enhancement of germination and inhibition of leaf growth at high sucrose concentrations. Hypersensitive to abscisic acid (ABA) in seed germination and seedling growth. At the cellular level, hypotonic vacuole, alterations in the size of grana and starch grains in the chloroplasts, and massive presence of Golgi vesicles in the cytoplasm. Higher resistance to oxidative stress mediated by methyl viologen (MV) that blocks electron transport during photosynthesis and by CsCl in light. Accumulates anthocyanins.
Expressed in roots. Detected in leaves, inflorescences and siliques, but not in stems and dry seeds.
Not controlled by the level of physiologically active gibberellin or by auxin. Up-regulated by paclobutrazol.
Mainly expressed in siliques. Also found in germinating seedlings, stems, flowers and roots, but not in rosette leaves.
Homo- and heterodimer with other ZFHD proteins (By similarity). Interacts with MIF2 and MIF3; these interactions prevent nuclear localization and DNA-binding to inhibit transcription regulation activity. Binds to ZHD1, ZHD2 and ZHD11. Interacts with HIPP30 (PubMed:18974936). Interacts with KIN10, KIN11 and FLZ8 (Ref.10).
Interacts with SPK1, CIPK15/PKS3, GPX3, SCAR1, SCAR2, SCAR3 and SCARL. Interacts also with CIPK24/SOS2. Binds to the fibrillin precursor protein. Interacts with ABA-bounded PYR1, PYL1, PYL2, PYL3, PYL4, PYL5, PYL6, PYL8 and PYL9, and with free PYL2, PYL3 and PYL4. Interacts with and represses GHR1, and, to a lesser extent, SRK2E/OST1 (PubMed:22730405).
Phosphatase activity repressed by oxidized ATGPX3, free fatty acids (e.g. arachidonic acid (20:4) and Linolenic acid (18:3)) and by H(2)O(2). Repressed by PYR/PYL/RCAR ABA receptors in an ABA-dependent manner.
Repressed by MYB44 and ERF4. Induced by salt stress and ABA.
Repressor of the abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway that regulates numerous ABA responses, such as stomatal closure, osmotic water permeability of the plasma membrane (Pos), high light stress, response to glucose, seed germination and inhibition of vegetative growth. During the stomatal closure regulation, modulates the inward calcium-channel permeability as well as H(2)O(2) and oxidative burst in response to ABA and dehydration. Represses GHR1 and, to some extent, SRK2E/OST1, kinases involved in the regulation of SLAC1-dependent stomatal closure (PubMed:22730405). Controls negatively fibrillin that is involved in mediating ABA-induced photoprotection. May be implicated in ABA content regulation. Involved in acquired thermotolerance of root growth and seedling survival. Required for the Erwinia amylovora harpin-induced (HrpN) drought tolerance. Involved in the hydrotropic response.
The reduced form of ABI2 is converted to the oxidized form by the addition of oxidized GPX3 or H(2)O(2).
Expressed in cotyledons, hypocotyls, vascular tissues, trichomes, hydathodes, seeds, pedicels, flowers and stigma.
Inhibited by pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, bathophenanthroline, tannic acid, mersalyl, mercuric chloride and bromocresol purple.
Mediates the NAD(+) import into peroxisomes. Favors the NAD(+)(in)/AMP(out) antiport exchange, but is also able to catalyze a low unidirectional transport that might be essential under special conditions. Transports CoA, dephospho-CoA, acetyl-CoA, adenosine 3',5'-diphosphate (PAP), NAD(+), AMP, ADP and NADH, but has no activity with ATP, GTP, GDP, NADPH, NADP(+) or FAD. Required for peroxisomes proliferation.
No germination or growth inhibition, but delayed storage oil mobilization. Decreased sensitivity to 4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)butanoic acid (2,4-DB), a precursor converted in vivo by beta-oxidation into the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Enlarged peroxisomes.
Was originally thought to be an adenine nucleotide carrier.
Nuclear genome-encoded factor involved in ribosome biogenesis in chloroplasts (PubMed:22576849, PubMed:23227895, PubMed:25043599). Binds specific group II introns in chloroplasts and facilitates their splicing. Is required for rRNA maturation in plastids and may contribute to the assembly of the large (50S) ribosomal subunit (PubMed:22576849). Required for normal development of chloroplasts (PubMed:22576849, PubMed:23227895, PubMed:25043599). Required for the expression of transcripts encoding plastid-localized enzymes involved in abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis. Required for maintenance of ABA levels and response to salt stress (PubMed:23227895). Possesses RNA chaperone activity for proper splicing of introns in chloroplasts. Essential for chloroplast function and abiotic stress responses (PubMed:25043599).
Plants with the weak allele rh3-4 exhibits albino cotyledons, pale green leaf phenotype, slow growth, short petioles, small leaves, reduced content of chlorophyll, altered structure of chloroplast ribosomes and reduced levels of chloroplast proteins.
Component of the cytosolic iron-sulfur (Fe-S) protein assembly (CIA) machinery. Required for the maturation of extramitochondrial Fe-S proteins. Part of an electron transfer chain functioning in an early step of cytosolic Fe-S biogenesis, facilitating the de novo assembly of a [4Fe-4S] cluster on the cytosolic Fe-S scaffold complex. Electrons are transferred from NADPH via FAD- and FMN-containing diflavin oxidoreductase TAH18/ATR3 (PubMed:23754812). Together with the diflavin oxidoreductase, also required for the assembly of the diferric tyrosyl radical cofactor of ribonucleotide reductase (RNR), probably by providing electrons for reduction during radical cofactor maturation in the catalytic small subunit (By similarity). Required for embryo development (PubMed:23754812).
Component of the cytosolic iron-sulfur (Fe-S) protein assembly (CIA) machinery. Required for the maturation of extramitochondrial Fe-S proteins. Part of an electron transfer chain functioning in an early step of cytosolic Fe-S biogenesis, facilitating the de novo assembly of a [4Fe-4S] cluster on the cytosolic Fe-S scaffold complex. Electrons are transferred from NADPH via a FAD- and FMN-containing diflavin oxidoreductase. Together with the diflavin oxidoreductase, also required for the assembly of the diferric tyrosyl radical cofactor of ribonucleotide reductase (RNR), probably by providing electrons for reduction during radical cofactor maturation in the catalytic small subunit.
Monomer (By similarity). Interacts with ATR3 (PubMed:20406405).
The C-terminal domain binds 2 Fe-S clusters but is otherwise mostly in an intrinsically disordered conformation.
The N-terminal domain has structural similarity with S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyltransferases, but does not bind S-adenosyl-L-methionine. It is required for correct assembly of the 2 Fe-S clusters.
The twin Cx2C motifs are involved in the recognition by the mitochondrial MIA40-ERV1 disulfide relay system. The formation of 2 disulfide bonds in the Cx2C motifs through dithiol/disulfide exchange reactions effectively traps the protein in the mitochondrial intermembrane space.
Component of SUN-protein-containing multivariate complexes also called LINC complexes which link the nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton by providing versatile outer nuclear membrane attachment sites for cytoskeletal filaments (By similarity). Required for nucleus structure organization (e.g. size and shape) (PubMed:24308514, PubMed:23396599). Involved in the maintenance of interphase chromocenter integrity and organization (PubMed:24308514).
Core component of the LINC complex which is composed of inner nuclear membrane SUN domain-containing proteins coupled to outer nuclear membrane WIP proteins, the nucleoskeletal CRWN/LINC proteins, and, possibly, KAKU4 (By similarity). Binds to KAKU4 (PubMed:24824484).
Reduced nuclear size associated with reduced chromocenter number and altered nuclear morphology. Plants lacking both CRWN1 and CRWN4 or both CRWN2 and CRWN4 exhibit slightly smaller rosettes. Plants lacking CRWN1, CRWN2 and CRWN4 or CRWN1, CRWN3 and CRWN4 are extremely stunted and set few seed.
By high-salt stress, but not by abscisic acid.
Not phosphorylated in vitro by CPK3 or CPK11.
Chromatin reader component of the transcription regulatory histone acetylation (HAT) complex SAGA (By similarity). Involved in salt stress tolerance. Enhances the effect of ADA2B in the positive regulation of salt-induced gene expression (PubMed:21193996).
Delayed flowering. Increased tolerance to salt stress.
According to PubMed:20884799, this protein should not be regarded as a classical SR protein although it could complement an animal in vitro splicing extract deficient in SR proteins.
Component of the spliceosome. Interacts with AFC2, U2AF35A, U2AF35B, RNU1, SCL33 and SKIP. The interaction with AFC2 depends on phosphorylation status. Interaction with RNU1 defines initial 5' splice sites and interaction with U2AF35B 3' splice sites in the early stage of spliceosome assembly.
Especially present in actively growing regions and dividing cells. Mostly expressed in roots (primary and secondary root meristem), shoot apical meristem (SAM), leaf primordia, pollen and inflorescence, and, to a lower extent, in leaves, vascular tissue, hydathode and fruits.
Involved in 5' and 3' splicing site selection of introns, and may bridge the 5' and 3' components of the spliceosome. Isoform 1 is required during flower petal development and isoform 2 is involved in root growth. Regulates negatively glucose and abscisic acid (ABA) signaling during early seedling development. Involved in the RNA-directed DNA methylation pathway (PubMed:22274613). Modulates KIN10 stability in response to sugars, probably through the splicing regulation of 5PTASE13, a protein implicated in the proteasomal degradation of KIN10 (PubMed:27436712).
Levels of the isoform 2 are altered in response to sucrose depletion (Suc) and temperature changes; reduced in cold but increased in warm temperatures.
Phosphorylated by AFC2. The phosphorylation status regulates intranuclear distribution.
Several developmental defects, including defects in flower and leaf morphology (petal development), delayed flowering time and root growth. Hypersensitivity to glucose (Glc) and to abscisic acid (ABA) during early seedling growth, accompanied with an enhanced ability to accumulate ABA in response to Glc. DNA methylation establishment and maintenance defects. Altered alternative splicing pattern of several related SR genes.
Brassicaceae-specific phytocytokine (plant endogenous peptide released into the apoplast) perceived by MIK2 in a BAK1/SERK3 and SERK4 coreceptors-dependent manner, that modulates various physiological and antimicrobial processes including growth prevention and reactive oxygen species (ROS) response regulation (By similarity). Inhibits the fungal growth of Alternaria brassicicola, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Fusarium graminearum, yeast (Saccharomyces) and Botrytis cinerea, thus being an antimicrobial peptide (AMP) (PubMed:25593351). Prevents global growth and development (PubMed:25593351).
In flowers, observed at the anther/filament junction region and in female gametophytes (PubMed:25593351). Probably present in the embryo sac and the stigma (PubMed:25593351).
Induced by pathogenic bacteria Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) DC3000, jasmonate (MeJA), ethylene (ET) and salicylic acid (SA), mainly in shoots (PubMed:31001913). Induced by increased levels of photorespiratory hydrogen peroxide H(2)O(2) (PubMed:21443605). Up-regulated by heat stress (PubMed:25593351). Strongly induced by the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea, both in locally and systemically infected leaves (PubMed:25593351).
Mostly expressed in stems and siliques, and, to a lower extent, in roots, leaves, seeds and flowers (PubMed:31001913). Mainly observed in young and mature trichomes, hydathodes, the shoot apical meristem (SAM), leaf primordia, hypocotyls, stomatal guard cells and emerging lateral roots (PubMed:25593351).
Allosterically activated by S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM). Activated by S-adenosyl-L-ethionine, 5'-amino-5'-deoxyadenosine, sinefungin and 5'-deoxy-5-methylthioadenosine. Inhibited by AMP.
Binds 4 S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) molecules per dimer. Although SAM3 and SAM4 have equivalent positions, their interactions with the protein are not identical. SAM3 interacts with Lys-181 and Asn-187 of monomer B, whereas SAM4 interacts only with Lys-181 of monomer A.
Much more active than TS2 at physiological concentrations of S-adenosyl-L-methionine (20 uM).
The N-terminal domain (1-77) is essential for regulation by S-adenosyl-L-methionine and AMP, but not for dimerization.
Can form homodimers. Interacts with BLH9, STM, AGL8/FUL, AGL1/SHP1 and AGL5/SHP2.
Expressed in developing carpels (PubMed:17600712). Expressed in the shoot apical meristem and the replum (PubMed:25039392).
Reduced fertility, fruit length and seed set (PubMed:17600712). Reduced replum width and cell number (PubMed:25039392).
The fruits of the gain-of-function mutant ntt-3D (T-DNA tagging) fail to dehisce.
Transcriptional regulator required for normal differentiation of the ovary transmitting tract cells and pollen tube growth. In Arabidopsis, the transmitting tract facilitates the transport of pollen tubes to the ovules for fertilization (PubMed:17600712). May play a role in the regulation of AGL8/FUL, which is required for normal pattern of cell division, expansion and differentiation during morphogenesis of the silique (PubMed:23515580). Plays a role in replum development by the activation of the homeobox protein KNAT1 (PubMed:25039392).
The coatomer is a cytosolic protein complex that binds to dilysine motifs and reversibly associates with Golgi non-clathrin-coated vesicles, which further mediate biosynthetic protein transport from the ER, via the Golgi up to the trans Golgi network. The coatomer complex is required for budding from Golgi membranes, and is essential for the retrograde Golgi-to-ER transport of dilysine-tagged proteins (By similarity).
The coatomer is a cytosolic protein complex that binds to dilysine motifs and reversibly associates with Golgi non-clathrin-coated vesicles, which further mediate biosynthetic protein transport from the ER, via the Golgi up to the trans Golgi network. The coatomer complex is required for budding from Golgi membranes, and is essential for the retrograde Golgi-to-ER transport of dilysine-tagged proteins.
DNA polymerase II, which participates in chromosomal DNA replication (By similarity). Involved in the determination of cell fate during plant embryogenesis. Contributes to the flowering time repression.
Mostly expressed at low levels in inflorescence (floral meristem and flowers until anthesis), and, to a lower extent, in seeds.
No visible effects. When associated with heterozygote POL2A disruption; lethal, with sporophytic embryo-defective with an arrest at the globular stage during embryo development. When associated with esd7-1 mutation of POL2A; very early flowering.
Presumably involved in the processing and regular turnover of intracellular proteins. Catalyzes the removal of unsubstituted N-terminal amino acids from various peptides (By similarity). Possesses Cys-Gly dipeptidase activity (PubMed:25716890).
Detected in root protoxylem and metaxylem poles and in vessels of protoxylems, outermost metaxylems, inner metaxylems, shoots and hypocotyls. Expressed in roots, hypocotyls, cotyledons and leaves (PubMed:18445131). Present in developing xylems (PubMed:16103214, PubMed:17565617). Present in root developing xylems (PubMed:16103214). Specifically expressed in vessels but not in interfascicular fibers in stems (PubMed:25148240).
Reduced secondary wall thickening in vessels and collapsed vessel.
Expressed in buds, flowers, stems, siliques and mature seeds.
Expressed ubiquitously with highest levels in flower buds (PubMed:12582233). Mostly expressed in flowers and siliques, and, to a lower extent, in roots, rosette leaves, inflorescence and young cauline leaves (PubMed:16957774).
Plays a role in DNA repair and in cell-cycle control. Required for the repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), both natural and induced by genotoxic stress, by homologous recombination (HR).
Microtubule-associated protein (MAP) that regulates the orientation of interphase cortical microtubules. Modulates both rotational polarity and anisotropic cell expansion during organ growth. Promotes clockwise root and etiolated hypocotyls coiling, clockwise leaf curling, but left-handed petiole twisting.
Expressed in stems, roots, flowers, mature seeds and leaves.
Inhibited by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride and O-phenanthroline.
Interacts with PTAC16 and other potential targets for degradation under high light conditions.
Serine protease that is required at high temperature. May be involved in the degradation of damaged proteins. In vivo, can degrade beta-casein.
Can mediate sequestration of iron ions into vacuoles when expressed in the yeast ccc1 mutant (PubMed:17082420, PubMed:26232490). In seeds, iron is strongly localized to the provascular strands of the hypocotyl, radicle, and cotyledons, but completely absent from these cells in vit1-1 mutant (PubMed:17082420). In dry seeds, vit1-1 mutation provokes the redistribution of iron in cortex cells of the hypocotyls and in a single subepidermal cell layer in the cotyledons (PubMed:19726572).
Highly expressed in developing embryo and seed. Expressed in young seedlings, predominantly in the vasculature.
Homodimer. The dimeric interaction is mediated by both the transmembrane domains (TMDs) and the cytoplasmic metal binding domain (MBD).
No visible phenotype under normal growth condition, but important reduced growth and leaves with severe chlorosis when grown on soil at pH 7.9 that causes limited iron availability.
Over-expression of the Arabidopsis vacuolar iron transporter 1 (VIT1) in cassava plants (Manihot esculenta) increases accumulation of iron in cassava roots and stems (PubMed:26475197). A transgenic approach to increase vacuolar iron sequestration in cassava may represent a viable strategy to biofortify crops in micronutrients (PubMed:26475197).
The cytoplasmic metal binding domain (MBD) is located between transmembrane 2 (TM2) and transmembrane 3 (TM3).
Vacuolar iron transporter involved in the transfer of iron ions from the cytosol to the vacuole for intracellular iron storage (PubMed:17082420, PubMed:26232490). Involved in regulation of cellular iron homeostasis (PubMed:17082420, PubMed:26232490). Vacuolar iron storage is required for seed embryo and seedling development (PubMed:17082420, PubMed:26232490) (Probable).
Possesses low quercetin 7-O-glucosyltransferase activity in vitro.
Catalytic component of the RNA exosome complex which has 3'->5' exoribonuclease activity and participates in a multitude of cellular RNA processing and degradation events. Required for 5.8S rRNA intermediate processing and the degradation of 5' external transcribed spacer (5' ETS), a maturation by-product of rRNA synthesis. Is not involved in the degradation of turnip crinkle virus (TCV) RNA and significant virus resistance (PubMed:24244451). Required for normal development of female gametophytes and early embryogenesis (PubMed:20798041, PubMed:24244451).
Autophosphotylated and autoubiquitinated in vitro.
Autoubiquitinated in response to abscisic acid (ABA) and subsequently targeted to proteolysis.
Expressed in all tissues of young seedlings. In flowering plants, only detected in the youngest part of the stem, anthers and the receptacle of immature siliques. Not found in mature leave, older parts of the stem, flower parts other than anthers or mature siliques.
Expressed mainly in the actively growing and dividing cells.
Mediates E2-dependent protein ubiquitination. Acts as a negative regulator of abscisic acid signaling. Required for ABI5 degradation, by mediating its ubiquitination. Together with EDR1, may regulate endocytic trafficking and/or the formation of signaling complexes on trans-Golgi network (TGN)/ early endosome (EE) vesicles during stress responses.
Phosphorylation enhances self-ubiquitination.
Plants are seedling lethal and are hypersensitive to glucose and abscisic acid. High accumulation of ABI5.
The protein kinase domain is predicted to be catalytically inactive but PubMed:17194765 shows an in vitro activity.
Highly expressed in immature flowers. Expressed in stems, leaves and flowers.
The APC/C is composed of at least 10 subunits. Interacts with APC8, APC11, CDC27A and CDC27B.
Contains one cupin domain that is not required for interaction with the G protein alpha subunit.
Interacts with the G protein alpha-1 subunit GPA1. Interacts with NFYB6 and NFYB9.
Involved in abscisic acid signal transduction. Plays a role in seed germination and early seedling development. Involved in the blue light (BL) signaling.
Present at similar levels in seedlings and mature plants.
Up-regulated by abscisic acid (ABA) and low-fluence red light, but not by low-fluence blue light.
Expressed in developing seedlings, flower filaments and stigma, and the top and bottom parts of carpels in siliques.
By exogenous sucrose in roots. Induced by sucrose depletion.
Defective pollen with low rate of germination. Reduction of anthocyanin accumulation in response to exogenous sucrose or maltose.
Expressed in flowers (at protein level). Highly expressed in pollen. Expressed in pollen tubes and root vascular cylinder, pericycle and endodermis.
Inhibited by DEPC, protonophores (e.g. dinitrophenol and carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl-hydrazone (CCCP)), and SH group inhibitors (e.g. N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) and p-chloromercuriphenyl sulphonic acid (PCMPS)).
Responsible for the transport of sucrose into the cell, with the concomitant uptake of protons (symport system). This transport is both voltage- and energy-dependent. Can also transport other glucosides such as maltose, alpha-phenylglucoside and beta-phenylglucoside. May also transport biotin. Required for normal pollen germination and anthocyanin accumulation induced by sucrose.
Transcripts accumulate in mature pollen before and during germination, but translation starts only when pollen germination initiates, and continues in pollen tubes. Expressed in cells surrounding the vascular bundle of the anther connective tissue, mostly at the dehiscence time. Also present in a ring of parenchymatic cells between the xylem vessels of the style (upper end of the transmitting tract toward which pollen tubes grow). Expressed in the epidermal cell layers of funiculi (at protein level).
Expressed in anther tissues shortly after meiosis is completed and during the late developmental phases of siliques.
Expressed in flower buds, siliques, developing guard cells, floral nectares, at the stigmatic surface, in the hypocotyl-root transition zone and the area of lateral root emergence. Not expressed in mature leaves.
Pectinesterase required for cell type-specific pectin degradation to separate microspores.
The mature pollen grains are arranged in a tetrad.
By the genotoxic agents methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) and bleomycin.
Component of the replication protein A complex (RPA) required for DNA recombination, repair and replication. The activity of RPA is mediated by single-stranded DNA binding and protein interactions. Plays an essential role at later stages of meiotic recombination events required for the formation of class I crossovers. Is essential for normal progression through meiosis in pollen mother cells. Is involved in repair of double-strand DNA breaks (DSBs) induced by genotoxic stresses, but does not seem to be required for the repair of meiotic DSBs.
Expressed in roots, leaves, stalks and flower buds.
Heterotrimer of RPA1, RPA2 and RPA3 (canonical replication protein A complex) (By similarity). Interacts with RPA2A.
There are differing accounts of the mutant phenotypes. According to an early study with a limited number of progeny from different sources (PubMed:15978034), it is embryonic lethal when homozygous. However, a more recent study describes homozygous lines that show normal vegetative growth, but reduced fertility and meiotic defects (PubMed:19153602).
Atypical and probable non DNA-binding bHLH transcription factor that integrates multiple signaling pathways to regulate cell elongation and plant development. Binds IBH1, forming a pair of antagonistic bHLH transcription factors that function downstream of BZR1 to mediate brassinosteroid regulation of cell elongation. Regulates light responses by binding and inhibiting the activity of the bHLH transcription factor HFR1, a critical regulator of light signaling and shade avoidance. May have a regulatory role in various aspects of gibberellin-dependent growth and development.
Gain-of-function mutants (T-DNA tagging) show long hypocotyls, pale green and slightly narrow leaves, elongated petioles and early flowering. They are not sensitive to the gibberellin inhibitor paclobutrazol during seed germination (PubMed:16527868, PubMed:20009022, PubMed:23221598).
Ribonuclease that cleaves double-stranded RNA (dsRNA).
Belongs to the plastid outer envelope porin OEP37 (TC 1.B.47) family.
During seed development, confined to green cotyledons of mature embryos. In germinating seedlings, detected in cotyledons and the root hair zone of the primary root. In older seedlings, restricted to cotyledons.
Forms an hourglass-shaped multimeric complex.
Ubiquitously expressed at low levels. Mostly present in cotyledons, and accumulates in seedlings and embryos.
Voltage-dependent peptide-sensitive high conductance rectifying cation channel with a strong affinity for TIC32 that is imported into the chloroplast. Conductance is pH-dependent decreasing with decreasing pH values.
Belongs to the class-II pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family. Histidinol-phosphate aminotransferase subfamily.
Expressed in both vegetative and reproductive tissues.
Required for integral membrane and secreted preprotein translocation across the endoplasmic reticulum membrane.
Slightly induced by dark (PubMed:20238146). Triggered by pathogens such as Pseudomonas syringae pv. Tomato DC3000 (PubMed:20238146).
Forms homooligomers and heterooligomers with SWEET5, SWEET11 and SWEET17.
In developing seeds, accumulates specifically at different stages. At globular stage, present in micropylar end of seed coat, in the endosperm and in the embryo suspensor. At the heart stage, confined to the micropylar end of seed coat. From the linear mature cotyledon stage until mature seed, present in the micropylar end of seed coat as well as in the endosperm.
Induced by the powdery mildew fungus G.cichoracearum and the pathogenic bacteria P.syringae pv. tomato.
Mediates both low-affinity uptake and efflux of sugar across the plasma membrane. Involved in phloem loading by mediating export from parenchyma cells feeding H(+)-coupled import into the sieve element/companion cell complex, thus contributing to the sucrose migration from sites of synthesis in the mesophyll to the phloem (PubMed:22157085, PubMed:25988582). Contributes to seed filling by triggering sucrose efflux involved in the transfer of sugars from seed coat to embryos (PubMed:25988582).
Expressed at high levels in rosette and cauline leaves and at lower levels in axillary buds, inflorescences, stems, roots and developing vascular tissue of cotyledons.
Interacts with SMXL6, SMXL7 and SMXL8 (PubMed:26546446, PubMed:25713176). The interaction with SMXLs occurs in the presence of (2'R) stereoisomers of strigolactones, but not (2'S) stereoisomers (PubMed:25713176). Interacts with MAX2. Forms a complex with MAX2 and SKP1A/ASK1 in presence of strigolactone (PubMed:27479325).
Involved in strigolactone signaling pathway (PubMed:22357928). Does not move long distances acropetally in the plant to regulate shoot branching and is rapidly degraded in the presence of strigolactones (PubMed:24610723). Functions downstream of strigolactone synthesis, as a component of hormone signaling and as an enzyme that participates in the conversion of strigolactones to the bioactive form (PubMed:22357928). Acts probably as a strigolactone receptor (PubMed:24610723). Strigolactones are hormones that inhibit tillering and shoot branching through the MAX-dependent pathway, contribute to the regulation of shoot architectural response to phosphate-limiting conditions and function as rhizosphere signal that stimulates hyphal branching of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and trigger seed germination of root parasitic weeds (PubMed:22357928). Hydrolyzes methyl carlactonoate (MeCLA), but not carlactone (CL) or carlactonoic acid (CLA) (PubMed:25425668). Hydrolyzes the butenolide ring of strigolactones (PubMed:23381136). The initial nucleophilic attack causes an electron shift, followed by the addition of a water molecule, to lead to the release of the ABC ring product and the formation of a 'Ser-97'-stabilized open lactone intermediate (PubMed:23381136). Has no esterase activity for 4-nitrophenyl butyrate (PubMed:23381136). Binds and hydrolyzes the synthetic strigolactone analog GR24 in vitro. Forms a stable covalent complex with the D-ring of strigolactone, which is essential for hormone bioactivity. The D-ring is attached to His-247 of the catalytic triad. The hydrolysis of strigolactone into a covalently linked intermediate molecule initiates a conformational change of D14 to facilitate interaction with MAX2 and formation of the D14-MAX2-SKP1/ASK1 complex to trigger strigolactone signaling. This mechanism defines D14 as a non-canonical hormone receptor with dual functions to generate and sense the active form of strigolactone (PubMed:27479325).
Not regulated by strigolactone, auxin signaling or bud growth status.
The initial nucleophilic attack of strigolactones by D14 causes an electron shift, followed by the addition of a water molecule, to lead to the release of the ABC ring product and the formation of a S97-stabilized open lactone intermediate.
Part of the nascent polypeptide-associated complex (NAC). Interacts with EIF(ISO)4E (PubMed:15716105, PubMed:2320128).
Mostly expressed in leaves and inflorescences, and, to a lower extent, in roots, siliques and stems.
Component of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF-3) complex, which is involved in protein synthesis and, together with other initiation factors, stimulates binding of mRNA and methionyl-tRNAi to the 40S ribosome.
Ubiquitous. Preferentially expressed in flowers, young leaves and roots.
In developing flowers, fades out gradually in pollen grains, but accumulates progressively in ovules.
DNA-binding homodimer. DNA-binding heterodimer with AREB3/DPBF3 or EEL/DPBF4. Interacts with ABI3, KEG, the mediator subunit MED25, and the AFP proteins AFP1, AFP2, AFP3 and AFP4. Interacts with TAP46. Interacts with the 36 kDa catalytic subunit (subunit C) of PP2A (PubMed:11489176, PubMed:12569131, PubMed:16247556, PubMed:17194765, PubMed:18484180, PubMed:22822206, PubMed:24357600). Interacts with FYPP1 and FYPP3 (PubMed:22715043). Interacts with FREE1 (via C-terminus) (PubMed:30962512).
Exhibits abscisic acid (ABA) insensitivity.
Participates in ABA-regulated gene expression during seed development and subsequent vegetative stage by acting as the major mediator of ABA repression of growth. Binds to the embryo specification element and the ABA-responsive element (ABRE) of the Dc3 gene promoter and to the ABRE of the Em1 and Em6 genes promoters. Can also trans-activate its own promoter, suggesting that it is autoregulated. Plays a role in sugar-mediated senescence.
Phosphorylated by SRK2D and SRK2I in vitro.
Ubiquitinated. AFP1, KEG and RPN10 mediate its proteasome-dependent degradation. Its stability or degradation plays a central role in abscisic acid response. Sumoylated at Lys-391 by SIZ1. Sumoylation protects ABI5 from proteasome degradation, attenuating ABA signaling and sensitivity to ABA.
Up-regulated by drought, salt, abscisic acid (ABA) and glucose or 2-deoxy-glucose (2DG). Autoregulated. Positively regulated by the light-signaling component HY5.
Together with MWL2, contributes to secondary cell wall biology, specifically lignin biosynthesis.
Probable boron transporter. Boron is essential for maintaining the integrity of plants cell walls (By similarity).
May have a specific role in modifying the cell-wall structure, specifically during seed germination, thus facilitating radicle protrusion.
Specifically expressed in endosperm during seed germination, at the site of radicle protrusion.
Under positive control of gibberellic acid.
Component of the chromatin remodeling INO80 complex; specifically part of a complex module associated with the helicase ATP-binding and the helicase C-terminal domain of INO80 (PubMed:31418686). Interacts with ARP5 (PubMed:31418686).
Differential expression of several genes (PubMed:31418686). Compromised ethylene-induced H2A.Z eviction dynamics (PubMed:31418686). Plants missing both EEN and REF6/EIN6 (e.g. ref6-1 een-2 and ein6-1 een-1), are insensitive to ethylene (ET) and exhibit reduced levels of EIN2 associated with a shift of the chromatin landscape to a repressive state at its locus (e.g. H3K27me3 and H2A.Z) (PubMed:31418686).
Proposed core component of the chromatin remodeling INO80 complex which is involved in transcriptional regulation, DNA replication and probably DNA repair (By similarity). Together with REF6/EIN6, involved in the epigenetic chromatin-dependent regulatory mechanism that monitors the expression of the essential multifunctional plant stress regulator EIN2 via H3K27me3 repressive histone demethylation and histone variant H2A.Z eviction, thus modulating responses to ethylene (ET), especially during embryogenesis (PubMed:31418686). The INO80 complex controls ethylene-induced H2A.Z eviction dynamics (PubMed:31418686).
Expressed in flowers, and, to a lower extent, in leaves.
Expressed in the funiculus of ovules and in embryos. In young ovules, expression is observed in the adaxial side of the funiculus (the stalk connecting the embryo sac to the placenta). Also expressed in heart-stage embryos, in the cortex and endodermis of the hypocotyl region but not in the cotyledons, shoot and root apical meristems, provasculature or epidermis. Not detected in young seedlings, mature roots or in young floral primordia.
Probable transcription factor. Required for female gametophyte development.
Catalyzes xyloglucan endohydrolysis (XEH) and/or endotransglycosylation (XET). Cleaves and religates xyloglucan polymers, an essential constituent of the primary cell wall, and thereby participates in cell wall construction of growing tissues. May be required during development to modify the walls of cells under mechanical stress.
Highly expressed. Predominantly expressed in stems. Expressed in shoot apical meristems, also found in seedlings and meristems.
May be transcriptionally regulated by ANGUSTIFOLIA.
Forms homodimer (PubMed:27366940). Forms heterodimers with PGD1 or PGD2 (PubMed:27366940).
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. BUD32 family.
Component of the coat protein complex II (COPII) which promotes the formation of transport vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) (By similarity). The coat has two main functions, the physical deformation of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane into vesicles and the selection of cargo molecules (By similarity). May contribute to COPII-coated vesicles formation and ER-Golgi vesicle transport (PubMed:29390074). Together with SEC23D, essential for pollen wall development and exine patterning, probably by regulating endoplasmic reticulum (ER) export of lipids and proteins (e.g. sporopollenin) necessary for pollen wall formation (PubMed:29390074). Also involved in plastid physiology in anther tapetal cells (PubMed:29390074).
Despite normal fertility, impaired pollen coat exine pattern formation with reduced sporopollenin levels, associated with altered pollen germination (PubMed:29390074). Plants lacking both SEC23A and SEC23D are semi-sterile and exhibit developmental defects in pollen (especially at the late uninucleate stage) and tapetal cells, including defective exine and intine, as well as signs of cell degeneration and structural abnormalities in organelles of the male gametophytes (PubMed:29390074).
Detected in the whole seedling except the hypocotyl (PubMed:29390074). Observed in all floral organs, including sepals, petals, filaments, anther walls, mature pollen grains, pollen tubes and young siliques (PubMed:29390074). Highly expressed in the anther tapetum at uninucleate and bicellular stages (PubMed:29390074).
Mostly expressed in seedlings, roots, cotyledons, leaves, trichomes, leaf primordia and flowers, and, to a lower extent, in mature siliques.
Expressed in root tips, stipules and mature pollen grains.
Inhibited by hygromycin and streptomycin, but not by gentamycin or kanamycin.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but the double mutants glcnac1put1 and glcnac1put2 are lethal.
Uridylyltransferase involved in the biosynthesis of UDP-glucosamine, an essential precursor for glycoprotein and glycolipid synthesis. Can use both UDP-glucosamine and the 4-epimer UDP-galactosamine as substrates, but no other sugars or NTPs (PubMed:20557289). Acts redundantly with GLCNAC1PUT2. Required for gametogenesis and embryo development (PubMed:25231969).
Gradual loss of individual cells potential to form callus as the tissues mature (PubMed:16829587). Premature senescence of the leaves (PubMed:17989228). Limited root growth (PubMed:19076296). Enhanced resistance to bacterial biotrophic pathogens, but increased susceptibility to necrotrophic fungal infection (PubMed:23062058).
Homo- and heterodimers with PSY1R (PubMed:25267325). Heterodimers with the somatic embryogenesis receptor-like kinases (SERKs) (PubMed:26308901). PSK is not directly involved in PSKR-SERK interaction but stabilizes PSKR island domain for recruitment of a SERK (PubMed:26308901). Part of a functional complex containing PSKR1, BAK1, CNGC17, and AHA (PubMed:26071421). Interacts with AHA1, AHA2, and BAK1, but not with CNGC17 or BRI1 (PubMed:26071421).
PSKR1 and PSYR1 mediate a signaling pathway by two distinct ligands, which redundantly contribute to cellular proliferation and plant growth.
Phytosulfokine receptor with both a serine/threonine-protein kinase activity and a guanylate cyclase activity (PubMed:21504901). Regulates, in response to phytosulfokine binding, a signaling cascade involved in plant cell differentiation, organogenesis, somatic embryogenesis, cellular proliferation and plant growth. Involved in plant immunity, with antagonistic effects on bacterial and fungal resistances (PubMed:23062058). Not involved in PSY perception. CNGC17 and AHAs form a functional cation-translocating unit that is activated by PSKR1/BAK1 and possibly other BAK1/RLK complexes (PubMed:26071421).
Up-regulated by fungal infection and wounding.
Weakly expressed in roots, leaves, stems and flowers (PubMed:16829587). Expressed in the primary and lateral roots, including root primordia and root tips, but not in the hypocotyl (PubMed:19076296).
Acts as component of a complex regulating the turnover of mRNAs in the nucleus. Binds with high affinity to RNA molecules that contain U-rich sequences in 3'-UTRs. May function in complex with UBP1 and contribute to the stabilization of mRNAs in the nucleus (By similarity).
By oligogalacturonides and chitin (e.g. chito-octamer and crab-shell chitin CSC). Accumulates upon Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis infection, during both early and late stages of infection.
Expressed in young seedlings, primarily in the vascular tissue. Expressed in the root cap.
Binds reversibly to PME3 to inhibit its activity; the stability of the PME3-PMEI4 complex and the inhibition of the pectin methylesterase (PME) activity is pH-dependent, based on protonation status of amino-acids at the complex interface.
Expressed in outer cell layer of roots, particularly in the root-hair zone (PubMed:25826258). Expressed in roots and siliques (PubMed:28034952).
Pectin methylesterase (PME) inhibitor that can target the root-expressed PME17 and PME3 in a pH-dependent manner, mainly in slightly acidic conditions (pH 6.3 and 5.0) but not at pH 7.5; this processus relies on changes in the protonation of amino acids involved in intermolecular and intramolecular interactions (PubMed:25826258, PubMed:28034952). Regulate de-methylesterification of pectins in roots and affects root growth (PubMed:25826258).
developmentally up-regulated in roots during growth acceleration of dark-grown hypocotyls.
By auxin in the roots, cytokinin in the shoot apex and sucrose in suspension cell culture. Down-regulated by salt stress in root meristem and shoot apex.
Expressed in tissues with active cell division: apical root and shoot meristems, lateral root and leaf primordia, floral meristems and developing pollen.
May negatively regulate endocycles and act as a regulator of ploidy levels in endoreduplication.
Starts to be expressed during S phase with a maximum just before the G2-to-M boundary and disappears in the metaphase of mitosis. Expressed during embryogenesis in the ovule, integuments, egg cell and synergids, and in the embryo up to late-torpedo stage. Expressed during germination in the root apical meristem, shoot apical meristem, vascular bundles of the cotyledons and vascular cylinder of the roots up to lateral roots emergence. Expressed during flowering in the caulines leaves, peduncle, sepals of flower buds, early expanded petals, ovary, placenta, funiculi, devoloping ovules, pollen connective tissues, tapetum, endothecium, epidermis and developing pollen grains.
Homodimer. Interacts with ALB3 and ALB4.
No visible macroscopic phenotype under normal growth condtions. Increased number of plastoglobules (lipid bodies) in chloroplasts.
Participates with ALB4 in thylakoid protein targeting. May function with specific subset of thylakoidal proteins (PubMed:28684427). Binds to DNA and alters its conformation. May be involved in regulation of gene expression, nucleoid organization and DNA protection (By similarity).
Belongs to the CcmH/CycL/Ccl2/NrfF family.
Embryonic lethality when homozygous. Arrest of embryo development at the torpedo stage.
Interacts (via N-terminus) with CYTC-1 (PubMed:16236729). Interacts with CCMFN1 and CCMFN2 (PubMed:18644794).
Plays a central role in mitochondrial cytochrome c maturation. Probable component of a heme lyase complex involved in the reduction of apocytochrome c (PubMed:16236729). Forms a complex with CCMF proteins (CCMFC, CCMFN1 and CCMFN2) that performs the assembly of heme with c-type apocytochromes in mitochondria (PubMed:18644794).
Belongs to the triosephosphate isomerase family.
In plants, there are two types of TPIS, cytosolic and plastid.
Sugar-binding protein showing significant affinity for (Glc alpha(1-4)Glc)(3) maltohexaose, (Glc alpha(1-6)Glc)(3) isomaltohexaose, Gal alpha(1-4)Gal beta(1-4)Glc, GalNAc alpha(1-3)(Fuc alpha(1-2)) and Gal beta(1-3)(Fuc alpha(1-4))GlcNAc beta(1-3)Gal beta(1-4)Glc.
Expressed in seedlings, rosette and cauline leaves, flowers and siliques.
Acts as a direct positive regulator of leaf size but not leaf shape.
Over-expression of SRF4 led to an increased leaf surface and to male-sterility in both cv. Landsberg and cv. Columbia.
Plants show a reduction in leaf size, but no apparent defect in pollen development or fertility.
Early flowering. Decreased level of H3K4me3 and histone H3 and H4 acetylation in the region spanning the transcription-translation start site of FLC, but not of UFC or DFC.
Expressed in roots and leaves. Expressed in shoot and root apical meristems and vascular tissues.
Homodimer. Component of the transcription activator complex FRI-C composed of FRI, FRL1, SUF4, FLX and FES1. Interacts with FES1 and (via N-terminus) with FRI (via C-terminus). Interacts with SWC6, TAF14B and RIN1, three components of the SWR1 chromatin-remodeling complex.
Transactivator required for FRIGIDA-mediated activation of FLC and for the expression of the repressors of flowering AGL27/MAF1 and AGL31/MAF2. Does not alter expression of known activators of FLC expression. Not required for the photoperiod response or for the vernalization response. Not redundant with FLXL4.
Belongs to the Mg-chelatase subunit H family.
By red, far-red and blue light. Down-regulated by white light.
Multifunctional protein involved in chlorophyll synthesis, plastid-to-nucleus retrograde signaling and abscisic acid (ABA) perception. In chlorophyll synthesis, catalyzes the insertion of magnesium ion into protoporphyrin IX to yield Mg-protoporphyrin IX. The reaction takes place in two steps, with an ATP-dependent activation followed by an ATP-dependent chelation step. In addition to its function in the Mg-chelatase enzyme, is required for the plastid-to-nucleus retrograde signaling. The plastid-to-nucleus signal plays an important role in the coordinated expression of both nuclear- and chloroplast-localized genes that encode photosynthesis-related proteins. Has a role in mediating ABA signaling in stomatal guard cells and during seed germination. Binds ABA and is a positive regulator of ABA signaling.
Pale-green phenotype with low survival rates during de-etiolation and severe embryonic lethality when homozygous. Chli1 and chli2 double mutants are albino.
Plants silencing CHLH show significant ABA-insensitive phenotypes in seed germination, post-germination growth arrest by ABA and ABA-induced promotion of stomatal closure and inhibition of stomatal opening. In contrast, plants over-expressing ABAR display ABA-hypersensitive phenotypes (PubMed:17051210).
The magnesium chelatase complex is a heterotrimer consisting of subunits CHLI, CHLD and CHLH. Interacts with GUN4, WRKY18, WRKY40, WRKY60, CHLI1 and CHLD.
Component of the ASI1-AIPP1-EDM2 (AAE) RNA regulatory complex composed of at least AIPP1/EDM3, ASI1 and EDM2 and may contain CPL2, AIPP2 and AIPP3/BDT1 (PubMed:28808009). Binds directly to ASI1 and EDM2 and may function as a bridge protein between them (PubMed:28808009). Co-associates with EDM2 to histone H3 lysine 9 dimethylation (H3K9me2)-marked chromatin and transcripts at a critical proximal polyadenylation site of RPP7 to hamper proximal transcript polyadeylation/termination (PubMed:30407670).
Hyper-dimethylation of histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9me2) in several genes (PubMed:30407670). Impeded use of distal polyadenylation sites at intronic heterochromatin (HC)-containing genes (e.g. histone demethylase gene IBM1) resulting in a lack of functional full-length transcripts (PubMed:28808009). Silencing of transgenes such as 35S-SUC2 and genome-wide CHG hypermethylation at gene body regions, leading to reduced transcription of several genes (e.g. IBM1) (PubMed:28808009). Abolished expression of At4g16870, a transposable element (TE) of Copia-like retrotransposon origin, associated with methylated status (PubMed:28808009). Compromised RPP7-dependent immunity associated with reduced histone H3 lysine 9 dimethylation (H3K9me2) at the COPIA-R7 retrotransposon 5'LTR present in the first RPP7 intron, and leading to an increased sporulation of the incompatible Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis (downy mildew) Hpa-Hiks1 isolate, but normal resistance to Hpa-Cala2 and Hpa-Cand5 isolates in cv. Col-5 background; full susceptibility to these isolates is observed in cv. Wassilewskija background (PubMed:30407670).
Prevents gene silencing by suppressing CHG methylation as well as histone H3 lysine 9 dimethylation (H3K9me2) status at target loci (PubMed:28808009, PubMed:30407670). Collaboratively with ASI1 and EDM2, the AAE complex regulates alternative RNA processing (e.g. alternative splicing) and epigenetic silencing (e.g. H3K9me2) of intronic heterochromatin-containing genes as well as genic heterochromatin-containing genes by promoting distal 3' polyadenylation, thus being required for the accumulation of their full-length transcripts (PubMed:28808009). May also modulate transposable elements (TE) expression (PubMed:28808009). Mediates RPP7-dependent race-specific disease resistance by promoting histone H3 lysine 9 dimethylation (H3K9me2) at the proximal RPP7 polyadenylation site, thus controlling alternative polyadenylation of RPP7 immune receptor transcripts and facilitating 2-phosphoserine RNAPII occupancy (PubMed:30407670). In cv. Columbia, required for RPP7-dependent disease resistance against the Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis isolate Hiks1 (PubMed:30407670).
Associates in vivo with Pol IV but not with Pol V.
Decreased, but not completely blocked de novo methylation. Probably due to a partial redundancy with CLSY2.
Probable chromatin remodeling factor. Required for the initial establishment of DNA methylation and for accumulation of 24-nt siRNAs. May act on RNA templates by remodeling ribonucleoprotein structures and thereby influencing the availability of the RNA to polymerases.
By heat and cold stresses and the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D, auxin analog).
Expressed in roots, seedlings and at lower levels in leaves.
Plants display minimal right-handed slanting in roots, reduced gravitropic response, reduced number of lateral roots, reduced size of shoot and root in the seedlings and increased resistance to 2,4-D.
Transcriptional activator that specifically binds DNA sequence 5'-AGAAnnTTCT-3' known as heat shock promoter elements (HSE). May be involved in general response to auxin.
Forms heterodimer with PYL10, thus antagonizing PP2Cs-binding and ABA-independent inhibition of PP2Cs (PubMed:24165892). Homodimer. Binds ABA on one subunit only. Binds to CARs protein in an ABA-independent manner, both at the plasma membrane and in the nucleus (By similarity). Interacts with PP2Cs such as PP2CA, ABI1, HAB1 and HAB2 (PubMed:24165892).
Receptor for abscisic acid (ABA) required for ABA-mediated responses such as stomatal closure and germination inhibition (By similarity). Inhibits the activity of group-A protein phosphatases type 2C (PP2Cs), selectively PP2CA, in an ABA-independent manner (PubMed:24165892).
Expressed at high level in developing siliques. Detected in seeds, roots, leaves and inflorescences. In seeds, specifically detected at the outer layer of the outer integument.
Key oxidase enzyme in the biosynthesis of gibberellin that catalyzes the conversion of GA12 and GA53 to GA9 and GA20 respectively, via a three-step oxidation at C-20 of the GA skeleton, and GA25 is also formed as a minor product. GA53 is less effectively oxidized than GA12.
Negatively controlled by the level of physiologically active gibberellin. Not regulated by auxin. Up-regulated by paclobutrazol.
Isoforms 1 and 2: homodimer. Isoform 3: loss of dimerization.
Transcription factor that may act on the GAL1 promoter (PubMed:12008900). Acts redundantly with MYR2 as a repressor of flowering and organ elongation under decreased light intensity (PubMed:21255164). Represses gibberellic acid (GA)-dependent responses and affects levels of bioactive GA (PubMed:21255164).
Homodimer. Heterodimer with SNX1 or SNX2B. Component of the retromer complex which consists of VPS29 (MAG1), VPS26 (VPS26A or VPS26B), VPS35 (VPS35A or VPS35B or VPS35C), VPS5/17 (SNX1 or SNX2A or SNX2B).
Plays a role in vesicular protein sorting. Acts at the crossroads between the secretory and endocytic pathways. Is involved in the endosome to vacuole protein transport and, as component of the membrane-associated retromer complex, is also involved in endosome-to-Golgi retrograde transport.
Reduced rosette size and inflorescence length as well as root gravitropism defects in snx2a and snx2b double mutant.
Belongs to the metallo-dependent hydrolases superfamily. Hydantoinase/dihydropyrimidinase family.
Carbamylation allows a single lysine to coordinate two divalent metal cations.
Catalyzes the second step of the reductive pyrimidine degradation, the reversible hydrolytic ring opening of dihydropyrimidines. Can catalyze the ring opening of 5,6-dihydrouracil to N-carbamoyl-alanine and of 5,6-dihydrothymine to N-carbamoyl-amino isobutyrate. Involved in the recycling of nitrogen from nucleobases to general nitrogen metabolism.
No visible phenotype, but unable to grow on uracil as sole nitrogen source.
Up-regulated between days 3 and 12 after germination and during senescence.
The active site contains a CRKC motif wich differs from the conserved CGPC motif.
Interacts with SKD1/VPS4 and LIP5 (PubMed:19304934, PubMed:20663085). Interacts with CHMP1B (PubMed:20663085). Interacts with VPS2.2 (PubMed:22010978).
Detected in various tissues. More expressed in reproductive tissues than in vegetative tissues, with the highest level in young flower buds.
Plays essential roles in DNA damage repair in both somatic and meiotic cells. It is important for postsynaptic events following pachytene in meiosis. It is also required for DNA cross-links repair and is involved in double strand breaks (DSBs) repair.
In shoots and roots by nitrate treatment.
Loss-of-function mutation clca-1 leads to an altered nitrate content and hypersensitivity to chlorate.
Voltage-gated chloride channel that could play a role in the regulation of nitrate content.
Belongs to the calcium channel alpha-1 subunit (TC 1.A.1.11) family. Two pore calcium channel subfamily.
Each of the two internal repeats contains five hydrophobic transmembrane segments (S1, S2, S3, S5, S6) and one positively charged transmembrane segment (S4). S4 segments probably represent the voltage-sensor and are characterized by a series of positively charged amino acids (By similarity).
Functions as a voltage-gated inward-rectifying Ca(2+) channel (VDCC) across the vacuole membrane. Is one of the essential components of the slow vacuolar (SV) channel. Acts as the major ROS-responsive Ca(2+) channel and is the possible target of Al-dependent inhibition. Involved in the regulation of germination and stomatal movement.
Plants display an impairment of both the Ca(2+) inhibition of stomatal guard cell opening and abscisic acid (ABA) inhibition of seed germination.
Homodimer. Probable component of the gamma-secretase complex, a complex composed of a presenilin homodimer, nicastrin, APH1 and PEN2 (By similarity).
Probable subunit of the gamma-secretase complex, an endoprotease complex that catalyzes the intramembrane cleavage of integral membrane proteins such as Notch receptors.
Expressed in root hairs and in epidermis of both root tips and mature regions of roots. Detected in shoots, stems, flowers, siliques and imbibed seeds. Expressed in vascular tissues in cotyledons, trus leaves, hypocotyls, roots and inflorescence stems.
Low-affinity proton-dependent nitrate transporter. Involved in constitutive nitrate uptake. Not involved in histidine or dipeptides transport. Involved in (+)-abscisic acid (ABA) transport, but not in gibberellin, indole-3-acetic acid or jasmonic acid import. Mediates cellular ABA uptake. Nitrate does not compete with abscisic acid as a substrate of NPF4.6 (PubMed:24084651).
Not regulated by nitrate. Down-regulated upon nematode infection.
Reduced effect of ABA on seed germination and postgermination growth and increased number of open stomata.
CPSF73-I and CPSF73-II are not functionally redundant, but both are essential in plant development.
Component of the CPSF complex, at least composed of CPSF160, CPSF100, CPSF73-I, CPSF73-II, CPSF30, FY and FIPS5. Interacts with CPSF30, CPSF100, CPSF160 and FY.
Highly expressed in senescence leaves, petals, stamens, pollen and late stages of siliques with seeds. Also detected in roots, stems, leaves and seedlings.
Component of the exocyst complex involved in the docking of exocytic vesicles with fusion sites on the plasma membrane during regulated or polarized secretion. Involved in polarized cell growth and organ morphogenesis. During cytokinesis, involved in cell plate initiation, cell plate maturation and formation of new primary cell wall. Probable component of an exocyst subcomplex specifically involved in autophagy-related, Golgi-independent membrane traffic to the vacuole. Regulates autophagosome formation and autophagy-related Golgi-independent import into the vacuole.
The exocyst complex is composed of SEC3, SEC5, SEC6, SEC8, SEC10, EXO70A1 and EXO84B. Interacts with SEC3A and EXO70B1. Binds to EXO70H1 and EXO70B2 (PubMed:21199889). Binds directly to B1L (PubMed:35249253).
By high-salt stress and abscisic acid (ABA) treatment.
Transcriptional activator that binds specifically to the DNA sequence 5'-[AG]CCGAC-3'. Binding to the C-repeat/DRE element mediates high salinity- and abscisic acid-inducible transcription.
Catalyzes the oxidation of glycolate to glyoxylate, with a reduction of O2 to H2O2 (PubMed:25416784). Is a key enzyme in photorespiration in green plants (Probable).
Expressed in cotyledons, petioles, rosette leaves, hydathodes, cauline leaves, stems, pedicels and flower buds.
MYB-type transcription factor involved in trichome cell specification. Acts as a negative regulator of trichome patterning and formation. May function by suppressing the expression of GL3.
Plants over-expressing TCL2 does not have any trichomes on rosette leaves, inflorescence stems, cauline leaves or floral organs.
Early seeds germination on imbibition without stratification, and reduced abscisic acid (ABA)-mediated inhibition of stratified seeds germination (PubMed:26334616). Pollen grains of the double mutant abcg9 abcg31 shrivel up and collapse upon exposure to dry air, and exhibit an immature coat containing reduced levels of steryl glycosides, thus leading to a low viability (PubMed:24474628).
Expressed in seedlings, stems, leaves, siliques and inflorescence (PubMed:12430018, PubMed:24474628). In seeds, confined to the endosperm (PubMed:26334616). Highly expressed in the tapetum of anthers (PubMed:24474628).
Expressed transiently during flower develoment in the anthers and developing siliques (specifically in the maternal tissues), mostly in the pollen and the tapetal cell layer during pollen maturation.
Together with ABCG25, export abscisic acid (ABA) from the endosperm to deliver it to the embryo via ABCG30 and ABCG40-mediated import to suppress radicle extension and subsequent embryonic growth (PubMed:26334616). Together with ABCG9, involved in pollen coat deposition of steryl glycosides required for pollen fitness (PubMed:24474628). May be a general defense protein (By similarity).
Catalyzes the interconversion between UDP-glucose and UDP-galactose and the interconversion between UDP-arabinose and UDP-xylose. Cooperates with UGE2 in pollen development. May preferentially act in the UDP-galactose to UDP-glucose direction, therefore displaying a role in carbohydrate catabolism (Probable).
No visible phenotype. Uge2 and uge3 double mutant is almost completely sterile (PubMed:17496119).
Component of a DREAM-like complex which modulates a variety of developmentally regulated genes and of the mitotic genes in proliferating and differentiated cells. Associates with RBR1 in both earlier and later stages of leaves development. Interacts with CDKA-1 and E2FC, but not with E2FB, at later stages of leaves development.
Slightly induced by ethylene, auxin (IAA), jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA).
In snc2-5 and snc2-8 mutants, impaired basal resistance to P.syringae pv. tomato DC3000 leading to increased susceptibility.
Induced locally in roots by the nonpathogenic, root-colonizing rhizobacterium P.fluorescens WCS417r.
Involved in plant defense. Required for basal resistance against P.syringae pv. tomato DC3000.
DRBM domains are required for interactions with target transcription factors such as ANAC019 and MYB3.
Grows more rapidly and flower later than wild-type plants. Increased tolerance to salt stress and to ABA during seed germination but more sensitive to freezing damage at the seedling stage, by the enhanced expression of abiotic stress-induced genes. Hypersensitivity to MeJA, accumulates high levels of anthocyanin on medium containing MeJA. Confers wound hyperresponsiveness of JA-biosynthetic genes.
Interacts with FREE1, ANAC019, MYB3, MYB4 and MYB32. Binds to DMS3 (PubMed:18541146). Interacts with RCF3 (PubMed:23874224, PubMed:24146632, PubMed:24303021, PubMed:26512101). Interacts with RS40 and RS41 (PubMed:24146632). Interacts with EIF4A3 (PubMed:26887918). Interacts with UPF3 (PubMed:26887918).
Processively dephosphorylates 'Ser-5' but not 'Ser-2' of the heptad repeats YSPTSPS in the C-terminal domain of the largest RNA polymerase II subunit (RPB1). This promotes the activity of RNA polymerase II. Together with CPL2, required for male gametes fertility. Multifunctional regulator that modulates plant growth, stress, and phytohormones responses. Negative regulator of stress gene transcription involved in abscisic acid (ABA) mediated and jasmonic acid (JA) mediated signaling pathways, NaCl, osmotic stress, wounding, and cold resistance. Regulates negatively the expression of jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthetic genes in response to wounding (PubMed:11874572, PubMed:12149434, PubMed:12149453, PubMed:15388846, PubMed:18506580, PubMed:18764923). Forms a complex with RCF3 that modulates co-transcriptional processes such as mRNA capping and polyadenylation, and functions to repress stress-inducible gene expression (PubMed:23874224). Dephosphorylates RCF3 (PubMed:26227967). Involved in the dephosphorylation of EIF4A3. This dephosphorylation retains EIF4A3 in the nucleus and limits its accumulation in the cytoplasm. Is essential for the degradation of the nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) transcripts (PubMed:26887918).
Expressed with a circadian rhythm showing a peak before dawn.
Associated component of the MCM complex that acts as a regulator of DNA replication. Binds to the MCM complex during late S phase and may act by promoting the disassembly of the MCM complex from chromatin. Required for sister chromatid cohesion.
Expression is regulated by E2FA and E2FB.
Serrated leaves due to cell cycle inhibition and to a stringent late G2 cell cycle arrest. The leaf blade area is almost normal while the average abaxial pavement cell area increases significantly in the mutant plants, accompanied with a decrease in cell number per leaf. At the bolting stage, younger leaves display a slightly elongated and serrated leaf phenotype. In addition, the root growth rate of the mutant plants is significantly reduced.
Expressed ubiquitously, higher levels in leaves.
Female gametophytic mutant which exhibits embryo development without any endosperm due to a successful sperm cell fusion with the egg cell but an impaired fusion of the second sperm cell with the central cell, thus resulting in single fertilization (PubMed:22872756, PubMed:17965055). Embryos can develop up to the globular stage in the absence of endosperm (PubMed:17965055).
In the embryo sac, confined to synergid cells (SCs) (PubMed:22872756). Observed in sporophytic tissues including the micropylar end of integuments and placenta (PubMed:22872756).
Observed throughout the embryo sac and in sporophytic tissues including the funiculus and the placenta.
Required for double fertilization of the egg cell and the central cell by two sperm cells, resulting in the formation of the embryo and the endosperm (PubMed:22872756, PubMed:17965055). Involved in the regulation of embryonic expression of PHE1 (PubMed:17965055). Essential in maternal tissues to ensure the paternal embryonic expression of several genes, including RPS5a and FAC1, both of which being essential for early embryo and endosperm development in fertilized seeds (PubMed:17965055).
Restricted to the central cells of embryo sacs.
Expressed in rosette leaves, cauline leaves, stems, and siliques, and at lower levels in roots and flowers.
Induced by infection with the cucumber mosaic virus (CMV-Y and CMV-B2 strains).
Homodimer and heterodimer with KCA2 (PubMed:15247388). Interacts with CDKA-1 (Ref.5, PubMed:15247388). Interacts with AL1, a geminivirus (TGMV) protein essential for viral replication (PubMed:12172024). Interacts with LUE1/KSS (PubMed:12571277).
Kinesin-like protein required for chloroplast movements and anchor to the plasma membrane. Mediates chloroplast movement via chloroplast actin (cp-actin) filaments. Required for the chloroplast avoidance response under high intensity blue light (PubMed:20418504, PubMed:27310016). Mediates redundantly with CHUP1 the nuclear avoidance response under high intensity blue light (PubMed:27310016). May act as a mitotic kinesin (PubMed:15247388). Probably involved in division plane determination (PubMed:16461285).
Part of the phosphorylation is not CDK-dependent.
Circadian oscillation with peaks at subjective dusk.
Interacts with ELF3 and forms a complex with ELF3 and ELF4.
Mutant plant flowering lacks a photoperiodic response.
Transcription factor that is essential for the generation of the circadian clock oscillation. Is necessary for activation of CCA1 and LHY expression. Is coregulated with TOC1 and seems to be repressed by CCA1 and LHY by direct binding of these proteins to the evening element in the LUX promoter. Directly regulates the expression of PRR9, a major component of the morning transcriptional feedback circuit, by binding specific sites on PRR9 promoter. Binds to its own promoter, inducing a negative auto-regulatory feedback loop within the core clock. Binds to ELF3 and associates with ELF4 in a diurnal complex which is required for the expression of the growth-promoting transcription factors PIF4 and PIF5 and subsequent hypocotyl growth in the early evening.
Multifunctional enzyme that converts oxidosqualene to nine different triterpenes, mainly lupeol, beta-amyrin and alpha-amyrin in a 15:50:30 ratio.
Required for ribosome biogenesis. Part of a complex which catalyzes pseudouridylation of rRNA. This involves the isomerization of uridine such that the ribose is subsequently attached to C5, instead of the normal N1. Pseudouridine ("psi") residues may serve to stabilize the conformation of rRNAs.
As part of the replication protein A (RPA/RP-A), a single-stranded DNA-binding heterotrimeric complex, may play an essential role in DNA replication, recombination and repair. Binds and stabilizes single-stranded DNA intermediates, preventing complementary DNA reannealing and recruiting different proteins involved in DNA metabolism (By similarity).
Belongs to the replication factor A protein 3 family.
Component of the heterotrimeric canonical replication protein A complex (RPA).
Disease resistance (R) protein that specifically recognizes the AvrRps4 type III effector avirulence protein from P.syringae. Heterodimerization with RRS1B is required to form a functional complex to recognize AvrRps4 and to mediate the hypersensitive response.
Interacts with RRS1B. RPS4B-RRS1B heterodimer interacts with the bacterial effectors AvrRps4 and PopP2.
Component of the PAF1 complex (PAF1C) which is involved in histone modifications such as methylation on histone H3 'Lys-4' (H3K4me3) (PubMed:20363855). Involved in regulation of flowering time. Required for the expression of the flowering repressors FLC and MADS-box genes of the MAF family. Required for histone H3 trimethylation on 'Lys-4' (H3K4me3) at the FLC locus (PubMed:20363855, PubMed:20463090). Prevents trimethylation on 'Lys-27' (H3K27me3) at the same locus (PubMed:20363855).
Expressed in root tips, shoot apex, young leaves and flowers, especially in stamen filaments and carpels.
Expressed in green tissues, including leaves. Accumulates in chloroplasts of mature stomatal guard cells.
Impaired chloroplast development from proplastids or etioplasts leading to reduced chlorophylls and carotenoids accumulation. Reduced accumulation and maturation of some chloroplast-encoded transcripts. Leaves are pale with enlarged intercellular spaces, and loss of differentiation between palisade and mesophyll layers. Partially restored by cytokinin treatment.
Required for the differentiation of chloroplast from proplastids or etioplasts, probably by modulating some chloroplast-encoded genes expression and mRNA maturation. Involved in leaf-cells differentiation.
Contributes to the transfer of mature mRNA from the nucleus to the cytosol. Required for both R gene-mediated and basal disease resistance. RNA export seems to play a critical role in stress responses and regulation of plant growth and development.
Pleiotropic phenotype with diverse growth defects and early flowering.
Expressed in roots and shoots. Detected in the vascular tissues of roots, cotyledons, leaves and pistils, in the shoot apical meristem and in immature flowers.
Phox1, phox3 and phox4 triple mutants and phox1, phox2, phox3 and phox4 quadruple mutants show a 70% reduction in root hair growth (PubMed:28096376).
Up-regulated by abscisic acid treatment, and by cold and salt stress.
Expressed in aerial part, but not in roots. Detected in the guard and mesophyll cells.
Involved in glutathione-independent cadmium resistance. Reduces cadmium uptake rather than activating efflux, but is not closely coupled to calcium transporter.
the N-terminal domain (1-84) is required for cadmium resistance.
Expressed in shoot and root apical meristems, in lateral root primordia, in the vasculature of young leaves and in the root stele.
Not induced by zeocin or ionizing radiation treatment.
Phosphorylated in a DNA stress-independent manner (PubMed:23907539, PubMed:24399300). Hyperphosphorylated on SQ motifs upon double-strand breaks, H(2)O(2) or zeocin treatments (PubMed:23907539, PubMed:24399300). Hyperphosphorylation is required for SOG1 function, and unlike constitutive phosphorylation, is ATM dependent (PubMed:23907539).
Transcription factor regulating the transcriptional activation response to gamma irradiation (PubMed:19549833). Required for stem-cell death induced by UVB or by gamma irradiation (PubMed:20634150). Not required for ATM activation, but participates in pathways governed by both ATM and ATR sensor kinases (PubMed:19549833). Involved in DNA damage response (DDR) system that regulates cell cycle arrest (PubMed:24399300). Functional homolog of animal p53 (PubMed:24736489). Regulates SMR5 and SMR7 transcription (PubMed:24399300). Regulates DNA repair and cytokinin signaling separately and plays a key role in controlling lateral root formation under genotoxic stress.
Translocates preferentially neutral amino acids and to a lesser extent aromatic amino acids from the vacuole to the cytoplasm. Requires ATP for function.
Directly up-regulated by SCARECROW (SCR), as part of the differentiation program controlled by SHORT-ROOT (SHR).
Expressed in leaves, roots (endodermis-specific) and seedlings.
In myb36-1, myb36-2 and myb36-4, impaired Casparian strips formation replaced by ectopic lignin-like material in the corners of endodermal cells, associated with reduced expression of several endodermis-specific genes and abnormal CASP1 localization in the plasma membrane (PubMed:26124109, PubMed:26371322). Multiple changes to leaf ionome, including elevated concentrations of sodium, magnesium, and zinc and decreased calcium, manganese, and iron. Longer root hairs (PubMed:26124109). Delayed and defective barrier (Casparian strips) formation as well as extra cell divisions in the meristem in roots (PubMed:26371322).
In roots, expressed in endodermal cells from the late elongation zones to the differentiation zone and, to a lower extent, in endodermal cells of the meristematic zone.
Transcription factors that activates genes required for endodermal differentiation but represses genes involved in proliferative divisions, thus regulating the transition from proliferation to differentiation in root endodermis (PubMed:26371322). Required for Casparian strip formation by positively regulating the expression of the Casparian strip genes CASP1, PER64 and ESB1 and other endodermis-specific genes, thus triggering correct localized lignin biosynthesis in root endodermis and subsequently regulating global ion homeostasis (PubMed:26124109, PubMed:26371322).
Involved in the biosynthesis of sitosterol and campesterol, a precursor of growth-promoting brassinosteroids.
Could complement the kha1 deletion phenotypes in S.cerevisiae.
Operates as a K(+)/H(+) antiporter that controls K(+) acquisition and homeostasis.
Predominantly expressed in epidermal and cortical cells of mature roots but also barely detected in leaves.
Up-regulated by NaCl, K(+) starvation and abscisic acid (ABA). Induced at acidic external pH.
Interacts with SCL28, SCL30, SR34, RNU1 and SNRNP35.
Component of the heptameric LSM1-LSM7 complex that forms a seven-membered ring structure with a donut shape. The LSM subunits are arranged in the order LSM1, LSM2, LSM3, LSM6, LSM5, LSM7 and LSM4 (PubMed:23221597, PubMed:23620288). LSM4 subunit interacts only with its two neighboring subunits, LSM1A or LSM1B and LSM7 (PubMed:23221597). Component of the heptameric LSM2-LSM8 complex that forms a seven-membered ring structure with a donut shape. The LSM subunits are arranged in the order LSM8, LSM2, LSM3, LSM6, LSM5, LSM7 and LSM4 (PubMed:23221597, PubMed:23620288). LSM4 subunit interacts only with its two neighboring subunits, LSM8 and LSM7 (PubMed:23221597).
Methylated by PMRT15/SKB1 in response to salt stress or abscisic acid (ABA) treatment.
Severe developmental retardation leading to plant death.
Interacts with thioredoxin (PubMed:20049866). Interacts in vitro with LTO1 (PubMed:25412899).
Pentapeptide repeat protein of unknown function. Subject to degradation when reduced.
A stretch of 270 kb of the mitochondrial genome is duplicated within the centromere of chromosome 2 resulting in the duplication of the gene. The expression of this duplicated gene (At2g07727) is not demonstrated. It is also probably not RNA edited and therefore differs in all the positions known to be edited.
Component of the ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase, a multisubunit transmembrane complex that is part of the mitochondrial electron transport chain which drives oxidative phosphorylation. The respiratory chain contains 3 multisubunit complexes succinate dehydrogenase (complex II, CII), ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase (cytochrome b-c1 complex, complex III, CIII) and cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV, CIV), that cooperate to transfer electrons derived from NADH and succinate to molecular oxygen, creating an electrochemical gradient over the inner membrane that drives transmembrane transport and the ATP synthase. The cytochrome b-c1 complex catalyzes electron transfer from ubiquinol to cytochrome c, linking this redox reaction to translocation of protons across the mitochondrial inner membrane, with protons being carried across the membrane as hydrogens on the quinol. In the process called Q cycle, 2 protons are consumed from the matrix, 4 protons are released into the intermembrane space and 2 electrons are passed to cytochrome c. Cytochrome b is a catalytic core subunit containing 2 b-type hemes BL and BH topographically segregated in the quinone reduction (Qi) and quinol oxidation (Q0) sites on opposite sides of the membrane.
Component of the ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase complex (complex III or cytochrome b-c1 complex) that is part of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. The b-c1 complex mediates electron transfer from ubiquinol to cytochrome c. Contributes to the generation of a proton gradient across the mitochondrial membrane that is then used for ATP synthesis.
Heme 1 (or BL or b562) is low-potential and absorbs at about 562 nm, and heme 2 (or BH or b566) is high-potential and absorbs at about 566 nm.
The protein contains only eight transmembrane helices, not nine as predicted by bioinformatics tools.
Expressed in roots, stems, leaves, flowers and shoot apical meristems.
Promotes cellular proliferation and expansion (PubMed:17989228). Induces outward H(+) fluxes in roots (PubMed:25267325).
The sulfation and the L-Ara(3) chain are required for full activity.
Expressed in anthers, pollen and root trichoblast cells (Ref.6, PubMed:28356503, PubMed:20943851). Also observed in anther tapetum (Ref.6).
Interacts with ROH1A and ROH1D independently of its phosphorylation status.
Partial male-specific transmission defect due to aberrant pollen tube growth (PubMed:28356503). Stop-and-go growth dynamics where phases with abnormally high growth rates are interrupted by pollen tube tip bursts associated with decreased thickness of the tip cell wall and recovery, ultimately resulting in pollen tube rupture; this phenotype is partially rescued by the phospho-dead (PD) mutant A-212; A-215; A-217; A-446; A-494 and A-605, but not by the phospho-mimetic (PM) mutant E-212; D-215; D-217; E-446; D-494 and D-605 (PubMed:28356503, PubMed:33519861). Complete inactivation of pollen-specific transmission due to abnormal pollen tube growth in plants lacking both EXO70C1 and EXO70C2 (PubMed:28356503).
Phosphorylation on Ser and Thr residues promotes its ability to repress pollen tube growth and to regulate cellular architecture at the pollen tube tip.
Required for optimal tip growth of pollen tube; dose-dependent negative regulator of exocyst function in pollen tube growth and cellular architecture at the pollen tube tip, probably by modulating membrane trafficking and exocytosis dynamics.
Strongly expressed in pollen and anther tapetum at later stages of pollen development, from post-meiotic pollen, in mature pollen and after pollen release (Ref.6). In roots, observed during root hair development (PubMed:20943851).
Possesses ribonuclease activity in vitro.
Required for plastid development during embryogenesis (PubMed:24964212). Might be involved in chaperone functions or play a structural role in the thylakoid FtsH complex (Probable).
Asparagine-specific endopeptidase involved in the processing of vacuolar seed protein precursors into the mature forms (By similarity). Probably involved in post-translational proteolysis of seed storage proteins in the protein storage vacuole of developing seeds (PubMed:12417707, PubMed:14688293).
No macroscopic phenotype, probably due to functional redundancy (PubMed:12417707, PubMed:14688293). Slight differences in polypeptide accumulation in seeds with an increased amount of propolypeptide forms of legumin-type globulins (PubMed:12417707). In plants lacking all vacuolar-processing enzyme isozymes (e.g. alpha, beta, gamma and delta) shift of storage protein accumulation from normally processed polypeptides to a finite number of prominent alternatively processed polypeptides cleaved at sites other than the conserved Asn residues targeted by VPE (PubMed:14688293).
Seed specific. Also expressed in the flowers and buds.
Endonuclease RNase P responsible for the 5' maturation of tRNA precursors. Also involved in the maturation of mRNA and small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA).
No visible phenotype; due to the redundancy with PRORP2. Prorp2 and prorp3 double mutant is lethal.
Binds to the embryo specification element and the ABA-responsive element (ABRE) of the Dc3 gene promoter and to the ABRE of the Em1 gene promoter. Could participate in abscisic acid-regulated gene expression during seed development.
DNA-binding heterodimer with ABI5/DPBF1, DPBF2 or AREB3/DPBF3. Interacts with the AFP proteins AFP2, AFP3 and AFP4.
Expressed in cotyledons, stems, roots, leaves, flower and silique stalks, pistils and stigmas, but not in anthers.
Expressed under darkness or light during initial stages of germination. Highly expressed in hypocotyls during days 3 to 7 after germination under light but almost undetectable in darkness.
Interacts with BAK1 (via extracellular region).
MSBP1 can bind to multiple steroid compounds with different affinities. Negatively regulates cell elongation and brassinosteroid signaling. May act as a coreceptor with BAK1 and enhances its endocytosis.
Not induced by phytohormones and strongly suppressed in darkness.
Regulated by both phytochromes and cryptochromes.
The cytochrome b5 heme-binding domain lacks the conserved iron-binding His residues at positions 109 and 133.
Component of SCF(ASK-cullin-F-box) E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes, which may mediate the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins (By similarity). Required during the endosperm development in embryos.
Part of a SCF (ASK-cullin-F-box) protein ligase complex (By similarity). Interacts with SKP1A/ASK1 and CUL1.
Expressed in cotyledons and rosette and cauline leaves. Expressed at low levels in roots, shoots, flowers and siliques.
Pale green siliques (PubMed:12220263). Pale-green seedlings in double mutants glk1/glk2 (PubMed:23459204).
Plants overexpressing GLK2 have a delay in flowering under long days.
Transcriptional activator that functions with GLK1 to promote chloroplast development. Acts as an activator of nuclear photosynthetic genes involved in chlorophyll biosynthesis, light harvesting, and electron transport. Acts in a cell-autonomous manner to coordinate and maintain the photosynthetic apparatus within individual cells. May function in photosynthetic capacity optimization by integrating responses to variable environmental and endogenous cues (PubMed:11828027, PubMed:12220263, PubMed:18643989, PubMed:19376934, PubMed:19383092, PubMed:19726569). Prevents premature senescence (PubMed:23459204).
Induced 3.1-fold by red light, 2.6-fold by far-red light, and 2.3-fold by blue light. Not induced by abscisic acid.
Involved in both red and blue light signaling.
Plants show a hypersensitive hypocotyl growth response to both red and blue light.
Belongs to the nitrite and sulfite reductase 4Fe-4S domain family.
Catalyzes the six-electron reduction of nitrite to ammonium.
Acts as a component of the essential kinetochore-associated NDC80 complex, which is required for chromosome segregation and spindle checkpoint activity.
By abscisic acid (ABA), and osmotic stress (e.g. polyethylene glycol PEG). Slight transient repression by salt (NaCl).
Expressed in seedlings, leaves, roots, inflorescences, and siliques (PubMed:25783413). Constitutively expressed in seedlings and roots (PubMed:11905967).
In leaves, especially present in stomata guard cells. In reproductive organs, expressed in pollen grains and tubes of germinating pollen, as well as in funiculi attaching seeds to siliques.
Larger rosettes and delayed flowering in long days (16 hours of light / 8 hours of darkness). Higher sensitivity to salt (NaCl). Hypersensitivity to the presence of abscisic acid (ABA).
Ribosome-binding protein that acts as a regulator of mRNA translation by promoting ribosome inactivation (By similarity). Binds RNA (PubMed:25783413). Regulates responses to abscisic acid (ABA) (PubMed:25783413). Promotes stomata closure in drought conditions (PubMed:25783413). Involved in resistance to salt and drought stresses via the accumulation of Pro (PubMed:25783413).
Accumulates in mature seeds. Expressed in seedlings (axes and cotyledons), meristems, vascular tissues and emerging lateral roots. Present in abscission zones.
Galactinol synthase involved in the biosynthesis of raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs) that function as osmoprotectants. Promotes plant stress tolerance such as heat, chilling, salinity and methylviologen (MV), a superoxide radical generating drug, by mediating raffinose accumulation, an osmoprotective substance.
Impaired raffinose accumulation in response to heat stress.
Induced by abscisic acid (ABA), heat, drought and high-salinity stresses. Promoted by methylviologen (MV), a superoxide radical generating drug.
Expressed constitutively at low levels in seedlings, roots, leaves, stems, flowers and siliques.
Plays a continuous role in plant development probably in the structural organization of compartments (By similarity). Seems to be involved in early gravitropic signal transduction within the gravity-perceiving cells (statocytes).
Up-regulated by mechanical and gravity stimulations.
Positively light-regulated during the firt stage of development. Up-regulated transiently by a cold treatment. Induced in shoots of plants subjected to a long Fe deficiency stress. Down-regulated by salicylic acid, a plant defense-related signaling molecule.
Contributes to jasmonic acid biosynthesis by initiating the beta-oxidative chain shortening of its precursors (PubMed:18267944). Acyl-coenzyme A synthetase which exhibits a high activity specifically toward OPC-6 ((9R,13R)-1a,1b-dinor-10,11-dihydro-12-oxo-15-phytoenoate) (PubMed:18267944). Also capable of activating sinapic acid, a cinnamic acid derivative (PubMed:18267944). Follows a two-step reaction mechanism, wherein the carboxylate substrate first undergoes adenylation by ATP, followed by a thioesterification in the presence of CoA to yield the final CoA thioester (By similarity).
Involved in the lipid remodeling steps of GPI-anchor maturation.
Expressed in leaves, shoot apex, flowers and during seed development.
Ubiquitous but expressed mostly in flowers.
Altered vein pattern in cotyledons and primary leaves. Mutant seedlings show increased sensitivity to osmotic and salt stresses in roots.
By salt treatment in cotyledons and cold stress in pollen (PubMed:12805584, PubMed:22232384). Repressed by auxin (e.g. IAA) (PubMed:19000166).
Expressed in embryos and organ primordia in shoot and root. In primary and cauline leaves and petals, is expressed in hydathodes, guard cells, petiole cells and cells associated with differentiating vascular bundles.
Involved in osmotic and salt stress tolerance. May play a role in the control of meristematic cell size during osmotic stress. May function as an adapter protein for BRL2 and may be required for signaling affecting leaf vascular tissue pattern formation.
Extreme defects in morphogenesis, positioning of mitotic division planes and cellular organization due to dysfunction of the cortical cytoskeleton and absence of the preprophase band of microtubules. In the ton1 insertional mutant, the two highly similar genes in tandem, TON1A and TON1B are simultaneously disrupted.
Interacts with CEN1, LNG1/TRM2 and LNG2/TRM1 (via C-terminus).
Involved in the control of the dynamic organization of the cortical cytoskeleton. May play a role in the organization of microtubule arrays at the centrosome through interaction with centrin 1 (CEN1).
Late induced by infection with an incompatible bacterial plant pathogen.
Defective in chloroplast photorelocation movement, leading to damage of the photosynthetic apparatus and subsequent bleaching of leaf color and necrosis under high light conditions. Chloroplasts gathered at the bottom of cells, regardless of the light conditions.
Expressed in cauline leaves, rosette leaves, stems and flowers, but not in roots.
Required for the positioning and movement of chloroplasts. Interacts with profilin and actin independent of its polymerization status. Regulates chloroplast localization by anchoring chloroplasts to the plasma membrane and forming a bridge to the actin cytoskeleton.
The N-terminal region (1-25) is necessary and sufficient for targeting and anchoring the protein in the chloroplast envelope membrane.
The actin binding motif (346-356) can function in vitro as an actin binding site.
The coiled coil domain(123-341) interacts with the plasma membrane and anchors chloroplasts firmly on the plasma membrane.
The proline-rich domain (648-705) mediates the interaction with profilin.
Expressed in germinating seeds, rosettes leaves, flowers and siliques.
Fast germination rate, fast growth rate, increased biomass accumulation and early flowering.
Involved in the control of plant growth development. Acts as negative regulator of seed germination, cell division in meristematic regions, plant growth and overall biomass accumulation. May function by regulating ribosome activities and biogenesis in plant cells.
By ethylene, ozone, sulfur dioxide, Fe exposure, oxidative and heat-shock stresses, and by excess light treatment. Induced by cadmium (PubMed:16502469).
Plays a key role in hydrogen peroxide removal. Constitutes a central component of the reactive oxygen gene network.
Constitutive loss of function results in seedling lethality (PubMed:19383897). In conditionnal loss of function, aberrant secondary cell wall (SCW) formation of root vessel elements; this phenotype is stronger in double mutant plants lacking both TED6 and TED7 (PubMed:19383897).
Essential protein (PubMed:19383897). Involved in the secondary cell wall (SCW) formation of vessel elements (e.g. protoxylem and metaxylem), thus promoting tracheary element (TE) differentiation (PubMed:19383897).
Belongs to the complex I NDUFA12 subunit family.
Methylates (mono and asymmetric dimethylation) the guanidino nitrogens of arginyl residues present in a glycine and arginine-rich domain. Type I arginine methyltransferase active on both histones and non-histone proteins. Mediates the methylation of MED36A.
Required for both formation and activity of the chloroplast NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (NDH) complex of the photosynthetic electron transport chain. May function in assembly or stabilization of the NDH complex (PubMed:16648216, PubMed:20444231). Required for the accumulation of NDH subcomplex A, which is a core part of NDH. May be involved in post-translational steps during the biogenesis of subcomplex A (PubMed:20444231).
Expressed in the epidermis of the root meristem and the early expansion zone.
Plant-specific actin binding protein. Associates with F-actin at the tonoplast. May be part of a membrane-cytoskeletal adapter complex.
Could be the product of a pseudogene. Created by a base pair loss in a duplication of PSBP1 (At1g06680). Not detected at the protein level in purified chloroplasts.
During seedling development, expression is hardly detected during the first 2 days after imbibition, and then increases to reach a peak after 9 days.
Expressed in root xylem, cotyledons and leaves (PubMed:15308648). Expressed in leaf blades, petioles, trichomes, stems, flower stigma, the upper part of pedicels, sepals, and the top and bottom parts of carpels in siliques (PubMed:16738859).
Proton-coupled transporter that transports a wide spectrum of oxo derivatives of heterocyclic nitrogen compounds, including allantoin, uric acid and xanthine, but not adenine. Mediates high affinity transport of uracil and 5-fluorouracil (a toxic uracil analog). Mediates transport of free pyrimidines and may function during early seedling development in salvage pathways, by the utilization of pyrimidines from seed storage tissue.
No effect on miRNA accumulation in the wild-type background, but increased abundance of the heterogeneous miRNA species in a hen1 background. Reduced 3' uridylation of miRNAs without affecting the 3' truncation.
Uridylates small RNAs to trigger their degradation (PubMed:22464191, PubMed:22464194, PubMed:25928341). Catalyzes the uridylation of 5' fragments produced by AGO1-mediated cleavage of miRNA target RNAs (PubMed:24733911). Acts synergistically with URT1 in unmethylated miRNA uridylation, leading to their degradation (PubMed:25928341). URT1 and HESO1 prefer substrates with different 3' end nucleotides and act cooperatively to tail different forms of the same miRNAs (PubMed:25928405). URT1 and HESO1 act sequentially, with URT1 mono-uridylating the miRNAs followed by their further uridylation by HESO1 (PubMed:25928405). URT1 and HESO1 are involved in the uridylation and clearance of RISC-generated 5' mRNA fragments (PubMed:30364210). Able to act on AGO1-bound miRNAs and the uridylated species stay associated with AGO1 (PubMed:24733911, PubMed:25928405).
Causes loosening and extension of plant cell walls by disrupting non-covalent bonding between cellulose microfibrils and matrix glucans. No enzymatic activity has been found (By similarity). Target of the transcriptional activator LBD18. Regulated by LBD18 to promote lateral root formation (PubMed:22974309).
Probably acts as a transcriptional activator. Binds to the GCC-box pathogenesis-related promoter element. May be involved in the regulation of gene expression by stress factors and by components of stress signal transduction pathways. Acts as an essential integrator of the JA and ethylene signal transduction pathways. Activates the expression of the PDF1.2A gene.
May form heterodimeric complexes with TALE/KNOX proteins (By similarity). Interacts with OFP2, OFP4, and OFP5.
Expressed in siliques, flowers and stems (PubMed:18465198). In young seedlings, expressed in the central cylinder of primary roots, in emerging lateral roots and in their root cap, but not in aboveground tissues such as hypocotyls, cotyledons and leaves. Expressed in sepals in mature flowers and in the chalaza and micropyle region of developing seeds shortly prior to or just after the detachment from the funiculus (PubMed:18786002). Expressed in roots, flowers, cauline leaves and siliques (PubMed:19619160).
Inhibited by K3 herbicides such as allidochlor, anilofos, cafenstrole and flufenacet (PubMed:15277688). Strongly inhibited by metazachlor (PubMed:22284369).
Mediates the synthesis of VLCFAs from 22 to 26 carbons in length (e.g. C22, C24, C26) (PubMed:15277688). Involved in the elongation of C20 fatty acid suberin precursors (PubMed:18786002). Functionally redundant with KCS20 in the two-carbon elongation of C22 fatty acids that is required for cuticular wax and root suberin biosynthesis (PubMed:19619160).
No visible phenotype in flowers or siliques, but reduced root growth. Suberin with a significant decrease in VLCFA derivatives longer than C20 (PubMed:18786002). No visible phenotype, but reduced root growth. Kcs2 and kcs20 double mutants have a glossy green appearance due to a significant reduction of the amount of epicuticular wax crystals on the stems and siliques, a significant reduction of C22 and C24 VLCFA derivatives in aliphatic suberin and a roots growth retardation and abnormal lamellation of the suberin layer in the endodermis (PubMed:19619160).
Repressed by herbicides such as flufenacet and benfuresate (PubMed:12916765). Up-regulated by wounding, drought and salt (PubMed:18786002). Strongly up-regulated by abscisic acid and drought, and to a lower level, by salt and osmotic stress (PubMed:19619160). Up-regulated by the MYB94 transcription factor (PubMed:25305760).
In Greek mythology, 'Admetos' was one of Jason's companions Argonauts in his quest for the Golden Fleece.
Paternally imprinted expression in the endosperm.
Product of a dosage-sensitive gene that contributes to the maintenance of paternally and maternally imprinted gene expression in the endosperm in order to balance parental contributions. Underlies postzygotic reproductive isolation by promoting triploid seed arrest in a genetic dosage-dependent manner, thus being a component of postzygotic interploidy hybridization barriers.
Product of a paternally expressed imprinted gene (PEG).
Suppressor of the triploid seed abortion phenotype observed in osd1 and jas-3 mutants, thus leading to enlarged and somewhat fertile triploid seeds production characterized by abnormally normalized parental imprinted genes expression.
Probable component of the wybutosine biosynthesis pathway. Wybutosine is a hyper modified guanosine with a tricyclic base found at the 3'-position adjacent to the anticodon of eukaryotic phenylalanine tRNA. Catalyzes the condensation of N-methylguanine with 2 carbon atoms from pyruvate to form the tricyclic 4-demethylwyosine, an intermediate in wybutosine biosynthesis (By similarity).
Probable component of the wybutosine biosynthesis pathway. Wybutosine is a hyper modified guanosine with a tricyclic base found at the 3'-position adjacent to the anticodon of eukaryotic phenylalanine tRNA. Catalyzes the condensation of N-methylguanine with 2 carbon atoms from pyruvate to form the tricyclic 4-demethylwyosine, an intermediate in wybutosine biosynthesis.
Acts as histone H2A/H2B chaperone in nucleosome assembly, playing a critical role for the correct expression of genes involved in root proliferation and patterning. Required with NRP1 for the maintenance of cell proliferation and differentiation in postembryonic root growth. Involved in both intramolecular and intermolecular somatic homologous recombination.
Can form homomeric and heteromeric protein complexes with NRP1 (PubMed:17122067, PubMed:31213016). Binds histones H2A and H2B and associates with chromatin in vivo (PubMed:17122067).
Binds GDP and GTP, and has low GTPase activity.
Probably mediates the deacetylation of lysine residues on the N-terminal part of the core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4). Histone deacetylation gives a tag for epigenetic repression and plays an important role in transcriptional regulation, cell cycle progression and developmental events. Involved in the modulation of abscisic acid and stress-responsive genes.
Expressed in roots, young seedlings, leaves, stems, flowers and developing siliques. Specifically expressed in secondary wall-forming cells, xylem and interfascicular fibers.
Strong constitutive freezing tolerance. Altered vascular apparatus morphology, and reduced xylan acetylation and secondary wall thickening. Reduced rosette-leaf growth and inflorescence size.
Xylan acetyltransferase required for 2-O- and 3-O-monoacetylation of xylosyl residues in xylan (PubMed:23659919, PubMed:30083810, PubMed:32354790). Catalyzes the 2-O-acetylation of xylan, followed by nonenzymatic acetyl migration to the O-3 position, resulting in products that are monoacetylated at both O-2 and O-3 positions (PubMed:32354790). Is necessary for the formation of the functional xylem, which is required for water transport to aerial tissues (PubMed:21408051, PubMed:23340742). Acts as negative regulator of cold acclimation (PubMed:17316173). Involved in water economy as well as salt tolerance (PubMed:19061521, PubMed:19054354). Regulated at the transcriptional level by NAC012/SND1 (Probable).
Expressed in developing embryos until heart stage.
Expressed in flower buds, open flowers and siliques. Expressed at low levels in rosettes leaves, cauline leaves and stems.
Splicing factor involved in pre-mRNA splicing and component of the spliceosome (PubMed:18702672, PubMed:19168457). Essential for reproduction. In female gametophyte, is necessary for the egg cell and central cell fate determination and hence reproductive success. Involved in a mechanism that prevents accessory cells from adopting gametic cell fate. Is necessary to restrict LIS expression to interfere with egg-cell specification (PubMed:18702672). Probable component of U5 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) that is required for pre-mRNA splicing. Plays an essential role in female gametogenesis and embryo development (PubMed:19261069). Required for the control of polarized cell growth and cell proliferation during floral organ morphogenesis (PubMed:19168457).
This protein was named 'VAJRA', because the shape of flower buds when ready to open resemble VAJRA, an instrument used in esoteric Buddhism.
Component of the post-replicative DNA mismatch repair system (MMR). Forms the heterodimer MutS gamma (MSH2-MSH7 heterodimer) which binds to DNA mismatches thereby initiating DNA repair. MutS gamma recognizes specifically the T/G single base mismatch, but not trinucleotide insertion-deletion loops (IDL).
Heterodimer consisting of MSH2-MSH7 (MutS gamma).
A 70 amino acid island between the 19th and the 20th LRR is essential for the binding of brassinosteroids.
Contains two pairs of conservatively spaced Cys (Cys pair 1 and 2) possibly involved in forming some heterodimers.
Predominantly expressed in vascular tissues. From 7 day old seedlings, it is expressed in the columella cells of the root tip, in the vascular initials in the meristematic region of the root and in vascular tissues. After germination, it is expressed in the stele cell and in the early differentiation zone of the root, where the expression continues from the root to the hypocotyls and cotyledons following the midvein. In mature plants, it is expressed in the vasculature of the leaf, predominantly in the midvein, and in the vascular bundles of inflorescence stems. Localizes to procambial cells of the vascular bundles located between the differentiating xylem and the phloem.
Receptor with a serine/threonine-protein kinase activity. Regulates, in response to brassinosteroid binding, a signaling cascade involved in plant development. Binds brassinolide. May be involved in cell growth and vascular differentiation.
Expressed in shoots, leaves, sepals, filaments, siliques, stems, roots and guard cells.
In the absence of ALG11 activity, no N-glycans are produced and transferred to proteins.
Required for N-linked oligosaccharide assembly.
Required for N-linked oligosaccharide assembly. Has a role in the last step of the synthesis of the Man(5)GlcNAc(2)-PP-dolichol core oligosaccharide on the cytoplasmic face of the endoplasmic reticulum.
Appears to function as a stable post-translational protein modifier. An AMP-RUB1 intermediate is formed by an activating enzyme, distinct from the ubiquitin activating enzyme E1, which is composed of a heterodimer AXR1/ECR1. Auxin response is mediated, at least in part, through modification of the cullin AtCUL1 by the attachment of RUB1 to 'Lys-692'.
Forms a thiol ester with the heterodimer AXR1/ECR1, specifically with the 'Cys-215' of ECR1 (PubMed:9624055). Interacts with ML3 (PubMed:23903439).
Accumulates in leaves during senescence mediated by the phloem-feeding green peach aphid (GPA).
Mainly expressed in vascular tissues during the mature stage.
Vascular-specific expression in leaves, roots, stems and inflorescences.
Constitutively expressed in the whole plant, with the highest expression in roots.
Expressed under a diurnal rhythm (circadian clock control).
Might function as heat shock-like defense protein.
Component of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF-3) complex, which is composed of at least 13 different subunits. Binds to the translation initiation factor TIF3H1 (PubMed:15548739).
Belongs to the TRAFAC class dynamin-like GTPase superfamily. Dynamin/Fzo/YdjA family. Mitofusin subfamily.
Pale green leaves phenotype and delayed flowering (PubMed:16617119). Decreased number of chloroplasts and heterogeneity in size in mature mesophyll cells (PubMed:16617119, PubMed:23963675). Abnormalities in chloroplast and thylakoid morphology, including disorganized grana stacks and alterations in the relative proportions of grana and stroma thylakoids (PubMed:16617119). Lesion mimic phenotype with activation of defense response markers in the ecotype Landsberg erecta (PubMed:23963675).
Probable membrane-remodeling GTPase that plays a unique role in the in the determination of thylakoid and chloroplast morphology and regulates organization of the thylakoid network. Not involved in the determination of mitochondrial morphology or ultrastructure.
Expressed in leaves, stems, flowers, siliques and seeds.
Defense against chitin-containing fungal pathogens. Seems particularly implicated in resistance to jasmonate-inducing pathogens such as A.brassicicola. In vitro antifungal activity against T.reesei, but not against A.solani, F.oxysporum, S.sclerotiorum, G.graminis and P.megasperma.
Ethylene induces high levels of systemic expression of basic chitinase with expression increasing with plant age. Locally and systemically induced by jasmonic acid (JA) and pathogens such as A.brassicicola and P.syringae, particularly in case of hypersensitive responses (HR). Not induced by wounding.
High constitutive level in roots with lower levels in leaves and flowering shoots.
Phosphorylates specifically NADH. Can phosphorylate NAD with a 100-fold decrease in efficiency compared to NADH. Prefers ATP as nucleoside triphosphate substrate. Can also utilize UTP, GTP and CTP. Key source of the cellular reductant NADPH which is an important antioxidant factor.
Two-fold decrease in activity in the presence of PPi, iodoacetate or para-chloromercuribenzoate.
Component of light signal transduction machinery. Involved in repression of photomorphogenesis in darkness (By similarity). Plays a role in DNA repair by forming with DDB2 the UV-damaged DNA-binding protein complex (UV-DDB) (By similarity).
Interacts with DDA1 (PubMed:24563205). Binds to KTN80.2/DWA3 (PubMed:21421380). Interacts with HTD1 (PubMed:25358503).
Probable transcription factor that acts with partial redundancy with HULK1 and HULK3. Plays diverse and essential roles in the control of plant development, physiology and flowering time.
By chilling (PubMed:10517853). By abscisic acid (ABA) (PubMed:24357600).
Highly expressed during seed maturation.
Interacts with the 36 kDa catalytic subunit (subunit C) of PP2A (PubMed:10517853). Interacts with PP2A1 and PP2A2 (PubMed:24357600). Interacts with PP2A3, PPX1 and FYPP1 (PubMed:21216945, PubMed:24357600). Interacts with FYPP3 and ABI5 (PubMed:24357600). Interacts with ATPK1/S6K1 and ATPK2/S6K2 (PubMed:25399018). Interacts with TIP41L (By similarity).
Involved in the positive regulation of the TOR signaling pathway (PubMed:21216945, PubMed:25399018). Acts as a negative regulator of PP2A catalytic activity (PubMed:10517853, PubMed:21216945, PubMed:24357600). Plays a positive role in the ABA-regulated inhibition of germination, probably throught its interaction with ABI5 (PubMed:24357600).
Plants over-expressing TAP46 exhibit an increased abscisic acid (ABA) sensitivity in seed germination and a reduced PP2A activity (PubMed:24357600). Over-expression of TAP46 also leads to the stimulation of the overall plant growth and the increased nitrogen-assimilating activities (PubMed:25399018).
RNAi plants show the formation of spontaneous disease-like nectrotic lesions leading to premature cell death. The defective plants also display a strong reduction in protein synthesis, the induction of autophagy and nitrogen mobilization.
Ubiquitous (PubMed:10517853). Highly expressed in seed, and particularly in the embryo (PubMed:24357600).
Expressed in root tips, stipules, lateral root primordia, immature anthers and at the branching points of the flowering shoots.
Uridylyltransferase involved in the biosynthesis of UDP-glucosamine, an essential precursor for glycoprotein and glycolipid synthesis. Can use UDP-glucosamine, the 4-epimer UDP-galactosamine and UDP-glucose as substrates (PubMed:20557289). Acts redundantly with GLCNAC1PUT1. Required for gametogenesis and embryo development (PubMed:25231969).
Heme-binding chaperone that may be involved in cytochrome c maturation in mitochondria.
Promotes plant growth, especially at the vegetative stage, probably via the regulation of phytosulfokine (PSK) signaling; PSK are peptide phytohormones acting as growth factors (PubMed:25062973). Together with PSI2 and PSI3, required during vegetative growth and reproduction (PubMed:25062973). May also have a function in carbohydrate metabolism (PubMed:25062973).
Reduced response to phytosulfokine (PSK) in roots (PubMed:25062973). Small rosettes and dwarf plants as well as early senescence of older leaves (PubMed:25062973). Reduced fertility, premature senescence and severe dwarfism in psi2-1 psi3-1 plants due to reduced cell growth and proliferation as well as premature leaf growth arrest (PubMed:25062973). Plants missing both PSI1 and PSI3 are dwarf and contain reduced starch levels; these phenotypes are partially rescued by sucrose (PubMed:25062973).
Appears to be a mitochondrial envelope-located membrane protein lacking an N-terminal-located transit peptide.
Highly expressed in young meristematic shoot area, vascular bundles of leaves, developing siliques including the funiculi, petal veins, developing pollen and central cylinder of roots.
Inhibited by pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, bathophenanthroline, tannic acid, mersalyl, mercuric chloride, p-hydroxymercuribenzoate, p-hydroxymercuribenzoate sulfonate, bromocresol purple and N-ethylmaleimide.
Mediates the NAD(+) import into chloroplast. Favors the NAD(+)(in)/ADP or AMP(out) antiport exchange, but is also able to catalyze a low unidirectional transport (uniport) of NAD(+). Transports NAD(+), nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide, nicotinamide mononucleotide, nicotinic acid mononucleotide, FAD, FMN, TTP, TDP, TMP, UTP, UDP, UMP, CTP, CDP, CMP, GTP, GDP, GMP, 3'-AMP, ATP, ADP and AMP, has low transport activity with cAMP, NADH and alpha-NAD(+), and has no activity with NADP(+), NADPH, nicotinamide, nicotinic acid, adenosine, thiamine mono- or diphosphate, inorganic phosphate, CoA, folate, NaCl, malate, malonate, citrate, fumarate, aspartate, glutamate, S-adenosylmethionine, lysine, arginine, and ornithine.
'Wurm' means 'worm' in German. Plants impaired in WURM display worm-shaped trichomes.
Belongs to the actin family. ARP2 subfamily.
Component of the Arp2/3 complex composed of ARP2, ARP3, ARPC1/p41-ARC, ARPC2/p34-ARC, ARPC3/p21-ARC, ARPC4/p20-ARC and ARPC5/p16-ARC. Interacts directly with ARP3/DIS1 and ABI1.
Expressed at low levels in roots, seedlings, stems, leaves, flowers, pollen, siliques and at a higher level in inflorescences. Specifically localized in cells adjacent to mature xylem and in developing xylem vessels.
Functions as ATP-binding component of the Arp2/3 complex which is involved in regulation of actin polymerization and together with an activating nucleation-promoting factor (NPF) mediates the formation of branched actin networks. Seems to contact the pointed end of the daughter actin filament (By similarity). Arp2/3 complex plays a critical role in the control of cell morphogenesis via the modulation of cell polarity development. Involved in the control of cell morphogenesis in leaf epidermal pavement cells, root hairs, hypocotyls epidermal cells and trichomes, especially during rapid cell expansion. Regulates the directionality of cell expansion by regulating the actin organization, and thus the microtubules distribution and the fusion of small vacuoles.
Expressed predominantly in roots with lower expression levels in rosette leaves, flower buds and siliques. Bearly detected in seeds. Found in flowers undergoing floral organ abscission. Also expressed early in anther development, at the time of microspore separation.
Polygalacturonase required for cell type-specific pectin degradation to separate microspores. Involved in anther dehiscence and floral organ abscission.
The mature pollen grains are arranged in a tetrad. No visible phenotype regarding floral organ abscission.
By light. Down-regulated by sucrose in the dark.
Carrier of the growing fatty acid chain in fatty acid biosynthesis that plays a major role in the biosynthesis of fatty acids in leaves. Required for the biosynthesis of chloroplast photosynthetic membrane lipids such as monogalactosyldiacylglycerol, digalactosyldiacylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol. Is essential for the biosynthesis of the cuticular wax and cutin polymers in leaves, and for the establishment of systemic acquired resistance (SAR).
Small and chlorotic plants with altered cuticule and reduced levels of fatty acids in leaves.
Down-regulated by Zn(2+), Cu(2+) and Fe(3+). No effect of K(+), NH(4+), Na(+), Ca(2+), Mg(2+), Mn(2+) and Fe(2+).
Expressed in siliques and germinating seeds. Not detected in leaves, stems, flowers and roots.
Methylates the carboxyl group of several gibberellins (GAs). Substrate preference is GA4 > GA34 > GA9 > GA3 > GA1 > GA51 > GA20. No activity with diterpenes abietic acid and ent-kaurenoic acid.
Overexpression of GAMT2 results in dwarf phenotype.
Up-regulated by alamethicin, but not by herbivory.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that mediates the formation of 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitin chains. Regulates apical dominance by acting on the auxin transport proteins abundance (PubMed:17586653). Together with RGLG5, mediates the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of the target protein PP2CA. Functions as positive regulator of abscisic acid (ABA) signaling through ABA-dependent degradation of PP2CA, a major inhibitor of ABA signaling (PubMed:27577789). Acts as a negative regulator of drought stress response (PubMed:22095047).
Interacts with the heterodimer UBC35/UEV1B (PubMed:17586653). Interacts with ERF053 (PubMed:22095047). Interacts with PP2CA (PubMed:27577789).
No visible phenotype; due to the redundancy with RGLG2 (PubMed:17586653, PubMed:22095047). Rglg1 and rglg2 double mutants show a complete loss of apical dominance (PubMed:17586653). The double mutant seedlings rglg1 and rglg2 exhibit a dehydration-tolerant phenotype (PubMed:22095047).
By genotoxic stress and by DNA damage (PubMed:15165187). Negatively regulated by the key immune regulator SNI1 (PubMed:24207055).
Seems to be involved in regulation of DNA repair correlated to non-homologous double strand breaks (DSBs) repair. In vitro, involved in rapid but not in slow DSB repair mechanism. Required for effective immune responses that involve activation of DNA damage responses (PubMed:24207055).
Suppressor of sni1 mutation symptoms including the accumulation of DNA damage leading to a constitutively activated DNA damage responses (DDR) and increased basal expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes.
Co-expressed with the galacturonosyltransferases GAUT8/QUASIMODO1 and GAUT9.
Autophagic substrate degraded in the vacuole by non-selective autophagy. Requires ATG8 protein expression to be recognized as an autophagic substrate (PubMed:21606687). Acts probably as a receptor for autophagosomal degradation of ubiquitinated proteins. Targets ubiquitinated protein aggregates derived from denatured or damaged non-native proteins generated under stress conditions (PubMed:23341779). Functions additively with the E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase CHIP for autophagosomal degradation of proteotoxic aggregates formed under stress conditions (PubMed:24497840).
Homodimer. Interacts with ATG8A, ATG8B, ATG8C, ATG8D, ATG8F and ATG8I. Binds to ubiquitin.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants show enhanced sensitivity to heat, oxidative, salt, and drought stresses.
The LIR motif is required for the interaction with ATG8 proteins and for vacuolar import (PubMed:21606687). The LIR motif is required for NBR1 function as receptor for autophagosomal degradation of ubiquitinated proteins under stress conditions (PubMed:23341779).
The PB1 domain mediates homodimerization.
The UBA domain is required for ubiquitin binding.
Expressed in a cell cycle-dependent manner. Low expression at the G1/S transition and increases during the S phase. S/G2 transitions.
Heterodimer with E2F. Interacts preferentially with E2FA and E2FB, but also with E2FC.
Involved in the regulation of the G1/S transition. Increases the DNA binding activity of E2F proteins after heterodimerization.
Involved in the regulation of the G1/S transition. Increases the DNA binding and the transactivation activities of E2F proteins after heterodimerization. The complex DPA/E2FA promotes cell division and acts as a regulator of the endocycle. Positively regulates the activity of S phase-specific genes.
Strongly expressed in the actively dividing tissues of the shoot apical meristem, young leaf primordia, the vascular tissues of the maturing leaf primordia and axillary buds.
The DIM domain (143-214) is necessary but not sufficient for heterodimerization.
Component of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF-3) complex (Potential) (PubMed:9849901, PubMed:15548739). Binds to the translation initiation factors TIF3C1 and TIF3H1 (PubMed:15548739, PubMed:9849901). Interacts with CSN1 (Potential) (PubMed:9849901). Associates with the CSN (COP9 signalosome) complex (PubMed:9849901). Binds to the translation initiation factors TIF3C1 and TIF3H1 (PubMed:15548739, PubMed:9849901).
Interacts with MUS81 to form a DNA structure-specific endonuclease with substrate preference for branched DNA structures with a 5'-end at the branch nick. Typical substrates include 3'-flap structures, D-loops, replication forks, nicked Holliday junctions and also intact Holliday junctions with a reduced efficiency. May be required in mitosis for the processing of stalled or collapsed replication fork intermediates. Plays a role in DNA repair and in genotoxic stress-induced homologous recombination (HR) in somatic cells. Mediates a subset of meiotic recombination events that are insensitive to crossover interference.
Displays aspartic proteolytic activity (PubMed:27872247). Together with A36, contributes to pollen and ovule development, including the apical cell wall constitution of the growing pollen tubes (PubMed:27872247).
Highly expressed in pollen and pollen tubes (PubMed:27872247). Mostly expressed in inflorescence, flowers and siliques, and barely in leaves and seedlings (PubMed:27872247).
In flowers, expressed in the pollen and growing pollen tubes (PubMed:27872247). During microspore development, observed expressed from tetrad to tricellular pollen (PubMed:27872247). Also present in young siliques and developing ovules (PubMed:27872247).
The double mutant a36 a39 produces inviable pollen which undergoes apoptosis-like programmed cell death, exhibits a compromised pollen tubes micropylar guidance and has degenerated female gametes (PubMed:27872247). The double mutant a36 a39 accumulates abnormally highly methylesterified homogalacturonans and xyloglucans in the apical pollen tube wall (PubMed:27872247).
By sucrose and cytokinin. Induced by jasmonic acid (JA) in a COI1- and brassinosteroids-dependent manner.
Contributes to the last few anthocyanin biosynthetic steps. Converts cyanidin 3-O-glucoside to cyanidin 3-O-xylosyl(1->2)glucoside. Can use 3-O-glucosylated anthocyanidins/flavonols and uridine diphosphate (UDP)-xylose as substrates.
Strong reduction in anthocyanin accumulation.
The C-terminal domain (558-707) is necessary and sufficient for Golgi targeting.
Probably are expressed in roots, flowers and/or seeds.
Phosphorylated by MAPK3 and MAPK6 after pathogenic elicitation (e.g. bacterial flg22, Phytophthora infestans zoospores and xylanase).
Homodimer (By similarity). Interacts with MYOB1, MYOB2 and MYOB3 (PubMed:23995081). Interacts with PHOX1 and PHOX2 (PubMed:28096376).
Impaired growth of root hair cells, twisted shape of stem trichomes, and irregular size, branch positioning, and branch expansion of leaf trichomes. Affected organization of the ER network and orientation of the actin filament bundles.
Myosin heavy chain that is required for the cell cycle-regulated transport of various organelles and proteins for their segregation. Functions by binding with its tail domain to receptor proteins on organelles and exerting force with its N-terminal motor domain against actin filaments, thereby transporting its cargo along polarized actin cables. Involved in the tip growth of root hair cells and in the elongation of trichome stalk and branches. Plays a major role in trafficking of Golgi stacks, mitochondria and peroxisomes during root hair development. Acts as the primary contributor to ER streaming with a major role in the movement of Golgi bodies. Required for development of pavement cells, trichomes, and stigmatic papillae.
Not present in female gametophyte before fertilization. Expressed in pollen tube and at the micropylar pole of pollinated seeds.
Repressed by MEA, FIS2 and FIE in seeds, and by PKL after germination.
The PHE1 locus is imprinted in gametophytes. Maternal inherited gene is repressed in female gametophyte, while the paternal inherited gene is expressed in the male gametophyte (pollen tube) and in fertilized seeds. The maternal repression is dependent on MEA, FIS2 and FIE proteins, which may modulate the methylation of the maternal locus, and repress its transcription.
This protein was called 'Pheres' in memory of one of the murdered sons of the mythological 'Medea', as PHERES1 is repressed by MEDEA.
Expressed in leaves and siliques, and at lower level in flowers and roots (PubMed:12082126). Detected in the vascular tissues of both shoots and roots (PubMed:11158446, Ref.7). Expressed in root phloem (PubMed:23590882).
Forms a heteromeric channel with GLR3.4.
Glutamate-gated receptor that probably acts as non-selective cation channel (Probable). May be involved in light-signal transduction and calcium homeostasis via the regulation of calcium influx into cells (Probable). Could play a role in calcium unloading from the xylem vessels (PubMed:11158446). Acts as negative regulator of lateral root initiation and development (PubMed:23590882). May restrict primordia numbers and position along the root axis by a signaling process originating in the phloem (PubMed:23590882).
Overexpression of the gene leads to calcium deficiency and hypersensitivity to potassium and sodium.
Overproduction and aberrant placement of lateral root primordia.
Required for S phase entry of the cell cycle.
Catalyzes the conversion of Delta(8)-sterols to their corresponding Delta(7)-isomers.
By cold, UV, ethylene (ACC), flagellin, jasmonic acid (JA), and salicylic acid (SA) treatments.
Expressed predominantly during early stages of germination with maximum level at 12 hours after imbibition and at the latter stages of silique maturation. Accumulates in dry seeds.
Maximally expressed in dry seeds. Detected in roots, stems and leaves.
No effect of antimycin A, ethylene or cold treatments. Up-regulated by paraquat and cysteine treatments, but down-regulated by erythromycin, citrate, glucose and H(2)O(2) treatments.
Has 3 domains, the N-terminal alpha-helical domain, an extended flexible linker and the C-terminal beta-sheet domain. The N-terminal alpha-helical domain stabilizes RbcL dimers and RbcL dimer-dimer interactions, facilitating RbcL(8) formation (PubMed:26237510). The C-terminal beta-sheet domain probably dimerizes Raf1 (Probable). The 2 C-terminal beta-sheet domains are swapped and pack against each other to form the dimer interface (By similarity).
Required for assembly or stability of RuBisCO. Acts at a postchaperonin step to fold and/or assemble the large subunit (rbcL) into RuBisCO. RAF1 brackets an rbcL dimer (rbcL(2)), leading to rbcL(8)-RAF1(4) complex formation. In the next step, RBCS displaces RAF1, thus resulting in holoenzyme formation.
Disease resistance (R) protein that specifically recognizes the AvrRps4 type III effector avirulence protein from P.syringae (PubMed:10571887, PubMed:15469494, PubMed:19519800). Resistance proteins guard the plant against pathogens that contain an appropriate avirulence protein via an indirect interaction with this avirulence protein (PubMed:10571887, PubMed:15469494, PubMed:19519800). That triggers a defense system including the hypersensitive response, which restricts the pathogen growth (PubMed:10571887, PubMed:15469494, PubMed:19519800). Probably acts as a NAD(+) hydrolase (NADase): in response to activation, catalyzes cleavage of NAD(+) into ADP-D-ribose (ADPR) and nicotinamide; NAD(+) cleavage triggering a defense system that promotes cell death (PubMed:31439792, PubMed:31439793). The combined presence of both regular and alternative RPS4 transcripts with truncated open reading frames (ORFs) is necessary for function (PubMed:17951452). RPS4 function is regulated at multiple levels, including gene expression, alternative splicing, and protein stability (PubMed:17951452). When over-expressed, confers temperature-conditioned EDS1-dependent auto-immunity (PubMed:24146667). Heterodimerization with RRS1 is required to form a functional complex to recognize AvrRps4 and PopP2 (PubMed:24744375). Abscisic acid deficiency enhances nuclear accumulation of RPS4 and its cell death-inducing activity (PubMed:22454454).
Interacts with EDS1 (PubMed:22158818, PubMed:22158819). Interacts with SRFR1 (PubMed:21079790). Interacts with RRS1 (PubMed:24744375).
Loss of resistance to P.syringae expressing AvrRps4.
MOS12 and the MOS4-associated complex (MAC) are required for the proper splicing of R genes and contribute in the alternative splicing of RPS4.
Only two amino-acid changes (N195D and Y950H) are linked to a change from a resistant strain (cv. Columbia or cv. Landsberg erecta) to a susceptible one (cv. RLD).
The TIR domain is a signaling domain involved in cell death induction (PubMed:19132868). It is involved in homo- and heterodimerization, but other domains also contribute to the interaction (PubMed:24744375). The LRR domain may interact directly with pathogen-derived elicitors (PubMed:10571887).
Up-regulated by AvrRps4 in an EDS1-dependent manner.
Defect in transmission of mutated alleles through the male gametophyte (e.g. pollen) (PubMed:25122154). Pollen rescued mutants show severe dwarfism with reduced roots, compromised pollen tube guidance, and constitutive activation of salicyclic acid-mediated defense pathways. They have also an altered sphingolipidome with reduced glycosyl inositol phosphorylceramides (GIPCs), increased ceramides, and an increased incorporation of short-chain fatty acids and dihydroxylated bases into inositol phosphorylceramides and GIPCs (PubMed:27643972).
Expressed in seedlings, roots, leaves, stems and siliques.
Expressed throughout pollen development.
Mediates the transfer of glucuronic acid (GlcA) from UDP-GlcA to glycosyl inositol phosphorylceramides (GIPCs) (PubMed:25122154, PubMed:27643972). The formation of GIPCs sphingolipids is essential for pollen function, plant growth and defense (PubMed:25122154, PubMed:27643972). Required for global fitness (PubMed:27643972).
Interacts with KIN10 and KIN11 via its FLZ-type zinc finger domain (PubMed:29945970). Interacts with KINB1, KINB2 and KINB3 via its N-terminal part (PubMed:29945970).
Expressed transiently in early stages of floral meristems development but continuously in axillary shoot meristems, specifically in the dorsal part (adaxial).
Expressed in roots and shoots. Detected in the epidermis of the root elongation zone, cotyledon and leaves, in trichomes and pollen.
Detected in the embryo, but not in the suspensor, up to the globular stage.
Embryonic lethality in sus-1 mutant. Weaker mutant (caf-1) also exists. Mutant caf-1 produces extra whorls of stamens, indefinite number of carpels and show an absence of axillary inflorescence meristems and abnormally shaped leaves and floral organs.
Expression in the early embryo is from the maternally contributed genome.
Highly expressed in flowers and seeds and detected in leaves and stems. Found in ovule integuments, inflorescence and floral meristems, stigma of flowers until just before pollination, vasculature of the funiculus, and embryo.
Interacts (via N-terminus) with DDL. Interacts (via DRBM domains) with DRB1, DRB2 and DRB5. May interact with AGO1 or AGO10 through their common PAZ domains (By similarity).
Ribonuclease (RNase) III involved in RNA-mediated post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS). Functions in the microRNAs (miRNAs) biogenesis pathway by cleaving primary miRNAs (pri-miRNAs) and precursor miRNAs (pre-miRNAs). Functions with DRB1/HYL1 and SERRATE proteins for accurate pri-miRNAs to miRNAs processing. Indirectly involved in the production of trans-acting small interfering RNAs (ta-siRNAs) derived from the TAS1, TAS2 or TAS3 endogenous transcripts by participating in the production of their initiating miRNAs. Involved in the processing of natural siRNAs (nat-siRNAs, derived from cis-natural antisense transcripts) by cleaving 24 nucleotide nat-siRNAs into 21 nucleotide nat-siRNAs. Can produce RDR6-dependent endogenous ta-siRNAs derived from TAS1 and TAS2. Required for the production of 30-40 nucleotide bacterial-induced long siRNAs (lsiRNA). Acts redundantly with DICER-LIKE 3 (DCL3) to promote flowering via repression of FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC). Represses antiviral RNA silencing through negative regulation of the expression of DCL4 and DCL3.
Expressed in roots, leaves, stems and flowers (PubMed:17015446, PubMed:19161942). Expressed in stomatal guard cells (PubMed:19161942).
Induced by abscisic acid (ABA) and drought stress (PubMed:19161942). Induced by salt stress (PubMed:19161942).
Plants over-expressing MYB15 have improved drought and salt tolerance.
Transcription factor involved in cold-regulation of CBF genes and in the development of freezing tolerance. May be part of a complex network of transcription factors controlling the expression of CBF genes and other genes in response to cold stress. Binds to the MYB recognition sequences in the promoters of CBF1, CBF2 and CBF3 genes (PubMed:17015446). Involved in drought and salt tolerance. May enhance expression levels of genes involved in abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis and signaling, as well as those encoding stress-protective proteins (PubMed:19161942).
Acts redundantly with HSP70-7 in the thermotolerance of germinating seeds. Plays an important role in the protein precursor import into chloroplasts.
Interacts with geminivirus movement protein (MP).
Variegated cotyledons, malformed leaves, growth retardation and impaired root growth. Defective in protein import into chloroplasts during early developmental stages.
In flowers, mostly restricted to sepals and pedicels.
Part of a SCF (SKP1-cullin-F-box) protein ligase complex (By similarity). Interacts with ADO3/FKF1 and At3g61590.
Detected in seedlings 6 hours post-germination, but not 2 days post-germination.
Has no ubiquitin ligase activity on its own. The heterodimer with UBC catalyzes the synthesis of non-canonical poly-ubiquitin chains that are linked through 'Lys-63'. This type of poly-ubiquitination does not lead to protein degradation by the proteasome. Mediates transcriptional activation of target genes. May play a role in the control of progress through the cell cycle and differentiation. May play a role in the error-free DNA repair pathway and contributes to the survival of cells after DNA damage.
Enhanced late-flowering phenotype of the ftip1 mutant.
Expressed in the vascular tissues of cotyledons and rosette leaves (PubMed:29259105). Accumulates in roots caps and shoot apical meristems (SAMs) (PubMed:29259105). Observed in flowers (PubMed:29259105).
Regulates flowering time under long days (PubMed:29259105). May function as a signaling molecule by regulating the trafficking of other regulators (PubMed:29259105).
Probable rhomboid-type serine protease that catalyzes intramembrane proteolysis. Might be involved in response to abiotic stimuli.
Forms a complex with FDM1/IDNL1 and FDM2/IDNL2 that is required for RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) and that functions at a downstream step of the RdDM pathway (PubMed:22570638, PubMed:22592791) and downstream of small interfering RNA (siRNA) formation (PubMed:22810086). Required for de novo DNA methylation, siRNA accumulation and siRNA-mediated maintenance methylation (PubMed:19915591). Required for several post-transcriptional gene silencing pathways (PubMed:20059743). Binds double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) with 5'-overhangs through its XS domain (PubMed:19915591, PubMed:20059743). Binds long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) in an AGO4-dependent manner and associates with DRM2, resulting in DNA methylation of RdDM target loci (PubMed:23246435, PubMed:24862207). Mediates the silencing of a subset of MORC6 target loci (PubMed:27171427).
Interacts with FMD1/IDNL1 (PubMed:22592791). Forms a complex with FMD1/IDNL1 and FMD2/INDL2 (PubMed:22570638, PubMed:22592791). Can form homodimers (PubMed:22570638, PubMed:23246435). Interacts with MORC6 (PubMed:27171427).
Late flowering phenotype (PubMed:22592791) and reduction of DNA methylation at RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) target loci (PubMed:19915591, PubMed:20059743, PubMed:22810086, PubMed:22570638, PubMed:22592791).
Drastic decrease in chiasma formation at metaphase I associated with an absence of synapsis in prophase, due to the inability to make double-strand breaks (DSB).
Interacts with PRD1; this interaction facilitates a binding to DFO.
Positively mediates root hair elongation.
Down-regulated during infection by Plasmodiophora brassicae.
Interacts with RBHOD. Interaction is disrupted by flagellin-induced immune signaling.
Involved in defense responses. Acts as negative regulator of plant immune responses.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions. Mutant plants exhibit enhanced disease resistance after inoculation with virulent Pseudomonas syringae, elevated basal-level expression of the PR1 defense marker gene, enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst in response to perception of bacterial microbial patterns, and accelerated flagellin-induced activation of MAP kinases.
Expressed predominantly in shoot apices of seedlings, in the receptacle and developing pistil of flowers and in axillary buds of inflorescence stems.
May form heterodimeric complex with the TALE/BELL protein BEL1, BLH1 and BLH2. Interacts with OFP12 and OFP14. Interacts with BZIP30 (PubMed:27402171).
May play a role in meristem function, and may be involved in maintaining cells in an undifferentiated, meristematic state. Probably binds to the DNA sequence 5'-TGAC-3'.
Expressed 3 day after germination (DAG) in first rosette leaf primordia around the veins in the apical part of the leaf and close to the midvein in the basal part of the leaf. At later stage, expressed in new forming veins, and veins and fascicular cambium of mature leaves.
By light, cadmium and lead. Down-regulated by salt stress and treatment with mannitol.
Highly expressed in leaf mesophyll cells (PubMed:17032064). Expressed in roots, rosette and cauline leaves, stems, flowers and siliques (Ref.6).
Involved in the modulation of stomatal movement. Promotes stomatal opening. May play a role in the regulation of chitin signaling. May be involved in biotic and abiotic stress responses.
Reduced primary root length. Reduced stomatal aperture.
Interacts with WDR36, WDS, GID8, MAEA and RMD5.
Abnormal embryo development leading to reduced cotyledons (PubMed:15266054, PubMed:18684657). Reduced maintenance of heat-induced (37 degrees Celsius) gene expression leading to reduced growth and survival in heat conditions (44 degrees Celsius). Abnormal nucleosome dynamics at loci with altered maintenance of heat-induced expression. The double mutant brm-1 fgt1-1 exhibits retarted seedling development resulting in reduced development and delayed leaf initiation, as well as delayed flowering time (PubMed:27680998).
Interacts with SWI/SNF and ISWI chromatin remodelers such as BRM, CHR11 and CHR17. Binds to histone H3.
Required for normal embryo development (PubMed:15266054, PubMed:18684657). Necessary to acquire heat stress (HS) memory, by modulating nucleosome occupancy and regulating heat-induced gene expression. Associates globally with the nucleosome-poor regions flanking the transcription units of expressed genes. Binds to the promoter regions, primarily to the proximal promoter just upstream of the transcriptional start sites (TSS) and somewhat more weakly to the region downstream of the transcription termination site (TTS), of actively expressed genes (e.g. HSA32, HSP18.2 and HSP22.0) in a heat-dependent fashion (PubMed:27680998).
Catalyzes the reduction of fatty acyl-CoA and -ACP (acyl carrier protein) substrates to fatty alcohols (PubMed:19062129, PubMed:27274541). Triggers the accumulation of C16 and C18 fatty alcohols; converts palmitoyl-acyl carrier protein to the corresponding C16:0 alcohol with NAD(P)H as electron donor, but seems inactive toward palmitoyl- or other acyl-coenzyme A (PubMed:21813653). Triggers also the formation of some C16:0 aldehydes (PubMed:27274541). Involved in the synthesis of the lipid component in sporopollenin (PubMed:19062129). Required for exine patterning of pollen grain by mediating the formation of pollen wall substances (PubMed:9351246, PubMed:21813653, PubMed:21849515).
Expressed during microsporogenesis when microspores are released from tetrads.
Male sterility (PubMed:8390620, PubMed:9351246). Very thin pollen wall with abnormal exine patterning (PubMed:9351246, PubMed:21813653, PubMed:21849515).
Repressed by imazethapyr (IM), an herbicide of the imidazolines family.
Activated by phosphatidic acid (PA) and in response to the fungal elicitor xylanase.
Interacts with AGC1-5 and AGC1-7 (PubMed:16973627). Interacts with the C-terminal PIF domain of the protein kinases D6PK/AGC1-1, OXI1/AGC2-1 and PID (PubMed:14749726, PubMed:16601102).
May couple lipid signals to the activation-loop phosphorylation of several protein kinases of the so-called AGC kinase family. Interacts via its pleckstrin homology domain with phosphatidic acid, PtdIns3P and PtdIns(3,4)P2 and to a lesser extent with PtdIns(4,5)P2 and PtdIns4P. May play a general role in signaling processes controlling the pathogen/stress response, polar auxin transport and development. Transphosphorylates the AGC protein kinases OXI1/AGC2-1, PK1/S6K1, PK19/S6K2 and PID resulting in their activation.
Phosphorylation on Thr-211 in the activation loop is required for full activity. PDK1 itself can autophosphorylate Thr-211, leading to its own activation.
The PH domain is responsible for the interaction with the 3-phosphoinositides. The activation loop within the kinase domain is the target of phosphorylation. The PIF-binding region in the kinase domain of PDK1 acts as a docking site, enabling it to interact with and enhance the phosphorylation of substrates containing the PIF motif.
In roots by the parasitic nematodes Heterodera schachtii and Meloidogyne incognita.
Converts L-phenylalanine into phenylacetaldoxime, the precursor of benzylglucosinolate (glucotropeolin).
Enhanced susceptibility to Verticillium wilt resulting in wilting, stunting and chlorosis.
Overexpression of AHL19 results in a decreased flg22-induced expression of FRK1 (PubMed:20738724). Overexpression of AHL19 results in an increased resistance to Verticillium wilt (PubMed:21864046).
Transcription factor that specifically binds AT-rich DNA sequences related to the nuclear matrix attachment regions (MARs) (By similarity). Negatively regulates plant innate immunity (PTI) to pathogens through the down-regulation of the PAMP-triggered FRK1 expression (PubMed:20738724). Positively regulates defense against fungal Verticillium infection (PubMed:21864046).
Accumulation of ADO3 protein during the morning period but no effect on flowering time.
Component of an E3 ubiquitin ligase complex that plays a central role in blue light-dependent circadian cycles. Acts as a blue light photoreceptor, due to the presence of FMN, that mediates light-regulated protein degradation of critical clock components by targeting them to the proteasome complex. The SCF(ADO2) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex is involved in the regulation of circadian clock-dependent processes including the transition to flowering time, hypocotyl elongation, cotyledons and leaf movement rhythms. APRR1/TOC1 and APRR5 seem to be substrates of the SCF(ADO2) complex. ADO2 interacts with ADO3 and export it to cytoplasmic speckles, preventing the interaction of ADO3 with CDF1. Ubiquitination of ADO2 is not involved in this recruitment.
Self-associates. Interacts (via Kelch repeats) with AD03, CDF1, CDF2 and CDF3. Interacts with GI, ADO1, SKP1A/ASK1, SKP1B/ASK2, SKP1C/ASK3, SKP1D/ASK4, SKP1E/ASK5, SKP1K/ASK11, SKP1N/ASK14, SKP1TA/ASK20A, SKP1TB/ASK20B, APRR1, APRR5, DI19 and COL1.
Weakly expressed in seedlings, root tips, stems, leaves, flowers, young siliques, sepals and seeds.
Interacts with VAR3 (PubMed:15340011). Interacts with PGM48 (PubMed:27895226).
Mostly expressed in flowers (e.g. sepals and petals), siliques, seeds, leaves and cotyledons.
Probably proteolytically degraded by PGM48 during leaves senescence (PubMed:28534654). Not induced by drought stress.
Interacts with chloroplast ribosomal protein uL14c (rpl14).
May be a ribosome silencing factor (Potential). Involved in plastid biogenesis.
Defect in growth and glutamate biosynthesis under non-photorespiratory conditions.
Highly expressed in roots and at low levels in leaves.
Involved in glutamate biosynthesis. Required for non-photorespiratory ammonium assimilation. Probably involved in primary ammonium assimilation in roots.
Expressed in embryos, root apical meristem (RAM) and shoot apical meristem (SAM).
Probable chromatin-remodeling factor that is functionally redundant with CHR12 in root and shoot stem cell initiation and root apical meristem (RAM) and shoot apical meristem (SAM) maintenance. Can associate with the promoter region of WOX5 (PubMed:23062007). May promote seed maturation and repress initiation of germination (PubMed:24839909). May repress plant growth (PubMed:24666886).
Glutathionylation at Cys-126 decreases its ability to be reduced by ferredoxin-thioredoxin reductase and reduces its efficiency in activating target chloroplastic enzymes.
Thiol-disulfide oxidoreductase involved in the redox regulation of enzymes of both reductive pentose phosphate pathway (Calvin-Benson cycle) and oxidative pentose phosphate pathway. Under light or reducing conditions, activates in chloroplast the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, the phosphoribulokinase and the fructose-1,6-bisphosphate phosphatase, and inhibits the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase.
Accumulates in pollen tube 4 hours after pollen germination.
Accumulates in the pollen tube nucleus during pollen tube growth through the pistil.
Disrupted pollen tube growth (PubMed:19714218). The triple mutant myb97 myb101 myb120 is impaired in pollen tube growth arrest and subsequent sperm cell release in the female gametophyte thus leading to a drastically reduced fertility. Altered pollen tube-specific gene expression (PubMed:23791732, PubMed:24278028).
Expressed in pollen grains and pollen tube (PubMed:23791732, PubMed:24278028). Mostly expressed in mature pollen grains, and, to a lower extent, in inflorescences and siliques (PubMed:24278028).
Transcription activator (PubMed:24278028). Binds to 5'-CAACTGTC-3' and/or 5'-TAACAAA-3' motif in target gene promoter to promote their expression (By similarity). Together with MYB97 and MYB101, functions as a male factor that controls pollen tube-synergid interaction in fertilization. Required for pollen tube growth arrest and sperm cell release in the female gametophyte, probably via the regulation of pollen tube-specific gene expression (PubMed:24278028, PubMed:23791732).
Chromatin remodeling factor. Acts as a 'reader' protein by binding to H3K36me3 and H3K36me3 to control histone H4 acetylation. Increases the transcriptional levels of the flowering time genes FLC and FT (PubMed:25183522, PubMed:25211338). Binds the chromatin at the FT promoter upon interaction with CO (Probable).
Interacts with HAM1 and HAM2 (PubMed:25183522). Interacts (via MRG domain) with CO (Probable). Component of the NuA4 histone acetyltransferase complex (Ref.7).
No visible phenotype, due to the redundancy with MRG2. Mrg1 and mrg2 double mutants are late-flowering under long-day growth conditions.
Ubiquitous. Mainly expressed in the vasculature of cotyledons and leaves, and in roots and inflorescences (PubMed:25211338).
Involved in light signaling, probably by mediating the transport and correct distribution of protoporphyrin IX, a chlorophyll precursor, in response to far-red light.
Plant have an enhanced hypocotyl elongation in far-red light, and accumulates protoporphyrin IX.
Induced by jasmonic acid (MeJA) and gradually by wounding (PubMed:14973281). Accumulates in response to dehydration stress (PubMed:28586434). Induced by cold, osmotic, salt and drought stresses in roots and shoots, and by UV-B and wounding in shoots (PubMed:28586434).
Mostly expressed in stems, siliques and leaves, and, to a lower extent, in cotyledons, hypocotyls and roots.
Transcription factor involved in stress responses (Probable) (PubMed:28586434). Positive regulator of the jasmonic acid (JA)- mediated signaling pathway (PubMed:14973281). Triggers the up-regulation of LOX3, VSP2, PAL1 and PAL2 in a JA-dependent manner (PubMed:14973281). Promotes drought and osmotic stress tolerance by preventing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production (e.g. H(2)O(2)) (PubMed:28586434).
No visible phenotype. Myb21 and myb57 double mutant has an intermediate sterility phenotype and petals that grew to a final height parallel to the pistil. Myb24 and myb57 double mutant has petals that grew to a final height parallel to the pistil. Myb21, myb24 and myb57 triple mutant has a strongly reduced fertility and an arrested growth of the petals that never grew out of the sepals.
Transcription factor acting redundantly with MYB21 and MYB24 to control stamen filament elongation in the late developed flowers. Repressed at the transcript levels by DELLA proteins.
Expressed in the vascular tissues of roots, shoots, stems and leaves. Expressed in root tips, carpes, siliques and seeds.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but production of brassicasterol is abolished.
Plants overexpressing CYP710A2 show higher levels of brassicasterol/crinosterol and stigmasterol, and lower levels of 24-epi-campesterol/campesterol and beta-sitosterol than the wild-type.
Required to form the C-22 double bond in the sterol side chain. Possesses in vitro C-22 desaturase activity toward 24-epi-campesterol and beta-sitosterol and produces brassicasterol and stigmasterol, respectively. No activity with campesterol.
Expression reduced by 70% under dark conditions.
Reduced levels of seedling establishment associated with altered cotyledon photosynthetic performance at the onset of phototrophic growth and prior to the development of true leaves. These phenotypes are reversed in high CO(2) or sucrose supplemented conditions. Decreased resistance against avirulent bacteria. In plants lacking both BCA1 and BCA4, impaired CO(2)-regulation of stomatal movements associated with reduced beta carbonic anhydrase activity in guard cells, and increased stomatal density.
Reversible hydration of carbon dioxide. Required for photosynthesis in cotyledons. Binds salicylic acid. Together with BCA4, involved in the CO(2) signaling pathway which controls gas-exchange between plants and the atmosphere by modulating stomatal development and movements. Promotes water use efficiency.
S-nitrosylation at Cys-280 is up-regulated during nitrosative burst and suppresses both binding of salicylic acid and carbonic anhydrase activity. S-nitrosylated in response to an avirulent but not to a virulent bacterial strain.
Expressed in leaves stems, flowers, roots, trichomes and hypocotyls.
Involved in light regulation of the circadian clock and photomorphogenesis. May play a global role in coordinating growth in response to the light environment. Acts as a light quality sensor directing both negative and positive transcriptional regulation. Inhibits growth in red light but promote growth in blue light. Inhibits clock gene expression in diurnal cycles. Plays no role in the control of flowering time.
Post transcriptionally regulated. No circadian-regulation at the mRNA level, but fluctuation of the protein levels, with the highest level found shortly after dawn.
Present in nucleus throughout development.
Shortened circadian period. The clock is hypersensitive to red but shows normal responses to blue light. By contrast, inhibition of hypocotyl elongation is hyposensitive to red light but hypersensitive to blue light.
Belongs to the adenylosuccinate synthetase family.
Plays an important role in the de novo pathway and in the salvage pathway of purine nucleotide biosynthesis. Catalyzes the first commited step in the biosynthesis of AMP from IMP.
Plays an important role in the de novo pathway and in the salvage pathway of purine nucleotide biosynthesis. Catalyzes the first committed step in the biosynthesis of AMP from IMP.
Plays an important role in the de novo pathway of purine nucleotide biosynthesis.
Slightly induced by salicylic acid (PubMed:16463103). Induced reversibly in response to phosphate (Pi) deficiency but repressed in the presence of Pi, specifically in the leaves. Availability of Pi increases with decreased levels (PubMed:19529828).
Transcription repressor of phosphate (Pi) starvation-induced genes. Regulates negatively Pi starvation responses via the repression of gibberellic acid (GA) biosynthesis and signaling. Modulates root architecture, phosphatase activity, and Pi uptake and accumulation.
By heat shock and methyl viologen (paraquat).
Confined to photosynthetic tissues, with highest levels in flowers. In leaves, mostly localized in mesophyll cells. In stems, confined to the peripheral ring of chlorenchyma and adjoining groups of cells associated with the vascular bundles. In siliques, present in green wall of the fruit and in peduncle but not in the translucide white septum of the seeds.
Essential protein for photoautotrophism. Confers resistance to photo-oxidative damages by contributing to the thermal dissipation of light energy and to lumenal acidification (increase of pH gradient). Component of the cytochrome b6-f complex, which mediates electron transfer between photosystem II (PSII) and photosystem I (PSI), cyclic electron flow around PSI, and state transitions (By similarity).
Light-dependent expression. Inhibited by acidification of thylakoids (below pH 5), sucrose and norflurazon (caroteonid synthesis inhibitor leading to photobleaching).
The 4 large subunits of the cytochrome b6-f complex are cytochrome b6, subunit IV (17 kDa polypeptide, petD), cytochrome f and the Rieske protein, while the 4 small subunits are petG, petL, petM and petN. The complex functions as a dimer (By similarity). Interacts with PGRL1A (PubMed:23290914). Component of a mitochondrial large protein complex that contains, at least, MIC60, DGS1, TOM40, TOM20 proteins, and petC/RISP (PubMed:31118221).
The Rieske iron-sulfur protein is a high potential 2Fe-2S protein.
This protein is 1 of 2 subunits of the cytochrome b6-f complex that are encoded in the nucleus.
Probable rhomboid-type serine protease that catalyzes intramembrane proteolysis. May function in embryo development.
Catalyzes methyl transfer from S-methylmethionine (SMM) to adenosyl-L-homocysteine (AdoMet). SMM degradation (by HMT-1, HMT-2 and HMT-3) and biosynthesis (by MMT1) constitute the SMM cycle in plants, which is probably required to achieve short term control of AdoMet level.
Expressed predominantly in roots. Expressed in rosette leaves, cauline leaves and developing seeds.
In contrast to HMT-1, it is not inhibited by methionine.
Expressed in flowers and seedlings. Detected at the base of pedicel, in the floral abscission zone and in vascular tissues.
IDL3 is only partially redundant with IDA.
Lacks the typical ATP binding site, suggesting that it may not be functional.
Core histone-binding subunit that may target chromatin assembly factors, chromatin remodeling factors and histone deacetylases to their histone substrates in a manner that is regulated by nucleosomal DNA (By similarity). Acts together with PDP1 and MSI4/FVE to regulate the function of the PRC2 complex on FLC (PubMed:29314758).
Interacts with AHL16 (PubMed:23394836). Interacts with LHP1, PDP2, PDP3 and PDP6 (PubMed:29314758). Component of the PRC2 (polycomb repressive complex 2) complex which regulates histone methylation on histone H3K27 (PubMed:29314758).
Reduced H3K27me3 level but increased levels of histone H3 acetylation and H3K4me3 on FLC in the fve msi5 double mutant.
By glucose and sucrose (at protein level).
Expressed in roots, leaves, shoots and flowers.
Involved in pre-rRNA processing and ribosome assembly (PubMed:17108323, PubMed:17286797, PubMed:17369435, PubMed:21124873). Is associated with intranucleolar chromatin and pre-ribosomal particles and plays a role in controlling activation and repression of a specific subset of rRNA genes located in distinctive nucleolar organizer regions. Binds specifically rDNA chromatin and may be required to maintain rDNA chromatin structure, but is probably not required for the overall histone methylation status of 45S rRNA genes (PubMed:17108323, PubMed:17286797, PubMed:21124873). Involved in leaf polarity establishment by functioning cooperatively with AS1 to repress abaxial genes ARF3, ARF4, KAN1, KAN2, YAB1 and YAB5, and the knox homeobox genes KNAT1, KNAT2, KNAT6, and STM to promote adaxial development in leaf primordia at shoot apical meristems at high temperatures (PubMed:27334696).
Reduced growth, bushy plants with stunted leaves, abnormal vascular patterns and many stems (PubMed:17286797, PubMed:17369435, PubMed:21124873). Plants exhibit a pointed narrow shape of leaves, but no filamentous leaves. Plants with double mutations in this protein and in AS2 or AS1 protein show severe defects in leaf shape and filamentous leaves are efficiently formed, although a few normally shaped leaves and markedly narrow leaves are also generated (PubMed:27334696). Altered nucleolus ultrastructure (PubMed:17108323).
Gly-119 forms then a thioester bond with the 'Cys-558' of ATG7 (E1-like activating enzyme) before being transferred to the 'Cys-258' of ATG3 (the specific E2 conjugating enzyme), in order to be finally amidated with phosphatidylethanolamine. This lipid modification anchors ATG8 to autophagosomes.
Interacts with ATG4 (By similarity). Interacts with ATI1 (PubMed:22580699).
Expressed in shoots and roots and at low levels in flowers, but not in leaves or inflorescence stems.
It is uncertain whether Met-1 or Met-33 is the initiator.
Closely linked to lignin formation by showing monolignol substrate specificity.
Ubiquitous. Preferentially expressed in flowers, inflorescences and root tips.
Interacts with the begomovirus AL2 protein and the curtovirus L2 protein.
By abscisic acid (ABA), salt, osmotic and drought stresses.
Expressed in roots, hypocotyls, vasculature of cotyledons and leaves, hydathodes and guard cells. In reproductive organs, expressed in trichomes, veins of sepals, stamens and stigmata of pistils.
Interacts (via N-terminus) with SCRM/ICE1.
May act as a negative regulator of abscisic acid (ABA)-mediated osmotic stress signaling and function in cross-talk between cold and osmotic signaling.
Reduced apical meristem dominance and length of hypocotyl, and increased cotyledon curling. Mutant plants are hypersensitive to ABA and osmotic stress.
Contributes to pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI) signaling, including calcium signaling and root growth inhibition, and defense responses downstream of FLS2 (PubMed:20413097, PubMed:25522736). Acts additively with BIK1 in PTI defenses (PubMed:20413097, PubMed:25522736). Seems not required for flg22-induced MAPK activation (Probable). Required for Pep1-induced defenses (PubMed:25522736). Pep1 is an endogenous elicitor that potentiates PAMP-inducible plant responses (PubMed:23431184, PubMed:25522736). Required during SCOOP small peptides (e.g. SCOOP10 and SCOOP12) perception and signaling; receptor-like cytosolic kinases (RLCK) activated by BAK1/SERK3 and SERK4 coreceptors when associated with MIK2 upon the perception of SCOOP peptides (PubMed:34535661).
Interacts with FLS2 (PubMed:20413097). Interacts with PEPR1 (PubMed:23431184).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions (PubMed:20413097). Abrogated kinase activity (PubMed:25522736). In cce5-2 and cce5-4, reduced calcium levels after elicitation with peptides representing bacteria-derived microbe- and damage-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs, flg22 and elf18, and the endogenous DAMP AtPep1), but normal response to chitin octamers. Reduced root growth inhibition response to flg22 (PubMed:25522736). Compromised SCOOP10- and SCOOP12-induced root growth inhibition and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in the double mutant bik1 pbl1 (PubMed:34535661).
Phosphorylated upon flagellin (flg22) treatment.
RING-finger E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that plays an major role in maintaining COP1 homeostasis in darkness. Negatively regulates COP1 protein accumulation by targeting COP1 for ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation in dark-grown seedlings. Negatively regulates the accumulation of SPA1 protein in the dark.
Promotes chloroplast protein synthesis. May act as a fidelity factor of the translation reaction, by catalyzing a one-codon backward translocation of tRNAs on improperly translocated ribosomes.
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Second largest core component of RNA polymerase III which synthesizes small RNAs, such as 5S rRNA and tRNAs. Proposed to contribute to the polymerase catalytic activity and forms the polymerase active center together with the largest subunit. Pol III is composed of mobile elements and NRPC2 is part of the core element with the central large cleft and probably a clamp element that moves to open and close the cleft.
Increased accumulation of methylthiobutyl, -pentyl, -heptyl and -octyl glucosinolates in leaves and seeds.
This gene overlaps with At3g51075, a potential natural antisense gene.
Expressed in roots, hypocotyls, cotyledons and shoot apex.
Involved in pre-arranging the maintenance of the active cell proliferation during root primordium development. Does not seem to be involved in cell cycle progression.
Binds 2 manganese ions per subunit (PubMed:26095028, PubMed:27717128). Substrate binding triggers a switch in the coordination state of the Mn(2+) active site between six- and five-coordinate species; this switch is critical to prime the active site for catalysis, by facilitating the formation of a high-energy imidazolate intermediate (PubMed:26095028).
Weakly inihibited by inorganic phosphate (Pi) (PubMed:26095028). Competitive inhibition by 2-hydroxy-3-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl) (e.g. C348), a potential herbicide (PubMed:27717128).
Causes loosening and extension of plant cell walls by disrupting non-covalent bonding between cellulose microfibrils and matrix glucans. No enzymatic activity has been found. Plays a major role in control of leaf growth and influences the mechanical breakage behavior of the pedicel.
Expression is first seen at the base of the emerging first two true leaves but not of the cotyledons. As leaf development progresses expression begins in the base of the petiole and gradually extends toward the whole midrib and later it is restricted to the vasculature of the petiole and leaf blade and disappears as the leaf matures.
Most highly expressed in the young leaf petiole and midrib, in trichomes and at the base of the pedicel.
Transcription activator that plays a role in the regulation of cell expansion in leaf and cotyledons tissues. Acts together with GIF1 for the development of appropriate leaf size and shape through the promotion and/or maintenance of cell proliferation activity in leaf primordia.
Down-regulated after root-knot nematode infection (PubMed:16236154). Accumulates locally within 72 hours after P.brassicae butterflies oviposition (PubMed:17142483). Induced late in response to bacterial and fungal elicitors (e.g. Pst DC3000 and Ecc culture filtrates), and upon wounding, salicylic acid (SA) and hydrogen peroxide H(2)O(2) treatments (PubMed:19825555). Induced by infestation with spider mites (PubMed:30042779).
Enhanced lesion development after infiltration of leaf tissue with the programmed cell death (PCD)-eliciting fungal toxin fumonisin B1 (FB1) or the avirulent bacterial pathogen P.syringae pv. tomato DC3000 carrying avrB (Pst avrB). Enhanced resistance to the virulent pathogen E.carotovora subsp. carotovora SCC1.
Exhibits Kunitz trypsin protease inhibitor activity (PubMed:19825555). Involved in modulating programmed cell death (PCD) in plant-pathogen interactions (PubMed:19825555). Can inhibit both serine proteases and cysteine proteases (PubMed:30042779). May be involved in the modulation of the proteases that participate in the hydrolysis of dietary proteins in the gut of spider mites (PubMed:30042779).
Expressed in leaves, buds, flowers and stems.
Over-methylated genomic DNA. Increased shoot branching and reduced transcription of FLC leading to early flowering, associated with a decrease in the acetylation level in histone H3 and H4 of FLC chromatin.
Probable transcriptional regulator that acts as a histone acetyltransferase. Mediates the acetylation of histone H3 and H4 of target loci (e.g. FLC). Involved in an auxin-independent regulation of shoot branching and flowering time.
Belongs to the Dus family. Dus3 subfamily.
Catalyzes the synthesis of dihydrouridine, a modified base found in the D-loop of most tRNAs. Specifically modifies U47 in cytoplasmic tRNAs (By similarity). Catalyzes the synthesis of dihydrouridine in some mRNAs, thereby affecting their translation (By similarity).
Catalyzes the reduction of fatty acyl-CoA and -ACP (acyl carrier protein) substrates to fatty alcohols (PubMed:19062129, PubMed:22166367). Triggers the accumulation of C16 and, to a lower extent, of C18 fatty alcohols; converts palmitoyl-acyl carrier protein to the corresponding C16:0 alcohol with NAD(P)H as electron donor (PubMed:22166367). Triggers also the formation of some C16:0 and C18:0 aldehydes (PubMed:22166367). May be involved in the generation of C30 primary alcohol (PubMed:16980563).
First observed in seedlings at rosette initiation sites (PubMed:22189440). In stems, expressed in the epidermal layer and the underlying few cell layers, but not in the inner cortex and vascular bundles (PubMed:22166367, PubMed:22189440). In flowers, observed in the epidermis, endothecium and tapetum of anthers, but not in the microspores (PubMed:22166367). In siliques, accumulates in the replum and receptacle (PubMed:22166367). In roots, present in emerging root primordia and in the root cap throughout lateral and primary root development (PubMed:22166367). Observed in pollen grains of anther tissues at petal differentiation stage (PubMed:22189440).
Highly expressed in stems (PubMed:16980563, PubMed:22166367, PubMed:22189440). Also present in flowers, leaves, siliques, pollen and roots (PubMed:22166367, PubMed:22189440).
Induced by wounding in the epidermal layer of mature stem internodes.
No discernible phenotypic alteration in the growth and development.
Expressed in several tissues of seedlings and adult plants, with a higher relative level of expression in the seedling shoot apex and the adult stem.
Longer hypocotyls when grown in presence of exogenous MeIAA.
Methylesterase that efficiently and specifically hydrolyzes methyl indole-3-acetic acid (MeIAA) to IAA (auxin). MeIAA is believed to be an inactive form of auxin that needs to be demethylated to exert a biological effect.
Belongs to the TFIIF alpha subunit family.
Heterodimer of an alpha and a beta subunit (By similarity). Interacts with CPL3 and CPL4.
TFIIF is a general transcription initiation factor that binds to RNA polymerase II and helps to recruit it to the initiation complex in collaboration with TFIIB. It promotes transcription elongation (By similarity).
TFIIF is a general transcription initiation factor that binds to RNA polymerase II and helps to recruit it to the initiation complex in collaboration with TFIIB. It promotes transcription elongation.
Expressed during the differentiation of microsporocytes and tapetal cells. Also expressed in the meiocytes and young pollen grains until pollen mitosis II.
In cv. C24, the gene is expressed in the young ovular primordia, but the protein is not present in these organs.
Present in young buds, open flowers and siliques but absent from mature leaves and roots. Strongly expressed in the young organ primordia, and as the anthers and ovules developed, became focused in the microsporangia and in the distal and chalazal regions of the ovule. In cv. Landsberg erecta, only expressed in the anthers of young floral buds.
Receptor with a serine/threonine-protein kinase activity required for the specification of the correct number of male archesporial initials and for the subsequent specification of tapetal and middle cell layer identities. In seeds, required for enhancing cell size and the rate of embryonic development.
Some ecotypic variation may occur: in cv. Landsberg erecta, meiocytes of a null mutant fail to undergo cytokinesis while in cv. C24, cytokinesis clearly takes place, with the mutant meiocytes degenerating shortly after the tetrad stage.
Plays a critical role in the general process of plant cell elongation. Involved in the synthesis of campesterol, an early precursor of brassinolide. Required for the conversion of 24-methylenecholesterol to campesterol and for the conversion of isofucosterol to sitosterol. Necessary for both the isomerization and reduction of 24-methylenecholesterol. Regulates indirectly phytochrome-mediated light responses through the modulation of brassinosteroid biosynthesis.
Phosphorylates the second messenger diacylglycerol (DAG) to generate phosphatidic acid (PA), another important signaling molecule. PA is required for plant development and responses to abiotic stress and pathogen attack. May be involved in the accumulation of PA during cold stress.
Expressed in roots, shoots and suspension cell culture.
May form a stable complex with cyclin CYCH1-1 that phosphorylates human CDK2 and the C-terminal domain (CTD) of the large subunit of RNA polymerase II.
Phosphorylated by CDKF-1 at Ser-161 and Thr-167. Phosphorylated at Tyr-23 by WEE1. Autophosphorylated.
Has phosphatase activity toward Ins(1,4,5)P3 and Ins(1,3,4,5)P4. Seems to be involved in the abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway (PubMed:11340187). Could also be able to hydrolyze PtdIns(4,5)P2 and PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 (PubMed:23658066).
No visible phenotype (PubMed:23658066). Alterations in germination and in early seedling growth. Enhanced sensibility to abscisic acid (ABA) with elevated levels of Ins(1,4,5)P3 (PubMed:17237190).
By light (PubMed:22010110). Induced by cytokinin (e.g. trans-zeatin) (PubMed:33322466).
Component of the transcriptionally active chromosome (TAC) complexes. Interacts with PTAC12/HMR/PAP5 and PTAC7. Binds to SL1/MTERF3 (PubMed:33391315).
Essential for chloroplast development, especially for thylakoid formation. Involved in plastid gene expression, probably by maintaining plastid-encoded RNA polymerase (PEP) activity.
Mostly expressed in leaves, flowers and seedlings, and, to a lower extent, in stems and roots.
Seedling lethal, even with Suc as a carbon source. Impaired thylakoid formation in the initial process of chloroplast development leading to albino seedlings unable to grow photoautotrophically. Reduced plastid-encoded RNA polymerase (PEP) activity.
Strongly induced by high salinity. Slightly up-regulated by drought, abscisic acid (ABA) and jasmonic acid. Not induced by cold treatment.
Transcription factors that bind specifically to the 5'-CATGTG-3' motif.
Component of the TFIID complex. TFIID is composed of TATA binding protein (TBP) and a number of TBP-associated factors (TAFs) whose MWs range from 14-217 kDa. Interacts with TAF7 and TAF14B, and (via N-terminus) with TBP1 and TBP2.
TAFs are components of the transcription factor IID (TFIID) complex that is essential for mediating regulation of RNA polymerase transcription. Core scaffold of the TFIID complex (By similarity).
Loss-of-function mutations (EIL1-1 and EIL1-2) in the gene show a weak ethylene-insensitive phenotype.
This enzyme scavenges exogenous and endogenous cytidine and 2'-deoxycytidine for UMP synthesis. Functions as a conventional cytidine deaminase. Has no affinity for RNA and is not involved in RNA-editing by C-to-U deamination.
Belongs to the membrane-bound acyltransferase family. Sterol o-acyltransferase subfamily.
DGAT1 deficiency alters carbohydrate metabolism.
Decreased oil content and modified size and shape of oil bodies.
Major contributor to triacylglycerol (TAG) synthesis and oil accumulation in seeds. Catalyzes the acylation of the sn-3 hydroxy group of sn-1,2-diacylglycerol using acyl-CoA (PubMed:10571850, PubMed:10580283, PubMed:10601854, PubMed:11402213, PubMed:12114588, PubMed:20040537, PubMed:20101470). Can use palmitoyl-CoA and oleoyl-CoA as substrates (PubMed:20101470). Can use oleoyl-CoA and linoleoyl-CoA as substrates. Has substrate preference for oleoyl-CoA compared to linoleoyl-CoA (PubMed:23770095). Has complementary functions with PDAT1 that are essential for triacylglycerol synthesis and normal development of both seeds and pollen (PubMed:20040537).
Peak of expression in seeds 15 days after flowering. Highly expressed in senescing leaves.
The AS11 mutant has a complete duplication of exon 2.
Up-regulated by glucose (PubMed:12825687). Induced by abscisic acid (ABA), jasmonate, salicylate, salt and osmotic stress (PubMed:23942253).
Cysteine protease that cleaves specifically after arginine or lysine residues. Does not cleave caspase-specific substrates. Acts as a positive regulator of cell death. Required for both oxidative stress cell death response and hypersensitive cell death response mediated by immune response.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but suppression of hypersensitive cell death response upon infection with avirulent pathogen.
Interacts with AHA1 via N-terminal region.
Promotes AHA1 plasma membrane ATPase activity by binding to a site different from the 14-3-3 binding site.
Strongly expressed in root and shoot vascular systems, particularly in meristematic and sink tissues. Also present in pollen, stigmas and siliques, but not in developing embryos.
Converts stearoyl-ACP to oleoyl-ACP by introduction of a cis double bond between carbons 9 and 10 of the acyl chain. Also able to convert palmitoyl-ACP to palmitoleoyl-ACP at the C9 position. Exhibits delta-9 palmitoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] desaturase (PAD) activity. Involved in omega-7 monounsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis, especially in the endosperm oil (PubMed:27681170).
Aberrant embryo development and increased seed abortion. Reduced seed nitrate content.
Expressed in flowers and siliques. Expressed in vascular bundle of the siliques and in funiculus.
Low-affinity proton-dependent nitrate transporter. Not involved in dipeptides transport. Involved in delivering nitrate for seed development.
Reduced resistance to Pseudomonas syringae expressing HopZ1a.
Required for RPP13L4/ZAR1 recognition of the Pseudomonas syringae type III effector (T3E) HopF2a.
Allosterically inhibited by tyrosine and phenylalanine (PubMed:10564818). According to another report, seems not to be repressed by tyrosine and phenylalanine (PubMed:25160622). Activated by tryptophan, cysteine and histidine (PubMed:10564818, PubMed:25160622).
Due to contradictory results, it is uncertain whether tyrosine and phenylalanine act as allosteric inhibitors.
Expressed in roots, stems, cauline leaves, flowers and siliques, and at lower levels in rosette leaves.
Not induced by wounding or bacterial pathogen.
Expressed in cauline leaves, root and stems. In the male reproductive organ, it is expressed in the developing anther; and is abundant in microspore mother cells, in microsporocytes and in the tapetum, but is absent from vascular bundles, the connective tissue and the filament. It is also absent from pollen grains at subsequent developmental stages. In the developing female reproductive organs, it is highly expressed in all cells of the young ovules primordium before archesporial differentiation. Then, it is highly expressed in the ovule sporophytic tissue and the megaspore mother cell before meiosis, but is absent from placenta or the developing carpel. Then, it decreases.
Expressed maternally and zygotically. Expressed in both egg and central cell before fertilization, and in the embryo and endosperm after fertilization.
Interacts directly with MEA. These two proteins are probably indirectly associated with FIS2. In plants, PcG complexes are probably composed of a member of the EZ family (CLF or MEA), FIE, and a member of the VEFS family (FIS2, VRN2 or EMF2). Component of the plant homeodomain / polycomb repressive complex 2 (PHD-PRC2) large complex during prolonged cold, composed of core PRC2 components (VRN2, EZA1, FIE and MSI1), and three related PHD finger proteins (VIL1, VIL2 and VIN3) that mediates histone H3 trimethylation on 'Lys-27' (H3K27me3). Binds to ALP1 (PubMed:26642436).
Polycomb group (PcG) protein. PcG proteins act by forming multiprotein complexes, which are required to maintain the transcriptionally repressive state of homeotic genes throughout development. PcG proteins are not required to initiate repression, but to maintain it during later stages of development. They probably act via the methylation of histones, rendering chromatin heritably changed in its expressibility. Required to prevent the proliferation of the central cell by repressing unknown target genes before fertilization. Probably also involved in floral repression mechanism established during early plant development. Regulates the anteroposterior organization of the endosperm. Interacts with the promoter and represses the transcription of genes such as PHE1, that are paternally active and maternally silenced.
Belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily. METL family.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyltransferase.
Homodimer and heterodimer with KIN12B. Interacts with TIO.
No visible phenotype. Kin12a and kin12b double mutant display defective pollen grains leading to the production of fewer seeds.
Plus-end directed kinesin-like motor enzyme that plays a critical role in the organization of phragmoplast microtubules during cytokinesis. Constitutes a signaling module in association with serine/threonine-protein kinase TIO that is required to support phragmoplast expansion and cell-plate growth in plant cells. Binds microtubules in an ATP-sensitive manner.
By auxin-rich callus induction medium (CIM) in root explants followed by a transfer onto cytokinin-containing shoot induction medium (SIM).
Serine protease that cleaves the phytosulfokines PSK3, PSK2 and PSK5 in vitro. Phytosulfokines are plant growth factors or peptide hormones that promotes plant cell differentiation, organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis as well as cell proliferation.
May be involved in secondary cell wall biosynthesis.
May form heterodimeric complex with the TALE/BELL proteins (By similarity). Interacts with OFP1, OFP2, OFP3, OFP4 and OFP6.
Leucine-rich repeat protein that likely mediates protein interactions, possibly in the context of signal transduction. PIRL9 acts redundantly with PIRL1 in the differentiation of microspores into pollen.
Required for the trans-splicing of intron 1 of the mitochondrial nad1 transcript encoding the ND1 subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I).
Absence of vacuoles in the embryo and accumulation of small vesicles and autophagosomes. Embryo lethality at late torpedo stage.
Expressed in roots, leaves, stems, siliques, flowers and mature pollen.
Required for vacuole biogenesis and vacuole enlargment in dividing and expanding cells. Involved in the docking or fusion of prevacuolar vesicles.
Required for vacuole biogenesis and vacuole enlargment in dividing and expanding cells. Involved in the docking or fusion of prevacuolar vesicles. Important for the function of both male and female gametophytes, but is not essential for the germination and development of pollen.
Involved in multiple sites RNA editing events in chloroplasts. Involved in the editing of the site 7 of ndhB (ndhB-7) and site 5 of ndhD (ndhD-5) transcripts, which are two plastid-encoded subunits of the chloroplast NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (NDH) complex. Involved in the editing of the site 3 of rpoB (rpoB-3) transcript. Required for the activity of the NDH complex of the photosynthetic electron transport chain. Possesses low endoribonuclease activity in vitro.
Mostly expressed in leaves and, to a lower extent, in roots, flowers and stems.
Mostly expressed in stems and, to a lower extent, in roots and leaves.
Probable E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that may regulate the response to iron deficiency and thus contributes to iron homeostasis.
GTPase activator for the nuclear Ras-related regulatory protein Ran, converting it to the putatively inactive GDP-bound state.
Homodimer (By similarity). Interacts with WIP1 and WIP2 through its WPP domain. Component of Ran complexes at least composed of WIT1 or WIT2, RANGAP1 or RANGAP2, and WIP1 or WIP2 or WIP3. Interacts with WIT1.
Homodimer (PubMed:27448097). Component of the conserved oligomeric Golgi complex which is composed of eight different subunits and is required for normal Golgi morphology and localization (Probable). Interacts with COG1, COG2, COG4, COG5 and COG8 (PubMed:27448097).
One of the essential components for the initiation of protein synthesis. Protects formylmethionyl-tRNA from spontaneous hydrolysis and promotes its binding to the 30S ribosomal subunits. Also involved in the hydrolysis of GTP during the formation of the 70S ribosomal complex.
Interacts with 'Lys-48'-linked polyubiquitin chains. Interacts with RPN10 via its ubiquitin-like domain.
May be involved in nucleotide excision repair (By similarity). Binds and presumably selects ubiquitin-conjugates for destruction. Prefers multiubiquitin chains rather than single ubiquitins, with a binding affinity for 'Lys-48'-linked ubiquitin chains. Acts as a ubiquitin receptor that associates with the 26S proteasomal docking subunit RPN10 for the indirect recognition of ubiquitinated substrates of ubiquitin/26S proteasome-mediated proteolysis (UPP) (By similarity).
Expressed in flowers, siliques, stems, leaves, shoots and roots. Detected in reproductive tissues, in the stigma, style, abscission zone of siliques, stamens and pollen. Not found in pollen tubes or the transmitting tract. In vegetative tissues, found in dark-grown hypocotyls, leaves, guard cells and primary roots, including the root tips and the elongation zones. Not found in the division zone of the root. Expressed in the outermost layer of the shoot apical meristem (SAM) (PubMed:21690177).
Inhibited by gamma-vinyl-gamma-aminobutyrate (vigabatrin), beta-alanine and ornithine.
No vegetative phenotype. Oversensitivity to ionic stress but not to osmotic stress. Sustained roots growth upon treatment with E-2-hexenal. Increased gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) in leaves and flowers and defects in pollen tube growth, guidance and fertility. Cell elongation defects. Suppresses partially the ENF1 disruption pleiotropic developmental phenotypes (including abaxialized and adaxialized leaves). Enlarged expressing region of FIL, thus leading to an increase in the size of leaf abaxial region associated with altered GABA and SucA levels in shoots; however, the enf1 gabat1 double mutant has a restored almost normal FIL expression pattern (PubMed:21690177).
Not induced by hypoxia. Up-regulated by salt stress.
Transaminase that degrades gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) and uses pyruvate or glyoxylate as amino-group acceptor, but not 2-oxoglutarate. The pyruvate-dependent activity is reversible while the glyoxylate-dependent activity is irreversible. Cannot use beta-alanine, ornithine, acetylornithine, serine, glycine, asparagine, glutamine, glutamate, valine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine, phenylalanine, histidine, lysine, arginine, aspartate, threonine, tyrosine, tryptophan, proline, or cysteine as amino donors. Modulates steady-state GABA levels in diploid pistil cells and the haploid pollen tube. Involved in the formation of a gradient of GABA along the pollen tube path. Involved in the maintenance of the shoot apical meristem (SAM) structure and subsequent adaxial-abaxial axis-dependent development of cotyledons and leaves (PubMed:21690177).
Dose-dependent altered root gravitropism associated with an altered PIN2 traffic that impairs the formation of auxin gradients, thus leading to an irregular waves root shape.
Expressed in roots, specifically in the root apical meristem (RAM).
In roots, restricted to the root apical meristem (RAM) in a pattern positioned just above the quiescent center (QC), mainly in endodermis, cortex and vascular tissues, with strongest levels within cells in the QC vicinity (PubMed:23370719, PubMed:22421050). Slightly observed in the epidermis (PubMed:23370719). Induced early during lateral root formation (PubMed:23370719).
Signaling peptide (root growth factor) required during root gravitropism in a PIN2-traffic dependent manner, thus influencing the formation of auxin gradients (PubMed:22421050, PubMed:23370719). Maintains the postembryonic root stem cell niche (PubMed:20798316).
Expressed in root tips, flowers, leaf meristems, and the bottom parts of the surrounding young leaves and trichomes.
First detected in the central domain protodermal cells when cotyledon primordia become recognizable, at the early globular stage. Later observed throughout the central domain and basal domain of the embryo proper. After bolting, localized in axillary buds and premature anthers. Abundant in the tapetum of wild-type anthers during microspore maturation.
Impaired central domain protoderm patterning defects, and defective cotyledon primordia cell types. Enhanced shoot growth, and male sterility due to defects in anther dehiscence and pollen maturation.
Key regulator of anther development (e.g. lignification pattern), including tapetum degradation during pollen maturation (e.g. germination capacity). Together with RPK1, required for pattern formation along the radial axis (e.g. the apical embryonic domain cell types that generate cotyledon primordia), and the apical-basal axis (e.g. differentiation of the basal pole during early embryogenesis).
Slightly by dehydration and low temperature.
Homodimer (Probable). Forms heterodimers with RHD6 (PubMed:31988260). Interacts with TIFY10B/JAZ2, TIFY6A/JAZ4, TIFY5A/JAZ8, TIFY7/JAZ9 and TIFY9/JAZ10 (PubMed:31988260).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but the double mutant seedlings rhd6-3 and rsl1-1 do not develop root hairs.
Transcription factor that is specifically required for the development of root hairs (PubMed:17556585). Acts with RHD6 to positively regulate root hair development (PubMed:17556585). Acts downstream of genes that regulate epidermal pattern formation, such as GL2 (PubMed:17556585). Acts with RHD6 as transcription factor that integrates a jasmonate (JA) signaling pathway that stimulates root hair growth (PubMed:31988260).
Circadian regulation with a peak after 8 hours of light. Induced by abscisic acid (ABA). Down-regulated by salicylic acid (SA).
Probably mediates the hydrolysis of some nucleoside diphosphate derivatives (By similarity). May be involved in plant immunity and act as a positive regulator of defense response through salicylic acid (SA) signaling (PubMed:25436909).
Small and stunted plant phenotype when grown on 12/12 hour photoperiod light. No visible phenotype when grown under short or long day light (8/16 hours or 16/8 hours of light/dark).
Expressed in shoots, roots and stems. Detected in leaves, flowers and siliques.
Expressed in cotyledons 4 days after imbibition (DAI). Expressed in the minor and major veins of cotyledons and leaves, in the shoot apex and pedicels. Expressed in the root meristems, root tips and lateral root primordia.
In the root endodermis, expressed at a late developmental stage, coinciding with the appearance of metaxylem vessels. In 10-day-old roots, reduced levels in proximity to the hypocotyl and in endodermal cells overlaying lateral root primordia.
Induced by pathogen infection, by H(2)O(2) and by salicylic acid.
Possesses quercetin 3-O-glucosyltransferase activity in vitro. Also active in vitro on benzoates and benzoate derivatives. Involved in stress or defense responses.
Expressed in the outermost circumference of mature roots, the endodermis of young roots and in the seed coat of developing seeds. Expressed in outer integument layer 1 of the seed coat.
Involved in the synthesis of alkyl hydroxycinnamates in root waxes. Functions as a fatty alcohol:hydroxy cinnamoyl-CoA acyltransferase with apparent preference for caffeoyl-CoA.
Probable ATP-dependent zinc metallopeptidase. Involved in the assembly and/or stability of the complexes I and V of the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation system.
(Microbial infection) Required for PD localization of MP17, the luteoviral movement protein.
Impaired plasmodesmata (PD) mediated cell-to-cell communication (PubMed:29284002). Altered choline metabolite profile. Several phenotypic abnormalities (e.g. dwarf with defects in both shoot and root architecture), including reduced pore density and altered pore structure in the sieve areas, associated with defective symplastic transport through phloem. Increased number of sieve elements (SE)-like cells instead of two companion cells (CCs) and two SEs. Defects in procambium maintenance and phloem patterning. Abnormal retaining of desmotubules in the symplastic space in sieve pores (PubMed:25008948). In cher1-4, impaired secondary plasmodesmata (PD) formation and development leading to starch and soluble sugars excess accumulation, and stunted growth. Altered PD localization of the luteoviral movement protein MP17. Reduced level of choline and phosphocholine (PubMed:27743414). Altered ion profile due to both PD defects and ion transporter misregulation. Increased leaf concentrations of sodium (Na), lithium (Li), boron (B) ions, and decreased leaf concentrations of phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), and copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn) and molybdenum (Mo) ions. Defects in leaf and root elongation as well as fewer leaves are also observed, associated with irregular cell organization in roots, probably as a result of irregular cell division (PubMed:29284002). Impaired intracellular trafficking of PIN-type auxin transporters (e.g. PIN1 and PIN3) to the plasma membrane, resulting in abnormal seedling growth, lack of apical dominance, cell elongation defect and apical hook development. Perturbated membrane lipids (e.g. phospholipids and sphingolipids) homeostasis. Reduced sensitivity to auxin (e.g. 1-naphthylacetic acid, NAA) (PubMed:29283991).
In roots, observed in all cells of the root tip, inculding both meristem and elongation zones, but restricted to vascular tissues of the maturation zone (PubMed:29284002, PubMed:29283991). Also observed in shoot apical meristems, lateral root primordia and the vascular system. Under dark conditions, present in the concave side of the apical hook (PubMed:29283991).
Regulator of vesicle trafficking, including endocytosis. Necessary for secondary plasmodesmata (PD) formation and development via the secretory trafficking regulation of proteins required for PD development, thus influencing intercellular communication (PubMed:27743414, PubMed:29284002). Modulates ion homeostasis, especially in roots, by monitoring the transport and subsequent subcellular localization of some ion transporters (PubMed:29284002). Choline transporter involved in the regulation of choline metabolite homeostasis during root and phloem development (PubMed:25008948). Modulates phloem morphogenesis and conductivity (PubMed:25008948). Required for procambium maintenance and sieve plate development (e.g. sieve plate and sieve pore elaboration) to mediate long-distance cell-to-cell communication via symplastic transport through the phloem (PubMed:25008948). Involved in the regulation of intracellular trafficking of PIN-type auxin transporters (e.g. PIN1 and PIN3), a process controlling seedling growth, apical dominance, cell elongation and apical hook development. Modulates also membrane lipids (e.g. phospholipids and sphingolipids) homeostasis (PubMed:29283991).
Plants over-expressing OFP13 show small rosette size, late flowering, reduced fertilization and blunt-end siliques.
'Dornroeschen' means 'Sleeping beauty' in German.
Expressed in shoot apical and floral meristems, and in organ primordia. Transient expression during shoot regeneration.
First observed in the embryo at four-cell stage. At the globular stage, localized in cotyledons primordia. Later confined to embryonic cotyledons tips. Expressed from embryogenesis onward in the central zone of the shoot apical and floral meristems, in organ anlagen, and (transiently) in the distal domains of organ primordia.
Interacts with class 3 HD-ZIP proteins such as ATHB-8, CNA, PHB, PHV, and REV.
Regulates gene expression patterns in meristems and thus modulates organ development. Required for correct embryo patterning and cotyledon organogenesis. Modulates auxin signaling pathway in early embryos. Involved in the cytokinin signaling pathway that promotes shoot regeneration. Acts as a transcriptional activator. Binds to the GCC-box pathogenesis-related promoter element. May be involved in the regulation of gene expression by stress factors and by components of stress signal transduction pathways (By similarity).
NDH shuttles electrons from NAD(P)H:plastoquinone, via FMN and iron-sulfur (Fe-S) centers, to quinones in the photosynthetic chain and possibly in a chloroplast respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme in this species is believed to be plastoquinone. Couples the redox reaction to proton translocation, and thus conserves the redox energy in a proton gradient (Probable). PPIases accelerate the folding of proteins. It catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptides (By similarity). Seems to be essential for stabilizing the NDH subcomplex A (PubMed:19903870).
RNAi mutant displays impaired NDH activity.
Converts stearoyl-ACP to oleoyl-ACP by introduction of a cis double bond between carbons 9 and 10 of the acyl chain. Required for the activation of certain jasmonic acid (JA)-mediated responses and the repression of the salicylic acid (SA) signaling pathway.
Increased level of stearate (18:0) and reduced level of oleic acid (18:1) in leaves. Spontaneous cell death, constitutive PR genes expression, accumulation of high levels of salicylic acid (SA), enhanced resistance to Pseudomonas syringae, Peronospora parasitica and Cucumber mosaic virus, and enhanced susceptibility to Botrytis cinerea.
Introduction of a cis double bond between carbons of the acyl chain.
Positively regulated by LEC1. Up-regulated by jasmomic acid (JA).
Catalytic subunit of an S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent tRNA methyltransferase complex that mediates the methylation of the guanosine nucleotide at position 10 (m2G10) in tRNAs.
Component of KTN80-KTN1 complexes composed of a hexamer of KTN1-KTN80 heterodimers that sense microtubule (MT) geometry to confer precise MT severing (PubMed:28978669). Interacts directly with AAA1/KTN1, and weakly with KTN80.1 and KTN80.3 (PubMed:28978669).
May participate in a complex which severs microtubules in an ATP-dependent manner (By similarity). This activity may promote rapid reorganization of cellular microtubule arrays (By similarity). Confers precision to microtubule (MT) severing by specific targeting of KTN1 to MT cleavage sites such as crossover or branching nucleation sites (PubMed:28978669). Together with other KTN80s, regulates cell elongation by modulating MT organization (PubMed:28978669).
Functions as an E3 ubiquitin ligase (By similarity). Involved in the age-dependent pseudo-self-compatibility process.
Belongs to the clathrin light chain family.
Clathrin coats are formed from molecules containing 3 heavy chains and 3 light chains (By similarity). Interacts with TPLATE and CHC2.
Expressed in root epidermal cells and root hairs (at the protein level).
Belongs to the D-isomer specific 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase family. FDH subfamily.
By one-carbon metabolites, such as methanol, formaldehyde, and formate (at protein level) (Ref.3). Strongest induced by formaldehyde (PubMed:16232936).
Catalyzes the NAD(+)-dependent oxidation of formate to carbon dioxide. Involved in the cell stress response.
Electroneutral K(+)/H(+) efflux antiporter involved in K(+) homeostasis and osmotic adjustment (PubMed:24278440, PubMed:31296940, PubMed:30309966, PubMed:30255504). Together with KEA5 and KEA6, promotes growth and development, and facilitates endosomal pH and ions homeostasis, as well as salt tolerance (e.g. K(+), NaCl and LiCl), probably by supporting cell wall biosynthesis during rapid etiolated seedling growth (PubMed:30309966, PubMed:30255504).
Up-regulated by low K(+) stress and down-regulated by high K(+).
Required for the assembly and stabilization of PSII, but has no PPIases activity.
Stunted growth and hypersensitivity to high light.
The N-terminal helical domain blocks the interaction with the potential target PSII subunit chlorophyll protein 47 (CP47).
Ubiquitous. Lower levels of expression in roots.
Catalyzes the conversion of the short chain elongated methionines di-, tri-, and tetrahomomethionine to their respective aldoximes 5-methylthiopentanaldoxime, 6-methylthiohexanaldoxime, and 7-methylheptanaldoxime.
Highly expressed in cotyledons, leaves, stems and siliques. Detected in flowers and lateral roots, but not in the main root. Expressed only in the vascular bundles in apical plant parts.
Plants have a bushy phenotype with crinkled leaves and retarded vascularization.
Expressed in roots, stems and flowers. Lower expression in siliques and leaves. Expressed in the vascular tissues. Detected in lateral roots, shoot apical meristem, petals of unopened flowers and weak expression in leaf vasculature.
Heavy-metal-binding protein. Binds lead, cadmium and copper. May be involved in heavy-metal transport (PubMed:18823312). May be involved in cadmium transport and play a role in cadmium detoxification (PubMed:21072340).
Interacts with ZHD11/HB29 and ACBP2 (via ankyrin repeats). May also interact with HB21.
No visible phenotype. Inhibition of HB29-dependent induction of stress-related target genes.
Up-regulated by cadmium and zinc, but not by lead or copper. Up-regulated by cold, drought and salt stress. Not induced by abscisic acid or by leaf senescence.
Aux/IAA proteins are short-lived transcriptional factors that function as repressors of early auxin response genes at low auxin concentrations. Repression is thought to result from the interaction with auxin response factors (ARFs), proteins that bind to the auxin-responsive promoter element (AuxRE). Plays a central role in auxin regulation of root growth, in gravitropism, and in lateral root formation (PubMed:9895319). Regulated by an auxin-induced protein turnover (PubMed:14617065). Formation of heterodimers with ARF proteins may alter their ability to modulate early auxin response genes expression. When activated by cytokinin, restricts the expression of the PIN genes to the vascular transition zone (PubMed:19039136). Induction of SHY2 in the vascular transition zone restricts BRX expression to down-regulate PIN3 and thus limit meristem growth, but proper SHY2 expression requires BRX (PubMed:21149702). Involved in meristem growth and in determining its size (PubMed:20605455). May participate in strigolactone signaling to regulate meristem size and lateral root formation (PubMed:23425316).
By auxin (PubMed:7658471). Up-regulated by cytokinin treatment through the primary cytokinin-response transcription factor ARR1 (PubMed:19039136). Down-regulated by light in the presence of sucrose, but up-regulated in the absence of sucrose (PubMed:11884676).
Highly expressed in stems and flowers (PubMed:7658471). Expressed in hypocotyls, cotyledons and leaves, but barely detected in roots (PubMed:11884676). Expressed in root tips (PubMed:14534134). In the root meristem, specifically detected at the vascular tissue transition zone (PubMed:19039136).
Homodimers and heterodimers (By similarity). Interacts with TPL (PubMed:18258861). Interacts with TIR1, the F-box component of the Skp1-Cdc53/cullin-F-box (SCFTIR1) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex (PubMed:14617065).
The level of expression increases during meristem growth, reaches a maximum at 5 days post germination and subsequently remaines constant in time.
Plants silencing SAUR78 exhibit increased sensitivity to ethylene, while plants over-expressing SAUR78 display reduced ethylene sensitivity. Plants over-expressing SAUR78 exhibit increased rosette diameters.
Belongs to the class-III pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family. HemL subfamily.
Can use both pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate (PMP) and pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) as cofactors.
Expressed in leaf primordia and shoot apical meristems (SAM).
Suppresses partially the ENF1 disruption pleiotropic developmental phenotypes, including the suppression of the abnormal patterning of the adaxial-abaxial-related gene expression in leaf primordia.
Transaminase converting glutamate 1-semialdehyde (GSA) to 5-aminolevulinate (ALA). Involved in the biosynthesis of tetrapyrroles.
Expressed in siliques, flowers, leaves and seedlings.
Inhibited by K3 herbicides such as alachlor, allidochlor, anilofos, cafenstrole and flufenacet (PubMed:15277688). Strongly inhibited by metazachlor and mefluidide (PubMed:22284369).
Mediates mostly the synthesis of VLCFAs from 26 to 30 carbons in length (e.g. C20:1, C26, C28, C30).
Repressed by herbicides such as flufenacet and benfuresate (PubMed:12916765). Down-regulated by darkness, low temperature, salt, drought and osmotic stress (PubMed:18465198).
Cytoprotective ribonuclease (RNase) required for resistance to abiotic stresses, acting as a positive regulator of mRNA decapping during stress (PubMed:25736060). Essential for the integrity and function of cytoplasmic messenger ribonucleoprotein (mRNP) complexes called stress granules (SGs) and processing bodies (PBs), sites of post-transcriptional gene regulation during stress (e.g. salt and heat) (PubMed:25736060). Involved in gibberellic acid (GA) biosynthesis (PubMed:25205572). Essential for stress tolerance, probably by regulating mRNAs entering the secretory pathway (PubMed:20484005). Component of stress granules (SGs) that regulates growth under salt stress by modulating levels of GA20OX3 mRNA. Binds GA20OX3 mRNA (PubMed:25205572). May inhibit the degradation of mRNAs involved in stress adaptation (PubMed:26237081).
Cytoprotective ribonuclease (RNase) required for resistance to abiotic stresses, acting as a positive regulator of mRNA decapping during stress.
Expressed in seeds, leaves, flowers, roots and siliques (at protein level) (PubMed:20396901, PubMed:20484005). Accumulates in the cap and elongation zone of the root apices (at protein level) (PubMed:20484005).
Normal vegetative growth, flowering time and flower morphology (PubMed:20396901). Reduced expression of enzyme involved in GA biosynthesis leading to reduced levels of GA-4 (e.g. GA20OX3). Slower growth in salt conditions (PubMed:25205572). The double mutant tsn1 tsn2 exhibits severe alteration in germination, growth, and survival under high salinity stress. Reduced levels of stress-regulated mRNAs encoding secreted proteins (PubMed:20484005). Abnormal stress granules (SGs) and processing bodies (PBs) assembly accompanied by reduced uncapped RNAs levels in heat-stressed double mutant tsn1 tsn2 (PubMed:25736060). The double mutant tsn1 tsn2 is also showing enriched uncapping and subsequent degradation of mRNAs involved in stress adaptation (PubMed:26237081).
Repressed by the specific inhibitor 3',5'-deoxythymidine bisphosphate (pdTp); this RNase activity inhibition impairs subcellular relocation upon abiotic stress and leads to reduced stress resistance.
TNase-like domains are required for relocation to cytoplasmic foci upon abiotic stresses.
Confined to styles of stage 13-16 flowers.
Expressed in flowers and etiolated hypocotyls.
Induced by auxin (PubMed:29258424). Triggered by brassinosteroids (PubMed:29258424).
Functions in the anterograde transport of storage protein precursors from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi complex and in the retrograde transport from the Golgi complex to the ER (PubMed:17194767, PubMed:23025793). Forms a complex with ZW10/MIP1, MIP2 and MIP3 on the ER that may be responsible for efficient transport of seed storage proteins (PubMed:24118572). Required for the responses to environmental stresses during seed germination and vegetative growth. Probably not involved in the retrograde transport from the ER to the apoplast (PubMed:23025793).
Interacts with SEC20 and SYP81 (PubMed:17194767). Interacts with ZW10 (via the central region) (PubMed:23025793). Forms a complex with ZW10/MIP1, MIP2 and MIP3 on the endoplasmic reticulum (PubMed:24118572).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but dry seeds of mutant plants accumulate the precursors of the two major storage proteins albumin 2S and globulin 12S (PubMed:17194767). Increased sensitivity to salt stress, osmotic stress and abscisic acid (ABA) during germination and vegetative growth (PubMed:23025793).
Enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of both DNA and RNA at the 5' position of the phosphodiester bond. Possesses activity toward the single-stranded DNA, double-stranded DNA and RNA. May be involved in genomic DNA degradation during programmed cell death.
Homo- and heterodimer with other ZFHD proteins (By similarity). Interacts with MIF1 and MIF2; these interactions prevent nuclear localization and DNA-binding to inhibit transcription regulation activity. Binds to ZHD2, ZHD3, ZHD4, ZHD5, ZHD6, ZHD7, ZHD8, ZHD9, ZHD10 and ZHD11.
Defective embryo arrested at cotyledon stage (PubMed:15266054). Hypersensitivity to salt (NaCl) stress leading to reduced roots and shoots growth and altered germination, and associated with altered sodium (Na) homeostasis and over-accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Hypersensitivity to hydrogen peroxide H(2)O(2) and methyl viologen (MV) (PubMed:24009530).
Expressed ubiquitously at high levels, including in guard cells.
Required for salt tolerance and sodium (Na) homeostasis after salt stress. Together with BHLH148/RITF1, regulates the transcription of several genes involved in the detoxification of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by salt (NaCl) stress. Binds calcium.
Homodimer and heterodimer with MORC6. Component of an RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) complex that contains at least MORC6, MORC1/CRT1, MORC2, SWI3D and SUVH9. Binds directly to SUVH9.
In the double mutant crt1-2 crh1-1, compromised resistance to avirulent Pseudomonas syringae and Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis associated with compromised cytosolic calcium accumulation upon infection (PubMed:20332379, PubMed:24799676). The double mutant crt1-2 crh1-1 exhibits also an increased sensitivity to turnip crinkle virus (TCV), and reduced defense response mediated by flg22 against Pseudomonas syringae (Pst). Impaired non-host resistance toward Phytophthora infestans and altered systemic acquired resistance (SAR) triggered by P. syringae pv. maculicola (Psm) AvrRpt2 cor(-) (PubMed:23250427).
Mediator of defense signaling triggered by distinct classes of R proteins. Required during hypersensitive response (HR) that confers disease resistance to turnip crinkle virus (TCV) (PubMed:19704828). Contributes to resistance against Pseudomonas syringae and Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis, at early stages prior to cytosolic calcium ions Ca(2+) accumulation (PubMed:20332379). Required for pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity, basal resistance, non-host resistance and systemic acquired resistance (SAR) (PubMed:23250427). Involved in RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) as a component of the RdDM machinery and required for gene silencing. May also be involved in the regulation of chromatin architecture to maintain gene silencing (PubMed:24799676). Exhibits ATPase activity (By similarity).
Serine/threonine-protein kinase with low activity.
Expressed in anthers and in the apical gynoecium.
Involved in auxin biosynthesis. Converts the indole-3-pyruvic acid (IPA) produced by the TAA family to indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). Unable to use tryptamine (TAM) as substrate. Required for the formation of floral organs and vascular tissues. Belongs to the set of redundant YUCCA genes probably responsible for auxin biosynthesis in shoots.
Up-regulated by glucose. Down-regulated by heat stress. Positively regulated by LEC2 and by NGA3. Negatively regulated by SPL.
In plants silenced with microRNAs, functional LHCII thylakoid protein complexes where LHCB2 is replaced by LHCB1. However these LHCII complexes are impaired in light state transitions, leading to stunted growth in high light (PubMed:25194026). Reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in leaves and impaired stomatal closure in response to abscisic acid (ABA). Increased water loss and reduced resistance to drought, probably due to open stomata. Altered expression of other LHCB members (PubMed:22143917).
The light-harvesting complex (LHC) functions as a light receptor, it captures and delivers excitation energy to photosystems with which it is closely associated (By similarity). Mediates rapid phosphorylation and migration of LHCII-PSII to photosystem I (PSI) after transition to state 2 (red) light conditions, thus leading to the formation of PSI-PSII-LHCII and PSI-LHCII supercomplex to balance the relative excitation of PSI and PSII (PubMed:23995216, PubMed:23888908, PubMed:25194026, PubMed:26392145). Involved in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and stomatal closure upon abscisic acid (ABA) treatment. Required to prevent water loss (PubMed:22143917).
Interacts with IQD1 (PubMed:23204523). Interacts with ILK1 (PubMed:27208244). Binds to ABCG36 (PubMed:26315018).
Strong expression through-out the roots and leaves. Also found in meristems and dividing cells.
Interacts with CRY2 in both darkness and light.
No visible phenotype. Bic1 and bic2 double mutants have a blue light-hypersensitive short-hypocotyl phenotype and an increased anthocyanin accumulation when grown in continuous blue light.
Regulates the blue-light dependent dimerization of CRY2 and formation of photobodies. Interacts with photoexited CRY2 to inhibit its activity. Inhibits CRY phosphorylation.
Co-chaperone required for the assembly of iron-sulfur [Fe-S] clusters in both mitochondria and cytosol (PubMed:19865480). Required for the activity of iron-sulfur proteins such as aconitase and succinate dehydrogenase (PubMed:19865480). Involved in iron homeostasis and may take part in the control of iron translocation from roots to shoots (PubMed:27655366).
Floral stems lacking the epicuticular wax layer, distorted leaf trichomes, and under-developed siliques with shrunked and non-viable seeds (PubMed:19865480). Strong reduction of the activity of iron-sulfur proteins such as aconitase and succinate dehydrogenase (PubMed:19865480).
During embryogenesis, expressed in the chalazal endosperm.
Expressed in inflorescences and flower buds. Not detected in roots, leaves or stems. Located exclusively in the tapetum of developing stamen.
Expressed only in early stages of flower development.
Methyltransferase involved in phenylpropanoid polyamine conjugate biosynthesis. In vivo, methylates only one of the 5-hydroxyferuloyl moieties of N1,N5,N10-tri-(hydroxyferuloyl)-spermidine, while is able in vitro to convert all three 5-hydroxyferuloyl residues to the corresponding sinapoyl moieties and to methylate caffeoyl CoA and tricaffeoyl spermidine.
Catalyzes the O-sulfation of tyrosine residues within acidic motifs of polypeptides.
Expressed throughout the plant body, highest levels of expression are in the root apical meristem.
Expressed in roots, seed coats, leaves, stems and flowers. Detected specifically in trichomes, and in the cell division and differentiation zone of the root.
First expressed in leaf primordia. Later confined to developing trichome cells where it persists at high levels throughout all stages of trichome development.
Interacts with BHLH2/EGL3/MYC146, BHLH12/MYC1 and GL3.
Transcription activator, when associated with BHLH2/EGL3/MYC146 or BHLH12/MYC1. Regulates the epidermal cell fate specification. Mediates the formation of columellae and accumulation of mucilages on seed coats. Controls the elongation of epidermal cells positively in roots but negatively in stems, leading to the promotion of primary roots elongation and repression of leaves and stems elongation, respectively. Ovoids ectopic root-hair formation, probably by inducing GL2 in roots. Controls trichome initiation and branching.
Mostly expressed in leaves, flowers, stems and apex, and, to a lower extent, in seedlings, roots, siliques and pollen.
The O-glycosylation (arabinosylation) of the hydroxyproline Pro-115 enhances binding affinity of the CLE9p peptide for its receptor.
Extracellular signaling peptide that represses primary root growth rate and significantly inhibits lateral root formation. Modulates leaf morphology (PubMed:24179096). Regulates systemic nitrogen (N)-demand signaling. Mediates up-regulation of genes involved in N uptake and assimilation pathways (PubMed:25324386).
Induced by nitrogen (N) and potassium (K), but repressed by auxin (PubMed:24179095). Repressed in shoots in response to ammonium chloride NH(4)Cl and osmotic stress (e.g. mannitol) (PubMed:24179096). Triggered by nitrogen depletion (PubMed:25324386).
Heterodimer; heterodimerizes with HY5 via the leucine-zipper domains. Interacts with COP1 WD40 domain (PubMed:12023303). Interacts with BBX24/STO and BBX25/STH (PubMed:23733077).
Transcription factor that promotes photomorphogenesis in light. Acts downstream of the light receptor network and directly affects transcription of light-induced genes. Specifically involved in the blue light specific pathway, suggesting that it participates in transmission of cryptochromes (CRY1 and CRY2) signals to downstream responses. In darkness, its degradation prevents the activation of light-induced genes.
Ubiquitinated by COP1. Ubiquitination takes place in darkness and leads to its subsequent degradation, thereby preventing the activation of photomorphogenesis signals.
Component of the heptameric LSM1-LSM7 complex that forms a seven-membered ring structure with a donut shape. The LSM subunits are arranged in the order LSM1, LSM2, LSM3, LSM6, LSM5, LSM7 and LSM4. Component of the heptameric LSM2-LSM8 complex that forms a seven-membered ring structure with a donut shape. The LSM subunits are arranged in the order LSM8, LSM2, LSM3, LSM6, LSM5, LSM7 and LSM4 (PubMed:23221597, PubMed:23620288). LSM6A subunit interacts only with its two neighboring subunits, LSM3A or LSM3B and LSM5 (PubMed:23221597).
By powdery mildew (e.g. Golovinomyces cichoracearum and Pseudomonas syringae) inoculation.
Catalyzes the transfer of the phosphorylinositol group from phosphatidylinositol (PI) to phytoceramide, an essential step in sphingolipid biosynthesis (PubMed:19001565, PubMed:20309609). May play an important role in modulating plant programmed cell death (PCD) associated with defense (e.g. toward Golovinomyces cichoracearum) by promoting sphingolipid metabolism and thus regulating ceramide accumulation (PubMed:19001565).
Constitutive RPW8-mediated HR-like cell death characterized by salicylic acid (SA) accumulation, enhanced transcription of RPW8 and RPW8-dependent spontaneous HR-like cell death (SHL) in leaf tissues. Reduced plant stature. Sphingolipid (e.g. ceramides and hydroxyceramides) accumulation associated with a reduced inositol-phosphorylceramide synthase (IPCS) activity.
Disease resistance (R) protein that specifically recognizes the hopA1 type III effector avirulence protein from Pseudomonas syringae. Resistance proteins guard the plant against pathogens that contain an appropriate avirulence protein via an indirect interaction with this avirulence protein. That triggers a defense system including the hypersensitive response, which restricts the pathogen growth.
Ecotype cv. Columbia does not respond with a hypersensitive response to hopA1.
Brassinosteroids (BR) acyltransferase with acyl-CoA ligase activity toward brassinolide (BL), castasterone (CS), typhasterol (TY), 6-deoxotyphasterol (6-deoxoTY), and 6-deoxocastasterone (6-deoxoCS) and thus converts them to corresponding lauroyl esters (PubMed:23071642, PubMed:23204503, PubMed:23020607). Regulates BR homeostasis and promotes BR-mediated cell growth regulation (PubMed:23071642, PubMed:23204503). Involved in vascular bundle development (PubMed:23020607).
Highly expressed in young tissues and vascular bundles (PubMed:23020607). Mostly expressed in young leaves, primary roots, flowers (including petals and sepals), and siliques (PubMed:23204503).
In young seedlings, mainly observed in the vascular cylinder of cotyledons, leaves and hypocotyls. Accumulates also in root tips, lateral root initiation sites and the maturation zone of the primary root. In adult plants, present in the vasculature of the inflorescence stems, especially in phloem cells.
Induced by 24-epi-brassinolide (24-epiBL, eBL) and inhibited by abscisic acid (ABA) (PubMed:23204503). Stimulated by auxin (PubMed:23020607).
No obvious growth phenotype under standard growth conditions (PubMed:23071642, PubMed:23204503). The bat1-1 mutant exhibits longer stems before flowering, but reaches normal height after flowering, with larger inflorescence stems containing an increased number of vascular bundles (PubMed:23020607).
Highly expressed in flowers. Detected in leaves, stems and roots.
Interacts with subunits of the class C core vacuole/endosome tethering (CORVET) complex including VPS11, VCL1, VPS18, VPS33, VPS3 and VPS8.
Expressed in sepals, petals, pistils and stamens.
Induced by abscisic acid (ABA) (PubMed:16876791). Induced by drought stress (PubMed:16617101).
Involved in dehydration and freezing tolerance. Protects and stabilizes the enzyme activities of ADP-glucose-pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) during drought stress and freezing. Prevents aggregation of leaf soluble proteins during drought stress. Does not stabilize liposomes during drying and rehydration.
Belongs to the EF-1-beta/EF-1-delta family.
EF-1 is composed of 4 subunits: alpha, beta (1B-alpha=beta'), delta (1B-beta), and gamma (1B-gamma).
EF-1-beta and EF-1-delta stimulate the exchange of GDP bound to EF-1-alpha to GTP.
Possesses quercetin 7-O-glucosyltransferase and 3'-O-glucosyltransferase activities in vitro. Also active in vitro on benzoates and benzoate derivatives. Glucosylates other secondary metabolites in vitro like trans-resveratrol, curcumin, vanillin and etoposide.
By light. In etiolated seedlings, initial expression is reduced but after further illumination, levels steadily increase.
Suppresses partially the ENF1 disruption pleiotropic developmental phenotypes.
ADP:ATP antiporter that catalyzes the exchange of ADP and ATP across the endoplasmic reticulum membrane.
Expressed in stems, leaves and developing flower buds, but not in roots.
Interacts in vitro with LTO1 (PubMed:25412899). The precursor, but not the mature form of the protein, interacts with the Rieske protein.
PPIase activity is optimal in oxidized form (S-S) and minimal in reduced form (SH). Reduction of the oxidized form is mediated by thioredoxin (TRX-M).
PPIases accelerate the folding of proteins. It catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptides. Responsive of the major PPIase activity in the chloroplast thylakoid lumen. Regulates the accumulation of Rieske protein, an essential component of the photosynthetic electron transport chain.
The interaction between FKBP and the Rieske protein probably occurs before they are imported into the thylakoid.
In contrast to other members of the family, lacks the conserved Glu active site in position 449, which is replaced by a Gln residue, suggesting it is inactive.
Mostly expressed in young floral buds, flowers and roots, and, to a later extent, in stems and leaves.
Confined to the anthers and stamen of the inflorescence, especially in pollen.
In the anthers, specifically expressed in pollen, with levels varying during the different developmental stages.
Some early aborted shrunken and deformed seeds, with abnormal hair-like outgrowths, and infertile ovules, and increased salt permeability in seeds associated with an increase in unsubstituted fatty acids but a decrease in omega-hydroxy fatty acids in seed coats.
Major actin filament stabilizing factor and regulator of actin dynamics. Binds actin and actin filament bundles in a Ca(2+)-insensitive manner, but caps the barbed end of actin filaments and is able to sever them in a calcium-dependent manner. Required for the construction of actin collars in pollen tubes. Acts synergistically with VLN2 (AC O81644) to regulate polarized pollen tube growth.
Retarded pollen tube growth, but no effect on pollen germination, root hair growth, organization or amount of filamentous actin in pollen grains or tubes. Increased sensitivity to latrunculin B (LatB) and instability of actin filaments in pollen tubes. Decreased severing frequency of actin filaments. Vln2 and vln5 double mutants have pollen tubes curled and wider at some regions along the tube. They accumulate actin filaments at the tips of pollen tubes (PubMed:23715472).
Ubiquitous, but expressed preferentially in pollen and stamens.
Defective embryo arrested at preglobular/early globular stage. Suspensor overproliferation phenotype preceded by ectopic auxin maxima distribution. Reduced efficacy of cohesin immobilization in nuclei.
Essential protein required for cell fate determination during embryogenesis. Involved in sister chromatid cohesion. Forms a complex with SCC2, which is required for the association of the cohesin complex with chromosomes.
Interacts with SCC2 to form the cohesin loading complex.
Interacts (via BEACH-type PH domain) with GFS12 (via protein kinase 2 domain).
May act as a negative factor in protein storage vacuole (PSV) trafficking regulation and plant effector triggered immunity (ETI). Negatively regulated upon interaction with GSF12, and also probably by BCHB. Required for ETI, but not for cell death.
The BEACH-type PH domain (1556-1653) is required for interaction with GFS12.
During embryogenesis, expressed in the embryo from octant to heart stage.
Expressed in individual cells of roots, leaves and flowers.
Small GTPase required for proper nuclear import of RNA polymerase II (RNAPII). May act at an RNAP assembly step prior to nuclear import.
Small GTPase that is essential for the correct formation of the tangential divisions in early embryos. Associates with microtubule during mitosis and may function in the positioning of the division plane. May participate in the patterning of the early embryo at the octant-dermatogen transition.
By salt stress, osmotic stress, metals and heat treatment. Up-regulated by abscisic acid (ABA) and auxin.
Expressed in leaves, stems, flowers, green siliques and seeds.
Expressed at low levels in roots, stems, leaves and flowers. Detected in the vascular elements of roots, in hydathodes and trichomes of leaves and in stigma, sepals, and anthers.
PPIases accelerate the folding of proteins. It catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptides (By similarity). Co-chaperone that positively modulates thermotolerance by interacting with HSP90.1 and increasing the HSFA2-mediated accumulation of chaperones of the small-HSPs family.
This PPIase probably binds calmodulin. Interacts with HSP90-1. Forms heterodimers with FKBP65/ROF2.
Expressed in cotyledons, hypocotyls, leaves, shoots, flowers, stems, siliques, hydatodes, trichome bases and guard cells. Not detected in roots, mature brown siliques or mature dry seeds.
Expressed in the first days following fertilization, but not in mature seeds.
Increased drought and salt stress sensitivity. Delayed seed germination and reduced cotyledon opening and greening in presence of abscisic acid.
Phosphorylated. Increased phosphorylation upon stress.
Probable calcium-binding peroxygenase. May be involved in the degradation of storage lipid in oil bodies, in abiotic stress-related signaling pathway and in drought tolerance through stomatal control under water deficit conditions.
The N-terminus is facing into the microsomal vesicles.
The proline-knot motif (113-122) may be involved in targeting to lipid bodies.
Up-regulated by drought, abscisic acid, osmotic stress, salicylic acid, wounding and pathogens, but very low induction by jasmonic acid.
Mostly expressed in flowers, and, to a lower extent, in seeds, but barely in seedlings, stems, leaves and roots.
Involved in secondary cell wall cellulose deposition. Required for normal stem development (PubMed:20388664). May act as a bridging protein that binds pectin and other cell wall polysaccharides. Probably involved in maintaining esterification of pectins (By similarity). May be involved in the specific O-acetylation of cell wall polymers (By similarity).
Reduction in inflorescence stem elongation.
Water channel required to facilitate the transport of water across cell membrane. May be involved in the osmoregulation in plants under high osmotic stress such as under a high salt condition. Transports urea in yeast cells in a pH-independent manner. Transports H(2)O(2) in yeast cells.
Widely expressed. Predominantly expressed in roots.
By heat and osmotic shock and salt stress.
Expressed in seed development and germination from day 16 after pollination to day 4 after imbibition (at protein level).
Forms oligomeric structures (Probable). Binds to AKR2A (PubMed:21730198).
Catalyzes the intramolecular cyclization of bicyclic chalcones into tricyclic (S)-flavanones. Responsible for the isomerization of 4,2',4',6'-tetrahydroxychalcone (also termed chalcone) into naringenin.
Mostly expressed in siliques and flowers, and, to a lower extent, in leaves.
Part of the biosynthetic pathway for all classes of flavonoids, a large class of secondary plant metabolites, many of which are brightly colored.
Ubiquitin-like modifier protein which binds to a number of as yet unidentified target proteins.
Required for 60S pre-ribosomal subunits export to the cytoplasm.
This protein binds directly to 23S ribosomal RNA and is located at the aminoacyl-tRNA binding site of the peptidyltransferase center.
Ubiquitous, but three fold higher expression in senescing leaves.
Down-regulated in response to mild as well as prolonged energy depletion.
Interacts with KIN10 and KIN11 via its FLZ-type zinc finger domain (PubMed:24600465, PubMed:29945970). Interacts with KINB3 via its N-terminal part (PubMed:29945970).
Accumulation of long-chain acyl-CoA substrates and increased size of peroxisomes.
Expression increases rapidly during seed germination to reach a peak at 2-3 days after imbibition (DAI) and then declines to basal levels at 5 DAI.
Highly expressed in senescing leaves and at lower levels in flowers and siliques.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the enoyl-CoA hydratase/isomerase family.
In the central section; belongs to the 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase family.
Involved in peroxisomal fatty acid beta-oxidation during seed germination. Possesses enoyl-CoA hydratase activity against long chain substrates (C14-C18) and 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity against chains of variable sizes (C6-C18) (PubMed:10521521, PubMed:16507084, PubMed:20463021). Possesses 3-hydroxy-3-phenylpropionyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity and is involved in the peroxisomal beta-oxidation pathway for the biosynthesis of benzoic acid (BA). Required for the accumulation in seeds of substituted hydroxybenzoylated choline esters, which are BA-containing secondary metabolites (PubMed:24254312). Fatty acid beta-oxidation pathway in peroxisomes regulates gene silencing, histone acetylation and DNA methylation (PubMed:31064880).
The epimerase and isomerase activities are contained in the N-terminal region while the dehydrogenase activity is in the C-terminal region.
Do not show arsenic tolerance phenotype.
The proteasome is a multicatalytic proteinase complex which is characterized by its ability to cleave peptides with Arg, Phe, Tyr, Leu, and Glu adjacent to the leaving group at neutral or slightly basic pH. The proteasome has an ATP-dependent proteolytic activity. May play a role in thiol biosynthesis and arsenic tolerance in association with PAF1/ARS5.
Circadian-regulated, with a peak in expression at 8 hours light time on a 12 hours light/dark cycle (at protein level) (PubMed:21976480). Induced by heat shock. Down-regulated by infection with the bacterial pathogen P.syringae (Probable).
Expressed in rosettes leaves, shoots and flowers (at protein level).
Defects in rosette leaf development. bop1 and bop2 double mutant displays leafy petioles, loss of floral organ abscission, and asymmetric flowers subtended by a bract.
Homodimer or heterodimer with BOP2. Interacts with PAN.
Initially detectable in embryos with a localization to the base of the developing cotyledons near the SAM. Expressed during vegetative development in young leaf primordia and at the base of the rosette leaves on the adaxial side. Expressed during reproductive development in young floral buds, and at the base of the sepals and petals.
Expressed in meristems and organ primordia. Present in flowers, leaves, stems, roots, pollen grains and developing seeds.
The APC/C is composed of at least 11 subunits that stay tightly associated throughout the cell cycle (By similarity). Interacts with APC10, FZR1, FZR2, FZR3 (PubMed:21687678). Binds to GIG1 and PYM (PubMed:22167058, PubMed:22844260). Part of the mitotic checkpoint complex (MCC); interacts with MAD2, BUB3.1, BUBR1 and BUB1 (PubMed:21687678). Binds to cyclins CYCA1-2, CYCB2-1 and CYCB2-2 (PubMed:21687678). Interacts with PANS1 (PubMed:24206843).
Could be the product of a pseudogene. Inactivating mutations are found throughout the sequence in cv. Wassilewskija (PubMed:20801759) and no expression of the gene is detected in cv. Columbia (PubMed:16267099).
Acts as a peptide hormone recognized by receptors (e.g. RGI1 and RGI2) to trigger signaling events including the regulation of RITF1 expression and leading to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in roots to modulate meristem size (PubMed:31801996). Signaling peptide (root growth factor) that maintains the postembryonic root stem cell niche in a PIN2-traffic dependent manner by regulating the expression levels and patterns of the transcription factor PLETHORA (PLT), mainly at the post-transcriptional level (PubMed:20798316, PubMed:23370719). Maintains the postembryonic root stem cell niche by regulating the expression levels and patterns of the transcription factor PLETHORA (e.g. PLT1 and PLT2), mainly at the post-transcriptional level (PubMed:20798316). Influences circumferential cell number in the root meristem in response to Pi-deprivation (PubMed:25856240). Regulates the pattern of root growth and lateral root development by modulating the length and the number of cortical cells in the root apical meristem (RAM), and the anticlinal asymmetric cell divisions in lateral root initiation cells (PubMed:22307643, PubMed:23370719).
Expressed in root tips, only in the quiescent center and the columella stem cells.
In roots, expressed only in the quiescent center (QC) and the columella stem cells (CC) initials (PubMed:20798316, PubMed:23370719). Induced during lateral root formation (PubMed:23370719).
Interacts with RGI1; this interaction triggers RGI1 phosphorylation and ubiquitination (PubMed:27229312). Binds to LRR receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinases RGI1, RGI2 and RGI3 to trigger their dimerization with SERK proteins and subsequent signaling (PubMed:27229311, PubMed:27001831).
No visible phenotype, due to the redundancy with other RGF genes (PubMed:20798316). Hypersensitivity to low phosphate ion (Pi) with respect to circumferential cortex and epidermis cell quantities (PubMed:25856240). Triple mutant rgf1-rgf2-rgf3 shows a decreased meristematic cell number resulting in a short root phenotype (PubMed:20798316).
Not regulated by auxin (PubMed:20798316). Accumulates in both root epidermis and cortex after phosphate ion (Pi)-deprivation (PubMed:25856240).
Expressed in the vascular tissue of all organs.
May function as a multidrug and toxin extrusion transporter in the export of IAA-conjugates from the cytoplasm into peroxisomes.
Catalyzes the attachment of serine to tRNA(Ser). Is also able to aminoacylate tRNA(Sec) with serine, to form the misacylated tRNA L-seryl-tRNA(Sec), which will be further converted into selenocysteinyl-tRNA(Sec) (By similarity).
Homodimer. The tRNA molecule binds across the dimer (By similarity).
Homodimer and heterodimer with KIN12A. Interacts with TIO.
Plus-end directed kinesin-like motor enzyme that plays a critical role in the organization of phragmoplast microtubules during cytokinesis. Constitutes a signaling module in association with serine/threonine-protein kinase TIO that is required to support phragmoplast expansion and cell-plate growth in plant cells.
Increased begomovirus infection symptoms. Up-regulation of the ribosomal protein genes.
Transcriptional repressor that associates with ribosomal protein promoters.
Aldehyde oxidase with a broad substrate specificity (PubMed:28188272). Involved in the accumulation of benzoic acid (BA) in siliques (PubMed:19297586). Delays and protects siliques from senescence by catalyzing aldehyde detoxification in siliques. Catalyzes the oxidation of an array of aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes, including vanillin and the reactive carbonyl species (RCS) acrolein, 4-hydroxyl-2-nonenal (HNE), and malondialdehyde (MDA) (PubMed:28188272).
Aldehyde oxidases (AO) are homodimers and heterodimers of AO subunits.
Induced by dehydration, in rosette leaves but not in roots (PubMed:10972874, PubMed:28188272). Induced by hydrogen peroxide H(2)O(2) and aldehyde treatment (PubMed:28188272).
Plants have normal abscisic acid (ABA) levels, normal germination and are not affected in abscisic aldehyde oxidase activity in siliques, dry seeds and leaves. Reduced levels of benzoic acid (BA), 3-benzoyloxypropylglucosinolate and 4-benzoyloxybutylglucosinolate in seeds. Senesced siliques accumulate high endogenous reactive carbonyl species (RCS) levels associated with enhanced senescence molecular markers, have an increased chlorophyll degradation, and exhibit early seed shattering. Severe tissue damage and enhanced malondialdehyde levels and senescence symptoms in siliques treated with several aldehydes. Increased endogenous reactive carbonyl species (RCS) and higher expression levels of senescence marker genes, leading to premature siliques senescence in response to abiotic stresses such as dark and ultraviolet C irradiation (PubMed:28188272).
Transcripts expressed at high levels in developing siliques and at low levels in dry seeds.
Putative transcriptional activator that binds specifically to the DNA sequence 5'-[AG]CCGAC-3'.
This ERD6-like sugar transporter is shorter than other family members and contains only 8 transmembrane domains. It may not be functional.
Slightly induced by abscisic acid (ABA) and accumulates during senescence.
Expressed ubiquitously in roots, stems, flowers and leaves.
May be involved in the secretory pathway (By similarity). Essential for membrane fusion mediated by either SYP41 or SYP61; triggers the fusion of phospholipid vesicles containing SYP41 or SYP61 and VTI12 (PubMed:15919093).
Accumulates in preferentially xylem cells.
Ensures, when in complex with FPP3/VETH1 and COG2, the correct secondary cell wall (SCW) deposition pattern by recruiting exocyst components to cortical microtubules in xylem cells during secondary cell wall deposition by recruiting EXO70A1.
Interacts with WPP/MAF proteins (By similarity). Binds to COG2; this interaction promotes the association between cortical microtubules and EXO70A1 (PubMed:25541219).
Hydrolyzes p-nitrophenyl beta-D-glucoside and natural glucosides such as syringin, coniferin and p-coumaryl alcohol glucoside. May be involved in lignification by hydrolyzing monolignol glucosides.
Defects in venation pattern in leaves and cotyledons, altered phyllotaxy of vegetative leaves, short roots, delay in leaf initiation and reduced apical dominance.
Probable transcriptional regulator (Probable). Involved in leaf vasculature patterning (PubMed:18643975).
Expressed at very low levels in seedlings and petioles, and at higher levels in leaves. Also present in phloem sap.
Late flowering and defective in UV-C light acceleration of flowering. Strong reduction of FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) expression. Hypersensitivity to abscisic acid (ABA) and alterations in polar lipid contents and their corresponding fatty acids; reduced levels of phosphatidylinositol (PI) and of 18:0, but increased levels of 18:2 and 18:3 polar lipids. Increased susceptibility to the hemi-biotrophic oomycete pathogen Phytophthora brassicae but enhanced resistance to the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea.
Low expression after germination followed by an abrupt level increase in 10-days old seedlings. Accumulates in senescent leaves.
Modulates resistance against pathogens including oomycetes (e.g. Hyaloperonospora parasitica and Phytophthora brassicae) and fungi (e.g. Phytophthora brassicae). Controls the abscisic acid-mediated (ABA) signaling pathways. Regulator of the flowering time in response to stress (e.g. UV-C). Regulates polar lipid content; promotes phosphatidylinositol (PI) and 18:0 but prevents 18:2 and 18:3 polar lipids accumulation.
Rapidly up-regulated after pathogen exposure (e.g. avirulent and virulent Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato) in a salicylic acid (SA) defense-signaling pathway-dependent manner. Circadian-regulation with accumulation during the light period, peaks of expression at the end of the day, and low levels during the dark period. Up-regulated by UV-C light through a SA-dependent process and in a CONSTANS- (CO) dependent manner.
Expressed in flowers, embryos and endosperm.
Late-flowering phenotype caused by ectopic expression of FWA gene. Asymmetric zygote division and abnormal embryos. Displays genome hypomethylation, strong reduction of CpG methylation in centromeric repeats, reduction of heterochromatin and chromocenter size and gametes with fully demethylated and hemidemethylated DNA.
Maintains chromatin CpG methylation that plays a role in genomic imprinting, regulation of embryogenesis and seed viability. Required for proper patterns of CG DNA methylation in dividing cells. Required for MEA promoter methylation in seeds.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 95 family.
Hydrolyzes alpha-1,2-linked fucose. Also active on fucosylated xyloglucan oligosaccharides. No activity with 3-fucosyllactose, p-nitrophenyl-alpha-I-fucopyranoside, lacto-N-fucopentaose II, lacto-N-fucopentaose III or alpha 1,6-fucosylated chitopentaose. Involved in apoplastic xyloglucan metabolism.
No visible phenotype. Higher abundance of fucosylated oligosaccharides and presence of unusual oligosaccharides.
Ubiquitous. Highest expression in vascular tissues, leaf trichomes, root elongation zone and emerging lateral roots.
Belongs to the MINDY deubiquitinase family. FAM188 subfamily.
Expressed in inflorescence meristem, floral organ primordia, gynoecia, ovules and carpel margin meristem.
Increased size of rosette leaves, increased plant height, increased number of floral buds and increased length of siliques.
Interacts with WUS, HEC1, KNAT1, KNAT2, HAT1, BEL1, and NGA1.
Plants overexpressing BZIP29 exhibit altered reproductive development, such as a reduction in the number of floral buds, reduction in ovule production with underdeveloped transmitting tract and altered or aborted development of ovules.
Transcription factor that acts as a repressor of reproductive development, meristem size and plant growth (PubMed:27402171). Acts as a transcriptional repressor in inflorescence tissues (PubMed:27402171). Interacts with well known regulators of meristem and gynoecium development such as WUS, HEC1, KNAT1, KNAT2, HAT1, BEL1 and NGA1 (PubMed:27402171). Acts as positive regulator of JAG and OFP1 expression in developing gynoecia (PubMed:27402171).
Component of the cap-binding complex (CBC), which binds co-transcriptionally to the 5' cap of pre-mRNAs and is involved in various processes such as pre-mRNA splicing and RNA-mediated gene silencing (RNAi) by microRNAs (miRNAs). The CBC complex is involved in miRNA-mediated RNA interference and is required for primary miRNA processing. In the CBC complex, CBP20 recognizes and binds capped RNAs (m7GpppG-capped RNA) but requires ABH1/CBP80 to stabilize the movement of its N-terminal loop and lock the CBC into a high affinity cap-binding state with the cap structure. CBP20 also plays a role in stabilization of ABH1/CBP80 and ABH1/CBP80 localization to the nucleus. Involved in flowering regulation via its interaction with FRIGIDA.
Component of the nuclear cap-binding complex (CBC), a heterodimer composed of ABH1/CBP80 and CBP20 that interacts with m7GpppG-capped RNA. Interacts with FRIGIDA; the interaction is direct.
Hypersensitivity to abscisic acid during germination, significant reduction of stomatal conductance and greatly enhanced tolerance to drought. Plants also display mild developmental abnormalities, such as serrated rosette leaves, delayed development and slightly reduced stature.
Expressed in seedlings, roots, hypocotyls, cotyledons, leaves, stems, and flowers.
Expressed at low levels in leaves, roots, siliques and flowers.
In vegetative organs, confined to vascular tissues of leaves and roots (PubMed:31341004). In flowers, detected in petal vascular tissues, anther filaments and styles (PubMed:31341004). In siliques, present in funiculi (PubMed:31341004). During embryogenesis, expressed from the globular stage to the mature stage in the embryo but not in the endosperm (PubMed:31341004).
Non-heme iron oxygenase involved in sterols biosynthesis by catalyzing the removal of the first methyl group at the C-4 position (By similarity). 4,4-dimethyl-9-beta,19-cyclopropylsterols such as 24-methylenecycloartanol are the preferred substrates (By similarity).
The double mutant smo1-1 smo1-3 shows no obvious phenotype.
Highly expressed in both vegetative and inflorescence shoot apical meristems (SAMs) (PubMed:29742441, PubMed:29259105). Accumulates in root meristems (PubMed:29259105). Observed in flowers (PubMed:29259105).
Dwarf plants with reduced roots and leaves growth (PubMed:19706780). Reduced sensitivity of seedlings to glucose repression of development (PubMed:19706780).
Expressed in roots, emerging lateral roots, vascular tissues of cotyledons, roots and leaves, root and shoot meristems, anther filaments and funiculi of mature seeds.
Fructose and glucose phosphorylating enzyme (By similarity). May be involved in the phosphorylation of glucose during the export from mitochondrion to cytosol (By similarity). Plays a role in plant growth and development, perhaps by mediating cross-talk between glucose and hormone response pathways (PubMed:19706780). Involved in root hair cell development by mediating certain aspects of cross talk between glucose and ethylene response pathways (PubMed:22366209).
Induced by treatment with 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylate (ACC) and zeatin (PubMed:19706780). Repressed by treatment with abscisic acid (ABA) (PubMed:19706780).
Plants overexpressing KAN2 develop elongated and pointed cotyledons, and do not produced subsequent leaves, resulting in seedling lethality.
Probable transcription factor that regulates lateral organ polarity. Promotes abaxial cell fate during lateral organd formation. Functions with KAN1 in the specification of polarity of the ovule outer integument.
Actins are highly conserved proteins that are involved in various types of cell motility and are ubiquitously expressed in all eukaryotic cells. Essential component of cell cytoskeleton; plays an important role in cytoplasmic streaming, cell shape determination, cell division, organelle movement and extension growth. This is considered as one of the reproductive actins.
Little or no reproductive-gene expression is detected in vegetative organs, such as root, stems, leaves, sepals and petals.
Low levels in germinating seedlings and in young cotyledons (PubMed:17158605). In young roots, restricted to the steles (PubMed:17158605). In mature leaves, confined to the edge areas (PubMed:17158605). Also detected in undeveloped floral side buds, in petals, and in filaments (PubMed:17158605).
Mostly expressed in roots and stems, and, to a lower extent, in juvenile and adult leaves, and in flower tissues.
Reduced accumulation of glucose and fructose during cold adaptation (PubMed:17158605). Plants lacking both MSSP1 and MSSP2 have reduced fresh weight when grown on high glucose containing medium or in response to cold stress, and exhibit increased glucose cytosolic concentrations leading to the stimulation of mitochondrial respiration (PubMed:17158605). In triple knockout plants missing MSSP1, MSSP2 and MSSP3, reduced accumulation of glucose and fructose during cold adaptation (PubMed:17158605).
Sugar proton-coupled antiporter which contributes to vacuolar sugar import (e.g. monosaccharides including glucose, sucrose and fructose), particularly during stress responses (e.g. in response to cold).
Homo- and heterodimers and trimers. Interacts with PSAL.
Phosphorylated on either Thr-65 or Thr-66 by a threonine specific thylakoid kinase.
Was previously thought to be part of the photosystem I complex.
'Triptychon' means 'triptych' in German. This protein was called 'triptychon' because TRY regulates the branching of trichomes in three branches.
Expressed in roots, leaves, siliques and inflorescences.
Interacts with GL3 and thus prevents GL1 GL3 interaction. Interacts also with BHLH2.
Negative autoregulation. Repressed by CPC.
Transcription factor. Involved in epidermal cell fate specification. Negative regulator of trichome development, including endoreplication, by lateral inhibition involving intercellular interactions. Promotes the formation of hair developing cells (trichoblasts) in H position in root epidermis, probably by inhibiting non-hair cell (atrichoblasts) formation.
Ubiquitous in young leaves. Later, restricted to the leaf base in the trichome initiation zone. In mature leaves, confined to trichome cells.
Down-regulated by cytokinins and up-regulated by auxin. Not induced by nitrate.
Expressed in root primordia, columella root caps, upper part of young inflorescences, and fruit abscission zones.
Expressed in roots soon after germination, but decreases 7 days after germination.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class YlqF/YawG GTPase family. MTG1 subfamily.
GTPase that may function in mitochondrial ribosome assembly (Probable).
Confined to the vasculature of various organs, including seedling roots, leaves, cotyledons, sepals and petals. Accumulates also in root hair cells.
In seedlings, observed at high levels in the vasculature of cotyledons, first true leaves, and hypocoty. In flowers, expressed in the vasculature of sepals, petals, and style. In the paraclade junctions between the primary stem and axillary stems, mainly detected in the vasculature of cauline leaves.
Signaling peptide involved in the regulation of lateral organs separation.
Expressed in pollen, flowers and fruits.
Interacts with calmodulin in a calcium-dependent manner.
Belongs to the 2H phosphoesterase superfamily. USB1 family.
Phosphodiesterase responsible for the U6 snRNA 3' end processing. Acts as an exoribonuclease (RNase) responsible for trimming the poly(U) tract of the last nucleotides in the pre-U6 snRNA molecule, leading to the formation of mature U6 snRNA.
Component of the GINS complex (By similarity). Interacts with EOL1 in the nucleus (PubMed:28428341).
Expressed in callus 96 hours after initiation on callus-inducing medium.
The GINS complex plays an essential role in the initiation of DNA replication (PubMed:17556508). Required during embryogenesis (PubMed:22164284).
Activated by 2-ketoglutarate, phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), fructose 1,6-biphosphate (FBP) and coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA and CoA) as homodimer and by oxaloacetate (OAA), 2-ketoglutarate, succinate, fumarate and CoA as heterodimer NAD-MEH. Repressed by succinate and fumarate as homodimer, in the presence of NAD(+) and competitively toward the substrate L-malate.
Expressed in leaves, stems, flowers, and roots (at protein level). Present in pollen.
Homodimer. Heterodimer of two related subunits in NAD-MEH complex. Interacts with NAD-ME1.
In flowers, mostly present in anthers, stigmatic papillae, gynoecium (apical part) and filaments, and, barely in sepals (at protein level). In developing siliques, localized in the apical part and the abscission zone. In seedlings, expressed in cotyledons, hypocotyls, and root tip. Accumulates slowly in leaves as they mature, in the mesophyll and the cells that surround the vascular bundles.
When associated with NAD-ME1 disruption, loss of NAD-dependent malic enzyme activity associated with an altered steady-state levels of sugars and amino acids at the end of the light period.
Can specifically bind site II elements in the promoter region of PP438/PNM1.
Interacts with PP438/PNM1 (PubMed:21297037). Interacts with SPL (PubMed:25527103).
By auxin and continuous red light. Stimulated by DOF1.1 and, transiently, by the generalist herbivore S.littoralis (PubMed:16740150).
Involved in the metabolism of aromatic oximes. Catalyzes the oxime metabolizing step in indole glucosinolate biosynthesis by converting indole-3-acetaldoxime into indole-3-S-alkyl-thiohydroximate. Probably required for glucosinolate activation in response to pathogens. Functions in auxin homeostasis because indole-3-acetaldoxime also serves as a precursor for auxin biosynthesis. Specifically metabolizes (E)-p-hydroxyphenylacetaldoxime into an S-alkyl-thiohydroximate (PubMed:26361733).
Runt phenotype (small plants with hooked leaves). Epinastic leaves and defect in root development. High levels of endogenous free auxin. Altered tryptophan genes regulation.
The sur2 mutant phenotype can be complemented by exogenous auxin or low pH medium. Plants overexpresseing SUR2 show decreased apical dominance.
Interacts with EDE1 (PubMed:21558460). Interacts with DREB1A and DREB1B in the nucleus (PubMed:28344081). Interacts with CINV1 (PubMed:25256212).
Is associated with a DNA binding complex that binds to the G box, a well-characterized cis-acting DNA regulatory element found in plant genes. May be involved in cell cycle regulation by binding to soluble EDE1 and sequestering it in an inactive form during the early stages of mitosis.
BSK12 exerts a paternal effect on embryonic patterning. Transcripts produced but not translated in the sperm cells are delivered to the seed where they become translated, resulting in a transient accumulation of the protein in both products of the double fertilization, the zygote and the central cell.
Diacylation-mediated membrane association is essential for BSK12 function.
Expressed at the mRNA level in the sperm cells in mature pollen, but the protein is only detectable in the zygote and the micropylar endosperm upon fertilization.
Probable inactive protein kinase that activates the YODA MAP kinase cascade, which regulates the asymmetric first division and embryo polarity, by promoting the elongation of the zygote and the development of its basal daughter cell into the extra-embryonic suspensor. Acts as an adapter at the plasma membrane, possibly by recruiting and binding an activator.
Transiently expressed at the protein level in the zygote upon fertilization. No longer detected by the time of the first division.
Expressed in stems, cauline leaves, minor veins of rosette leaves, roots, lateral root primordia, vascular tissues of petioles and inflorescences, base of siliques, papillae and ovules. Not detected in root meristems, anthers or seeds (PubMed:26191065). Expressed in stomata, trichomes and root cortex (PubMed:26191065, PubMed:26237533).
In a heterologous system, TCTP2 mRNA and protein are capable of moving long distance in both directions with a tendency for movment from source to sink tissue (PubMed:25566280, PubMed:26237533). In heterografts, the long-distance transport of TCTP2 is necessary but not sufficient to induce emergence of adventitious aerial roots in close proximity to the graft (PubMed:26237533).
Regulates proliferation. Induces whole plant regeneration when expressed in heterologous systems (PubMed:26191065, PubMed:26237533). Involved in root growth and lateral root development, with a probable role in cell reprogramming (PubMed:25566280). The long-distance transport of TCTP RNA and/or protein in plants may have an important role in regulation of growth and development (Probable).
Seedling lethality at the early rosette stage when homozygous.
Was initially thought to be a pseudogene.
Acetylates histone H3 and ADA2 proteins in vitro. Acetylates 'Lys-14' of histone H3. Acetylation of histones gives a specific tag for epigenetic transcription activation. Operates in concert with certain DNA-binding transcriptional activators. Acts via the formation of large multiprotein complexes that modify the chromatin (By similarity).
Belongs to the acetyltransferase family. GCN5 subfamily.
Histone acetyltransferase activity stimulated by the presence of ADA2 proteins.
Interacts in vitro with ADA2a, ADA2b and the transcriptional activator DREB1B/CBF1. Interacts with PP2C1. Binds to EML (PubMed:17151888).
Mutations in HAG1 suppress the tpl-1 phenotype showing a transformation during embryogenesis of the shoot pole into a second root pole.
Pleiotropic effects on plant growth and development, including dwarf size, aberrant root development, and short petals and stamens in flowers. No embryonic phenotype. Increased expression of EML (PubMed:17151888).
The N-terminal part (1-150) is not required for interactions with the ADA2 proteins.
Glycosyltransferase involved in the O-galactosylation of several proteins including extensins. Catalyzes the transfer of alpha-galactosyl to Ser residues. Hydroxylation of proline residues adjacent to the serine acceptor is required for activity.
Reduced root hair length (PubMed:25944827). Longer roots and larger leaves (PubMed:24914209).
Activated by calcium and calmodulin. Autophosphorylation may play an important role in the regulation of the kinase activity.
Binds calmodulin (CaM) in a calcium-dependent manner. Interacts with HSFA1A.
May play a role in signal transduction pathways that involve calcium as a second messenger (By similarity). Serine/threonine kinase that phosphorylates histone H3. Confers thermotolerance; involved in the heat-shock-mediated calmodulin-dependent signal transduction leading to the activation of heat-shock transcription factors (HSFs); phosphorylates HSFA1A.
There are 3 contiguous domains conserved in the CDPK subfamily: a kinase domain, an autoinhibitory (junction) domain and a calmodulin-like domain. The autoinhibitory domain (390-420) inactivates kinase activity under calcium-free conditions (By similarity).
Binds calmodulin (CaM) in a calcium-dependent manner. Interacts with CAM1, but not with CAM8.
Calmodulin (CaM)-independent autophosphorylation.
Can phosphorylate the myelin basic protein in vitro (PubMed:14720124). Required for endosperm development in embryos (PubMed:15634699). Maybe involved in auxin and osmotic stress responses (PubMed:21431781).
Endosperm development arrested at one-cell zygotic stage (PubMed:15634699). Increased resistance to auxin (e.g. IAA and NPA) and osmotic stress (e.g. mannitol) (PubMed:21431781).
Expressed in reproductive and vegetative tissues, with higher levels in seedlings and flowers, but not in leaves.
Uses manganese ion preferentially to magnesium ion.
Chloroplast-localized elongation factor EF-G involved in protein synthesis in plastids. Catalyzes the GTP-dependent ribosomal translocation step during translation elongation. During this step, the ribosome changes from the pre-translocational (PRE) to the post-translocational (POST) state as the newly formed A-site-bound peptidyl-tRNA and P-site-bound deacylated tRNA move to the P and E sites, respectively. Catalyzes the coordinated movement of the two tRNA molecules, the mRNA and conformational changes in the ribosome.
Chloroplast-localized elongation factor EF-G involved in protein synthesis in plastids. Catalyzes the GTP-dependent ribosomal translocation step during translation elongation. During this step, the ribosome changes from the pre-translocational (PRE) to the post-translocational (POST) state as the newly formed A-site-bound peptidyl-tRNA and P-site-bound deacylated tRNA move to the P and E sites, respectively. Catalyzes the coordinated movement of the two tRNA molecules, the mRNA and conformational changes in the ribosome. Required for the eoplasts redifferentiation into chloroplasts after germination.
Expressed in cotyledons and at lower levels in adult leaves.
Adapter-like transcriptional repressor recruiting TPL/TPR coepressors to inhibit TCP transcription factors (By similarity). May be involved in leaf development.
Serine/threonine-protein kinase that may function as a signaling receptor of extracellular matrix component. May be involved in plant's response to pathogen infection.
Expressed in roots, stems and dry seeds. Expressed at junctions between organs, such as the insertion zones of stamens, petals and sepals, the transition zones of floral stem and pedicel, pedicel and silique, and floral stem and cauline leaves.
In the embryo, expressed from the heart stage to dry seeds. In germinating seeds, expression decreases during imbibition and increasees again 72 hours after imbibition, during the establishment of the seedling.
Plays a role in pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) signaling induced by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Acts as a receptor for PIP1 defense peptide. PIP1 is an endogenous secreted peptide that acts as elicitor of immune response and positive regulator of defense response (PubMed:25188390). Involved in the control of seed germination speed, in tolerance to oxidative stress and in maintaining seed longevity (PubMed:20811905).
Controls stomatal patterning. Regulates asymmetric cell division during guard cell differentiation. Mediates stomatal development inhibition. Not cleaved by the protease CRSP (AC Q9LNU1) (PubMed:25043023). MEPF1: mobile signal controlling stomatal development in a non-cell-autonomous manner (PubMed:22241782). Uses ERL1 as major receptor (PubMed:22241782). May act by competing with somatogen (AC Q9SV72) for the same receptor, TMM (AC Q9SSD1) (PubMed:22027592).
Expressed in shoots, but not in roots. Mostly localized in developing leaves, specifically in meristemoids, guard mother cells (GMCs), and young guard cells.
Increased stomatal density and violation of the one-cell-spacing rule (clustering of stomata).
Interacts with ERECTA and ERL1, but not with TMM.
Belongs to the metallo-dependent hydrolases superfamily. DHOase family. Class II DHOase subfamily.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class myosin-kinesin ATPase superfamily. Kinesin family. KIN-13 subfamily.
Component of the active ARAC10-IRC5-KIN13A complex (PubMed:24280391). Interacts (via-C-terminus) with ICR2 and ICR5 (via N-terminus). No interactions with ICR1 (PubMed:20832900, PubMed:24280391).
Expressed in leaves, roots, young and mature seedlings (PubMed:15574882, PubMed:19939242). Preferentially expressed in the secondary cell wall pits of differentiating metaxylem vessel cells (at the protein level) (PubMed:24280391).
Internal motor kinesin involved in trichome morphogenesis (PubMed:15574882). Participates in regulating the formation of Golgi-associated vesicles (PubMed:19939242). Plays a central role in microtubule disassembly via the active ARAC10-ICR5 cascade, which establishes the secondary cell wall pattern in metaxylem vessel cells (PubMed:24280391). Acts redundantly with KIN13B to modulate cell wall synthesis and cell expansion via the THE1 pathway (PubMed:25232944).
No obvious growth phenotype, but leaf trichomes with 4 branches instead of 3 and decreased size and number of Golgi-associated vesicles in root-cap peripheral cells (PubMed:15574882, PubMed:19939242). Smaller pits in the secondary cell walls of root metaxylem vessels (PubMed:24280391). Enlarged petals and overbranched trichomes (PubMed:25232944).
(Microbial infection) Interacts with V.dahliae SCP41.
Compromised basal resistance and systemic acquired resistance (SAR) induced by Pseudomonas syringae p.v. maculicola ES4326 toward Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis Noco2. Plants lacking both SARD1 and CBP60G fail to accumulate salicylic acid (SA) and to express PR1 and SID2 upon both biotic and abiotic stresses.
Induced slowly by Pseudomonas syringae p.v. maculicola ES4326 and by microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) such as flg22 in both local and systemic leaves.
Transcription activator that binds DNA in a sequence-specific manner, 5'-GAAATTTTGG-3', to promote the expression of target genes (PubMed:20921422, PubMed:21615571, PubMed:23153277). Recruited to the promoter of ICS1 and other defense-related genes (e.g. PR1 and SID2) in response to both biotic (e.g. Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola ES4326) and abiotic stresses (e.g. UV-B), thus triggering slow defense responses by stimulating salicylic acid (SA) biosynthesis. Required for basal and systemic acquired resistance to P. syringae pv. maculicola and Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis (PubMed:20921422, PubMed:21615571).
Component of SCF(SKP2B) E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes, which mediate the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor KRP1. Does not interact with auxin.
Embryo lethal with an arrest in development at the late globular stage in acc1-1 and acc1-2 null allele mutants. In the leaky pas3 and gk alleles, defect in embryo development, very short and thick hypocotyl and misshaped cotyledons that do not expand. Abnormal root development, abnormal fused leaves and compact rosettes with multiple shoots. Uncoordinated cell divisions in the apical region. Reduced levels of very long chain fatty acids in seeds.
Expressed in flower buds at stage 6 of development in tapetal cells and at stage 10 in the epidermal cells of growing petals and ovaries. In young siliques, expressed transiently in the inner integument of the ovules just prior to testal deposition.
Expressed in roots, trichomes, epidermal leaf cells, siliques, petals, anthers, and seeds.
Multifunctional enzyme that catalyzes the carboxylation of acetyl-CoA, forming malonyl-CoA, which is used in the plastid for fatty acid synthesis and in the cytosol in various biosynthetic pathways including fatty acid elongation. Required for very long chain fatty acids elongation. Necessary for embryo and plant development. Plays a central function in embryo morphogenesis, especially in apical meristem development. Involved in cell proliferation and tissue patterning. May act as a repressor of cytokinin response.
The acc1-1 and pas3-1 mutants can be partially complemented by exogenous supply of malonate.
Expressed in stems, flowers and seeds. Weakly expressed in leaves and roots.
Defective in micropylar pollen tube guidance leading to zygotic lethality.
Expressed in inflorescences, siliques, roots and shoots. Expressed in early embryo, endosperm, mature pollen and pollen tubes, synergide cells and weakly in antipodal cells.
Interacts with CRT3, but not with CRT1 or CNX.
Probable component of the calreticulin 3 (CRT3) complex, acting probably as a co-chaperone involved in protein retention in the endoplasmic reticulum lumen. Required for micropylar pollen tube guidance. Plays an essential role in cell plate orientation or positioning in early embryo patterning.
Probably involved in resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses.
Altered plant morphology, including epinastic (curved downward) cotyledons, hyponastic (curved up) leaves, and reduced palisade mesophyll cell size (PubMed:29915151). Reduced number of leaves at bolting and early flowering (PubMed:29915151). The double mutant seedlings icu11 and cp2 skip the vegetative phase, flower immediately after germination and then die (PubMed:29915151).
Expressed in roots, cotyledons, rosette leaves, cauline leaves and inflorescences.
Participates in the epigenetic repression of flowering genes in association with CP2 (PubMed:29915151). Functions in the repression of several members of the MADS-box transcription factors family, including SEP3, during vegetative development via histone modification (PubMed:29915151).
Autophosphorylated (PubMed:27923039). Dually phosphorylated on Thr-199 and Tyr-201, which activates the enzyme (By similarity). Activated by auxin. Dephosphorylated and inactivated by IBR5.
Expressed in seedlings, roots, stems, leaves, flowers and siliques, mostly around stomata.
Interacts with IBR5/SKIP33 (PubMed:19000167, PubMed:27923039). Binds to HT1 (PubMed:27694184, PubMed:27923039).
Lethal in homozygous plants (PubMed:27923039). Abolished CO(2)-mediated stomatal closure (PubMed:27694184, PubMed:27923039). Increased stomatal opening (PubMed:27923039).
Negative regulator of the auxin transduction signaling pathway (PubMed:19000167). Involved in stomatal movement regulation by phosphorylating and repressing HT1 and HT1-mediated GHR1 phosphorylation (PubMed:27694184, PubMed:27923039). Required for CO(2)-mediated stomatal movements (e.g. closure) (PubMed:27923039).
This protein is one of the nuclear-coded polypeptide chains of cytochrome c oxidase, the terminal oxidase in mitochondrial electron transport. This protein may be one of the heme-binding subunits of the oxidase (By similarity).
Extreme defects in morphogenesis, positioning of mitotic planes and cellular organization due to dysfunction of the cortical cytoskeleton and absence of the preprophase band of microtubules. In the ton1 insertional mutant, the two highly similar genes in tandem, TON1A and TON1B are simultaneously disrupted.
Expressed in cotyledons, roots, rosette leaves, stems, inflorescences and flowers.
Interacts with BZIP10 and AMC1 (via N-terminus). Binds to BZIP63. Interacts with CAT1, CAT2 and CAT3 in a zinc-finger-dependent manner (PubMed:23958864). Interacts (via N-terminus) with GILP (PubMed:21526181).
Negative regulator of reactive oxygen-induced cell death, cold stress-induced cell death, pathogen-induced hypersensitive response (HR), basal disease resistance. May be involved in the induction of the copper/zinc superoxide dismutase CSD1 and CSD2 that detoxify accumulating superoxide before the reactive oxygen species (ROS) can trigger a cell death cascade. LSD1 and LOL1 have antagonistic effects on CSD1 and CSD2 accumulation to regulate oxidative stress-induced cell death. Antagonizes the function of BZIP10, a positive regulator of cell death, by interacting in the cytoplasm and preventing its nuclear localization. Controls lysigenous aerenchyma in hypocotyls under root hypoxia. Required for leaf acclimation in response to excess excitation energy.
No visible phenotype under normal growth condition, however cold treatment induces the development of yellowish leaves with necrosis, and treatment with salicylic acid or infection with avirulent pathogen causes a runaway cell death and plant death.
When expressed in Arabidopsis, Pisum sativa LSD1 interacts with importin alpha via the LSD1-type zinc finger motifs, suggesting that the nuclear import of LSD1 may rely on the interaction between its zinc finger motifs and importin alpha.
Expressed in seedlings, flowers, and roots.
Component of the spliceosome. Interacts with SNRNP35, RS2Z33, SR34, CYP59, CYP63 and CYP95. The binding to CYP63 is phosphorylation-dependent (PubMed:15166240). Interacts with MOS14 (PubMed:21738492).
General splicing factor. Can promote splice site selection in vitro presumably by antagonizing the effects of the A1 heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein. May have an essential function during early plant development.
The splicing pattern of the pre-mRNA is regulated in a tissue-specific manner and by development, and changes in response to various types of abiotic stresses and hormones (PubMed:10215626, PubMed:17319848).
Component of SCF(ASK-cullin-F-box) E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes, which may mediate the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins. Auxin receptor that mediates Aux/IAA proteins proteasomal degradation and auxin-regulated transcription. Involved in embryogenesis regulation by auxin. Confers sensitivity to the virulent bacterial pathogen P.syringae. Mediates glucose repression in yeast.
Part of a SCF (SKP1-cullin-F-box) protein ligase complex. Interacts with CUL1, SKP1A/ASK1 and SKP1B/ASK2. Interacts with Aux/IAA proteins (IAA7 and IAA12) in an auxin-dependent manner.
Partially repressed by miR393a (microRNA) in response to flg-22 (flagellin-derived peptide 22).
Overexpression of NUTD2 confers enhanced tolerance to oxidative stress.
Probably mediates the hydrolysis of some nucleoside diphosphate derivatives. In vitro, it can use both NADH and ADP-ribose as substrates; however the relevance of such substrates in vivo is unclear. Confers tolerance to oxidative stress (PubMed:18798872).
Expressed during seed development. Detected during seed maturation and decreased during germination.
Belongs to the GHMP kinase family. GalK subfamily.
Sugar-1-kinase with a very high substrate specificity for the alpha-anomeric configuration of D-galacose (D-Gal). Converts also efficiently 2-deoxy-D-Gal to 2-deoxy-D-al-1-phosphate.
Highly expressed in roots and at lower levels in stems, flowers and siliques.
Interacts with GGR (PubMed:20823244, PubMed:24275650). Forms homodimer, and heterodimer with LIL3.2 (PubMed:26320415).
Light-harvesting-like protein required for biosynthesis of phytylated chlorophylls and alpha-tocopherol in green seedlings. Functions by anchoring geranylgeranyl reductase (GGR) in the thylakoid membrane, leading to the stabilization of GGR activity (PubMed:20823244, PubMed:24275650). Binds chlorophyll a in the thylakoid membrane (By similarity). Plays a role in the regulation of chlorophyll biosynthesis under light stress and under standard growth conditions (PubMed:25808681).
Detected in the whole plant. Predominantly expressed in roots and leaves.
Transcriptional activator that binds specifically to the DNA sequence 5'-[AG]GATT-3'. Functions as a response regulator involved in His-to-Asp phosphorelay signal transduction system. Phosphorylation of the Asp residue in the receiver domain activates the ability of the protein to promote the transcription of target genes. Could directly activate some type-A response regulators in response to cytokinins.
Expressed at the lateral root initiation sites, in the vascular tissues of the primary lateral root and the root caps. Expressed in the hypocotyl, cotyledon and leaf veins, apical meristem region, at the base of the trichomes, hydathodes and cauline leaves. In stems, expressed in the cells associated with the vascular cambium, interfascicular cambium and the developing xylem. Expressed in the vascular strand of petals and sepals, anthers, stamen filaments, stigma in flowers, and abscission, style and stigmatic regions of siliques.
Belongs to the phosphatidylserine decarboxylase family. PSD-B subfamily. Eukaryotic type I sub-subfamily.
Transcription regulator that may repress the maturation program during early embryogenesis.
Acts as negative regulator of abscisic acid (ABA) signaling for stomatal closure in leaves, and controls water loss during leaf senescence (PubMed:22007837, PubMed:22184656). Activated by the NAC029/NAP transcription factor during ABA signaling in senescing leaves (PubMed:22184656). Functions as negative regulator of osmotic stress and ABA signaling (PubMed:22198272). Acts as negative regulator of response to drought (PubMed:22829320).
By abscisic acid (ABA) (PubMed:22007837, PubMed:22198272). Induced during leaf senescence (PubMed:22007837). Induced by osmotic stress (PubMed:22198272).
Delayed senescence. Increased sensitivity to abscisic acid (ABA).
Amidase involved in auxin biosynthesis. Converts indole-3-acetamide to indole-3-acetate (PubMed:12620340, PubMed:27135507). Converts phenyl-2-acetamide (PAM) to phenyl-2-acetate. Substrate preference is PAM > IAM (PubMed:27135507). Can also use L-asparagine and 1-naphtalene-acetamide as substrates, but not indole-3-acetonitrile or indole-3-acetyl-L-aspartic acid (PubMed:12620340).
Expressed in cotyledons, leaves and flower buds. Lower levels in roots, stems and siliques.
Inhibited by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditioins.
Expressed in leaves and at lowe levels in stems and flowers.
Expressed in the external cell layers of the root subapical zone.
High-affinity iron transporter that mediates under iron-deficiency the iron uptake from the rhizosphere across the plasma membrane in the root epidermal layer. Could also be capable of transporting zinc ions.
(Microbial infection) Accumulates after 0.5 to 6 hours of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) infection.
(Microbial infection) Involved in tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) replication. Required for endoplasmic reticulum (ER) aggregations mediated by TMV main replicase (P126) upon viral infection.
(Microbial infection) Reduced tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) accumulation associated with altered endoplasmic reticulum (ER) transition in TMV-infected cells.
First observed at 5 days post anthesis (DPA). Accumulates throughout subsequent stages of embryo development, in embryonic tissues such as cotyledons and embryo axis as well as in the endosperm. In young seedlings, strictly confined to the cotyledons, hypocotyl and root tip, 3-4 days after germination. Also detected in the trichomes of new leaves.
Predominantly expressed in the embryo and endosperm of developing seeds (PubMed:7827492, PubMed:19014699). Also present in seedlings (PubMed:19014699).
Highly expressed in inflorescence silique (at mRNA level).
Homodimer (PubMed:19898420, PubMed:21658606). Binds ABA on one subunit only. Interacts with HAB1, ABI1 and ABI2, and possibly with other PP2Cs (PubMed:19407142, PubMed:19893533, PubMed:19898420). Binds to CARs protein in an ABA-independent manner, both at the plasma membrane and in the nucleus (By similarity).
Receptor for abscisic acid (ABA) required for ABA-mediated responses such as stomatal closure and germination inhibition. Inhibits the activity of group-A protein phosphatases type 2C (PP2Cs) when activated by ABA (PubMed:19893533, PubMed:19898420, PubMed:23844015, PubMed:21658606). Can be activated by both (-)-ABA and (+)-ABA (PubMed:23844015).
Expressed in seedlings and all organs of adult plants (PubMed:21954461). In roots, present in endodermis and central cylinder (PubMed:21954461). In flowers, detected in stigmatic papillar cells (PubMed:21954461). When petals and sepals are withering, accumulates in the abscission zone at the bottom of the silique (PubMed:21954461). Later observed along the valve margin-replum boundary, where dehiscence and pod shatter occur (PubMed:21954461).
Increased cuticle development leading to ectopic cuticle biosynthesis in trichomes.
Interacts with BHLH122/CFLAP1 and BHLH80/CFLAP2 (PubMed:26745719). Binds to HDG1 (PubMed:21954461).
Mostly observed in roots, flowers and siliques (PubMed:21954461). Expressed in cells differentiated from epidermal cells such as trichomes, stigmatic papillar cells and guard cells, as well as in tissues undergoing abscission and dehiscence (PubMed:21954461).
Regulates negatively the cuticle development by interacting with the HD-ZIP IV transcription factor HDG1.
Highly expressed in stems and cauline leaves, and at lower levels in siliques, flowers, roots and rosette leaves.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants show enhanced susceptibility to the pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000.
RNA-binding protein involved in the regulation of flowering time. Acts as repressor of the activity of SOC1, a transcriptional activator of flowering time. Binds to the 3'-UTR of SOC1 mRNA in the cytoplasm and participates in SOC1 mRNA decay, mediated by the distal region of the SOC1 3'-UTR (PubMed:23437850). Acts as positive regulator of salicylic acid (SA)-mediated immunity. May act on SA signaling-related genes at a post-transcriptional level (PubMed:20636102).
Detected in stage 9 buds and appears to be confined to microspores.
Expressed only in anthers and in pollen. Not detected in other flower tissues, stems, leaves and siliques.
Normal and fertile plants with pollen having normal reticulate exine patterning but completely lacking apertures.
Required for the formation of pollen surface apertures, which arise by restriction of exine deposition at specific sites. The aperture length depends on the INP1 dosage (PubMed:23136373). Does not play a role in specifying the number or position of apertures (PubMed:27177036). Acts in a sporophytic manner (PubMed:23136373).
The number and position of apertures is strongly correlated with pollen ploidy.
Expressed in lateral roots, lateral root caps and columella cells.
Interacts with PRA1F2 and PRA1D (PubMed:18583532). Interacts with ACD11 and BPA1 (PubMed:18845362).
Expressed in developing siliques, embryo and endosperm.
Catalyzes a reaction of the Smirnoff-Wheeler pathway, the major route to ascorbate biosynthesis in plants.
Expressed mainly in the endosperm and surrounding maternal tissues during seed development.
Mutant embryos are lethal, displaying variably enlarged cells with multiple nuclei, large vacuoles containing inclusions, abnormal organization of Golgi stacks, and cell wall defects.
Subunit of the peripheral V1 complex of vacuolar ATPase essential for assembly or catalytic function. V-ATPase is responsible for acidifying a variety of intracellular compartments in eukaryotic cells. Required for Golgi organization and vacuole function in embryogenesis.
Expressed in roots, shoots, stems, young leaves, trichomes, hydathodes, siliques, seeds, and flowers, mostly in vascular tissues.
First observed in carpels and seeds at early stages of development, mostly in embryo and, at lower extent, in the endosperm. Accumulates and peaks at maturation. Fade out during late seed development steps, restricted to the inner layer of the seed coat, and, at very low levels, in the mature embryo and the remaining endosperm. Also present in the lignified inner subepidermal layer of the valves. In the anthers, restricted to the connective tissue at pre- and post-dehiscence stages and detected in the vascular tissue of the stamen filament.
Forms a heterodimer with BZIP1, BZIP2, BZIP9, BZIP11, BZIP44, BZIP53 and BZIP63. Interacts with ABI3 and forms a complex made of ABI3, BZIP53 and BZIP10. Binding with LSD1 leads to cytoplasmic retention.
Transcription factor that binds to the C-box-like motif (5'-TGCTGACGTCA-3') and G-box-like motif (5'-CCACGTGGCC-3'), ABRE elements, of gene promoters. Binds to the 5'-ACGT-3' motif of seed storage protein (SSP) encoding gene promoters (e.g. At2S and CRU3) and promotes their expression in seeds when in complex with ABI3 and BZIP53. Involved in the defense responses to the biotrophic pathogen Hyaloperonospora parasitica and oxidative stress responses; mediates positively cell death (PubMed:12657652, PubMed:16957775, PubMed:19261733, PubMed:19531597). Promotes BZIP53-mediated response to hypoosmolarity stress that leads to POX1/PRODH1 accumulation (PubMed:16810321).
Enzyme of the plastid non-mevalonate pathway for isoprenoid biosynthesis that catalyzes the NADPH-dependent rearrangement and reduction of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate (DXP) to 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP). Required for chloroplast development.
Plants over-expressing DXR show increased levels of plastid isoprenoids derived from the methylerythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway, such as chlorophylls, carotenoids, and taxadiene.
Expressed in the apical meristem and young leaf primordia. Detected in the vascular tissues of cotyledons and leaves, in hydathodes and in the septun of siliques, but not in roots.
Homo- and heterodimers. Interacts with GEBP, GPL1 and GPL3.
Probable transcription factor. May play redundant roles with GEBP and GPL1 in cytokinin responses by regulating the transcript levels of type-A ARR response genes. Involved in stress responses (PubMed:21875893). Plays a repressive role in cell expansion by counteracting the positive role of CPR5 in this process, but does not regulate cell proliferation or endoreduplication (PubMed:21875893).
Deaminates adenosines to inosines in tRNA-Arg(ACG). Exclusively involved in A-to-I editing of the prokaryote-type chloroplast-tRNA and not involved in C-to-U editing.
Loss of cp-tRNA editing, decreased chloroplast translation and impaired photosynthesis.
Since the absence of A-to-I editing is compatible with plant survival, a limited two out of three codon recognition occurs in chloroplasts, although this mechanism is less efficient than wobble pairing.
The C-terminus (843-1307) is sufficient for the deamination.
Highly expressed in ovules, endosperm and embryo.
Dual specificity protein kinase that phosphorylates ANN1, ANN2 and CP29B at serine and threonine residues, and ANN1, ANN2 and ANN4 at tyrosine residues. May regulate the phosphorylation status of annexin proteins (PubMed:26452715). Acts as positive regulator in abscisic acid (ABA)-mediated regulation of postgermination growth and drought response. May regulate the expression of ABA-responsive genes such as RD22, RD29A, LTI65/RD29B and RAB18 (PubMed:27264339).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant seedlings exhibit decreased sensitivity to abscisic acid (ABA) inhibition of seed germination, cotyledon greening, seedling growth, and stomatal movement. Decreased tolerance to drought stress.
Mostly expressed in roots and seedlings, and, to a lower extent, in leaves, shoots, shoot apical mersitem, inflorescences, flowers, siliques and seeds.
Plant specific 3'-5' DNA helicase that may play a role in the repair of DNA.
Embryo sac development arrest. Unfused polar nuclei (PubMed:15634699). Pollen tube growth defective (PubMed:19237690).
Expressed in young seedlings. Not detected in leaves.
Forms large complexes including TOC33, pPORA and OEP161 during pPORA import into plastids at the plastid envelope membrane. Interacts with CPP1 during plastid import (PubMed:25901327).
Lethal under normal growth conditions and light-green stunted plants when grown in presence of sucrose.
Phototransformation of protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) to chlorophyllide (Chlide). PORA may also function as a photoprotectant during the transitory stage from dark to light. Functions in skotomorphogenesis, photomorphogenesis and throughout the plant life under specific light conditions.
The presence of TOC33 is not required for the import of PORA into plastids.
An alternative isoform might be encoded by the 3'part of the transcript derived from AK228109.
Over-expression of SRF3 led to male-sterility in both cv. Landsberg and cv. Columbia.
Overexpression of GATA12 induces the formation of ectopic xylem vessel-like elements.
Transcriptional activator that specifically binds 5'-GATA-3' or 5'-GAT-3' motifs within gene promoters. May be involved in the regulation of some light-responsive genes (By similarity). Transcription activator involved in xylem formation. Functions upstream of NAC030/VND7, a master switch of xylem vessel differentiation (PubMed:25265867).
Involved in ribosomal large subunit assembly.
By the fungal pathogen B.cinerea and an avirulent strain of P.syringae pv tomato.
Highly expressed in roots and at lower levels in leaves, stems, flowers and siliques.
Increased length of leaves, petioles, hypocotyls, primary roots and root hairs. Changes in lipid levels and composition.
Plants over-expressing PLP7 have decreased cellulose content and mechanical strength.
Possesses non-specific lipolytic acyl hydrolase (LAH) activity. Catalyzes the hydrolysis of the galactolipids monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) and digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG), and the phoshpolipids phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), phosphatidic acid (PA), phosphatidylserine (PS). Favors the release of fatty acid at the sn-2 position for PC. Possesses acyl-CoA thioesterase activity. Negatively affects disease resistance to the necrotic fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea and the avirulent bacteria Pseudomonas syringae by promoting cell death and reducing the efficiency of the hypersensitive response, respectively. However, PLP2 contributes to resistance to cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), an obligate parasite inducing hypersensitive response. May negatively regulate oxylipin production, possibly via participating in membrane repair that includes removal of oxidatively modified lipids. Enzymatic products of PLP2 may influence cellulose content and cell elongation.
A gain-of-function mutant in SNC1 resulting from a point mutation leads to a dwarf and curled-leaf phenotype and a constitutive disease resistance in the absence of cell death.
Disease resistance protein of the TIR-NB-LRR-type (PubMed:14576290). Part of the RPP5 locus that contains a cluster of several paralogous disease resistance (R) genes (PubMed:14576290). Resistance proteins guard the plant against pathogens that contain an appropriate avirulence protein via an indirect interaction with this avirulence protein (PubMed:14576290). That triggers a defense system including the hypersensitive response, which restricts the pathogen growth (PubMed:14576290). Probably acts as a NAD(+) hydrolase (NADase): in response to activation, catalyzes cleavage of NAD(+) into ADP-D-ribose (ADPR) and nicotinamide; NAD(+) cleavage triggering a defense system that promotes cell death (PubMed:31439792). Expression regulated by MOS1 at chromatin level (PubMed:20647385). Nuclear localization of SNC1 is essential for its activity (PubMed:22454454). ABA deficiency can rescue high-temperature inhibition of SNC1-mediated defense responses (PubMed:22454454).
Expressed in guard cells and epidermal cells, but not detected in mesophyll cells.
Homodimer (PubMed:27818198). Interacts (via TIR domain) with TPR1 (PubMed:20647385). Interacts with EDS1 (PubMed:22158819). Interacts with SRFR1 (PubMed:21079790). Interacts with HSP90-3 (PubMed:24889324). Binds to MORC1/CRT1 (PubMed:20332379). Interacts with TRAF1B (PubMed:26867179).
MOS2, MOS2H, MOS12 and the MOS4-associated complex (MAC) are required for the proper splicing of R genes and contribute in the alternative splicing of SNC1.
Met-1 is specifically acetylated by N-terminal acetyltransferase complex A (NatA). The NatA-mediated acetylation serves as a degradation signal.
Met-1 is specifically acetylated by N-terminal acetyltransferase complex B (NatB). The NatB-mediated acetylation stabilizes SNC1.
SNC1 is not found in cv. Landsberg erecta, cv. No-0, and cv. Wassilewskija and is probably unique to cv. Columbia (PubMed:15031411). Cv. RLD encodes a non-functional truncated SNC1 protein lacking most of the LRR domain (PubMed:21079790).
The phenotypically unstable bal phenotype is caused by a duplication of the locus carrying SNC1 followed by a hypermutation of the gene.
Up-regulated by salicylic acid and in mutants defective in RNA silencing. Down-regulated by high temperature. Repressed by ZED1 in the absence of pathogens in an ambient temperature-sensitive manner (PubMed:28499073).
Possesses xyloglucan endotransglucosylase (XET) activity in vitro. Does not possess xyloglucan endohydrolysis (XEH) activity (PubMed:20732879). Cleaves and religates xyloglucan polymers, an essential constituent of the primary cell wall, and thereby participates in cell wall construction of growing tissues (PubMed:23585673). Involved in cell proliferation in the tissue reunion process of wounded inflorescence stems. Maybe a downstream target of NAC071 as a consequence of auxin action in wounded stems (PubMed:25182467).
Expressed predominantly in roots. Also detected in shoots.
Catalyzes the S-methylmethionine (SMM) biosynthesis from adenosyl-L-homocysteine (AdoMet) and methionine. SMM biosynthesis (by MMT1) and degradation (by HMT-1, HMT-2 and HMT-3) constitute the SMM cycle in plants, which is probably required to achieve short term control of AdoMet level. Also able to catalyze the selenium-methylmethionine (SeMM) from AdoMet and selenium-methionine (SeMet). May play a role in phoem sulfur transport; such function is however not essential.
Expressed in roots, rosette leaves and cauline leaves. Expressed at a lower level in developing seeds.
Interacts with AKT2/AKT3. Interacts with ABA-bounded PYR1, PYL1, PYL2, PYL3, PYL4, PYL9 and PYL12, and with free PYL2, PYL3, PYL4 and PYL13. Binds to and inactivates SLAC1 and SRK2E. The inactivation of SRK2E does not require phosphatase activity. Interacts with CBL1, CBL2, CBL3, CBL5, and CBL7, but not CBL4, CBL6, and CBL9 (PubMed:11181729, PubMed:12034902, PubMed:19407142, PubMed:19955427, PubMed:21596690, PubMed:24165892). Interacts with RGLG1 and RGLG5 (PubMed:27577789). Interacts with KIN10 (PubMed:24179127).
Major negative regulator of abscisic acid (ABA) responses during seed germination and cold acclimation. Confers insensitivity to ABA. Modulates negatively the AKT2/3 activity, which mediates K(+) transport and membrane polarization during stress situations, probably by dephosphorylation. Prevents stomata closure by inactivating the S-type anion efflux channel SLAC1 and its activator SRK2E. Represses KIN10 activity by the specific dephosphorylation of its T-loop Thr-198, leading to a poststress inactivation of SnRK1 signaling (PubMed:24179127).
Mostly expressed in seeds and leaves, and, to a lower extent, in roots, stems, and flowers, particularly in siliques. Essentially found in the phloem.
Repressed by MYB44. Induced by cold stress, drought, high salt, and ABA.
Ubiquitinated by RGLG1 and RGLG5 in response to abscisic acid (ABA). Ubiquitination of PP2CA leads to its degradation by the proteasome.
Confers resistance to low temperatures by limiting chloroplast damage and cell death, thus maintaining growth homeostasis.
Mostly expressed in leaves, stems and roots, and, to a lower extent, in flowers and siliques.
Binds specifically to the plant telomeric double-stranded DNA sequences. At least 4 repeats of telomeric sequences are required for binding.
Circadian regulation with a peak of expression at dawn under continuous light conditions (PubMed:17653269). Circadian regulation with a peak of expression around dusk and lowest expression around dawn under continuous light conditions (at protein level) (PubMed:17653269).
Early flowering phenotype under long-day conditions. Hypersensitivity to cold.
Expressed in aerial organs in early stages of seedling development.
The gain-of-function mutant lov1-1D (T-DNA tagging) shows a late-flowering phenotype under long-day conditions, and freezing tolerance.
Transcription factor that acts as a floral repressor. Controls flowering time by negatively regulating CONSTANS (CO) expression in a GIGANTEA (GI)-independent manner. Regulates the plant cold response by positive regulation of the cold response genes COR15A and KIN1. May coordinate cold response and flowering time.
Interacts with calmodulin (CaM) in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner.
Developmental defects, such as short roots, misshaped leaves, reduced fertility and partial fasciation of stems.
Expressed in root meristem, root vasculature, shoot apical meristem (SAM), leaf vasculature and ovules.
Required for the organization of the root apical meristem (RAM) and the shoot apical meristem (SAM). Required to maintain genome stability and cell division activity in meristematic cells.
Interacts with ARK1, ARK2 and ARK3 (via C-terminus).
Involved in epidermal-cell morphogenesis in hypocotyls and roots. May act on the microtubule function. May have a secondary role in trichome branching.
Auxiliary spliceosomal protein involved in splicing of specific pre-mRNAs that affect multiple aspects of development.
Component of the spliceosome. Interacts with SMU1.
Highly expressed in seedlings at 7 days after germination, young flowers before anthesis and developing siliques. Expressed at lower levels in roots, expanding leaves, open flowers, dry seeds and inflorescences. Not detected in senescing leaves.
No visible phenotype, but slower growth.
Heterodimers (PubMed:29272523). Interacts with CYSTM6, CYSTM7 and WIH1/CYSTM13 (PubMed:29272523).
Belongs to the PI3/PI4-kinase family. ATM subfamily.
Loss-of-function mutations (T-DNA insertion) are hypersensitive to replication antagonists, including UV light, aphidicolin, and hydroxyurea, and are defective in G2 checkpoints induced by these agents.
Probable serine/threonine kinase. Plays a central role in cell-cycle regulation by transmitting DNA damage signals to downstream effectors of cell-cycle progression. May recognize the substrate consensus sequence [ST]-Q and phosphorylate histone variant H2AX to form H2AXS139ph at sites of DNA damage, thereby regulating DNA damage response mechanism. Seems to be required for the G2-phase checkpoint in response to replication blocks but not absolutely required in the G2-arrest response to double-strand breaks. May also be involved in the meiosis process. Required for the basal expression of RNR1 (ribonucleotide reductase large subunit). Acts in concert with telomerase to maintain telomeric DNA tracts. Not required for telomere length homeostasis. Required for effective immune responses that involve activation of DNA damage responses (PubMed:24207055).
Strongly induced by replication blocking agents (UVB, aphidicolin and hydroxyurea) but only mildly induced by DNA damaging agents (gamma-radiation) (PubMed:15075397). Negatively regulated by the key immune regulator SNI1 (PubMed:24207055).
Functions probably as a transcriptional factor that activates genes involved in secondary cell wall biosynthesis (PubMed:25228083, PubMed:25732536). May play a role in both transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation (PubMed:25228083). Binds to ssDNA, dsDNA, and ribohomopolymers in vitro (PubMed:25228083). Maybe involved in post-transcriptional regulation of its target genes (PubMed:25228083). Targets RNA of a polygalacturonase, a well-known cell wall modifying gene (PubMed:25228083). Functions redudantly with C3H15 to regulate secondary cell wall formation (PubMed:25732536). C3H14 and C3H15 have overlapping roles in the regulation of secondary cell wall formation and anther development (PubMed:25732536). C3H14 may contribute more to secondary cell wall thickening while C3H15 could be more important in anther development (PubMed:25732536). May regulate at both the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels the expression of many genes involved in various biological processes, particularly those associated with cell wall metabolism and pollen development (PubMed:25732536).
Highly expressed in secondary cell wall-forming tissues and the xylem cells of roots (PubMed:25228083). Expressed predominantly in inflorescence stems, flowers and siliques (PubMed:25732536). Highly expressed in the basal portion of stems, where cells are undergoing secondary cell wall thickening (PubMed:25732536).
Plants overexpressing C3H14 exhibit small and slightly curled leaves, and retarded stem elongations due to cell elongation defect and ectopic secondary cell wall formation (PubMed:25228083). Plants overexpressing C3H14 are sterile due to stamen elongation defect, despite normal overall flower morphology (PubMed:25228083). Overexpression of C3H14 results in secondary cell wall thickening in fibers and vessels (PubMed:25732536).
The double mutants c3h14 and c3h15 have reductions in stem secondary cell wall thickening and defects in anther development.
Component of the SKI complex which is thought to be involved in exosome-mediated RNA decay and associates with transcriptionally active genes in a manner dependent on PAF1 complex (PAF1C).
Component of the cytoplasmic SKI complex, which consists of SKI2, SKI3 and VIP3/SKI8.
Component of the mitochondrial contact site and cristae organizing system (MICOS) complex (By similarity). The MICOS complex associates with mitochondrial outer membrane proteins (By similarity). Present in a large lipid-enriched complex called mitochondrial transmembrane lipoprotein (MTL) complex made of proteins located in the two mitochondrial membranes, including the TOM complex and the core components of the MICOS complex and containing at least digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) (PubMed:26898467).
Heterohexamers with FTSH1, FTSH2 and FTSH8.
Leaf-variegated. Mutations can be complemented by overexpression of FTSH1. The presence of both FTSH1 or FTSH5 (subunit type A) and FTSH2 or FTSH8 (subunit type B) is essential for an active complex formation.
Part of a complex that function as an ATP-dependent zinc metallopeptidase. Involved in the thylakoid formation and in the removal of damaged D1 in the photosystem II, preventing cell death under high-intensity light conditions. Not involved in the degradation of the light-harvesting complex of photosystem II (LHC II) or in thermotolerance.
Absent from the primary root (PubMed:23370719). Expressed irregularly throughout the cotyledon and accumulates at the base of the organ (PubMed:23370719). In leaves, present at a high level in the basal part, close to the main veins, irregularly in the lamina joining these veins, and in separate segments of the leaf margin (PubMed:23370719). Observed in the stem, the rachis of the inflorescence, and the lower portion of the flower pedicel, especially at its upper side (PubMed:23370719). In flowers, detected throughout its development at the base of the sepals, in the petals, the filament of the stamens and the gynoecium, and later in siliques (PubMed:23370719). During seedling gravitropic response, restricted to the epidermis and cortex and enhanced at the lower side of the reoriented hypocotyl (PubMed:22421050).
Expressed in stems, hypocotyls, cotyledons, leaves, flowers, shoot apex, siliques, stamens and petals.
Reduced hypocotyl bending and dose-dependent altered root gravitropism associated with an altered PIN2 traffic that impairs the formation of auxin gradients, thus leading to an irregular waves root shape.
Signaling peptide (root growth factor) that regulates the pattern of root growth and lateral root development by modulating the length and the number of cortical cells in the root apical meristem (RAM), and the anticlinal asymmetric cell divisions in lateral root initiation cells (PubMed:22307643, PubMed:23370719). Also involved in the regulation of hypocotyl bending and root gravitropism in a PIN2-traffic dependent manner, thus influencing the formation of auxin gradients (PubMed:22421050). Maintains the postembryonic root stem cell niche (PubMed:20798316).
Forms part of the preprotein translocase complex of the outer mitochondrial membrane (TOM complex) which consists of at least 6 different proteins (TOM5, TOM6, TOM7, TOM20, TOM22/TOM9 and TOM40) (PubMed:17981999, Ref.6). Interacts with a variety of mitochondrial precursor proteins. Interacts with AKR2A (PubMed:20215589). Component of a mitochondrial large protein complex that contains, at least, MIC60, DGS1, TOM40, TOM20 proteins, and petC/RISP (By similarity).
No visible phenotype. Triple mutants tom20-2-tom20-3-tom20-4 are vible but display a slightly delayed flowering time.
Stimulates the transcription of various genes by recognizing and binding to a CCAAT motif in promoters (By similarity). Involved in the abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway.
As a component of the decapping complex, involved in the degradation of mRNAs. Promotes P-body formation. Translational repressor.
Gradually accumulates during seed maturation and reaches maximum levels in dry seeds. Fades progressively upon germination.
Homodimer. Component of the decapping complex. Interacts with DCP1 and DCP2.
Seedlings with pale and weak cotyledons, characterized by disorganized veins. Impaired mRNA decapping and reduced P-bodies size. Altered transient seed storage proteins (SSPs) translational repression and degradation during seed germination.
Binds specifically single-stranded telomeric DNA with weak affinity (PubMed:31134349). Has probably no function in the regulation of telomere length (PubMed:31134349).
Expressed at extremely low levels at the limit of detection.
POT1C is a highly divergent POT1 gene, which harbors multiple deletions within its gene body, and insertions of transposable elements within its promoter that probably silence permanentely the gene (PubMed:31134349). Therefore, it is probably a non-functional gene (PubMed:31134349).
Clock protein essential for the proper expression phase and period length of both the oscillator and output genes known to participate in photoperiod sensing. Required for the expression of APRR9, APRR7, and APRR5. Regulated by APRR9 and APRR7 at the transcriptional level, indicating the existence of a positive feedback loop within the circadian clock (PubMed:21357491). May function to delay the expression of the morning genes until dawn approaches.
Plants lacking LWD1 do not show obvious phenotypic alterations. Plants lacking both LWD1 and LWD2 are early flowering and this phenotype is more prominent under short-day conditions.
Binds cadmium and mediates lower sensitivity to stress requiring glutathione (GSH) for tolerance (e.g. cadmium, selenate, and hydrogen peroxide excess). Probably helps to detoxify cadmium potentially through direct binding (PubMed:18354042, PubMed:19710230). Binds selenium, cadmium, zinc and nickel in vitro (PubMed:25274629).
Expressed in seedlings, roots, leaves, stems and flowers.
Induced by cadmium (at protein level) (PubMed:16502469, PubMed:18354042, PubMed:19710230). Induced by selenium (selenate), copper and hydrogen peroxide H(2)O(2) (at protein level) (PubMed:16502469, PubMed:18354042, PubMed:19710230). The induction in response to sulfur starvation is repressed by glutathione (GSH) (at protein level) (PubMed:19710230).
Interacts with GRXS14 and GRXS16 (PubMed:30824043). Interacts with DALL3 (PubMed:31928671).
May cause loosening and extension of plant cell walls by disrupting non-covalent bonding between cellulose microfibrils and matrix glucans.
Truncated sequence in cv. Columbia (AC F4IBJ3) N-terminus compared to cv. Landsberg erecta (AC Q6IVU7) and other members of the expansin B subfamily.
Albino lethal phenotype with severe chloroplast development defects.
Expressed specifically in aerial greening tissues, such as cotyledons, rosette leaves, cauline leaves, stems, sepals, stamens, carpels and siliques.
Interacts with MORF8/RIP1, MORF2/RIP2 and MORF9/RIP9.
Required for proper chloroplast development (Ref.7, PubMed:24144791). Involved in the regulation of plastid gene expression probably through regulation of plastid-encoded polymerase (PEP) dependent chloroplast transcription (PubMed:24144791). Required for RNA editing of several chloroplastic transcripts, especially accD transcripts (PubMed:24144791, PubMed:26123918). Required for processing of the chloroplastic rpoA pre-mRNA (Ref.6, Ref.7). Required for the monocistronic rpoA transcript processing from the rpl23-rpl2-rps19-rpl22-rps3-rpl16-rpl14-rps8-rpl36-rps11-rpoA polycistron. Binds the intergenic sequence of rps11-rpoA for rpoA monocistronic RNA cleavage (Ref.7).
Expressed in roots, cauline leaves, flower buds, flowers and anthers. Highly expressed in maturing nectaries.
Plays a role in photosynthetic sucrose synthesis by catalyzing the rate-limiting step of sucrose biosynthesis from UDP-glucose and fructose- 6-phosphate. Involved in the regulation of carbon partitioning in the leaves of plants. May regulate the synthesis of sucrose and therefore play a major role as a limiting factor in the export of photoassimilates out of the leaf. Plays a role for sucrose availability that is essential for plant growth and fiber elongation. Required for nectar secretion.
Homotetramer or heterotetramer (Probable). Part of a functional complex containing PSKR1, BAK1, CNGC17, and AHA (PubMed:26071421). Interacts with AHA1, AHA2, and BAK1, but not with PSKR1 or BRI1 (PubMed:26071421).
Probable cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel (PubMed:11500563). Forms a functional cation-translocating unit with AHAs that is activated by PSKR1/BAK1 and possibly other BAK1/RLK complexes (PubMed:26071421). Required for PSK-induced protoplast expansion (PubMed:26071421).
Involved in RNA-mediated post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS). Main component of the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) that binds to a short guide RNA such as microRNA (miRNA) or small interfering RNA (siRNA). RISC uses the mature miRNA or siRNA as a guide for slicer-directed cleavage of homologous mRNAs to repress gene expression. Associates mainly with siRNAs of 21 nucleotide in length and preferentially recruits small RNAs with a 5' terminal adenosine. Probably involved in antiviral RNA silencing. Associates with siRNA derived from cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). Targeted by turnip yellows virus (TuYV) protein P0 (via F-box-like domain) for probable proteasome degradation and thereby inactivating AGO2 function in RNA silencing. Required to direct NERD-dependent DNA methylation and silencing.
Expressed during early rosette development and during flowering.
Expressed in roots, seedlings, leaves, flowers and sepals. Highest expression in the senescent leaves.
Unable to fully compensate for the loss of AOX1A when electron flow via the cytochrome pathway is restricted.
Up-regulated by antimycin A. No effect of ethylene or cold treatment.
Involved in the regulation of gene expression by abscisic acid, stress factors and by components of stress signal transduction pathways. Transcription factor that binds to the GCC-box pathogenesis-related promoter element. Part of a transcriptional repressor complex including a histone deacetylase.
By water deficit, by abscisic acid (ABA), by cold and salt stress.
Plants display reduced response to far-red (FR) light. Seedlings develop long hypocotyls, unfolded cotyledons, no significant anthocyanin accumulation, and greening after FR light.
Probable transcription factor involved in phytochrome A (phyA) signal transduction.
Lacks the conserved signal peptide, which is one of the features of the pectinesterase family.
Controls the morphogenesis of lateral organs. Functions in lateral organ shape and is sufficient to induce proliferation and growth of lateral organ tissue. Is necessary and sufficient for bract formation, but its expression is excluded from the cryptic bract, which could be a cause of bractless flowers in Arabidopsis. Participates with FIL and YAB3 in regulating valve margin development. Functions with JGL to define stamen and carpel shape. Functions with AS1 and AS2 in the sepal and petal primordia to repress boundary-specifying genes for normal development of the organs.
Expressed in the emerging leaf, sepal, petal, stamen and carpel primordia (PubMed:26390296). Not expressed in the apical shoot meristem (SAM).
Lateral organs with serrated margins. Irregular shape of floral organs. The double mutant han-2 jag-3 exhibits reduced petal numbers, more serrated sepals and narrower petals (PubMed:26390296).
Plants overexpressing JAG form bract-like organs on the inflorescence.
Belongs to the polyribonucleotide nucleotidyltransferase family.
Involved in the 3'-end maturation of mitochondrial mRNAs, rRNAs and tRNAs. Functions as a poly(A) mRNA 3'-5' degrading phosphorylase and is required for the degradation of highly expressed transcripts of non-coding regions.
Plants silencing PNP2 stop growing after two to three weeks.
Atypical and probable non DNA-binding bHLH transcription factor that acts as transcriptional repressor that negatively regulates cell and organ elongation in response to gibberellin (GA) and brassinosteroid (BR) signaling. Is able to form heterodimer with BHLH49, thus inhibiting DNA binding of BHLH49, which is a transcriptional activator that regulates the expression of a subset of genes involved in cell expansion by binding to the G-box motif. Binds and inhibits HBI1, a positive regulator of cell elongation that directly binds to the promoters and activated the two expansin genes EXPA1 and EXPA8, encoding cell wall loosening enzymes. The ability of IBH1 to inhibit BHLH49 and HBI1 is counteracted by binding to the antagonist bHLH transcription factor PRE1, restoring the transcriptional activity of BHLH49 and HBI1 and resulting in induction of cell elongation. Functions redundantly with IBL1/BHLH159 in a regulation node known as the incoherent feed-forward loop (FFL) (PubMed:24505057).
Highly expressed in roots and at lower levels in rosette leaves, stems and cauline leaves.
Interacts with PRE1, PRE3, PRE4, PRE5, HBI1, BHLH49, BHLH63, BHLH74, BHLH76 and BHLH77.
Plants over-expressing IBH1 are dwarf with round-shaped, dark-green leaves, short petioles, siliques and roots, and are insensitive to brassinosteroid (PubMed:20009022, PubMed:23161888, PubMed:23221598). Plants silencing IBH1 exhibit increased length of hypocotyls and leaves (PubMed:23161888).
Expressed in roots, stems, leaves, flowers and pollen. Mainly detected in the roots vascular stele and in the leaves guard cells.
Impaired stomatal closure resulting in a wilty phenotype.
Malate functions as a gating modifier as well as a permeating substrate.
Malate-sensitive anion transporter permeable to chloride, nitrate, sulfate and malate. Involved in dark-, CO(2)-, abscisic acid- and water-deficient-induced stomatal closure. Belongs to the R-type anion channels.
Constitutively expressed (PubMed:21641974). In 3- to 4-day-old seedlings, expression is high in the shoot apical meristem and along the vasculature in cotyledons, hypocotyls and roots. At the root tip, expression is detected in columella and lateral root cap cells as well as in the stem cell niche around the quiescent center (QC). The levels of expression decrease progressively in the meristematic zone from the root tip towards the base of the root, becoming stronger again in the elongation zone. In flowers, expression appears localized in ovules and pollen (PubMed:24201137).
Exhibits severe defects in the growth of vegetative organs and in seed setting capacity: displays a reduction in the rosette size and number of leaves, a reduction of siliques size with high proportion of aborted ovules, a short root length with reduction of the meristem size, of the number of cortical cells and of the size of the elongation zone with root tips showing a distorted cellular pattern (PubMed:24201137). Also exhibits a higher sensitivity to abscissic acid (ABA) (PubMed:24201137). The double mutant sik1 mob1a is arrested at the seedling stage (PubMed:26685188).
Interacts with SIK1 at the plasma membrane and in the nucleus.
Plays a key role in regulation of cell expansion and cell division (PubMed:26685188). Required for proper plant development, the correct patterning of the root meristem and the control of root growth (PubMed:24201137). Involved in both sporogenesis and gametogenesis (PubMed:21641974).
RNAi plants show a reduced radial expansion of the inflorescence stem, a reduced elongation zone of the primary root, defects during sporogenesis and gametogenesis, and a reduced fertility.
By 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC, ethylene precursor), methyl jasmonate (MeJA), and Botrytis cinerea. Also induced by cadmium.
Interacts with TGA4/OBF4, ACBP2, and ACBP4.
Mostly expressed in stems and leaves, and, to a lower extent, in roots, siliques and flowers.
Probable cloning artifact leading to an insertion into the sequence.
Expressed in embryo during embryogenesis, first throughoutthe embryo, but later basally localized at the heart stage (PubMed:12172019, PubMed:25564655). Also present in free nuclear endosperm, but disappears once endosperm cellularization begins (PubMed:12172019). Observed in the stem cell niche and the provascular tissue of mature roots (PubMed:25564655).
Interacts with HDG1, HDG2, HDG3, HDG10, ANL2, ATML1, PDF2, HDG11 and HDG12.
Mostly expressed in developing seeds. Also expressed in roots, seedlings, and siliques, and, at low levels, in leaves.
Transcription factor that, in opposition to HDG1, promotes cell proliferation and morphogenesis via transcriptionnal activation of meristem and cell proliferation genes, but prevents differentiation, especially during embryogenesis (PubMed:12172019, PubMed:25564655). Binds to the promoter and triggers the expression of epidermally expressed genes such as GSO1, GSO2, ACR4 and WER, and of HD-ZIP homeobox genes including PDF2, HDG1, HDG5, HDG7, HDG8, HDG11, ANL2, PDF2 and ATML1 (PubMed:25564655).
Was named 'Baby boom' because overexpressing transgenic plants exhibit several spontaneous somatic embryos.
Belongs to the actin family. ARP3 subfamily.
Component of the Arp2/3 complex composed of ARP2, ARP3, ARPC1/p41-ARC, ARPC2/p34-ARC, ARPC3/p21-ARC, ARPC4/p20-ARC and ARPC5/p16-ARC. Interacts directly with ARP2/WRM, ABI1, ABI2, ABI4, BRICK1 and SCAR3. Interacts with ARPC4.
Expressed at low levels in roots, seedlings, leaves, stems, flowers, pollen, siliques and at a higher level in inflorescences.
TIR-NB-LRR receptor-like protein that confers resistance to the pathogens Leptosphaeria maculans (blackleg disease), Botrytis cinerea, Alternaria brassicicola and Alternaria brassicae. Required for efficient callose deposition downstream of RLM1 during infection with L.maculans.
Nucleotide sugar transporter that specifically transports UDP-galactose.
Belongs to the type IB topoisomerase family.
Defects in phyllotaxis and plant architecture. Morphological abnormalities of several organs (PubMed:12215507). Defects in cellular development and organization of both the shoot and the root meristem (PubMed:20228247).
Eukaryotic topoisomerase I and II can relax both negative and positive supercoils, whereas prokaryotic enzymes relax only negative supercoils.
Expressed in inflorescence meristems. Expressed in primordia of sepals, petals, stamens, carpels and ovules. Expressed in midstage embryos.
Releases the supercoiling and torsional tension of DNA introduced during the DNA replication and transcription by transiently cleaving and rejoining one strand of the DNA duplex. Introduces a single-strand break via transesterification at a target site in duplex DNA. The scissile phosphodiester is attacked by the catalytic tyrosine of the enzyme, resulting in the formation of a DNA-(3'-phosphotyrosyl)-enzyme intermediate and the expulsion of a 5'-OH DNA strand. The free DNA strand then rotates around the intact phosphodiester bond on the opposing strand, thus removing DNA supercoils. Finally, in the religation step, the DNA 5'-OH attacks the covalent intermediate to expel the active-site tyrosine and restore the DNA phosphodiester backbone (By similarity). Can complement a TOP1-deficient yeast mutant (PubMed:16669064). Plays a critical role in the maintenance of a regular pattern of organ initiation. Topoisomerases I enzymes (TOP1A and TOP1B) are essential for plant survival (PubMed:12215507). Functions together with the stem cell maintenance gene WUSCHEL (WUS) in stem cell regulation. Required to maintain developmentally regulated gene repression. Functions synergistically with chromatin remodeling factors (PubMed:20228247). Is required for the repression of WUS expression in flower development. Plays a role in polycomb group (PcG) protein-mediated histone H3 trimethylation on 'Lys-27' (H3K27me3) at the WUS gene locus. H3K27me3 induces transcriptional repression of WUS. May assist AGAMOUS (AG) in recruiting PcG proteins to WUS locus. Reduces nucleosome density, especially at genes that are targets of PcG proteins (PubMed:25070639). Plays a role in epigenetic silencing. Involved in RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) by promoting Pol V transcription to generate long non-coding RNA transcripts. Is dispensable for Pol IV-mediated small interfering RNA (siRNA) biogenesis. Promotes transposable element (TE) silencing at endogenous RdDM target loci through histone H3 dimethylation of 'Lys-9' (H3K9me2). Promotes the production of Pol V-dependent long non-coding transcripts that facilitate the recruitment of siRNA-AGO4 and AGO4 occupancy at TEs (PubMed:24992598).
Releases the supercoiling and torsional tension of DNA introduced during the DNA replication and transcription by transiently cleaving and rejoining one strand of the DNA duplex. Introduces a single-strand break via transesterification at the specific target site 5'-[CT]CCTTp site in duplex DNA. The scissile phosphodiester is attacked by the catalytic tyrosine of the enzyme, resulting in the formation of a DNA-(3'-phosphotyrosyl)-enzyme intermediate and the expulsion of a 5'-OH DNA strand. The free DNA strand then undergoes passage around the unbroken strand thus removing DNA supercoils. Finally, in the religation step, the DNA 5'-OH attacks the covalent intermediate to expel the active-site tyrosine and restore the DNA phosphodiester backbone.
Increased UV sensitivity in roots, specifically in dark conditions.
Interacts with 'Lys-48'-linked polyubiquitin chains. Interacts with RPN10.
May be involved in nucleotide excision repair (By similarity). Binds and presumably selects ubiquitin-conjugates for destruction. Prefers multiubiquitin chains rather than single ubiquitins, with a binding affinity for 'Lys-48'-linked ubiquitin chains. Acts as a ubiquitin receptor that associates with the 26S proteasomal docking subunit RPN10 for the indirect recognition of ubiquitinated substrates of ubiquitin/26S proteasome-mediated proteolysis (UPP) (By similarity). Involved in UV tolerance in roots, specifically in dark conditions (PubMed:29283431).
Heterotrimeric transcription factor composed of three components, NF-YA, NF-YB and NF-YC. NF-YB and NF-YC must interact and dimerize for NF-YA association and DNA binding (By similarity). Interacts with HTT1 in both cytoplasm and nucleus (PubMed:24728648).
A stretch of 270 kb of the mitochondrial genome is duplicated within the centromere of chromosome 2 resulting in the duplication of the gene. The expression of this duplicated gene (At2g07714) is demonstrated.
By wounding and methyl jasmonate treatment.
Catalyzes the methylation of jasmonate into methyljasmonate, a plant volatile that acts as an important cellular regulator mediating diverse developmental processes and defense responses.
Expressed in rosettes, cauline leaves and developing flowers but not in young seedlings.
Involved in auxin signal transduction and cell expansion and proliferation regulation (PubMed:23613767).
No visible phenotype (PubMed:23613767). Tmk1 and tmk2 double mutants, tmk2 and tmk3 double mutants, tmk1, tmk2 and tmk3 triple mutants and tmk2, tmk3 and tmk4 triple mutants have no visible phenotypes (PubMed:23613767). Tmk1, tmk2 and tmk4 triple mutants have a severe reduction in organ size, a substantial delay in growth and development, and a decrease in fertility (PubMed:23613767). Tmk1, tmk2, tmk3 and tmk4 quadruple mutants are embryo lethal (PubMed:23613767, PubMed:24578577).
Component of the protein complex eIF4F, which is involved in the recognition of the mRNA cap, ATP-dependent unwinding of 5'-terminal secondary structure and recruitment of mRNA to the ribosome. Plays a role in the accumulation of some potyvirus during viral infection. Required for the accumulation of cucumber mosaic virus 3a protein and turnip crinkle virus p28 replication protein during viral infection. These proteins are necessary for cell-to-cell movement of the virus.
Displays resistance to potyvirus (C1YVV) infection.
Down-regulated by cadmium (PubMed:16797112). Induced by sucrose (PubMed:22561114). Induced by abiotic stresses (PubMed:22561114).
Expressed in rosette leaves and cauline leaves.
Homotetramer (By similarity). Interacts with TRX3 (PubMed:15352244).
Has no effect on the assembly of the protein into snRNP, but reduces the affinity for SR proteins.
May facilitate 5' splice site recognition in the minor spliceosome. May be involved in interactions with components of the major spliceosome bound to the pyrimidine tract of an upstream U2-type intron.
Part of the U11 snRNP, a component of the minor U12-type spliceosome. U11 and U12 snRNPs exist not only as monoparticles but also as a preformed U11/U12 di-snRNP complex. Interacts with CYP95, SCL28, SCL30, SCL30A, SCL33, SC35, SR30, SR34, RS31, RS40, RSZ21 and RS2Z33.
Expressed in seedlings, rosette and cauline leaves, stems, flowers and siliques.
Converts oxidosqualene to cycloartenol and 1% parkeol. Involved in plastid biogenesis. Essential for the male gametophyte function.
Expressed in roots, stems, leaves, inflorescences and siliques.
The exocyst complex is composed of SEC3, SEC5, SEC6, SEC8, SEC10, EXO70A1 and EXO84B. Interacts with EXO84B. Binds to EXO70H1 AND EXO70B2 (PubMed:21199889). Binds directly to B1L (PubMed:35249253).
Binds to RGF peptides such as RGF1, GLV5/CLEL1/RGF2, GLV7/CLEL3/RGF3, GLV3/RGF4, GLV10/CLEL7/RGF5 and RGF10/CLELN; these interactions trigger the formation of heterodimers with SERK1, SERK2 or BAK1/SERK3 via LRR regions.
In roots, detected in the more basal region of the elongation zone and the differentiation zone, mainly restricted to columella, transition zone and root stem cell niche.
Together with RGI1, RGI2, RGI4 and RGI5, acts as receptor of RGF peptides (e.g. RGF1, GLV5/CLEL1/RGF2, GLV7/CLEL3/RGF3, GLV3/RGF4, GLV10/CLEL7/RGF5 and RGF10/CLELN), peptide hormones which maintain the postembryonic root stem cell niche by regulating the expression levels and patterns of the transcription factor PLETHORA (PLT, e.g. PLT1 and PLT2) (PubMed:27229311, PubMed:27229312, PubMed:27001831). Links RGF peptides signal with their downstream components (PubMed:27229311, PubMed:27001831).
Belongs to the RNA 3'-terminal cyclase family. Type 2 subfamily.
Does not have cyclase activity. Plays a role in 40S-ribosomal-subunit biogenesis in the early pre-rRNA processing steps at sites A0, A1 and A2 that are required for proper maturation of the 18S RNA (By similarity).
Accumulates in pollen grains and pollen tube (PubMed:14500793, PubMed:23791732, PubMed:24278028). Mostly expressed in mature pollen grains, and, to a lower extent, in inflorescences and siliques (PubMed:24278028).
The triple mutant myb97 myb101 myb120 is impaired in pollen tube growth arrest and subsequent sperm cell release in the female gametophyte thus leading to a drastically reduced fertility. Altered pollen tube-specific gene expression.
Transcription activator (PubMed:24278028). Binds to 5'-CAACTGTC-3' and/or 5'-TAACAAA-3' motif in target gene promoter to promote their expression (By similarity). Together with MYB101 and MYB120, functions as a male factor that controls pollen tube-synergid interaction in fertilization. Required for pollen tube growth arrest and sperm cell release in the female gametophyte, probably via the regulation of pollen tube-specific gene expression (PubMed:24278028, PubMed:23791732).
Component of box C/D small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein (snoRNP) particles.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyltransferase that has the ability to methylate both RNAs and proteins. Involved in pre-rRNA processing. Utilizes the methyl donor S-adenosyl-L-methionine to catalyze the site-specific 2'-hydroxyl methylation of ribose moieties in pre-ribosomal RNA. Site specificity is provided by a guide RNA that base pairs with the substrate. Methylation occurs at a characteristic distance from the sequence involved in base pairing with the guide RNA. Also acts as a protein methyltransferase by mediating methylation of 'Gln-105' of histone H2A (H2AQ105me), a modification that impairs binding of the FACT complex and is specifically present at 35S ribosomal DNA locus (By similarity).
First observed in roots and cotyledons of young developing seedlings. Later confined to root tips, vascular tissue around the shoot apex, and in young leaf primodia. In flowers, detected in the stamens and at the senescence region of developing siliques.
Homodimer and heterodimer with WIP2. Component of Ran complexes at least composed of WIT1 or WIT2, RANGAP1 or RANGAP2, and WIP1 or WIP2 or WIP3. Interacts with RANGAP1, RANGAP2, WPP1/MAF1, and WPP2/MAF2 (PubMed:17600715, PubMed:18591351). Interacts with SUN1 and SUN2 (PubMed:22270916). Interacts with KIN1 (PubMed:25330379). Core component of the LINC complex which is composed of inner nuclear membrane SUN domain-containing proteins coupled to outer nuclear membrane WIP and WIT proteins. The LINC complex also involves nucleoskeletal proteins CRWN/LINC and possibly KAKU4 and the cytoskeletal myosin KAKU1 (PubMed:25759303). Interacts with WIT1 and SUN2 (PubMed:23973298). Interacts with WIT2 (PubMed:25759303). Interacts with SUN3 (PubMed:25217773).
Mediates and enhances the nuclear envelope docking of RANGAP proteins mediated by WIT1 and WIT2 in the undifferentiated cells of root tips (PubMed:17600715, PubMed:18591351). As component of the SUN-WIP-WIT2-KAKU1 complex, mediates the transfer of cytoplasmic forces to the nuclear envelope (NE), leading to nuclear shape changes (PubMed:25759303).
Chromatin remodeling factor that binds to methylated histone (e.g. H3K4me2/3) to prevent their acetylation (e.g. H3K9K14Ac), likely by recruiting histone deacetylase (HDAC) complexes, and thus regulate the transcription of target genes.
Recognizes di- and trimethylated histone H3 at lysine 4.
Chromatin remodeling factor that represses the expression of embryonic trait genes (such as NFYB9/LEC1) upon and after seed germination and thus enables the developmental switch to post-germinative growth. Silences some MADS-box proteins such as PHE1 and PHE2. Plays a role during carpel differentiation. Regulates late processes in cytokinin signaling.
Mostly expressed in tissue undergoing significant differentiation (meristems and primordia) such as young seedlings, influorescent tissue and young siliques, but not in endosperm and seed coat (at protein level). Levels decrease as organs age. Also present in trichomes.
'Da' means 'large' in Chinese (PubMed:18483219). Plants overexpressing DA1 exhibit early senescence (PubMed:28003326).
Highly expressed during the early stages of leaf, petal, integument, and embryo formation and fade away later in petal and leaf development.
Interacts with ubiquitin (PubMed:18483219, PubMed:25757472). Interacts (via C-terminus) with DA2 (PubMed:24045020). Interacts with BB (PubMed:28167503). Interacts with UBP15 (PubMed:24585836). Interacts with TCP14 and TCP15 (PubMed:25757472).
Ubiquitin receptor that limits final seed and organ size by restricting the period of cell proliferation. May act maternally to control seed mass (PubMed:18483219, PubMed:24045020). Acts synergistically with DA2 to regulate seed size. Functions synergistically with DA2 to restrict cell proliferation in the maternal integuments of ovules and developing seeds (PubMed:24045020). Functions antagonistically in a common pathway with UBP15 to regulate seed size. Associates physically with UBP15 and modulates the stability of UBP15, which promote cell proliferation in the integuments of ovules and developing seeds (PubMed:24585836). Functions as peptidase and cleaves the N-terminal sequence of E3 ubiquitin-protein ligases BB and DA2 in a ubiquitin-dependent manner. Cleaves the deubiquitinating enzyme UBP15, which promotes cell proliferation, and the transcription factors TCP15 and TCP22, which promote cell proliferation and repress endoreduplication (PubMed:28167503). Involved in the promotion of leaf senescence, in addition to its function in restricting plant growth (PubMed:28003326). Acts redundantly with DAR1 and DAR2 to regulate endoreduplication during leaf development. Together with DAR1 and DAR2, modulates the protein stability of the transcription factors TCP14 and TCP15, which repress endoreduplication by directly regulating the expression of cell-cycle genes (PubMed:25757472).
Ubiquitinated at Lys-95, Lys-221, Lys-348, Lys-376, Lys-381, Lys-391, Lys-474, Lys-475 and Lys-519 by the E3 ubiquitin-protein ligases BB and DA2.
With its partner (PsbF) binds heme. PSII binds additional chlorophylls, carotenoids and specific lipids.
May form heterodimeric complex with the TALE/KNOX protein STM. Interacts with OFP1, OFP2, OFP3, OFP4, OFP5 and OFP15.
Transcription factor that is responsive of the nuclear import of SHOOT MERISTEMLESS (STM).
Hydrolyzes glycerol-phospholipids at the terminal phosphodiesteric bond to generate phosphatidic acids (PA). Plays an important role in various cellular processes, including phytohormone action, vesicular trafficking, secretion, cytoskeletal arrangement, meiosis, tumor promotion, pathogenesis, membrane deterioration and senescence (PubMed:10441386). Can use phosphatidylserine (PS) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) as substrates only in the presence of PIP2. Can use phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylglycerol (PG) or N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine (NAPE) as substrates in the presence of PE and PIP2 (PubMed:9578608, PubMed:17098468). Involved in membrane lipid modulation under aluminum (Al) stress and negatively modulate plant tolerance to Al (PubMed:22163277).
No visible phenotype; due to the redundancy with NRPB9B. No effect on methylation at RdDM target sites. Nrpb9a and nrpb9b double mutants are embryo lethal.
Pol IV and V functions are not impaired in nrpb9a mutants and Pol II functions are complemented by NRPB9B.
ATP-dependent 3'- to 5'-DNA helicase that could disrupt recombinogenic DNA intermediates and facilitate single strand annealing. Unwinds nicked and partial Holliday junctions in vitro. Anneals two single strands into a dsDNA molecule in vitro.
Belongs to the helicase family. UvrD subfamily.
GTPase involved in protein precursor import into chloroplasts. Seems to recognize chloroplast-destined precursor proteins and regulate their presentation to the translocation channel through GTP hydrolysis. Required for chloroplast biogenesis. Probably specialized in the import of nuclear encoded photosynthetic preproteins from the cytoplasm to the chloroplast.
Homodimer and heterodimer with TOC33. Part of the TOC core complex that includes 1 protein for the specific recognition of transit peptides surrounded by a ring composed of four proteins forming translocation channels, and four to five GTP-binding proteins providing energy. This core complex can interact with components of the TIC complex to form a larger import complex. Chloroplastic protein precursor such as prSS (precursor of the RuBisCO small subunit) interacts with these complexes. The TOC complex contains a specific subset of polar lipids such as digalactosyldiacylglyceride (DGDG), phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylglycerol (PG) (PubMed:10646606, PubMed:12473690, PubMed:12951325). Interacts with SP1 (PubMed:23118188).
Mostly expressed in seedlings, and, to a lower extent, in leaves and flowers.
Highly expressed in the epidermal abscission zone cells from flowers and siliques. Expressed in roots, vasculature of cotyledons and leaves, stigmas, anther filaments and pollen grains.
May function in the proximal abscission zone cells to prevent water loss after floral organ shedding (Probable). May be involved in the reestablishment of desiccation tolerance in germinated seeds (Probable).
Expressed in seedlings, roots, leaves, flowers and siliques (PubMed:16226259). Specifically expressed in the epidermis (PubMed:24989044).
Stimulated during seed imbibition (PubMed:24989044). Induced by gibberellins (GAs) and repressed by DELLA proteins (e.g. GAI/RGA2, RGA/RGA1/GRS and RGL2/SCL19) in an ATML1- and PDF2-dependent manner (PubMed:24989044). Upon seed imbibition, increased GA levels in the epidermis reduce DELLA proteins abundance and release, in turn, ATML1 and PDF2 which activate LIP1 expression, thus enhancing germination potential (PubMed:24989044).
Triacylglycerol (TAG) lipase active on triolein, trioctanoin, tributyrin and 1,3-Diolein, but not on phospho- and galactolipids (PubMed:16226259). Involved but dispensable for TAG storage breakdown during seed germination (PubMed:16226259, PubMed:24989044).
Homotrimer (By similarity). Interacts with HSP90-2 (PubMed:17965410).
Glucosyltransferase that glucosylates the cell wall inhibitor hypostatin in vivo to form a bioactive glucoside.
No visible phenotype under normal growth condition, but resistance to hypostatin treatment.
Mostly expressed in roots, and, to a lower extent, in seedlings, shoots, leaves and flowers.
Sugar transporter involved in the transport of UDP-galactose form the cytoplasm into the Golgi apparatus.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX10/DBP4 subfamily.
Centromere DNA hypomethylation and centromeric heterochromatin decondensation in interphase. Decreased DNA methylation primarily at CpG sites in genic regions, as well as repeated sequences in heterochromatic regions. Released transcriptional silencing at heterochromatin regions. Ectopic CpHpH methylation in the 5S rRNA genes against a background of CpG hypomethylation.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase. Participates in CpG methylation-dependent transcriptional regulation and epigenetic transcriptional silencing. Mediates ubiquitination with the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme UBC11. Promotes methylation-mediated gene silencing leading, for example, to early flowering. Associates with methylated DNA, and can bind to CpG, CpNpG, and CpNpN DNA motifs, with a strong preference for methylated forms, and with highest affinity for CpG substrate. Probably acts at the DNA methylation?histone interface to maintain centromeric heterochromatin.
Interacts with histones CENH3, HTB2, HTR3 and H4.
Mostly expressed in inflorescence and, to a lower extent, in leaves.
ORTH2 is missing in cv. Bor-4 that exhibit a centromere repeat hypomethylation phenotype.
(Microbial infection) Interacts with the 30C02 effector protein (AC G3GD54) of the beet cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii. Interaction with the 30C02 effector protein may potentially suppress beta-1,3-glucanase activity and plant defense.
(Microbial infection) Specifically down-regulated by Heterodera schachtii (cyst nematodes) in nematode-induced syncytia.
Induced by infection with the Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV).
May be involved in plant defense against cyst nematode pathogens.
Expressed in roots, stems, leaves and flowers, mostly in vascular tissues.
Beta-galactosyltransferase involved in elongation of beta-1,6-linked galactan side chains on arabinogalactan proteins. Required for the progression of embryogenesis beyond the globular stage (PubMed:23837821). Beta-galactosyltransferase involved in the biosynthesis of type II arabinogalactan. Transfers galactose from UDP-galactose to a mixture of various oligosaccharides derived from arabinogalactan proteins. Forms a complex with GALT29A that can work cooperatively to enhance the activities of adding galactose residues at O6 positions to beta-1,6-linked galactan and beta-1,3-linked galactan (PubMed:24693939).
Embryonic lethality, due to the arrest of embryo development at the globular stage.
Expressed in the suspensor of globular stage embryos.
Reduction in the length of stem internodes. Increased thickness of veins in leaves and inflorescence stems. Altered morphology of xylem vessel elements. Altered homeostasis of polyamines. Hyposensitivity to auxin and hypersensitivity to cytokinin. The double mutants of bud2-1 and samdc1-1 are embryonic lethal.
E3 UFM1-protein ligase that mediates ufmylation of target proteins.
Expressed in shoots, roots, leaves, stems and flowers.
Expression of PCS2 is too low to complement a PCS1-defective mutant.
Involved in the synthesis of phytochelatins (PC) and homophytochelatins (hPC), the heavy-metal-binding peptides of plants.
Not induced by cadmium or other heavy metal stress.
Requires cadmium for activity. Also activated in heterologous system by AsO(4)(3-) ions, but not by Cu(2+), Zn(2+), Mn(2+) or Ni(2+) ions.
Low levels of indolic glucosinolates and loss of responses to brassinosteroids.
Transcription factor involved in glucosinolates biosynthesis.
Magnesium-dependent phosphatidate phosphatase which catalyzes the dephosphorylation of phosphatidate to yield diacylglycerol. Acts redundantly with PAH2 to repress phospholipid biosynthesis at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). May function indirectly as repressor of multiple enzymes involved in phospholipid biosynthesis. Is involved in the pathway of galactolipid synthesis in the ER, which is required for the membrane lipid remodeling, an essential adaptation mechanism to cope with phosphate starvation.
Plants over-expressing BHLH49 show increased hypocotyl and cotyledon lengths and increased flower size.
Transcriptional activator involved in cell elongation. Regulates the expression of a subset of genes involved in cell expansion by binding to the G-box motif.
Predominantly expressed in the root tip and in lateral root initiation sites. Also detected in expanding cotyledon, and in leaf primordia.
Transcriptional activator that mediates auxin signaling to promote lateral root development. Activates the expression of two downstream auxin-responsive genes, DBP and AIR3.
Ubiquitinated (Probable). The interaction with SINAT5 mediate its proteasome-dependent degradation (PubMed:12226665).
Acts as a flavonoid/H(+)-antiporter that control the vacuolar sequestration of flavonoids in the seed coat endothelium (PubMed:11283341, PubMed:17601828). Could transport the anthocyanin cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (PubMed:17601828) and epicatechin 3'-O-glucoside (PubMed:19684242) in vitro.
Expressed in reproductive tissues, from buds to siliques. Restricted to the endothelium layer of the ovule and the seed coat.
Expressed with a peak at the early globular stage and until the late heart-torpedo stage of embryo development.
Pale brown seeds due to a strong reduction of proanthocyanidin deposition in vacuoles of endothelial cells.
Positively regulated by the TT2-TT8-TTG1 complex.
May recognize microbe-derived N-acetylglucosamine (NAG)-containing ligands.
Accumulates even in dark-grown seedlings.
An article reported a lack of interaction with LPA2; however, this paper was later retracted.
Chaperone required for efficient photosystem II (PSII) assembly. Binds to psbA during de novo biogenesis of PSII.
Interacts with psbA, but not with psbD, petB, ALB3, LPA2 or LPA3. Is not a component of the PSII complex.
Pale-green phenotype and greatly reduced growth. Disturbed thylakoid membrane systems.
Mitochondrial membrane ATP synthase (F(1)F(0) ATP synthase or Complex V) produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane which is generated by electron transport complexes of the respiratory chain. F-type ATPases consist of two structural domains, F(1) - containing the extramembraneous catalytic core and F(0) - containing the membrane proton channel, linked together by a central stalk and a peripheral stalk. During catalysis, ATP synthesis in the catalytic domain of F(1) is coupled via a rotary mechanism of the central stalk subunits to proton translocation. Part of the complex F(0) domain (By similarity).
By abscisic acid (ABA) and osmotic stress.
Malonate--CoA ligase that catalyzes the formation of malonyl-CoA directly from malonate and CoA. May be required for the detoxification of malonate.
Plants overexpressing AAE13 show increased sensitivity to exogenous malonate.
Strong defects in growth and development and most of the plants die before flowering. Viable plants have a greatly reduced seed set with a low proportion of viable seed and accumulate malonate and succinate.
Overexpression of FIS1A increases the fission of peroxisomes and mitochondria.
Reduced plant growth. Increase in the size of mitochondria and decrease in the number of mitochondria per cell.
Disulfide bonds; Cys-289 and Cys-292 are probably involved in the formation of disulfide bridges with 'Cys-11' and 'Cys-105' of PGR5 while Cys-261 and Cys-264 are probably involved in the binding of a Fe-containing cofactor (FCC).
Homodimer and heterodimer with PGR5 (Probable). Interacts with PGR5, FD2, psaD1, LFNR1 and LFNR2. Interacts also with petC and a Fe-containing cofactor (FCC) (By similarity).
No visible phenotype; due to the redundancy with PGRL1A. Pgrl1a and pgrl1b double mutant grows slowly and has pale green leaves.
The C-terminal loop (247-313) is required for ferredoxin binding.
Protein S19 forms a complex with S13 that binds strongly to the 16S ribosomal RNA.
Highly expressed in the shoot apex, including the apical meristem, developing leaves and developing vascular system.
Induced by white light in dark-grown seedlings.
May play a role in the regulation of shoot development, downstream of photomorphogenic activation (Probable). Acts as negative regulator of abscisic acid (ABA) signaling during germination and early seedling development (PubMed:24808098).
Seeds over-expressing ZFP1 are insensitive to inhibition of germination by abscisic acid (ABA).
Extracellular signal peptide that regulates cell fate. May act with TDR as a ligand-receptor pair in a signal transduction pathway that represses tracheary element differentiation but promotes the formation of procambial cells adjacent to phloem cells in the veins. Regulates the transition of protophloem cells from proliferation to differentiation, thus impinging on postembryonic growth capacity of the root meristem; this signaling pathway requires CRN and CLV2 (PubMed:28607033).
Interacts specifically with the leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein kinase TDR, especially in the presence of SERK2.
Mostly expressed in flowers and leaves. Widely expressed along the vascular strands. In roots and hypocotyls, present in endodermal cells as well as cells in the phloem and the adjacent pericycle.
The O-glycosylation (arabinosylation) of the hydroxyproline Pro-107 enhances binding affinity of the CLE44p peptide for its receptor.
Mannosyltransferase involved in glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchor biosynthesis.
Vascular tissues, specifically in phloem companion cell-sieve element complexes.
Induced by excess of copper (at protein level).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants have increased sensitivity to excess of copper.
Over-expression of ATX1 confers increased tolerance to copper excess as well as subclinical copper deficiency (PubMed:22555879), but over-expressing plants are hypersensitive to severe copper deficiency (PubMed:22899077).
Plays an important role in copper homeostasis by conferring tolerance to excess of copper and subclinical copper deficiency during vegetative stage. Can complement the yeast mutants atx1 and sod1.
By salicylic acid (SA), by a bacterial pathogen infection or by oxidative stress. May be regulated by WRKY DNA-binding proteins at the transcriptional level.
Detected in root, stem, leaf and flower.
Interacts with SNRNP35, RNU1, SCL28, SCL30, SR30 and SR34. The binding to SR34 is phosphorylation-dependent (PubMed:15166240).
PPIases accelerate the folding of proteins. It catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptides. May be implicated in the folding, transport, and assembly of proteins. Probably involved in early steps of spliceosomal assembly.
Highly expressed in lateral root and elongation zone.
Calmodulin-binding protein essential for pollen germination, but not necessary for microsporogenesis or gametogenesis (PubMed:12928497).
Expressed only in pollen and in pollen tubes.
Normal pollen development, but no pollen germination.
The calmodulin-binding domain (CBD) is located between A-448 and A-496.
Lignin degradation and detoxification of lignin-derived products (By similarity). Required for root elongation in dehydration conditions.
Elongated and curled downward leaves. Upon infection, over-accumulation of cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) RNA and enhanced susceptibility to CMV.
Involved in sense transgene post-transcriptional gene silencing (S-PTGS). Not involved in repeat-induced transgene silencing (IR-PTGS). Essential component of the trans-acting short interfering RNA (tasiRNA) pathway. Required for the production of tasiRNAs (PubMed:17397509, PubMed:20798330). Acts together with RDR6 in generating double-stranded RNA from specific single-stranded RNAs. May be involved in the transport of RNA molecules that are converted into a double-stranded form by RDR6. Involved in virus-induced silencing. Not involved in the biogenesis of microRNAs and 24 nt siRNAs produced by DCL3 (PubMed:17397509).
Contains 4-hydroxyproline; hydroxylated on Pro-34, Pro-36, Pro-38 and Pro-40.
Endosperm development arrest and impaired polar nuclei fusion.
Required for endosperm development and polar nuclei fusion (PubMed:15634699). Mediates oxidation of p-hydroxylated derivatives of cinnamyl alcohol (i.e. the monolignols p-coumaryl-, coniferyl-, and sinapyl alcohol) to their corresponding aldehydes. Can also use the beta-O-glycosylated form of coniferyl alcohol (coniferin) as substrate, but is much less efficient towards cinnamyl alcohol. The electron acceptor required for these reactions is not known, but does not seem to be dioxygen (PubMed:26037923).
Plays a major role in chloroplast RNA editing. Acts as a site-recognition transacting factor involved in the edition of the site 2 of ndhD (ndhD-2), which encodes a subunit of the NDH complex.
Probable lipid transfer protein (LTP). May improve freezing survival. Seems to control the flowering process and lignin synthesis. Confers resistance to Botrytis cinerea.
Reduced cutin accumulation due to lower cutin biosynthesis. Early flowering in long-day conditions.
Transient accumulation in response to a brief exposures to cold.
Down-regulated by salt and cytokinin treatment.
Ubiquitous, with higher levels in roots and flowers. Confined to vascular tissues. Also detected in stigmas, base of siliques and anthers.
Component of a nucleolar small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particle (snoRNP) thought to participate in the processing and modification of pre-ribosomal RNA (By similarity). Essential for embryogenesis (By similarity). May function during late embryogenesis (PubMed:20699009).
Expressed both in the primary root and lateral root but not in the rosette leaves.
Induced by pathogenic bacteria Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) DC3000, jasmonate (MeJA), ethylene (ET) and salicylic acid (SA), mainly in shoots.
By nitrogen deficiency, sucrose and UV LIGHT (PubMed:17053893, PubMed:9839469). Triggered by HY5 in response to light and UV-B (PubMed:19895401).
Expressed in stems and flower buds (PubMed:9839469). Expressed in seedlings, roots, cotyledons and apical meristems (PubMed:17419845).
Flavonol-specific transcription activator involved in the regulation of several genes of flavonoid biosynthesis. Activates the expression of CHS, CHI, F3H and FLS1. Controls flavonol biosynthesis mainly in the root (PubMed:17419845, PubMed:20731781). Confers tolerance to UV-B (PubMed:19895401).
In seedlings, predominantly expressed in roots. Expressed predominantly in the root, in the vascular tissue of the hypocotyl-root transition zone and, at low levels, at the region of apical meristem and the apex of cotyledons.
Promotes flavonoid biosynthesis when expressed in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) through up-regulation of the biosynthetic genes. Tobacco plants exhibit increased insect (Spodoptera litura and Helicoverpa armigera) resistance due to enhanced accumulation of rutin.
Reduced flavonols levels in roots. The double mutant myb12 myb111 and triple mutant myb11 myb12 myb111 accumulate less flavonols in roots, leaves, stems, inflorescence, and siliques. The double mutant myb11 myb12 is specifically altered in flavonols content of siliques and roots (PubMed:20731781). The triple mutant myb11 myb12 myb111 is impaired in flavonols biosynthesis and exhibits a reduced UV-B tolerance (PubMed:17419845, PubMed:19895401).
Expressed in roots, stems, rosette and cauline leaves, flowers, buds and green siliques. Found in the tip of young primary leaves, in very young root tips and at later stages in all tissues of lateral root, including the vascular bundle. Not expressed in lateral root primordia, while directly emerging through the epidermis.
Lacks two Cys residues in the IBR-type zinc finger domain and two Cys residues in the RING-type zinc finger domain 2 that are conserved features of the family.
Catalytic subunit of the oligosaccharyl transferase (OST) complex that catalyzes the initial transfer of a defined glycan (Glc(3)Man(9)GlcNAc(2) in eukaryotes) from the lipid carrier dolichol-pyrophosphate to an asparagine residue within an Asn-X-Ser/Thr consensus motif in nascent polypeptide chains, the first step in protein N-glycosylation. N-glycosylation occurs cotranslationally and the complex associates with the Sec61 complex at the channel-forming translocon complex that mediates protein translocation across the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). All subunits are required for a maximal enzyme activity. This subunit contains the active site and the acceptor peptide and donor lipid-linked oligosaccharide (LLO) binding pockets (By similarity). Controls adaptive responses to salt/osmotic stress. Acts as a key glycosylation determinant for EFR function during plant innate immunity (PubMed:12972670, PubMed:19763086, PubMed:19763087).
Salt/osmotic sensitivity associated with root tip growth arrest and swelling and the induction of lateral roots.
Has the ability to complement a mutation of mutT in E.coli and thereby completely suppress the increased frequency of spontaneous mutations.
Increased level of 8-oxo-G in genomic DNA.
Magnesium may be the real cofactor in vivo.
Mediates the hydrolysis of some nucleoside diphosphate derivatives. Its substrate specificity is unclear. In vitro, it can use NTP, dNTP, 8-oxo-GTP, 8-oxo-dGTP, dGTP, dATP, dTTP or dihydroneopterin triphosphate (DHNTP) as substrate. Has some NADH pyrophosphatase activity in vitro; however, such activity may not be relevant in vivo due to the high concentration of manganese used during the experiments. Plays an important role in protection against oxidative DNA and RNA damage by removing oxidatively damaged form of guanine.
Not induced by paraquat, salinity, high light and drought.
Probable transcription factor that acts with partial redundancy with HULK2 and HULK3. Plays diverse and essential roles in the control of plant development, physiology and flowering time.
Expressed in shoot apical meristem, leaf primordia vascular tissues and tapetum of anthers.
Expressed throughout the cell cycle. Transiently expressed in the root tip during seed germination up to about 21 hours after stratification. Expressed during lateral root primordia formation, vascular tissue development, in fertilized ovules, and torpedo- and heart-stage embryos.
Interacts with CDKA-1, CDKB2-1, KRP4/ICK7, KRP5/ICK3, KRP6/ICK4 and KRP7/ICK5.
May activate cell cycle in the root apical meristem (RAM) and promote embryonic root (radicle) protrusion.
Belongs to the prenylcysteine oxidase family.
Expressed in seedilings, flowers, stems, leaves and roots.
Involved in the degradation of prenylcysteine. Cleaves specifically the thioether bond of S-farnesyl-L-cysteine and has no activity with S-geranylgeranyl-L-cysteine. Recognizes also N-acetyl-farnesylcysteine and may have a role in deprenylation of farnesylated proteins.
Plants with decreased levels of farnesylcysteine lyase exhibit delayed germination and hypersensitivity to abscisic acid.
Farnesylated at Cys-754 by FTB/ERA1; this modification triggers an exclusion from the nucleus.
Interacts with DDB1; the subcellular localization of this complex depends on farnesylation status (PubMed:26147561). Binds to HDA9 in the cytosol when farnesylated (PubMed:28663238).
May function as a substrate adapter for CUL4-DDB1 E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex (Probable). Negative regulator of fatty acid biosynthetic process and accumulation (PubMed:28663238). Acts as an abscisic acid (ABA) negative regulator (PubMed:26147561). Involved in responses to salt (NaCl) and osmotic (e.g. in response to mannitol and PEG) stresses (PubMed:26147561).
Production of 'obese' seeds characterized by increased weight, oil body density and higher fatty acid contents (PubMed:28663238). Increased sensitivity to abscisic acid (ABA) as well as salt (NaCl) and osmotic (e.g. in response to mannitol and PEG) stresses in term of seed germination and roots elongation (PubMed:26147561).
Acts as component of a complex regulating the turnover of mRNAs in the nucleus. Binds with high affinity to RNA molecules that contain U-rich sequences in 3'-UTRs. May function in complex with UBP1 and contribute to the stabilization of mRNAs in the nucleus. However, unlike UBP1, UBA1A does not stimulate pre-mRNA splicing.
Interacts with UBA1A, UBA2A, UBP1A, UBP1B and UBP1C.
Highly expressed in roots. Expressed in vascular tissue of leaves, sepals and siliques.
Plasma membrane broad-spectrum sugar-proton symporter. Mediates the uptake of linear polyols such as sorbitol, xylitol, erythritol or glycerol. Can transport the cyclic polyol myo-inositol and different hexoses, pentoses (including ribose), tetroses and sugar alcohols.
Widely expressed at low level. Expressed at higher level in seedlings and leaves.
EIF4F is a multi-subunit complex, the composition of which varies with external and internal environmental conditions. It is composed of at least EIF4A, EIF4E and EIF4G. EIF4E is also known to interact with other partners. In higher plants two isoforms of EIF4F have been identified, named isoform EIF4F and isoform EIF(iso)4F. Isoform EIF4F has subunits p220 and p26, whereas isoform EIF(iso)4F has subunits p82 and p28.
Recognizes and binds the 7-methylguanosine-containing mRNA cap during an early step in the initiation of protein synthesis and facilitates ribosome binding by inducing the unwinding of the mRNAs secondary structures.
An internal domain (143-652) is sufficient for assembly into supercomplex with Toc complex.
Belongs to the chloroplast envelope anion channel-forming Tic110 (TC 1.A.18) family.
Expressed in seedlings, flowers, leaves, stems and roots.
Inserts into the inner envelope membrane from the stroma after import from the cytoplasm.
Involved in protein precursor import into chloroplasts. Forms a voltage-dependent cation-selective channel at the inner envelope of chloroplasts, which specifically responds to a transit peptide. Associates with both the precursor and mature forms of the preprotein.
Part of the Tic complex. Interacts with HSP70, HSP93 and TIC40. Interacts with the Toc complex components TOC33, TOC75 and TOC159. Interacts with LTD.
Residues 235-420 contain a binding site for preprotein transit peptides.
The region 143-1016 is indicated to be located in the stroma (PubMed:12874276, PubMed:9632730) while the homologous region in pea TIC110 contains probably 4 trans-membrane domains resulting in 2 regions in the intermembrane space localized to form supercomplexes with the TOC machinery and to receive the transit peptide of preproteins.
Histone methyltransferase that methylates 'Lys-36' (H3K36me) of histone H3 to produce H3K36me3 (PubMed:29184030). Promotes early stages of cellular dedifferentiation through H3K36me3-dependent, and to a lesser degree H3K4me3-dependent, activation of Lateral organ Boundaries-Domain (LBD) (e.g. LBD16 and LBD29) genes (PubMed:29184030). Positive regulator of root organogenesis including lateral root formation as well as adventitious root formation from wounded leaf tissues (PubMed:29517958). Recruited by JMJ30/ARF (e.g. ARF7 and ARF19) complexes to promote the deposition of H3K36me3 and, to a lower extent, H3K4me3 at LBD genes promoters, thus ensuring their stable activation during callus formation on callus-inducing medium (CIM) (PubMed:29923261, PubMed:29184030).
Interacts with JMJ30 (PubMed:29923261). Binds to ARF7 and ARF19 in the nucleus (PubMed:29184030).
Reduced callus formation from somatic cells associated with an impaired reduction of H3K9me3 deposition and lower accumulation of H3K36me3 at LBD16 and LBD29 loci during leaf-to-callus transition (PubMed:29923261, PubMed:29184030). Lower lateral root formation and impaired ability to form adventitious root formation from wounded leaf tissues (PubMed:29517958). The double mutant jmj30-2 atxr2-1 is strongly impaired in callus formation (PubMed:29923261).
Ubiquitous, with higher expression levels in roots, flowers and siliques.
May encode a transcription factor involved in the elaboration of shoot apical meristems (SAM) (Probable). Together with NAC056/NARS1, regulates embryogenesis by regulating the development and degeneration of ovule integuments, a process required for intertissue communication between the embryo and the maternal integument (PubMed:18849494).
Restricted primarily to the region of the embryo including the SAM (PubMed:12175016). Expressed in the outer integument, but seems not expressed in the embryo at the torpedo stage (PubMed:18849494).
When associated with disruption in NAC056/NARS1, abnormally shaped seeds, defect in embryogenesis arrested at the torpedo-shaped embryo stage, markedly delayed integuments degeneration, and delay of silique senescence.
By jasmonic acid (e.g. 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid OPDA).
Enlarged peroxisomes and elongated mitochondria.
Involved in morphogenesis and proliferation of peroxisomes and mitochondria, independently from the previously defined pathway controlled by the FIS1-DRP3 complex.
Component of SUN-protein-containing multivariate complexes also called LINC complexes which link the nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton by providing versatile outer nuclear membrane attachment sites for cytoskeletal filaments (PubMed:24667841, PubMed:25759303). Required for the maintenance and/or formation of polarized nuclear shape in root hairs (PubMed:21294795, PubMed:25759303). Modulates the anchoring and mobility of WIP proteins and RANGAP1 in the nuclear envelope (NE) (PubMed:22270916). In association with SUN2, may be involved in telomere attachment to nuclear envelope in the prophase of meiosis (PubMed:25412930). As component of the SUN-WIP-WIT2-KAKU1 complex, mediates the transfer of cytoplasmic forces to the nuclear envelope (NE), leading to nuclear shape changes (PubMed:25759303).
Forms homomers (e.g. dimers, trimers and tetramers) and heteromers with SUN2 (PubMed:19807882, PubMed:25217773). Interacts with SUN3, SUN4 and TIK (PubMed:25217773). Core component of the LINC complex which is composed of inner nuclear membrane SUN domain-containing proteins coupled to outer nuclear membrane WIP and WIT proteins. The LINC complex also involves nucleoskeletal proteins CRWN/LINC and possibly KAKU4 and the cytoskeletal myosin KAKU1 (PubMed:25759303). Interacts with LINC1, WIP1, WIP2 and WIP3 at the nuclear envelope (NE) (PubMed:22270916, PubMed:24667841). Interacts with SINE1, SINE2, SINE3 and SINE4 (PubMed:24891605). Interacts with NEAP1, NEA2 and NEAP3 (PubMed:27630107).
No visible phenotype. When associated with SUN2 disruption, abnormal nuclear shape, rounded instead of elongated, in some cells (e.g. mature root hairs) but also numerous meiotic defects namely a delay in the progression of meiosis, absence of full synapsis and a reduction in the mean cell chiasma frequency.
Expressed in roots, rosette leaves, stems, floral buds and siliques.
Interacts with the GDP-bound form of RABA5C (via C-terminus).
Expressed in hypocotyls, shoot apices and lateral root primordia and, weakly, in vascular tissues.
Probable transcription regulator that acts as a developmental regulator by promoting cell growth in response to continuous red (cR), far-red (cFR) and blue (cB) light in a phytochrome-dependent manner, at least during seedling development.
Functions in the RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) pathway. Acts as a pre-mRNA splicing factor, likely by affecting Pol V transcripts. Affects DNA methylation of transposable elements (TEs) and preferentially influences NRPD1- and ROS1-targeted loci.
Expressed in guard cells of hypocotyls, stems leaves and petioles. Detected also in the phloem of minor veins and in flower at a lower level.
Highly selective inward-rectifying potassium channel. This voltage-dependent channel could mediate long-term potassium influx into guard cells leading to stomatal opening. Assuming opened or closed conformations in response to the voltage difference across the membrane, the channel is activated by hyperpolarization. The channel activity is enhanced upon external acidification.
The potassium channel is probably composed of a homo- or heterotetrameric complex of pore-forming subunits. May interact with KAT1 (Probable). Interacts with SLAC1 (PubMed:27002025).
Chloroplastic invertase that cleaves sucrose into glucose and fructose and may participate in the carbon flux between the cytosol and plastids in leaves.
F-type ATPases have 2 components, CF(1) - the catalytic core - and CF(0) - the membrane proton channel. CF(1) has five subunits: alpha(3), beta(3), gamma(1), delta(1), epsilon(1). CF(0) has four main subunits: a, b, b' and c (By similarity).
Expressed equally in mature leaves, buds, flowers, rosettes and roots.
Pmr6 mutations are pleiotropic, indicating that PMR6 plays a unique role in normal plant growth and development. The increased resistance in mutants is not mediated by the constitutive activation of the SA-dependent or the JA/ethylene-dependent defense pathway.
Susceptibility factor required for infection by most powdery mildews, but not by unrelated pathogens. Exact function not known, but clearly affects cell wall composition.
The C-terminal domain not found in other pectate lyase-like protein is required for PMR6 function since the pmr6-2 mutation confers resistance by introducing a frameshift in the mature mRNA which eliminates the C-terminal domain.
Endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment membrane
Required for the assembly of the V0 complex of the vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase) in the endoplasmic reticulum.
By sulfate deprivation and high methionine levels. Up-regulated by drought.
Catalyzes the degradation of L-methionine to alpha-ketobutyrate, methanethiol and ammonia. Exhibits a high activity toward L-methionine, L-ethionine, L-homocysteine and seleno-L-methionine, but not L-cysteine. Involved in an alternative cysteine biosynthesis pathway to the reverse trans-sulfuration pathway (methionine->homocysteine->cystathionine->cysteine) in which methanethiol is an intermediate. Mediates also an alternative isoleucine biosynthesis pathway in which 2-ketobutyrate is an intermediate.
Expressed in roots, stems, siliques, leaves, flowers and seeds after imbibition (at protein level). Transcripts accumulate in dry mature seeds, but at protein level, only present upon imbibition.
Increased leaves, flowers and seeds methionine content, and leaf and root S-methylmethionine content under conditions of sulfate starvation. Reduced MGL-mediated isoleucine biosynthesis from methionine.
At the vegetative stage, strongly expressed in the shoot meristem, leaf primordia and juvenile leaves. At the reproductive stage, localized in the young developing flowers. Expressed in inflorescence meristem and is up-regulated during flower initiation and formation of flower organs. Also found in cells that differentiate into pedicels.
Homodimer and heterodimer with ERECTA and TMM. Interacts with EPF1 and EPF2. Interacts with SERK1, SERK2, SERK3/BAK1 and SERK4 in a EPF1-induced manner (PubMed:26320950).
Mostly expressed in developing organs, including bud clusters, flowers, siliques and young rosettes. Also detected in mature aboveground organs, such as leaves, stems and pedicels, but barely in roots.
Receptor kinase that regulates inflorescence architecture and organ shape as well as stomatal patterning, including density and clustering, together with ER and ERL2. Redundantly involved with ER in procambial development regulation. Forms a functional ligand-receptor pair with EPF1 (AC Q8S8I4) (PubMed:22241782). Forms a constitutive complex with TMM involved in the recognition of the stomatal regulatory peptides EPF1, EPF2 and EPFL9/STOMAGEN (PubMed:28536146).
The kinase domain is not required for ligand binding.
Pale-green sepals and carpels and decreased chlorophyll levels.
Plants over-expressing PRE4 show long hypocotyls, pale green and slightly narrow leaves, elongated petioles and early flowering. They are not sensitive to the gibberellin inhibitor paclobutrazol during seed germination (PubMed:16527868).
By cold, drought stress and methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) treatment.
Transcriptional activator activated by proteolytic cleavage through regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP).
May be involved in the activation of fatty acids to acyl-carrier-protein.
Maybe required to maintain cell division activity in meristematic cells.
Overexpression of GLUTAMINE DUMPER 7 leads to free amino acid levels accumulation (Ref.6, PubMed:20018597).
During anther development, expressed from stage 6 to stage 9 in tapetal cells and developing microspores.
Plants silencing UND exhibit partial male sterility with reduced silique elongation and seed set. Premature apoptosis-like programmed cell death (PCD) in tapetum from developing anthers, leading to collapsed pollen grains.
Premature apoptosis-like programmed cell death (PCD) in tapetum and pollen from developing anthers, leading to collapsed pollen grains.
Probable aspartic protease activated by the transcription factor MYB80. May participate in the regulation of the timing of tapetal programmed cell death (PCD) which is critical for pollen development.
Hydrolase that can remove conjugated ubiquitin from proteins in vitro and may therefore play an important regulatory role at the level of protein turnover by preventing degradation (PubMed:21690391, PubMed:24659992). Binds chromatin (e.g. nucleosomes and histones) and has enzymatic histone deubiquitinase activity, specific for the H2B histone (PubMed:21690391, PubMed:28703681). Can both repress (e.g. OSR2) and promote (e.g. AN3) the expression of target genes by associating with chromatin, deubiquitinating H2B and regulating its euchromatic histone marks (e.g. H3ac and H3K4me) (PubMed:28703681). In association with LDL1/KDM1C, involved in transcriptional gene repression via histone deubiquitination and demethylation (PubMed:21690391). Promotes the concerted epigenetic regulation and repression (e.g. the removal of euchromatic histone acetylation, ubiquitination, and methylation marks) of a set of genes (e.g. GA20OX, WUS, OSR2, ARL and ABI5) that collectively limit plant growth thus stimulating plant growth and increasing cell size (PubMed:27999174).
Mostly expressed in stems flowers and siliques, and, to a lower extent, in leaves, roots and seedlings.
Up-regulated expression of GLP2A/GLP5A due to derepression associated with H2B hyperubiquitination of the target chromatin and H3K4 hypermethylation (PubMed:21690391). Abnormal hallmarks of euchromatin including H3 hyperacetylation, H2B monoubiquitination and H3K4 trimethylation in the gene encoding OSR2 leading to its increased expression (PubMed:27999174). Repressed expression of the AN3 gene associated with epigenetic modification (e.g. H2B hyperubiquitination and reduced H3ac and H3K4me) of its chromatin (PubMed:28703681).
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 58 family.
In the absence of ALG3 activity, the N-glycans transferred to proteins are aberrant, indicating that the oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) complex is substrate-tolerant.
No obvious phenotype under normal and high temperature or salt/osmotic stress conditions.
Required for N-linked oligosaccharide assembly. Adds the sixth mannose residue in an alpha-1,3 linkage onto the dolichol-PP-oligosaccharide precursor dolichol-PP-Man(5)GlcNAc(2).
Expressed in young developing leaves, roots, flowers and siliques.
Expressed transiently at the early stages of seedling development. Maximal expression is reached during week 3 after seed germination.
Required for the formation of a threonylcarbamoyl group on adenosine at position 37 (t(6)A37) in mitochondrial tRNAs that read codons beginning with adenine. Probably involved in the transfer of the threonylcarbamoyl moiety of threonylcarbamoyl-AMP (TC-AMP) to the N6 group of A37. Involved in mitochondrial genome maintenance (By similarity). May have a role in embryonic development in plants.
PPIase activity is unaffected on reduction.
PPIases accelerate the folding of proteins. It catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptides (By similarity). Involved in the accumulation of the PSII complex.
Functional small GTPase that acts as a negative factor controlling the light-dependent period shortening of circadian rhythms and light-induced phase resetting during the subjective night (PubMed:17683937). May protect the clock from excessive or mistimed light (PubMed:17683937). Suppresses red and blue light-mediated photomorphogenesis and is required for light-controlled inhibition of endoreplication and tolerance to salt stress (PubMed:23144185). The entrainment of the circadian clock is independent from the other pleiotropic effects (PubMed:23144185). Could be a regulator of seedling establishment (PubMed:23144185).
Has a GTPase activity despite the replacement of the highly conserved Glu-94 for His.
Short-period phenotype even in darkness and short hypocotyls in response to red and blue light but not to far-red light (PubMed:17683937). Altered cell shape and increased ploidy levels at the seedling stage (PubMed:23144185). Hypersensitivity to salt stress (PubMed:23144185).
D-box [RxxLxxxN] motif functions as a recognition motif for the ubiquitination machinery.
Expressed constitutively in roots, leaves, and flowers (PubMed:12679534). Expressed in root epidermal hair cells (PubMed:20139979).
Induced by jasmonate (JA) treatment (PubMed:31988260). Induced by low phosphate conditions (PubMed:27251390, PubMed:29651114).
Strong reduction in root hair number, density and length in seedlings.
Transcription factor involved in the regulation of root hair elongation (PubMed:20139979, PubMed:27251390, PubMed:27452638). Is sufficient to promote postmitotic cell growth in root-hair cells and is a direct transcriptional target of RHD6 and RSL1 (PubMed:20139979). Involved in the regulation of root hair elongation in response to low phosphate (PubMed:27251390, PubMed:29651114). Controls root hair cell growth by regulating the expression of genes encoding proteins involved in cell signaling, cell wall modification and secretion (PubMed:27452638).
Ubiquitinated (Probable). Ubiquitination leads to its subsequent degradation by the 26S proteasome (PubMed:27251390).
Catalyzes xyloglucan endohydrolysis (XEH) and/or endotransglycosylation (XET). Cleaves and religates xyloglucan polymers, an essential constituent of the primary cell wall, and thereby participates in cell wall construction of growing tissues. Has a high XET activity, but little or no XEH activity in vitro. Acceptor preferences are XXXGol > XLLGol = XLFGol > XXLGol > XXFGol.
Down-regulated by auxin (PubMed:11673616). Down-regulated by aluminum (PubMed:21285327). Repressed by far-red light (FRc) (PubMed:14645728).
No visible growth defects, but increased aluminum resistance.
Strongly expressed in roots, hypocotyls and cotyledons. Aslo detected in inflorescence stems and in the carpels and styles in flowers.
May be involved in the regulation of photosystem II.
Essential component of the vacuolar proton pump (V-ATPase), a multimeric enzyme that catalyzes the translocation of protons across the membranes. Required for assembly and activity of the V-ATPase.
Essential component of the vacuolar proton pump (V-ATPase), a multimeric enzyme that catalyzes the translocation of protons across the membranes. Required for assembly and activity of the V-ATPase. Involved in vacuolar nutrient storage (e.g. accumulation and storage of nitrate) and in tolerance to some toxic ions (e.g. zinc ions sequestration in vacuoles).
Expressed in etiolated seedlings hypocotyls.
When associated with VHA-a2 disruption, day-length-dependent growth retardation associated with a reduced accumulation and storage of nitrate ions in vacuoles. Increased sensitivity to zinc ions due to a lower zinc ions sequestration in vacuoles. Reduced calcium content. No effect on sensitivity to sodium ions.
Belongs to the peptidase M20A family. ArgE subfamily.
Binds 2 Zn(2+) or Co(2+) ions per subunit.
Dwarf phenotype, delayed senescence, collapsed xylem and significant reduction of lignin content in ecotype Columbia (PubMed:19674336). Retarded growth, impaired upright growth, altered leaf morphology, dark green leaves, collapsed xylem and strong decrease in lignin content in ecotype Landsberg erecta (PubMed:11389761).
Involved in the latter stages of lignin biosynthesis. Catalyzes one of the last steps of monolignol biosynthesis, the conversion of cinnamoyl-CoAs into their corresponding cinnamaldehydes.
Interacts with phytochrome A (PHYA), both in Pr and Pfr forms.
Catalyzes the oxidation of cytokinins, a family of N(6)-substituted adenine derivatives that are plant hormones, where the substituent is an isopentenyl group (PubMed:11504909, PubMed:14555694). Catalyzes in vitro the oxidation of various types of cytokinin nucleotides that are known as direct products of cytokinin biosynthesis (PubMed:20825956). Promotes adventitious root initiation downstream of MYC2-dependent jasmonate signaling (PubMed:34329421). Cytokinin degraded by CKX1 is required for cell division in the female gametophyte by modulating the expression of cell cycle genes (PubMed:35995110).
Expressed in shoot apexes, lateral shoot meristems, growing tissues of young flowers, and weakly at the root-hypocotyl junction.
The enzymatic activity is significantly greater under acidic conditions in vitro.
Expressed in shoots, leaves, flowers and siliques. Expressed in leaf petiole.
Low-affinity proton-dependent nitrate transporter. Not involved in dipeptides transport.
Up-regulated in the shoots by nitrate, but no changes in the roots.
Wider leaves resulting from increased cell expansion. Lower nitrate content of the petiole and midrib.
Belongs to the pseudouridine synthase RsuA family.
Highly expressed in young seedlings. Expressed in roots, rosette leaves, cauline leaves, stems and flowers.
Responsible for synthesis of pseudouridine in chloroplastic 23S ribosomal RNA (Probable). Necessary for normal chloroplast rRNA processing and translation. Required for normal chloroplast development and maintenance. May function in other plastids, such as root amyloplasts (PubMed:18599582).
Yellow-green leaves and significantly reduced plant size. Impaired rRNA processing and translation in chloroplasts.
Catalyzes the third of the four reactions of the long-chain fatty acids elongation cycle. This endoplasmic reticulum-bound enzymatic process, allows the addition of two carbons to the chain of long- and very long-chain fatty acids/VLCFAs per cycle. This enzyme catalyzes the dehydration of the 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA intermediate into trans-2,3-enoyl-CoA, within each cycle of fatty acid elongation. Thereby, it participates in the production of VLCFAs of different chain lengths that are involved in multiple biological processes as precursors of membrane lipids and lipid mediators. May be an anti-phosphatase that prevents CDKA-1 dephosphorylation and activation. Involved in the hormonal control of cell division and differentiation. Required for proliferation control of meristematic and non-meristematic cells. Negative regulator of the cell cycle.
High expression in young seedlings, roots, root tips, flowers and young siliques. Lower levels in leaves and stems.
Interacts with CDKA-1; but only with the 'Tyr-15' phosphorylated protein. Interacts with PAS1. Part of the fatty acid elongase complex which contains a beta-ketoacyl-CoA synthase (KCS), a beta-ketoacyl-CoA reductase (KCR), a beta-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydratase (HCD) and an enoyl-CoA reductase (ECR) (Probable).
Plants with reduced expression of PAS2 show impaired embryo and seedling development associated with cell de-differentiation and proliferation. Root growth is reduced, due to a delay in cell plate establishment during cytokinesis (PubMed:21896643).
Shares some similarity with tyrosine phosphatase proteins but it has probably no phosphatase activity since the potential active site Cys residue in position 65 is replaced by Gly.
Expressed in roots, emerging lateral roots, cotyledons, leaves, floral stalks and flowers.
The B regulatory subunit may modulate substrate selectivity and catalytic activity, and may also direct the localization of the catalytic enzyme to a particular subcellular compartment (By similarity). The holoenzyme composed of PP2AA1, PP2A4 and B'ZETA acts as negative regulator of plant innate immunity by controlling BAK1 phosphorylation state and activation in surface-localized immune receptor complexes (PubMed:25085430). Required for the formation of the PP2A holoenzyme that negatively regulates brassinosteroid signaling by dephosphorylating and inactivating BRI1 in the cytoplasm (PubMed:26517938). Involved in growth regulation and stress signaling. Involved in the regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling (PubMed:26012558).
By nematode infection in roots. Down-regulated by salt stress in root meristem and replication blocking agents (hydroxyurea and aphidicolin).
CDK kinase activated by CDKF-1. CDK kinase activity inhibited by KRP1/ICK1, KRP2/ICK2, KRP3/ICK6, KRP4/ICK7, KRP5/ICK3, KRP6/ICK4 and KRP7/ICK5. Down-regulated by phosphorylation by WEE1.
Expressed throughout the cell cycle. Expressed in actively dividing cells: root and shoot apical meristems, leaf primordia and emerging lateral root meristem. Expressed in light-grown seedlings from 1 up to 7 days after germination with a peak at 2 and 3 days.
Interacts with CDT1A, CYCA2-3, CYCD2-1, CYCD3-1, CYCD4-1, CYCD4-2, CYCH1-1, CYCU1-1, CYCU2-1, CYCU2-2, CYCU3-1, CYCU4-1, CYCU4-2, CYCU4-3, CKS1, KRP2/ICK2, KRP3/ICK6, KRP4/ICK7, KRP6/ICK4, KRP7/ICK5, and C-terminal domain of KRP1/ICK1. Interacts with WEE1 and TIF4A-1/EIF4A-1. Interacts with PAS2; when phosphorylated at Tyr-15. Interacts with SMR3, SMR4, SMR5, SMR6, SMR8 and At4g14310. Binds to CYCD3-2 (PubMed:24687979). Component of a DREAM-like complex which modulates a variety of developmentally regulated genes and of the mitotic genes in proliferating and differentiated cells. Interacts with MYB3R3 at later and with MYB3R4 at earlier stages of leaf development (PubMed:26069325). May interact with SPCH (PubMed:25680231).
Involved in the control of the cell cycle. Essential for both G1/S and G2/M (mitosis) phase transitions. Functions in cell morphogenesis as well as cell proliferation. Required for cell division (entry into mitosis) of the generative cell in male gametogenesis. Required to trigger guard mother cells (GMC) symmetric divisions at the late stage of stomatal development, probably via the regulation of G1 to S transition in the cell cycle. Required for the function of SPCH in entering the stomatal lineage (PubMed:25680231). Promotes divisions in the guard cells (GCs) after the guard mother cells (GMC) symmetric division when in the presence of CYCD3-2 via the phosphorylation of SPCH (PubMed:24687979, PubMed:25680231).
Phosphorylated at Tyr-15 by WEE1. Phosphorylation at Thr-161 is important for the kinase activity and substrate binding. Binding to the anti-phosphatase PAS2 prevents dephosphorylation.
Plants display lethal male gametophyte (PubMed:16460514, PubMed:25680231). Impaired stomata formation with arrested guard mother cells (GMC) divisions (PubMed:25680231). Impaired last mitotic division in the male gametophyte, leading to 50 percent of pollen with two gametes (PubMed:25680231). The double mutant flp-1 myb88 displays an enhanced stomatal phenotype with more and larger stomatal clusters. Triple mutants cdka;1 flp-1 myb88 don't have guard cells stacks but accumulates sGCs (PubMed:24687979).
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the PRA-PH family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the PRA-CH family.
Ubiquitously expressed throughout development.
Expressed in leaves, sepals, petals, stamens, carpels and developing ovules.
Plays a role in seed and fruit development. Functions probably in association with CYP78A9 in the regulation of seed growth. Acts maternally to promote seed growth.
The gain of function mutants eod3-1D (T-DNA tagging) show increased size of leaves, flowers and seeds, but defects in reproductive development.
Accumulates throughout young developing leaves, before being confined to the vasculature of older leaves (PubMed:19837869). Expressed during seed coat development, reaching peak expression late in differentiation at 10 days post anthesis (DPA) (PubMed:21518777).
Expressed in roots, stems, leaves, seedlings, apex, flowers, siliques, flower organs and seeds (including seed coat).
Forms corepressor complexes with SLK1 and SLK2; LUH is the transcription repressor subunit and SLK1 and SLK2 the specific DNA-binding adapters (PubMed:24564815). Interacts with SEU (PubMed:18390806). Binds to YAB3, YAB5 and YAB1/FIL; these complexes promote adaxial cell identity in leaves as well as embryonic shoot apical meristem (SAM) initiation and postembryonic SAM maintenance (PubMed:19837869).
Strong defects in seed mucilage extrusion; no mucilage capsule formation and slightly irregular columellae in seeds. Altered structure of mucilage that accumulates abnormal levels of substituted rhamnogalacturonan I and methyl-esterified homogalacturonan. Increased amount of most sugars associated with an increase in methylation of the mucilage and/or primary cell wall pectins (PubMed:11706181, PubMed:21362134, PubMed:21402796, PubMed:21518777). Reduced MUM2 expression in seed coat and embryo. Shorter roots (PubMed:21402796). Enhanced tolerance to salt and osmotic stress conditions (PubMed:24564815). In plants lacking both LUG and LUH, embryo lethality and abnormal flowers (PubMed:18390806). Enhance the polarity and growth defects of luh/+ lug mutant leaves, being partially abaxialized (PubMed:19837869).
Transcription repressor subunit of the SEU-SLK1 and SEU-SLK2 transcriptional corepressor of abiotic stress (e.g. salt and osmotic stress) response genes, by means of an epigenetic process involving histone modification (e.g. H3K9 and H3K14 acetylation), probably by recruiting HDAC, to facilitate the condensation of chromatin thus preventing transcription at the target genes (PubMed:24564815). Can also act as a transcription activator (PubMed:21518777). Implicated in embryo and floral development (PubMed:18390806). Involved in post-synthesis cell wall modifications necessary for mucilage extrusion from seeds upon imbibition, probably by promoting the expression of genes required for mucilage maturation (e.g. MUM2) (PubMed:11706181, PubMed:21362134, PubMed:21402796, PubMed:21518777). Regulates the maintenance on leaf polarity and meristem activity as well as the initiation of embryonic shoot apical meristem (SAM) development (PubMed:19837869).
Homooligomer. Interacts with ARC5 on peroxisomes and ELM1 on mitochondria.
Involved in the control of mitochondrial and peroxisomal division and morphology. In association with PEX11C, PEX11D, PEX11E and FIS1B, is involved in cell cycle-associated constitutive self-replication of preexisting peroxisomes.
Reduced plant growth. Increase in the size of peroxisomes and decrease in the number of peroxisomes per cell. Elongated mitochondria.
Ubiquitous. Preferentially expressed in flowers.
Expressed in leaves, stems and developing seeds.
Abnormal general transcriptome profiling (PubMed:26571494). Reduced ethylene sensitivity (PubMed:27694846).
Interacts with RBL (PubMed:30338215). Interacts with the Agrobacterium tumefaciens virulence protein F (VirF) in the nucleus (PubMed:26571494). Binds to EIN2 and EIN3 C-terminal regions in the presence of ethylene to facilitate their association with histone (PubMed:27694846, PubMed:28874528). Binds to histones in chromatin specific regions associated with ethylene regulated loci (PubMed:28874528). Binds to the promoter region of genes influenced by ethylene (PubMed:29298835). Interacts with SRT1 and SRT2; this interaction is enhanced in the presence of ethylene (PubMed:29298835).
Transcription regulator (PubMed:26571494). Associates with chromatin regions that are associated with ethylene-responses in absence and in presence of ethylene (PubMed:28874528). In the presence of ethylene, promotes histone acetylation in an EIN2- and EIN3-dependent manner, mainly on H3K14 and H3K23, thus regulating positively ethylene-responsive genes (PubMed:27694846, PubMed:28874528).
Interacts (via C-terminal PIF domain) with PDPK1.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but the quadruple d6pk, d6pkl1, d6pkl2 and d6pkl3 mutants are deficient in lateral root formation and mildly agravitropic, have fused or single cotyledons and narrow and twisted leaves, form few axillary shoots, exhibits basal shift in root hairs positioning, are almost infertile and impaired in phototropic hypocotyl bending when exposed to lateral white light.
Protein kinase that regulates the auxin transport activity of PIN auxin efflux facilitators by direct phosphorylation. D6PK-mediated PIN phosphorylation promotes auxin transport in the hypocotyl and this is a prerequisite for PHOT1-dependent hypocotyl bending. Phosphorylates PIN1, PIN2, PIN3, PIN4 and PIN7 in vitro and PIN1 in vivo. Acts as a lipid domain-dependent mediator of root epidermal planar polarity via the binding to phosphatidylinositol phosphates (e.g. PtdIns(3)P, PtdIns(4)P, PtdIns(5)P, PtdIns(3,5)P(2), PtdIns(4,5)P(2), PtdIns(3,4,5)P(3) and phosphatidic acid) (PubMed:27251533).
During embryo development, expressed throughout embryos at the globular, heart, torpedo and bent-cotyledon stages.
Embryonic lethality leading to aborted seed development.
Expressed in shoot apical meristem, leaf primordia, vasculature of young leaves, inflorescence meristem, floral meristem, young floral organs, developing ovules and anthers.
Transcription elongation factor that enhances the transcription elongation by RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) (By similarity). Plays an important role in regulating embryo apical and basal patterning during early embryogenesis, partly through negative regulation of the transcription factors PHABULOSA and PHAVOLUTA.
Transcription elongation factor that enhances transcription elongation by RNA polymerase II (RNAPII).
Belongs to the 4-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA thioesterase family. DHNA-CoA hydrolase subfamily.
Catalyzes the hydrolysis of the thioester bond of 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoyl-CoA (DHNA-CoA) in peroxisomes, a necessary step to form the naphthoquinone ring of phylloquinone (vitamin K(1)). Displayed also slight thioesterase activity towards benzoyl-CoA. Is not active on phenylacetyl-CoA, succinyl-CoA and palmitoyl-CoA thioesters.
May originate from a horizontal gene transfer with a bacterial species of the Lactobacillales order.
Reduced DHNA-CoA thioesterase activity and phylloquinone content.
Expressed in green tissues and in roots.
Protein acetyltransferase with dual specificity triggering both N-alpha-acetylation (NTA), with a large spectrum of modified N-termini, including methionine, alanine, serine, threonine and to a lower extent valine as substrates, and epsilon-lysine acetylation (KA).
The primary product of this enzyme is 4,2',4',6'-tetrahydroxychalcone (also termed naringenin-chalcone or chalcone) which can under specific conditions spontaneously isomerize into naringenin.
Expressed in the floral organ abscission zone and flower buds.
In floral buds, early expressed before the activation of the abscission zone and the expression of most of the genes known to be involved in floral organ shedding.
Apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) endonuclease involved in active DNA demethylation and gene imprinting (PubMed:25569774). According to a report, also displays an in vitro 3'-phosphatase activity (PubMed:25569774). According to another report, has no in vitro 3'-phosphatase activity (PubMed:25228464). Catalyzes the conversion of the 3'-blocking groups 3'-phosphor-alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehyde (3'-PUA) generated by ROS1 to 3'-OH (PubMed:25228464, PubMed:25569774). Has a strong non-specific affinity to DNA (PubMed:25228464). Redundant with APE2 and at least one functional allele is required for seed viability (PubMed:19172180).
Expressed in leaves, flower buds and developing siliques. Not detected in roots.
Interacts with ROS1 (PubMed:25569774). ROS1 is required for APE1L to stably associate with the DNA substrate (PubMed:25569774).
No visible phenotype (PubMed:19172180, PubMed:25569774). Ape1l ape2 double mutants are embryo lethal (PubMed:19172180). Ape1l arp double mutants have no visible phenotype (PubMed:19172180). Zdp ape1l double mutants are embryo lethal and cause DNA hypermethylation and down-regulation of imprinted genes in the endosperm (PubMed:25569774).
Probably binds two magnesium ions per subunit.
Component of the ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase (cytochrome b-c1 complex, complex III, CIII), a multisubunit enzyme composed of 3 respiratory subunits cytochrome b, cytochrome c1 and Rieske protein, 2 core protein subunits, and additional low-molecular weight protein subunits.
Catalyzes the demethylation of isoprenylcysteine methylesters (By similarity). May be involved in the regulation of ABA signaling (By similarity).
Belongs to the pyruvate, phosphate/water dikinase regulatory protein family. PDRP subfamily.
Bifunctional serine/threonine kinase and phosphorylase involved in the dark/light-mediated regulation of PPDK by catalyzing its phosphorylation/dephosphorylation. Dark/light-induced changes in stromal concentrations of the competing ADP and Pi substrates govern the direction of the reaction. In the dark, phosphorylates the catalytic intermediate of PPDK (PPDK-HisP), inactivating it. Light exposure induces the phosphorolysis reaction that reactivates PPDK. Unlike the kinase function which can utilize either Thr or Ser as target, the phosphorylase function has a strict substrate requirement for threonyl phosphate.
The initial 51 amino acids are sufficient to act as a chloroplast transit peptide and the removal of the next 35 amino acids reduces the strength of interaction with PPDK significantly, which suggested that these residues are important for binding RP1 and may not be part of the transit peptide (PubMed:21883547).
Amino acid-proton symporter. Transporter with a broad specificity for neutral and acidic amino acids. Basic amino acids are only marginally transported. Involved in import of amino acids into the tapetum cells for synthesis of compounds important for microspore structure.
Expressed in flower buds and to lower levels in leaves and stems. Not detected in roots and siliques. Restricted to the tapetum cell layer.
Inhibited by diethylstibestrol (DES), 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) and carbonlycyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP).
Expressed in seedlings, leaves, stems, flowers, siliques and roots.
Regulates plant architecture, shape of epidermal pavement cells and branching of trichomes.
Altered DNA methylation of root hair-related genes and altered phosphate (Pi)-responsive root traits (PubMed:29061907). Abnormal responses upon Pi starvation leading to the formation of very short root hairs instead of increased lateral root formation and increased root hair length (PubMed:29061907). On low-Pi media, altered H3K4 and H3K27 trimethylation levels at the transcriptional start site of a subset of genes encoding key players in Pi homeostasis thus leading to a reduced transcription of these genes (PubMed:29061907, PubMed:29301952). Under Pi-replete conditions, constitutive Pi deficiency root phenotype such as attenuated primary root growth associated with increased root hairs development (PubMed:29061907, PubMed:29301952). Accumulation of proteins involved in chromatin remodeling and altered distribution of reactive oxygen species along the root (PubMed:29301952).
Hydrolase that can remove conjugated ubiquitin from proteins in vitro and may therefore play an important regulatory role at the level of protein turnover by preventing degradation (Probable). Inactive cysteine protease (PubMed:24659992). Deubiquitinating enzyme which regulates gene expression by contributing to chromatin organization and DNA methylation patterns (e.g. H3K4me3 and H3K27me3) (PubMed:29061907). Involved in the interpretation of environmental information, probably by altering chromatin organization and maintaining redox homeostasis (PubMed:29301952). Required for phosphate (Pi) homeostasis (e.g. responses upon Pi starvation including DNA methylation and histone methylation) (PubMed:29061907, PubMed:29301952). Negative regulator of root hair morphogenesis (PubMed:29301952).
By 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid (INA) and salicylic acid (possibly an endogenous signal for acquired resistance). Strongly induced by pathogen infection.
Partially responsible for acquired pathogen resistance.
By the diamond-back moth Plutella xylostella, the generalist herbivore Spodoptora littoralis, infection with P.syringae, jasmonate, cis-jasmone, phytoprostane A1 and 12-oxo phytodienoic acid (OPDA).
May play a role in cis-jasmone-activated defense response to aphids.
Belongs to the dienelactone hydrolase family.
Catalyzes the oxidation of L-galactose to L-galactono-1,4-lactone in the presence of NAD(+). Uses NAD(+) as a hydrogen acceptor much more efficiently than NADP(+).
Lower leaf ascorbate concentration with accumulation of L-galactose when grown under high light conditions.
Induced under phosphate deprivation conditions.
Probable transcription factor involved in phosphate homeostasis. Involved in the regulation of the developmental response of lateral roots, acquisition and/or mobilization of phosphate and expression of a subset of genes involved in phosphate sensing and signaling pathway. Is a target of the transcription factor PHR1.
Reduced number and length of lateral roots.
Accumulates in response to flg22 (at protein levels).
Activator of mRNA decapping. Involved in mRNA decay via decapping. Involved in disease resistance in response to biotrophic and necrotrophic pathogens. Is part of a signaling pathway including MPK4 and the disease resistance protein SUMM2.
Phosphorylated at Ser-208 by MPK4 upon flg22 elicitation. Phosphorylated at Ser-200, Ser-342 and Ser-343 upon flg22 elicitation.
Serrated leaf and reduced plant size. Constitutive expression of the defense-related gene PR1 and enhanced resistance to the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato strain DC3000.
By senescence (PubMed:8883383) and phosphate starvation (PubMed:21323773).
Expressed in roots, shoots, rosette leaves, stems, flowers and siliques.
Hydrolyzes glycerolphosphoglycerol, glycerophosphocholine and glycerophosphoethanolamine in vitro. May be involved in release of inorganic phosphate (Pi) from phospholipids during Pi starvation.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants show reduced glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase activity under phosphate starvation.
2-oxoglutarate (OG)- and Fe(II)-dependent dioxygenase (2OGD) involved in scopoletin biosynthesis (PubMed:18547395, PubMed:29581584). Converts feruloyl CoA into 6'-hydroxyferuloyl CoA but has no activity with ferulic acid, feruloylquinic acid, caffeic acid, caffeoyl CoA, p-coumaric acid, cinnamic acid, cinnamoyl CoA or benzoyl CoA (PubMed:18547395). Required for the production and secretion of compounds (e.g. fluorescent coumarins) that facilitate the mobilization and uptake of iron from sources with low bioavailability or in high pH-induced iron deficiency conditions (PubMed:23735511, PubMed:24246380). Involved in the pathway of sideretin biosynthesis from feruloyl CoA, a redox-active catecholic metabolite exuded by roots in response to iron deficiency in order to facilitate the uptake of iron; this pathway consists in the successive conversion from feruloyl CoA to scopoletin, from scopoletin to fraxetin and from fraxetin to sideretin (PubMed:29581584). Catalyzes the biosynthesis of scopoletin from feruloyl CoA (PubMed:29581584).
Highly expressed in roots, especially in the cortex.
No visible phenotype, but severe reductions in scopoletin and scopolin levels in the roots (PubMed:18547395, PubMed:29581584). Compromised iron uptake from an iron source of low bioavailability; this phenotype is partially rescued when grown alongside wild-type seedlings, presumably by secreted phenolics and flavins (PubMed:23735511). Loss of fluorescent coumarins (including sideretin, scopolin, scopoletin, esculin, esculetin, and fraxetin) root secretion in response to iron deficiency. Impaired iron-uptake ability at elevated pH (e.g. pH 7.2) leading to chlorotic and stunted plants; this phenotype is rescued by fraxetin, scopoletin, esculin, esculetin and sideretin treatments (PubMed:29581584, PubMed:24246380).
Up-regulated by 2,4-D treatment (PubMed:18547395). Induced by iron deficiency, mainly in roots (PubMed:24246380, PubMed:23735511).
Removes the formyl group from the N-terminal Met of newly synthesized proteins. Has a preferred substrate specificity towards the photosystem II (PS II) D1 polypeptide.
Acts as a transcriptional repressor. Negative regulator of jasmonate responses. Connects the JAZ proteins and the non-JAZ protein TIFY8 with the TOPLESS corepressors.
Component of a complex at least composed of TOPLESS, TPR2, TPR3, TIFY4B/PPD2, MYC3/ATR2 and TIFY3B/JAZ12. Interacts (via C-terminus) with TIFY10A/JAZ1; TIFY10B/JAZ2; TIFY6B/JAZ3; TIFY6A/JAZ4; TIFY11A/JAZ5; TIFY11B/JAZ6; TIFY7/JAZ9; TIFY9/JAZ10; TIFY3A/JAZ11; TIFY3B/JAZ12; TIFY4A/PPD1; TIFY4B/PPD2 and TIFY8 (via TIFY domain). Interacts with TOPLESS (PubMed:20360743, PubMed:24416306). Interacts with PAT1H1 (PubMed:26956135).
Unlike the JAZ proteins, the stability of AFPH2/NINJA is unaffected by jasmonate.
Expressed in the phloem of the mother plant, including in roots, stem, leaves and flowers, but not present in the seed and embryo. In maturing siliques, found all through the funiculus connecting the placenta to the ovule, but not in the ovule.
The regulatory role of DOF3.7/DAG1 appears to be opposite to that of DOF2.5/DAG2. Both zinc finger proteins may act on a maternal switch that controls seed germination, possibly by regulating the same gene(s).
Transcription factor specifically involved in the maternal control of seed germination. Regulates transcription by binding to a 5'-AA[AG]G-3' consensus core sequence. May ensure the inactivity of a component that would be activated to trigger germination as a consequence of red light perception.
Component of the U4/U6-U5 tri-snRNP complex composed of the U4, U6 and U5 snRNAs and pre-mRNA-splicing factors (By similarity). Interacts with STA1 and SOP1 (PubMed:25684655).
Developmental defects, semi-dwarf phenotype and reduced growth.
Involved in pre-mRNA splicing. Required for the assembly of the U4/U5/U6 tri-snRNP complex, one of the building blocks of the spliceosome (By similarity). Functions in association with STA1 and ZOP1 in spliceosome dynamics and pre-mRNA splicing. Required for transcriptional regulation and pre-mRNA splicing of cold-responsive genes, such as LTI78/RD29A, KIN2/COR6.6 or COR15A, especially under cold stress. May play a role in stress response. Involved in transcriptional gene silencing of endogenous transposable elements, independently of the RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) pathway. Seems not to participate in the small RNA biogenesis of the RdDM pathway (PubMed:25684655).
Was originally (Ref.1) erroneously named IAA29.
May be involved in abscisic acid signaling by acting as a kinase regulator.
Belongs to the WD repeat DCAF13/WDSOF1 family.
Predominantly expressed in leaves and flowers.
Probable transcription factor that may act in the sucrose-signaling pathway.
Belongs to the TPT transporter family. UGnT (TC 2.A.7.15) subfamily.
Mediates the transport of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) across the Golgi apparatus membrane (PubMed:30224661). Delivers an essential substrate for the maturation of N-glycans and the GlcNAc-containing glycosyl inositol phosphorylceramide (GIPC) class of sphingolipids in the Golgi apparatus (PubMed:30224661).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants have increased levels of high mannose N-glycans, decreased levels of complex N-glycans, and are insensitive to root growth inhibition by salt stress.
Involved in disease resistance via the salicylic acid (SA) signaling pathway (PubMed:18315541, PubMed:27016096). Involved in shoot architecture development via the cytokinin signaling pathway (PubMed:18315541, PubMed:27016096).
The gain-of-function mutant uni-1D (T-DNA tagging) exhibits bushy and severe dwarf phenotype, due to altered shoot architecture caused by enhanced axillary branch formation via the cytokinin pathway (PubMed:18315541). Uni-1D plants exhibit constitutive expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes through salicylic acid accumulation (PubMed:18315541). 'Uni' means sea urchin in Japanese (PubMed:18315541).
Preferentially expressed in flowers, siliques, and upper stems. Expressed in cotyledons, at the base of the shoot apical meristem and developing leaf primordia.
Up-regulated by cytokinin, auxin, paclobutrazol and gibberellin A3 (GA3).
Expressed at low levels in flowers, stems, roots and leaves.
Sulfotransferase that utilizes 3'-phospho-5'-adenylyl sulfate (PAPS) as sulfonate donor to specifically catalyze the sulfate conjugation of brassinosteroids, including castasterone (CS), brassinolide (BL), related 24-epimers, and the naturally occurring (22R, 23R)-28-homobrassinosteroids. No activity on phenolic acids, desulfo-glucosinolates, flavonoids, steroids, gibberellic acids, cytokinins, phenylpropanoids, hydroxyjasmonates and coumarins.
Forms a homotrimer with a solvated central pore, which is connected laterally to the cytosol through the cavity within each protomer. Acts as a lipid scramblase that uses its central pore to function: the central pore opens laterally to accommodate lipid headgroups, thereby enabling lipid flipping and redistribution of lipids added to the outer leaflet of ATG9-containing vesicles, thereby enabling growth into autophagosomes.
Homotrimer; forms a homotrimer with a central pore that forms a path between the two membrane leaflets.
Low resolution structures by electron microscopy suggested the presence of six transmembrane regions (PubMed:31276439). However, high resolution structures in human and S.pombe showed that it is composed of four transmembrane and two intramembrane regions (By similarity).
Mutant plants are hypersensitive to nitrogen or carbon starvation and show early bolting senescence.
Phospholipid scramblase involved in autophagy by mediating autophagosomal membrane expansion (PubMed:12114572, PubMed:24805779). Cycles between the preautophagosomal structure/phagophore assembly site (PAS) and the cytoplasmic vesicle pool and supplies membrane for the growing autophagosome. Lipid scramblase activity plays a key role in preautophagosomal structure/phagophore assembly by distributing the phospholipids that arrive through ATG2 from the cytoplasmic to the luminal leaflet of the bilayer, thereby driving autophagosomal membrane expansion (By similarity). In addition to autophagy, also plays a role in necrotic cell death (By similarity). Plays an essential role in plant nutrient recycling (PubMed:12114572).
Phospholipid scramblase involved in autophagy. Cycles between the preautophagosomal structure/phagophore assembly site (PAS) and the cytoplasmic vesicle pool and supplies membrane for the growing autophagosome. Lipid scramblase activity plays a key role in preautophagosomal structure/phagophore assembly by distributing the phospholipids that arrive through ATG2 from the cytoplasmic to the luminal leaflet of the bilayer, thereby driving autophagosomal membrane expansion.
Dwarf phenotype and altered flavonol glycoside pattern (PubMed:24251900). The accumulation of kaempferol 3-O-rhamnoside-7-O-rhamnoside in the mutant inhibits basipetal auxin transport in the shoot, which correlates with the dwarf phenotype (PubMed:24251900).
Flavonol 3-O-glucosyltransferase that catalyzes the transfer of glucose from UDP-glucose to the 3-OH position of quercetin and kaempferol (PubMed:15352060, PubMed:15807784, PubMed:23549747, PubMed:24251900). Possesses high quercetin 3-O-glucosyltransferase activity in vitro (PubMed:15352060, PubMed:23549747). Catalyzes the glycosylation of anthocyanins from UDP-glucose (PubMed:20085894). Also active in vitro on benzoates and benzoate derivatives (PubMed:11641410).
Expressed in the external cell layers of the root including the lateral branching zone. Also detected in flowers before pollination.
High-affinity iron transporter that plays a key role in the uptake of iron from the rhizosphere across the plasma membrane in the root epidermal layer. Acts as the principal regulator of iron homeostasis in planta. Also mediates the heavy metals uptake under iron-deficiency by its ability to transport cobalt, cadmium, manganese and/or zinc ions.
Inhibited by cadmium and Fe(2+) ions and at 100-fold excess inhibited by cobalt, manganese and zinc ions.
Monoubiquitinated on several Lys residues. Monoubiquitination controls trafficking from the plasma membrane and targeting to the vacuole.
Plants exhibit a lethal chlorotic phenotype.
The availability of secondary non-iron metal substrates (Zn, Mn, and Co) controls the localization of IRT1 between the outer polar domain of the plasma membrane and early endosome/trans-Golgi network in root epidermal cells.
Belongs to the expansin family. Expansin-like B subfamily.
More active at positive than at negative voltages (PubMed:27216227). Repressed by the general anion channel inhibitors dithiocyanatostilbene-2,20-disulphonic acid (DIDS) and niflumic acid (PubMed:27216227).
Mostly expressed in flowers and leaves and, to a lower extent, in stems and roots.
No visible phenotype except stronger photoinhibition when grown in the field (PubMed:26947269, PubMed:31201341). Slightly reduced proton gradient (delta-pH) but increased electric potential (delta-Psi) across the thylakoid membrane leading to moderately elevated proton motive force (PMF) (PubMed:26947269, PubMed:27216227). Transiently decreased non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) during the dark-to-light transition (PubMed:26947269, PubMed:27216227, PubMed:31201341). Slower NPQ induction on transition from low to high light (PubMed:31201341). Wider thylakoid lumen thickness, loosely stacked grana and disorganized stroma thylakoid system (PubMed:26947269). The atbest1-1 atbest2-1 double mutant has a reduced non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) during the dark-to-light transition similarly to the atbest1-1 single mutant (PubMed:26947269). Lower photosynthetic performance in dark-adapted clce vccn1 double mutant, as well as in the clce kea3 vccn1 triple mutant (PubMed:31201341). Altered NPQ upon transition from dark to low light in clce vccn1 and kea3 vccn1 double mutants and in the clce kea3 vccn1 triple mutant (PubMed:31201341).
Voltage-dependent chloride (Cl) channel critical for proton motive force (PMF) partitioning across the thylakoid membrane by anion influx into the lumen during illumination, thus being required for photoprotection under fluctuating light conditions (PubMed:26947269, PubMed:27216227). Influences thylakoid ultrastructure, including lumen size and organization (PubMed:26947269). During photosynthetic response on transition from dark to low light, involved in a sequential mechanism of adaptation; VCCN1 and CLCe first trigger the activation of photoprotection, which is later down-regulated by KEA3 to a low steady state, while adjusting electron transport (PubMed:31201341). On transition from low to high light, accelerates the activation of photoprotection by building up a pH gradient across the thylakoid membrane (PubMed:31201341).
Interacts with BLH1, BLH3, KNAT5 and KNAT7.
Plants over-expressing OFP3 have no visible phenotype.
Belongs to the low molecular weight phosphotyrosine protein phosphatase family.
Catalyzes the hydrolysis of the amide bond in N-(4-oxoglutarate)-L-cysteinylglycine (deaminated glutathione), a metabolite repair reaction to dispose of the harmful deaminated glutathione (PubMed:30692244). Possesses amidase activity toward deaminated ophthalmate in vitro (PubMed:30692244).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but the accumuluation of N-(4-oxoglutarate)-L-cysteinylglycine (deaminated glutathione) in mutant plants is up to 70-fold higher than in the wild type.
Accumulates upon CLE45 peptide application (PubMed:23569225). Accumulation is promoted by CRN, especially at later stages of protophloem development (PubMed:28607033).
Expressed in roots developing protophloem, up to the end of the transition zone.
Expressed in seedlings, roots, leaves, stems, inflorescences, flowers and siliques (PubMed:16367950). In roots, confined to protophloem and sieve element precursor cells (PubMed:23569225, PubMed:25049386).
Interacts with CLE45, especially in roots (PubMed:28607033). Binds to the dimer CLV2/CRN (PubMed:28607033).
Necessary for male gametophyte development, as well as ovule specification and function (PubMed:16367950). Required for the development of high-ordered vascular strands within the leaf and a correlated control of leaf shape, size and symmetry (PubMed:16367950). LRR-rich receptor-like kinase (LRR-RLK) involved in the perception of CLE45 peptide ligand which mediates root growth inhibition by repressing protophloem differentiation; this mechanism requires CRN (PubMed:23569225, PubMed:28607033, PubMed:25049386). BRX, BAM3, and CLE45 act together to regulate the transition of protophloem cells from proliferation to differentiation, thus impinging on postembryonic growth capacity of the root meristem (PubMed:23569225, PubMed:25049386). Necessary for CLE45 peptide-triggered accumulation of MAKR5 in developing sieve elements (PubMed:27354416).
When associated with BAM1 and BAM2 disruptions, loss of stem cells at the shoot and flower meristems. The disruption of BAM3 restores root protophloem and mersitem phenotypes observed in brx mutants (PubMed:23569225). The bam3 mutant resists to root growth inhibition mediated by CLE45 peptide ligand (PubMed:23569225).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but seedlings have a strong decrease in glutamine and are resistant to the toxic acetate analog monofluoroacetic acid.
Peroxisomal acetate/butyrate--CoA ligase that is probably involved in the activation of exogenous acetate for entry into the glyoxylate cycle. May play a role to prevent carbon loss from peroxisomes during lipid mobilization. In vitro, is active with both acetate and butyrate.
DOMON domain could bind catecholamines (PubMed:15022831). DOMON domain could bind one heme b (PubMed:19386804).
Lacks the C-terminal part of the cytochrome b561 domain, which contains the residues coordinating the two heme molecules and 4 of the 6 conserved transmembrane regions.
Forms a heterodimer with PISTILLATA, capable of binding to CArG-box sequences. AP3/PI heterodimer binds AP1 or SEP3 to form complexes.
Mutations in AP3 cause transformation of petals into sepals and stamina into carpels.
Probable transcription factor involved in the genetic control of flower development. Is required for normal development of petals and stamens in the wild-type flower. Forms a heterodimer with PISTILLATA that is required for autoregulation of both AP3 and PI genes. AP3/PI heterodimer interacts with APETALA1 or SEPALLATA3 to form a ternary complex that could be responsible for the regulation of the genes involved in the flower development. AP3/PI heterodimer activates the expression of NAP. AP3/PI prevents GATA22/GNL and GATA21/GNC expression (PubMed:18417639).
A partial protein missing the N-terminal signal peptide was reported to complement a yeast mutant defective in phytochelatin synthesis. It is therefore possible that COBRA binds divalent metals.
Expressed in roots, stems, leaves, flowers and siliques. Up-regulated in the root zone of rapid longitudinal expansion.
Involved in determining the orientation of cell expansion, probably by playing an important role in cellulose deposition. May act by recruiting cellulose synthesizing complexes to discrete positions on the cell surface.
In roots, present in the root portion above the meristem, mainly in the root elongation zone and the proximal region of the differentiation zone; restricted to the epidermis (PubMed:23370719). Induced during lateral root formation in mature lateral roots (PubMed:23370719).
Signaling peptide (root growth factor) that promotes root hairs formation and growth (PubMed:23370719). Maintains the postembryonic root stem cell niche (PubMed:20798316). Regulates the pattern of root growth and lateral root development by modulating the length and the number of cortical cells in the root apical meristem (RAM), and the anticlinal asymmetric cell divisions in lateral root initiation cells (By similarity).
Expressed specifically in flowers. Restricted to anthers in maturing flowers. Strongest expression in the vascular and connective tissue where the anther attaches to the filament. Not detected in pollen.
Reduced male fertility associated with delayed anther dehiscence, reduced pollen viability and decreased fecundity. Increased susceptibility to Botrytis infection. Myb24 and myb108 double mutant has a reduced fertility and a greatly reduced seed set relative to the myb108 parental allele.
Transcription factor contributing to the regulation of stamen maturation and male fertility in response to jasmonate signaling. Required for correct timing of anther dehiscence. Acts as a negative regulator of abscisic acid-induced cell death. Not involved in the regulation of BOI. Regulated by MYB21 and at a lower level by MYB24. Negatively regulated by the proteasome in an SCF(COI1) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex-dependent manner.
Up-regulated by jasmonate and pathogen infection.
Acts in the modification of cell walls via demethylesterification of cell wall pectin (PubMed:18936961). Acts in a blockwise manner, resulting in a cell wall rigidification.
Does not require salt for activity. Not inhibited by kiwi pectin methylesterase inhibitor (PMEI).
This is the only member of the pectinesterase family that do not contain a transmembrane or a signal peptide.
Central component of the receptor complex responsible for the recognition and translocation of cytosolically synthesized mitochondrial preproteins. Together with TOM22 functions as the transit peptide receptor at the surface of the mitochondrion outer membrane and facilitates the movement of preproteins into the translocation pore. Directly involved in the pore formation (By similarity).
Forms part of the preprotein translocase complex of the outer mitochondrial membrane (TOM complex) which consists of at least 6 different proteins (TOM5, TOM6, TOM7, TOM20, TOM22/TOM9 and TOM40) (By similarity). Present in a large lipid-enriched complex called mitochondrial transmembrane lipoprotein (MTL) complex made of proteins located in the two mitochondrial membranes, including the TOM complex and the core components of the MICOS complex and containing at least digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) (By similarity). Binds to MIC60 (By similarity). Component of a mitochondrial large protein complex that contains, at least, MIC60, DGS1, TOM40, TOM20 proteins, and petC/RISP (By similarity).
Aquaporin required to facilitate the transport of water from the vacuolar compartment to the cytoplasm. Does not promote glycerol permeability. Its function is impaired by Hg(2+). Transports urea in yeast cells and Xenopus laevis oocytes in a pH-independent manner. Transports methylammonium or ammonium in yeast cells and Xenopus laevis oocytes, preferentially at high medium pH. May participate in vacuolar compartmentation and detoxification of ammonium.
By ammonium nitrate in roots. Expressed in roots with a circadian rhythm showing an increase after onset of light, a peak approximately at midday and a decline to lowest levels before offset of light.
Strongly expressed in shoot, rosette, bolt and flowers. Also expressed in roots, flower buds and above ground.
Was originally assigned as At3g16230, which is now a completely different protein not related to aquaporins.
May be involved in calcium-dependent ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins. Probably serves as a molecular bridge in ubiquitin E3 complexes. Participates in the ubiquitin-mediated degradation of beta-catenin (CTNNB1).
Exclusively expressed in roots, especially in root hairs.
In young seedlings, detected in the hypocotyl, cotyledons and rosette leaves,mostly in expanding leaves. At flowering time, expressed in stems, cauline leaves, sepals, and, in closed flowers only, in anthers. Later present in pedicels of developing siliques, nectaries, and along the length of maturing siliques.
Mostly expressed in aerial organs, particularly in expanding leaves, stems, flowers, and siliques.
Weakly expressed in the vasculature of developing leaves.
May play a role in the regulation of plant growth and development.
Detected in the whole plant. Predominantly expressed in pollen.
Retarded growth and development, and early flowering. Reduced responses to ethylene and cytokinin.
Transcriptional activator that binds specifically to the DNA sequence 5'-[AG]GATT-3'. Functions as a response regulator involved in His-to-Asp phosphorelay signal transduction system. Phosphorylation of the Asp residue in the receiver domain activates the ability of the protein to promote the transcription of target genes. Could directly activate some type-A response regulators in response to cytokinins. Involved in the expression of nuclear genes for components of mitochondrial complex I. Promotes cytokinin-mediated leaf longevity. Involved in the ethylene signaling pathway in an ETR1-dependent manner and in the cytokinin signaling pathway.
Two-component system major event consists of a His-to-Asp phosphorelay between a sensor histidine kinase (HK) and a response regulator (RR). In plants, the His-to-Asp phosphorelay involves an additional intermediate named Histidine-containing phosphotransfer protein (HPt). This multistep phosphorelay consists of a His-Asp-His-Asp sequential transfer of a phosphate group between first an His and an Asp of the HK protein, followed by the transfer to a conserved His of the HPt protein and finally the transfer to an Asp in the receiver domain of the RR protein. Phosphorylated in response to cytokinin mediated by AHK3.
By wounding and paraquat. Not induced by anoxia.
Component of SCF(VBF) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex that interacts with VIP1. Interacts directly with SKP1A and VIP1. Forms a complex composed of VIP1, VBF and Agrobacterium virE2.
Component of SCF(VBF) E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes, which mediate the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins such as VIP1 and Agrobacterium virE2, after their implication in T-DNA translocation to the host nucleus (can functionally replace Agrobacterium VirF). Required during Agrobacterium-induced tumor formation.
Impaired Agrobacterium-mediated tumor formation.
Expressed in roots, stems, leaves, flowers and siliques (at protein level).
Inhibited by the tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor orthovanadate, but resistant to the serine/threonine phosphatase inhibitors okadaic acid and microcystin. Inhibited by phosphate analogs NaF and Na(3)VO(4), and the adenylates ATP and ADP. Inactivated by zinc ions.
Part of a SCF (ASK-cullin-F-box) protein ligase complex (By similarity). Interacts with SKP1A/ASK1, SKP1B/ASK2, ASK5, ASK11 and ASK13.
Collapsed xylem vessels in the inflorescence stems.
Expressed in vascular tissues of cotyledons, rosette leaves, sepals, petals, anther filaments. Expressed in roots, inflorescence stems and developing seeds.
Involved in the regulation of xylem development and growth. May regulate secondary wall formation during vascular development by modulation of brassinosteroid, gibberellin and auxin hormone signaling pathways.
Plants overexpressing VUP1 exhibit severe dwarfism with extreme short and round shaped organs, and display extreme longevity before senescence.
Mostly expressed in roots and seedlings, and, to a lower extent, in stems and apex.
The O-glycosylation (arabinosylation) of the hydroxyproline Pro-69 enhances binding affinity of the CLE1p peptide for its receptor.
Abundant expression in developing embryos. In young seedlings, expressed in root apical meristem, and expanding cotyledons and hypocotyls. In older seedlings, still expressed in root apical meristems, but also in lateral root primordia, stipules, shoot apical meristem and vascular tissues.
Auxin receptor that mediates Aux/IAA proteins proteasomal degradation and auxin-regulated transcription. The SCF(TIR1) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex is involved in auxin-mediated signaling pathway that regulate root and hypocotyl growth, lateral root formation, cell elongation, and gravitropism. Appears to allow pericycle cells to overcome G2 arrest prior to lateral root development. Plays a role in ethylene signaling in roots. Confers sensitivity to the virulent bacterial pathogen P.syringae.
Expressed in roots, stems, leaves and flowers. In adult plants, mostly expressed in floral stigma, anther filaments, abscission zones and vascular tissues.
Interacts with auxin. Part of a SCF E3 ubiquitin ligase complex SCF(TIR1) composed of SKP1, CUL1, RBX1 and TIR1. SCF(TIR1) interacts with the COP9 signalosome (CSN) complex. Interacts with Aux/IAA proteins (IAA3, IAA7, IAA12 and IAA17) in an auxin-dependent manner. The interaction with IAA3, a negative regulator of auxin responses, is promoted by auxin, but repressed by juglon (5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone). Interactions with auxin-responsive proteins is inactivated by auxin antagonists.
Plant are deficient in a variety of auxin-regulated growth processes including lateral root formation, and hypocotyl and cell elongation.
By wilting and abscisic acid (ABA) (PubMed:8018874). Induced by drought stress (PubMed:12102506).
Catalyzes the biosynthesis of phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) as well as PtdIns:inositol exchange reaction. May thus act to reduce an excessive cellular PtdIns content. The exchange activity is due to the reverse reaction of PtdIns synthase and is dependent on CMP, which is tightly bound to the enzyme (By similarity).
By cadmium (Cd). Induced in roots and shoots under sulfur-deficient conditions.
Localized in vascular tissues, particularly in phloem.
Circadian-regulation. Up-regulated by auxin, paclobutrazol and cold treatment. Negatively controlled by the level of physiologically active gibberellin.
Highly expressed in stems and inflorescence tissues. Detected in seeds, roots, leaves and siliques.
Key oxidase enzyme in the biosynthesis of gibberellin that catalyzes the conversion of GA12 to GA9, via a three-step oxidation at C-20 of the GA skeleton. GA53 is less effectively oxidized than GA12 and is only oxidized one step to GA44 (PubMed:7630935). Involved in the promotion of the floral transition, fertility and silique elongation, but plays only a minor role in elongation of seedling organs. Acts redundantly with GA20OX2 (PubMed:18069939).
Essential for male fertility, especially for microspore and pollen grain production (PubMed:9750346, Ref.2). Involved in the regulation of cell division after male meiosis I and II to facilitate exit from meiosis and transition to G1 (PubMed:9451956, PubMed:21119056).
Expressed at low levels mostly in floral organs during meiosis. Also barely detectable in leaves, stems and roots.
Specifically localized within meiotic cells in the anther locules, transiently, only during late meiosis.
Sterile plants with abnormal formation of polyads during microsporogenesis, tetrads with more than four pools of chromosomes, after male meiosis, due to an unusual and abnormal cell division without further DNA or chromosome replication after meiosis I and II, and leading to collapsed pollen in flattened anthers (PubMed:9750346, Ref.2). Chromatin recondensation and stretching after meiosis II characterized by a dense microtubule network connecting haploid nuclei in the tetrad stage rearranged into four bipolar spindles as chromatids recondense, as if haploid nuclei entered a third meiotic division (PubMed:9451956, PubMed:21119056).
Belongs to the four-carbon acid sugar kinase family.
By cadmium ions Cd(2+). Progressively repressed in senescent leaves. Levels follow a circadian rhythm, with lower levels during the night (PubMed:18390807). Down-regulated in response to iron deprivation (PubMed:24117441).
Increased sensitivity toward oxidative stress (e.g. hydrogen peroxide H(2)O(2)), high light and cadmium ions Cd(2+). Higher superoxide dismutase activities in chloroplast and disturbed expression of genes involved in the antioxidant pathway (PubMed:18390807). Pale green plants. The pale green double mutant atsia1 atosa1 accumulates ferritin and superoxides, exhibits an increased nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ), and have a reduced tolerance to reactive oxygen species (ROS) (PubMed:24117441). Lower levels of the highly unsaturated lipid digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) and of different forms of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) and kaempferol. Higher levels of oxylipin-conjugated DGDG and sinapates. The abc1k7 abc1k8 double mutant accumulates strong levels of oxylipin-conjugated MGDG and DGDG (PubMed:25809944).
Involved in resistance to oxidative stress (e.g. hydrogen peroxide H(2)O(2)), high light and heavy metals (e.g. cadmium ions Cd(2+)) (PubMed:18390807, PubMed:24117441). Influences responses to reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Together with SIA1, regulates iron distribution within the chloroplast and mediates the oxidative stress response (PubMed:24117441). Together with ABC1K7, influences chloroplast lipid synthesis/accumulation and modulates chloroplast membrane composition in response to stress (PubMed:25809944).
Mostly expressed in leaves and flowers, and, to a lower extent, in stems, siliques and roots.
Expressed in vegetative parts of the plant, mainly in mature rosette leaves and in trichomes. Detected in roots, but not in mature flowers or siliques.
Transcription factor positively regulating indolic glucosinolate biosynthetic pathway genes.
Diploid male spores in sp1 mutants give rise to viable diploid pollen grains and spontaneous triploid plants in the next generation.
Required for normal spindle orientation at male meiosis II and normal formation of tetrad of microspores. Not involved in female meiosis.
Expressed in the vascular bundles throughout the plant.
Accumulates progressively during seedling growth (PubMed:33324437). Expressed during callus formation (PubMed:29923261).
Altered overall H3K36me3 modifications (PubMed:30774641). No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants have a short-period circadian phenotype (PubMed:21115819, PubMed:21139085, PubMed:30859592, PubMed:21358285, PubMed:30774641). Defective temperature compensation leading to shorter circadian period at increasing temperatures with altered expression levels of clock genes at 27 degrees Celsius (PubMed:30774641). Reduced callus formation from somatic cells associated with low Lateral organ Boundaries-Domain (LBD) transcript levels (e.g. LBD16, LBD17, LBD18 and LBD29) associated with an impaired reduction of H3K9me3 deposition and altered H3K36me3 accumulation at their loci during leaf-to-callus transition (PubMed:29923261). The double mutant jmj30-2 atxr2-1 is strongly impaired in callus formation (PubMed:29923261). Reduced abscisic acid (ABA)-mediated growth arrest during the post-germination stage, with stronger effect in plants lacking both JMJ30 and JMJ32 (PubMed:30859592). The double mutant missing JMJ30 and JMJ32 exhibits an early-flowering phenotype at elevated temperatures (e.g. 29 degrees Celsius), associated with increased H3K27me3 levels at the FLC locus and decreased FLC expression (PubMed:25267112). The double mutant jmj30 jmj32 has longer primary roots (PubMed:30983495). In jmj30-2 jmj32-1 double mutants, reduced brassinosteroids (BR) mediated repression of ABA-inducible genes (e.g. ABI5, ABF2, ABF3 and ABF4) (PubMed:33324437).
Circadian-regulation with a broad peak in the late day and early night (PubMed:21115819, PubMed:21139085, PubMed:25132385). Stabilized at elevated temperatures (at protein level) (PubMed:25267112). Induced by abscisic acid (ABA) specifically during the post-germination stage in an ABI3-dependent manner (PubMed:30859592). Repressed by brassinosteroids (BR) during the post-germination stage (PubMed:33324437).
Expressed ubiquitously in vasculatures, roots, rosette leaves, stems, inflorescences and siliques (PubMed:18713399, PubMed:25267112). Mainly present in the root meristem and root differentiation area (PubMed:30859592, PubMed:33324437). Observed at high level in callus (PubMed:29923261).
Histone demethylase that demethylates 'Lys-36' (H3K36me) of histone H3 with a specific activity for H3K36me3 and H3K36me2 (PubMed:25132385, PubMed:30774641). Also active on 'Lys-27' (H3K27me) of histone H3 with a specific activity for H3K27me3 and H3K27me2 (PubMed:25267112, PubMed:33324437, PubMed:30774641). No activity on H3K36me1 and H3K27me1 (PubMed:25132385, PubMed:25267112). Involved in the control of flowering time by demethylating H3K36me2 at the FT locus and repressing its expression (PubMed:25132385). Acts within the central clock and contributes, in parallel with LUX, to temperature compensation, probably as a component of the evening complex, to maintain circadian period at increasing temperatures; this mechanism involves binding to and regulation of CCA1 and PRR7 promoters (PubMed:21358285, PubMed:30774641). Works in concert with TOC1 to promote the morning-phased clock genes CCA1 and LHY which function as components of the central oscillator (PubMed:21358285). Together with JMJ32, regulates the flowering-repressor FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) locus by removing the repressive histone modification H3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3), especially at elevated temperatures (e.g. 29 degrees Celsius), thus preventing extreme precocious flowering (PubMed:25267112). JMJ30 and JMJ32 are regulators involved in the integration of abscisic acid (ABA) and brassinosteroids (BR) signaling pathways (PubMed:33324437). Together with JMJ32, controls ABA-mediated growth arrest during the post-germination stage in unfavorable conditions, and responses to ABA during root development, via the removal of repressive histone mark (H3K27me3) from the SnRK2.8 promoter, thus promoting SnRK2.8 expression and subsequent kinase-dependent ABI3 activation (PubMed:30983495, PubMed:30859592). In addition, removes the repressive histone marks (H3K27me3) from the BZR1 locus in response to stress and ABA, thus activating the BR signaling pathway which, in turn, inhibits the ABA signaling pathway (PubMed:33324437). Able to drive tissue identity changes to promote callus formation form somatic cells via a massive genome-wide chromatin remodeling (e.g. H3K9me3 demethylation) leading to the induction of Lateral organ Boundaries-Domain (LBD) genes (e.g. LBD16 and LBD29) that establish root primordia; when in complex with ARF proteins (e.g. ARF7 and ARF19), recruits ATXR2 which promotes the deposition of H3K36me3 at LBD genes promoters, thus ensuring their stable activation during callus formation (PubMed:29923261).
Interacts with EFM (PubMed:25132385). Binds to ATXR2, ARF7 and ARF19 (PubMed:29923261).
Plants over-expressing JMJD5 show delayed flowering.
Class E VPS protein involved in concentration and sorting of cargo proteins of the multivesicular body (MVB) for incorporation into intralumenal vesicles. Fusion between endosomes and the vacuole will then target the cargo proteins to the vacuolar lumen (Probable). Associates with FREE1 and ELC to perform function in the ESCRT-I complex. Binds ubiquitin in vitro (PubMed:26902184). Plays a role in the biogenesis of vacuole and multivesicular bodies (MVBs) (PubMed:26342016, PubMed:26324913). Required for the endosomal location of AMSH3 (PubMed:26324913). Mediates high-affinity phosphate transporter trafficking to maintain phosphate homeostasis. Regulates vacuolar degradation of PHT1-1 (PubMed:26342016).
Homodimer (PubMed:26342016). Interacts with AMSH3 (PubMed:26324913). Interacts with VPS32.1/SNF7B and VPS32.2/SNF7A (PubMed:22639582, PubMed:26342016). Interacts with ELC/VPS23A (PubMed:26902184).
Seedlings lethality. Severe vacuole biogenesis defects.
Activates gene expression by recruiting HAG1/GCN5 and triggering subsequent histone H3 acetylation of target genes promoters.
Expressed in flowers, leaves, stems and siliques.
Induced by cold and salt (PubMed:17151888). Probably repressed by HAG1/GCN5 (PubMed:17151888).
Required for programmed cell death (PCD) associated with hypersensitive response (HR). Involved both in the induction of EDS1/PAD4 mediated HR and in accelerated cell death in the acd11 mutant. Not required for HR induction elicited through pathways exclusively dependent on CC-NB-LRR resistance proteins.
Suppresses acd11-dependent cell death. Laz1 acd11 double mutants survive throughout development to flower and set seeds, in contrast to the fate of acd11.
Expressed in stems, flowers, cauline leaves and roots.
Delayed germination time, reduced plant growth, delayed flowering and reduced oxygen consumption in the dark.
Mitochondrial invertase that cleaves sucrose into glucose and fructose and is involved in the regulation of aerial tissue development and floral transition. May be modulating hormone balance in relation to the radicle emergence.
Binds to and supports processing of specific plastid RNAs. Associates via its C-terminal Rho-N domain to single stranded regions of 16S and 23S rRNAs or to rbcL mRNAs. May be involved in targeting transcripts to RNases such as RNE or RNase J.
Homodimer or homomultimer. Part of a chloroplastic degradosome-like complex. Interacts with RNE.
Smaller and albinotic phenotype. Increased number and decreased size of chloroplasts. Seedling lethal when homozygous.
Acts as a UDP-glucose:flavonol-3-O-glycoside-7-O-glucosyltransferase. 6- and 7-hydroxyflavone, but not 3- or 5-hydroxyflavone are accepted as substrates. Possesses low quercetin 3-O-glucosyltransferase, 7-O-glucosyltransferase and 4'-O-glucosyltransferase activities in vitro.
Expressed in leaves and flowers, and at a very low level in roots.
Was originally (Ref.1) thought to be a zeatin O-glucosyltransferases and was named ZOG2.
Expressed in roots, leaf vasculature and flowers.
Lethal albino phenotype when homozygous.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL35 family.
The PEAR proteins (e.g. DOF2.4, DOF5.1, DOF3.2, DOF1.1, DOF5.6 and DOF5.3) form a short-range concentration gradient that peaks at protophloem sieve elements (PSE).
The pear1 pear2 dof6 tmo6 quadruple mutant plants showed a uniform reduction in radial growth, associated with compromised symplastic trafficking.
The transcript levels of the gene accumulate in dry seeds and decay gradually during after-ripening and also upon seed imbibition.
Transcription factor that negatively affects seed germination and opposes TCP14 function in the regulation of a specific set of abscisic acid-related genes (PubMed:22155632). The PEAR proteins (e.g. DOF2.4, DOF5.1, DOF3.2, DOF1.1, DOF5.6 and DOF5.3) activate gene expression that promotes radial growth of protophloem sieve elements (PubMed:30626969).
Belongs to the acetyltransferase family. ARD1 subfamily.
Catalytic subunit of the NatB N-alpha-acetyltransferase complex. Involved in plant immunity through the regulation of SNC1 stability (PubMed:25966763).
Reticulated leaves, early flowering and aborted or unfertilized ovules in siliques.
Involved in osmotic and salt stress tolerance. May play a role in the control of meristematic cell size during osmotic stress.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant seedlings display increased tolerance to salt stress at moderate NaCl concentrations (120 mM).
Expressed in inflorescences and trichomes of rosette and cauline leaves.
MYB-type transcription factor involved in trichome cell specification. Acts as a negative regulator of trichome patterning and formation by direct binding to the cis-acting regulatory elements of GL1, thus suppressing the expression of GL1.
Plants over-expressing TCL1 does not have any trichomes on rosette leaves, inflorescence stems, cauline leaves or floral organs.
Trichome formation on inflorescence stems and pedicels.
Defects in female gametophyte development.
Involved in pre-mRNA splicing. Plays a role during development in processes such as meristem maintenance, leaf morphogenesis and root morphogenesis.
Widely expressed but spatially and temporally regulated during development.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. RNA methyltransferase RlmE family. SPB1 subfamily.
Probable methyltransferase involved in the maturation of rRNA and in the biogenesis of ribosomal subunits.
Expressed in seedlings and leaves. Detected in roots and axillary branches.
No visible phenotype under continuous red light (PubMed:26754282). Smax1 and smxl2 double mutants have substential reduction in hypocotyl elongation (PubMed:26754282).
Probable component of a transcriptional corepressor complex that acts specifically in the karrikin pathway (PubMed:26754282). Controls seedling growth redundantly with SMAX1, but is not involved in leaf morphology, shoot branching or germination control (PubMed:26754282).
Up-regulated by karrikins and strigolactone treatments.
Expressed in roots, rosettes leaves, cauline leaves and stems.
Induced by abscisic acid (ABA), dehydration and osmotic stress.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant seedlings are hyposensitive to growth inhibition mediated by abscisic acid (ABA), and show decreased resistance to dehydration stress.
Transcriptional activator involved in the positive regulation of abscisic acid (ABA) responsive genes. Acts as a positive factor of ABA-mediated responses. Involved in the transcriptional activation of ABA-inducible genes in response to dehydration and osmotic stresses. Plays a positive role in both stomatal closure and water loss under dehydration stress conditions. Acts synergistically with ABF2 to activate the dehydration stress-response factor RD29A transcription. Binds to the consensus core cis-acting elements 5'-CGTA-3' and 5'-CACG-3' at the RD29A promoter (PubMed:24285786). Involved in hypocotyl graft union formation. Required for the auxin-mediated promotion of vascular tissue proliferation during hypocotyl graft attachment (PubMed:25182467).
Homodimer. Interacts with AGO4, RPB205 and DRM2. Part of the chromatin-remodeling complex (DDR complex) that contains at least DRD1, DMS3 and RDM1. The DDR complex recruits/activates the RNA polymerases V and acts during siRNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM).
Impaired accumulation of siRNAs, reduced DNA methylation, and loss of transcriptional gene silencing at RdDM target loci. Impaired RNA polymerase V-chromatin associations (Pol V).
Regulator of RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM). Binds to single-stranded methyl DNA. Involved in the assembly of RNA polymerase V (Pol V) transcription initiation or elongation complexes at the chromatin, as a component of the DDR complex.
Induced by phosphate starvation. Highly repressed following nitrogen deprivation.
Putative glutamine amidotransferase that represses shoot branching. May act as a factor that links nitrogen stress response and branching control. May activate strigolactones by amidation, or represent a new pathway for repression of shoot branching.
Drastic decrease in seed production (PubMed:21223384, PubMed:20732973, PubMed:21205178, PubMed:21696844). Severely reduced fertility, with most siliques failing to produce seeds by self-fertilization and mature anthers failing to release pollen grains characterized by the absence of an exine wall on microspores, due to an impaired sporopollenin deposition (PubMed:20732973, PubMed:21205178, PubMed:21696844, PubMed:21223384, PubMed:25415974). Aberrant structures in tapetal cells such as accumulation of numerous vesicles and granules probably containing polyketides precursors in tapetal cells (PubMed:21223384, PubMed:25415974). Abnormal pollen grains germinating in the anther before anthesis (PubMed:21205178).
In developing anthers, transiently localized to tapetum cells during early pollen wall formation, sporopollenin biosynthesis and sporopollenin deposition.
Mediates the transport of sporopollenin precursors (e.g. polyketides) across the tapetum plasma membrane into the anther locule for polymerization on developing microspore walls, thus being required for male fertility and pollen exine formation and patterning prior to tapetum programmed cell death.
Mostly expressed in flowers, especially in tapetum within anthers.
Involved in morphogenesis and proliferation of mitochondria. Does not act redundantly with PMD1. Is not involved in peroxisomal proliferation.
Plant cells silencing PMD2 show enlarged mitochondria.
Delayed growth and development. Late flowering and increased sensitivity to salt stress.
Develpomentally regulated, with the highest expression in flowers and immature siliques.
Expressed in leaves, inflorescences, buds, flowers and immature siliques.
Involved in development and stress responses, probably through an auxin-dependent mechanism.
Strongly expressed in aerial tissues including leaves, stems, flowers and siliques, and, to a lower extent, in roots. Accumulates in guard cells.
Highly expressed in leaves. Expressed at lower levels in stems, flowers and siliques. Not detected in roots.
Putative transcription factor. Does not affect flowering time.
Binds to DNA and alters its conformation. May be involved in regulation of gene expression, nucleoid organization and DNA protection.
Homodimer (By similarity). Binds to the translation initiation factors TIF3E1 (PubMed:19704582).
Homotrimer. Component of the mitochondrial oxidoreductase respiratory chain complex I; element of the extra matrix-exposed domain, which is attached to the membrane arm of this complex (Probable).
Contains 4-hydroxyproline; hydroxylated on Pro-77 and Pro-79.
A shift in isoelectric focusing of the protein occurs during after-ripening, probably leading to its loss of function.
Detected only in seeds (PubMed:17065317). Expressed mainly in vascular tissues of the cotyledon, hypocotyl and radicle of the embryo.
Homodimer (PubMed:26684465). Self-binding does not influence protein accumulation but is required for full function (PubMed:26684465). Single isoforms are functional, but the presence of additional isoforms is required to prevent protein degradation (PubMed:26684465).
Isoform 1 and isoform 2: Transcription starts at the beginning of seed maturation 9 days after pollination and reaches its highest level during the last phases of seed development (PubMed:26620523, PubMed:17065317, PubMed:22829147). Isoform 1: Upon imbibition the transcripts rapidly disappear in both dormant and after-ripened seeds, but the level of protein is hardly affected (PubMed:17065317, PubMed:22829147). Isoform 2: Transcription starts at the beginning of seed maturation 9 days after pollination and reaches its highest level during the last phases of seed development (PubMed:26620523).
Loss of seed dormancy, but no effect on sugar sensitivity (in cv. Columbia) (PubMed:17065317, PubMed:18410483). A T-DNA insertion mutant lacking the long version of the DOG1 transcript (isoform 1) but expressing isoform 2 exhibits stronger seed dormancy (PubMed:26620523).
Produced by alternative polyadenylation.
Required for the induction of seed dormancy (PubMed:17065317, PubMed:26620523, PubMed:22829147). The level of DOG1 protein in freshly harvested seeds determines the level of seed dormancy (PubMed:22829147). Determines the temperature window for germination by regulating the expression of micropylar endosperm-weakening genes through temperature control of the gibberellins metabolism (PubMed:25114251). Regulates seed dormancy and flowering time through an influence on levels of microRNAs miR156 and miR172 (PubMed:27035986). Regulator of seed maturation interfering with abscisic acid signaling components and activating ABI5 (PubMed:26729600). In cv. Cvi-1, enhances glucose induction of ABI4 (PubMed:18410483).
The Columbia and Landsberg erecta alleles have weak dormancy phenotypes, whereas the Cvi-1 allele shows a strong dormancy phenotype (PubMed:17065317). The Cvi-1 allele shows a sugar-supersensitive phenotype, whereas the Columbia and Landsberg erecta alleles don't have a significant effect on sugar sensitivity (PubMed:18410483).
The use of a proximal polyadenylation site leads to the production of a short DOG1 mRNA that is translated in vivo, producing an isoform that is sufficient for seed dormancy establishment.
Transgenic mutant seeds expressing single DOG1 transcript variants lack dormancy and do not accumulate DOG1 protein. Simultaneous expression of two or more DOG1 transcript variants encoding different isoforms, however, leads to the accumulation of DOG1 protein and increased seed dormancy (PubMed:26684465). The spliceosome disassembly factor STIP1/NTR1 is required for proper transcript levels and splicing of DOG1 (PubMed:25568310).
Up-regulation by glucose of the Cvi-1 allele, but not of the Columbia and Landsberg erecta alleles (PubMed:18410483). May be up-regulated by the transcript elongation factor TFIIS (PubMed:21569772). Up-regulated by cold (PubMed:21803937, PubMed:22829147). Up-regulated by histone monoubiquitination through HUB1 (PubMed:17329563). Down-regulated by the histone demethylases LDL1 and LDL2 (PubMed:25852712).
Binds calmodulin in a calcium-dependent manner in vitro. May play a role in general plant defense including R gene-mediated responses.
Induced by infection with the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato strain DC3000 carrying the avirulent factor avrRpm1.
Exhibits ATPase activity. Binds DNA/RNA in a non-specific manner and exhibits endonuclease activity. Probably involved in DNA repair. Involved in RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) as a component of the RdDM machinery and required for gene silencing. May also be involved in the regulation of chromatin architecture to maintain gene silencing. Together with MORC7, acts to suppress a wide set of non-methylated protein-coding genes, especially involved in pathogen response. Positive regulator of defense against the oomycete Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis (Hpa) (PubMed:27171361).
Binds BRK1 and actin. Interacts with SPK1, ABI1 and ABI2.
Expressed in expanding cotyledons, expanding leaves and expanding siliques containing developing embryos. Detected in unopened flower buds and in the expanding tip region of roots. Reduced expression in mature leaves and mature cotyledons.
Confined to the ovaries of the inflorescence.
Abnormal auxin responses leading to altered root physiology (e.g. elongation, meristem morphology and gravitropism) and aberrations in cotyledon number and venation. At later developmental stages, reduced apical dominance and aberrations in lateral organ positioning at inflorescence stems.
During lateral root formation, already visible in stage I lateral root primordia, and accumulates at strong levels during later stages of root development.
Essential component of stress-response pathways entailing repair of RNA breaks with 2',3'-cyclic phosphate and 5'-OH ends (PubMed:23515942). Tri-functional enzyme that repairs RNA breaks with 2',3'-cyclic-PO(4) and 5'-OH ends. The ligation activity requires three sequential enzymatic activities: opening of the 2'3'-cyclic phosphodiester bond of the 5' half-tRNA leaving a 2'-phosphomonoester (CPDase activity), phosphorylation of the 5' terminus of the 3' half-tRNA in the presence of ATP (kinase activity) and ligation of the two tRNA halves in an ATP-dependent reaction (ligase activity) (PubMed:24554441, PubMed:23515942). Deficient in transferring AMP to pRNA(OH) to form AppRNA(OH) but proficient at sealing pre-adenylylated AppRNA(OH) (PubMed:23515942). CPDase and kinase reactions are almost insensitive to RNA length, whereas the ligase activity decreases with shorter RNA size. Can also splice DNA ended by a single 3'-terminal ribonucleoside 2',3'-cyclic-PO(4) (PubMed:24554441). Binds to mRNA, mature and immature (PubMed:20844078). Exhibits tRNA ligase activity in vitro (PubMed:15653639, PubMed:24554441). Required for the splicing of precursor tRNA molecules containing introns (PubMed:16428247, PubMed:20844078). Can circularize an intron cleaved from a pre-tRNA by splicing endonuclease in vitro (PubMed:20844078). Seems not involved in unfolded protein response (UPR) in the endoplasmic reticulum (PubMed:20844078). Involved in auxin signaling and polar transport during organ morphogenesis (PubMed:25892242).
Has three domains each corresponding to an enzymatic activity, namely in N- to C-terminal order: ligase, kinase and cyclic phosphodiesterase (CPDase).
Mainly expressed in proliferating cells and tissues such as root meristems, the vasculature of developing plantlets, flowers and elongating tissue.
Requires the presence of Mg(2+) to exhibit tRNA ligase activity.
Requires the presence of NTP, preferentially ATP rather than dATP, UTP, CTP and GTP, respectively, to mediate ribonucleotide 5'-phosphorylation.
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mL43 family.
Component of the dolichol-phosphate mannose (DPM) synthase complex composed of DPMS1, DPMS2 and DPMS3; in the complex interacts directly with DPMS3.
Plants over-expressing DPMS1 show altered stem branch diameter and morphology, perturbation of the vascular bundle arrangements, wrinkled seed coat and constitutive endoplasmic reticulum stress response.
Reduced root growth. Slight reduction of chlorophyll content. Wrinkled seed coat. Hypersensitivity to ammonium.
Transfers mannose from GDP-mannose to dolichol monophosphate to form dolichol phosphate mannose (Dol-P-Man) which is the mannosyl donor in pathways leading to N-glycosylation, glycosyl phosphatidylinositol membrane anchoring, and O-mannosylation of proteins.
Transfers mannose from GDP-mannose to dolichol monophosphate to form dolichol phosphate mannose (Dol-P-Man) which is the mannosyl donor in pathways leading to N-glycosylation, glycosyl phosphatidylinositol membrane anchoring, and O-mannosylation of proteins; catalytic subunit of the dolichol-phosphate mannose (DPM) synthase complex. Plays a role in plant development and physiology, sensitivity to ammonium stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress response.
Expressed in seedlings, flowers and siliques (PubMed:29467189). Barely detectable in roots and leaves (PubMed:29467189).
Catalyzes the oxidation of (R)-2-hydroxyglutarate to 2-oxoglutarate. May be involved in the catabolism of propionyl-CoA derived from beta-oxidation. Involved in degradation of lysine for the supply of carbon and electrons to the ETF/ETFQO complex during dark-induced sugar starvation.
Expressed in the vasculature of roots, rosette leaves, stems, cauline leaves and flowers. Specifically expressed in phloem.
Induced by senescence (PubMed:14617064). Down-regulated by sucrose, glucose and fructose (PubMed:23715470).
Involved in the regulation of sugar, amino acid and some primary metabolite export from companion cells (CCs) to sieve elements (SEs) in phloem. Required for apoplastic phloem sugar loading in source leaves in order to transport it to sink tissues. Required for correct sugar partitioning between source leaves and sink organs.
Plants over-expressing NHL26 exhibit slow growth, accumulate high levels of carbohydrates in mature leaves, have increased shoot biomass, decreased root biomass and decreased seed yield.
Dihydrodipicolinate reductase (DHPR)-like protein that may not function as DHPR in lysine biosynthesis (PubMed:15652176, PubMed:17727612). Required for both formation and activity of the chloroplast NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (NDH) complex of the photosynthetic electron transport chain. May function in assembly or stabilization of the NDH complex (PubMed:17727612).
Unlike DAPB1 and DAPB2, DAPB3 is unable to complement an E.coli dapB strain.
(Microbial infection) Interacts with V.dahliae SCP41; the interaction is direct and inhibits CBP60G.
Expressed in seedlings, roots, leaves, inflorescences and flowers, and, to a lower extent, in siliques. Particularly present in guard cells.
In seedlings, present in roots, except in tips, leaves and petioles. In inflorescence and flowers, accumulates in sepals, carpels (e.g. styles and floral nectars) and stamens (e.g. filaments and vascular tissue of anthers), but not in petals or stigma.
Induced rapidly by pathogenic bacteria Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola ES4326 and P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000, by the root-colonizing endophytic plant growth-promoting fungus Piriformospora indica, and by microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) such as flg22 and hrcC in both local and systemic leaves in both local and systemic leaves (PubMed:20921422, PubMed:19214217, PubMed:23153277, PubMed:23118477). Accumulates transiently in response to 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA) (PubMed:16258017).
Interacts with calmodulin (CaM) in the presence of calcium ions; this interaction is required for defense responses.
Reduced basal resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola ES4326 and P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000. Impaired systemic acquired resistance (SAR) induced by P. syringae toward Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis Noco2. Plants lacking both SARD1 and CBP60G fail to accumulate salicylic acid (SA) and to express PR1 and SID2 upon both biotic and abiotic stresses.
Transcription activator that binds DNA in a sequence-specific manner, 5'-GAAATTTTGG-3', to promote the expression of target genes (PubMed:20921422, PubMed:21615571, PubMed:23153277, PubMed:29757140). Recruited to the promoter of ICS1 and other defense-related genes (e.g. PR1, PR2 and EDS5) in response to both biotic (e.g. Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola ES4326, P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000, and microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) such as flg22) and abiotic stresses (e.g. UV-B, drought and abscisic acid), thus triggering rapid defense responses by stimulating salicylic acid (SA) biosynthesis. Involved in basal and systemic acquired resistance to P. syringae and Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis (PubMed:20921422, PubMed:21615571, PubMed:22466450, PubMed:19214217). Mediates resistance to drought and sensitivity to abscisic acid (ABA), especially for ABA-mediated signaling process that regulates early seedling growth (PubMed:22466450).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants have reduced sensitivity to BR and enhanced sensitivity to BR biosynthetic inhibitor brassinazole (BRZ).
Phosphorylated at Ser-43, Ser-46 and Ser-234.
Serine/threonine-protein kinase involved in the positive regulation of brassinosteroid (BR) signaling and plant growth. Phosphorylates both BSU1 and BSL1 in vitro.
Possesses intrinsic ATP-dependent nucleosome-remodeling activity. This activity may be required for DNA repair. Does not seem to be required for DNA repair and regulation of homologous recombination (HR) (PubMed:18310306).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but embryos of mutant plants display a reduced rate of endosperm proliferation during the syncytial phase of endosperm development.
Plant-specific TFIIB-related protein involved in the regulation of endosperm proliferation during the syncytial phase of endosperm development. Does not contribute to RNA polymerase IV or V activities in reproductive tissues.
Specifically expressed in reproductive organs and seeds.
Expressed in flowers, siliques, floral stems and rosettes leaves.
Embryo-lethal at a early stage of development.
Expressed in root tips, lateral root primordia and leaf primordia. Highly detected in the mature pollen grains.
Interacts with NAP1;1 and TCP8. Able to bind mitochondrial RNA in vitro. Component of the mitochondrial ribosome small subunit (Probable).
RNA-binding protein that functions in both mitochondrion and nucleus. In mitochondrion, it is associated with polysomes and may play a role in translation. Required during embryogenesis. In nucleus, might be involved in the regulation of its own gene expression.
Expressed in inflorescences, flowers, roots, siliques, leaves and stems, especially in the vasculature (mainly phloem), with highest levels in floral organs (PubMed:18713399). Present at high levels in flowers, shoot apex and young seeds, but observed at low levels in dry seeds, root apex and anthers (PubMed:33604650).
Follows a circadian cycle with lower levels in the early morning and highest accumulation in the middle of the day.
Interacts with the FBH transcription factors FBH1, FBH2, FBH3 and FBH4.
May function as histone H3 lysine demethylase and be involved in regulation of gene expression (By similarity). Regulates flowering time by promoting CONSTANS (CO) and CONSTANS-LIKE genes (e.g. COL2 and COL5) expression via interaction with FBH transcription factors (FBH1, FBH2, FBH3 and FBH4) at their loci to remove H3K9me2 repressive histone marks (PubMed:33604650). Modulates also the expression of several develpmental genes such as MYB30, TFS1, AGL6 and RVE2 (PubMed:33604650).
No visible phenotype (PubMed:28400174). Decreased hypocotyl length (PubMed:33604650). Delayed flowering associated with reduced FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) and CONSTANS (CO) levels due to increased H3K9me1/2 level at CO locus (PubMed:33604650).
A stretch of 270 kb of the mitochondrial genome is duplicated within the centromere of chromosome 2 resulting in the duplication of the gene. The expression of this duplicated gene (At2g07675) is not demonstrated. It is also probably not RNA edited and therefore differs in all the positions known to be edited.
Protein S12 is involved in the translation initiation step.
Interacts with ADO1 and ADO2 (PubMed:15310821, PubMed:18562312). Interacts with SPY (via N-terminus) (PubMed:31899321).
Lacks the phospho-accepting Asp (here Glu-102), present in the receiver domain, which is one of the conserved features of two-component response regulators (ARRs) family.
O-fucosylated by SPY (PubMed:31899321). O-fucosylation promotes APRR5 proteolysis (PubMed:31899321).
Phosphorylation varies throughout the diurnal cycle and enhances ADO1 binding.
The expression of APRR9, APRR7, and APRR5 requires the presence of LWD1 and/or LWD2, indicating the existence of a positive feedback loop within the circadian clock.
Transcriptional repressor of CCA1 and LHY, thereby controlling photoperiodic flowering response. Involved in the positive and negative feedback loops of the circadian clock. With RVE8, forms a negative feedback loop of the circadian clock (PubMed:21483796). Expression of several members of the ARR-like family is controlled by circadian rhythm. Proteolytic substrate of the E3 ubiquitin ligase SCF(ADO1) complex. APRR9, APRR7, and APRR5 coordinately act on the upstream region of the target genes to repress their expression from noon until midnight. The particular coordinated sequential expression of APRR9, APRR7, APRR5, APRR3 and APPR1 result to circadian waves that may be at the basis of the endogenous circadian clock. Negative regulator of shade avoidance response. Involved in the inhibition of leaf expansion in shade avoidance response.
Catalyzes the transfer of a geranyl-geranyl moiety from geranyl-geranyl pyrophosphate to a cysteine at the fourth position from the C-terminus of proteins having the C-terminal sequence Cys-aliphatic-aliphatic-X (CaaX). Seems to exclusively prenylate CaaX substrates with leucine in the terminal position. The beta subunit is responsible for peptide-binding. May negatively regulate abscisic acid (ABA) signaling in guard cells and auxin-induced lateral root initiation.
Negatively regulates ABA signaling in guard cells. in negative regulation of auxin-induced lateral root initiation.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants have an enhanced response to abscisic acid (ABA)-mediated stomatal closure and increased lateral root formation in response to exogenous auxin.
Does not possess nicotinamidase activity in vitro.
Homodimer (Probable). Interacts with PRE3 and ASK7.
Nuclear genome-encoded factor required for the accumulation of photosystem I (PSI). Functions as PSI biogenesis factor. Cooperates with PYG7 to promote the stable assembly of PSI in the thylakoid membrane. May target primarily the PsaC subunit. Does not seem to be required for the expression of chloroplast genes encoding PSI subunits.
Seedling lethality when homozygous. Pale green and slow growing phenotype when grown on MS medium supplemented with 2% sucrose.
Expressed 2 days before visible senescence began (PubMed:9617813). Detected from day 24 (PubMed:18978034).
No basal expression in untreated young leaves, but rapidly and strongly up-regulated upon abscisic acid treatment (PubMed:9617813). Strongly up-regulated (10'000-fold higher expression at day 33) in the quinolinate synthase mutant old5 (PubMed:18978034).
Unspecific reductase providing both diastereomeric alcohols from the prochiral ketones. Active on cyclic monoterpenes and small flexible lipophilic carbonyls. No activity with tropinone, nitrogen-containing tropinone analogs, tropine or pseudotropine as substrate.
A stretch of 270 kb of the mitochondrial genome is duplicated within the centromere of chromosome 2 resulting in the duplication of the gene. The expression of this duplicated gene (At2g07671) is not demonstrated. It is also probably not RNA edited and therefore differs in all the positions known to be edited.
Basal phosphorylation at all stages of the cell cycle. MT-binding properties inhibited by hyperphosphorylation mediated by CDKs and/or MAPKs (e.g. ANP2, ANP3, MPK4 and MPK6) during prometaphase and metaphase.
Expressed in all organs and tissues with the exception of sepals and anthers. Bound to subsets of microtubules in the cells of root epidermis, hypocotyl and cotyledons (at protein level).
Forms dimer. Binds to MT, mostly with coaligned MT, both between parallel or antiparallel, forming thick bundles. Interacts with the alpha-tubulin subunit of the tubulin heterodimer. Bundles polymerized MT via the formation of 25-nm crossbridges at specific stages of the cell cycle (e.g. bundles microtubules in interphase, anaphase and telophase but does not bind microtubules in prophase or metaphase), at the plus-end, the minus-end, or along the entire length of MT, and along phragmoplast MT. Interacts with SH3P1 and MPK4.
Microtubule-associated protein that bundle and stabilize adjacent microtubules (MT) of the cell cortex. Enhances MT nucleation. Can also bind to tubulin dimers and promotes their polymerization. Confers MT resistance to the drug propyzamide and cold conditions. Plays a role in the central spindle at anaphase to early cytokinesis but is not essential at the midline of the phragmoplast at later stages. Represses metaphase spindle organization and the transition to anaphase in dephosphorylated active form. Promotes the formation of a planar network of antiparallel microtubules. May be involved in stomatal movement modulation by regulating the dynamic and arrangement of cortical MT.
Belongs to the deoxyhypusine hydroxylase family.
Catalyzes the hydroxylation of the N(6)-(4-aminobutyl)-L-lysine intermediate to form hypusine, an essential post-translational modification only found in mature eIF-5A factor.
Belongs to the complex I subunit 6 family.
Belongs to the exonuclease superfamily. TREX family.
DPD1 homologs are present in flowering plants but not in moss, green algae and animals.
Exonuclease required for organelle DNA degradation during pollen development. Plays non-essential roles in maternal inheritance. May be part of the DNA salvage machinery.
Highly expressed in mature pollen grains. Detected in flowers, senescing leaves and roots.
Inhibited by free nucleotide diphosphates (NDPs).
Starts to express at the bicellular pollen stage, with a peak at the tricellular pollen stage.
Detected in seed coats in the inner layer of the outer integument at the beginning of the desiccation stage. Also expressed at the chalazal region as desiccation proceeds.
Elimination of suberin-associated ester-linked ferulate. Altered permeability and sensitivity of seeds and roots to salt stress.
Expressed in roots, seedlings, leaves, stems, flowers and siliques. Detected at the protein level in roots and in seed coats.
Involved in the synthesis of aromatics of the suberin polymer. Specifically affects the accumulation of the ferulate constituent of suberin in roots and seeds, but has no effect on the content of p-coumarate or sinapate.
May be involved in the receptor-like kinase-mediated signal transduction pathway.
By cytokinin in procambium (PubMed:30626969). Induced by the transcription factor MONOPTEROS (MP) in cells relevant for root initiation, and later in vascular tissues and hypophysis (PubMed:20220754).
In embryos, present in cells relevant for root initiation and later in vascular tissues. At the globular stage, accumulates in cells adjacent to the hypophysis (extra-embryonic cell specified to become the founder cell of the primary root meristem) (PubMed:20220754). Expressed at preprocambial stages first in wide domains, and later confined to sites of vein development. In young seedlings, first observed in the central region of leaves primordia, and later strongly expressed at sites of midvein, first and second loops, and higher-order veins (PubMed:20563990).
The PEAR proteins (e.g. DOF2.4, DOF5.1, DOF3.2, DOF1.1, DOF5.6 and DOF5.3) form a short-range concentration gradient that peaks at protophloem sieve elements (PSE) (PubMed:30626969). Accumulates in the stele (PubMed:20563990).
Transcription factor that binds specifically to a 5'-AA[AG]G-3' consensus core sequence (By similarity). The PEAR proteins (e.g. DOF2.4, DOF5.1, DOF3.2, DOF1.1, DOF5.6 and DOF5.3) activate gene expression that promotes radial growth of protophloem sieve elements (PubMed:30626969).
Expressed in a replication-independent manner. Strong expression in the generative cell of early bicellular pollen, but not detected in late bicellular and tricellular pollen.
Mono-, di- or trimethylated to form mainly H3K4me1/2/3, H3K9me1/2/3 and H3K36me1/2/3. Very low monomethylation at H3K18me1 or H3K23me1. H3K4me1/2/3, H3K9me3, H3K27me3 and H3K36me1/2/3 are typical marks for euchromatin, whereas heterochromatic chromocenters are enriched in H3K9me1/2 and H3K27me1/2. H3K27me3 is largely restricted to the transcribed regions of single genes and not associated with low-nucleosome density regions. SUVR1 to SUVR5, ASHH1 to ASHH3 and ASHR1 to ASHR3 methylate H3, with ASHH2 methylating specifically H3K4 and H3K36. Monomethylation at H3K27me1 by ATXR5/6 is inhibited by the presence of Thr-32. The Su(var)3-9 homolog proteins (SUVH1 to SUVH10) are H3K9-specific methyltransferases. Among them, KRYPTONITE (SUVH4) is only involved in di- or trimethylation. Regarding H3K9, the major forms are H3K9me1 (20%) and H3K9me2 (10%), while H3K9me3 is rare (0.2%). H3K9me is controlled by DNA methylation and is not required for the formation of constitutive heterochromatin, but double methylation H3K9meK27me is required for the recruitment of CMT3 to methylate heterochromatin and silence euchromatic loci. Very low level of H3K9meK14ac. 36% of H3K27 is found under the form of H3K27me1 and 6% of H3K27me2, with no detectable H3K27me3. 6% of H3K36 is found under the form of H3K36me1, 15% of H3K36me2 and 3% of H3K36me3. H3K27me2K36me1 is found in 15% of the proteins while H3k27me1K36me2 is not detected. H2BK143ub1 is probably prerequisite for H3K4me. Elevated H3K4me3 and H3K36me2 formed by ASHH2 are required for high FLC expression. Vernalization increases H3K9me2 and H3K27me2/3 and decreases H3K4me2 at the FLC locus, resulting in the epigenetic silencing of this floral repressor.
The nucleosome is a histone octamer containing two molecules each of H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assembled in one H3-H4 heterotetramer and two H2A-H2B heterodimers. The octamer wraps approximately 147 bp of DNA. The H3K9meK27me dimethylated N-terminal tail of histone H3 can directly interact with the chromodomains of CMT3 and/or LHP1. Interacts with AHL27. Binds to HIRA (PubMed:25086063).
Variant histone H3 which replaces conventional H3 in a wide range of nucleosomes in active genes. Constitutes the predominant form of histone H3 in non-dividing cells and is incorporated into chromatin independently of DNA synthesis. Deposited at sites of nucleosomal displacement throughout transcribed genes, suggesting that it represents an epigenetic imprint of transcriptionally active chromatin. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Belongs to the SOS response-associated peptidase family.
Delayed greening and virescent seedlings.
Involved in carotenoid biosynthesis. Catalyzes the single epsilon-cyclization reaction which converts lycopene to delta-carotene and neurosporene to alpha-zeacarotene (PubMed:8837512, PubMed:11226339). Required for lutein biosynthesis (PubMed:9789087).
Brassicaceae-specific phytocytokine (plant endogenous peptide released into the apoplast) perceived by MIK2 in a BAK1/SERK3 and SERK4 coreceptors-dependent manner, that modulates various physiological and antimicrobial processes including growth prevention and reactive oxygen species (ROS) response regulation (PubMed:33514716, PubMed:34535661). Inhibits root growth (PubMed:34535661).
Mostly expressed in seedlings shoots, and, to a lower extent, in roots.
May be involved in the degradation of extracellular nucleosides.
Expressed in both the sporophytic and the gametophytic tissues, especially in dividing cells. Mostly present in flower buds and mature flowers. Accumulates also in embryos, in roots apices, trichomes and ovule integuments.
Serine/threonine-protein kinase involved in the spatial and temporal control system organizing cortical activities in mitotic and postmitotic cells (PubMed:11489177, PubMed:15292395). Required for the normal functioning of the plasma membrane in developing pollen (PubMed:16965555). Involved in the regulation of cell expansion, cell elongation, and embryo development (PubMed:23087695).
Heterodimer with subunits of 125 kDa and 50 kDa. The 125 kDa subunit contains the polymerase active site and most likely the active site for the 3'-5' exonuclease activity (By similarity).
In eukaryotes there are five DNA polymerases: alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon which are responsible for different reactions of DNA synthesis.
This polymerase possesses two enzymatic activities: DNA synthesis (polymerase) and an exonucleolytic activity that degrades single-stranded DNA in the 3'- to 5'-direction.
Interacts with GTE11/BET10 through the BTB domain.
Preferentially expressed in leaves, stems and flowers.
Up-regulated by auxin (IAA), salicylic acid (SA), methyl jasmonate (MeJA), hydrogen peroxide, wounding and NaCl.
Expressed at low levels in seedlings, rosettes and inflorescence.
No visible phenotype and normal sensitivity to pathogens, but higher expression of pathogenesis related genes PR-1 and PR-2 in Atpam16l. The double mutant Atpam16-1 Atpam16l is lethal.
Regulates ATP-dependent protein translocation into the mitochondrial matrix.
Although related to the peptidase M24 family, this protein lacks conserved active site residues suggesting that it may lack peptidase activity.
Component of the FACT complex, a general chromatin factor that acts to reorganize nucleosomes. The FACT complex is involved in multiple processes that require DNA as a template such as mRNA elongation, DNA replication and DNA repair. During transcription elongation the FACT complex acts as a histone chaperone that both destabilizes and restores nucleosomal structure. It facilitates the passage of RNA polymerase II and transcription by promoting the dissociation of one histone H2A-H2B dimer from the nucleosome, then subsequently promotes the reestablishment of the nucleosome following the passage of RNA polymerase II (Probable).
Component of the FACT complex, a stable heterodimer of SPT16 and SSRP.
SK1 forms a homodimer in solution, which may facilitate its relative thermostability when exposed at 37 degrees Celsius.
Expressed in the vascular tissues of roots and rosette leaves (PubMed:29259105). Accumulates in roots meristems (PubMed:29259105). Observed in flowers (PubMed:29259105).
Catalyzes the deamidation of nicotinamide, an early step in the NAD(+) salvage pathway. Prevents the accumulation of intracellular nicotinamide, a known inhibitor of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARP enzymes). May play a role in the regulation of seed germination potential.
Delayed seed germination, reduced seed germination potential and increased sensitivity to abscisic acid (ABA) during germination.
Phosphorylates Ins(1,3,4,5,6)P5 at position 2 to form Ins(1,2,3,4,5,6)P6 (InsP6 or phytate). Phytate is a regulator of intracellular signaling, a highly abundant animal antinutrient, and a phosphate store in plant seeds. Also phosphorylates Ins(1,3,4,6)P4 and Ins(1,4,5,6)P4 to produce Ins(1,2,3,4,6)P5 and Ins(1,2,4,5,6)P5.
Strongly expressed in leaves and cauline leaves. Weakly expressed in siliques and flowers. In flower, it is expressed in the major organs of developing flower buds. Strongly expressed in sepals, petals, in the male and female organs of immature and mature flower buds. Strongly expressed in the gynoecium and carpels which are fused to form the gynoecium. Also expressed in the transmitting tissue and ovules.
The gene coding for this protein might be inactivated to commercially produce plants with phytate-free grain. Indeed, while the role of phytate (InsP6) accumulation in seeds is unknown, it causes nutritional and environmental problems, partly due to the inability of monogastric animals to digest it.
To ensure consistency between histone entries, we follow the 'Brno' nomenclature for histone modifications, with positions referring to those used in the literature for the 'closest' model organism. Due to slight variations in histone sequences between organisms and to the presence of initiator methionine in UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot sequences, the actual positions of modified amino acids in the sequence generally differ. In this entry the following conventions are used: H2BK6ac = acetylated Lys-7; H2BK33ac = acetylated Lys-18; H2BK34ac = acetylated Lys-19; H2BK143ub1 = monoubiquitinated Lys-122.
Activated by autophosphorylation at Thr-443.
Autophosphorylated on serine and threonine residues. Autophosphorylated at Thr-443.
May be involved in glycolipids transfer.
10-fold by auxin, 2-fold by gibberellic acid and not by cytokinin.
Exhibits a non sequence-specific DNA-binding activity.
Expressed in roots, leaves, stems, flowers and siliques, with a maximal expression in apical regions.
May polymerize to form filamentous structures.
Belongs to the ubiA prenyltransferase (TC 3.D.4.8) family.
Converts protoheme IX and farnesyl diphosphate to heme O.
Expressed in roots, leaves, stems, flower buds, developing siliques and mature seeds.
Serine protease that cleaves the pectin methylesterase 17 (PME17) protein to release the PME17 mature form in the apoplasm.
Transient delay during the first day of seed germination and increased length of the primary root.
Essential protein. Putative transcription factor.
Homo or heterodimer. Interacts with ZHD1, ZHD3, ZHD4, ZHD5, ZHD6, ZHD7, ZHD8, ZHD9, ZHD10 and ZHD11.
Mostly expressed in flowers and, to a lower extent, in inflorescence, stems and leaves.
Accumulation of scopoletin, but loss of sideretin root secretion in response to iron deficiency. Impaired iron-uptake ability at elevated pH leading to chlorotic and stunted plants; this phenotype is rescued by fraxetin and sideretin treatments, but not by scopoletin treatment.
Involved in the pathway of sideretin biosynthesis from feruloyl CoA, a redox-active catecholic metabolite exuded by roots in response to iron deficiency in order to facilitate the uptake of iron; this pathway consists in the successive conversion from feruloyl CoA to scopoletin, from scopoletin to fraxetin and from fraxetin to sideretin. Catalyzes the biosynthesis of fraxetin via scopoletin hydroxylation.
Strongly induced by iron deficiency, mainly in roots.
Activated by GHR1-mediated phosphorylation which is negatively regulated by ABI2 but not ABI1 (PubMed:22730405). Activation by SRK2E/OST1 and GHR1 is repressed by HT1 (PubMed:27694184).
Constitutively higher stomatal conductance with over-accumulation of the osmoregulatory anions in guard cell. Impaired slow (S-type) anion channel currents that are activated by cytosolic calcium ions and abscisic acid (ABA) (normally leading to a decrease in stomatal conductance). Higher sensitivity to ozone. Increased water loss associated with a constitutive stomatal opening phenotype. Reduced circadian leaf turgor changes.
Homotrimer. Interacts with SRK2E, CPK6, CPK21, CPK23 and PP2CA. The channel is inactivated upon PP2CA and ABI1 binding. Interacts with KAT1, KAT2, KAT3/KC1 and AKT2 (PubMed:27002025). Interacts with GHR1 (PubMed:22730405, PubMed:30361234).
Phosphorylation by SRK2E, especially on Ser-120, activates the channel. Also phosphorylated and activated by CPK21 and CPK23. Abscisic acid (ABA) promotes phosphorylation. This phosphorylation is inhibited by ABI1. Phosphorylated and activated by GHR1; this phosphorylation is repressed by ABI2 but not ABI1 (PubMed:22730405). Phosphorylated by HT1 on N-terminus but not C-terminus (PubMed:27694184).
Preferentially expressed in guard cells. Also detected in the vascular strands close to the leaf margins.
Slow, weak voltage-dependent S-type anion efflux channel involved in maintenance of anion homeostasis. Cl(-) efflux through SLAC1 causes membrane depolarization, which activates outward-rectifying K1 channels, leading to KCl and water efflux to reduce turgor further and cause stomatal closure, that reduces water loss and promotes leaf turgor. Essential for stomatal closure in response to CO(2), abscisic acid (ABA), ozone O(3), light/dark transitions, humidity change, calcium ions, hydrogen peroxide H(2)O(2), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and nitric oxide. Binds to the highly selective inward-rectifying potassium channels KAT1 and AKT2, and inhibits their activities. Functions as an essential negative regulator of inward potassium channels in guard cells. Essential for the efficient stomatal closure and opening in guard cells (PubMed:27002025). Involved in the local and/or systemic stomatal responses (e.g. stomatal closure) to light stress (PubMed:29463779).
Belongs to the PpiC/parvulin rotamase family. PIN4 subfamily.
The Asn-Pro-Ala (NPA) motifs may contribute to the formation of two hemipores that could generate a narrow channel.
May be involved in retrograde transport of early and late endosomes to the late Golgi.
Probable glycosyltransferase involved in pectin and/or xylans biosynthesis in cell walls (By similarity). Together with IRX14, required for xylan and pectin synthesis in seed coat epidermal (SCE) cells (PubMed:30228108). Collaboratively with GAUT11, essential for the accumulation of seed mucilage, a gelatinous wall rich in unbranched rhamnogalacturonan I (RG I), and for shaping the surface morphology of seeds (PubMed:30228108).
Strong reduction of seed mucilage accumulation and major decrease in rhamnogalacturonan I (RG I), associated with reduced absolute levels of rhamnose (Rha), arabinose (Ara) and galacturonic acid (GalA) but increased absolute abundance of minor sugars (e.g. galactose (Gal), xylose (Xyl), glucose (Glc) and mannose (Man)) (PubMed:30228108). The double mutant muci70-1 gaut11-3 is completely defective in seed mucilage production and exhibits a strong release of minor sugars in total mucilage extracts (PubMed:30228108). Plants missing both MUCI70 and IRX14 exhibit a severe reduction in both xylan- and pectin-related sugars in total seed mucilage extracts (PubMed:30228108).
Component of the DNA topoisomerase VI complex involved in chromatin organization and progression of endoreduplication cycles. Binds to DNA. Required for endoreduplication beyond 8C.
Expressed inproliferating and endoreduplicating cells.
Interacts with BIN4 and TOP6A, but not with TOP6B.
Plants have no hairs on primary roots and have an extreme dwarf and seedling lethal phenotype.
Required for embryo development and seed viability.
Plant-specific TFIIB-related protein that may be involved in an intracellular signaling pathway between plastids and the nucleus (PubMed:12697827). May act as general transcription factor (GTF) of RNA polymerase I-dependent transcription and rRNA synthesis. Forms a ternary complex with TBP2 and the rDNA promoter region (PubMed:18668124).
Ubiquinated. Subsequent degradation by the proteasome pathway.
Catalyzes the transfer of a farnesyl moiety from farnesyl diphosphate to a cysteine at the fourth position from the C-terminus of several proteins having the C-terminal sequence Cys-aliphatic-aliphatic-X (CaaX) (PubMed:20565889). The beta subunit is responsible for peptide-binding (PubMed:20565889). Acts as an abscisic acid (ABA) negative regulator by mediating ASG2 farnesylation and consequently monitoring its subcellular localization (PubMed:26147561). Involved in responses to salt (NaCl) and osmotic (e.g. in response to mannitol and PEG) stresses (PubMed:26147561).
Catalyzes the transfer of a farnesyl moiety from farnesyl diphosphate to a cysteine at the fourth position from the C-terminus of several proteins. The beta subunit is responsible for peptide-binding.
Heterodimer of FTA and FTB (farnesyltransferase). Heterodimer of an alpha and a beta subunit.
Plants show an increase in floral organ number, particularly in the sepals and petals, correlating with an increase in the width of young floral meristems (PubMed:10840062). Increased sensitivity to abscisic acid (ABA) as well as salt (NaCl) and osmotic (e.g. in response to mannitol and PEG) stresses in term of seed germination and roots elongation (PubMed:26147561).
By abscisic acid (ABA) treatment (PubMed:11798174). Induced by salt, heat and drought stresses.
Expressed in xylem tissues, stigma, anthers and region where sepals and petals attach the peduncle.
Transcriptional activator that binds specifically to the DNA sequence 5'-[AG]CCGAC-3'. Binding to the C-repeat/DRE element mediates abscisic acid-inducible transcription. Involved in the regulation of plant development and tolerance to abiotic stresses (PubMed:21069430).
Calcium-binding protein that interacts with newly synthesized monoglucosylated glycoproteins in the endoplasmic reticulum. It may act in assisting protein assembly and/or in the retention within the ER of unassembled protein subunits. It seems to play a major role in the quality control apparatus of the ER by the retention of incorrectly folded proteins (By similarity).
Lacks two EF-hand domains in the calmodulin-like domain, which are conserved features of the CDPK ubfamily.
There are 3 contiguous domains conserved in the CDPK subfamily: a kinase domain, an autoinhibitory (junction) domain and a calmodulin-like domain. The autoinhibitory domain (396-426) inactivates kinase activity under calcium-free conditions (By similarity).
Functions redundantly with PCRK1 in basal resistance against bacterial pathogens and in regulation of plant immunity. Functions together with PCRK1 downstream of the pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) receptor FLS2. Contributes to the induction of SARD1 and CBP60G, which are transcriptional activator of ICS1, an enzyme involved in salicylate (SA) biosynthesis upon pathogen attack.
Calcium-dependent NADPH oxidase that generates superoxide. Involved in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during incompatible interactions with pathogens, in response to pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI) signaling and in UV-B and abscisic acid ROS-dependent signaling and via SIK1 mediated activation by phosphorylation (PubMed:30212650). Might be required for ROS signal amplification during light stress.
Inhibited by diphenylene iodinium (DPI).
Monomer and homodimer (By similarity). Interacts with BIK1 and FLS2 (PubMed:24629339). Interacts with PBL13 (PubMed:26432875). Binds to SIK1 upon flagellin perception and becomes activated by phosphorylation (PubMed:30212650).
More abundant in roots than in leaves, stems or inflorescences. Expressed in mesophyll and guard cells.
Phosphorylated at Ser-39, Ser-343 and Ser-347 by BIK1 upon flagellin (flg22) treatment (PubMed:24629339). Activated by phosphorylation at Ser-347 mediated by SIK1 and at Ser-8, Ser-9 and Ser-339 upon flagellin (e.g. flg22) perception (PubMed:30212650).
Plants do not accumulate reactive oxygen species during disease-resistance reactions, do not up-regulate UV-B-dependent gene expression and are impaired in abscisic acid-induced stomatal closing and in root growth and seed germination inhibitions.
Up-regulated by pathogen infection and by abscisic acid.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but plants are resistant to several aminoglycoside antibiotics, such as kanamycin, streptomycin, gentamicin, amikacin, tobramycin and apramycin.
Probable plastid transporter that may play a role in iron chelation, storage or sequestration under limiting iron conditions. In presence of exogenous antibiotics, may allow opportunistic entry of multiple aminoglycoside antibiotics into the chloroplast.
Core component of the spliceosomal U1, U2, U4 and U5 small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs), the building blocks of the spliceosome (By similarity). May play a minor role in the splicing of cellular pre-mRNAs (PubMed:21421416).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but the double mutants smd3-a and smd3-b display embryonic lethality.
Component of the 19S regulatory particle (RP/PA700) base subcomplex of the 26S proteasome. The 26S proteasome is composed of a core protease (CP), known as the 20S proteasome, capped at one or both ends by the 19S regulatory particle (RP/PA700). The RP/PA700 complex is composed of at least 17 different subunits in two subcomplexes, the base and the lid, which form the portions proximal and distal to the 20S proteolytic core, respectively. Required for innate immunity (PubMed:14623884, PubMed:20516081). Interacts with UNI (PubMed:21791544).
Displays disruption of cellular organization in the postembryonic root and shoot apical meristems. Leads to decreased 26SP accumulation, resulting in reduced rates of Ub-dependent proteolysis. Shows hypersensitivity to heat shock and increased oxidative stress tolerance. Displays enlarged leaves, stems, flowers, fruits, seeds and embryos, caused by increased cell size and shows increased branch number and nuclear size of trichomes, in correlation with increased ploidy. Mutant displays enhanced susceptibility to the fungal pathogen Golovinomyces cichoracearum. The double mutants rpt2a and rpt2b are blocked in both male and female gametogenesis (PubMed:22158466, PubMed:21784786).
Induced by treatment with the proteasome inhibitor MG132.
The 26S protease is involved in the ATP-dependent degradation of ubiquitinated proteins. The regulatory (or ATPase) complex confers ATP dependency and substrate specificity to the 26S complex (PubMed:22158466) (Probable). Interacts with transit peptides of proteins targeted to the chloroplast, and may be involved in the degradation of unimported plastid protein precursors (PubMed:24846764). Is required for the maintenance of postembryonic root and shoot meristems (PubMed:15073153, PubMed:21784786). Has a specific role in the regulation of organs size (PubMed:19500299, PubMed:19321709). Acts redundantly with RPT2B in the regulation of gametogenesis (PubMed:21784786, PubMed:22158466). With RPT2B plays a critical role in 26S proteasome assembly (PubMed:22158466). Acts as an upstream signaling component for inducing both defense and morphological phenotypes in the constitutive active uni-1D mutant (PubMed:21791544). Acts as negative regulator of endoreduplication in trichome cells (PubMed:20195883). May function after the completion of the third endoreduplication step (8C to 16C) mediated by RHL1 (PubMed:20195883). Acts as negative regulator of transcriptional gene silencing (TGS) at specific endogenous genes through DNA methylation (PubMed:22615900). Promotes post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) by limiting the degradation of transgene aberrant RNAs by the RNA quality control (RQC) machinery, thus favoring their entry into cytoplasmic siRNA bodies where they can trigger PTGS (PubMed:22615900). Involved in tolerance to zinc deficiency, possibly through alleviation of oxidative stresses or processing of poly-ubiquitinated proteins (PubMed:21389614). Required for resistance to the fungal pathogen Golovinomyces cichoracearum (PubMed:22577987).
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 13 family. GlgB subfamily.
Catalyzes the formation of the alpha-1,6-glucosidic linkages in starch by scission of a 1,4-alpha-linked oligosaccharide from growing alpha-1,4-glucan chains and the subsequent attachment of the oligosaccharide to the alpha-1,6 position.
Expressed in seedlings, roots, stems, leaves, inflorescences, seeds and flowers.
Induced by light when associated with glucose, fructose or sucrose treatment. Induction by glucose is mediated by the transcription factor ABI4.
Modified starch composition. This phenotype is enhanced when associated with SBE2.1 and SBE3 disruptions.
Flat, serrated, blue-green and ovoid leaves.
Heterodimer with DRB1 or DRB5. Interacts with DCL1 and DCL5.
Belongs to the prephenate/arogenate dehydrogenase family.
Expressed in roots, stems, leaves, flowers, siliques and seeds. More abundant in seeds.
Involved in the biosynthesis of tyrosine. Has no prephenate dehydrogenase activity.
Unlike TYRAAT2, TYRAAT1 is composed of two highly similar and catalytically active peptide domains. No proteolytic cleavage between the two domains.
Adaptor protein complex 1 (AP-1) is a heterotetramer composed of two large adaptins (gamma-type subunit and beta-type subunit), a medium adaptin (mu-type subunit) and a small adaptin (sigma-type subunit) (Probable). Binds to EPSIN1 (PubMed:16905657). Interacts with DRP2A/ADL6 (via C-terminus) (PubMed:12207647).
Cross-links actin with a constant of dissociation of 1.3 uM.
Predominantly expressed in flowers, in the tapetum and in pollen grains. Detected in leaves and stems.
Component of the CSN complex, probably composed of CSN1, CSN2, CSN3, CSN4, CSN5 (CSN5A or CSN5B), CSN6 (CSN6A or CSN6B), CSN7 and CSN8. Interacts with itself. In the complex, it is located in the center and probably interacts directly with CSN1, CSN2, CSN3, CSN4, CSN5A or CSN5B, CSN6A or CSN6B, CSN7 and CSN8. Interacts with COP10. Binds to the translation initiation factors TIF3E1 (PubMed:19704582).
Expressed specifically in roots and root hairs.
Phosphorylated at Ser-399 by CPK3. Phosphorylation enhances PLP1 activity towards phosphatidylcholine.
This is the most abundant isoform of 2S albumin in Arabidopsis.
Expressed in stems, leaves and flowers. Strong expression in vascular tissues.
Plants overexpressing MPT3/PHT3;1 display increased sensitivity to salt stress.
Transport of phosphate groups from the cytosol to the mitochondrial matrix. Mediates salt stress tolerance through an ATP-dependent pathway and via modulation of the gibberellin metabolism.
Not induced by pathogen or salicylic acid.
Belongs to the SSU72 phosphatase family.
Protein phosphatase that catalyzes the dephosphorylation of the C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II. Plays a role in RNA processing and termination.
Embryo sac development arrest. Unfused polar nuclei.
Probable E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase involved in female gametophyte development. Required for fusion of polar nuclei in the embryo sac.
Embryonic lethality when homozygous (PubMed:17706632). Reduction in embryonic growth, failure in axillary shoot apical meristem and leaf-primordia initiation and growth, and failure in primary root growth and lateral root initiation when heterozygous (PubMed:15753038, PubMed:17706632). Wox8 and wox9 double mutants are embryo lethal, with embryos disrupted as early as the first cell division in the embryo proper (PubMed:17706632).
Expressed in the basal cell and later at the boundary between suspensor and proembryo (PubMed:14711878). Expressed at low levels in proliferating tissues post embryonically (PubMed:15753038). Detected in vegetative shoot apical meristem, leaf primordia, floral meristems, emerging floral organs, epidermal layer of the placenta and in the upper portion of the root meristematic zone (PubMed:15753038, PubMed:20110319).
First detected in the basal daughter cell of the zygote (PubMed:14711878). Unlike WOX2 and WOX8, it is not expressed in the egg cell or the zygote (PubMed:14711878). During two subsequent rounds of transverse cell divisions, it is restricted to the hypophysis (PubMed:14711878). At the 8-cell stage, it expands into the central domain of the embryo, in addition to weakening in the hypophysis (PubMed:14711878). After protoderm formation, expression in the central embryo domain is restricted to the protodermal cells and also disappears from the hypophyseal cell (PubMed:14711878). In subsequent stages, a ring of expression remains at the presumptive boundary between root and hypocotyl, at about the same position as WOX2 expression in heart stage embryos (PubMed:14711878). In addition to its embryonic expression, it is expressed postembryonically in the epidermal cells of the placenta during gynoecium development, but not in the developing ovules (PubMed:14711878). The placental expression disappears soon after fertilization (PubMed:14711878). Expression dynamics require MP and BDL, but not GN activity (PubMed:14711878). Detected as early as the first zygotic division in both the apical and the basal daughter cells (PubMed:17706632). By late globular to early transition stage, the protein is evenly distributed through out the embryo and the suspensor (PubMed:17706632). The basal half of the embryo, especially cells in the protoderm layer, starts to show slightly higher levels of expression by early heart stage (PubMed:17706632).
Homeodomain transcription factor required for meristem growth and early development (PubMed:15753038). Promotes cell proliferation and prevents premature differentiation in meristematic tissues during postembryonic development (PubMed:15753038). Essential for maintaining tissue growth during embryogenesis (PubMed:17706632). May act by repressing TSS to promote meristematic proliferation (PubMed:21185286). Involved in the transcriptional activation of a subset of cytokinin response factors (PubMed:20110319). May act as a negative regulator of cytokinin signaling in the dark (PubMed:21057190).
The seedling growth arrest phenotype of the stip mutants likely resulted from a G2 cell cycle arrest of the meristematic tissue (PubMed:17706632). Exogenous sucrose in the growth medium reactivate the stip meristems by repressing TSS and activating the expression of cell cycle regulators, and thus promoting G2 to M transition in meristematic tissues (PubMed:21185286).
Up-regulated in the zygote after fertilization by the transcription factor WRKY2.
Early expressed in hypocotyl and cotyledon. Later expressed in old or senescing leaves and in pistil, pollen and filament of open flowers.
Interacts with KIN10 and KIN11 via its FLZ-type zinc finger domain.
Up-regulated in response to prolonged energy depletion (PubMed:26442059, PubMed:29406622). Up-regulated by the glycolysis inhibitor 2DG (PubMed:26442059). Induced by abscissic acid (ABA) (PubMed:29406622).
Expressed in rosettes, stems, roots, floral buds, flowers and siliques.
Non-heme iron oxygenase involved in sterols biosynthesis by catalyzing the removal of the first methyl group at the C-4 position (PubMed:14653780). 4,4-dimethyl-9-beta,19-cyclopropylsterols such as 24-methylenecycloartanol are the preferred substrates (PubMed:14653780). Acts as a rate-limiting enzyme in the sterol pathway via interaction with ACBP1; sterols serve as lipid modulators for gene expression of homeodomain-leucine zipper IV transcription factors (PubMed:28500265). Together with SMO1-2, involved in the maintenance of sterol composition to balance auxin and cytokinin activities during embryogenesis (PubMed:31341004).
Proembryo abortion in the double mutant lacking both SMO1-1 and ACBP1 associated with altered fatty acids (FAs) and sterols profiles (PubMed:28500265). The double mutant smo1-1 smo1-3 shows no obvious phenotype (PubMed:31341004). The double mutant smo1-1 smo1-2, which accumulates dramatically 4,4-dimethylsterols, is embryo lethal, with embryo exhibiting severe defects, including no cotyledon or shoot apical meristem formation, abnormal division of suspensor cells, and twin embryos, and is associated with altered auxin and cytokinin homeostasis (PubMed:31341004).
Strongly expressed in developing ovules (PubMed:28500265). During embryogenesis, expressed from the globular stage to the mature stage in both the embryo and endosperm (PubMed:31341004). From the torpedo to the mature embryo stages, strongly expressed in the provascular cells of the developing hypocotyl and in the shoot apical meristem (SAM) (PubMed:31341004). In leaves, strongly expressed in vascular tissues and stomata (PubMed:31341004). In roots, accumulates in the stele and at lateral root formation sites (PubMed:31341004). In flowers, observed in anthers and pistils (PubMed:31341004). In siliques, high levels in seedpods (PubMed:31341004).
Expressed at high levels in roots, leaves, stems, flowers and siliques.
Performs an essential function in the generation of cytoplasmic iron-sulfur proteins by mediating export of Fe/S cluster precursors synthesized by NFS1 and other mitochondrial proteins. Not required for mitochondrial and plastid Fe-S enzymes. Probably involved in the export of cyclic pyranopterin monophosphate (cPMP) from mitochondria into the cytosol. Mediates glutathione-dependent resistance to heavy metals such as cadmium and lead, as well as their transport from roots to leaves. Regulates nonprotein thiols (NPSH) and the cellular level of glutathione (GSH).
Plants exhibit an enhanced sensitivity to cadmium, dwarfism and chlorosis, with an altered morphology of leaf and cell nuclei. Mitochondria accumulate nonheme, nonprotein iron. Decreased levels of molybdenum cofactor (MOCO) and reduced activities of cytosolic Fe-S proteins. Reduced ability to produce abscisic acid under normal conditions and in response to drought stress. Male sterility when homozygous.
Induced by light, preferentially when associated with glucose, fructose or sucrose treatment, but repressed by darkness.
Modified starch composition. This phenotype is enhanced when associated with SBE2.2 and SBE3 disruptions.
Mostly expressed in roots, stems, seeds, inflorescences, flowers and leaves, and, to a lower extent, in seedlings.
Expressed in flowers, stamen, pollen, and pollinated carpels (at protein level).
Glycosyltransferase involved in the O-arabinosylation of several proteins including extensins and small signaling peptides (PubMed:24036508, PubMed:26577059). Catalyzes the transfer of the initial L-arabinose to the hydroxyl group of Hyp residues (PubMed:24036508). Contributes redundantly with HPAT1 and HPAT3 to arabinosylation of EXT3 (PubMed:24036508).
No visible phenotype (PubMed:24036508). Short-root-hair phenotype (PubMed:25944827). Hpat1 hpat2 double mutants have longer hypocotyls, are early flowering and show early senescence in leaves associated with a decrease in chlorophyll content (PubMed:24036508). Hpat1 hpat2 hpat3 triple mutants fail to produce detectable levels of Hyp-arabinosides, have low fertility and shorter pollen tubes (PubMed:26577059).
May be due to a competing acceptor splice site. experimental confirmation available.
Catalyzes the reduction of 3-ketodihydrosphingosine (KDS) to dihydrosphingosine (DHS). Required for sphingolipid biosynthesis. In plants, sphingolipids seems to play a critical role in mineral ion homeostasis, most likely through their involvement in the ion transport functionalities of membrane systems in the root. Lacks stereospecificity and can also produce L-threo-DHS in addition to D-erythro-DHS.
High frequency of tricotyledons and altered flower morphology. The double mutants tsc10a and tsc10b are not viable.
Expressed in leaves, roots and siliques, but not in flowers.
Not induced by environmental stresses such as dehydration, salinity and low temperature.
Belongs to the HesB/IscA family. Ycf83 subfamily.
Involved in the assembly of chloroplastic iron-sulfur proteins. Is able to transfer iron-sulfur clusters to apo-ferredoxin.
Ubiquitous with higher expression level in green, photosynthetic tissues.
Acts as a calcium sensor. CBL proteins interact with CIPK serine-threonine protein kinases. Binding of a CBL protein to the regulatory NAF domain of a CIPK protein lead to the activation of the kinase in a calcium-dependent manner. Mediates salt tolerance, but only when phosphorylated. Competes with CIPK23 for a direct binding to AKT1, negatively regulating its activity via a protein kinase-independent mechanism.
Expressed in shoots, leaves, stems, flowers and siliques. Barely detected in roots.
Homodimer (By similarity). Interacts with CIPK24 and AKT1.
No visible phenotype when grown under normal conditions but hypersensitivity to salt stress.
Phosphorylated by CIPK24. The level of phosphorylation is enhanced by CIPK24-CBL10 interaction. The phosphorylation is induced by salt stress and limited to membrane-bound CBL10.
The N-terminal 40 amino acids are necessary and sufficient for vacuolar and endosomal targeting.
Belongs to the ketopantoate reductase family.
Catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of ketopantoate into pantoic acid.
Functions in association with RUP1 as repressor of UV-B-induced photomorphogenesis mediated by UVR8 and HY5. Plays a crucial negative feedback regulatory role downstream of UVR8-COP1 to inhibit UVR8 function, balance UV-B-specific responses and ensure normal plant growth. Is involved in the regulation of photoperiodic flowering and vegetative development. May act as negative regulator of photoperiodic flowering by suppressing flowering through the action of CONSTANS (CO) and FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT).
Small stunted leaves and early flowering under short days conditions.
Catalyzes a reversible NAD-dependent dehydrogenase reaction involved in central metabolism and redox homeostasis between organelle compartments (Probable). Required for carbon dioxide and energy partitioning in leaves. May limit photorespiration during the dark phase (PubMed:20876337, PubMed:27208265). Its activity is essential to shuttle reductants out from the mitochondria to support the photorespiratory flux (PubMed:26889011). Can convert 2-oxoglutarate to (S)-2-hydroxyglutarate in vitro (PubMed:26203119).
Negatively regulated by ATP. Not redox-regulated. The formation of intramolecular disulfide bonds does not alter enzymatic activity.
Slight reduction of rosette leaf size and reduction by 50 percents in fresh weight and seed production (PubMed:26889011). The double mutant plants mmdh1 and mmdh2 have decreased germination rate, grow slowly, are small, have increased photorespiration and die before producing seeds (PubMed:20876337).
Ensures, when in complex with COG2 and FPP2/VETH2, the correct secondary cell wall (SCW) deposition pattern by recruiting exocyst components to cortical microtubules in xylem cells during secondary cell wall deposition by recruiting EXO70A1.
Acts as a component of the essential kinetochore-associated NDC80 complex, which is required for chromosome segregation and spindle checkpoint activity to ensure proper cell division. Required for the maintenance of plant architecture.
Highly expressed in actively dividing tissues, such as shoot apical meristem (SAM), root apical meristem (RAM), vasculature, newly emerging leaves and inflorescence shoots.
Basal shift of ARAC3/ROP6 and ARAC4/ROP2 positioning in root hair-forming cells leading to basal shift of root hair positions.
Interacts with DRP1A at the plasma membrane and in forming clathrin-coated vesicles (CCV).
Putative microtubule-associated force-producing protein, able to bind and hydrolyze GTP (By similarity). Collaboratively with DRP1A, participates in clathrin-coated vesicle formation during endocytosis (PubMed:20231465). With DRP1A and PIP5K3, required for the precise coordination of polar ARAC3/ROP6 and ARAC4/ROP2 placement and subsequent root hair positioning during planar polarity formation in root hair-forming cells (PubMed:27251533).
Ubiquitous. Preferentially expressed in siliques.
Component of the active ARAC10-IRC5-KIN13A complex (PubMed:24280391). Interacts with ICR5 (PubMed:22984069).
Involved in local disassembly of cortical microtubules when associated with ICR5 and KIN13A.
Dual specificity kinase acting on both serine/threonine- and tyrosine-containing substrates. Phosphorylates BRI1 on 'Ser-887' and CDC48 on at least one threonine residue and on 'Ser-41'. Confers embryogenic competence. Acts redundantly with SERK2 as a control point for sporophytic development controlling male gametophyte production. Involved in the brassinolide signaling pathway. Probably required during small peptide (e.g. RGF1) signaling (Probable). Involved in the perception of phytosulfokine and subsequent signal transduction (PubMed:26308901). Acts as a RLK5 coreceptor and promotes high-affinity IDA sensing, thus being a positive regulator of floral abscission (PubMed:27058169).
Expressed during pollen development and megasporogenesis in the nucellus of developing ovules, in all cells of the embryo sac up to fertilization and in all cells of the developing embryo until the heart-shaped stage. Found in epidermal and vascular cells of the late torpedo and cotyledon stages embryos.
Expressed in flowers, tapetum, developing microspores, all cells of the embryo sac, provascular strands and developing vascular bundles. Low expression in adult vascular tissue. Detected in root meristem.
Glycosylated. Important for targeting to the plasma membrane.
Intermolecular autophosphorylation. The catalytic activity of SERK1 depends on the presence of a phosphorylated Thr residue in SERK1. The phosphorylation is induced by brassinosteroids. Transphosphorylation by BRI1 occurs only on Ser-299 and Thr-462. Dephosphorylation of threonine residues by the kinase-associated protein phosphatase (KAPP) is involved in SERK1 endocytosis.
Monomer, homo- and heterodimer. Interacts with KAPP, CDC48A, GRF6 or GRF7, SERK2, BRI1 and SERK3/BAK1 to form the SERK1 signaling complex. Bind to BRI1 in a brassinolide-dependent manner (PubMed:23929946). Heterodimer with PSKR1 (PubMed:26308901). Interacts with the EF-Tu receptor EFR and FLS2 in a specific ligand-induced manner. Interacts with ERECTA in a EPF2-induced manner. Interacts with ERL1 in a EPF1-induced manner. Interacts with TMM (PubMed:26320950). In the presence of the signal peptide RGF1, interacts with RGI1/RGFR4/RCH2, RGI2/RGFR3/RCH1, RGI3/RGFR1, RGI4/RGFR2/SKM2 and RGI5/RGFR5 (PubMed:27229311).
No visible phenotype. Serk1 and serk2 double mutants are completely male sterile due to a failure in tapetum specification. Delayed floral abscission (PubMed:27058169).
Seems to be related with early development of tissues in general rather than with embryogenesis.
The extracellular domain (26-234) is required for dimerization.
Catalyzes the reaction of cyanate with bicarbonate to produce ammonia and carbon dioxide.
May be involved in thiamine metabolism. Does not possess 5-formyltetrahydrofolate cyclo-ligase activity in vitro.
Expressed in cotyledons, leaves, and hypocotyls of seedlings, and in leaves and pollen of mature plants.
Clustered trichomes and multinucleated cells.
Component of the ESCRT-I complex (endosomal sorting complex required for transport I), a regulator of vesicular trafficking process (PubMed:17090720). Required for the sorting of endocytic ubiquitinated cargos into multivesicular bodies (MVBs) (PubMed:17090720). May control nuclear division through the microtubule cytoskeleton (PubMed:17090720).
Component of the endosomal sorting required for transport complex I (ESCRT-I), composed of ELC, VPS28 and VPS37 (PubMed:17090720). Interacts with VPS28 and VPS37 (PubMed:17090720). Binds ubiquitin in vitro (PubMed:17090720). Interacts with FREE1 (PubMed:25438943). Interacts with TOL9/TOM1D (PubMed:22639582). Interacts with BRO1/ALIX (PubMed:26902184, PubMed:17090720, PubMed:22639582, PubMed:25438943). Interacts with SINAT1, SINAT2, SINAT3 and SINAT4 (PubMed:32753431).
Belongs to the galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase type 1 family.
Catalyzes the conversion of ADP-glucose and inorganic phosphate (Pi) into glucose-1-phosphate and ADP. Does not possess galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase activity.
Functions by a double-displacement chemical mechanism and ping-pong kinetics through a covalent nucleotidyl-enzyme intermediate.
Mediates zinc uptake. May also transport copper and cadmium ions.
Zinc uptake is highly pH-dependent and no uptake is seen at pH levels below 5.0. Inhibited by copper and cadmium ions.
Expressed in shoots, stems, leaves, flowers and siliques.
May act as an efflux-type nitrite transporter. Not regulated by the PII protein involved in the regulation of nitrite uptake into higher plant chloroplasts.
Slower growth and delayed bolting. Nitrite accumulation in leaves.
Binds the syntaxin KNOLLE. Interacts with SEC6.
Expressed throughout the plant, both in mitotically active and quiescent cells. Enriched in dividing tissues.
Regulator of vesicle trafficking involved in cytokinesis and root hair development, but not required for cell elongation.
One of the primary rRNA binding proteins, it binds directly to 16S rRNA central domain where it helps coordinate assembly of the platform of the 30S subunit.
Circadian-regulation (PubMed:23818596, PubMed:25012192). Maximum levels of expression in the subjective morning (PubMed:23818596, PubMed:25012192). Up-regulated by a light pulse in the middle of the night via the phytochrome family of red/far-red light photoreceptors (PubMed:23818596, PubMed:25012192). Up-regulated following a temperature upshift during the dark period (PubMed:24690904). Repressed by members of the TOC1/PRR1 family of clock genes (PubMed:23818596).
Transcriptional coactivator necessary for expression of the clock genes PRR5 and TOC1 (PubMed:25012192, PubMed:25848708). Antagonizes REV8 function in the regulation of anthocyanin accumulation (PubMed:25848001). Involved in red light input to the clock (PubMed:25012192). Activates clock-controlled genes with afternoon peak (PubMed:23818596). Mediates light inhibition of hypocotyl elongation (PubMed:23818596). Unable to bind to DNA, but recruited to the evening element (EE)-containing region of the PRR5 and TOC1 promoters through its interaction with the DNA binding proteins REV8 and REV4 (PubMed:25012192, PubMed:25848708).
A stretch of 270 kb of the mitochondrial genome is duplicated within the centromere of chromosome 2 resulting in the duplication of the gene. The expression of this duplicated gene (At2g07776) is demonstrated.
Expressed along a developmental gradient in the inflorescence stem, with higher levels in olders organs and low levels in young tissues.
Lignin degradation and detoxification of lignin-derived products (By similarity). Involved in the flowering time inhibition.
Predominantly expressed in tissues other than the inflorescence stem, especially in roots.
Expressed in cotyledons, hypocotyls, roots, sepals, petal vascular tissue and stigmas of developing flowers. Expressed in stamen filaments after jasmonic acid treatment.
Homo- and heterodimer. Interacts with COI1, MYC2, MYC3, MYC4, AFPH2/NINJA, TIFY10A/JAZ1, TIFY6B/JAZ3, TIFY11A/JAZ5, TIFY11B/JAZ6, TIFY5A/JAZ8, TIFY7/JAZ9, TIFY9/JAZ10, TIFY3A/JAZ11 and TIFY3B/JAZ12 (PubMed:18547396, PubMed:19151223, PubMed:19309455, PubMed:20360743, PubMed:21335373). Interacts with RHD6 and RSL1 (PubMed:31988260).
Repressor of jasmonate responses. Jasmonoyl-isoleucine (JA-Ile) specifically promotes COI1-TIFY10B/JAZ2 interaction. Activated by MYC2, MYC3 and MYC4 transcription factors (PubMed:19151223, PubMed:21335373). Interacts with and suppresses RHD6 and RSL1 transcription factor activities to negatively regulate jasmonate-stimulated root hair development (PubMed:31988260).
The jas domain (204-229) is required for interaction with COI1 and Pseudomonas syringae HopZ1a.
Component of SCF(COI1) E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes at least composed of ASK1 or ASK2, CUL1, RBX1A or RBX1B and COI1. Interacts with ASK1 and ASK2, but separately, Binds also to ASK11 and ASK12. Interacts with RBCS-1B and HDA6. SCF complexes interact with the COP9 signalosome (CSN). Interacts with TIFY10A.
Mutants coi1-1 to coi1-14 are male sterile, insensitive to MeJA and coronatine, and exhibit enhanced resistance to Pseudomonas syringae atropurpurea (coronatine producing strain). Mutant coi1-16 has reduced sensitivity to jasmonate, but is male fertile when grown below 22 degrees Celsius and male sterile otherwise.
Required for jasmonate-regulated plant fertility and defense processes, and for coronatine and/or other elicitors perceptions/responses. Seems to not be required for meiosis. Required for the regulation of some genes induced by wounding, but not for all. Component of SCF(COI1) E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes, which may mediate the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins (probably including the ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase small chain 1B RBCS-1B and the histone deacetylase HDA6). These SCF complexes play crucial roles in regulating response to jasmonate, and their interactions with the COP9 signalosome (CSN) appear to be important for their activity. Interacts with TIFY10A and inositol pentakisphosphate to form a high-affinity jasmonates coreceptor. Involved in the regulation of plant gene expression during plant-pathogen interactions with Pseudomonas syringae and Alternaria brassicicola.
The F-box domain is essential for the formation of SFC(COI1) complexes.
The Leu-rich domain is involved in the interactions with RBCS-1B and RPD3B.
Heterohexamer; composed of 3 copies of TIM9 and 3 copies of TIM10, named soluble 70 kDa complex. The complex associates with the TIM22 component of the TIM22 complex. Interacts with multi-pass transmembrane proteins in transit (By similarity).
Mitochondrial intermembrane chaperone that participates in the import and insertion of multi-pass transmembrane proteins into the mitochondrial inner membrane. May also be required for the transfer of beta-barrel precursors from the TOM complex to the sorting and assembly machinery (SAM complex) of the outer membrane. Acts as a chaperone-like protein that protects the hydrophobic precursors from aggregation and guide them through the mitochondrial intermembrane space (By similarity).
The twin CX3C motif contains 4 conserved Cys residues that form 2 disulfide bonds in the mitochondrial intermembrane space. However, during the transit of TIM9 from cytoplasm into mitochondrion, the Cys residues probably coordinate zinc, thereby preventing folding and allowing its transfer across mitochondrial outer membrane (By similarity).
Expressed in leaves (around hydathodes), buds, flowers (carpels and pollen grains), stems (around nodes), siliques, mature seeds and roots.
Transcriptional regulator that binds DNA independently of its methylation status. Required during plant organogenesis and development.
Variety of phenotypic effects, including aerial rosettes, serrated leaves, abnormal position of flowers, fertility problems and late flowering.
May form heterodimeric complex with the TALE/KNOX proteins STM and KNAT1/BP.
Required for specifying floral primordia and establishing early internode patterning events during inflorescence development.
Chromatin remodeling factor. Acts as a 'reader' protein by binding to H3K4me3 and H3K36me3 to control histone H4 acetylation. Increases the transcriptional levels of the flowering time genes FLC and FT (PubMed:25183522, PubMed:25211338). Binds the chromatin at the FT promoter upon interaction with CO (PubMed:25211338).
Interacts with HAM1 and HAM2 (PubMed:25183522). Interacts (via MRG domain) with CO (PubMed:25211338). Component of the NuA4 histone acetyltransferase complex (By similarity).
No visible phenotype, due to the redundancy with MRG1. Mrg1 and mrg2 double mutants are late-flowering under long-day growth conditions.
Ubiquitous (PubMed:25183522). Mainly expressed in the vasculature of cotyledons and leaves, and in roots and inflorescences (PubMed:25211338).
May act as a short alcohol-polyol-sugar dehydrogenase possibly related to carbohydrate metabolism and the acquisition of desiccation tolerance. May also be involved in signal transduction (By similarity).
Catalyzes the stereospecific oxidation of squalene to (S)-2,3-epoxysqualene, and is considered to be a rate-limiting enzyme in steroid biosynthesis. Produces primarily oxidosqualene.
Expressed mainly in inflorescences. Detected in seedlings, leaves, stems, and siliques.
Expressed in stems, rosette leaves and roots and weakly in inflorescences.
Rapid but transient induction by wounding, salicylic acid treatment or pathogen infection.
Homodimer. Component of Ran complexes at least composed of WIT1 or WIT2, RANGAP1 or RANGAP2, and WIP1 or WIP2 or WIP3. Interacts with WIP2, WPP1/MAF1, WPP2/MAF2, RANGAP1 and RANGAP2. Component of a ternary complex composed of WPP1, HSP70-1 and WIT1. Interacts with KAKU1 (PubMed:23973298, PubMed:25759303). Interacts with WIP1 (PubMed:23973298).
Together with WIT2, required for the nuclear envelope docking of RANGAP proteins in root tips.
Expressed in rosette leaves, cauline leaves and flowers.
Induced by light (PubMed:8980549). Induced by wounding, salt stress and abscisic acid (PubMed:12857823). Induced by the lepidopteran herbivore Pieris rapae (white cabbage butterfly) feeding (PubMed:19517001).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plant show increased susceptibility to the herbivore Pieris rapae (white cabbage butterfly) feeding.
Probable transcription factor that may function in osmotic stress and wounding signaling pathways (Probable). Contributes to basal resistance against the herbivore Pieris rapae (white cabbage butterfly) feeding (PubMed:19517001).
Converts adenosine 3'-phosphate 5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) to adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (APS) and 3'(2')-phosphoadenosine 5'- phosphate (PAP) to AMP. May regulate the flux of sulfur in the sulfur-activation pathway by converting PAPS to APS. May play a role in the biosynthesis of sulfate conjugates and RNA processing. Is also able to hydrolyze inositol 1,4-bisphosphate and inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate. Could be considered as a negative regulator of abscisic acid (ABA)- and stress-responsive genes, through modulating the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) turnover. Is also involved in salt tolerance. Acts as a suppressor of virus- and transgene-induced silencing.
Inhibited by Li(+) (IC(50)=0.20 millimolar) and Na(+) (IC(50)=200 millimolar).
Mutation in the FRY1 gene results in super-induction of abscisic acid (ABA)- and stress-responsive genes, due to inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) accumulation.
Substrate preference is 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphate (PAP) = adenosine 3'-phosphate 5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS)> inositol 1,4-bisphosphate >> inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate. No activity observed against 3' or 5'-AMP, inositol monophosphate and fructose-1,6-bisphosphate.
Expressed in stamen filaments and petals.
Plants over-expressing SAUR62 display twisted inflorescence stems, and increased length of stamen filaments and petals.
Stimulated by sodium sulfate > ammonium sulfate.
The C-terminal domain may function as glutaredoxin and mediates the interaction of the enzyme with glutathione (GSH). Active in GSH-dependent reduction of hydroxyethyldisulfide, cystine, dehydroascorbate, insulin disulfides and ribonucleotide reductase (By similarity).
Kinase that phosphorylates myo-inositol to produce multiple myo-inositol monophosphates. Participates in phytic acid biosynthesis in developing seeds. Phytic acid is the primary storage form of phosphorus in cereal grains and other plant seeds.
Although it is unknown whether it is a serine/threonine or a tyrosine protein kinase, it is strongly related to the serine/threonine-protein kinase family.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family. GCN2 subfamily.
Expressed in roots, leaves, stems, buds, flowers, siliques and seedlings.
Homodimer; homodimerization is important for kinase activation by uncharged tRNAs.
Metabolic-stress sensing protein kinase that phosphorylates the alpha subunit of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 eIF-2-alpha in response to low amino acid availability. Plays a role as an activator of the general amino acid control pathway required for adapatation to amino acid starvation. Converts phosphorylated eIF-2-alpha either to a competitive inhibitor of translation initiation, leading to a global protein synthesis repression, and thus to a reduced overall utilization of amino acids, or to a translational initiation activation of specific mRNAs, and hence allowing reprogramming of amino acid biosynthetic gene expression to alleviate nutrient depletion. Binds uncharged tRNAs.
The kinase activity is stimulated upon binding to uncharged tRNAs.
Interacts with KIN10 and KIN11 via its FLZ-type zinc finger domain (PubMed:24600465, PubMed:29945970). Interacts with KINB1, KINB2 and KINB3 via its N-terminal part (PubMed:29945970). Interacts with DSP3 and BBX21 via its FLZ-type zinc finger domain (PubMed:24901469). Forms heterodimer with FLZ7 and FLZ15 in vitro (PubMed:29945970).
Involved in copper import into the cell. May play a role in copper detoxification in roots.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants are hypersensitive to copper excess.
By hypoosmolarity (PubMed:15047879, PubMed:16810321). Accumulates during dark-induced starvation (PubMed:21278122).
Forms heterodimers with other bZIP proteins such as BZIP1, BZIP9, BZIP10, BZIP25 and BZIP63 (PubMed:16810321, PubMed:16709202, PubMed:19531597, PubMed:21278122). BZIP heterodimers form complexes with ABI3 that enhance G-box element-binding to increase the expression of seed maturation (MAT) genes (PubMed:19531597).
In developing seeds, accumulates in embryo cotyledons during late maturation, from the torpedo to the green cotyledon stages. Also present in endosperm.
Reduced seed maturation (MAT) genes expression (PubMed:19531597). Slight reduction in the dark-induced activation of POX1/PRODH1 transcript accumulation (PubMed:21278122).
Transcription activator that binds DNA to the C-box-like motif (5'-TGCTGACGTCA-3'), ABRE elements, G-box-like motif (5'-CCACGTGGCC-3'), DOF (5'-AAAG-3'), I-box (5'-GATAA-3'), BS1 (5'-AGCGGG-3'), MY3 (5'-CGACG-3'), 5'-CAGTGCGC-3' and 5'-ACTCAT-3' sequence in target gene promoters (PubMed:15047879, PubMed:16810321, PubMed:19531597, PubMed:21278122, PubMed:25108460). DNA-binding and subsequent transcription activation is triggered by heterodimerization with other bZIP proteins (e.g. BZIP1, BZIP10 and BZIP25) (PubMed:16810321, PubMed:19531597, PubMed:21278122). Promotes POX1/PRODH1 expression in response to hypoosmolarity stress (PubMed:15047879, PubMed:16810321). Transcriptional activator of seed maturation (MAT) genes (e.g. AT2S2), including seed storage protein (SSP) and late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) genes (PubMed:19531597). Activated by low energy stress both by transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms. Promotes dark-induced senescence and participates in the transcriptional reprogramming of amino acid metabolism during the dark-induced starvation response, especially when heterodimerized with BZIP1, by triggering accumulation of specific proteins including ASN1 and POX1/PRODH1 (PubMed:21278122).
Induced by pathogens, cycloheximide and ozone treatment.
Catalyzes the condensation of two molecules of acetyl-CoA to produce acetoacetyl-CoA (PubMed:22332816). Generates the bulk of the acetoacetyl-CoA precursor required for the cytosol-localized, mevalonate-derived isoprenoid biosynthesis (PubMed:22332816). The generated isoprenoids are required for normal growth and development (PubMed:22332816). Essential protein during embryogenesis (PubMed:15266054).
Embryo defective and lethality when homozygous.
Expressed in root tips, emerging leaves, young leaves, stems, and anthers at the microspore stage.
Expressed in roots, stems, leaves, flowers and developing siliques.
Induced by heat in shoots, but suppressed in roots (PubMed:29272523). Repressed in roots in response to cold, drought and salt (PubMed:29272523).
Mostly expressed in stems, siliques, roots and flowers and, to a lower extent, in leaves.
Accumulation of anthocyanins in embryo. Presence of trichomes on cotyledons. Unusual pattern of storage product accumulation in embryos and cotyledons.
Expressed in developing embryo. At globular stage, expressed in all cells of the embryo proper. At heart stage, preferentially expressed in the protodermal tissue. In mature embryo, expressed in the provascular tissue, root cap and mature epidermis. Expressed in the aleurone layer in mature seed. Expressed in leaf primordia and shoot apical meristem (PubMed:22026387).
Phosphorylation by KIN10 increases its stability. Phosphorylated at one or more of the Ser-55, Ser-56 and/or Ser-57 residues.
Phosphorylation by KIN10 is required to positively regulates embryogenesis, seed yield, and plant growth at high temperature.
Transcription regulator involved in gene regulation during late embryogenesis. Its expression to the epidermis is sufficient to control foliar organ identity by regulating positively the synthesis abscisic acid (ABA) and negatively gibberellin production. Negatively regulates TTG1 in the embryo. Positively regulates the abundance of the ABI3 protein in the seed. Cooperates with KIN10 to regulate developmental phase transitions and lateral organ development and act both as positive regulators of abscisic acid (ABA) signaling during germination (PubMed:22026387, PubMed:22902692).
Embryo defective (PubMed:15266054). Reduced stature, early flowering and altered leaf morphology (PubMed:17008405).
Inserts into the inner envelope membrane from the stroma after import from the cytoplasm. The transit peptide undergoes a two-step processing. The initial cleavage to generate the intermediate found in the stroma is mediated by the stromal processing peptidase (SPP) while the final processing step by a signal peptidase I-type (SPase I), possibly PLSP1, requires association with the inner membrane.
Involved in protein precursor import into chloroplasts. Part of the motor complex consisting of a co-chaperone (TIC40) and a chaperone (HSP93) associated with the import channel (TIC110). Causes the release of bound transit peptides from TIC110 and stimulates ATP hydrolysis by HSP93. Involved in reinsertion of proteins from the chloroplast stroma into the inner membrane.
Part of the Tic complex. Interacts with HSP93, TIC110 and LTD.
Small and chlorotic, but not seedling lethal. Defective in chloroplast protein import.
The C-terminal half (89-105) of the Ser/Pro-rich region and the transmembrane domain are necessary and sufficient for membrane integration.
The STI1 2 domain (386-425) has a stimulatory effect on HSP93 ATP hydrolysis.
The TPR region (238-373) interacts with TIC110.
Despite the nomenclature given by PubMed:11077244, FBW2 does not contain any WD-40 repeat.
Part of a SCF (SKP1-cullin-F-box) protein ligase complex (By similarity). Interacts with CUL1, CUL2 and SPK1B/ASK2.
Expressed at high levels in the leaves and at low levels in the roots and floral buds.
Autophosphorylated and phosphorylated by CRK36.
By ozone. Down-regulated by light stress (PubMed:20500828). Induced by infection with Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis (PubMed:21711359). Induced by salt stress, drought stress and abscisic acid (ABA) (PubMed:22225700). Induced by salicylic acid (SA) and infection with the bacterial pathogen P.syringae and the necrotrophic fungal pathogen B.cinerea (PubMed:24215930).
Forms a complex with CRK36 that may negatively control abscisic acid (ABA) and osmotic stress signal transduction (PubMed:22225700). Involved in plant response to ABA during seed germination, early seedling growth and responses to abiotic stresses by inducing the expression of ABA-responsive genes and stress-inducible genes (PubMed:23583936). Acts as positive regulator in disease resistance, downstream of NPR1 and WRKY70 (PubMed:24215930).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant seedlings show increased sensitivity to abscisic acid (ABA) and salt stress during post-germinative growth (PubMed:22225700). Increased susceptibility to P.syringae infection. Weak expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes after infection with P.syringae or salicylic acid (SA) treatment (PubMed:24215930).
Baeckstroem et al identified BIP1 in a Mediator complex pull-down assay and suggested that BIP1 could be a plant specific component of the Mediator complex (PubMed:17560376). However, no experimental evidence has been brought so far to confirm this hypothesis (Probable).
Binding to ERDJ3A activates the ATPase activity of BIP1.
Bip1 and bip2 double mutation affects the fusion of polar nuclei during female gametophyte development (PubMed:20080634). Bip1 and bip2 double mutation affects pollen tube growth and length (PubMed:24486762). Bip1, bip2 and bip3 triple mutation is pollen lethal (PubMed:24486762). Bip1, bip2 and bip3 triple mutation affects female gametophyte development during the early stages (PubMed:26186593).
In cooperation with other chaperones, Hsp70s are key components that facilitate folding of de novo synthesized proteins, assist translocation of precursor proteins into organelles, and are responsible for degradation of damaged protein under stress conditions (Probable). Involved in polar nuclei fusion during female gametophyte development and is essential for the regulation of endosperm nuclei proliferation (PubMed:20080634). Involved in sperm nuclear fusion with central cell polar nuclei at fertilization, which is critical for normal endosperm nuclear proliferation (PubMed:31410484). Required for pollen development and pollen tube growth (PubMed:24486762). Possesses ATPase activity in vitro (PubMed:26186593).
Induced by heat shock (PubMed:11402207). Induced by DTT (PubMed:26186593).
Interacts with ERDJ3B (PubMed:19763086). Interacts with PDIL1-4 (PubMed:21909944). Interacts with BZIP28 (via C-terminus) in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen (PubMed:23624714). Under ER stress, BIP1 dissociates from BZIP28, a transcription factor involved in ER stress responses (PubMed:23624714). Interacts with ERDJ3A (PubMed:26186593).
Required for the accumulation of phytic acid in seeds. Phytic acid is the primary storage form of phosphorus in cereal grains and other plant seeds.
Strong reduction in seed phytic acid with a molar equivalent increase in inorganic phosphate.
Activated by cytokinins to initiate phosphorelay signaling.
Cytokinins (CK) receptor related to bacterial two-component regulators. Functions as a histidine kinase and transmits the stress signal to a downstream MAPK cascade. This protein undergoes an ATP-dependent autophosphorylation at a conserved histidine residue in the kinase core, and a phosphoryl group is then transferred to a conserved aspartate residue in the receiver domain. In the presence of cytokinin, feeds phosphate to phosphorelay-integrating histidine phosphotransfer protein (HPt) and activates subsequent cascade. Involved in meristems establishment in seedlings. Redundant negative regulator of drought and salt stress responses and abscisic acid (ABA) signaling. Together with AHK3, plays a negative regulatory role in cold stress signaling via inhibition of ABA response, occurring independently of the cold acclimation pathway. Redundant positive regulator of cytokinin signaling that regulates many developmental processes including seed germination, cell division, seed size, chlorophyll retention during leaf senescence, root repression and shoot promotion. Involved in alkamides (e.g. N-isobutyl decanamide) and N-acylethanolamides (NAE) signaling that control meristematic activity and differentiation processes during plant development. Contributes to vascular bundle formation and secondary growth in a cytokinin-dependent manner, probably by promoting the maintenance of mitotic activity and/or identity of procambial cells. Together with AHK4, required for growth and reproduction promotion stimulated by the endophytic fungus Piriformospora indica in a trans-zeatin-dependent manner. Required by the cytokinin-dependent flower development regulation pathway.
Expressed in roots, leaves and flowers, mostly in the vascular tissues. Present in seedlings.
Hypersensitivity to ABA, and strong drought and salinity tolerance. Slightly reduced sensitivity to cytokinin. More rapid germination, reduced requirement for light, and decreased far-red light sensitivity. Reduced sensitivity to N-isobutyl decanamide. Defects in procambium proliferation and absence of secondary growth. Enhanced freezing tolerance. Impaired meristematic development in seedlings. Disturbed cytokinin-mediated flower development abnormality.
In seedlings, mainly localized in meristematic tissues (e.g. shoot apical meristem SAM, root tips, and growing leaf and lateral root primordia). Present in all the vasculature and the shoot apical meristem (SAM) of the adult plant. In flowers, localized in carpels and developing ovules. In the root tips, expressed in and near the vascular initial cells.
Rapidly induced by dehydration, slightly induced by high salinity and abscisic acid (ABA).
Self-interacts. Interacts with AHK3, AHP1, AHP2, AHP3, AHP5, ATAF2, AT2S3, BETAA-AD, CYP20-2, DRP1A, HIR1, HIR2, PI4KB1, PI4KG5 and At4g12060.
Accepts the ubiquitin from the E1 complex and catalyzes its covalent attachment to other proteins. Mediates the selective degradation of short-lived and abnormal proteins.
Highest expression in young stems, old leaves. Lowest levels in floral buds, anthers and young leaves.
Interacts with CIP8, CHIP, NLA and XERICO.
Component of the heteromeric E3 ligase complex made of BRIZ1 and BRIZ2 (PubMed:20810661). Forms heterooligomers with BRIZ2 via coiled-coil domains (PubMed:20810661).
RING-type ubiquitin E3 ligase required for seed germination and post-germination growth.
Viable heterozygous plants seeds are slow to emerge from the seed coat; emerged embryos remains white with unexpanded cotyledons thus leading to growth-arrested seedlings.
Expressed throughout pollen development with a at mature pollen stage.
Involved in sporophytic and gametophytic development. Required for normal plant development and for the proper accumulation of callose at cell plates, cll walls and plasmodesmata. During pollen formation, required for the entry of microspores into mitosis. During plant growth and development, callose is found as a transitory component of the cell plate in dividing cells, is a major component of pollen mother cell walls and pollen tubes, and is found as a structural component of plasmodesmatal canals. Required for proper cell division and tissue patterning throughout plant organs, including stomatal patterning.
Seedling lethality with severe dwarfism. Plants develop collapsed and inviable pollen grains.
Belongs to the PPP phosphatase family. PP-4 (PP-X) subfamily.
Ubiquitous, mostly expressed in root mersitems, flowers, and vascular tissues.
Induced during natural and dark-induced leaf senescence.
Interacts with the light harvesting complex II (LHCII) (PubMed:24719469). Interacts with the chlorophyll catabolic enzyme (CCE) RCCR (PubMed:26732493, PubMed:24719469).
Magnesium chelatase involved in chlorophyll a degradation in the chlorophyll-protein complexes of photosystem I (PSI) and photosystem II (PSII) (PubMed:26732493, PubMed:27604697). Contributes to the degradation of PSI and PSII in the thylakoid membranes (PubMed:26732493, PubMed:27604697). Required to trigger chlorophyll degradation during natural and dark-induced leaf senescence (Probable) (PubMed:26732493). Mediates chlorophyll degradation during embryo degreening (PubMed:24043799, PubMed:26732493, PubMed:28873256). Recombinant SGR2 possesses high dechelating activity against chlorophyll a, very low activity against chlorophyllide a, and no activity against chlorophyll b (PubMed:27604697).
No effect on seed degreening; probably due to redundancy with SGR1. Sgr1 and sgr2 double mutant has an embryo stay-green phenotype.
Expressed in roots, root hairs, vasculature of cotyledons and hypocotyls, shoot apex, leaf veins, stems, flower receptacles, pollen, filaments, anthers and siliques.
Gibberellin-regulated protein that acts as a negative regulator of gibberellin-induced flowering and stem growth. May inhibit flowering and inflorescence growth via a pathway involving GAI and by enhancing FLC expression and repressing FT and LFY. Acts as a negative regulator in thermotolerance by resogulating both salicylic acid (SA) signaling and heat shock-protein accumulation.
To ensure consistency between histone entries, we follow the 'Brno' nomenclature for histone modifications, with positions referring to those used in the literature for the 'closest' model organism. Due to slight variations in histone sequences between organisms and to the presence of initiator methionine in UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot sequences, the actual positions of modified amino acids in the sequence generally differ. In this entry the following conventions are used: H2BK6ac = acetylated Lys-7; H2BK33ac = acetylated Lys-39; H2BK34ac = acetylated Lys-40; H2BK143ub1 = monoubiquitinated Lys-147.
Detected in the part of the veins in cotyledons of 6-day-old seedlings and the basal parts of the petioles in older plants. Highly expressed in the vascular tissues of hypocotyl in dark-grown seedlings.
May act as a negative regulator of hypocotyl cell elongation in the light.
Overexpression of DTX52 alters shoot developmental programs leading to a loss of apical dominance phenotype.
Inflorescence-specific expression, especially in buds and flowers florets (PubMed:8220457, PubMed:11929861, PubMed:14739246). Present in pollen (at protein level) (PubMed:11431566).
Lipid-binding oleosin involved in tapetum development, especially for the physiology of tapetosomes (By similarity). Also implicated in the formation of pollen coat (By similarity).
May be involved in cooperative interactions with calmodulins or calmodulin-like proteins (By similarity). Recruits calmodulin proteins to microtubules, thus being a potential scaffold in cellular signaling and trafficking (PubMed:28115582). Regulates cell shape and elongation in aerial organs (i.e. cotyledons, leaves, and hypocotyls) probably by regulating cortical microtubules (MT) arrays orientation (PubMed:28115582). May associate with nucleic acids and regulate gene expression at the transcriptional or post-transcriptional level (By similarity).
Expressed predominantly in roots. First detected in the root-shoot junction, and later in lateral roots and at the margin of matures leaves.
Glutamate-gated receptor that probably acts as non-selective cation channel. Can transport sodium, potassium, and calcium ions. Functions as a carbon and nitrogen regulator and/or sensor that regulates carbon and nitrogen metabolism and distinct physiological process such as germination through the control of acid abscisic (ABA) biosynthesis. May be involved in light-signal transduction and calcium homeostasis via the regulation of calcium influx into cells. Seems required for the regulation of the abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway that modulates many aspects of plant physiology such as seed germination and response to drought (e.g. stomata opening).
Increased sensitivity to exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) and higher ABA levels in leaves.
Most abundant in root tissue, lesser amounts in rosette leaves, stems and flowers and very little in mature siliques.
Plants show reduced gravitropism, auxin-resistant root growth and AUX1 accumulation in the endoplasmic reticulum.
Required for the auxin influx facilitator AUX1 polar trafficking and its asymmetric localization within the plasma membrane. Not involved in the PIN proteins localization.
Albino plants with defective chloroplasts containing a few appressed membranes but lacking thylakoids, even when grown under normal light conditions. Reduced plastid-encoded RNA polymerase (PEP) activity.
By light (PubMed:23082802). Induced by cytokinin (e.g. trans-zeatin) (PubMed:33322466).
Component of the transcriptionally active chromosome (TAC) complexes (PubMed:23082802). Interacts with FLN1, PTAC10, PTAC12/HMR/PAP5 and PTAC14 (PubMed:23082802). Binds to SL1/MTERF3 (PubMed:33391315).
Mostly expressed in leaves, flowers and seedlings, and, to a lower extent, in roots and stems.
Poly(ADP-ribose) synthesized after DNA damage is only present transiently and is rapidly degraded by poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (By similarity). Involved in establishing period length of the circadian oscillator. May regulate post-translational poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of an oscillator component.
Contains 4-hydroxyproline; hydroxylated on Pro-28, Pro-30 and Pro-32.
By salicylic acid (SA) (PubMed:22268143, PubMed:22325892). Strong accumulation during leaf senescence (PubMed:22268143). Down-regulated by jasmonate. Triggered by P.syringae (PubMed:22325892).
Interacts with ESR/ESP and UPL5 (PubMed:17369373, PubMed:20409006). Binds to WRKY30 (PubMed:22268143).
Retarded leaf senescence, but no effects on pathogen resistance (PubMed:17369373). Increased susceptibility to P.syringae associated with reduced PR1 induction; stronger symptoms in double mutants wrky46 wrky70 and wrky46 wrky53, and triple mutant wrky46 wrky70 wrky53. In these mutants, higher induction of PDF1.2 upon jasmonic acid (MeJA) treatment (PubMed:22325892).
Transcription factor. Interacts specifically with the W box (5'-(T)TGAC[CT]-3'), a frequently occurring elicitor-responsive cis-acting element (PubMed:20409006). May regulate the early events of leaf senescence (PubMed:17369373, PubMed:20409006). Negatively regulates the expression of ESR/ESP (PubMed:20409006). Together with WRKY46 and WRKY70, promotes resistance to P.syringae, probably by enhancing salicylic acid (SA)- dependent genes. Contributes to the suppression of jasmonic acid (MeJA)-induced expression of PDF1.2 (PubMed:22325892).
Ubiquitinated by UPL5. Ubiquitination leads to its subsequent degradation, thus controlling the timing of leaf senescence.
Involved in delta-9 desaturation of fatty acids (Probable) (PubMed:15240892). Plays a role in the production of very-long-chain monounsaturated fatty acids (VLCMUFAs) in seed lipids and in membrane phospholipids and sphingolipids (PubMed:23175755). Acts as C-16:0 desaturase for monogalactosyl diacylglycerol (MGDG) and phosphatidylglycerol (PG) (PubMed:23585650). Is an essential component for cold adaptation (PubMed:23585650). Is essential to adjust the acyl composition of organelle membrane lipid composition in response to cold stress (PubMed:23585650).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plant display a dwarf and sterile phenotype when grown at 6 degrees Celsius and also show increased sensitivity to freezing temperature.
Strongly expressed in flowers, roots, leaves, seedpods, and inflorescence meristems.
Expressed in the whole plant, escpecially in vascular systems.
Homotrimer (By similarity). Interacts with KAT1 (PubMed:27002025).
Slow, weak voltage-dependent S-type anion efflux channel involved in maintenance of anion homeostasis (PubMed:18305482). Binds to the highly selective inward-rectifying potassium channel KAT1 and inhibits its activity. Functions as an essential negative regulator of inward potassium channels in guard cells. Essential for the efficient stomatal closure and opening in guard cells (PubMed:27002025).
Belongs to the inorganic phosphate transporter (PiT) (TC 2.A.20) family.
Belongs to the inorganic phosphate transporter (PiT) (TC 2.A.20.2) family.
During flower development, expressed in sepals, stamens and siliques. In seeds, confined to the connecting site of the funiculus. In seedlings, expressed in cotyledons and hypocotyls. Restricted progressively to vascular tissues as plants become older.
Induction by light is inhibited by abscisic acid (ABA) and cycloheximide.
Low affinity H(+)/Pi chloroplastic cotransporter. Involved in inorganic phosphate (orthophosphate, Pi) uptake in green parts of plants in Pi-sufficient conditions. Required for Pi retranslocation during Pi deprivation.
Mostly expressed in young green tissues. Present in both auto- and heterotrophic tissues. Also expressed in root stele.
By salicylic acid and strongly during leaf senescence.
Induced by wounding in the flowering stem.
Transcription factor involved in tissue reunion of wounded inflorescence stems. Required for the division of pith cells in the reunion process, which is dependent on polar-transported auxin and the wound-inducible hormones ethylene and jasmonate (PubMed:21911380). Binds to the promoters of XTH19 and XTH20 to induce their expression via auxin signaling. XTH19 and XTH20 are involved in cell proliferation in the tissue reunion process of incised stems (PubMed:25182467). Involved in hypocotyl graft union formation. Required for the auxin- mediated promotion of vascular tissue proliferation during hypocotyl graft attachment (PubMed:27986917).
Not essential for the accumulation of ER body components, including PYK10.
Expressed in roots, cotyledons, leaves, stems, sepals, petals, anthers, pollen grains, stigmas and siliques.
Guanine-nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) that acts as an activator of Rop (Rho of plants) GTPases by promoting the exchange of GDP for GTP. Acts downstream of PRK2 in the control of polarized pollen tube growth by activating ARAC11/ROP1. In association with ROPGEF4, acts as specific regulator of ARAC10/ROP11 function in ABA-mediated stomatal closure. May play a role in the Rac/Rop-signaling pathway that controls ROS-mediated root hair development.
Interacts with ARAC10/ROP11 and FER. Forms a complex with ARAC11/ROP1 and PRK2 (PubMed:23024212). Interacts in vitro (via PRONE domain) with PRK1, PRK2, PRK3 and PRK4 (PubMed:23024212). The C-terminal region is also important for the interaction with PRK2 (PubMed:23024212).
Phosphorylated at Ser-460 and Ser-480 by PRK2.
Phosphorylation at Ser-460 and Ser-480 by PRK2 releases ROPGEF1 auto-inhibition, thereby activating ROPGEF1, which in turn activates ARAC11/ROP1.
Plants overexpressing ROPGEF1 or ROPGEF4 are relatively insensitive to ABA-induced stomatal closure and become severely wilted during drought stress. A similar phenotype is observed in plants expressing a constitutively active ARAC10/ROP11 (PubMed:22500990).
The PRONE (plant-specific Rop nucleotide exchanger) domain is responsible for the GEF activity. The intrinsic dissociation of ROP4-GDP is stimulated 15-fold by the PRONE domain (PubMed:15980860), whereas that of ROP1-GDP is increased 350-fold (PubMed:16415208).
Both catalytic activities are inhibited by N-ethylmaleimide and are up-regulated during senescence.
Forms a homopentamer composed of five dimers.
Highly specific for beta-cyano-L-alanine (Ala(CN)). Low activity with 3-phenylpropionitrile (PPN) or allylcyanide and no activity with indole-3-acetonitrile. Not associated with auxin production but may be involved in cyanide detoxification.
Expressed in young leaves, flowers and embryos.
Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP)-like protein that acts as component of a complex regulating the turnover of mRNAs in the nucleus. Binds with high affinity to RNA molecules that contain U-rich sequences in 3'-UTRs. May function in complex with UBP1 and contribute to the stabilization of mRNAs in the nucleus. However, unlike UBP1, UBA2A does not stimulate pre-mRNA splicing.
Interacts with UBA1A, UBA2A, UBP1A, UBP1B, UBP1C and SRK2E.
Beta-amylase activity. No alpha-amylase activity. Involved in cold resistance. Mediates the accumulation of maltose upon freezing stress, thus contributing to the protection of the photosynthetic electron transport chain. Plays a role in the circadian-regulated starch degradation and maltose metabolism in chloroplasts, especially at night. More active on phosphorylated glucan. Interacts directly with starch or other alpha-1,4-glucan.
By cold stress. Light-mediated circadian regulation; highest levels at dawn and at dusk in long days (LD) but only at dusk in short days (SD). Repressed by trehalose in a ABI4-dependent manner, this effect is reversed in the presence of sucrose.
Expressed in vascular tissue of cotyledons, leaves, petioles, stems, petals, siliques and roots, particularly in phloem, as well as in photosynthetic tissues.
Expressed in cotyledons, hypocotyls and roots of young seedlings. Expressed in emerging lateral root, leaves, flowers, stamens and filaments.
Induced by ethylene in roots (PubMed:23134674, PubMed:24312429). Induced by auxin in roots. Down-regulated by abscisic acid (ABA) and paclobutrazol (PubMed:24312429).
May be involved in the regulation of ethylene receptor signaling. Promotes cell expansion and plant growth (Probable). Involved in the regulation of cell elongation (PubMed:24312429).
Plants over-expressing SAUR76 display increased root growth and reduced number of cells in leaves leading to reduced leaf area (PubMed:24312429). Plants silencing SAUR76 exhibit increased sensitivity to ethylene, while plants over-expressing SAUR76 display reduced ethylene sensitivity. Plants over-expressing SAUR76 exhibit increased rosette diameters (PubMed:26207341).
Binds to MYC2 via a cryptic CMID domain (16-58) instead of the absent jas domain.
Homo- and heterodimer. Interacts with MYC2, MYC3, MYC4, AFPH2/NINJA, TIFY10A/JAZ1, TIFY10B/JAZ2, TIFY6B/JAZ3, TIFY6A/JAZ4, TIFY11B/JAZ6, TIFY5A/JAZ8, TIFY7/JAZ9, TIFY3A/JAZ11 and TIFY3B/JAZ12. Isoform 1 and isoform 2 interact with COI1. Isoform 3 does not interact with COI1 (PubMed:19151223, PubMed:19309455, PubMed:20360743, PubMed:23632853). Interacts with RHD6 and RSL1 (PubMed:31988260).
Lacks the entire Jas domain and is highly resistant to jasmonate-induced degradation mediated by the 26S-proteasome pathway.
Not involved in jasmonate responses regulation.
Repressor of jasmonate (JA) responses (PubMed:19151223). Interacts with and suppresses RHD6 and RSL1 transcription factor activities to negatively regulate jasmonate-stimulated root hair development (PubMed:31988260).
Repressor of jasmonate (JA) responses that lacks part of the Jas domain and possesses JA insensitivity and partial resistance to JA-induced degradation.
Repressor of jasmonate (JA) responses that lacks the entire Jas domain and possesses severe JA insensitivity and resistance to JA-induced degradation (PubMed:19151223, PubMed:17675405, PubMed:23632853). Acts as an endogenous repressor of JA signal output in JA-stimulated cells (PubMed:19151223). Modulator of JA-controlled growth inhibition in response to wounding (PubMed:17675405).
The jas domain (168-193) is required for interaction with COI1.
The tify domain is required for dimerization.
Decreased abscisic acid (ABA) sensitivity during seed germination and seedling growth (PubMed:26163700). Abnormal mitochondria extensively internally vacuolated and characterized by a reduced ABA-stimulated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production associated with the inhibition of ABA-induced AOX1a and ABI4 gene expression (PubMed:26163700).
Highly expressed in germinating seeds and developing seedlings (PubMed:26163700). Also present at low levels in seedlings, roots, leaves, stems and flowers, and barely in siliques (PubMed:26163700).
Mediates abscisic acid (ABA) signal transduction through mitochondrial retrograde regulation involving ABI4 during seed germination and seedling growth, and leading to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by the alternative respiratory pathway (PubMed:26163700). Required for the maintenance of mitochondrial structure (PubMed:26163700).
Abnormal enlargement of the shoot apical meristem associated with a disrupted cellular and subcellular organization. Release of transcriptional gene silencing of heterochromatic genes, and ectopic gene expression and organogenesis. Under-expression of FLC and early flowering in short days.
Histone reader involved in homologous recombination-mediated repair of double-strand breaks (DSBs) at stalled or collapsed replication forks (PubMed:35298257). Specifically recognizes and binds histone H3.1 lacking methylation at 'Lys-27' (H3K27me1) (PubMed:35298257). Involved in structural and functional stabilization of chromatin; represents a link between response to DNA damage and epigenetic gene silencing (PubMed:14966212, PubMed:15082530, PubMed:16728410, PubMed:21705754). Required for cell arrangement in root and shoot apical meristems (PubMed:14966212, PubMed:15082530, PubMed:16728410, PubMed:21705754). May be involved, when interacting with TSA1, in the organization of spindle microtubules (PubMed:15964904).
Interacts (via TPR repeats) with TSA1 (via C-terminal domain).
Preferentially expressed in the shoot apex than in the leaves and stems. Expressed in the shoot apex and root tips in 5-day-old seedlings. At the shoot apex it is expressed in young leaves and in broad areas between two cotyledons. Weakly or not expressed in vascular tissues except vascular tissue near the shoot apical meristem. In the root, it extends from the root apical meristem to the elongation zone.
Under cell cycle-dependent control with a peak of expression at the S phase.
Stems and roots, specifically in interfascicular fibers (sclerenchyma), cells differentiating into vascular vessels (cambium), and xylem.
Transcriptional activator of genes involved in biosynthesis of secondary walls. Together with NST1, required for the secondary cell wall thickening and lignification of sclerenchymatous fibers and secondary xylem vessels (tracheary elements). Seems to repress the secondary cell wall thickening of xylary fibers. May also regulate the secondary cell wall lignification of other tissues. Binds to and activates the promoter of MYB46.
Interacts with RBG3/ORRM3 (PubMed:25800738). Binds to RBG2/ORRM5 (PubMed:28549172).
Involved in C-to-U editing of mitochondrial RNA. Functions as minor mitochondrial editing factor. Controls 6 percent of the mitochondrial editing sites.
Drastically altered morphogenesis, growth and development, including severe dwarfism, lancet-shaped leaves, early senescence and flower sterility. Strongly modified carbohydrate metabolism leading to increased accumulation of endogenous sugars (e.g. trehalose, trehalose-6-phosphate and starch). Ethylene over-production. Up-regulation of genes involved in sugar metabolism, senescence, ethylene biosynthesis and abiotic stress. In light, hypersensitivity to sucrose and glucose during vegetative growth, with partial phenotypic reversion in the presence of high sorbitol concentrations. Altered sugar-mediated hypocotyl elongation response in the dark.
May regulate multiple metabolic, hormonal and stress-related pathways. Required for carbohydrate metabolism and homoeostasis. May also monitor ethylene biosynthesis and senescence.
Was erroneously thought to be a glycosyltransferase.
Aldehyde reductase that catalyzes the reduction of the aldehyde carbonyl groups on saturated and alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes with more than 5 carbons.
Interacts with PRN2 (PubMed:24947605). Interacts with WSCP.
Belongs to the CcmF/CycK/Ccl1/NrfE/CcsA family.
Auxiliary subunit of the NatA N-alpha-acetyltransferase complex. Required for male gametocyte development, embryogenesis, suspensor development and the formation of the quiescent center (QC) in the root meristem (PubMed:27385766, PubMed:27610925). Involved in plant immunity through the regulation of SNC1 stability (PubMed:25966763). Required for embryo development (PubMed:15266054).
Down-regulated upon abscisic acid treatment.
Expressed in leaves, roots, shoots and flowers.
Part of the NatA complex. Associates with ribosomes. Interacts with NAA10.
Abundant in flowers and developing siliques. A low level expression is seen in the seedlings, roots, and leaves.
Interacts with SNAP33 and/or NPSN11 to form a t-SNARE complex and with KEULE.
Involved in cytokinesis. Acts as a cell plate-specific syntaxin, required for the fusion of vesicles at the plane of cell division.
It is detected throughout embryogenesis until expression declines in mature embryo. During embryogenesis it is detected in patches of single cells or small cell groups.
Binds to actin monomers and regulates the organization of the actin cytoskeleton (PubMed:23052593, PubMed:29861135). Can increase the critical concentration (Cc) of actin assembly in vitro (PubMed:23052593). Acts as downstream effector of the hydrogen sulfide signaling to regulate the assembly and depolymerization of F-actin (PubMed:25652660). At high concentrations, profilin prevents the polymerization of actin, whereas it enhances it at low concentrations (Probable). Binding to the poly-proline motif of formin induces oligomerization of PRF3 (PubMed:29861135). PRF3 oligomers inhibit formin-mediated actin assembly to modulate plant immunity triggered by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) (PubMed:29861135).
Induced by hydrogen sulfide (PubMed:25652660). Down-regulated by treatment with the flagellin peptide flg22 elicitor (PubMed:29861135).
Occurs in many kinds of cells as a complex with monomeric actin in a 1:1 ratio (Probable). Binding to the poly-proline motif of formins induces formation of oligomers through the N-terminal hydrophobic residues of PRF3 (PubMed:29861135).
Plants overexpressing PRF3 exhibit a dwarf phenotype with delayed seed germination, reduced lengths of roots and hypocotyls, and inhibition of hypocotyl cell elongation due to F-actin rearrangement.
Slight elongation of leaf petioles (PubMed:26160044). Increased length of primary roots in seedlings (PubMed:29861135).
Methylates (mono and asymmetric dimethylation) the guanidino nitrogens of arginyl residues in some proteins. Essential for regulating flowering time.
Involved in basal defense against virulent oomycetes. Might be related to the phospholipid scramblase and tubby-like superfamily of membrane tethered transcription factors (By similarity).
Limited to discrete pathogen infection sites in leaves.
No visible phenotype. Reduced basal and R-protein-mediated disease resistances.
Up-regulated upon infection by oomycetes, but not by bacterial or fungal pathogens.
ARF GAP activity strongly enhanced by phosphatidylinositol 4-monophosphate (PIP) and moderately enhanced by phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2).
Binds to phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidylinositol 4-monophosphate (PIP) and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) but not to phosphatidic acid (PA), phosphatidylcholine (PC) or phosphatidylethanolamine (PE).
Broadly expressed. Detected in developing veins of the leaf and root (PubMed:19473324). Detected in roots, hypocotyls, cotyledons, leaves, siliques and shoot apical meristems (PubMed:16698946).
Expression refined to procambial cells during embryogenesis.
GTPase-activating protein (GAP) for ADP ribosylation factor (ARF). Involved in the spatial control of provascular differentiation. Required for the formation of the normal pattern of continuous secondary veins. Involved in auxin signaling but not in polar auxin transport or in auxin responses. Required for PIN1 internalization in roots.
Homodimer (PubMed:15743878). Interacts with DRP1A (PubMed:15923323). Interacts with VAB (PubMed:19363154).
The PH domain is responsive of the binding to phosphoinositol (PubMed:19473324). The BAR domain is required and sufficient for homodimerization (PubMed:15743878).
Down-regulated by salt stress and treatment with mannitol.
Expressed in roots, rosette and cauline leaves, and at lower levels in stems, flowers and siliques.
Expressed in roots, lateral roots, lateral root caps, columella cells, leaves, and shoot apex.
Interacts with PRA1B1, PRA1B2, PRA1B3, PRA1B4, PRA1B6 and PRA1E.
CIPK serine-threonine protein kinases interact with CBL proteins. Binding of a CBL protein to the regulatory NAF domain of CIPK protein lead to the activation of the kinase in a calcium-dependent manner. Involved in the calcium-dependent regulation of reactive oxygen species production by the NADPH oxidase RBOHF.
Elevated levels of free trihydroxy sphingoid bases as well as ceramide and glucosylceramide species with C(20) to C(28) fatty acid, but reduced levels of species with C(16) fatty acids (PubMed:21883234, PubMed:25822663). Better resistance to submergence under light conditions, but increased sensitivity to dark submergence associated with declined levels of unsaturated very-long-chain (VLC) ceramide species (22:1, 24:1 and 26:1) (PubMed:25822663). Increased susceptibility to AAL-toxin triggering programmed cell death (PCD) (PubMed:18725200, PubMed:23617414).
Expressed ubiquitously with highest levels in pollen.
Inhibited by the mycotoxin fumonisin B(1), a sphingosine analog mycotoxins produced by pathogenic fungi (PubMed:26276842, PubMed:26635357). Activated by divalent cation such as magnesium Mg(2+), zinc Zn(2+), manganese Mn(2+) and calcium Ca(2+) (PubMed:26635357).
Prevents cell division in root meristems and promotes salicylic acid (SA) production and hypersensitive response (HR) (PubMed:26276842). Catalyzes the biosynthesis of ceramide sphingolipids with C(16) fatty acids, structural membrane lipids involved in membrane trafficking (e.g. early endosomes) and cell polarity (e.g. polar auxin transport related proteins); accepts only C16:0 fatty acids, but with a wide range of d18 sphingoid bases, such as sphinganine (d18:0) and palmitoyl-CoA (PubMed:21883234, PubMed:26635357, PubMed:21666002, PubMed:26276842). Mediates resistance to sphinganine-analog mycotoxins (SAMs, e.g. fumonisin B(1)) by restoring the sphingolipid biosynthesis (PubMed:26276842). Could salvage the transport of GPI-anchored proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus in ceramides-depleted cells after SAM exposure (By similarity). Contributes to hypoxic conditions tolerance (e.g. submergences), especially in the dark, by promoting the formation of very-long-chain (VLC) ceramide species (22:1, 24:1 and 26:1) and of VLC unsaturated ceramides, which are modulating CTR1-mediated ethylene signaling leading to endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-to-nucleus translocation of EIN2 and EIN3 (PubMed:25822663).
Interacts with SINAT6 (PubMed:24350984). Interacts with ATG6 and TRAF1A (PubMed:28351989). Interacts with WAV3 (PubMed:22122664). Interacts with FREE1 (PubMed:32786047, PubMed:32753431). Interacts with ELC/VPS23A (PubMed:32753431).
Component of the dolichol-phosphate mannose (DPM) synthase complex composed of DPMS1, DPMS2 and DPMS3; in the complex interacts directly with DPMS3. Associates with the GPI-GlcNAc transferase (GPI-GnT) complex.
Regulatory subunit of the dolichol-phosphate mannose (DPM) synthase complex; essential for the ER localization.
Interacts with CDC48A via its UBX domain.
Expressed in roots. Expressed at low levels in stems.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the thaumatin family.
E3 ubiquitin ligase catalyzing the covalent attachment of ubiquitin moieties onto substrate proteins.
Isoform 1 and isoform 4: Expressed in leaves and flowers, but not in roots or stems.
Monofunctional DNA glycosylase targeting U:G and T:G mispairs (PubMed:23994068). Excises uracil derivatives and exhibits a preference for a CpG sequence context, irrespective of the methylation status of the complementary strand (PubMed:23994068). The activity follows a biphasic kinetics, with an initial burst of product accumulation followed by a slower phase (PubMed:23994068). Specifically binds its reaction product (PubMed:23994068). Triggers the base excision repair (BER) pathway (PubMed:25900572).
The N-terminal domain (1-290) does not play any direct role in catalysis and is not required for product binding.
This putative homolog of vertebrate MBD4 DNA glycosylase is designated as MBD4L (MBD4-like) to avoid nomenclature confusion with a protein with a conserved MBD but no DNA glycosylase domain already called MBD4 (AC Q9LYB9).
Highly expressed in pollen and phloem companion cells.
Plasma membrane inositol-proton symporter. Mediates high-affinity myoinositol-proton symport across the plasma membrane. Active with myoinositol, scylloinositol and D-chiroinositol. Low activity with mucoinositol and alloinositol.
The C-terminal domain (546-582) is required for plasma membrane targeting.
Highly expressed in roots, lower expression in leaves, stems and flowers.
Interacts with both SYP41 or SYP42 and VTI12, but in different domains of the trans-Golgi network (PubMed:10888666). Does not interact on the pervacuolar compartment with VTI11, SYP21 or SYP22, or on the cis-Golgi with SYP31 (PubMed:10888666). Interacts at the trans-Golgi network (TGN) with the SYP41/SYP61/VTI12 SNARE complex (PubMed:19251905).
Involved in the protein transport to the vacuole, probably at the level of vesicle fusion at the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and not in transport from the TGN to the prevacuolar compartment, by promoting the recycling of vacuolar sorting receptors back to the TGN (PubMed:19251905). Involved in early endosomal vesicle trafficking, particularly at the trans-Golgi-network/early endosome (TGN/EE) thus residing in early endocytic route (PubMed:23737757). Together with BIG5/BEN1 required for polar PIN-FORMED (PIN) proteins localization, for their dynamic repolarization, and consequently for auxin activity gradient formation and auxin-related developmental processes (e.g. embryonic patterning, organogenesis and vasculature venation patterning) (PubMed:23737757). Necessary for pollen germination and for cell expansion (PubMed:19251905). Binds syntaxins.
Male gametophytic lethal and stunted growth associated with defects in vacuole formation leading to reduced cell expansion and autophagy-related defects in nutrient turnover (PubMed:19251905). Blocked transport of vacuolar cargo proteins with C-terminal vacuolar sorting determinants (PubMed:19251905).
Cytosolic fumarate hydratase that catalyzes the reversible stereospecific interconversion of fumarate to L-malate (PubMed:29688630). Catalyzes the dehydration of L-malate to fumarate in the cytosol: required for the massive fumarate accumulation during the day in plants grown under high nitrogen (PubMed:20202172). Also required for acclimation of photosynthesis to cold: acts by mediating accumulation of fumarate at low temperature, leading to reduce accumulation of phosphorylated sugars (PubMed:27440755).
Decreased fumarate levels, while malate levels increase (PubMed:20202172). Leaves display lower levels of many amino acids during the day, but higher levels at night, consistent with a link between fumarate and amino acid metabolism (PubMed:20202172). Plants are unable to acclimate photosynthesis in response to cold (PubMed:27440755).
Fumarate hydratase activity (fumarate to L-malate) is strongly inhibited by phosphoenolpyruvate, citrate, oxaloacetate, ATP and ADP (PubMed:29688630). Malate dehydratase activity (malate to fumarate) is activated by oxaloacetate, Asn and Gln (PubMed:29688630). Malate dehydratase activity (malate to fumarate) is inhibited by citrate, succinate, ADP and ATP (PubMed:29688630).
May be involved in the translocation of tetra- and pentapeptides across the cellular membrane in an energy-dependent manner.
Part of a SCF (ASK-cullin-F-box) protein ligase complex (By similarity). Interacts with SKP1B/ASK2, ASK11 and ASK12.
Expressed at low levels in siliques, flowers, leaves and stems.
Expressed in the vasculature of leaves, petioles and hypocotyls, anthers of mature flowers and siliques (PubMed:19625635). Expressed at low levels in roots and stems (PubMed:16183838).
Involved in cuticular wax formation (PubMed:16183838, PubMed:19625635). Required for the synthesis of alkanes from wax precursors (PubMed:16183838, PubMed:19625635). May play a role in acyl-CoA reduction to aldehydes (PubMed:16183838). Is repressed by FREE1 and functions downstream of FREE1 to negatively regulate multivesicular body (MVB) biogenesis and vacuolar transport (PubMed:31221737). Together with CER16/RIPR, acts as cofactor of the cytoplasmic exosome and connects the cytosolic RNA exosome to the SKI complex (PubMed:31455787). Acts as post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) suppressor (PubMed:31455787, PubMed:31076735). RST1 can, like CER16/RIPR, suppress the production of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) from the CER3 locus, which is involved in cuticule membrane and wax production, and in the typhine and sporopollenin biosynthesis of pollen (PubMed:31455787).
Shrunken non viable seeds due to arrested embryo development when homozygous (PubMed:16183838). Alteration in cuticular waxes with elevated amounts of cutin monomers in leaves (PubMed:16183838, PubMed:19625635). Susceptibility to the obligate biotrophic fungus E.cichoracearum and increased resistance to the necrotrophic fungi B.cinerea and A.brassicicola (PubMed:19625635).
Plants lacking both HP30-1 and HP30-2 are yellow to pale-green and impaired import of CEQORH in chloroplast inner membranes.
Probable component of a protein-conducting channel made of HP30-1, HP30-2 and HP20 that mediates the import of transit sequence-less proteins into the chloroplastic inner membrane. Interacts with CEQORH.
Together with HP30-1 and HP20, triggers the import and insertion of transit sequence-less multi-pass transmembrane proteins (e.g. CEQORH) into the chloroplastic inner membrane.
Mostly expressed in apex, and, to a lower extent, in roots, leaves, flowers and siliques.
The O-glycosylation (arabinosylation) of the hydroxyproline Pro-86 enhances binding affinity of the CLE27p peptide for its receptor.
Expressed at high levels in embryos and mature seeds.
Component of the spliceosome. Interacts with SNRNP35, AFC2, CYP59, RS2Z33 and RNU1 (PubMed:10593939, PubMed:12176998, PubMed:15987817, PubMed:16497658, PubMed:9761791). Interacts with MOS14 (PubMed:21738492).
Extensively phosphorylated on serine residues in the RS domain (By similarity). Phosphorylated by AFC2.
Expressed at low levels in roots, rosette leaves, cauline leaves, stems, flowers and siliques.
Induced by spermine and infection with the cucumber mosaic virus (CMV-Y and CMV-B2 strains).
Plants over-expressing NHL2 develop leaf necrotic lesions surrounded by chlorosis.
Interacts with CDC20-1, CDC20-2, FZR2/CCS52A1 and FZR1/CCS52A2.
Involved in the regulation of male meiosis progression.
Weakly expressed at zygotene, highly at pachitene and disappears from late diplotene to anaphase. Pronounced peak at the G1/S boundary but does not show mitotic expression.
Acts as negative regulator of WRKY33 transcription factor activity in the promotion of defense gene expression. Acts as a negative regulator of pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-induced responses to modulate resistance to pathogens.
Phosphorylated on serine and threonine residues by MPK6 following treatment with the pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) flg22. MAP kinase-mediated phosphorylation after PAMP elicitation causes degradation of VQ4, allowing WRKY33 to promote transcription from defense genes.
Elevated levels of free trihydroxy sphingoid bases as well as ceramide and glucosylceramide species with C(16) fatty acid, but reduced levels of species with C(20) to C(28) fatty acids (PubMed:21883234, PubMed:25822663). Spontaneous cell death accompanied by an enhanced PR1 expression at advanced age (PubMed:21883234). The double mutant loh1 loh3 is embryonically lethal (PubMed:21883234, PubMed:21666002). Rare viable loh1 loh3 seedlings have a complete absence of very-long-chain fatty acid (VLCFA) in sphingolipids and exhibit strong dwarf phenotype and altered lateral root outgrowth associated with disrupted early endosomes and an impaired polar auxin transport due to abnormal localization of auxin transporters in the plasma membrane; these phenotypes are in part restored by external auxin (NAA) (PubMed:21666002). Better resistance to submergence under light conditions, but increased sensitivity to dark submergence associated with declined levels of unsaturated very-long-chain (VLC) ceramide species (22:1, 24:1 and 26:1) (PubMed:25822663). The double mutant loh1 loh3, lacking (VLC), have an impaired tolerance to both dark and light submergences (PubMed:25822663).
Essential for plant growth, promotes cell division in root meristems (PubMed:21666002, PubMed:21883234, PubMed:26276842). Catalyzes the biosynthesis of ceramide sphingolipids with C(16) to C(28) fatty acids, structural membrane lipids involved in membrane trafficking (e.g. early endosomes) and cell polarity (e.g. polar auxin transport related proteins); mostly active with t18:0 and saturated very long saturated fatty acids (C24:0 and C26:0), such as long-chain base (LCB) phytosphingosine (t18:0), lignoceroyl- and hexacosanoyl-CoAs (PubMed:21883234, PubMed:26635357, PubMed:21666002, PubMed:26276842). Mediates resistance to sphinganine-analog mycotoxins (SAMs, e.g. fumonisin B(1)) by restoring the sphingolipid biosynthesis (By similarity). Could salvage the transport of GPI-anchored proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus in ceramides-depleted cells after SAM exposure (By similarity). May prevent precocious cell death by delaying PR1 accumulation during aging (PubMed:21883234). Contributes to hypoxic conditions tolerance (e.g. submergences), especially in the dark, by promoting the formation of very-long-chain (VLC) ceramide species (22:1, 24:1 and 26:1) and of VLC unsaturated ceramides, which are modulating CTR1-mediated ethylene signaling leading to endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-to-nucleus translocation of EIN2 and EIN3 (PubMed:25822663).
Expressed ubiquitously at high levels (PubMed:21883234). Not observed in pollen (PubMed:25794895).
Inhibited by the mycotoxin fumonisin B(1), a sphingosine analog mycotoxins produced by pathogenic fungi (PubMed:26276842, PubMed:26635357). Repressed by divalent cation such as magnesium Mg(2+), copper Cu(2+), zinc Zn(2+), manganese Mn(2+), calcium Ca(2+) and cobalt Co(2+) (PubMed:26635357).
Catalyzes the methylation of 5-carboxymethyl uridine to 5-methylcarboxymethyl uridine at the wobble position of the anticodon loop in tRNA via its methyltransferase domain. Catalyzes the last step in the formation of 5-methylcarboxymethyl uridine at the wobble position of the anticodon loop in target tRNA.
May function as an ATP-dependent RNA/DNA helicase.
Specifically expressed in the tapetum and vascular tissues.
Together with EX1, enables higher plants to perceive singlet oxygen as a stress signal in plastid that activates a genetically determined nuclear stress response program which triggers a programmed cell death (PCD). This transfer of singlet oxygen-induced stress-related signals from the plastid to the nucleus that triggers genetically controlled PCD pathway is unique to photosynthetic eukaryotes and operates under mild stress conditions, impeding photosystem II (PSII) without causing photooxidative damage of the plant.
Detected in seedlings and roots (PubMed:23893171). Expressed specifically in vascular tissues (PubMed:24675528). Expressed in flowers, stems, siliques, leaves and roots, with the highest expression in open flowers and the lowest in leaves (PubMed:26603028).
Probable component of a transcriptional corepressor complex involved in salt tolerance through modulation of reactive oxygen species levels, abscisic acid-dependent stomatal closure, photosynthesis and K(+) /Na(+) homeostasis (PubMed:26603028). Has an in vitro ATPase activity (PubMed:26603028).
Reduced drought tolerance and hypersensitivity to salt stress, resulting in poor growth in normal soil.
Up-regulated by salt and abscisic acid treatment.
Amino acids 201-225 are sufficient for specific binding of phosphatidic acid.
Component of a phosphatidic acid/lipid transport complex in the chloroplast envelope. Specifically binds phosphatidic acid (PA). Involved in lipid transfer from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to plastids, and necessary for thylakoids formation.
Homomultimer (PubMed:19416982, PubMed:21309871). Substrate-binding subunit of the TGD complex, a lipid translocator at the inner chloroplast envelope membrane made of TGD1, TGD2 and TGD3 (PubMed:21309871, PubMed:22544736). Interacts with TGD1 and TGD3 with an overall subunit stoichiometry of 2 TGD1, 2 TGD3 and 8 to 12 TGD2 (PubMed:22544736). Interacts with TGD5 (PubMed:26410300).
Expressed in seeds, seedlings, leaves, stems and roots. Not detected in flowers.
Involved in lipid metabolism and lipid droplet (LD) morphology, number, and size. Supports the formation of small-sized LDs and modulates triacylglycerol accumulation. Induces probably a reorganization of the endoplasmic reticulum into LD-forming domains.
The N-terminal domain (1-230) determines the lipid droplet size.
Component of a multiprotein complex equivalent of the SWI/SNF complex, an ATP-dependent chromatin-remodeling complex, which is required for the positive and negative regulation of gene expression of a large number of genes. It changes chromatin structure by altering DNA-histone contacts within a nucleosome, leading eventually to a change in nucleosome position, thus facilitating or repressing binding of gene-specific transcription factors. May play an essential role in the transition from the vegetative to the reproductive phase of development. May be a positive regulator of ABA signaling.
Homodimers and heterodimers. Interacts with SWI3A, SWI3C, SWI3D, BSH, BRM and FCA (via C-terminus), and (via N-terminus) with HAB1. Interacts with MORC6 and SUVH9 (PubMed:27171427).
Plants have pleiotropic developmental abnormalities including embryo development blocked at the early globular stage.
Efflux-type boron (B) transporter for xylem loading, responsive of boron translocation from roots to shoots under boron limitation (PubMed:16805739, PubMed:9390427, PubMed:12447444, PubMed:27449211). Boron is essential for maintaining the integrity of plants cell walls (PubMed:16805739, PubMed:9390427).
Expressed in proximal side of various root cells, notably in the columella, lateral root cap, epidermis and endodermis in tip and elongation zones of the root (PubMed:27449211). Also detected in the epidermis, cortex, endodermis, and stele cells of the root hair zone (PubMed:27449211). Observed in cotyledons and hypocotyls (PubMed:27449211).
First observed in seedlings and in the primary root tip and mature portion of the root (PubMed:27449211). Expressed in the basal region of the hypocotyl, localized with inner/stele-side polarity in the endodermal cells (PubMed:27449211). In the tip of cotyledons, accumulates mostly in epidermal cells of the top side, with a polar localization toward the inner side of the cotyledon (PubMed:27449211). High levels in the transition and differentiation zones of roots, localized with stele-side polarity in the epidermal and endodermal cells (PubMed:27449211). In the root meristem zone, present in epiderm, endoderm, columella, parts of the lateral cap, quiescent center (QC), vascular initial and protovascular cells (PubMed:27449211). In the QC, vascular initial and protovascular cells, exhibits an apical polar localization (PubMed:27449211).
'Tebichi' means the 'cloven hoof of a pig' in the regional dialect of the southernmost area of Japan.
Morphological defects including short roots, abnormal phyllotaxy with defects in adaxial-abaxial polarity of leaves, highly serrated and asymmetric leaves, and fasciation, as well as defective patterns of cell division and differentiation in meristems and during embryogenesis. Constitutively activated DNA damage responses associated with a defect in G2/M cell cycle progression, but no activation of transcriptionally silenced genes. Hypersensitive to DNA-damaging agents such as the DNA cross-linking agent mitomycin C (MMC) and the DNA-alkylating agent methyl-methane sulfonate (MMS). Reduced frequency of intrachromosomal homologous recombination.
Mostly expressed in flower buds and flowers, and, to a lower extent, in leaves, stems, seedlings, roots and siliques.
Required for regulated cell division and differentiation in meristems and embryos, thus modulating adaxial-abaxial polarity. Regulates the progression of cell cycle and DNA replication (e.g. G2/M progression and intrachromosomal recombination) and the expression of genes during development, especially genes nearby the Helitron transposons.
Expressed in all four whorls throughout flower development.
Misexpression of AGAMOUS, recognizable phenotypes (e.g. curly leaves, and early flowering time) and loss of H3K27me3 histone H3-tail marks (PubMed:17881378). Double mutant plants atx1 clf exhibits normal leaf-phenotype and flowering time (PubMed:17881378). The double mutant clf-50 swn-1 is hypersensitive to abscisic acid (ABA) associated with reduced ABA-responsive genes repression by histone H3 'Lys-27' methylation (H3K27me3) (PubMed:30307069).
Polycomb group (PcG) protein. Catalytic subunit of some PcG multiprotein complex, which methylates 'Lys-27' of histone H3, leading to transcriptional repression of the affected target genes, mainly abscisic acid (ABA) responsive elements (PubMed:17881378, PubMed:30307069). Required to regulate floral development by repressing the AGAMOUS homeotic gene in leaves, inflorescence stems and flowers (PubMed:17881378). Together with ATX1, modulates AG nucleosome methylation statement (PubMed:17881378). Regulates the antero-posterior organization of the endosperm, as well as the division and elongation rates of leaf cells. PcG proteins act by forming multiprotein complexes, which are required to maintain the transcriptionally repressive state of homeotic genes throughout development. PcG proteins are not required to initiate repression, but to maintain it during later stages of development. Forms a nuclear complex with EZA1/SWN and HXK1 to target common glucose-responsive genes and regulate glucose signaling by glucose-mediated gene repression (PubMed:35394700). Affects the recruitment of HXK1 to the target chromatin (PubMed:35394700).
Probable component of a PcG complex. In plants, PcG complexes are probably composed of a member of the EZ family (CLF or MEA), FIE, and a member of the VEFS family (FIS2, VRN2 or EMF2) (By similarity). Interacts with FIE (PubMed:14871310). Interacts with RING1A (PubMed:19097900). Binds to ALP1 (PubMed:26642436). Interacts with BLI (PubMed:20647345). Binds to ATX1 in the nucleus (PubMed:17881378). Interacts with EOL1 (PubMed:28428341). Interacts (via SANT domain) with HXK1 in the nucleus (PubMed:35394700).
Strongly expressed throughout the apical meristem, leaf primordia, and leaves of 7-8 day-old seedling. Weakly expressed in the vasculature of hypocotyl. Strongly expressed throughout the young stages 1 and 2 floral meristems that arose on the flanks of the apex. In stage 3 and 4 flowers, it is expressed in the emerging sepal primordia and in the dome of the floral meristem. During stages 6 and 7, it is strongly expressed in developing petal and stamen, and weakly expressed in the sepals. Late in floral development, at stage 12, it is weakly expressed in all floral whorls, and expressed at intermediate level in petals and ovules.
Expressed in the non-epidermal tissues of the true leaves (PubMed:21185286). Not detected in the vegetative shoot meristem and leaf primordia (PubMed:21185286).
Negatively regulates meristematic tissue proliferation by integrating developmental signals with carbon source availability (PubMed:21185286). May act as the scaffold of a protein complex, which sequesters key factors that are required for the G2 to M transition in meristematic tissues (PubMed:21185286). Together with REC2, REC3 and FMT/CLU, contributes to the establishment of the cellular volume devoted to the chloroplast compartment (PubMed:26862170).
No visible phenotype (PubMed:21185286). Reduced proportion of the cellular volume devoted to chloroplasts leading to an abnormal chloroplasts distributions (PubMed:26862170). Lower levels of chlorophyll, especially in plants lacking REC1, REC2, REC3 and FMT/CLU (PubMed:26862170).
The sucrose repression of TSS is a response specific to the rescue of stip mutants, and the presence of STIP in the wild-type may be sufficient to repress TSS expression even under sugar deprivation.
Despite a wild-type flower phenotype, the null mutant presents defects in pollen, carpel and ovule development, including a failure in megasporogenesis. Small siliques.
Expressed at the first stage of pollen development in uninucleate microspores and bicellular pollen but not in tricellular and mature pollen.
Probable floral-specific cell division component, required for proper organ formation in flowers. Regulates the floral meristem cell division and the inflorescence meristem organization. Plays a role in development of both male and female reproductive tissues.
Ubiquitous but expressed mostly in flowers with highest levels in developing ovules and microspores.
Dual specificity kinase acting on both serine/threonine- and tyrosine-containing substrates. Acting as a counterplayer of BIR1, promotes the activation of plant defense and cell death (PubMed:19616764). Component of the RLP23-SOBIR1-BAK1 complex that mediates NLP-triggered immunity (PubMed:27251392). Functions as an inhibitor/regulator of abscission, probably by regulating membrane trafficking during abscission (PubMed:20081191).
Expressed in floral organ abscission zones (AZs) prior to cell separation and subsequent shedding. Also present within the style of developing fruits, at the bases of cauline leaves, and in the stems of the first rosette leaves.
Interacts with CST (PubMed:21628627). Interacts with RLP23 (PubMed:24525519, PubMed:27251392). Component of a trimeric complex composed of RLP23, SOBIR1 and BAK1. BAK1 is recruited into a pre-formed RLP23-SOBIR1 complex in a ligand-dependent manner (PubMed:27251392).
Mostly present in leaves and flowers, with increasing expression in older flowers.
Suppresses BIR1 (bir1-1) disruption phenotype. When associated with AGD5/NEV disruption, premature shedding of floral organs and enlarge abscission zones.
Confined to flowers and inflorescences (e.g. inflorescence meristems, floral meristems, stamens and carpels).
Induced in the early inflorescence meristem (PubMed:22319055). First present when floral induction occurs in inflorescence and floral meristems. Strongly expressed upon flower induction in inflorescence meristems along two lateral strips on the L3 of the flank meristem, where flower primordia are initiated. In the L3 of the central initiation zone, also present at lower levels. Accumulates at high levels in the L3 of stages 1-4 of flower meristems. In developing flowers, detected from stage 3. By stages 7 and 8, specifically observed in stamen and gynoecium primordia. In stamens, restricted to the anthers, probably to the endothecium, tapetum and the middle layer. In carpels, first uniformly expressed in carpel primordia, but later restricted to the placentae, the funiculus and to the inner and outer integuments (Ref.7, PubMed:22319055).
Interacts with MADS domain transcription factors during flower development. Component of a complex made of FLOR1, VSP1 and AGAMOUS (AG). Binds directly with AG.
Promotes flowering transition in long days (LD).
Monomer (PubMed:21658606). Homodimer. Binds ABA on one subunit only (By similarity). interacts with ABI1 and HAB1, and possibly with other PP2Cs (PubMed:19624469, PubMed:19769575, PubMed:19874541). Binds to CARs protein in an ABA-independent manner, both at the plasma membrane and in the nucleus. Interacts directly with CAR1 and CAR4 (PubMed:25465408). Interacts with MYB44, MYB73 and MYB77 in an ABA-independent manner (PubMed:24894996). Interacts with DDA1 (PubMed:24563205). Interacts with CARK1 in the cytosol (PubMed:29928509). Binds to ABI1 when phosphorylated by CARK1 (PubMed:29928509, PubMed:19624469, PubMed:19769575, PubMed:19874541, PubMed:21658606, PubMed:24563205, PubMed:24894996, PubMed:25465408) (By similarity). Interacts with AIP1 in the nucleus (PubMed:22404835).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant seedlings exhibit enhanced sensitivity of lateral root inhibition by abscisic acid (ABA), and reduced suppression of primary root growth by ABA.
Receptor for abscisic acid (ABA) required for ABA-mediated responses such as stomatal closure and germination inhibition. Inhibits the activity of group-A protein phosphatases type 2C (PP2Cs) in an ABA-independent manner but more efficiently when activated by ABA. Confers enhanced sensitivity to ABA (PubMed:19407143, PubMed:19624469, PubMed:19769575, PubMed:19889877, PubMed:23844015, PubMed:21658606). Can be activated by both (-)-ABA and (+)-ABA (PubMed:23844015). Mediates crosstalk between ABA and auxin signaling to regulate lateral root growth. Required for lateral root growth suppression by ABA. In response to auxin, promotes lateral root growth by enhancing MYB77-dependent transcription of the auxin-responsive gene IAA19. Enhances the abilities of MYB44 and MYB73 to activate IAA19 gene (PubMed:24894996).
Ubiquitinated in DDA1- and CDD complex-dependent manner (PubMed:24563205). Ubiquitination leads to its subsequent proteasomal degradation (PubMed:24563205).
By cold stress, high light and chloramphenicol.
Over-expression of Arabidopsis UCP1 in tobacco plants increases tolerance to oxidative stress caused by exogenous hydrogen peroxide, or by drought and salt.
PUMPS are mitochondrial transporter proteins that create proton leaks across the inner mitochondrial membrane, thus uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation. This leads to a decrease in the efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation and an increase in heat production. Is involved in protecting plant cells against oxidative stress damage and maintaining the redox balance of the mitochondrial electron transport chain to facilitate photosynthetic metabolism. May play a regulatory role during photorespiration.
Expressed in the vesicle-rich apical dome of growing root hairs.
Catalyzes the oxidation of sulfhydryl groups in peptide and protein thiols to disulfides with the reduction of oxygen to hydrogen peroxide. May contribute to disulfide bond formation in a variety of secreted proteins (By similarity).
Component of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF-3) complex, which is involved in protein synthesis of a specialized repertoire of mRNAs and, together with other initiation factors, stimulates binding of mRNA and methionyl-tRNAi to the 40S ribosome. The eIF-3 complex specifically targets and initiates translation of a subset of mRNAs involved in cell proliferation (Potential). Involved in cell growth and differentiation, especially during embryogenesis and male gametophyte germination (PubMed:20444226). Regulates sensitivity to sugars (e.g. sucrose) (PubMed:20444226).
Component of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF-3) complex. Binds to TIF3E1 and TIF3H1 (PubMed:20444226).
Expressed in inflorescences, leaves, stems, siliques, roots and seedlings. Accumulates at highly levels in pollen grains, developing embryos and root tips.
Male gametophyte-defective. Disrupted pollen germination and embryo development. Hypersensitivity to exogenous sucrose.
Barely detected in roots and limited to the root tips. Expressed in leaf hydathodes and in siliques.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that promotes the ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of the auxin-binding protein ERABP1.
No visible phenotype and no effect on drought stress response, probably due to the redundancy with RMA1 and RMA3.
By ethylene, abscisic acid (ABA), wounding, lead, dark and infection with the bacterial pathogen P.syringae pv. tomato.
Ecotypes susceptible to C.higginsianum or R.solanacearum, such as cv. Columbia, contain a protein with a premature stop codon, while the longer allele found in cv. Nd-1, cv. Wassilewskija or cv. RLD confers resistance.
Interacts with PopP2, a R.solanacearum type III effector (PubMed:12788974). Interacts with RPS4 (PubMed:24744375).
The TIR does not cause cell death, but can suppress RPS4 TIR domain-induced cell death (PubMed:24744375). The TIR domain is involved in homo- and heterodimerization, but other domains also contribute to the interaction (PubMed:24744375).
Transcription factor. Interacts specifically with the W box (5'-(T)TGAC[CT]-3'), a frequently occurring elicitor-responsive cis-acting element. Acts also as a disease resistance protein involved in resistance to fungal and bacterial pathogens, including R.solanacearum, P.syringae pv. tomato and C.higginsianum. Heterodimerization with RPS4 is required to form a functional complex to recognize AvrRps4 and PopP2 (PubMed:24744375). Contributes to temperature-conditioned RPS4 auto-immunity (PubMed:24146667).
Down-regulated by glucose and sucrose but up-regulated by mannose.
Interacts with KIN10 and KIN11 via its FLZ-type zinc finger domain (PubMed:24600465, PubMed:29945970). Interacts with KINB1 and KINB2 via its N-terminal part (PubMed:29945970). Forms homodimer and heterodimer with FLZ2 and FLZ10 in vitro (PubMed:29945970).
Accelerated senescence and short siliques with reduced seed number.
Accepts electrons from ETF and reduces ubiquinone.
Accepts electrons from ETF and reduces ubiquinone. May act downstream of IVD and D2HGDH in the degradation of phytol or chlorophyll during dark-induced senescence and sugar starvation.
Up-regulated by KIN10, by S1-bZIP specific dimers, and also by C/S1 bZIP heterodimers.
Induced in roots during drought and salt stresses, and upon abscisic acid (ABA) treatment.
Expressed in stems, shoots, leaves, flowers and siliques.
Expressed in seedlings, leaves and pistils.
Widely expressed at high level. Highly expressed in seedlings, developing seedlings and flower buds.
Induced by the N-acyl-homoserine lactones (AHLs) N-3-oxo-hexanoyl-homoserine lactone (3OC6-HSL) and N-3-oxo-octanoyl-homoserine lactone (3OC8-HSL) (PubMed:22206669). Triggered by melatonin in leaves, cotyledons, hypocotyls, roots and guard cells (PubMed:29702752). Induced by osmotic stress (PubMed:33924609).
Plays a role in plants and microbes interactions (PubMed:22206669). G-protein coupled melatonin receptor involved in root growth mediated by the bacterial quorum-sensing signals N-acyl-homoserine lactones (AHLs) (PubMed:18671868, PubMed:22206669). Binds to melatonin (PubMed:29702752). Phytomelatonin receptor required, in collaboration with GPA1, for melatonin-mediated stomatal closure involving H(2)O(2) and Ca(2+) signals (PubMed:29702752). Essential for melatonin-mediated plant response to osmotic stress probably by activating reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging ability (PubMed:33924609).
Small leaf size phenotype (PubMed:29702752). Abolished Gram-negative bacteria-mediated promotion of root elongation triggered by the N-acyl-homoserine lactones (AHLs) N-3-oxo-hexanoyl-homoserine lactone (3OC6-HSL) and N-3-oxo-octanoyl-homoserine lactone (3OC8-HSL) (PubMed:22206669). Insensitivity to melatonin-induced stomatal closure associated with abolished melatonin-induced H(2)O(2) production and Ca(2+) influx (PubMed:29702752). Reduced osmotic stress tolerance associated with increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation (PubMed:33924609).
No visible phenotype when grown under normal light conditions; due to the redundancy with BCH1. Bch1 and bch2 double mutant has no visible phenotype, but lower levels of beta, beta-xanthophylls and increased beta-carotene and lutein. Cyp97c1, bch1 and bch2 triple mutant is paler and smaller than wild-type.
Heterotetramer of two catalytic alpha subunits and two regulatory beta subunits (PubMed:19509278). Interacts with CCA1 (PubMed:9724822). Interacts with LHY (PubMed:10535927).
Plays a complex role in regulating the basal catalytic activity of the alpha subunit. The tetrameric holoenzyme CK2, composed of two alpha and two beta subunits, phosphorylates the transcription factor PIF1 after an exposure to light, resulting in a proteasome-dependent degradation of PIF1 and promotion of photomorphogenesis (PubMed:21330376). CK2 phosphorylates translation initiation factors. May participate in the regulation of the initiation of translation (PubMed:19509278). Stimulates the binding of CCA1 to promoters (Probable).
Probable sphingolipid transporter that plays a central role in endosomes and/or lysosomes storage.
Kinesin-like motor protein involved in the control of the oriented deposition of cellulose microfibrils.
Expressed constitutively in roots, leaves, stems and flowers.
Double-stranded RNA-binding protein involved in RNA-mediated post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS). Functions in the trans-acting small interfering RNAs (ta-siRNAs) biogenesis by binding and assisting DICER-LIKE 4 (DCL4). Required for DCL4 activity. Required for the 21 nucleotide ta-siRNAs production of the TAS3 transcript in leaves but not in flowers. Plays an important role in silencing RNA of both DNA and RNA viruses. Involved with argonaute 7 (AGO7) and RDR6 in turnip crinkle virus (TCV) silencing. May not be directly involved in viral siRNA production. May stabilize the 21 nucleotide viral siRNAs and deliver them to the RISC complex. Targeted by the viral silencing suppressor (VSR) transactivator/viroplasmin (TAV) protein of the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) that inactivates DRB4 function in RNA silencing. Probably not involved in the guide strand selection from RNA duplexes. Involved in leaf morphology through its function in ta-siRNA-mediated silencing.
Elongated and downwardly curled rosette leaves. In old plants, rosette and cauline leaves and flowers change to red color. Increased levels of ARF3 and ARF4 transcripts, targeted by TAS1 and TAS3, respectively.
Expressed in roots, leaf vasculature, shoot apical meristem (SAM) and developing anthers.
Heterodimer with DRB1 or DRB5. Interacts with DCL4 and cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) transactivator/viroplasmin protein. Interaction with CaMV transactivator/viroplasmin protein inhibits RNA silencing ability of DRB4.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 20 family.
Has a broad substrate specificity. Can use synthetic substrates such as pyridylaminated chitotriose, p-nitrophenyl-beta-N-acetylglucosaminide, p-nitrophenyl-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranoside (pNP-GlcNAc), p-nitrophenyl-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-galactopyranoside (pNP-GalNAc), 4-methylumbelliferyl-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranoside (MU-GlcNAc), and 4-methylumbelliferyl-6-sulfo-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranoside (MU-GlcNAc-6SO(4)) as substrates. Removes terminal GlcNAc residues from alpha1,3- and alpha1,6-mannosyl branches of biantennary N-glycans without any strict branch preference. Required for the presence of paucimannosidic N-glycans in glycoproteins of roots and leaves.
Reduced amounts of paucimannosidic N-glycans-containing glycoproteins in roots and leaves.
Slightly inhibited by N-acetylcastanospermine.
Catalytic component of the chromatin structure-remodeling complex (RSC), which is involved in transcription regulation and nucleosome positioning. Controls stem cell fate via the transcription regulation of WUS in the shoot apical meristem, by modulating its promoter. LFY-dependent repressor of the meristem identity switch from vegetative to reproductive development probably by modulating chromatin state. Involved in the regulation of floral homeotic gene expression in response to environmental stimuli. Required for carpel and ovule development, and for cotyledon separation via the regulation of CUC2 transcription. Regulates the promoters of several genes downstream of the jasmonate (JA) and ethylene (ET) signaling pathways. Required for resistance against the necrotrophic pathogen B.cinerea but not the biotrophic pathogen P.syringae.
Interacts with LFY (PubMed:22323601). Binds to BARD1/ROW1 (PubMed:18591352).
Mostly expressed in rapidly dividing cells in the vegetative, inflorescence, and root meristems, as well as in young leaf and flower primordia. Isoform 1 is predominantly found in seedlings whereas isoform 2 is present in both seedlings and inflorescences (at protein level).
Precocious transition from inflorescence to flower formation and impaired maintenance of the shoot apical meristem (SAM) during the reproductive phase. Abnormal flowers with splayed open first-whorl sepals due to outward bending of the pointy sepal tips. Reduced male fertility and reduced anther dehiscence. Partially unfused at the tip fourth-whorl carpels, with stigmatic tissue missing or placed internal to the carpel tip, leading to funnel shaped carpels. Female sterility ovule growth arrest at megagametogenesis. Fused cotyledons. Impaired expression of PDF1.2a, leading to reduced ethylene (ET) and jasmonic acid (JA) signaling. Reduced resistance toward B. cinerea.
In young seedlings, expressed in hypocotyls and roots. In adult plants, expressed in rosette leaves, stigma, sepals and silique peduncles and tips.
Increased seed dormancy. Long hypocotyl phenotype under red, far-red, and blue light.
Involved in seed germination and seedling development. Essential for plant responses to karrikins, a class of butenolide compounds, structurally similar to strigolactones, released from burning vegetation that stimulate seed germination and enhance seedling photomorphogenesis. KAI2 is not required for strigolactone-mediated responses, but MAX2 is necessary for responses to karrikins and strigolactones (PubMed:20864454, PubMed:22357928, PubMed:23142794, PubMed:23301669). Lacks detectable hydrolase activity against karrikin (PubMed:23613584). Karrikin binding induces a conformational change (PubMed:23613584).
Abscisic acid (ABA) and glucose insensitivities. More efficient germination and postgermination growth.
Detected in embryos and most of the vegetative and reproductive organs.
Interacts with ABF2 (PubMed:15516505). Interacts with DUF7/AIP1 (PubMed:26538092).
May act as a substrate-specific adapter of an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex (CUL3-RBX1-BTB) which mediates the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins (By similarity). Acts as a positive regulator of ABA response via the modulation of the transcriptional activity of ABF2, a transcription factor which controls ABA-dependent gene expression via the G-box-type ABA-responsive elements. Negative regulator of seed germination and young seedling growth.
Up-regulated by abscisic acid (ABA) and high salt.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class OBG-HflX-like GTPase superfamily. OBG GTPase family. NOG subfamily.
Involved in the biogenesis of the 60S ribosomal subunit.
Early flowering and bolting at room temperature (22 degrees Celsius), lost sensitivity to heat and accumulation of FT, associated with reduced levels of TAS1-siRNAs (PubMed:30778176). Attenuated immunity leading to an increased susceptibility to the pathogenic bacteria Pst DC3000 (avrRpt2), with slightly reduced induction of ICS1 and salicylic acid (SA) levels upon pathogen infection (PubMed:30778176).
Fades out in response to heat through an enhanced protein degradation (at protein level) triggered by the E3 ligase SGIP1-mediated ubiquitination.
Interacts with begomoviruses protein V2 (PubMed:18165314). Interacts with SGIP1 in cytoplasmic granules (PubMed:30778176).
Required for post-transcriptional gene silencing and natural virus resistance. May bind nucleic acids and is essential for the biogenesis of trans-acting siRNAs but is not required for silencing induced by IR-PTGS. Involved in the juvenile-to-adult transition regulation. In case of begomoviruses infection, it is targeted by the viral protein V2 leading to suppression of post-transcriptional gene silencing. Involved in the mechanisms necessary for quick response to heat and subsequent heritable transgenerational memory of heat acclimation (global warming) such as early flowering and attenuated immunity; this process includes epigenetic regulation as well as post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) (PubMed:30778176). In response to heat, HSFA2 is activated and promotes the expression of REF6 which in turn derepresses HSFA2, thus establishing an heritable feedback loop able to trigger SGIP1 and subsequent SGIP1-mediated SGS3 degradation; this prevents the biosynthesis of trans-acting siRNA (tasiRNA) and leads to the release of HTT5, which drives early flowering but attenuates immunity (PubMed:30778176).
Double-stranded RNA-binding protein involved in RNA-mediated post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS). Functions in the microRNAs (miRNAs) biogenesis by assisting DICER-LIKE 1 (DCL1) in the accurate processing from primary miRNAs (pri-miRNAs) to miRNAs in the nucleus. Forms a complex with SERRATE (SE) and DCL1 to promote accurate processing of pri-miRNAs by DCL1. Binds and assist DCL1 for accurate processing of precursor miRNAs (pre-miRNA). Indirectly involved in the production of trans-acting small interfering RNAs (ta-siRNAs) derived from the TAS1, TAS2 or TAS3 endogenous transcripts by participating in the production of their initiating miRNAs. Involved with argonaute 1 (AGO1) in the guide strand selection from miRNA duplexes, presumably by directional loading of the miRNA duplex (guide stand and passenger strand) onto the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) for passenger strand degradation. Does not participate in sense transgene-induced post-transcriptional gene silencing (S-PTGS). Involved in several plant development aspects and response to hormones through its role in miRNAs processing.
Expressed in rosette and cauline leaves, stems, roots, flowers and siliques.
Homodimer. Heterodimer with DRB2, DRB4 or DRB5. Interacts with SE and DCL1 (PubMed:15821876, PubMed:16428603, PubMed:16889646, PubMed:20462493). Interacts with RCF3, RS40 and RS41 (PubMed:26227967).
Plants overexpressing HYL1 show decreased stability of transcripts targeted by miRNAs.
Short plant, delayed flowering, leaf hyponasty, reduced fertility, decreased rate of root growth, altered root gravitropic response, decreased sensitivity to auxin and cytokinin and hypersensitivity to abscisic acid (ABA). Reduction of several miRNA accumulation.
The dsRNA binding domains (dsRBDs) 1 and 2 are sufficient for the function in miRNA precursors processing and mature miRNA generation.
Detected in all tissues except seedlings.
Interacts with FREE1 (PubMed:25699591). Interacts (via SH3 domain) with DRP2A/ADL6 (PubMed:12207647). Binds to SH3P2 (PubMed:28584166).
May be involved in the recruitment of DRP2A to the accessory protein complex and in the negative regulation of its GTPase activity.
Was originally (Ref.6) erroneously named IAA31.
Expressed at low levels in flowers and siliques, and detectable in roots.
Expressed in the whole plant, but preferentially in young seedlings and rosette leaves.
Plays a role in synthesis, processing and/or stability of 23S rRNA. Required for embryogenesis.
Catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphoanhydride bonds of nucleoside tri- and di-phosphates. Substrate preference is ATP > ADP. Functions with APY1 to reduce extracellular ATP level which is essential for pollen germination and normal plant development. Plays a role in the regulation of stomatal function by modulating extracellular ATP levels in guard cells.
By light in etiolated seedlings (at protein level).
Catalyzes the reduction of methionine sulfoxide (MetSO) to methionine in proteins. Plays a protective role against oxidative stress by restoring activity to proteins that have been inactivated by methionine oxidation. Prevents the methionine sulfoxidation of the heat shock protein HSP21 and its subsequent inactivation. MSRA family specifically reduces the MetSO S-enantiomer.
Expressed in rosette and cauline leaves, and at lower levels in stems and flowers (at protein level).
Belongs to the dihydroorotate dehydrogenase family. Type 2 subfamily.
Catalyzes the conversion of dihydroorotate to orotate with quinone as electron acceptor.
Expressed mainly in flower buds and immature siliques, and to a lesser extent in flowers.
Homodimer (By similarity). Part of the plastidial pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) containing multiple copies of three enzymatic components: pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1), dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase (E2) and lipoamide dehydrogenase (E3).
Lipoamide dehydrogenase is a component of the plastidial pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC).
Acts as an important epigenetic regulator through multiple silencing mechanisms (PubMed:23555312, PubMed:25211139). Involved in association with RRP6L1 in the silencing of the solo LTR locus. Controls levels of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) from the solo LTR locus. Seems to function independently of the RNA-mediated gene silencing (RdDM) pathway (PubMed:23555312). Functions redundantly with RRP6L1 in the regulation of FLC locus. Participates in the maintenance of trimethylated 'Lys-27' (H3K27me3) at FLC locus via the regulation of antisense long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and the regulation of diverse antisense RNAs derived from the FLC locus. Seems not involved in the exosomal RNA degradation (PubMed:25211139). May be involved in poly(A)-mediated RNA degradation (PubMed:18285452).
Forms a complex with MAG2, ZW10/MIP1 and MIP3 on the endoplasmic reticulum.
Required for proper maturation of seed storage proteins. Forms a complex with MAG2, ZW10/MIP1 and MIP3 on the endoplasmic reticulum that may be responsible for efficient transport of seed storage proteins.
Defect in both hypocotyl and cotyledon photoresponsiveness during deetiolation.
Has phosphatase activity toward Ins(1,4,5)P3 and Ins(1,3,4,5)P4, but not toward Ins(1,4)P2, Ins(1)P (PubMed:11402208). Seems to be involved in the abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway (PubMed:12805629). Could also be able to hydrolyze PtdIns(4,5)P2 and PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 (PubMed:23658066).
Induced by ABA at both transcript and protein levels in a specific, transient manner.
May be due to a donor acceptor splice site.
No visible phenotype. Slightly reduced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (PubMed:23658066). Alterations in germination and in early seedling growth. Enhanced sensibility to abscisic acid (ABA) with elevated levels of Ins(1,4,5)P3 (PubMed:17237190).
Co-expressed with the galacturonosyltransferase GAUT1.
Component of a deubiquitination module (DUB module) formed by ENY2, SGF11, and UBP22 in Arabidopsis (PubMed:29588169, PubMed:30192741). Interacts directly with ENY2 and UBP22 (PubMed:29588169, PubMed:30192741). Interacts with DDA1 (PubMed:30192741).
Delayed flowering and increased levels of histone H2B monoubiquitination.
Ubiquitinated in DET1-dependent manner (PubMed:30192741). Ubiquitination probably leads to its subsequent proteasomal degradation (PubMed:30192741).
Expressed in leaves primordia and later confined to trichomes.
Expressed in trichomes and in young developing leaves, as well as in root hair and stele cells (pericycle and vascular tissues). Expressed in epidermal root hairless cells (atrichoblasts) and moves to root hair cells (trichoblasts) by a cell-to-cell movement through plasmodesmata (at protein level).
Interacts with GL3 and BHLH2. Interacts with SIEL (PubMed:21924907).
Transcription factor. Determines the fate of epidermal cell differentiation. Represses trichome development by lateral inhibition. Together with GL3 or BHLH2, promotes the formation of hair developing cells (H position) in root epidermis, probably by inhibiting non-hair cell formation. Represses the expression of GL2 and WER in H cells. Positively regulates stomatal formation in the hypocotyl (PubMed:19513241).
Transcriptional repression correlates with reduced histone acetylation on H3 and H4 mediated by HDA18 in root epidermis N cells (non-hair developing cells). Induced by WER. Negative autoregulation by interfering with the binding of WER to its WER-binding sites (WBS) promoter region, especially in H cells. Down-regulated by GEM. Down-regulated by TMM (PubMed:19513241).
Forms a complex with cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor (CPSF) subunits CLPS3, CLPS5, CPSF30, PCFS4, PCFS5, CSTF77 and FIPS3.
Vacuolar cation/proton exchanger (CAX). Translocates Ca(2+) and other metal ions into vacuoles using the proton gradient formed by H(+)-ATPase and H(+)-pyrophosphatase (By similarity). Involved in ion homeostasis in association with CAX1.
Part of the AP-3 complex, an adaptor-related complex which seems to be clathrin-associated. The complex is associated with the Golgi region as well as more peripheral structures. It facilitates the budding of vesicles from the Golgi membrane and may be directly involved in trafficking to the vacuole. It also functions in maintaining the identity of lytic vacuoles and in regulating the transition between storage and lytic vacuoles.
Accumulates in developing embryos and in the primordia of cotyledons and leaves (PubMed:22058024). Accumulates mostly in the inflorescence meristem and in floral primordia. Low levels in the inflorescence meristem dome, but high levels in the floral primordia already in early stages. Accumulates progressively in floral organ primordia to become concentrated in the primordia of stamens and carpels. At the later stages of floral development, expressed primarily in developing microspores in the stamens and ovules in the carpels (PubMed:22357616).
Dwarf with severe defects in reproduction, eventual arrest in embryo development that can occur at any stage of embryogenesis, distorted cotyledons, and upward curled leaves probably due to disoriented leaf polarity. Ectopic meristem-like outgrowths on the surface of cotyledons and leaves (PubMed:22058024). Abnormal expression of meristem-related genes and of leaf polarity-related genes (PubMed:22357616, PubMed:22058024). Heterozygote plants develop defective flowers and siliques on inflorescences sometimes terminated by the formation of carpelloid flower, and thus leading to a highly reduced self-fertility (PubMed:22357616).
Involved in the differentiation of epidermal cells, probably via the regulation of the expression of meristem-related genes (e.g. CLV3, STM, KNAT1, CUC2 and AG) and of leaf polarity-related genes (e.g. YAB5, FIL, AS2, PHB and PHV) (PubMed:22058024, PubMed:22357616). May play a role in regulating cellular proliferation (By similarity). Necessary for flower development, probably by preventing apical dominance through the down-regulation of AG expression (PubMed:22357616). Required for embryogenesis, leaf and cotyledon development, as well as for leaf polarity establishment (PubMed:22058024). Plays an important role in plant growth and senescence by modulating ribosome biogenesis in nucleolus. Possesses GTPAse activity in vitro. Possesses RNA binding activity in vitro. Associates with ribosomes (PubMed:26163696).
Mostly expressed in flowers, siliques and inflorescence apex, and, to a lower extent, in stems and leaves.
The basic domain (B) allows nucleolar localization in the absence of GTP. The intermediate domain (I) inhibits nucleolar localization by the B domain and is required for exit from the nucleolus. Exit from the nucleolus to the nucleoplasm requires both the I and the acidic (A) domains, and may be triggered by GTP hydrolysis.
Expressed in shoots, roots, stems, leaves, flowers and siliques.
Autophosphorylation on both phosphoserine and phosphothreonine.
Expressed at constant level during the cell cycle.
Homooligomer. Interacts with TKI1 and ASF1B/SGA1.
Most abundant in developing floral meristem. Also expressed in maturing flowers, developing seeds, mature leaves and roots. Barely detected in stems.
Oligomerization is required for activity. May be activated by trans-autophosphorylation. Higher activity during G2/M phase and G1 phase compared to S phase.
Required for correct initiation of floral organ primordia and for proper development of organ primordia. Phosphorylates in vitro ASF1B/SGA1, the C-terminal part of TKI1 and histone H3.
The first coiled coil domain is essential for oligomerization.
Expressed in the ground tissue and stele cells of embryos and 2-days post-germination roots but not in the quiescent center (PubMed:17785527). Detected only in cells that perform asymmetric cell divisions (PubMed:17785527). In roots, present in cortex, endodermis, and pericycle layer (PubMed:25829440).
Interacts with SHR, SCR and JKD, but not with itself (PubMed:17785527). Interacts with SIEL (PubMed:21924907). Binds to RGA and SCL3 competitively in the nucleus (PubMed:24821766).
MGP expression is SHR- and SCR-dependent.
No visible phenotype (PubMed:21265895, PubMed:25829440). Roots of the triple mutant jkd mgp nuc contain patches of undivided ground tissue (GT), indicating that cortex and endodermis layers are not fully separated. The quadruple mutant line jkd mgp nuc scr has short root meristems, lacks endodermis and miss Casparian strip (PubMed:25829440).
Transcription factor that regulates tissue boundaries and asymmetric cell division (PubMed:17785527, PubMed:25829440). Contributes to the sequestration of 'SHORT-ROOT' to the nucleus (PubMed:17785527, PubMed:25829440). Interacts with the SCR and MGP promoters (PubMed:21935722). Does not show transcription activity by itself, but regulates the transcription of downstream genes through interaction with other transcription factors (PubMed:21935722). Binds DNA via its zinc fingers (PubMed:24821766). Recognizes and binds to SCL3 promoter sequence 5'-AGACAA-3' to promotes its expression when in complex with RGA (PubMed:24821766). Positively involved in gibberellic acid (GA) signaling (PubMed:24821766).
Up-regulated by the transcription factor JKD, and down-regulated by SHR, SCR and itself.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but plants lacking LPXD2 do not accumulate 2,3-diacylglucosamine-1-phosphate.
Interacts with CDKA-1 (PubMed:16415207). Interacts with SAMBA (PubMed:22869741).
Negatively regulates endocycles and acts as a regulator of ploidy levels in endoreduplication (PubMed:16415207). Promotes divisions in the guard cells (GCs) after the guard mother cells (GMC) symmetric division (PubMed:24687979).
Repressed by MYB88 and MYB124 in newly formed guard cells.
Expressed in flowers and roots, and at a low level in leaves and stems. Detected in the cambial zone of the vascular bundles and in the region of lateral root initiation. Low expression in the vascular network of the petals and high in the stamen filaments and the gynoecium.
In young embryos, transient expression in the procambium and, at later stage, expression over the whole surface of the embryo and in the inner tegument, in the area adjacent to the micropyle.
Induced by primisulfuron and abscisic acid, and weakly by 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Not induced by salicylic acid, hydrogen peroxide, reduced and oxidized glutathione or cadmium.
Involved in the translocation of tetra- and pentapeptides across the cellular membrane in an energy-dependent manner. Also involved in transport of glutathione derivatives and metal complexes, and may be involved in stress resistance.
Mostly expressed in leaves and flowers, and, to a lower extent, in roots and stems, but barely in seedlings and seeds.
Catalyzes the biosynthesis of sphingolipids with very long-chain fatty acid (VLCFA) (PubMed:31182845). Required for the formation of plasmodesmal cytoplasmic sleeve during the transition from type I to type II plasmodesmata to modulate post-sieve elements (SE) unloading and symplastic cell-to-cell molecular trafficking at the phloem pole pericycle (PPP)-endodermis interface in roots (PubMed:31182845).
Enhanced plasmodesmata-mediated symplastic transport through the phloem pole pericycle (PPP)-endodermis interface due to a defect in the formation of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-plasma membrane tethers during plasmodesmal morphogenesis and associated with pores lacking cytoplasmic sleeve.
Plants over-expressing VQ20 display enhanced disease symptoms after infection of either the necrotrophic fungal pathogen B.cinerea or the bacterial pathogen P.syringae.
Belongs to the alpha-IPM synthase/homocitrate synthase family. LeuA type 1 subfamily.
Catalyzes the condensation of the acetyl group of acetyl-CoA with 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate (2-oxoisovalerate) to form 3-carboxy-3-hydroxy-4-methylpentanoate (2-isopropylmalate). Involved in Leu biosynthesis, but does not participate in the chain elongation of glucosinolates.
Induced in seeds during silique ripening.
Plants show an increased Val content but no changes in Leu content.
Expressed in root tips, the shoot apical meristem (SAM), leaf vasculature, hydathodes and mature flowers.
Highly expressed the developing vascular elements and the adaxial portion of cotyledons. Expressed in developing ovules, stamens and carpels. Expressed in procambium and shoot meristem.
Probable transcription factor involved in the regulation of meristem development to promote lateral organ formation. May regulates procambial and vascular tissue formation or maintenance, and vascular development in inflorescence stems.
Interacts (via the central region) with MAG2 (PubMed:23025793). Forms a complex with MAG2, MIP2 and MIP3 on the endoplasmic reticulum (PubMed:24118572).
May be required for accurate chromosome segregation. Required for proper maturation of seed storage proteins. Forms a complex with MAG2, MIP2 and MIP3 on the endoplasmic reticulum that may be responsible for efficient transport of seed storage proteins.
By abscisic acid (ABA), phosphate (Pi) deprivation, cold, sucrose, mannose, and water stress.
Interacts (via C-terminus) with GDI1. Interacts with PUX8/SAY1.
Intracellular vesicle trafficking and protein transport. Binds GTP and GDP and possesses intrinsic GTPase activity.
Does not seem to be essential for lipid utilization and gluconeogenesis in seedlings.
Expressed from 1 to 5 days after seed imbibition (at protein level).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but the frequency of mutant seedlings to establish into plantlets with true leaves is decreased under short day conditions.
Accumulates in early G2 phase and then disappears over a period of between 1 and 5 hours post-S phase.
Component of a topoisomerase 6 complex specifically required for meiotic recombination (PubMed:11157765, PubMed:17018031, PubMed:17965269, PubMed:26917763). Together with MTOPVIB, mediates DNA cleavage that forms the double-strand breaks (DSB) that initiate meiotic recombination (PubMed:26917763, PubMed:19763177). The complex promotes relaxation of negative and positive supercoiled DNA and DNA decatenation through cleavage and ligation cycles (PubMed:11157765, PubMed:17018031, PubMed:17965269, PubMed:26917763).
Expressed in shoots, young seedlings, flowers and reproductive tissues. Not found in roots or rosette leaves.
Heterotetramer of 2 SPO11 (SPO11-1 and/or SPO11-2) and 2 MTOPVIB chains (Probable). Interacts with MTOPVIB (PubMed:26917763, PubMed:28855712). May form a heterodimer with SPO11-2. Interacts with PRD1 (PubMed:17762870, PubMed:28855712). Does not interact with TOP6B (PubMed:11410368).
Plants show a semi-sterile phenotype and a drastic decrease of meiotic recombination, indicating that SPO11-2 and SPO11-3 are not functionally redundant. SPO11-1 and SPO11-2 are both required for double-strand breaks induction. Drastic decrease in chiasma formation at metaphase I associated with an absence of synapsis in prophase, due to the inability to make double-strand breaks (DSB) (PubMed:19763177).
Plants display delayed flowering and altered expression of genes involved in the photoperiod flowering pathway, such as ELF4, TOC1, CO and FT.
Regulates flowering time by modulating the photoperiod pathway. Phosphorylates APRR3.
Disease resistance protein that mediates defense responses against the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato strain DC3000, and the virulent oomycete Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis isolate Noco2. Becomes active when the MEKK1-MKK1-MKK2-MPK4 kinase cascade is disrupted by the microbial effector hopAI1. Does not seem to be required for the activation of MPK4 by flg22, or flg22-induced up-regulation of PAD3 (PubMed:22423965). Functions downstream of MEKK2/SUMM1 in immune responses, including cell death and defense responses (PubMed:22643122).
Negatively regulated by the MEKK1-MKK1-MKK2-MPK4 kinase cascade.
Expressed in flower buds. Detected in tapetal cells, endothecium and connective in anthers and in subepidermal cells in filaments.
Expressed throughout anther development.
Probably involved in light/cold stress-related jasmonate (JA) biosynthesis. Contributes to the protection of photosystem II (PSII) against light stress.
Involved in glucosinolate biosynthesis. Hydrolyzes the gamma-glutamyl peptide bond of several glutathione (GSH) conjugates to produce Cys-Gly conjugates related to glucosinolates. The gamma-Glu-Cys-Gly-GSH conjugates are the sulfur-donating molecule in glucosinolate biosynthesis. Can use the GSH conjugate of the camalexin intermediate IAN (GS-IAN) as substrate. Required for the biosynthesis of camalexin, a pathogen-inducible phytoalexin with antibacterial and antifungal properties.
Belongs to the sugar phosphate cyclases superfamily. Dehydroquinate synthase family.
Catalyzes the second step in the shikimate pathway.
Binds to chloroplast outer envelope membrane (OEM) protein targeting signals, as well as to chloroplasts. Binds specifically to two chloroplast glycolipids, monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) and phosphatidylglycerol (PG) (By similarity). Interacts with APX3, APX5 and TOC34 (PubMed:20215589).
Exhibits chaperone activity toward chloroplast outer envelope membrane, mitochondrion outer membrane, endoplasmic reticulum membrane and peroxisomal proteins, by recruiting specific proteins containing a single transmembrane associated with an AKR2A-binding sequence (ABS) and subsequently binding glycolipids (e.g. monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) and phosphatidylglycerol (PG)) present in the membrane of the target organelle.
Accumulates specifically in hydathodes (PubMed:29259105). Restricted the basal meristem of roots (PubMed:29259105). Observed in flowers (PubMed:29259105).
In developing flowers, observed in gynoecia of young flowers, but later confined to the distal end of filaments in old flowers.
Preferentially expressed around the apical meristem region.
Up-regulated by chitin or cellulases elicitors.
Determines the specificity of the luminal endoplasmic reticulum protein retention system. Required for the retro-transport of calreticulin-3 (CRT3) from the Golgi to the ER. Specifically required for elongation factor Tu receptor (EFR) function in response to the pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) elf18.
Component of the RNA polymerase IV complex. Interacts with NRPD1.
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Component of RNA polymerase IV which mediates 24-nt short-interfering RNAs (siRNA) accumulation. Implicated in siRNA-directed heterochromatin formation through the action of DCL3 and AGO4, and subsequent DNA methylation-dependent silencing of targeted sequences. Essential component of a self-reinforcing loop coupling de novo DNA methylation to siRNA production. Required for intercellular but not intracellular RNA interference (RNAi) leading to systemic post-transcriptional gene silencing. Involved in the maintenance of post-transcriptional RNA silencing.
Predominantly expressed in developing embryos (seeds). Also expressed in green siliques.
Water channel required to facilitate the transport of water from the vacuolar compartment to the cytoplasm.
Acts redundantly with DA1 and DAR2 to regulate endoreduplication during leaf development. Together with DA1 and DAR2, modulates the protein stability of the transcription factors TCP14 and TCP15, which repress endoreduplication by directly regulating the expression of cell-cycle genes.
In presence of oxygen, the N-terminal cysteine residue (Cys-2) of ERF71 can be oxidized by cysteine oxidases, thus preparing the protein for N-end rule pathway-mediated proteasomal degradation (Probable). Under low oxygen levels, Cys oxidation is prevented, ERF71 is stabilized and confers tolerance to hypoxia (Probable).
Induced under hypoxic conditions in roots (PubMed:20113439, PubMed:21946064, PubMed:21615413, PubMed:28698356). Induced during hypoxia under nitrate nutrition (PubMed:30535180). Induced by osmotic stress (PubMed:21946064). Induced by infection with the fungal pathogen Fusarium graminearum (PubMed:31819723).
Transcriptional activator that binds specifically to the cis-acting element GCC box 5'-AGCCGCC-3', or to the CRT/DRE element 5'-[AG]CCGAC-3' (PubMed:25344007). Plays an important role in root development via root cell expansion regulation (PubMed:25344007). Transcriptional activator involved in the hypoxic stress response (PubMed:20113439, PubMed:21615413, PubMed:21946064). Plays a role in low oxygen signaling and contributes to tolerance to anoxia stress by enhancing anaerobic gene expression and ethanolic fermentation (PubMed:20113439, PubMed:22020279). Plays a role in the regulation of hypoxia-induced root slanting (PubMed:28698356). Contributes to the promotion of adventitious root elongation under hypoxia, an adaptation response that strengthens the root system in upper soil layers where oxygen shortage may last for shorter time periods (PubMed:29996004). Transcriptional activator involved in the osmotic stress response (PubMed:21946064). May play a role in defense response against the fungal pathogen Fusarium graminearum downstream of ethylene signaling (PubMed:31819723).
When associated with VHA-a3 disruption, day-length-dependent growth retardation associated with a reduced accumulation and storage of nitrate ions in vacuoles. Increased sensitivity to zinc ions due to a lower zinc ions sequestration in vacuoles. Reduced calcium content. No effect on sensitivity to sodium ions.
Catalyzes a reversible NAD-dependent dehydrogenase reaction involved in central metabolism and redox homeostasis between organellar compartments.
Decreased activity upon treatment with hydrogen peroxide.
Forms a homodimer (PubMed:29194485). Forms a disulfide-linked homodimer upon oxidation (PubMed:29194485). Interacts with 14-3-3-like proteins GRF1 GRF3 and GRF8 (PubMed:22104211). Interacts with TRX1, TRX2, TRX3, TRX4 and TRX5 (PubMed:29194485).
Expressed in the root-hypocotyl transition zone, at the base of lateral roots, axillary buds and pedicels.
Interacts with ZHD3/HB21, ZHD11/HB29 and ZHD8/HB30.
Involved in the O-glucosylation of trans-zeatin and dihydrozeatin. Also active in vitro on cis-zeatin, dihydrozeatin-9-N-Glc, and olomoucine. Can detoxify the explosive 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene in plant by forming O- or C-glucose conjugates.
Expressed in most vegetative tissues, including leaves, stems and roots, especially in cell elongation regions.
No visible phenotype; due to redundancy with THE1. Herk1 and the1 double mutants are stunted. In herk1-1, shorter hypocotyls without brassinolide (BL) treatment than with BL treatment.
Receptor-like protein kinase required for cell elongation during vegetative growth, mostly in a brassinosteroid-(BR-) independent manner.
Abnormal PIP proteins (e.g. PIP1-4, PIP2-1 and PIP2-7) trafficking and subcellular localization leading to a reduced levels at the plasma membrane.
Ninefold induction within 30-min exposure to abscisic acid and after 48 hours drought stress.
Part of the t-SNARE complex (PubMed:11718726, PubMed:21826108). Binds to SNAP33 (PubMed:11718726). Colocalizes with SYP61 and PIP2-7 in trafficking vesicles and at the plasma membrane (PubMed:25082856). Interacts with SYP61 and PIP2-7 (PubMed:25082856).
Vesicle trafficking protein that functions in the secretory pathway (By similarity). Together with SYP61, regulates the post-Golgi trafficking of the aquaporin PIP2-7 to the plasma membrane, thus modulating cell membrane water permeability (PubMed:25082856).
Expressed in leaves and roots. Expressed in root cap cells.
Probable maltose transporter. Essential for the conversion of starch to sucrose in leaves at night, probably via the export of maltose from the chloroplast. Required for root cap cells formation.
Expressed in roots, leaves, stems, inflorescences and siliques. Found not only in epidermis but also in all sub-epidermal cell layers.
Mutations in the gene for this protein reveals an unusual pattern of genetic transmission in which progeny plants inherit, at relatively high frequency, DNA sequences different from those carried by their parents. The instability observed is not random but seems to be confined to the restoration of sequence information in progeny plants that, although absent from the parent genome, was present in the genome of an earlier ancestor.
Probable FAD-dependent enzyme. Involved in regulating post-genital organ fusion. Required to limit cellular interactions between contacting epidermal cells during floral development.
Catalyzes the hydrolytic deamination of guanosine, producing xanthosine and ammonia. Deaminates exclusively guanosine and 2'-deoxyguanosine but no other aminated purines, pyrimidines, or pterines. Deamination of guanosine by GSDA is the only source of xanthosine production in Arabidopsis.
No visible phenotyper under normal growth conditions.
May play a role in signal transduction pathways that involve calcium as a second messenger. Mediates the phosphorylation and activation of the S-type anion efflux channel SLAC1.
There are 3 contiguous domains conserved in the CDPK subfamily: a kinase domain, an autoinhibitory (junction) domain and a calmodulin-like domain. The autoinhibitory domain (343-373) inactivates kinase activity under calcium-free conditions (By similarity).
Expressed in seedlings, roots, and siliques.
The protein kinase domain is predicted to be catalytically inactive. Lacks the conserved Asp active site at position 645, which is replaced by a Glu residue.
Homo- and heterodimers. Interacts with ZHD1, ZHD5, ZHD6, ZHD7, ZHD8, ZHD10 and ZHD13.
Inhibits zinc finger homeodomain (ZHD) transcription factors, such as ZHD5, by interacting with them to prevent both their nuclear localization and their DNA-binding properties. Involved in integrating signals from multiple hormones by preventing the expression of genes involved in gibberellic acid (GA), auxin and brassinosteroid signaling and by promoting the expression of abscisic acid (ABA)-responsive genes. Regulates several development aspects, including photomorphogenesis, apical dominance, longevity, flower morphology and fertility, as well as root and stem elongation. Promotes the formation of ectopic shoot meristems on leaf margins.
Mostly expressed in roots and stems, present in siliques and seedlings, and weakly observed in petioles, leaves and flowers.
Expressed in young leaves (at protein level).
Involved in sporophytic self-incompatibility system (the inability of flowering plants to achieve self-fertilization).
Up-regulated early after infection with P.syringae carrying avrRpt2 (PubMed:8742710). Up-regulated by brassinolide, cold treatment, syringolin, P.infestans infection and, at a lower level, by salicylic acid (PubMed:17723251). Down-regulated by 2-aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG), high CO(2), isoxaben, and propiconazole treatments (PubMed:17723251).
Expressed in embryos, etiolated seedlings, leaves, roots, inflorescences, stamens, pollen cells and tapetum cells. Moderate expression in carpels.
By auxin (2,4-D). Feedback loop leading to direct down-regulation by itself.
During the reproductive phase, accumulates in immature buds and at the base of the floral organs, and in the receptacle, ovules, anther filaments, and stigma and style of open flowers. Accumulates before fertilization in the cytoplasm in the cells of the egg apparatus and moves into the nucleus during early stages of development following fertilization in the suspensor, embryo, and endosperm, mainly double fertilization derived tissues (at protein level). Highly expressed in developing embryos. In young seedlings, present in the shoot and root apices, lateral root primordia and throughout the vascular system.
Early flowering under short-days conditions (SD) when combined with AGL18 disruption. Decreased ability to produce somatic embryos in vitro.
Expressed at low levels in flowers and siliques. Also present in seedlings. Detected during embryogenesis and accumulates during early seed development (at protein level). Expressed in shoot apices and the base of leaf petioles.
Homodimer. Interacts with SVP, AGL24, AP1, AGL6, AG, AGL1, AGL11, AGL5, AGL16, SOC1 and AGL21.
Transcription factor involved in the negative regulation of flowering, probably through the photoperiodic pathway. Acts as both an activator and a repressor of transcription. Binds DNA in a sequence-specific manner in large CArG motif 5'-CC (A/T)8 GG-3'. Participates probably in the regulation of programs active during the early stages of embryo development. Prevents premature perianth senescence and abscission, fruits development and seed desiccation. Stimulates the expression of at least DTA4, LEC2, FUS3, ABI3, AT4G38680/CSP2 and GRP2B/CSP4. Can enhance somatic embryo development in vitro.
Does not possess diterpene synthase activity.
Predominantly expressed in roots but also in leaves and stems.
TPS20 in Arabidopsis ecotype Columbia lacks dolabellane-type diterpene synthase activity because of a 17 amino acid deletion and several mutations in its sequence. TPS20 protein in ecotype Cvi is functional and possesses dolabellane-type diterpene synthase activity.
Expressed in seedlings, roots, leaves and siliques.
Glucosyltransferase that glucosylates jasmonate (JA) and JA derivatives. Also active on indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), 4-coumrate, cinnamate and caffeate.
Specifically expressed in flowers but at a low level. Detected specifically in the pollen.
ATP-dependent DNA helicase implicated in DNA replication, DNA repair and the maintenance of genomic stability. Acts as an anti-recombinase to counteract toxic recombination and limit crossover during meiosis. Regulates meiotic recombination and crossover homeostasis by physically dissociating strand invasion events and thereby promotes noncrossover repair by meiotic synthesis dependent strand annealing (SDSA) as well as disassembly of D loop recombination intermediates (PubMed:25516598, PubMed:25595823). Also plays a role in preserving the stability of 45S rDNA repeats (PubMed:27760121).
Increased homologous recombination and replication defects (PubMed:25516598, PubMed:25595823). Growth inhibition due to defective cell proliferation. Hypersensitivity to DNA cross-link agents (PubMed:25595823). Loss of 45S rDNA repeats (PubMed:27760121).
The PIP-box (PCNA interacting peptide) motif mediates the interaction with PCNA and localization to replication foci.
Belongs to the DODA-type extradiol aromatic ring-opening dioxygenase family.
Opens the cyclic ring of caffealdehyde between carbons 2 and 3 or between carbons 4 and 5. Involved in the biosynthesis of arabidopyrones.
There are 3 contiguous domains conserved in the CDPK subfamily: a kinase domain, an autoinhibitory (junction) domain and a calmodulin-like domain. The autoinhibitory domain (418-448) inactivates kinase activity under calcium-free conditions (By similarity).
Expressed in a vascular-specific manner, mainly in roots, and, to a lower extent, in hypocotyls, seedlings stems and flowers.
No obvious defects in morphology (PubMed:15215864). Plants lacking both XYP1 and XYP2 have morphological defects in vascular development; e.g. discontinuous and thicker veins with the improper interconnection of tracheary elements (TEs) (PubMed:15215864).
Preferentially expressed in vascular tissues such as the central cylinder, cotyledons of mature embryos and steles in seedlings roots (PubMed:21558309). Accumulates also in emerging root primordia (PubMed:21558309). In aerial parts, a weak expression is observed where new xylem tissues are formed, including the vasculature of young leaves, stem nodes and flower tori (PubMed:21558309).
Probable lipid transfer protein (By similarity). Proteoglycan-like factor that exhibits xylogen activity consisting in mediating local and inductive cell-cell interactions required for xylem differentiation (PubMed:15215864, PubMed:21558309).
Expressed in roots, cotyledons, leaves, seedlings, stems, flowers and immatures siliques.
Longer roots and increased number of lateral roots (PubMed:22416142). No effect on the appearance of plants or time of flowering (PubMed:22416142, PubMed:22738221). Reduced fertility (PubMed:22416142). Rbl10 and rbl11 double mutants have no visible phenotype (PubMed:22738221).
Rhomboid-type serine protease that catalyzes intramembrane proteolysis (PubMed:22416142, PubMed:22738221). Required for correct root growth, floral development, fertility and photoprotection (PubMed:22416142). May be involved in TIC22 processing during its import and in AOS accumulation in the chloroplast membrane (PubMed:22738221).
Up-regulated by cold during seedling germination.
Aminopeptidase which cleaves preprotein intermediates that carry destabilizing N-ter amino acid residues after the mitochondrial processing peptidase (MPP) cleavage site and is thus critical for stabilization of the mitochondrial proteome.
No visible phenotype (PubMed:28936218). Altered mitochondrial protein stability (PubMed:25862457).
Involved in ribosomal large subunit assembly, required for normal progression of rRNA processing (PubMed:26268215, PubMed:29375609). S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyltransferase that probably methylates the C(5) position of cytosine 2268 (m5C2268) in nuclear 25S rRNA (PubMed:26268215). May play a role in the regulation of the cell cycle and the increased nucleolar activity that is associated with the cell proliferation (By similarity). Seems involved in the regulation of cell proliferation in leaves (PubMed:19392710, PubMed:29375609).
Moderate reduction in leaf cell number associated with pointed leaves shape (PubMed:19392710). Defects in pre-rRNA processing characterized by an increased accumulation of rRNA intermediates containing 50-ETS, ITS1, or ITS2, with stronger negative effect on ITS2-containing intermediates (PubMed:29375609). Higher levels of 35S, 27SA, 27SB, P-A3, and 18SA3 rRNAs (PubMed:29375609). Normal levels of methylation at cytosine 2860 of 25S rRNA, but slight reduction of nuclear 25S rRNA cytosine 2268 (m5C2268) (PubMed:26268215). Double mutants oli2 oli7 and oli2 oli5 have further reduced cell number but exhibit also excessive postmitotic cell enlargement in leaves (compensation phenotype) (PubMed:19392710). Plant missing both OLI2 and GIF1/AN3 have a strong compensation phenotype (PubMed:19392710). The double mutant gdp1 oli2 exhibit strong growth defect due to a synergistically impaired cell proliferation in leaves and enlarged cells (PubMed:29375609).
Strongly expressed in tissues with high cell proliferation activity that have a high demand for ribosome production such as guard cells, leaves primordia, root apical meristems and the basal parts of lateral roots.
The branched-chain alpha-keto dehydrogenase complex catalyzes the overall conversion of alpha-keto acids to acyl-CoA and CO(2). It contains multiple copies of three enzymatic components: branched-chain alpha-keto acid decarboxylase (E1), lipoamide acyltransferase (E2) and lipoamide dehydrogenase (E3) (By similarity). Required during sugar starvation.
Belongs to the intron maturase 2 family. MatK subfamily.
Usually encoded in the trnK tRNA gene intron. Probably assists in splicing its own and other chloroplast group II introns.
In seedlings, accumulates in cotyledons and the hypocotyl, especially in the vein. In adult plants, mainly detected in mature leaves, particularly in vascular tissues. Also present in the vein of sepals and petals of flowers.
Induced by osmotic stress (e.g. mannitol) and abscisic acid (ABA).
Mainly expressed in photosynthetic and vascular tissues. Accumulates in both dark-grown and light-grown seedlings roots and shoots, leaves and flowers (at protein level).
Positive regulator of abscisic acid (ABA)-mediated signaling pathways involved in abiotic stress responses (e.g. osmotic stress) and leading to various plant adaptation (e.g. stomata closure).
Short hypocotyls. Increased sensitivity to osmotic stress (e.g. mannitol), but reduced sensitivity to abscisic acid (ABA) associated with lower levels of abiotic stress-related gene expression but higher ABA biosynthesis genes levels.
Mostly expressed in embryo sac cells (PubMed:17915010). Restricted to synergid cells, especially in the filiform apparatus of mature female gametophyte, via MYB98-mediated transcription regulation (PubMed:17693534, PubMed:18410484). Also detected at low levels in egg and central cells (PubMed:17693534).
Plants over-expressing ZFP11 show are dwarf, have abnormal leaf morphology, flower early and most of the plants are sterile. The stunting phenotype is due to reduced cell size and cell numbers.
Confined to stems and flowers with young siliques.
HDT4 is not required for the cellular patterning in the root epidermis.
Probably mediates the deacetylation of lysine residues lysine residues on the N-terminal part of the core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4). Histone deacetylation gives a tag for epigenetic repression and plays an important role in transcriptional regulation, cell cycle progression and developmental events.
PSII is composed of 1 copy each of membrane proteins PsbA, PsbB, PsbC, PsbD, PsbE, PsbF, PsbH, PsbI, PsbJ, PsbK, PsbL, PsbM, PsbT, PsbX, PsbY, PsbZ, Psb30/Ycf12, at least 3 peripheral proteins of the oxygen-evolving complex and a large number of cofactors. It forms dimeric complexes (PubMed:11113141). Interacts with PAM68 (PubMed:20923938).
PSII is composed of 1 copy each of membrane proteins PsbA, PsbB, PsbC, PsbD, numerous small proteins, at least 3 peripheral proteins of the oxygen-evolving complex and a large number of cofactors. It forms dimeric complexes.
Phosphorylation is a light-dependent reaction catalyzed by a membrane-bound kinase. Hyperphosphorylation at Thr-5 is rapidly reversible upon light/dark transitions (PubMed:11113141). Phosphorylation at Thr-5 but not Thr-3 is performed by STN8 (PubMed:16040609). Phosphorylation at Thr-3 is not light-dependent and is probably necessary for subsequent phosphorylation at Thr-5 (PubMed:16040609).
Abnormal organs elongation leading to long inflorescences, leaves and petioles, especially in the light.
Element of the brassinosteroid metabolic pathway that regulates typhasterol (TY), castasterone (CS) and brassinolide (BL) levels (PubMed:17521414). Involved in the control of organ elongation (PubMed:17521414, PubMed:23893742).
First observed after seed germination, mainly in the root cap, and in elongation and maturation zones, and, to a lower extent, in the apical meristem zone. Later present in roots, with higher levels in light conditions than in darkness. Weak levels in young flowers. Progressive accumulation in developing siliques, at both ends. In rosette leaves, mainly localized in vascular tissues and hydathodes.
Mainly present in cell elongating-containing tissues. Strongly expressed in roots and flowers, also observed in petioles, stems, leaves and siliques.
The ben1-1D (bri1-5 enhanced 1-1dominant) activation-tagging mutant suppresses the bri1-5 weak mutant allele of the brassinosteroid receptor gene BRI1.
Expressed in the whole plant except stems.
The nucleus encodes 2 genes for bS16c that can be imported into chloroplasts in vitro (At4g34620, AC O65686 and At5g56940, AC Q9LTS6).
Transcribed and spliced in green leaves.
Involved in the catabolism of branched amino acids such as leucine.
Probable arabinosyl transferase responsible for the polymerization of arabinose into the arabinan of arabinogalactan. May function as inverting enzyme using UDP-beta-L-arabinopyranoside. Cell wall pectic arabinans are involved in thigmomorphogenesis response of inflorescence stems to mechanical stress.
Altered nuclear morphology. In plants lacking both CRWN1 and CRWN2, moderate dwarf and leaf-curling phenotype associated with endoreplication and strongly reduced nuclear size. Plants lacking both CRWN2 and CRWN4 exhibit slightly smaller rosettes. Plants lacking both CRWN1 and CRWN2 exhibit markedly smaller rosettes. Plants lacking CRWN1, CRWN2 and CRWN4 are extremely stunted and set few seed.
Component of SUN-protein-containing multivariate complexes also called LINC complexes which link the nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton by providing versatile outer nuclear membrane attachment sites for cytoskeletal filaments (By similarity). Required for nucleus structure organization (e.g. size and shape) (PubMed:17873096, PubMed:24308514, PubMed:23396599).
Expressed with a circadian rhythm showing a peak during dark (under long day conditions).
Component of a red light-dependent nuclear complex made of PHL, PHYB and CO. Interacts directly with PHYB and CO; CO binding requires the presence of PHYB.
Late flowering, especially under long-day conditions (PubMed:24127609, PubMed:24614229). Reduced expression of FT and SOC1 (PubMed:24127609).
Mostly expressed in cotyledons and leaves, both in mesophyll and vasculature cells. Also present in roots, hypocotyls and shoot apices.
Repressed post-transcriptionally by white light (at protein level).
Triggers photoperiod-monitored flowering by repressing PHYB-dependent flowering negative regulation, probably through physical interactions with PHYB and CO.
Both lectin domain and kinase activity are required for resistance to oomycetes, but only the lectin domain is required to trigger cell death.
Confers enhanced resistance to late blight mediated by the pathogenic oomycetes Phytophthora infestans and Phytophthora capsici when transfected into Nicotiana benthamiana. This resistance is associated with a high induction of protease inhibitor genes.
Increased susceptibility to the oomycetes Phytophthora brassicae and Phytophthora capsici associated with reduced expression of some defense genes (e.g. PR1, PDF1.2, CYP71B15 and CYP81F2). However, normal defense responses to the fungal pathogen Alternaria brassicicola and to the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae (PubMed:25083911, PubMed:26011556). Susceptibility to P. brassicae and P. capsici is enhanced in plants impaired in LECRK91 and LECRK92 (PubMed:26011556).
Promotes hydrogen peroxide H(2)O(2) production and cell death.
ATPase occurs in the presence of Mg(2+) ions as well as Mn(2+) and Co(2+) ions.
Delayed root growth and reduced length and number of lateral roots.
Expressed only in the proximal meristematic zone of the root.
Involved in the hydrolysis of the beta-gamma-phosphoanhydride linkage of triphosphate-containing substrates (inorganic or nucleoside-linked). Catalyzes the hydrolysis of inorganic triphosphate (PPPi), however it does not display significant activity towards long-chain polyphosphates. The existence of PPPi in living cells is still unclear, and PPPase activity might be the ancestral function of CYTH domain. It also has gamma-phosphatase activity on NTP substrates, but no adenylate cyclase or RNA triphosphatase activity.
PPPase is active in the presence of Mg(2+) ions, while no activity is observed in the presence of manganese ions.
Arg-193 is the critical site for the high affinity binding of NDH to ferredoxin.
NDH shuttles electrons from NAD(P)H:plastoquinone, via FMN and iron-sulfur (Fe-S) centers, to quinones in the photosynthetic chain and possibly in a chloroplast respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme in this species is believed to be plastoquinone. Couples the redox reaction to proton translocation, and thus conserves the redox energy in a proton gradient (Probable). Required for the efficient operation of ferredoxin-dependent plastoquinone reduction. Forms the electron donor-binding subcomplex in association with the NDHT and NDHU subunits (PubMed:21505067, PubMed:24225949).
Part of the chloroplast NDH complex, composed of a mixture of chloroplast and nucleus encoded subunits (PubMed:21785130). Component of the electron donor-binding subcomplex, at least composed of NDHS, NDHT and NDHU. Interacts with the NDH subcomplex A via the protein NDHT and NDHU (PubMed:21505067, PubMed:24225949).
Expressed in mature leaves, primary roots, and the root tips of both primary and lateral roots.
Interacts with the root-derived peptide CEP1 (PubMed:25324386). Binds to the ammonium transporter AMT1-1 (PubMed:21423366).
Receptor kinase involved in the perception of C-terminally encoded plant signaling peptide (CEP) and subsequent regulation of root and shoot development. Together with CEPR1, mediates systemic nitrogen (N)-demand signaling upon the perception of root-derived peptides (e.g. CEP1) via the up-regulation of genes involved in N uptake and assimilation pathways.
The double mutant cepr1 cepr2 is insensitive to CEP1 in a root growth regulation and exhibit pleiotropic phenotype characterized by pale-green leaves and enhanced lateral root elongation. At adult stage, smaller rosette leaves and shorter floral stems, accompanied by anthocyanin accumulation. Down-regulation of genes involved in N uptake and assimilation pathways (e.g. NRT1.1, NRT2.1 and NRT3.1) leading to impaired nitrate uptake activity. Altered systemic induction of genes involved in N uptake and assimilation pathways in N-depletion conditions (PubMed:25324386). Increased resistance to osmotic stress (e.g. mannitol) (PubMed:21431781).
Acts in the modification of cell walls via demethylesterification of cell wall pectin. Plays an important role in growth of pollen tubes in female floral tissues, possibly via enhancing the interaction between the pollen tube and female floral tissues by modification of the cell walls (PubMed:15659637). May be regulated by MYB80 during anther development and play a role in tapetum and pollen development (PubMed:21673079).
Expressed throughout silique development (PubMed:16622707). During anther development, expressed from stage 9 to stage 11 in late tapetum, and mature pollen grains (PubMed:21673079).
The PMEI region may act as an autoinhibitory domain and prevent untimely PME activity during transport. The PMEI region is cleaved by SBT6.1 (S1P) in the Golgi apparatus prior to cell wall targeting.
Interacts with FRI (PubMed:19429606). Interacts with WAV3 (PubMed:22122664).
Contributes to morphology determination of peroxisomes, but not to import of peroxisomal matrix proteins. Required for proper post-translational import and stabilization of peroxisomal membrane proteins (PMPs). Acts as a cytosolic import receptor for PMPs and delivers them to the docking factor PEX3 at the peroxisomal membrane for subsequent insertion into the membrane. Acts as a chaperone in stabilizing or maintaining PMPs in the lipid bilayer.
Dimer. Interacts with PEX10 (via C-terminus) (By similarity).
Expressed in roots, leaves, flowers, siliques and stems. Highest expression in roots and leaves.
Like its mammalian and yeast counterparts, PEX19-2 might be farnesylated and interacting transiently with the peroxisome membrane. However, this post-translational modification has not been demonstrated and only a trace of PEX19 was found associated with the peroxisome (PubMed:16923726).
Expressed in a punctuate pattern in cotyledons and leaves. Expressed in flowers, mature siliques and mature embryos.
Induced by blue and far-red light treatments.
The light-harvesting complex (LHC) functions as a light receptor, it captures and delivers excitation energy to photosystems with which it is closely associated (Probable). Probably functions in non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) to dissipate energy under conditions where the absorbed light exceeds the electron transfer capacities of the thylakoid complexes contributing to primary photochemistry (PubMed:24119415).
Down-regulated by phosphate deprivation (PubMed:16679424). Systemically regulated by microRNA399 (miR399) (PubMed:16679424, PubMed:18390805).
E2 ubiquitin-protein ligase that mediates E1-dependent protein ubiquitination (PubMed:24474629). Mediates PHO1 degradation through multivesicular body-mediated vacuolar proteolysis in response to inorganic phosphate (Pi) availability (PubMed:22634761). Negatively regulates the protein abundance of PHF1 and PHT1s under Pi-sufficient conditions by facilitating the degradation of PHT1 proteins at the endomembrane (PubMed:24122829, PubMed:22634761). Functions cooperatively with NLA to regulate the abundance of the inorganic phosphate (Pi) transporters PHT1-1, PHT1-2 and PHT1-3 in different subcellular compartments (PubMed:24122828). Regulates Pi homeostasis by mediating, cooperatively with NLA, polyubiquitination of PHT1-4 and its targeting for degradation (PubMed:24474629).
Expressed in the vascular tissues of cotyledons, leaves, roots, sepals, filaments, anthers and junctions between the inflorescence stems and siliques.
Interacts with PHO1 (PubMed:22634761). Interacts with NLA (PubMed:24474629).
MicroRNA399 (miR399) can be sequestered by IPS1, a non-protein coding RNA containing a motif with sequence complementarity to miR399, but with a mismatched loop at the expected miRNA cleavage site. Thus IPS1 mimics the target of miR399 to block the cleavage of UBC24/PHO2 under Pi-deficient conditions.
Plants are unable to regulate the amount of phosphate accumulated into shoots.
Up-regulated in senescing leaves and maturating seeds.
Transiently down-regulated by salt stress in roots.
Catalyzes the biosynthesis of ethanolamine from serine. Highly specific for L-serine and does not attack D-serine, L-phosphoserine, phosphatidylserine, L-histidine L-glutamate L-tyrosine or L-tryptophan. Decarboxylation of free serine is the major source of ethanolamine production in plants and ethanolamine metabolism is crucial for the synthesis of choline, phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylcholine (PC), and thus for plant growth.
Dwarf plants with necrosis along the edges of the leaves, multiple inflorescences and sterile flowers.
No inhibition by ethanolamine, choline or their phosphoesters.
The mutant phenotype can be rescue by exogenous application of ethanolamine.
Belongs to the U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein C family.
Component of the spliceosomal U1 snRNP, which is essential for recognition of the pre-mRNA 5' splice-site and the subsequent assembly of the spliceosome. U1-C is directly involved in initial 5' splice-site recognition for both constitutive and regulated alternative splicing. The interaction with the 5' splice-site seems to precede base-pairing between the pre-mRNA and the U1 snRNA. Stimulates commitment or early (E) complex formation by stabilizing the base pairing of the 5' end of the U1 snRNA and the 5' splice-site region.
U1 snRNP is composed of the 7 core Sm proteins B/B', D1, D2, D3, E, F and G that assemble in a heptameric protein ring on the Sm site of the small nuclear RNA to form the core snRNP, and at least 3 U1 snRNP-specific proteins U1-70K, U1-A and U1-C. U1-C interacts with U1 snRNA and the 5' splice-site region of the pre-mRNA.
Guanine-nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) that acts as an activator of Rop (Rho of plants) GTPases by promoting the exchange of GDP for GTP. Active as homodimer.
Homodimer. The homodimer interacts with ARAC5/ROP4. Interacts with ARAC11/ROP1 and ARAC10/ROP11. Interacts with PRK6 (PubMed:26961657).
Affects accumulation of ACBP6 in the phloem.
Highly expressed in pollen, lateral root and elongation zone (PubMed:19704520). Higher expression in the reproductive tissues (flowers and buds) than in vegetative organs (leaves and stems). High expression in shoot and root phloem companion cells (at protein level) (PubMed:28786767).
Interacts with ACBP6; interaction occurs at the plasma membrane.
During flower development, expressed at early stage in inner and outer integuments, and nucellar cells. Later, expressed in the integument cells but not in the embryo sac. In the mature ovule, highly expressed in the micropylar region. After fertilization, expressed in the seed integuments but not in the embryo.
Protein disulfide isomerase that may be required for proper pollen development, ovule fertilization and embryo development.
Smaller siliques and reduced seed set. Disrupted pollen tube guidance.
May be involved in protein precursor import into chloroplasts. Not redundant with TIC20-I, TIC20-II or TIC20-IV.
Belongs to the group II decarboxylase family. Sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase subfamily.
Cleaves phosphorylated sphingoid bases (PSBs), such as sphingosine-1-phosphate, into fatty aldehydes and phosphoethanolamine. May play a minor role in maintenance of sphingolipid metabolism during normal plant development and growth, but be required for maintaining sphingoid long chain bases (LCB) and their phosphorylated derivatives (LCB-P) levels when sphingolipid metabolism is perturbed. May play a role in dehydration stress.
Expressed in the peripheral parts of leaves and the bases of trichomes.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that acts as a negative regulator of the response to water stress. Mediates ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of the drought-induced transcriptional activator DREB2A. Functionally redundant with DRIP2.
By salt, wounding, abscisic acid, H(2)O(2) and salicylic acid (PubMed:12218065). Induced by aluminum (PubMed:25627216).
Expressed in roots, stems, old leaves, petals, sepals, top of carpels, stigmas, stamen filaments, anthers and siliques, but not in pollen.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but the double mutants camt2 and camt3 exhibit dwarf phenotypes.
Transcription activator that binds to the DNA consensus sequence 5'-[ACG]CGCG[GTC]-3' (By similarity). Regulates transcriptional activity in response to calcium signals (Probable). Binds calmodulin in a calcium-dependent manner (By similarity). Involved in freezing tolerance in association with CAMTA1 and CAMTA3. Contributes together with CAMTA1 and CAMTA3 to the positive regulation of the cold-induced expression of DREB1A/CBF3, DREB1B/CBF1 and DREB1C/CBF2 (PubMed:23581962). Involved together with CAMTA3 and CAMTA4 in the positive regulation of a general stress response (PubMed:25039701). Involved in tolerance to aluminum. Binds to the promoter of ALMT1 transporter and contributes to the positive regulation of aluminum-induced expression of ALMT1 (PubMed:25627216).
Detectable in lateral root development when they reach 1 mm long.
Expressed in the root cap, in both columella (COL) and COL-adjoining lateral root cap (LRC) cells. Also present at low levels expression in the tips of cotyledons and the cotyledon vasculature, as weel as in vasculature of the first pair of true leaves and at the hydathodes.
Transcription activator. Together with SMB and BRN2, regulates cellular maturation of root cap. Promotes the expression of genes involved in secondary cell walls (SCW) biosynthesis.
Belongs to the disease resistance X-TIR-NB-LRR-X family.
Transcription factor. Interacts specifically with the W box (5'-(T)TGAC[CT]-3'), a frequently occurring elicitor-responsive cis-acting element. May act also as a disease resistance protein with a serine/threonine-protein kinase activity (By similarity).
Interacts with GRF5, GRF7, GRF9 and GRF10. The transit peptide is the site of PSAN that associates with 14-3-3.
May function in mediating the binding of the antenna complexes to the PSI reaction center and core antenna. Plays an important role in docking plastocyanin to the PSI complex. Does not bind pigments.
The N-terminal Edman sequence is 2 amino acids down-stream of the N-acetylated terminal peptide identified by mass spectrometry. This suggests an additional processing.
Involved in the biosynthesis of UDP-glucuronic acid (UDP-GlcA), providing nucleotide sugars for cell-wall polymers. Required for the formation of cell wall ingrowths on the outer cell walls of nematode-induced syncytia.
No visible phenotype. Displays smaller nematode-induced syncytia. The UGD2 UGD3 double mutant displays a strong dwarf phenotype and often develops seedlings with severe root defects; cell walls have an altered sugar composition (PubMed:21949134). Ugd2 and ugd3 double mutants display abnormal nematode-induced syncytia (PubMed:22848518).
Restricted expression to the primary root in young seedlings. Later detected in hypocotyl, leaves but with the strongest expression in the root system.
Induced by salt stress (PubMed:16133218, PubMed:21069430). Induced drought stress, jasmonate (JA), salicylic acid (SA), abscisic acid (ABA) and ethylene. Down-regulated by freezing stress (PubMed:21069430). Induced by wounding in the flowering stem (PubMed:21911380). Induced by waterlogging.
Transcriptional activator involved in the regulation of plant development and tolerance to abiotic stresses (PubMed:21069430). Acts as positive regulator of tolerance to waterlogging stress. Delays waterlogging-induced premature senescence by regulating stomatal closure and antioxidant enzyme activity. May function through ABI1-mediated abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway (PubMed:22661072). Involved in tissue reunion of wounded inflorescence stems. Required for the division of pith cells in the reunion process, which is dependent on polar-transported auxin and the wound-inducible hormones ethylene and jasmonate (PubMed:21911380). Binds to the GCC-box pathogenesis-related promoter element. May be involved in the regulation of gene expression by stress factors and by components of stress signal transduction pathways (By similarity).
Acyl-ACP thioesterase involved in the production of fatty acids and beta-keto fatty acids. Can produce fatty acids of long chain (14:1 and 16:1) and beta-keto fatty acids of medium to long chain (8:0, 10:0, 12:0, 12:1, 14:0 and 16:0) when expressed in a heterologous organism (E.coli). Possesses thioesterase activity for lauroyl-ACP (12:0-ACP) in vitro. May play a role in the generation of long fatty acids in the chloroplast.
Highly expressed in stems and flowers and at lower levels in rosette leaves, cauline leaves and siliques.
Component of the ribosome, a large ribonucleoprotein complex responsible for the synthesis of proteins in the cell. The small ribosomal subunit (SSU) binds messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and translates the encoded message by selecting cognate aminoacyl-transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules. The large subunit (LSU) contains the ribosomal catalytic site termed the peptidyl transferase center (PTC), which catalyzes the formation of peptide bonds, thereby polymerizing the amino acids delivered by tRNAs into a polypeptide chain. The nascent polypeptides leave the ribosome through a tunnel in the LSU and interact with protein factors that function in enzymatic processing, targeting, and the membrane insertion of nascent chains at the exit of the ribosomal tunnel. Seems involved in the regulation of cell proliferation (PubMed:19392710). Essential in leaf polarity establishment, probably having a role for translation in leaf dorsoventral patterning to specify leaf adaxial identity (PubMed:18305008, PubMed:18305007).
Moderate reduction in cell number (PubMed:19392710). Slightly pointed leaves and prominent marginal serrations (PubMed:18305008). Delayed leaf growth and abnormal leaf patterning, with the abaxial mesophyll features appearing in the adaxial mesophyll domain (PubMed:18305007). More proximal vein branching in the petiole and reduced number of small veins at later leaf developmental stages (PubMed:18305007). Abnormal inflorescences terminating early and producing several secondary inflorescences (PubMed:18305007). Double mutant ae6-1 as2-101 exhibits an increased number of lotus- and needle-like leaves, rough adaxial surface of expanded leaves (PubMed:18305007). Double mutants oli2 oli5 have further reduced cell number but exhibit also excessive postmitotic cell enlargement in leaves (compensation phenotype) (PubMed:19392710). Plant missing both OLI5 and GIF1/AN3 have a strong compensation phenotype (PubMed:19392710). The double mutant as1 pgy3 exhibits narrow and elongated leaves with adaxial ectopic lamina (PubMed:18305008). The double mutant ae6 as1/2 produces severe abaxialized leaves (PubMed:18305007).
Expressed in flowers, leaves, roots and stems.
Head-neck domain associates with cytoplasmic (transvacuolar) F-actin in areas coinciding with the tracks of fast organelles.
Homodimer (By similarity). Interacts with RABC2A and RABD1.
Impaired growth of root hair cells (PubMed:18178669). No visible phenotype (PubMed:15792961).
Myosin heavy chain that is required for the cell cycle-regulated transport of various organelles and proteins for their segregation. Functions by binding with its tail domain to receptor proteins on organelles and exerting force with its N-terminal motor domain against actin filaments, thereby transporting its cargo along polarized actin cables. Involved in the tip growth of root hair cells. Plays a major role in trafficking of Golgi stacks, mitochondria and peroxisomes during root hair development. Targets the peroxisome through an interaction with RABC2A. Required for development of pavement cells, trichomes, and stigmatic papillae.
In the mature embryo, prominently expressed in the shoot apical meristem (SAM) (PubMed:27541283). In young seedlings, present in hypocotyls and mature part of roots, but not in root tips (PubMed:27541283). Later, also observed in the vasculature of cotyledons, in trichomes of emerging true leaves, and in joint part of the root to shoot (PubMed:27541283). In leaves, accumulates in guard cells and trichomes (PubMed:27541283). In flowers, mainly confined to the stigma of pistils and to the vasculature in the filament of stamens (PubMed:27541283).
Mainly expressed in inflorescences (especially in pollen) and, to a lower extent, in leaves, stems and siliques, as well as, at low levels, in roots (PubMed:27614107). Mostly expressed in hypocotyl, vasculatures, trichomes, guard cells and stigmas (PubMed:27541283).
Pale green phenotype with reduced phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and chlorophyll contents but no defect in embryo development (PubMed:27541283, PubMed:27614107). Accumulation of phosphatidylglycerophosphate (PGP) 34:3, PGP 34:2 and PGP 34:1 lacking 16:1 (PubMed:27614107). Strongly reduced amounts of other thylakoid lipids such as monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG), digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) and sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol (SQDG), especially under phosphate deprivation conditions (-P) (PubMed:27614107). Reduced amounts of chlorophyll, but unchanged photosynthetic quantum yield (PubMed:27614107). Altered chloroplasts development (e.g. reduced number of thylakoid membranes) and impaired photosynthetic activity (PubMed:27541283, PubMed:27614107). Reduced mesophyll cells size (PubMed:27614107). Strongly shorter roots associated with a defective order of columella cells in the root apices (PubMed:29476828). Plants lacking PTPMT1, PTPMT2 and PGPP1 have strongly shorter roots associated with a defective order of columella cells in the root apices, with stronger effect than in the single mutant pgpp1-1 (PubMed:29476828).
Phosphatidylglycerophosphate (PGP) phosphatase involved in the biosynthesis of phosphatidylglycerol (PG), a phosphoglycerolipid predominantly present in chloroplastic thylakoid membranes and which has important photosynthetic function; seems to use PGP 34:3, PGP 34:2 and PGP 34:1 as substrates (PubMed:27541283, PubMed:27614107, PubMed:29476828). Required for thylakoid membranes development and chloroplast function (PubMed:27541283, PubMed:27614107). Necessary for normal cell growth (PubMed:27614107). Required for root growth and columella cells organization (PubMed:29476828).
Abnormal cortical microtubule organization leading to anisotropic cell expansion.
Casein kinases are operationally defined by their preferential utilization of acidic proteins such as caseins as substrates. It can phosphorylate a large number of proteins (By similarity). Phosphorylates tubulins and microtubules in vitro (PubMed:18945931). Involved in anisotropic cell growth and cell shape formation via the regulation of microtubule organization (PubMed:18945931, PubMed:19820321).
Monomer (By similarity). Binds tubulins (PubMed:18945931).
May form oligomeric structures. Binds to AKR2A (PubMed:21730198).
Belongs to the IspD/TarI cytidylyltransferase family. IspD subfamily.
Divalent metal cations. Mg(2+), Ni(2+) and Mn(2+) are the most effective. Co(2+) and Ca(2+) are only minimally effective.
Enzyme of the plastid non-mevalonate pathway for isoprenoid biosynthesis that catalyzes the formation of 4-diphosphocytidyl-2-C-methyl-D-erythritol from CTP and 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP). Is essential for chloroplast development and required for pigments and gibberellins biosynthesis.
Expressed in leaves, stems and flowers, but not in roots.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS6 family.
Component of the 40S small ribosomal subunit (By similarity). Plays an important role in controlling cell growth and proliferation through the selective translation of particular classes of mRNA (By similarity).
Ribosomal protein S6 is the major substrate of protein kinases in eukaryote ribosomes.
Cytoprotective ribonuclease (RNase) required for resistance to abiotic stresses, acting as a positive regulator of mRNA decapping during stress (PubMed:25736060). Essential for the integrity and function of cytoplasmic messenger ribonucleoprotein (mRNP) complexes called stress granules (SGs) and processing bodies (PBs), sites of post-transcriptional gene regulation during stress (e.g. salt and heat) (PubMed:25736060). Involved in gibberellic acid (GA) biosynthesis and seed germination (PubMed:20396901). Essential for stress tolerance, probably by regulating mRNAs entering the secretory pathway (PubMed:20484005). Component of stress granules (SGs) that regulates growth under salt stress by modulating levels of GA20OX3 mRNA. Binds GA20OX3 mRNA (By similarity). May inhibit the degradation of mRNAs involved in stress adaptation (PubMed:26237081).
In mature seeds, accumulates highly both in cotyledons and radicals.
Mostly expressed in seeds, and, to a lower extent, in leaves, flowers, roots and siliques (at protein level) (PubMed:20396901, PubMed:20484005). Accumulates strongly in the cap and elongation zone of the root apices (at protein level) (PubMed:20484005).
Normal vegetative growth, flowering time and flower morphology, but delayed seed germination after vernalization (at 4 degrees Celsius); this phenotype is reversed by gibberellic acid (GA-3) but increased by paclobutrazol, a GA biosynthesis inhibitor. Reduced expression of enzyme involved in GA biosynthesis leading to reduced levels of GA-4 (e.g. GA20OX3) (PubMed:20396901). The double mutant tsn1 tsn2 exhibits severe alteration in germination, growth, and survival under high salinity stress. In normal conditions, moderate reduction in root growth due to cell elongation defect. Reduced levels of stress-regulated mRNAs encoding secreted proteins (PubMed:20484005). Abnormal stress granules (SGs) and processing bodies (PBs) assembly accompanied by reduced uncapped RNAs levels in heat-stressed double mutant tsn1 tsn2 (PubMed:25736060). The double mutant tsn1 tsn2 is also showing enriched uncapping and subsequent degradation of mRNAs involved in stress adaptation (PubMed:26237081).
Forms stable complexes with CPN60 in the presence of ATP.
Seems to function only as a co-chaperone, along with CPN60, and in certain cases is essential for the discharge of biologically active proteins from CPN60.
Not detected by RT-PCR, but promoter weakly active at the margins of leaves and in the root apical and elongation zones.
First detected in the stigma papillae of the flowers at stage 11, and then in the pollen grains before and after fertilization.
Predominantly expressed in flowers but also slightly detected in stems and immature siliques.
Probable rhomboid-type serine protease that catalyzes intramembrane proteolysis. May function in reproductive organs maturation.
No visible phenotype. Fold1, puru1 and puru2 triple mutant shows no photorespiratory phenotype.
Mediates an active uptake of hexoses, probably by sugar/hydrogen symport. Can transport glucose, 3-O-methylglucose, xylose, mannose, fructose and galactose.
Specifically expressed in pollen grains when the callose of microspores tetrads undergoes degradation, between early tetrad and late trinucleate stages (at protein level).
By brassinosteroids (BRs). Up-regulated by LEC2.
Catalyzes 11-beta, 17-beta-hydroxysteroid and reduces 17-beta-ketosteroids. Involved in regulating plant growth and development, probably promoting or mediating brassinosteroid effects. Plays a role during seed maturation.
Expressed in the above-ground part of seedlings, especially in the vascular tissues. Also detected in the buds and silique pedicels. Highly induced in oil-accumulating tissues of maturing seeds.
Firstly detected during early seed maturation, at 9 days after anthesis (DAA), peaking at 18 DAA, before falling sharply during late maturation.
Semidwarf phenotype with reduced sensitivity to brassinosteroids (BRs) and enhanced sensitivity to abscisic acid (ABA) during germination.
Binds to multiple calmodulin (CaM) in the presence of Ca(2+)(e.g. CaM1 and CaM2) and CaM-like (e.g. CML8 and CML9) proteins (PubMed:15960618, PubMed:23204523). Interacts with KLCR1 (PubMed:23204523).
By mechanical stimuli and aphid infestation, but not by jasmonate, salicylic acid, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) ou auxin (IAA).
Expressed in roots, flowers, stems, siliques, inflorescence stems and whole shoots. Restricted to the vascular bundles.
IQD1 overexpression leads to increased resistance against herbivory by generalist chewing and phloem-feeding insects.
May be involved in cooperative interactions with calmodulins or calmodulin-like proteins. Modulates expression of glucosinolate pathway genes. May associate with nucleic acids and regulate gene expression at the transcriptional or post-transcriptional level (PubMed:15960618, PubMed:23204523). Recruits KLCR1 and calmodulin proteins to microtubules, thus being a potential scaffold in cellular signaling and trafficking (PubMed:23204523).
ATP-dependent RNA helicase that associates with the RNA exosome complex (PubMed:21682783, PubMed:25144737). Required for proper rRNA biogenesis and development. Involved in the 3'-processing of the 7S pre-RNA to the mature 5.8S rRNA and also in the removal of rRNA maturation by-products (PubMed:21682783).
Slower embryogenesis and several developmental defects including aberrant vein patterning, pointed first and second leaves, smaller rosettes and shorter roots.
Ubiquitous but preferentially expressed in active tissues.
Dioxygenase that demethylates RNA by oxidative demethylation: specifically demethylates N(6)-methyladenosine (m6A) RNA, the most prevalent internal modification of messenger RNA (mRNA) in higher eukaryotes (PubMed:29180595). ALKBH10B-mediated mRNA m6A demethylation stabilizes the mRNA of the key flowering time regulators FT, SPL3 and SPL9, which are involved in the control of floral transition (PubMed:29180595).
Reduced vegetative growth and late flowering.
Required for both formation and activity of the chloroplast NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (NDH) complex of the photosynthetic electron transport chain (PubMed:22274627). Functions in assembly or stabilization of the NDH complex; probably involved, together with CRR1 and CRR6, in the incorporation of NdhJ, NdhM, NdhK and NdhI into the NDH subcomplex A assembly intermediate (NAI500) to produce the complex NAI400 (PubMed:22274627).
Catalyzes the first committed step of 'de novo purine biosynthesis from glutamine. Required for chloroplast biogenesis and cell division. Confers sensitivity to the phenyltriazole acetic acid compound [5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-isopropyl-1H-[1,2,4]triazol-3-yl]-acetic acid (DAS734), a bleaching herbicide.
Inhibited by the phenyltriazole acetic acid compound [5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-isopropyl-1H-[1,2,4]triazol-3-yl]-acetic acid (DAS734), a bleaching herbicide.
Mostly expressed in leaves, and, to a lower extent, in cotyledons.
Strong growth retardation and severe chlorosis in leaves; white leaves, but green cotyledons. Leaves missing the palisade mesophyll layer, due to reduced cell number and size. Abnormal thylakoid membrane in chloroplasts, probably due to photo-oxidative damage. Defective in protein import into chloroplasts.
Belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily. LCMT family.
Involved in brassinosteroid (BR) signaling.
Methylates the carboxyl group of the C-terminal leucine residue of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) catalytic subunits to form alpha-leucine ester residues (Probable) (PubMed:21558554). Involved in brassinosteroid (BR) signaling. Plays a negative role in BR signaling pathway. Functions as a positive regulator of BRI1 receptor-kinase degradation. Methylates PP2A, thus facilitating its association with activated BRI1. This leads to receptor dephosphorylation and degradation, and thus to the termination of BR signaling. May act upstream of ASK7/BIN2 (PubMed:21558554). Involved in methylation of PP2A during environemental stress responses (PubMed:28741704).
Reduced rosette size and early flowering. Reduced length of the main root and reduced number of lateral roots.
Extracellular purine-specific hydrolase present in the apoplastic fluid involved in the degradation of extracellular nucleosides, including inosine and adenosine, and which may participate in wound and pathogen responses (e.g. Botrytis cinerea).
Impaired hydrolysis of inosine and adenosine by apoplastic fluid leading to an increased sensitivity to 2-chloroadenosine (PubMed:21235647). The isolated apoplastic sap extracted from the double mutant missing both NSH3 and ENT3 lacks the ability to catalyze the conversion of inosine in hypoxanthine; this double mutant is unable to grow on medium containing inosine as sole nitrogen source, in addition plants are more sensitive to the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea BMM but are resistant to the cytotoxic adenosine analog 2-chloro-adenosine (CADO) and to 5-fluoro-uridine (PubMed:26779190).
Has a crucial role in plant growth and development, possibly by influencing mitochondrial division.
By hyperosmotic stress and dark-induced senescence.
High expression in flowers, stamens, petals and pollen. Expressed in roots, leaves and stems.
Mitochondrial arginine transporter that catalyzes the counter-exchange of arginine with lysine, ornithine, arginine, histidine and citrulline. Substrate preference in reconstituted proteoliposomes is arginine > homoarginine > citrulline > histidine > lysine > ornithine. May be involved in the delivery of arginine, released from seed reserves, to mitochondrial arginase and the export of ornithine. May contribute to proline accumulation in response to hyperosmotic stress.
Lacks the phospho-accepting Asp (here Gln-94), present in the receiver domain, which is one of the conserved features of the two-component response regulators (ARRs) family.
Mostly expressed in roots, and, to a lower extent, in seedlings, stems, apex, flowers and siliques.
The O-glycosylation (arabinosylation) of the hydroxyproline Pro-76 enhances binding affinity of the CLE5p peptide for its receptor.
Aldehyde reductase that catalyzes the reduction of the aldehyde carbonyl groups on saturated and alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes with more than 5 carbons (PubMed:21169366). No activity on alpha,beta-unsaturated ketones (PubMed:21169366). Can use propionaldehyde, butyraldehyde, methylglyoxal, (e)-2-pentenal, (E)-2-hexenal, (Z)-3-hexenal and (E)-2-nonenal as substrates, but not propenal (acrolein), crotonaldehyde, 2-butanone, 3-buten-2-one or 1-penten-3-one (PubMed:21169366).
Expressed in roots, inflorescences, flowers, siliques, leaves and stems.
By 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid (INA) and salicylic acid (possibly an endogenous signal for acquired resistance). Strongly induced by infection with the bacterial pathogen P.syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (PubMed:1392589). Induced by infection with avirulent and virulent strains of P.syringae pv. maculicola (PubMed:1824335). Induced by infection with the turnip vein clearing virus (TVCV) and cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) (PubMed:23656331).
Implicated in the defense of plants against pathogens (Probable). Not involved in plasmodesmal callose degradation and in the gating of plasmodesmata during tobamovirus infection (PubMed:23656331).
Disease resistance protein that cooperates with RPP2B to confer resistance to Hyaloperonospora parasitica isolate Cala2.
By nitrogen deficiency and UV light. Negatively regulated by MYB66/WER, GL3 and BHLH2 in the developing non-hair cells, and positively regulated by CPC and TRY in the developing hair cells.
Efficient DNA binding requires dimerization with another bHLH protein (By similarity). Homodimer and heterodimer with BHLH2. Interacts directly with TTG1 and MYB0/GL1 to form a complex. Its interaction with TRY prevents MYB0/GL1 binding. Interacts with MYB75/PAP1, MYB90/PAP2, TT2, CPC, MYB23 and MYB66/WER. Interacts with MYB82 (PubMed:24803498).
Localized in trichome developing region of leaves, prior to trichome initiation. Levels increase in initiating and young trichome cells, but dropped in the pavement cells between trichomes. Disappears in mature trichomes.
Mostly expressed in roots and flowers. Also present in stems and leaves, and, to a lower extent, in hypocotyls. Expressed in epidermal root hair cells (trichoblasts) and moves to root hairless cells (atrichoblasts) by a cell-to-cell movement through plasmodesmata (at protein level).
Plants exhibit two-branched trichomes instead of three-branched trichomes.
Transcription activator, when associated with MYB75/PAP1, MYB90/PAP2 or TT2. Involved in epidermal cell fate specification. Regulates negatively stomata formation, but, in association with TTG1 and MYB0/GL1, promotes trichome formation, branching and endoreplication. Regulates also trichome cell wall maturation. Together with MYB66/WER, promotes the formation of non-hair cells in root epidermis cells in the N position. Whereas together with CPC, promotes the formation of hair cells in root epidermis cells in the H position by inhibiting non-hair cell formation. Seems also to play a role in the activation of anthocyanin biosynthesis, probably together with MYB75/PAP1. Activates the transcription of GL2.
Accumulates upon rhizobacteria-mediated (e.g. P.fluorescens WCS417r) induced systemic resistance (ISR) in root trichoblasts and, to a lesser extent, in cortical cells.
Expressed at low levels predominantly in root epidermal cells.
Glucosidase that hydrolyzes scopolin and various beta-glucosides, cellooligosaccharides (mainly cellotriose) and laminarioligosaccharides (PubMed:34965581). Can use p-nitrophenyl-beta-glucosides (pNP beta-Glc) and p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-fucosides (pNP beta-D-Fuc) as substrates, and, to a lower extent, beta-galactosides, beta-mannosides and beta-xylosides (PubMed:34965581). Involved in the secretion of root-derived phenolics upon iron ions (Fe) depletion (PubMed:25138267). Promotes disease resistance toward B.cinerea, H.arabidopsidis and P.syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (PubMed:25138267). Required during rhizobacteria-mediated (e.g. P.fluorescens WCS417r) broad-spectrum induced systemic resistance (ISR) against several pathogens (PubMed:25138267).
Reduced secretion of root-derived phenolics upon iron ions (Fe) depletion, thus leading to their accumulation in the root interior. Impaired P.fluorescens WCS417r-mediated broad-spectrum induced systemic resistance (ISR) against several pathogens.
Expressed in roots, shoots, rosette and cauline leaves, stems, flower buds and siliques.
Plants over-expressing OFP6 show flat, thick and cyan leaves, and enhanced apical dormancy.
Expressed in roots, leaf vasculature, cauline leaves, flower buds and siliques.
Kinase that can phosphorylate the inositol polyphosphate Ins(1,3,4)P3 to form InsP4. Also phosphorylates a racemic mixture of Ins(1,4,6)P3 and Ins(3,4,6)P3 to form InsP4. Does not display inositol 3,4,5,6-tetrakisphosphate 1-kinase activity, but possesses inositol 1,4,5,6-tetrakisphosphate and inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate isomerase activity (PubMed:17698066). Ins(1,3,4,6)P4 is an essential molecule in the hexakisphosphate (InsP6) pathway (By similarity).
Bip1 and bip2 double mutation affects the fusion of polar nuclei during female gametophyte development (PubMed:20080634). Bip1 and bip2 double mutation affects pollen tube growth and length (PubMed:24486762). Bip1, bip2 and bip3 triple mutation is pollen lethal (PubMed:24486762). Bip1, bip2 and bip3 triple mutation affects female gametophyte development during the early stages (PubMed:26251880).
In cooperation with other chaperones, Hsp70s are key components that facilitate folding of de novo synthesized proteins, assist translocation of precursor proteins into organelles, and are responsible for degradation of damaged protein under stress conditions (Probable). Involved in polar nuclei fusion during female gametophyte development and is essential for the regulation of endosperm nuclei proliferation (PubMed:20080634). Involved in sperm nuclear fusion with central cell polar nuclei at fertilization, which is critical for normal endosperm nuclear proliferation (PubMed:31410484). Required for pollen development and pollen tube growth (PubMed:24486762).
Induced by heat shock and sugar. Up-regulated by light, DTT and tunicamycin treatment.
Expressed predominantly in root meristematic zones.
Probable transcription factor that plays a central role in mediating RGF1 hormone peptide signaling leading to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in roots to modulate meristem size and root growth, probably via oxidative post-translational modification of the transcription factor PLETHORA (e.g. PLT1 and PLT2).
Small root meristem and low root growth rate.
Activated by phosphorylation at Thr-175.
Catalytic subunit of the probable trimeric SNF1-related protein kinase (SnRK) complex, a central regulator of cellular energy homeostasis, which, in response to seemingly unrelated darkness, sugar and stress conditions, activates energy-producing pathways and inhibits energy-consuming processes. May also be involved in the regulation of fatty acid synthesis by phosphorylation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase and in assimilation of nitrogen by phosphorylating nitrate reductase.
Subunit of a probable heterotrimeric complex consisting of an alpha catalytic subunit, and a beta (KINB) and a gamma (KING or SNF4) non-catalytic regulatory subunits.
Expressed in pollen throughout pollen development, peaking at the time of flowering and in ovules of open flowers.
Highly induced during unfolded protein response (UPR), also called endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response, in a bZIP60-dependent manner (PubMed:15978049, PubMed:20944397). Induced by tunicamycin, an ER stress inducer inhibiting N-linked glycosylation (at protein level) (PubMed:15978049, PubMed:20944397). Accumulates in response to dithiothreitol (DTT) and azetidine-2-carboxylate (AZC), ER stress inducers disturbing disulfide bonds formation and acting as a proline analog, respectively (PubMed:20944397).
Involved in the regulation of pollen surface morphology, probably by modulating the secretion of proteins and/or lipids during pollen development.
Normal growth in standard conditions, but altered pollen surface structure with pollen grains adhering to each other.
Restricted to pollen grains at high levels.
Component of the abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway that may act as ABA signal transducer in the context of abiotic stresses. Triggers MPK7 activation in a MKK3-dependent manner. Mediates the ABA-dependent activation of the MKK3-MPK7 module.
In the double mutant map3k17 map3k18, impaired MPK7 activation mediated by abscisic acid (ABA).
Strongly induced by abscisic acid (ABA). Accumulates in response to osmotic stresses (e.g. mannitol and NaCl).
Highly expressed in leaves, to a lower extent in cotyledons, and barely expressed in roots. Present in seeds, seedlings and etiolated plantlets.
Oxidase that catalyzes the oxidation of a broad range of 2-hydroxyacids to the corresponding 2-oxoacids, with a reduction of O2 to H2O2. Displays the highest activity with leucic acid (2-hydroxy-4-methylpentanoate) and has intermediate activity with 2-hydroxyhexanoate and 2-hydroxyoctanote. Shows lower activity with 2-hydroxydodecanoate, valic acid, and isoleucic acid and extremely low activity with glycolate and L-lactate. Cannot use 2-hydroxyhexadecanoate or D-lactate as substrates. May be involved in the conversion or degradation of 2-hydroxyacids produced during the metabolism of fatty acids or amino acids.
Belongs to the NDH complex subunit N family.
Homo- and heterodimer with STL2 (PubMed:27277162). Interacts with CESA1, CESA3, CESA4, CESA6, CESA7 and CESA8, but not with GOT1 (PubMed:27277162).
No visible phenotype, due to the redundancy with STL2. Stl1 and stl2 double mutants are impaired in cellulose production and exhibit a stunted growth.
Heterodimers (PubMed:29272523). Interacts with CYSTM6, CYSTM7, CYSTM12 and WIH1/CYSTM13 (PubMed:29272523).
Induced by heat in roots, but suppressed in shoots (PubMed:29272523). Accumulates in response to cold, drought, oxidation stress and salt (PubMed:29272523).
Mostly expressed in roots, stems, rosette leaves and siliques and, to a lower extent, in flowers and cauline leaves.
Palmitoylation at Cys-3 and Cys-7 are required for plasma membrane location.
Can form homomeric and heteromeric protein complexes with NAP1;1, NAP1;3 and NAP1;4. Binds histone H2A.
May modulate chromatin structure by regulation of nucleosome assembly/disassembly (By similarity). May function in nucleotide excision repair (NER). Involved in somatic homologous recombination.
Expressed in roots, leaves and floral buds.
Nucleocytoplasmic transporter involved in the nuclear export of microRNAs (miRNAs). Required for several miRNAs accumulation. Specifically required for miR156 accumulation which targets SPL3, SPL4 and SPL5 transcription factors. Involved in plant development through its role in miRNAs processing. Required for vegetative phase change and vegetative to reproductive phase transition. Functionally dependent on RAN1 binding. Does not seem to be involved in small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) processing.
Reduced size of roots and shoot lateral organs. Accelerated vegetative phase change. Increased adaxial trichome density. Disruption of phyllotaxis of the inflorescence. Reduced fertility. Reduced levels of several miRNAs and increased levels of their targeted transcripts.
Predominantly expressed in roots and green siliques. Also expressed at lower level above ground and in flower buds.
The phosphorylation at Ser-280 and Ser-283 is altered by salt (NaCl) and hydrogen peroxide H(2)O(2) treatments. Phosphorylation of Ser-283 is required for plasma membrane targeting.
Ubiquitinated by RMA1, leading to proteasomal degradation.
Water channel required to facilitate the transport of water across cell membrane. Probably involved in root water uptake. Its function is impaired by Hg(2+).
Homodimer and heterodimer with MORF3 (PubMed:22411807, PubMed:25583991). Heterodimers with MORF8/RIP1, MORF4/RIP4 and MORF6/RIP6 (PubMed:25583991). Interacts with PCMP-E90/MEF13 (PubMed:26048647). Interacts with PCMP-H13/MEF35 (PubMed:26470017).
Involved in organellar RNA editing. Required for the processing of numerous RNA editing sites in mitochondria (PubMed:22411807, PubMed:23818871). Binds to the mitochondrial MEF19 and MEF21 factors, two pentatricopeptide repeat-containing proteins involved in RNA editing (PubMed:22411807).
Activation of long-chain fatty acids for both synthesis of cellular lipids, and degradation via beta-oxidation. Acts in the cutin pathway. Preferentially uses palmitate, palmitoleate, oleate and linoleate. Required for repression of lateral root formation through its role in cutin biosynthesis and subsequent aerial tissues permeability.
Dwarf phenotype with smaller, wrinkled leaves and overall reduced vigor. Higher water loss rate and susceptibility to drought stress. Defective in the cuticular membrane. Strong resistance to virulent Botrytis cinerea and enhanced susceptibility to avirulent Pseudomonas syringae.
Expressed along the entire length of the stem, but expression was not entirely epidermal specific, with some expression found in internal cell layers as well. Was expressed in leave epidermal cells, flowers (sepals, petals, stamens, filaments and carpel), siliques and developing seeds. In roots, expression was detected in an internal cell layer, probably the endodermal layer.
(Microbial infection) Interacts with viral genome-linked protein (VPg); this interaction is possible in susceptible hosts but impaired in resistant plants.
(Microbial infection) Susceptibility host factor required for viral infection by recruiting viral RNAs to the host ribosomal complex via an interaction with viral genome-linked protein (VPg).
According to the redox status, the Cys-133-Cys-171 disulfide bridge may have a role in regulating protein function by affecting its ability to bind capped mRNA.
Component of the protein complex eIF4F, which is involved in the recognition of the mRNA cap, ATP-dependent unwinding of 5'-terminal secondary structure and recruitment of mRNA to the ribosome (PubMed:9680993). Recognizes and binds the 7-methylguanosine-containing mRNA cap during an early step in the initiation of protein synthesis and facilitates ribosome binding by inducing the unwinding of the mRNAs secondary structures (By similarity). Key component of recessive resistance to potyviruses (PubMed:29504210, PubMed:30784179).
Delayed bolting (PubMed:29504210). Increased resistance to potyviruses such as clover yellow vein virus (ClYVV) and turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) (PubMed:29504210, PubMed:30784179).
EIF4F is a multi-subunit complex, the composition of which varies with external and internal environmental conditions (PubMed:16343979). It is composed of at least EIF4A, EIF4E and EIF4G. EIF4E is also known to interact with other partners (PubMed:16343979). In higher plants two isoforms of EIF4F have been identified, named isoform EIF4F and isoform EIF(iso)4F (PubMed:16343979). Isoform EIF4F has subunits p220 and p26, whereas isoform EIF(iso)4F has subunits p82 and p28 (PubMed:16343979). Interacts directly with EXA1 (PubMed:28362261).
Expressed in all tissues except in the cells of the specialization zone of the roots.
Induced in the presence of the herbivory P.xylostella larvae.
Belongs to the WD repeat G protein beta family.
Expressed in seedlings (especially at the hypocotyl/root junction), roots, leaves (restricted to veins and guard cells), and flowers (PubMed:17468261, PubMed:18441222). Also present in hydathods (PubMed:17468261). Expressed in guard cells, mesophyll tissue of cotyledons, trichomes and whole siliques, but not in seeds (PubMed:17492287).
G proteins are composed of 3 units, alpha, beta and gamma. Interacts with the gamma subunits GG1 and GG2. The dimers GB1-GG1 and GB1-GG2 interact with NDL1, NDL2 and NDL3. Interacts with WNK8. Interacts with XLG2 (PubMed:11121078, PubMed:11513956, PubMed:17158913, PubMed:17468261, PubMed:19825634, PubMed:19948787, PubMed:22940907). Interacts with RACK1A, RACK1B and RACK1C (PubMed:25731164). Interacts with ZAR1 (via GBeta-binding domain) (PubMed:27014878).
Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as a modulator or transducer in various transmembrane signaling systems. The beta and gamma chains are required for the GTPase activity, for replacement of GDP by GTP, and for G protein-effector interaction. The heterotrimeric G-protein controls defense responses to necrotrophic and vascular fungi probably by modulating cell wall-related genes expression (e.g. lower xylose content in cell walls); involved in resistance to fungal pathogens such as Alternaria brassicicola and Fusarium oxysporum. Modulates root architecture (e.g. lateral root formation). Acts with XGL3 in the positive regulation of root waving and root skewing. Involved in the asymmetric division of zygote and specification of apical and basal cell lineages (PubMed:27014878).
In flowers, mostly expressed in stigma and pollen, and moderately present in sepals and stamen filaments. In siliques, observed at both ends, gradually disappearing toward the center.
Shorter hypocotyls and abnormal roots architecture; more auxin-induced lateral roots. Enhanced susceptibility to necrotrophic and vascular pathogenic fungi, such as Alternaria brassicicola, Plectosphaerella cucumerina and Fusarium oxysporum associated with a disturbed expression of genes involved in cell wall metabolism. Longer and wider primary roots with faster growth. Severely compromised root waving and abnormal root skewing response. Hypersensitivity to ethylene (ACC).
Monomer, homodimer and heterodimers with GBF1/BZIP41, GBF2/BZIP54 and GBF3/BZIP55 (PubMed:18315949). Heterodimers with BZIP16 (PubMed:18315949, PubMed:22718771). Interacts with GIP1 (PubMed:25387999).
Transcriptional activator that binds to the G-box motif (5'-CACGTG-3') and other cis-acting elements with 5'-ACGT-3' core, such as Hex, C-box and as-1 motifs. Possesses high binding affinity to G-box, much lower affinity to Hex and C-box, and little affinity to as-1 element (PubMed:18315949). G-box and G-box-like motifs are cis-acting elements defined in promoters of certain plant genes which are regulated by such diverse stimuli as light-induction or hormone control (Probable). Binds to the G-box motif 5'-CACGTG-3' of LHCB2.4 (At3g27690) promoter. May act as transcriptional activator in light-regulated expression of LHCB2.4. Probably binds DNA as monomer. DNA-binding activity is redox-dependent (PubMed:22718771).
In triple knockout plants missing MSSP1, MSSP2 and MSSP3, reduced accumulation of glucose and fructose during cold adaptation.
Observed at low levels in stamen filaments and at the very edges of mature leaves.
Sugar proton-coupled antiporter which contributes to vacuolar sugar import (e.g. monosaccharides including glucose,sucrose and fructose), particularly during stress responses (e.g. in response to cold).
Accumulates in fatty acids synthesizing tissues such as embryos, expanding leaves, flower buds, flowers, and developing siliques.
Component of the acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase (ACC) complex. First, biotin carboxylase catalyzes the carboxylation of biotin on its carrier protein (BCCP) and then the CO(2) group is transferred by the carboxyltransferase to acetyl-CoA to form malonyl-CoA (By similarity).
Acts as an effector of RABF2A and RABF2B (By similarity). Involved in vacuolar transport of storage proteins. Regulates membrane trafficking to protein storage vacuoles (PSVs) (PubMed:27288222). Binds specifically to phosphatidylinositol 3-monophosphate (PtdIns3P) (By similarity).
Over-expression of RIC6 in tobacco germinating pollen reduces pollen tube elongation.
Expressed in root tips, vasculature of roots and leaves, and meristems of leaf primordia. Expressed in flowers and siliques.
Nucleoside transporter that functions as a pyrimidine nucleoside carrier in all organs. Has high affinity for adenosine and uridine when expressed in a heterologous system (yeast). Mediates proton-dependent adenosine or uridine transport in Xenopus oocytes.
The isolated apoplastic sap extracted from the double mutant missing both NSH3 and ENT3 lacks the ability to catalyze the conversion of inosine in hypoxanthine; this double mutant is unable to grow on medium containing inosine as sole nitrogen source, in addition plants are more sensitive to the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea BMM but are resistant to the cytotoxic adenosine analog 2-chloro-adenosine (CADO) and to 5-fluoro-uridine.
Involved in copper import into the cell. Essential for ethylene signaling, which requires copper. Acts by delivering copper to create functional hormone receptors.
The C-terminal domain (556-725) is necessary and sufficient for Golgi targeting.
Expressed in roots, cotyledons and leaves.
Phosphorylated at Ser-399 by CPK3. Phosphorylation enhances PLP5 activity towards phosphatidylcholine.
Slight decrease in number of lateral roots.
Essential protein. Sigma factors are initiation factors that promote the attachment of plastid-encoded RNA polymerase (PEP) to specific initiation sites and are then released. Controls the transcription of the psaA gene and thus modulates photosystem stoichiometry. Thereby maintains a harmonious electron flow and photosynthetic efficiency.
Highly expressed in leaves, and to a lesser extent in roots. Expressed in old seedlings (8 days), cotyledons, hypocotyls, leaves, sepals and siliques.
Induced by light, especially after dark adaptation. Induced by both red light (660 nm) and blue light (470 nm) in dark-adapted plants in a cryptochrome-dependent manner (i.e. requiring CRY1 and CRY2). Induced after three days of imbibition. Promoter specificity is modified by phosphorylation of Thr-170. Suppressed in response to infection with the necrotrophic bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae.
Interacts with SIB1 in chloroplast (PubMed:11943170). Binds to CSK (PubMed:23754813).
The phosphorylation of Thr-170 mediated by oxidative conditions of plastoquinone (PQ) changes the promoter specificity, selectively inhibiting the transcription of the psaA gene, which encodes a PS-I protein. Phosphorylation of the holoenzyme occurs in the dark. This phosphorylation in response to plastoquinone redox state modification is mediated by CSK.
Root specific, especially in trichoblasts. In mature plants, localized in root cortical cells and young lateral roots.
Plays a role in photosynthetic sucrose synthesis by catalyzing the rate-limiting step of sucrose biosynthesis from UDP-glucose and fructose- 6-phosphate (By similarity). Involved in the regulation of carbon partitioning in the leaves of plants (By similarity). May regulate the synthesis of sucrose and therefore play a major role as a limiting factor in the export of photoassimilates out of the leaf (By similarity). Plays a role for sucrose availability that is essential for plant growth and fiber elongation (By similarity).
Homodimer (By similarity). Interacts with MYOB1 and MYOB7 (PubMed:23995081). Interacts with WIT1 and WIT2 (PubMed:23973298, PubMed:25759303). Core component of the LINC complex which is composed of inner nuclear membrane SUN domain-containing proteins coupled to outer nuclear membrane WIP and WIT proteins. The LINC complex also involves nucleoskeletal proteins CRWN/LINC and possibly KAKU4 and the cytoskeletal myosin KAKU1 (PubMed:25759303).
Impaired nuclear movement. Abnormal nucleus shape with invaginated envelope.
Myosin heavy chain that is required for the cell cycle-regulated transport of various organelles and proteins for their segregation. Functions by binding with its tail domain to receptor proteins on organelles and exerting force with its N-terminal motor domain against actin filaments, thereby transporting its cargo along polarized actin cables. Involved in trafficking of Golgi stacks and mitochondria. Plays a role in nuclear shape determination. Drives nuclear movement along actin filaments (PubMed:23973298). As component of the SUN-WIP-WIT2-KAKU1 complex, mediates the transfer of cytoplasmic forces to the nuclear envelope (NE), leading to nuclear shape changes (PubMed:25759303).
By the bacterial pathogens P.syringae pv. phaseolicola, pv. syringae, pv. tomato and pv. tabaci, and flagellin.
Highly expressed in germinating seeds and senescent leaves, and at lower levels in roots, leaves, flowers and siliques.
Key enzyme in the regulation of glycerol uptake and metabolism. Required for resistance to nonhost Pseudomonas bacteria and to the pathogenic fungus B.cinerea.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants accumulate high levels of glycerol, can grow on synthetic medium containing glycerol and have increased resistance to salt, cold, osmotic and drought stresses.
There are 3 contiguous domains conserved in the CDPK subfamily: a kinase domain, an autoinhibitory (junction) domain and a calmodulin-like domain. The autoinhibitory domain (450-480) inactivates kinase activity under calcium-free conditions (By similarity).
Expressed in shoot meristem, vascular tissues of cotyledons, and in primary roots surrounding the root meristem (PubMed:22404835). Highly expressed in seeds (PubMed:23378449).
Honsu means abnormal drowsiness in Korean.
Involved in the negative regulation of the K(+) potassium channel AKT1 by its dephosphorylation, antagonistically to CIPK proteins (e.g. CIPK23) (PubMed:17898163). Functions as positive regulator of abscisic acid-mediated cell signaling during seedling growth (PubMed:22404835). Involved in the regulation of seed dormancy (PubMed:23378449). Acts as negative regulator of seed dormancy by inhibiting abscisic signaling and subsequently activating gibberellic acid signaling (PubMed:23378449).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants exhibit reduced sensitivity to abscisic acid (ABA) and glucose during seed germination and seedling stage (PubMed:22404835). Freshly harvested seeds of mutant plants exhibit increased seed dormancy (PubMed:23378449).
Part of a K(+)-channel calcium-sensing kinase/phosphatase complex composed by a calcium sensor CBL (CBL1, CBL2, CBL3 or CBL9), a kinase CIPK (CIPK6, CIPK16 or CIPK23), a phosphatase PP2C (AIP1) and a K(+)-channel (AKT1) (PubMed:17898163). Interacts with AKT1 and CIPK23 (PubMed:17898163). Interacts with PYL8/RCAR3 in an abscisic acid-independent (PubMed:22404835). Interacts with PYR1/RCAR11 in an abscisic acid-dependent manner (PubMed:23378449).
Belongs to the eukaryotic-type N-acetylglucosamine kinase family.
Catalyzes the removal of a penultimate prolyl residue from the N-termini of peptides, such as Arg-Pro-Pro.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 31 family.
Component of a signal recognition particle complex that consists of a 7SL RNA molecule of 300 nucleotides and six protein subunits: SRP72, SRP68, SRP54, SRP19, SRP14 and SRP9.
Component of the signal recognition particle (SRP) complex, a ribonucleoprotein complex that mediates the cotranslational targeting of secretory and membrane proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) (By similarity). Binds directly to 7SL RNA (By similarity). Mediates binding of SRP54 to the SRP complex (By similarity).
In seedlings, strong levels in the hydathode region of cotyledons as well as in the upper part of hypocotyls and weak content in the vascular tissue of cotyledons (PubMed:20011053). In developing leaves, strongly expressed in the midrib of leaf veins, but weak levels in the hydathode regions (PubMed:20011053). In developing flower buds, accumulates in pistil tips and the vascular tissue of stamens and sepals (PubMed:20011053). In mature flowers, detected in the vascular bundles between the two anther locules, the central vascular cylinders of the filaments, vascular tissues of tips and bases of the pistils, and sepal vascular tissue (PubMed:20011053). Also present in tips and bases of developing siliques, and progressively restricted to the vascular tissues at the silique tips (PubMed:20011053).
Plants missing both SOLF1 and SOLF2 have reduced endogenous cytokinin levels and accumulate lower levels of trans-zeatin riboside monophosphate (tZRMP) and N(6)-(Delta(2)-isopentenyl)adenosine monophosphate (iPRMP), biosynthetic intermediates of bioactive cytokinins as well as decreased response to exogenous cytokinin in both callus-formation and inhibition-of-hypocotyl-elongation assays.
Histone chaperone that facilitates histone deposition and histone exchange and removal during nucleosome assembly and disassembly.
Interacts with histone H3 and histone H4 (By similarity). Interacts strongly with the N-terminus of TOUSLED.
Catalyzes N-methylation of phosphomonomethylethanolamine and phosphodimethylethanolamine, the two methylation steps required to convert phosphomonoethanolamine to phosphocholine (PubMed:20650897). Unlike NMT1, NMT2 cannot utilize phosphoethanolamine as substrate in vitro (PubMed:20650897). In association with NMT1, involved in the production of phosphatidylcholine in roots, essential for root development (PubMed:30518673). In association with NMT1 produce phosphocholine mainly for leaf growth maintenance (PubMed:35560207).
Catalyzes the N-methylation of phosphoethanolamine to phosphomonomethylethanolamine in vitro.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions (PubMed:20650897). The triple mutant nmt1, nmt2 and nmt3 is seedling lethal (PubMed:30518673).
Expressed in all tissues but preferentially in roots and flowers.
Converts phytanoyl-CoA to 2-hydroxyphytanoyl-CoA.
No visible phenotypes under normal growth conditions.
3'-to-5' exoribonuclease (RNase) specifically targeting single-stranded RNAs (PubMed:28463111). Triggers miRNA accumulation in RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), composed of miRNAs and AGO proteins, by degrading uridylated cleavage fragments (PubMed:28463111). Required during plant growth and development (PubMed:28463111).
Homohexamer with DnaQ-like exonuclease fold in a ring-shaped structure with a central cavity (PubMed:28463111). Component of AGO1 and AGO10-centered RNA-induced silencing complexes (RISC) (PubMed:28463111). Interacts with and acts as a cofactor of AGO1 and AGO10 (PubMed:28463111).
Ubiquitously expressed throughout development in germinating seeds, cotyledons, leaves and roots of young seedlings and adult plants, stems and inflorescence.
Male sterility, when homozygous. Deformed and non-viable pollen grains.
Plays a key role in early steps of protein N-linked glycosylation by being required for the conversion of polyprenol into dolichol. Dolichols are required for the synthesis of dolichol-linked monosaccharides and the oligosaccharide precursor used for N-glycosylation. Acts as a polyprenol reductase that promotes the reduction of the alpha-isoprene unit of polyprenols into dolichols in a NADP-dependent mechanism.
F(1)F(0) ATP synthase produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton or sodium gradient. F-type ATPases consist of two structural domains, F(1) containing the extramembraneous catalytic core and F(0) containing the membrane proton channel, linked together by a central stalk and a peripheral stalk. During catalysis, ATP synthesis in the catalytic domain of F(1) is coupled via a rotary mechanism of the central stalk subunits to proton translocation (Potential). Essential for photosynthesis, probably by facilitating electron transport in both photosystems I and II (PubMed:12970486).
F-type ATPases have 2 components, F(1) - the catalytic core - and F(0) - the membrane proton channel. F(1) has five subunits: alpha(3), beta(3), gamma(1), delta(1), epsilon(1). CF(0) has four main subunits: a(1), b(1), b'(1) and c(10-14). The alpha and beta chains form an alternating ring which encloses part of the gamma chain. F(1) is attached to F(0) by a central stalk formed by the gamma and epsilon chains, while a peripheral stalk is formed by the delta, b and b' chains.
Seedling lethal. High-chlorophyll (Chl)-fluorescence phenotype associated with an increase in non-photochemical quenching of Chl fluorescence and a higher de-epoxidation state of xanthophyll cycle pigments under low light. Impaired electron flow in photosystems I and II.
This protein is part of the stalk that links CF(0) to CF(1). It either transmits conformational changes from CF(0) to CF(1) or is implicated in proton conduction.
Although plant and algal NBP35 proteins lack the characteristic CXXC motif in the C-terminus, thought to be required for Fe-S cluster binding, they can bind a [4Fe-4S] cluster in the C-terminus. Also, in this linage, no CFD1 partner protein homolog as found in other eukaryotes can be found.
Belongs to the Mrp/NBP35 ATP-binding proteins family. NUBP1/NBP35 subfamily.
Binds 3 [4Fe-4S] clusters per homodimer. Contains two stable clusters in the N-termini and one labile, bridging cluster between subunits of the homodimer.
Component of the cytosolic iron-sulfur (Fe-S) protein assembly (CIA) machinery. Required for maturation of extramitochondrial Fe-S proteins. Functions as Fe-S scaffold, mediating the de novo assembly of an Fe-S cluster and its transfer to target apoproteins. Essential for embryo development.
Homodimer and homotetramer. Predominantly homodimeric.
To ensure consistency between histone entries, we follow the 'Brno' nomenclature for histone modifications, with positions referring to those used in the literature for the 'closest' model organism. Due to slight variations in histone sequences between organisms and to the presence of initiator methionine in UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot sequences, the actual positions of modified amino acids in the sequence generally differ. In this entry the following conventions are used: H2BK6ac = acetylated Lys-7.
Lacks an FAD-binding domain present in all the other members of the family.
Involved in ferulic acid and sinapic acid biosynthesis by oxidation of conyferylaldehyde and sinapaldehyde, respectively. Can oxidize L-lactaldehyde. Possesses activity on acetaldehyde and glycolaldehyde in vitro.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase able to catalyze polyubiquitination with ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 UBC8 in vitro. May be involved in the early steps of the plant defense signaling pathway.
Susceptibility to powdery mildew pathogen E.cichoracearum.
A 70 amino acid island between the 18th and the 19th LRR is essential for the binding of brassinosteroids.
Predominantly expressed in vascular tissues. Expressed only during postembryonic development with a very discrete pattern of expression, preferentially in the two protophloem cell files at the elongation zone of the root. The expression in these two cell files attenuates as the phloem cells differentiate in the upper root. In cotyledons and leaves, it is expressed in phloem cells, starting at the cotyledons and shoot apex, moving toward the basal part of the leaves, where the expression is weak. Expressed in the secondary and tertiary veins and in the upper part of the cotyledons and leaves. Weakly or not expressed in the inflorescence stems. Has some complementary expression with BRL1.
Receptor with a dual specificity kinase activity acting on both serine/threonine- and tyrosine-containing substrates. Binds brassinolide. Regulates, in response to brassinosteroid binding, a signaling cascade involved in plant development. May be involved in cell growth and vascular differentiation.
Early induced by infection with an incompatible bacterial plant pathogen.
Expressed in roots, hypocotyls, cotyledons, leaves, stems and flowers.
May be a monocopper oxidase of unknown specificity. Involved in directional growth processes, possibly by participating in cell wall expansion.
Adenine glycosylase active on G-A mispairs.
Involved in oxidative DNA damage repair. Initiates repair of A*oxoG to C*G by removing the inappropriately paired adenine base from the DNA backbone. Possesses both adenine and 2-OH-A DNA glycosylase activities.
Acts as a dual component transporter with NTR2.1. Required for high-affinity nitrate transport (By similarity).
Interacts with SRK2D/SNRK2.2 and SRK2E/SNRK2.6.
By auxin and abscisic acid (ABA) in roots.
Expressed in columella cells from the root tip and epidermal cells at the base of lateral roots, leaves, stems, flowers, anthers, pollen and siliques.
Functions as downstream effector of Rho-related GTP binding proteins of the 'Rho of Plants' (ROPs) family. Participates in the propagation of ROP GTPase signals in specific cellular responses. Required for cortical microtubule organization. Promotes microtubule bundling and formation of well-ordered microtubule arrays in the neck region of pavement cells. This restricts cell lateral expansion to generate the narrow neck morphology of pavement cells. Its function is inhibited when it interacts with activated ARAC4/ROP2. Represses ARAC4/ROP2 activation and antagonizes the RIC4-actin pathway that promotes the assembly of cortical actin microfilaments. Acts as downstream effector of ARAC3/ROP6 which functions in a signaling pathway that negatively regulates clathrin-mediated endocytosis and internalization of PIN1 and PIN2. Required for the asymmetric auxin distribution during root gravitropism and vascular patterning. Positively regulates auxin responses, but negatively regulates ABA responses during lateral root development and primary root elongation.
Over-expression of RIC1 in tobacco germinating pollen reduces pollen tube elongation.
Induced by salt stress and salicylic acid (SA), but repressed by jasmonate (MeJA), mainly in shoots.
Mostly expressed in leaves, and, to a lower extent, in seedlings shoots, roots, stems, siliques, seeds and flowers.
Acts as a cysteine synthase. The cysteine synthesis reaction is more efficient than the cyanoalanine synthase activity.
Its endoplasmic reticulum membrane localization is not compatible with its transcription factor activity in the nucleus. May be cleaved to target the nucleus. A truncated form of MAMYB (amino acids 84 to 309) lacking the 2 transmembrane domains is localized to the nucleus.
Transcription factor involved in the regulation of root hair development, possibly through auxin signaling. Its endoplasmic reticulum membrane localization is not compatible with its transcription factor activity in the nucleus. May be cleaved to target the nucleus.
Expressed in shoots and in the cortex of mature roots. Not expressed in root tip meristematic cells.
Not regulated by light or plant N status. Up-regulated at the protein level but not at the transcript level by medium acidification.
Transporter involved in a passive nitrate efflux. Not competent for chloride transport.
Expressed in roots, lateral roots, lateral root caps, stomata and trichomes.
Interacts with PRA1B1, PRA1B2, PRA1B3, PRA1B5, PRA1B6 and PRA1E.
Contributes to morphology determination of peroxisomes, but not to import of peroxisomal matrix proteins (PubMed:16923726, PubMed:17478547). Required for proper post-translational import and stabilization of peroxisomal membrane proteins (PMPs) (PubMed:16923726, PubMed:17478547). Acts as a cytosolic import receptor for PMPs and delivers them to the docking factor PEX3 at the peroxisomal membrane for subsequent insertion into the membrane (PubMed:17478547). Required for transport of APEM9 to peroxisome membranes (PubMed:21487094). Acts as a chaperone in stabilizing or maintaining PMPs in the lipid bilayer (PubMed:17478547).
Dimer (PubMed:16923726). Interacts with PEX10 (via C-terminus) (PubMed:16923726). Interacts with APEM9 (PubMed:21487094).
Expressed in roots, leaves, flowers, siliques and stems. Highest expression in stems and flowers.
Like its mammalian and yeast counterparts, PEX19-1 might be farnesylated and interacting transiently with the peroxisome membrane. However, this post-translational modification has not been demonstrated and only a trace of PEX19 was found associated with the peroxisome (PubMed:16923726).
Expressed in the vascular tissue of roots, leaves, stems and flowers, in the distal portion of the root tip, in leaf hyathodes and in anther filaments, pistils and flower receptacles.
Probably involved in redistribution of internalized aluminum. May mediate vacuolar sequestration of a metal complex.
Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as modulators or transducers in various transmembrane signaling systems (By similarity). Binds GTP with specificity. Plays a role in the root morphogenesis by regulation of the cell proliferation.
The helical domain (514-664) is required for self-activation.
Transcription activator, when associated with BHLH002/EGL3/MYC146, BHLH012/MYC1, or BHLH042/TT8.
Tetramer (PubMed:26601214). Interacts with NINJA/AFPH2 (PubMed:20360743). Interacts with SMXL6, SMXL7 and SMXL8 (PubMed:26546446). Interacts with SPL (via EAR motif) (PubMed:25527103, PubMed:25378179). Interacts with SPEAR3/TIE1 (PubMed:23444332).
Expressed in the vascular tissues of roots, cotyledons and rosette leaves (PubMed:29259105). Accumulates in roots meristems and shoot apical meristems (SAMs) (PubMed:29259105). Observed in flowers (PubMed:29259105).
Interacts with psbB, psbC and LQY1, but not with psbA or psbD (PubMed:24632535).
Involved in photoprotection. Forms a complex with LQY1 that is involved in the repair and reassembly cycle of the PSII-LHCII supercomplex under high-light conditions. May function in guiding the release of psbC from PSII core monomers.
No visible phenotype, when grown under normal light conditions. Partial loss of PSII capacity after high-light stress.
Not regulated at the transcription level by high light.
Probable peripherally associated component of the endosomal sorting required for transport complex III (ESCRT-III) which is involved in multivesicular bodies (MVBs) formation and sorting of endosomal cargo proteins into MVBs.
Binds to membranes enriched in phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(4,5)P2). May have a role in transport via clathrin-coated vesicles from the trans-Golgi network to endosomes. Stimulates clathrin assembly (By similarity).
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase able to catalyze polyubiquitination with ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 UBC8 in vitro. May be involved in the plant C/N response and the early steps of the plant defense signaling pathway.
May function redundantly with CYCLASE1 for normal plant growth, development and viability.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but the double mutants cyclase1 and cyclase2 are embryonic lethal.
Expressed in seedlings, leaves and pistils. Detected in the base of flowers and tips of carpels, in petal vasculature, in anthers, in young rosette, in the lateral and primary roots, and in the gynobasal portion of the ovule.
Amino acid-proton symporter. Stereospecific transporter with a broad specificity for glutamate, aspartate and neutral and acidic amino acids.
Expressed in flower buds, siliques, developing seeds and funiculi.
Found in young seeds 2 to 5 days after fertilization, but not expressed in mature seeds.
Reduced seed number and silique size correlated with a specifically altered amino acid composition of young siliques.
Endonuclease that can use single-stranded RNA and DNA as substrates (PubMed:23620482). In contradiction with PubMed:23620482, cannot hydrolyze single-stranded DNA and does not cleave mismatches (PubMed:17651368).
Expressed in inflorescences, flowers, siliques, stems, leaves, and roots. Highest expression in roots.
Hydrolyzes glycerol-phospholipids at the terminal phosphodiesteric bond to generate phosphatidic acids (PA). Phosphatidylcholine-selective (PubMed:11891260). Regulates root-hair morphogenesis (PubMed:12775839). Contributes to the supply of inorganic phosphorus for cell metabolism and diacylglycerol moieties for galactolipid synthesis in phosphorus-starved roots (PubMed:16891548). Involved in root elongation during phosphate limitation (PubMed:16384909).
No visible phenotype when grown under normal conditions (PubMed:16384909). No effect on root hair patterning or root hair growth (PubMed:16384909). No effect on the concentration of phospholipids and galactolipids in phosphorus-starved roots (PubMed:16891548). Pldzeta1 and pldzeta2 double mutants show a smaller decrease in phosphatidylcholine and a smaller increase in digalactosyldiacylglycerol in phosphorus-starved roots (PubMed:16891548). Pldzeta1 and pldzeta2 double mutants show reduced primary root elongation and increased lateral root elongation under low-phosphate conditions (PubMed:16384909).
Transcriptionally regulated by GL2 (PubMed:12775839). Up-regulated by phosphate limitation (PubMed:16384909).
Late induced after mechanical wounding. Enhanced expression following incompatible bacterial pathogen attack. Expressed under a diurnal rhythm (circadian clock control).
Might function as heat shock-like defense protein. May be implicated in the systemic acquired resistance response.
Preferentially expressed in roots and leaves, slightly in stems.
Expressed in embryos and most of the vegetative tissues.
Induced by touch, wounding, and darkness exposure. Also induced by high-salt treatment.
Interacts with ABF4 (PubMed:16299177). Interacts with CNGC18 (PubMed:24121288).
May play a role in signal transduction pathways that involve calcium as a second messenger. Involved in maintaining Ca2+ homeostasis in pollen tube tips by regulating CNGC18 (PubMed:24121288). Functions as regulator of the calcium-mediated abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway (PubMed:16299177). Phosphorylates ABA-responsive transcription factor ABF4 in vitro (PubMed:16299177).
Expressed in epidermal cells of leaves, sepals and petals.
Proline transporter that mediates proline and glycine betaine transport. When expressed in a heterologous system (yeast), imports L-proline, glycine betaine and GABA across the plasma membrane.
Expressed in leaves (at protein levels).
Involved in base excision repair of DNA damaged by oxidation or by mutagenic agents. Acts as DNA glycosylase that recognizes and removes damaged bases. Can process efficiently 4,6-diamino-5-formamidopyrimidine (FapyA), 2,6-diamino-4- hydroxy-5-formamidopyrimidine (FapyG) and the further oxidation products of 8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG), such as guanidinohydantoin and spiroiminodihydantoin. Has marginal activity towards 8-oxoG. Has AP (apurinic/apyrimidinic) lyase activity. Cleaves the DNA backbone by beta-delta elimination to generate a single-strand break at the site of the removed base with both 3'- and 5'-phosphates.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but plants show increased sensitivity to mevastatin, an inhibitor of cytosolic isopentenyl diphosphate biosynthesis. Chloroplasts isolated from mutant plants lack sodium-dependent pyruvate uptake activity.
Sodium-coupled metabolite transporter that plays a crucial role in pyruvate transport across the chloroplast envelope. Is required for sodium-coupled pyruvate import into plastids.
UDP-L-arabinose mutase involved in the biosynthesis of cell wall non-cellulosic polysaccharides. Catalyzes the interconvertion of UDP-L-arabinopyranose (UDP-Arap) and UDP-L-arabinofuranose (UDP-Araf). Preferentially catalyzes the formation of UDP-Arap from UDP-Araf. At thermodynamic equilibrium in vitro the ratio of the pyranose form over the furanose form is 95:5. Is not active on other UDP-sugars (UDP-Gal, UDP-Xyl, UDP-Glc, GDP-Man and GDP-Fuc). Is probably active as heteromer in vivo.
Highly expressed in flowers and siliques. Expressed at low levels in roots, leaves and stems.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants show enhanced sensitivity to prolonged low-temperature exposure.
Stabilizes the manganese cluster which is the primary site of water splitting. Regulates dephosphorylation and turnover of the PSII reaction center D1 protein.
Activated by 3'phosphoglycerate, inhibited by orthophosphate. Allosteric regulation (By similarity).
This protein plays a role in synthesis of starch. It catalyzes the synthesis of the activated glycosyl donor, ADP-glucose from Glc-1-P and ATP (By similarity).
Acts as a high-affinity nitrate transporter when phosphorylated and as a low-affinity transporter when dephosphorylated. Forms homodimer when unphosphorylated and monomer when phosphorylated. Low nitrogen concentration in the medium stimulates phosphorylation. Phosphorylation also regulates the nitrate signaling.
Altered development of nascent organs. Reduced stomatal opening and reduced transpiration rates in the light resulting in enhanced drought tolerance. Slower translocation of nitrate to the leaves.
Dual affinity nitrate transporter. Involved in proton-dependent nitrate uptake and in the regulation of the nitrate transporter NRT2.1. Acts also as a nitrate sensor that trigger a specific signaling pathway stimulating lateral root growth and seed germination. The uptake activity is not required for sensor function. Displays an auxin transport facilitation inhibited by high nitrate concentration. Required to prevent auxin accumulation in preemerged lateral root primordia and young lateral roots when external nitrate concentration is low or null. May be involved in the basipetal transport of auxin out of the lateral root tips. Acts as a bidirectional transporter involved in root-to-shoot nitrate translocation. Recognizes specifically nitrate and chlorate, but not nitrite, alanine, sulfate, phosphate or the di-peptide Ala-Ala.
Expressed in the columella root cap at day 1 after germination. At day 3, detected in the root meristematic region and at day 5, expressed throughout the root tip.
Expressed in the stele in lateral root primordia before emergence and in the tip of primary and emerged lateral roots. Detected in emerging and immature leaves, guard cells, flower buds, style, stigma, anthers and pollen grains. Not detected in the shoot apical meristem.
Monomer and homodimer. The dimer has the 2 monomers in the same orientation. Interacts with CIPK23.
The kinase CIPK23 is a negative regulator of the high-affinity response, while the kinase CIPK8 is a positive regulator of the low-affinity response. Thr-101 is not the direct target of CIPK8.
Expressed in root, shoot and hypocotyl vascular elements, columella root caps, epidermal and cortex root cells and root-hypocotyl junctions. Observed predominantly in root imature xylem vessels (PubMed:18445131). Present in root developing xylems (PubMed:16103214, PubMed:17565617). Specifically expressed in vessels in the secondary xylem of the root-hypocotyl region, and in vessels but not in interfascicular fibers in stems (PubMed:25148240).
Transcription activator that binds to the secondary wall NAC binding element (SNBE), 5'-(T/A)NN(C/T)(T/C/G)TNNNNNNNA(A/C)GN(A/C/T)(A/T)-3', in the promoter of target genes (By similarity). Involved in xylem formation by promoting the expression of secondary wall-associated transcription factors and of genes involved in secondary wall biosynthesis and programmed cell death, genes driven by the secondary wall NAC binding element (SNBE). Triggers thickening of secondary walls (PubMed:16103214, PubMed:25148240).
Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as modulators or transducers in various transmembrane signaling systems (By similarity). Binds GTP with specificity. Plays a role in the root morphogenesis by regulation of the cell proliferation. Acts with GB1 in the positive regulation of root waving and root skewing.
No visible phenotype. Severely compromised root waving and abnormal root skewing response. Hypersensitivity to ethylene (ACC).
The helical domain (460-611) is required for self-activation.
Expressed at the youngest stages of ovule development, predominantly to the adaxial side of the ovule primordium. Later, expression becomes restricted to a region in the distal chalaza. When the integuments initiate, expressed in the inner integument, with highest expression in the inner layer of the inner integument. Expressed in the vegetative shoot apical meristem (SAM) and initially throughout the presumptive cotyledons. At the globular stage, just before cotyledon outgrowth, expressed at high levels in cotyledon adaxial domains. Expression is lost from the SAM of torpedo stage embryos but is regained late in embryogenesis, extending to young primordia after germination, and becoming progressively restricted to the adaxial domain and the vasculature. Preferentially expressed in the adaxial domain of the developing leaf. Expressed throughout the plastochron 0 (P0) leaf primordium and expression increases in P1 to become preferentially localized to the adaxial leaf domain by the P2 stage (polar expression).
Expressed in the center of the meristem and on the adaxial side of the leaves.
Homodimer (PubMed:18408069). Heterodimer with ZPR3 (PubMed:18408069). Interacts with ESR1 and ESR2 (PubMed:17376809). Interacts with ZPR3 (PubMed:18408069).
Probable transcription factor involved in the determination of adaxial-abaxial polarity in ovule primordium. Specifies adaxial leaf fates.
The ZIP domain (80-130) is necessary and sufficient for the interaction with ZPR3 (PubMed:18408069).
Induced by osmotic shock and salt stress (PubMed:19930663, PubMed:25238657). Induced by abscisic acid (ABA) (PubMed:19930663, PubMed:25238657, PubMed:26259197). Induced by methyl jasmonate (PubMed:25238657). Induced by infection with the fungal pathogen B.cinerea and the bacterial pathogen P.synrigae pv. tomato (PubMed:19930663, PubMed:26259197).
Interacts (via N-terminus) with ATS3A and ATS3B.
Lectin which binds carbohydrates in vitro. Interacts through its lectin domain with glycan structures containing one or more Lewis X, Lewis Y or lactosamine motifs (PubMed:21945438). May play a role in abiotic stress responses (Probable). May play a role in abscisic acid-induced stomatal closure. May play a role in disease resistance against Pseudomonas syringae through its involvement in stomatal movement (PubMed:26259197).
Plants silencing EULS3 exhibit an aberrant abscisic acid-induced stomatal closure.
The ricin B-type lectin domain binds glycan structures.
In association with LNG1, regulates leaf morphology by promoting longitudinal polar cell elongation independently of ROT3. Associates with microtubules and recruits TON1A and TON1B to the cytoskeleton through its C-terminus.
Found when sporogenous cells are in early meiosis. Disappears totally as the microspores go into interphase, when the tapetal cell layer degenerates.
Differential expression between transcripts and proteins. Induced transiently by cold and hydrogen peroxide H(2)O(2) treatments despite stable transcript level (at protein level).
Increased sensitivity to chilling and freezing temperatures, associated with a delayed induction of cold-responsive genes (PubMed:20026608, PubMed:20724845). Impaired MAP kinases activation in response to cold (PubMed:20724845).
Interacts with calmodulin (CaM) in a calcium- (Ca(2+)-) dependent manner (PubMed:20026608). Binds to MEKK1 (PubMed:20724845).
Kinase activity is stimulated by calcium/calmodulin, but blocked by chlorpromazine.
Required for cold tolerance, via the activation of MAP kinases activity (PubMed:20026608, PubMed:20724845). Phosphorylates and activates MEKK1 in response to cold in a calcium-dependent manner (PubMed:23857079).
Similar transcript expression levels in seedlings, roots, leaves, stems and flowers, and lower levels in siliques, but protein accumulates mostly in 7-day-old seedlings, old roots and young leaves and, to a lower extent, in young roots, old leaves, flowers and siliques (at protein level).
Belongs to the WD repeat NOL10/ENP2 family.
The C-terminal part of the kinase domain is truncated.
Expressed cotyledons, ovules and seeds of immature siliques.
Induced by jasmonate (JA) and ethylene. Down-regulated by freezing and heat stresses.
Transcriptional activator involved in the regulation of plant development and tolerance to abiotic stresses (PubMed:21069430). Involved in salt and osmotic stress response pathways. May be regulated by the stress-related genes RD29A, RD22, DREB1A or P5CS during stress response (PubMed:27137403). Binds to the GCC-box pathogenesis-related promoter element. May be involved in the regulation of gene expression by stress factors and by components of stress signal transduction pathways (By similarity).
Expressed in roots, flowers, cotyledons and leaves.
Expressed in seedling shoots, roots, rosette leaves and flowers. Expressed in the leaf trichome support cells.
Probable calcium sensor that binds calcium in vitro. Involved in the regulation of trichome branching.
Contains 4-hydroxyproline; hydroxylated on Pro-27, Pro-29 and Pro-31.
Expressed in reproductive tissues. Expressed in chalaza, funiculus, stigma, septum, style, integument and transmitting tract.
Interacts with RPM1 (via its NB-ARC domain) (PubMed:15722472). Binds to ARF1 in the nucleus (PubMed:32446355).
Normal hypersensitive response (HR) but impaired ability to suppress bacterial growth upon infection by the necrotrophic bacterial pathogens Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 harboring type III effector protein AvrRpm1 or AvrB.
Resistance protein interactor which positively enhances RPM1-mediated resistance to necrotrophic bacterial pathogens Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 harboring type III effector protein AvrRpm1 or AvrB, but prevents the hypersensitive response (HR) controlled by RPM1 (PubMed:15722472). Together with ARF1, promotes leaf senescence and cell death, probably by facilitating the translocation of ARF1 into the nucleus, and activates ROS-related enzymes (e.g. POD, CAT and SOD) (PubMed:32446355).
No visible phenotype and no changes in disease susceptibility.
Down-regulated by cytokinins and up-regulated by auxin.
Expressed in both the vascular stele and the phloem companion cells of the root, in endodermis of the root elongation zone, trichomes on young leaves, and some pollen tubes.
Hydroxylates thalianol into thalian-diol.
Functions as soluble gibberellin (GA) receptor. GA is an essential hormone that regulates growth and development in plants. Binds with high affinity the biologically active gibberellin GA4, but has no affinity for the biologically inactive GAs. In response to GA, interacts with specific DELLA proteins, known as repressors of GA-induced growth, and targets them for degradation via proteasome. Seems to be required for GA signaling that controls root growth, seed germination and stem elongation. Partially redundant with GID1A and GID1B.
May act as a transcriptional activator. Binds to the GCC-box pathogenesis-related promoter element. Involved in the regulation of gene expression by stress factors and by components of stress signal transduction pathways (By similarity).
Weakly induced by Pseudomonas syringae tomato (avirulent avrRpt2 strain), but also by mock inoculation.
Expressed in leaves and at lower levels in roots.
Isomerase involved in the biosynthesis of carotenoids. Catalyzes the cis- to trans-conversion of the 15-cis-bond in 9,15,9'-tri-cis-zeta-carotene.
Lacks carotenoids in the dark and exhibits delayed greening when exposed to light.
Major isoform in both etiolated and green leaves.
Component of the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), a cell cycle-regulated E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex that controls progression through mitosis and the G1 phase of the cell cycle. The APC/C complex controls several key steps in the cell cycle by mediating ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of target proteins such as cyclins. The APC/C complex is required for the female gametophyte development and is involved in several aspect of development by controlling cell division and cell elongation. Involved in the control of endoreduplication. Functionally redundant with CDC27A in the control of gametophyte development.
Dwarf plant with small leaves and stunted growth. Defect in cell division and expansion. Defective endoreduplication. Cdc27a and cdc27b double mutant is gametophytic lethal (PubMed:17944809).
Specifically expressed in dividing and elongating cells.
The APC/C is composed of at least 10 subunits (By similarity). Can homodimerize (By similarity). Interacts with APC2, APC10, FZR2 and FZR3 (PubMed:17944809). Interacts with PANS1 (PubMed:24206843). Interacts with SAMBA (PubMed:22869741).
Increased seed germination rate after high temperature fluctuation due to a reduced seed dormancy; fail to enter secondary dormancy after 3 days at 40 degrees Celsius.
Protein chaperone involved in seed maturation and dormancy maintenance after high temperature fluctuation (e.g. secondary dormancy after 3 days at 40 degrees Celsius), probably by protecting heat labile proteins required for secondary dormancy (e.g. G6PDH, HOP3, SR45, ECP63, SCL33, RPL32B, ChlADR1, MSBP1, MBF1B, At3g01690, At1g15280, At1g15290, At2g31410, At1g11630, At1g65090, EMB2279, EMB1674 and RPL35C).
Extracellular signal peptide that regulates cell fate. May act with CLV1 as a ligand-receptor pair in a signal transduction pathway, coordinating growth between adjacent meristematic regions.
Interacts with the extracellular leucine-rich repeat region of CLV1.
Mostly expressed in roots and seedlings, and, to a lower extent, in apex.
The O-glycosylation (arabinosylation) of the hydroxyproline Pro-70 enhances binding affinity of the CLE2p peptide for its receptor.
DNA-binding capacity is reduced by HSBP in vitro.
Homotrimer (By similarity). Binds to HSBP (PubMed:20388662, PubMed:20657173).
Expressed in roots, leaves, stems, flowers and siliques. Detected at low levels in roots and shoots.
Induced by NaCl in a ABA-independent manner.
Involved in trafficking to the vacuole (PubMed:21278129). Required for cell proliferation and cell expansion, but not for cell differentiation (PubMed:21278129). Acts in low affinity electroneutral exchange of protons for cations such as Na(+) or K(+) across membranes (PubMed:12047628). May also exchange Li(+) and Cs(+) with a lower affinity (By similarity).
No visible phenotype; due to redundancy with NHX6. Nhx5 and nhx6 double mutant has a slower development, is drastically smaller and is salt sensitive.
Belongs to the complex I LYR family. LYRM9 subfamily.
Expressed in the green part of the plant. Preferentially expressed in the spongy mesophyll cells and stomata of young leaves but also detected in cotyledons and at the base of the leaf petioles.
High-affinity magnesium transporter that mediates the influx of magnesium in chloroplast.
Binds to KIB1 (PubMed:28575660). Component of a complex made of POLAR, BASL, ASK7/BIN2 and ASK3/SK12 (PubMed:30429609). Binds to POLAR and BASL (PubMed:30429609).
Expressed in protodermal cells in young seedlings.
May mediate extracellular signals to regulate transcription in differentiating cells. Probably involved first at the cortical polarity site, to restrict MAPK signaling and promote asymmetric cell division (ACD), and second in the nucleus of stomatal lineage ground cells (SLGCs) or meristemoids, to limit cell division and to promote differentiation into pavement or stomatal guard cells, respectively (PubMed:30429609). Phosphorylate YDA and SPCH in vitro (PubMed:30429609).
Interacts with AGL15, AGL16 and AGL19 (PubMed:15805477). Interacts with SIEL (PubMed:21924907).
Primarily expressed during lateral root formation and embryogenesis.
In leaves, level increases gradually up to the point of leaf senescence.
Induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and salicylic acid (SA) (PubMed:22268143). Early but transient accumulation after osmotic stress (e.g. polyethylene glycol, PEG) (PubMed:23815736). Up-regulated by E.amylovora (PubMed:22316300).
Interacts with WRKY30 (PubMed:22268143). Binds to BZR2/BES1 to cooperatively regulate the expression of target genes. Interacts with ASK7/BIN2 (PubMed:28576847).
Promotion of leaf senescence associated with abnormal expression levels of several senescence-associated markers genes. The double mutant wrky54 wrky70 exhibits stronger leaf senescence symptoms (PubMed:22268143). Increase in the number of necrotic leaves and in the intensity of necrosis in response to E.amylovora (PubMed:22316300). The double mutant wrky54 wrky70 exhibits an enhanced tolerance to osmotic stress associated with improved water retention and enhanced stomatal closure as well as salicylic acid (SA) accumulation, but a reduced induction of osmotic stress-responsive genes and reduced accumulation of the osmoprotectant proline (PubMed:23815736). Unstressed wrky54 wrky70 double mutant exhibits increased levels of SA, moderate accumulation of hydrogen peroxide H(2)O(2) and up-regulated expression of both SA and JA/ethylene (ET) responsive defense related genes; thus promoting cell wall fortification and consequently enhancing resistance to necrotrophic pathogens (e.g. P.carotovorum and B.cinerea) associated with reduced cell death, but is not sufficient to trigger hypersensitive reaction (HR)-like cell death and resistance to biotrophic/hemibiotrophic pathogens (e.g. P.syringae), characterized by reduced amount of callose (PubMed:28837631). The triple mutant wrky46 wrky54 wrky70 has defects in brassinosteroid (BR)-regulated growth and is more tolerant to drought stress (PubMed:28576847).
Transcription factor. Interacts specifically with the W box (5'-(T)TGAC[CT]-3'), a frequently occurring elicitor-responsive cis-acting element (By similarity). Together with WRKY70, negative regulator of developmental senescence, probably via the regulation of several senescence-associated markers genes (PubMed:22268143). Positive regulator of EDS1-dependent defense against E.amylovora (PubMed:22316300). In collaboration with WRKY70, prevents stomatal closure and, consequently, osmotic stress tolerance (PubMed:23815736). Together with WRKY46 and WRKY70, promotes brassinosteroid (BR)-regulated plant growth but prevent drought response by modulating gene expression (PubMed:28576847). Negative regulator of SA biosynthesis (PubMed:28837631). Prevents defense response to the necrotrophic pathogens P.carotovorum and B.cinerea, but promotes defense against biotrophic/hemibiotrophic pathogens P.syringae pv. tomato (Pst) DC3000, probably by regulating negatively the jasmonic acid (JA)/ethylene (ET) and positively the salicylic acid (SA) signaling pathways (PubMed:28837631).
Involved in the breakdown of propeptides of storage proteins in protein-storage vacuoles.
Expressed in all 3 inner integumenta layers and 2 outer integument layers in young seeds, but specifically restricted to the inner integumenta in mature seeds.
Expressed in root caps and lateral root emerging sites, in trichomes, in epidermis in stems, sepals and anther filaments, and in pollen grains and torpedo stage seeds.
Required for incorporation of 9(10),16-dihydroxy-hexadecanoic acid into cutin.
Smaller rosettes, collapsed or tangled trichomes, postgenital fusions between the rosette leaves and flower buds, fusions between sepals, altered cuticle permeability, loss of cuticular folding in petals, abnormal flower and silique development, altered seeds surface, defective mucilage extrusion and semisterility. Increased susceptibility to salinity, osmotic and water deprivation stresses.
Expressed in roots, leaves and stems. Expressed in young growing tissues.
Negative regulator of cell death and defense responses. May repress a number of R genes and may have effects in promoting growth and development. May function in membrane trafficking and in fusion of vesicles with plasma membrane (By similarity).
No visible phenotype; due to partial redundancy with BON1 and BON3. Bon2 and bon3 double mutant has no visible phenotype. Bon1 and bon2 double mutant is seedling-lethal when grown at 22 degrees Celsius. Bon1, bon2 and bon3 triple mutant is seedling-lethal at any temperature.
Component of the SWR1 chromatin-remodeling complex and of the NuA4 histone acetyltransferase complex. Interacts with EAF1A, EAF1B, TAF14 and TAF14B.
Component of the SWR1 complex which mediates the ATP-dependent exchange of histone H2A for the H2A variant HZT1 leading to transcriptional regulation of selected genes by chromatin remodeling. Component of the NuA4 histone acetyltransferase complex which is involved in transcriptional activation of selected genes principally by acetylation of nucleosomal histone H4 and H2A.
No effect on pollen germination rate and growth.
Not expressed during very early stages of flower development, but detected when buds are still closed.
Voltage-independent, instantaneously activating, potassium-selective plasma membrane ion channel. Open rectifier. Regulated by cytoplasmic pH and extra-cellular calcium. Has some permeability for Rb(+) and NH(4)(+), but none for Na(+) or Li(+).
2-oxoglutarate/malate translocator involved with DIT2-1 in primary ammonia assimilation and in the re-assimilation of ammonia generated by the photorespiratory pathway. Imports 2-oxoglutarate into plastids as precursor for ammonia assimilation. 2-oxoglutarate is converted to glutamate, the end product of ammonia assimilation, which is exported to the cytosol by DIT2-1.
By nitrate after two days of nitrogen deprivation and re-illumination after three days of dark adaptation.
Reduced growth and amino acid levels, but growth inhibition is prevented when mutant plants are grown under non-photorespiratory high CO(2) conditions.
Auxin response factors (ARFs) are transcriptional factors that binds specifically to the DNA sequence 5'-TGTCTC-3' found in the auxin-responsive promoter elements (AuxREs). Could act as transcriptional activator or repressor. Formation of heterodimers with Aux/IAA proteins may alter their ability to modulate early auxin response genes expression.
Alcohol dehydrogenase activity show inverse correlation with the decreasing availability of oxygen.
Alcohol dehydrogenase mostly active on ethanol (EtOH), but exhibits broad substrates selectivity for primary and secondary alcohols (e.g. butanol, propyl alcohol, pentanol, isopentanol, ethylene glycol, isopropanol, methanol and tertiary butyl alcohol) (PubMed:23707506). Converts allyl alcohol to highly toxic acryl-aldehyde (PubMed:20508152). Required for survival and acclimation in hypoxic conditions, especially in roots (PubMed:12857811, PubMed:9880346).
Belongs to the zinc-containing alcohol dehydrogenase family. Class-P subfamily.
Loss of alcohol dehydrogenase activity (PubMed:3377754, PubMed:12509334). Increased resistance to allyl alcohol (PubMed:20508152). Decreased survival, associated with impaired lateral roots development, upon oxygen deprivation leading to hypoxic conditions (PubMed:12509334, PubMed:12857811). Impaired root acclimation to hypoxic stress (PubMed:9880346).
Root specific (PubMed:9611167). Also detected in etiolated seedlings and leaves in cold conditions (PubMed:12231733).
Transactivated by MYB2 in response to various stresses (PubMed:9611167). By 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (synthetic auxin) in Arabidopsis as well as in maize (PubMed:2937058). Induced mostly in roots and shoot apex by hypoxia during water submergence or oxygen deprivation, in a MYB2-dependent manner, and partly via an ethylene-mediated pathway (PubMed:9522467, PubMed:9611167, PubMed:11402202, PubMed:12509334, PubMed:26566261, PubMed:11987307, PubMed:8787023). Accumulates in response to hydrogen peroxide H(2)O(2) during the early stages of hypoxia signaling (PubMed:24395201, PubMed:18441225). Decreased levels upon combined hypoxia and diphenylene iodonium chloride (DPI, an NADPH oxidase inhibitor) treatments (PubMed:24395201). Induced by abscisic acid (ABA), dehydration, estradiol, salt (NaCl), cold and sucrose treatments (PubMed:12231733, PubMed:18441225, PubMed:11987307, PubMed:9611167, PubMed:8787023). The induction by dehydration is ABA-dependent (PubMed:8787023). Observed in etiolated seedlings and leaves upon exposure to low temperature, probably via anaerobic metabolism and increase of ABA levels (PubMed:12231733). Strongly induced by caffeine (PubMed:12509334). May accumulate in roots during spaceflight, probably due to local hypoxia conditions (PubMed:11402191).
Unlike most plants, Arabidopsis contains only one gene for ADH.
Acetylation at Lys-105 and Lys-106 is important for genome stability and S phase sister chromatid cohesion.
Belongs to the SMC family. SMC3 subfamily.
Mostly expressed in flower buds and leaves, and, to a lower extent, in roots and stems.
Binds 2 manganese or zinc ions per subunit.
Catalyzes the removal of a penultimate prolyl residue from the N-termini of peptides, such as Arg-Pro-Pro (By similarity). Aminopeptidase that binds to the auxin transport inhibitor N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA). May play a negative role in the regulation of PIN auxin transport proteins (PubMed:11891249).
Expression starts at 3 days and peaks at 5 days. After, expression levels remain constant from 7 to 10 days.
Glycosylated. Also present in a non-glycosylated form.
Homodimer (By similarity). Interacts with N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA) (PubMed:11891249).
Inhibited by EGTA and apstatin, and, to some extent, by the flavonoid kaempferol.
Ubiquitous with preferential expression in 5 days-old seedlings, roots, flowers, inflorescences and rosette leaves (at protein levels).
Mediates the incorporation of phosphate into starch-like alpha-glucan, mostly at the C-6 position of glucose units. Acts as an overall regulator of starch mobilization. Required for starch degradation, suggesting that the phosphate content of starch regulates its degradability.
The level of protein does not vary in a circadian rhythm and is stable throughout day and night (at protein level).
Expressed in siliques. Detected at low levels in roots, cotyledon veins and shoots.
Ferric chelate reductase. May participate in the transport of electrons to a Fe(3+) ion via FAD and heme intermediates (PubMed:16006655). May function as root surface cupric chelate reductase and participate in the reduction of Cu(2+), for Cu(+) acquisition via Cu(+) transporters in response to copper deficiency (PubMed:22374396).
Induced by copper deficiency in a SPL7-dependent manner.
Ubiquitous, with higher levels in roots, flowers, and shoot tips. Found in all cells of the shoot tips.
A stretch of 270 kb of the mitochondrial genome is duplicated within the centromere of chromosome 2 resulting in the duplication of the gene. The expression of this duplicated gene (At2g07695) is not demonstrated.
Belongs to the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 2 family.
Plants over-expressing OFP8 show flat, thick and cyan leaves, and enhanced apical dormancy.
Mostly expressed in roots, seedlings, stems and flowers, and, to a lower extent, in apex and siliques.
The O-glycosylation (arabinosylation) of the hydroxyproline Pro-76 enhances binding affinity of the CLE6p peptide for its receptor.
Expressed in epidermal cells of root tips, lateral root primordia, root hairs and shoot primordia.
Catalyzes the oxidation of N-terminal cysteine residues (N-Cys), thus preparing the protein for N-end rule pathway-mediated proteasomal degradation, upstream of the N-end rule enzymes ATE1, ATE2 and PRT6 (PubMed:24599061, PubMed:29848548). Controls the preparation of the group VII ethylene response factor (ERF-VII) proteins for degradation via the 26S proteasome N-end rule pathway (PubMed:24599061, PubMed:29848548). Acts as an oxygen sensor that controls the stability of ERF-VII proteins, which are stabilized in flooding-induced hypoxia, and regulate transcriptional adaptation to these adverse conditions (PubMed:28332493, PubMed:29848548). Not active on Cys located inside or at the C-terminus of a peptide (PubMed:24599061). Acts redundantly with PCO2 to repress the anaerobic response (PubMed:24599061).
Up-regulated by hypoxia (PubMed:20097791). Up-regulated by the ERF-VII transcription factor RAP2-12 during hypoxia (PubMed:24599061).
Involved in chlorophyll biosynthesis. Catalyzes the insertion of magnesium ion into protoporphyrin IX to yield Mg-protoporphyrin IX. The magnesium-chelatase is a complex of three subunits, CHLI, CHLD and CHLH. The reaction takes place in two steps, with an ATP-dependent activation followed by an ATP-dependent chelation step. Does not bind abscisic acid.
Over-expression of CHLD has no impact on abscisic acid sensitivity.
The magnesium chelatase complex is a heterotrimer consisting of subunits CHLI, CHLD and CHLH. Interacts with CHLI1 and CHLH.
Belongs to the proteasome subunit S9 family.
Component of the 19S regulatory particle (RP/PA700) lid subcomplex of the 26S proteasome. The 26S proteasome is composed of a core protease (CP), known as the 20S proteasome, capped at one or both ends by the 19S regulatory particle (RP/PA700). The RP/PA700 complex is composed of at least 17 different subunits in two subcomplexes, the base and the lid, which form the portions proximal and distal to the 20S proteolytic core, respectively. Interacts with CSN1.
Component of the lid subcomplex of the 26S proteasome, a multiprotein complex involved in the ATP-dependent degradation of ubiquitinated proteins. In the complex, RPN6A is required for proteasome assembly (By similarity).
Heterodimer. Interacts with SWI3A, SWI3B and BRM, but not with BSH. Interacts with MORC6 and SUVH9 (PubMed:27171427).
During embryogenesis, present in the endosperm and the embryo at all developmental stages, including the seed attachment point and the integuments. Also detected in siliques. During germination, first confined to the radicle to later approaches the meristematic region. Finally present in the whole root. Expressed in cotyledons and primary leaves. In opened flowers, present in sepals, stigma, filaments, and pollen.
Expressed in leaves, stems, flowers and roots, mainly in vascular system. In roots, present in the stele, including the vascular tissue and the pericycle, mainly at emerging lateral roots and at root tips.
The chloroplastic ME isoform decarboxylates malate shuttled from neighboring mesophyll cells. The CO(2) released is then refixed by ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase. This pathway eliminates the photorespiratory loss of CO(2) that occurs in most plants (By similarity).
Homo- and heterodimer. Interacts with MYC2, MYC3, MYC4, AFPH2/NINJA, TIFY10A/JAZ1, TIFY10B/JAZ2, TIFY11B/JAZ6, TIFY5A/JAZ8 and TIFY3B/JAZ12.
The jas domain (182-206) is required for interaction with COI1 and Pseudomonas syringae HopZ1a.
Copper chaperone for cytochrome c oxidase (COX). Binds 2 copper ions and delivers them to the Cu(A) site of COX (By similarity).
Belongs to the NAGSA dehydrogenase family. Type 1 subfamily.
Accumulates locally in the root vascular bundle upon P.fluorescens WCS417r and P.putida WCS358r bacteria root colonization prior to induced systemic resistance (ISR) and after ethylene treatment (e.g. ACC).
Involved in local responses of roots to colonization by non-pathogenic plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) fluorescent Pseudomonas spp., but seems to not being required for the establishment of subsequent induced systemic resistance (ISR).
Normal induced systemic resistance (ISR) mediated by P.fluorescens WCS417r toward the pathogenic bacteria P.syringae pv. tomato DC3000.
No visible phenotype; due to the redundancy with GLDP1. Gldp1 and gldp2 double mutants have a seedling development arrested at the cotyledon stage even under nonphotorespiratory conditions.
Down-regulated posttranscroptionally by auxin.
Increased root length and smaller cotyledons. Reduced root meristematic zone but longer cells in the differentiation zone.
Inhibitor of E2F-dependent regulation of gene expression. Binds specifically the E2 recognition site as a monomer without interacting with DP proteins. May be up-regulating E2FA and down-regulating repressors of cell cycle progression. Promotes cell proliferation and represses cell elongation. Regulated by proteolysis via a ubiquitin-proteasome pathway.
Monomer. No interactions with DPA or E2FA.
Preferentially expressed in proliferating tissues. Highly expressed in young stalk and young flowers. Lower expression in young leaves and mature flowers. Detected in cotyledonary vascular tissues, the shoot apical meristem, the base of trichomes, the fully developed stomata, the central root cylinder and in the columella of lateral roots but not in the primary root tips or in the leaf epidermal cells.
The two DNA binding domains are required for binding to the E2 site.
By stressful environmental conditions such as salt stress, AgNO(3), and sulfur deficiency (PubMed:15842617, PubMed:25628631). Induced during oxidative stress (PubMed:25628631). Accumulates at the beginning of an extended night, which may indicate that it is induced by carbon starvation and in response to sugar (PubMed:25628631). Induced by a combination of light and plastid signaling (PubMed:22383539).
Enhanced tolerance to osmotic stress (PubMed:23517122). Increased susceptibility to pathogens such as P.syringae and H.arabidopsidis (PubMed:21798943).
May be involved in defense responses monitoring (PubMed:21798943). Probably implicated into osmotic stress signaling (PubMed:23517122).
By infection with a virulent strain of P.syringae pv. maculicola (PubMed:1824335). Induced by infection with the biotrophic powdery mildew pathogens Golovinomyces cichoracearum and Blumeria graminis (PubMed:16473969). Induced by infection with the turnip vein clearing virus (TVCV) and cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) (PubMed:23656331).
6-fold up-regulation by phosphate deficiency.
Altered thylakoid membrane lipid composition and stunted phenotype; this phenotype is reversed by the dgs1-1 gain-of-function mutation.
Involved in the synthesis of diacylglycerol galactolipids that are specifically found in thylakoid membranes (PubMed:20181751, PubMed:10381884, PubMed:14600212). Specific for alpha-glycosidic linkages (PubMed:10381884, PubMed:14600212). Responsible for the final assembly of galactolipids in photosynthetic membranes. Digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) provides stability to the photosystem I (PSI) complex, especially to the PsaA, PsaB, PsaC, PsaL and PsaH subunits (PubMed:15961080, PubMed:16854937).
Gain-of-function mutant CDR1-D (T-DNA tagging) shows a dwarf phenotype with dark and curled leaves, constitutive expression of the pathogenesis-related genes PR1 and PR2, and resistance to virulent Pseudomonas syringae.
Involved in salicylic acid-dependent inducible resistance responses. May release an endogenous peptide elicitor required for the activation of inducible resistance mechanisms. Possesses protease activity in vitro.
Component of the heteromeric E3 ligase complex made of BRIZ1 and BRIZ2 (PubMed:20810661). Forms heterooligomers with BRIZ1 via coiled-coil domains (PubMed:20810661).
RING-type ubiquitin E3 ligase that binds ubiquitin and is required for seed germination and post-germination growth.
Fewer leaves, more flowers and higher germination rates (PubMed:23028719). Plants missing both WAPL1 and WAPL2 have relatively normal growth (slightly slower) and development but exhibit a significant reduction in male and female fertility (aborted pollen and ovules prior to fertilization and embryo defects in fertilized seed), due to blocked removal of cohesin from chromosomes during meiotic prophase (late zygotene/pachytene stage) resulting in chromosome bridges, broken chromosomes and uneven chromosome segregation, and leading to shorter siliques containing fewer seeds; this double mutant restores pollen viablitity to pollen-lethal ctf7 mutation (PubMed:25033056, PubMed:26813623). During mitosis, abnormal chromosome segregation but normal cohesin release (PubMed:25033056).
Acts in association with FDM3 and FDM5 for RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM).
By ionising radiation (IR)-induced DNA damage.
Expressed in anthers, pollen and root trichoblast cells.
Expressed in developing guard cells but not in mature ones (PubMed:20943851). During male gametogenesis, observed in microspores and pollen (PubMed:20943851).
Interacts with ROH1A (PubMed:28356503, PubMed:20618910). Binds directly to B1L (PubMed:35249253).
Required for global plant growth and for male transmission (PubMed:20943851). Involved in the regulation of tip growth of pollen tube (PubMed:28356503, PubMed:20943851).
Shorter roots, slow growing and reduced seed set (PubMed:20943851). Slightly reduced male transmission and retarded pollen tube growth (PubMed:28356503, PubMed:20943851). Complete inactivation of pollen-specific transmission due to abnormal pollen tube growth in plants lacking both EXO70C1 and EXO70C2 (PubMed:28356503).
Induced 6 hours post pathogen infection in the area immediately neighboring the inoculated zone.
PA2 catalyzes the calcium-dependent hydrolysis of the 2-acyl groups in 3-sn-phosphoglycerides. Releases lysophospholipids (LPLs) and free fatty acids (FFAs) from membrane phospholipids in response to hormones and other external stimuli. Modulates the trafficking of PIN proteins to the plasma membrane (PubMed:16140037, PubMed:20525850). Negatively regulates MYB30 transcriptional activity and hypersensitive response control (PubMed:20696912).
The enzyme has a preference towards linoleoyl acyl chain over palmitoyl acyl chain. It also has a slight preference for phosphatidylethanolamine over phosphatidylcholine.
Ubiquitous but expressed at a low level.
Accumulates in systemic uninfected tissues during Pseudomonas syringae infection or upon benzothiazole (BTH) treatment. Induced by light, but repressed by dark (PubMed:14507999). Accumulates upon MG132 treatment, a proteasome inhibitor. Target of endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) when ubiquitinated (PubMed:24923602).
Basal expression requires light and salicylic acid (SA).
Component of large complexes containing, at least, FLS2, HSP70 and ACD6 in endoplasmic reticulum, plasma membrane and soluble fraction. Associated with HSP70 proteins during endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD). Reduced complex levels upon benzothiazole (BTH) treatment.
Dose-dependent activator of the defense response against virulent pathogens, including bacteria, fungi and oomycetes, that acts in a positive feedback loop with the defense signal salicylic acid (SA) (PubMed:14507999, PubMed:20520716, PubMed:10488236, PubMed:16297071, PubMed:19144005). Regulates the salicylic acid (SA) signaling pathway leading to cell death and modulating cell fate (e.g. cell enlargement and/or cell division) (PubMed:14507999, PubMed:10488236, PubMed:11722764). In response to SA signaling, triggers the accumulation of FLS2 at the plasma membrane, thus priming defenses (PubMed:24923602). Involved in SA-dependent freezing signaling and tolerance (PubMed:19959255).
Expression in leaves increases with age.
Reduced responsiveness to benzothiazole (BTH) and upon P. syringae infection with reduced salicylic acid (SA) levels and increased disease susceptibility and attenuated defenses (PubMed:14507999). Increased sensitivity to biotrophic fungi (e.g. Golovinomyces orontii T1 and G. cichoracearum UCSC1), biotrophic oomycetes (e.g. Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis Noco2) and hemi-biotrophic bacteria (e.g. Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000) (PubMed:20520716).
Sequence variations impacting defense responses are observed between cultivars. Enhanced resistance is correlated with a substantial reduction in vegetative biomass.
The dominant gain-of-function mutant acd6-1 and over-expressing plant ACD6-o is dwarf and shows spontaneous cell death and increased disease resistance, as well as increased defenses and better responsiveness to salicylic acid (SA). These symptoms are SA-dependent (PubMed:14507999, PubMed:20520716, PubMed:10488236, PubMed:16297071, PubMed:19144005). In acd6-1, constitutively high free and total SA levels leading to collapsed dead cells with adjacent enlarged cells in the palisade parenchyma cell layer. This phenotype is absent in NahG background, in which SA is degraded (PubMed:11722764). Strong accumulation of camalexin (an anti-fungal compound) and SA in acd6-1 (PubMed:19144005). The mutant acd6-1 exhibits freezing sensitivity, this sensitivity is suppressed in nahG background (PubMed:19959255).
Mediates the insertion of proteins targeted to the outer membrane of chloroplasts. Required for the import of protein precursors into chloroplasts. Forms the voltage-dependent preprotein translocation channels (hydrophilic beta barrel) of the TOC complex in the chloroplastic outer membrane (By similarity). Required for etioplast formation and/or etioplast-chloroplast transition during deetiolation.
Part of the TOC core complex that includes a protein for the specific recognition of transit peptides surrounded by a ring composed of four proteins forming translocation channels, and four to five GTP-binding proteins providing energy. This core complex can interact with components of the TIC complex to form a larger import complex. Chloroplastic protein precursors also interacts with these complexes (By similarity).
Transmembrane regions consist mainly of membrane-spanning sided beta-sheets, which are not predicted by sequence analysis tools.
Ubiquitous, with highest levels in flowers and lowest levels in roots.
DNA hypermethylation (at CpG, CpNpG and CpNpN sites, N is A, T or C) leading to increased siRNA-mediated transcriptional gene silencing (TGS) (PubMed:18815596). Narrow and slightly lobed second and third pairs of true leaves (PubMed:18815596). Disrupted ROS1 subcellular localization in the nucleolus (PubMed:18815596).
RNA-binding protein required for DNA demethylation and to eluviate siRNA-mediated transcriptional gene silencing (TGS), probably by guiding ROS1 (PubMed:18815596). Can bind specifically single stranded G-rich RNAs of 21-, 24- or 26-nt corresponding to promoter sequence of target genes; this interaction directs demethylation of target sequences (PubMed:18815596).
The RRM domain is required for single stranded RNA binding.
Expressed in the embryo proper at the globular stage. Expressed in the embryo until the torpedo stage, after which expression within the procambial strands becomes pronounced.
Expressed in young developing tissues, such as young leaves and flowers and root tips. In mature plants, expressed in vasculature of leaves and roots.
Interacts with DREB2A, DREB2B, DREB2C and NAC082.
Probable inactive ADP-ribosyltransferase that functions with RCD1 to regulate oxidative stress, hormonal and developmental responses. May regulate some stress-responsive genes. Seems to play a smaller developmental role than R.
Circadian-regulation with the lowest expression in the middle of the dark period (PubMed:21183706). Induced during seed imbibition (PubMed:25655823). Induced by cytokinin (PubMed:26303297).
Expressed in archespores, pollen mother cell, ovule primordia and megaspore mother cells (PubMed:25527103). Expressed in young proliferating tissues (PubMed:21668538). Expressed in developing embryos, and seeds during germination (PubMed:25655823).
Interacts with APRR5 (PubMed:21183706). Interacts with SPY (PubMed:22267487). Interacts with SPL (PubMed:25527103). Interacts with SRFR1 (PubMed:24689742). Interacts with GAI and RGL2 (PubMed:25655823). Interacts with DA1, DAR1 and DAR2 (PubMed:25757472). Interacts with SCE1 (PubMed:29250092). Interacts with MOS1 (PubMed:29086441).
Plants overexpressing TCP14 exhibit altered plant development and occasionally are lethal.
Reduction in inflorescence height and pedicel length (PubMed:21668538). Delayed germination (PubMed:25655823).
Transcription factor involved the regulation of plant development. Together with TCP14, modulates plant stature by promoting cell division in young internodes. Represses cell proliferation in developing leaf blade and specific floral tissues (PubMed:21668538). Together with TCP15, acts downstream of gibberellin (GA), and the stratification pathways that promote seed germination. Involved in the control of cell proliferation at the root apical meristem (RAM) by regulating the activity of CYCB1-1 (PubMed:25655823). Acts together with SPY to promote cytokinin responses that affect leaf shape and trichome development in flowers (PubMed:22267487). Involved in gynoecium and silique development. Modulates the development of the different tissues of the gynoecium through its participation in auxin and cytokinin responses. Modulates the expression of the cytokinin-responsive genes ARR7 and ARR15. May repress the expression of the auxin biosynthetic genes YUC1 and YUC4 (PubMed:26303297). Acts as negative regulator of anthocyanin accumulation under high light conditions. Modulates the expression of transcription factors involved in the induction of anthocyanin biosynthesis genes (PubMed:26574599). Transcription factor involved in the regulation of endoreduplication. Represses endoreduplication by activating the gene expression of the key cell-cycle regulators RBR1 and CYCA2-3 (PubMed:25757472). Regulates the expression of the defense gene pathogenesis-related protein 2 (PR2) in antagonism to SRFR1, a negative regulator of effector-triggered immunity (PubMed:24689742).
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Expressed in both egg and central cell before fertilization. After fertilization, it is expressed in the embryo and endosperm, then decreases during seed maturation.
Expressed in unpollinated siliques that contain maturing gametophytes. Not expressed at early stages of floral development during early megagametogenesis.
Interacts directly with FIE via its N-terminal domain. These two proteins are probably indirectly associated with FIS2. In plants, PcG complexes are probably composed of a member of the EZ family (CLF or MEA), FIE, and a member of the VEFS family (FIS2, VRN2 or EMF2). Interacts with TAF13.
Maternal MEA allele is activated by DME but repressed by MET1 in the central cell of the female gametophyte, the progenitor of the endosperm.
Polycomb group (PcG) protein. Catalytic subunit of some PcG multiprotein complex, which methylates 'Lys-27' of histone H3, leading to transcriptional repression of the affected target genes. Required to prevent the proliferation of the central cell of the female gametophyte by repressing target genes before fertilization. After fertilization, it probably also regulates the embryo and endosperm proliferation and anteroposterior organization during seed development. PcG proteins act by forming multiprotein complexes, which are required to maintain the transcriptionally repressive state of homeotic genes throughout development. PcG proteins are not required to initiate repression, but to maintain it during later stages of development. Interacts with the promoter and repress the transcription of genes such as PHE1 and PHE2, that are paternally active and maternally silenced genes.
The MEA locus is imprinted. Maternal inherited gene is expressed in the ovule (the egg and the central cell), while the paternal inherited gene is silenced in the pollen. After fertilization, only the maternal inherited allele is expressed. The paternal repression is dependent on DDM1 protein, which may methylate the paternal locus, while the maternal inherited allele is allowed by the DME protein, which may antagonize or suppress DDM1 dependent methylation, and activates its transcription.
Mostly expressed in seedlings, roots, flowers, stems and apex, and, to a lower extent, in leaves and siliques.
The O-glycosylation (arabinosylation) of the hydroxyproline Pro-94 enhances binding affinity of the CLE17p peptide for its receptor.
In double and triple mutants arl8a-1 arl8b-1 and arl8a-1 arl8b-1 arl8c-1, impaired multiplication of tomato mosaic virus (ToMV).
Belongs to the eukaryotic RPB8 RNA polymerase subunit family.
Component of the RNA polymerase II, IV and V complexes. Associates with the mediator complex.
Highly expressed in stems and at lower levels in leaves and flowers.
Monomer (By similarity). Forms a complex with cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor (CPSF) subunits CFIS2, FIPS3, PAPS1, PABN1, PABN2, PABN3 and FIPS5 (PubMed:16282318, PubMed:18479511).
Mostly expressed in flowers (very active in pollen, sepals, styles, and stigmas), cotyledons and hypocotyls, and, to a lower extent, in roots (confined to the vascular tissue in the radicle) and leaves (in the vascular tissue and leaf petioles). Barely detected in stems (PubMed:15297145, PubMed:19956626). Active in the primary and secondary root systems (PubMed:19956626).
Catalyzes the isomerization between 2-isopropylmalate and 3-isopropylmalate, via the formation of 2-isopropylmaleate (PubMed:19150812, PubMed:20663849). Functions in both the biosynthesis of leucine and in the methionine chain elongation pathway of aliphatic glucosinolate formation (PubMed:19597944).
Expressed in roots, leaves, stems and flowers. Expressed at low levels in siliques.
The environment dependent reduction in IIL1 activity and severely impaired growth of cv. Bur-0 are caused by a triplet repeat expansion in the third intron of the gene (PubMed:19150812).
May be involved in hydroxylation of the triterpene marneral.
Activated by FHY3/FAR1 under far-red light (FR); HY5 prevents this activation (PubMed:21097709, PubMed:18033885, PubMed:16045472). Down-regulated by FR, red (R) and blue (B) lights (PubMed:18033885, PubMed:16045472).
Can activate transcription (By similarity). Essential for light-regulated PHYA nuclear accumulation and subsequent PHYA phototropic signaling processes (PubMed:21969386, PubMed:22374392, PubMed:17566111). PHYA-specific signal transducer in response to continuous FR lights. Mediates the association of PHYA with HFR1 and LAF1 in the nucleus in response to FR conditions (PubMed:19482971, PubMed:16045472). Contributes to inhibition of hypocotyl elongation in continuous blue light (B) (PubMed:16045472).
Homodimer and heterodimer with FHY1 (PubMed:16045472). Interacts with PHYA, especially upon far-red (FR) light illumination (PubMed:21969386, PubMed:21884939, PubMed:19482971, PubMed:19208901). Binds to LAF1 and HFR1 (PubMed:19482971).
Inactivated by rapid reversible PHYA-mediated phosphorylation.
Partially blind to far-red (FR). Impaired inhibition of hypocotyl elongation and cotyledons expansion under continuous FR light conditions (PubMed:19482971, PubMed:16045472). In plants lacking FHY1 and FHL, altered phototropism (e.g. phototropic bending) associated with abnormal consitutive cytosolic localization of PHYA (PubMed:22374392, PubMed:17566111). In the double mutant fhl fhy1 several PHYA-dependent phototropic responses are altered (e.g. hypocotyl elongation and cotyledon opening under high-irradiance conditions and seed germination under very-low-fluence conditions), but not for some PHYA-dependent responses such as the abrogation of negative gravitropism in blue light and red-enhanced phototropism (PubMed:17566111). Hyposensitivity to blue light (B) (PubMed:16045472).
By salicylic acid, ethylene, jasmonic acid, pathogens, wounding and strongly during leaf senescence.
Roots, leaves, shoots, flowers and siliques.
Transcription factor involved in the control of processes related to senescence and pathogen defense (PubMed:12000796). Interacts specifically with the W box (5'-(T)TGAC[CT]-3'), a frequently occurring elicitor-responsive cis-acting element (PubMed:12000796). Activates the transcription of the SIRK gene and represses its own expression and that of the WRKY42 genes (PubMed:12000796). Modulates phosphate homeostasis and Pi translocation by regulating PHO1 expression (PubMed:25733771).
Plays a positive role in the immune response to the oomycetes P.brassicae, including induced oxidative burst (e.g. H(2)O(2)) and enhanced expression of defense-related genes.
Small plants with reduced chlorophyll content. Susceptiblility to the oomycete pathogen P.brassicae despite recognition and rapid induction of hypersensitive response (HR) but associated with a reduced oxidative burst (e.g. H(2)O(2)), a runaway cell-death response, and specific deficiencies in the expression of established markers of immune and stress hormone signaling (e.g. PR1, PDF1.2, AIG1, EDS1 and PAD4). Normal susceptibility to virulent and avirulent isolates of the oomycete H.arabidopsis, to virulent and avirulent isolates of the bacterial pathogen P.syringae, and to the fungal pathogen B.cinerea.
Decreased number of trichomes in cauline leaves, lateral branches, sepals and main stems.
Plants over-expressing GIS3 have increased trichome densities in sepals, cauline leaves, lateral branches, main inflorescence stems, and have ectopic trichomes on carpels.
Probable transcription factor required for the initiation of inflorescence trichomes in response to gibberellin and cytokinin. Acts upstream of GIS, GIS2, ZFP8, and the trichome initiation factors GL1 and GL3. Binds the promoter region of GIS and GIS2, which may be direct targets of GIS3.
Expressed in germinating seeds 48 hours after exposure to the light, just after the emergence of the radicle.
Involved in triacylglycerol (TAG) biosynthesis (PubMed:22760209, PubMed:30467384). Catalyzes the acylation of the sn-3 hydroxy group of sn-1,2-diacylglycerol using acyl-CoA (PubMed:22760209, PubMed:30467384). May preferentially use linolenoyl-CoA as substrate and to a lesser extent linoleoyl-CoA (PubMed:22760209). May contribute to the active recycling of linoleate and linolenate into TAG when seed oil breakdown is blocked (PubMed:22760209).
The subcellular localization of a truncated sequence of DGAT3, lacking AA 1-75, has been shown to be cytosolic (PubMed:22760209). However, the N-terminus of the full-length protein is predicted to contain a transit peptide for chloroplast targeting. Therefore, the localization of DGAT3 is unsure.
Metalloprotease essential for chloroplast and plant development. May be involved in regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP).
Glycosyltransferase required for the addition of both glucuronic acid and 4-O-methylglucuronic acid branches to xylan in stem cell walls. In association with GUX1, is responsible for almost all of the substitutions of the xylan backbone in stem glucuronoxylan.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants show reduced xylan substitution.
Plants over-expressing VQ17 show stunted growth phenotype.
Highly selective inward-rectifying potassium channel that mediate potassium uptake by plant roots in response to low K(+) conditions, by a calcium-, CBL-, and CIPK-dependent pathway. Positively regulated by phosphorylation by CIPK23. Negatively regulated by a kinase-independent regulatory mechanism involving a competing direct binding of CBL10. Involved in the stomatal regulation by monitoring the turgor pressure in guard cells. Assuming opened or closed conformations in response to the voltage difference across the membrane, the channel is activated by hyperpolarization. May interact with the cytoskeleton or with regulatory proteins (PubMed:12678562, PubMed:16814720, PubMed:16895985, PubMed:17898163, PubMed:9572739). Is essential with POT5/HAK5 for high-affinity potassium uptake in roots during seedling establishment and postgermination growth under low potassium conditions (PubMed:20413648).
In roots, strongly reduced after 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) treatment and weakly reduced after benzyladenine (BA) treatment. In shoots, strongly reduced after abscisic acid (ABA) treatment and induced after benzyladenine (BA) treatment.
Phosphorylated by CIPK proteins CIPK6, CIPK16 and CIPK23. The activation by phosphorylation is induced by low K(+) conditions and stimulates K(+) uptake and relocation. Dephosphorylation by AIP1 repressed the transport activity.
Preferentially expressed in the peripheral cell layers of root mature including root cortex and root hairs. Detected also, at a lower level, in the mesophyll of the leaves and at restricted sites corresponding to hydathodes and guard cells.
The potassium channel is probably composed of a homo- or heterotetrameric complex of pore-forming subunits. Possible heteromultimer with AKT2 or KAT3. Part of a K(+)-channel calcium-sensing kinase/phosphatase complex composed by a calcium sensor CBL (CBL1, CBL2, CBL3 or CBL9), a kinase CIPK (CIPK6, CIPK16 or CIPK23), a phosphatase PP2C (AIP1) and a K(+)-channel (AKT1). Interacts directly with AIP1, CBL10, CIPK6, CIPK16 and CIPK23.
Component of the cullin-RING ubiquitin ligases (CRL), or CUL3-RBX1-BTB protein E3 ligase complexes which mediate the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins. The functional specificity of the CRL complex depends on the BTB domain-containing protein as the susbstrate recognition component. Involved in embryo pattern formation and endosperm development. Required for the normal division and organization of the root stem cells and columella root cap cells. Regulates primary root growth by an unknown pathway, but in an ethylene-dependent manner. Functions in distal root patterning, by an ethylene-independent mechanism. Functionally redundant with CUL3A.
Expressed in developing and mature reproductive organs and during embryogenesis.
No visible phenotype. Cul3a and cul3b double mutant is embryonic lethal (PubMed:16045478).
Maintains high levels of reduced glutathione in the chloroplast.
Contributes to jasmonic acid biosynthesis by initiating the beta-oxidative chain shortening of its precursors (PubMed:15677481, PubMed:18267944). Acts as a carboxylate--CoA ligase that can use various carboxylates as substrates (PubMed:15677481, PubMed:18267944). Follows a two-step reaction mechanism, wherein the carboxylate substrate first undergoes adenylation by ATP, followed by a thioesterification in the presence of CoA to yield the final CoA thioester (By similarity).
No obvious phenotype in growth, root and flower development, fertility, reproduction and morphology.
Altered root development due to defect in primary root elongation and root epidermal cell development (PubMed:15295103, PubMed:31246280). Temperature-sensitive male sterility and salt hypersensitivity phenotypes (PubMed:12215503). The double mutant nmt1 and nmt3 exhibit severe compromised aerial growth and reproduction, extensive sterility, drastically reduced phosphocholine concentrations, and altered lipid profiles (PubMed:29777000, PubMed:30218542, PubMed:30381317). The triple mutant nmt1, nmt2 and nmt3 is seedling lethal (PubMed:30518673).
Highly expressed in the meristem and elongation zones of the root (PubMed:15295103). Expressed in differentiated root epidermal cells (PubMed:15295103). Highly expressed in leaf vasculature (PubMed:30218542).
Induced by salt stress (PubMed:35789105). Induced by phosphate starvation (PubMed:35560207).
Involved in phosphocholine biosynthesis (PubMed:11115895, PubMed:15295103, PubMed:30218542). Catalyzes the N-methylation of phosphoethanolamine, phosphomonomethylethanolamine and phosphodimethylethanolamine, the three methylation steps required to convert phosphoethanolamine to phosphocholine (PC) (PubMed:11115895). Required for root system development and epidermal cell integrity through its role in choline and phospholipid metabolism (PubMed:15295103). In association with NMT3, regulates PC homeostasis, phase transition at the shoot apex, coordinated organ development, and fertility (PubMed:29777000). In association with NMT3, involved in phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis and vascular development (PubMed:30218542). In association with NMT2, involved in the production of phosphatidylcholine in roots, essential for root development (PubMed:30518673). In association with NMT2 produce phosphocholine mainly for leaf growth maintenance (PubMed:35560207). Contributes to the regulation of overall root zonation dynamics through reactive oxygen species (ROS) and auxin-regulated cell differentiation (PubMed:31246280). Participates in root development of primary root elongation under salt stress conditions by balancing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and distribution through abscisic acid (ABA) signaling (PubMed:35789105).
Belongs to the class-I aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family. Glutamate--tRNA ligase type 2 subfamily.
Interacts with GLN2, COL4 and RPP13L4/ZAR1.
Expressed in the shoot apical meristems (SAM), root tips and inflorescences, and, at low levels, in floral buds and pollen.
In young seedlings, expressed in the shoot apical meristem (SAM) and in root tips (PubMed:22897245). In inflorescence, highly observed in the pistil and in seeds, but weakly present during male gametogenesis (PubMed:22897245). Observed at very weak levels from the late bicellular pollen stage to the mature pollen stage (PubMed:22897245). Detected in the germinating pollen tubes (PubMed:22897245).
Embryonic lethality at the early heart stage, due to defects in endosperm development.
Sulfur dioxygenase that plays an essential role in hydrogen sulfide catabolism in the mitochondrial matrix. Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) gives rise to cysteine persulfide residues. ETHE1 consumes molecular oxygen to catalyze the oxidation of the persulfide, once it has been transferred to a thiophilic acceptor, such as glutathione (R-SSH). Plays an important role in metabolic homeostasis in mitochondria by metabolizing hydrogen sulfide and preventing the accumulation of supraphysiological H(2)S levels that have toxic effects, due to the inhibition of cytochrome c oxidase. Required for normal endosperm development in seed, and thereby also required for normal embryo development.
Was initially thought to be a glyoxalase II isozyme (PubMed:9349270), but has been shown to lack glyoxalase activity (PubMed:22786886).
Possible role could be the docking of the LHC I antenna complex to the core complex.
Expressed in root elongating zone and root meristem, as well as in elongating etiolated hypocotyls.
Circadian-regulation with peak levels occurring in the morning under diurnal but not constant light conditions in a CCA1- and LHY-dependent manner.
Histone methyltransferase specifically required for trimethylation of 'Lys-4' of histone H3 (H3K4me3) and is crucial for both sporophyte and gametophyte development (PubMed:21037105, PubMed:20937886). Function as a diurnal 'writer' to counteract the nocturne 'eraser' demethylase activity of JMJ14 thus orchestrating the circadian rythm of histone modifications (e.g. H3K4me3) and modulating the rythmic expression of diurnal target genes; this mechanism relies also on the circadian clock oscillators CCA1 and LHY (PubMed:31429787).
Pleiotropic effects on plant growth and development, including dwarf size, aberrant root development and sterile flowers (PubMed:20937886, PubMed:21037105). Decreased levels of CCA1 and LHY circadian oscillators transcription factors as well as of other clock genes such as TOC1, PRR5, PRR7, PRR9, GI, ELF3, ELF4, and LUX associated with reduced H3K4me3 levels near their promoters (PubMed:31429787).
Belongs to the endoribonuclease YbeY family.
Endoribonuclease required for chloroplast ribosomal RNA (rRNA) processing and essential for normal growth and development. May be involved in maturation of both the 5' and 3' ends of 16S, 23S, and 4.5S rRNAs. Cleaves chloroplast rRNAs, mRNAs and tRNAs in vitro.
Predominantly expressed in roots and flower buds.
Probable transcription factor that binds specifically to the core DNA sequence 5'-GTTAC-3'.
Aquaporins contain two tandem repeats each containing three membrane-spanning domains and a pore-forming loop with the signature motif Asn-Pro-Ala/Ser (NPA).
G proteins are composed of 3 units, alpha, beta and gamma. GPG1 interacts with the beta subunit GB1. The dimer GB1-GG2 interacts with NDL1, NDL2 and NDL3. Binds to NUDT7.
Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as a modulator or transducer in various transmembrane signaling systems. The beta and gamma chains are required for the GTPase activity, for replacement of GDP by GTP, and for G protein-effector interaction. Involved in the abscisic acid (ABA) and ethylene signaling pathways. Regulates basipetal transport of auxin (IAA) in roots and hypocotyls, and thus modulates root architecture (e.g. lateral root formation). The heterotrimeric G-protein controls defense responses to necrotrophic and vascular fungi probably by modulating cell wall-related genes expression; involved in resistance to Plectosphaerella cucumerina.
Hypersensitive to auxin-mediated induction of lateral roots, within the epidermis and/or cortex, attenuating basipetally transported auxin and graviresponsiveness. Enhanced sensitivity to glucose. Abnormal roots architecture. Enhanced susceptibility to necrotrophic and vascular pathogenic fungi, such as Plectosphaerella cucumerina associated with a disturbed expression of genes involved in cell wall metabolism (e.g. lower xylose content in cell walls).
In seedlings, first observed at the hypocotyl/root junction but later confined to the root, including root hairs. In flowers, expressed in the apex of stamen filaments at a very early developmental stage and disappeared before the flower opened. Not present in siliques.
Mostly expressed in roots (excluded from the stele), seedlings (especially at the hypocotyl/root junction), floral stems, floral buds, flowers and siliques, and, to a lower extent, in leaves (restricted to guard cells). Also present in hydathods.
Belongs to the plant glutaminyl-peptide cyclotransferase family.
Converts glutamine and N-terminal glutamyl residues in peptides to 5-oxoproline and 5-oxoproline residues. Not involved in the major pathway for 5-oxoproline production.
Has a low metal affinity, in contrast to the mammalian glutaminyl cyclases that contain one zinc ion per molecule.
Interacts with the photosystem II core subunits (PubMed:21586683). Interacts with HHL1 (PubMed:24632535).
Its sequence is related to the DnaJ family but lacks the J domain. The CR-type-like region is similar to CR-type zinc-fingers and was shown to bind zinc (PubMed:21586683).
Lower maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem II after high-light treatment.
Protein disulfide-isomerase probably involved upon formation of a complex with HHL1 in maintaining photosystem II (PSII) activity under high light by regulating repair and reassembly of PSII complexes.
Expressed in leaves and flowers and at lower levels in roots.
Desaturation and elongation of fatty acids.
Can be acetylated to form H2BK5ac, H2BK10ac, H2BK15ac, H2BK27ac, H2BK33ac and H2BK34ac.
The nucleosome is a histone octamer containing two molecules each of H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assembled in one H3-H4 heterotetramer and two H2A-H2B heterodimers. The octamer wraps approximately 147 bp of DNA. Interacts with ORTH2.
To ensure consistency between histone entries, we follow the 'Brno' nomenclature for histone modifications, with positions referring to those used in the literature for the 'closest' model organism. Due to slight variations in histone sequences between organisms and to the presence of initiator methionine in UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot sequences, the actual positions of modified amino acids in the sequence generally differ. In this entry the following conventions are used: H2BK6ac = acetylated Lys-6; H2BK11ac = acetylated Lys-11; H2BK12me2 = dimethylated Lys-12; H2BK16ac = acetylated Lys-16; H2BK27ac = acetylated Lys-28; H2BK33ac = acetylated Lys-34; H2BK34ac = acetylated Lys-35; H2BK143ub1 = monoubiquitinated Lys-141.
Altered cortical microtubule arrays. Abnormal cotyledon pavement cells with fewer extension lobes and shorter cell length.
Binds microtubules (PubMed:17337629). Interacts with calcium ion Ca(2+), calmodulin and some phosphatidylinositol phosphates (PtdInsPs) such as phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate [PtdIns(3,5)P(2)], PtdIns(4,5)P(2) and PtdIns(3,4,5)P(3) (PubMed:20061304).
By arsenate As (V) (PubMed:18684332). Accumulates in response to abscisic acid (ABA), gibberellic acid (GA), cold, and drought stresses. Induced by various salt treatments such as NaCl, KCl, MgCl(2), MnCl(2) and ZnCl(2) (PubMed:20061304). Expressed during leaf senescence (PubMed:20966154).
Expressed in developing root hairs and elongating pollen tubes.
May be involved in intracellular signaling through interaction with PtdInsPs and calmodulin (CaM); may keep PtdInsPs attached to the plasma membrane until Ca(2+)-CaM reaches a competitive concentration subsequent to an increase triggered by a stimulus, thus leading to PtdInsPs release and subsequent activation of InsPs-dependent signaling cascade (Probable). Binds to microtubules and inhibits tubulin polymerization. Regulates directional cell growth and cortical microtubule organization by destabilizing microtubules (e.g. in cotyledon pavement cells) (PubMed:17337629).
Mostly expressed in the expanding cells, specifically in roots (except in root tips) and flowers (at protein level). Also detected in cotyledons, hypocotyls and trichome stalks.
Expressed with a circadian rhythm, with peak expression at the beginning of the night.
Interacts with P.syringae AvrRpt2 and with A.tumefaciens VirD2, but not with BES1.
PPIases accelerate the folding of proteins. It catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptides. Involved in de-etiolation. Reduces the sensitivity to brassinosteroids by decreasing somehow the abundance of the partially dephosphorylated form of BES1. Triggers the activation of bacterial AvrRpt2 protease activity upon infection by P.syringae. Activated AvrRpt2 confers virulence in plant lacking the RPS2 resistance gene. In plants expressing RPS2, the AvrRpt2-mediated degradation of RIN4 activates RPS2, which induces hypersensitive response (HR) and plant resistance.
Up-regulated by light, salt and wounding. Down-regulated by cytokinin treatment.
Expression increases in developing seeds and decreases during seed germination.
Embryo lethality. Embryo development limited to the formation of a few giant cells lacking microtubules but not actin filaments. Failure to localize KNOLLE in mitotic cells.
Essential tubulin-folding protein involved in the tubulin folding pathway. Not essential for cell viability. Probably involved in the binding of alpha-tubulin in the multimeric supercomplex.
Component of a complex made of POLAR, BASL, ASK7/BIN2 and ASK3/SK12 (PubMed:30429609). Interacts with BASL, ASK7/BIN2 and ASK3/SK12 (PubMed:30429609).
During germination, first observed in a subset of protodermal cells, likely meristemoid mother cells (MMCs), both in the cytosol and at the cell periphery (PubMed:21963668, PubMed:30429609). Two hours before each asymmetric division occurs, becomes dynamically localized at the cell cortex distal to the division plane, especially in cells of the stomatal lineage. After asymmetric cell division, up-regulated in only one of the daughter cells that will continue to divide asymmetrically (PubMed:21963668).
Expressed in stomatal lineage cells with asymmetric division potential.
No visible effect (PubMed:21963668). Decreased accumulation of ASK7/BIN2 at the plasma membrane and impaired polarization of ASK7/BIN2 in asymmetric cell division (ACD) precursors thus leading to its nuclear localization in the meristemoids (PubMed:30429609).
Phosphorylation by ASK7/BIN2 is increases turnover.
Regulates asymmetric cell division (ACD), especially in stomatal-lineage cells (PubMed:21963668). Acts as a stomatal lineage scaffold which regulates subcellular localization and transient polarization of kinases (e.g. ASK7/BIN2 and ASK3/SK12) involved in ACD in a BASL-dependent manner (PubMed:30429609). Promotes the differentiation of both pavement cells and stomata (PubMed:30429609).
CAX4 expression in tomato increases calcium content and prolonges shelf life and may serve as an alternative to the application of CaCl(2) used to extend shelf life in numerous agricultural commodities.
Slightly induced by Mn(2+), Na(+) and Ni(2+).
Vacuolar cation/proton exchanger (CAX). Translocates Ca(2+) and other metal ions into vacuoles using the proton gradient formed by H(+)-ATPase and H(+)-pyrophosphatase. Cation selectivity transport in tobacco root tonoplast vesicles is Cd(2+)>Zn(2+)>>Ca(2+)>>>Mn(2+).
Down-regulated in response to mild as well as prolonged energy depletion (PubMed:26442059). Up-regulated by glucose and sucrose (PubMed:26442059).
Interacts with KIN10 and KIN11 via its FLZ-type zinc finger domain (PubMed:29945970). Interacts with KINB1, KINB2, KINB3 and SNF4 via its N-terminal part (PubMed:29945970). Interacts with HB21/ZHD3 (Ref.8).
Binds medium- and long-chain acyl-CoA esters with very high affinity. Can interact in vitro with palmitoyl-CoA, but not with oleoyl-CoA. Binds to lead ions (Pb). May function as an intracellular carrier of acyl-CoA esters. Required for proper phospholipid and, to a lower extent, galactolipid composition.
Interacts (via ankyrin repeats) with HIPP26 and the ethylene-responsive element-binding proteins RAP2-3/EBP and RAP2-12. Interacts with CSE.
Mostly expressed in roots and flowers, and, to a lower extent, in stems, pods and leaves (at protein level).
Component of the signal recognition particle (SRP) complex, a ribonucleoprotein complex that mediates the cotranslational targeting of secretory and membrane proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The SRP complex interacts with the signal sequence in nascent secretory and membrane proteins and directs them to the membrane of the ER.
Belongs to the DNA2/NAM7 helicase family. SDE3 subfamily.
Delayed loss of transgene silencing (post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS)), with full silencing in the cotyledons and in the hypocotyl, contrasting with a loss of silencing in true leaves. Impaired maintenance of tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-mediated silencing. Reduced methylation of cytosine residues in targets loci but enrichment of histone-H3 'Lys-4' methylation (H3K4me3) at the same sites.
Probable RNA helicase required for post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS), a process that provides protection in plants against virus infection and can suppress expression of transgenes. Plays a central role in RNA interference (RNAi) process, a process that mediates mRNA destruction of translational repression. Required for the assembly of the RISC complex, a complex required for target RNA destruction or repression. May be required in the RISC assembly to unwind miRNAs, in the production of single-stranded miRNA from the double-stranded miRNA, a key step in RISC formation. Involved in the amplification of sense-PTGS (S-PTGS), leading to siRNA production. Required for the maintenance but not the initiation of tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-mediated silencing, probably by mediating/maintaining DNA methylation and chromatin-based transcriptional gene silencing at some genomic locations.
Hydrolyzes ADP-ribose, IDP-ribose, CDP-glycerol, CDP-choline and CDP-ethanolamine, but not other non-reducing ADP-sugars or CDP-glucose.
Has a broad substrate specificity. Can use synthetic substrates such as pyridylaminated chitotriose, pyridylaminated chitobiose, p-nitrophenyl-beta-N-acetylglucosaminide, p-nitrophenyl-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranoside (pNP-GlcNAc), p-nitrophenyl-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-galactopyranoside (pNP-GalNAc), 4-methylumbelliferyl-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranoside (MU-GlcNAc), and 4-methylumbelliferyl-6-sulfo-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranoside (MU-GlcNAc-6SO(4)) as substrates. Removes terminal GlcNAc residues from alpha1,3- and alpha1,6-mannosyl branches of biantennary N-glycans without any strict branch preference. Required for the presence of paucimannosidic N-glycans in glycoproteins of roots and, to a lower extent, of leaves.
Inhibited by N-acetylcastanospermine, 2-acet-amido-1,2-dideoxynojirimycin and PUGNAc.
Reduced amounts of paucimannosidic N-glycans-containing glycoproteins in roots and, to a lower extent, in leaves.
Expressed in roots, leaves and flowers (PubMed:25093810). Expressed in the root tips, lateral root primordia, and guard cells of leaves, hypocotyls and anthers (PubMed:27660483).
Increased size of rosette leaves, increased plant height and increased length of siliques.
Plants lines expressing a bZIP29-SRDX dominant-negative repressor under a constitutive 35S promoter are seedling lethal.
Transcription factor that acts as a repressor of reproductive development, meristem size and plant growth (PubMed:27402171). Regulates meristem size, cell size and cell number during plant development (PubMed:27660483). Binds to the promoters of the cell cycle regulators CYCB1-2 and SMR4, and genes involved in cell wall organization, such as XTH9, EXPA1 and EXPA3 (PubMed:27660483). Possesses transactivation activity in yeast (PubMed:25093810). Possesses transactivation activity in plant protoplasts (PubMed:27660483). Plays a role in abiotic stress response by binding to the 5'-CAGCTG-3' DNA sequence found in the promoters of MYB44 and TRX8 (PubMed:27660483). Plays a role in osmosensory response by binding to the 5'-AGCTGT/G-3' DNA sequence found in the promoters of the hypoosmolarity-responsive genes CYP707A1 and CYP707A3 (PubMed:25093810, PubMed:27660483). Binds to the 5'-AGCTGT-3' DNA sequence found in the promoter of the ZAT1 gene in response to abiotic stresses, such as oxidative stress, high-light, osmotic shock, salt and heat stresses (PubMed:26923089).
Glucosyltransferase that glucosylates the (+) enantiomer of abscisic acid ((+)-ABA). Is not active on structural analogs with alterations to the 8'- and 9'- methyl groups.
Expressed in roots and developing seeds.
Belongs to the GST superfamily. Theta family.
Accumulation of alpha-carotene and alpha-cryptoxanthin. Triple mutant cyp97a3, bch1 and bch2 has a highly retarded growth.
Alpha-carotene is incorporated into photosystems in lut5 mutants.
Heme-containing cytochrome P450 involved in the biosynthesis of xanthophylls. Specific for beta-ring hydroxylation of alpha- and beta-carotene. Has also a low activity toward the epsilon-rings of alpha-carotene. The beta-ring of alpha-carotene is the preferred substrate in planta.
By salt and cold stresses, and abscisic acid.
Expressed in root tips, pericycle cells, lateral root primordia, stomata, leaf vasculature, hydathodes and floral organs.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plant have enhanced sensitivity to salt, drought and cold stresses.
Positive regulator of abiotic stress tolerance involved in the regulation of plant growth. May be a downstream target of the abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway.
V-ATPase is a heteromultimeric enzyme composed of a peripheral catalytic V1 complex (components A to H) attached to an integral membrane V0 proton pore complex (components: a, c, c'', d and e). The proteolipid components c and c'' are present as a hexameric ring that forms the proton-conducting pore. Interacts with APD2 (PubMed:22897245).
Interacts with TMK4/BARK1 (PubMed:23921992).
Serine/threonine-kinase of unknown function.
By auxin and ethylene (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC)).
In flowers, accumulates in stamen filaments as well as in the apices and bases of juvenile and elongating siliques. Present in leaf primordia.
Mostly expressed in flowers, inflorescence stems, leaf primordia and young leaves, and, to a lower extent, in siliques, cotyledon vascular bundles, roots (pericycle and root tips) and mature leaves.
Promotes cell proliferation-dependent organ growth. Takes part in the AXR1-dependent auxin signaling pathway that requires ANT during organogenesis.
Reduced aerial organs mainly due to changes in cell number and the duration of organ growth. When associated with ORS1 disruption, reduction in organ size.
Cannot be transmitted through the female germ line. Impaired megagametogenesis visible from the four-nucleate stage, with two normal nuclei and two degenerated nuclei, leading to female sterility. Normal response to cytokinins.
Essential protein. Functions as a histidine kinase and transmits the stress signal to a downstream MAPK cascade. This protein undergoes an ATP-dependent autophosphorylation at a conserved histidine residue in the kinase core, and a phosphoryl group is then transferred to a conserved aspartate residue in the receiver domain. Required for the development of megagametophyte in female gametophyte (embryo sac) independently of cytokinin. Contributes to vascular bundle formation and secondary growth in a cytokinin-independent manner, probably by promoting the maintenance of mitotic activity and/or identity of procambial cells. Seems to influence and promote the cytokinin signaling pathway.
Expressed in vascular tissues of inflorescence stems and floral organs, especially in procambium cells, and in siliques.
Homodimer. Interacts with AHP2 and AHP3.
Present at low levels in developing ovules. Within mature female gametophytes, high levels in the central cell nucleus and weak levels in the egg cell nucleus. In fertilized ovules, expressed in the endosperm nuclei during 2 days after pollination.
Expressed in leaves and young flower buds.
Pale phenotype. Defective in the general chloroplast protein import pathway.
Responsible for specific up-regulation of the translocon genes TOC33 and TOC75 in leaves. Involved in the general chloroplast protein import pathway regulation, including protein import and protein translation efficiencies.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 25 family.
Contributes to the initial phase of responses to abiotic and biotic stress signals (Probable). Binds FYPP3 and facilitates FYPP3 degradation to promote abscisic acid (ABA) response (PubMed:29175650).
Highly expressed in sensecent leaves, cauline leaves and sepals (PubMed:21277785). Expressed in the shoot apical meristem, leaf veins, central cylinder, root hair zone, root tips, rosette leaves, flowers and siliques (PubMed:21277785).
Induced by touch and salt stress (PubMed:16533544, PubMed:21277785). Induced by wounding, calcium, magnesium and methyl jasmonate (PubMed:16533544). Induced by osmotic stress, cycloheximide and ozone (PubMed:21277785). Induced by abscisic acid (ABA) (PubMed:29175650).
Interacts with CRY2 in the cytoplasm (PubMed:28633330). Interacts with Verticillium dahliae PevD1 (PubMed:28633330). Interacts with FYPP3 (PubMed:29175650).
Reduced length of primary root and increased sensitivity to salt stress.
Detected in the mature and germinating pollen grains.
Functions as downstream effector of Rho-related GTP binding proteins of the 'Rho of Plants' (ROPs) family. Participates in the propagation of ROP GTPase signals in specific cellular responses. Functions as downstream effector of ARAC11/ROP1 to activate calcium signaling that leads to F-actin disassembly associated with exocytosis in the tip of the growing pollen tube. Counteracts the ARAC11/ROP1-RIC4 pathway, which promotes apical F-actin assembly associated with vesicle accumulation, to control actin dynamics and pollen tube apical growth.
Over-expression of RIC3 in tobacco germinating pollen induces depolarized pollen tube growth.
Binds to chloroplast 16S and 23S ribosomal RNAs.
Chlorotic dwarf mutant pale green in bpg2-1 and bpg2-2 (PubMed:19919572, PubMed:19889879, PubMed:22526496). Reduced sensitivity in the light to chlorophyll accumulation promoted by brassinazole (Brz), a specific inhibitor of the biosynthesis of brassinosteroids (BRs), via the suppression of Brz-induced chloroplast protein accumulation. Decreased number of stacked grana thylakoids in chloroplast, but more starch grains, and more and larger plastoglobules. Abnormal accumulation of precursors of chloroplast 16S and 23S rRNA (PubMed:19919572). Reduced level of chlorophyll and carotenoid pigmentation in plastids leading to defective photosystem II and altered photosystem I functions (PubMed:22526496).
Induced by light, but repressed by dark (PubMed:19919572, PubMed:22526496). Up-regulated by the specific inhibitor of the biosynthesis of brassinosteroids (BRs) brassinazole (Brz) (PubMed:19919572).
Mostly expressed in stems, petioles, leaves and flowers and, at low levels, also in roots.
Required for brassinosteroid- (BR) mediated post-transcriptional and translational regulation in the chloroplast, including accumulation of chloroplast rRNA (PubMed:19919572). Involved in chloroplast differentiation (PubMed:19919572, PubMed:22526496).
Expressed at the end of flowering and during seed maturation.
Not regulated by chemical or biotic treatments.
Up-regulated by iron overload treatment, and by H(2)O(2) (PubMed:11672431). Up-regulated by the phosphate starvation response transcription factor PHR1 (PubMed:23788639).
Highly expressed in developing ovules. Present in developing primordia and differentiating organs but absent in mature organs.
In developing seeds, it is expressed in the embryo, suspensor and endosperm nuclei, but absent in the integuments. In seedlings, it is expressed in the shoot apical meristem and leaf primordia, but not in expanded cotyledons or mature leaves. In reproductive structures, transcripts could be detected in floral apical meristems, floral primordia, stamens and pistils. Also expressed in the tapetum in anthers and in the gynoecium. Weakly expressed in petals, sepals and the walls of carpels.
Transcription factor that plays a central role in ovule patterning by regulating cell proliferation of the maternal integuments and differentiation of the maegaspore mother cell (MCC). Involved in AGAMOUS (AG) repression in leaves.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 10 family.
Can also use Co(2+), Ca(2+) or Ni(2+) in vitro.
Glycosylation may be important for enzymatic activity.
Involved in cell wall synthesis (Probable). Preferentially catalyzes the addition of fucose in alpha 1-3 linkage to the first GlcNAc residue next to the peptide chains in N-glycans (PubMed:11420147, PubMed:11696361, PubMed:21515584).
The C-terminus (388-501) is important for catalytic activity or for enzyme stability. The N-terminus (1-89) appears to be dispensable for enzymatic activity.
Catalyzes the condensation of two molecules of acetyl-CoA to produce acetoacetyl-CoA.
Expressed in the vascular system of roots, cotyledons, young leaves, fully expanded leaves, stems, flowers, and funiculi of siliques.
No visible phenotype under normal growth and stress growth conditions.
Alpha-1-4-D-galacturonosyltransferase involved in homogalacturonan (HGA) synthesis, a class of pectin which plays a role in cell adhesion.
Embryo lethality. Reduced galacturonic acid and xylose content in cell wall. Altered cell wall porosity. Reduced vascular bundle.
Expressed at both the vegetative and floral stages.
Expressed in roots, inflorescences, flowers, siliques, leaves and stems. Localized to discrete cells of the vascular tissue and subepidermal layers.
Involved in the regulation of root growth. Involved in the suppression of the root bending in response to touch stimuli, gravity and light. Regulates negatively stimulus-induced root bending through inhibition of root tip rotation.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant seedlings exhibit enhanced root wavy growth and curvature in response to gravitropism and phototropism.
Autophosphorylated. Phosphorylation at His-353 modulates the interaction with EIN2.
Ethylene receptor related to bacterial two-component regulators. Acts as a redundant negative regulator of ethylene signaling (PubMed:15466228, PubMed:15703053). In the presence of ethylene, the auto-kinase activity of ETR1 is inhibited and the non-phosphorylated kinase domain binds tightly to the corresponding domain of EIN2 (PubMed:20591837).
Homodimer; disulfide-linked. Heteromer with ERS1, ERS2, ETR2 and EIN4. Interacts with AHP1, AHP2 and AHP3. Interacts with RTE1 (PubMed:10930573, PubMed:18577522, PubMed:20952388, PubMed:7759498). Interacts with EIN2 (PubMed:19769567).
Leaves, roots, stems, seedlings, flowers, anthers, carpels and ovules.
No visible phenotype in ethylene response; due to redundancy with ERS1. Ers1 and etr1 double mutants display a constitutive ethylene-response phenotype.
Preferentially expressed in young and expanding tissues, floral organ primordia, developing seeds, and emerging inflorescence. Displays a very high expression level in mature pollen and pollen tubes. Little or no reproductive-gene expression is detected in vegetative organs, such as root, stems, leaves, sepals and petals.
Significantly expressed during endosperm, ovule and embryo development.
Expressed ubiquitously (leaves, flowers and stems).
Involved in the control of petal size, by interfering with postmitotic cell expansion to limit final petal cell size.
Specifically expressed in flowers, mostly in petals, inflorescence and flower buds.
Up-regulated by PI/AP3, SEP2, SEP3 and AP1, but repressed by AG.
Abscisic acid induces dephosphorylation of AHA2 in etiolated seedlings, suppressing ATP hydrolysis and hypocotyl elongation.
Binds to 14-3-3 proteins (PubMed:10593986). The binding is induced by phosphorylation of Thr-947 and it activates the H(+)-ATPase (PubMed:10593986). Interacts (via the R-domain) with PSY1R (via C-terminus) (PubMed:25267325). Part of a functional complex containing PSKR1, BAK1, CNGC17, and AHA (PubMed:26071421). Interacts with CNGC17 and PSKR1 (PubMed:26071421). Interacts with PP2C67/PP2C-D1 at the plasma membrane (PubMed:24858935).
Expressed on the surface of developing seeds and up to the early globular stage of embryo development.
Higher levels in roots than in shoots (PubMed:2143186). Expressed in epidermal and root cortex cells, in phloem, xylem and root hairs (PubMed:17483306). Detected in cotyledons, hypocotyls, roots and root hairs (PubMed:25267325).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, due to the redudancy with AHA1. Aha1 and aha2 double mutants are embryo lethal.
Phosphorylation at Ser-899 is specifically induced by RALF1, thus leading to the inhibition of proton transport (PubMed:24458638). Increased phosphorylation in response to flg22 elicitation (PubMed:17651370).
Phosphorylation at Thr-881 by PSY1R (PubMed:17651370, PubMed:25267325). This phosphorylation activates proton pumping (PubMed:25267325). Decreased phosphorylation in response to flg22 elicitation (PubMed:17651370).
Phosphorylation of Thr-947 induces the binding to 14-3-3 proteins, but phosphorylation of Ser-931 interfers with this binding no matter whether Thr-947 is phosphorylated or not (PubMed:10593986, PubMed:17483306). Decreased phosphorylation in response to flg22 elicitation (PubMed:17651370). Phosphorylation of Thr-947 is enhanced by the presence of brassinolide (BL) via the BRI1-BIN2 pathway and prior the trigger of hypocotyl elongation (PubMed:30649552). Inactivated by PP2C67/PP2C-D1-mediated Thr-947 dephosphorylation; SAUR19 inhibits the action of PP2C67/PP2C-D1 and thus promotes the active phosphorylated form (PubMed:24858935).
Regulated by an auto-inhibitory C-terminal domain that can be displaced by phosphorylation of Thr-947 and the subsequent binding of 14-3-3 proteins (PubMed:10353834). Negatively regulated by PKS5 (PubMed:17483306). PKS5 phosphorylates Ser-931, inhibiting interaction with the activating 14-3-3 protein (PubMed:17483306). Positively regulated by PSY1R (PubMed:25267325). PSY1R phosphorylates Thr-881, situated in the auto-inhibitory region I of the C-terminal domain, causing pump activation (PubMed:25267325). Negatively regulated by the secreted peptide RALF (PubMed:24458638). After specific binding to FERONIA, RALF causes phosphorylation at Ser-899, mediating the inhibition of proton transport (PubMed:24458638). Activated by lysophospholipids, without the involvement of phosphorylation of Thr-947 (PubMed:25971968). This activation is critically dependent on the single autoinhibitory residue Leu-919 (PubMed:25971968). Repressed by PP2C-D phosphatases (e.g. PP2C67/PP2C-D1 and PP2C64/PP2C-D5) which dephosphorylates Thr-947 (PubMed:24858935). Triggered by SAUR19 via phosphorylation of the C-terminal autoinhibitory domain (e.g. Thr-947), as a result of the inhibition of PP2C67/PP2C-D1 (PubMed:24858935).
The C-terminus contains a R-domain composed of 2 autoinhibitory regions (863-885 and 904-919).
The catalytic mechanism involves at least four different enzyme conformational states named E1, E1P, E2P, and E2, with the E1P-E2P transition accompanying the transfer of ion across the membrane. E1P and E2P are phosphorylated intermediates.
The plasma membrane H(+) ATPase of plants and fungi generates a proton gradient that drives the active transport of nutrients by H(+)-symport (PubMed:10748244, PubMed:12920605, PubMed:27013734). The resulting external acidification and/or internal alkinization may mediate growth responses (PubMed:10748244, PubMed:12920605). Involved in maintaining the membrane potential and delta-pH, together forming the plasma membrane protonmotive force (PMF) required for root and hypocotyl elongation and root tropism (PubMed:22214817, PubMed:24492258). Important for root growth and development during different nitrogen regimes (PubMed:25382626). Forms a functional cation-translocating unit with CNGC17 that is activated by PSKR1/BAK1 and possibly other BAK1/RLK complexes (PubMed:26071421).
Expressed in the vascular tissues of roots, cotyledons and rosette leaves (PubMed:22529749, PubMed:29259105). Specifically located in the phloem including companion cells (PubMed:22529749). Observed in flowers (PubMed:29259105). Not detected in the shoot apical meristem (PubMed:22529749, PubMed:29259105).
Interacts with FT in phloem companion cells.
Involved in the export of FT from the phloem companion cells to the sieve elements through the plasmodesmata (PubMed:22529749). Regulates flowering time under long days (PubMed:22529749, PubMed:29259105). May function as a signaling molecule by regulating the trafficking of other regulators (PubMed:29259105).
Unlike other flowering promoters, overexpression of FTIP1 causes late flowering due to the deregulation of FT transport out of the phloem system.
Up-regulated by APL/FE (PubMed:26239308). Not regulated by photoperiod, circadian rhythm under long days, vernalization or gibberellin treatment (PubMed:22529749).
Involved in the regulation of root hair growth.
Ubiquitous, with higher levels in roots and siliques.
Circadian-regulation. Peak of transcript abundance near subjective dawn. Up-regulated transiently by red light and far red light.
No effect on the regulation of core clock associated genes or on the hypocotyl length. Rve1, rve2 and rve7 triple mutant has no alteration in the period or phase of the clock.
Transcription factor involved in phytochrome A-mediated cotyledon opening. Controlled by the central oscillator mediated by LHY and CCA1. Part of a regulatory circadian feedback loop. Regulates its own expression.
Lacks the N-terminal tyrosine-protein phosphatase domain of the family. It is therefore most likely inactive.
Defective cuticle phenotypes leading to curly flag leaves and organ fusion (PubMed:21954461). The double mutant pdf2-1 hdg1-1 exhibits abnormal flowers with sepaloid petals and carpelloid stamens in association with a reduced expression of APETALA 3 (AP3) in the epidermis and internal cell layers of developing flowers (PubMed:23590515). Increased cell division leading to cell overproliferation (PubMed:25564655).
During embryogenesis, first observed at low levels in the embryo protoderm starting at the late globular stage (PubMed:25564655). In primary and lateral roots, observed in the epidermis, the outer layer of columella cells and lateral root cap (PubMed:25564655). Restricted to the epidermal cell layer during floral organ formation (PubMed:23590515). Also present in flower meristems, shoot apical mersitems (SAM) and leaf primordia (PubMed:25564655).
Expressed in trichomes forming at the base of young leaves, in endodermal cell lines around emergent lateral roots and in the epidermal layer of the stamen filament.
Interacts with CFL1 (PubMed:21954461). Binds with BBM (PubMed:25564655).
Probable transcription factor (By similarity). Promotes cuticle development probably by modulating the expression of the downstream genes BDG and FDH, possibly repressed in a CFL1-dependent manner (PubMed:21954461). Involved, together with PDF2, in the regulation of flower organs development by promoting the expression of APETALA 3 (AP3) in the epidermis and internal cell layers of developing flowers (PubMed:23590515). In opposition to BBM, seems to promote cell differentiation and giant cell identity via transcriptionnal repression of meristem and cell proliferation genes (PubMed:25564655).
Loosely associated component of the core of photosystem II (PSII), it is not always seen in crystals. PSII is a light-driven water plastoquinone oxidoreductase, using light energy to abstract electrons from H(2)O, generating a proton gradient subsequently used for ATP formation.
The central hydrophobic segment (residues 118-138) does not form a membrane-spanning region but could serve as a targeting signal for processing of the precursor in the thylakoid membrane.
Was originally thought to be a manganese-binding polypeptide with L-arginine metabolizing activity, with a possible role in the function of the CaMn4O5-cluster in oxygen-evolving PSII (PubMed:9829828). However it is not essential for PSII activity in cyanobacteria and does not furnish ligands for the CaMn4O5 cluster (By similarity).
May form heterodimeric complexes with TALE/KNOX proteins (By similarity). Interacts with OFP1.
Highly expressed in flowers. Expressed in roots, leaves, stems, siliques and seeds.
Plants silencing FATB, show reduced level of palmitate in flowers and seeds.
Plays an essential role in chain termination during de novo fatty acid synthesis. Possesses high thioesterase activity for palmitoyl-ACP versus other acyl-ACPs. Substrate preference is 16:0 > 18:1 > 18:0 > 16:1. Plays an essential role in the supply of saturated fatty acids necessary for plant growth and seed development. Contributes to 16:0 production particularly in flowers. May be involved in the synthesis of long chain fatty acid.
Retarded growth, deformed seeds with low rate of germination and reduced levels of palmitate and stearate.
Component of the acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase (ACC) complex. Biotin carboxylase (BC) catalyzes the carboxylation of biotin on its carrier protein (BCCP) and then the CO(2) group is transferred by the transcarboxylase to acetyl-CoA to form malonyl-CoA.
Expressed in seedlings, stems, leaves and flowers.
Hypersensitivity to blue light (BL) leading to shortened hypocotyls in BL.
Protein kinase involved in blue light responses (e.g. hypocotyl elongation and flowering) by phosphorylating CRY2 to reduce its stability.
Increased susceptibility to virulent Pseudomonas syringae.
Involved in the biosynthetic pathway to 4-hydroxyindole-3-carbonyl nitrile (4-OH-ICN), a cyanogenic metabolite required for inducible pathogen defense. Converts indole-3-carbonyl nitrile (ICN) into 4-OH-ICN (PubMed:26352477). Can hydroxylate xanthotoxin (8-methoxypsoralen) to form 5-hydroxyxanthotoxin (5-hydroxy-8-methoxypsoralen) in vivo and in vitro (PubMed:18291319).
Plants overexpressing CYP82C2, can hydroxylate and subsequently glycosylate 8-methoxypsoralen.
Catalyzes the first committed step of 'de novo' purine biosynthesis from glutamine. Involved in plastid biogenesis and cell division.
Expressed in flowers and roots. Also present in leaves, and, to a lower extent, in cotyledons.
Expressed in roots, inflorescence stems, flowers, siliques and leaves.
Homohexamer (By similarity). Interacts with calmodulin.
The C-terminus (463-494) binds calmodulin in a calcium-dependent fashion.
Up-regulated by salt treatment (PubMed:20122158). Up-regulated by nitrogen treatments such as ammonium chloride, ammonium nitrate, glutamate and glutamine but not by potassium nitrate (PubMed:9701597). Down-regulated by hypoxia (PubMed:18077464).
E3 ubiquitin protein ligase that acts as positive regulator of RPM1- and RPS2-dependent hypersensitive response (HR), in association with RIN3. Probably not required for RPM1 degradation during HR.
Repressed upon infection with the P.syringae avirulent DC3000 strains containing avrRpm1 or avrRpt2 (at protein level).
Separated male germ unit (MGU) with all nuclei separated from each other making a wide triangular figure.
Transcription factor involved in male gametophyte development.
Expression increases during senescence with the highest levels in fully senescent leaves.
Triggered by NAC072/RD26 during senescence.
First leaves are elongated and curl downward. Presence of stigmatic tissue in the middle of the septum at the apical end of the carpels. Altered post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS). Accumulation of ARF4 mRNA (targeted by TAS3-derived siRNAs). Upon infection, over-accumulation of CMV RNA and enhanced susceptibility to cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). Reduced levels of TMV-cg-derived small RNAs.
RNA-dependent RNA polymerase involved in post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS). Possesses ssRNA and ssDNA-dependent polymerase activity, but does not have priming activity. Possesses in vitro 3' nucleotidyltransferase activity in the presence of UTP as single nucleotide. Required for the production of 21 nucleotide trans-acting small interfering RNAs (ta-siRNAs) derived from TAS1, TAS2 and TAS3 endogenous transcripts. Acts in the RDR6/SGS3/DCL4/AGO7 ta-siRNA pathway involved in leaf developmental timing. Required for the production of natural siRNAs (nat-siRNAs) derived from cis-natural antisense transcripts. Required for the production of 24 nucleotide nat-siRNAs derived from the stress-related P5CDH-SRO5 antisense gene pair. Required for PTGS induced by transgene direct repeats. Plays an essential role in transitive silencing of transgenes by processing secondary siRNAs. This pathway, which requires DCL2 and DCL4, amplifies silencing by using the target RNA as substrate to generate secondary siRNAs, providing an efficient mechanism for long-distance silencing. Involved in the biogenesis of secondary siRNAs which require 22 nucleotide miRNAs associated to AGO1. Participates synergistically with AS1 and AS2 to proper plant development by repressing the miR165 and miR166 microRNAs (independently of AGO10) that may lead to mRNA degradation of genes in the class III HD-ZIP family. Required for the production of some small RNAs derived from the crucifer-infecting tobamovirus (TMV-cg). Required for sense virus-induced post-transcriptional gene silencing (S-PTGS).
No visible phenotype, due to redundancy with ESF1.1 and ESF1.3. Simultaneous down-regulation of all 3 genes by RNAi induces embryo abnormalities.
Primarily expressed in the central cell gamete of nonfrtilized ovules, which upon fertilization gives rise to the endosperm, and later in the micropylar endosperm, which surrounds the embryo.
By light-reversible phosphorylation (By similarity). Activated by inorganic phosphate (Pi) deprivation and glucose 6-phosphate. Inhibited by L-malate and L-aspartate.
Expressed in all plant organs, with higher levels in roots.
The phosphorylation of Ser-11 is reversibly promoted by inorganic phosphate (Pi) deprivation. Enhanced activity by phosphorylation at pH 7.3 by lowering Km and sensitivity to inhibition by L-malate and L-aspartate, while enhancing activation by glucose 6-phosphate.
Through the carboxylation of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) it forms oxaloacetate, a four-carbon dicarboxylic acid source for the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Contributes probably to the adaptation to inorganic phosphate (Pi) deprivation.
Upon inorganic phosphate (Pi) deprivation.
Accumulates strongly in the root stele and in the outer layers of the lateral roots when exposed to iron (Fe)-deficient conditions (PubMed:24278034). Slightly induced by ethylene and by darkness conditions (PubMed:9839469). Accumulates upon potassium (K) depletion (PubMed:15489280). Induced by zinc (Zn) and cadmium (Cd) ions (PubMed:18088336).
Expressed in cauline leaves and siliques.
Involved in metal ions homeostasis, including iron ions (Fe) acquisition, via the regulation of NAS4 and NAS2 genes expression. Necessary for plant survival in alkaline soil where iron availability is greatly restricted. Triggers tolerance to nickel (Ni) and zinc (Zn) ions.
Plants lacking myb10 and myb72 fail to induce transcript accumulation of the nicotianamine synthase genes NAS4 and NAS2 in iron ions (Fe) deficiency, and exhibits nickel (Ni) and zinc (Zn) sensitivity.
Catalyzes the last step of heme biosynthesis by inserting ferrous iron into protoporphyrin IX to produce protoheme (PubMed:17416636, PubMed:24329537). Produces heme for photosynthetic cytochromes, but does not seem to be involved in stress responses (PubMed:24329537). May be involved in wound-induced supply of heme to defensive hemoproteins outside plastids (PubMed:17416636). Regulates the expression of photosynthesis-associated nuclear genes in undevelopped chloroplasts through production of heme (PubMed:21565502).
Expressed in roots, leaves, stems and flowers (PubMed:12374307). Present in both leaves and roots (PubMed:17416636).
Induced by sucrose, wounding, oxidative stress, salicylic acid, and during hypersensitive response to TMV infection (PubMed:12374307). Up-regulated by wounding and reactive oxygen species. Not regulated by methyl jasmonate.
Catalyzes the two-electron reduction of biliverdin IX-alpha to the tetrapyrrole chromophore phytochromobilin (PPhiB).
Elongated hypocotyl phenotype due to defect in the tetrapyrrole chromophore phytochromobilin biosynthesis.
By abscisic acid (ABA), the ethylene precursor ACC, mannitol or cold treatment. Down-regulated by auxin and salicylic acid (SA).
Catalyzes the omega-hydroxylation of various fatty acids (FA). Acts on saturated and unsaturated fatty acids with chain lengths from C12 to C18 but not on hexadecane.
Cell dissociation, spontaneous breakage and ectopic organ fusion. Affected embryo development. Increased arabinosyl and decreased galactosyl residues content in the cell wall.
Glycosyltransferase required for normal cell adhesion and cell wall integrity.
Ubiquitous. Strong expression in young seedlings, particularly at the junction between hypocotyl and root, in emerging cotyledons, and in parts of the roots. Also detected in the inflorescence (sepals, petals, mature pollen and siliques) and rosette leaves.
Methylates (mono and asymmetric dimethylation) the guanidino nitrogens of arginyl residues present in a glycine and arginine-rich domain. Type I arginine methyltransferase active on both histones and non-histone proteins. Required for leaves and flowers development. Mediates the methylation of MBD7 and MED36A.
Reduced levels of proteins with asymmetrically dimethylated arginines. Altered leaf morphology and development (curled leaves), multiple rosettes with an increased number of leaves, delayed flowering, disturbed inflorescence morphology, increased sterility.
Preferentially expressed in mature pollen, pollen tubes, young embryo sac, and organ primordia. Little or no reproductive-gene expression is detected in vegetative organs, such as root, stems, leaves, sepals and petals.
Circadian-regulation (PubMed:27255839). Up-regulated by CO in leaves in response to long days (PubMed:27255839).
Expressed in vascular tissues of cotyledons, rosette leaves and roots in developing seedlings before and during the floral transition (PubMed:27255839). Expressed specifically in the phloem companion cells (PubMed:18354040, PubMed:21193571). Not detected in embryos or seeds (PubMed:21193571). Not detected in the vegetative shoot apex (PubMed:27255839).
Interacts with FT, but not with TSF (TWIN SISTER OF FT).
Required for root meristem maintenance after germination (PubMed:21193571). Involved in phloem translocation, starch accumulation and flowering (PubMed:21193571). Promotes flowering in the photoperiod pathway (PubMed:27255839). Regulates long-distance movement of FT from leaves to the shoot apex through the phloem stream (PubMed:27255839).
Start to be expressed 1 day after germination (DAG) in the vascular tissue at the root-hypocotyl junction.
GTPase that may function in chloroplast ribosome assembly (Probable).
Due to the stability of its transcription, PubMed:16166256 proposed this gene as a reference gene for transcript normalization.
Expressed ubiquitously at stable levels. However, higher protein levels in roots and flowers (at protein level).
PP2A consists of a common heterodimeric core enzyme, composed of a 36 kDa catalytic subunit (subunit C) and a 65 kDa constant regulatory subunit (subunit A), that associates with a variety of regulatory subunits such as subunits B (the R2/B/PR55/B55, R3/B''/PR72/PR130/PR59 and R5/B'/B56 families) (By similarity). Interacts with CHIP (PubMed:16640601). Interacts with SRK2E/OST1 (PubMed:26175513).
The A subunit of protein phosphatase 2A serves as a scaffolding molecule to coordinate the assembly of the catalytic subunit and a variable regulatory B subunit. Involved during developmental process such as seedling and floral developments. Seems to act as a negative regulator of PP2A catalytic activity.
Belongs to the diaminopimelate epimerase family.
Inhibited by aziridino-diaminopimelate (AziDAP).
Racemase that operates by a 'two-base' mechanism, which involves one active-site cysteine acting as a base to abstract the alpha-proton of an amino acid, while a second cysteine thiol functions as an acid to reprotonate the resulting planar carbanionic intermediate from the opposite face.
Component of the TFIID complex. TFIID is composed of TATA binding protein (TBP) and a number of TBP-associated factors (TAFs) whose MWs range from 14-217 kDa. Interacts with TAF4, TAF4B and TAF12B.
Embryo defective. Developmental arrest of the embryo at the cotyledon stage.
Expressed in root tips, the central cylinder of young roots, and maturating and germinating pollen.
Impaired growth, flower and silique development, and production of shrunk and sterile seeds.
Inhibited by pyridoxal 5-phosphate but not mersalyl.
Probable mitochondrial adenylate carrier that catalyzes the transport of ATP, ADP and AMP, but not ADP-glucose. Recombinant BT1 shows a unidirectional mode of transport in intact E.coli cells. May function as a plastidial nucleotide uniport carrier required to export newly synthesized adenylates into the cytosol. May be involved in abiotic stress response.
The growth retardation observed in plants silencing BT1 is circumvented by adenosine feeding.
Contains FG repeats. FG repeats are interaction sites for karyopherins (importins, exportins) and form probably an affinity gradient, guiding the transport proteins unidirectionally with their cargo through the NPC. FG repeat regions are highly flexible and lack ordered secondary structure. The overall conservation of FG repeats regarding exact sequence, spacing, and repeat unit length is limited.
Involved in nucleocytoplasmic trafficking. May have regulatory roles in the gibberellin pathway, in auxin signaling and in light perception.
Part of the nuclear pore complex (NPC). The NPC has an eight-fold symmetrical structure comprising a central transport channel and two rings, the cytoplasmic and nuclear rings, to which eight filaments are attached. The cytoplasmic filaments have loose ends, while the nuclear filaments are joined in a distal ring, forming a nuclear basket. NPCs are highly dynamic in configuration and composition, and can be devided in 3 subcomplexes, the NUP62 subcomplex, the NUP107-160 subcomplex and the NUP93 subcomplex, containing approximately 30 different nucleoporin proteins. Interacts with GAI, NUP62, SKP1A and SKP1B.
Pleiotropic phenotype, including early flowering, increased petiole length and leaf lamina folding toward the abaxial surface in an asymmetrical manner relative to the primary vein. Hypersensitivity to 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and paclobutrazol.
Ubiquitous. Higherst expression in cauline leaves, lowest in roots.
Accumulates mostly in developing organs. During early stages of organ development, promotes cell proliferation, influences cell-size threshold for division and shortens the period of meristematic activity. In postmitotic cells, enhances cell expansion.
Binds RNA. Associates with 28S, 18S and 5.8S mature rRNAs, several rRNA precursors and probably U3 small nucleolar RNA. May be involved in regulation of intermediate and late steps of rRNA processing. May be involved in ribosome assembly (By similarity). Required for expression of cell cycle genes such as CYCD3-1, RNR2A and CDKB1-1. Promotes, in a dose- and auxin-dependent manner, organ growth by stimulating both cell proliferation and expansion, via the regulation of RBR1 levels (PubMed:17024182).
Cell-cycle regulated expression with accumulation during the G1-to-S phase (PubMed:15689342). Accumulates in response to auxin. Expression levels correlate with genes involved in ribosome biogenesis and function (PubMed:17024182).
Component of a ribonucleoprotein complex (By similarity). Interacts with REIL1 and REIL2 (PubMed:24603461).
Distorted reduced growth leading to small plants, and impaired fertility. At the seedling stage, a delay in leaf initiation and distorted leaf shape were characteristic of the silenced lines.
Strongly expressed in calls, roots and flowers, to a lower extent, in stems and siliques, but hardly detectable in leaves.
Forms homooligomers and heterooligomers with SWEET9, SWEET11, SWEET13, SWEET15, SWEET16 and SWEET17.
Mediates both low-affinity uptake and efflux of sugar across the plasma membrane. Can transport glucose, and, to a lower extent, mannose, fructose and galactose.
Slightly induced by the powdery mildew fungus G.cichoracearum.
Interacts with CRS2 and RNA. Part of large ribonucleo-protein complexes that include group IIB introns, CRS2 and CAF1 (By similarity).
Required for the splicing of group IIB introns in chloroplasts. Forms splicing particles with CRS2. Interacts with RNA and confers intron specificity of the splicing particles.
Transcriptional repressor of gene expression involved in embryonic pathways, such as LEC1, ABI3, and FUS3. Repressor of the sugar-inducible genes involved in the seed maturation program in seedlings. Plays an essential role in regulating the transition from seed maturation to seedling growth. Functionally redundant with VAL1/HSI2.
Releases the supercoiling and torsional tension of DNA introduced during the DNA replication and transcription by transiently cleaving and rejoining one strand of the DNA duplex. Introduces a single-strand break via transesterification at a target site in duplex DNA. The scissile phosphodiester is attacked by the catalytic tyrosine of the enzyme, resulting in the formation of a DNA-(3'-phosphotyrosyl)-enzyme intermediate and the expulsion of a 5'-OH DNA strand. The free DNA strand then rotates around the intact phosphodiester bond on the opposing strand, thus removing DNA supercoils. Finally, in the religation step, the DNA 5'-OH attacks the covalent intermediate to expel the active-site tyrosine and restore the DNA phosphodiester backbone (By similarity). Topoisomerases 1 enzymes (TOP1A and TOP1B) are essential for plant survival (PubMed:12215507).
PUMPS are mitochondrial transporter proteins that create proton leaks across the inner mitochondrial membrane, thus uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation. This leads to a decrease in the efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation and an increase in heat production. May be involved in protecting plant cells against oxidative stress damage. Recombinant PUMP5, reconstituted into liposomes, transports a wide range of dicarboxylic acids including malate, oxaloacetate and succinate as well as phosphate, sulfate and thiosulfate. However, it is unknown if these transports are of any biological significance in vivo.
The APO motifs may provide ligands for 4Fe-4S centers.
Interacts with HSP90-1, HSP90-2, SGT1A and SGT1B. Forms a ternary complex with SGT1A and barley HSP90.
No visible phenotype under normal growth condition. In case of infection, plants loose R gene resistance mediated by RPP4, RPP5, RPS2, RPS4, RPS5 and RPM1.
Required specifically for plant innate immunity. Is essential for resistance conferred by multiple R genes recognizing different bacterial and oomycete pathogen isolates like avirulent P.syringae or H.parasitica (downy mildew). Contributes additively with SGT1B to RPP5-dependent resistance. Functions as positive regulator of RPS5 accumulation by assisting its stabilization. May function as co-chaperone of HSP90-2 to positively regulate the steady-state accumulation of RPM1 and protect it from SGT1-mediated degradation. Acts as negative regulator of pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity.
The 2 cysteine and histidine-rich (CHORD) domains bind each 2 zinc ions, and the plant-specific 20 amino acid cysteine and histidine-containing motif (CCCH motif), located between the two CHORDs, binds 1 zinc ion.
Component of the DNA topoisomerase VI complex. Binds to DNA. Required for chromatin organization and progression of endoreduplication cycles. The loss of BIN4 activates the ATM- and ATR-dependent DNA damage responses in postmitotic cells and induces the ectopic expression of the mitotic G2/M-specific cyclin B1;1 gene in non-dividing cells.
Expressed in expanding cotyledons, vascular cells, elongating root cells, developing leaf trichomes, root and apical meristems and lateral root primordia.
Interacts with TOP6A, RHL1 and itself, but not with TOP6B.
Plants show a severe dwarf phenotype. In bin4 mutants, a specific DNA damage repair checkpoint is activated preventing further progression of endoreplication cycles.
Ubiquitously expressed at low levels during the mitotic cell cycle.
9S-lipoxygenase that can use linoleic acid or linolenic acid as substrates. Plant lipoxygenases may be involved in a number of diverse aspects of plant physiology including growth and development, pest resistance, and senescence or responses to wounding. Catalyzes the hydroperoxidation of lipids containing a cis,cis-1,4-pentadiene structure. Function as regulators of root development by controlling the emergence of lateral roots (PubMed:17369372, PubMed:18949503). 9S-lypoxygenase-derived oxylipins may play an antagonistic role to ethylene signaling in the control of responses involving oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation and plant defense (PubMed:21481031). LOX5-derived oxylipins may facilitate performance of green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) on foliage (PubMed:21481031). 9S-lypoxygenase-derived oxylipins are engaged during infection to control the balance between salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonate (JA) signaling to facilitate infection by the fungal pathogen Fusarium graminearum (PubMed:26075826). 9S-lypoxygenase-derived oxylipins activate brassinosteroid signaling to promote cell wall-based defense and limit pathogen infection (PubMed:26417008). Does not seem to contribute to the oxidation of free fatty acids during seed aging (PubMed:28371855).
First observed in lateral root primordia (LRP), from the first pericycle divisions. Disappears before root emergence.
Increment in the number of lateral roots, and moderate increase in the length of the primary root (PubMed:17369372). Reduced performance of green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) on foliage (PubMed:22474183). Enhanced disease resistance to the fungal pathogen Fusarium graminearum (PubMed:26075826). The double mutant plants lox1 and lox5 exhibit enhanced susceptibility to the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato DC3000 and the biotrophic powdery mildew pathogen Golovinomyces cichoracearum (PubMed:26417008).
Induced by the green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) (PubMed:22474183). Induced by infection with the fungal pathogen Fusarium graminearum (PubMed:26075826).
Plants are more sensitive to IAA conjugates.
Transcription factor. Plays a role in resistance to amide-linked indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) conjugates such as IAA-Leu and IAA-Phe. May regulate gene expression in response to metal homeostasis changes.
Widely expressed throughout development, mostly in vasculatures.
No visible phenotype, due to the redundancy with NAC086 (AC Q9FFI5). Nac045 and nac086 double mutants exhibit seedling lethality with defective development of the protophloem sieve element.
Regulated by the transcription factor APL (AC Q9SAK5).
Transcription factor directing sieve element enucleation and cytosol degradation. Not required for formation of lytic vacuoles. Regulates, with NAC086, the transcription of NEN1, NEN2, NEN3, NEN4, RTM1, RTM2, UBP16, PLDZETA, ABCB10 and At1g26450.
G-protein coupled receptor (PubMed:18671868). Plays a role in plants and microbes interactions (By similarity).
May act as a transcriptional coactivator of LOB domain-containing proteins.
Induced by infection with the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv maculicola strain ES4326, but not by microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) such as flg22.
Involved in the activation of early immune responses. Plays a role in pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) induced by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) (PubMed:25711411). Contributes to PTI in response to the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv maculicola strain ES4326 (PubMed:25711411, PubMed:26237268). Contributes to PTI in response to the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato strain DC3000 (PubMed:25711411). Functions redundantly with PCRK2 in basal resistance against bacterial pathogens and in regulation of plant immunity. Functions together with PCRK2 downstream of the PAMP receptor FLS2. Contributes to the induction of SARD1 and CBP60G, which are transcriptional activator of ICS1, an enzyme involved in salicylate (SA) biosynthesis upon pathogen attack (PubMed:27208222).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants exhibit increased susceptibility to infection with the bacterial pathogens Pseudomonas syringae pv maculicola strain ES4326 and pv tomato strain DC3000.
Constitutively expressed (at protein level).
E1-like activating enzyme involved in the 2 ubiquitin-like systems required for cytoplasm to vacuole transport (Cvt) and autophagy. Activates ATG12 for its conjugation with ATG5 and ATG8 for its conjugation with phosphatidylethanolamine. Both systems are needed for the ATG8 association to Cvt vesicles and autophagosomes. Involved in the senescence process (PubMed:12070171). Involved in the degradation of damaged peroxisomes (PubMed:24368788). Involved in the non-selective degradation of chlorophylls and photosynthetic proteins during stress-induced leaf yellowing (PubMed:24510943).
Homodimer. Interacts with ATG8 through a thioester bond between Cys-558 and the C-terminal glycine of ATG8 and with ATG12 through a thioester bond between Cys-558 and the C-terminal glycine of ATG12. Interacts also with ATG3 (By similarity).
Increased number of peroxisomes and accumulation of peroxisomal proteins.
The C-terminal residues are required for homodimerization, as well as the interactions with ATG3, ATG8 and ATG12.
The GxGxxG motif is important for the function, possibly through binding with ATP.
Interacts with RPN10, UFD1 and CDC48 in vitro.
The phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol (PI) to PI4P is the first committed step in the generation of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), a precursor of the second messenger inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3) (By similarity). Undergoes autophosphorylation and phosphorylates serine/threonine residues of protein substrates (PubMed:17880284). Phosphorylates RPN10 and UFD1 in vitro (PubMed:17880284).
Probably involved in the regulation of chromatin states (Probable). Contributes to RPP7-mediated and basal immunity, especially against Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis isolate Hiks1 (PubMed:21830950).
Reduced resistance to Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis isolate Hiks1.
Was originally erroneously termed BP80D.
Disruption of the development of the vegetative shoot apex. Abnormal leaf positioning and impaired shoot apical meristem (SAM) maintenance, leading to the death of most plants prior to the end of vegetative development.
Expressed in roots, stems, leaves and flowers and, at lower levels, in siliques.
Putative oxidoreductase (By similarity). Required for vegetative shoot apex development, especially during leaf positioning and for shoot apical meristem (SAM) maintenance (PubMed:7849756).
Expression is detected along the vasculature in cotyledons, hypocotyls and roots of 3- to 4-day-old seedlings.
Highly expressed in cotyledons, to a lesser extent in leaves, sepals and siliques, and barely expressed in roots. Present in seedlings.
Induced by red light, especially after dark adaptation. Moderately induced by blue light. Induced after two days of imbibition.
Pale green seedlings exhibiting a strong reduction in plastid-encoded tRNA levels. Aberrant chloroplast development; normal etioplast in darkness, but abnormal chloroplast in light characterized by small size, poor thylakoid membranes and stacked lamellae.
Required for the transition of plastids into chloroplasts by coordinating nuclear and chloroplastic genomes under light conditions. Sigma factors are initiation factors that promote the attachment of plastid-encoded RNA polymerase (PEP) to specific initiation sites and are then released. Promotes the biosynthesis of plastid-encoded tRNAs (e.g. trnE-UUC and trnV-UAC).
Actin monomer binding protein that accelerates the exchange of ADP for ATP. Regulates the pool of unpolymerized ATP-actin. Key intermediate between actin-depolymerizing factor (ADF)-mediated disassembly and the profilin-based nucleation and elongation machinery.
Expressed in roots, cotyledons, leaves, stems, flowers, pollen and shoots. Not detected in siliques.
Stunted growth and reduced pollen germination and growth.
The C-terminal domain (318-476) binds to actin.
Transcription activator that regulates the expression of at least NAI2, PYK10 and PBP1. Required for and mediates the formation of endoplasmic reticulum bodies (ER bodies). Involved in the symbiotic interactions with the endophytes of the Sebacinaceae fungus family, such as Piriformospora indica and Sebacina.
Reduced plant size. Reticulate leaves with reduced number of palissade mesophyll cells.
The ven6-1 phenotype is rescued by exogenous application of citrulline, an arginine precursor.
Acts as component of the GARP complex that is involved in retrograde transport from early and late endosomes to the trans-Golgi network (TGN). The GARP complex facilitates tethering as well as SNARE complex assembly at the Golgi (By similarity). Probably involved in pollen tube elongation and other polar growth.
Component of the Golgi-associated retrograde protein (GARP) complex, composed by VPS52, VPS53 and VPS54. Interacts directly with VPS53.
Present in pollen. Mostly expressed in roots and flower buds, and, at lower levels, in vegetative tissues and mature flowers.
Component of the spliceosome. Interacts with AFC2, RS2Z33 and RNU1.
Expressed in primary and lateral roots, stems, petioles, abaxial and adaxial epidermis cells, trichomes, unopened flowers, anther filaments, anthers, stigma, pollen, pollen tube, ovule funiculi, integuments, embryo sac and developing seeds.
Extensively phosphorylated on serine residues in the RS domain. Phosphorylated by AFC2.
Sequence-specific RNA-binding protein probably involved in pre-mRNA splicing. In vitro, can complement efficiently splicing-deficient mammalian SRSF7-depleted HeLa cell extract.
By abscisic acid (ABA), ethylene, salt, cold and heat.
Transcriptional repressor probably involved in abiotic stress responses. Binds DNA in a sequence-specific manner and can repress the transactivation activity of other transcription factors.
Thought to act during the early stages of leaf senescence. Catalyzes the transfer of a sulfur ion from a donor to cyanide or to other thiol compounds. Substrate preference is thiosulfate > 3-mercaptopyruvate.
Binds 1 Fe(2+) or Zn(2+) ion per subunit. Electron spin resonance indicates the presence of either Fe(2+) or Zn(2+), while X-ray crystallography shows the presence of Zn(2+). Mn(2+) is not a cofactor (PubMed:16227621).
Binds 1 Fe(3+) ion per subunit. Electron spin resonance clearly indicates the presence of Fe(3+) (PubMed:16227621).
Cell signaling peptide that may regulate plant stress, growth, and development. Mediates a rapid alkalinization of extracellular space by mediating a transient increase in the cytoplasmic Ca(2+) concentration leading to a calcium-dependent signaling events through a cell surface receptor and a concomitant activation of some intracellular mitogen-activated protein kinases. Mostly active in roots. Prevents plant growth (e.g. root and leaf length). Suppresses cell elongation of the primary root by activating the cell surface receptor FER and triggering phosphorylation of AHA2 and subsequent extracellular alkalinization.
First detected in the root hair zone of seedlings, mostly in the vascular bundles, cortex, and endodermis. Later observed in hypocotyls and veins of cotyledons.
Interacts with FER and promotes its phosphorylation and subsequent activation.
More efficient to mediate cytoplasmic Ca(2+) accumulation when oxidized, but inactive when reduced.
Involved dehydration tolerance. Involved in the adaptive response of vascular plants to withstand water deficit (PubMed:20668063). May possess chaperone-like activity under water deficit (PubMed:27006402). Binds to negatively charged membranes of liposomes. This binding induces partial folding of the largely unstructured LEA18 protein, vesicle aggregation, and leakage of soluble content from liposomes (PubMed:20875393).
Under water deficit, the N-terminal region is necessary and sufficient for conformational transition from disordered to alpha-helix folding. This conformational transition is required for chaperone-like activity under water limitation.
During drought and salt stress treatments.
Expressed in roots and stems. In the stem of secondary inflorescences, localized to the phloem. Also present in flowers, specifically in the stamen, in the filaments and the connective, and restricted to major veins in leaves.
Contributes to jasmonic acid biosynthesis by initiating the beta-oxidative chain shortening of its precursors (PubMed:15677481, PubMed:18267944). Converts 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA) into OPDA-CoA (PubMed:15677481, PubMed:18267944). Follows a two-step reaction mechanism, wherein the carboxylate substrate first undergoes adenylation by ATP, followed by a thioesterification in the presence of CoA to yield the final CoA thioester (By similarity).
Can be used to induced male sterility when expressed in anther tapetum. Development of male sterile lines is important for commercial hybrid seed production.
Component of a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) complex composed of ATG6, SH3P2 and FREE1 (PubMed:25624505). Interacts with SINAT1, SINAT2, SINAT5, SINAT6, TRAF1A and TRAF1B (PubMed:28351989). Interacts with TUBB8/TUB8 (PubMed:26566764). Component of a complex made of VPS38/USL1 and PI3K main subunits such as VPS15, ATG6/VPS30 and VPS34 (PubMed:29897620). Binds directly to VPS38/USL1 (PubMed:29897620, PubMed:29184027).
Highly expressed in mature pollen grains (PubMed:17339883). Expressed in roots, leaves, stems, flowers and siliques (PubMed:17259285, PubMed:18227644).
Induced by infection with the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato strain DC3000 (PubMed:17932459). Induced by infection with the fungal necrotrophic pathogen Botrytis cinerea (PubMed:21395886).
Male sterility due to pollen germination defect.
Plants silencing ATG6 exhibit impaired autophagic activity and accelerated senescence.
Required for normal plant development (PubMed:17339883, PubMed:17932459, PubMed:18227644). Required for pollen germination (PubMed:17339883, PubMed:17259285, PubMed:18227644). Required for autophagic activity. Required to limit the pathogen-associated cell death response (PubMed:17932459). May be involved in vacuolar protein sorting (PubMed:17259285). Binds to microtubules. May facilitate efficient recruitment of other ATG proteins to assemble scaffolds for autophagosome biogenesis (PubMed:26566764).
Ubiquitinated (PubMed:28351989). The interaction with SINAT1 or SINAT2, and the presence of TRAF1A/MUSE14 and TRAF1B/MUSE13, mediates its proteasome-dependent degradation (PubMed:28351989).
Accumulates at the boundaries between the apical meristems and lateral organs in embryos, seedlings, and mature plants, and at the root apical meristem and in distinct cell files surrounding this area. First observed in the shoot apex of early-heart embryos. Within the apex of the late-heart stage embryo, the signal is detected in the peripheral region but not in the central region. At the bent-cotyledon stage, accumulates in boundary cells located between the shoot apical meristem (SAM) and the cotyledon primordia. In seedlings, weakly expressed in the basal cells of the leaf primordia. During the reproductive phase, present in boundary cells between the SAM and the flower primordia, and in boundary cells between the floral meristem and sepal primordia. In developing flowers, confined to regions that surround the floral organs at the base.
Induced by NAC054/CUC1 and NAC098/CUC2 in shoot organ boundary cells.
Probable transcription regulator that acts as a developmental regulator by promoting cell growth in response to light (By similarity). May suppress organ differentiation in the boundary region.
Expressed in the vascular tissues at the division/differentiation transition zone.
Impaired sensitivity to jasmonic acid (MeJA).
Induced by jasmonic acid (MeJA) in vascular tissues, especially at the transition and elongation zones.
Levels peak 3-4 days after germination. Expressed following temporally and spatially discrete patterns of gene expression in lateral root cap cells, vascular tissue of roots, developing leaves, the hypocotyl, and in the style/stigmatal tissue (PubMed:9681017). Expressed at the early stages of vascular tissue differentiation in roots; strong accumulation in the protoxylem at the transition, elongation, and maturation zones (PubMed:25883242). Accumulates in developing tracheary elements before lignification. Present in cells destined to undergo programmed cell death (PCD) in both vascular tissue and the root cap. In flowers, restricted spatial and temporal distribution; at stage 11-13, after papillae formation, accumulates in tracheary elements of style and stigmate (PubMed:9681017).
Oxidizes preferentially the aliphatic diamine putrescine with production of the corresponding aldehyde, ammonia and hydrogen peroxide. May be involved in the regulation of developmental programmed cell death (PCD) in both vascular tissue and the root cap (PubMed:9681017). Required for jasmonic acid-(MeJA) mediated early protoxylem differentiation associated with putrescine levels reduction and H(2)O(2) accumulation in roots (PubMed:25883242).
Repressed by semi-carbazide, a specific and irreversible inhibitor of copper amine oxidases.
Catalyzes the synthesis of cardiolipin (CL) (diphosphatidylglycerol) by specifically transferring a phosphatidyl group from CDP-diacylglycerol to phosphatidylglycerol (PG). Cannot catalyze the phosphatidyl group transfer from one PG molecule to another to form CL. Possesses high activity with PG species carrying dioleoyl groups and low activity with species carrying one or two palmitoyl groups. CL is a key phospholipid in mitochondrial membranes and plays important roles in maintaining the functional integrity and dynamics of mitochondria under both optimal and stress conditions. In mitochondrial fission, CL stabilizes the protein complex of the major mitochondrial fission factors, DRP3A and DRP3B.
Strong dwarf phenotype, small siliques with only a few small-sized and sterile seeds, when grown in long day conditions under low light. Dysfunction of mitochondria: abnormal ultrastructure, reduced content of respiratory complex I/complex III supercomplexes and marked accumulation of tricarboxylic acid cycle derivatives and amino acids.
Expressed constitutively in roots, leaves, stems, and flowers. Broad expression within stomatal cell lineages of leaf epidermis, except in mature guard-cells.
Homodimer (Probable). Heterodimers with SPCH, MUTE, and FAMA.
Mediates stomatal differentiation in the epidermis probably by controlling successive roles of SPCH, MUTE, and FAMA (PubMed:18641265). Functions as a dimer with SPCH during stomatal initiation (PubMed:18641265, PubMed:28507175).
Belongs to the peroxisomal targeting signal receptor family.
Expressed at the early stage of germination and during the conversion of glyoxysomes to peroxisomes. Accumulates at high levels in seedlings and at lower levels as plants mature.
Interacts (via WxxxF/Y and LVxEF motifs) with PEX14; promoting translocation through the PEX13-PEX14 docking complex (PubMed:11978862, PubMed:15637057). Interacts with PEX7, promoting peroxisomal import of proteins containing a C-terminal PTS2-type peroxisomal targeting signal (PubMed:11978862, PubMed:15637057, PubMed:20130089). Interacts with LACS7 (PubMed:16256065).
Monoubiquitinated at Cys-13 by PEX2 during PEX5 passage through the retrotranslocation channel (By similarity). Cys-13 monoubiquitination acts as a recognition signal for the PEX1-PEX6 complex and is required for PEX5 extraction and export from peroxisomes (By similarity). When PEX5 recycling is compromised, polyubiquitinated by PEX10 during its passage through the retrotranslocation channel, leading to its degradation (By similarity).
PEX5 stability in light-grown seedlings depends on PEX7.
Peroxisome-defective phenotype including an absolute requirement for sucrose during early development, high seedling lethality, and delayed development.
Receptor that mediates peroxisomal import of proteins containing a C-terminal PTS1-type tripeptide peroxisomal targeting signal (SKL-type) (PubMed:17478547, PubMed:19246395, PubMed:20974890). Binds to cargo proteins containing a PTS1 peroxisomal targeting signal in the cytosol, and translocates them into the peroxisome matrix by passing through the PEX13-PEX14 docking complex along with cargo proteins (PubMed:11978862, PubMed:15637057). PEX5 receptor is then retrotranslocated into the cytosol, leading to release of bound cargo in the peroxisome matrix, and reset for a subsequent peroxisome import cycle (By similarity). In addition to promoting peroxisomal translocation of proteins containing a PTS1 peroxisomal targeting signal, mediates peroxisomal import of proteins containing a C-terminal PTS2-type peroxisomal targeting signal via its interaction with PEX7 (PubMed:11978862, PubMed:15548601, PubMed:15637057, PubMed:20130089, PubMed:20974890). Interaction with PEX7 only takes place when PEX7 is associated with cargo proteins containing a PTS2 peroxisomal targeting signal (By similarity). PEX7 along with PTS2-containing cargo proteins are then translocated through the PEX13-PEX14 docking complex together with PEX5 (By similarity). Necessary for the developmental elimination of obsolete peroxisome matrix proteins (PubMed:19246395).
The TPR repeats mediate interaction with proteins containing a C-terminal PTS1-type tripeptide peroxisomal targeting signal (SKL-type).
The WxxxF/Y motifs mediate interaction with PEX14, promoting association with the PEX13-PEX14 docking complex.
The amphipathic helix 1 and 2 (AH1 and AH2, respectively) are required for PEX5 retrotranslocation and recycling. AH2 mediates interaction with lumenal side of the PEX2-PEX10-PEX12 ligase complex, while AH1 is required for extraction from peroxisomal membrane by the PEX1-PEX6 AAA ATPase complex.
Up-regulated by hydrogen peroxide, the absence of sucrose and by dark versus light conditions.
Expressed at low level in seedlings, roots, leaves, stems, young inflorescences, flowers and siliques.
The conserved PP2C phosphatase domain (244-663) is interrupted by an insertion of approximately 100 amino acids.
Induced by chitin. Levels are regulated in a proteasome-dependent manner (at proteome level).
Interacts with PBL27 at the plasma membrane; disassociation is induced by chitin perception by the CERK1 complex. Interacts with MKK2, MKK4, and MKK5 mainly in the cytosol.
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) involved in the transduction of signal between the host cell surface chitin receptor complex CERK1-LYK5 and the intracellular MAPK cascade that leads to chitin-induced immunity. Phosphorylates and activates MAPK targets (e.g. MKK4, MKK5, and possibly MKK2) when phosphorylated by PBL27 after elicitation by chitin. Required for resistance to the fungus A.brassicicola.
Mostly expressed in flower buds. Also present in pollen, roots, leaves and seedlings, and, at low levels, in stems and immature siliques.
Normal morphology in standard conditions. Impaired chitin-induced MAPK activation (e.g. MPK3, MPK4, and MPK6) and altered subsequent disease resistance to A.brassicicola associated with reduced levels of chitin-induced callose deposition.
Phosphorylated by PBL27 during chitin-mediated signaling in a CERK1-dependent manner.
Homodimer. Interacts with AHL5, AHL12, AHL25, AHL27, TCP4, TCP13 and EF114.
Overexpression of AHL29 results in altered cell expansion dynamics and delayed senescence.
Transcription factor that specifically binds AT-rich DNA sequences related to the nuclear matrix attachment regions (MARs) (By similarity). Acts redundantly with AHL18, AHL22 and AHL27 in the regulation of flowering and regulation of the hypocotyl elongation (PubMed:19517252). Acts redundantly with AHL27/ESC to modulate hypocotyl growth inhibition in response to light (PubMed:18088311).
May be involved in intra-Golgi transport.
Altered expression of MIKC* MADS-controlled genes during pollen maturation. Early flowering under short-days conditions (SD) when combined with AGL15 disruption.
During the reproductive phase, accumulates in immature buds and at the base of the floral organs, and in the receptacle, ovules, anther filaments, and stigma and style of open flowers. Later observed in sporogenous tissue of anthers. During male gametogenesis, expressed in the microspores before they separate from each other. Later present at high levels within pollen grains up to stage 13 of flower development, when anthers dehisce. During carpel development, first detected in developing ovules. After fertilization, confined to globular structures or nodules of proliferating free nuclear endosperm required for embryo development. Disappears from the endosperm at to the heart stage of embryo development, when very little nuclear endosperm remains. Never detected in developing embryos at any stage. In young seedlings, present everywhere except in a portion of the hypocotyl and in newly emerging leaves.
Mostly expressed in pollen, roots, flowers and siliques, and to a lower extent, in stems and leaves. Expressed in the endosperm and in developing male and female gametophytes. Also present in seedlings.
Probable transcription factor involved in the negative regulation of flowering, probably through the photoperiodic pathway. Prevents premature flowering. Downstream regulator of a subset of the MIKC* MADS-controlled genes required during pollen maturation.
Acts as cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel. Permeable to potassium and sodium in a cyclic nucleotide-dependent fashion (cAMP or cGMP). Might constitute a common downstream component of the signaling pathways leading to hypersensitive response (HR).
Induced by both ethylene and methyl jasmonate treatments, or after pathogen attack.
Loss-of-function mutation results in the loss of the hypersensitive response leading to broad spectrum disease resistance, and displays a lesion-mimic phenotype.
Abnormal transcription up-regulation of some transposable elements (TEs) and of hypermethylated loci (including MU1, GP1, SN1 and ERT7) (PubMed:30382101, PubMed:30425322). Hypomethylated DNA CHG and CHH regions (PubMed:30382101, PubMed:30425322). Reduced H3K9me2 levels (PubMed:30382101). Increased ratio of decondensed nuclei (PubMed:30425322).
Expressed ubiquitously during vegetative stage, in meristems (e.g. root tips and shoot apical meristem), and in ovules and young seeds during reproductive stage.
Heterochromatin-binding protein that preferentially occupies long transposons and specifically recognizes the histone H3 'Lys-9' methylation (H3K9me) marks, with a stronger affinity for dimethylated H3K9 (H3K9me2) (PubMed:30382101, PubMed:30425322). Required for transcriptional silencing, non-CG DNA methylation (e.g. CHG and CHH regions), and H3K9 dimethylation (H3K9me2) at some loci (PubMed:30382101, PubMed:30425322). Mediates heterochromatin phase separation and chromocenter formation (PubMed:30425322).
The tandem Agenet domains (AGDs) mediate the specific recognition of the histone 3 lysine 9 dimethylation (H3K9me2) mark.
Chitin elicitor-binding protein involved in the perception of chitin oligosaccharide elicitor.
Forms homooligomers. Interacts with CERK1 (By similarity). Binds to chitin oligosaccharide elicitor.
Expressed in the provascular and vascular systems. Highly expressed in primary root tips.
Fatty-acid-binding protein. Associates with saturated fatty acid.
No visible phenotype during vegetative growth.
Autophosphorylated when the cells enters mitosis.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family. BUB1 subfamily.
Part of the mitotic checkpoint complex (MCC); interacts with CDC20-1, CDC20-2 and CDC20-5.
Serine/threonine-protein kinase that performs 2 crucial functions during mitosis: it is essential for spindle-assembly checkpoint signaling and for correct chromosome alignment. Has a key role in the assembly of checkpoint proteins at the kinetochore. Acts as a substrate for anaphase-promoting complex or cyclosome (APC/C). Necessary for ensuring proper chromosome segregation. Can regulate chromosome segregation in a kinetochore-independent manner. The BUB1-BUB3 complex plays a role in the inhibition of APC/C when spindle-assembly checkpoint is activated and inhibits the ubiquitin ligase activity of APC/C by phosphorylating its activator CDC20. Kinase activity is essential for inhibition of APC/CCDC20 and for chromosome alignment but does not play a major role in the spindle-assembly checkpoint activity (By similarity).
Ubiquitinated and degraded during mitotic exit.
Upon spindle-assembly checkpoint activation it is hyperphosphorylated and its kinase activity toward CDC20 is stimulated.
Expressed in flowers and stems. Detected in trichomes, guard cells, root vascular tissue, root hairs, pollen sacs, sepals and styles of pistils.
Involved in cell size determination. May serve as a chaperone for expansins through the secretory pathway.
Slightly reduced size of the plant. Atpgl1, atpgl2 and atpgl3 triple mutants produce smaller leaves and petioles.
The BURP domain located at the C-terminus has not been identified in non-plant proteins (PubMed:9790599). It is critical for PGL3's role in cell growth (PubMed:26106400).
Unlike the tomato GP1, the BURP domain of AtPGL3 is not cleaved when the protein is secreted to the cell wall.
Induced by auxin, zeatin, salt and inorganic phosphate deprivation.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants display decreased ABA sensitivity in seed germination, root elongation, and stomatal movement and have decreased tolerance to high salinity and water deficiency. Root hair elongation defects under low inorganic phosphate conditions.
Non-specific phospholipase C (PLC) which assumes major PLC activity during inorganic phosphate starvation. Substrate preference is phosphatidylcholine (PC), but can also hydrolyze phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) with lower efficiency. Has no activity toward phosphatidic acid (PA). Plays an important role in the supply of both inorganic phosphate and diacylglycerol from membrane-localized phospholipids during phosphate deprivation. May be required for lipid-derived signaling molecules that positively modulate abscisic acid (ABA) response and promote plant tolerance to drought and salt stresses. May be involved in brassinolide-mediated signaling in root development.
Proteolytically removes the C-terminal three residues of farnesylated proteins.
Proteolytically removes the C-terminal three residues of farnesylated proteins. The substrate specificity is only partially overlapping with that of FACE2.
Catalyzes the desaturation of medium-chain acyl-CoAs to 2-trans-enoyl-CoAs. Active on C8:0- to C14:0-CoA with a maximal activity on C12:0-CoA.
Induced by seed imbibition with a peak at day 2 and then declines steadily until day 7. Not detected in developing seeds. Constitutive expression in root axis.
Most abundant in flowers and senescing rosette leaves. Lower expression in hypocotyls, stems, young rosette leaves, cotyledons, cauline leaves and root tip of young seedlings.
Not induced by dehydration or abscisic acid (ABA).
Observed in emerging secondary roots and young leaves. During flower development, restricted to carpels, stamen filament, and the abscission zone of the floral whorls.
Chimera. Chimera of genomic DNA and cDNA.
Homodimer and heterodimer with TRP1. Interacts with SNL1.
The Myb-extension domain (509-540) is necessary and sufficient for telomere binding.
Detected in the whole mature plant but preferentially expressed in roots and stems, and in potassium-starved plants.
High-affinity potassium transporter that could play a major role in the uptake of potassium from the rhizosphere. May act as a low-affinity potassium transporter under high potassium concentrations. Could also transport rubidium.
Low-affinity activity is strongly inhibited by barium or cesium.
The protein kinase domain is predicted to be catalytically inactive. As the kinase activity is required for activation of the endoribonuclease domain, the protein could be inactive.
Expressed in seedlings, roots, leaves, stems, inflorescences and siliques.
GTPase that may function in mitochondrial ribosome assembly (Probable). Involved in a variety of growth processes during vegetative development and promotes growth and cell division in the developing integuments (PubMed:10835408, PubMed:16849600).
No visible phenotype when heterozygous, but completely female sterile when homozygous.
Expressed in roots, leaves, stems, inflorescences, flowers and developing vascular tissue.
Loss-of-function mutant pll1-1 (T-DNA insertion) shows suppression of clavata mutant phenotypes. Redundant with POL. Pol and pll1 double mutant inis seedling lethal.
The conserved PP2C phosphatase domain (257-736) is interrupted by an insertion of approximately 200 amino acids.
Catalyzes a reversible NAD-dependent dehydrogenase reaction involved in central metabolism and redox homeostasis between organelle compartments (Probable). Plays a key role in the metabolism of dark chloroplasts and non-green plastids. Essential for embryo viability (PubMed:24198233, PubMed:24453164). Plays an essential role in heterotrophic metabolism in embryos, and autotrophic metabolism in photosynthetic tissues as well (PubMed:24453164).
During pollen development, expressed in mature pollen grains and early in pollen-tube growth. Not expressed in immature pollen grains and fully grown pollen tubes (PubMed:24198233). During embryo development, expressed from the heart stage to mature embryo. Not expressed at the beginning of embryo development up to the globular stage (PubMed:24198233, PubMed:24453164).
Embryonic lethality when homozygous due to embryo development arrest at globular stage.
Expressed in rosette leaves (PubMed:20876337). Expressed in meristematic regions of roots and shoots, cotyledons, young leaves, trichomes, stamen, pollen, tapetum, gynoecium and ovules (PubMed:24198233).
Expressed in the root-hair differentiation zone.
An article reported S-acylation of Cys residues that regulates localization to membranes; however, this paper was later retracted.
Inactive GDP-bound Rho GTPases reside in the cytosol, are found in a complex with Rho GDP-dissociation inhibitors (Rho GDIs), and are released from the GDI protein in order to translocate to membranes upon activation. Involved in cell polarity control during the actin-dependent tip growth of root hairs, thus regulating root hair length and root hair initiation (PubMed:11387211, PubMed:30770391). Contributes, in a SPK1-dependent manner, to the prevention of cortical microtubules organization into parallel arrays oriented perpendicular to the axis of cell elongation to limit anisotropic cell growth during petal development (PubMed:31623377). SPK1-dependent activation is required for auxin-mediated inhibition of PIN2 internalization during gravitropic responses (PubMed:22683260).
Interacts with Rho GDP-dissociation inhibitor 1 and ICR1 (PubMed:10798620, PubMed:17493810). Binds to SPK1 when in the inactive GDP-bound form (PubMed:22683260).
Binds Ca(2+) via the C2 domains in absence of phospholipids.
First observed at the tip of rosette leaves (PubMed:24173806). Present in developing flowers (PubMed:29259105). Accumulates in inflorescence apices and broadly in floral meristems and flowers (PubMed:25256344). Expressed throughout young ovules (PubMed:25256344).
Interacts with SUB/SCM and POQ at the plasma membrane (PubMed:24173806). Binds to SUB/SCM at plasmodesmata (PD) in root epidermal cells to promote tissue morphogenesis (PubMed:25256344).
May be involved in Ca 2(+)-dependent signaling and membrane trafficking. Plays a role in fruit dehiscence (Probable). Components of the machinery involved in organ development mediated by the receptor-like kinase STRUBBELIG (SUB) (PubMed:19180193, PubMed:20298225). Collaboratively with SUB and POQ, regulates cell growth anisotropy during gynoecium development, thus linking together cell-cell communication and cellular growth (PubMed:24173806). Together with SUB/SCM, links RLK-dependent signal transduction and intercellular communication mediated by plasmodesmata (PD) to regulate tissue morphogenesis (PubMed:25256344). May function as a signaling molecule by regulating the trafficking of other regulators (PubMed:29259105).
Observed mainly in flowers, and, to a lower extent, in seedlings, roots, shoots, leaves, stems and inflorescences (PubMed:24173806, PubMed:29259105). Expressed in the vascular tissues of roots, cotyledons and rosette leaves (PubMed:29259105). Accumulates in roots meristems (PubMed:29259105).
STRUBBELIG-like (sub-like) mutant (SLM) phenotype characterized by defects in outer integument development, floral organ shape, and stem twisting, as well as cellular defects in the floral meristem and in root hair patterning (PubMed:19180193). Alterated pistil morphogenesis, such as twisting of the gynoecium, as a result of abnormal division patterns and anisotropic growth of clustered epidermal valve cells arranged sporadically along the gynoecium, phenotypes associated with disorganised cortical microtubule (CMT) networks; twisting of organsm is strongly reduced by a concomitant mutation in BOTERO (PubMed:24173806). Double mutants sub/scm qky and qky poq have a stronger pistil twisting than single mutants (PubMed:24173806). The triple mutant qky sub/scm poq has a dramatic pistil twisting phenotype due to defects of valve cell growth anisotropy (PubMed:24173806).
Expressed in roots, stems, leaves, flowers and siliques. Detected in root hairs, emerging secondary roots, vascular tissues, leaf parenchyma cells and stomata.
N-starvation phenotype. Smaller rosette, but no effects on roots. Delayed growth and flowering when grown in greenhouse. Increased drought resistance.
Not regulated by the N source or by nitrate.
Transcription factor involved in regulation of nitrate assimilation and in transduction of the nitrate signal.
Forms heteromers with NEAP2 and NEAP3. Interacts with SUN1; SUN2 and bZIP18.
Expressed in cotyledons, particularly in the vascular region, in leaves, buds, flowers and immature siliques, and, to a lower extent, in roots.
Interacts with AHL27 and AHL29 (PubMed:24218605). Interacts with SPL (PubMed:25527103, PubMed:25378179). Interacts with KIN10; KIN11 and FLZ3 (Ref.11).
Plays a pivotal role in the control of morphogenesis of shoot organs by negatively regulating the expression of boundary-specific genes such as CUC genes, probably through the induction of miRNA (e.g. miR164). Binds to the 3'-ACC-5' repeats in the light-responsive promoter (LRP) of psbD, and activates its transcription. Participates in ovule develpment (PubMed:25378179).
Interacts with the C-terminus of GC5, but not with GC3.
Protein transport. Regulator of membrane traffic from the Golgi apparatus towards the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Binds GTP and GDP and possesses intrinsic GTPase activity (By similarity).
Belongs to the sirtuin family. Class II subfamily.
Binds to the promoter region of genes influenced by ethylene (PubMed:29298835). Interacts with ENAP1; this interaction is enhanced in the presence of ethylene (PubMed:29298835).
NAD-dependent protein deacylase. Catalyzes the NAD-dependent hydrolysis of acyl groups from lysine residues (By similarity). Involved in responses to ethylene leading to the transcriptional repression of some ethylene-responsive genes via the regulation of histone acetylation H3K9Ac (PubMed:29298835). Negatively regulates plant basal defense against plant pathogens, possibly by suppressing salicylic acid biosynthesis (PubMed:20573705).
NAD-dependent protein deacylase. Catalyzes the NAD-dependent hydrolysis of acyl groups from lysine residues.
Artifacts of PCR amplification. Originally thought to be UBC12 isoform.
Interacts with CHIP and the E3 ubiquitin ligase BB. Associates with the E3 ubiquitin ligase JMJ24 (PubMed:26979329).
Ubiquitously expressed with the highest levels in rosette leaves, roots and petals.
Catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of glutamyl-tRNA(Glu) to glutamate 1-semialdehyde (GSA). Probably involved in the tetrapyrrole synthesis required for the chlorophyll biosynthesis.
Circadian-regulation. Up-regulated by light.
Part of the FLU-containing chloroplast membrane complex composed of FLU, CRD1, PORB, PORC, CHLP and HEMA1. Interacts (via C-terminus) with FLU, only in the absence of light. Interacts with GLUTRBP and forms a heterotetramer of two GLUTRBP and two HEMA1 subunits. Interacts with CLPF (PubMed:26419670).
Strongly expressed in photosynthetic tissues. Detected in all tissues tested.
The N-terminus (65-92) is required for heme inhibition, but not for activity.
Increased cell death spreading after Alternaria brassicicola infection, and enhanced salicylic acid (SA) responses and resistance to the biotrophic bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000. Impact on several BAK1-regulated processes, such as hyperresponsiveness to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP), enhanced cell death, and resistance to bacterial pathogens, but normal brassinosteroid-(BR-)regulated growth.
Induced by nonpathogenic bacteria or pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP) treatments.
Interacts constitutively with BAK1, when phosphorylated, thereby preventing interaction with the ligand-binding LRR-RLK FLS2. Upon infection, pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP) perception leads to BIR2 release from the BAK1 complex and enables the recruitment of BAK1 into the FLS2 complex.
Nucleotide binding site is not accessible for binding to ATP-analogs.
Phosphorylated by BAK1, this interacts promotes interaction with BAK1.
Pseudokinases lacking protein kinase activity and unable to bind ATP-analogs (PubMed:24556575). Negative regulator of pathogen-associated molecular patterns- (PAMP-) triggered immunity by limiting BAK1-receptor complex formation in the absence of ligands (PubMed:24388849).
Activated during dark in short day conditions.
Catalyzes the reduction of methionine sulfoxide (MetSO) to methionine in proteins. Plays a protective role against oxidative stress by restoring activity to proteins that have been inactivated by methionine oxidation. Prevents cellular oxidative damage in long nights. MSRA family specifically reduces the MetSO S-enantiomer.
In short day conditions, reduced growth and increased oxidative stress late in the dark period.
By Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000, Botrytis cinerea, flagellin, BTH and UV-C. Repressed by the transcription factors WRKY18 and WRKY40 upon infection with Golovinomyces orontii.
Involved in the biosynthesis of the indole-derived phytoalexin camalexin. Catalyzes the conversion of indole-3-acetaldoxime to indole-3-acetonitrile. Required for resistance to A.brassicicola and B.cinerea.
Glutathionylated. Glutathionylation strongly reduces the stimulation of NFS2 activity.
Heterotetramer with NFS2 (PubMed:16455656). Interacts with NFS2 and NIFS1 (PubMed:16437155). Interacts in vitro with GRXS14, GRXS15, GRXS16 and GRXS17, but not with GRXC5 (PubMed:24203231). Interacts in vivo only with GRXS14 and GRXS16 (PubMed:24203231).
Over-expression of SUFE1 leads to retarded growth and chlorosis.
Participates in cysteine desulfurization mediated by NFS2 in chloroplast and NIFS1 in mitochondrion (PubMed:16437155). Activates the cysteine desulfurase activity of NFS2 (PubMed:16455656). Cysteine desulfurization mobilizes sulfur from L-cysteine to yield L-alanine and supplies the inorganic sulfur for iron-sulfur (Fe-S) cluster formation. Glutaredoxins regulate SUFE1 activity by inducing its reduction and deglutathionylation (PubMed:24203231).
Confers selective resistance to kanamycin.
WBC19 may be a good alternative as a selective marker of transgenic plants to avoid the use of bacterial antibiotic resistance protein (such as neo/nptII).
Hydroxylase involved in the oxidation of the plant hormone jasmonoyl-L-isoleucine (JA-Ile), a bioactive phytohormone of the jasmonate-mediated signaling pathway. Converts JA-Ile to 12-hydroxy-JA-Ile (PubMed:21576464, PubMed:21849397, PubMed:22215670). Exerts negative feedback control on JA-Ile levels and plays a key role in attenuation of jasmonate responses. Negatively regulates the expression of wound-induced genes TIFY11A/JAZ5, TIFY5A/JAZ8 and TIFY5A/JAZ10 (PubMed:21576464). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of jasmonoyl-L-valine (JA-Val), jasmonoyl-L-leucine (JA-Leu) and jasmonoyl-L-phenylalanine (JA-Phe) in vitro. Converts JA-Val, JA-Leu and JA-Phe to 12-hydroxy-JA-Val, 12-hydroxy-JA-Leu and 12-hydroxy-JA-Phe, respectively (PubMed:24467969).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants accumulate high amounts of JA-Ile and have strongly reduced levels of 12-hydroxy-JA-Ile in response to wounding.
Plants over-expressing CAP94B3 are deficient in jasmonate perception.
Acts as a major cysteine synthase, probably involved in maintaining organic sulfur level.
Homodimer. Interacts with SAT1. Component of the cysteine synthase complex (CSC) composed of two OAS-TL dimers and one SAT hexamer. Interacts with SULTR1;2.
Interaction with the sulfate transporter SULTR1;2 enhances its catalytic activity.
No visible phenotype but displays lower levels of thiols in roots and leaves, and also an affected sulfur balance. Also shows an increased sensitivity to cadmium stress.
Expressed in mature embryos, embryo sacs, cotyledons, whole seedlings, hydathodes, guard cells, sites of lateral root initiation, root tips and phloem, but not in xylem.
Expressed in tapetal layer of developing anthers and then expression gradually increases in developing microspores and in mature pollen.
Pleiotropic growth defects, including smaller leaves, dwarfism, and sterility. Hypersensitivity to salt stress and compromised pollen tube growth.
S-acyltransferase involved in protein lipid modification. Catalyzes the palmitoylation of proteins peripheral or integral to the tonoplast. Required for the tonoplast localization of CBL2, CBL3 and CBL6, but not for the plasma membrane localization of CBL9, for the endosome localization of RABF1 or for the endomembrane localization of RABF2B.
Abundantly expressed in flowers. Weakly expressed in roots, leaves and siliques; and undetectable in 5-day-old seedlings. In the basal rosette leaves of 21-day-old plants, it is more abundant in leaves 6 and 7, which possess narrow elliptical laminae, than in leaves 1-4, which have round laminae, suggesting a possible correlation between its expression and the formation of elliptical leaf laminae in mature leaves.
Disrupted formation of elliptical leaf laminae in mature leaves.
Regulates differences in leaf patterning between juvenile and mature leaves by controlling differences in the development of primordia produced during juvenile and mature phases. Acts by activating transcription of the myb-domain protein AS1, a gene involved in leaf-axis specification. Associates with the promoter and the start of the transcribed region of AS1 and up-regulates expression of AS1 through acetylation of histones H3 and H4.
Interacts with BRI1, ASK7/BIN2, ASK9/BIL2, BSK1, BSK5, BSK8 and BSK11.
Probable serine/threonine kinase that acts as positive regulator of brassinosteroid (BR) signaling downstream of the receptor kinase BRI1. Functions redundantly with BSK3, BSK4, BSK7 and BSK8.
Interacts with KIN10 and KIN11 via its FLZ-type zinc finger domain (PubMed:29945970). Interacts with KINB1 and KINB3 via its N-terminal part (PubMed:29945970). Forms homodimer and heterodimer with FLZ1, FLZ2 and FLZ7 in vitro (PubMed:29945970).
Predominantly expressed in the stele of the root meristem with a specificity to the procambium.
Transcription factor that specifically binds AT-rich DNA sequences related to the nuclear matrix attachment regions (MARs) (By similarity). Acts redundantly with AHL3 to regulate the formation of tissue boundary between the xylem and procambium in the root meristem. Cell-to-cell movement of AHL4 from the procambium to the xylem is critical for its function in root vascular patterning (PubMed:23335615).
Expressed in a band of cells at the adaxial base of all lateral organs formed from the shoot apical meristem and at the base of lateral roots.
Not known; ectopic expression of LOB leads to alterations in the size and shape of leaves and floral organs and causes male and female sterility.
Positively regulated within the shoot apex by both ASYMMETRIC LEAVES 1 (AS1) and ASYMMETRIC LEAVES 2 (AS2/LBD6) and by KNAT1.
During embryo development, expressed in the functional megaspore until maturity of the embryo sac. After fertilization, expressed in the embryo and endosperm until the early torpedo stage. Not expressed in mature embryo.
Probable transcription factor that controls female gametophyte (megagametogenesis) development and chloroplast biogenesis during embryo development.
Expressed in shoots and roots. Less abundant in roots than RFNR2.
Maintains the supply of reduced ferredoxin under non-photosynthetic conditions.
Up-regulated by nitrate in roots while down-regulated in shoots.
Transcription activator that binds DNA on 5'-ACTCTAC-3' and promotes auxin homeostasis-regulating gene expression (e.g. YUC genes), as well as genes affecting stamen development, cell expansion and timing of flowering. Synergistically with other SHI-related proteins, regulates gynoecium, stamen and leaf development in a dose-dependent manner, controlling apical-basal patterning. Promotes style and stigma formation, and influences vascular development during gynoecium development. May also have a role in the formation and/or maintenance of the shoot apical meristem (SAM) (By similarity).
Involved in disease resistance. Required for resistance conferred by multiple R genes recognizing different bacterial and oomycete pathogen isolates like avirulent P.syringae or H.parasitica (downy mildew). Required for the establishment of hypersensitive response (HR) and systemic acquired resistance (SAR) after infection with the bacterial pathogen P.syringae DC3000 carrying avrRpt2. Required for resistance to the soilborne fungus V.longisporum. Interaction with RIN4 is required for the activation of the R gene RPS2 and RPS2-mediated resistance.
No visible phenotype under normal growth condition. In case of infection, plants loose R gene resistance mediated by RPM1, RPS2, RPS5. Plants overexpressing NDR1 show enhanced resistance against the virulent strain of the bacterial pathogen Pst DC3000.
Ribonuclease (RNase) III involved in RNA-mediated post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS). Involved in the processing of repeat-associated small interfering RNAs (ra-siRNAs, derived from heterochromatin and DNA repeats such as transposons) by cleaving small dsRNAs into 24 nucleotide ra-siRNAs. Plays a role in antiviral RNA silencing. Involved in the production of viral siRNAs derived from the cabbage leaf curl virus (CaLCuV) and tobacco rattle virus (TRV). Targeted by the viral silencing suppressor (VSR) protein 2b of the cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) that inactivates DCL3 function in RNA silencing. Acts redundantly with DICER-LIKE 1 (DCL1) to promote flowering via repression of FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC). Does not seem to be involved in microRNAs (miRNAs) processing.
Belongs to the PIGG/PIGN/PIGO family. PIGO subfamily.
Component of the HIRA complex made of UBN1, UBN2, ASF1A, CABIN1 and HIRA (PubMed:25086063, PubMed:25600486). Binds to histone H3.3, UBN1, UBN2 and ASF1A (PubMed:25086063). Interacts with AS1 (PubMed:16243907).
Expressed in the meristem and developing leaf primordia.
Histone chaperone involved in maintining knox genes silencing throughout leaf development (PubMed:16243907). Involved in heterochromatic and euchromatic gene silencing, especially upon salt stress (PubMed:25600486). Involved in gene expression reprogramming during dedifferentiation probably by modifying histone H3.3 recruitment at the nucleolus (PubMed:25086063, PubMed:25600486). Contributes to maintenance of silencing of pericentromeric repeats and certain transposons (PubMed:25600486).
Plants are embryo lethal when homozygous (PubMed:16243907). Retarded root growth. Abnormal gene expression reprogramming during dedifferentiation in root-derived protoplasts (PubMed:25086063). Reduced fertility leading to less seeds production. Reduced histone H3 levels and decreases nucleosome occupancy at both actively transcribed genes and heterochromatic regions (PubMed:25600486).
Required for replication-independent chromatin assembly and for the periodic repression of histone gene transcription during the cell cycle.
Heterotetramer of two catalytic alpha subunits and two regulatory beta subunits (PubMed:7696877, PubMed:19509278). Interacts with CCA1 (PubMed:9724822). Interacts with LHY (PubMed:10535927).
Plays a complex role in regulating the basal catalytic activity of the alpha subunit. The tetrameric holoenzyme CK2, composed of two alpha and two beta subunits, phosphorylates the transcription factor GBFl, resulting in stimulation of its DNA binding activity (PubMed:7696877). CK2 phosphorylates the transcription factor PIF1 after an exposure to light, resulting in a proteasome-dependent degradation of PIF1 and promotion of photomorphogenesis (PubMed:21330376). CK2 phosphorylates translation initiation factors. May participate in the regulation of the initiation of translation (PubMed:19509278, PubMed:19509420). Stimulates the binding of CCA1 to promoters (Probable).
Expressed in cells undergoing secondary wall thickeningin a SND1-dependent manner, such as xylem cells and interfascicular fibers. Mostly expressed in the middle and bottom parts of the inflorescence stems (PubMed:21673009). Mainly observed in the more mature parts of inflorescence stems, but present ubiquitously (PubMed:21212300).
No visible phenotype on cell wall acetylation in single mutant (PubMed:21212300). Severe growth phenotypes (e.g. dwarf and abnormal flower organs) associated with reduction in the secondary wall thickening and the stem mechanical strength in the quadruple mutant rwa1 rwa2 rwa3 rwa4 and characterized by reduced xylan acetylation and altered ratio of non-methylated to methylated glucuronic acid side chains. Absence of interfascicular fibers and xylem cells differentiation (PubMed:21673009, PubMed:24019426). The triple mutants rwa1 rwa2 rwa3, rwa1 rwa3 rwa4 and rwa2 rwa3 rwa4 are also dwarfs with abnormal morphology. Altered O-acetylated xyloglucans (XyG) oligosaccharides (XyGOs) composition (PubMed:24019426).
Probable O-acetyltransferase involved in the acetylation of xylan during secondary wall biosynthesis.
By auxin and brassinolide. Up-regulated by abscisic acid (ABA).
The O-glycosylation (arabinosylation) of the hydroxyproline Pro-113 enhances binding affinity of the CLE12p peptide for its receptor.
Belongs to the alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase family.
By indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and cycloheximide (CHX). By auxin.
Homodimer and heterodimer. In vivo, the relevance of heterodimerization with other ACS enzymes is however unsure (By similarity). Interacts with XBAT32. Interacts (via its C-terminal region) with ETO1 and EOL1.
Essential for trafficking from prevacuolar compartments to vacuoles. Involved in the trafficking of newly synthesized protein to vacuoles. Essential for plant growth (PubMed:24824487). Participates in the recruitment of the core retromer components to the endosomal membrane by interacting with VPS35A (PubMed:23362252).
Over-expression of a dominant negative form of RABG3F (Asn-22) inhibits degradation of storage proteins in the protein storage vacuole and results in seedling death.
Regulated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) which promote the exchange of bound GDP for free GTP. Regulated by the MON1-CCZ1 complex which serves as a link between Rab5 and Rab7 protein families in PVCs and mediates PVC maturation.
Catalyzes the phosphorylation of pyrimidine nucleoside monophosphates at the expense of ATP. Plays an important role in de novo pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis. Has preference for UMP and CMP as phosphate acceptors. Does not act on dCMP and dUMP.
Catalyzes the hydrolysis of GTP bound to the 40S ribosomal initiation complex (40S.mRNA.Met-tRNA[F].eIF-2.GTP) with the subsequent joining of a 60S ribosomal subunit resulting in the release of eIF-2 and the guanine nucleotide. The subsequent joining of a 60S ribosomal subunit results in the formation of a functional 80S initiation complex (80S.mRNA.Met-tRNA[F]) (By similarity).
Detected in some seeds from 3 days after pollination (dap) to 11 dap.
Expressed in leaves, roots, stems, flowers, siliques and shoots. Detected only in anthers and some seeds in siliques.
Not induced by heat or cold treatments, H(2)O(2), dehydration, abscisic acid, 2,4-D, ACC, methyl jasmonate or salicylic acid. Weak induction by salt stress and pathogen induction.
The C-terminal domain (75-142) is essential for nucleolar localization.
Transcriptional coactivator that stimulates transcriptional activity by bridging regulatory proteins and TBP, thereby recruiting TBP to promoters occupied by DNA-binding regulators.
Exclusively expressed in buds and flowers. Also detected in pollen.
Disturbed levels of several metabolites (e.g. beta-alanine, ribose, aspartate, pyroglutamate, glutamate, asparagine, fructose-6-phosphate, myo-inositol, 1,4-diaminobutane, palmitate and shikimate). Enhanced freezing tolerance associated with enhanced cold induction of cold-responsive C-repeat-binding factor (CBF) target genes in the double mutant lacking both GRF6 and GRF8, probably due to the suppression of ubiquitin-mediated degradation DREB1A and DREB1B degradation by the 26S proteasome pathway (PubMed:28344081, PubMed:31297122). Enhanced freezing tolerance in the triple mutant lacking B1L, GRF6 and GRF8 (PubMed:31297122).
Interacts with the isocitrate dehydrogenase IDH3, and malate dehydrogenases MDH1 and MDH2 (PubMed:22104211). Interacts with CINV1 (PubMed:25256212).
Is associated with a DNA binding complex that binds to the G box, a well-characterized cis-acting DNA regulatory element found in plant genes. Involved in the regulation of nutrient metabolism (PubMed:22104211). Negative regulator of freezing tolerance that modulates cold-responsive C-repeat-binding factors (CBF) DREB1A AND DREB1B proteins stability by facilitating their ubiquitin-mediated degradation; this processus is counteracted by B1L (PubMed:28344081, PubMed:31297122).
Expressed in hypocotyls, cotyledons, guard cells and root and shoot apical meristems.
Glucose-regulated GTPase-accelerating protein (GAP) for the GTP-bound self-activating heterotrimeric G alpha protein GPA1. Cooperates with G beta-gamma dimers to maintain an unactivated but fully functional pool of GPA1. Phosphorylation-dependent endocytosis of RGS1 physically uncouples the two proteins, resulting in signal activation. Free AGB1 is essential, but not sufficient, for RGS1 endocytosis. Modulates cell proliferation, abscisic acid (ABA) and drought stress signal transduction by acting in a hexokinase-independent glucose-signaling pathway (PubMed:26528314). Involved in the shapes of leaves, the development of floral buds, the elongation of stems, siliques, and hypocotyls, the time of flowering and the regulation of guard-cell K(+) and anion channels. Important for the kinetics of voltage activation of inward K(+) current but not for the current amplitude.
Increased cell elongation and longer hypocotyls when grown in the dark. Longer primary roots when grown in light due to increased cell production in root meristem. Loss of stratification requirement for seed germination. Decreased sensitivity to glucose and abscisic acid (ABA) in seed germination process (PubMed:26528314). No effect on ABA inhibition of stomatal opening.
Interacts (via C-ter) with GPA1 (PubMed:14500984, PubMed:17951432, PubMed:18817773, PubMed:21952135). Interacts with WNK1, WNK8, WNK10, SYP23. The association with WNK8 at the plasma membrane is triggered by induction of glucose and continues with trafficking into endocytic compartments (PubMed:21952135). Interacts with NDL1, NDL2 and NDL3 (PubMed:19948787). Interacts with RHIP1 (PubMed:26528314).
Phosphorylated by WNK8 and WNK10, and in vitro by WNK1. Also phosphorylated at Ser-435 or Ser-436.
The C-terminal domain (249-459) is able to bind to and to accelerate the GTPase activity of GPA1.
Interacts with the B-type response regulators ARR1 and ARR2.
Predominantly expressed in aerial parts of the plant.
This gene is linked with a growth rate QTL (quantitative trait locus).
Ubiquitous. Higher expression in mature stamina and pollen.
Belongs to the eukaryotic RPB4 RNA polymerase subunit family.
Component of the RNA polymerase II complex consisting of at least 12 subunits. Interacts with NRPB7.
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Second largest component of RNA polymerase II which synthesizes mRNA precursors and many functional non-coding RNAs. Proposed to contribute to the polymerase catalytic activity and forms the polymerase active center together with the largest subunit. Pol II is the central component of the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. It is composed of mobile elements that move relative to each other.
Absence of the protein probably causes early embryonic lethality. Premature stop codons are associated with vascular defects.
Auxin response factors (ARFs) are transcriptional factors that bind specifically to the DNA sequence 5'-TGTCTC-3' found in the auxin-responsive promoter elements (AuxREs). Seems to act as transcriptional activator. Formation of heterodimers with Aux/IAA proteins may alter their ability to modulate early auxin response genes expression. Mediates embryo axis formation and vascular tissues differentiation. Functionally redundant with ARF7. May be necessary to counteract AMP1 activity.
Expressed in the whole plant with a lower expression in leaves. Detected in embryo axis, provascular tissues, procambium and some differentiated vascular regions of mature organs.
Homodimers and heterodimers. Interacts with BRX and the auxin-responsive proteins IAA1, IAA12 (BODENLOS), IAA17 and ARF7.
In early embryo and during organ development.
Expressed in roots and shoots. Detected in vascular tissues of roots, cotyledons, and leaves, axillary buds, immature and mature flowers, fruit abscission zones and ovules.
Component of the spliceosome (Probable). Interacts with RCF3 and CPL1 (PubMed:24146632). Interacts with DRB1/HYL1 and SE (PubMed:26227967).
Binds preferentially to highly ordered alpha-glucans, such as starch and crystalline maltodextrins (PubMed:29681129, PubMed:35665549). Involved in the organization of the starch granule matrix, thus influencing starch turnover by modulating the accessibility of starch polymers to modifying and degrading enzymes involved in phosphorylation, hydrolyzes and synthesis, including starch synthases (SSI and SSIII), starch phosphorylases (PHS1), isoamylase, beta-amylase, glucan water dikinase (GWD) and phosphoglucan water dikinase (PWD) (PubMed:27207856, PubMed:29681129, PubMed:35665549). Prevents GWD- and PWD-mediated starch phosphorylation, and subsequent degradation (PubMed:29681129). Required for the control of starch degradation in leaves and starch distribution in nonphotosynthetic parts (e.g. cells immediately adjacent to veins, columella cells of root caps, stems, flowers and siliques) by limiting the hasty depletion of starch reserves during the night (PubMed:27207856, PubMed:34367195). Promotes gravitropic responses, negative in shoots but positive in roots, by maintaining starch granules (statoliths) accumulation in hypocotyls and roots columella, especially in dark conditions and in the endodermis, where starch is formed from transported glucose-6-phosphates (PubMed:34367195).
Present in the chloroplasts of light-grown mesophyll cells and in the plastids of dark-grown upper hypocotyl endodermal cells possessing large starch granules (PubMed:34367195). In dark-grown hypocotyl epidermal cells that lack starch granules, localized to plastids stroma (PubMed:34367195).
Reduced rosette size, wide stem angles and delayed flowering (PubMed:27207856). Rapidly degraded leaves starch in a nonlinear fashion during the night, so that reserves are exhausted 2 hours prior to dawn; this phenotype is probably due to an altered starch granule matrix organization (PubMed:27207856). Reduced starch content in nonphotosynthetic parts (e.g. cells immediately adjacent to veins, columella cells of root caps, stems, flowers and siliques) (PubMed:27207856). Absence of starch granules in hypocotyl endodermis and root columella leading to impaired endodermal plastids sedimentation and reduced hypocotyl negative gravitropism in the dark associated with reduced hypocotyl negative gravitropism but normal phototropism, leading to axillary branches with wider branch angles (PubMed:34367195). However, accumulation of starch granules in hypocotyl cortex and cotyledons at the end of long days (PubMed:34367195). In the double mutant esv1-2 lesv-1, starch is more rapidely degraded during the night (PubMed:27207856).
Involved in riboflavin biosynthesis. Catalyzes the conversion of D-ribulose 5-phosphate to formate and 3,4-dihydroxy-2-butanone 4-phosphate. RIBA2 and RIBA3 together are not able to complement the loss of function of RIBA1.
The substrate-binding sites for the inactive GTP cyclohydrolase-2 activity are conserved while several cofactor-binding sites are lost.
Essential protein (PubMed:29283431). May have a role in the nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway (Probable). Promotes UV tolerance via dark repair mechanism (nucleotide excision repair) (PubMed:29283431).
Interacts with CML19. Calcium is required for this interaction. Binds to RAD23B and PTAC12/HMR/PAP5 (PubMed:29283431).
In vitro, possesses glutathione S-transferase activity toward 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) and p-nitrobenzyl chloride (pNBC), and glutathione peroxidase activity toward cumene hydroperoxide and linoleic acid-13-hydroperoxide. May be involved in the conjugation of reduced glutathione to a wide number of exogenous and endogenous hydrophobic electrophiles and have a detoxification role against certain herbicides.
Moderately induced by chitin oligomers (e.g. chitohexaose (6-mer) and chitooctaose (8-mer)).
Constitutively expressed. Proteasomally degraded upon salt stress.
Protease that catalyzes two essential functions in the SUMO pathway: processing of full-length SUMOs to their mature forms and deconjugation of SUMO from targeted proteins. Cleaves precursors of SUM1 and SUM2, but not of SUM3 or SUM5. Able to release SUM1 and SUM2 from conjugates, but unable to cleave SUM3. Protease activity mainly directed at deconjugating SUM1 and SUM2 from their target proteins. Regulates salt stress responses and flowering time. Redundant with ULP1C.
Involved in the catabolism of purine nucleotides. Can use (S)-2-ureidoglycine as substrate, but not allantoate. The sequential activity of AAH, UGLYAH and UAH allows a complete purine breakdown without the intermediate generation of urea.
Expressed in roots, stems, apex, seedlings, leaves, flowers and siliques.
The O-glycosylation (arabinosylation) of the hydroxyproline Pro-98 enhances binding affinity of the CLE16p peptide for its receptor.
Binds preferentially double-stranded DNA. Modulates general plant growth and stress tolerance. Confers sensitivity to salt and genotoxic (methyl methanesulfonate, MMS) stresses.
Expressed in cotyledons, roots, stems, leaves and flowers (excluding pedicels).
Slightly delayed and reduced germination rate. Reduced root length. Enhanced sensitivity to methyl methanesulfonate (MMS).
No visible phenotype on cell wall acetylation in single mutant (PubMed:21212300). Severe growth phenotypes (e.g. dwarf and abnormal flower organs) associated with reduction in the secondary wall thickening and the stem mechanical strength in the quadruple mutant rwa1 rwa2 rwa3 rwa4 and characterized by reduced xylan acetylation and altered ratio of non-methylated to methylated glucuronic acid side chains. Absence of interfascicular fibers and xylem cells differentiation (PubMed:21673009, PubMed:24019426). The triple mutants rwa1 rwa2 rwa3, rwa1 rwa3 rwa4 and rwa1 rwa2 rwa4 are also dwarfs with abnormal morphology. Altered O-acetylated xyloglucans (XyG) oligosaccharides (XyGOs) composition (PubMed:24019426).
Heterogeneous population of chloroplasts with variable size and multiple division sites (PubMed:19135368, PubMed:23936263). Abnormal subplastidial localization of the key plastid division proteins FTSZ1 forming multiple rings (PubMed:29967285). Normal shape and number of etioplasts in cotyledons (PubMed:23936263). The double mutant mcd1 arc6 exhibits similar chloroplast defect than the single mutant arc6, including the abnormal localization of FTSZ1 to short filaments and dots within chloroplasts (PubMed:29967285).
Interacts with MIND1 (PubMed:19135368). Interacts with ARC6 in the chloroplast stroma and binds to FtsZ2-1 in an ARC6-dependent manner (PubMed:29967285).
Required for chloroplast division (PubMed:29967285, PubMed:23936263). Together with MIND1 and ARC3, regulates FtsZ ring positioning in chloroplasts in an ARC6-dependent manner (PubMed:29967285). Determines the site of chloroplast division in concert with MIND1 (PubMed:29967285). Not directly involved in ring formation, but required for MIND1 and MINE1 localization to regulate FtsZ ring formation during plastidial constriction (PubMed:29967285).
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX47/RRP3 subfamily.
Expressed in all tissues and organs examined including root, cotyledon, first and second leaves, third and fourth leaves, fifth and sixth leaves, shoot apex, flower, flower bud, cauline leaf and rosette leaves.
Involved in leaf polarity establishment by functioning cooperatively with AS2 to repress abaxial genes ARF3, ARF4, KAN1, KAN2, YAB1 and YAB5, and the knox homeobox genes KNAT1, KNAT2, KNAT6, and STM to promote adaxial development in leaf primordia at shoot apical meristems at high temperatures. Involved in the processing of pre-rRNA intermediates at high temperatures.
Plants are indistinguishable from that of wild-type at 16 degrees Celsius, however they generate a weak phenotype of pointed leaves at 22 degrees Celsius which become narrower at 26 degrees Celsius. In the leaves of plants grown at 26 degrees Celsius, the xylems are located on the adaxial sides and the phloems are on the abaxial sides, similar to those in the wild type. Plants with double mutations in this protein and in AS2 or AS1 protein have abaxialized filamentous and trumpet-like leaves with loss of the adaxial domain at high temperatures. In double mutants, shapes of epidermal cells of the filamentous leaves are simple and rectangular, similar to those of a petiole, but different from those of flat leaves of wild-type plants. The filamentous leaves of the double mutant at 26 degrees Celsius show primitive or no vascular tissue without apparent xylem cells inside the bundle sheath, suggesting defects in differentiation of xylem cells on the adaxial side.
May be involved in the conjugation of reduced glutathione to a wide number of exogenous and endogenous hydrophobic electrophiles.
Delayed flowering mediated by FLC under both long-day and short-day conditions, but normal response to vernalization treatment. Abnormal alternative polyadenylation-dependent FCA expression profile of the known transcripts (PubMed:18298670). Global differentially processed (DPG) and differentially expressed (DEG) stress-associated genes due to alternative polyadenylation, splicing or transcription initiation (PubMed:21364912).
During embryogenesis, first observed at the heart stage. Expressed through the whole developing embryo from the torpedo stage. Disappears in the root tip of the mature embryo and in adult plants. In seedlings, mostly present in the shoot apical meristem and young leaves. In flowers, detected in sepals, stamens and pistils, but not in petals.
Expressed in embryos, seedlings, roots, leaves and flowers.
Homodimer. Forms a complex with cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor (CPSF) subunits CPSF30, CLPS3 and PCFS1.
Promotes flowering by suppressing FLC-mediated inhibition of flowering through the regulation of FCA pre-mRNA alternative processing (PubMed:18298670). Regulates mRNA maturation including alternative polyadenylation, splicing or transcription initiation of stress-associated genes (PubMed:21364912).
Expressed in green siliques, flowers, inflorescence stems and leaves. Not detected in roots.
Probable reductase, but unlike KCR1, has no beta-ketoacyl-coenzyme A reductase activity.
May be involved in non-photochemical quenching, a process that maintains the balance between dissipation and utilization of light energy to minimize generation of oxidizing molecules, thereby protecting the plant against photo-oxidative damage (By similarity). May play a photoprotective role in the thylakoid membrane in response to light stress (Probable).
Present at low levels under low light conditions, but accumulates under high-intensity light. Induced by UV-A illumination. Fades out upon wounding.
Mostly expressed in flowers and buds and, to a lower extent, in roots and yellow siliques. Localized in the floral organ abscission zone.
Major role in the synthesis of nucleoside triphosphates other than ATP. The ATP gamma phosphate is transferred to the NDP beta phosphate via a ping-pong mechanism, using a phosphorylated active-site intermediate. May activate MPK3 and MPK6. May be involved in the regulation of cellular redox state and hydrogen peroxide-mediated MAP kinase signaling.
Component of the SKI complex which is thought to be involved in exosome-mediated RNA decay and associates with transcriptionally active genes in a manner dependent on PAF1 complex (PAF1C) (PubMed:22511887). Involved in the regulation of potassium deprivation stress response (PubMed:21535471).
Expressed in vascular tissues of leaves and roots of young plants.
Induced by low potassium, zeatin and cold stress. Down-regulated by high potassium treatment.
Putative 5'->3' double-stranded DNA exonuclease which may also contain a cryptic 3'->5' double-stranded DNA exonuclease activity. May be involved in DNA mismatch repair (MMR) (By similarity).
Probable transcription factor (By similarity). Seems to promote cell differentiation (PubMed:25564655).
Possesses E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity when associated with the E2 enzyme UBC8 in vitro.
Expressed in xylem cells of inflorescence stems.
Intracellular vesicle trafficking and protein transport. Functions in autophagy. Involved in xylem and tracheary element differentiation.
Plants silencing RABG3B display a significant decrease in the number of both protoxylem and metaxylem cells in the basal region of inflorescence stems.
Expressed in roots, rosette leaves, stems, flowers, siliques and seeds.
Involved in pre-rRNA processing and required for biogenesis of the large (60S) ribosomal subunit. Required for proper development.
Abolished Gram-negative bacteria-mediated promotion of root elongation triggered by the N-acyl-homoserine lactones (AHLs) N-3-oxo-hexanoyl-homoserine lactone (3OC6-HSL) and N-3-oxo-octanoyl-homoserine lactone (3OC8-HSL).
Induced by the N-acyl-homoserine lactones (AHLs) N-3-oxo-hexanoyl-homoserine lactone (3OC6-HSL) and N-3-oxo-octanoyl-homoserine lactone (3OC8-HSL).
Plays a role in plants and microbes interactions (PubMed:22206669). G-protein coupled receptor involved in root growth mediated by the bacterial quorum-sensing signals N-acyl-homoserine lactones (AHLs) (PubMed:18671868, PubMed:22206669).
Sugar-1-kinase with a strict substrate specificity for D-glucuronic acid and ATP. Involved in the biosynthesis of UDP-glucuronic acid (UDP-GlcA), providing nucleotide sugars for cell-wall polymers. May be also involved in a salvage pathway for glucuronic acid (By similarity).
Belongs to the class-II aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family. Phe-tRNA synthetase alpha subunit type 2 subfamily.
Interacts with CDC48A (non-hexameric) via its UBX domain.
Expressed in roots, leaves, stems, flowers and siliques. Most abundant in vascular bundles and in root tips.
Catalyzes the two-step NADP-dependent conversion of GDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-mannose to GDP-fucose, involving an epimerase and a reductase reaction.
Homomultimer. Complex formation involves interaction via the central alpha-helical domain (71-286).
Pale green and unable to grow photoautotrophically on soil.
Required for plastid vesicle formation and thylakoid membrane biogenesis, but not for functional assembly of thylakoid protein complexes.
Expressed in roots, cauline and rosette leaves, stems and flowers.
Expressed predominantly at the S-phase of the cell cycle.
Homodimer and heterodimer with RNR2A. Heterotetramer of two R1 and two R2 chains (By similarity). Interacts with CSN7 (via C-terminal tail).
Provides the precursors necessary for DNA synthesis. Catalyzes the biosynthesis of deoxyribonucleotides from the corresponding ribonucleotides. Involved in DNA damage repair and programmed cell death inhibition.
Accumulates during tracheary element differentiation.
Defects in efflux of the auxin precursor indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) associated with developmental defects such as abnormally long root hairs, increased lateral root production and larger cotyledon expansion (PubMed:19648296, PubMed:20498067). Reduced thymidine and coumarin (e.g. scopolin) exudation in the rhizosphere (PubMed:28623273). Overaccumulation in leaves of 4-O-beta-D-glucosyl-indol-3-yl formamide (4OGlcI3F) upon Blumeria graminis conidiospore inoculation, a pathogen-inducible tryptophan-derived compound, which biosynthesis is dependent on the PEN2 metabolic pathway (PubMed:26023163). Reduced shoot fresh weight (PubMed:20088904). Less sensitive to compatible pathogens (Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato) due to accelerated cell death and lesion formation (PubMed:16415066, PubMed:16473969). Decreased hypersensitive cell death (HR) triggered by the recognition of effectors from oomycete and bacterial pathogens, thus leading to a compromised resistance to incompatible pathogen (e.g. P.syringae pv. tomato DC3000 and Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis) (PubMed:23815470, PubMed:24889055). Increased susceptibility to the necrotrophic pathogen Plectosphaerella cucumerina (PubMed:26023163). Increased sensitivity to the root-penetrating pathogenic fungus Fusarium oxysporum (PubMed:29085068). Extensive leaf chlorosis and reduced fungal growth upon infection by the host-adapted pathogen Golovinomyces orontii associated with an hyperaccumulation of both free and total salicylic acid (SA) as well as pathogen-inducible hydrogen peroxides in leaves (PubMed:26023163). Impaired microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs)-induced (e.g. flg22) callose deposition (PubMed:26023163). Hypersensitivity to root growth inhibition by IBA and 2,4-dichlorophenoxybutyric acid (2,4-DB), an analog of IBA (PubMed:19648296, PubMed:26023163, PubMed:20498067). Higher sensitivity to drought stress (PubMed:20088904). Increased sensitivity to the non adapted fungal pathogen Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and to powdery mildews (e.g. Blumeria graminis and Erysiphe pisi) probably due to the reduction of preinvasion plant defenses upon appressoria formation and leading to lesions at infection sites (PubMed:20605856, PubMed:26023163).
Induced by cycloheximide (CHX), cold/dark treatment, cadmium, lead, sclareol and sclareolide. Repressed by abscisic acid (ABA). Induced by infection of avirulent and virulent bacterial pathogens (Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato with or without avrRpt2, avrRpm1 or avrRps4, respectively) and fungal pathogens (e.g. Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) (PubMed:20605856, PubMed:23815470, PubMed:23836668, PubMed:24889055). Strong focal but transient accumulation outside of the plasma membrane within papillae or at the host-pathogen interface, in response to pathogens and in the presence of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) such as flagellin-derived peptides (e.g. flg22 and elf18), and cell walls of fungal pathogens and insect pests derived molecules (e.g. hydrolyzed chitin); this focal accumulation requires actin and is suppressed by the bacterial effector AvrPto (PubMed:23815470, PubMed:23836668).
Interacts, in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner, with calmodulins CaM3, CaM7 and several CaM-like proteins (CML8, CML9, CML12/CAL4, CML37 and CML38), as well as with calcium regulated proteins CBL4/SOS3 and KIC.
Phosphorylated upon perception of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs); phosphorylations at Ser-40 and Ser-45, which likely regulate transport activity, are required for plant defense against pathogens (e.g. Blumeria graminis), but dispensable for recruitment to the host-pathogen interface and penetration sites (PubMed:26315018, PubMed:28910579). Phosphorylation at Ser-841 seems to be required for protein stability (PubMed:28910579).
Together with ABCG37, regulates auxin homeostasis and responses by playing a dual role in coumarine (e.g. esculin) and in the auxin precursor indole 3-butyric acid (IBA) efflux transport, thus influencing cotyledons, roots and root hairs development (PubMed:26517905, PubMed:19648296, PubMed:28623273, PubMed:20498067). Mediates the transport (export into the apoplast) of distinct indole-type metabolites in distinct biological processes; a precursor of 4-O-beta-D-glucosyl-indol-3-yl formamide (4OGlcI3F), a pathogen-inducible tryptophan-derived compound (e.g. upon Blumeria graminis conidiospore inoculation), being a probable substrate in extracellular pathogen defense (PubMed:26023163). Involved in the cellular detoxification of xenobiotics by promoting the excretion of some auxinic herbicides including 4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)butyric acid (2,4-DB) and other members of the phenoxyalkanoic acid family but not 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) (PubMed:20498067). Mediates thymidine exudation in the rhizosphere (PubMed:28623273). May be a transporter of lignin precursors during tracheary element differentiation (PubMed:28921082). Key factor that controls the extent of cell death in the defense response (PubMed:24889055). Necessary for both callose deposition and glucosinolate activation in response to pathogens (PubMed:23815470, PubMed:26023163). As a central component of nonhost resistance (NHR), required for limiting invasion by nonadapted pathogens including powdery mildews (e.g. Blumeria graminis and Erysiphe pisi), root-penetrating pathogenic fungi (e.g. Fusarium oxysporum), Phakopsora pachyrhizi and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (anthracnose fungi), probably by sensing Ca(2+) via interactions with calmodulins (e.g. CaM7) (PubMed:20605856, PubMed:24889055, PubMed:26023163, PubMed:26315018, PubMed:29085068). Confers resistance to cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb), probably as an efflux pump of Cd2+ or Cd conjugates, and possibly, of chemicals that mediate pathogen resistance. Promotes resistance to abiotic stresses (e.g. drought and salt stress) and favors general growth by preventing sodium accumulation in plants (PubMed:20088904). Required for microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs)- and salicylic acid (SA)-dependent hypersensitive cell death (HR), involving indole glucosinolate breakdown products (e.g. indole-3-acetonitrile), probably in a PEN2 myrosinase-dependent metabolic pathway, triggered by the recognition of effectors from incompatible pathogens including oomycetes and bacteria (e.g. AvrRpm1 and AvrRps4) and benzothiadiazole- (BTH), and leading to an induced protection against pathogens (e.g. Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000, Golovinomyces orontii and Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis) (PubMed:23815470, PubMed:24889055, PubMed:26023163, PubMed:28434950).
Ubiquitous (at protein level). Higher levels in root hairs, stomata, epidermal cells, and hydathodes. Concentrated at the infection site of infected plants, including papillae and haustoria (PubMed:23836668). Accumulates at the periphery of lateral root cap and root epidermal cells, especially in the outer lateral membrane domain facing the environment (PubMed:19648296, PubMed:27803190).
Component of the elongator complex which consists of ELP1/ELO2, ELP2, ELP3/ELO3, ELP4/ELO1, ELP5, and ELP6. Interacts directly with ELP4.
Component of the elongator complex which is required for multiple tRNA modifications, including mcm5U (5-methoxycarbonylmethyl uridine), mcm5s2U (5-methoxycarbonylmethyl-2-thiouridine), and ncm5U (5-carbamoylmethyl uridine) (By similarity). The elongator complex catalyzes formation of carboxymethyluridine in the wobble base at position 34 in tRNAs (By similarity). Promotes organ development by modulating cell division rate. Involved in oxidative stress signaling. Prevents anthocyanins accumulation (PubMed:19500300).
Expressed in leaves, stems, roots, flowers, siliques and guard cells.
Narrow leaves and reduced root growth that results from a decreased cell division rate. Higher resistance to oxidative stress mediated by methyl viologen (MV) that blocks electron transport during photosynthesis and by CsCl in light. Accumulates anthocyanins.
Accumulates during immune responses activated by a variety of NLR proteins.
Disease resistance (R) protein that specifically recognizes the HopBA1 type III effector protein from P.syringae, and triggers cell death (PubMed:28137883). Acts as a NAD(+) hydrolase (NADase): in response to pathogen-recognition, catalyzes cleavage of NAD(+) into ADP-D-ribose (ADPR) and nicotinamide; NAD(+) cleavage triggering a defense system that promotes cell death (PubMed:31439793). In addition to ADPR, also generates a cyclization variant of cyclic ADPR (cADPR), termed v-cADPR, for which the cyclizing bond is unknown (PubMed:31439793). Also able to hydrolyze NADP(+), but not other NAD(+)-related molecules (PubMed:31439793).
Homooligomer; homooligomerization is required for activity.
The TIR domain catalyzes the NAD(+) cleavage (NADase) activity (PubMed:31439793). In contrast to classical TIR-NB-LRR receptor-like proteins, only contains a TIR domain (Probable).
Contains three disulfide bonds; one catalytic disulfide (Cys-119 to Cys-122), one structural disulfide (Cys-148 to Cys-165), and one shuttle disulfide (Cys-177 to Cys-182).
FAD-dependent sulfhydryl oxidase that catalyzes disulfide bond formation (PubMed:14996837, PubMed:16893552). Oxidizes thioredoxin in vitro (PubMed:14996837, PubMed:16893552). Required for the import and folding of small cysteine-containing proteins in the mitochondrial intermembrane space. Forms a redox cycle with MIA40 that involves a disulfide relay system. Important for maintaining the cysteine residues in MIA40 in an oxidized state (By similarity).
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. gTMT family.
Involved in the synthesis of tocopherol (vitamin E). Methylates gamma- and delta-tocopherol to form beta- and alpha-tocopherol, respectively.
Seeds overexpressing VTE4 show increased levels of alpha-tocopherol.
Slight reduction of fresh weight in mature plants. Leaves with high levels of gamma-tocopherol and absence of alpha-tocopherol.
Expressed during the early stages of root primordium development and disappears prior to the emergence of lateral roots from the parent root.
Expression repressed by LDL1 via histone H3 and H4 deacetylation.
Transcription activator that binds DNA on 5'-ACTCTAC-3' and promotes auxin homeostasis-regulating gene expression (e.g. YUC genes), as well as genes affecting stamen development, cell expansion and timing of flowering. Synergistically with other SHI-related proteins, regulates gynoecium, stamen and leaf development in a dose-dependent manner, controlling apical-basal patterning. Promotes style and stigma formation, and influence vascular development during gynoecium development. May also have a role in the formation and/or maintenance of the shoot apical meristem (SAM). Modulates root growth.
PP2A consists of a common heterodimeric core enzyme, composed of a 36 kDa catalytic subunit (subunit C) and a 65 kDa constant regulatory subunit (subunit A), that associates with a variety of regulatory subunits such as subunits B (the R2/B/PR55/B55, R3/B''/PR72/PR130/PR59 and R5/B'/B56 families) (By similarity). Interacts with TAF12B (By similarity) (PubMed:17526916). Interacts with SRK2E/OST1 (PubMed:26175513). Interacts with TAP46.
Reversibly methyl esterified on Leu-306 by leucine carboxyl methyltransferase 1 (LCMT1) and pectin methylesterase 1 (PME1). Carboxyl methylation influences the affinity of the catalytic subunit for the different regulatory subunits, thereby modulating the PP2A holoenzyme's substrate specificity, enzyme activity and cellular localization.
Mostly expressed in leaves, stems and flowers, to a lower extent, in roots, floral bud, inflorescence and siliques, and, barely, in seedlings.
Together with CGF1, essential protein which supports female gametogenesis and embryogenesis, probably by securing local energy supply.
Component of the plastid transcriptionally active chromosome required for plastid gene expression (PubMed:16326926). Interacts with DEGP1 under high light conditions and maybe its degradation target (PubMed:21877139).
Excluded from chloroplast nucleoid when phosphorylated on Thr-451 by STN7 that may regulate membrane-anchoring functions of the nucleoid.
No visible phenotype and normal nucleoids.
Probably involved in the regulation of plastid gene expression.
Acts primarily as positive regulator of inflorescence growth. Endodermal expression is sufficient for proper inflorescence architecture (PubMed:22474391). Redundantly involved with EPFL6 in procambial development regulation. Controls stomatal patterning. Mediates stomatal development inhibition. TMM (AC Q9SSD1) functions to dampen or block CLL2 signaling. Acts as growth-regulatory ligand for ERECTA family receptors.
Expressed at the base of the apical meristem at 3 days after germination. Not detected in the hypocotyl. Expressed in developing stems soon after bolting, in inflorescence stems and in young siliques.
No visible phenotype. Chal and cll2 double mutants are defective in growth, with a short stature, shortened pedicells and compact inflorescence.
Catalyzes the oxidation of N-terminal cysteine residues (N-Cys), thus preparing the protein for N-end rule pathway-mediated proteasomal degradation, upstream of the N-end rule enzymes ATE1, ATE2 and PRT6 (Probable) (PubMed:29848548, PubMed:33207269, PubMed:32868422). Controls the preparation of the group VII ethylene response factor (ERF-VII) proteins for degradation via the 26S proteasome N-end rule pathway (Probable) (PubMed:29848548, PubMed:33207269, PubMed:32868422). Acts as an oxygen sensor that controls the stability of ERF-VII proteins, which are stabilized in flooding-induced hypoxia, and regulate transcriptional adaptation to these adverse conditions (Probable) (PubMed:29848548).
Present in the vascular tissue of radicles from germinating seeds, 6 hours after imbibition (PubMed:25442819). Accumulates in the micropylar endosperm prior to testa rupture (PubMed:25442819).
Together with BIIDXI, acts as a positive regulator of PME3 activity during several developmental processes, including seed germination and endosperm (testa) rupture at the micropyle, probably by modulating the pectin status in cell walls.
Expressed during all stages of embryogenesis.
Expressed in tips, cortical layer and epidermis of roots. Detected in whole seedling, vascular tissues, pith and vascular bundle of young stem, leaves, inflorescence meristem, young floral buds and organ primordia, flowers, developing seeds and through the valve of siliques. Expressed in male meiocytes, pollen, embryo and endosperm.
Part of a SCF E3 ubiquitin ligase complex composed of SKP1, CUL1, RBX1 (RBX1A or RBX1B) and F-box proteins. Interacts with SKIP1, SKIP2, SKIP3, SKIP4, SKIP6, FIB1/SKIP7, PP2A13/SKIP9, SKIP11, PP2B11/SKIP12, PP2A14/SKIP13, SKIP14, SKIP15/FBX3, SKIP16, SKIP17, FBW2/SKIP18, SKIP19/FBL20, SKIP20, PP2B1/SKIP21, SKIP22, SKIP24, SKIP27, SKIP31, SKIP32, SKIP34, ADO1/ZTL, ADO2/LKP2, ADO3/FKF1, AFR, COI1, EBF1, EBF2, EID1, ORE9, PP2A13, PP2B10, TIR1, UFO, SKP2A, CPR1/CPR30, NUP58, At1g55000, At1g67340, At1g78100, At3g04660, At3g61590, At4g38940 and At5g49610. The SKP1B subunit of the SCF E3 ubiquitin ligase complex can probably interact directly with KIN10, KIN11 and the proteasome subunit PAD1. Interacts with SNL1. In case of polerovirus infection, part of a SCF P0 complex composed of the viral silencing suppressor P0, SKP1, and CUL1. Interacts with turnip yellows virus P0.
Forms a heterodimeric complex with ABAP1 (PubMed:18818695). Interacts with SPL (PubMed:25527103, PubMed:25378179).
Plays a pivotal role in the control of morphogenesis of shoot organs by negatively regulating the expression of boundary-specific genes such as CUC genes, probably through the induction of miRNA (e.g. miR164). In association with ABAP1, exerts a negative role in cell proliferation in leaves, possibly by inhibiting mitotic DNA replication. Participates in ovule develpment (PubMed:25378179).
No visible phenotype. Lower content of seed mucilage.
Preferentially expressed during seed development.
Female and male sterility due to production of defective gametes.
Interacts with HOP2, RAD51, LIM15 and MIP1.
Required for proper homologous chromosome pairing and efficient cross-over and intragenic recombination during meiosis.
Required for proper homologous chromosome pairing and efficient cross-over and intragenic recombination during meiosis. Stimulates both DMC1/LIM15- and RAD51-mediated homologous strand assimilation, which is required for the resolution of meiotic double-strand breaks.
Involved in the biosynthesis of tyrosine. Has a weak prephenate dehydrogenase activity.
Unlike TYRAAT1, TYRAAT2 is composed of a single catalytically active domain.
Induced by 2,4-D, but repressed by cycloheximide (CHX).
Multifunctional enzyme that catalyzes the carboxylation of acetyl-CoA, forming malonyl-CoA, which is used in the plastid for fatty acid synthesis and in the cytosol in various biosynthetic pathways including fatty acid elongation.
Expressed in green seedlings and cotyledons. Low levels of expression in roots, siliques and seeds.
By glucose, frustose or sucrose at 300 mM, but not at 100 mM.
Expressed in all tissues tested. Highest expression in flowers, leaves and roots. Lower levels of expression in siliques, stems, ovary, stigma and pollen.
May play a role in growth and development.
Expressed in shoots, roots, stems, leaves and flowers.
Component of LSM protein complexes, which are involved in RNA processing.
Component of the heptameric LSM1-LSM7 complex that forms a seven-membered ring structure with a donut shape. The LSM subunits are arranged in the order LSM1, LSM2, LSM3, LSM6, LSM5, LSM7 and LSM4 (PubMed:23221597, PubMed:23620288). LSM2 subunit interacts only with its two neighboring subunits, LSM1A or LSM1B and LSM3A or LSM3B (PubMed:23221597). Component of the heptameric LSM2-LSM8 complex that forms a seven-membered ring structure with a donut shape. The LSM subunits are arranged in the order LSM8, LSM2, LSM3, LSM6, LSM5, LSM7 and LSM4 (PubMed:23221597, PubMed:23620288). LSM2 subunit interacts only with its two neighboring subunits, LSM8 and LSM3A or LSM3B (PubMed:23221597).
By wounding and methyl jasmonate (MeJa). Down-regulated by salicylic acid (SA).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but plants contain reduced levels of aliphatic glucosinolates.
Plastidic transporter involved in the biosynthesis of aliphatic glucosinolates by translocating the biosynthetic intermediates of Met-derived glucosinolates across chloroplast membranes. Transports short chain (C2) alpha-keto acids, such as 4-methylsulfanyl-2-oxobutanoic acid, from the cytosol to the chloroplast where they are subjected to chain elongation cycles. Functions also in the transport of chain-elongated (C3 to C8) Met derivatives from the chloroplast to the cytosol. Does not seem to be involved in the transport of indole-derived glucosinolates.
By ABA, dehydration, wounding and salt treatment.
Hydrolyzes abscisic acid glucose ester (ABA-GE) which represents the predominant form of conjugated ABA (biologically inactive). No activity with beta-D-glucopyranosyl zeatin. The hydrolysis of ABA-GE in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) forms free ABA and contributes to increase its cellular levels under dehydration conditions. ABA-GE hydrolyzing activity is enhanced by dehydration stress-induced polymerization into higher molecular weight forms. The ABA produced by BGLU18 contributes to the initiation of intracellular signaling as well as the increase in the extracellular ABA level.
Polymerization into higher molecular weight forms displays diurnal fluctuation, similar to the ABA level.
Reduced growth, yellow leaf, defective stomatal closure in the dark, increased transpirational water loss, sensitive response to dehydration, lower germination efficiency and decreased ABA levels.
Seeds and hydathodes of rosette and cauline leaves.
Mutants display a reduced rosette width, a later flowering time and an altered leaf K(+) and Na(+) contents (PubMed:16513816). No defect in male fertility, due to redundancy with CHX23. Chx21 and chx23 double mutants are male sterile (PubMed:21239645).
Operates as a Na(+)/H(+) antiporter that plays a role in regulation of xylem Na(+) concentration and, consequently, Na(+) accumulation in the leaf. Required for pollen tube guidance, but not for normal pollen development. May also be involved in the development or function of the female gametophyte.
Specifically expressed in root endodermal cells (PubMed:16513816). Expressed in seedlings, roots, leaves, flowers, flower buds and pollen.
Forms homomers and heteromers with SUN4. Interacts with SUN1, SUN2, SUN5, TIK and WIP1.
No visible phenotype. Embryo lethal when associated with disruption mutants SUN4 and SUN5.
By salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (MJ), ethylene, abscisic acid (ABA), dark and infection with the fungal pathogen A.brassicicola and cucumber mosaic virus (CMV).
Expressed in cauline leaves and flowers.
One of the essential components for the initiation of protein synthesis. Protects formylmethionyl-tRNA from spontaneous hydrolysis and promotes its binding to the 30S ribosomal subunits. Also involved in the hydrolysis of GTP during the formation of the 70S ribosomal complex (By similarity).
Cleaves the arabidiol side chain at C15 to form 14-apo-arabidiol and a side-chain fragment (PubMed:23570231, PubMed:25724638). Involved in the biosynthesis of the volatile homoterpene (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene (DMNT) in roots. Involved in the production of DMNT by degrading the triterpene arabidiol. May be involved in the defense again the fungal root pathogen Pythium irregulare by producing DMNT (PubMed:25724638).
Expressed in root stele, root cortex, root epidermis, root pericycle of the root hair zone, and quiescent center at the root meristematic zone.
Catalyzes the stereospecific oxidation of squalene to (S)-2,3-epoxysqualene, and is considered to be a rate-limiting enzyme in steroid biosynthesis. Can produce not only oxidosqualene, but also 2,3:22,23-dioxidosqualene.
Catalytic subunit of cellulose synthase terminal complexes ('rosettes'), required for beta-1,4-glucan microfibril crystallization, a major mechanism of the cell wall formation. Involved in the primary cell wall formation. Required during embryogenesis for cell elongation, orientation of cell expansion and complex cell wall formations, such as interdigitated pattern of epidermal pavement cells, stomatal guard cells and trichomes. Plays a role in lateral roots formation, but seems not necessary for the development of tip-growing cells such as root hairs. The presence of each protein CESA1 and CESA6 is critical for cell expansion after germination.
Expressed in germinating seeds, seedlings, roots, stems, shoots leaves and flowers, but not in mature flowers.
Expressed throughout the embryo during all steps of embryogenesis, and decrease toward the bent-cotyledon stage. Higher levels in tissues undergoing primary cell wall formation, and drop of expression when secondary wall synthesis takes place. High levels in developing seedlings and elongating stems, with a decrease at later growth stages.
Interacts with CESA3 and CESA6. Assembly with CESA3 and CESA6 is required for functional complex in primary cell wall cellulose synthesis. Interacts with STL1 and STL2, but not with GOT1 (PubMed:27277162). Binds to CSI1 (PubMed:20616083). Interacts with PAT24/TIP1 (PubMed:35644016).
Belongs to the complex I 24 kDa subunit family.
Catalyzes the rate-limiting step of the oxidative pentose-phosphate pathway, which represents a route for the dissimilation of carbohydrates besides glycolysis.
Seems to be a catalytically inactive enzyme.
Binds DNA as a dimer. Interacts with NPR1, NPR3 and NPR4. Interacts with GRXC9/GRX480.
Expressed predominantly in roots and flowers.
Expressed primarily in roots of young seedlings and later expressed in aging cotyledons, mesophyll cells of hydathodes on leaf margins, vascular tissue and trichomes of senescing rosette leaves. Also detected in young lateral roots and in mature pollen grains.
Transcriptional activator that binds specifically to the DNA sequence 5'-TGACG-3'. Recognizes ocs elements like the as-1 motif of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter. Binding to the as-1-like cis elements mediate auxin- and salicylic acid-inducible transcription. May be involved in the induction of the systemic acquired resistance (SAR) via its interaction with NPR1. Could also bind to the Hex-motif (5'-TGACGTGG-3') another cis-acting element found in plant histone promoters (By similarity).
Probable component of the HRD1 ubiquitin ligase complex that mediates the rapid degradation of misfolded endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proteins, a process called ER-associated degradation (ERAD). Targets the misfolded LRR receptor kinase BRI1. Functions redundantly with HRD3A.
Catalyzes the reversible transfer of the terminal phosphate group between ATP and AMP. Plays an important role in cellular energy homeostasis, adenine nucleotide metabolism and plant growth.
Enhanced root growth and increased amino acid biosynthetis in the light period.
Belongs to the pseudouridine synthase TruD family.
Albino seeds that fail to germinate or yield very slow-growing seedlings and stunted plants. The seeds of the double mutant plants cfm3a-4 and cfm3b-2 fail to germinate.
Binds specific group II introns in chloroplasts and facilitates their splicing. Acts on subgroup IIB introns. The substrates of the subgroup IIB also require the CRM domain proteins CAF1 or CAF2, with a simultaneous binding of CFM3A and CAF1 or CAF2. Required for seed development. May influence the biogenesis of the mitochondrial small ribosomal subunit.
Interacts with RNA. Part of large ribonucleo-protein particles that contain CAF1 and/or CAF2, and RNC1.
Expressed in young seedlings in both darkness and light. Moderate in leaves and very low in roots and flowers. Expressed in the elongation zone of the root and hypocotyl.
Increased hypocotyl growth inhibition and cotyledon unfolding responses in the very low fluence response (VLFR) mode. Reduced phototropic response. Reduced hyponasty when grown under blue light. Loss of negative root phototropism. Auxin accumulation in protoplasts.
Interacts with PKS2, RPT3, PHOT1, PHOT2 and the C-termini of both phytochromes A (phyA) and B (phyB). Binds both spectral forms of phytochrome, Pr and Pfr.
May be responsible for light-regulated cytoplasmic sequestration of phytochromes or may be a negative regulator of phytochrome B signaling. Component of the network that modulates the very low-fluence response (VLFR) branch of phyA signaling. Acts positively in PHOT1 signaling. Regulates phytochrome-mediated photomorphogenesis and hypocotyl phototropism. Involved in the control of leaf flattening and leaf positioning. Promotes negative root phototropism and negatively regulates root gravitropism. May act by controlling auxin homeostasis.
PKS1, PKS2 and/or PKS4 are essential for phototropism but not for inhibition of gravitropism under long-term blue light irradiation.
Phosphorylated on Ser and to a lower extent on Thr by phytochromes. Phosphorylation is stimulated twofold by red light.
Up-regulated by white, red, far-red and blue light.
Binds and inhibits CYCD2-1/CDKA-1 complex kinase activity. Regulates cell division which is crucial for plant growth, development and morphogenesis. May inhibit CDK kinases specifically involved in the G1/S phase transition.
Down-regulated by KIN10 under a phosphorylation-dependent manner.
Expressed in both ovules and anthers during meiosis and disappears before gametophytic mitosis. Present in uninucleate microspore and bicellular pollen, and, to a lower extent, in immature tricellular pollen and mature tricellular pollen.
Expressed in newly formed organs such as the shoot apex. Expressed in cotyledon, primary root and marginal region of the leaves as well as in developing pollen.
Specifically interacts with CDKA-1, but not with CDKB1-1. Interacts with CYCD1-1, CYCD4-1 and RHF1A. Binds to FBL17. Interacts with KIN10 (PubMed:23617622). Interacts with CYCD3-1 (PubMed:23617622).
The phosphorylation at Thr-152 by KIN10 represses its activity.
Ubiquitinated by RHF1A and SCF(FBL17). Ubiquitination leads to its subsequent degradation, thus controlling cell cycle progression.
Overexpression of GLUTAMINE DUMPER 2 leads to free amino acid levels accumulation and plant size decrease (Ref.8, PubMed:20018597).
Involved in protein export. Probably interacts with other proteins to allow the translocation of proteins across the chloroplast thylakoid membranes. Required for normal greening during embryogenesis. Central subunit of the protein translocation channel SecYE. Consists of two halves formed by TMs 1-5 and 6-10. These two domains form a lateral gate at the front which open onto the bilayer between TMs 2 and 7, and are clamped together by SecE at the back. The channel is closed by both a pore ring composed of hydrophobic SecY resides and a short helix (helix 2A) on the extracellular side of the membrane which forms a plug (By similarity).
Part of the Sec protein translocation apparatus. Interacts with SECE1, ALB3 and probably with SECA1.
Accumulates during flower development (at protein level).
Carrier protein that may be involved in membrane-trafficking events associated with cell plate formation during cytokinesis. Binds to some hydrophobic molecules and promotes their transfer between the different cellular sites. Binds to phosphoinositides with a preference for PtdIns(5)P, PtdIns(4,5)P2 and PtdIns(3)P.
Expressed ubiquitously with higher levels in expanding roots and leaves (at protein level).
Unstable and lacks the key conserved region and thus would presumably lack the catalytic activity.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class YlqF/YawG GTPase family. NOA1 subfamily.
Constitutively expressed. Induced by abscisic acid (ABA) and lipopolysaccharides.
Exhibits cGTPase activity; binds and hydrolyzes specifically GTP (PubMed:18801746). May participate in ribosome assembly and stability and thus regulates protein synthesis in chloroplasts. The GTPase activity requires MgCl(2)and the presence of either KCl or (NH(4))(2)SO(4). Involved in the post-transcriptional regulation of the methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway. Involved in chlorophyll-a fluorescence regulation.
Expressed in aleurone layer and the embryo.
May mediate the production or accumulation of nitric oxide (NO) which is a messenger molecule involved in hormonal signaling and defense responses in plant (PubMed:14526079, PubMed:16272429, PubMed:16690168, PubMed:17351048). Acts as an antisenescence agent. Plays a crucial role in both extracellular calmodulin (ExtCaM)-triggered and salicylic acid (SA)-mediated H(2)O(2)-dependent stomatal closure.
Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity is dubious.
Pale seedlings with a delayed development and greening of true leaves resulting in small plants with a characteristic virescent phenotype of pale young leaves but green mature leaves. Loss of NOS activity in mitochondria. Reduced extracellular calmodulin- (ExtCaM-) triggered and salicylic acid (SA)-mediated increase in NO levels and subsequent H(2)O(2)-dependent stomatal closure. Faster dark-induced senescence in leaves. Higher accumulation of hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anion, oxidized lipid, and oxidized protein. Increased hypersensitivity to salt stress and methyl viologen (MV) treatment. Enhanced accumulation of Na(+) but reduced accumulation of K(+) when exposed to NaCl leading to an enhanced sensitivity to salt. Post-transcriptional up-regulation of the methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway. Enhanced resistance to fosmidomycin (FSM). Disturbed chlorophyll-a fluorescence induction in response to temperature variation, accompanied with altered polyamines accumulation.
Stimulated by calcium/calmodulin. Inhibited by L-NAME. Not activated by tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), FAD, FMN, or heme.
Belongs to the Nudix hydrolase family. DCP2 subfamily.
Catalytic component of the decapping complex necessary for the degradation of mRNAs, both in normal mRNA turnover and in nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. Removes the 7-methyl guanine cap structure from mRNA molecules, yielding a 5'-phosphorylated mRNA fragment and 7m-GDP. Essential for postembryonic development, especially during the formation of the shoot apical meristem (SAM).
Homodimer. Catalytic component of the decapping complex. Interacts with DCP1, DCP5 and VCS.
Lethal phenotype at the seedling cotyledon stage that are small and chlorotic, with disorganized veins, swollen root hairs, and altered epidermal cell morphology. Altered RNA decay.
Catalyzes the transfer of a sulfur ion from a donor to cyanide or to other thiol compounds. Substrate preference is thiosulfate > 3-mercaptopyruvate.
By treatment with high concentrations of salt.
Expressed in hypocotyls, cotyledons, leaves and anthers.
No visible phenotype under normal growth condition, but hypersensitivity to elevated levels of salt.
Zinc transporter involved response to salt stress. May act through the regulation of zinc levels required to induce the unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway.
Atypical and probable non DNA-binding bHLH transcription factor that integrates multiple signaling pathways to regulate cell elongation and plant development. May have a regulatory role in various aspects of gibberellin-dependent growth and development.
Plants over-expressing PRE5 show long hypocotyls, pale green and slightly narrow leaves, elongated petioles and early flowering. They are not sensitive to the gibberellin inhibitor paclobutrazol during seed germination (PubMed:16527868).
Constitutively expressed, but the negative feedback maintains the active isoform a low level throughout much of the plant, except in meristematic cells at a specific time in development.
Interacts (via C-terminus) with SWI3B and (via WW domain) with FY (via PPLPP motifs).
Negative feedback mediated by FCA itself.
Plays a major role in the promotion of the transition of the vegetative meristem to reproductive development. Plays a role in the regulation of flowering time in the autonomous flowering pathway by decreasing FLOWERING LOCUS C mRNA levels. Required for RNA-mediated chromatin silencing of a range of loci in the genome. Cotranscriptionally recognizes aberrant RNA and marks it for silencing. Controls alternative cleavage and polyadenylation on pre-mRNAs and antisense RNAs. Acts redundantly with FPA to prevent the expression of distally polyadenylated antisense RNAs at the FLC locus.
The WW domain is required for autoregulation of FCA expression.
Expressed in the rib meristem and inter-primordial tissue of the inflorescence apex.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX52/ROK1 subfamily.
Expressed specifically in the pollen tube, predominantly at the tip.
Impaired response to the ovular attractant LURE1.2.
Interacts with ROPGEF8, ROPGEF9, ROPGEF12, ROPGEF13, PRK3, LIP1 and LIP2 (PubMed:26961657). Binds to LURE peptides via its LRR repeats; interacts with LURE1.1, LURE1.2, LURE1.3 and LURE1.4 (PubMed:29109411).
Key receptor for sensing species-specific attractants in cooperation with other pollen receptor-like kinases (PubMed:26961657). Essential for pollen tube reorientation toward attractant peptides (PubMed:26961657, PubMed:29109411).
The juxtamembrane domain (288-383) is required for interactions with ROPGEFs, while the kinase domain (384-659) is required for pollen tube growth.
The protein kinase domain may be catalytically impaired due to the lack of the conserved Asp active site at position 512, which is replaced by a Asn residue.
Accumulates in response to salt (e.g. NaCl) and osmotic stresses (e.g. mannitol).
Binds phosphatidic acid. Protein tyrosine phosphatase that exhibits also lipid phosphatase activity. Hydrolyzed poorly p-nitrophenyl phosphate (p-NPP). Can use PtdIns isomers as substrates. Removes efficiently phosphate from the D3 position of the inositol ring, less from the D4 position and not at all from the D5 position on monophosphorylated PtdIns isomers (PIPs). The presence of a phosphate group in the D5 position on PIP(2) isomers reduces lipid phosphatase activity. Mostly active on PtdIns(3)P and PtdIns(3,4)P(2), to a lower extent, on PtdIns(4)P and PtdIns(3,5)P(2), but barely against PtdIns(3,4,5)P(3) as substrate.
Expressed in seedlings, roots, stems, leaves, flowers and siliques. However, at protein level, not observed in older leaves and mature siliques.
By abscisic acid (ABA) (PubMed:22313226, PubMed:25219309). Induced by heat shock (PubMed:25219309). Induced by cold, drought stress and methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) treatment (PubMed:17158162).
Delayed leaf senescence and enhanced drought resistance (PubMed:22313226). Enhanced heat resistance (PubMed:25219309).
Expressed in roots, rosette leaves, cauline leaves, shoot apex and stems.
Expressed in the anthers and the upper parts of the stamen filaments after stage 7 to 9 of flower budding. In stage 10 flower buds, expressed in the anthers and pollen grains. Weakly expressed in mature flowers at stage 12.
Transcriptional activator activated by proteolytic cleavage through regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP) (Ref.6, PubMed:24323506, PubMed:25219309). Promotes reactive oxygen species (ROS) production during drought-induced leaf senescence. In response to abscisic acid (ABA)-mediated drought stress signals, binds directly to the promoters of RBOHC and RBOHE genes, encoding ROS biosynthetic enzymes, resulting in ROS accumulation and triggering leaf senescence via programmed cell death (PCD). ROS-induced leaf senescence sustains plant survival under drought conditions (PubMed:22313226). Involved in heat stress response. Modulates PCD through a ROS-mediated positive feedback control under heat stress conditions. This may provide an adaptation strategy for plant survival under extreme heat stress conditions (PubMed:25219309). Acts as repressor in preventing anther dehiscence during stamen development by suppressing genes that participate in jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis, such as DAD1, AOS, AOC3, OPR3 and 4CLL5/OPCL1 (PubMed:24323506).
Component of the small ribosomal subunit. Mature ribosomes consist of a small (40S) and a large (60S) subunit. The 40S subunit contains about 33 different proteins and 1 molecule of RNA (18S). The 60S subunit contains about 49 different proteins and 3 molecules of RNA (25S, 5.8S and 5S). Interacts with ribosomal protein S21.
Required for the assembly and/or stability of the 40S ribosomal subunit. Required for the processing of the 20S rRNA-precursor to mature 18S rRNA in a late step of the maturation of 40S ribosomal subunits.
Was originally thought to be a laminin receptor.
Collaborates with REM4.1 to positively regulate the BCTV and BSCTV susceptibility.
Forms homodimer and heterodimer with REM4.1 (PubMed:25289013). Interacts with KIN11 (PubMed:25289013).
Slightly reduced susceptibility to Beet Curly Top Virus and Beet Severe Curly Top Virus. The double mutant rem4.1 rem4.2 displays resistance to BCTV and BSCTV.
Expressed at maximal levels after first day of cell growth.
Present in all tissues examined. Slightly lower levels in roots.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase which accepts ubiquitin from an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme in the form of a thioester and then directly transfers the ubiquitin to targeted substrates. Promotes polyubiquitination of target proteins.
Expressed in leaves, roots, trichomes, stipules, and also in anthers and stigma of flowers.
Heterologous expression of ZIFL1 in yeast leads to increased resistance to 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), aluminum and thallium. Not involved in zinc stress resistance.
Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporter probably involved in 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) export (PubMed:19440702). K(+) may be the physiological substrate of the transporter (PubMed:23524662).
Mediates drought stress tolerance by regulating stomatal closure.
Modulates root auxin-related processes. Involved in auxin efflux and acts as a positive regulator of shootward transport at the root apex. May mediate proton efflux from the vacuolar compartment.
No visible phenotype when grown under normal conditions (PubMed:23524662). No visible phenotype when grown in presence of zinc (PubMed:17277087). Hypersensitivity to drought stress and auxin-related defects (PubMed:23524662).
Predominantly expressed in roots and stomatal guard cells. Detected in anther stamen filaments and shoot apical meristem. In the mature portion of roots, restricted to the cortex. At the root tip, highly expressed in both the cortical and epidermal cell layers of the apical meristem and the transition zone, while absent from the quiescent center or the columella cells. Not detected in lateral root primordia.
Probable transcription factor that binds specific DNA sequence.
Fatty acid desaturase involved in the production of chloroplast-specific phosphatidylglycerol molecular species containing 16:1(3E). Catalyzes the formation of a trans double bond introduced close to the carboxyl group of palmitic acid, which is specifically esterified to the sn-2 glyceryl carbon of phosphatidylglycerol.
No visible phenotype, but missing a chloroplast-specific phosphatidylglycerol molecular species that carries a delta 3-trans-hexadecenoic acid in the sn-2 position of its core glyceryl moiety.
Activated by coenzyme A (CoA), aspartate, succinate and fumarate. Repressed by oxaloacetate, glucose and ATP.
During embryogenesis, present in the embryo at the globular and heart stages. Detected in the funiculus and vascular tissues of the siliques. During germination, restricted to the proximal part of the radicle having root hairs to later expands toward the meristematic region, except for the root tip. Strongly expressed in hypocotyls and cotyledons 6 days after imbibition. Present in primary leaves. In developed flowers expressed in sepals and filaments. In developing siliques, present at both ends, the stigmatic papillae and the abscission zone.
Expressed in leaves, stems, flowers and roots. Particularly present in vasculatures, trichome basal cells and hydatodes.
Belongs to the CbiX family. SirB subfamily.
Binds 2 [4Fe-4S] clusters per dimer. The [4Fe-4S] cluster quickly oxidizes to a [2Fe-2S] form in the presence of oxygen.
Chelates iron to the siroheme precursor. Catalyzes the last step of the siroheme biosynthesis. Unlike its counterparts in bacteria, contains an [Fe-S] cluster which is not involved directly in the enzymatic reaction, but may play regulatory role in iron, sulfur and tetrapyrrole metabolism (PubMed:15545265, PubMed:22414210). The [Fe-S] cluster is required for normal plant growth (PubMed:22414210).
Expressed in stems, leaves and flowers. Strong expression in the stamens of flowers.
Plants overexpressing MPT1/PHT3;3 display increased sensitivity to salt stress.
Delayed seed germination, retarded growth and reduced size and height.
Highly expressed in roots and meristemic regions of young seedlings (PubMed:31359042). Expressed at low levels in stems, trichomes and stigma (PubMed:31359042).
Involved in the splicing of group II introns in mitochondria (PubMed:31359042). Required for the splicing of mitochondrial introns found in nad1, nad2, nad4, nad5, nad7, rps3 and cox2 genes (PubMed:31359042). Splicing of mitochondrial introns is crucial for mitochondrial biogenesis and function, plant growth and development, and plant response to abiotic stresses (PubMed:31359042).
Belongs to the ZIP transporter (TC 2.A.5) family. KE4/Catsup subfamily.
May participate in auxin metabolism or response. Probable transporter.
Belongs to the histone deacetylase family. HD type 3 subfamily.
Involved in indole glucosinolate biosynthesis. Catalyzes methoxylation reactions of the glucosinolate indole ring. Converts the hydroxy intermediates 4-hydroxy-indol-3-yl-methylglucosinolate (4OH-I3M) and 1-hydroxy-indol-3-yl-methylglucosinolate (1OH-I3M) to 4-methoxy-indol-3-yl-methylglucosinolate (4MO-I3M) and 1-methoxy-indol-3-yl-methylglucosinolate, respectively.
CPN60B1, CPN60B2 or CPN60B3 cannot complement the function of CPN60B4.
Involved specifically in the folding of NDHH, a subunit of the chloroplast NADH dehydrogenase-like complex (NDH).
No visible phenotype besides impaired NDH activity.
Part of the Cpn60 complex composed of 7 alpha and 7 beta subunits. Can also form a complex composed of 14 beta subunits only. Both complexes show ATPase activity. The Cpn60 complex interacts with the Cpn10 complex. Interacts with NDHH.
The C-terminus (568-611) is required for efficient NDHH folding, but not for the formation of the chaperonin complex.
Endonuclease RNase P responsible for the 5' maturation of tRNA precursors (PubMed:22549728, PubMed:26655022). Preferentially binds precursor tRNAs containing short 5' leaders and 3' trailers (PubMed:26655022). Also involved in the maturation of mRNA and small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) (PubMed:22549728).
Monomer; forms dimers in crystallo but monomers in solution (PubMed:26655022).
No visible phenotype; due to the redundancy with PRORP3. Prorp2 and prorp3 double mutant is lethal.
Catalyzes the oxidation of cytokinins, a family of N(6)-substituted adenine derivatives that are plant hormones, where the substituent is an isopentenyl group (PubMed:20825956). Catalyzes in vitro the oxidation of various types of cytokinin nucleotides that are known as direct products of cytokinin biosynthesis (PubMed:20825956).
Expressed in the vasculature of roots, hypocotyls, cotyledons and leaves of young seedlings (PubMed:24528491). In flowers, expressed in the transmitting tissue of the gynoecium prior to pollination (PubMed:24528491). Expressed in the mature embryo sac with maximum activity in the egg cell and the synergids (PubMed:24528491).
Plants over-expressing CKX7 have reduced cytokinin content, and seedling primary root does not develop lateral roots (PubMed:24528491). Plants over-expressing CKX7 show reduced leaf size, plant height and number of flowers, and increased number of lateral branches (PubMed:24528491).
Could be the product of a pseudogene. Lacks the 4 disulfide bonds, which are conserved features of the family.
Catalyzes the hydrolysis of the thioester bond of 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoyl-CoA (DHNA-CoA) in peroxisomes, a necessary step to form the naphthoquinone ring of phylloquinone (vitamin K(1)). Is not active on benzoyl-CoA, phenylacetyl-CoA, succinyl-CoA and palmitoyl-CoA thioesters.
Mostly expressed in roots, stems, leaves and siliques.
N6-adenine methyltransferase which modifies the AA dinucleotide at the plant mitochondrial 18S rRNA nucleotides A1914 and A1915. Not active as mitochondrial transcription factor.
No visible phenotype when grown under normal conditions or under cold stress, but lack of methylation of the adenosine dinucleotide present in the mitochondrial 18S rRNA.
Contains a Phe residue instead of a Tyr in position 151, the Tyr residue being essential in substrate recognition by ACS enzymes.
Expressed in roots. Expressed at low level in leaves, stems, flowers and siliques.
Catalyzes the conversion of methylthioalkyl glucosinolates into methylsulfinylalkyl glucosinolates. Able to S-oxygenate both desulfo- and intact 4-methylthiobutyl glucosinolates, but no activity with methionine, dihomomethionine or 5-methylthiopentaldoxime.
Increased accumulation of methylthiobutyl, -pentyl and -heptyl glucosinolates in leaves. No effects in seeds.
Mainly expressed in leaves. Low levels in flowers and seeds.
Expressed in shoots, roots, siliques and flowers, and, slightly, in developing seeds.
In shoots, restricted to the apical meristem (SAM) (PubMed:27006488). In roots, detected only in adventitious root primordia, lateral root primordia, and the root tip meristem (PubMed:27006488). In flowers, expressed in vascular tissues of sepals and petals as well as in stamen filaments and pollen (PubMed:27006488). In young siliques, confined to the style and silique funiculus (PubMed:27006488). In mature siliques, restricted to the abscission zone (PubMed:27006488). During embroygenesis, first expressed at very low levels in seeds at the early developmental stages; accumulates slightly in the late stages (PubMed:27006488).
No obvious phenotype (PubMed:27006488). The smo2-1 smo2-2 double mutant accumulates the 4alpha-methylsterols 24-ethylidene lophenol and 24-ethyl lophenol, and is embryonic lethal, arrested in early stages with an altered endosperm development, probably due to disturbed auxin flux and responses (PubMed:27006488).
Non-heme iron oxygenase involved in sterols biosynthesis by catalyzing the removal of the second methyl group at the C-4 position (PubMed:11707264). 24-ethylidenelophenol and 24-ethyllophenol are the preferred substrates (PubMed:11707264). Together with SMO2-1, required during embryogenesis, probably by maintaining sterols and auxin homeostasis (PubMed:27006488).
Involved in the metabolism of all major classes of plastid RNAs. Required for efficient 3'-end processing of mRNAs and 3'-end maturation of rRNA transcripts, but is not sufficient to mediate their degradation. Mediates tRNA degradation. May function as a poly(A) mRNA 3'-5' degrading phosphorylase. May be required for plastid ribosome assembly and non-coding RNA biogenesis and accumulation. Seems not required for efficient translation.
A stretch of 270 kb of the mitochondrial genome is duplicated within the centromere of chromosome 2 resulting in the duplication of the gene. The expression of this duplicated gene (At2g07708) is demonstrated.
Levels follow a circadian cycle with higher levels during the night and lower levels in light phases (PubMed:17145720). Accumulates in darkness within 24 hours, but repressed by light and the product of photosynthesis (e.g. sucrose) (PubMed:17145720). Induced by sucrose depletion, but activated by glucose, mannitol or sorbitol (PubMed:17145720). Triggered by gibberellic acid (GA) and salt stresses (e.g. NaCl and KCl) (PubMed:17145720). Suppressed by a high concentration of calcium Ca(2+) and of other metal ions, including magnesium, cadmium, manganese, nickel and zinc (PubMed:17145720). Up-regulated by cold treatment (e.g. transfert from 22 to 4 degrees Celsius) (PubMed:17145720). Down-regulated by flagellin peptide flg22 (PubMed:17145720).
Predominantly expressed in roots (e.g. in endodermis in the stele) and stems, to a lower extent in shoots, flowers and siliques, and, at low levels, in leaves.
Accumulates essentially in meristematic active tissues. In seedlings, expressed in primary roots, shoot apical meristems (SAMs), cotyledons, and vascular tissues. Later observed in lateral root primordia, root tips, SAMs and young leaves.
Affected cell division in meristems but normal final cell sizes. Earlier flowering and smaller plant size. Enhanced sensitivity to methyl methanesulfonate (MMS), a genotoxic agent that damages DNA bases. Enhanced expression of some transposons. When associated with ROS1 disruption, restored silencing of some genes associated with increased histone H3 acetylation and histone H3 'Lys-4' methylation (H3K4me2), but decreased histone H3 'Lys-9' methylation (H3K9me2) in their promoter.
Belongs to the replication factor A protein 2 family.
Component of the replication protein A complex (RPA) required for DNA recombination, repair and replication. The activity of RPA is mediated by single-stranded DNA binding and protein interactions. Required fo cell division in meristems. Involved in the maintenance of transcriptional epigenetic gene silencing (TGS) at specific loci (including some transposons) by regulating histone H3 acetylation, 'Lys-4' and 'Lys-9' methylation.
Heterotrimer of RPA1, RPA2 and RPA3 (canonical replication protein A complex) (By similarity). Interacts with ROS1. Binds to ASE1/At3g02920, PDX2, At5g62350, RPA1A/At2g06510, ARF1/At1g10630, At4g18590 and At3g52630.
Phosphorylated in a cell-cycle-dependent manner (from the S phase until mitosis). In response to DNA damage, recruited to DNA-repair nuclear foci, as a hypophosphorylated form (By similarity).
Strongly expressed in shoot and root meristems. Present in seedlings, roots, leaves, siliques and flowers.
By wounding, water and cold stresses; in response to plant hormones 2,4-D, BAP, GA3, SA, MeJA and ABA treatment; in response to L-Ser, Hyp and L-Pro treatment.
Early expressed in the whole plant. Detected in the leaves of 2 and 4 weeks old rosettes, but not in 6-weeks-old rosettes. Detected specifically in roots from the mature plant (6-weeks old).
Extensins contain a characteristic repeat of the pentapeptide Ser-Pro(4). For this particular extensin, a typical repeat of Ser-Pro(3) is found. In both cases, the proline residues are hydroxylated and then O-glycosylated (arabinosylation).
In cv. Landsberg erecta, absence of several repeats.
Predominantly expressed in the roots. Not detected in the leaves, nor in flowers or flower buds. Wounding reverses this pattern, turning on the gene in the leaves and repressing it in the roots.
Casein kinases are operationally defined by their preferential utilization of acidic proteins such as caseins as substrates. Can phosphorylate casein on serine and threonine residues, and poly(Glu,Tyr) in vitro.
Cys-120 and Cys-313 are oxidized to sulfinic acid.
Possesses glyoxalase I activity. Catalyzes the conversion of hemimercaptal, formed from methylglyoxal and glutathione, to S-lactoylglutathione. May be involved in oxidative stress response.
Does not emit (E)-beta-caryophyllene, alpha-copaene and alpha-humulene.
Expressed exclusively in flowers. Expressed in the flower stigmata and also detected in the mesocarp cell layers of the silique wall.
Induced in response to the caterpillar P.xylostella feeding.
Involved in sesquiterpene (C15) biosynthesis. The major products are beta-caryophyllene and alpha-humulene. Does not convert geranyl diphosphate (GPP) to any monoterpenes.
Expressed in roots and specific parts such as the trichomes of leaves, cotyledon veins, as well as in stamen and gynoecium of flowers.
Regulatory subunit of pyrophosphate--fructose 6-phosphate 1-phosphotransferase.
Binds DNA as a dimer. The reduced form interacts with NPR1.
Acts redundantly with KIN13A to modulate cell wall synthesis and cell expansion via the THE1 pathway.
In roots by phosphate starvation. Repressed by auxin, cytokinins, and the Pi analog phosphite (Phi).
Inhibited by protonophores (e.g. 2,4-dinitrophenol and carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone), the plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase inhibitor diethylstilbestorol, and the phosphate analog arsenate.
Mostly expressed in roots, especially in trichoblasts and in emerging secondary roots and root hairs, but not in root tips. Also present in hydathodes, axillary buds and peripheral endosperm of germinating seeds.
Ubiquitinated by NLA. Ubiquitination of PHT1-1 leads to its degradation by the proteasome.
Belongs to the aldo/keto reductase family. Aldo/keto reductase 2 subfamily.
Belongs to the RecA family. DMC1 subfamily.
Double stacked ring-shaped homooctamer (By similarity). Interacts with BRCA2A and BRCA2B (PubMed:16415210).
Expressed in mitotic and/or meiotic tissues. Expressed in roots, leaves and anthers and carpels of young fower buds.
May participate in meiotic recombination, specifically in homologous strand assimilation, which is required for the resolution of meiotic double-strand breaks (PubMed:10488231, PubMed:23300481). Mediates interhomolog recombination during meiosis (PubMed:17785529).
Strongly reduced fertility and seed numbers due to defects in male and female gametogenesis.
Adaptor protein complex 2 (AP-2) is a heterotetramer composed of two large adaptins (alpha-type and beta-type subunits), a medium adaptin (mu-type subunit) and a small adaptin (sigma-type subunit) (By similarity). Interacts with AP180.
Subunit of the adaptor protein complex 2 (AP-2). Adaptor protein complexes function in protein transport via transport vesicles in different membrane traffic pathways. Adaptor protein complexes are vesicle coat components and appear to be involved in cargo selection and vesicle formation. AP-2 is involved in clathrin-dependent endocytosis in which cargo proteins are incorporated into vesicles surrounded by clathrin (clathrin-coated vesicles, CCVs) which are destined for fusion with the early endosome. The complex binds polyphosphoinositides.
Component of the ESCRT-II complex (endosomal sorting complex required for transport II), which is required for multivesicular body (MVB) formation and sorting of endosomal cargo proteins into MVBs.
Component of the ESCRT-II complex (endosomal sorting complex required for transport II), which is required for multivesicular body (MVB) formation and sorting of endosomal cargo proteins into MVBs. The ESCRT-II complex is probably involved in the recruitment of the ESCRT-III complex (By similarity).
Component of the endosomal sorting required for transport complex II (ESCRT-II), composed of VPS22, VPS25 and VPS36.
Highly expressed in flowers and at lower levels in rosette leaves and cauline leaves. Expressed at low levels in roots, stems and siliques.
Probable transcription factor that may function in salt stress response.
Seeds over-expressing MYB74 display hypersensitivity to salt stress during seed germination.
Embryo-defective phenotype characterized by size reduction and frequent fusion of cotyledons.
Essential protein required for cell fate determination during embryogenesis (PubMed:15266054). Mediates auxin-dependent coordinated cell-fate specification and patterning in embryos (e.g. cotyledon outgrowth and separation), shoots and roots (e.g. leaf vascular development, cellular patterning and stem cell maintenance in the meristems) (PubMed:19880797, PubMed:20729639). Required for provascular PIN1 expression and region-specific expression of PIN7 in leaf primordia, cell type-specific expression of PIN3, PIN4, and PIN7 in the root, and PIN2 polarity in the root cortex (PubMed:19880797, PubMed:20729639).
In shoots, expressed in developing leaf primordia and, weakly, in the shoot apical meristem (SAM). First observed throughout young leaf primordia, but, as leaf primordia develop, restricted to the adaxial side of primordia and then toward the basal side. In seeds, present in developing embryos and later in provascular cells of cotyledons at the early stage of vascular differentiation. In roots, accumulates in the root apical meristem (RAM) with weak expression in the quiescent center and columella initials but not in mature root tissues; also expressed during primordial development of lateral roots.
Specifically expressed in developing embryos, leaf primordia, and shoot and root apical meristems.
Disturbed microtubule organization. Lethal embryos that consist of one or a few grossly enlarged cells that lack microtubules but not actin filaments. Failure to localize KNOLLE in mitotic cells. Cortical microtubules-free interphase cells and mitotic nuclei missing spindles. Reduced trichome size with fewer branches.
Essential tubulin-folding protein involved in the final step of the tubulin folding pathway. Required for continuous microtubule cytoskeleton organization, mitotic division, cytokinesis, and to couple cell cycle progression to cell division in embryos and endosperms. Not essential for cell viability. Binds probably to the multimeric supercomplex, stimulating GTP hydrolysis by the bound beta-tubulin and the release of the alpha-/beta-tubulin heterodimer.
Supercomplex made of cofactors A to E. Cofactors A and D function by capturing and stabilizing tubulin in a quasi-native conformation. Cofactor E binds to the cofactor D-tubulin complex; interaction with cofactor C then causes the release of tubulin polypeptides that are committed to the native state.
Ubiquitously expressed (at protein level). Present in leaves, roots, flowers, and stems.
Dimer of alpha and beta chains. A typical microtubule is a hollow water-filled tube with an outer diameter of 25 nm and an inner diameter of 15 nM. Alpha-beta heterodimers associate head-to-tail to form protofilaments running lengthwise along the microtubule wall with the beta-tubulin subunit facing the microtubule plus end conferring a structural polarity. Microtubules usually have 13 protofilaments but different protofilament numbers can be found in some organisms and specialized cells. Interacts with TFCA.
Degradation of glucosinolates (glucose residue linked by a thioglucoside bound to an amino acid derivative) to glucose, sulfate and any of the products: thiocyanates, isothiocyanates, nitriles, epithionitriles or oxazolidine-2-thiones. These toxic degradation products can deter insect herbivores. Seems to function in abscisic acid (ABA) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) signaling in guard cells. Functionally redundant with TGG2. Hydrolyzes sinigrin and, with lower efficiency, p-nitrophenyl beta-D-glucoside.
Expressed in guard cells, phloem-associated cells and myrosin cells.
May function as negative regulator of flowering transition.
Plants over-expressing VQ29 have delayed flowering.
Interacts with SKD1/VPS4 and LIP5 (PubMed:20663085). Interacts with VPS2.2 (PubMed:22010978).
Splicing factor involved in pre-mRNA splicing and component of the spliceosome.
Highly expressed in flowers. Expressed at low levels in roots, leaves, stems and siliques.
Possesses low phosphotyrosine phosphatase activity in vitro. Hydrolyzes O-methylfluorescein phosphate in vitro. Dephosphorylates the phosphoinositides PI(3,5)P2.
By ammonium supply under nitrogen-limited condition. Induced by sucrose, glucose, fructose, and during leaf senescence.
Expressed in the pericycle of all root tissues.
Homooctamer (By similarity). Interacts with GRF3.
Low-affinity glutamine synthetase. May contribute to the homeostatic control of glutamine synthesis in roots.
Catalytic subunit of a heterodimeric structure-specific endonuclease that resolves DNA secondary structures generated during DNA repair and recombination. Has endonuclease activity towards branched DNA substrates, introducing single-strand cuts in duplex DNA close to junctions with ss-DNA.
Forms a heterodimer with a member of the SLX4 family.
Binds lipids at millimolar calcium concentration.
Expressed in the elongation zone of the root and in the root cap in germinating seedlings. Expressed later in the internal cells of the root and in the epidermal cells and the vascular tissue of the hypocotyl. By day 7, expressed in the initiating trichomes on leaf primordia and in the vasculature of hypocotyl and cotyledon. At the transition to reproductive growth (day 14), expressed in the vasculature, epidermis, basal mesophyll cells and pith meristem of leaves.
Has a peroxidase activity. May act in counteracting oxidative stress. May also mediate regulated, targeted secretion of Golgi-derived vesicles during seedling development.
Up-regulated by cold, dehydration, salt, osmotic and oxidative stresses. Up-regulated by abscisic acid (ABA) and salicylic acid (SA).
Expressed constitutively in flowers (PubMed:12679534). Expressed in root epidermal hair cells (PubMed:17556585).
Homodimer (Probable). Forms heterodimers with RSL1 (PubMed:31988260). Interacts with TIFY10B/JAZ2, TIFY6A/JAZ4, TIFY5A/JAZ8, TIFY7/JAZ9 and TIFY9/JAZ10 (PubMed:31988260).
Strong reduction in root hair number and density in seedlings (PubMed:17556585). The double mutant seedlings rhd6-3 and rsl1-1 do not develop root hairs (PubMed:17556585).
Transcription factor that is specifically required for the development of root hairs (PubMed:17556585). Acts with RSL1 to positively regulate root hair development (PubMed:17556585). Acts downstream of genes that regulate epidermal pattern formation, such as GL2 (PubMed:17556585). Targets directly RSL4, another transcription factor involved in the regulation of root hair elongation (PubMed:20139979). Acts with RSL1 as transcription factor that integrates a jasmonate (JA) signaling pathway that stimulates root hair growth (PubMed:31988260).
Transcription termination factor required for processing and steady-state levels of plastid transcripts. May play a role in response to abiotic stresses.
Variegated leaves, reduced growth and altered structure of chloroplasts. Altered responses to sugars, abscisic acid (ABA), salt and osmotic stresses during seedling establishment (PubMed:25393651). Altered root and shoot meristem function resulting in reduced organ growth (PubMed:21599977).
Contaminating sequence. Insertion of a transposable element sequence at position 213.
Sulfotransferase that utilizes 3'-phospho-5'-adenylyl sulfate (PAPS) as sulfonate donor. Not active with 11-hydroxyjasmonate or 12-hydroxyjasmonate.
Interacts with CYS6/CYSB; this interaction inhibits nuclease activity of CAN2.
Casein kinases are operationally defined by their preferential utilization of acidic proteins such as caseins as substrates. Can phosphorylate casein, phosvitin, myosin light chains and poly(Glu,Tyr) in vitro.
Partially inhibited by N-(2-aminoethyl)-5-chloroisoquinoline-8-sulfonamide (CKI-7).
High expression in flowers, siliques and stems. Observed in the vasculature of older root tissue, at the tip of anthers and in the petal blade of fully developed flowers, in floral abscission zones and in silique replum tissue. Expressed in the cambium and phloem, but not in the xylem or in the vascular system of floral tissues.
May be involved in the coordinated dissolution of the cell wall matrix during abscission and in the secondary cell wall formation in xylem vessels.
No visible phenotype, even in asd1 and asd2 double mutant.
During ovule development, expressed in the nucellus from early stage until embryo sac maturity.
Expressed in root meristem, root vasculature, leaf vasculature and floral organ primordia (PubMed:21658947). Mostly expressed in roots and flowers and, to a lower extent, in stems, siliques and leaves (PubMed:29272523).
Homodimer and heterodimers (PubMed:29272523). Interacts with CYSTM7, CYTSM3, CYTSM4, CYTSM5, CYTSM6, CYTSM9, CYTSM10 and CYTSM11 (PubMed:29272523). Binds weakly to CYSTM1 and CYSTM2 (PubMed:29272523).
Required for the promotion of megasporogenesis, or promotion of germ cell formation from somatic precursor cells. Acts redundantly with WIH2. Functions in a genetic pathway downstream of SPL/NZZ and WUS and together with TRN2 in promoting megasporogenesis (PubMed:21658947). Involved in resistance to abiotic stress (PubMed:29272523).
Probably involved in auxin production. TAA1, TAR1 and TAR2 are required for proper embryo patterning.
Belongs to the TrkH potassium transport family. HKT (TC 2.A.38.3) subfamily.
Highly expressed in roots. Expressed in flowers, leaves and stems. Expressed in the vascular tissues of every organs. In roots, leaves and flower peduncles, it is only expressed in the phloem tissues. Not expressed in root peripheral cells.
In contrast to K(+) channel proteins, it lacks a conserved Gly at position 68, explaining why it does not act as a K(+) transporter.
N-glycosylated. Not essential for functional expression and membrane targeting.
Sodium transporter protein, which plays a central role in plant tolerance to salt. Upon prolongated exposure to high concentrations, Na(+) translocates from the roots to the transpiring leaves where it can increase to toxic level. Involved in Na(+) recirculation from shoots to roots, probably by mediating Na(+) loading into the phloem sap in shoots and unloading in roots, thereby removing large amounts of Na(+) from the shoot. Does not transport K(+) but regulates K(+) nutrient status via its ability to facilitate Na(+) homeostasis. Probably not involved in root uptake of Na(+).
After germination, roots display aberrant divisions in the quiescent center (QC), but normal radial cellular organization. Reduced SCR expression in the quiescent center (QC). The double mutant jkd bib exhibits ectopic divisions in the ground tissue (GT) region leading to an additional layer at the root pole of mature embryos and seedlings, thus resulting in roots with wider meristems and additional layers between the central stele and the epidermis as well as an increased cell number per layer leading to unclear morphological tissue distinctions; in root meristems, only a dynamic subset of layers expresses SCR, restricted to the stele-adjacent layer at the root pole, and specific to ectopic dividing tissues. In the double mutant, SHR accumulates in the expanded inner vascular tissue and in all surrounding cell layers, including epidermis, with inefficient nuclear retention. The quadruple mutant line jkd mgp nuc scr has short root meristems, lacks endodermis and miss Casparian strip.
Expressed in roots, especially in vascular initials, cortex, endodermis, and quiescent center (QC).
Transcription factor that, together with JKD, regulates tissue boundaries and asymmetric cell division in roots by a rapid up-regulation of 'SCARECROW' (SCR), thus controlling the nuclear localization of 'SHORT-ROOT' (SHR) and restricting its action (PubMed:25829440). Confines CYCD6 expression to the cortex-endodermis initial/daughter (CEI/CEID) tissues (PubMed:25829440). Binds DNA via its zinc fingers (PubMed:24821766). Recognizes and binds to SCL3 promoter sequence 5'-AGACAA-3' to promotes its expression when in complex with RGA (PubMed:24821766).
Calcium and pH-dependent interaction with NHX1 (increases when pH decreases, better at pH 5.5 than at pH 7.5). Also interacts with the CPB protein At2g18750.
Potential calcium sensor that modulates ion selectivity of NHX1.
Interacts with the heat shock proteins HSP70-14 and At2g33735/HSP40, and with NFYC2 in both cytoplasm and nucleus.
Target of TAS1 (trans-acting siRNA precursor 1)-derived small interfering RNAs in response to temperature variations, thus reducing both basal and acquired thermotolerance (PubMed:24728648). Repressed by trans-acting small interfering RNA (ta-siRNAs) siR480(+)/siRNA255-mediated transcript cleavage (PubMed:16061187, PubMed:18753245). Highly up-regulated in seedlings exposed to heat shock, with higher levels of isoform 1 than isoform 2. Induced by HSFA1s-mediated (e.g. HSFA1A, HSFA1B, and HSFA1D) promoter activation (PubMed:24728648).
Involved in the transport of biosynthetic membrane proteins from the prevacuolar/endosomal compartment to the vacuole. Required for multivesicular body (MVB) protein sorting. Catalyzes the ATP-dependent dissociation of class E VPS proteins from endosomal membranes, such as the disassembly of the ESCRT-III complex (PubMed:17468262, PubMed:20663085, PubMed:21810997, PubMed:22258747, PubMed:24812106). May also regulate cell cycle (PubMed:20663085). Required during seed development for the formation of mucilage in seed coat and testa (PubMed:20930567). Involved in the maintenance of Na(+)/K(+) homeostasis under salt stress (PubMed:23580756). Required for cell expansion (PubMed:24385429).
Monomer or homodimer (in nucleotide-free form). Decamer, dodecamer or tetradecamer of two stacked respective homooligomeric rings (when bound to ATP); the dodecameric form seems to be predominant (By similarity). Interacts with members of the ESCRT-III subcomplex such as LIP5, VPS60-1, VPS2.1, VPS20.1, VPS20.2, VPS24-1, VPS32.1, VPS32.2, CHMP1A and VPS24 (PubMed:17468262, PubMed:19304934, PubMed:20663085, PubMed:24812106, PubMed:25010425). Binds to PROS/At4g24370 (PubMed:24385429).
Mostly expressed in leaves, to a lower extent in seeds, and barely in roots and flowers (at protein level) (PubMed:17468262). Particularly expressed in trichomes (PubMed:20663085).
Normal vacuolar development in early stages of trichome development shortly followed by fragmentation of the large central vacuole which finally disappears completely, associated with the formation of abnormally enlarged late endosomes. Abnormal sorting of vacuolar proteins that are instead secreted. Trichomes contain frequently multiple nuclei (PubMed:20663085). Reduced ESCRT-III disassembly (PubMed:21810997). Blocked vacuolar trafficking (PubMed:22258747). Imbalanced Na(+)/K(+) ratio under salt stress (PubMed:23580756).
The MIT domain serves as an adapter for ESCRT-III proteins. It forms an asymmetric three-helix bundle that binds amphipathic MIM (MIT interacting motif) helices along the groove between MIT helices 2 and 3 present in a subset of ESCRT-III proteins thus establishing the canonical MIM-MIT interaction. In an extended conformation along the groove between helices 1 and 3, also binds to a type-2 MIT interacting motif (MIM2).
Constitutively expressed in roots, leaves, flowers and siliques, and to lower extent in stems.
Cross-links actin filaments (F-actin) in a calcium independent manner. Induces the formation of actin aggregates. Stabilizes and prevents F-actin depolymerization mediated by profilin. Key regulator of actin cytoarchitecture, probably involved in cell cycle, cell division, cell elongation and cytoplasmic tractus.
Cross-links actin with a constant of dissociation of 0.55 uM and stoichiometry of 4 molecules of F-actin for one molecule of FIM1.
The actin-binding domain 1 (also called ABD1) seems to not bind F-actin alone while the second actin-binding domain (ABD2) can bind F-actin alone. EF-hand domain and the last 65 C-terminal amino acids are not required to cross-link F-actin, but enhance the stability of the binding.
Accumulates exclusively in the root endodermis at a late developmental stage. Strongly expressed in endodermal cells overlaying lateral root primordia and later in a collar of endodermal cells at the base of the emerged lateral root. Also expressed in the floral organ abscission zone in cells that detach along with the shed organs.
Expressed in the root endodermis and flowers.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants show increased disease symptoms and cell death after inoculation with an avirulent strain of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000.
Hydrolase that can remove conjugated ubiquitin from proteins in vitro and may therefore play an important regulatory role at the level of protein turnover by preventing degradation (Probable). Cysteine protease with a preference for 'Lys-63' over 'Lys-48' over 'Met-1' -linked ubiquitin (UB) tetramers as substrates (PubMed:24659992). Cleaves also RUB-GST fusion (PubMed:24659992).
Accumulates and reach a peak shortly before full senescence, at the interface between the green and yellow regions of senescent leaves, and then declines (PubMed:9617813, PubMed:21736589). In flowers, restricted to the pollen and very weak expression in petal veins. In dark-treated seedlings, strongly expressed throughout the root tissues, including root hairs, except in primary and lateral root tips (PubMed:21736589).
Early flowering and senescence, as well as reduced shoot biomass. Short primary root with reduced lateral root formation and short root hairs. Enhanced sensitivity to the fungal nectroph, Botrytis cinerea and to the virulent bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato, but normal resistance to an avirulent P.syringae strain.
Expressed in roots, stems leaves and flowers, but not in seeds (PubMed:17092320). In short days, observed in cotyledons and roots but absent from rosette leaves (PubMed:21736589).
In short-day conditions, follows a diurnal pattern of regulation, with transcription repression in the light and activation in the dark (PubMed:17092320, PubMed:9617813, PubMed:21736589). Induced by oxidants (e.g. hydrogen peroxide H(2)O(2), menadione and paraquat) (PubMed:17092320, PubMed:21736589). Accumulates in response to abscisic acid (ABA) and dehydration (PubMed:17092320, PubMed:9617813, PubMed:21736589). Induced by ethylene, more strongly in the younger leaves than in the older ones (PubMed:9617813). Up-regulated 12 h postinfestation (hpi) in green peach aphid (GPA; Myzus persicae Sulzer) infested leaves (PubMed:16299172). Triggered by cold, wounding and salt (PubMed:18808718, PubMed:21736589). Strongly induced by the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea (PubMed:21736589).
Mediates tolerance to oxidative stresses (e.g. hydrogen peroxide H(2)O(2), diamide, menadione and tert-butyl hydroperoxide) by minimizing the negative effects of oxidation and monitoring photosynthesis during stress (PubMed:17092320). Promotes root development. Prevents premature aging (e.g. senescence and flowering). Involved in resistance against compatible pathogens such as Botrytis cinerea and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (PubMed:21736589).
Expressed at low levels in seedlings, cotyledons, hypocotyls, flowers, roots, pollen, leaves and stems.
Involved in leucine biosynthesis; catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation step in leucine biosynthesis (primary metabolism) (PubMed:21697089). Catalyzes the oxidation of 3-carboxy-2-hydroxy-4-methylpentanoate (3-isopropylmalate, 3-IPM) to 3-carboxy-4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate. The product decarboxylates to 4-methyl-2 oxopentanoate (PubMed:15849421, PubMed:20840499). Required during pollen development and involved in embryo sac development (PubMed:20840499).
No discernible vegetative or reproductive phenotypes except a slight reduction of both male and female transmission efficiency, but decreased leucine biosynthetic enzyme activities and lower free leucine concentrations. The double mutant ipmdh2 ipmdh3 is lethal in male gametophytes (small aborted pollen grains abnormal in cellular structure, and arrested in germination) and had reduced transmission through female gametophytes (slow embryo sacs development).
Possesses beta-glucosidase activity toward 4-methyl-umbelliferyl-beta-D-glucoside in vitro. Possesses myrosinase activity toward indol-3-yl-methylglucosinolate (I3M) and 4-methoxy-indol-3-yl-methylglucosinolate (4MO-I3M) in vivo (PubMed:19095900). Component of an inducible preinvasion resistance mechanism that prevents penetration of the nonhost fungal species B.graminis and E.pisi (PubMed:16293760). Involved in indole glucosinolate (IGS) activation during pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). Functions as myrosinase for the breakdown of flg22-triggered IGS. Required for both callose deposition and glucosinolate activation during pathogen-triggered resistance (PubMed:19095898). During fungal attack, required for IGS activation that mediates broad-spectrum antifungal defense (PubMed:19095900).
A 7-bladed beta-propeller torus, about 54 by 55 Angstroms, with a depth of about 25 Angstroms and a central pore.
Accumulates also in dark-grown seedlings.
Essential for photosystem II (PSII) biogenesis.
Essential for photosystem II (PSII) biogenesis; required for assembly of an early intermediate in PSII assembly that includes D2 (psbD) and cytochrome b559. Has been suggested (PubMed:11826309) to be required for chlorophyll a binding.
Seedling lethal when homozygous, has pale cotyledons but never develops true leaves. On sucrose-supplemented medium PSII is completely inactive; D1, D2 CP43 and CP47 are present in very low amounts.
Belongs to the TtcA family. CTU1/NCS6/ATPBD3 subfamily.
Plays a central role in 2-thiolation of mcm(5)S(2)U at tRNA wobble positions of tRNA(Lys), tRNA(Glu) and tRNA(Gln). Directly binds tRNAs and probably acts by catalyzing adenylation of tRNAs, an intermediate required for 2-thiolation. It is unclear whether it acts as a sulfurtransferase that transfers sulfur from thiocarboxylated URM1 onto the uridine of tRNAs at wobble position.
Restricted expression to the primary root in young seedlings. Later detected in hypocotyl, leaves and flowers.
Specifically down-regulated by H.schachtii (cyst nematodes) in nematode-induced syncytia.
Functions redudantly with AGC1-5 as signaling component in the pollen tube. Required for polarized growth of pollen tubes.
Expressed in roots, rosette and cauline leaves, and flower buds.
Interacts with BLH1, BLH2, BLH3, BLH4, BLH6 and BLH10.
Plants over-expressing OFP5 show kidney-shaped cotyledons, round and curled leaves, small rosette size, late flowering, reduced fertilization and round seeds.
Transcriptional repressor that regulates multiple aspects of plant growth and development through the regulation of BEL1-LIKE (BLH) and KNOX TALE (KNAT) homeodomain transcription factors. Required for embryo development.
Involved in the biosynthesis of phylloquinone (vitamin K1). Methyltransferase required for the conversion of 2-phytyl-1,4-beta-naphthoquinol to phylloquinol.
Lack of phylloquinone and reduced growth under normal light. Loss of anthocyanin accumulation under high light.
Delayed flowering without a significant effect on the photoperiodic or vernalization responses (PubMed:14593172). The late-flowering phenotype in flk-2 is rescued by the disruption of PEP (pep-2, pep-4) (PubMed:19576878).
Interacts with HOS1 (PubMed:22960247). Interacts with HUA1 and HEN4 (PubMed:25658099).
Regulates positively flowering by repressing FLC expression and post-transcriptional modification.
Acts as a negative regulator in plant response to changes in environmental conditions through the control of ABA-regulated gene expression.
Up-regulated by potassium deprivation, by salt stress, cold and treatment with exogenous abscisic acid (ABA).
Homo- and heterodimer with other ZFHD proteins (By similarity). Interacts with MIF1 and MIF3; these interactions prevent nuclear localization and DNA-binding to inhibit transcription regulation activity. Binds to ZHD1, ZHD2, ZHD4, ZHD10 and ZHD11.
Involved in ribosomal large subunit assembly (By similarity). S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyltransferase that may methylates the C(5) position of cytosine in rRNA (By similarity). May play a role in the regulation of the cell cycle and the increased nucleolar activity that is associated with the cell proliferation (By similarity). Seems involved in the regulation of cell proliferation (By similarity).
Normal levels of methylation at cytosine 2860 of 25S rRNA.
Specific subunit of the TRAPP II complex, a highly conserved vesicle tethering complex that is required for the proper transport of proteins in post-Golgi trafficking pathways to the growing cell plate in mitotic active cells (PubMed:20713617, PubMed:21689172, PubMed:24443495). Required for the polarized and selective transport of PIN2 and probably PIN1 to the plasma membrane (PubMed:21689172, PubMed:24443495). Not required for ER-to-Golgi as well as biosynthetic and endocytic vacuolar transport (PubMed:21689172).
Polymerase alpha in a complex with DNA primase is a replicative polymerase.
Homodimers and heterodimers (PubMed:20838596). Interacts with MED25 (PubMed:21343311, PubMed:21536906). Does not interact with PHL2 or PHL3 (PubMed:26586833).
No effect on phosphate starvation responsiveness, due to the redundancy with PHR1.
Transcription factor acting as central integrator of phosphate starvation responses (PubMed:20838596). Regulates FER1 expression upon phosphate starvation, linking iron and phosphate homeostasis (PubMed:23788639).
Expressed at low level. Expressed at higher level in leaves. Expressed at lower level in roots, stems, siliques and flowers.
Involved in the stable assembly of several 4Fe-4S cluster-containing complexes of chloroplasts. May participate in 4Fe-4S cofactor incorporation into psaA and/or psaB during translation.
Plants fail to accumulate significant amounts of the outer antenna subunits of PSI and PSII and to form grana stacks. 2Fe-2S cluster-containing complexes appear to be unaffected.
Induced by gibberellin (e.g. gibberellic acid GA) that accumulates in seeds after red light treatment (PubMed:15056893). Accumulates rapidly but transiently upon infection with virulent but not with avirulent P.syringae (PubMed:16807755). In whole plants, expression increases after 2 hours of exposure to drought and abscisic acid (ABA), and after 5 hours of exposure to high salinity treatment. At the 5 hour time point, expression under drought and ABA treatment is also higher than that under the high salinity condition (PubMed:19901034).
Possible role in the continued mobilization of sucrose to sink organs.
Albino phenotype and seedling lethal when homozygous. The phenotype is due to the absence of thylakoid membranes and granal stacks in plastids.
DJ1C lacks the catalytic cysteine residues in the endopeptidase domains which is a highly conserved feature of the family. However these residues are not essential for the function of DJ1C in chloroplast development (PubMed:21886817).
Plays an essential role in chloroplast development and is required for chloroplast integrity and viability.
Expressed in cotyledons, roots, stems, seedlings and inflorescences, but not in mature leaves.
Strongly expressed in the cotyledons of embryos and of young seedlings (PubMed:21558309). In adult plants, present in anthers of flowers, in funicles of developing siliques and at the base of roots (PubMed:21558309).
Component of the post-replicative DNA mismatch repair system (MMR). Forms three different heterodimers: MutS alpha (MSH2-MSH6 heterodimer), MutS beta (MSH2-MSH3 heterodimer) and MutS gamma (MSH2-MSH7 heterodimer) which binds to DNA mismatches thereby initiating DNA repair. MutS alpha and MutS beta recognize single base mismatches and trinucleotide insertion-deletion loops (IDL) in the DNA. MutS gamma recognizes specifically the T/G single base mismatch. Plays a role in DNA homologous recombination repair and has a broad range of anti-recombination effects. Can suppress recombination between divergent direct repeats in somatic cells and possesses an anti-recombination meiotic effect. Is involved in a UV-B-induced DNA damage response pathway.
Heterodimer consisting of MSH2-MSH6 (MutS alpha), MSH2-MSH3 (MutS beta) and MSH2-MSH7 (MutS gamma).
Expressed in rosette and cauline leaves, flowers, siliques and roots. Highly expressed in young leaves and at lower levels in older leaves. In young seedlings, expressed at the root-shoot junction zone and vascular bundles of the cotyledons. In older plants, expressed in root tip, central cylinder, root hair, leaf mesophyll cells and guard cells, sepals, filaments of the anthers, stigma, valves of young and early adult siliques and hilum of seeds.
Induced by cold stress (PubMed:14665624). Induced by wounding (PubMed:16081412).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but the double mutants dgk2 and dgk4 exhibit defective pollen growth and seed development because of non-viable male gametophyte.
Phosphorylates the second messenger diacylglycerol (DAG) to generate phosphatidic acid (PA), another important signaling molecule (PubMed:14665624). PA is required for plant development and responses to abiotic stress and pathogen attack (Probable). May be involved in the accumulation of PA during cold stress (Probable). Involved in response to freezing stress by modulating the accumulation of PA (PubMed:29853600). Exhibits high specificity for the unsaturated DAG analogs 1-stearoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycerol (1,2-SAG) and 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycerol (1,2-DOG) (PubMed:14665624, PubMed:16081412). Exhibits high specificity for 1-palmitoyl, 2-oleoyl-sn-glycerol (1,2 POG), 1-stearoyl, 2-linoleoyl-sn-glycerol (1,2-SLG) and 1-oleoyl, 2-palmitoyl-sn-glycerol (1,2-OPG) (PubMed:16081412). Has almost no activity toward 1,2-dioctanoyl-sn-glycerol (1,2-DOCG), 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycerol (1,2-DPG), 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycerol (1,2-DMG) and 1-oleoyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol (1,2-OAG) (PubMed:16081412). Functions together with DGK4 in male gametophyte development and biosynthesis of phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylinositol in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) (PubMed:32471859). Involved in PA production for pollen grain growth, as well as leaf and root growth (PubMed:32471859).
Monomer (PubMed:21658606). Forms heterodimer with PYL13, thus antagonizing PP2Cs-binding and ABA-independent inhibition of PP2Cs (PubMed:24165892). Homodimer. Binds ABA on one subunit only. Binds to CARs protein in an ABA-independent manner, both at the plasma membrane and in the nucleus (By similarity). Interacts with ABI1 and HAB1, and possibly with other PP2Cs, in an ABA-independent manner (PubMed:19874541, PubMed:21658606).
Receptor for abscisic acid (ABA) required for ABA-mediated responses such as stomatal closure and germination inhibition. Inhibits the activity of group-A protein phosphatases type 2C (PP2Cs) in an ABA-independent manner but more efficiently when activated by ABA (PubMed:23844015, PubMed:21658606). Can be activated by both (-)-ABA and (+)-ABA (PubMed:23844015).
Expressed with a circadian rhythm with the highest level 10 hours into the light and the lowest level at dawn. The peak of expression in long days is slightly lower, shifted later and the decrease is slower.
Interacts with SPY (PubMed:15155885). Interacts with ADO1 (via N-terminus) and ADO2 (PubMed:17704763). Interacts with ADO3 (via N-terminus) (PubMed:17704763, PubMed:17872410). Interacts (via N-terminus) with CDF1 (PubMed:17872410). Interacts (via N-terminus) with TCP4 (PubMed:28628608).
Involved in regulation of circadian rhythm and photoperiodic flowering. May play a role in maintenance of circadian amplitude and period length. Is involved in phytochrome B signaling. Stabilizes ADO3 and the circadian photoreceptor ADO1/ZTL. Regulates 'CONSTANS' (CO) in the long-day flowering pathway by modulating the ADO3-dependent protein stability of CDF1 and CDF2, but is not essential to activate CO transcription. Regulates, via the microRNA miR172, a CO-independent pathway that promotes photoperiodic flowering by inducing 'FLOWERING LOCUS T'.
Widely expressed with highest levels in inflorescence apices, young flowers and young siliques.
Involved in riboflavin biosynthesis. Catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 2,5-diamino-6-ribosylamino-4(3H)-pyrimidinone 5'-phosphate (DARP), formate and pyrophosphate. RIBA2 and RIBA3 together are not able to complement the loss of function of RIBA1.
The substrate-binding sites for the inactive DHBP synthase activity are conserved while several cofactor-binding sites are lost.
Homodimer and heterodimer with RACK1B or RACK1C (Probable). Interacts with NUDT7 (PubMed:22068106). Interacts with GB1, MEKK1, MKK4, MKK5, MPK3 and MPK6, but not with GPA1 or MPK4 (PubMed:25731164). Interacts with OFUT20 (PubMed:23435172).
Major component of the RACK1 regulatory proteins that play a role in multiple signal transduction pathways. Involved in multiple hormone responses and developmental processes (PubMed:16829549, PubMed:18715992, PubMed:18947417). MAPK cascade scaffolding protein involved in the protease IV and ArgC signaling pathway but not the flg22 pathway (PubMed:25731164).
Shorter hypocotyls in etiolated seedlings, epinastic cotyledons, reduced rosette leaf production by half and late flowering under short-day conditions. Reduced sensitivity to gibberellin and brassinosteroid in seed germination, hypersensitivity to abscisic acid in seed germination and early seedling development, and hyposensitivity to auxin in adventitious and lateral root formation. Plants show a significant resistance to water stress conditions by limiting water loss through the guard cells.
Expressed in leaf vasculature and inflorescence stems. Present in xylem tissue but not in phloem, and in developing vessel members, but not in mature vessels members. Detected in anthers.
Increases at the onset of leaf senescence.
No visible phenotype, but presence of extra root protoxylem cell files.
Translation factor that promotes translation elongation and termination, particularly upon ribosome stalling at specific amino acid sequence contexts (By similarity). Binds between the exit (E) and peptidyl (P) site of the ribosome and promotes rescue of stalled ribosome: specifically required for efficient translation of polyproline-containing peptides as well as other motifs that stall the ribosome (By similarity). Acts as ribosome quality control (RQC) cofactor by joining the RQC complex to facilitate peptidyl transfer during CAT tailing step (By similarity). Involved in xylogenesis (PubMed:18304977).
Up-regulated at post-transcriptional level by iron deficiency.
Component of the nuclear pore complex. Acts as a docking site for activities required for desumoylation and mRNA export. Required for the proper expression or localization of a subset of miRNAs. Plays a role in meristematic cell division by interacting with spindle assembly checkpoint proteins.
Early flowering under both long and short days and pleiotropic alterations in shoot development and auxin signaling. Stunted primary root development in the absence of sucrose. Accumulation of nuclear poly(A)+ RNA and high-molecular weight SUMO conjugates.
Part of the nuclear pore complex (NPC). The NPC has an eight-fold symmetrical structure comprising a central transport channel and two rings, the cytoplasmic and nuclear rings, to which eight filaments are attached. The cytoplasmic filaments have loose ends, while the nuclear filaments are joined in a distal ring, forming a nuclear basket. NPCs are highly dynamic in configuration and composition, and can be devided in 3 subcomplexes, the NUP62 subcomplex, the NUP107-160 subcomplex and the NUP93 subcomplex, containing approximately 30 different nucleoporin proteins. Interacts with MAD1 and (via N-terminus) with ESD4.
The N-terminal domain is involved in RNA and SUMO homeostasis while the C-terminal part is required for nuclear pore association.
Ubiquitous. Highest expression in the shoot apical region.
Aminopeptidase which cleaves preproteins, imported into the mitochondrion, to their mature size. Could cleave both preproteins and preprotein intermediates already cleaved by the mitochondrial processing peptidase (MPP).
Plays a systemic role in water and solute homeostasis.
Part of a SCF (ASK-cullin-F-box) protein ligase complex (By similarity). Interacts with ASK16.
There are 3 contiguous domains conserved in the CDPK subfamily: a kinase domain, an autoinhibitory (junction) domain and a calmodulin-like domain. The autoinhibitory domain (330-360) inactivates kinase activity under calcium-free conditions (By similarity).
Highly expressed in very young leaves and then decreases with leaf age.
Partially associated with photosystem I (PSI) complex, but is not a subunit of the complex. Interacts with PsaA and PsaB, but not with PasF.
Photosystem I assembly factor that assists the proper folding and integration of PsaB and PsaA into the thylakoid membrane.
There are 3 contiguous domains conserved in the CDPK subfamily: a kinase domain, an autoinhibitory (junction) domain and a calmodulin-like domain. The autoinhibitory domain (408-438) inactivates kinase activity under calcium-free conditions (By similarity).
Component of SUN-protein-containing multivariate complexes also called LINC complexes which link the nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton by providing versatile outer nuclear membrane attachment sites for cytoskeletal filaments (By similarity). Required for nucleus structure organization (e.g. size and shape) (PubMed:17873096, PubMed:24308514, PubMed:23396599, PubMed:24824484).
Core component of the LINC complex which is composed of inner nuclear membrane SUN domain-containing proteins coupled to outer nuclear membrane WIP and WIT proteins. The LINC complex also involves nucleoskeletal proteins CRWN/LINC and possibly KAKU4 and the cytoskeletal myosin KAKU1. Interacts with SUN1 and SUN2 (PubMed:24667841). Binds to KAKU4 (PubMed:24824484).
Reduced nuclear size and altered nuclear morphology. In plants lacking both CRWN1 and CRWN2, moderate dwarf and leaf-curling phenotype associated with endoreplication and strongly reduced nuclear size. Plants lacking both CRWN1 and CRWN4 exhibit slightly smaller rosettes. Plants lacking both CRWN1 and CRWN2 or both CRWN1 and CRWN3 exhibit markedly smaller rosettes. Plants lacking CRWN1, CRWN2 and CRWN4 or CRWN1, CRWN3 and CRWN4 are extremely stunted and set few seed.
Acetyltransferase that converts ornithine to N5-acetylornithine, which is likely used in plant defense.
By methyl jasmonate, and wounding by the aphid M.persicae, and the lepidopteran herbivores P.rapae (white cabbage butterfly) and P.xylostella (diamondback moth).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants are unable to produce N5-acetylornithine in response to methyl jasmonate.
Expressed in leaves and seedlings. Not detected in flowers, siliques or roots.
Induced by wounding (PubMed:18267087, PubMed:20348210, PubMed:24430866). Induced by methyl jasmonate (PubMed:24430866).
Overexpression of DGL causes a dwarf phenotype.
Sn-1-specific phospholipase that releases free fatty acids from phosphatidylcholine. Has a higher galactolipase activity than phospholipase A1 activity when digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) is used as substrate. Catalyzes the initial step of jasmonic acid biosynthesis. Required for the biosynthesis of basal-level endogenous jasmonate in vegetative tissues. Regulates leaves growth. Not essential for jasmonate biosynthesis after wounding or upon pathogen infection.
Belongs to the GST superfamily. Zeta family.
Probable transcription factor that binds to acetylated histone H3.
Sumoylated by SIZ1. Sumoylation reduces capacity to bind to acetylated histone H3.
PIF4-dependent regulation by temperature (PubMed:31127632). In low thermo-responsive cultivars (e.g. Col-0), higher expression at 28 degrees Celsius than at 22 degrees Celsius in petioles but not in leaf blades (PubMed:31127632). In high thermo-responsive cultivars (e.g. cv. Alst-1 and cv. Ang-0) higher expression at 28 degrees Celsius than at 22 degrees Celsius in both petioles and leaf blades (PubMed:31127632). Induced by light (PubMed:31325959).
Provide a mechanistic link between auxin and plasma membrane H(+)-ATPases (PM H(+)-ATPases, e.g. AHA1 and AHA2), and triggers PM H(+)-ATPases activity by promoting phosphorylation of their C-terminal autoinhibitory domain as a result of PP2C-D subfamily of type 2C phosphatases inhibition, thus leading to the acidification of the apoplast and the facilitation of solutes and water uptake to drive cell expansion (By similarity). Functions as positive effectors of cell expansion through modulation of auxin transport (By similarity). Involved in thermo-responsiveness of plant architecture (PubMed:31127632). Enhances plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase (PubMed:31127632). Probably involved in light intensity mediated root development (PubMed:31325959).
Amino acid-proton symporter. Stereospecific transporter with a broad specificity for neutral amino acids, favoring small amino acids such as alanine, asparagine and glutamine. Accepts also large aromatic residues such as in phenlalanine or tyrosine.
FAD-dependent monooxygenase required for the C5-ring hydroxylation during ubiquinone biosynthesis. Catalyzes the hydroxylation of 3-polyprenyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid to 3-polyprenyl-4,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid. The electrons required for the hydroxylation reaction may be funneled indirectly from NADPH via a ferredoxin/ferredoxin reductase system to COQ6.
Expression not detected in roots, inflorescences, siliques, leaves or stems. The signal-anchor present in all the other members of the family is missing.
Expressed in pollen, flowers, fruits and leaves.
Expressed in quiescent center (QC) cells of root tips (PubMed:18162590, PubMed:21689171). Expressed at the base of the petiole of cotyledons and leaves, in flower buds, petals, sepals and abscission zone of flowers and siliques.
MADS-box transcription factor that acts with AGL71 and AGL72 in the control of flowering time. Promotes flowering at the shoot apical and axillary meristems. Seems to act through a gibberellin-dependent pathway. Interacts genetically with SOC1 and its expression is directly regulated by SOC1 (PubMed:21609362). Plays a role in controlling flower organ senescence and abscission by repressing ethylene responses and regulating the expression of BOP2 and IDA (PubMed:21689171).
Plants over-expressing AGL42 have a significant delay of leaf and flower senescence and a deficiency in flower abscission.
Reversibly inhibited by NO. Inhibited by 5,5'-dithiobis-2-nitrobenzoic acid (DTNB) and N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) (in vitro).
S-nitrosylated in the presence of NO. The inhibition of SAM1 activity by S-nitrosylation could contribute to the cross-talk between ethylene and NO signaling.
Probable lipid transfer protein (LTP). Seems to control the flowering process and lignin synthesis. Together with DIR1, required for glycerol-3-phosphate- (G3P) and azelaic acid- (AA) induced systemic acquired resistance (SAR). Component of plant systemic immunity involved in priming defenses in a AA-dependent manner, by modulating production and/or translocation of a mobile signal(s) during SAR. Confers resistance to Botrytis cinerea and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 and PmaDG3. May be involved in induced systemic resistance (ISR) mediated by non-pathogenic bacteria (e.g. P. fluorescens GM30). Prevents electrolyte leakage during freezing damage.
Reduced cutin accumulation due to lower cutin biosynthesis. Early flowering in long-day conditions. Compromised pathogen-induced (e.g. Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 and PmaDG3) glycerol-3-phosphate- (G3P) and azelaic acid-(AA) dependent systemic acquired resistance (SAR). Increased tendencies in cellular damage after freezing treatment.
Self-interacts and binds to DIR1 (PubMed:23602565). Interacts with PDLP1 (PubMed:27078071).
Transient accumulation in response to a brief exposures to cold. Induced by glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) and azelaic acid (AA) during systemic acquired resistance (SAR) and Pseudomonas fluorescens GM30 strain during induced systemic resistance (ISR).
Embryo-lethal phenotype. Embryo development arrested between globular and torpedo stages.
Probable E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase required for embryo development.
Expressed primarily in flowers, stems, leaves and roots. Almost not expressed in siliques. Detected in root tips and vascular tissues of roots, cotyledons, petiols, hypocotyls, filaments, pollen grains and the distal and proximal portions of the gynoecium.
ICMTA is less widely expressed and has a lower catalytic activity than ICMTB.
No visible phenotype; due to redundancy with ICMTB. Icmta and icmtb double mutants have altered phyllotaxis, fasciated stems and development of axillary flowers.
Regulates the blue-light dependent dimerization of CRY2 and formation of photobodies. Inhibits CRY phosphorylation.
Early flowering under both long-day and short-day conditions.
Expressed 3 days after germination, with a gradual decrease before the floral transition and remains at low levels afterward.
Interacts with JMJ30, but not with SVP, FLC or CO.
Specifically expressed in vascular tissues of cotyledons, rosette leaves and cauline leaves. Not detected in the vegetative shoot apical meristem.
Transcription factor acting as a flowering repressor, directly repressing FT expression in a dosage-dependent manner in the leaf vasculature.
Up-regulated by SVP. Down-regulated by high temperature and gibberellic acid treatment. Not regulated by photoperiod, circadian rhythm under long days or vernalization.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants are susceptible to white rust fungal pathogen Albugo candida subsp. B (PubMed:18624640). Increased resistance on UV-induced growth inhibition (PubMed:25656510).
TIR-NB-LRR receptor-like protein that confers broad-spectrum resistance and full immunity to several races of the pathogen Albugo candida (white rust disease) (PubMed:18624640). Confers resistance to the biotrophic pathogens Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 and Hyaloperonospora arabidopsis isolate Noco2 (PubMed:19549129). May play a role in the response to UV stress (PubMed:25656510).
The gain-of-function mutants adr2 (T-DNA tagging) are dwarf, develop HR-like lesions on leaves, express constitutively defense and antioxidant-related genes, and have increased resistance to biotrophic pathogens.
Interacts with VPS9A (PubMed:18055610). Interacts with EREX (via PX domain) (PubMed:27288222). Binds to VPS3 (PubMed:29463724).
Involved in the trafficking of soluble cargo proteins from the prevacuolar compartment to the central vacuole (PubMed:12724533, PubMed:21899678). Involved in vacuolar transport of storage proteins with EREX as effector. Regulates membrane trafficking to protein storage vacuoles (PSVs).
Component of the CSN complex, probably composed of CSN1, CSN2, CSN3, CSN4, CSN5 (CSN5A or CSN5B), CSN6 (CSN6A or CSN6B), CSN7 and CSN8. In the CSN complex, it probably interacts directly with CSN1 and CSN4. Interacts directly with CUL1 and CUL3A.
Expressed in seedlings, particularly in tissues undergoing cell division and expansion, petioles, cotyledons vasculature, leaves, shoot and root meristems, and flowers, especially in buds and organs vasculatures.
Interacts with RCF3 (PubMed:26512101). Component of the ASI1-AIPP1-EDM2 (AAE) RNA regulatory complex composed of at least AIPP1/EDM3, ASI1 and EDM2 and may contain CPL2, AIPP2 and AIPP3/BDT1 (PubMed:28808009). Associates with the BAH-PHD module that contains AIPP2, PAIPP2 and AIPP3/BDT1 to form the BAH-PHD-CPL2 complex (BPC) for transcriptional repression (PubMed:33277495, PubMed:33433058). Binds directly to AIPP2 and PAIPP2 (PubMed:28808009, PubMed:33277495).
Processively dephosphorylates 'Ser-5' but not 'Ser-2' of the heptad repeats YSPTSPS in the C-terminal domain of the largest RNA polymerase II subunit (RPB1). This promotes the activity of RNA polymerase II. Together with CPL1, required for male gametes fertility. Multifunctional regulator that modulates plant growth, stress, and phytohormones responses. Positive transcription regulator of genes involved in high salinity resistance and auxin mediated signaling pathway. Prevents the accumulation of intronic heterochromatin-containing genes (e.g. IBM1, At3g05410 and RPP7) (PubMed:28808009). Recruited at histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) marks and low-methylated H3K4 by the BAH-PHD bivalent histone reader complex to form a BAH-PHD-CPL2 complex (BPC) in order to silence several H3K27me3 and low-methylated H3K4 enriched loci, including AGO5, via the phosphorylation state-dependent inhibition of Pol II release from the transcriptional start site (e.g. Ser5P-Pol II dephosphorylation) (PubMed:33277495). The BPC complex represses flowering by inhibiting the expression of several genes, including AGL6, FT, FUL and SOC1 (PubMed:33277495).
The mutant cpl2-2 exhibits multiple developmental defects, such as a dwarfed size, early flowering, small leaves and poor fertility (PubMed:33277495). Abnormally up-regulated expression of many genes localized at H3K27me3 and low-methylated H3K4 enriched loci associated with an higher accumulation of activated RNA polymerase II phosphorylated at Ser-5 (Ser5P-Pol II) (PubMed:33277495). Increased salt (NaCl) sensitivity. Produces shorter hypocotyls than wild-type plants in the light, but not in the dark. Enhanced accumulation of intronic heterochromatin (HC)-containing genes functional full-length transcripts (e.g. IBM1, At3g05410 and RPP7) (PubMed:28808009). Increased expression of At4g16870, a transposable element (TE) of Copia-like retrotransposon origin, associated with methylated status (PubMed:28808009).
(Microbial infection) Interacts with Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) 2B-MP (PubMed:20886105). Interacts with Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) movement protein (PubMed:20886105).
Highly expressed in cell suspension. Expressed in epidermal and spongy mesophyll cells, and the cell wall interface at the base of the leaf trichome (at protein level) (PubMed:19704520, PubMed:18215111). Expressed in haustoria-containing cells (PubMed:25393742).
Interacts with AZI1 (PubMed:27078071). Interacts with PDLP5 (PubMed:27078071). Does not interact with DIR1 (PubMed:27078071).
Modulates cell-to-cell trafficking (PubMed:18215111). Required for systemic acquired resistance (SAR) which is mediated by the signaling molecules azelaic acid (AzA), glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P), and salicylic acid (SA). Required for the proper localization and stability of AZI1 which is involved in SAR (PubMed:27078071). Mediates callose deposition during downy mildew fungal infection around haustoria. Haustoria are unicellular protrusions from hyphae and function as the site of molecular exchange of nutrients and effectors between host and pathogen (PubMed:25393742).
PDLPs were initially named Cysteine-rich secretory proteins based on a classification work that failed to predict the transmembrane region at the C-terminus (PubMed:11402176). However, it was later shown that PDLPs are membrane proteins (PubMed:18215111, PubMed:20886105).
pdlp1 and pdlp3 double mutant shows altered protein diffusion (measured using GFP). In pdlp1, pdlp2 and pdlp3 triple mutant there is inhibition of GFLV 2BMP tubule formation. Virus cell-to-cell movement is negatively affected. There is a 22% reduction in mean surface area of infection foci by GFLV and an approximately 12 hour delay in long distance movement in comparison to wild-type plants. There is also a systemic delay in systemic Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) spread. Overexpression shows a reduced-growth phenotype that correlates with transgene copy number and cell-to-cell trafficking of GFP, used to measure protein transport, is significantly impaired.
Expressed during prophase I of meiosis: detected from pachytene to diakinesis stages.
Heterodimer of MLH1 and PMS1, called MutLalpha, which is the major MMR MutL activity correcting base-base mismatches as well as IDLs. The heterodimer binds double strand DNA independently of a mismatch with positive cooperativity and has more than one DNA binding site. Heterodimer of MLH1 and MLH3, called MutLbeta, which is involved in correction of a specific subset of IDLs when associated with MutSbeta (By similarity).
Reduced fertility and mitotic defects: 72 per cent reduction in homologous somatic recombination.
NDH shuttles electrons from NAD(P)H:plastoquinone, via FMN and iron-sulfur (Fe-S) centers, to quinones in the photosynthetic chain and possibly in a chloroplast respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme in this species is believed to be plastoquinone. Couples the redox reaction to proton translocation, and thus conserves the redox energy in a proton gradient (Probable). Required for accumulation of the chloroplast NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (NDH) complex (PubMed:17827269).
Clathrin triskelions, composed of 3 heavy chains and 3 light chains, are the basic subunits of the clathrin coat (By similarity). Interacts with SCYL2B (PubMed:28751315).
Component of the TFIID complex. TFIID is composed of TATA binding protein (TBP) and a number of TBP-associated factors (TAFs) whose MWs range from 14-217 kDa. Can homodimerize. Interacts with TAF5, TAF8, TAF9, TAF10, TAF12, TAF12B, TAF13 TAF14, TAF14B, TAF15 and TAF15B.
Component of the replication protein A complex (RPA) required for DNA recombination, repair and replication. The activity of RPA is mediated by single-stranded DNA binding and protein interactions. Required fo cell division in meristems. Involved in the maintenance of transcriptional epigenetic gene silencing (TGS) at specific loci (including some transposons) by regulating histone H3 acetylation, 'Lys-4' and 'Lys-9' methylation (By similarity).
Dually phosphorylated on Thr-188 and Tyr-190, which activates the enzyme.
Expressed at very low levels during early stages of leaf development, but up-regulated during leaf senescence.
Interacts with KIN10 and KIN11 via its FLZ-type zinc finger domain (PubMed:24600465, Ref.12, PubMed:29945970). Interacts with KINB1 and KINB2 via its N-terminal part (PubMed:29945970). Interacts with TZF4, TZF5 and TZF6 (PubMed:26978070). Interacts with MPK3 and MPK6 (Ref.12).
May act as an adapter to facilitate the interaction of SnRK1 complex with effector proteins, conferring tissue- and stimulus-type specific differences in the SnRK1 regulation pathway (PubMed:24600465). Involved in seed dormancy control (PubMed:15159630).
No visible phenotype, but reduced dormancy and fast germination of the seeds. Strong resistance of the seeds to abscisic acid.
Up-regulated by abscisic acid (PubMed:11402199, PubMed:15159630). Down-regulated by the transcription factor ERF114 (PubMed:23616605). Down-regulated by glucose, sucrose and mannose (PubMed:26442059). Induced by abscissic acid (ABA) (PubMed:26442059).
Induced by brassinosteroid, auxin and ethylene, and repressed by abscisic acid. Insensitive to gibberellic acid.
No visible phenotype. Redundant with BEE1 and BEE2.
Forms heterodimers with AGL66 and AGL104.
Probable transcription factor that forms heterodimers with the MADS-box proteins AGL66 and AGL104 and is involved in the regulation of pollen maturation at the late stages of pollen development and pollen tube growth.
By Pi deficiency in roots and shoots. Induced by sucrose, auxin and cytokinin. Down-regulated by abscisic acid (ABA).
Contributes to the loading of inorganic phosphate (Pi) into the root xylem vessels.
Expressed in vascular cylinder of roots, leaves, stems, petals, sepals and filaments. Expressed in receptacle, stigma apex and anther connective tissue.
Catalyzes the production of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) from cysteine. Is mainly responsible for the degradation of cysteine to generate H2S, a regulator of stomatal movement and closure. Has high affinity for D-cysteine.
Highly expressed in stems and cauline leaves, and at lower levels in roots, rosette leaves and flowers.
Possesses 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) deaminase activity. Acts as a regulator of ACC levels and causes changes in ethylene levels.
Produced by alternative initiation at Met-20 of isoform 1.
By infection with an avirulent isolate of Phytophthora brassicae.
Confers enhanced resistance to late blight mediated by the pathogenic oomycetes Phytophthora infestans and Phytophthora capsici when transfected into Solanum tuberosum and Nicotiana benthamiana. This resistance is associated with a high induction of protease inhibitor genes.
Essential receptor for extracellular ATP (PubMed:24436418, PubMed:25301072). Binds ATP with high affinity through its extracellular legume-lectin like region (PubMed:24436418). Is required for ATP-induced intracellular calcium response, mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 (MPK3) and MPK6 activation and ATP-induced gene expression (PubMed:24436418, PubMed:25301072). May play a variety of roles in stress resistance (PubMed:24436418). May be involved in protein-protein interactions with RGD motif-containing proteins as potential ligands (PubMed:21483488, PubMed:16361528). Plays probably a structural and signaling role at the plant cell surfaces (PubMed:24436418, PubMed:21483488).
Interacts with RGD motif-containing proteins, suspected to disrupt plasma membrane-cell wall adhesions, via its lectin region.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants (e.g. lecrk-I.9-1 and lecrk-I.9-2) are defective in extracellular ATP-induced calcium response and susceptible to an avirulent isolate of the oomycetes Phytophthora brassicae and Phytophthora capsici. Impaired increase of cytoplasmic calcium concentration in response to extracellular ATP (PubMed:25301072).
Plants over-expressing LECRK19 have more compact rosettes with smaller and slightly wrinkled leaves, reduced height, accumulate anthocyanin and lignin and show enhanced resistance to the oomycete Phytophthora brassicae (PubMed:21483488). Ectopic expression of LECRK19 increases plant response to physical wounding (PubMed:24436418).
The legume-lectin like region mediates RGD motif recognition.
Directly regulated by DOF3.6/OBP3; unknown function.
Up-regulated by salicylic acid and down-regulated by jasmonic acid.
Arsenate reductase that plays a major role in the reduction of arsenate to arsenite and arsenic retention in roots (PubMed:16567632). Has an in vitro and in vivo arsenate reductase activity (PubMed:16507083, PubMed:16766666, PubMed:22562211). Plays no role in arsenic metabolism (PubMed:22879969, PubMed:25464340).
Binds 1 zinc ion which is not required for enzyme activity (PubMed:15329414). Plants silencing ACR2 show increased sensitivity to arsenate but not arsenite (PubMed:16567632).
Expressed in roots and at lower levels in shoots (at protein level). Expressed in leaves, stems and flowers.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but plants show reduced root size when grown in presence of hydroxyurea (PubMed:20647223). No visible phenotype, but decreased accumulation of total arsenic in shoots (PubMed:16507083). No effect on arsenate sensitivity (PubMed:25099865). No effect on the accumulation of arsenate in roots, efflux of arsenite or uptake of arsenate, or the total arsenic accumulation in shoots (PubMed:22879969, PubMed:25464340).
Tyrosine protein phosphatase that dephosphorylates CDK complex and activate its kinase activity in vitro.
Induced by abscisic acid (ABA). Accumulates in roots and, to a lower extent, in leaves during progressive drought in an ABA-dependent manner (PubMed:7823904). Triggered by cold acclimation (PubMed:15165189).
Expressed in root tips, lateral root primordia and emerging true leaf primordia.
Part of the Cpn60 complex composed of 7 alpha and 7 beta subunits.
Beta-D-xylosidase showing an optimal efficiency with the natural substrate xylobiose.
Expressed in flowers, siliques and the apical part of the stems.
Can form homodimer. Interacts with RLP24, RLP24A, RPL24B, EBP1 and JJJ1.
Binds actin and actin filament bundles in a Ca(2+)-insensitive manner, but severs actin filaments in a calcium-dependent manner, regardless of the presence or not of VLN1 (AC O81643). Acts redundantly with VLN2 (AC O81644) to generate thick actin filament bundles, to regulate directional organ growth (PubMed:22209875) and in sclerenchyma development (PubMed:22563899).
Expressed in all tissues examined, including root hairs.
No visible phenotype. Vln2 and vln3 double mutants show absence of thick actin filament bundles in the cells, anomaly in the growth direction of organs (PubMed:22209875) and defects in sclerenchyma development, but no alterations in the secondary cell-wall machinery (PubMed:22563899).
The HP domain is important for the localization to actin filament bundles.
Defects result in variegated plants that have leaves consisting of normal green and also white or yellow sectors in which chloroplast development is retarded or disrupted (PubMed:15340011, PubMed:25768119). Mutant plants exhibit severe editing defects in chloroplastic transcripts (PubMed:25768119).
Interacts in vitro with the chloroplast-located protein CCD4/NCED4 (PubMed:15340011). Homodimer. Interacts with ORRM1. Interacts with PCMP-H51/CRR28 and PCMP-H12/OTP82 (PubMed:25768119). Interacts with ORRM6 (PubMed:28213559).
Probable component of some protein complex required for chloroplast and palisade cell development (PubMed:15340011). Involved in C-to-U editing of chloroplastic RNA. Controls a large number of chloroplastic editing sites. Binds the editing recognition trans-factors PCMP-H51/CRR28 and PCMP-H12/OTP82 (PubMed:25768119).
Expressed in root vasculature, mature leaves, trichomes, flowers, siliques and seeds.
Involved in the biosynthesis of beta-1,4-galactan. Can transfer galactose residues from UDP-galactose to beta-1,4-galactopentaose in vitro. Forms specifically beta-1,4-galactosyl linkages and can add successive beta-1,4-galactosyl residues to the acceptor. Beta-1,4-galactans are abundant polysaccharides in plant cell walls and are found as side-chain of rhamnogalacturonan I, which is a major component of pectin.
Plants over-expressing GALS1 have a strong increase in beta-1,4-galactan content in leaf cell wall.
Expressed in young flower primordia, later becomes localized to sepals and petals.
Homodimer capable of binding to CArG-box sequences. Heterodimer with SEP3, AP1 and SVP. Binds AP3/PI to form a ternary complex. Interacts with the SEU-LUG corepressor complex when complexed to AGL24 or SVP. Interacts with AGL15 and AGL16 (PubMed:15805477, PubMed:16679456). Interacts with TT16/AGL32 (PubMed:16080001).
Negatively regulated by TFL1 and by the C class floral homeotic protein AGAMOUS. Positively regulated by CAULIFLOWER.
Partial conversion of flowers into shoots and a disruption of sepal and petal development.
Transcription factor that promotes early floral meristem identity in synergy with LEAFY. Is required subsequently for the transition of an inflorescence meristem into a floral meristem. Is indispensable for normal development of sepals and petals in flowers. Regulates positively the B class homeotic proteins APETALA3 and PISTILLATA with the cooperation of LEAFY and UFO. Interacts with SEPALLATA3 or AP3/PI heterodimer to form complexes that could be involved in genes regulation during floral meristem development. Regulates positively AGAMOUS in cooperation with LEAFY. Displays a redundant function with CAULIFLOWER in the up-regulation of LEAFY. Together with AGL24 and SVP, controls the identity of the floral meristem and regulates expression of class B, C and E genes. Represses flowering time genes AGL24, SVP and SOC1 in emerging floral meristems.
Interacts with UBP16 (PubMed:23857362). Interacts with ZHD11/HB29 (PubMed:18974936).
Due to a nucleotide deletion that would cause a frameshift, IPT6 seems to be a pseudogene in cv. Wassilewskija.
Expressed in siliques, at the mRNA level.
No visible phenotype when grown under normal growth conditions and stunted roots when grown in vitro in absence of sucrose.
Part of the mitotic checkpoint complex (MCC); interacts with MAD1, CDC20-1, CDC20-2 and CDC20-5. Interacts with BUBR1 at chromocenters and with BUB3.1. Interacts with EIF4B3 (PubMed:20706207).
Required for the execution of the mitotic checkpoint which monitors the process of kinetochore-spindle attachment and delays the onset of anaphase when this process is not complete. It inhibits the activity of the anaphase promoting complex by sequestering CDC20 until all chromosomes are aligned at the metaphase plate.
By light (including both red and white lights) (PubMed:17208962, PubMed:17587690). Levels follow a circadian and diurnal rhythm, with a peak at 20 hours, thus preempting dawn (PubMed:17208962). Activated by gibberellic acid (GA) (PubMed:20844019). Induced by cytokinin and derivatives (e.g. benzyladenine, t-Zeatin and 6-benzylaminopurine) in light conditions (PubMed:16212609, PubMed:17587690, PubMed:21453984, PubMed:22811435). Triggered by nitrate (PubMed:16262716). Negatively regulated by AP3/PI (PubMed:18417639). Strong accumulation during cold imbibition of nondormant seeds, but not at warm temperatures. Regulated by PIF transcription factors (PubMed:20844019). Repressed by HAN (PubMed:23335616). Inhibited by SOC1 (PubMed:23739688). Down-regulated by auxin (2,4D) and auxin response factors (e.g. ARF2 and ARF7) (PubMed:23878229).
First observed in the inflorescence meristem (IM) and young flower buds (PubMed:23335616). Detected throughout the floral bud. In young flowers, restricted to the inner whorls, specifically the petals, stamens, and carpels (PubMed:18417639, PubMed:23335616). In older flowers, accumulates more in the stamens than in the petals and carpels (PubMed:18417639). Observed in anther locules, vascular strands, and ovules (PubMed:23335616). During imbibition, expressed in the endosperm, especially at the time of testa rupture. Later restricted to the cotyledons (PubMed:20844019). In mature embryos, restricted to the cotyledons. In young seedlings, mostly expressed in shoot tissues, including the tip, circumference, and vasculature of the cotyledons, the emerging leaves, the meristematic region, and the basal part of the hypocotyl, and, at low levels, in the primary roots. In older seedlings, accumulates in the green shoot tissues (PubMed:22811435).
Pale green leaves and reduced chlorophyll levels associated with altered regulation of sugar-sensing genes (e.g. HXK1, HXK2, STP13 and PLT6) (PubMed:18417639, PubMed:21453984, PubMed:22102866, PubMed:22811435). Reduced chloroplast size (PubMed:22811435). Faster seed germination. Early flowering. Increased leaves size (PubMed:20844019, PubMed:22102866). Reduced gibberellic acid (GA) levels due to increased GA turnover and associated with reduced expression of GA-anabolizing enzymes (e.g. GA3OX1) but increased expression of GA-catabolizing enzymes (e.g. GA2OX2) (PubMed:20844019). Small seeds with deformed seed coats (PubMed:22102866). The double mutant gnc cga1, lacking both GATA22 and GATA21, exhibits reduced sensitivity to cytokinin (e.g. benzyladenine) toward chloroplasts growth (PubMed:22811435).
Transcriptional regulator that specifically binds 5'-GATA-3' or 5'-GAT-3' motifs within gene promoters (PubMed:22102866, PubMed:25077795). Involved in the modulation of chloroplast development, growth and division in a cytokinin-dependent manner (PubMed:22102866, PubMed:22811435). Repressor of the gibberellic acid (GA) signaling pathway that regulates flowering and modulates greening, in a SOC1-dependent manner (PubMed:20844019, PubMed:23739688, PubMed:25077795). Prevents the accumulation of SOC1 during flowering (PubMed:23739688). Promotes chlorophyll biosynthesis throughout the plant, by regulating chlorophyll biosynthetic genes (e.g. HEMA1 and GUN4) and chloroplast localized glutamate synthase (e.g. GLU1) (PubMed:18417639, PubMed:20844019, PubMed:21453984, PubMed:22102866, PubMed:23878229, PubMed:25077795). Involved in the regulation of sugar-sensing genes (e.g. HXK1, HXK2, STP13 and PLT6) (PubMed:18417639). Regulator of germination, senescence, elongation growth and flowering time (PubMed:20844019, PubMed:22102866, PubMed:23878229). Influences also leaf starch content (PubMed:22102866).
Belongs to the radical SAM superfamily. Lipoyl synthase family.
Binds 2 [4Fe-4S] clusters per subunit. One cluster is coordinated with 3 cysteines and an exchangeable S-adenosyl-L-methionine.
Catalyzes the radical-mediated insertion of two sulfur atoms into the C-6 and C-8 positions of the octanoyl moiety bound to the lipoyl domains of lipoate-dependent enzymes, thereby converting the octanoylated domains into lipoylated derivatives (PubMed:12062419) (By similarity). Together with LIP2P and LIP2P2 is essential for de novo plastidial protein lipoylation during seed development (PubMed:23581459).
Catalyzes the radical-mediated insertion of two sulfur atoms into the C-6 and C-8 positions of the octanoyl moiety bound to the lipoyl domains of lipoate-dependent enzymes, thereby converting the octanoylated domains into lipoylated derivatives.
Down-regulated in shoots by copper deficiency. Not regulated by iron availability.
Expressed in shoots. Detected in roots, pedicels, flowers, siliques and leaf veins.
Ferric chelate reductase probably involved in iron reduction in leaf veins for transport. May participate in the transport of electrons to a Fe(3+) ion via FAD and heme intermediates.
Expressed in leaves, roots, and flowers (e.g. sepals, petals, stamen and gynoecium).
Expressed in roots and stems, and, to a lower extent, in seedling and inflorescence.
Actin-depolymerizing protein. Stimulates F-actin depolymerization. Involved in plant development, cell organ expansion and flowering by controlling breakdown of thick actin cables (PubMed:11402164). Severs actin filaments or bundles and promotes actin cytoskeleton disassembly (PubMed:21570971). Binds monomeric actin (G-actin) with a marked preference for the ADP-loaded form and inhibits the rate of nucleotide exchange on G-actin (PubMed:17538023).
Increased length of hypocotyls under dark-grown conditions.
Interacts with the 14-3-3-like protein GRF6/AFT1.
Phosphorylation at Ser-6 by CPK3/CDPK6 inhibits actin-depolimerizing activity.
Component of the Mediator complex (PubMed:17560376). Interacts with FIB2 (PubMed:30307032).
Single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) bidirectional exonuclease. Has both 5'-3' and 3'-5' exonuclease activities with a strong preference for 5'-ends (By similarity).
Accumulates upon Pseudomonas syringae infection and after treatment with systemic acquired resistance (SAR)-inducing chemicals, 1,2-benzisothiazol-3(2H)-one1,1-dioxide (BIT) and benzo-(1,2,3)thiadiazole-7-carbothioic acid S-methyl ester (BTH).
Confers resistance to the incompatible pathogenic bacteria P.syringae pv. tomato DC3000 in a PR1-dependent manner. Seems not involved in abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis.
Highly expressed in the radicle tip, lateral root primordia and tips, and the area surrounding the cotyledon hydathode of young seedlings.
No phenotype regarding abiotic stresses. Enhanced susceptibility to the incompatible pathogenic bacteria Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000.
Transcriptional activator that binds specifically to the DNA sequence 5'-[AG]CCGAC-3'. Binding to the C-repeat/DRE element mediates high salinity-inducible transcription.
Belongs to the eukaryotic/archaeal RNase P protein component 1 family.
Component of nuclear RNase MRP complexes (By similarity). Several subunits of RNase P are also part of the RNase MRP complex (By similarity). RNase MRP consists of a catalytic RNA moiety and several protein subunits (By similarity).
Component of nuclear RNase P and RNase MRP.
Component of ribonuclease P, a ribonucleoprotein complex that generates mature tRNA molecules by cleaving their 5'-ends.
Component of the MRP ribonuclease complex, which cleaves pre-rRNA sequences (PubMed:22549728). Required for rRNA maturation, including 5.8S rRNA processing (PubMed:22549728). Seems not involved in tRNA maturation (PubMed:22549728).
Interacts with the C-terminal domain of ACS4, ACS5 and ACS9.
Possible regulator of the ethylene pathway, which acts by regulating the stability of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase (ACS) enzymes. May act as a substrate-specific adapter that connects ACS enzymes, such as ACS5, to ubiquitin ligase complexes, leading to proteasomal degradation of ACS enzymes (By similarity).
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. UbiG/COQ3 family.
O-methyltransferase that catalyzes the 2 O-methylation steps in the ubiquinone biosynthetic pathway.
Basal levels in mitotically dividing cells (meristems), and high levels in endoreduplicating cells (stipules, trichomes) (at protein level).
Seems to mediate cell cycle arrest before mitosis in response to DNA damage. Is probably also involved in the transition from mitosis to endoreduplication.
Strongly induced by ionizing radiation in a dose-dependent way. Regulated by ATM in response to DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) (at protein level).
Expressed in roots. Detected in cotyledons, leaves and flowers.
Chaperone involved in the maturation of iron-sulfur [Fe-S] cluster-containing proteins. Has a low intrinsic ATPase activity which is markedly stimulated by HSCB and ISU1 (PubMed:19865480). In cooperation with other chaperones, Hsp70s are key components that facilitate folding of de novo synthesized proteins, assist translocation of precursor proteins into organelles, and are responsible for degradation of damaged protein under stress conditions (Probable).
Binds specifically to cytosolic chaperonin (c-CPN) and transfers target proteins to it (PubMed:19825635). Binds to nascent polypeptide chain and promotes folding in an environment in which there are many competing pathways for nonnative proteins (PubMed:19825635). Together with other chaperonins, contribute to the regulation of gene expression by modulating the spliceosome function on pre-mRNA splicing post-transcriptionally by acting as a co-chaperone of Hsp90 to control levels of LSM8 (PubMed:32396196). Required for the biogenesis of tubulins and for subsequent microtubules (MTs) organization and dynamicity, but unable to associate with microtubules (PubMed:19004800). Involved in the process leading to microtubules dissociation in response to gibberellic acid (GA) probably due to the DELLA proteins-mediated translocation of the prefoldin co-chaperone complex from the cytoplasm to the nucleus (PubMed:23583555). Contributes to the GA-dependent regulation of PIN2 trafficking at the plasma membrane, thus influencing auxin flux (PubMed:29463731).
Heterohexamer of two PFD-alpha type and four PFD-beta type subunits forming prefoldin co-chaperone complex (By similarity). Interacts with PFD2, PFD3, PFD4 and PFD5 (PubMed:19004800). Interacts with LSM8, a specific subunit of the LSM2-8 complex, which is a core component of the spliceosome (PubMed:32396196). Binds to HSP90 to facilitate the formation of a larger complex made at least of HSP90, PFD6 and LSM8 (PubMed:32396196).
Several microtubules (MTs) defects, including hypersensitivity to oryzalin (a microtubule inhibitor), defects in cell division, abnormal cortical array organization, and impaired microtubule dynamicity, due to reduced tubulins levels (PubMed:19004800). Reduced levels of PIN2 at the plasma membrane (PubMed:29463731). The pfd5 pfd6 double mutant is less sensitive to gibberellic acid (GA)-mediated mobilization of PIN2 at the plasma membrane (PubMed:29463731). Lower pre-mRNA splicing events and reduced production of U6 snRNA in plants lacking PFD2, PFD4 and PFD6, probably due to a reduced activity of the LSM2-8 complex (PubMed:32396196).
Expressed in roots, shoots, leaves, stems, flowers and pollen.
Has no ubiquitin ligase activity on its own. The heterodimer with UBC catalyzes the synthesis of non-canonical poly-ubiquitin chains that are linked through 'Lys-63'. This type of poly-ubiquitination does not lead to protein degradation by the proteasome. Mediates transcriptional activation of target genes. May play a role in the control of progress through the cell cycle and differentiation. Involved in the error-free DNA repair pathway and contributes to the survival of cells after DNA damage.
Plants do not display apparent morphological variations, but are sensitive to the DNA-damaging agent MMS.
Expressed in cotyledons, rosette and cauline leaves, stems and sepals.
Nuclear genome-encoded factor that participates in photosystem I (PSI) biogenesis. Cooperates with the plastid genome-encoded protein PSI assembly Ycf3 in the assembly of stable PSI units in the thylakoid membrane (PubMed:20807881). Involved in light-induced chloroplast development and growth. Involved in the plant response to abiotic and photooxidative stresses. May be involved in the suppression of photooxidative damage (PubMed:20876334).
Plants silencing Y3IP1 can grow autotrophically on soil, but show a light-green phenotype, very slow growth and delayed development (PubMed:20807881, PubMed:20876334). Plants over-expressing Y3IP1 show enhanced resistance to salt, drought and heat stresses, and treatment with paraquat (PubMed:20876334).
Transiently expressed in the root tip during seed germination up to about 21 hours after stratification.
Forms heterooligomers with SWEET8, SWEET11, SWEET13, SWEET16 and SWEET17.
Highly expressed in inflorescences and siliques and at lower levels in roots, leaves and stems.
Inhibition of pollen germination and retarded pollen tube growth.
Required for normal pollen grain germination and pollen tube growth. May not be required for pollen development and female gametophytic function.
CLE41p interacts specifically with the leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein kinase TDR.
Extracellular signal peptide that regulates cell fate. May act with TDR as a ligand-receptor pair in a signal transduction pathway that represses tracheary element differentiation but promotes the formation of procambial cells adjacent to phloem cells in the veins in an auxin-dependent manner. Regulates the transition of protophloem cells from proliferation to differentiation, thus impinging on postembryonic growth capacity of the root meristem; this signaling pathway requires CRN and CLV2 (PubMed:28607033).
Mostly expressed in inflorescence and roots, and, to a lower extent, in seedlings, flowers, leaves and siliques. Observed along the vascular strands in cotyledons, leaves and roots, but not in shoot apical meristems (SAM). Restricted to the phloem and the neighboring pericycle cells in the roots and hypocotyls.
The O-glycosylation (arabinosylation) of the hydroxyproline Pro-94 enhances binding affinity of the CLE41p peptide for its receptor.
Expressed in roots,stipules and pollen just before anthesis. Primarily localized to the root meristem and columella root cap. Not expressed in emerging lateral roots.
Associates with the CDD complex, formed by COP10, DET1 and DDB1 (PubMed:24563205). Interacts directly with DDB1A and DDB1B (PubMed:24563205). Interacts with PYL4, PYL8, and PYL9 (PubMed:24563205). Interacts with SGF11 (PubMed:30192741).
Involved in ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins (PubMed:24563205). Associates with the CDD complex and mediates the recognition of specific substrates for CUL4-RING E3 ubiquitin ligase (CRL4) by interacting with ubiquitination targets (PubMed:24563205). Binds to the abscisic acid (ABA) receptor PYL8 (required for ABA-mediated responses) and promotes its proteasomal degradation (PubMed:24563205). Acts as negative regulator of ABA-mediated developmental responses, including inhibition of seed germination, seedling establishment, and root growth (PubMed:24563205).
Enhanced by heat stress but repressed by dehydration stress in young seedlings but not in older plants.
Expressed in seedlings, petioles, cotyledons, hypocotyls and root tips.
In seedlings, first expressed in petioles and leaf blades of the cotyledons as well as tops and bottoms of the hypocotyls (PubMed:25490919). Later present in whole hypocotyls and weakly in the cotyledons and root tips (PubMed:25490919).
Interacts with DREB2A in the nucleus during heat-stress (PubMed:25490919). Component of a heat stress-inducible transcriptional complex with NF-YA and NF-YB subunits made, at least, of NFYA2, NFYB3 and DPB3-1 in cooperation with DREB2A (PubMed:25490919). Binds directly with NFYB1, NFYB2, NFYB3, NFYB6, NFYB7, and DPB4 (PubMed:25490919). Binds to GAPC in response to heat-stress; this interaction promotes DNA-binding ability to its target promoter (PubMed:32651385).
Reduced expression of heat stress-inducible genes leading to an enhanced sensitivity to heat stress (PubMed:25490919). Impaired ability of GAPC to enhance heat tolerance of seedlings and to promote the expression of heat-inducible genes (PubMed:32651385).
Transcription factor which promotes the expression of heat stress-inducible genes by contributing to the formation of a heat stress-specific transcriptional complex with NF-Y subunits (e.g. NF-YA2 and NF-YB3) and DREB2A at the promoter of target genes, thus promoting heat tolerance (PubMed:25490919). Together with the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPC), enhances heat tolerance (PubMed:32651385).
Part of the photosystem II complex. PSII is composed of 1 copy each of membrane proteins PsbA, PsbB, PsbC, PsbD, numerous small proteins, at least 3 peripheral proteins of the oxygen-evolving complex and a large number of cofactors. It forms dimeric complexes. Found in monomeric, dimeric and in etioplastic PSII (i.e. before PSII is fully assembled and functional).
Plants have no obvious physical phenotype. However, there is no dimeric photosystem II (PSII) and there is only a 50% rate of normal oxygen evolution. There is an approximately 40% decrease in the amount of PSII and the oxygen evolving complex in these plants. The monomeric PSII that remains functions normally with respect to electron transfer.
Stabilizes dimeric photosystem II (PSII). In its absence no dimeric PSII accumulates and there is a reduction of monomeric PSII.
Auxin response factors (ARFs) are transcriptional factors that bind specifically to the DNA sequence 5'-TGTCTC-3' found in the auxin-responsive promoter elements (AuxREs). Seems to act as transcriptional activator. Formation of heterodimers with Aux/IAA proteins may alter their ability to modulate early auxin response genes expression. Regulates both stamen and gynoecium maturation. Promotes jasmonic acid production. Partially redundant with ARF6. Involved in fruit initiation. Acts as an inhibitor to stop further carpel development in the absence of fertilization and the generation of signals required to initiate fruit and seed development.
Expressed in sepals at stages 11, 12 and 13 of flower development. Highly expressed in petals at stages 9-10, decreases at stage 11 and disappears after flower stage 12. In anthers, expressed at stage 11 in the tapetum, disappears early in stage 12 when the tapetum degrades and reappears throughout the anther late in stage 12 to persist at least until stage 13. In stamen filaments, expressed at stages 12 to 13, especially near the apical end of the filament. Expressed throughout the gynoecium at early stages up to stage 12, especially strongly in ovules. Expression in gynoecium decreases late in stage 12, but persists through stage 13, especially near the apical end including the style. Expressed in the mesocarp of the fruit and the carpel septum during fruit growth.
Probable rhomboid-type serine protease that catalyzes intramembrane proteolysis. May function in senescence.
Addition of one nucleotide in cv. RLD induces a frameshift in position 245 leading to a protein 22 amino acids longer than the one shown here.
Expressed at higher levels in leaves, flowers and stems than in roots.
In cv. RLD, the 22 amino acids extension regenerates a typical syntaxin transmembrane domain. In cv. Columbia it encodes a protein that has no terminal transmembrane domain, but that is however not detected in cytosolic fractions.
Part of the t-SNARE complex (By similarity). Interacts with RGS1.
Belongs to the methylthiotransferase family. MiaB subfamily.
Binds 2 [4Fe-4S] clusters. One cluster is coordinated with 3 cysteines and an exchangeable S-adenosyl-L-methionine.
Developmental defects, elongation defects of all organs, reduced plant height, triple cotyledons phenotype, reduced vascularization and infertility due to failure to produce pollen.
Expressed in vasculature of cotyledons and leaves, young meristematic tissues, trichomes and pistils.
Functions as component of microRNA (miRNA) and small interfering RNA (siRNA) biogenesis. May assist DCL1 and DCL4 to efficiently process and/or recruit the precursors of miRNAs and siRNAs. In the miRNA biogenesis pathway, associates with the DCL1 complex that processes primary miRNAs (pri-miRNAs) into miRNAs. Binds pri-miRNAs and precursor miRNAs (pre-miRNAs). Is required for the interaction between pri-miRNAs and DRB1 (PubMed:22802657). Required for general proper plant growth and, in particular, initiation of vascular development. Interacts genetically with AMP1, a glutamate carboxypeptidase involved in the regulation of meristem function (PubMed:16024589).
Expressed at very low levels in roots and shoots.
Extracellular signaling peptide that represses, in a dose-dependent manner, primary root growth rate and lateral root elongation by inhibiting both cell division in meristems and cell growth in elongation zones. Prevents also slightly growth of above-ground parts (PubMed:18315543). Regulates systemic nitrogen (N)-demand signaling. Mediates systemic up-regulation of genes involved in N uptake and assimilation pathways (e.g. NRT1.1, NRT2.1 and NRT3.1) (PubMed:25324386).
In young seedlings, only observed in lateral root primordia, first in the core region at stage VI, in which cells of outer layer 2 undergo a periclinal division, creating a new internal layer (PubMed:18315543, PubMed:24179095). Maximum levels are reached at the emergence stage, and steeply decrease after elongation of lateral roots, except for residual expression in the region of vascular connection. In two weeks old seedlings, also present in the shoot apical mersitem (SAM) (PubMed:18315543). Accumulates during flower development and during lateral root development. In flowers, present in the gynoecium (PubMed:24179095). Repressed upon floral induction (PubMed:14573523).
Induced by auxin and nitrogen (N) (PubMed:24179095). Induced in shoots in response to nitrogen and nitrate starvation (PubMed:24179096, PubMed:25324386). Accumulates also under osmotic stress (e.g. mannitol and NaCl) (PubMed:24179096).
Interacts with the CEP receptors CEPR1 and CEPR2.
Mainly expressed in the lateral root primordia (PubMed:18315543). Also present in the shoot apical meristem (SAM) (PubMed:18315543, PubMed:24179095). Detected in the primary root apical meristem, at the root-hypocotyl junction, roots, leaves (in the small dentations at the leaf margin), siliques and flowers (PubMed:24179095).
Embryonic lethality when homozygous. Embryo maturation arrested at the late globular stage.
GTP-binding protein involved in membrane biogenesis and protein synthesis in chloroplast. Functions in the biogenesis of thylakoid membrane and plastid ribosome during chloroplast development. May be involved in the vesicular traffic between the chloroplast inner envelope membrane and thylakoids. Possesses GTPase activity in vitro.
Expressed in provascular and procambial sites throughout plant development. Expressed throughout globe- to heart-staged embryos. Then, it is restricted to procambial cells by the late torpedo stage, and this pattern persists throughout the duration of embryo development. After germination, it is expressed not only in procambial cells throughout the plant but also in all lateral organ primordia before the onset of vascularization.
Receptor with a serine/threonine-protein kinase activity, which may transduce extracellular spatial and temporal signals into downstream cell differentiation responses in provascular and procambial cells. In contrast to BRI1, BRL1 and BRL3, it does not bind brassinolide.
Expressed specifically in flowers. Expressed in all four whorls of the flower and in the vascular tissue of stamen filament and sepals. Detected in male and female gametophytes, especially in microspores and ovules. Weakly expressed in petals and the upper part of pistils.
Interacts (via N-terminus) with TIFY10A/JAZ1, TIFY5A/JAZ8 AND TIFY3A/JAZ11.
No visible phenotype. Myb24 and myb57 double mutant has petals that grew to a final height parallel to the pistil. Myb21 and myb24 double mutant is partially sterile and has petals that just grew out of the sepals but ended at a lower level than the stigma. Myb21, myb24 and myb57 triple mutant has a strongly reduced fertility and an arrested growth of the petals that never grew out of the sepals. Myb24 and myb108 double mutant has a reduced fertility and a greatly reduced seed set.
Tightly regulated during anther development.
Transcription factor acting redundantly with MYB21 and MYB57 to control stamen filament elongation in the late developed flowers. Contributes with MYB21 to induction of MYB108 by jasmonate. Repressed at the transcript levels by DELLA proteins.
Belongs to the radical SAM superfamily. MoaA family.
Binds 2 [4Fe-4S] clusters. Binds 1 [4Fe-4S] cluster coordinated with 3 cysteines and an exchangeable S-adenosyl-L-methionine and 1 [4Fe-4S] cluster coordinated with 3 cysteines and the GTP-derived substrate.
Catalyzes the cyclization of GTP to (8S)-3',8-cyclo-7,8-dihydroguanosine 5'-triphosphate.
Expressed in all organs, with an abundant expression in the roots.
Highly expressed in flowers, and moderately expressed in leaves and stems.
Accumulates in an adaxial ball-shaped set of cells in three to five cell layers around the L3 layer of the shoot apical meristem (SAM) in youg plantlets. Later, expressed transiently at the center of the boundary between the SAM and developing leaf primordia. In the inflorescence meristem, confined to the axils of flower primordia.
By a shift from short days to long days, in the axils of primordia on the elongating stem.
Mostly expressed in roots. Also present in shoot tips and flower buds.
Transcription activator of genes involved in the regulation of meristematic competence, such as CUC2. Positively regulates axillary meristems (AMs) formation and development, especially at early phases of vegetative growth, probably by specifying a stem cell niche for AM formation. Modulates the negative regulation mediated by gibberellic acid on the timing of developmental phase transitions.
Dehydrogenase that catalyzes the oxidation of several aminoaldehydes (PubMed:27725774, PubMed:32845293). Metabolizes and detoxifies aldehyde products of polyamine degradation to non-toxic amino acids (Probable). Catalyzes the oxidation of 4-aminobutanal and 3-aminopropanal to 4-aminobutanoate and beta-alanine, respectively (PubMed:27725774, PubMed:32845293). Production of 4-aminobutinoate by ALDH10A8 may confer tolerance to salt stress (PubMed:27725774). Catalyzes the oxidation of 4-(trimethylamino)butanal and 4-guanidinobutanal to 4-trimethylammoniobutanoate and 4-guanidinobutanoate, respectively (PubMed:32845293). Involved in glycine betaine biosynthesis (PubMed:26169197, PubMed:27725774, PubMed:32845293). Catalyzes with low efficiency the oxidation of betaine aldehyde to glycine betaine (PubMed:27725774, PubMed:32845293).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions (PubMed:21053011, PubMed:27725774). Mutant seedlings exhibit increased sensitivity to salt stress (PubMed:21053011, PubMed:27725774). Mutant seedling exhibit increased sensitivity to drought stress (PubMed:21053011).
Acts as a hyperosmolarity-gated non-selective cation channel that permeates Ca(2+) ions (PubMed:30190597). Mechanosensitive ion channel that converts mechanical stimuli into a flow of ions (PubMed:30190597).
Confers salt tolerance by triggering the expression of stress-responsive genes.
Expressed in roots, leaves, stems, flower, and trichomes.
Induced in shoots by drought in roots by abscisic acid (ABA), and both in roots and shoot by salt stress.
There are 3 contiguous domains conserved in the CDPK subfamily: a kinase domain, an autoinhibitory (junction) domain and a calmodulin-like domain. The autoinhibitory domain (363-393) inactivates kinase activity under calcium-free conditions (By similarity).
Homodimer (PubMed:16731568). Binds DNA as a dimer (By similarity). Interacts with floral glutaredoxins GRXC7/ROXY1 and GRXC8/ROXY2 in the nucleus (PubMed:20805327). Interacts with TGA1, TGA2, TGA3, TGA4, TGA5, TGA6, TGA7, TGA10 and PAN (PubMed:16731568).
Mostly expressed in stems, inflorescence apex and flowers, and, to a lower extent, in seedlings, leaves and siliques.
Together with TGA10, basic leucine-zipper transcription factor required for anther development, probably via the activation of SPL expression in anthers and via the regulation of genes with functions in early and middle tapetal development (PubMed:20805327). Required for signaling responses to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) such as flg22 that involves chloroplastic reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and subsequent expression of H(2)O(2)-responsive genes (PubMed:27717447).
Forms a complex with cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor (CPSF) subunits PCFS1, FIPS3 and CPSF30.
Transcription activator of the mannan synthase CSLA9. Recognizes and binds to DNA-specific sequence of CSLA9 promoter.
Induced by flagellin, jasmonic acid (JA), brassinosteroid and cytokinin, and repressed by abscisic acid. Insensitive to gibberellic acid.
No visible phenotype. Redundant with BEE1 and BEE3.
Lacks some conserved transmembrane domains, which are one of the features of the ABC conjugate transporter subfamily.
Expressed during the primary developmental stages.
Expressed in cotyledons, hypocotyls, roots, newly developing leaves and shoot apical meristem. Not detected in flowers, siliques or mature leaves.
Knock-down mutants have no visible phenotype in the absence of exogenous auxin, but are more sensitive to auxin-induced inhibition of root elongation and initiation of lateral roots.
Negative regulator of the auxin response.
Belongs to the aldolase class II family. MtnB subfamily.
Catalyzes the dehydration of methylthioribulose-1-phosphate (MTRu-1-P) into 2,3-diketo-5-methylthiopentyl-1-phosphate (DK-MTP-1-P).
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the HAD-like hydrolase superfamily. MasA/MtnC family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the aldolase class II family. MtnB subfamily.
Bifunctional wax ester synthase/diacylglycerol acyltransferase that uses acyl-CoAs with 14, 16 and 18 carbons as substrates, preferably in combination with 16:0ol alcohol (PubMed:30729606). Involved in cuticular wax biosynthesis (By similarity).
Dwarf phenotype. Strong reduction of secondary wall thickness, collapsed xylem vessels and reduced xylan content in cell wall.
Involved in the synthesis of the hemicellulose glucuronoxylan, a major component of secondary cell walls. Probably involved in the synthesis of the glycosyl sequence at the glucuronoxylan reducing end.
Belongs to the lyase 1 family. Argininosuccinate lyase subfamily.
Belongs to the PIGG/PIGN/PIGO family. PIGG subfamily.
Binds DNA as a dimer. Interaction with the Dof domain proteins OBP1, OBP2 or OBP3 enhances the binding to the ocs element. Interacts with RAP2-3/EPB, an ethylene-responsive element binding protein. The reduced form interacts with NPR1.
Altered transport of storage proteins to the protein storage vacuole (PSV).
Forms SNARE complexes with the t-SNAREs SYP61 and either SYP41 or SYP42, and with a much lower affinity with SYP51 in the TGN (PubMed:11739776, PubMed:15919093). Interacts also with VPS45, a Sec1 protein, but not with SYP21 or SYP22 (PubMed:10888666). Binds to EPSIN2 (PubMed:17277094). Core constituent of the SNARE complex required for membrane fusion at the trans-Golgi network (PubMed:15919093). Interacts with SCYL2B (PubMed:28751315).
Together with either SYP41 or SYP61, required for membrane fusion; the fusion of phospholipid vesicles containing SYP41 or SYP61 and VTI12 is triggered by YKT61 and YKT62 (PubMed:15919093). Functions as a v-SNARE responsible for the docking or fusion of transport vesicles within the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and mediates liposome fusion (PubMed:24021022, PubMed:15797025). Necessary to deliver proteins to the protein storage vacuole (PSV) (PubMed:17360696). May be also involved in retrograde traffic to the cis-Golgi (By similarity).
Expressed in roots, but not in hypocotyls or cotyledons. Low levels detected in leaf and shoot apical meristems and in siliques.
Probable GTPase-activating protein (By similarity). Regulator of membrane trafficking. Required for maintaining a straight growth of root hairs.
By UV treatment. Not induced by jasmonic acid.
Expressed constitutively at low levels. Preferentially expressed in vascular tissues.
Homo- and heterodimer. Interacts with MYB28, MYB29, MYB34, MYB51, MYB76, MYB122, MYC3, AFPH2/NINJA and the JAZ repressors TIFY10A/JAZ1, TIFY10B/JAZ2, TIFY6B/JAZ3, TIFY6A/JAZ4, TIFY11A/JAZ5, TIFY11B/JAZ6, TIFY5B/JAZ7, TIFY5A/JAZ8, TIFY7/JAZ9, TIFY9/JAZ10, TIFY3A/JAZ11 and TIFY3B/JAZ12.
Minor effect on jasmonic acid response and no effect on glucosinolate biosynthesis. Myc2 and myc4 double mutant has an increased insensitivity to jasmonic acid. Myc2, myc3 and myc4 triple mutant has no jasmonate-related defense response, is devoid of glucosinolates and is extremely susceptible to generalist herbivores.
The JAZ-interaction domain (JID) (99-150) is sufficient for interaction with MYB proteins and most of the TIFY/JAZ proteins.
Transcription factor involved in jasmonic acid (JA) gene regulation. With MYC2 and MYC3, controls additively subsets of JA-dependent responses. Can form complexes with all known glucosinolate-related MYBs to regulate glucosinolate biosynthesis. Binds to the G-box (5'-CACGTG-3') of promoters. Activates multiple TIFY/JAZ promoters.
May help in the organization of the PsaL subunit.
During embryo development, expressed in a punctate pattern from the globular stage to the torpedo stage.
Preferentially expressed in roots (PubMed:7549482). In root meristem, expressed in external cells of columella, lateral root cap and atrichoblasts. In mature root, expressed in the central cylinder (PubMed:11855641). Expressed in leaf vasculature, young floral meristems and nectaries (PubMed:18203871).
Probable transcription activator that regulates root development by controlling cell proliferation in root meristem. May mediate responses to auxin in the root. May act as promoter of the flowering transition through up-regulation of SOC, FT and LFY.
Retarded root growth, and altered root meristem size and stem-cell patterning. Late flowering phenotype.
ATPase transporter involved in lipid transfer from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to plastids, and necessary for thylakoids formation. Not involved in transition metal transport pathways (PubMed:20132520).
Catalytic subunit of the TGD complex, a lipid translocator at the inner chloroplast envelope membrane made of TGD1, TGD2 and TGD3 (PubMed:22544736). Interacts with TGD1 and TGD2 with an overall subunit stoichiometry of 2 TGD1, 2 TGD3 and 8 to 12 TGD2 (PubMed:22544736). Interacts with TGD5 (PubMed:26410300).
Disruption in the biosynthesis of ER-derived thylakoid lipids, and accumulation of oligogalactolipids, triacylglycerols (TAGs), and phosphatidates (PAs). Accumulates Gal(beta 1,6)betaGalDG, an unusual form of digalactosyldiacylglycerol (PubMed:23463370). Growth retardation, early bolting and no viable seeds produced (PubMed:20132520).
C2 domain is a calcium-binding fold, and the binding promotes the protein association with membranes.
Expressed in roots, leaves, stems, siliques,flowers and inflorescences.
Hydrolyzes glycerol-phospholipids at the terminal phosphodiesteric bond to generate phosphatidic acids (PA). Promotes growth and plays a role in nitrogen signaling.
Transcription activator that binds DNA on 5'-ACTCTAC-3' and promotes auxin homeostasis-regulating gene expression (e.g. YUC genes), as well as genes affecting stamen development, cell expansion and timing of flowering. Synergistically with other SHI-related proteins, regulates gynoecium, stamen and leaf development in a dose-dependent manner, controlling apical-basal patterning. Promotes style and stigma formation, and influence vascular development during gynoecium development. May also have a role in the formation and/or maintenance of the shoot apical meristem (SAM) (By similarity).
Expressed in developing siliques 13 to 15 days after pollination (DAP).
Thiol protease that plays a central role in plant programmed cell death (PCD). In addition to its role in protein degradation, may cleave and/or degrade a number of target proteins, activating signaling towards PCD. Contributes to the increase of caspase-3-like activity after UV-C-induced PCD and is required for abiotic stress-induced PCD (PubMed:27058316). Functions redundantly with CATHB1 and CATHB3 in basal defense and distinct forms of plant programmed cell death (PCD). Participates in the establishment of basal resistance against the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonase syringae pv. tomato DC3000. Required for full levels of PCD during resistance (R) gene-mediated hypersensitive response (HR). Involved in the regulation of senescence, a developmental form of PCD in plants (PubMed:19453434).
Knockout mutation impairs stomatal closure and accelerates wilting, enhances sensitivity to heat treatment, and strengthens tolerance to potyvirus TuMV infection.
May be involved in cell wall synthesis. Catalyzes alpha-1,4 glycosidic linkages and generates Lewis-a epitopes.
Present in root, stem, flower buds and green siliques.
Accumulates transiently in germinating seeds (at protein level) with a constant transcript level (PubMed:14671017, PubMed:17283014). Abundant in cotyledons during post-germinative growth and in sink tissues, such as young leaves, developing flowers, siliques and seeds (at protein level) (PubMed:17283014). In flowers, present in the nectaries, stigma, endocarp of the fruit wall and in tissues involved in the transfer of assimilates to the developing ovules and seeds, such as the vasculature and seed coat (at protein level) (PubMed:17283014).
Expressed in flowers, siliques, seeds, stems and roots.
Involved in the gluconeogenesis (By similarity). Catalyzes the conversion of oxaloacetate (OAA) to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) through direct phosphoryl transfer between the nucleoside triphosphate and OAA (By similarity).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but the mutant plants lack editing of the ndhD-1 site.
Plays a major role in single RNA editing events in chloroplasts. Acts as a site-recognition transacting factor involved in the edition of the site 1 of ndhD (ndhD-1 site corresponding to cytidine-2), which is a plastid-encoded subunit of the NADH-plastoquinone oxidoreductase. The interaction with CRR4 is required for its function in editing the ndhD-1 site.
Unlike other RNA editing factors, DYW1 does not contain identifiable PPR repeats but does contain E(+) and DYW motifs. Therefore its association with CCR4, which lacks E(+) and DYW motifs, but does contain PPR repeats, is required for its function in RNA editing.
Component of the cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor (CPSF) complex (By similarity). Forms a complex with cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor (CPSF) subunits CLPS5, FIPS5, PAPS4, PCFS1, CSTF64 and CPSF30 (PubMed:18479511).
Component of the cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor (CPSF) complex that plays a key role in pre-mRNA 3'-end formation, recognizing the AAUAAA signal sequence and interacting with poly(A) polymerase and other factors to bring about cleavage and poly(A) addition. FIP1L1 contributes to poly(A) site recognition and stimulates poly(A) addition. Binds to U-rich RNA sequence elements surrounding the poly(A) site. May act to tether poly(A) polymerase to the CPSF complex.
DNA hypermethylation and transgene silencing phenotype.
Expressed in leaves, buds, flowers, stems, siliques, mature seeds and roots.
Highly expressed at the early seedling stage.
Interacts with PRMT11 (PubMed:17711414). Interacts (via C-terminus) with IDM2, but not with IDM1 (PubMed:25684209, PubMed:25593350). Interacts with IDM3 (PubMed:25684209). Part of a complex made of MBD7, IDM1, IDM2 and IDM3 (PubMed:25684209).
The methyl-CpG-binding domain (MBD) functions both in binding to methylated DNA and in protein interactions (By similarity). The number of MBD domains may affect binding affinity, mobility within the nucleus, and subnuclear localization (By similarity). The C-terminal domain (232-306) has a very strong chromatin binding affinity and thus is coined 'sticky-C' (StkC) (PubMed:19647732). StkC confers intranuclear immobility, but has no effect on subnuclear localization (PubMed:19647732). It is necessary for the interaction with IDM2 and IDM3, and for the anti-silencing function (PubMed:25684209).
Transcriptional regulator that binds CpG islands in promoters where the DNA is methylated at position 5 of cytosine within CpG dinucleotides. May directly affect chromatin structure by inducing intra- and inter- chromatin compaction via bridging over multiple methylated CpG sites. Acts as an anti-silencing factor that prevents DNA hypermethylation and gene repression (PubMed:25684209). Requires high mCG density for binding (PubMed:25684209, PubMed:25593350). Recognizes preferentially mCGs located in transposable elements (PubMed:25684209, PubMed:25593350). Required for active DNA demethylation (PubMed:25593350). Prefers to target genomic loci around chromocenters (PubMed:25593350).
Expressed in columella cells in the roots and in root meristems after induction.
Probable cyclin-dependent protein kinase (CDK) inhibitor that functions as a repressor of mitosis in the endoreduplication cell cycle (PubMed:26546445). Acts as a potent cell cycle inhibitor, regulating a hydroxyurea-dependent checkpoint in leaves (PubMed:24399300). Essential to activate a high-light-dependent cell cycle checkpoint (PubMed:24399300).
Up-regulated by double-stranded DNA breaks-inducing treatments (PubMed:17227549). Up-regulated by zeocin treatment (PubMed:21613568). Up-regulated by DNA damage and oxidative stress (PubMed:24399300). Directly regulated by the transcription factor SOG1 (PubMed:24399300). Down-regulated by iron excess treatment (PubMed:25624148).
Mostly expressed in leaves, pollen and flowers.
Transcriptional regulator that binds CpG, CpNpN and CpNpG (N is A, T, or C) islands in promoters regardless the DNA methylation status. Plays probably a role in gene silencing.
Expressed in stems, hypocotyls, leaves, siliques, shoots, and roots, with a higher expression in apical shoots.
Isoprenylated (farnesylated); this addition of a 15-carbon farnesyl isoprenoid to the carboxy terminus is required for endoplasmic reticulum localization and essential for the biosynthesis of brassinolide.
Mediates Baeyer-Villiger oxidation and catalyzes the C6-oxidation step and lactonization in brassinosteroids biosynthesis (PubMed:15710611, PubMed:16024588). Converts 6-deoxocastasterone (6-deoxoCS) to castasterone (CS), and castasterone to brassinolide (BL) (PubMed:15710611, PubMed:16024588). May also convert 6-deoxoteasterone (6-deoxoTE) to teasterone (TE), 3-dehydro-6-deoxoteasterone (6-deoxo3DT, 6-deoxo-3-DHT) to 3-dehydroteasterone (3DT, 3-DHT), and 6-deoxotyphasterol (6-deoxoTY) to typhasterol (TY). Seems also able to convert teasterone (TE) and typhasterol (TY) to 7-oxateasterone (7-OXTE) and 7-oxatyphasterol (7-OXTY), respectively (PubMed:18685225). Catalyzes the conversion of 6-deoxo-28-norteasterone (6-deoxo-28-norTE) to 28-norteasterone (28-norTE), 6-deoxo-28-nordeoxoteasterone (6-deoxo-28-nor-3-DHT) to 28-nordeoxoteasterone (28-nor-3-DHT), 6-deoxo-28-nortyphasterol (6-deoxo-28-norTY) to 28-nortyphasterol (28-norTY) and 6-deoxo-28-norcastasterone (6-deoxo-28-norCS) to 28-norcastasterone (28-norCS) (PubMed:22170941). Involved in a negative regulation of responses to abscisic acid (ABA) and drought tolerance (PubMed:27455172, PubMed:16024588).
Reduced brassinolide accumulation but increased responsiveness to abscisic acid (ABA) and overall drought tolerance.
Repressed by brassinolide (BL) treatment (PubMed:12529536). Induced rapidly and transiently in seedlings hooks, petioles and cotyledons but fades out of hypocotyls after exposure to light (PubMed:32333772).
By brassinolide. Strongly down-regulated by abscisic acid.
May play a role during plastid development.
Reduced rosette size, delayed senescence, and reduced starch accumulation in chloroplasts of sepals.
Ubiquitously expressed at very low levels.
Heterodimer with AGAMOUS capable of binding to CArG-box sequences (PubMed:9418042). Interacts with TT16/AGL32 (PubMed:16080001).
Probable transcription factor. Functions with SEPALLATA1/AGL2 and SEPALLATA3/AGL9 to ensure proper development of petals, stamens and carpels and to prevent the indeterminate growth of the flower meristem. Forms a heterodimer via the K-box domain with AG, that could be involved in genes regulation during floral meristem development.
Catalyzes the reduction of pyridoxal (PL) with NADPH and oxidation of pyridoxine (PN) with NADP(+). Involved in the PLP salvage pathway.
Expressed in cotyledons, embryos, flowers, shoots, roots and seeds.
Mutants with reduced expression of PLR1 have lower levels of total B6 vitamers but there is no reduction in PN or PNP levels.
Sulfate adenylyltransferase. Catalyzes the first step of the sulfate assimilation pathway.
Forms a heterodimer with AGAMOUS. Interacts with AGL15 and AGL16.
Probable transcription factor. Forms a heterodimer via the K-box domain with AG, that could be involved in genes regulation during floral meristem development.
By abscisic acid, salicylic acid, wounding and flagellin 22, a pathogen elicitor.
Flavoenzyme involved in polyamine back-conversion (PubMed:18703589, PubMed:20532512, PubMed:21081665, PubMed:26925084). Catalyzes the oxidation of the secondary amino group of polyamines, such as spermine and spermidine (PubMed:18703589, PubMed:20532512, PubMed:21081665, PubMed:26925084). Substrate preference is spermine > spermidine (PubMed:18703589, PubMed:21081665). No activity detected when putrescine or N(1)-acetylspermine are used as substrates (PubMed:18703589). Plays an important role in the regulation of polyamine intracellular concentration (Probable).
Highly expressed in roots, flowers and greening cotelydons. Lower expression in other tissues.
CB-HEL interacts strongly with a fungal fruiting body lectin.
Fungal growth inhibitors. Neither CB-HEL nor CD-HEL have chitinase activity, but both have antimicrobial activities. CD-HEL has RNase, but no DNase activity.
The C-terminal vacuolar sorting signal (VSS) (194-212) is required for vacuolar localization.
Up-regulated by ethylene, methyl jasmonate, wounding and virus infection. Weakly induced by salicylic acid and 2,6-dichlorisonicotinic acid.
Constant expression level found in 3-12 week old leaves. Expression levels decrease during the light period, then increase again during dark. After wounding, expression levels decrease.
Expressed in root, leaf and influorescence stem of 3-4 week plants.
Negative regulator of cell death and defense responses. Repress a number of R genes and may have effects in promoting growth and development. May function in membrane trafficking and in fusion of vesicles with plasma membrane (By similarity).
No visible phenotype; due to partial redundancy with BON1 and BON2. Bon2 and bon3 double mutant has no visible phenotype. bon1 and bon3 double mutant is seedling-lethal when grown at 22 degrees Celsius. Bon1, bon2 and bon3 triple mutant is seedling-lethal at any temperature.
A stretch of 270 kb of the mitochondrial genome is duplicated within the centromere of chromosome 2 resulting in the duplication of the gene. The expression of this duplicated gene (At2g07687) is not demonstrated. It is also probably not RNA edited and therefore differs in all the positions known to be edited.
Belongs to the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 3 family.
Component of the cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV, CIV), a multisubunit enzyme composed of a catalytic core of 3 subunits and several supernumerary subunits. The complex exists as a monomer or a dimer and forms supercomplexes (SCs) in the inner mitochondrial membrane with ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase (cytochrome b-c1 complex, complex III, CIII).
Component of the cytochrome c oxidase, the last enzyme in the mitochondrial electron transport chain which drives oxidative phosphorylation. The respiratory chain contains 3 multisubunit complexes succinate dehydrogenase (complex II, CII), ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase (cytochrome b-c1 complex, complex III, CIII) and cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV, CIV), that cooperate to transfer electrons derived from NADH and succinate to molecular oxygen, creating an electrochemical gradient over the inner membrane that drives transmembrane transport and the ATP synthase. Cytochrome c oxidase is the component of the respiratory chain that catalyzes the reduction of oxygen to water. Electrons originating from reduced cytochrome c in the intermembrane space (IMS) are transferred via the dinuclear copper A center (CU(A)) of subunit 2 and heme A of subunit 1 to the active site in subunit 1, a binuclear center (BNC) formed by heme A3 and copper B (CU(B)). The BNC reduces molecular oxygen to 2 water molecules using 4 electrons from cytochrome c in the IMS and 4 protons from the mitochondrial matrix.
Aberrant lateral root formation due to hypersensitivity to toxic compounds.
Expressed in the root epidermis and cortex. Not expressed in hypocotyl. Detected in the elongation zone of young roots, but not in the meristematic region.
Required for protection of the roots from inhibitory compounds. When expressed in a heterologous system, confers resistance to tetramethylammonium chloride.
Homotetramer and heterodimer. Component of a multiprotein complex. Interacts with SPMS and SPDSYN2.
Expressed in the actively growing young stages of Arabidopsis seedlings. When plants grew, however, expression was evident only in cotyledons, primary leaves, and hypocotyls. The activity decreased in the secondary leaves, being detectable only in vascular tissues. In the roots as well, expression was localized mostly in vascular tissues. Expression becomes highly active when floral shoots bolted, especially in the young or actively growing tissues of inflorescence stems. Continuously expressed during pollen development.
PA2 catalyzes the calcium-dependent hydrolysis of the 2-acyl groups in 3-sn-phosphoglycerides. Releases lysophospholipids (LPLs) and free fatty acids (FFAs) from membrane phospholipids in response to hormones and other external stimuli. Regulates the process of cell elongation and plays important roles in shoot gravitropism by mediating auxin-induced cell elongation. Involved in stomatal opening in response to light. Plays a role in pollen development and germination and tube growth.
RNAi mutant exhibits delayed light-induced stomatal opening.
The enzyme has a preference towards palmitoyl acyl chain over linoleoyl acyl chain. It also has a slight preference for phosphatidylethanolamine over phosphatidylcholine.
Ubiquitous but expressed at a low level. Detected in vascular tissues and in the guard cells. Predominantly detected in pollen.
First observed in the embryo proper at the four-cell stage. Later expressed throughout the embryo from the eight-cell to the bent-cotyledon stages. Until the torpedo stage of development, mostly concentrated at the root pole. At the torpedo stage, strongest levels in the columella and lateral root cap. Hardly detected in the suspensor. Present in seedling roots. In mature and fully differentiated young roots, accumulates from the root cap to the emerging root hair zone.
No visible phenotype. When associated with OBE2 disruption, plants exhibit premature termination of the shoot meristem and impaired root apical meristem establishment, leading to a diminutive phenotype characterized by an absence of roots and defective development of the vasculature.
Probable transcription factor that acts together with OBE2 for the maintenance and/or establishment of both the shoot and root meristems, probably by controlling the expression of the meristem genes such as WUS, PLT1 and PLT2 and of genes required for auxin responses. Promotes cell meristematic activity via the WUSCHEL-CLAVATA pathway. Involved in the development of the basal pole and in auxin-mediated root and vascular development in the embryo. Confers sensitivity to turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) probably by promoting viral movement and multiplication via interaction with TuMV VPg.
Self-interacts (PubMed:18403411, PubMed:19392692, PubMed:22378640). Interacts with OBE2, OBE3 and OBE4 (PubMed:19392692, PubMed:22378640). Binds to VPg of pea seed borne mosaic virus (PSbMV), turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) and lettuce mosaic virus (LMV), but not with VPg of tobacco etch virus (TEV), cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV), tomato black ring virus (TBRV) and grapevine fan leaf virus (GFLV) (PubMed:14963126). Interacts with RBL (PubMed:30338215).
Expressed in vascular tissues of all organs. Expressed in root and leaf phloem, pollen and root hairs.
Metallothioneins have a high content of cysteine residues that bind various heavy metals (Probable). Functions as metal chelator of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn). Functions cooperatively with the phytochelatin synthase PCS1 to protect plants from Cu and cadmium toxicity (PubMed:18287486). Plays a role in Cu homeostasis, specifically in the remobilization of Cu from senescing leaves. The mobilization of Cu from internal sources is important for seed development (PubMed:24635746).
Component of the spliceosome. Interacts with CYP63, U2AF35A, U2AF35B, SRZ21, RSZ22, SR34, SR45, SR45A and SCL33.
Mediates the splicing of pre-mRNA by binding to the loop I region of U1-snRNA.
Phosphorylated. The association and dissociation with SR45 is not affected by the phosphorylation status (PubMed:18414657).
Radially swollen roots without any depletion or disorientation of cortical microtubules or cellulose microfibrils.
Responsible for microtubule translocation. May be important for the organization of phragmoplast-specific arrays of microtubules (By similarity). Plays an essential role in stabilizing the mitotic spindle (PubMed:17652157). Required during mitotic cytokinesis (PubMed:26745275).
S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent protein-arginine N-methyltransferase that methylates the delta-nitrogen atom of arginine residues to form N5-methylarginine (type IV) in target proteins. Monomethylates ribosomal protein L12.
Expressed in vasculature of aerial parts. Expressed in cotyledons and leaf petioles.
Plants display elongated petioles and enhanced leaf margin serration and are able to germinate and develop in the presence of the programmed cell death (PCD)-inducing fungal toxin fumonisin B1 (FB1).
Trans-acting factor that binds specifically to the consensus nucleotide sequence 5'-TNCGTACAA-3' (By similarity). May play a role in plant development.
Component of the elongator complex which is required for multiple tRNA modifications, including mcm5U (5-methoxycarbonylmethyl uridine), mcm5s2U (5-methoxycarbonylmethyl-2-thiouridine), and ncm5U (5-carbamoylmethyl uridine) (By similarity). The elongator complex catalyzes formation of carboxymethyluridine in the wobble base at position 34 in tRNAs (By similarity). Promotes organ development by modulating cell division rate. Prevents abscisic acid (ABA) signaling leading to stomatal closure and seedling growth inhibition. Involved in oxidative stress signaling. Prevents anthocyanin accumulation. Accelerator of defense gene induction required for rapid defense gene induction, and for the establishment of both basal and effector-triggered immunity (ETI), in a NPR1-independent manner, but is not required for systemic acquired resistance (SAR) establishment (PubMed:19500300, PubMed:20807211).
Folds into a two seven-bladed beta-propeller structure which is required for elongator complex assembly.
Narrow leaves and reduced root growth that results from a decreased cell division rate. Increased abscisic acid (ABA) sensitivity and drought tolerance. Higher resistance to oxidative stress mediated by methyl viologen (MV) that blocks electron transport during photosynthesis and by CsCl in light. Accumulates anthocyanins. Reduced defense gene induction kinetics and salicylic acid (SA) accumulation mediated by pathogens (e.g. Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola) accompanied by an enhanced susceptibility in npr1 deficient plants.
Glycosyltransferase required for the addition of both glucuronic acid and 4-O-methylglucuronic acid branches to xylan in stem cell walls. In association with GUX2, is responsible for almost all of the substitutions of the xylan backbone in stem glucuronoxylan.
Ubiquitin-like protein which can be covalently attached to target lysines as a monomer. Does not seem to be involved in protein degradation and may function as an antagonist of ubiquitin in the degradation process. Required for the massive protein sumoylation in the nucleus induced by heat shock and controlled by SIZ1.
Delayed flowering (PubMed:32392578). Impaired systemic acquired resistance (SAR) toward pathogenic bacteria (e.g. Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato DC3000 (avrPto)) (PubMed:32392578). Lost ability of dehydroabietinal-dependent (DA, a diterpenoid tricyclic diterpene) to trigger flowering and systemic acquired resistance (SAR) (PubMed:32392578).
Probable histone demethylase that promotes flowering independently of the photoperiod and vernalization pathways by repressing FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC), a floral repressor that blocks the transition from vegetative to reproductive development. Probably mediates histone H3 'Lys-4' demethylation at FLC locus. Seems to act in partial redundancy with LDL1 and LDL2 to repress FLC expression. Required for histone H4 deacetylation of FLC locus. May be a component of the histone deacetylase complex. Forms a histone deacetylase complex with HDA5, HDA6 and MSI4/FVE that represses FLC gene expression to control flowering time (PubMed:21398257, PubMed:25922987). Required for systemic acquired resistance (SAR) toward pathogenic bacteria (e.g. Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato DC3000 (avrPto)) (PubMed:32392578). Together with FLD and MSI4/FVE, contributes to dehydroabietinal-dependent (DA, a diterpenoid tricyclic diterpene) activation of flowering ans SAR (PubMed:32392578).
Sumoylated at Lys-287, Lys-693 and Lys-770 by SIZ1. Sumoylation alters its activity and the histone H4 acetylation status of FLC locus, promoting FLC expression.
Flavoenzyme involved in polyamine back-conversion (PubMed:20532512, PubMed:21081665). Catalyzes the oxidation of the secondary amino group of polyamines, such as spermine, spermidine and their acetyl derivatives (PubMed:20532512, PubMed:21081665). Substrate preference is N(1)-acetylspermine > spermine > spermidine (PubMed:21081665). Plays an important role in the regulation of polyamine intracellular concentration (Probable). Involved in abscisic acid-mediated developmental processes (PubMed:26310141). May contribute to nitric oxide-mediated effects on root growth (PubMed:26310141).
Highly expressed in flowers and siliques. Also found in leaf and stem and in low levels in cotyledons, roots and in seedlings.
Constituent of tobamovirus replication complex. Interacts with the helicase domain of tobamovirus-encoded replication proteins.
Contributes to the intracellular multiplication of tobamoviruses, probably being a membrane anchor promoting the formation of the replication complex.
When associated with TOM1 disruption, reduced efficiency of intracellular multiplication of tobamoviruses (e.g. crucifer strain TMV-Cg), characterized by a reduced accumulation of viral coat protein (CP) and reduced amplification of TMV-related RNAs.
Belongs to the class IV-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. RNA methyltransferase NEP1 family.
Expressed in root vascular tissue and trichoblast cell files. Expressed in root metaxylem cell files. Expressed in guard cells of cotyledons, rosette leaves, sepals, petal, stigmas and siliques. Expressed in root metaxylem cell files.
Guanine-nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) that acts as an activator of Rop (Rho of plants) GTPases by promoting the exchange of GDP for GTP. In association with ROPGEF1, acts as specific regulator of ARAC10/ROP11 function in ABA-mediated stomatal closure.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plant roots have reduced density of secondary wall pits in metaxylem vessels.
By UV-C light, hydrogen peroxide and methyl viologen.
Cysteine protease that cleaves specifically after arginine residues. Does not cleave caspase-specific substrates. May be involved in the modulation of programmed cell death activated by oxidative stress.
Involved in control of cell division. Regulates probably the availability of alpha-tubulin for dimerization of alpha-/beta-tubulin, which is required for proper microtubule biogenesis. Decreased expression of TFCB results in enlarged mesophyll cells and leaf epidermal cells with bulged nuclei, increased ploidy and increased numbers of spindles and phragmoplasts.
Supercomplex made of cofactors A to E. Cofactors A and D function by capturing and stabilizing tubulin in a quasi-native conformation. Cofactor E binds to the cofactor D-tubulin complex; interaction with cofactor C then causes the release of tubulin polypeptides that are committed to the native state. Interacts with TUBA6.
Homo- and heterodimer. Interacts with MYC2, MYC3, MYC4, COI1, AFPH2/NINJA, TIFY10A/JAZ1, TIFY10B/JAZ2, TIFY6B/JAZ3, TIFY5A/JAZ8, TIFY9/JAZ10 and TIFY3A/JAZ11 (PubMed:18547396, PubMed:19151223, PubMed:19309455, PubMed:20360743, PubMed:21321051, PubMed:23169619). Interacts with RHD6 and RSL1 (PubMed:31988260).
Repressor of jasmonate responses. Jasmonoyl-isoleucine (JA-Ile) specifically promotes COI1-TIFY7/JAZ9 interaction (PubMed:19151223). Interacts with and suppresses RHD6 and RSL1 transcription factor activities to negatively regulate jasmonate-stimulated root hair development (PubMed:31988260).
The jas domain (220-244) is necessary and sufficient for interaction with COI1.
Required for plastid development during embryogenesis (PubMed:24964212). Might be involved in chaperone functions or play a structural role in the thylakoid FtsH complex (PubMed:12185496).
Detected inaxillary branches and leaves (PubMed:23893171). Expressed in the primary rosette buds and expanding leaves of adult rosettes, the vasculature of the hypocotyls, cotyledons, and mature roots, and in the midvein and petioles of young leaves (PubMed:26546447).
Interacts with TPL/TPR in an EAR-motif dependent manner. Interacts with MAX2 and TPR2 (PubMed:26546446). Interacts with D14 (PubMed:26546446, PubMed:25713176). The interaction with D14 occurs in the presence of (2'R) stereoisomers of strigolactones, but not (2'S) stereoisomers (PubMed:25713176).
No visible phenotype. Suppresses max2 phenotypes associated with strigolactone-D14-regulated growth. Smxl8 and max2 double mutants have branching and inflorescence heights similar to max2 mutants.
Histone methyltransferase. Methylates 'Lys-9' of histone H3. H3 'Lys-9' methylation represents a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional repression. Seems to act preferentially on dsMRNA.
Catalyzes the reversible transfer of the terminal phosphate group between ATP and AMP.
Expressed mainly in chloroplast-containing tissues. Also detected in roots, stems, flower buds, developing siliques and dry seeds.
Found predominantly in flower buds and siliques. Seems to be unable to interact with EMB506.
Found predominantly in leaves and inflorescence stems.
Highest expression occurs in four-day-old plants and declines as plants develop further.
Interacts with EMB506. No homodimerization observed.
Involved in the initial differentiation of the proplastid during the embryo development and in plastid differentiation linked to cell differentiation, morphogenesis and organogenesis during the plant life cycle.
Plants show a developmental arrest of the embryos at the globular stage.
Component of the post-replicative DNA mismatch repair system (MMR). Forms the heterodimer MutS alpha (MSH2-MSH6 heterodimer) which binds to DNA mismatches thereby initiating DNA repair. MutS alpha recognizes single base mismatches and trinucleotide insertion-deletion loops (IDL) in the DNA. Is involved in a UV-B-induced DNA damage response pathway.
Heterodimer consisting of MSH2-MSH6 (MutS alpha).
Belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily. METTL16/RlmF family.
By brassinolide (BL), auxin and dark treatment.
Cytochrome P450 involved in brassinosteroids (BRs) inactivation and regulation of BRs homeostasis. Inactivates the BRs castasterone (CS) and brassinolide (BL) through carbon 26 hydroxylation. Acts in association with CYP72C1 to inactivate BRs and modulate photomorphogenesis.
No visible phenotype under normal growth condition, but reduced responsiveness of hypocotyls to light and increased responsiveness to brassinolide (BL). Strong reduction of C-26 hydroxylase activity.
Plants overexpressing CYP734A1 exhibit severe dwarfism.
Disease resistance protein. Resistance proteins guard the plant against pathogens that contain an appropriate avirulence protein via an indirect interaction with this avirulence protein. That triggers a defense system including the hypersensitive response, which restricts the pathogen growth. In contrast to other resistance proteins, it works independently of ESD1 and NSD1 proteins and does not require the accumulation of salicylic acid, suggesting the existence of an independent signaling pathway. The specificity to avirulence proteins differs in the different cultivars.
In cv. Nd-1, it confers resistance to Mask-9, Aswa1, Edco1, Emco5 and Goco5 loci from Hyaloperonospora parasitica. In cv. Columbia, it confers resistance to Wela3 locus from Hyaloperonospora parasitica. In cv. RLD, it confers resistance to all of these loci.
By auxin and salicylic acid (SA) (PubMed:10758484). Induced transiently in response to the generalist herbivore S.littoralis. Triggered by methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and wounding (PubMed:16740150).
Expressed in the vasculature (mainly in the phloem and associated cell files) of cotyledons, leaves, roots, flower stalks and petals (PubMed:10758484, PubMed:16740150, PubMed:23057675). The PEAR proteins (e.g. DOF2.4, DOF5.1, DOF3.2, DOF1.1, DOF5.6 and DOF5.3) form a short-range concentration gradient that peaks at protophloem sieve elements (PSE) (PubMed:30626969).
In roots, confined to the central cylinder (vascular tissue and pericycle) of both main and lateral roots. In leaves, expressed in the vasculature, mostly in phloem cells. Also present in the vasculature of stems and in stamen filaments of flowers. Detected at low levels in the vasculature of petals and carpels.
Reduced expression of CYP83B1. Longer hypocotyls and increased lateral root formation.
Transcription factor that binds specifically to a 5'-AA[AG]G-3' consensus core sequence. Enhances the DNA binding of OBF transcription factors to OCS elements (By similarity). Involved in the regulation of root development (PubMed:23057675). The PEAR proteins (e.g. DOF2.4, DOF5.1, DOF3.2, DOF1.1, DOF5.6 and DOF5.3) activate gene expression that promotes radial growth of protophloem sieve elements (PubMed:30626969). Element of a regulatory network controlling indole glucosinolates (IGS) biosynthesis, probably by inducing the expression of accurate genes (e.g. CYP83B1). Promotes apical dominance (PubMed:16740150).
Activated by Ca(2+) which induces self-processing and accelerates the rate of the enzyme activity, but has no effect on Km.
Cysteine protease that cleaves specifically after arginine or lysine residues. Does not cleave caspase-specific substrates. Plays a positive regulatory role in biotic and abiotic stress-induced programmed cell death.
Expressed in roots, cotyledons, leaves, cauline leaves, pollen and embryos.
No visible phenotype when grown under normal conditions, but reduced sensitivity to cell death induced by the mycotoxin fumonisin B1, methyl viologen (oxidative stress) and infection with an avirulent strain of P.syringae DC3000.
Plants overexpressing MCA4 are more sensitive to the mycotoxin fumonisin B1 and methyl viologen (oxidative stress) and exhibited accelerated cell-death progression.
The two subunits are derived from the precursor sequence by an autocatalytic mechanism.
Accumulates in etiolated seedlings in dark conditions.
Activated by threonine and tyrosine phosphorylation (By similarity). Activated by the MAP kinase kinase MKK2. Activated by the MAP kinase kinase MKK6 in vitro.
Autophosphorylated on threonine and tyrosine residues.
Dually phosphorylated on Thr-201 and Tyr-203, which activates the enzyme.
Highly expressed in the root and shoot meristems, in guard cells of leaf stomata, pollen grains and pollen tubes.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but seedlings show increased sensitivity to oryzalin, a microtubule-destabilizing agent. conditions.
Plant-specific EB1 subtype that functions preferentially at early stages of plant mitosis by regulating spindle positioning and chromosome segregation. Accumulates in the prophase nucleus and is required to maintain spindle bipolarity during premetaphase and/or metaphase and for efficient segregation of chromosomes at anaphase. May play a role in the dynamics of microtubule network in elongating pollen tubes.
Expressed in leaves, flowers and siliques, but not in roots.
Mainly expressed in seedlings, and, to a lower extent, in roots and leaves, but barely in seeds.
Specifier protein that contributes to constitutive and herbivore-induced simple nitrile formation (PubMed:27990154). Promotes simple nitriles, but not epithionitrile or thiocyanate formation (PubMed:18987211). Converts allylglucosinolate (allyl-GSL), 2-propenylglucosinolate (sinigrin), indol-3-ylmethylglucosinolate (glucobrassicin), benzylisothiocyanate and benzylglucosinolate (glucotropaeolin) to their corresponding simple nitriles in the presence of myrosinase (PubMed:18987211, PubMed:19224919, PubMed:22954730). Catalyzes mainly the conversion of benzylisothiocyanate when benzylglucosinolate is used as the initial substrate of myrosinase (PubMed:19224919, PubMed:22954730).
The presence of Fe(2+) supports lyase activity in a dose-dependent manner with both benzylglucosinolate and 2-propenylglucosinolate as substrates (PubMed:22954730). More active at pH 7.4 than at pH 6 (PubMed:22954730).
Expressed in roots. Expressed at low levels in cauline leaves and flowers.
Clathrin coats are formed from molecules containing 3 heavy chains and 3 light chains.
Expressed predominantly in flowers, and at a very low level in leaves and roots.
Gibberellin (GA) induces dephosphorylation of RGA by TOPP4 and subsequent degradation by the proteasomal pathway.
Interacts directly with the GID2/SLY1 component of the SCF(GID2) complex. Interacts (via N-terminus) with GID1A, GID1B and GID1B (via N-terminus). Binds to bHLH transcription factors such as MYC2, PIF1, PIF4, PIF6 and SPT. Interacts with the BOI proteins BOI, BRG1, BRG2 and BRG3. Interacts with NFYC9 (PubMed:25105952). Interacts with TOPP4 (PubMed:25010794). Interacts with FLZ5 (Ref.31). Binds to zinc finger proteins MGP/IDD3, IDD4, IDD5, BIB/IDD9 and JKD/IDD10 in the nucleus (PubMed:24821766). Binds to and coactivates GAF1/IDD2 and ENY/IDD1 (PubMed:25035403). Binds to PDF2 and ATML1 (PubMed:24989044).
O-fucosylated by SPY (PubMed:28244988). O-fucosylation enhances RGA activity by promoting RGA binding to key transcription factors in brassinosteroid and light signaling pathways (PubMed:28244988).
Phosphorylated. Phosphorylation may increase the interaction with GID2.
Probable transcriptional regulator that acts as a repressor of the gibberellin (GA) signaling pathway. Probably acts by participating in large multiprotein complexes that repress transcription of GA-inducible genes. Positively regulates XERICO expression in seeds. Upon GA application, it is degraded by the proteasome, allowing the GA signaling pathway. Compared to other DELLA proteins, it is the most sensitive to GA application. No effect of the BOI proteins on its stability. Its activity is probably regulated by other phytohormones such as auxin and ethylene, attenuation of auxin transport delaying its GA-induced degradation. Involved in the regulation of seed dormancy and germination, including glucose-induced delay of seed germination (PubMed:24989044).
Ubiquitinated. Upon GA application it is ubiquitinated by the SCF(GID2) complex, leading to its subsequent degradation.
Ubiquitously expressed. Expressed in roots, rosette leaves, bolting and mature stems, young and mature siliques, flower buds and influorescences.
Catalyzes a two-step oxygenase reaction involved in the synthesis of chlorophyll b. Acts specifically on the non-esterified chlorophyllide a and not on chlorophyll a.
Consists of three domains A, B and C. The C-terminal C domain possesses catalytic function while the N-terminal A domain confers protein instability in response to chlorophyll b accumulation.
By heat shock and infection by avirulent and virulent bacterial pathogens (P.syringae).
Expressed constitutively in roots only. After heat treatment, expressed in most tissues. Levels also increase after heavy metal treatment.
Expressed in pollen during pollen development, germination and tube growth. Expressed during embryo development and young seedling growth.
Functions as a holding molecular chaperone (holdase) which stabilizes unfolding protein intermediates and rapidly releases them in an active form once stress has abated. Functions as a folding molecular chaperone (foldase) that assists the non-covalent folding of proteins in an ATP-dependent manner (PubMed:23827697). Molecular chaperone involved in R gene-mediated disease resistance. Required for full RPS2-mediated resistance through interaction with RAR1. Possesses probably ATPase activity (PubMed:14504384).
Homodimer (PubMed:24036116). Interacts with RAR1 (PubMed:14504384, PubMed:17148606). Interacts with OEP61, OEP64 and OM64 (PubMed:24036116). Interacts with POLL (PubMed:26230318). Interacts with HTD1 (PubMed:25358503).
No visible phenotype under normal growth condition. In case of infection, plants are altered in RPS2-mediated disease resistance.
Expressed in roots, senescent leaves, stems, flowers and siliques.
Differentiation of multiple gametic cells able to initiate gametogenesis. Abnormally enlarged sub-epidermal cells in developing ovules.
Expressed in all cells of the young ovule primordium at pre-meiotic stages, including the L1 layer. At early stages of female gametogenesis, expression is restricted to the distal (micropylar) portion of the developing ovule, but is absent from the 1-nuclear female gametophyte. In fully differentiated ovules, expressed at the proximal and distal poles but not in the female gametophyte.
Expressed in embryonic shoot apex region, pollen and developing ovules.
Involved in RNA-mediated post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS). Main component of the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) that binds to a short guide RNA such as a microRNA (miRNA) or small interfering RNA (siRNA). RISC uses the mature miRNA or siRNA as a guide for slicer-directed cleavage of homologous mRNAs to repress gene expression. Associates preferentially with small RNAs of 24 nucleotide in length with a 5' terminal adenosine. Interacts with 24 nucleotide sRNAs derived from transposable elements (TEs). Required to silence pericentrometric-located TEs in female gametes and their accessory cells. Necessary to inactivate a significant proportion of long terminal repeat retrotransposons (LTRs) in the ovule. Required to specify cell fate in ovule. Involved in the control of female gamete formation by restricting the specification of gametophyte precursors in a dosage-dependent, non-cell-autonomous manner. Targeted by turnip yellows virus (TuYV) protein P0 (via F-box-like domain) for probable proteasome degradation and thereby inactivating AGO9 function in RNA silencing.
Expressed in both etiolated and light-grown tissues.
Part of the augmin complex composed of 8 subunits (PubMed:22505726). The complex acts on microtubules and interacts with gamma-tubulin in spindles and the phragmoplast (PubMed:22505726). Interacts with AUG3 (PubMed:21750235).
Detected first in bicellular pollen and then most abundant in tricellular and mature pollen and growing pollen tubes.
Expressed specifically in pollen (PubMed:27468890). Not detected in roots, stems or leaves (PubMed:27468890).
Negative regulator of pollen germination (PubMed:27468890). Prevents pollination in moist environments by inhibiting jasmonic acid synthesis (PubMed:27468890). Stabilizes pollen tube growth (PubMed:27468890).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but hyperactive pollen germination.
Amino acid-proton symporter. Stereospecific transporter with a broad specificity for tryptophan, proline, and neutral and acidic amino acids. Has an affinity for aspartate in a physiological range. Involved in the uptake of amino acids diffusing out of the xylem tracheids into the xylem parenchyma.
Down-regulated by drought and salt stress.
Expressed at higher levels in sink as compared with source leaves.
Expressed in roots and leaves, and at lower levels in stems and flowers. Found in the xylem parenchyma.
Larger seeds and rosette leaves and increased number of cauline leaves at flowering. Decreased concentration of lysine, phenylalanine, leucine and aspartic acid in the sieve element sap, but no significant effect on aphid feeding behavior or reproduction.
Probable DNA helicase that may play a role in DNA repair during meiosis.
Component of KTN80-KTN1 complexes composed of a hexamer of KTN1-KTN80 heterodimers that sense microtubule (MT) geometry to confer precise MT severing (PubMed:28978669). Interacts directly with AAA1/KTN1 (PubMed:28978669). Interacts with subunits of the CUL4-based E3 ligase complex DDB1A and DDB1B (PubMed:21421380).
Hyper-induction of abscisic acid (ABA)-inducible transcription factors (e.g. ABI5 and MYC2) and their downstream genes in response to ABA (PubMed:21421380). Increased sensitivity to ABA and salt stress leading to reduced root length and increased dehydration tolerance (PubMed:21421380). The double mutant ktn80.1 ktn80.2 exhibits normal growth, but the quadruple mutant ktn80.1 ktn80.2 ktn80.3 ktn80.4 has a severe dwarf phenotype, with small and round dark-green rosette leaves as well as wide and short petioles, probably due to cell elongation defects, and associated with a complex cortical microtubule (MT) network with stable entanglements (PubMed:28978669). Plants missing KTN80s have a disruption of KTN1 recruitment at MT crossover or branching nucleation sites, leading to an abolishment of MT severing (PubMed:28978669).
May participate in a complex which severs microtubules in an ATP-dependent manner (By similarity). Microtubule severing may promote rapid reorganization of cellular microtubule arrays (By similarity). Confers precision to microtubule (MT) severing by specific targeting of KTN1 to MT cleavage sites such as crossover or branching nucleation sites (PubMed:28978669). Together with other KTN80s, regulates cell elongation by modulating MT organization (PubMed:28978669). Negative regulator of abscisic acid (ABA) responses (PubMed:21421380). May function as a substrate receptor for cullin-RING ubiquitin ligase 4 complexes (CRL4), a family of E3 ligases involved in protein degradation (PubMed:21421380).
Expressed in seedlings, cotyledons, shoot apex, leaves and flowers.
Expressed in siliques, dry seeds and vasculature of roots and rosette leaves.
Detected in pollen and seeds. Present in leaves and cotyledons.
Strongly expressed during the maturation phase in seeds and pollen grains, both desiccation-tolerant tissues.
Mainly expressed in roots and slightly in leaves.
Expressed in young seedlings, mostly in roots.
Extreme phenotype with disrupted cell elongation and a highly compressed apical-basal axis due to disorganization of the interphase microtubule array and lack of the preprophase band before mitosis. Sterile flowers.
Probable regulatory subunit of type 2A protein phosphatase involved in the control of the dynamic organization of the cortical cytoskeleton. Plays an important role in the organization of interphase microtubule arrays in part through the regulation of nucleation geometry. Required for the reorganization of cortical arrays in response to light.
Delayed age-dependent and darkness-induced senescence. Increased resistance to oxidative stress.
Expressed in leaves (PubMed:12650614). Expressed in 7-day-old seedlings, roots, rosette leaves, cauline leaves and flower buds (PubMed:21940719).
Induced by abscisic acid (ABA), salicylate (SA), methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and ethylene.
Involved in modulation of redox homeostasis to regulate leaf senescence mediated by age and stress factors during plant development. Its function is dependent of EIN2, a central factor of ethylene signaling.
Plants overexpressing AAF exhibit increased root growth, elevated level of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), enhanced sensitivity to oxidative stress, and early leaf senescence induced by continuous darkness and by age-dependent signaling.
During seed development, expressed at late embryogenesis and in dry seeds.
Transiently up-regulated during prolonged dark.
'Kuoda' means 'enlarge' or 'expand' in Chinese.
Accumulates during leaf expansion. First observed at the tip of the leaves 12 days after sowing (DAS). At 14 DAS, expressed throughout the leaf blade to fade out thereafter in a basipetal manner. In mature leaves, detected in vascular tissue, especially in companion cells (PubMed:24806884). Accumulates to higher levels in old rosette leaves than in young rosette and cauline leaves (PubMed:25920996).
Contains a R/KLFGV repression motif, which may be involved in the activity of transcriptional repression.
Defects in root growth. No visible hypocotyl phenotypes. Increased sensitivity to the gibberellic acid (GA) biosynthesis inhibitor paclobutrazol (PAC) and auxin (IAA) that inhibit hypocotyl elongation (PubMed:23888064). Reduced leaf size due to impaired cell expansion associated with an enhanced expression of peroxidase (Prxs) genes. This phenotype is reversed by SHAM treatment, a peroxidase inhibitor. Increased accumulation of H(2)O(2) (PubMed:24806884). Delayed senescence. Enhanced auxin-responsive gene expression (PubMed:25920996).
Expressed ubiquitously, except in hypocotyls, root tips and lateral root primordia.
Slightly induced by CdCl(2) (PubMed:16463103). Accumulates in the dark (PubMed:23888064, PubMed:25920996). Diurnal expression pattern with maximal levels in the morning (at protein level). Specifically induced during leaf expansion (PubMed:24806884). Expressed in old and dark-treated leaves (PubMed:25920996).
Transcriptional repressor (PubMed:23888064, PubMed:24806884). Direct regulator of the transcription of peroxidase (Prxs) and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-related genes via the recognition of 5'-ATCACA-3' motif (PubMed:24806884). Binds to 5'-TATCCA-3' motif (TA box) and represses the activity of corresponding promoters (e.g. sugar response genes) (PubMed:25920996). Regulates hypocotyl elongation in response to darkness by enhancing auxin accumulation in a phytochrome-interacting factor (PIF) proteins-dependent manner. Promotes lateral roots formation (PubMed:23888064). Promotes cell expansion during leaves development via the modulation of cell wall-located Prxs (PubMed:24806884). Plays a critical role in developmentally regulated and dark-induced onset of leaf senescence by repressing the transcription of several genes involved in chloroplast function and responses to light and auxin. Promotes responses to auxin, abscisic acid (ABA), and ethylene (PubMed:25920996).
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL43 family.
Abnormal cell wall organization in root hair and root epidermal cells, probably due to altered endosomal trafficking, and leading to short and branched root hairs (PubMed:24737717). Mislocalization of SYP41 in root hair cells (PubMed:24737717).
May function as a v-SNARE responsible for targeting vesicles involved in the secretory pathway (By similarity). Involved in actin-dependent endosomal trafficking pathways associated with the vacuole within root hairs and root tip epidermal cells (PubMed:24737717). Essential for cell wall organization and polarized root hair growth (PubMed:24737717). Also required for the localization of SYP41 to the trans-Golgi network in root hair cells (PubMed:24737717).
Calcium-selective channel required to prevent calcium stores from overfilling.
The active site contains a CPDC motif wich differs from the conserved CGPC motif.
Interacts with CV in the chloroplast thylakoid membrane and in CV-containing vesicles (CCVs).
PSBO1 is the major isoform in the wild-type and it cannot be fully complemented by PSBO2.
Stabilizes the manganese cluster which is the primary site of water splitting.
Belongs to the pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate oxidase family.
Catalyzes the oxidation of either pyridoxine 5'-phosphate (PNP) or pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate (PMP) into pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP). Has an in vitro catalytic efficiency for PNP approximately 300-fold lower than that of PPOX1.
Highly expressed in roots, stems and flowers. Expressed at low levels in leaves and siliques.
No visible phenotype under normal growth condition (PubMed:18024555). No visible phenotype under short day (SD) conditions (PubMed:20179139). Reduced growth and pale green leaf phenotype under long day (LD) conditions (PubMed:20179139, PubMed:22829322).
S-sulfocysteine synthase that plays an important role in chloroplast function and is essential for light-dependent redox regulation and photosynthetic performance within the chloroplast (PubMed:20179139, PubMed:22829322, PubMed:23333972). Probably unable to interact with SAT and to form the decameric Cys synthase complex (CSC) required for O-acetylserine (thiol)-lyase (OAS-TL) enzymatic activity (PubMed:18223034). Lacks OAS-TL activity (PubMed:20179139).
In the process of transport, may migrate to the Golgi apparatus and function in subsequent transport events.
Required for the formation or budding of transport vesicles from the ER.
Expressed in roots, stems, leaves and flowers, but not in siliques.
Homodimers and heterodimers. Interacts with SWI3B, SWI3C, BSH, and the C-terminus of FCA, but not with BRM or SWI3D.
Plants have an embryo development blocked at the early globular stage.
Heterodimers with MORF8/RIP1, MORF5/RIP5 and MORF6/RIP6.
Homodimer and heterodimers with other CASP proteins. Interacts with CASP1, CASP2, CASP3 and CASP5.
May be involved in salt stress-induced vesicle-to-vacuole trafficking pathway. Through its interaction with ATG8F, may enable delivery of the vesicle bodies to the vacuole by an autophagic pathway (Probable). Plays a role in seed germination in response to exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) treatment (PubMed:22253227).
Plants silencing ATI1 and ATI2 display decreased ability of seed germination in presence of exogenous abscisic acid (ABA).
Interacts with the E3 ubiquitin-protein ligases MBR1 and MBR2.
Ubiquitously expressed. Mainly in petals.
Expressed in roots, seedlings, leaves and flowers. Expressed in the L1 layer of the shoot apex, in the epidermis of leaf primordia and young leaves and in vascular bundles. In the differentiation zone of the root, detected in the pericycle and in the epidermis, but not in the cortex. Strongly expressed in the cortical region of the root tip, in the meristematic tissue and in the epidermal cell layer of lateral roots, but not in the root caps. Highly expressed in unfertilized ovules. In mature embryos, expressed in the epidermis, cotyledon tips and root tips.
Two-heme-containing cytochrome (PubMed:24449903). Catalyzes ascorbate-dependent transmembrane ferric-chelate reduction (Probable).
Expressed in roots, root hairs, hypocotyls, cotyledons, stems, leaves, trichomes and flowers.
Involved in regulation of actin and microtubule organization. Part of a WAVE complex that activates the ARP2/3 complex. Interacts with the active form of RHO-family GTPases.
Aborted ovule development due to defects in fusion of polar nuclei and central cell maturation.
Expressed in root tips, young leaves, flowers and siliques.
In anthers, expressed throughout the developmental stages, especially in the mature pollen grains. In pistils, expressed in the mature female gametophyte stage and during fertilization.
Interacts (via C terminus) with PIA2. Component of the mitochondrial ribosome small subunit (Probable).
Mitochondrial ribosomal protein required for central cell maturation. May work together with PIA2 in controlling female gametophyte development, possibly by regulating the expression of some mitochondrial proteins.
Expressed in roots, leaves, guard cells, stems, flowers, siliques and pollen.
Functions as downstream effector of Rho-related GTP binding proteins of the 'Rho of Plants' (ROPs) family. Participates in the propagation of ROP GTPase signals in specific cellular responses. Functions as downstream effector of active ARAC4/ROP2 GTPase which is involved in the prevention of excessive stomatal opening upon light stimulation. Is involved in pollen tube growth regulation through its interaction with ARAC11/ROP1.
Interacts with ARAC4/ROP2 and ARAC11/ROP1.
Over-expression of RIC7 in tobacco germinating pollen reduces pollen tube elongation.
Delayed flowering and higher floral organs number with extra petals and sepals (PubMed:23632855). Increased H3K27me3 marks but decreased H3K4me3 marks on target gene loci (PubMed:23632855). Plants missing both EMF1 and ULT1 have rescued normal H3K27me3 marks and H3K4me3 marks (PubMed:23632855). Plants lacking both CRC and ULT1 exhibit strong floral meristem (FM) indeterminacy with reiterations of extra floral whorls in the center of the flower associated with reduced AGAMOUS and SUPERMAN levels (PubMed:18441215).
Expressed at low levels in seedlings, roots, shoots, leaves, stems, inflorescences, pollen, flowers and siliques, with highest levels dividing tissues including inflorescence.
Expressed in embryonic shoot apical meristems, in inflorescence and floral meristems, and in developing stamens, carpels and ovules. Also expressed in vegetative meristems and leaf primordia.
Interacts with HHO5 (PubMed:26903506). Associates with ATX1 for trimethylating 'Lys-4' on histone H3 (H3K4me3) at flower MADS box gene loci (PubMed:23632855).
It is uncertain whether Met-1 or Met-8 is the initiator.
Putative transcription factor that acts as a key negative regulator of cell accumulation in shoot and floral meristems. Negatively regulates the size of the WUSCHEL (WUS)-expressing organizing center in inflorescence meristems. May act by down-regulating expression of WUS. Acts as an antirepressor that counteracts EMF1 action through modulation of trimethylated 'Lys-4' on histone H3 (H3K4me3) marks on target gene loci (including genes involved in salt stress response and flower development) (PubMed:23632855). Collaboratively with RBL and CYP40/SQN, influences floral meristem (FM) determinacy in an AGAMOUS and SUPERMAN-dependent manner, thus contributing to the floral developmental homeostasis (PubMed:18441215).
Repressed by the munition hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine, also known as Royal Demolition eXplosive (RDX).
Embryo-specific transcription factor required at the globular to heart stage transition in embryo development.
Plants lacking PEI1 produce white seeds in which embryo development does not progress through heart stage.
Specifically expressed in embryo (at protein level).
Expressed in roots, leaves, stems, flowers and siliques. Detected at very low levels in roots and shoots.
Involved in trafficking to the vacuole (PubMed:21278129). Required for cell proliferation and cell expansion, but not for cell differentiation (PubMed:21278129). Acts in low affinity electroneutral exchange of protons for cations such as Na(+) or K(+) across membranes (By similarity). May also exchange Li(+) and Cs(+) with a lower affinity (By similarity).
No visible phenotype; due to redundancy with NHX5. Nhx5 and nhx6 double mutant has a slower development, is drastically smaller and is salt sensitive.
This protein has been described as HOS10 (high expression of osmotically responsive genes 10), a coordinating factor for responses to abiotic stress and for growth and development (PubMed:15994234). However, due to a locus misidentification, the locus responsible for the HOS10 phenotypes reported in ecotype C24 remains unknown and the paper has been retracted (PubMed:20622156).
Strong reduction of methylation of glucuronic acid in several oligosaccharide chains of plant cell wall components (PubMed:31245760). The double mutant agm1 and agm2 results in the absence of methylation on arabinogalactan glucoronic acid side chains (PubMed:31245760).
Glutamate-gated receptor that probably acts as non-selective cation channel, at least in roots and hypocotyls (Probable). Can be triggered by Ala, Asn, Cys, Glu, Gly, Ser and glutathione (a tripeptide consisting of Glu-Gly-Cys) (PubMed:18162597). Mediates leaf-to-leaf wound signaling (PubMed:23969459). May be involved in light-signal transduction and calcium homeostasis via the regulation of calcium influx into cells (PubMed:17012403). Contributes to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP) elicitor-mediated resistance (PubMed:23952652). Partially involved in free cytosolic calcium variations, nitric oxide (NO) production, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and expression of defense-related genes in response to oligogalacturonide elicitors (PubMed:23952652). Inovlved in resistance against Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis (PubMed:23952652). Required for glutathione-induced defense responses, and innate immunity responses against the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato strain DC3000 (PubMed:23656893). Required for the transmission of wound-induced, phloem-propagated action potential to neighbor leaves (PubMed:24716546).
Impaired glutamate-triggered (and Ala, Asn, Cys, Gly, Ser and glutathione-triggered) membrane depolarization and calcium rise (PubMed:17012403, PubMed:18162597). Reduced wound-activated surface potential changes (WASP) duration in the wounded leaf, resulting in a decreased induction of the regulators of jasmonate-signaling in the systemic leaves (PubMed:23969459). Glr3.3 and glr3.6 double mutant has no detectable changes in surface potential in systemic leaves and the induction of the regulators of jasmonate-signaling is more strongly decreased (PubMed:23969459).
Confined to the central region of inflorescence ane floral meristems, progressively restricted to the innermost cells of the dome. Also detected in developing stamen locules and later in sporogonous cells within locules. In carpel primordia, found in placenta and in young ovule primordia.
Interacts with HDG2, and possibly with HDG3, HDG7, ANL2, ATML1 and PDF2.
One of the components of the core complex of photosystem II (PSII). PSII is a light-driven water:plastoquinone oxidoreductase that uses light energy to abstract electrons from H(2)O, generating O(2) and a proton gradient subsequently used for ATP formation. It consists of a core antenna complex that captures photons, and an electron transfer chain that converts photonic excitation into a charge separation. This subunit is found at the monomer-monomer interface.
Efficiently joins single-strand breaks in a double-stranded polydeoxynucleotide in an ATP-dependent reaction. Involved in DNA non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) required for double-strand break repair. May be involved for T-DNA integration even if not absolutely required. Seems to be dispensable under normal growth conditions.
Induced by gamma radiation and by white light, but not by UV-B. Regulated by ATM in response to DNA double strand breaks (DSBs).
Interacts with XRCC4 via its tandem BRCT domains (PubMed:11029705). Interacts with POLL (PubMed:23660835).
Widely expressed, with higher levels in young flowers and roots.
May function together with HSC70 chaperone to assist protein folding and prevent protein aggregation during heat stress in the chloroplast.
Associates with ALIS1 to form a stable and active complex. Interacts with ALIS3 and ALIS5 in a heterologous system.
Expressed in petals and sepals, but not in reproductive tissues. In siliques, detected in the upper part of the seed pod and in the area between the seed pod and the stem, but not in developing seeds. Strong expression in vascular shoot tissues and in stomatal guard cells of young rosettes leaves. In roots, expressed in cells surrounding the xylem and in central and peripheral columella cells. Detected in developing and mature trichomes, roots, pollen and growing pollen tubes.
Impaired growth of roots and shoots (PubMed:18344284, PubMed:23667493, PubMed:28434950). Roots devoided of the characteristic trans-Golgi proliferation of slime vesicles containing polysaccharides and enzymes for secretion (PubMed:18344284). Aberrant trichome expansion, reduced primary root growth and longer root hairs (PubMed:19566596, PubMed:28434950). Impaired pollen growth (PubMed:19566596, PubMed:23667493, PubMed:28434950). Impaired ovule development (PubMed:23667493, PubMed:28434950). Reduced adaptability to temperature stresses (PubMed:23667493). Abnormal accumulation of ABCG36/PEN3 in endomembrane compartments, likely in the trans-Golgi network, instead of plasma membrane (PM), due to an impaired endocytic trafficking of the ABCG36/PEN3 transporter, thus causing delays in ABCG36/PEN3 recruitment to the host-pathogen interface upon infection by powdery mildews (e.g. Blumeria graminis) within papillae and in response to pathogenic bacteria (e.g. Pseudomonas syringae) or pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) (e.g. flg22 and chitin) (PubMed:28434950).
Involved in transport of phospholipids. Contributes to transmembrane flipping of lipids. Required for secretory processes during plant development. Requires an interaction with an ALIS protein for activity. Has activity with phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine, but not with lysolipid (PubMed:18344284, PubMed:19566596, PubMed:20053675). Modifies endomembranes in multiple cell types, enabling structural changes, or signaling functions that are critical for normal development and adaptation to varied growth environments (PubMed:23667493). Required for the trafficking and endocytic recycling of ABCG36/PEN3 between the trans-Golgi network and the plasma membrane; thus promoting ABCG36/PEN3 recruitment to the host-pathogen interface upon infection by powdery mildews (e.g. Blumeria graminis) and bacteria (e.g. Pseudomonas syringae), or upon the detection of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) (e.g. flg22 and chitin) (PubMed:28434950).
Expressed in the shoot apical meristem (SAM) and petioles of young leaves, in the leaf margin and petiole vein of cotyledons, and at low levels in the filaments of developing flowers. Not detected in siliques.
Involved in the inactivation of early gibberellin (GA) intermediates.
No visible phenotype; due to the redundancy with CYP714A1. Cyp714a1 and cyp714a2 double mutants flower earlier and have an increased plant size and biomass.
Overexpression of CYP714A2 causes severe dwarfism with defective leaf development.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX49/DBP8 subfamily.
Belongs to the ERCC1/RAD10/SWI10 family.
Expressed in roots, stems, leaves, siliques, flowers, inflorescence and anthers. Strongly expressed in meiocytes.
Expressed in the shoot apical meristem (SAM) and young flower buds. In mature flowers, restricted to the reproductive organs stamens and carpels. In the stamen, accumulates in male meiocytes and in tapetal cells, as well as in mature pollen grains. In the carpel, present in developing ovules and in developing embryos.
Reduction in the number of class I crossovers (COs) during meiosis (PubMed:21771883, PubMed:16394097, PubMed:24656236). Delay in the formation of synaptonemal complexes (SC) as well as a few unsynapsed axial elements in early pachytene nuclei in some meiocytes. Early nodules (ENs) are observed on the central element of SC. Reduced fertility due to altered male and female meiosis (PubMed:16394097).
Required for chromosome segregation during meiosis (PubMed:16394097). During diakinesis and prometaphase I, essential for the formation of class I meiotic crossovers and homologous recombination (PubMed:16394097, PubMed:21771883, PubMed:24656236).
Catalyzes a base-exchange reaction in which the polar head group of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) is replaced by L-serine.
Catalyzes a base-exchange reaction in which the polar head group of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) or phosphatidylcholine (PC) is replaced by L-serine. Is essential for phosphatidylserine (PS) biosynthesis and PE seems to be the most plausible substrate. Plays an important role in microspore maturation.
Expressed in anthers and microspores at floral stages 9 to 12, tapetum at floral stages 7 to 11, mature embryos at 5 days after flowering and dry seed embryos.
Expressed in trichomes, leaf veins and root vasculature.
Mostly embryonic lethality with low frequencies of dwarf infertile plants.
By cold in an abscisic acid- (ABA-) independent manner (at protein level) (PubMed:7520301, PubMed:25122152). Repressed by phosphate (Pi) deprivation (PubMed:17598127). Induced by nitrogen (N) and phosphate (P) deprivation in leaves, but repressed by potassium (K) and N deprivation in roots (PubMed:21094157). Repressed by miR396 (PubMed:22751317).
Component of a DNA binding complex that binds to the G box (PubMed:16407442). Interacts with IDH3, AGT3, GLN1-1, GLN1-2, GLN1-4, SAM1, SAM2, MDH1, METK3 and MDH2 (PubMed:22104211, PubMed:21094157). Binds to 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthases (ACS) such as ACS2, ACS5, ACS6, ACS8, and ACS11 (PubMed:25122152). Interacts with FD (PubMed:25661797). Interacts with DREB1A and DREB1B in the nucleus (PubMed:28344081). Interacts with CINV1 (PubMed:25256212).
Is associated with a DNA binding complex that binds to the G box, a well-characterized cis-acting DNA regulatory element found in plant genes (PubMed:7972511, PubMed:7870824, PubMed:16407442). Involved in the regulation of nutrient metabolism (PubMed:22104211, PubMed:21094157). Reciprocal negative transcription regulation of miR396 (PubMed:22751317). Negative regulator of constitutive freezing tolerance and cold acclimation by controlling cold-induced gene expression partially through an ethylene (ET)-dependent pathway; prevents ethylene (ET) biosynthesis, probably by binding 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthases (ACS) to reduce their stability, thus contributing to establish adequate ET levels under both standard and low-temperature conditions (PubMed:25122152).
Short primary roots and reduced size, with smaller cells (PubMed:21094157, PubMed:25122152). Disturbed levels of several metabolites (e.g. beta-alanine, threonic acid, phenylalanine, 1,3-diaminopropane dihydrochloride, citrate, glycine, aspartate, glucose, 1,4-diaminobutane, proline, palmitate and shikimate) (PubMed:22104211). Increased miR396 levels in plants lacking simultaneously GRF1, GRF2 and GRF3 (PubMed:22751317). Higher freezing tolerance, and greater levels of cold-inducible genes and ethylene- (ET-) inducible genes leading to higher ET levels, as well as slightly enhanced expression of ACS6 (PubMed:25122152).
Expression reduced by 20% under dark conditions.
Reversible hydration of carbon dioxide. This isoform ensures the supply of bicarbonate for pep carboxylase.
Strongly expressed in aerial tissues including leaves, stems, flowers and siliques. Accumulates in mesophyll cells.
Involved in protein export. Probably interacts with other proteins to allow the postimport or conservative sorting pathway for inner membrane proteins in plastids. May have a central role in coupling the hydrolysis of ATP to the transfer of proteins across the membrane.
Part of a second Sec protein translocation apparatus. Interacts probably with SCY2.
Central member of the cytosolic iron-sulfur (Fe-S) protein assembly (CIA) pathway (PubMed:23104832). Involved in leaf polarity formation (PubMed:21070412). Promotes leaf adaxial identity (PubMed:21070412). May play a role in the cell cycle progression and is required for cell proliferation (PubMed:21070412).
Expressed in the embryo, shoot apical meristem, leaf primordia, inflorescence and all floral organs.
Expressed throughout the globular-stage, heart-stage and torpedo-stage embryos.
Part of a complex formed of AE7, CIA1, MMS19 and NAR1. Interacts with CIA1 and MMS19, but not with NAR1.
Together with HP30-2 and HP20, triggers the import and insertion of transit sequence-less multi-pass transmembrane proteins (e.g. CEQORH) into the chloroplastic inner membrane.
mRNA-capping methyltransferase that methylates the N7 position of the added guanosine to the 5'-cap structure of mRNAs. Binds RNA containing 5'-terminal GpppC (By similarity).
Catalyzes the cyanide-resistant oxidation of ubiquinol and the reduction of molecular oxygen to water, but does not translocate protons and consequently is not linked to oxidative phosphorylation. Increases respiration when the cytochrome respiratory pathway is restricted, or in response to low temperatures.
Cys-127 is involved in the sulfhydryl/disulfide regulation system, but is not required for subunit dimerization. Presence of a positive charge at this residue 127 confers activity while an uncharged substitution creates an inactive enzyme (PubMed:9804851, PubMed:12034477).
Expressed in roots, stems, cotyledons, leaves and flowers. High expression in sepals.
Expressed throughout development. Low expression during 48 hours after imbibition and then increases.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions. Decreased operating efficiency of photosystem II and an enhanced activity of cyclic electron transport around photosystem I. Altered photosynthetic carbon metabolism when grown under high CO(2) concentrations.
Up-regulated by antimycin A, low-nitrogen and salt stresses, high light, H(2)O(2), ethylene, paraquat, rotenone, salicylic acid, malonate,erythromycin and cold treatments.
When the two monomeric subunits are covalently linked by a S-S bond, the enzyme is essentially inactive. When the disulfide bond is reduced, its component sulfhydryls can associate with K-keto acids through formation of a thiohemiacetal, resulting in enzyme activation. Activated by glyoxylate, irrespective to the substitution found at Cys-127. That suggests the presence of a second activation site, possibly Cys-177.
Homodimer. Interacts with OEP61, OEP64 and OM64.
Expressed in stems and roots. Detected in leaves, siliques, flower buds, flowers. Expressed in the tapetum, but not in the endothecium. Detected in the vascular system of leaves and all flower organs, including stigma, stamens, petals and sepals.
Expressed in young flower buds and decreases just before the petals appearance.
Methylates caffeoyl-CoA to feruloyl-CoA. Has a very low activity with caffeic acid and esculetin. Involved in scopoletin biosynthesis in roots.
No visible phenotype, but slightly smaller when grown in short days conditions. 70% and 85% reduction in scopoletin and scopolin levels respectively in the roots. Reduction in global lignin content and in hydroxycinnamic acid amides content in pollen.
Accumulates in leaves during cold acclimation (at protein level) (PubMed:16668917, PubMed:17384167). Strongly induced by cold in association with a gradual irreversible decrease of H3K27me3 in the promoter region (PubMed:8193295, PubMed:9668134, PubMed:11706173, PubMed:11779861, PubMed:12148528, PubMed:14745450, PubMed:15144380, PubMed:16258011, PubMed:19470100, PubMed:19500304, PubMed:19563440). Expressed transiently after moderate decrease in temperature (cooling) through the CBF signaling cascade, thus leading to an enhanced subsequent freezing resistance (PubMed:19563440). Accumulates in response to high light, drought, high salt, polyethylene glycol (PEG) and abscisic acid (ABA) (PubMed:8193295, PubMed:9668134, PubMed:11779861, PubMed:12148528, PubMed:12785063, PubMed:21673078, PubMed:21832142). Cold-mediated induction is light-dependent and light-stimulated, and requires functional chloroplasts (PubMed:12148528, PubMed:17384167, PubMed:21471455). Follow a circadian-regulated expression with a progressive accumulation during the light phase and a drop during the dark phase (PubMed:21471455).
Exhibits cryoprotective activity toward stromal substrates (e.g. LDH and rubisco) in chloroplasts and in protoplasts and confers freezing tolerance to plants in a CBF-dependent manner (PubMed:1567390, PubMed:11038526, PubMed:9826741, PubMed:17384167, PubMed:18540080, PubMed:19563440). Protectant against various stresses (e.g. cold, drought and heat stress) by preventing protein aggregation (e.g. LDH) and attenuating enzyme inactivation (PubMed:18540080). Influences the intrinsic curvature of the inner membrane of the chloroplast envelope, and modulates the freeze-induced lamellar-to-hexagonal II phase transitions that occur in regions where the plasma membrane is brought into close apposition with the chloroplast envelope during freeze-induced osmotic contraction (PubMed:9826741). Mediates a shift in the melting curves of phospholipids-containing membranes to lower temperatures (PubMed:20510170). Involved in the regulation of leaf senescence by abscisic acid (ABA) in a VNI2-dependent manner (PubMed:21673078).
Forms homooligomers which interact with potential stromal substrates in the stroma of chloroplasts (PubMed:17384167). Interacts with the galactose headgroup of the chloroplast lipid monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) (PubMed:20510170).
Remaining soluble upon boiling in aqueous solution. Oligomers can stay soluble with small structural change after boiling and freeze-thaw treatments (PubMed:16668917, PubMed:17384167). Predominantly unstructured in solution and mainly alpha-helical after drying (PubMed:20510170).
At the globular stage, expressed in cells adjacent to the hypophysis and at later embryonic stages, restricted to the future root stem cells.
Atypical and probable non DNA-binding bHLH transcription factor required for MONOPTEROS-dependent root initiation in embryo. Promotes the correct definition of the hypophysis cell division plane. Transcriptionally controlled by MONOPTEROS. Moves from its site of synthesis in pro-embryos cells into the hypophysis. Regulates brassinosteroid (BR) signaling by sequestering negative BR signaling components. May function as positive regulator of gibberellin signaling. May play a role in the regulation of light signaling and possibly auxin signaling.
Expressed in root and shoot meristems, and young siliques. Low levels detected in all aerial tissues.
Homodimer (Probable). Interacts with BHLH 147, BHLH148, BHLH149, BHLH150 and IBH1. Interacts with SIEL (PubMed:21924907).
Plants over-expressing PRE3 show long hypocotyls, pale green and slightly narrow leaves, elongated petioles and early flowering. They are not sensitive to the gibberellin inhibitor paclobutrazol during seed germination (PubMed:16527868, PubMed:22339648).
Abnormal nuclear numbers and positions. No embryo sac.
Activates the ARF proteins by exchanging bound GDP for free GTP. Plays a role in vesicular protein sorting (By similarity). Involved both in the nuclear division phase and in the nuclear fusion phase.
By cold, salt, drought stress and methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) treatment.
Stay-green phenotype during senescence, salt stress and oxidative stress.
Transcriptional activator activated by proteolytic cleavage through regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP) (By similarity). Transcriptional activator that promotes leaf senescence by up-regulating senescence-associated genes in response to developmental and stress-induced senescence signals. Functions in salt and oxidative stress-responsive signaling pathways. Binds to the promoter of NAC029/NAP and NAC059/ORS1 genes (PubMed:23926065).
Expressed in young developing tissues, such as young leaves and flowers and root tips. In mature plants, expressed in vasculature of leaves and roots, and guard cells.
Inactive ADP-ribosyltransferase that functions with SRO1 to regulate oxidative stress, hormonal and developmental responses. Required for embryogenesis, vegetative and reproductive development, and abiotic stress responses. May regulate several stress-responsive genes. Seems to play a larger developmental role than SRO1. Does not bind NAD in vitro.
Interacts with the transcription factors NAC013/NTL1 and NAC046 (PubMed:25348421). Interacts with dehydration-responsive DREB2 proteins and a number of transcription factors belonging to several protein families. Interacts with turnip crinkle virus (TCV) movement protein P8.
Plants overexpressing RCD1 show a weak rcd1 mutant phenotype.
Small plants, altered leaf shape and early flowering. Plants lacking RCD1 show enhanced resistance to methyl viologen, tolerance to freezing and supplementary UV-B irradiation, reduced sensitivity to abscisic acid, ethylene and jasmonate, increased sensitivity to ozone and up-regulation of reactive oxygen species scavenging enzymes.
Accumulates at the end of the night, but fades out during the day.
Binds preferentially to highly ordered alpha-glucans, such as starch and crystalline maltodextrins (PubMed:35665549). Involved in the organization of the starch granule matrix, thus influencing starch turnover by modulating the accessibility of starch polymers to modifying and degrading enzymes involved in phosphorylation, hydrolyzes and synthesis, including starch synthases (SSI and SSIII), starch phosphorylases (PHS1), isoamylase, beta-amylase, glucan water dikinase (GWD) and phosphoglucan water dikinase (PWD) (PubMed:27207856, PubMed:35665549).
No visible effect on starch and sugars turnover (PubMed:27207856, PubMed:34367195). In the double mutant esv1-2 lesv-1, starch is more rapidely degraded during the night (PubMed:27207856).
Homodimer (Probable). Interacts with PRE3. Binds to RSA1 (PubMed:24009530).
Hypersensitivity to salt (NaCl) stress during seed germination and during seedling growth and development. Hypersensitivity to hydrogen peroxide H(2)O(2) and methyl viologen (MV).
bHLH transcription factor that binds DNA on specific sequence 5'-CANNTG-3' in target gene promoters (PubMed:24009530). Negatively regulates brassinosteroid signaling (PubMed:20023194). Together with BHLH148/RITF1, regulates the transcription of several genes involved in the detoxification of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by salt (NaCl) stress. Confers tolerance to salt and to the oxidative stress-inducing reagents hydrogen peroxide H(2)O(2) and methyl viologen (MV) (PubMed:24009530).
Expression is cell-cycle regulated. Expressed during mitosis from the prophase to the telophase.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but when grown at 16 degrees Celsius, seedlings grow slowly and root tip cells form incomplete or twisted cell plates.
Probable microtubule-associated force-producing protein that is targeted to the forming cell plate during cytokinesis. May play a role in cell division.
By wounding, locally and systemically, by cold and heat stresses, by jasmonate and by UV-C. Up-regulated during senescence. Seems to not be influenced by UV-A and UV-B. Induced by the explosive 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT).
Expressed during leaves senescence, seeds development, and siliques maturation.
Mostly expressed in roots, also present in leaves, shoots and flowers. More abundant in cotyledons. In more details, expressed in peduncles, sepals, petals, around the abscission zone of siliques, maturing siliques and developing seeds.
Specifically cleaves olefinic bonds in alpha,beta-unsaturated carbonyls and may be involved in detoxification or modification of these reactive compounds (PubMed:9346960, PubMed:10872231). May be involved in the biosynthesis or metabolism of oxylipin signaling molecules (Probable). In vitro, reduces 9R,13R-12-oxophytodienoic acid (9R,13R-OPDA) to 9R,13R-OPC-8:0, but only poorly 9S,13S-OPDA, the natural precursor of jasmonic acid (PubMed:10872231). Can detoxify the explosive 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) in vitro and in vivo by catalyzing its nitroreduction to form hydroxylamino-dinitrotoluene (HADNT) (PubMed:19605548).
Involved in the regulation of the chromatin structure and DNA methylation at the SNC1 locus. Regulates the expression of SNC1 at chromatin level.
Copper amine oxidase that can use putrescine and spermidine as substrates (PubMed:23915037). Involved in putrescine catabolism in peroxisomes (PubMed:23915037).
In young seedlings, expressed in hypocotyls, hypocotyl/root junctions and roots, especially in vascular tissue (e.g. xylem and metaxylem) (PubMed:31862580). Observed in shoot apex, associated with stipules (PubMed:31862580).
Induced transiently by auxin (IAA) (PubMed:31862580). Induced by jasmonic acid (MeJA) (PubMed:23915037, PubMed:31862580). Accumulates during dehydration recovery and treatment with putrescine (Put) (PubMed:31862580). Repressed by abscisic acid (ABA) and salicylic acid (SA) (PubMed:31862580). Triggered by wounding (PubMed:23915037, PubMed:31862580).
Mostly expressed in stems, and, at lower levels, in flowers and leaves (PubMed:23915037). Mainly detectable in stipules, hypocotyls and roots (PubMed:31862580).
Probable transcription regulator that functions in the development of the carpel margin meristem similarly to SEUSS (SEU). In association with SEU, supports organ development from meristematic regions by facilitating auxin response and thus organ initiation, and by sustaining meristematic potential through the maintenance of PHABULOSA expression (By similarity).
Belongs to the membrane magnesium transporter (TC 1.A.67) family.
Expressed in roots, stems, leaves, seedlings, inflorescence tips, and siliques.
RHM2 appears to be more highly expressed in cv. Landsberg erecta than in cv. Col-2. Transcriptions factors AP2, TTG1, and GL2 are required for maximum levels of RHM2 expression at the time of mucilage production.
Trifunctional enzyme involved in UDP-beta-L-rhamnose biosynthesis, a precursor of the primary cell wall components rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I) and rhamnogalacturonan II (RG-II). Catalyzes the dehydration of UDP-glucose to form UDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-glucose followed by the epimerization of the C3' and C5' positions of UDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-glucose to form UDP-4-keto-beta-L-rhamnose and the reduction of UDP-4-keto-beta-L-rhamnose to yield UDP-beta-L-rhamnose (PubMed:17190829). Required for the normal seed coat epidermal development (PubMed:14671019).
Up-regulated at the time of mucilage production during seed coat differentiation.
Strongly expressed in aerial tissues including leaves, stems, flowers and siliques, and, to a lower extent, in roots.
Expressed in roots, leaves and shoot apices.
Expressed in the embryo at the globular stage and in endosperm nuclei and chalazal endosperm of developing seeds.
Plants over-expressing AGL28 show an early flowering phenotype.
Probable transcription factor that may function as a floral promoter operating upstream of known floral activators in the autonomous pathway.
Controls photoperiodic flowering response. Component of the circadian clock. Expression of several members of the ARR-like family is controlled by circadian rhythm. The particular coordinated sequential expression of APRR9, APRR7, APRR5, APRR3 and APPR1 result to circadian waves that may be at the basis of the endogenous circadian clock. Positive regulator of CCA1 and LHY expression.
Expressed in leaves, flowers and siliques. Restricted to the vasculature.
Expressed with a circadian rhythm showing a broad peak in the late day and early night. Negatively regulated by LHY and CCA1.
Interacts with PIF1, PIL2, PIF3, PIF4, PIL5, PIL6, ABI3 (via C-terminus), ADO1/ZTL, ADO2, APRR3 and TCP21/CHE. Both the phosphorylated and the dephosphorylated forms interact with ADO1/ZLT.
Lacks the phospho-accepting Asp (here Glu-71), present in the receiver domain, which is one of the conserved features of the two-component response regulators (ARRs) family.
Phosphorylated; during the day. Phosphorylation is required for optimal interaction with APRR3.
Subject of targeted degradation by the 26S proteasome. ZEITLUPE (ADO1/ZTL) is the F-box protein that associates with the SCF (for Skp/Cullin/F-box) E3 ubiquitin ligase that is responsible for marking APRR1/TOC1 for turnover. CUL1 is the functional cullin for the SCF(ZTL) complex. APRR3 binding competitively inhibits the ADO1/ZTL interaction.
The N-terminus (1-243) is required for interactions with ADO1/ZTL and APRR3.
In shoots and roots by zinc and copper starvation. Inhibited by excess copper ions.
May play a role in the transport of zinc in the plastids. Could also transport copper ions.
Acts as an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase, or as part of E3 complex, which accepts ubiquitin from specific E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes and then transfers it to substrates (in vitro). Required for GLUTAMINE DUMPER 1(GDU1)-induced amino acid secretion and for amino acid homeostasis. Ubiquitinates GDU1 (in vitro).
Expressed in the vascular tissues in both phloem and xylem parenchyma cells.
Activated by wounding, methyl jasmonate, heavy metal, osmotic and salt stresses. Up-regulated by phosphate limitation (PubMed:16384909).
C2 domain is a calcium-binding fold, and the binding promotes the protein association with membranes. In PLD beta, all the calcium-coordinating acidic amino acids are conserved.
Hydrolyzes glycerol-phospholipids at the terminal phosphodiesteric bond to generate phosphatidic acids (PA). Plays an important role in various cellular processes, including phytohormone action, vesicular trafficking, secretion, cytoskeletal arrangement, meiosis, tumor promotion, pathogenesis, membrane deterioration and senescence. Can use phosphatidylserine or N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine as substrates.
Expressed predominantly in rosette leaves. Expressed in roots, cauline leaves and developing seeds.
Expressed in roots, stems, young rosette leaves, flowers and siliques.
HDA5, a tandem duplication of HDA18, is not required for the cellular patterning in the root epidermis.
Responsible for the deacetylation of lysine residues on the N-terminal part of the core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) (PubMed:23362208). Histone deacetylation gives a tag for epigenetic repression and plays an important role in transcriptional regulation, cell cycle progression and developmental events (Probable). Histone deacetylases act via the formation of large multiprotein complexes (Probable). Required for appropriate cellular patterning in the root epidermis (PubMed:16176989, PubMed:23362208). Involved in the differentiation of hair and non-hair cells in the root epidermis (PubMed:23362208). Is not directly involved in the regulation of the expression of pattern genes (PubMed:23362208). Regulates the transcription of certain kinase genes, which are components of a positional information relay system, by changing their histone acetylation status (PubMed:23362208).
Catalyzes the isomerization of citrate to isocitrate via cis-aconitate. Contributes to oxidative stress tolerance (PubMed:17013749). Modulates cytosolic citrate metabolism during lipid mobilization. Required during seedling growth (PubMed:25061985).
Major aconitase isoenzyme in young seedlings (PubMed:25061985). Expressed in roots, leaves, stems and flowers, and, at low levels, in seeds (PubMed:17437406).
Monomer (By similarity). Interacts with B'GAMMA in the cytosol (PubMed:25307043).
Phosphorylated at Ser-91 in the cytoplasm; this phosphorylation requires the presence of B'GAMMA.
Reduced cytosolic and mitochondrial aconitase (ACO) activities by 25 and 55 precent, respectively (PubMed:17013749, PubMed:17437406). Increased tolerance to oxidative stress mediated by paraquat, a superoxide-generating agent (PubMed:17013749). Delayed early seedling growth, altered assimilation of acetate feeding and elevated citrate and malate levels (PubMed:25061985).
Abnormal accumulation of D-ribose. D-ribose hypersensitivity; normal growth except in the presence of D-ribose, which leads to chlorosis and growth inhibition.
Activated by a monovalent cation that binds near, but not in, the active site. The most likely occupant of the site in vivo is potassium. Ion binding induces a conformational change that may alter substrate affinity (By similarity) (PubMed:27601466). Repressed by calcium, rubidium and sodium (PubMed:27601466). Substrate inhibition is observed in the presence of high ATP concentration (Ki=2.44 mM) (PubMed:27601466).
Activated by a monovalent cation that binds near, but not in, the active site. The most likely occupant of the site in vivo is potassium. Ion binding induces a conformational change that may alter substrate affinity.
Belongs to the carbohydrate kinase PfkB family. Ribokinase subfamily.
Catalyzes the phosphorylation of ribose at O-5 in a reaction requiring ATP and magnesium. The resulting D-ribose-5-phosphate can then be used either for sythesis of nucleotides, histidine, and tryptophan, or as a component of the pentose phosphate pathway (By similarity) (PubMed:27601466). Can also use xylose and fructose as carbohydrate substrates with a low efficiency (PubMed:27601466). Can use GTP, and, to a lower extent, CTP and UTP as alternative phosphoryl donors (PubMed:27601466).
Catalyzes the phosphorylation of ribose at O-5 in a reaction requiring ATP and magnesium. The resulting D-ribose-5-phosphate can then be used either for sythesis of nucleotides, histidine, and tryptophan, or as a component of the pentose phosphate pathway.
Cleavage site of the transit peptide is likely localized before the predicted cleavage site at Val-74, probably around His-67.
Requires a divalent cation, most likely magnesium in vivo, as an electrophilic catalyst to aid phosphoryl group transfer. It is the chelate of the metal and the nucleotide that is the actual substrate.
By ethylene. Slightly induced in leaf blades in low light intensities.
Activates the ARF proteins by exchanging bound GDP for free GTP. Plays a role in vesicular protein sorting. Acts as the major regulator of early endosomal vesicle trafficking, particularly at the trans-Golgi-network/early endosome (TGN/EE), but is also involved in the endocytosis process (PubMed:23737757). Together with VPS45/BEN2 required for polar PIN-FORMED (PIN) proteins localization, for their dynamic repolarization, and consequently for auxin activity gradient formation and auxin-related developmental processes (e.g. embryonic patterning, organogenesis and vasculature venation patterning) (PubMed:23737757). Target of hopM1, a conserved Pseudomonas syringae virulence protein that directs the protein to its own proteasome-mediated degradation. Plays a broad role in PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI), effector-triggered immunity (ETI), and salicylic acid (SA)-regulated immunity.
By the pathogen elicitor flagellin 22 and by benzothiadiazole (BTH), a synthetic activator of the salicylic acid (SA)-dependent immunity (at protein level).
Homodimer (By similarity). Interacts with hopM1 (PubMed:16840699). Interacts with HLB1 (PubMed:26941089).
Inhibited trafficking at the trans-Golgi-network/early endosome (TGN/EE) leading to an increased accumulation of PIN2 in agglomerated intracellular compartments leading to an altered auxin gradient and subsequent growth defects (e.g. disrupted roots architecture and shoot growth) (PubMed:23737757). Increased susceptibility to Pseudomonas syringae infection (PubMed:16840699). Displays growth and polarity defects (PubMed:19230664).
'BIIDXI' means seed in the Zapotec language.
By auxin (IAA and NPA) and gibberellic acid (GA) during germination and in roots (PubMed:25442819, PubMed:29238286). Highly and early up-regulated in roots during root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita infection (PubMed:29238286).
Decreased PME3 activity in leaves associated with empty short siliques missing seeds or with heterogeneous seeds, as well as several morphological and developmental defects, such as abnormal carpel morphology, decreased stigma size, septum with engrossed regions and badly differentiated ovules tissues (PubMed:25442819, PubMed:29137987). Misshapen embryos with modified methyl esterification status of homogalacturonans in seeds and associated with abnormal radical and embryo bending (PubMed:29137987). Long hypocotyls under continuous light with auxin accumulation in epidermal cells and altered distribution pattern of PIN1 as well as a decrease in de-methylesterified pectins (PubMed:30253266). Increased auxin-dependent gravitropic response (PubMed:30253266).
Mainly expressed in vascular tissues of roots, leaves, stamens and petals.
Not present in dry seeds (PubMed:25442819). First observed in provascular cells from the radicle meristematic region of the mature embryo and in embryos at the torpedo and heart stages (PubMed:25442819). Present in the vascular tissue of radicles from germinating seeds, 6 hours after imbibition (PubMed:25442819). In primary roots, confined to the provascular tissue of the meristematic and transition zone (PubMed:25442819). In young seedlings, detected in pericycle cells of the root differentiation zone (PubMed:25442819). In mature plants, observed in the vascular tissue at specific regions of root mature zone (PubMed:25442819). Also expressed in the vascular tissue of fully expanded leaves (PubMed:25442819). During different stages of flower development, restricted to the vascular tissue of stamen filaments and anthers, in petals, and in the stigmatic papilla (PubMed:25442819).
Together with At5g11420, acts as a positive regulator of PME3 activity during several developmental processes, including reproductive organ development, hypocotyls elongation, seed germination and endosperm (testa) rupture at the micropyle, probably by modulating the pectin methylation status in cell walls (PubMed:25442819). Involved in the regulation of pectin methylation degree to modulate cell wall physiology during cell separation, hypocotyl growth and embryo development (PubMed:29238286, PubMed:30253266, PubMed:29137987). Required during embryo development, especially to regulate homogalacturonans (HG) methyl esterification in endosperm cell walls, a process related to embryo bending (PubMed:29137987). Also implicated in hypocotyl growth and gravitropic response via the regulation of auxin efflux (PubMed:30253266). Regulates also cell wall pectin upon root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita infection (PubMed:29238286).
Low basal expression in seedlings. Also detected in rosette leaves.
May be involved in the transport of dicarboxylate compounds.
Required for accurate chromosome segregation in meiosis. Required for pairing to occur between homologous chromosomes. Acts in early recombination steps and ensures pairing fidelity and proper repair of meiotic DNA double-strand-breaks. Regulates recombination and pairing of homologous chromosomes during meiotic prophase by controlling transport of RAD50 from cytoplasm to the nucleus. May affect pairing of the gene-rich fraction of the genome rather than preventing pairing between repetitive DNA elements.
Sterility. Chromosome paring defects during meiosis.
Predominantly expressed in siliques but also in flowers.
Chlorophyll b reductase activity detected in vitro with a recombinant protein produced in a heterologous system. Able to act on the substrate within the protein-chlorophyll LHCII complex.
Interacts with NCY1 to form a complex that acts as a chlorophyll b reductase. Interacts with HCAR, RCCR and the LHCII complex. Part of a SGR1-CCE-LHCII complex, which acts in chlorophyll breakdown.
Required for chlorophyll b degradation. Chlorophyll b, chlorophyllide b, pheophorbide b and pheophytin b can be used as substrates. Belongs to the chlorophyll catabolic enzymes (CCEs).
Slower degradation of chlorophyll b during dark incubation.
One of the components of the core complex of photosystem II (PSII). PSII is a light-driven water:plastoquinone oxidoreductase that uses light energy to abstract electrons from H(2)O, generating O(2) and a proton gradient subsequently used for ATP formation. It consists of a core antenna complex that captures photons, and an electron transfer chain that converts photonic excitation into a charge separation. This subunit is found at the monomer-monomer interface and is required for correct PSII assembly and/or dimerization.
Conversion of folates to polyglutamate derivatives, including tetrahydrofolate (PubMed:11752472, PubMed:12535338). Required during embryogenesis; from maternal tissues until the globular stage, and from the embryo after the globular stage (PubMed:12535338).
Defective embryos with development arrested after the globular stage, at the transition to the heart stage.
Expressed in seedlings, leaves, inflorescence stems, flower buds and roots.
Observed, in embryos from the early stage to the mature stage, with higher levels in embryo proper, and weaker signals in suspensor cells and other tissues surrounding the embryo.
Detected at high levels in the petiole, sepals and petals in young flowers, but was not detected in the anthers during the early stages of pollen development.
Serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT). The heterodimer formed with LCB1 constitutes the catalytic core. Involved in the regulation of the programmed cell death (PCD) signaling pathway. Plays an important role during male gametogenesis and embryogenesis.
The lcb2a-1 mutant is incapable of initiating programmed cell death (PCD) after induction by fumonisin B1 (FB1), a specific inhibitor of ceramide synthase.
Ubiquitous. Detected in leaves, roots, stems, flowers and at a lower level in mature seeds.
Directs the termination of translation in response to the peptide chain termination codon UGA. Required for the proper translation, stability and normal processing of UGA-containing polycistronic transcripts in chloroplasts.
High chlorophyll fluorescence phenotype (hcf) and severe lesions in thylakoid membrane complexes, predominantly in photosystem II.
Accumulates in response to phosphorus, nitrogen, potassium, or iron deficiency.
Defects in flower and inflorescence development in short-day conditions and delayed flowering.
Required for flower development in short-day conditions.
Belongs to the aspartate/ornithine carbamoyltransferase superfamily.
Belongs to the aspartate/ornithine carbamoyltransferase superfamily. ATCase family.
During flower development, first observed throughout the floral meristem. Later expressed in rapidly growing floral primordia. Detected to a lower extent in vegetative primordia. During flower development, first observed throughout the floral meristem. Expressed during ovule development (PubMed:25378179).
Interacts with SPL (PubMed:25378179, PubMed:25527103). Interacts with CRY1 (PubMed:26596765).
Plays a pivotal role in the control of morphogenesis of shoot organs by negatively regulating the expression of boundary-specific genes such as CUC genes, probably through the induction of miRNA (e.g. miR164). Participates in ovule develpment (PubMed:25378179). Participates in ovule develpment (PubMed:25378179). Promotes light-regulated transcription of CHS, CAB, HYH and HY5. Regulates positively photomorphogenesis (e.g. hypocotyl elongation inhibition and cotyledon opening in response to blue light) (PubMed:26596765).
Reduced light-mediated transcription of CHS, CAB, HYH and HY5. Impaired influence of blue light on hypocotyl elongation.
Repressed by the miRNA miR-JAW (PubMed:12931144). Induced by blue light. Stabilized by light but labile in darkness due to proteasome-dependent proteolysis (at protein level) (PubMed:26596765).
Part of the AP-3 complex, an adaptor-related complex which seems to be clathrin-associated. The complex is associated with the Golgi region as well as more peripheral structures. It facilitates the budding of vesicles from the Golgi membrane and may be directly involved in trafficking to the vacuole. It also function in maintaining the identity of lytic vacuoles and in regulating the transition between storage and lytic vacuoles (By similarity).
Aberrant cytokinesis and cell division pattern during pollen mitosis in heterozygous gem1-1 and gem1-2 mutants.
Expressed in roots, cotyledons, rosette leaves, stems, open flowers and green siliques.
Homozygous lethal in gem1-1 mutant. No visible phenotype under normal growth condition in mor1-1 and mor1-2 mutants, but the restrictive temperature of 29 degrees Celsius causes cortical microtubule shortening and disorganization, left-handed helical growth of root, disrupts microtubule arrays during mitosis and cytokinesis and alters plant morphology and organ development.
Microtubule-binding protein that is essential for cortical microtubules organization and function. Essential for maintaining the interphase cortical array and for correct morphogenesis. Promotes rapid growth and shrinkage of microtubules and suppresses the pausing of interphase microtubules. Regulates the structure and function of microtubule arrays during mitosis and cytokinesis. Probably not required for cellulose microfibrils alignment in roots.
By the proteasome inhibitor MG132. Down-regulated during reinitiation of mitotic activity.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase involved in the positive regulation of abscisic acid (ABA) signaling and responses to salt and osmotic stresses during seed germination and early seedling development. Acts additively with RHA2A in regulating ABA signaling and drought response. Possesses E3 ubiquitin ligase activity in vitro.
Expressed in vascular tissue, root tips, embryos and pistils.
The ring domain is sufficient for the interaction with NAC19.
Acetylated at Lys-168 by the stromal acetyltransferase enzyme NSI.
Electroneutral K(+)/H(+) efflux antiporter involved in chloroplastic K(+) homeostasis and osmotic adjustment, especially during plastid division and thylakoid membrane formation (PubMed:24278440, PubMed:33111995, PubMed:27443603, PubMed:31296940). Collaboratively with KEA2, adjusts alkaline stromal pH upon light to dark transitions in plastids (PubMed:33111995). Together with KEA2, critical for chloroplast development, including chloroplast RNA-metabolism (e.g. rRNA maturation, polysome loading and RNA-protein interactions) and plastid gene expression (PGE), ion homeostasis, and photosynthesis (PubMed:34235544, PubMed:27443603). Contributes, during early seedling development, to the regulation of photosynthesis and abscisic acid- (ABA-) mediated primary root growth in a sucrose-dependent manner (PubMed:35193734). Involved in the regulation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS) metabolism (PubMed:33485149). Required in roots for rapid hyperosmotic-induced Ca(2+) responses and for osmo-sensory potentiation in hyperosmotic conditions (PubMed:27528686). May counteract resilience to drought and salt stress, involving photorespiratory pathway and stomata closure (PubMed:33485149, PubMed:34235544).
Expressed in shoots and roots (PubMed:24278440). Mainly localized to leaf veins, hypocotyls, mesophylls and guard cells (PubMed:35193734). Accumulates at high levels in small and dividing plastids (at protein level) (PubMed:27443603).
No visible phenotype (PubMed:24794527). Disrupted K(+)/H(+) efflux antiporter in the kea1 kea2 double mutant (PubMed:33111995). Mutants kea1 kea2 display strong growth retardation along with pale green leaves associated with a delayed formation of chloroplast pigments and electron transport complexes, as well as maturation defects of the plastid ribosomal RNAs and hampered RNA-protein interactions (PubMed:24794527, PubMed:27443603, PubMed:34235544). Double mutant kea1 kea2 exhibits a drastic photosystem II (PSII) quantum yield recovery under moderate salt stress (PubMed:34235544). Impaired rapid hyperosmotic-induced Ca(2+) responses in kea1 kea2 (PubMed:27528686). K(+)-induced alkalinization of plastid stroma is suppressed in kea1 kea2 mutants, as well as delayed rate of decay to neutral pH in the dark, but normal light-stimulated alkalinization of the stroma (PubMed:33111995). In addition, reduced primary root length is observed in the kea1 kea2 double mutant in the absence of sucrose, associated with lower abscisic acid (ABA) accumulation and impaired photosynthesis; these phenotypes are partially restored in the presence of moderate NaCl treatment (75 mM) (PubMed:35193734, PubMed:33485149). Plants kea1 kea2 have slightly higher K(+) levels and altered reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS) metabolism, but enhanced resilience to drought stress due to an increased photorespiratory pathway and stomata closure (PubMed:33485149). Triple mutants kea1 kea2 kea3 are extremely stunted in size with entirely pale leaves and died before steeing seeds (PubMed:24794527).
The full-length protein being inactive in a heterologous system, the N-terminal region seems to have a regulatory or auto-inhibitory function.
Belongs to the cytidine and deoxycytidylate deaminase family. ADAT2 subfamily.
Acylated protein. Probably modified with palmitate (PubMed:16831869).
Ubiquitous, but three fold higher expression in stamens.
Transcription factor that is a critical component of the regulatory circuit of the circadian clock. Binds to specific sites on CCA1 promoter leading to CCA1 activation. Is required for the rhythmic expression of other clock genes such as LHY, GI and APRR1/TOC1.
Was originally erroneously termed BP80E.
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) or matrixins may play a role in the degradation and remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) during development or in response to stresses (By similarity). Active on Mca-KESAbuNLFVLKDpaR-NH(2) (QF75) and, to some extent, on McaPLGLDpaAR-NH(2) (QF24), myelin basic protein (MBP) and beta-casein (PubMed:24156403).
Mostly expressed in leaves, roots and stems, and, to a lower extent, in flowers.
Cytosolic mediator for sorting and targeting of nascent chloroplast outer envelope membrane (OEM) proteins to the chloroplast. Functions as a AKR2A cofactor to facilitates the targeting of OEP7 to chloroplasts.
Expressed ubiquitously at low levels under normal physiological conditions.
Homodimer under normal physiological conditions. Aggregates in high oligomeric complexes after heat shock. Binds to AKR2A and to chloroplasts.
Reduction of OEP7 targeting to plastids.
Apoprotein for the two 4Fe-4S centers FA and FB of photosystem I (PSI); essential for photochemical activity. FB is the terminal electron acceptor of PSI, donating electrons to ferredoxin. The C-terminus interacts with PsaA/B/D and helps assemble the protein into the PSI complex. Required for binding of PsaD and PsaE to PSI. PSI is a plastocyanin-ferredoxin oxidoreductase, converting photonic excitation into a charge separation, which transfers an electron from the donor P700 chlorophyll pair to the spectroscopically characterized acceptors A0, A1, FX, FA and FB in turn.
Binds 2 [4Fe-4S] clusters. Cluster 2 is most probably the spectroscopically characterized electron acceptor FA and cluster 1 is most probably FB.
The eukaryotic PSI reaction center is composed of at least 11 subunits.
Monomer, homodimer and heterodimers with BZIP68 and GBF1/BZIP41 (PubMed:18315949, PubMed:22718771). Heterodimers with GBF2/BZIP54 and GBF3/BZIP55 (PubMed:18315949). Binds DNA as monomer and forms homo- and heterodimers. The monomeric form is redox regulated (PubMed:22718771). Interacts with GIP1 (PubMed:25387999).
The N-terminal region is necessary for its transcriptional activity.
Transcriptional activator that binds to the G-box motif (5'-CACGTG-3') and other cis-acting elements with 5'-ACGT-3' core, such as Hex, C-box and as-1 motifs. Possesses high binding affinity to G-box, much lower affinity to Hex and C-box, and little affinity to as-1 element (PubMed:18315949). G-box and G-box-like motifs are cis-acting elements defined in promoters of certain plant genes which are regulated by such diverse stimuli as light-induction or hormone control (Probable). Binds to the G-box motif 5'-CACGTG-3' of LHCB2.4 (At3g27690) promoter. May act as transcriptional repressor in light-regulated expression of LHCB2.4. Binds DNA as monomer. DNA-binding activity is redox-dependent (PubMed:22718771).
Dwarf plants and accumulation of the precursors of the two major storage proteins albumin 2S and globulin 12S in dry seeds.
Golgi matrix protein playing a role in tethering of vesicles to Golgi membranes and in maintaining the overall structure of the Golgi apparatus. Functions in the anterograde transport of storage protein precursors from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi complex.
The C-terminal domain (689-914) is necessary and sufficient for Golgi targeting.
No visible phenotype, due to redundancy with ESF1.2 and ESF1.3. Simultaneous down-regulation of all 3 genes by RNAi induces embryo abnormalities.
Binds 5S rRNA, forms part of the central protuberance of the 50S subunit.
Part of the 50S ribosomal subunit; contacts the 5S rRNA.
Down-regulated by cold (PubMed:25146936). Up-regulated by treatment with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (PubMed:23593031). Up-regulated during the dark phase of the diurnal cycle (PubMed:19154206). Regulated by the transcription factor WRKY46 and up-regulated by light (PubMed:24773321).
Expressed in hypocotyls, leaves, vasculature, hydathodes, trichomes, pedicels, sepals, filaments, mature pollen, stigma papillae, styles, siliques, root and shoot tips, but not in shoot meristem, petals or root epidermis.
Involved in regulating carbon and nitrogen allocation to starch and protein (PubMed:25146936).
No visible phenotype, but increased leaf starch content and decreased protein content.
The expression of QQS varies considerably among natural accessions as well as within populations directly sampled from the wild. This variation correlates negatively with the DNA methylation level of repeated sequences located within the 5'end of the gene.
Expressed at low levels in flowers (PubMed:18315543). Present in lateral roots, shoot apical meristem (SAM), flowers and siliques (PubMed:24179095).
Extracellular signaling peptide that represses primary root growth rate. Promotes shoot growth and modulates leaf morphology (PubMed:24179096). Regulates systemic nitrogen (N)-demand signaling. Mediates up-regulation of genes involved in N uptake and assimilation pathways (PubMed:25324386).
Slightly induced in roots by nitrogen and ammonium chloride NH(4)Cl starvation. Accumulates in response to osmotic stress (e.g. mannitol and salt NaCl).
Expressed in siliques, flowers and leaves.
Repressed by herbicides such as flufenacet and benfuresate (PubMed:12916765). Up-regulated by osmotic stress and down-regulated by low temperature, salt and drought (PubMed:18465198).
Cys residues in the pre-SET domain normally bind 3 zinc ions that are arranged in a triangular cluster, but here these Cys residues are only partially conserved, suggesting that the pre-Set domain may not bind a zinc cluster.
Chloroplast chaperone required for RuBisCo biogenesis and translational regulation of the RuBisCo large subunit (RbcL) (PubMed:29217567). Stabilizes an end-state assembly intermediate of eight RbcL subunits until the small subunits (RBCSs) become available to produce a complete stable RuBisCo complex containing eight small and eight large subunits (PubMed:29217567).
Interacts with the RuBisCo large subunit (RbcL) assembled as an intermediate complex made of eight RbcL and eight BSD2 subunits.
Homodimer. Formation of the homodimer is zinc-dependent (Potential).
Hydrolyzes p-nitrophenyl beta-D-glucoside, p-nitrophenyl beta-D-mannoside, cellobiose, 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-glucoside, laminarin, amygdalin, esculin and gentiobiose.
Possesses glucomannan synthase and mannan synthase activities in vitro. Mannan synthase consists of a 4-beta-mannosyltransferase activity on mannan using GDP-mannose. The beta-1,4-mannan product is the backbone for galactomannan synthesis by galactomannan galactosyltransferase. Galactomannan is a noncellulosic polysaccharides of plant cell wall.
Plants over-expressing OFP16 show small rosette size, late flowering, reduced fertilization and blunt-end siliques.
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Largest and catalytic core component of RNA polymerase I which synthesizes ribosomal RNA precursors. Forms the polymerase active center together with the second largest subunit. A single stranded DNA template strand of the promoter is positioned within the central active site cleft of Pol I. A bridging helix emanates from NRPA1 and crosses the cleft near the catalytic site and is thought to promote translocation of Pol I by acting as a ratchet that moves the RNA-DNA hybrid through the active site by switching from straight to bent conformations at each step of nucleotide addition.
Interacts with HTT1 in both cytoplasm and nucleus.
Expressed in leaves, roots, stems, flowers, siliques and developing pollen. Up-regulated in tissues where cell division is active.
Histone methyltransferase that specifically monomethylates 'Lys-27' of histone H3 (H3K27me1). Has much higher activity on nucleosomes containing H3.1 than H3.3. Involved in the formation of constitutive heterochromatin and the silencing of heterochromatic elements. Influences which sets of rRNA gene variants are expressed or silenced.
Isoform 1 but not isoform 2 interacts with PCNA1 and PCNA2. Interacts (via PHD domain) with HTR1 (via N-terminus). Isoform 2 interacts with IPS1.
Has holdase chaperone activity that may fold catalase to a functional structure (PubMed:25700484). Not required for the peroxisome import of catalases (PubMed:25700484). Required for the activity of catalases and acts mainly at the post-transcriptional level (PubMed:24285797).
Hyponastic leaves and reduced growth (PubMed:24285797). Severely reduced catalase activities (PubMed:24285797). Hypersensitivity to multiple abiotic stresses (PubMed:25700484).
Interacts with the catalases CAT1, CAT2 and CAT3. This interaction is not induced by alkaline stress or H(2)O(2) and NaCl treatments.
The RING-type zinc finger domain (1-158) is involved in the increase of catalase activity and zinc ion binding is required for this increase.
The interaction with CAT2 is through the C-terminal TPR-containing domain (159-405).
Up-regulated upon H(2)O(2) or salt treatments.
Interacts with viral tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) movement protein NSM, which is involved in cell-to cell spread of viral genome and enlargement of the host plasmodesmata size exclusion limit (SEL).
Involved in intra- and inter-cellular trafficking through plasmodesmata (PD).
The C-terminal part of the protein in required for plasmodesma localization.
Expressed in the early stage of development and decreased as the age and developmental state of both the plant and leaves increased.
Interacts (via C-terminus) with SIGF (via N-terminus).
Involved in the regulation of early chloroplast development and chloroplast gene expression in a SIGF-dependent manner.
Probable 3'-5' exonuclease degrading single-stranded small RNAs.
Acts in the modification of cell walls via demethylesterification of cell wall pectin (By similarity). Demethylates protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) that have been reversibly carboxymethylated by LCMT1. Acts as negative regulators of genes involved in salt stress response (PubMed:28741704).
Reduced number of leaves at flowering time in long day conditions.
By cold. Expressed only after a duration of cold exposure that is effective for vernalization. Strongly down-regulated after return to a warm growth temperature.
Expressed in shoot and root apices. Displays the same pattern of expression as FLC.
Impaired vernalization response with incomplete repression of FLC during and after cold exposure, due to a reduction in vernalization-induced histone H3 deacetylation and methylation (e.g. H3K4me3 and H3K27me3).
Interacts with VIL1 and VIL2. The heterodimer made of VIN3 and VIL1 is required for establishing the vernalization-induced epigenetic silencing of FLC. Component of the plant homeodomain / polycomb repressive complex 2 (PHD-PRC2) large complex during prolonged cold, composed of core PRC2 components (VRN2, EZA1, FIE and MSI1), and three related PHD finger proteins (VIL1, VIL2 and VIN3) that mediates histone H3 trimethylation on 'Lys-27' (H3K27me3).
Plays a central role in vernalization by mediating the initial transcriptional repression of the homeotic gene FLC, a floral repressor, after a cold treatment. However, due to its transient expression, it cannot maintain repression of FLC, which is then maintained by Polycomb Group complexes containing VRN2 throughout development. Required to deacetylate histones on the FLC promoter. Together with VIL1, required during vernalization for the modifications of FLC and FLM chromatin that are associated with an epigenetically silenced state (e.g. chromatin modifications, histone deacetylation, and trimethylated H3 'Lys-4' H3K4me3 and 'Lys-27' H3K27me3) and with acquisition of competence to flower.
Monomer, homodimer, homooligomer. Under non-reducing conditions, predominantly present in high molecular weight forms, but predominates in low molecular weight monomers under reducing conditions (PubMed:25387999). Interacts with BZIP16, BZIP68 and GBF1 (PubMed:25387999). Interacts with LBD18 (PubMed:24484953).
Plant specific protein that enhances G-box-binding factor (GBF) DNA binding activity. May function as a nuclear chaperone or lever and regulate the multimeric state of GBFs. May contribute to bZIP-mediated gene regulation. Is able to refold denatured rhodanese in vitro (PubMed:16117846, PubMed:25387999). Reduces DNA-binding activity of BZIP16, BZIP68 and GBF1 under non-reducing conditions through direct physical interaction. Acts as negative co-regulator in red and blue light-mediated hypocotyl elongation. Functions to promote hypocotyl elongation during the early stages of seedling development by regulating the repression effect by BZIP16 and the activation effect by BZIP68 and GBF1 on LHCB2.4 expression (PubMed:25387999). Enhances transcriptional activity of LBD18 in the EXP14 promoter. May act as a transcriptional coactivator of LBD18 (PubMed:24484953).
Heterodimer with MAGO (PubMed:24416299, PubMed:19435936, PubMed:26867216). Part of the mRNA splicing-dependent exon junction complex (EJC); the core complex contains MLN51/CASC3, EIF4A3, MAGO and Y14 (Probable). Interacts with PYM (PubMed:16953428, PubMed:21676911). The interaction with PYM is direct and dissociates the EJC from spliced mRNAs (Probable). Weekly interacts with EIF4A3 (PubMed:19435936).
Could be the product of a pseudogene. In strain cv. Columbia, a naturally frameshift at position 65 results in a truncated TPS02 protein. Lacks the conserved active sites, suggesting that it has no terpenoid synthase activity. A complete sequence for TPS02 can be found in strain cv. Wassilewskija (AC P0CJ43).
Expressed in petals, carpels and valves of immature siliques (PubMed:21069430). Expressed at high levels in stems. Expressed in roots, rosette leaves, flowers and siliques (PubMed:20193749, PubMed:23510309).
Induced by salt, heat and drought stresses (PubMed:21069430). Induced by osmotic stress (PubMed:20193749). Induced by jasmonate (JA) (PubMed:21069430, PubMed:14756769, PubMed:17786451). Induced by salicylic acid (SA) (PubMed:14756769, PubMed:21069430). Induced by abscisic acid (ABA) (PubMed:20193749, PubMed:21069430). Induced by ethylene (PubMed:14756769). Induced by infection with the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (PubMed:14756769, PubMed:23510309). Induced by the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola ES4326 (PubMed:14756769). Induced by wounding (PubMed:17786451). Down-regulated by infection with the beet cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii (PubMed:23510309).
Transcriptional activator involved in the regulation of plant development and tolerance to abiotic stresses (PubMed:21069430). Binds to the GCC-box pathogenesis-related promoter element and the cis-element CE1 (coupling element 1). Involved in the regulation of gene expression in response to abiotic stresses, possibly through the abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway (PubMed:20193749). Involved in resistance to the beet cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii in roots. May promote callose deposition at syncytia which may interfere with nutrient import into syncytia and inhibit the development of nematodes (PubMed:23510309).
Expressed only in siliques. Not expressed in flower, stem, cauline leaf, young leaf, mature leaf and senescent leaf.
Weakly or not expressed during seedling growth.
Belongs to the acetyltransferase family. MAK3 subfamily.
Probably required for N-acetylation of some chloroplast precursor proteins and efficient accumulation of thylakoid multiprotein complexes. In yeast, can replace the NatC complex (composed of MAK3, MAK10 and MAK31) by acetylating N termini of endogenous proteins and the N-terminus Met of L-A virus Gag protein. However, the formation of a NatC complex is not required for this function.
Reduced plant size and pale-green leaves due to decreased chlorophyll concentration.
Embryonic lethality due to embryo development arrest at early globular stage.
Homodimer (Probable). Interacts with SPT. Interacts with BZIP30 (PubMed:27402171).
Allosterically inhibited by lysine, but not by S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM). K(0.5) for lysine in the presence of physiological concentrations of substrates is 7.4 uM. No inhibition by threonine or leucine and no activation or inhibition by alanine, cysteine, isoleucine, serine, valine, methionine, glutamine, asparagine, glutamic acid or arginine.
Highly expressed in xylem of leaves and hypocotyls, stele of roots and in trichomes after bolting. Weak expression in veins and mesophyll cells of caulone leaves, inflorescence stems, sepals, petals and stigmata.
Catalyzes the isomerization of citrate to isocitrate via cis-aconitate. Contributes to oxidative stress tolerance (PubMed:17013749). Involved in acetate assimilation (PubMed:25061985).
Mostly expressed in roots, leaves and flowers, also present in stems, and, at low levels, in seeds.
Reduced mitochondrial aconitase (ACO) activity by 20 percent (PubMed:17013749, PubMed:17437406). Increased tolerance to oxidative stress mediated by paraquat, a superoxide-generating agent (PubMed:17013749). Altered acetate assimilation leading to lower levels of CO(2), CHO and SO, and higher OAs (organic acids) accumulation, especially fumarate (PubMed:25061985).
Defective in anther dehiscence and pollen maturation. Delayed flower buds opening.
Directly regulated at the transcription level by the floral homeotic gene AGAMOUS.
Expressed in flower buds, but not in leaves or roots. Restricted to the stamen filaments immediately before flower opening.
Induced by wounding (PubMed:11595796, PubMed:18267087, PubMed:20348210, PubMed:24430866). Induced by methyl jasmonate (PubMed:24430866).
Sn-1-specific phospholipase that releases free fatty acids from phospholipids. Low activity on galactolipids and triacylglycerols. Catalyzes the initial step of jasmonic acid biosynthesis. Not essential for jasmonate biosynthesis after wounding or upon pathogen infection.
Accumulates during seed germination, at the beginning of rapid greening.
Belongs to the ParA family. MinD subfamily.
Heterogeneous population of chloroplasts in mesophyll cells and petals, with normal and larger plastids, due to reduced chloroplast divisions and asymmetrically constricted chloroplasts (PubMed:18204083, PubMed:23936263). Contains highly elongated and multiple-arrayed chloroplasts in developing green tissues (PubMed:18204083). Formation of some FtsZ rings that fail to initiate or progress the membrane constriction of developing chloroplasts (PubMed:18204083). Normal shape and number of etioplasts in cotyledons (PubMed:23936263).
Homodimer (Probable). Interacts with MINE1 (PubMed:16014621, PubMed:16146521, PubMed:17855384). Binds to ARC3 (PubMed:17304239). Interacts with MCD1 (PubMed:19135368). Interacts with CDP1/PARC6 (PubMed:28984364).
Together with ARC3 and MCD1, regulates FtsZ ring positioning in chloroplasts in an ARC6-dependent manner (PubMed:29967285, PubMed:28984364, PubMed:23936263). Calcium-dependent ATPase required for the correct placement of the plastid division site. Inhibits FtsZ filament and ring formation in the plastid. Mediates inhibition of plastid division (PubMed:28984364). In cooperation with MINE1, prevents FtsZ ring formation anywhere outside of the mid-plastids.
Involved in auxin-mediated response. May be involved in vesicle trafficking of components involved in polar auxin transport. Binds GTP and GDP and possesses intrinsic GTPase activity.
Plants overexpressing RABA1A show reduced growth of roots and shoots and smaller leaf sizes.
Slight increase of primary root elongation and lateral root branching and hypersensitivity of root growth in response to exogenous auxin.
Present in developing tissues from roots, leaves, flowers, siliques and seeds (at protein level).
ATP-independent protease that degrades both mitochondrial and chloroplastic transit peptides after their cleavage. Also degrades other unstructured peptides. Specific for peptides in the range of 10 to 65 residues. Shows a preference for cleavage after small polar residues and before basic residues, with a bias for positively charged amino acid residues.
Inactive in the absence of MgCl(2) and CaCl(2) and full activation at 10 mM concentrations of either ion (PubMed:16601675). Completely inhibited by the metal chelator orthophenanthroline, but not affected by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) or N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) (PubMed:14617063, PubMed:16601675).
The 2 enzymes halves enclose a large proteolytic chamber spacious enough to hold peptide substrates, but sufficiently small to exclude larger, folded proteins. Since the active site includes residues from both the N- and C-terminal part of the protein, proteolysis can occur only when the chamber is closed. Covalently locking the 2 halves of the protease with disulfide bonds induces a loss of activity.
Expressed in the shoot apical meristem (SAM), petioles of young leaves and emerging leaves, in sepals, stigma, anther and filaments of the developing flowers, and in the receptacle and stigma of the developing siliques.
No visible phenotype; due to the redundancy with CYP714A2. Cyp714a1 and cyp714a2 double mutants flower earlier and have an increased plant size and biomass.
Overexpression of CYP714A1 causes severe dwarfism with defective leaf development.
SKL2 does not possess shikimate kinase activity in vitro probably because it lacks the conserved active sites and substrate binding sites of the shikimate kinase family.
Down-regulation of SS4 during the light period of both short and long day conditions. Deformity of the chloroplasts and their contained starch granules, with an increased number of starch granules per chloroplast.
Transcription factor acting as a positive regulator of the starch synthase SS4. Controls chloroplast development and starch granule formation (PubMed:22898356). Binds DNA via its zinc fingers (PubMed:24821766). Recognizes and binds to SCL3 promoter sequence 5'-AGACAA-3' to promotes its expression when in complex with RGA (PubMed:24821766).
Interacts with the 40S ribosomal subunit.
The SUI1 domain may be involved in RNA binding.
Expressed ubiquitously in leaves, flowers, stems, pollen cells, root tip meristem and root vasculature.
Homodimer (PubMed:30787180). Component of the NSH heterocomplex made of URH1/NSH1 and URH2/NSH2 which exhibits strong xanthosine nucleosidase activity (PubMed:30787180). Interacts with URH2 (PubMed:30787180).
Involved in purine and pyrimidine breakdown rather than in pyrimidine salvage, especially in response to dark stress (PubMed:19293370, PubMed:21235647, PubMed:21599668, PubMed:30787180). Together with URH2, required for efficient inosine and xanthosine hydrolytic activities (PubMed:21599668, PubMed:30787180). Unable to use cytidine as a substrate (PubMed:19293370). Can use uridine, inosine, adenosine as well as the cytokinin derivative isopentenyladenine-riboside as substrates (PubMed:19293370). Hydrolyzes also xanthosine with high efficiency (PubMed:21235647).
Normal seedling germination and plant growth and development in standard conditions, despite an abnormal accumulation in the roots of uridine and of other pyrimidine metabolites as well as of xanthosine, but no accumulation of inosine (PubMed:21599668). Accelerated senescence accompanied by marked accumulation of uridine and xanthosine under conditions of prolonged darkness leading to pale green/yellow plants due to increased chlorophyll degradation (PubMed:21235647). The roots of the double mutant urh1 urh2 accumulates strong levels of xanthosine (PubMed:21599668, PubMed:30787180).
Expressed in apical meristems and young epidermal tissue including trichomes and stipules. Expressed in lateral root tips, the L1 layer of apical inflorescence meristems and early flower primordia, carpel and petal epidermis, stigma papillae, ovule primordia, nucellus and embryo.
Plants show excess branching of trichomes (PubMed:16778018, PubMed:24824485). In plants missing HDG3, HDG7, HDG11, PDF2 and ATML1, increased cell division leading to cell overproliferation (PubMed:25564655).
The gain-of-function mutant edt1 (T-DNA tagging) exhibit enhanced drought tolerance, increased root system development, reduced leaf stomatal density, increased levels of abscisic acid and prolamine, increased resistance to oxidative stress and high levels of superoxide dismutase.
Transcription factor which acts as positive regulator of drought stress tolerance. Can transactivate CIPK3, NCED3 and ERECTA (PubMed:18451323). Transactivates several cell-wall-loosening protein genes by directly binding to HD motifs in their promoters. These target genes play important roles in coordinating cell-wall extensibility with root development and growth (PubMed:24821957). Transactivates CYP74A/AOS, AOC3, OPR3 and 4CLL5/OPCL1 genes by directly binding to HD motifs in their promoters. These target genes are involved in jasmonate (JA) biosynthesis, and JA signaling affects root architecture by activating auxin signaling, which promotes lateral root formation (PubMed:25752924). Acts as negative regulator of trichome branching (PubMed:16778018, PubMed:24824485). Required for the establishment of giant cell identity on the abaxial side of sepals (PubMed:23095885). Seems to promote cell differentiation (PubMed:25564655). May regulate cell differentiation and proliferation during root and shoot meristem development (PubMed:25564655).
Constituent of tobamovirus replication complex.
Interacts with 'Lys-48'-linked polyubiquitin chains via its UBA domain. Interacts with RPN10 via its ubiquitin-like domain. Interacts with PEX2 and PEX12.
Functions in xyloglucan synthesis by adding side chains to the xylosylated glucan backbone. Involved in galactosylating hemicellulose xyloglucan (XyG) at the second position of the XXXG motif to form XLXG (PubMed:22474179). Associates with other xyloglucan-synthesizing enzymes to form multiprotein complexes for xyloglucan synthesis in the Golgi (PubMed:25392066).
Interacts with CSLC4, FUT1, XXT2 and XXT5.
Dwarf, twisted leaves and enhanced disease resistance to bacterial and oomycete pathogens in cv. Columbia when grown under constant loght at 22 degrees Celsius. No visible phenotype when grown at 28 degrees Celsius. Accelerated hypersensitive response (HR). Bap1 and bap2 double mutant is seedling lethal.
Interacts with BON1 (via VWA domain), BON2 and BON3.
Negative regulator of cell death and defense responses. Exhibits calcium-dependent phospholipid binding properties.
Overexpression of BAP1 can suppress a defect in BON1 and confers more susceptibility to virulent pathogens.
PPIases accelerate the folding of proteins. It catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptides. Involved in reactive oxygen species production in response to pathogen infection.
Ubiquitous with higher levels in stems and flowers. In seeds, present in endosperm and embryo.
Up-regulated by light, wounding and pathogen infection.
Expressed in rosette leaves, stems and siliques. Expressed in the xylem.
No visible phenotype; due to the redundancy with IRX15-L. Irx15 and irx15-l double mutants have a mild collapsed xylem phenotype, irregular secondary cell wall margins in fiber cells, uneven distribution of xylan in the cell wall and a lower degree of xylan polymerization, but no visible growth phenotype.
Required for xylan biosynthesis, but not directly involved in catalyzing the addition of sugars to the growing polymer.
Reduced sensitivity to several IAA-amino acid conjugates.
May form heterodimeric complexes with TALE/KNOX proteins STM, KNAT1/BP, KNAT2 and KNAT5 (PubMed:17873098). Interacts with OFP1, OFP2, OFP4 and OFP5 (PubMed:15781858). Interacts with KNATM, isoform KNATM-B (PubMed:18398054).
Expressed in male meiocytes and tetrads.
Part of a SCF (SKP1-cullin-F-box) protein ligase complex (By similarity). Interacts with CPR1/CPR30, At3g61590, At4g39550 and At5g49610.
Restricted to inflorescences, pollen and leaves.
Exhibits ATP hydrolysis without substrate. Can phosphorylate D-ribulose with low efficiency.
Expressed in roots, cauline leaves, shoots, stems, flower buds and siliques.
Plants over-expressing OFP10 have no visible phenotype.
Probably required for the insertion of integral membrane proteins into the mitochondrial inner membrane.
Binds only to large DNA fragments. Recognizes a DNA fragment carrying 8 copies of box7 motif of the light-induced cab-E promoter of Nicotiana plumbaginifolia. Also recognizes the box7m1 motif.
'Nai' means 'nothing' in Japanese. Homologous proteins are found only in Brassicales plants (PubMed:18780803).
Contains a N-terminal NAI2 domain (472-772).
Expressed in roots. Detected in shoot apex.
Has no interaction with PYK10 and is not part of the PYK10 complex. Interacts directly or indirectly with MEB1 and MEB2.
Loss of ER bodies accumulation in all parts of the seedling and alteration of PYK10 localization.
Responsible for the ER body formation. Regulates the number and shape of the ER bodies and the accumulation of PYK10 in ER bodies, but is not involved in the expression of PYK10.
Catalyzes the synthesis of activated sulfate for the sulfation of secondary metabolites, including the glucosinolates (PubMed:19304933). Essential for plant reproduction and viability (PubMed:19903478).
Component of the PAF1 complex (PAF1C) which is involved in histone modifications such as methylation on histone H3 'Lys-4' (H3K4me3) (PubMed:20363855). Involved in regulation of flowering time. Required for the expression of the flowering repressors and MAD-box genes FLC, AGL27/FLM and AGL31/MAF2. Required for histone H3 trimethylation on 'Lys-4' H3K4me3 at the FLC and AGL27/FLM loci (PubMed:15520273). Involved in the control of seed dormancy and germination (PubMed:21799800).
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DEAH subfamily. FANCM sub-subfamily.
Involved in ordered homologous recombination (HR) events in somatic and meiotic cells (PubMed:22547783). Involved in the suppression of spontaneous HR events in somatic cells (PubMed:22547783, PubMed:24635147). Has an opposite function to the DNA binding cofactor MHF1 which promotes spontaneous HR. Functions in replicative repair independently of MHF1 and in a parallel pathway to the endonuclease MUS81 (PubMed:24635147). Acts in the same pathway as the two DNA-binding cofactors MHF1 and MHF2 to restrain class II meiotic crossover (CO), and acts exclusively with MHF1 and MHF2 during meiosis to repair DNA interstrand cross-links (ICLs) (PubMed:24635147, PubMed:25038251). This common pathway is in parallel to the pathway that involves the RECQ4A helicase (PubMed:24635147). Seems to be involved in the stabilization of recombination intermediates (PubMed:22860689, PubMed:22723424). Involved in DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair during meiosis. Required for synthesis-dependent strand annealing (SDSA) and to a lesser extent for single-strand annealing (SSA) (PubMed:22860689, PubMed:26161528). May process meiotic DSB repair intermediates, possibly D-loops, driving them toward noncrossover (NCO) resolution (PubMed:22723424, PubMed:26161528).
Expressed exclusively in inflorescences.
Mechanosensitive channel that opens in response to stretch forces in the membrane lipid bilayer. Controls plastid size, shape, and perhaps division during normal plant development by altering ion flux in response to changes in membrane tension. Acts as a component of the chloroplast division machinery.
Msl2 and msl3 double mutant shows abnormalities in the size and shape of plastids with enlarged chloroplasts containing multiple FtsZ rings.
Beta-D-glucosidase active on scopolin >> esculin >> 4-MU-glucoside > DIMBOA-glucoside. No activity with pNP-glucoside, oNP-glucoside and sinigrin as substrates.
Up-regulated by cold, 2,4-D, methyl jasmonate and phosphate starvation.
Cysteine protease involved in xylem tracheary element (TE) autolysis during xylogenesis in roots. Participates in micro autolysis within the intact central vacuole before mega autolysis is initiated by tonoplast implosion.
Predominantly expressed in flowers, and moderately expressed in roots, stems and young leaves.
Acts as cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel. Permeable to potassium and calcium in a cyclic nucleotide-dependent fashion (cAMP or cGMP). Could also transport lithium, cesium and rubium and displays a strong selectivity against sodium. Seems to directly participate in pathogen-induced calcium influx. May function in homeostasis, re-establishing ionic balance after defense action and/or other stimuli. Could mediate the initiation of the developmentally regulated cell death programs.
Expressed in the whole plant but only weakly in roots. Strongly expressed in the expanded cotyledons of 14-day-old seedlings and detected later in leaves after the transition to flowering. Also detected in flowers during organ senescence and in the dehiscence zone of siliques.
Homotetramer or heterotetramer (Potential). Binds calmodulin-1/4 with a higher affinity than calmodulin-2/3/5.
Loss-of-function mutations cngc2-1 (dnd1-1) or cncg2-2 results in the loss of the hypersensitive response and leads to a broad spectrum disease resistance. These mutations lead to a specific and dramatic calcium hypersensitivity that results in severe reductions in plant size and seed yield.
Up-regulated by light. Transiently induced during leaf and culture senescence.
May be involved in the stable assembly of several 4Fe-4S cluster-containing complexes of chloroplasts.
Binds to KIB1 (PubMed:28575660). Interacts with beet curly top virus AL4/C4 and tomato golden mosaic virus AL4/AC4.
Expressed in shoots, leaves and flowers.
Expressed with a circadian rhythm showing an increase during the day and a decrease at night under long day conditions.
No visible phenotype under normal growth condition, but strong reduction of triose phosphate export from the chloroplast and reduced photosynthetic acclimation.
Triose phosphate/phosphate translocator that transports inorganic phosphate, 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PGA) and triose phosphate. Functions in the export of photoassimilates from chloroplasts during the day. In the light, triose phosphates are exported from the chloroplast stroma in counter exchange with inorganic phosphate (Pi), generated during sucrose biosynthesis in the cytosol. Involved in photosynthetic acclimation, a light response resulting in increased tolerance to high-intensity light.
Dwarf plants with small rosette leaves (PubMed:25065716). Reduced pollen fertility and seed set (PubMed:23929493, PubMed:27385818). Lower chromatin density and frequent (peri)centromere association in interphase nuclei as well as impaired sister chromatid cohesion (PubMed:23929493). Altered interphase chromatin architecture in differentiated nuclei (PubMed:23929493). Defect chromosome condensation in male meiocytes and in centromeres orientation (PubMed:27385818). During meiosis, extensive interchromosome connections at metaphase I as well as a slight reduction in crossover formation (PubMed:25065716).
Regulated in a cell cycle-dependent manner with an increase during G2 phase, highest levels in the middle of G2 and a drop during mitosis (PubMed:23929493). Induced by MMD1 (PubMed:27385818).
Regulatory subunit of the condensin-2 complex, a complex which establishes mitotic chromosome architecture and is involved in physical rigidity of the chromatid axis (By similarity). May promote the resolution of double-strand DNA catenanes (intertwines) between sister chromatids (By similarity). Required for plant vigor, fertility, chromatin condensation and sister chromatid cohesion both during mitosis and meiosis (PubMed:23929493, PubMed:27385818). Necessary to maintain normal structural integrity of the meiotic chromosomes during the two nuclear divisions of gametogenesis, especially to prevent interchromosome connections at metaphase I (PubMed:25065716). Seems also involved in crossover formation during meiotic prophase I (PubMed:25065716). Prevents centromeric and pericentromeric heterochromatin repeats association (PubMed:23929493).
3'-to-5' exoribonuclease specific for small oligoribonucleotides.
Belongs to the oligoribonuclease family.
Belongs to the NDH complex subunit O family.
Up-regulated by auxin. Down-regulated by paclobutrazol.
Associated to a large ribonucleoprotein complex in mitochondria containing group-II intron RNAs.
Low germination, slow growth, and late flowering, as well as partial sterile of both male and female gametes. Small, pale and round-shaped leaves. Impaired splicing of mitochondrial group-II introns-containing COX2, NAD1 and NAD7 transcripts (PubMed:19946041). Abnormal mitochondrial mor-phology, including low-density cristae (PubMed:22429648).
Nuclear-encoded maturase required for splicing of group-II introns in mitochondria. Involved in the splicing of mitochondrial COX2, NAD1 and NAD7 transcripts (PubMed:19946041). Necessary for mitochondrial biogenesis during early developmental stages (PubMed:22429648).
Down-regulated by wounding and activated by salicylic acid (SA).
Plays a central role in formaldehyde detoxification.
Accumulates in root tissue in response to ethylene (ET, ACC) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) (PubMed:11725949, PubMed:12529537, PubMed:18400103). Stimulated by the salicylic acid analog 2,6-dichloro-isonicotinic acid (INA) (PubMed:12529537, PubMed:18400103). Expressed after wounding (PubMed:12529537, PubMed:18400103). Repressed in response to salicylic acid treatment (PubMed:11725949). Strongly induced in response to the incompatible bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (avrRpt2) but only weakly by the compatible strain P.syringae DC3000 (PubMed:12618363). First down-regulated early during diamond back moth (Plutella xylostella) larvae (DBM) feeding before being up-regulated after 24 hours (PubMed:18400103).
Expressed in flowers, stems and roots but not in leaves.
Expressed in roots and siliques at low levels.
Activated by wounding, heavy metal, methyl salicylate, osmotic and salt stresses.
Highly expressed in inflorescences and old leaves, moderately in stems, roots, siliques and young leaves and low in flowers.
Hydrolyzes glycerol-phospholipids at the terminal phosphodiesteric bond to generate phosphatidic acids (PA). Plays an important role in various cellular processes, including phytohormone action, vesicular trafficking, secretion, cytoskeletal arrangement, meiosis, tumor promotion, pathogenesis, membrane deterioration and senescence. Can use phosphatidylserine but prefers ethanolamine-containing lipids as substrates.
It is uncertain whether the sequence from 46 to 76 is encoded by an intron as for PLDGAMMA2.
Presence of a putative myristoylation site MGXXXS (Gly-14).
Contributes to DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair via somatic homologous recombination. Functions downstream of ATM.
Highly expressed in closed buds and open flowers. Expressed at low levels in roots, stems, cauline leaves and siliques. Expressed in the region of the shoot and floral meristems.
Induced by mitomycin C, bleocin and gamma-irradiation.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant seedlings exhibit drastic reduction of somatic homologous recombination rate after treatment with bleocin or mitomycin C.
Phosphoenolpyruvate/phosphate translocator that transports phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), 2-phosphoglycerate and 3-phosphoglycerate.
Widely expressed in leaves throughout development. In flowers, expressed in sepals and pistils.
Catalyzes the intramolecular cyclization of bicyclic chalcones into tricyclic (S)-flavanones. Responsible for the isomerization of 4,2',4',6'-tetrahydroxychalcone (also termed chalcone) into naringenin (By similarity).
Belongs to the terpene synthase family. Tpsf subfamily.
By methyl jasmonate, coronalon, alamethicin and in response to the caterpillar P.xylostella feeding. Induced by infection of avirulent and virulent bacterial pathogen P.syringae.
Involved in the biosynthesis of homoterpenes, attractants of herbivores parasitoids and predators (e.g. predatory mites and parasitoid wasps) (PubMed:21334702). Involved in diterpene (C20) biosynthesis (PubMed:18398052, PubMed:18842097). Catalyzes the conversion of geranylgeranyl diphosphate to (E,E)-geranyllinalool, the precursor of the insect-induced volatile C16-homoterpene TMTT (PubMed:18398052, PubMed:18842097).
No formation of (E,E)-geranyllinalool and TMMTT detected.
Catalyzes the 2-beta-hydroxylation of several biologically active gibberellins, leading to the homeostatic regulation of their endogenous level. Catabolism of gibberellins (GAs) plays a central role in plant development. Converts GA9/GA20 to GA51/GA29 and GA4/GA1 to GA34/GA8. Has no C20-GA 2 oxidase activity against GA12 and GA53.
Enhanced resistance to powdery mildew with a reduced fungus reproduction.
Facilitates the interaction of SYP31 and CDC48A, thereby regulating an CDC48A membrane-associated function (Ref.8). Appears to act as a negative regulator mediating the powdery mildew-plant interaction (PubMed:19176722, PubMed:23301616).
Induced in response to powdery mildew and by benzothiadiazole (BTH) treatment.
Interacts with CDC48A in vitro and co-fractionates with membrane-associated but not soluble CDC48A in vivo.
PUB (PUG) domain is required for the interaction with CDC48A (Ref.8). PUB domain may serve as a protein-protein interaction domain implicated in the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway (PubMed:11587532).
Aquaporins contain two tandem repeats each containing three membrane-spanning domains and a pore-forming loop with the signature motif Asn-Pro-Ala/Leu (NPA).
Expressed in dividing cells and elongating regions of the root tips, emerging lateral roots, root steles, cotyledons, main veins of the rosette leaves, vascular tissues of the flower petals, stigma, stamens (anthers and filaments), pollen and the top and bottom (receptacle) of siliques.
Water channel required to facilitate the transport of water across cell membrane. Inactive in yeast cells.
Detected immediately after seed germination.
Detected in the whole plant. Predominantly expressed in leaves. Expressed at the root transition zone (PubMed:17363254).
Transcriptional activator that binds specifically to the DNA sequence 5'-[AG]GATT-3'. Functions as a response regulator involved in His-to-Asp phosphorelay signal transduction system. Phosphorylation of the Asp residue in the receiver domain activates the ability of the protein to promote the transcription of target genes. Could directly activate some type-A response regulators in response to cytokinins. Involved in the root-meristem size determination through the regulation of cell differentiation (PubMed:17363254). Involved in activating SHY2 during meristem growth and controls PIN expression via activation of SHY2 (PubMed:20605455).
Pigmented seeds. Distorted seedlings with elongated hypocotyl and curled cotyledons. Presence of trichomes and accumulation of anthocyanins on cotyledons. Unusual pattern of storage product accumulation in seedlings.
Transcription regulator that plays a central role in embryo development. Required for the maintenance of suspensor morphology, specification of cotyledon identity, progression through the maturation phase and suppression of premature germination. Ectopic expression is sufficient to promote somatic embryogenesis.
Mechanosensitive channel that opens in response to stretch forces in the membrane lipid bilayer (By similarity). Controls plastid size, shape, and perhaps division during normal plant development by altering ion flux in response to changes in membrane tension. Acts as a component of the chloroplast division machinery.
Expressed in roots, stems, flowers, leaves, and siliques.
Interacts with PRA1F1, PRA1F3 and PRA1D. Interacts with ACD11 and BPA1 (PubMed:18845362).
The protein kinase domain is predicted to be catalytically inactive. Lacks the conserved Asp active site at position 429, which is replaced by an Asn residue.
May only reduce GSH-thiol disulfides, but not protein disulfides (Probable). Participates probably to the maturation of iron-sulfur proteins and to the regulation of the redox state of the BOLA proteins (Probable). The GRXS16-BOLA1 heterodimer binds a labile, oxygen sensitive iron-sulfur cluster (PubMed:24714563). Able to cleave linearized DNA in vitro (PubMed:23690600).
The N-terminal domain (NTD) (63-170) has an intrinsic Mg(2+)-dependent endonuclease activity in vitro (PubMed:23690600). The glutaredoxin (GRX) domain (194-293) alone is able to complement yeast grx5 cells in vitro, but not the full-length GRXS16 protein.
The formation of an intramolecular disulfide bond negatively regulates both the N-terminal endonuclease and the C-terminal glutaredoxin activities.
[2Fe-2S]-bridged holo-homodimer (PubMed:23690600). Interacts in vitro with SUFE1, BOLA1, BOLA2 and BOLA4 (PubMed:24203231). Interacts in vivo only with SUFE1, BOLA1 and BOLA4 (PubMed:24203231, PubMed:24714563, PubMed:23690600). Interacts with SBP1 (PubMed:30824043).
Atypical kinase involved in the biosynthesis of coenzyme Q, also named ubiquinone, an essential lipid-soluble electron transporter for aerobic cellular respiration.
Expressed in stems, leaves, buds and flowers.
Forms homopolymers. Predominantly associated with a complex of about 500 kDa.
Expressed predominantly in shoot apices of seedlings, and, to a lower extent, in rosette leaves.
First detected in torpedo stage embryos at the boundaries between the presumptive SAM and the cotyledons. Later expressed between the cotyledons and the meristem, and between the cotyledons. In seedlings, localized in stipules and at the boundaries between the SAM and the emerging primordia. Expressed at the site of lateral roots.
May form heterodimeric complex with the TALE/BELL protein BLH9/PNY. Interacts with OFP2 and OFP4.
Plays a role in meristem function. Contributes to the shoot apical meristem (SAM) maintenance and organ separation by controlling boundary establishment in embryo in a CUC1, CUC2 and STM-dependent manner. Involved in maintaining cells in an undifferentiated, meristematic state. Probably binds to the DNA sequence 5'-TGAC-3'.
Seems to be repressed by AS2 and AS1 but induced by STM, CUC1 and CUC2.
Interacts with type-2 histone deacetylases (AtHD2s) HDT1, HDT2 and HDT3.
Specifically methylates cytosine 38 in the anticodon loop of tRNA(Asp) (By similarity). Represses gene expression at transcription level, probably by regulating histone deacetylation and epigenetic regulatory network (PubMed:20331964).
By salt stress (PubMed:18839316). Induced by heat stress (PubMed:19125253).
Highly expressed in roots and at lower levels in leaves, stems and seeds.
Interacts with MKS1 (PubMed:15990873). Interacts with SIB1 (PubMed:21990940). Interacts with VQ10 and CAMBP25/VQ15 (PubMed:22535423).
Transcription factor. Interacts specifically with the W box (5'-(T)TGAC[CT]-3'), a frequently occurring elicitor-responsive cis-acting element (By similarity). Functions with WRKY33 as positive regulator of salt stress response and abscisic acid (ABA) signaling (PubMed:18839316). Plays a partial role in heat stress tolerance (PubMed:19125253). Functions with WRKY26 and WRKY33 as positive regulator of plant thermotolerance by partially participating in ethylene-response signal transduction pathway (PubMed:21336597).
Essential for recycling GMP and indirectly, cGMP. Required for normal development of the gametophyte and embryo, in association with GK2.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but the double mutant atgk1 and atgk2 is lethal.
The twin CX3C motif contains 4 conserved Cys residues that form 2 disulfide bonds in the mitochondrial intermembrane space. However, during the transit of TIM10 from cytoplasm into mitochondrion, the Cys residues probably coordinate zinc, thereby preventing folding and allowing its transfer across mitochondrial outer membrane (By similarity).
Defective in female gametophyte development and micropylar pollen tube guidance leading to zygotic lethality. Reduced size of nucleoli of polar nuclei in female gametophyte.
Expressed in flowers, siliques, leaves, roots and shoot apex.
Probable helicase that may regulate RNA molecules involved in nucleolar organization and pollen tube guidance.
Functions as downstream effector of Rho-related GTP binding proteins of the 'Rho of Plants' (ROPs) family. Participates in the propagation of ROP GTPase signals in specific cellular responses (By similarity).
Dimer of alpha and beta chains. A typical microtubule is a hollow water-filled tube with an outer diameter of 25 nm and an inner diameter of 15 nM. Alpha-beta heterodimers associate head-to-tail to form protofilaments running lengthwise along the microtubule wall with the beta-tubulin subunit facing the microtubule plus end conferring a structural polarity. Microtubules usually have 13 protofilaments but different protofilament numbers can be found in some organisms and specialized cells. Interacts with TFCB.
Low level of expression; mainly in roots. Found in the root cap cells and in non dividing tissues of the plant, including the root elongation and maturation zones and the leaf veins.
Expressed in expanding cotyledons, expanding leaves and expanding siliques containing developing embryos. Detected in unopened flower buds and in the expanding tip region of roots. Reduced expression in mature leaves.
Component of the large ribosomal subunit (By similarity). Interacts with DEK3 (PubMed:25387881).
Repressed in darkness. Accumulates during leaf senescence.
Required for chloroplast development and differentiation.
Variegated leaf phenotype (Ref.8). Slow-growth phenotype, with chlorotic leaves during early development (PubMed:17009084, PubMed:18754756).
Embryo lethality. Embryos consisting of variably enlarged cells with cell-wall stubs. Abnormal microtubule organization. Endosperm indistinguishable from wild-type endosperm in regard to nuclear multiplication and subsequent cellularization. Cells undergoing cytokinesis divide abnormally although they display pheragmoplast microtubules and accumulate KNOLLE in the forming cell plate.
Expressed in leaves, roots, flowers and stems.
Monomer. Supercomplex made of cofactors A to E. Cofactors A and D function by capturing and stabilizing tubulin in a quasi-native conformation. Cofactor E binds to the cofactor D-tubulin complex; interaction with cofactor C then causes the release of tubulin polypeptides that are committed to the native state. Interacts with TUBB9.
Tubulin-folding protein involved in the control of the alpha-/beta-tubulin monomer balance. Functions as a reservoir of bound and non-toxic beta-tubulin. Required in the developing embryo.
Belongs to the WD repeat BOP1/ERB1 family.
Interacts with PES (PubMed:23909681, PubMed:25443833). Interacts with WDR12 (PubMed:23909681).
Required for maturation of ribosomal RNAs and formation of the large ribosomal subunit (By similarity). Plays an essential role in cell growth and survival through its regulation of ribosome biogenesis and mitotic progression (PubMed:26940494).
Catalyzes the formation of flavonols from dihydroflavonols. Possesses low activity in vitro towards dihydrokaempferol and dihydroquercetin producing kaempferol and quercitin, respectively.
Molecular scaffold for [Fe-S] cluster assembly of chloroplastic iron-sulfur proteins. Required for biogenesis of ferredoxin, a major photosynthetic electron carrier containing [2Fe-2S] cluster. Required for the assembly of photosystem I complex.
Plants are dwarf with faint pale-green leaves, decreased amount of ferredoxin and impaired photosystem I accumulation.
Predominantly expressed in leaves and floral stalks. Ubiquitous (at protein level).
Disease resistance (R) protein that specifically recognizes the avrPphB type III effector avirulence protein from Pseudomonas syringae. Also confers resistance against Hyaloperonospora parasitica (downy mildew). Resistance proteins guard the plant against pathogens that contain an appropriate avirulence protein via an indirect interaction with this avirulence protein. That triggers a defense system including the hypersensitive response, which restricts the pathogen growth. Requires PBS1 to trigger the defense reaction against avrPphB. In case of infection by Pseudomonas syringae, AvrPphB triggers RPS5-mediated defense mechanism via the cleavage of PBS1, suggesting that the cleavage of PBS1 could trigger an exchange of ADP for ATP, thereby activating RPS5. May function as a fine-tuned sensor of alterations in the structure of the effector target PBS1.
In uninfected plants, interacts with PBS1 through the coiled coil domain. Homodimer.
Serine/threonine protein kinase that phosphorylates proteins on serine, threonine and tyrosine residues.
Binds RNA and DNA sequences with a preference to single-stranded nucleic acids. Displays strong affinity to poly(G) and poly(U) sequences. May be involved in tolerance to cold stress.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but germination of mutant seeds is strongly delayed under low temperature conditions.
Plants over-expressing RZ1A have enhanced freezing tolerance.
Expressed in leaves, buds, flowers and stems (PubMed:19028964). Highest expression in the synergid cells of the female gametophyte (PubMed:19028964, PubMed:26052747).
Expressed only in fully differentiated cells of the egg apparatus. Not detected in developing ovules undergoing megasporogenesis or megagametogenesis (PubMed:19028964). Expressed in unfertilized, mature ovules (PubMed:20163554).
Failure of pollen tube arrest and fertilization. Deficient in pollen tube reception by the female gametophyte.
Female gametophyte-specific component of the signaling pathway required for fertilization. Required for reception of the pollen tube by the female gametophyte (PubMed:19028964, PubMed:26052747, PubMed:27081182). Acts specifically at the synergid cell surface for pollen tube reception (PubMed:26052747, PubMed:27081182). Plays a role in double fertilization and early seed development (PubMed:20163554). Component of the FER-regulated Rho GTPase signaling complex. Acts as a chaperone and coreceptor for FER. Required for localization of FER to the plasma membrane (PubMed:26052747).
Activity toward p-nitrophenyl acetate inhibited by N-ethylmaleimide, 10-(fluoroethoxyphosphinyl)-N-(biotinamidopentyl)decanamide (FP-biotin), iodoacetamide, CuCl(2) and ZnSO(4), but not by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, EDTA, Mg(2+), Mn(2+), Ca(2+) or paraoxon, an organo-phosphate inhibitor of serine hydrolases.
Serine hydrolase involved in the detoxification of formaldehyde.
Serine hydrolase which catalyzes the hydrolysis of S-formylglutathione to glutathione and formic acid (Probable). Also hydrolyzes S-acetylglutathione and a range of carboxyesters in vitro (PubMed:11888210). Involved in the detoxification of formaldehyde (PubMed:16626737).
The conserved Cys-59, implicated in catalysis in cysteine hydrolases, lies in close proximity to the serine hydrolase triad, serving a gate-keeping function in regulating access to the active site via disulfide formation with glutathione.
Was originally classified as an esterase D due to its apparent insensitivity to serine hydrolase inhibitors.
Microtubule-associated force-producing protein that is targeted to the tubulo-vesicular network of the forming cell plate during cytokinesis. Also plays a major role in plasma membrane maintenance and cell wall integrity with an implication in vesicular trafficking, polar cell expansion, and other aspects of plant growth and development. Has a GTPase activity (By similarity).
Expressed in xylem cells in stems and in roots.
Inhibits pectin methylesterase (PME) from flowers, siliques and pollen tube.
The polarized accumulation at the pollen tube apex depends at least in part on local endocytosis at the flanks of the tip.
Releases the supercoiling and torsional tension of DNA introduced during the DNA replication and transcription by transiently cleaving and rejoining one strand of the DNA duplex. Introduces a single-strand break via transesterification at a target site in duplex DNA. The scissile phosphodiester is attacked by the catalytic tyrosine of the enzyme, resulting in the formation of a DNA-(5'-phosphotyrosyl)-enzyme intermediate and the expulsion of a 3'-OH DNA strand. The free DNA strand than undergoes passage around the unbroken strand thus removing DNA supercoils. Finally, in the religation step, the DNA 3'-OH attacks the covalent intermediate to expel the active-site tyrosine and restore the DNA phosphodiester backbone (By similarity).
May only reduce GSH-thiol disulfides, but not protein disulfides (Probable). Participates probably to the maturation of iron-sulfur proteins and to the regulation of the redox state of the BOLA proteins. The GRXS17-BOLA2 heterodimer binds a labile, oxygen sensitive iron-sulfur cluster (PubMed:24714563).
The Glutaredoxin 2 domain is sufficient for interaction with all BOLA.
Ubiquitinated at Lys-154. Polyubiquitinated by RGLG3 and RGLG4. Polyubiquitination of GRXS17 leads to its degradation by the proteasome.
[2Fe-2S]-bridged holo-homodimer (By similarity). Interacts in vitro with SUFE1, BOLA1, BOLA2 and BOLA4 (PubMed:24203231). Interacts in vivo only with BOLA2 (PubMed:24203231, PubMed:24714563). Interacts with RGLG3 and RGLG4 (PubMed:27497447).
Expressed in roots, stems, cauline leaves and flowers, and at lower levels in rosette leaves and siliques.
Transiently down-regulated by wounding. Not induced by bacterial elicitor or bacterial and fungal pathogens.
Circadian-regulation at the protein level, but not at the mRNA level. Strongly decreased expression during the dark phase. Accumulates at high levels at the beginning of the day.
Expressed in the vascular tissues of cotyledons, leaves and hypocotyls and in stomata. Not detected in roots.
Interacts with ADO2 (via kelch repeats), ADO3 (via kelch repeats) and GI (via N-terminus).
Transcription factor that binds specifically to a 5'-AA[AG]G-3' consensus core sequence. A flanking TGT sequence contributes to the specificity of binding. Regulates a photoperiodic flowering response. Transcriptional repressor of 'CONSTANS' expression. The DNA-binding ability is not modulated by 'GIGANTEA' but the stability of CDF1 is controlled by the proteasome-dependent pathway. Ubiquitinated by the SCF(ADO3) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. Binds to the FT promoter in the morning.
Expressed in roots, hypocotyls, stems, flowers, siliques, inflorescences, petioles, cotyledons, and leaves. Particularly present in root tips and shoot meristems.
Plant-specific microtubule-associated protein (MAP) that regulates the orientation of cortical microtubules and the direction of organ growth (PubMed:18577573). Determines microtubule organization by modulating microtubule severing (PubMed:24055158).
Right-handed twisting of petioles. Enhanced twisting when associated with SP2L disruption.
Homodimer and heterodimers (PubMed:29272523). Interacts with CYSTM7 and WIH1/CYSTM13 (PubMed:29272523).
In contrast to other xyloglucan endotransglucosylase proteins, the catalytic motif is atypical and lacks the proton donor site. It therefore may not be functional in vivo.
Binds 3 divalent metal cations (PubMed:23620482). Can use Mn(2+) with a lower efficiency than Zn(2+) ions (PubMed:23620482).
Endonuclease that can use RNA and single-stranded DNA as substrates (PubMed:23620482). In contradiction with PubMed:23620482, cannot hydrolyze single-stranded DNA and does not cleave mismatches (PubMed:17651368).
There are 3 contiguous domains conserved in the CDPK subfamily: a kinase domain, an autoinhibitory (junction) domain and a calmodulin-like domain. The autoinhibitory domain (309-339) inactivates kinase activity under calcium-free conditions (By similarity).
Belongs to the LDH/MDH superfamily. LDH family.
By benzothiadiazole (BTH), at site of green peach aphid feeding (GPA, M.persicae) via TPS11-dependent trehalose accumulation, and H.arabidopsidis. Induced by P.syringae in a NPR1-independent manner, and by salicylic acid (SA) in a NPR1-dependent manner.
Impaired camalexin accumulation, reduced synthesis of salicylic acid (SA) and ethylene (ET), and altered expression of pathogenesis-related genes (e.g. PR1, ALD1, BGL2 and PR5) upon some pathogenic infections (e.g. P.syringae) and microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) recognition. Loss of the systemic acquired resistance response. Reduced fitness characterized by lower seed yield and survival rate. Increased sensitivity to P.syringae, H.arabidopsidis, turnip crinkle virus (TCV) and E.orontii. These phenotypes are reversed by SA treatment. Altered sensitivity to jasmonic acid (JA) and ethylene (ET) signaling. Decreased susceptibility to the fungal toxin fumonisin B1 (FB1) that mediates programmed cell death (PCD). Impaired induction of EDS5/SID1 expression after UV-C light exposure and pathogen attack. Altered LSD1-dependent acclimatization to light conditions that promote excess excitation energy (EEE). Impaired formation of lysigenous aerenchyma in response to hypoxia. Reduced resistance against green peach aphid (GPA, M.persicae) due to increased phloem sap uptake, reduced accumulation of antibiotic activity in petiole exudates, and delayed leaf senescence in insect-infested tissue, including chlorophyll loss, cell death, and senescence associated genes (SAG) expression. Loss of [5-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)furan-2-yl]-piperidine-1-ylmethanethione- (DFPM-) induced root growth arrest and inhibition of stomatal closing mediated by abscisic acid (ABA).
Part of a nuclear complex made of EDS1, SG101 and PAD4 that can be redirected to the cytoplasm in the presence of an extranuclear form of EDS1. Sabilized by direct interaction with EDS1 in infected leaves. Part of a nuclear protein complex made of VICTR, PAD4 and EDS1 (PubMed:23275581). Interacts with VICTR (PubMed:23275581). Interacts with EDS1 (PubMed:24331460).
Probable lipase required downstream of MPK4 for accumulation of the plant defense-potentiating molecule, salicylic acid, thus contributing to the plant innate immunity against invasive biotrophic pathogens and to defense mechanisms upon recognition of microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs). Participates in the regulation of various molecular and physiological processes that influence fitness. Together with SG101, required for programmed cell death (PCD) triggered by NBS-LRR resistance proteins (e.g. RPS4, RPW8.1 and RPW8.2) in response to the fungal toxin fumonisin B1 (FB1) and avirulent pathogens (e.g. P.syringae pv. tomato strain DC3000 avrRps4 and pv. maculicola, turnip crinkle virus (TCV), and H.arabidopsidis isolates CALA2, EMOY2, EMWA1 and HIND4). Together with EDS1, confers a basal resistance by restricting the growth of virulent pathogens (e.g. H.arabidopsidis isolates NOCO2 and EMCO5, E.orontii isolate MGH, and P.syringae pv. tomato strain DC3000 or expressing HopW1-1 (HopPmaA)). Necessary for the salicylic acid-(SA-) dependent systemic acquired resistance (SAR) response that involves expression of multiple defense responses, including synthesis of the phytoalexin camalexin and expression of pathogenesis-related genes (e.g. PR1, ALD1, BGL2 and PR5) in response to pathogens, triggering a signal amplification loop that increases SA levels via EDS5 and SID2, but, together with EDS1, seems to repress the ethylene/jasmonic acid (ET/JA) defense pathway. May also function in response to abiotic stresses such as UV-C light and LSD1-dependent acclimatization to light conditions that promote excess excitation energy (EEE), probably by transducing redox signals and modulating stomatal conductance. Regulates the formation of lysigenous aerenchyma in hypocotyls in response to hypoxia, maybe via hydrogen peroxide production. Modulates leaf senescence in insect-infested tissue and triggers a phloem-based defense mechanism including antibiosis (e.g. green peach aphid (GPA), M.persicae) to limit phloem sap uptake and insect growth, thus providing an EDS1-independent basal resistance to insects. Also involved in regulation of root meristematic zone-targeted growth arrest together with EDS1 and in a VICTR-dependent manner.
Interacts with BTB/POZ-MATH proteins BPM1, BPM2, BPM3, BPM4, BPM5 and BPM6.
Mostly expressed in roots and leaves. Also detected in flowers and stems.
Plants over-expressing OFP7 show kidney-shaped cotyledons, round and curled leaves, small rosette size, late flowering, reduced fertilization and round seeds.
Homodimer (PubMed:22665445). Interacts with XXT1 and XXT5 (PubMed:22665445). Interacts with FUT1 and XLT2 (PubMed:25392066).
Xylosyltransferase specific to UDP-D-xylose that accepts both cellopentaose and cellohexaose as substrates, with a better use of cellohexaose, to produce xyloglucan. Adds preferentially the first xylosyl residue to the fourth glucosyl residue from the reducing end of both acceptors. Transfer one xylose mainly to the second glucose residue from the non-reducing end. The acceptor should have a minimum of four glucose residues (PubMed:16982611, PubMed:18544630). Associates with other xyloglucan-synthesizing enzymes to form multiprotein complexes for xyloglucan synthesis in the Golgi (PubMed:25392066).
Expressed in roots, stems, leaves, seedlings, inflorescence tips, and siliques. Detected in the adaxial side of cotyledons, in the emerging leaves and in trichomes. Also detected in the root tip, more precisely in the epidermal cells in the meristematic and elongation zone.
Hyponastic growth, aberrant pavement cell and stomatal morphology in cotyledons, and defective trichome formation.
The increased accumulation of auxin in rol1-2 seedlings appears to be caused by a flavonol-induced modification of auxin transport (PubMed:18567791, PubMed:21502189). In bacteria, TDP-L-rhamnose is formed by the successive action of three different enzymes on TDP-D-glucose. In plants, on the other hand, a single polypeptide probably catalyzes all three reactions that lead to the conversion of UDP-D-glucose to UDP-L-rhamnose.
Trifunctional enzyme involved in UDP-beta-L-rhamnose biosynthesis, a precursor of the primary cell wall components rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I) and rhamnogalacturonan II (RG-II) (PubMed:14671019, PubMed:17190829, PubMed:19056285). Plays a major role in supplying UDP-rhamnose for flavonol biosynthesis (PubMed:18757557). Catalyzes the dehydration of UDP-glucose to form UDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-glucose followed by the epimerization of the C3' and C5' positions of UDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-glucose to form UDP-4-keto-beta-L-rhamnose and the reduction of UDP-4-keto-beta-L-rhamnose to yield UDP-beta-L-rhamnose (By similarity).
Functions as a negative regulator of salt stress response. Functions as repressor of WRKY8 transcription factor by decreasing the DNA-binding activity of WRKY8 and acts antagonistically with WRKY8 to regulate sodium and potassium homeostasis under salt stress.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants show enhanced resistance to salt stress.
Expressed in leaves. Strong expression in senescent leaves.
Plants overexpressing MPT2/PHT3;2 display increased sensitivity to salt stress.
Binds 2 magnesium ions per monomer. The first magnesium ion is required for catalysis. The second functions as an allosteric activator.
Expressed in abaxial regions of lateral aerial organ primordia leading to cotyledons, leaves, flower meristems, sepals, petals, stamen and carpels, but not in roots.
Expressed in subepidermal cells of anlagen regions, then in abaxial part of primordia and finally in differentiating organs. Levels decrease in differentiated organs. In embryo the expression starts during the heart stage in the cotyledon anlagen. Later, expression expands to abaxial domain of the cotyledon primordia and decrease as the embryo matures. In stamen, expression restricted to the abaxial region differentiating into the connective. In gynoecium, expressed in the abaxial cell layers differentiating into the valves.
Interacts with SPL/NZZ (PubMed:15299139, PubMed:25527103). Interacts with SPEAR2 (PubMed:25527103). Binds to LUG and LUH; these complexes promote adaxial cell identity in leaves as well as embryonic shoot apical meristem (SAM) initiation and postembryonic SAM maintenance (PubMed:19837869).
Involved in the abaxial cell fate determination during embryogenesis and organogenesis. Regulates the initiation of embryonic shoot apical meristem (SAM) development (PubMed:10457020, PubMed:12417699, PubMed:19837869). Contributes to the repression of KNOX genes (STM, KNAT1/BP and KNAT2) to avoid ectopic meristems. Binds DNA without sequence specificity (PubMed:10457020, PubMed:12417699).
Required for the initiation of lateral roots independent from auxin signaling. May function in maintaining the pericycle in the mitotically competent state needed for lateral root formation.
Widely expressed. Expressed throughout the root tip, stele and lateral primordia. Also expressed in the shoots.
HAD-like hydrolase that has a thiamine monophosphate phosphatase activity in a heterologous system (PubMed:26537753). Does not contribute to thiamine monophosphate phosphatase activity in planta (PubMed:27677881).
Expressed throughout the embryogenesis in the provascular tissues.
Serine/threonine-protein kinase involved in the regulation of auxin signaling. Plays a minor role in the regulation of cellular auxin efflux and cotyledon organogenesis.
Catalyzes the hydrolysis of the N-glycosidic bond in the first two intermediates of riboflavin biosynthesis, which are highly reactive metabolites, yielding relatively innocuous products. Thus, can divert a surplus of harmful intermediates into relatively harmless products and pre-empt the damage these intermediates would otherwise do. Helps maintain flavin levels. Has no activity against GTP, nucleoside monophosphates or ADP-ribose.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the YbiA family.
Pyrimidine reductase involved in the riboflavin biosynthesis pathway. Has also a non-functional N-terminal deaminase domain that lacks the catalytically essential zinc-binding residues.
The C-terminal domain (416-599) is not required for the reductase activity while the non-functional deaminase domain (21-150) is necessary.
Acts as a major beta-cyanoalanine synthase. The cyanoalanine synthesis reaction is more efficient than the cysteine synthase activity. Probably unable to interact with SAT and to form the decameric Cys synthase complex (CSC) and is therefore not an enzymatically true OASTL protein. Probably involved in the detoxification of cyanide that arises from ethylene biosynthesis. Maintains a low level of cyanide for proper root hair development.
Defective in root hair formation and accumulates cyanide in root tissues. No effects on growth.
Mainly expressed in mature rosette leaves. Also detected in roots, young rosette leaves, stems, cauline leaves, and flowers.
Dwarf plants and pale green leaf phenotype.
Interacts with MORF8/RIP1, MORF2/RIP2, MORF9/RIP9 and VAR3/OZ1.
Involved in C-to-U editing of chloroplastic RNA. Required for the photosynthetic subunit psbF transcript editing in chloroplast.
Expressed in flowers, leaves and cotyledons, and at very low levels in roots.
Late-induced by Al treatment. Expression increased over 48 hours of Al treatment. Induced by oxidative stress. Up-regulated during a continuous drought stress. Early induced by benzothiadiazol, a chemical analog of salicylic acid. Enhanced expression following both compatible or incompatible pathogen attacks.
May be implicated in the systemic acquired resistance response via the salicylic acid signal transduction pathway. Exhibits a Ca(2+)-pectate binding affinity which could be interpreted in vivo as a specificity to interact with the pectic structure of the cell wall.
Preferentially expressed in roots, but also detected in flowers, leaves and stems.
Auxin efflux transporter that acts as a negative regulator of light signaling to promote hypocotyl elongation. Mediates the accumulation of chlorophyll and anthocyanin, as well as the expression of genes in response to light. Participates in auxin efflux and thus regulates the polar auxin basipetal transport (from auxin-producing leaves to auxin-sensitive tissues, and from root tips to root elongating zone). Involved in diverse auxin-mediated responses including gravitropism, phototropism and lateral root formation.
By auxin (IAA). Induced by red light, but repressed by far-red light.
In seedlings, confined to hypocotyls in darkness, but expressed in all tissues except in hypocotyls in light. In flowers, present in all organs except petals.
Interacts with 1-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA), and FKBP42/TWD1.
ATP-dependent RNA helicase essential for mRNA export from the nucleus. Plays an important role in the positive regulation of CBF/DREB transcription factors.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX19/DBP5 subfamily.
'Teebe' means long in the Mayo-Yoreme language.
Expressed in primary and lateral roots, stigmatic papillae and hypocotyls.
Highly induced during the M/G1 phases of the cell cycle in the meristematic zone of the primary root (PubMed:27968989). Induced by auxin (PubMed:29238286, PubMed:27968989). Highly and early up-regulated in roots during root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita infection (PubMed:29238286).
In primary roots, present in the meristematic zone as well as in the epidermal cells overlying the lateral root (LR) and in the emerging lateral root primordia (PubMed:27968989). In hypocotyls, expressed in epidermal cells (PubMed:27968989). Accumulates during early callus induction in the epidermal cells overlying the callus primordial present in the elongation zone of a primary root (PubMed:27968989).
Increased hypocotyls growth in seedlings under both light and dark conditions, with longest epidermal cells.
Prevents hypocotyl epidermal cells elongation by modulating the pectin status in cell walls (PubMed:27968989). Likely regulates pectin methylesterification degree during cell separation and elongation, including upon root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita infection (PubMed:29238286, PubMed:27968989).
Decreased leaf photosynthetic activity, reduced accumulation of plastid rRNAs (both mature and immature) in roots and altered root plastid gene expression leading to small plants with pale-green leaves (PubMed:29367414, PubMed:32143506). Abnormal intracellular distribution of plastids (PubMed:29367414). Altered fatty acid composition of membrane lipids leading to an increased oleic acid (18:1) level at the expense of alpha-linolenic acid (18:3) level among total fatty acids, especially in root tissues (Ref.6). Aberrant lateral root phenotype that lack stem cells and associated with disrupted stem cell patterning and changes in expression of several root stem cell regulators (Ref.6, PubMed:12581310, PubMed:29367414, PubMed:32143506). Exhibits a sucrose-conditional defect in the patterning of distal elements in the primary and lateral roots meristems (PubMed:12581310, PubMed:29367414). Abnormal symplasmic connectivity between primary root and lateral root primordia (PubMed:29367414). The double mutant rfc3-2 sprt2-1 is rescued for primary and lateral root development as well as for plastid rRNA level compared to the single mutant rfc3-2 (PubMed:32143506).
Expressed ubiquitously in roots, leaves, stems, flower buds, flowers and siliques.
In underground tissues, observed in root tips and differentiated portions of primary roots, as well as in lateral root primordia.
Prevents non-specific action of the splicing factor CFM3b during plastid rRNA biogenesis to improve the accuracy of plastid rRNA processing (PubMed:32143506). Required for plastid functions such as photosynthesis, intracellular distribution, plastid rRNAs biosynthesis and plastid gene expression in roots (PubMed:29367414, PubMed:32143506). Involved in a sucrose-conditional process important for the organization of root lateral and apical meristems (e.g. establishment of RAM from pericycle and symplasmic connectivity), and subsequent primary and lateral roots development (PubMed:12581310, Ref.6, PubMed:29367414). Modulates C18 unsaturated fatty acid metabolism (Ref.6).
Elongating hypocotyls and root-specific. Expressed in the vascular system, in meristematic tissues of the root tip, and in the vasculature of the hypocotyl right after germination. In late stage of flower development, expressed in petals, and in abscission zones.
Rapidly induced in response to deoxynivalenol exposure. Weak induction by salicylic acid, jasmonic acid and 1-aminocyclopropylcarbonic acid (ACC) treatments. Not induced by cytokinin treatment.
Specifically catalyzes 23-O-glucosylation of brassinosteroids, resulting probably in their inactivation. Also, involved in the O-glucosylation of trans-zeatin and dihydrozeatin. Active in vitro on cis-zeatin, dihydrozeatin-9-N-Glc, and olomoucine. Also involved in the detoxification of the Fusarium mycotoxin deoxynivalenol by the transfer of glucose from UDP-glucose to the hydroxyl group at C-3. Possesses low quercetin 7-O-glucosyltransferase and 4'-O-glucosyltransferase activities in vitro.
Component of the MRN complex composed of two heterodimers RAD50/MRE11 associated with a single NBN (By similarity). Interacts with NBS1 and RAD50.
Involved in DNA double-strand break repair (DSBR). Possesses single-strand endonuclease activity and double-strand-specific 3'-5' exonuclease activity. Also involved in meiotic DSB processing (By similarity).
Involved in DNA double-strand break repair (DSBR). Possesses single-strand endonuclease activity and double-strand-specific 3'-5' exonuclease activity. Also involved in meiotic DSB processing.
Expressed in shoots and roots. More abundant in roots than RFNR1.
By H(2)O(2), heat stress, wounding and cucumber mosaic virus (CMV).
Plants overexpressing ZAT7 show retarded growth and development, and enhanced tolerance to oxidative stress.
Probable transcription factor involved in oxidative stress response.
Acetylates soluble but not nucleosomal H4 (By similarity). Acetylates 'Lys-12' of histone H4.
Expressed in stems, cauline leaves and siliques.
Reduced levels of arabinogalactan proteins. Root hair defects. Reduced seed sets. Increased sensitivity to salt stress.
Possesses in vitro carboxypeptidase activity against the C-terminal arginine and lysine residues. Involved in the maturation of CLE19. Removes the C-terminal arginine residue of CLE19 proprotein. The cleavage of the C-terminal arginine residue is necessary for CLE19 activity in vivo. Is not involved in generating active CLV3 (PubMed:24118638). Is not involved in CLE19 or CLV3 perception (PubMed:12932329, PubMed:24118638).
Functions as soluble gibberellin (GA) receptor. GA is an essential hormone that regulates growth and development in plants. Binds with high affinity the biologically active gibberellin GA4, but has no affinity for the biologically inactive GAs. In response to GA, interacts with specific DELLA proteins, known as repressors of GA-induced growth, and targets them for degradation via proteasome. Seems to be required for GA signaling that controls root growth, seed germination, stem elongation and flower development. Partially redundant with GID1B and GID1C.
Interacts (via N-terminus) with the DELLA proteins GAI, RGA, RGL1, RGL2 and RGL3 (via N-terminus) in a GA-dependent manner.
Expressed in leaves, shoot apical meristem (SAM), roots, flowers and pollen.
Part of a SCF (SKP1-cullin-F-box) protein ligase complex (By similarity). Interacts with CPR1/CPR30 and At3g61590.
By senescence, dark, sucrose starvation, 3-O-methylglucose, salicylic acid, methyl jasmonate, methyl viologen and infection by the pathogens A.brassicicola and P.syringae pv. tomato.
Plants overexpressing HSFA3 show increased thermotolerance.
Transcriptional activator that specifically binds DNA sequence 5'-AGAAnnTTCT-3' known as heat shock promoter elements (HSE). Involved in heat stress response. Activated by DREB2A under heat stress.
Expressed in the vascular tissues. Also detected in guard cells.
Overexpression of GLUTAMINE DUMPER 5 leads to free amino acid levels accumulation and plant size decrease (Ref.6, PubMed:20018597).
By cadmium and lead. Down-regulated by salt stress.
Expressed in roots, rosette and cauline leaves, flowers and siliques, and at lower levels in stems.
By high light and hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) (PubMed:16649111, PubMed:17059409, PubMed:17085506, PubMed:30778176). Up-regulated by heat stress (at 30 degrees Celsius) and remains up-regulated transgenerationally in the unstressed progeny (at 22 degrees Celsius) via heat-induced REF6-dependent depletion of H3K27me3 marks within its coding regions (PubMed:16649111, PubMed:17059409, PubMed:17085506, PubMed:30778176).
Heat-sensitive phenotype (PubMed:20521085). Reduced expression of SGIP1 (PubMed:30778176).
Homotrimer (By similarity). Interacts with SUMO1 (PubMed:20521085). Binds to HSBP (PubMed:20388662).
Plants overexpressing HSFA2 show increased tolerance to combined environmental stresses.
Sumoylated at Lys-315. Sumoylation represses its function.
Transcriptional activator that specifically binds DNA sequence 5'-AGAAnnTTCT-3' known as heat shock promoter elements (HSE). Seems to be involved in other environmental stress responses. Activates ascorbate peroxidase 2 (APX2) in addition to several heat shock protein (HSPs). Binds to the promoter of SGIP1 and activates its expression in heat acclimated plants (PubMed:30778176). Involved in the mechanisms necessary for quick response to heat and subsequent heritable transgenerational memory of heat acclimation (global warming) such as early flowering and attenuated immunity; this process includes epigenetic regulation as well as post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) (PubMed:30778176). In response to heat, HSFA2 is activated and promotes the expression of REF6 which in turn derepresses HSFA2, thus establishing an heritable feedback loop able to trigger SGIP1 and subsequent SGIP1-mediated SGS3 degradation; this prevents the biosynthesis of trans-acting siRNA (tasiRNA) and leads to the release of HTT5, which drives early flowering but attenuates immunity (PubMed:30778176).
Binds to 14-3-3 proteins. The binding is induced by phosphorylation of Thr-960. Binding to 14-3-3 proteins activates the H(+)-ATPase (By similarity).
Activated in the tapetal cells in early anther development and continues to be expressed until tapetal dissolution.
Expressed in mature pollen grains, developing microspores and tapetal cells.
Major pollen protein required for pollen fertility and development. Active in both diploid tapetum and haploid microspores.
Malonyltransferase acting on xenobiotic glucosides. Has activity toward 2-Naphthol glucoside (2NAG), 1-Naphthol glucoside (1NAG), kaempferol 7-O-glucoside, hydroxycoumarin glucosides and phenol-glucosides, but not toward kaempferol 3-O-glucoside or daidzin. Prefers phenol glucosides rather than naphtol glucosides. In vivo, seems to be involved in the malonylation of 4-methylumbelliferone glucoside or 4-nitrophenyl glucoside while PMAT1 would be involved in the malonylation of 2-Naphthol glucoside.
Catalyzes the oxidation of cytokinins, a family of N(6)-substituted adenine derivatives that are plant hormones, where the substituent is an isopentenyl group (By similarity). In association with CKX3 regulates the activity of the reproductive meristems, flower organ size and ovule formation (PubMed:21224426).
Expressed in the developing leaf petioles and in the rib zone of the axillary shoot meristems. In roots, expressed in the vascular cylinder within the root apical meristem and only faintly detectable in the differentiated root.
Expressed in young developing stamen primordia and later confined to the central part of growing anthers. Before and during pollination, restricted to the maturing pollen grains.
Catalyzes the ligation of CoA on isovalerate to produce 3-methylbutanoyl-CoA (PubMed:23300257). Can also use butanoate, pentanoate, hexanoate, 3-methylpentanoate and 4-methylpentanoate as substrates with a lower efficiency (PubMed:23300257).
Expressed at low levels in leaves, flowers and developing seeds.
Impaired chitin-induced defense responses such as MAPK activation (e.g. MPK3/6) and callose deposition leading to reduced disease resistance against fungal (e.g. A.brassicicola) and bacterial (e.g. P.syringae pv. tomato DC3000 hrcC) infections.
Interacts with CERK1 (preferentially unphosphorylated) at the plasma membrane (PubMed:24750441, PubMed:27679653). Binds to MAPKKK5 at the plasma membrane; disassociation is induced by chitin perception by the CERK1 complex. Associates also with MAPKKK3 (PubMed:27679653).
Levels are regulated in a proteasome-dependent manner (at proteome level).
Palmitoylation at Cys-4 and Cys-7 are required for plasma membrane location.
Phosphorylated by CERK1 upon elicitation by chitin.
Receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase involved in the transduction of signal between the host cell surface chitin receptor complex CERK1-LYK5 and the intracellular MAPKKK5-dependent mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade that leads to chitin-induced immunity (PubMed:24750441, PubMed:27679653). Phosphorylates and activates MAPKKK5 when phosphorylated by CERK1 after elicitation by chitin (PubMed:27679653).
Has 3 domains, the N-terminal alpha-helical domain, an extended flexible linker and the C-terminal beta-sheet domain. The N-terminal alpha-helical domain stabilizes RbcL dimers and RbcL dimer-dimer interactions, facilitating RbcL(8) formation. The C-terminal beta-sheet domain probably dimerizes Raf1 (PubMed:26237510). The 2 C-terminal beta-sheet domains are swapped and pack against each other to form the dimer interface (By similarity).
Required for assembly or stability of RuBisCO. Acts at a postchaperonin step to fold and/or assemble the large subunit (rbcL) into RuBisCO. RAF1 binds first to a rbcL dimer (rbcL(2)), leading to a rbcL(8)-RAF1(4) complex formation. In the next step, RBCS displaces RAF1, thus resulting in holoenzyme formation.
Expressed in young flower primordia, later becomes localized to petals, stamens and carpels. Is also expressed in vegetative tissues (PubMed:11058164). Expressed in roots, stems, leaves, seedlings, apex, flowers, flower organs and seeds (PubMed:18390806).
Expressed prominently during both female and male gametes development (PubMed:11058164). Accumulates throughout young developing leaves, before being confined to the vasculature of older leaves (PubMed:19837869).
Forms a corepressor complex with SEU; LUG is the transcription repressor subunit and SEU the specific DNA-binding adapter. Interacts with AGL24-AP1 and SVP-AP1 dimers, and possibly with SEP3, especially when complexed to SEU. Interacts with MED14, HDA19 and CDKE-1 (PubMed:15277686, PubMed:16679456, PubMed:17526732). Binds to YAB3, YAB5 and YAB1/FIL; these complexes promote adaxial cell identity in leaves as well as embryonic shoot apical meristem (SAM) initiation and postembryonic SAM maintenance (PubMed:19837869).
Induced by exposures to biotic stress (e.g. Agrobacterium tumefaciens) and abiotic stress (e.g. hypoxia, cycloheximide, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, AgNO(3) and aminoethoxyvinylglycine). Repressed by exposures to biotic stress (e.g. nematode and Botrytis cinerea) and abiotic stress (e.g. salt, genotoxic, wounding, drought and oxidative stress).
Slight defects in seed mucilage extrusion (PubMed:21362134, PubMed:21402796). Ectopic expression of AGAMOUS, leading to the replacement of sepals by carpels and stamens and of petals by stamens (PubMed:15277686). Wide and serrated vegetative leaf lamina, narrow cauline leaves, large palisade cells and reduced fertility (PubMed:15208345). In plants lacking both LUG and LUH, embryo lethality and abnormal flowers (PubMed:18390806). Enhance the polarity and growth defects of fil yab3 and luh/+ lug mutant leaves, being partially abaxialized (PubMed:19837869).
Transcription repressor subunit of the SEU-LUG transcriptional corepressor of the C class floral homeotic gene AGAMOUS during the early stages of floral meristem development. Is part of the A class cadastral complex that define the boundaries between the A and C class homeotic genes expression and function. Interacts together with APETALA2 and SEUSS to repress AGAMOUS expression. Also plays a role in ovule and pollen development (PubMed:11782418, PubMed:15277686, PubMed:7743940). Implicated in embryo and floral development (PubMed:18390806). Involved in post-synthesis cell wall modifications necessary for mucilage extrusion from seeds upon imbibition, probably by promoting the expression of genes required for mucilage maturation (PubMed:21362134, PubMed:21402796). Involved in vegetative leaf morphogenesis at later stages of leaf development by restricting cell expansion during leaf growth (PubMed:15208345). Regulates the maintenance on leaf polarity and meristem activity as well as the initiation of embryonic shoot apical meristem (SAM) development (PubMed:19837869).
Involved in the pyrimidine salvage pathway.
Probable GTP-binding protein that may be involved in cell development.
Defects in shoot and primary root growth and aberrant parallel venation pattern in juvenile leaves.
May act as a substrate-specific adapter of an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex (CUL3-RBX1-BTB) which mediates the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins (By similarity). Involved in leaf vasculature patterning (PubMed:18643975).
Essential protein that regulates phragmoplast microtubule organization during cell plate expansion in cytokinesis during cell division, both somatic and syncytial (PubMed:11089872, PubMed:19268593, PubMed:23451828). Required for endosperm cellularisation (PubMed:12421698, PubMed:23451828). In pollen development, involved in cellularisation during microsporogenesis by regulating radial microtubules (MT) organization in microspore mother cells (PubMed:23451828). Seems to not have kinase activity (PubMed:19268593).
Expressed in proliferating tissues of seedlings, lateral roots, young rosette leaves, siliques, flowers, embryos and stems (including apical meristem).
Seedling lethal (PubMed:19268593). Abnormal cell division with defective cytokinesis due to abnormal phragmoplast organization and arrested cell plate expansion, leading to enlarged cells and nuclei as well as incomplete cell walls (PubMed:11089872, PubMed:19268593). In metaphase and anaphase, enlarged cells with several mitotic spindles or a single greatly enlarged spindle (PubMed:19268593). Impaired endosperm development with altered cellularisation (PubMed:12421698, PubMed:23451828). Cellularization defects caused by disorganized radial microtubules (MT) arrays in seedlings and adult tissues, as well as during male meiocyte development. Irregular and incomplete or absent intersporal cell walls in male tetrads, resulting in abnormal pollen and reduced fertility. Sterile and aborted ovules (PubMed:23451828).
Involved in ribosomal large subunit assembly (By similarity). S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyltransferase that probably methylates the C(5) position of cytosine 1586 (m5C1586) in mitochondrial 26S rRNA (PubMed:26268215). May play a role in the regulation of the cell cycle and the increased nucleolar activity that is associated with the cell proliferation (By similarity). Seems involved in the regulation of cell proliferation (By similarity).
Normal levels of methylation at cytosine 2860 of 25S rRNA, but slight reduction of mitochondrial 26S rRNA cytosine 1586 (m5C1586).
Expressed in leaves, flowers, guard cells and lateral root primordia.
Induced by drought stress, salt stress and abscisic acid (ABA) (PubMed:19625633). Induced by infection with the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) (PubMed:10226370). Induced by cold stress (PubMed:25912720).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants exhibit increased susceptibility to drought stress.
Plants overexpressing MYB96 exhibit a dwarf growth, altered leaf morphology, reduced lateral roots, and enhanced drought resistance (PubMed:19625633). The gain-of-function mutant myb96-1D (activation tagging) plants exhibit deposition of epicuticuar wax crystals on leaf surface (PubMed:21398568). The gain-of-function mutant myb96-1D (activation tagging) plants accumulate high levels of anthocyanins and salicylate (SA), express pathogenesis-related (PR) genes constitutively, and exhibit enhanced resistance to Pseudomonas syringae infection (PubMed:20149112).
Transcription activator involved in the activation of cuticular wax biosynthesis under drought stress. Binds directly to DNA consensus sequences found in the promoters of genes encoding very-long-chain fatty acid-condensing enzymes involved in cuticular wax biosynthesis (PubMed:21398568). Functions together with MYB94 in the activation of cuticular wax biosynthesis (PubMed:27577115). Involved in drought stress response through abscisic acid (ABA) signaling. Mediates ABA signals that enhance plant resistance to drought by reducing stomatal opening. Mediates ABA-auxin cross-talk to regulate lateral root growth under drought stress conditions (PubMed:19625633). Involved in the regulation of ABA biosynthesis and ABA-dependent seed dormancy state. Binds to the promoters of NCED2 and NCED6, which are enzymes catalyzing the first step of ABA biosynthesis (PubMed:25616734). Regulates seed germination by controlling the expression of ABI4, a repressor of lipid breakdown during seed germination (PubMed:25869652). Binds to the promoter of LTP3 and transactivates LTP3 gene in response to drought stress and freezing (PubMed:23404903). Involved in cold stress response. Binds directly to the promoters of heptahelical protein (HHP) genes in response to cold stress. HHPs modulate the expression of SCRM/ICE1, SCRM2/ICE2 and CAMTA3, which are upstream regulators of cold-responsive C-repeat-binding factors (CBFs) (PubMed:25912720). Involved in defense responses against the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae. May act as a molecular link that mediates cross-talks between ABA and salicylate (PubMed:20149112). Involved in a crosstalk between the circadian clock and ABA signaling. Binds directly to the promoter of APRR1/TOC1 to activate its expression (PubMed:26725725). Promotes ABA signaling (PubMed:30979883). Recruits the histone deacetylase HDA15 to the promoters of a subset of Rho GTPase (ROP) genes, which repress ABA signaling at the early stages of signal transduction (PubMed:30979883). HDA15 represses ROP expression by removing acetyl groups of histone H3 and H4 from the cognate regions, particularly in the presence of ABA (PubMed:30979883).
Promotes slightly the tolerance to zinc (Zn) and to oxidizing chemicals (e.g. diamide).
Binds to FPP proteins (By similarity). Interacts with WAP, WIP1, WIP2 and WIP3 through its WPP domain. Interacts with HSP70-1, HSP70-3 and WIT1. Component of a ternary complex composed of WPP1, HSP70-1 and WIT1.
Regulates the mitotic activity in roots. Plays a role with HSP70-1 in facilitating WIT1 nuclear envelope targeting.
Component of the mitochondrial ATP-dependent Clp protease (PubMed:11352464). Cleaves peptides in various proteins in a process that requires ATP hydrolysis (By similarity). Has a chymotrypsin-like activity. Plays a major role in the degradation of misfolded proteins (By similarity).
Heterotrimeric transcription factor composed of three components, NF-YA, NF-YB and NF-YC (PubMed:33098724). NF-YB and NF-YC must interact and dimerize for NF-YA association and DNA binding (PubMed:33098724). Binds directly with DPB3-1 (PubMed:25490919).
Ubiquitous. Predominantly expressed in flowers and siliques.
Insensitive to the effect of sucrose on the circadian period.
Lacks the phospho-accepting Asp (here Glu-130), present in the receiver domain, which is one of the conserved features of two-component response regulators (ARRs) family.
Regulated at the level of mRNA maturation and alternative splicing by SKIP (PubMed:22942380). The expression of APRR9, APRR7, and APRR5 requires the presence of LWD1 and/or LWD2, indicating the existence of a positive feedback loop within the circadian clock (PubMed:21357491).
Transcriptional repressor of CCA1 and LHY, and positive regulator of LWD1 and LWD2 expression. Represses the expression of other clock proteins and master regulators of plant growth, development and response to abiotic stress. Involved in the positive and negative feedback loops of the circadian clock. Controls photoperiodic flowering response and temperature compensation. Expression of several members of the ARR-like family is controlled by circadian rhythm. APRR9, APRR7, and APRR5 coordinately act on the upstream region of the target genes to repress their expression from noon until midnight. The particular coordinated sequential expression of APRR9, APRR7, APRR5, APRR3 and APPR1 result to circadian waves that may be at the basis of the endogenous circadian clock.
Up-regulated by heat-shock and light at dawn, and down-regulated by the sugars produced by photosynthesis.
Defective embryo arrested at cotyledon stage (PubMed:15266054, PubMed:29463724). Heterozygous mutants produce some yellowish seeds with developmentally retarded or abnormally shaped embryos. Conditional dexamethasone (DEX)-inducible mutants exhibit altered vacuolar morphology showing fragmented round vacuoles (PubMed:29463724).
Essential protein required during embryogenesis (PubMed:15266054, PubMed:29463724). Believed to act in part as a component of the putative HOPS endosomal tethering complex. HOPS is required for the central vacuole formation (PubMed:29463724). May play a role in clustering and fusion of late endosomes and lysosomes. Plays a role in vesicle-mediated protein trafficking to lysosomal compartments including the endocytic membrane transport and autophagic pathways. Required for fusion of endosomes and autophagosomes with lysosomes (By similarity).
Homooligomer (By similarity). Component of the homotypic fusion and vacuole protein sorting (HOPS) complex composed of the class C Vps core proteins VPS11, VCL1, VPS18 and VPS33, which in HOPS further associates with VPS39 and VPS41 (PubMed:29463724). Interacts directly with VPS11. Binds to RABG3B (PubMed:29463724).
Belongs to the choline monooxygenase family.
Catalyzes the first step of the osmoprotectant glycine betaine synthesis.
Expressed in anthers with highest levels in the tapetum and pollen grains, and chalazal end of the embryo sac.
Probable transcription factor that binds to the DNA sequence 5'-GCATTAAATGCGCA-3'.
Catalyzes the conversion of 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid to homogentisic acid, one of the steps in tyrosine catabolism.
Catalyzes the interconversion of mannose-6-phosphate to mannose-1-phosphate, the precursor for the synthesis of GDP-mannose (PubMed:17217471, PubMed:18086684). GDP-mannose is an essential sugar nucleotide for the synthesis of D-mannose-containing cell wall polysaccharides (galactomannans and glucomannans), glycolipids, glycoproteins and the antioxidant L-ascorbate (Probable). Can complement the yeast temperature-sensitive mutant sec53-6 (PubMed:17217471).
Catalyzes the interconversion of mannose-6-phosphate to mannose-1-phosphate, the precursor for the synthesis of GDP-mannose. GDP-mannose is an essential sugar nucleotide for the synthesis of D-mannose-containing cell wall polysaccharides (galactomannans and glucomannans), glycolipids, glycoproteins and the antioxidant L-ascorbate.
Expressed in roots, stems, leaves, flowers and immature fruits.
Overexpression of PMM increases total leaf ascorbate content.
The thermosensitive lethality of pmm-12 results from glycosylation defects rather than ascorbic acid depletion.
Involved in carotenoid biosynthesis. Catalyzes the double cyclization reaction which converts lycopene to beta-carotene and neurosporene to beta-zeacarotene (PubMed:8837512). Major lycopene beta-cyclase that does not seem to be involved in neoxanthin synthesis (PubMed:19549928). Involved in salt tolerance improvement by increasing synthesis of carotenoids, which impairs reactive oxygen species (ROS) and protects the photosynthetic system under salt stress (PubMed:21471119).
Plants overexpressing LYC1 exhibit improved tolerance to salt stress.
Plants do not show any changes in soluble amino acid content.
Belongs to the tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase family.
DNA repair enzyme that can remove a variety of covalent adducts from DNA through hydrolysis of a 3'-phosphodiester bond, giving rise to DNA with a free 3' phosphate. Catalyzes the hydrolysis of dead-end complexes between DNA and the topoisomerase I active site tyrosine residue.
Developmental defects, including loss of apical dominance, early flowering and dwarf phenotype, when homozygous (PubMed:20876339). Hypersensitivity to camptothecin and failure of DNA damage repair resulting in progressive cell death (PubMed:20876339). No visible phenotype when heterozygous (PubMed:20876339).
The TDP domain (123-605) is sufficient to confer the full phosphodiesterase activity.
Expressed in shoot meristems, root tip, vasculature and leaf epidermis.
Heterooligomeric complex of about 850 to 900 kDa that forms two stacked rings, 12 to 16 nm in diameter (PubMed:11599560). Interacts with CCT3, KNAT1, STM and TTG1 (PubMed:21868675).
Molecular chaperone; assists the folding of proteins upon ATP hydrolysis. Known to play a role, in vitro, in the folding of actin and tubulin. Contributes to stem cell maintenance through its impact on transcription factors trafficking through plasmodesmata (PubMed:21868675). Probably involved in refolding translocated, partially unfolded proteins, including viral movement proteins (PubMed:21868675, PubMed:22476462).
Plays an essential role in early steps of chloroplast development (PubMed:21515910, PubMed:24111559). Involved in the regulation of plastid gene expression (PubMed:21515910, PubMed:24111559). Required for the proper function of the plastid transcriptional machinery and protein accumulation in thylakoid membranes (PubMed:21515910, PubMed:24111559). May function as molecular chaperone to ensure proper organization of the nucleoids in chloroplasts (PubMed:21515910, PubMed:24111559). Is a necessary component of phytochrome signaling for photosynthesis-associated plastid-encoded genes (PhAPGs) activation (PubMed:31201314). Mediates the degradation of two repressors of chloroplast biogenesis, PIF1 and PIF3 in nucleus (PubMed:31201314). Promotes the assembly of the plastid-encoded RNA polymerase (PEP) complex for PhAPG transcription in plastids (PubMed:31201314).
Light fluence rate-dependent induction, independent of light quality. Up-regulated by blue light treatment.
May act as a substrate-specific adapter of an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex (CUL3-RBX1-BTB) which mediates the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins (By similarity). Signal transducer of the phototropic response and photo-induced movements. Necessary for root phototropism. Involved in hypocotyl phototropism under high rate but not under low rate light. Regulates stomata opening. Seems to be not involved in chloroplast accumulation and translocation.
Homodimer. Hetereodimers with BZIP17, BZIP49 or BZIP60. Binds the CCAAT box-binding heterotrimeric factor composed of NFYA4, NFYB3 and NFYC2 (PubMed:20207753). Interacts with SAR1B and STL2P (PubMed:22335396). Interacts (via C-terminus) with MED37A/BIP1 and MED37B/BIP3. MED37A/BIP1 and MED37B/BIP3 dissociates from BZIP28 under ER stress (PubMed:23624714).
Transcriptional activator involved in ER stress responses. Functions as a stress sensor and transducer in ER stress signaling pathway. After proteolysis by SBT6.1 (S1P) and S2P, the N-terminal bZIP component is translocated to the nucleus, where it activates the expression and production of ER chaperones (PubMed:18156219, PubMed:18634751, PubMed:18849477, PubMed:20876872). Following ER stress, activates proteins involved in brassinosteroid (BR) signaling, which is required for stress acclimation and growth (PubMed:20876872).
Probable transcription factor involved in plant development (Probable). Involved in environmental abiotic stress resistance. May increase the expression of stress-responsive genes (By similarity). Binds DNA in vitro (By similarity).
Reduced germination ratio by salt treatment. Mannitol, an osmotic agent, together with salt strongly inhibit the growth and the plants are generally unhealthier than wild-type with less green cotyledons. Dramatic reduction of about 75% in root length upon salt or general osmotic stress. Plants wither under drought stress and the leaves have quicker water loss rate.
The GRAS domain is involved in DNA-binding.
Interacts with RAD51 and DMC1 (PubMed:15014444, PubMed:16415210). Interacts with DSS1(I) and DSS1(V) (PubMed:16415210). Can interact with both RAD51 and DSS1(I) or both DMC1 and DSS1(I) in a tripartite complex (PubMed:16415210).
2-oxoglutarate (OG)- and Fe(II)-dependent dioxygenase (2OGD)involved in scopoletin biosynthesis. Converts feruloyl CoA into 6'-hydroxyferuloyl CoA but has no activity with ferulic acid, feruloylquinic acid, caffeic acid, caffeoyl CoA, p-coumaric acid, cinnamic acid, cinnamoyl CoA or benzoyl CoA.
No effect on scopoletin and scopolin levels in the roots.
Transcription activator activated by proteolytic cleavage through regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP) mediated by calpain or its functional homolog. Regulates cytokinin signaling during cell division.
Interacts with BRI1 (PubMed:18653891, PubMed:23496207). Interacts with ASK7/BIN2, BSK5, BSK6, BSK8 and BSK11 (PubMed:23496207). Interacts with FLS2 (PubMed:23532072).
Phosphorylated at Ser-230 by BRI1 upon brassinolide (BL) treatment. Phosphorylation at Ser-230 weakens the interaction between BSK1 and BRI1 (PubMed:18653891). Phosphorylated by ASK7/BIN2 and ASK9/BIL2 (PubMed:23496207).
Serine/threonine kinase that acts as positive regulator of brassinosteroid (BR) signaling downstream of the receptor kinase BRI1. Mediates signal transduction from BRI1 by functioning as substrate of BRI1 (PubMed:18653891). Functions as a positive regulator of plant immunity. May be involved in the regulation of pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) downstream of the flagellin receptor FLS2. Possesses kinase activity in vitro. Kinase activity is required for its function in innate immunity (PubMed:23532072).
Calcium-binding peroxygenase involved in the degradation of storage lipid in oil bodies. May be involved in the interaction between oil bodies and vacuoles during seed germination (By similarity).
Not regulated by abscisic acid, desiccation and osmotic stress.
The proline-knot motif (71-80) may be involved in targeting to lipid bodies.
Expressed at higher levels in roots than in leaves.
Expressed at moderate levels in all sporophytic tissues with strongest expression in gametophytes.
Splicing factor homolog to SF3a60 that may be involved in pre-spliceosome formation. Is necessary for gametic cell fate determination.
Detectable in lateral root development when they reach 10 mm long.
Expressed throughout the root cap, in both columella (COL) and lateral root cap (LRC) cells, with higher levels in the COL-adjoining LRC than the upper LRC. Also present at low levels expression in the tips of cotyledons and the cotyledon vasculature, as weel as in vasculature of the first pair of true leaves and at the hydathodes.
Transcription activator. Together with BRN1 and SMB, regulates cellular maturation of root cap. Promotes the expression of genes involved in secondary cell walls (SCW) biosynthesis.
Mainly expressed in leaves and seedlings, and to a lower extent, in roots, stems and inflorescences. Isoform MYB48-1, isoform MYB48-3 and isoform MYB48-4 are present in all of these organs, but isoform MYB48-2 is confined to leaves.
Component of the ESCRT-II complex (endosomal sorting complex required for transport II), composed of VPS22, VPS25 and VPS36.
Component of the TFIID complex. TFIID is composed of TATA binding protein (TBP) and a number of TBP-associated factors (TAFs) whose MWs range from 14-217 kDa. Interacts with TAF1, TAF4B and TAF12B. Component of the SWR1 chromatin-remodeling complex. Interacts with FLX, a component of the transcription activator complex FRI-C (PubMed:17340043, PubMed:21282526). Interacts with SWC4, and with EAF1A and EAF1B (via HSA domain) (Ref.9).
No visible phenotype, due to the redundancy with TAF14. Modest early flowering. Taf14 and taf14b double mutants show a pleiotropic phenotype that includes small size and abnormal leaf morphology (PubMed:21282526, PubMed:23017898). Taf14 and taf14b double mutants show a reduced H4K5 acetylation in the promoter region of major flowering regulator genes including FLC, CO and SOC1, and a more pronounced early flowering (Ref.9).
Component of the endosomal sorting required for transport complex III (ESCRT-III), composed at least of VPS2, VPS20, VPS24 and VPS32 (By similarity). Interacts with SKD1 (PubMed:20663085). Interacts with BRO1/ALIX (PubMed:22639582, PubMed:26342016).
Constitutively activated HR-like cell death phenotype with endogenous accumulation of high levels of salicylic acid (SA) and constitutively activated defense phenotype. Dwarf plant with spotted necrotic lesions on its rosette and cauline leaves. Accumulation of high levels of callose and autofluorescent phenolic compounds localized to the necrotic lesions.
The O-glycosylation (arabinosylation) of the hydroxyproline Pro-71 enhances binding affinity of the CLE7p peptide for its receptor.
Plays a role in the recruitment of the exosome to pre-rRNA to mediate the 3'-5' end processing of the 5.8S rRNA.
Highly selective inward-rectifying potassium channel that could mediate potassium uptake in the pollen membrane. Plays an important role in pollen tube development. Assuming opened or closed conformations in response to the voltage difference across the membrane, the channel is activated by hyperpolarization. May interact with the cytoskeleton or with regulatory proteins.
Predominantly expressed in flowers; especially in pollen.
Interacts with FIP37 and with the immunosuppressive drug FK506. Its interaction with FIP37 is inhibited by FK506. Interacts with TOR in a rapamycin-dependent manner.
PPIases accelerate the folding of proteins. It catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptides (By similarity). Mediates rapamycin inactivation of TOR protein kinase activity.
Expressed in seedlings, preferentially in roots.
At the vegetative stage, strongly expressed in the shoot meristem, leaf primordia and juvenile leaves. At the reproductive stage, localized in the young developing flowers.
Receptor kinase that regulates inflorescence architecture and organ shape as well as stomatal patterning, including density and clustering, together with ERL1 and ER.
Expressed at low levels in roots, leaves, stems and developing seeds.
Expressed in male gametogenesis, during microspore development. Higher expression is found during microspore mitosis with a dramatic decline during pollen maturation.
Found in sporophytic and gametophytic cell types in the anther, only in male fertile plants.
Highly expressed in roots and at lower levels in flowers and siliques.
Lacks the conserved Ser residue involved in nucleophilic attack and essential for hydrolase activity. Its enzyme activity is therefore unsure.
Expressed predominantly in roots, and at low levels in shoots, floral stems and open flowers.
Gain-of-function mutant pck1-D (T-DNA tagging) shows highly epinastic leaves, reduced apical dominance and sterility.
'Pasticcino' means 'small cake' in Italian.
By cytokinins, and to a lower extent by auxin.
Interacts with calmodulin (CaM). Interacts with RPM1 and NAC089. Interacts with the elongase complex core members KCR1, PAS2 and CER10.
PPIases accelerate the folding of proteins. It catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptides (By similarity). Essential protein regulating cell division, adhesion and elongation throughout the plant development and embryogenesis. Required for the spatial organization of apical meristems. Involved in the hormonal control of cell division and differentiation mediated by cytokinins and auxin. Regulates the function of NAC089 transcription factor by controlling its targeting to the nucleus upon plant cell division. Interacts with enzymes of the fatty acid elongase complex and favors the generation of very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) required for polar auxin transport and tissue patterning during plant development.
Plants fail to develop apical hook in the dark and exhibit abnormal embryogenesis from the heart stage. Deficiency in lateral root formation and abnormal patterning of the embryo apex, which leads to defective cotyledon organogenesis like small and thick hypocotyl, finger-shaped cotyledons and small fused leaves. Ectopic cell proliferation in the presence of cytokinins.
Early proliferation of lateral roots as well as distorted root hairs when cultivated at high sucrose concentrations.
Nucleotide-sugar transporter that transports UDP-glucose and UDP-galactose. Plays a role in lateral root and root hair development.
Widely expressed with highest expression in roots.
First expressed in developing carpel primordia, and later in stamens and ovules of flower buds.
May function as a transcriptional repressor of cellular proliferation that regulates floral determinacy and relative size of basal pattern elements along the proximo-distal axis of the developing gynoecium.
Pigment defective seeds (PubMed:21139083). Virescent/yellow leaves leading to pale-green seedlings, due to reduced photosynthetic function and disruption of associated signaling networks, later associated with impaired photoautotrophy (PubMed:24053212, PubMed:27462450, PubMed:30962391). Abnormal chloroplast development with disrupted granum-stroma thylakoid membranes and disrupted photosynthetic electron flow (PubMed:27462450). Reduced accumulation of rbcL mRNA and less production of Rubisco large subunit (LSU) (PubMed:24053212). Impaired biogenesis of NDH, PSI (including PsaA, PsaB, PsaD, PsaF, PsaL, PsaG, PsaK and NdhH) and Cytb(6)f (including PetA, PetB, PetC and PetD) complexes; this phenotypes are reversed by Ycf1 overexpression (PubMed:27462450, PubMed:30962391). Inhibited induction of non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) (PubMed:27462450). Structural changes to target RNAs (PubMed:30962391).
Present in leaves (at protein level) (PubMed:30962391). Confined to leaf chlorenchyma cells (PubMed:24053212).
RNA-binding protein that acts as an RNA chaperone to remodel RNA structure and activates their translation (PubMed:30962391). Required for seed pigmentation (PubMed:21139083). Necessary for chloroplast development and subsequent photosynthetic electron flow, as well as for non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) (PubMed:27462450). Rubisco regulatory factor which regulates the concerted biogenesis of NDH, PSI (including PsaA, PsaB, PsaD, PsaF, PsaL, PsaG, PsaK and NdhH) and Cytb(6)f (including PetA, PetB, PetC and PetD) complexes (PubMed:24053212, PubMed:27462450, PubMed:30962391). Binds specifically to and involved in the post-transcriptional regulation of plastid-encoded mRNAs (e.g. rbcL, petA, petB, petD and Ycf1), thus modulating expression, cellular localization/compartmentalization, and photosynthetic function (PubMed:24053212, PubMed:27462450, PubMed:30962391).
Highly expressed in young rosette leaves but only weakly in roots.
Highly up-regulated during programmed cell death (PCD) induced in acd11 mutant.
Belongs to the gluconokinase GntK/GntV family.
Phosphorylates gluconate to 6-phosphogluconate.
Activation factor which mediates telomerase activity and potentiates responses to auxin through the regulation of BT2. Binds in vitro to the DNA sequence 5'-GACAGTGTTAC-3' of the BT2 promoter.
Altered response to auxin, but persistance of the telomerase activity.
Preferentially expressed in roots and flowers. Slightly expressed in leaves and stems.
Homo- and heterodimers (PubMed:26586833). Interacts with PHL3, but not with PHR1 (PubMed:26586833).
Transcriptional activator (PubMed:26586833). Acts redundantly with PHR1 as a key component of the central regulatory system controlling transcriptional responses to Pi starvation (PubMed:26586833). Binds in a sequence-specific manner to phosphate starvation-regulated promoters (PubMed:26586833).
Acts as a receptor of SCOOP peptides from Brassicaceae plants regulating multiple processing including plant growth, development and stress responses (PubMed:34535661, PubMed:33514716). Perception of SCOOP peptides induces the association of MIK2 with the coreceptors BAK1/SERK3 and SERK4 and relays the signaling through the activation of receptor-like cytosolic kinases (RLCKs) BIK1 and PBL1 (PubMed:34535661, PubMed:33514716). Also able to detect SCOOP-like proteins (SCOOPL) present in fungal Fusarium spp. and bacterial Comamonadaceae to elicit various immune responses, including growth inhibition, ROS production, calcium Ca(2+) influx, MAPK activation and MYB51 promoter activation in roots, thus being required for resistance to several root pathogens (PubMed:33514716, PubMed:34535661). Involved in the pollen tube perception of the female signal (PubMed:26863186). Required to trigger defense responses toward generalist herbivores such as Spodoptera littoralis, probably via the activation of jasmonate and indole glucosinolate biosynthesis (PubMed:35401621).
Defect in apoplastic reactive oxygen species (ROS) production upon stimulation with some immune elicitors such as flg22 and AtPep1, and in response to SCOOP10 and SCOOP12 (PubMed:33514716, PubMed:34535661). Disturbed SCOOP12-triggered BAK1 phosphorylation on Ser-612 (PubMed:33514716). Insensitivity to SCOOP peptides including SCOOP4, SCOOP6, SCOOP8, SCOOP10, SCOOP12, SCOOP13, SCOOP14, SCOOP15, SCOOP20 and SCOOP23 leading to the loss of modified gene expression of several genes (PubMed:34535661). Altered activation of MAPK (e.g. MPK3, MPK4 and MPK6) and root meristems distortion triggered by SCOOP10 and SCOOP12 (PubMed:34535661). Reduced sensitivity to proteinous elicitors containing SCOOP-like sequences (SCOOPL) with SxS motifs isolated from several Fusarium spp, thus leading to reduced SCOOPL-induced growth inhibition, ROS production, calcium Ca(2+) influx, MAPK activation and MYB51 promoter activation in roots, hallmarks of defense responses (PubMed:34535661). Decreased resistance against the generalist herbivore Spodoptera littoralis, but not toward the specialist herbivore Pieris brassicae, and associated with reduced accumulation of jasmonic acid (JA), jasmonate-isoleucine and indolic glucosinolates due to a lower expression of several genes (e.g. CYP79B2, CYP79B3, CYP83B1 and GSTF9) (PubMed:35401621).
Expressed in pollen tubes (PubMed:26863186). Highly expressed in shoots, roots and leaves (PubMed:34535661).
Induced by pathogen elicitors flg22 and elf18.
Interacts with MDIS1 and LURE1.2 (PubMed:26863186). Binds to SCOOP12; this interaction triggers the formation of complex between MIK2 and the BAK1/SERK3 and SERK4 coreceptors (PubMed:33514716, PubMed:34535661).
Forms heterooligomers with SWEET1, SWEET3, SWEET6, SWEET7, SWEET8, SWEET9, SWEET11 and SWEET17.
Mediates both low-affinity uptake and efflux of sugar across the plasma membrane. Involved in nurturing the male gametophyte (PubMed:25988582).
Slightly induced by the fungal pathogen B.cinerea.
Probable exonuclease that may be involved in enuclation of sieve elements.
Repressed by salicylic acid (SA) treatment.
Detected in the whole plant but more precisely confined to the vasculature in cotyledons, leaves, petals, anthers and roots.
Sucrose-cleaving enzyme that provides UDP-glucose and fructose for various metabolic pathways. Functions in callose synthesis at the site of phloem sieve elements.
Expressed in buds, flowers, siliques, stems, old leaves and roots (PubMed:18364466). Expressed in the sieve elements (PubMed:25081480).
Hydrolyzes glycerol-phospholipids at the terminal phosphodiesteric bond to generate phosphatidic acids (PA) (PubMed:18364466). Active with phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), and phosphatidylserine (PS) as substrates (PubMed:18364466). No activity toward phosphatidylinositol (PI) or PIP2 (PubMed:18364466). Positively mediates plant responses to hyperosmotic stresses and promotes root growth, flowering, and stress avoidance (PubMed:18364466, PubMed:19704505). Not involved in the abscisic acid regulation of stomatal movement and transpirational water loss (PubMed:18364466).
No visible phenotypes when grown under normal conditions, but increased sensitivity to salinity and water deficiency (PubMed:18364466). Late flowering in slightly dry conditions (PubMed:18364466). Decreased sensitivity to glucose (PubMed:19704505).
In the absence of ALG12 activity, the N-glycans transferred to proteins are aberrant, indicating that the oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) complex is substrate-tolerant.
Required for N-linked oligosaccharide assembly. Adds the eighth mannose residue in an alpha-1,6 linkage onto the dolichol-PP-oligosaccharide precursor dolichol-PP-Man(7)GlcNAc(2).
Auxin response factors (ARFs) are transcriptional factors that bind specifically to the DNA sequence 5'-TGTCTC-3' found in the auxin-responsive promoter elements (AuxREs). Could act as transcriptional activator or repressor. Formation of heterodimers with Aux/IAA proteins may alter their ability to modulate early auxin response genes expression. Involved in ethylene responses. Regulates lateral root formation through direct regulation of LBD16 and/or LBD29 (PubMed:29184030). Functionally redundant with ARF7 (PubMed:29184030). Involved in cellular dedifferentiation during callus formation on callus-inducing medium (CIM) and in an ATXR2-dependent manner (PubMed:29184030).
Homodimers and heterodimers (PubMed:9342315). Interacts with the auxin-responsive protein IAA1 (PubMed:9342315). Binds to JMJ30 (PubMed:29923261). Binds to ATXR2 in the nucleus (PubMed:29184030).
Accumulates in developing seeds 5 days after flowering (DAF).
Expressed in roots, leaves and inflorescence.
Repressed by glucose-hexokinase treatment (PubMed:16199612). Induced by heat stress (e.g. 37 degrees Celsius) (PubMed:17085506, PubMed:18055584). Accumulates in response to 3-oxo-octanoyl-homoserine lactone treatment (3OC8-HSL), a bacterial quorum-sensing signal (PubMed:22995300). Regulated by light (PubMed:24884362).
By salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (MJ), ethylene (ET), wounding in local tissues, and infection with the fungal pathogen A.brassicicola and cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), both in local and systemic tissues.
Accumulates during ovule development. Detected at low levels in ovules and in the embryo sac of stage 13 flowers (PubMed:22915737). Not detected during embryo development. In seedlings and young plants, present in some spots (presumably stomata) in cotyledons and later in veins of hypocotyls as well as of petioles, hydathodes, stipules, in roots and lateral root primordia, and in the lower halves of first leaves. Detected in the phloem, as well as in the cortex of inflorescence stems. In roots, confined in developing xylem cells in the part of the differentiation zone with well-developed root hairs (PubMed:26391711). Present in lateral root tips and subsequently in a larger area. Accumulates in columella cells of lateral roots (PubMed:26578169). Expressed at the base of developing flowers, including ovaries. In flowers, detected in parts of the major stem axis, and in the anther at some stages of development, present in veins of sepals and accumulates progressively in ovaries, filaments, receptacles, and ovules. Also detected in the valve margins and receptacles of siliques and at the joint between the stigma and the style, as well as in the tapetum around pollen grains in maturing anthers (PubMed:26391711).
Double mutants flp-7 myb88 and flp-1 myb88 have strong defects in stomata repartition with large stomatal clusters formation (PubMed:16155180). Increased accumulation of CDKB1-1 in the double mutant flp-1 myb88 (PubMed:20675570). Double mutants flp-1 myb88 have increased susceptibility to drought and high salt (NaCl), as well as increased rates of water loss; these phenotypes are associated with reduced accumulation of many typical abiotic stress gene transcripts. Lower stomatal closure in response to abscisic acid (ABA) treatment (PubMed:21105921). Accumulation of CYCA2-3 in newly formed guard cells in flp-1 myb88 double mutant (PubMed:21772250). The double mutants flp-1 myb88 and flp-7 myb88 treated with oryzalin, a microtubule depolymerizing drug, exhibit round-to-oval-shaped single guard cells (sGCs) associated with increased DNA content due to endoreplication leading to 10C DNA levels. The quadruple mutant flp-1 myb88 cdkb1;1 cdkb1;2 has a reduced number of large single guard cells blocked at mitosis, with strongly altered shape and size and characterized by enlarged nucleus due to endomitosis and endocycling, as well as extensive chloroplast replication (PubMed:24123248). Triple mutants cdka;1 flp-1 myb88 don't have guard cells stacks but accumulates sGCs. Accumulation of CDKA-1 in the double mutant flp-1 myb88 (PubMed:24687979). Increased number of ovules produced by the placenta but reduced female fertility due to defective meiotic entry and progression, and subsequent altered embryo sac development, thus leading to reduced seed set (PubMed:22915737). The double mutants flp-1 myb88 and flp-7 myb88 lack lateral roots with reduced PIN3 levels (PubMed:26578065). Abnormal gravitropic set-point angles (lower than 30 degree) of lateral roots (PubMed:26578169).
Expressed at low levels in all organs including roots, leaves, hypocotyls stems, flowers, siliques and buds.
Transcription factor that binds to DNA in promoters cis-regulatory element 5'-GGCGCGC-3' of cell cycle genes, including cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), and components of the pre-replication complex (PubMed:20675570, PubMed:24687979). Binds to DNA in promoters cis-regulatory element 5'-AGCCG-3' of auxin regulated genes (e.g. PIN3 and PIN7) (PubMed:26578169). Together with FAMA and MYB124, ensures that stomata contain just two guard cells (GCs) by enforcing a single symmetric precursor cell division before stomatal maturity (PubMed:24571519). Represses the expression of the mitosis-inducing factors CDKB1-1 and CDKA-1, specifically required for the last guard mother cells (GMC) symmetric divisions in the stomatal pathway (PubMed:20675570, PubMed:24687979). Represses CYCA2-3 in newly formed guard cells (PubMed:21772250). Together with MYB88, regulates stomata spacing by restricting divisions late in the stomatal cell lineage thus limiting the number of GMC divisions (PubMed:16155180). In collaboration with CDKB1-1 and CDKB1-2, restrict the G1/S transition and chloroplast and nuclear number during stomatal formation, and normally maintain fate and developmental progression throughout the stomatal cell lineage (PubMed:24123248). Involved in sensing and/or transducing abiotic stress (e.g. drought and salt), probably via the positive regulation of NAC019 (PubMed:21105921). Regulates female reproduction being required for entry into megasporogenesis, probably via the regulation of cell cycle genes (PubMed:22915737). Plays a minor role in lateral roots (LRs) initiation (PubMed:26578065). Involved complementarily in establishing the gravitropic set-point angles of lateral roots by regulating the transcription of PIN3 and PIN7 in gravity-sensing cells of primary and lateral roots (PubMed:26578169).
Potential calcium sensor that is required for pollen tube attraction for ovule fertilization.
By iron deficiency, specifically in the root vasculature (e.g. pericycle) (PubMed:20675571, PubMed:25452667). Destabilized upon iron-binding (PubMed:25452667).
Embryonic lethal (PubMed:20675571, PubMed:25452667). Increased tolerance to iron deprivation (PubMed:20675571, PubMed:25794933, PubMed:27359166). Over-accumulation of iron ions in phloems, rosette leaves, flowers and seeds. In normal conditions, at the late reproductive stage, aborted siliques and abnormal necrotic lesions in cauline leaves (PubMed:25794933). Increased root elongation, rhizosphere acidification, and iron reductase activity under iron deficiency (PubMed:25452667, PubMed:27359166).
Essential protein (PubMed:20675571, PubMed:25452667). Negatively regulates the response to iron deficiency and thus contributes to iron homeostasis (PubMed:20675571, PubMed:25794933). Exhibits E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity in vitro (PubMed:24253678, PubMed:25452667). Plays a role in root growth, rhizosphere acidification, and iron reductase activity in response to iron deprivation (PubMed:25452667, PubMed:27359166). Facilitates 26S proteasome-mediated degradation of PYEL proteins in the absence of iron (PubMed:25452667).
Expressed in cotyledons of seedlings, young leaves, developing and mature embryos, and other reproductive tissues including floral vasculature, funiculus, septum, and gynoecium valves.
Interacts with the PYEL proteins bHLH115, bHLH104 and ILR3 in the nucleus (PubMed:20675571, PubMed:25452667). Binds zinc and iron ions (PubMed:24253678, PubMed:25452667).
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that functions as regulator of MED25 stability by targeting MED25 for degradation in a RING-H2-dependent way. Proteasome-dependent degradation of MED25 seems to activate its function as positive regulator of FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) and is important to induce the expression of FT and consequently to promote flowering.
Induced in roots by exposure to air, abscisic acid (ABA) and salt treatment.
May play a role in the signal transduction pathway of osmotic stress (Probable). May be involved in plant defense signaling (By similarity).
Essential protein. Sugar transporter involved in the transport of CMP-sialic acid from the cytoplasm into the Golgi.
Induced upon xylem tracheary elements differentiation.
Plant silencing MAP70.5 show reduced inflorescence stem length and diameter, and inhibition of cell expansion. Over-expression of MAP70.5 causes epidermal cells to swell, stunted growth and induces right-handed organ twisting.
Plant-specific protein that interact with microtubules and regulates microtubule dynamics. May play a role in anisotropic cell expansion and organ growth. In association with MAP70.1, is essential for the normal banding pattern of secondary cell wall and for the proper development of xylem tracheary elements and wood formation.
Activated by autophosphorylation at Thr-445.
Autophosphorylated on serine and threonine residues. Autophosphorylated at Thr-445.
Plants silencing STY17 does not show visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but plants silencing STY17 in the double mutant sty8 and sty46 background show more severe retarded growth compared to the double mutant itself.
Hydrolyzes only phytoceramide into phytosphingosine and free fatty acid (PubMed:25619405). Does not have reverse activity (By similarity). Affects plant morphogenesis. Required for the formation of wax layer that ensure cuticle permeability. Implicated in abscisic acid (ABA)-mediated stomatal closure. Involved in both biotic and abiotic stresses. Promotes salt resistance and defenses responses toward pathogenic bacteria (e.g. P.syringae) and against the fungal toxin fumonisin B1 (FB1) (PubMed:25619405).
Mostly expressed in roots, shoot meristems and pollen, and, to a lower extent, in mature leaves.
Pleiotropic phenotypes, including reduction of leaf size, dwarfing, small flowers and an irregular wax layer. The abnormal wax layer is associated with higher water loss and rapid chlorophyll leaching due to an increased cuticle permeability. Increased phytoceramides levels and decreased long chain bases. Increased sensitivity to salt stress. Increased susceptibility to the pathogenic bacteria P.syringae with reduced pathogenesis-related (PR) genes induction. Reduced sensitivity to abscisic acid (ABA) leading to impaired stomatal closure regulation. Increased sensitivity to the fungal toxin fumonisin B1 (FB1)-induced cell death.
Expressed at low levels in roots, leaves, stems and shoots (PubMed:18429939). Detected in seedlings, roots, leaves and anthers (PubMed:19843313).
Interacts with EIN2 (via C-terminus). May also interact weakly with CSN8 (PubMed:18429939). Interacts with DSS1(V), AMPD, SAC3A, SAC3B and At5g61290 (AC Q9FLK4) (PubMed:19843313). Interacts with UCH1 (PubMed:19843313, PubMed:22951400) and UCH2 (PubMed:22951400). Interacts with NUP1, anchoring the TREX-2 complex on the nuclear pore complex (PubMed:19843313).
Involved in the regulation of ethylene response (PubMed:18429939). Probable TREX-2 component required for nuclear RNA export. The TREX-2 complex (transcription and export complex 2) functions in docking export-competent ribonucleoprotein particles (mRNPs) to the nuclear entrance of the nuclear pore complex (nuclear basket). TREX-2 participates in mRNA export and accurate chromatin positioning in the nucleus by tethering genes to the nuclear periphery (PubMed:19843313).
No visible phenotype, when grown in absence of ethylene. Extreme ethylene responsivness, when treated with saturating ethylene concentrations (PubMed:18429939). Curly leaf (PubMed:19843313).
Homodimer (Probable). Interacts with BZR2/BES1 through both C-terminal and bHLH domains. Interacts also with LHW.
Positive brassinosteroid-signaling protein. Transcription factor that bind specifically to the DNA sequence 5'-CANNTG-3'(E box). Can bind individually to the promoter as a homodimer or synergistically as a heterodimer with BZR2/BES1. Does not itself activate transcription but enhances BZR2/BES1-mediated target gene activation.
Component of high molecular weight thylakoid LFNRs-containing protein complexes containing LIR1, LFNR1, LFNR2, TIC62 and TROL proteins. Interacts directly with LFNR1 and LFNR2; LIR1 increases the affinity of LFNR1 and LFNR2 for TIC62 and subsequent thylakoid relocalization.
Expression is controlled by light and by a circadian clock. Differentially regulated at the level of mRNA stability at different times of day, being a target of the degradation pathway mediated by the downstream (DST) instability determinant and thus following a circadian clock rhythm with highest levels in early afternoon (PubMed:16055688). Rapidly degraded upon illumination; this degradation coincides with the release of the LFNR from the thylakoid membrane (PubMed:26941088). Repressed by calmodulin (CaM) antagonists such as trifluoperazine (TFP) and N-(6-aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthelene-sulfonamid-hydrochloride (W7); this repression is alleviated by lanthanum (e.g. LaCl(3)) (PubMed:16980540).
May form interchain disulfide bonds with LFNR1 and LFNR2.
Slight increase in nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ). Marked decrease in the accumulation of LFNR1 and LFNR2-containing thylakoid protein complexes.
Thylakoid-determinant subunit of high molecular weight LFNRs-containing protein complexes.
Homodimer and heterodimer with ERL1 and TMM. Interacts with EPF1, EPF2, EPFL4, EPFL5 and EPFL6. Interacts with SERK1, SERK2, SERK3/BAK1 and SERK4 in a EPF2-induced manner (PubMed:26320950). Interacts with EPFL9/STOMAGEN (PubMed:26083750).
In er-104 and er-105, small curly leaves and compact inflorescence with short thick siliques, increased canalization of rosette leaf number during long days.
Mostly expressed in shoot apical meristems (SAM), organ primordia, flowers, siliques and young rosette leaves, and, to a lower extent, in stems and cauline leaves. Expressed in growing inflorescence stems and pedicels. Detected in epidermis, phloem and xylem.
Receptor kinase that, together with ERL1 and ERL2, regulates aerial architecture, including inflorescence (e.g. shoot apical meristem-originating organ shape, elongation of the internode and pedicels, and adaxial-abaxial polarity), and stomatal patterning (e.g. density and clustering), probably by tuning cell division and expansion. Redundantly involved with ERL1 in procambial development regulation. Forms a functional ligand-receptor pair with EPF2 (AC Q8LC53) (PubMed:22241782). Modulates plant transpiration efficiency by controlling stomatal density, leaf photosynthetic capacity, epidermal cell expansion, mesophyll cell proliferation and cell-cell contact. A phloem-specific expression of ER is sufficient for proper inflorescence architecture (PubMed:22474391). Probable major trait regulating canalization (maintenance of phenotype despite varying environment) in many aspect of the plant physiology (e.g. plant morphology, light-dependent leaves number, branch number, flowering time, phytate and mineral concentrations) by transducing microenvironmental variation into phenotypic differentiation (ecological amplifier). May maintain development integrity in heat stress conditions. Regulates cell wall composition and structure. Confers resistance to the pathogenic bacteria Ralstonia solanacearum and to the necrotrophic fungi Plectosphaerella cucumerina and Pythium irregulare, and required for callose deposition upon infection. Resistance to P.cucumerina seems cell wall-mediated. Forms a constitutive complex with TMM involved in the recognition of the stomatal regulatory peptides EPF1, EPF2 and EPFL9/STOMAGEN (PubMed:28536146).
Strongly expressed in organ primordia and immature organs but weakly in mature organs. Observed in SAM at low levels during the vegetative growth with an increase at the transition to the reproductive growth phase. At the reproductive stage, localized in the young developing flowers. Expressed in inflorescence meristem and is up-regulated during flower initiation and formation of flower organs. Also found in cells that differentiate into pedicels.
The cultivar Landsberg erecta (cv. Ler) derives from cv. Landsberg (cv. La-0) in which ERECTA is mutated at Ile-750 (variant er).
Abundant in leaves and roots. Expressed to a high level in leaf trichomes of mature plant.
Belongs to the carboxylate-amine ligase family. Glutamate--cysteine ligase type 2 subfamily.
Down-regulated in leaf trichomes under salt treatment. Up-regulated by the fungal pathogen Phytophthora porri. Induced by cadmium (PubMed:16502469).
Feedback inhibition by glutathione. Inhibited by buthionine sulfoximine and cystamine.
Homodimer or monomer when oxidized or reduced, respectively.
Plants are characterized by a recessive embryo-lethal phenotype.
Seems to play an important role in controlling the expression of resistance responses like the regulation of salicylic acid (SA) and phytoalexin (camalexin) production. Involved in resistance to fungal and bacterial pathogens. Required for the regulation of cell proliferation in root apical meristems through the GSH-dependent developmental pathway. Also participates in the detoxification process, the antioxidant response and is essential for embryo development and proper seed maturation.
The Cys-186-Cys-406 disulfide bridge is known to modulate the enzyme activity according to the redox status. The oxidized form constitutes the active enzyme.
Associates with pre-60S ribosomes in the nucleoplasm.
Constitutively and ubiquitously expressed (PubMed:23572950). Mostly observed in the shoot apex and root tip, and, to a lower extent, in mature seeds, seedling (excluding the hypocotyl), roots, stems, leaves and flowers (PubMed:27824150).
Female semisterility due to strongly delayed development of female gametophyte.
Nuclear chaperone required for maturation and nuclear export of pre-60S ribosome subunits. Functions at successive maturation steps to remove ribosomal factors at critical transition points, first driving the exit of early pre-60S particles from the nucleolus and then driving late pre-60S particles from the nucleus (By similarity). Required for female gametophyte development (PubMed:23572950). Involved in the expression regulation of genes related to plant growth and development (PubMed:27824150).
Beta-barrel pore-forming protein which possesses voltage-dependent channel activity (PubMed:25401771). Required for proper plastid development (PubMed:29758131). Involved in the maintenance of metabolic homeostasis of full-grown plants (PubMed:29758131).
Expressed in germinating seeds (PubMed:25608613). Expressed in the vasculature of roots, cotyledons and leaves (PubMed:25608613, PubMed:29758131).
Stunted growth, pale-green leaves, altered plastid structures in leaves, altered photosynthesis activity, and reduced accumulation of starch in leaf chloroplasts.
By wounding or by jasmonic acid (MeJA) treatment (PubMed:16963437, PubMed:18267944). Accumulates upon infection by incompatible pathogens (e.g. Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) carrying avrRpm1) (PubMed:18267944).
Contributes to jasmonic acid biosynthesis by initiating the beta-oxidative chain shortening of its precursors (PubMed:16963437, PubMed:18267944). Converts 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA) and 3-oxo-2-(2'-pentenyl)-cyclopentane-1-octanoic acid (OPC-8:0) into OPDA-CoA and OPC-8:0-CoA, respectively (PubMed:16963437, PubMed:18267944). Follows a two-step reaction mechanism, wherein the carboxylate substrate first undergoes adenylation by ATP, followed by a thioesterification in the presence of CoA to yield the final CoA thioester (By similarity).
Expressed at low levels in seedlings, cotyledons, leaves, hypocotyls and roots.
In seedlings, present at low levels in the vascular system of cotyledons, leaves, hypocotyls, roots and hydathodes (PubMed:18267944). In roots, accumulates mostly in the zone of cell division proximal to the root tip, in the vascular system and primordial cells of lateral roots and, at low levels, in some superficial cells of the elongation zone (PubMed:18267944). In mature plants, observed in the vasculature of leaves, stems, and roots, with a progressive expression increase in mesophyll cells during aging (PubMed:18267944). Weakly detected in the young parts of the bolting stem (PubMed:18267944).
No obvious phenotype in growth, root and flower development, fertility, reproduction and morphology (PubMed:18267944). Reduced jasmonic acid (JA) accumulation after wounding (PubMed:18267944).
Over-expression of SRF5 led to male-sterility in cv. Columbia but not in cv. Landsberg.
Subunit of a probable heterotrimeric complex consisting of an alpha catalytic (KIN10 or KIN11) subunit, and a beta (KINB) and a gamma (KING or SNF4) non-catalytic regulatory subunits. Interacts with HXK1 in mitochondrion (PubMed:30511331).
(E(2)17G) transport activity in negatively regulated by organic anions such as oestradiol-3-sulfate, luteolin-7-O-diglucuronide-4'-O-glucuronide, glycocholate, vanadate and the sulfonylurea glibenclamide, and, to a lower extent, by bafilomycin A1, NH(4)Cl, GSH, GSSG and DNB-GS.
In flowers, present in anthers central vascular strand of the filament and in connecting tissues of the pollen sacs. Also present at the silique attachment site of the pedicel.
Increased water use efficiency (PubMed:12943546). Low phytic acid levels in seed tissue (PubMed:19797057).
Pump for glutathione S-conjugates. Involved in regulation of K(+) and Na(+) cell content. Mediates resistance to NaCl and Li(+), confers sensitivity to sulfonylurea drugs such as glibenclamide (inducer of stomatal opening), and required for stomatal opening regulation by auxin, abscisic acid (ABA) and external Ca(2+). Transports oestradiol-17-(beta-D-glucuronide) (E(2)17G). Involved in the root auxin content regulation that controls the transition from primary root elongation to lateral root formation. Plays a role in ABA-mediated germination inhibition (PubMed:11296221, PubMed:11855639, PubMed:12943546, PubMed:14684837). High-affinity inositol hexakisphosphate transporter that plays a role in guard cell signaling and phytic acid storage. Required for phytic acid accumulation in developing seeds. Phytic acid is the primary storage form of phosphorus in cereal grains and other plant seeds (PubMed:19797057).
Ubiquitous, mostly in vascular tissues and epidermis, including guard cells.
Expressed in young developing tissues, such as seedlings, roots, flowers, buds and young siliques, and to a lesser extent in mature green tissues.
Probable microtubule-associated peroxisomal protein required for chloroplast biogenesis and for the formation of the prolamellar body and prothylakoids in etioplasts. Not involved in peroxisomal metabolism, including mobilization of storage compounds during germination, fatty acid beta-oxydation or photorespiration.
Acid phosphatase activity with p-nitrophenyl phosphate (pNPP), D-myoinositol 1-phosphate (Ins(1)P1), phytic acid and Myo-inositol hexakisphosphate. Low or no activity with Glc-6-P and ATP. Confers shoot growth stimulation, enhanced salt and osmotic stress tolerance, and ABA insensitivity. May modulate ascorbic acid (AsA) levels by controlling the input of myoinositol into this branch of AsA biosynthesis.
Expressed in roots, stems, cotyledons, leaves, flowers and siliques.
Subunit of a probable heterotrimeric complex consisting of an alpha catalytic (KIN10 or KIN11) subunit, and a beta (KINB) and a gamma (KING or SNF4) non-catalytic regulatory subunits.
Highly expressed in seedlings, roots, stems, flowers and leaves. Lower expression in siliques.
Not induced by pathogen infection, but down-regulated by dark treatment.
Required for lysine biosynthesis. Catalyzes the direct conversion of tetrahydrodipicolinate to LL-diaminopimelate, a reaction that requires three enzymes in E.coli. Not active with meso-diaminopimelate, lysine or ornithine as substrates.
The expected covalent binding of pyridoxal phosphate by Lys-305 has not been observed in the 3D-structure.
Expressed constitutively in roots, leaves, stems, and flowers. Confined to the valve margins of the silique.
Required for the dehiscence of fruit, especially for the separation of the valve cells from the replum. Promotes the differentiation of a strip of labile nonlignified cells sandwiched between layers of lignified cells.
Expressed in rosette leaves, pollen grains, developing embryos and developing seeds.
Lysophospholipid acyltransferase with broad specificity (PubMed:18154737). Mediates the conversion of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine or LPE) into phosphatidylethanolamine (1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine or PE) (LPEAT activity) (PubMed:18154737). Catalyzes the acylation of lysophosphatidylserine (1-acyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-phospho-L-serine or LPS) into phosphatidylserine (1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-L-serine or PS) (LPSAT activity) (PubMed:18154737). Can convert lysophosphatidylcholine (1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine or LPC) into phosphatidylcholine (1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine or PC) (LPCAT activity) (PubMed:18154737, PubMed:24189065, PubMed:25268378). Exhibits preference for C18-unsaturated acyl-CoA when transferring an acyl group to lysophosphatidylcholine (PubMed:24189065, PubMed:25268378). Can also utilize lysophosphatidylglycerol (LPG) as substrate in vitro (PubMed:18154737). Has neither activity towards lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) nor lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI) (PubMed:18154737). Lysophospholipid acyltransferases catalyze the reacylation step of the phospholipid remodeling pathway also known as the Lands cycle (PubMed:18154737). The primary function of the Lands cycle is to provide a route for acyl remodeling to modify fatty acid (FA) composition of phospholipids derived from the Kennedy pathway (PubMed:23150634, PubMed:22932756). Is involved in PC acyl editing and phosphocholine headgroup exchange between PC and diacylglycerols. This processes control the majority of acyl fluxes through PC to provide polyunsaturated fatty acids for triacylglycerols synthesis in seeds (PubMed:22932756, PubMed:24189065). Involved with LPCAT1 in the direct incorporation of newly synthesized fatty acids exported form the chloroplast into PC through acyl editing (PubMed:31511316).
Binds 2 manganese ions per subunit. Can also use nickel and cobalt with lower activity.
Involved in the catabolism of purine nucleotides. Can use (S)-ureidoglycolate as substrate, but not (R)-ureidoglycolate or allantoate. The sequential activity of AAH, UGLYAH and UAH allows a complete purine breakdown without the intermediate generation of urea.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants show a slight reduction of growth on a medium containing allantoin as the sole nitrogen source and accumulate ureidoglycolate.
Transcription elongation factor that enhances the transcription elongation by RNA polymerase II (RNAPII).
The C-terminal domain (508-668) is necessary and sufficient for Golgi targeting.
Elevated PR-1 expression level and enhanced resistance to Hyaloperonospora parasitica.
Interacts with TGA2, TGA3, TGA5 and TGA6. Interacts with TGA2 in vivo in the nucleus.
May act as a substrate-specific adapter of an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex (CUL3-RBX1-BTB) which mediates the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins (By similarity). Involved in the regulation of basal defense responses against pathogens.
Up-regulated following pathogen challenge or salicylic acid (SA) treatment.
Autophosphorylated on Ser and Thr residues.
Mostly expressed in roots and flowers, and, to a lower extent, in leaves.
Expressed in roots and shoots. Detected in the root quiescent center and vasculature, in cotyledons, hypocotyls, stems, leaves, stomata, axillary buds, flowers and fruit abscission zones.
Seedling lethality. Albino seedlings unable to grow under photoautotrophic conditions.
It is uncertain whether Met-1 or Met-10 is the initiator.
Mediates responses to the synthetic auxin 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Not involved in the response to indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). May interact with RUB modification-related components and may regulate the culling-ring ubiquitin E3 ligase complex (CRL) activity.
Transiently induced by ozone treatment. Up-regulated during a continuous drought stress. Early induced by benzothiadiazol, a chemical analog of salicylic acid. Enhanced expression following both compatible or incompatible pathogen attacks.
Essential sugar transporter required for the transport of UDP-glucose from the cytoplasm into the Golgi and the endoplasmic reticulum. Essential for pollen development and involved in embryo sac progress.
Mostly expressed in flowers, and, to a lower extent, in roots, stems and leaves.
Suppressor of the Yeast snf4 mutation that is impaired in sugar trophism.
Up-regulated by stimuli that trigger unfolded protein accumulation in the ER (UPR) (e.g. DTT or tunicamycin).
May be involved in cell polarity control during the actin-dependent tip growth of pollen tubes.
Ubiquitous. Preferentially expressed in mature pollen and pollen tubes.
Abnormal root expansion with ectopic root-hairs, reduced growth, excess lateral stems and smaller leaves. Loss of regulation of the extent of root epidermal and cortex cell expansion. Ectopic deposition of lignin and aberrant shapes of cells with incomplete cell walls in the pith of inflorescence stems. Exaggerated hook curvature, reduced length and increased diameter of hypocotyls in dark-grown seedlings, and reduced root length and increased number of root hairs in light-grown seedlings. Increased ethylene production. Exhibit also thermotolerance defect. Lacks the lefthanded root epidermal cell file rotation (CFR) and enhanced root skewing in response to low doses of propyzamide. Aberrant reduced tolerance to salt and drought stresses, with accumulated of sodium ions.
Mostly expressed in seedlings shoots and roots, stems, and flowers, and, to a lower extent, in flowers, mature leaves and roots.
No chitinase activity. Essential for normal plant growth and development. Regulates cell expansion extent and differentiation at least in roots and hypocotyls. Prevents lignin accumulation in the pith. May modulate ethylene-mediated regulation during development. Probably required to establish thermotolerance acclimation. Plays a role for controlled anisotropic cell expansion in the regulation of waving during root gravitropism and thigmotropism. Involved in the root system architecture adaptation to multiple environmental conditions such as nitrate. Contributes to salt tolerance and possibly to drought by preventing the overaccumulation of sodium ions.
Repressed after wounding or treatment with ethylene.
Regulates flowering time by modulating the photoperiod pathway. Possesses kinase activity in vitro.
No significant difference in lariciresinol content (PubMed:18347017). Prr1 and prr2 double mutants show a complete inhibition of lariciresinol biosynthesis (PubMed:18347017).
Reductase involved in lignan biosynthesis (PubMed:18347017). Unlike conventional pinoresinol reductases that can reduce both pinoresinol and lariciresinol, PRR2 shows a strict substrate selectivity for (-)-pinoresinol (PubMed:18347017). No activity with (+)-pinoresinol or lariciresinol (PubMed:18347017). Abstracts the 4R-hydride from the NADPH cofactor during catalysis (PubMed:18347017).
Acetylated at Lys-170 by the stromal acetyltransferase enzyme NSI.
Detected in leaves, stems and flowers (PubMed:22551943). Expressed in shoots and roots (PubMed:24278440). Mainly localized to leaf veins, hypocotyls, mesophylls and guard cells (PubMed:35193734). Accumulates at high levels in small and dividing plastids (at protein level) (PubMed:27443603).
Electroneutral K(+)/H(+) efflux antiporter modulating monovalent cation and pH homeostasis in plastids, especially during plastid division and thylakoid membrane formation (PubMed:22551943, PubMed:24278440, PubMed:33111995, PubMed:27443603, PubMed:31296940). Transports K(+) and Cs(+) preferentially relative to Na(+) or Li(+) (PubMed:22551943). May function in osmotic adjustment (PubMed:24278440). Collaboratively with KEA1, adjusts alkaline stromal pH upon light to dark transitions in plastids (PubMed:33111995). Together with KEA1, critical for chloroplast development, including chloroplast RNA-metabolism (e.g. rRNA maturation, polysome loading and RNA-protein interactions) and plastid gene expression (PGE), ion homeostasis, and photosynthesis (PubMed:34235544, PubMed:27443603). Contributes, during early seedling development, to the regulation of photosynthesis and abscisic acid- (ABA-) mediated primary root growth in a sucrose-dependent manner (PubMed:35193734). Involved in the regulation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS) metabolism (PubMed:33485149). Required in roots for rapid hyperosmotic-induced Ca(2+) responses and for osmo-sensory potentiation in hyperosmotic conditions (PubMed:27528686). May counteract resilience to drought and salt stress, involving photorespiratory pathway and stomata closure (PubMed:33485149, PubMed:34235544).
No visible phenotype (PubMed:24794527). Disrupted K(+)/H(+) efflux antiporter in the kea1 kea2 double mutant (PubMed:33111995). Double mutants kea1 kea2 display strong growth retardation along with pale green leaves associated with a delayed formation of chloroplast pigments and electron transport complexes, as well as maturation defects of the plastid ribosomal RNAs and hampered RNA-protein interactions (PubMed:24794527, PubMed:27443603, PubMed:34235544). The double mutant kea1 kea2 exhibits a drastic photosystem II (PSII) quantum yield recovery under moderate salt stress (PubMed:34235544). Impaired rapid hyperosmotic-induced Ca(2+) responses in kea1 kea2 (PubMed:27528686). K(+)-induced alkalinization of plastid stroma is suppressed in kea1 kea2 mutants, as well as delayed rate of decay to neutral pH in the dark, but normal light-stimulated alkalinization of the stroma (PubMed:33111995). In addition, reduced primary root length is observed in the kea1 kea2 double mutant in the absence of sucrose, associated with lower abscisic acid (ABA) accumulation and impaired photosynthesis; these phenotypes are partially restored in the presence of moderate NaCl treatment (75 mM) (PubMed:35193734, PubMed:33485149). Plants kea1 kea2 have slightly higher K(+) levels and altered reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS) metabolism, but enhanced resilience to drought stress due to an increased photorespiratory pathway and stomata closure (PubMed:33485149). Triple mutants kea1 kea2 kea3 are extremely stunted in size with entirely pale leaves and died before steeing seeds (PubMed:24794527).
The full-length protein being inactive in a heterologous system, the N-terminal region (58-556) seems to have a regulatory or auto-inhibitory function.
Up-regulated by osmotic stress and down-regulated by high K(+).
Acts as a regulatory subunit of the 26S proteasome which is involved in the ATP-dependent degradation of ubiquitinated proteins. May help to control the degradation of one or more factors that repress cytokinin signaling. Plays an important role for balancing cell expansion with cell proliferation rates during shoot development.
Component of the 19S regulatory particle (RP/PA700) lid subcomplex of the 26S proteasome. The 26S proteasome is composed of a core protease (CP), known as the 20S proteasome, capped at one or both ends by the 19S regulatory particle (RP/PA700). The RP/PA700 complex is composed of at least 17 different subunits in two subcomplexes, the base and the lid, which form the portions proximal and distal to the 20S proteolytic core, respectively. Interacts with PUB22 and PUB23. Binds to the translation initiation factors TIF3E1 (PubMed:19704582). Interacts with UCH1 and UCH2 (PubMed:22951400).
Decreased rate of leaf formation, reduced root elongation, delayed skotomorphogenesis and altered growth responses to exogenous cytokinins. Increased sensitivity to heat shock and increased tolerance to oxidative stress. Decreased 26S proteasome accumulation. In flowers and cotyledons, epidermal cells were larger than those in the wild type.
Heterodimer with BPM1 and BPM3. Interacts with RAP2-4. Binds to MYB56 at the promoter of FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) (PubMed:25343985).
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase involved in protein quality control (PQC) under proteotoxic stress. Is essential to plant survival under proteotoxic stress. Functions by removing damaged proteins before they form cytotoxic aggregates. Recognizes misfolded proteins selectively and tethers polyubiquitin chains to the proteins directly for subsequent degradation by the 26S proteasome pathway. Targets misfolded proteins independently of cytoplasmic chaperones. Associates with the 26S proteasome and sustains the structural integrity of the proteasome complex at the initial stage of proteotoxic stress. Under normal conditions, MPSR1 becomes highly unstable by its autoubiquitination activity and is stabilized during proteotoxic stress by conjugating ubiquitins on misfolded proteins.
Induced by arsenite and the proline toxic analog azetidine-2-carboxylate.
Expressed in roots, leaves, cotyledons, hypocotyls, stems, flowers and siliques.
Membrane-associated and ATP-independent metalloprotease required for development of both thylakoid grana and well-organized lamellae in chloroplast. Required for the accumulation of chlorophyll and chlorophyll a/b binding (CAB) proteins (from both PS I and PS II) in chloroplast membranes, and for grana formation and normal chloroplast development. Involved in the regulation of nuclear gene expression in response to ammonium stress and interacts with ABA signaling. Carries out beta-casein degradation in an ATP-independent manner in vitro.
Reduced chlorophyll accumulation, defects in chloroplast development and abnormal hypocotyl gravicurvature.
Expressed in roots, rosette and cauline leaves, buds and flowers.
Involved in growth and development through its role in cytokinesis and polarized cell expansion (PubMed:12874123). Required for plasma membrane internalization. May function in clathrin-mediated membrane trafficking, including plasma membrane endocytosis, essential to both cytokinesis and cell expansion (PubMed:24179130). Acts as a negative regulator of basal resistance against bacteria (PubMed:20472560).
By low temperature but not by low oxygen levels, dehydration, heat shock, wounding or oxidative stress.
Expressed in rosette leaves but not in roots.
May not function as an oxygen storage or transport protein, but might act as an oxygen sensor or play a role in electron transfer, possibly to a bound oxygen molecule. Has a low affinity for O(2).
Acts on phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) in the first committed step in the production of the second messenger inositol-1,4,5,-trisphosphate (Probable). Can bind to phosphatidylinositol 4-monophosphate (PI-4-P or PtdIns4P), phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI-4,5-P2 or PtdIns4,5P2), and phosphatidic acid (PtdOH), but not to 3-phosphoinositides (PubMed:9712908). May function upstream of the cold response phosphoinositide-dependent phospholipase C (PI-PLC) pathway (PubMed:22318862).
Interacts in vitro with actin filaments via its PH domain.
Repressed by PtdIns4P, adenosine and wortmannin, but stimulated by other negatively charged lipids such as PtdIns3P, PtdOH, and phosphatidyl-serine (PtdSer).
Defects in pollen tube growth and altered deposition of cell wall components.
Intracellular vesicle trafficking and protein transport. Plays an important role in the regulation of pollen tube tip growth.
Specifically expressed in pollen and localized to the tips of growing pollen tubes.
Acts as a transcriptional activator of the phytosulfokine PSK5 peptide hormone. Binds to the GCC-box pathogenesis-related promoter element. Rate-limiting factor of quiescent center cell division active when surrounding stem cells are damaged. Is a proteolytic target of APC/C-FZR1 complex.
Restricted to dividing quiescent center cells.
Up-regulated by brassinosteroid, but not regulated by ethylene.
By light and sucrose. Down-regulated by dark.
Expressed in the vascular region adjacent to leaf mesophyll cells in the companion cell-sieve tube element complex.
Pale green leaf phenotype and reduction of biomass in mature plants. Increased levels of asparagine, proline and ammonium in response to salt treatment.
ATP-dependent serine protease that mediates the selective degradation of misfolded and unassembled polypeptides in the peroxisomal matrix (By similarity). Necessary for type 2 peroxisome targeting signal (PTS2)-containing protein processing and facilitates peroxisome matrix protein import.
ATP-dependent serine protease that mediates the selective degradation of misfolded and unassembled polypeptides in the peroxisomal matrix. Necessary for type 2 peroxisome targeting signal (PTS2)-containing protein processing and facilitates peroxisome matrix protein import.
PP2A consists of a common heteromeric enzyme, composed of a catalytic subunit (subunits C), a constant regulatory subunit (subunit A), and a variety of regulatory subunits such as subunits B (the R2/B/PR55/B55, R3/B''/PR72/PR130/PR59 and R5/B'/B56 families) (Probable). Interacts with SRK2E/OST1 (PubMed:26175513).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants show hypersensitive response to infection with the bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria containing the type III effector protein AvrBsT.
Possesses carboxylesterase activity in vitro with a preference for short acyl chain substrates. Functions as a negative regulator of the hypersensitive response (HR) triggered by the bacterial type III effector protein AvrBsT (PubMed:17293566). Possesses phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity and hydrolyzes phosphatidylcholine (PC), a lipid that is hydrolyzed by phospholipase D (PLD) to produce phosphatidic acid (PA). Required to suppress AvrBsT-dependent HR and PLD-dependent production of PA in response to AvrBsT elicitation (PubMed:19918071).
Acts predominantly in the phot1 pathway. Involved in the leaf positioning and also in the phot2 pathway controlling the leaf flattening. Component of the network that modulates the very low-fluence response (VLFR) branch of phyA signaling. Regulates phytochrome-mediated photomorphogenesis and hypocotyl phototropism. May act by controlling auxin homeostasis.
Expressed in leaves, with the strongest expression on edges of the laminas. Not found in roots.
Increased hypocotyl growth inhibition and cotyledon unfolding responses in the very low fluence response (VLFR) mode. Reduced phototropic response. Reduced hyponasty when grown under blue light. No effect on negative root phototropism. Auxin accumulation in protoplasts.
Interacts with PKS1, RPT3, PHOT1 and PHOT2.
Multicopper oxidase that may be involved in copper homeostasis and oxidative stress response, and that is necessary for root growth inhibition by low phosphate conditions. Functions together with LPR1 and PDR2 in a common pathway that adjusts root meristem activity to phosphate availability.
Exhibits glutathione-dependent thiol transferase activities. Can use glutathione (GSH) and 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) as substrates. Involved in the regulation of far-red light influence on development (PubMed:17220357). Regulator of the interplay between light and JA signaling by increasing JAR1/FIN219 efficiency (PubMed:28223489). Maybe involved in gravitropic signal transduction (Probable).
Homodimerization. Interacts with JAR1/FIN219 under continuous far red (cFR) light to stimulate JAR1/FIN219 activity and substrate selectivity.
Hyposensitive hypocotyl phenotype under continuous far red (cFR) light and a delayed flowering phenotype under long-day conditions.
Light-dependent expression. Developmentally regulated. First observed in cotyledon vascular tissues of young seedlings. Appears at the shoot apex, in the upper part of hypocotyls and in roots in one week old seedlings. Later highly expressed in the basal portion of trichomes, veins, shoot apex, and hypocotyls. Becomes restricted to the margins of leaves and in roots. In drakness and blue light (B) grown plants, localized in cotyledons vascular tissues. In far-red (FR) and red (R) light conditions, mostly confined to regions of vascular tissues near the hydathode of cotyledons. In adult plants, expressed in vascular tissues of flower organs.
Mostly associated with vascular tissues, especially near hydathodes.
Required for the retention of luminal endoplasmic reticulum proteins. Determines the specificity of the luminal ER protein retention system. Also required for normal vesicular traffic through the Golgi. This receptor recognizes H-D-E-L.
By drought stress and photooxidative conditions.
Interacts with the plastidial peroxiredoxin BAS1.
Probable thiol-disulfide oxidoreductase involved in resistance to oxidative stress. May participate in the reduction of alkyl hydroperoxides derived from oxidative stress by acting as a physiological electron donor to the BAS1 peroxiredoxin. May regenerate methionine sulfoxide reductase B1 (MSRB1) activity through sulfenic acid reduction.
Binds to the ATPase domain of HSP70/HSC70 chaperones (By similarity). Interacts with calmodulins CAM1, CAM2, CAM3, CAM4, CAM6 and CAM7 (PubMed:16003391). Interacts with BAGP1 and APCB1 (PubMed:26739014).
By heat shock, by salicylic acid (SA), by abscisic acid (ABA), by calcium, by hydrogen peroxide, and by pathogen B.cinerea attack. Up-regulated by HSFA2.
Co-chaperone that regulates diverse cellular pathways, such as programmed cell death and stress responses (PubMed:16003391). Involved in plant basal resistance (PubMed:16636050, PubMed:26739014). Involved in basal heat response through the regulation of the heat induced small HSP (sHSP) transcriptional cascade (PubMed:26580143).
Early flowering and shorter vegetative and reproductive phases, with more branched roots and inflorescences (PubMed:16636050). Early senescence (PubMed:16636050). Hypersensitivity to light (PubMed:16636050). Enhanced susceptibility to B.cinerea and permissive fungal growth (PubMed:16636050, PubMed:26739014).
Overexpression of BAG6 results in a lesion mimic phenotype. Processed by APCB1 during lesion mimic development. The cleavage is triggered by pathogen infection or by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs).
Probable transcription factor required for the initiation of inflorescence trichomes in response to gibberellin and cytokinin. Is not involved in the regulation of trichome branching. Is functionally equivalent to ZFP8.
Acts a maleylacetone isomerase. Also catalyzes the glutathione-dependent dehalogenation of dichloroacetic acid to glyoxylic acid. In vitro, possesses glutathione peroxidase activity toward cumene hydroperoxide and linoleic acid-13-hydroperoxide.
By salicylic acid, methyl jasmonate, auxin, H(2)O(2), and the pathogen Hyaloperonospora parasitica.
High light intensity-dependent and irreversible nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) due to a decrease in chlorophyll excited-state lifetime.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the thioredoxin family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the HAD-like hydrolase superfamily.
Required to maintain light harvesting efficiency, especially during nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) recovery, via the regulation of chlorophyll excited-state lifetime probably by preventing the formation of a slowly reversible form of antenna quenching.
Catalytic subunit of the N6-methyltransferase complex, a multiprotein complex that mediates N6-methyladenosine (m6A) methylation at the 5'-[AG]GAC-3' consensus sites of some mRNAs (PubMed:18505803, PubMed:28503769). Associates with MTB, FIP37, VIR and HAKAI to form the m6A writer complex which is essential for adenosine methylation at specific mRNA sequences (PubMed:28503769). N6-methyladenosine (m6A) plays a role in mRNA stability, processing, translation efficiency and editing (PubMed:18505803, PubMed:28503769).
Embryonic lethality: arrest at the globular stage of embryo development (PubMed:15266054, PubMed:18505803). Arrested seeds are deficient in mRNAs containing N6-methyladenosine (m6A) (PubMed:18505803).
Interacts with FIP37 (PubMed:18505803, PubMed:28503769). Interacts with MTB (PubMed:28503769). Associates with MTB, FIP37, VIR and HAKAI to form the m6A writer complex which is essential for adenosine methylation at specific mRNA sequences (PubMed:28503769).
PP2A consists of a common heteromeric enzyme, composed of a catalytic subunit (subunits C), a constant regulatory subunit (subunit A), and a variety of regulatory subunits such as subunits B (the R2/B/PR55/B55, R3/B''/PR72/PR130/PR59 and R5/B'/B56 families) (By similarity). Interacts with BZR1 (PubMed:21258370). Interacts with BRI1 (PubMed:26517938).
The B regulatory subunit may modulate substrate selectivity and catalytic activity, and may also direct the localization of the catalytic enzyme to a particular subcellular compartment (By similarity). The holoenzyme composed of PP2AA1, PP2A4 and B'ETA acts as negative regulator of plant innate immunity by controlling BAK1 phosphorylation state and activation in surface-localized immune receptor complexes (PubMed:25085430). Required for the formation of the PP2A holoenzyme that negatively regulates brassinosteroid signaling by dephosphorylating and inactivating BRI1 in the cytoplasm (PubMed:26517938).
Circadian-regulation with a peak at dusk. Down-regulated by wounding and 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA).
Expressed in hypocotyls, shoots, cotyledons, rosette leaves, sepals and pistils.
In the ecotype Landsberg erecta, RSH1 (AC P0DKG8) has been shown to interact with RPP5 (AC O04264).
Interacts with RPP4 (PubMed:11846877). Interacts with RPP5 (PubMed:10725385, PubMed:11846877).
May be involved in a rapid plant ppGpp (guanosine 3'-diphosphate 5'-diphosphate)-mediated response to pathogens and other stresses (By similarity). Unable to functionally complement E.coli relA mutants.
May be involved in a rapid plant ppGpp (guanosine 3'-diphosphate 5'-diphosphate)-mediated response to pathogens and other stresses.
Expressed in the vascular tissues of roots, stems and leaves. Localized in phloem companion cells rather than sieve-tube members. Not expressed in xylem or procambium. Detected in root tips and in the chalazal tissue of fertilized ovules.
Lys-52 undergoes hypusination, a unique post-translational modification that consists in the addition of a butylamino group from spermidine to lysine side chain, leading to the formation of the unusual amino acid hypusine. eIF-5As are the only known proteins to undergo this modification, which is essential for their function.
Translation factor that promotes translation elongation and termination, particularly upon ribosome stalling at specific amino acid sequence contexts (By similarity). Binds between the exit (E) and peptidyl (P) site of the ribosome and promotes rescue of stalled ribosome: specifically required for efficient translation of polyproline-containing peptides as well as other motifs that stall the ribosome (By similarity). Acts as ribosome quality control (RQC) cofactor by joining the RQC complex to facilitate peptidyl transfer during CAT tailing step (By similarity). Involved in supporting growth and plays a regulatory role in the response to sub-lethal osmotic and nutrient stress (PubMed:20492553).
Component of the spliceosome. Interacts with CYP59.
Required for constitutive and alternative pre-mRNA splicing.
The splicing pattern of the pre-mRNA is regulated in a tissue-specific manner and by development, and changes in response to various types of abiotic stresses (PubMed:17319848) or light regimes (PubMed:24763593). This alternative splicing event is regulated by RS2Z33 and is not autoregulated (PubMed:16936312).
Part of a SCF (SKP1-cullin-F-box) protein ligase complex (By similarity). Interacts with SKP1A, SKP1B, ASK11, ASK12, ASK13 and ASK14.
Involved in peroxisomal fatty acid beta-oxidation. Required for wound-induced jasmonate biosynthesis. Possesses enoyl-CoA hydratase activity against short chain substrates (C4-C6) and 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity against chains of variable sizes (C6-C16) (PubMed:10521521, PubMed:17544464, PubMed:20463021). Possesses cinnamoyl-CoA hydratase activity and is involved in the peroxisomal beta-oxidation pathway for the biosynthesis of benzoic acid (BA). Required for the accumulation in seeds of benzoylated glucosinolates (BGs) and substituted hydroxybenzoylated choline esters, which are BA-containing secondary metabolites. Required for salicylic acid (SA) in seeds (PubMed:24254312).
Reduced rosette size, twisted leaves, and abnormal and sterile flowers.
Albino phenotype and seedling growth arrest at 2 to 4 leaves.
Nuclear genome-encoded A/U-rich RNA-binding protein involved in the biogenesis of photosystem I (PSI) and II (PSII). Required for the light-controlled accumulation of PSI and PSII during early plant development (PubMed:17139246). Does not seem to be required for the translation of mRNAs of the PSI subunits (PubMed:25725436).
Accessory subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I), that is believed to be not involved in catalysis. Complex I functions in the transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme is believed to be ubiquinone (By similarity).
Belongs to the pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase family.
Expressed in stems, flowers, siliques and seeds (PubMed:16897088). Expressed in root vasculature, leaf hydathodes, anther filaments, stigma, sepal vasculature, at the base and apical parts of siliques, and replum. Expressed in the micropylar endosperm and radicle tip in early germinating seeds (PubMed:23461773).
Required for both, loosening of the micropylar endosperm, and rupture of the seed coat in germinating seeds. May participate in the hydrolysis of the mannans in the cell wall of germinating seeds.
Displays particular expression in the root cap and pericycle tissues associated with lateral root development. Little or no reproductive-gene expression is detected in vegetative organs, such as stems, leaves, sepals and petals.
Regulatory subunit of the error prone DNA polymerase zeta. Involved in damage-tolerance mechanisms through translesion DNA synthesis (By similarity).
Substrate-binding subunit of tRNA (adenine-N1-)-methyltransferase, which catalyzes the formation of N1-methyladenine at position 58 (m1A58) in initiator methionyl-tRNA.
COBL5 appears to be a truncated member of the COBRA family due to an in-frame mutation that introduces a stop codon. This truncated gene is actively transcribed.
Auxin influx transporter that mediates the transport of auxin in roots. Contributes to the basipetal transport in hypocotyls and root tips by establishing an auxin uptake sink in the root cap. Confers sensitivity to 1-N-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA). Regulates the root elongation, the initiation of lateral roots and the development of root hairs. Can transport IAA, indole-3-propionic acid, NPA syringic acid, vanillic acid and some auxin metabolites, but not 2,4-D and 1-naphthaleneacetic acid.
By auxin, and cytokinins such as kinetin. Repressed by abscisic acid and cold treatment.
Highly expressed at early stages of root development.
Mostly expressed in roots, especially in the root elongation zone and lateral roots. In mature portion of the root, expressed in the epidermis and cortex. In the root elongation zone, confined to epidermis. In root tips, present in the root cap, S3 columella and epidermal cells.
Phosphorylation level varies significantly during early response to bacterial elicitor.
Expressed during the transient accumulation of starch in the developing seeds. Decline rapidly 8 days after flowering. Not detected in mature seeds.
Expressed in seeds, flowers, rosette leaves, and roots, with highest levels found in stamens. Found in the root cap, in guard cells and in mesophyll cells.
Gametophytic lethal phenotype in homozygous plants.
Glucose 6-phosphate (Glc6P) transporter (PubMed:15722468). Transports also inorganic phosphate, 3-phosphoglycerate, triose phosphates and, to a leser extent, phosphoenolpyruvate (PubMed:15722468). Responsible for the transport of Glc6P into plastids of heterotrophic tissues where it can be used as a carbon source for starch biosynthesis, as substrate for fatty acid biosynthesis or as substrate for NADPH generation via the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (OPPP) (PubMed:15722468). Required for pollen maturation and embryo sac development (PubMed:15722468, PubMed:20659277). Preferentially exchanges Glc6P for ribulose-5-phosphate (Ru5P) in reconstituted yeast proteoliposomes (PubMed:32111666). May supply the substrate (Glc6P) for OPPP reactions inside peroxisomes and exchange it with the product Ru5P which leaves the organelle (PubMed:32111666).
Expressed in pollen and pollen tubes, as well as in seed coats. Specific increase of expression in innermost layer cells of the mesocarp (cells located between the outer epidermis (exocarp) and the inner epidermis (endocarp) of the carpel) during carpel maturation (at protein level). Present in suspensor of embryos and in embryos root tips. Absent in very young organs, but levels increase as they mature.
Homodimer. Interacts with SUC2 and SUC4.
Inhibited by protonophores (e.g. dinitrophenol and carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl-hydrazone (CCCP)) and SH group inhibitors (e.g. p-chloromercuribenzene sulphonic acid (PCMBS)).
Mostly localized in parenchymatic cells next to vascular tissues (at protein level). Present in stipules, trichomes, hydathodes and guard cells of source leaves, as well as in lateral root tips and flowers.
Responsible for the transport of sucrose into the cell, with the concomitant uptake of protons (symport system). Can also transport maltose at a lesser rate. May also transport biotin. Probably involved in carpel maturation that leads to pod shatter and seed dispersal.
Arabidopsis ALKB8 isoform 2 has an extension of 83 amino acids in its N-terminus, but this extension shares no detectable sequence homology with other plant orthologs. The 159 nucleotide DNA sequence encoding the N-terminal part (53 amino acids) of the 83 amino acid extension is highly similar (94% sequence identity) to the Ac-type transposon Tag2.
Binds tRNA and catalyzes the iron and alpha-ketoglutarate dependent hydroxylation of 5-methylcarboxymethyl uridine at the wobble position of the anticodon loop in tRNA via its dioxygenase domain, giving rise to 5-(S)-methoxycarbonylhydroxymethyluridine.
By abscisic acid, brassinosteroid or gibberellin treatments, by salt or osmotic stresses, and by dehydration and rehydration. Expression regulated by phytochrome B.
Inhibited by tetcyclcis, but not by metyrapone.
Involved in the oxidative degradation of abscisic acid, but not in the isomerization of the produced 8'-hydroxyabscisic acid (8'-OH-ABA) to (-)-phaseic acid (PA). Involved in the control of postgermination growth.
Mainly expressed in flower buds, flowers, rosette leaves and roots. Lower expression in mature siliques and inflorescence stems. Not expressed in dry seeds.
Plants are not affected in seed germination, but show a restricted greening rate after germination and increase the drought resistance.
Involved in the regulation of exportin-mediated nuclear protein export. Required for resistance mediated by multiple R proteins and for the appropriate nuclear accumulation of SNC1 and of the downstream defense signaling components EDS1 and NPR1. Not involved in salt tolerance, ethylene and auxin responses, but required for systemic acquired resistance.
Plays a role in the arabinosylation of cell wall components. Involved in the arabinosylation of extensin proteins in root hair cells (PubMed:21680836). Extensins are structural glycoproteins present in cell walls and its arabinosylation is important for root hair cell development and root hair tip growth (PubMed:21680836, PubMed:25944827).
Reduced root hair length and content of arabinosylated extensins in root cell walls.
Expressed in embryos, germinating seeds, hypocotyls and pollen grains.
Growth-related phenotypes, such as formation of large roots, leaves and seeds, enlarged meristem size, and reduced fertility due to defect in male gametogenesis.
Plays an important role in organ size control. Acts as negative regulator of the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C). Regulates cell proliferation during early development by targeting CYCA2-3 for APC/C-mediated degradation. Required for mitosis I during pollen microspore development.
Expressed in both guard cells and mesophyll cells (PubMed:17032064). Expressed in the shoot apical meristem (PubMed:25661797).
Interacts with SLAC1 (PubMed:20385816). Interacts with FD (PubMed:25661797).
May play a role in signal transduction pathways that involve calcium as a second messenger. Functions in abscisic acid (ABA) regulation of guard cell S-type anion- and Ca(2+)-permeable channels and stomatal closure (PubMed:17032064). Phosphorylates FD (PubMed:25661797).
There are 3 contiguous domains conserved in the CDPK subfamily: a kinase domain, an autoinhibitory (junction) domain and a calmodulin-like domain. The autoinhibitory domain (349-379) inactivates kinase activity under calcium-free conditions (By similarity).
A stretch of 270 kb of the mitochondrial genome is duplicated within the centromere of chromosome 2 resulting in the duplication of the gene. The expression of this duplicated gene (At2g07707) is demonstrated.
Belongs to the ATPase protein YMF19 family.
This is one of the chains of the nonenzymatic component (CF(0) subunit) of the mitochondrial ATPase complex.
Expressed in roots in the vascular tissuem in cells around the quiescent center, in floral organs at the tips of young siliques and in the joint region between the silique and the pedicel. Barely detectable in mature leaves or siliques.
Regulatory subunit of acetohydroxy-acid synthase (PubMed:20497381, PubMed:28388946). Involved in the feed-back inhibition by branched-chain amino acids but not in herbicide tolerance (PubMed:20497381, PubMed:28388946). May play a role in valine and isoleucine-mediated feedback inhibition in roots (PubMed:28388946). In vitro, inhibited by valine, but not leucine or isoleucine (PubMed:28522547). Required for reproductive development and sodium homeostasis (PubMed:28388946).
The acetolactate synthase complex contains 4 homodimers of the large catalytic subunits, and 1 homotetramer of the small regulatory subunits.
Expressed in shoot apical meristem, leaf primordia, basal parts of emerging leaves, inflorescence meristems, young inflorescences, developing flower buds, developing sepals and pistils, styles and young siliques.
Involved in recognition of centromeres and centromeric localization of the centromere-specific histone CENH3. Required for normal progression of mitosis and meiosis. May play a role in the determination of the epigenetic status of centromeres (PubMed:24014547). Binds DNA and RNA in vitro (PubMed:28062749).
Reduced growth, abnormal leaf shape, defect in mature pollen grain formation and aborted seeds, due to defects in mitosis and meiosis.
Catalyzes the formation of 6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine by condensation of 5-amino-6-(D-ribitylamino)uracil with 3,4-dihydroxy-2-butanone 4-phosphate. This is the penultimate step in the biosynthesis of riboflavin (By similarity).
Catalyzes the formation of 6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine by condensation of 5-amino-6-(D-ribitylamino)uracil with 3,4-dihydroxy-2-butanone 4-phosphate. This is the penultimate step in the biosynthesis of riboflavin.
May be involved in the regulation of abscisic acid (ABA) sensitivity.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX51/DBP6 subfamily.
Expressed in roots, petals, sepals and silique walls.
Decreased expression of CYP51G1 by antisense leads to a semidwarf phenotype in the early growth stage and a longer life span. Disruption mutants accumulate obtusifoliol and 14-alpha-methyl-sterols and cannot be rescued by exogenous application of brassinosteroids.
Expressed in leaves, roots, stems, siliques, flowers, flower buds and seedlings.
Involved in sterol biosynthesis. Catalyzes the 14-alpha demethylation of obtusifoliol to 4 alpha-methyl-5 alpha-ergosta-8,14,24(28)-trien-3 beta-ol.
Lack of membrane integrity. Seedling lethality.
Expressed in root, leaves, stems and seedlings.
Belongs to the eukaryotic/archaeal PrmC-related family.
No visible phenotype and no effect on germination; probably due to the presence of the presequence proteases PREP1 and PREP2.
Not regulated by pathogen infection, elicitor treatment and flg22, a 22-amino acid sequence of the conserved N-terminal part of flagellin.
Oligopeptidase degrading short peptides from 8 to 23 amino acid residues. Plays a role in the degradation of transit peptides and of peptides derived from other proteolytic events. Does not exhibit a strict cleavage pattern. Binds salicylic acid.
Expressed in flowers and siliques, in the early stage of seed formation and not at seed maturation. Detected exclusively in the endosperm of very young seeds when the embryo is at the globular stage.
Involved in the hydrolysis of arabinan. Can hydrolyze (1,3)-alpha-, (1,2)-alpha-linked side group residues and non-reducing terminal L-arabinofuranose residues of debranched (1,5)-alpha-L-arabinan backbone. Acts also as a beta-D-xylosidase, releasing D-xylose from arabinoxylan and xylan.
Reduced seeds size and delayed germination.
High affinity gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) transporter probably involved in GABA uptake into cells. When expressed in a heterologous system (Xenopus oocytes), imports GABA, butylamine, beta- and L-Alanine, 5-aminovaleric acid, 6-aminocaproic acid and 8-aminocaprylic acid, but does not mediate the transport of proline or glycine betaine.
By H(2)O(2), cold, drought, cold or heat stresses, wounding, cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), exposure to high-intensity light and low-oxygen conditions in roots.
No visible phenotype under normal growth condition, but enhanced tolerance to heat stress and increased sensitivity to salt stress.
Plants overexpressing ZAT12 show thick and dark-green leaves with round shape, short petiole, elevated amounts of anthocyanins and enhanced tolerance to high-light irradiation and oxidative stress.
Transcriptional repressor involved in light acclimation, cold and oxidative stress responses. May regulate a collection of transcripts involved in response to high-light, cold and oxidative stress.
Expressed in the major and the first-order veins and in the hydathodes of the leaves. In the roots, expressed in circular zones surrounding lateral root primordia and in some part of the root epidermis. Expressed also in the sepals and the cortical tissues of the stem, but not in the conducting bundles, the petals or the reproductive tissues.
Involved in the translocation of tetra- and pentapeptides across the cellular membrane in an energy-dependent manner. May also transport cadmium complexes.
Highly expressed in young leaf mesophyll cells, root tips and at the branches of adventitious roots. Low expression in all flower tissues and not detected in siliques and seeds.
Mediates the NAD(+) import into chloroplast. Favors the NAD(+)(in)/ADP or AMP(out) antiport exchange, but is also able to catalyze a low unidirectional transport (uniport) of NAD(+). Transports NAD(+), nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide, nicotinamide mononucleotide, nicotinic acid mononucleotide, FAD, FMN, TTP, TDP, TMP, UTP, UDP, UMP, CTP, CDP, CMP, GTP, GDP, GMP, 3'-AMP, ATP, ADP, and AMP, has low transport activity with cAMP, pyrophosphate, NADH and alpha-NAD(+), and has no activity with NADP(+), NADPH, nicotinamide, nicotinic acid, adenosine, thiamine mono- or diphosphate, inorganic phosphate, CoA, folate, NaCl, malate, malonate, citrate, fumarate, aspartate, glutamate, S-adenosylmethionine, lysine, arginine, and ornithine.
Major hexose transporter. Mediates an active uptake of hexoses, by sugar/hydrogen symport. Can transport glucose, 3-O-methylglucose, fructose, xylose, mannose, galactose, fucose, 2-deoxyglucose and arabinose. Confers sensitivity to galactose in seedlings.
Mostly expressed in young leaves, especially in guard cells (at protein level). Also present in roots.
Strong increase at the onset of the dark period followed by a progressive decrease. Transient increase at midday.
There are 3 contiguous domains conserved in the CDPK subfamily: a kinase domain, an autoinhibitory (junction) domain and a calmodulin-like domain. The autoinhibitory domain (288-318) inactivates kinase activity under calcium-free conditions (By similarity).
Low expression in senescent leaves (PubMed:11722756). Expressed in both the unfertilized egg cell and the pollen tube (PubMed:21316593).
Transcription factor. Regulates WOX8 and WOX9 expression and basal cell division patterns during early embryogenesis. Interacts specifically with the W box (5'-(T)TGAC[CT]-3'), a frequently occurring elicitor-responsive cis-acting element. Required to repolarize the zygote from a transient symmetric state.
The conserved 'Asp-464' active site is replaced by a Gly residue.
Cysteine protease that cleaves specifically after arginine or lysine residues. Does not cleave caspase-specific substrates. Required for proteolytic processing of GRI (PubMed:25398910).
Expressed in root tips, cauline leaves, flowers and siliques.
Inhibited by serpin ZX and nitric oxide through cysteine nitrosylation.
S-nitrosylation at Cys-147 suppresses both autoprocessing and proteolytic activity of the full-length protein, but does not affect the activity of the mature processed form.
Expressed in inflorescences, roots and siliques, and, at low levels, in leaves and stems.
Histone demethylase that demethylates 'Arg-3' (H4R3me) of histone H4 with a specific activity for H4R3me2 (PubMed:22483719). Involved in the positive regulation of gene expression (PubMed:22483719). Together with JMJ20, regulates positively seed germination by promoting the removal of repressive histone arginine methylations (e.g. H4R3me2) at GA3ox1 and GA3ox2 to trigger gibberellic acid (GA) biosynthesis (PubMed:22483719).
In far-red light (FR)-treated seeds, mainly observed in the radicle of the embryo (PubMed:22483719). Accumulates upon red light (R) in cotyledons (PubMed:22483719).
Acts as a component of the auxin efflux carrier. Seems to be involved in the root-specific auxin transport, and mediates the root gravitropism. Its particular localization suggest a role in the translocation of auxin towards the elongation zone.
Loss-of-function mutations impair the root gravitropic response, lead to an increased sensitivity to ethylene and auxin transport inhibitors, and give rise to an auxin accumulation in root tips.
Root-specific. Localized to the cortex, epidermis and lateral root cap, predominantly at the upper side of cells.
Acts in association with FDM3 and FDM4 for RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM).
Belongs to the AB hydrolase superfamily. AB hydrolase 4 family.
Expressed in leaves, stems, cauline leaves, and flowers but not in roots (PubMed:16113226). Present in leaves in both mesophyll and pavement cells (PubMed:26324877).
Necessary for chloroplast and nuclear photorelocation movements via the regulation of chloroplast-actin (cp-actin) filaments in mesophyll cells, and together with PMIR1, in pavement cells (PubMed:26324877). Required component for both the low- and high-light-dependent chloroplast movement responses via an abscisic acid (ABA) pathway (PubMed:16113226, PubMed:25154696). Involved in the ABA response pathway during seed germination. Modulates ABA accumulation during periods of water deficit at the seedling stage (PubMed:25154696).
Repressed by osmotic stress (300 mM mannitol).
Severely attenuated chloroplast movements under low- and high-light fluence, leading to evenly distributed chloroplasts in leaf mesophyll in pmi1-1 (PubMed:16113226, PubMed:25154696). Severe defects in both chloroplast and nuclear photorelocation movements resulting from the impaired regulation of chloroplast-actin filaments in pmi1-5 (PubMed:26324877). Reduced response to water-deficit and abscisic acid (ABA) treatments. The mutants pmi1-3 and pmi1-4 are hypersensitive to ABA during seed germination, but not pmi1-1, which is hyposensitive. Chloroplasts of pmi1-3 have altered chloroplast movements in low light (PubMed:25154696).
Belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily. MnmM family.
Involved in the biosynthesis of 5-methylaminomethyl-2-thiouridine (mnm(5)s(2)U) at the wobble position (U34) in tRNA (PubMed:36762482). Catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to nm(5)s(2)U34 to form mnm(5)s(2)U34 (PubMed:36762482).
By DFPM in the root meristematic zone. Induced by salicylic acid (SA).
Disease resistance protein of the TIR-NB-LRR-type. Part of the RPS6 locus that contains a cluster of several paralogous disease resistance (R) genes. Resistance proteins guard the plant against pathogens that contain an appropriate avirulence protein via an indirect interaction with this avirulence protein. That triggers a defense system including the hypersensitive response, which restricts the pathogen growth (By similarity). Required for [5-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)furan-2-yl]-piperidine-1-ylmethanethione-(DFPM-) induced root growth arrest due to reduced number of meristem cells in the division zone of the primary root and inhibition of abscisic acid- (ABA-) induced stomatal closing.
Loss of [5-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)furan-2-yl]-piperidine-1-ylmethanethione- (DFPM-) induced root growth arrest and inhibition of stomatal closing mediated by abscisic acid (ABA).
Part of a nuclear protein complex made of VICTR, PAD4 and EDS1. Interacts (via TIR domain) with PAD4 and EDS1.
Mostly expressed in flowers and siliques, and, to a lower extent, in roots, stems, apex, seedlings, leaves and pollen.
The O-glycosylation (arabinosylation) of the hydroxyproline Pro-64 enhances binding affinity of the CLE25p peptide for its receptor.
Growth retardation, pale-green to albino phenotype and flimsy roots with less branching. Loss of uracil phosphoribosyltransferase activity.
Slightly induced 12 days after germination.
The N-terminal sequence (1-125) is sufficient to address heterologous proteins to chloroplasts.
Up-regulated when pyrimidine catabolism is impaired.
Uracil phosphoribosyltransferase (UPRT) that catalyzes the conversion of uracil and 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate (PRPP) to UMP and diphosphate. Is probably the only functional UPRT, since the dual-domain proteins of the UKL family seem to lack this activity.
Male sterile. Defective pollen wall pattern formation at early tetrad stage; delayed and reduced primexine deposition, as well as abnormal rippling of the plasma membrane and no production of spacers. Random sporopollenin deposition on the plasma membrane along the microspore wall.
Mostly expressed in buds, and, to a lower extent, in leaves, roots and seedlings.
Required for exine pattern formation during pollen development, especially for primexine deposition.
Expressed in roots, cotyledons, leaves, flowers and embryos.
Inhibitor of protein-phosphatase 1 (PP1). Binds to and inhibits PP1 activity. Required for early embryogenesis progression.
Involved in the pyrimidine salvage pathway (PubMed:21828290, PubMed:31101721, PubMed:31907295). Phosphorylates uridine to uridine monophosphate (UMP) (PubMed:21828290, PubMed:31101721, PubMed:31907295). Phosphorylates cytidine to cytidine monophosphate (CMP) (PubMed:31101721). Does not possess uracil phosphoribosyltransferase (UPRTase) activity that catalyzes the conversion of uracil and 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate (PRPP) to UMP and diphosphate (PubMed:19563437, PubMed:21828290, PubMed:31101721).
No visible phenotype (PubMed:19563437). No decrease in uracil phosphoribosyltransferase activity (PubMed:19563437). Loss of sensitivity to 5'-fluorouracil and 5'-fluorouridine (PubMed:21828290).
UDP-glucosyltransferase that forms glucose esters with phenylpropanoids (PubMed:11042211, PubMed:11187886). Glucosylates 4-coumarate, ferulate, caffeate, sinapate and cinnamate (PubMed:11042211, PubMed:11187886). Can glucosylate the phytotoxic xenobiotic compound 2,4,5-trichlorophenol (TCP) (PubMed:12721858).
By DNA-damaging treatments such as MMS, cisplatin and gamma-radiation.
Forms a heterodimer with EME1A or EME1B.
Interacts with EME1 to form a DNA structure-specific endonuclease with substrate preference for branched DNA structures with a 5'-end at the branch nick. Typical substrates include 3'-flap structures, D-loops, replication forks, nicked Holliday junctions and also intact Holliday junctions with a reduced efficiency. May be required in mitosis for the processing of stalled or collapsed replication fork intermediates. Plays a role in DNA repair and in genotoxic stress-induced homologous recombination (HR) in somatic cells. Mediates a subset of meiotic recombination events that are insensitive to crossover interference. Together with SEND1, essential for the resolution of toxic replication structures to ensure genome stability, and to maintain telomere integrity and replication (PubMed:26704385).
Sensitive to the mutagens MMS and MMC. Increased sensitivity to gamma radiation. Deficiency in homologous recombination in somatic cells but only after induction by genotoxic stress. Decreased pollen viability with morphologically aberrant (small and misshaped) grain. Moderate reduction in meiotic crossovers. The double mutant mus81 send1 exhibits severe developmental defects (e.g. strong growth retardation and impaired leaf and shoot development), increased endoreduplication, slower cell cycle progression, spontaneous cell death and genome instability associated with a dramatic loss of telomeric repeats (PubMed:26704385).
Two distinct classes of crossovers have been demonstrated in Arabidopsis. Class I is MSH4 dependent and exhibits crossover interference. Class II is MUS81 dependent and exhibits no interference.
Ubiquitous but preferentially expressed in young flowers buds, notably in anthers.
'Salobreno' means 'salty land' in Spanish. Plants lacking ABI4 are salt tolerant.
In seeds, mostly in embryo, and seedlings, especially in vascular tissues. Confined to the hypocotyl, cotyledons, the root cap, and the root quiescent center.
Interacts with SPK1, SCAR2 and SCAR3 (PubMed:17267444). Binds to MED18 to regulate abscisic acid responses; recruits MED18 to ABI5 promoter in the presence of abscisic acid (ABA) (PubMed:24451981).
Levels increase in embryos from globular stage onward during seed maturation. In seedlings, levels in cotyledons and hypocotyls decrease progressively to disappear 3 days after germination, except after glucose treatment that makes levels constant.
Only in young seedlings by ABA, imbibition, glucose, 2-deoxy-glucose (2DG), trehalose, and osmotic stress.
Transcription regulator that probably binds to the GCC-box pathogenesis-related promoter element. Binds also to the S-box (5'-CACTTCCA-3') photosynthesis-associated nuclear genes-related (PhANGs-related) promoter element, and thus acts as a transcription inhibitor. Involved in the regulation of gene expression by stress factors and by components of stress signal transduction pathways. May have a function in the deetiolation process. Confers sensitivity to abscisic acid (ABA), and regulates the ABA signaling pathway during seed germination, upon nitrate-mediated lateral root inhibition, in hexokinase-dependent sugar responses (including feed-back regulation of photosynthesis and mobilization of storage lipid during germination), and in response to osmotic stress mediated by NaCl, KCl or mannitol. Plays a role in sucrose sensing or signaling, especially at low fluence far red light. Also involved in plant response to glucose treatment, especially at low concentration and in young seedlings. Required for the trehalose-mediated root inhibition and starch accumulation in cotyledons, probably by inhibiting starch breakdown. However, seems to not be involved in sugar-mediated senescence. Required for the ABA-dependent beta-amino-butyric acid (BABA) signaling pathway. BABA primes ABA synthesis and promotes resistance to drought and salt, and leads to a prime callose accumulation that confers resistance against necrotrophic pathogens such as A.brassicicola and P.cucumerina. Seems to be involved in resistance to S.sclerotiorum probably by regulating the ABA-mediated stomatal closure apparently by antagonistic interaction with oxalate. Negative regulator of low water potential-induced Pro accumulation whose effect is decreased by high levels of sugar.
Expressed in rosette and cauline leaves.
Functions as a histidine kinase and transmits the stress signal to a downstream MAPK cascade. This protein undergoes an ATP-dependent autophosphorylation at a conserved histidine residue in the kinase core, and a phosphoryl group is then transferred to a conserved aspartate residue in the receiver domain. Negative regulator of the ETR1-dependent abscisic acid (ABA) and ethylene signaling pathway that inhibits the root elongation. Promotes stomatal closure. Regulates stomatal opening by integrating multiple signals via hydrogen peroxide H(2)O(2) homeostasis in guard cells in an ABA-independent manner. May contribute to basal defense mechanisms by closing stomata in the presence of bacterial pathogens. Regulates both hormone levels and ROS production in response to stress. Required for full immunity to bacterial pathogen and necrotrophic fungus.
Hypersensitive to abscisic acid (ABA) and ethylene (ACC) in roots. Reduced stomatal closure in response to H(2)O(2), bacterial pathogen associated molecular pattern (PAMP) flagellin, Pseudomonas syringae, darkness, nitric oxide and ethylene, but normal closure in response to ABA and the peptide elf. Increased sensitivity to pathogens and increased tolerance to high salinity.
Interacts with AHP1, APH2, APH3, APH5 and APH6, but not with APH4.
Present in light-grown but not in etiolated seedlings. Mostly expressed in roots flowers and siliques, and, to a lower extent, in stems and leaves, especially in guard cells.
Active in presence of diverse metals including Fe(2+), Zn(2+), Mn(2+) (By similarity). Binds two metal cations in two adjacent alpha and beta metal-binding pockets (By similarity).
Belongs to the lariat debranching enzyme family.
Cleaves the 2'-5' phosphodiester linkage at the branch point of lariat intron pre-mRNAs after splicing and converts them into linear molecules that are subsequently degraded. It thereby facilitates ribonucleotide turnover. It may also participate in retrovirus replication via an RNA lariat intermediate in cDNA synthesis. Plays en essential role during embryogenesis.
Widely expressed. Expressed in roots, stems, cauline and rosette leaves, flower buds and siliques.
Expressed in the apical meristem and young leaf primordia. Detected in the vascular tissues of rosette leaves, in primary and secondary roots and at the base of flowers and siliques.
Homo- and heterodimers. Interacts with GEBP, GPL1 and GPL2. Interacts with GEBP (PubMed:29192025).
Probable transcription factor. Involved in stress responses (PubMed:21875893). Plays a repressive role in cell expansion by counteracting the positive role of CPR5 in this process, but does not regulate cell proliferation or endoreduplication (PubMed:21875893).
Belongs to the tRNA methyltransferase O family.
Mediates the hydrolysis of some nucleoside diphosphate derivatives. Can use diadenosine 5',5'''-P(1)P(5) pentaphosphate (Ap(5)A), diadenosine 5',5'''-P(1)P(4) tetraphosphate (Ap(4)A) and diadenosine 5',5'''-P(1)P(3) triphosphate (Ap(3)A) as substrates.
Down-regulated by mechanical and gravity stimulations.
Homodimer (Probable). Forms heterodimer with PYEL proteins bHLH115, bHLH104 and ILR3 (PubMed:25452667).
Low expression in young flowers (roughly before anther stage 6). Maximum levels around stages 6?7 that fade out gradually to a very low level in young siliques. Never detected in microspores or pollen.
Male sterility due to defects in pollen development leading to deformed and collapsed nonviable pollen grains (PubMed:18392777). Increased susceptibility to the bacteria Pseudomonas syringae, characterized by stronger necrotic symptoms (PubMed:25083911).
Interacts in vitro with the HAT domain of GCN5 and with the DNA-binding domain of the transcriptional activator DREB1B/CBF1.
Required for the function of some acidic activation domains, which activate transcription from a distant site. The exact mechanism of action is not yet known (By similarity). ADA2 stimulates the acetyltransferase activity of GCN5 on free histones or nucleosomes, probably by opening up the promoter region.
The middle domain of ADA2a is sufficient for interaction with the HAT catalytic domain of GCN5.
Located at the top of the head of the 30S subunit, it contacts several helices of the 16S rRNA.
Homodimer (PubMed:25392066). Interacts with MUR3, XLT2, XXT2 and XXT5 (PubMed:25392066).
Involved in cell wall biosynthesis. Is both necessary and sufficient for the addition of the terminal fucosyl residue on xyloglucan side chains, but is not involved in the fucosylation of other cell wall components (PubMed:10373113, PubMed:11743104, PubMed:11854459, PubMed:14730072). Associates with other xyloglucan-synthesizing enzymes to form multiprotein complexes for xyloglucan synthesis in the Golgi (PubMed:25392066).
50% reduction in tocopherol content in leaves. Plants able to grow on soil and to produce fertile seeds. Vte5 and vte6 double mutants can grow photoautotrophically and show a stay-green phenotype with strongly delayed senescence and extended lifetime.
Highly expressed early in seed development and in 6-week-old senescent leaves.
Kinase involved in the activation and reutilization of phytol from chlorophyll degradation in plant metabolism, including tocopherol biosynthesis. Catalyzes the conversion of phytol to phytol monophosphate (PMP) in the presence of CTP or UTP. No activity with ATP or GTP as phosphoryl donor.
Constitutes an insect resistance quantitative trait locus, caused by variation in glucosinolate profiles conferred by polymorphism of MAM alleles.
Determines the side chain length of aliphatic glucosinolate structures. Accepts all the omega-methylthio-2-oxoalkanoic acids needed to form the known C3 to C8 glucosinolates. Also able to convert pyruvate to citramalate, 2-oxoisovalerate to isopropylmalate, 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate and 5-methyl-2-oxohexanoate for Leu-derived glucosinolates, 3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate for Ile-derived glucosinolates and phenylpyruvate to phenylethylglucosinolate.
Highly expressed in roots, leaves, and siliques. Lower amounts in stems and flowers.
Manganese or any other divalent metal ion.
Activation of long-chain fatty acids for both synthesis of cellular lipids, and degradation via beta-oxidation (Probable). Preferentially uses palmitate, palmitoleate, oleate, linoleate and eicosenoate as substrates (PubMed:12177484, PubMed:12366803). Can use myristate and linolenate as substrates (PubMed:12366803). Functions redundantly with LACS6 in lipid mobilization for beta-oxidation during seed germination, which is essential for postgerminative growth and seedling establishment (PubMed:14742880, PubMed:16844736).
Expressed in roots, stems, leaves flowers and germinating seedling (PubMed:12177484). Preferentially expressed in seeds.
Expressed in seedlings, roots, stems, leaves, flowers, siliques and seeds.
Inhibited by borate, fluoride, L-Asn and L-Asp, but not by phenylphosphorodiamidate.
Involved in the catabolism of purine nucleotides. Can use allantoate as substrate, but not Nalpha-carbamoyl-L-Asp, Nalpha-carbamoyl-L-Ala or Nalpha-carbamoyl-Gly. The sequential activity of AAH, UGLYAH and UAH allows a complete purine breakdown without the intermediate generation of urea (PubMed:16496096, PubMed:18065556, PubMed:19935661, PubMed:23940254). Involved in the regulation of seed maturation and seed dormancy (PubMed:35861030).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants are unable to grow on a medium containing allantoin as the sole nitrogen source and accumulate allantoate (PubMed:16496096, PubMed:18065556, PubMed:23940254). Partial defect in seed maturation and increased seed dormancy (PubMed:35861030).
Belongs to the peroxiredoxin family. Prx6 subfamily.
By abscisic acid (ABA) and oxidative stress.
Expressed during the late globular stage and late torpedo stage of the embryo, and in distinct cells of unfertilized and fertilized ovules.
Predominantly expressed in seed. Expressed in endosperm, embryo and aleurone cells. Also detected in young seedlings, abscission zones, stem branching points.
Thiol-specific peroxidase that catalyzes the reduction of hydrogen peroxide and organic hydroperoxides to water and alcohols, respectively (By similarity). Seems to contribute to the inhibition of germination during stress (PubMed:14526116).
Thiol-specific peroxidase that catalyzes the reduction of hydrogen peroxide and organic hydroperoxides to water and alcohols, respectively.
Expressed in leaves and floral buds, and at low levels in roots.
First leaves are elongated and curl downward. Increased number of hydathodes per leaf. Accelerated appearance of abaxial trichomes. Presence of stigmatic tissue in the middle of the septum at the apical end of the carpels.
Involved in RNA-mediated post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS). Main component of the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) that binds to a short guide RNA such as a microRNA (miRNA) or small interfering RNA (siRNA). RISC uses the mature miRNA or siRNA as a guide for slicer-directed cleavage of homologous mRNAs to repress gene expression. Required for the processing of 21 nucleotide trans-acting siRNAs (ta-siRNAs) derived from TAS3a transcripts. Associates preferentially with the microRNA (miRNA) miR390 which guides the cleavage of TAS3 precursor RNA. Seems to act as miR390 specific slicer. Associates mainly with small RNAs of 21 nucleotide in length and with a 5' terminal adenosine. Acts in the RDR6/SGS3/DCL4/AGO7 trans-acting siRNA pathway involved in leaf developmental timing. Does not seem to act on leaf polarity. Required for the production of the 30-40nt bacterial-induced long siRNAs (lsiRNA). Involved in antiviral RNA silencing by contributing to efficient viral RNAs clearance. Targets less structured viral RNAs than AGO1 which is capable of targeting RNAs with more compact structures.
Belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily. RsmH family.
Interacts with FLS2 (PubMed:20413097). Interacts with the Xanthomonas campestris effector XopAC/AvrAC; the recognition of X.campestris effector XopAC/AvrAC requires the presence of RKS1 and RPP13L4/ZAR1 (PubMed:23951354, PubMed:26355215). Component of a stable high-order oligomeric complex made of RKS1 and RPP13L4/ZAR1 which recruits X.campestris effector XopAC/AvrAC-mediated uridylylated PBL2 in the presence of ATP to form a wheel-like pentameric resistosome; this complex triggers immunity toward X.campestris in vascular tissues (PubMed:26355215, PubMed:30948527, PubMed:30948526). Binds to RKS1 when uridylylated (PubMed:30948526).
Involved in disease resistance signaling (PubMed:20413097, PubMed:23951354, PubMed:26355215). Contributes to pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI) signaling and defense responses downstream of FLS2 (PubMed:20413097). Acts as a BIK1 decoy and enables Xanthomonas campestris AvrAC/XopAC detection; X.campestris effector AvrAC/XopAC-mediated uridylylation promotes the formation of a complex with RKS1 and RPP13L4/ZAR1 which, in turn, activates effector-triggered immunity (ETI) against X.campestris (PubMed:23951354, PubMed:26355215, PubMed:30948526). Promotes, when uridylylated by AvrAC/XopAC, the release of ADP from the inactive RKS1-ZAR1 complex, thus activating the resistosome (PubMed:30948526).
Negatively regulated by AGAMOUS (AG) in floral organ primordia (PubMed:9150601). Induced by flagellin (flg22) (PubMed:20413097).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions (PubMed:20413097). Increased sensitivity to the pathogenic biotrophic bacteria Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) in vascular tissues (PubMed:26355215).
Strongly expressed in leaves, moderately in roots, and barely in flowers, mostly in pedicels.
Uridylylated at Ser-253 and Thr-254 by Xanthomonas campestris effector AvrAC/XopAC; this uridylylation is necessary for specific recruitment to RKS1 and to trigger immunity.
Consists of a fusion of four bacterial genes, menF, menD, menC and menH belonging to the same operon. In higher plants, the C-terminal chorismate binding domain is absent from the isochorismate synthase (MenF) module, leading to a non-functional module. The isochorismate synthase activity has been taken over by ISC1 and ICS2. In green and red algae lineages, this module has maintained its structural integrity and is functional (PubMed:16617180).
High chlorophyll fluorescence and lack of phylloquinone.
In the 2nd section; belongs to the TPP enzyme family. MenD subfamily.
In the 3rd section; belongs to the mandelate racemase/muconate lactonizing enzyme family. MenC type 1 subfamily.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the AB hydrolase superfamily. MenH family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the isochorismate synthase family.
Multifunctional enzyme required for phylloquinone (vitamin K1) biosynthesis.
Belongs to the transaldolase family. Type 2 subfamily.
Transaldolase is important for the balance of metabolites in the pentose-phosphate pathway.
Detected in the egg cell and the central cell of the embryo sac, but not in the synergids, the antipodals or the male gametophyte. After fertilization, it is expressed in the zygote. After the first division of the zygote, it is detected exclusively in the apical daughter cell, while WOX8 is expressed in the basal daughter cell. Subsequently, it is expressed in all cells of the 4-cell embryo proper and predominantly in the apical domain of the 8-cell embryo. However, in some 8-cell embryos it is also weakly expressed in the central domain suggesting that expression shifts to the most apical cells during this stage. Expression remains restricted to the apical domain in the 16-cell embryo and the early-globular stage. Not expressed in the apical domain thereafter. However, in heart stage embryos it is weakly expressed in a ring of epidermal cells approximately at the junction of hypocotyl and root. Not expressed in mature embryos, endosperm or postembryonically in inflorescences.
Probable transcription factor involved in embryonic patterning. Required for apical embryo development after fertilization. Its specific localization to the apical daughter cell of the zygote, while WOX8 is confined to the basal cell, suggests that the asymmetric division of the plant zygote separates determinants of apical and basal cell fates.
Atypical bHLH transcription factor that regulates photomorphogenesis through modulation of phytochrome (e.g. PHYA) and cryptochrome signalings (Ref.4, PubMed:11090209, PubMed:10995393, PubMed:19482971). Suppresses the transcriptional regulation activity of PIF4 by forming non-DNA-binding heterodimer.
Binds to FHY1 and FHL. Forms PHYA/FHY1/HFR1 complex (PubMed:19482971). Homodimer and heterodimer with PIF3. Do not interact alone with either phytochrome A (phyA) or B (phyB), but REP1/PIF3 complex binds to phyA and phyB, preferentially to the Pfr forms. Forms non-functional heterodimer with PRE6, causing liberation of PIF4 from the transcriptionally inactive complex HFR1-PIF4. Repressed when bound to PRE1, PRE2 and PRE4.
Contains a degenerate basic motif not likely to bind DNA.
Expressed in early developing seeds, later present at low levels in dry seeds (PubMed:23708772). Observed during seed imbibition (PubMed:23708772).
Twofold induction by far-red light and 14-fold suppression by red light. Up-regulated by abscisic acid (ABA), heat and salt (NaCl) (PubMed:23708772). Follows a free-running robust circadian rhythm, with higher levels during the light phase (PubMed:23708772).
Probable inactive histone-lysine methyltransferase that acts as regulator of transctiptional gene silencing independently of histone H3K9 methylation. Contributes to transcriptional gene silencing at RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) target loci but also at RdDM-independent target loci.
Acts a positive regulator of leaf senescence and may mediate auxin-induced leaf senescence (PubMed:23250625). Plays a role in the regulation of seed germination by gibberellins and abscisic acid (ABA). Plays a role in the regulation of light-dependent hypocotyl elongation (PubMed:23503980).
By senescence (PubMed:14617064, PubMed:23250625). Induced by auxin (PubMed:23250625, PubMed:23503980). Down-regulated by gibberellin (PubMed:23503980).
Expressed in embryo, endosperm, growing hypocotyls and shoot apical meristems.
Increased leaf size and delayed senescence.
Trans-acting factor that binds specifically to the consensus nucleotide sequence 5'-TNCGTACAA-3' of AP1 promoter. Binds specifically to the 5'-GTAC-3' core sequence.
Interacts with WRKY10 (PubMed:20545893). Interacts with MPK6 (PubMed:24750137).
Modulates seed size by negatively regulating the cellularization of syncytial endosperm (PubMed:12692325, PubMed:20545893). May function by binding and modulating the activity of WRKY10 transcription factor (PubMed:20545893).
Reduced seed size and early endosperm cellularization.
Expressed in shoots, leaves, stems, inflorescences, flowers and green siliques.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions. Increased sensitivity to thiocyanate in medium and lower methyl halide emissions.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyltransferase. Involved in glucosinolate metabolism and defense against phytopathogens. Highly reactive to thiocyanate (NCS(-)) derived from myrosinase-mediated hydrolysis of glucosinolates upon tissue damage.
Over-expression of RIC9 in tobacco germinating pollen reduces pollen tube elongation.
Accumulation of DNA damage leading to constitutively activated DNA damage responses (DDR) (PubMed:24207055). Increased basal expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes (e.g. PR1) and hypersensitive response (HR) (PubMed:16766691, PubMed:17369431, PubMed:17360504, PubMed:20935179, PubMed:21149701, PubMed:21320694). Chromatin modifications at the PR-1 promoter that mimic induction (e.g. AcH3 and MeH3K4) (PubMed:16766691). Dwarf plants with distorted leaves, reduced root length, early flowering and reduced fertility (PubMed:16766691, PubMed:17360504, PubMed:21320694). Decreased susceptibility to the beet cyst nematode H.schachtii (PubMed:18321188). Mutant plants display enhanced resistance to the bacterial pathogen P.syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (PubMed:22826500). Constitutively elevated levels of somatic homologous recombination (PubMed:17360504). Suppressor of the npr1-1 mutant phenotypes, including systemic acquired resistance (SAR) and normal levels of PR1 restoration (PubMed:10458608, PubMed:20935179).
Component of the SMC5-SMC6 complex, a complex involved in repair of DNA double-strand breaks by homologous recombination (PubMed:24207055). Transcription repressor that prevents expression of pathogenesis-related genes (PR) via histone modifications and binding negative cis-acting elements at their promoters (PubMed:16766691, PubMed:17369431, PubMed:20935179, PubMed:21320694). Negative regulator of hypersensitive response (HR) and systemic acquired resistance (SAR) required to dampen the basal expression of pathogenesis related (PR) genes (PubMed:10458608, PubMed:16766691, PubMed:17360504, PubMed:21149701). Functions synergistically with NTL9/CBNAC as negative regulator of pathogen-induced PR1 expression and basal resistance to a virulent strain of P.syringae (PubMed:22826500). Binds to the PR1 gene promoter to suppress defense response in the absence of pathogen challenge and is removed in response to induction (PubMed:21320694, PubMed:22826500). Regulates negatively both gene expression and DNA recombination during pathogen infection, thus being involved in short-term defense response and a long-term survival strategy (PubMed:17360504). Prevents effective immune responses that involve activation of DNA damage responses, probably by negatively regulating the DNA damage sensors RAD17 and ATR (PubMed:24207055). Negative regulator of defenses against the beet cyst nematode H.schachtii (PubMed:18321188).
Interacts with SSN2 (PubMed:21320694). Binds to NTL9/CBNAC to promote its binding to promoters of target genes (PubMed:22826500). Component of the SMC5-SMC6 complex which consists at least of SMC5 and SMC6B. Interacts with RAD17 (PubMed:24207055).
Required for meiotic chromosome segregation. It is involved in interference-sensitive crossovers (class I meiotic crossover) formation, in both male and female meiosis. Is specific to recombination events resulting in interference-sensitive crossovers (class I meiotic crossover). Not required for synapsis completion.
Short siliques and low fertility due to defect in meiosis.
Expressed in root apical and lateral meristems, young leaves and embryos.
Binds to 14-3-3 proteins. The binding is induced by phosphorylation of Thr-948. Binding to 14-3-3 proteins activates the H(+)-ATPase (By similarity). Interacts with PPI1; this interaction promotes ATPase activity. Interacts with PSY1R (PubMed:25267325). Part of a functional complex containing PSKR1, BAK1, CNGC17, and AHA (PubMed:26071421). Interacts with CNGC17 and PSKR1 (PubMed:26071421). Triggered by SAUR9 via the phosphorylation of the C-terminal autoinhibitory domain (PubMed:24858935).
Expressed on the surface of developing seeds and from 8- to 16-cell stages to the heart stage of embryo development.
No visible phenotype, due to the redudancy with AHA2. Aha1 and aha2 double mutants are embryo lethal.
The plasma membrane H(+) ATPase of plants and fungi generates a proton gradient that drives the active transport of nutrients by H(+)-symport. The resulting external acidification and/or internal alkinization may mediate growth responses. Forms a functional cation-translocating unit with CNGC17 that is activated by PSKR1/BAK1 and possibly other BAK1/RLK complexes (PubMed:26071421).
No visible phenotype. Displays smaller nematode-induced syncytia. Ugd2 and ugd3 double mutant displays a strong dwarf phenotype and often develops seedlings with severe root defects; cell walls have an altered sugar composition (PubMed:21949134). Ugd2 and ugd3 double mutant displays abnormal nematode-induced syncytia (PubMed:22848518).
Heterotrimeric transcription factor composed of three components, NF-YA, NF-YB and NF-YC. Interacts with NFYA2, NFYB2, CO and RGA. Interacts with REF6 (via N-terminus).
Stimulates the transcription of various genes by recognizing and binding to a CCAAT motif in promoters (By similarity). Interacts with REF6 to directly regulate SOC1 transcription in response to flowering signals from photoperiod and gibberellic acid pathways (PubMed:25105952).
Component of the TFIID complex. TFIID is composed of TATA binding protein (TBP) and a number of TBP-associated factors (TAFs) whose MWs range from 14-217 kDa. Interacts with TAF4, TAF4B, TAF5, TAF12B and TAF14.
Belongs to the MICU1 family. MICU1 subfamily.
Calcium-binding protein maintaining matrix calcium levels at low concentration. Regulates mitochondrial calcium dynamics in planta by restricting influx.
Expressed in both green and non-green tissues, including roots, shoots, floral buds and pollen.
The EF-hand domains have high affinity for calcium.
Binds directly to helix 1 of the histone fold of histone H4, a region that is not accessible when H4 is in chromatin (By similarity). Component of the chromatin assembly factor 1 (CAF-1) complex, composed of FAS1, FAS2 and MSI1. Component of the FIS complex which includes at least MEA, FIE, MIS1 and possibly FIS2. Interacts with EMF1. Component of the plant homeodomain / polycomb repressive complex 2 (PHD-PRC2) large complex during prolonged cold, composed of core PRC2 components (VRN2, EZA1, FIE and MSI1), and three related PHD finger proteins (VIL1, VIL2 and VIN3) that mediates histone H3 trimethylation on 'Lys-27' H3K27me3. Interacts with RBR1. Binds to ALP1 (PubMed:26642436).
Core histone-binding subunit that may target chromatin assembly factors, chromatin remodeling factors and histone deacetylases to their histone substrates in a manner that is regulated by nucleosomal DNA. Component of several complexes which regulate chromatin metabolism. These include the chromatin assembly factor 1 (CAF-1) complex, which is required for chromatin assembly following DNA replication and DNA repair, and the fertilization independent seed (FIS) complex, a polycomb group protein complex which is required to maintain the transcriptionally repressive state of homeotic genes throughout development. Required for several aspects of plant development including normal leaf expansion, correct development of flowers, normal endosperm development, repression of parthenogenetic seed development and repression of floral homeotic genes in leaf tissue. Also required for the recruitment of chromosomal DNA into heterochromatic chromocenters. Also involved in regulation of imprinted genes. Acts together with RBR1 to repress the expression of MET1 during female gametogenesis. This in turn activates expression of the imprinted genes FIS2 and FWA.
Expressed during female gametophyte development.
Ubiquitously expressed. Strongly expressed in floral buds and flowers, the female gametophyte and the sporophytic tissue of the ovules. Also strongly expressed in developing embryos following fertilization.
Short pollen tube growth and failure to exit the style (PubMed:15514068). Compromised cytokinesis due to the mislocalization of the KNOLLE syntaxin (PubMed:23543752, PubMed:23733933). Full spectrum of growth defects, suggestive of compromised auxin signaling and of defective RLK signaling. Cell morphogenesis was also disturbed (PubMed:23766365). Impaired pollen function and growth retardation phenotype (PubMed:23733933).
Subunit of clathrin-associated adaptor protein complex 1 that plays a role in protein sorting at the trans-Golgi network and early endosomes (TGN/EE). The AP complexes mediate the recruitment of clathrin to membranes and the recognition of sorting signals within the cytosolic tails of transmembrane cargo molecules. Required for KNOLLE localization at the cell plate to mediate cytokinesis. Functions redundantly with AP1M1 in multiple post-Golgi trafficking pathways leading from the TGN to the vacuole, the plasma membrane, and the cell-division plane.
Expressed in seedlings, leaves, sepals, stamen and pistil, and in the quiescent center of root meristem.
Expressed in primordia of lateral roots, pollinated stigmata, and pollen tubes.
Hexose-H(+) symporter that catalyzes the high-affinity uptake of glucose, galactose and mannose (PubMed:26893494). Proton-coupled symporter responsible for the uptake of glucose from the apoplast into the cells (Probable).
Induced under low-glucose conditions in pollen tubes (PubMed:26893494). Down-regulated by glucose (PubMed:26893494).
Expressed in root cortex, root caps and sepals. Not detected in imbibed seeds.
May be involved in regulation of seed germination under flooding.
Contains a bacterial GIY-YIG-like domain which can functionally replace the bacterial GIY-YIG domain in the UVRC protein.
During embryogenesis, expressed in the embryo at the late torpedo/cotyledon stage, at the onset of maturation. Not expressed during early stages of seed development or in mature seeds.
Expressed in vascular tissues of stems, hypocotyls, leaves and flowers. Expressed in the vascular bundles of xylem in shoot parenchyma cells. Expressed in the remnant cytoplasm of differentiated fiber cells and in protoxylem element of parenchymal cells.
Reduced levels of lignin in leaves and stems (PubMed:17991462). Reduced seed germination rate (PubMed:22226340).
Transcriptional regulator involved in the regulation of cell differentiation in meristems. Probably regulates the expression of various KNAT genes involved in the maintenance of the cells in an undifferentiated, merismastic state. Plays a role in the regulation of gibberellin 20 oxidase and the gibberellin-regulated protein GASA4. Localizes in the nucleus during the cellular differentiation state and may act via a single strand cutting domain (PubMed:17991462). Transcriptional regulator required for the induction of dormancy during late seed development. Interacts genetically with FUS3 and may be component of the same regulatory pathway during embryogenesis. Binds both linear and supercoiled DNA without sequence preference (PubMed:22226340).
Defects lead to a better tolerance of UV-B irradiation due to the increase in sinapate ester accumulation.
Down-regulated by exposure to UV-B light.
Interacts with BHLH12/MYC1 and BHLH42/TT8 (PubMed:15361138). Interacts with SAD2 (PubMed:17993626).
Transcription repressor involved in regulation of protection against UV. Mediates transcriptional repression of CYP73A5, the gene encoding trans-cinnamate 4-monooxygenase, thereby regulating the accumulation of the UV-protectant compound sinapoylmalate.
Widely expressed at low level. Highly expressed in siliques. Weakly expressed in seedlings, young and mature leaves, cauline leaves, stems, flower buds and roots.
May be due to an intron retention in isoform 2.
Not detected in seedlings 6 hours or 2 days post-germination.
Expressed constitutively and ubiquitously, except in root tips, at low levels.
Induced by heat, salt and drought stresses.
Reduced growth, especially at high temperatures (>21 degrees Celsius), as well as warped and twisted leaves at the later rosette stage (PubMed:12897252, PubMed:23638731, PubMed:24153405). Increased resistance to thaxtomin, a phytotoxin produced by Streptomyces bacteria, due to reduced toxin uptake (PubMed:12897252). Enhanced tolerance to 1-napthylphthalamic acid (NPA), an auxin efflux transport inhibitor which blocks polar auxin transport. Increased tolerance to isoxaben (IXB), a cellulose biosynthesis inhibitor (CBI) (PubMed:23638731). In single mutants, enhanced resistance against virulent pathogens (e.g. oomycete H.arabidopsidis Noco2 and bacteria P.syringae pv. maculicola ES4326) associated with elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and higher expression of pathogenesis related genes PR-1 and PR-2 (PubMed:24153405). The double mutant Atpam16-1 Atpam16l is lethal (PubMed:24153405).
Regulates ATP-dependent protein translocation into the mitochondrial matrix (By similarity). Involved in the uptake of thaxtomin, a phytotoxin produced by Streptomyces bacteria, that causes dramatic cell swelling, reduced seedling growth, and inhibition of cellulose synthesis (PubMed:12897252, PubMed:23638731). Modulates polar auxin transport (PubMed:23638731). Involved in importing a negative regulator of plant immunity into mitochondria, thus protecting plants from over-accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and preventing autoimmunity. Confers sensitivity to virulent pathogens such as the oomycete H.arabidopsidis Noco2 and the bacteria P.syringae pv. maculicola ES4326 (PubMed:24153405).
Plays a major role in chloroplast RNA editing. Acts as a site-recognition transacting factor to recruit C-deaminase (PubMed:15662426, PubMed:17015439). Involved in single RNA editing events. Required for the edition of the site 1 of ndhD (ndhD-1 site corresponding to cytidine-2), which is a plastid-encoded subunit of the NADH-plastoquinone oxidoreductase. The interaction with DYW1 is required for its function in editing the ndhD-1 site (PubMed:23001034).
Unlike other RNA editing factors, CCR4 does not contain identifiable E(+) and DYW motifs but does contain PPR repeats. Therefore its association with DYW1, which lacks PPR repeats, but does contain E(+) and DYW motifs, is required for its function in RNA editing.
Associates with 90S and pre-40S pre-ribosomal particles.
Component of the 90S pre-ribosome involved in the maturation of rRNAs. Required for early cleavages of the pre-RNAs in the 40S ribosomal subunit maturation pathway.
Belongs to the nucleoporin NSP1/NUP62 family.
Part of the nuclear pore complex (NPC). The NPC has an eight-fold symmetrical structure comprising a central transport channel and two rings, the cytoplasmic and nuclear rings, to which eight filaments are attached. The cytoplasmic filaments have loose ends, while the nuclear filaments are joined in a distal ring, forming a nuclear basket. NPCs are highly dynamic in configuration and composition, and can be devided in 3 subcomplexes, the NUP62 subcomplex, the NUP107-160 subcomplex and the NUP93 subcomplex, containing approximately 30 different nucleoporin proteins. Interacts with NUP58 and the importin KPNB1.
Vacuolar membrane-localized H(+)-dependent K(+) and Na(+) transporter.
Highly expressed in roots and at lower levels in leaves and sepals. Expressed in siliques.
Myosin heavy chain that is required for the cell cycle-regulated transport of various organelles and proteins for their segregation. Functions by binding with its tail domain to receptor proteins on organelles and exerting force with its N-terminal motor domain against actin filaments, thereby transporting its cargo along polarized actin cables.
By wounding, 12-oxophytodienoic acid, jasmonic acid, ethylene, UV-C and coronatine treatments. Not induced by abscisic acid, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, gibberellin, kinetin, salicylic acid, yeast elicitor or high sulfate concentration.
Sulfotransferase that utilizes 3'-phospho-5'-adenylyl sulfate (PAPS) as sulfonate donor to catalyze the sulfate conjugation of desulfo-glucosinolates (dsGSs), the final step in the biosynthesis of the glucosinolate core structure. Substrate preference is desulfo-2-phenylethyl glucosinolate > desulfo-indol-3-yl methyl glucosinolate > desulfo-benzyl glucosinolate > desulfo-6-methylthiohexyl glucosinolate > desulfo-4-methylthiobutyl glucosinolate > desulfo-3-methylthiopropyl glucosinolate > desulfo-singrin > desulfo-3-butenyl glucosinolate.
Dimer. Interacts with RHA2A, RHA2B or RHG1A, but not with RHA3A or RHA3B.
Expressed in stems, flowers, cauline leaves and rosettes.
Induced by drought, high salinity and abscisic acid (ABA). Slightly up-regulated by jasmonic acid. Not induced by cold treatment.
Confined to roots (PubMed:12430018). In seeds, mainly expressed in the embryo and, to a lesser extent, in the endosperm (PubMed:26334616).
Early seeds germination on imbibition without stratification, and reduced abscisic acid (ABA)-mediated inhibition of stratified seeds germination (PubMed:26334616). Altered root exudation of phytochemicals, with increased phenolics (e.g. benzoic acid, salicylic acid, syringic acid, tartaric acid, lactic acid, alpha-linolenic acid, cyanidin, sinapoyl malate, valine and indole 3-acetic acid) and decreased sugars levels (e.g. raffinose, glucose, fructose and mannitol), leading to an overhaul of natural soil microbiota, including both fungal and bacterial communities; this phenotype is associated with an up-regulation of some genes involved in biosynthesis and transport of secondary metabolites, but the down-regulation of some sugar transporters (PubMed:19854857).
Together with ABCG40, import into the embryo the abscisic acid (ABA) delivered from the endosperm via ABCG25 and ABCG31-mediated export to suppress radicle extension and subsequent embryonic growth (PubMed:26334616). Involved in root secretion of phytochemicals (phenolics and sugars) which regulate soil microbiota, influencing both fungal and bacterial communities (PubMed:19854857). May be a general defense protein (By similarity).
Probable serine/threonine kinase that acts as positive regulator of brassinosteroid (BR) signaling downstream of the receptor kinase BRI1. Functions redundantly with BSK3, BSK5, BSK6 and BSK8.
Could be the product of a pseudogene. Lacks the signal peptide, which is a conserved feature of the family.
Key enzyme involved in purine catabolism. Catalyzes the oxidation of hypoxanthine to xanthine and the oxidation of xanthine to urate. Regulates the level of ureides and plays a role during plant growth and development and senescence.
Expressed in roots, stems, leaves, apex, flowers and seeds (PubMed:20856808). Detected throughout the petiole in juvenile and young leaves, but restricted to the petiole midvein in older leaves (PubMed:22025705). Expressed in hydathodes, at the base of the trichome, in the vascular cylinder of primary root and lateral root, in emerging lateral root primordia, in pollen and in developing embryos, but not in mature embryos (PubMed:22025705).
Normal constriction of plastids during division, but impaired separation, resulting in plastid clustering. The clumped-chloroplasts mutant phenotype is transient. In juvenile leaves, clustered chloroplasts are observed in almost all cells of the petiole, while in the oldest leaf, the phenotype is mostly absent (PubMed:22025705). Phox1, phox2, phox3 and phox4 quadruple mutants show a 70% reduction in root hair growth (PubMed:28096376).
Required for plastid separation and partitioning during cell division (PubMed:22025705). Not involved in plastid constriction or in the organization of cytoplasmic actin cables (PubMed:22025705). Contributes to polar growth of root hairs (PubMed:28096376).
Catalyzes the radical-mediated insertion of two sulfur atoms into the C-6 and C-8 positions of the octanoyl moiety bound to the lipoyl domains of lipoate-dependent enzymes, thereby converting the octanoylated domains into lipoylated derivatives (PubMed:9808738, PubMed:24872381) (By similarity). Together with LIP2 is essential for mitochondrial protein lipoylation during seed development. Required for the lipoylation of mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase component E2 proteins in leaves and roots (PubMed:24872381).
Expressed in leaves and flowers, but not in roots (PubMed:9808738). Expressed in roots, rosette leaves, cauline leaves, stems, flowers and siliques (PubMed:24872381).
Binds 1 divalent metal cation per subunit. Active with Co(2+), Fe(2+), Mn(2+) and Zn(2+).
Defective embryo arrested at cotyledon stage (PubMed:15266054). Reduced germination capacity, leading to the development of some dwarf seedlings unable to grow on soil (PubMed:9843485). Reduced sensitivity to nematodes associated with reduced number of cysts and limited number of galls upon infection with Meloidogyne incognita and Heterodera schachtii (PubMed:9843485).
During root development, expressed in the meristems, in part of the elongation zone, in which cells divide and expand, and initiation sites of lateral roots (PubMed:9843485). In mature embryos from dry seeds, observed in the zone corresponding to the root apical meristem and in cotyledons (PubMed:9843485).
Essential protein required during embryogenesis (PubMed:15266054). Catalyzes the reversible epimerization of D-ribulose 5-phosphate to D-xylulose 5-phosphate (By similarity). Essential for the early steps of nematode feeding sites (NFS, multinucleated root cells) formation induced by the root-knot nematodes Heterodera schachtii, Meloidogyne incognita, M.javanica and M.hapla (PubMed:9843485).
Induced by both root-knot and cyst nematodes when nematode feeding sites (NFS, giant cells) are developped and form galls.
Present in roots, seeds and flowers (PubMed:9843485). Accumulates in nematode feeding sites (NFS) (PubMed:9843485).
Embryo defective. Developmental arrest of the embryo at the preglobular stage.
Expressed in shoot, root and floral meristems, and in vascular tissues of leaves.
Reduction in RCE1 levels leads to reduced organ length and defects in gravitropism.
Binds to the ABA-responsive element (ABRE). Could participate in abscisic acid-regulated gene expression.
Phosphorylated by CPK4, CPK11, SRK2D and SRK2I in vitro.
Up-regulated by abscisic acid (ABA) and cold.
Expressed in seedlings, leaves and pistils. Detected in the base of flowers and tips of carpels, in sepal and petal vasculature, in anthers, in young rosette, in the lateral and primary roots, and in the whole ovule.
Predominantly expressed in tissues other than the inflorescence stem.
In flowers, expressed in the sepals and the style. In siliques, present in the tip and the base, in funiculus and in mature seeds. Present in both dried and imbibed seeds, especially in the seed coat and micropyle.
Insensitive to light/darkness, anaerobic treatment and heat, but repressed by sucrose.
Mostly expressed in flowers, hypocotyl, cotyledons, leaves, stems, and flower stalks. Barely detectable in roots and siliques. Present in root tips and lateral roots. Accumulates in the cotyledons of etiolated seedlings.
Histone H3 acetyltransferase that binds methylated DNA at chromatin sites lacking histone H3K4 di- or trimethylation and catalyzes H3K18 and H3K23 acetylation (PubMed:22733760, PubMed:22700931). Prevents the transcriptional silencing of transgenes and of some endogenous genes (PubMed:22733760, PubMed:22700931). Requires the presence of IDM2 for efficient H3K18 acetylation, but not for H3K23 acetylation (PubMed:25002145).
Interacts (via N-terminus) with IDM2 (PubMed:25002145, PubMed:24920332, PubMed:25684209). Interacts with IMD3 (PubMed:25684209). Part of a complex made of MBD7, IDM1, IDM2 and IDM3 (PubMed:25684209).
The PHD finger domain specifically binds the N-terminal tail of histone H3 and this binding is inhibited by H3K4 di- or trimethylation (PubMed:22700931). No effect of H3K9 methylation on the binding (PubMed:22700931). The N-terminal domain (1-592) is required for interactions with IDM2 (PubMed:24920332).
Autophosphorylated; induced by chitin and derivatives.
Expressed in roots, stems, leaves (predominantly in hydathodes, apical meristems and stipules) and buds.
Homooligomer (By similarity). Binds to chitin oligosaccharide elicitors.
Lysin motif (LysM) receptor kinase that functions as a cell surface receptor in chitin elicitor (chitooligosaccharides) signaling leading to innate immunity. Recognizes microbe-derived N-acetylglucosamine (NAG)-containing ligands. Involved in the resistance to the pathogenic fungus Alternaria brassicicola and to the bacterial pathogen the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato DC3000, probably by sensing microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP) and pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP). May play a role in detecting peptidoglycans (e.g. PGNs) during bacterial growth.
Moderately induced by chitin oligomers (e.g. chitohexaose (6-mer) and chitooctaose (8-mer)) and flagellin (e.g. flg22).
Reduced induction of chitin-responsive genes and diminished chitin-induced cytosolic calcium elevation, accompanied by an enhanced susceptibility to both the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 and the fungal pathogen Alternaria brassicicola.
Homo- and heterodimer. Interacts with MYC2, AFPH2/NINJA, TIFY10A/JAZ1, TIFY10B/JAZ2, TIFY11A/JAZ5, TIFY5A/JAZ8, TIFY9/JAZ10 and TIFY3B/JAZ12.
The jas domain (186-210) is required for interaction with COI1 and Pseudomonas syringae HopZ1a.
Component of the spliceosome (Probable). Interacts with MOS14 (PubMed:21738492).
Expressed in the vascular tissues. Also detected in anthers.
Overexpression of GLUTAMINE DUMPER 3 leads to free amino acid levels accumulation, plant size decrease and to an enhanced resistance to geminivirus infection (Ref.7, PubMed:20042021, PubMed:20018597).
Probable subunit of an amino acid transporter involved in the regulation of the amino acid metabolism. Stimulates amino acid export by activating nonselective amino acid facilitators. Acts upstream genes involved in the salicylic acid (SA) pathway and in the geminivirus-host interaction.
Expressed in roots, flowers, anthers, leaves, vascular tissues and stems.
Involved in transport of phospholipids. Contributes to transmembrane flipping of lipids. Has activity with phosphatidylserine and with a much lower efficiency with phosphatidylethanolamine, but not with phosphatidylcholine.
Cysteine residues from the thioredoxin-like domain participate in a series of disulfide-exchange reactions that regenerate the redox-active cysteine residues in the transmembrane domain.
Expressed in cotyledons, rosette leaves, stems, cauline leaves and flowers.
Interacts with the PSII subunits PSBO1 and PSBO2 (PubMed:22209765). Interacts with TL17, TL20.3, HCF164, PETJ, VDE1, EDA3, FKBP13 and FKBP20-2 (PubMed:25412899).
Severe growth defects due to a limitation in the electron flow from PSII.
Thiol-disulfide oxidoreductase catalyzing disulfide bond formation of chloroplast proteins and involved in redox regulation and photosynthetic electron transport. Required for the assembly of photosystem II (PSII) through the formation of disulfide bond in PSBO, a subunit of the PSII oxygen-evolving complex in the thylakoid lumen. Involved in the formation of disulfide bonds in the lumenal protein FKBP13. In vitro, reduces phylloquinone (vitamin K1) and menaquinone (vitamin K2) to their respective quinol. Cannot reduce phylloquinone epoxide to phylloquinone (PubMed:20626653, PubMed:21781282, PubMed:22209765, PubMed:23689258). Plays an important role in regulating the thylakoid lumen redox (PubMed:25412899).
DNA-binding protein that binds to both double-stranded and single-stranded DNA without significant sequence specificity to reversibly repress the transcriptional activity of chloroplast nucleoids by promoting DNA compaction and possibly regulate DNA replication.
Essential protein with sulfite reductase activity required in assimilatory sulfate reduction pathway during both primary and secondary metabolism and thus involved in development and growth.
Monomer. Interacts with ferredoxin (By similarity).
Phosphorylated; this phosphorylation reduces DNA-binding.
Rapidly induced by sulfur dioxide SO(2) in a sulfite oxidase (SO)-dependent manner.
Expressed in trichomes and in developing stomata of young growing leaves. Strong expression in stipules and in the root cap, but not detected in the root meristem.
High expression in stomatal meristemoids, but ceased during the differentiation of guard cells.
Beta-arabinofuranosyltransferase that transfers specifically an arabinosyl residue from UDP-arabinofuranose to the monosaccharide galactose or beta-methyl-galactoside in vitro. Catalyzes the addition of a beta-arabinofuranose residue onto a beta-galactosyl residue of an Yariv-precipitable wall polymer in vivo.
Reduced growth of primary root. Delayed flowering.
Transports methylammonium or ammonium in yeast cells, preferentially at high medium pH. May participate in vacuolar compartmentation and detoxification of ammonium.
The pp2c-d1 pp2c-d2 double mutant displays a long hypocotyl phenotype and strongly reduced apical hook maintenance in etiolated seedlings (PubMed:24858935). Plants missing PP2C42/PP2C-D2, PP2C64/PP2C-D5, PP2C79/PP2C-D7, PP2C63/PP2C-D8 and PP2C68/PP2C-D9 exhibit an increased hypocotyl length, as well as an enhanced sensitivity to LiCl and media acidification (PubMed:24858935).
Component of the CSN complex, probably composed of CSN1, CSN2, CSN3, CSN4, CSN5 (CSN5A or CSN5B), CSN6 (CSN6A or CSN6B), CSN7 and CSN8. In the complex, it probably interacts directly with CSN4. Interacts with itself and (via PCI domain) with CSN7 (via PCI domain). Interacts with COP10. Binds to the translation initiation factors TIF3E1 and TIF3H1 (PubMed:19704582, PubMed:15548739).
Identified as a putative plastidic SufS-like protein and thus called CpNifS3 (PubMed:18978034). However, it seems to be more related to L-cysteine desulfhydrase.
May catalyze the production of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) from cysteine.
Probably acts as a transcriptional activator. Binds to the GCC-box pathogenesis-related promoter element. May be involved in the regulation of gene expression by stress factors and by components of stress signal transduction pathways (By similarity). Transcriptional repressor of flowering time on long day plants. Acts directly on FT expression by binding 5'-CAACA-3' and 5'-CACCTG-3 sequences (Probable). Functionally redundant with TEM1.
Component of the central CCA1/LHY-TOC1 feedback loop in the circadian clock that promotes clock accuracy and is required for sustained rhythms in the absence of daily light/dark cycles. Part of a corepressor complex consisting of ELF4, ELF3, and LUX involved in the transcriptional regulation of APRR9. Increases ELF3 nuclear distribution and localization in nuclear bodies. Required for responsiveness to continuous red, by regulating phytochrome B (phyB) signaling (including during seedling de-etiolation) and gene expression. Mediates both entrainment to an environmental cycle and circadian rhythm sustainability under constant conditions. Controls flowering time. Necessary for light-induced expression of both CCA1 and LHY.
Follows a light-dependent circadian-regulated expression with a peak in the evening, about 12 hours after dawn. Induced in seedlings and roots by continuous far-red light (FRc) via the phyA signaling pathway and by continuous red light (Rc) via the phyB signaling pathway. This light-mediated induction is repressed by ELF3, CCA1 and LHY.
Impaired in their ability to sense day length leading to early flowering in non-inductive photoperiods (probably through the misexpression of CO), and elongated hypocotyls and petioles in short days (SD). Attenuated light-regulated expression of CCA1 and LHY, central oscillator components. Transient output rhythms with highly variable period lengths before becoming arrhythmic. Reduced responsiveness to continuous red, but not continuous far-red light, suggesting a role in phyB signaling but not phyA signaling.
By the root-colonizing endophytic fungus P.indica.
Functions as downstream effector of Rho-related GTP binding proteins of the 'Rho of Plants' (ROPs) family. Participates in the propagation of ROP GTPase signals in specific cellular responses. Required for actin cortical microfilament assembly. Activated by ARAC4/ROP2 to promote the assembly of cortical actin microfilaments required for lobe formation and lateral expansion of pavement cells. Interaction with, and activation by ARAC4/ROP2 is inhibited by RIC1. Functions as downstream effector of ARAC11/ROP1 to promote the assembly of apical F-actin associated with vesicle accumulation in the tip of the growing pollen tube. Counteracts the ARAC11/ROP1-RIC3 pathway, which activates calcium signaling that leads to apical F-actin disassembly associated with exocytosis, to control actin dynamics and pollen tube apical growth. Downstream of ARAC11/ROP1, is involved in the growth responses to the root-colonizing endophytic fungus P.indica.
Over-expression of RIC4 in tobacco germinating pollen induces depolarized pollen tube growth.
E2-like enzyme involved in autophagy. Acts as an E2-like enzyme that catalyzes the conjugation of ATG12 to ATG5. The ATG12-ATG5 conjugates is required for the formation of autophagic vesicles and for the timely progression of senescence and programmed cell death (PCD). Likely serves as an ATG5-recognition molecule. Confers some resistance to nitrogen and carbon starvation. Is also involved in the formation of anthocyanic vacuolar inclusions (AVI). Promotes an autophagic process that constitutes a pro-survival mechanism by controlling the containment of host tissue-destructive microbial infections during necrotrophic pathogen infection, but negatively controls SA-dependent defenses and basal immunity to bacterial infection during biotrophic infection.
Mutant atg10-1 cannot form the ATG12-ATG5 conjugate and fails to accumulate autophagic bodies inside the vacuole. Plants are hypersensitive to nitrogen and carbon starvation and initiate senescence and programmed cell death (PCD) more quickly. Reduced anthocyanin levels under anthocyanin-inductive conditions. Development of spreading necrosis upon infection with the necrotrophic fungal pathogen, A.brassicicola, which is accompanied by the production of reactive oxygen intermediates and by enhanced hyphal growth. By contrast, in response to the virulent biotrophic phytopathogen, P.syringae pv. tomato, plants exhibit a marked resistance without spreading necrosis. Enhanced powdery mildew (e.g. G.cichoracearum) resistance.
Slightly induced upon B.cinerea infection.
By UV treatment. Negatively regulated by MYB66/WER, GL3 and BHLH2 in the developing non-hair cells, and positively regulated by CPC and TRY in the developing hair cells.
Efficient DNA binding requires dimerization with another bHLH protein (By similarity). Homodimer and heterodimer with GL3. Interacts with CPC, MYB0/GL1, MYB5, MYB23, MYB113, MYB114, MYB75/PAP1, MYB90/PAP2, TT2, TRY, TTG1 and MYB66/WER.
Transcription activator, when associated with MYB75/PAP1, MYB90/PAP2 or TT2. Involved in epidermal cell fate specification. Regulates negatively stomata formation but promotes trichome formation. Together with MYB66/WER, promotes the formation of non-hair cells in root epidermis cells in the N position. Whereas together with CPC, promotes the formation of hair cells in root epidermis cells in the H position by inhibiting non-hair cell formation. Seems also to play a role in the activation of anthocyanin biosynthesis, probably together with MYB75/PAP1. Involved in seed mucilage production. Activates the transcription of GL2.
Ubiquitous with higher levels in buds and flowers. Specifically localized in developing root hair cells. Expressed in epidermal root hair cells (trichoblasts) and moves to root hairless cells (atrichoblasts) by a cell-to-cell movement through plasmodesmata (at protein level).
Accumulates in the stele, especially at the phloem pole, of the mature region of the primary roots.
No detectable phenotype in cif1-1. The double mutant cif1-1 cif2-1 is defective in ion homeostasis in the xylem due to defect in endodermal barrier formation in the roots. Highly sensitive to excess iron. Retarded growth under low-potassium conditions. Repeatedly interrupted, discontinuous Casparian strip due to patch-like localization of the CASPs proteins. Reduced rosette leaf size.
Magnesium. Can also use iron, nickel, cobalt and manganese, but not zinc ions.
Strongly induced upon phosphate (Pi) starvation.
Homodimer. Component of the cleavage factor Im (CFIm) complex (By similarity). Forms a complex with cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor (CPSF) subunits FIPS5 (PubMed:16282318, PubMed:18479511).
Acts as a scaffold, mediating interaction of ROPs with different proteins. Required for primary and adventitious root maintenance, but not for their formation. Promotes the stabilization of ARAC11 on the plasma membrane of the pollen tube initiation site but not the activation of ARAC11. Regulates directionality of polar auxin transport, and is required for the formation of a stable auxin maximum and tip localized auxin gradient during embryogenesis, organogenesis, and meristem activity. Involved in exocytosis and in the recycling of PIN proteins back to the plasma membrane.
Expressed in mature and germinating pollen (PubMed:19825600). Expressed throughout the embryo but not in the hypophysis and quiescent center (QC). In roots, absent from the QC and the stem cells (PubMed:20098722).
Homooligomer. Interacts with ARAC3, ARAC4, ARAC8, ARAC11 and SEC3A, but not with ICR2 or EXO70A1.
Interactions with ROPs and SEC3A require an intact C-terminal coiled-coil domain.
Plants have cubical adaxial epidermal pavement cells and show a loss of root stem-cell population due to a colapse of the root meristem. Pollen development is also compromised.
Belongs to the carbon-nitrogen hydrolase superfamily. BUP family.
Catalyzes a late step in pyrimidine degradation. Converts N-carbamoyl-beta-aminoisobutyrate and N-carbamoyl-beta-alanine (3-ureidopropanoate) to, respectively, beta-aminoisobutyrate and beta-alanine, ammonia and carbon dioxide. Involved in the recycling of nitrogen from nucleobases to general nitrogen metabolism.
Homodimer, homotetramer, homooctamer; can also form higher homooligomers.
Up-regulated between days 3 and 5 after germination and during senescence.
Expressed in mature siliques and in pollen, mainly in the sperm cells. Detected in the egg cell within the female gametophyte.
Required for micropylar pollen tube guidance. Plays a role during early embryo patterning.
Binds to phosphatidic acid and to phosphoinositides such as PtdIns3P, PtdIns(3,4)P(2), PtdIns(3,4,5)P(3) and PtdIns(4,5)P(2). Catalyzes guanine nucleotide exchange on specific Rab proteins.
Mostly expressed in flowers, and, to a lower extent, in stems, leaves, siliques, seeds.
Involved in chlorophyll synthesis and chloroplast protection against oxidative damage.
Acts as cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel. Can be activated by cyclic AMP which leads to an opening of the cation channel. May be responsible for cAMP-induced calcium entry in cells and thus should be involved in the calcium signal transduction. Could transport K(+), Na(+) and Pb(2+).
Expressed in the whole plant but only weakly in roots.
Homotetramer or heterotetramer (Potential). Binds calmodulin-2/3/5 with a higher affinity than calmodulin-1/4.
Plants exhibit an improved tolerance to Pb(2+).
Catalytic subunit of the peripheral V1 complex of vacuolar ATPase. V-ATPase vacuolar ATPase is responsible for acidifying a variety of intracellular compartments in eukaryotic cells.
V-ATPase is a heteromultimeric enzyme composed of a peripheral catalytic V1 complex (components A to H) attached to an integral membrane V0 proton pore complex (components: a, c, c'', d and e). Binds to the deubiquitinating enzyme AMSH3.
Expressed during early embryo development, from the eight-cell stage until the end of the heart stage.
Expressed in all seedling tissues with highest expression levels at the root tip.
Small heat shock protein required for the establishment of auxin gradients and for patterning of the apical domain of the embryo. Involved in the specification of the cotyledon primordia. Also required for normal inflorescence and floral meristem function, normal developmental patterning and thermotolerance. Acts as a molecular chaperone.
Defects in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) protein export and organizational defects in the ER, including aggregation of ER around the nucleus. Increased sensitivity to salt.
Expressed during all developmental stages, with the highest accumulation in germinated seeds.
Expressed throughout the seedling, rosette leaves, roots, inflorescence and imbibed seed, but not in pollen.
Interacts with the PYK10 complex and TGG2, but not with TGG1 or PEN2.
Involved in organization of the endomembrane system and is required for endoplasmic reticulum morphology and organelle distribution. May act by inhibiting the formation of PYK10 complex by binding to GLL23 and exporting it from the ER. Required for proper subcellular localization of myrosinase TGG2. Has no lipase or esterase activity.
Lacks the conserved active site 'GDSL' motif and has no lipase activity.
The stop codon at position 16 is created by sequencing errors.
Up-regulated by methyl jasmonate and upon pathogen infection.
Auxin uptake mediated by AUX1 is inhibited by chromosaponin-1 (CSI), 1-naphthoxyacetic acid (1-NOA) and 3-chloro-4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (CHPAA).
Carrier protein involved in proton-driven auxin influx. Mediates the formation of auxin gradient from developing leaves (site of auxin biosynthesis) to tips by contributing to the loading of auxin in vascular tissues and facilitating acropetal (base to tip) auxin transport within inner tissues of the root apex, and basipetal (tip to base) auxin transport within outer tissues of the root apex. Unloads auxin from the mature phloem to deliver the hormone to the root meristem via the protophloem cell files. Coordinated subcellular localization of AUX1 is regulated by a brefeldin A-sensitive (BFA) vesicle trafficking process. Involved in lateral root formation, trichoblast polarization and root hair elongation. Required for gravitropism and thigmotropism, especially in roots, by modulating responses to auxin, ethylene and cytokinins such as benzyladenine (BA). Needed for ammonium-mediated root-growth inhibition. Confers sensitivity to the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D, auxin analog), and to polar auxin transport inhibitors such as N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA) and 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA).
Expressed in root and shoot apical tissues. In root apex, confined to stele initials, protophloem poles, statolith-containing S2 columella cells, lateral root cap cells (LRC), and in epidermal cells from the distal elongation zone (DEZ) up to central elongation zone (CEZ).
In seedlings, first expressed in primary root, followed by shoot apical meristem and then in lateral roots. During lateral root formation, expression in primordia starts at a late phase of stage I, before the first periclinal division. In later stages II and III, localized in the apical tip, extending to the elongation zone, and in the vascular cylinder extending to the junction with the primary root.
Catalyzes the oxidation of glycolate to glyoxylate, with a reduction of O2 to H2O2 (PubMed:21828292, PubMed:25416784). Is a key enzyme in photorespiration in green plants (Probable). Glycolate is the preferred substrate, but to a lesser extent, this oxidase is also able to use hydroxypyruvate, L-lactate and glycerate as substrates in vitro (PubMed:21828292).
Homodimer (PubMed:27448097). Component of the conserved oligomeric Golgi complex which is composed of eight different subunits and is required for normal Golgi morphology and localization (Probable). Interacts with COG3, COG6, COG7 and COG8 (PubMed:27448097).
Actin-depolymerizing protein. Severs actin filaments (F-actin) and binds to actin monomers (PubMed:19346440, PubMed:22010035). Contributes to the stochastic dynamic turnover of actin filaments (PubMed:22010035). Binds monomeric actin (G-actin) with a marked preference for the ADP-loaded form and inhibits the rate of nucleotide exchange on G-actin. Involved in resistance triggered by the effector AvrPphB of Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato (Pst). May modulate the AvrPphB-RPS5-mediated defense signal transduction pathway (PubMed:19346440). During AvrPphB-triggered resistance signaling pathway, involved in the control of MPK3 and MPK6 activation, via the coordinated regulation of actin cytoskeletal dynamics and RPS5 resistance gene transcription (PubMed:23144618). During innate immune response triggered by the bacterial elf26 peptide, the inhibition of ADF4 regulates actin dynamics in order to execute key events associated with pattern-triggered immunity (PTI), such as cell wall fortification and transcriptional activation of defense gene markers (PubMed:24464292).
Increased root length under light-grown conditions. Increased length of hypocotyls under dark-grown conditions. Altered architecture of the actin cytoskeleton in hypocotyl cells (PubMed:22010035). Compromised resistance in response to Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato expressing AvrPphB (PubMed:19346440).
Phosphorylation at Ser-6 is required for resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato AvrPphB.
By salicylic acid (SA) and infection by H.parasitica.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants present a progressive lengthening of telomeric repeats.
Single-stranded DNA-binding protein that functions in both chloroplasts and nucleus. In chloroplasts, maintains plastid genome stability by preventing break-induced and short homology-dependent illegitimate recombinations. In nucleus, modulates telomere length homeostasis by inhibiting the action of the telomerase at the extreme termini of chromosomes. Is recruited to a distal element upstream of the kinesin KP1 to mediate the transcriptional repression of KP1. Is required for full salicylic acid-dependent plant disease resistance responses. Can bind double-stranded DNA in vivo.
Differentiation of tracheary-like elements of xyleme at the site of the phloem pole leading to seedling lethality.
Expressed in shoots and roots, specifically in the developing protophloem sieve elements (PubMed:14614507). Detected in phloem and/or cambium (PubMed:15923329). Expressed in the phloem tissues of various organs, including leaves and cotyledons, during vegetative growth (PubMed:26239308).
Specifically expressed in the developing protophloem sieve elements soon after the phloem-specific cell divisions have taken place. Also found in the companion cells and metaphloem sieve elements. May not be necessary for the initial steps of protophloem differentiation.
Transcription factor required for phloem identity. Has a dual role both in promoting phloem differentiation and in repressing xylem differentiation during vascular development. Regulates the expression of the transcription factor NAC045 (AC A4VCM0). May activate the transcription of specific genes involved in phosphate uptake or assimilation (PubMed:15592750). Promotes flowering through transcriptional activation of both FT and its transport machinery component, FTIP1 (PubMed:26239308).
Component of the intracellular auxin-transport pathway (PubMed:19506555). Regulates auxin transport and auxin homeostasis (PubMed:23922907). Directly involved in the regulation of nectar production (PubMed:23551385). Involved in unfolded protein response (UPR) activation (PubMed:24180465). Involved in the control of vein patterning (PubMed:23437008, PubMed:24304505). Redundantly with PIN8, inhibits the vein-formation-promoting functions of PIN5 (PubMed:26560462). PIN5, PIN6, and PIN8 control vein network geometry, but they are expressed in mutually exclusive domains of leaf vascular cells (PubMed:26560462).
Enhanced root growth and faster lateral root development (PubMed:23922907). Altered floral morphology and nectar secretion (PubMed:23551385).
Expressed during vein formation (PubMed:23437008). Decreased expression during seedling development (PubMed:23922907).
Expressed in the vasculature of the primary root, cotyledons, floral stem, sepals and the main transmitting tract of the reproductive silique (PubMed:23922907, PubMed:24487186). Expressed in embryos, shoot meristem, root tip and lateral root meristems (PubMed:23922907). Expressed in the nectaries and the floral organ boundaries of the anthers (PubMed:23551385, PubMed:23922907). Detected in pollen (PubMed:22540348). Expressed in broad subepidermal domains that narrowed to sites of vein formation (PubMed:23437008). Expressed in veins of mature leaves (PubMed:24487186, PubMed:26560462).
Up-regulated by auxin (PubMed:23922907).Down-regulated by endoplasmic reticulum stress treatment (PubMed:24180465).
Belongs to the NDH complex subunit M family.
By glucose, fructose and sucrose (PubMed:22561114). Induced by abiotic stresses (PubMed:22561114).
Essential protein required for the splicing of group IIB introns in chloroplasts. Forms splicing particles with CRS2. Interacts with RNA and confers intron specificity of the splicing particles.
Interacts with CRS2 and RNA. Part of large ribonucleo-protein complexes that include group IIB introns, CRS2 and CAF2 (By similarity).
Expressed in leaves, stems, roots, flower buds and flowers. Not detectable in siliques.
Subunit of a probable heterotrimeric complex consisting of an alpha catalytic (KIN10 or KIN11) subunit, and a beta (KINB) and a gamma (KING or SNF4) non-catalytic regulatory subunits (PubMed:17028154, PubMed:25736509). Interacts with SNF4. Interacts with FLZ1, FLZ2, FLZ8, FLZ9, FLZ10, FLZ12, FLZ13 and FLZ14 (PubMed:29945970).
Expressed in the developing septum and ovule primordia during the early stages of flower development.
Homodimer or heterodimer with RING1B. Interacts with CLF. Component of the PRC1-like complex, at least composed of RING1A, RING1B and LHP1.
Normal phenotype. Drastic growth defects like ectopic meristem formation and sterility when associated with the disruption of RING1B.
Loss of seedling growth inhibition in response to the pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) elf18 and increased susceptibility to phytopathogenic bacteria.
Molecular calcium-binding chaperone promoting folding, oligomeric assembly and quality control in the ER via the calreticulin/calnexin cycle. This lectin may interact transiently with almost all of the monoglucosylated glycoproteins that are synthesized in the ER. Required for elongation factor Tu receptor (EFR) accumulation and for EFR, but not flagellin-sensing 2 (FLS2) signaling.
Component of the RNA polymerase II complex consisting of at least 12 subunits. Interacts with SHH1, CLSY1, NRPB11 and NRPD1 (PubMed:19110459, PubMed:21811420, PubMed:23637343, PubMed:8617787). Interacts with IYO (PubMed:21620701).
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Component of RNA polymerase II which synthesizes mRNA precursors and many functional non-coding RNAs. Pol II is the central component of the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. It is composed of mobile elements that move relative to each other. NRPB3 is part of the core element with the central large cleft and the clamp element that moves to open and close the cleft. Component of RNA polymerases IV and V which mediate short-interfering RNAs (siRNA) accumulation and subsequent RNA-directed DNA methylation-dependent (RdDM) transcriptional gene silencing (TGS) of endogenous repeated sequences, including transposable elements.
Aldehyde oxidases (AO) are homodimers and heterodimers of AO subunits. AO-delta is a AAO3 homodimer. AAO3 also forms a dimer with AAO2. Interacts with PUB44, and this interaction probably results in targeting of this protein to the proteasome.
Expressed in vascular tissues of all organs, particularly in phloem companion cells and xylem parenchymatic cells. Highly expressed in roots and rosettes, and to lower extent in seedlings, stems and flowers. Expressed at very low levels in siliques and dry seeds. Also detected in root dividing cells (tips and primordia), in mesophyll cells and inside the guard cells.
Impaired abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis.
In higher plants aldehyde oxidases (AO) appear to be homo- and heterodimeric assemblies of AO subunits with probably different physiological functions. AO-delta may be involved in the last step of abscisic acid biosynthesis, at least in leaves and seeds. In vitro, AO-delta oxidizes abscisic aldehyde to abscisic acid (ABA) (PubMed:10972874). In vitro, AO-delta also uses 1-naphthaldehyde, indole-3-aldehyde (IAld), benzaldehyde and cinnamaldehyde as substrate; the AAO2-AAO3 dimer also uses abscisic aldehyde as substrate.
In vitro, cannot discriminate between (+) and (-) enantiomers of abscisic acid and leads respectively to (+) and (-) cis-ABA.
Transcripts are induced by dehydration, in rosettes but not in roots. Induction by cold, ABA, sodium chloride (NaCl) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) is dependent of the zeaxanthin epoxidase ABA1 protein (ZEP). Induction by glucose requires the short chain alcohol dehydrogenase ABA2 protein. Repressed by mannitol.
Expressed in roots, leaves, stems, buds and siliques.
Probable 3'->5' exoribonuclease involved in the regulation of cuticular wax biosynthesis. Can perform exosomal functions and partially complement the yeast rrp45 null mutant.
Expressed in leaves, stems, roots, flowers and siliques.
No visible phenotype and slightly decreased ascorbate levels; due to the partial redundancy with VTC2. Vtc2 and vtc5 double mutants show growth arrest immediately upon germination and are not viable.
Belongs to the class V-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. Plant protein-lysine LSMT methyltransferase family.
Protein-lysine methyltransferase methylating chloroplastic fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolases. Can also use with low efficiency gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase as substrate, but not a cytosolic aldolase. Able to interact with unmethylated Rubisco, but unlike in pea, the complex is catalytically unproductive.
Mostly expressed in seeds, and, to a lower extent, in roots, leaves (veins and trichomes), inflorescences, siliques, pollen (grains and tubes) and flowers (sepals and petals).
Expressed in roots, rosette leaves, stems and siliques. Expressed in the xylem.
No visible phenotype; due to redundancy with IRX15-L. Irx15 and irx15-l double mutants have a mild collapsed xylem phenotype, irregular secondary cell wall margins in fiber cells, uneven distribution of xylan in the cell wall and a lower degree of xylan polymerization, but no visible growth phenotype.
By salt treatment. Down-regulated by jasmonate.
Key enzyme in the synthesis of the chromophore of the phytochrome family of plant photoreceptors. Catalyzes the opening of the heme ring to form the open-chain tetrapyrrole biliverdin IX with the release of iron and carbon monoxide (CO). Produces specifically the biliverdin IX-alpha isomer. Can form complex with heme, is ferredoxin-dependent and its activity is increased in the presence of ascorbate. Plays a role in salt acclimation signaling. May affect the plastid-to-nucleus signaling pathway by perturbing tetrapyrrole synthesis. The plastid-to-nucleus signal plays an important role in the coordinated expression of both nuclear- and chloroplast-localized genes that encode photosynthesis-related proteins.
Long hypocotyl, incomplete chloroplast and leaf development, lack of photoreversible phytochromes and lack of phytochromobilin, the phytochrome chromophore. No cotyledon expansion in response to bright-red light. Increased levels of jasmonate (JA) and constitutive expression of JA-inducible defense genes. Increased sensitivity to salt stress and no acclimation response to salinity.
Dephosphorylates 26S nuclear proteasomes, thereby decreasing their proteolytic activity. The dephosphorylation may prevent assembly of the core and regulatory particles (CP and RP) into mature 26S proteasome.
The Ubiquitin-like domain mediates interaction with proteasomes.
Disease resistance protein that cooperates with RPP2A to confer resistance to Hyaloperonospora parasitica isolate Cala2.
Expressed in leaves and stems, but not in roots.
Lacks the chloroplast accumulation response under weak blue light and chloroplast movement in darkness, but shows a normal avoidance response under strong blue light. Non biased distribution of chloroplast actin (Cp-actin) filaments.
Required for chloroplast photorelocation movement; chloroplast accumulation upon low blue light and for chloroplast movement to the bottom of cells in darkness, by modulating chloroplast actin (Cp-actin) filaments distribution, appearance and disappearance. May mediate a slight resistance to aluminum in root hair cells.
The J domain co-chaperone activity is required for chloroplast photorelocation movement.
Hydroxylase involved in the oxidation of the plant hormone jasmonoyl-L-isoleucine (JA-Ile), a bioactive phytohormone of the jasmonate-mediated signaling pathway. Converts JA-Ile to 12-hydroxy-JA-Ile.
Plants overexpressing CYP94B1 are jasmonate insensitive and present developmental defects in all organs.
Acts as a component of the auxin efflux carrier. Plays a role in generating a sink for auxin into columella cells (PubMed:20439545). Maintains the endogenous auxin gradient, which is essential for correct root patterning (PubMed:20439545). Involved in EXO70A3-regulated gravitropic responses in columella cells and in root system architecture (RSA) (PubMed:31299202).
Expressed during embryogenesis (PubMed:14614497). Detected in the embryonic and seedling root meristems (PubMed:14614497).
Expressed in the quiescent center precursors and surrounding cells (PubMed:22540348). Present in columella cells of primary roots (PubMed:31299202). Detected in pollen (PubMed:22540348).
Plants display altered patterning in the developing root meristem (PubMed:11893337). Larger variation of root tip angles during the dynamic root gravitropic response (PubMed:31299202). Deeper root system architecture (RSA) (PubMed:31299202).
Bifunctional serine/threonine kinase and phosphorylase involved in the dark/light-mediated regulation of PPDK by catalyzing its phosphorylation/dephosphorylation. Has a much lower phosphotransferase activity than PDRP1 (PubMed:21883547). Can use ADP as a high specificity substrate and GDP as a lower affinity substrate, but has no activity with UDP (PubMed:21414960).
Was thought to be devoided of phosphorylase activity (PubMed:17996018), but possess a much slower rate of phosphotransferase than PDRP1.
First observed in 16-cells stage embryo and surrounding region. From early heart to early torpedo stage, confined to the developing vasculature of the hypocotyl, cotyledons, and developing root. Faint expression in the emerging shoot apical meristem (SAM) at the torpedo stage. After germination, present in root, shoot and inflorescence meristems, as well as in young flower primordia and ovules (PubMed:18381924). In roots, detected in the stele, endodermis basal and cortex cells, and at the end of the root meristem, comprising the quiescent center, surrounding initials, and vascular precursors (PubMed:18381924, PubMed:27229734). Also present in the vasculature of primary and lateral roots, in the pericycle at sites of lateral root initiation, in lateral root meristems, and in the vasculature of the leaves. Accumulates in stamen and carpel primordia. Expressed in young provascular tissue of floral organs and stem tissue (PubMed:18381924).
Insensitivity to root growth regulation by root CLE peptides (e.g. CLE8, CLE9/CLE10, CLE11, CLE13, CLE14, CLE16, CLE17, CLE18, CLE20, CLE21, CLE25, CLE26, CLE40, CLE41/CLE44 and CLE45) (PubMed:28607033). Lower carpels production (PubMed:27229734). Impaired interaction with CLV2 (PubMed:27229734). Reduced levels of BAM3, especially at later stages of protophloem development (PubMed:28607033). Ectopic fruit organ initiation after floral meristem termination (PubMed:21705761). Enhanced resistance to nematode infection (PubMed:21265896). Enhanced disease resistance response to the bacterial pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum (PubMed:26990325).
Involved in the perception of CLV3 and CLV3-like (CLE) peptides, that acts as a extracellular signals regulating meristems maintenance. Modulates root, shoot and flower apical meristems maintenance and floral organ development regulation, probably via CLAVATA (CLV)-like pathways involving at least CLV3 and CLE19. In complex with CLV2, perceives secreted CLV3-like effector proteins from plant-parasitic cyst nematodes as ligand mimics of the plant CLE signaling pathway (PubMed:21265896). This recognition is required for proper feeding structure (syncytium) development and ultimately successful nematode infection (PubMed:21265896). CLE14 perception by CLV2/CRN complex triggers root meristem differentiation (PubMed:20697738, PubMed:28586647). Required for the sensing of the root CLE peptides (e.g. CLE8, CLE9/CLE10, CLE11, CLE13, CLE14, CLE16, CLE17, CLE18, CLE20, CLE21, CLE25, CLE26, CLE40, CLE41/CLE44 and CLE45), which involves also CLV2 and leads to root growth regulation, mostly in the phloem and protophloem (PubMed:28607033). Promotes the accumulation of BAM3, especially at later stages of protophloem development (PubMed:28607033).
Present in roots, stems, leaves, inflorescence, flowers and siliques. Mostly expressed in shoot tips and, to a lesser extent, in young organs and roots. Also expressed in the inner tissues of the proximal root meristem (PubMed:21265896). Expressed in the vascular cylinder of root tips, mostly in phloem poles (PubMed:28607033).
Self-interacts. Parts of a tetrameric complex made of two CLV2/CRN heterodimers that can interact with CLV3 and CLE peptides. CLV2/CRN heterodimer interacts with CLV1 homodimers. Interacts with CLV1 and CLV2 (PubMed:27229734). CLV2/CRN heterodimer can interact with BAM3 (PubMed:28607033).
Accessory protein regulating the assembly of the plastidial Clp protease system (PubMed:21266658, PubMed:25921872). CLPT1 first binds to the heptameric P-ring containing the CLP3-6 subunits followed by CLPT2, and only then does the P-ring combine with the R-ring composed of the clpP1 and CLPR1-4 subunits (PubMed:21266658). Once the core complex is fully assembled, it then associates to the CLPC chaperone partner to form the functional protease (PubMed:21266658). CLPT1 and CLPT2 are partially redundant (PubMed:25921872).
Monomer and homodimer (PubMed:21266658, PubMed:25149061). Binds to the CLP3-6 ring (P-ring) (PubMed:16980539). The dimers monomerize before association to the P-ring (PubMed:21266658). Component of the chloroplastic Clp protease core complex which consist of at least 16 proteins: CLPP4 (3 copies), CLPP5 (3 copies), CLPR4 (2 copies), ClpP1 (1 copy), CLPP6 (1 copy), CLPR2 (1 copy), CLPT1 (1 copy), CLPT2 (1 copy) and 3 copies of CLPP3 and/or CLPR1 and/or CLPR3 (PubMed:11278690, PubMed:14593120). Interacts with CLPC2 and CLPD (PubMed:25149061). Interacts with CPN21 (PubMed:25921872). No interactions with CLPS1 (PubMed:23898032).
Expressed in young seedlings, especially at the tip of the growing shoot meristems. Later observed in roots and in aerial parts. Weakly expressed in leaves with local higher levels in the trichomes, hydathodes and in cotyledon veins. Present at low levels in flowers with higher accumulation in cells at organ-stem junctions, as well as in the septum and the funiculi of the developing siliques. Also observed in a diffuse pattern, appearing as patches along the stem but also concentrated at the peduncle.
Mostly expressed in siliques and leaves (including hydathodes), and, to a lower extent, in flowers and roots.
No visible phenotype in normal conditions. Impaired accumulation of PtdIns5P in response to stress such as dehydration, leading to an increased resistance.
Phosphatase with phosphoinositide 3'-phosphatase activity that can use phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate (PtdIns3P) and phosphatidylinositol-3,5-diphosphate (PtdIns3,5P(2)) as substrates and produces phosphatidylinositol-5-phosphate (PtdIns5P); participates in pathway(s) that transfer gene regulatory signals to the nucleus. Required for recovery after water deprivation, via the accumulation of PtdIns5P upon dehydration; high PtdIns5P levels mediate ATX1 cytoplasmic localization, thus down-regulating the expression of ATX1-dependent genes. Confers sensitivity to soil-water-deficit stress.
Plant over-expressing YLMG1-1 have impaired chloroplast division leading to reduced number and enlarged chloroplasts in mesophyll cells. Plants silencing YLMG1-1 show a pale green phenotype in young emerging leaves and the basal part of expanding leaves.
Required for the proper distribution of nucleoids in chloroplasts. The nucleoid partitioning by YLMG1-1 may be related to chloroplast division processes.
The O-glycosylation (arabinosylation) of the hydroxyproline Pro-102 enhances binding affinity of the CLE13p peptide for its receptor.
Homodimer (PubMed:28684427). Interacts with ALB3 (PubMed:26265777). Interacts with STIC2 (PubMed:28684427).
Required for the insertion of some light harvesting chlorophyll-binding proteins (LHCP) into the chloroplast thylakoid membrane. Plays a role in the accumulation of some cytochrome b6f components in the thylakoid membrane (PubMed:26265777). Required for the assembly and/or stability of the F(1)F(0) ATP synthase in chloroplast thylakoid membranes. Functions to stabilize or promote assembly of F(1) during its attachment to the membrane-embedded F(0) part (PubMed:19995738). Participates with STIC2 in thylakoid protein targeting. May function with a specific subset of thylakoidal proteins (PubMed:28684427).
Was originally thought to be the product of one gene (ARTEMIS) that in fact corresponds to two separate genes At1g24485 and At1g24490.
Homo- and heterodimer with other ZFHD proteins. Interacts with MIF1, MIF2 and MIF3; these interactions prevent nuclear localization and DNA-binding to inhibit transcription regulation activity. Binds to ZHD1, ZHD2, ZHD4, ZHD10 and ZHD11.
Increased resistance to abscisic acid (ABA) in the seed germination and primary root growth.
Putative transcription factor. Binds DNA at 5'-ATTA-3' consensus promoter regions. Regulates floral architecture and leaf development. Regulators in the abscisic acid (ABA) signal pathway that confers sensitivity to ABA in an ARF2-dependent manner.
Repressed by abscisic acid (ABA) and ARF2.
Homodimer (PubMed:26578708). Interacts with MORF8/RIP1 AND RBG3/ORRM3 (PubMed:26578708). Binds to RBG2/ORRM5 (PubMed:28549172).
Possibly has a role in RNA transcription or processing during stress (By similarity). Binds RNAs and DNAs sequence with a preference to single-stranded nucleic acids. Displays strong affinity to poly(U) sequence (PubMed:11972043). Involved in C-to-U editing of mitochondrial RNA. Functions as major mitochondrial editing factor. Controls 44 percent of the mitochondrial editing sites (PubMed:26578708).
No visible phenotype when grown at 22 degrees Celsius. Chilling-induced chlorosis and reduced growth at 5 degrees Celsius.
Required for methylation of the 3' adenosines in the small subunit of plastid rRNA. Essential for chloroplast biogenesis at low temperatures.
Expressed in siliques, leaves, stems and seedlings.
Binds histone H3 but seems to have lost demethylase activity probably due to its inability to bind iron Fe(2+) (PubMed:26979329). Possesses E3 ubiquitin ligase activity and targets directly CMT3 for proteasomal degradation to initiate destabilization of the heterochromatic state (e.g. CHG cytosine methylation and H3K9me2) of endogenous silenced loci (PubMed:26798133, PubMed:26979329). Required for the removal of repressive H3K9me2 histone marks to facilitate the transcription of AtSN1, AtMu1c, solo LTR and SDC, thus counteracting their transcriptional silencing (PubMed:26119694, PubMed:26979329). Mainly required to promote the basal level transcription of silenced loci such as TE and repeats targeted by RNA-dependent DNA methylation (RdDM) for silencing, a specialized branch of the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway (PubMed:26119694, PubMed:28400174, PubMed:26979329). Cooperates also with RNAi pathways for gene silencing both by contributing to the production of 24-nt siRNA to initiate RdDM and by recruiting RDR2 to enable local transcripts to make dsRNA (PubMed:26119694, PubMed:28400174). Antagonizes histone H3K9 demethylase IBM1/JMJ25 function (PubMed:28400174).
Expressed in inflorescences, flowers, roots, siliques, leaves and stems, especially in the vasculature (mainly phloem), with highest levels in floral organs.
Homodimer (PubMed:26798133). Interacts with RDR2 (PubMed:26119694). Binds to CMT3 (PubMed:26798133). Associates with the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme UBC10 (PubMed:26979329).
Misses iron Fe(2+)-binding sites required for demethylase activity.
Reduced RNA-dependent DNA methylation (RdDM) target transcripts levels (PubMed:26119694). Increased DNA (e.g. CHG cytosine methylation) and histone (e.g. H3K9me2) methylation, including on FWA, QQS and SDC loci and on retrotransposon-derived solo long terminal repeat (solo LTR), AtSN1 and SDC loci leading to their reduced expression (PubMed:26119694, PubMed:26798133). Increased silencing of the DNA transposon AtMu1c leading to slightly decreased transcript levels (PubMed:26979329). Lower 24-nt small RNAs (smRNAs) accumulation as a result of AtSN1 derepression (PubMed:26119694). The double mutant rdr2-1 jmj24-1 exhibits an increased expression of retrotransposon-derived solo long terminal repeat (solo LTR) and SDC due to their derepression (PubMed:26119694). Several subtle developmental defects (e.g. slightly larger organ, abnormal floral organs and altered inflorescence branching) by modified expression of a relatively small number of genes at the vegetative stage (PubMed:28400174). Complements partially growth defects and expression changes caused by the loss of JMJ25/IBM1 mostly at vegetative stage, but the double mutant jmj24-3 ibm1-4 has synergistic effect on root growth (PubMed:28400174).
The JmjC domain is involved in histone H3 binding.
The RING-type domain is necessary for E3 ubiquitin ligase activity.
Binds specific group II introns in chloroplasts and facilitates their splicing. Acts on both subgroup IIA and subgroup IIB introns. The substrates of the subgroup II also require the CRM domain proteins CAF1 or CAF2. Binds both single-stranded and double-stranded RNA non-specifically, but lacks endonuclease activity. Required for plastid ribosome biogenesis.
Catalyzes the isomerization between 2-isopropylmalate and 3-isopropylmalate, via the formation of 2-isopropylmaleate (Probable). Functions redundantly with LEUD2 in the methionine chain elongation pathway of aliphatic glucosinolate formation.
Expressed in vascular bundles of roots, cotyledons and rosette leaves (PubMed:24608865). Expressed in stem vascular bundles which branche off into lateral inflorescences (PubMed:24608865). Expressed in connective tissues in anthers (PubMed:24608865). In young seedlings, expressed in cotyledon epidermal cells and vasculare bundles (PubMed:32612621). In hypocotyls, expressed in parenchyma cells surrounding the vasculature and further peripheral cells (PubMed:32612621). In seedling roots, expressed in cells along the vasculature (PubMed:32612621). In roots of adult plants, expressed in cells closely associated with the stele (PubMed:32612621). In flowering stalks, expressed in parenchyma cells associated with the phloem or the xylem (PubMed:32612621). Expressed in the vasculature of sepals and petals (PubMed:32612621).
Component of a regulatory complex with LDL1/SWP1 (PubMed:17224141). Interacts with LDL1/SWP1 (PubMed:17224141).
Displays reduced dimethylation of lysine 9 and lysine 27 of histone H3 and hyperacetylation of histone H4 within the FLC locus and shows a moderate delayed flowering (PubMed:17224141). Delayed flowering (PubMed:23071452).
Histone methyltransferase that functions together with its binding partner LDL1/SWP1 as one of the regulators of flower timing in Arabidopsis (PubMed:17224141). Mediates H3K9me2 deposition and regulates gene expression in a DNA methylation-independent manner. Binds DNA through its zinc fingers and represses the expression of a subset of stimulus response genes. May represent a novel mechanism for plants to regulate their chromatin and transcriptional state, which may allow for the adaptability and modulation necessary to rapidly respond to environment or developmental cues (PubMed:23071452).
About 80% of the leaf molybdate is exported during senescence.
Expressed in leaves. Not detected in roots, shoots and seeds.
Molybdate transporter required for vacuolar molybdate export during senescence.
No visible phenotype and no effect on molybdate content in shoots when grown in soil, but increased levels in leaves and decreased levels in seeds.
Probable xyloglucan xylosyltransferase involved in the biosynthesis of xyloglucan.
Abnormal hypocotyl elongation under continuous red light.
Interacts with phytochromes (via N-terminus).
Involved in the regulation of phytochrome signaling. May regulate phytochrome-interacting factor 3 (PIF3) through the dephosphorylation of phytochrome.
By acetochlor, metolachlor, 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and 2,6-dinitrotoluene (2,6-DNT).
During anther development, expressed from stage 4 to stage 6 in microsporocytes and tapetal cells. At the tetrad stage, expressed predominantly in tapetal cells. During microgametogenesis, expression decreases radically in the tapetum and microspores.
Expressed in the tapetum and middle layer of developing anthers (PubMed:10353220). Expressed in trichomes (PubMed:12848824).
Male sterility due to distorted pollen grains lacking reticulate exine on their surface.
Plants silencing MYB80 have the majority of pollen grains distorted in shape with reduced or no cytoplasmic content, display early tapetal degeneration with large opaque bodies in the tapetal cytoplasm, and trichomes on cauline and rosette leaves contain increased nuclear DNA content and produces additional branches.
Transcription factor that binds to the DNA sequence 5'-CCAACC-3'. Regulates directly PME5, UND and GLOX1 (PubMed:21673079). Essential for tapetum development in anthers and microsporogenesis (PubMed:12848824, PubMed:21673079). Regulates the timing of tapetal programmed cell death (PCD) which is critical for pollen development. May act through the activation of UND, encoding an A1 aspartic protease (PubMed:21673079). Required for anther development by regulating tapetum development, callose dissolution and exine formation. Acts upstream of A6 and FAR2/MS2, two genes required for pollen exine formation (PubMed:17727613). Negatively regulates trichome endoreduplication and trichome branching (PubMed:12848824).
The glycine decarboxylase (GDC) or glycine cleavage system catalyzes the degradation of glycine.
Unlike WDR5A, does not interact with RBL or TRO.
Increased elongation of hypocotyls (PubMed:19667208). Reduced root hair length (PubMed:21680836). Reduced content of arabinosylated extensins in cell walls (PubMed:19667208, PubMed:21680836). Increased lateral root formation (PubMed:24619997).
Plays a role in the arabinosylation of cell wall components. Involved in the arabinosylation of extensin proteins in root hair cells (PubMed:19667208, PubMed:21680836). Extensins are structural glycoproteins present in cell walls and its arabinosylation is important for cell elongation, root hair cell development, lateral root development and root hair tip growth (PubMed:19667208, PubMed:21680836, PubMed:24619997, PubMed:25944827).
Interacts with CALS1, ROP1 and phragmoplastin.
No visible phenotype under normal growth condition, but strong reduction in 4-aminobenzoate glucosyltransferase activity.
Possesses low catalytic activity on indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in vitro. May transfer UDP-glucose from sucrose synthase to callose synthase for the synthesis of callose at the forming cell plate during cytokinesis. Has high affinity for 4-aminobenzoate. Catalyzes the formation of 4-aminobenzoate glucose ester which represents a storage form of 4-aminobenzoate in the vacuole. Is the major source of this activity in the plant. Also active in vitro on benzoates and benzoate derivatives.
Could be the product of a pseudogene. Lacks the signal peptide, which is a conserved features of the family.
Component of the RNA polymerase II and V complexes. Associates with the mediator complex.
Functions as a holding molecular chaperone (holdase) which stabilizes unfolding protein intermediates and rapidly releases them in an active form once stress has abated. Functions as a folding molecular chaperone (foldase) that assists the non-covalent folding of proteins in an ATP-dependent manner (PubMed:23827697). Regulates RPP4-mediated temperature-dependent cell death and defense responses (PubMed:24611624). May assist SGT1B in the formation of SCF E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes that target the immune receptors SNC1, RPS2 and RPS4 for degradation, to regulate receptor levels and avoid autoimmunity (PubMed:24889324).
Homodimer. Interacts with OEP61, OEP64 and OM64 (PubMed:24036116). Interacts with SNC1 (PubMed:24889324).
In contrast to other major heat shock proteins, this one is also expressed at normal growth temperatures. Levels increase only slightly after heat shock and also increase after salt treatment.
Present in all tissues. Most abundantly expressed in roots and floral bud clusters followed by flowers, young fruits and rosette leaves.
After Mass spectrometry, it is not clear if Ala-45 or Glu-46 is the N-terminus of the mature protein.
Phosphorylated by a threonine specific thylakoid kinase in a light activated and redox-dependent manner.
Identified in the spliceosome C complex (By similarity). Interacts with ILP1 (PubMed:25568310).
Involved in pre-mRNA splicing, specifically in spliceosome disassembly during late-stage splicing events (By similarity). Involved in snRNPs recycling (PubMed:25568310). Required for efficient splicing of genes that act within the plant circadian clock (PubMed:23110899). Part of a transcription elongation checkpoint at alternative exons (PubMed:25568310). Required for correct expression and splicing of DOG1, a regulator of seed dormancy (PubMed:25568310). May induce transient transcriptional pausing of polymerase II at slices sites (PubMed:25568310).
Long circadian-period phenotype under free-running conditions.
Physically located at the target splice sites.
Expressed in the root trichoblast cells and developed root hairs.
Interacts with cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) NTP-binding protein (NTB).
Expressed in roots, stems, flower, siliques, expanding leaves, but not in mature leaves. Not limited to dividing cells.
Interacts with KNOLLE to form a t-SNARE complex. Does not interact with SYP21, VTI12 or VPS45.
t-SNARE involved in diverse vesicle trafficking and membrane fusion processes, including cell plate formation.
Accumulates in the immature tracheary elements of rosette leaves. Expressed in differentiating vasculature of the root, the hypocotyls, and the flower filaments, as well as in the anthers and the inner subepidermal layer of mature siliques.
Catalyzes xyloglucan endohydrolysis (XEH) and/or endotransglycosylation (XET). Cleaves and religates xyloglucan polymers, an essential constituent of the primary cell wall, and thereby participates in cell wall construction of growing tissues (By similarity). Required for cell wall modification during the development of tracheary elements.
Expressed in 7 day old seedlings, roots, hypocotyls, rosette leaves, internodes between nodes bearing axillary shoots, nodes bearing flowers, flower buds, anthers and siliques.
In xth27-1 and xth27-2, short-shaped tracheary elements in tertiary veins, reduced number of tertiary veins in the first leaf, and yellow lesion-mimic spots in mature rosette leaves.
'Hanaba taranu' means 'fewer floral leaves' in Japanese.
Abnormal flower and shoot apical meristem (SAM) development with fused sepals and reduced organ numbers in all four whorls as well as flatter and smaller meristems (PubMed:15367721, PubMed:23335616). Reduced levels of gibberellins (GA) but increased content of trans-zeatin riboside (ZR) and auxin (IAA) (PubMed:26390296). Coordinated apical shift of gene expression patterns in the basal proembryo, including auxin transporter genes and resulting in apical redistribution of auxin (PubMed:20643354). Altered WUS expression from early embryogenesis (e.g. globular stage) (PubMed:15367721). The double mutant an3 han-30 exhibits severe defects in cotyledon development such as ectopic roots formation at the apical region of the embryo and associated with an abnormal expansion of PLT1 expression from the basal embryonic region to the apical region (PubMed:22669825). The double mutant pnh-2 han-2 has smaller inflorescence meristems (IM) and taller floral meristems (FM) leading to fewer petals. The double mutant han-2 jag-3 exhibits reduced petal numbers, more serrated sepals and narrower petals (PubMed:26390296).
Expressed in vegetative and inflorescence shoot apical meristems (SAMs), axillary (SAMs), floral meristems, developing ovules and stamens, vascular tissues, and in the embryo.
Homodimer (PubMed:23335616, PubMed:26390296). Forms heterodimers with GATA19, GATA22 and GATA21 (PubMed:23335616). Interacts with JAG. Binds to AGO10/PNH (PubMed:26390296).
In the developing axillary shoot apical meristem (SAM), expressed at the boundary between nascent axillary meristems and the adaxial side of leaves. In all mature SAMs, located at the boundaries between the central SAM and the initiating organ primordia, as well as between the neighboring initiating organ primordia. In the floral meristem, strongly expressed at the boundaries between the meristematic dome and the initiating floral organ primordia, and also at the boundaries between the primordia of different whorls. Expression at the boundaries attenuates as the organ primordia grow apart. In flowers, localized at the boundary between the central meristematic cells and differentiating stamen primordia to later accumulates at the medial ridge region of the carpel. Highly expressed in the developing anthers, in both the tapetum cell layer and microsporocytes. In developing ovules, confined to inner and outer integuments. In aerial tissues, strongly present in phloem tissues (PubMed:15367721). First observed in the whole embryo, but later confined to the center cells of the embryo and provascular tissues (PubMed:15367721, PubMed:20643354).
Repressed via a negative regulatory feedback loop.
Transcriptional factor that specifically binds 5'-GATA-3' or 5'-GAT-3' motifs within gene promoters (including its own promoter and GATA21 promoter), thus regulating the expression of genes mostly involved in hormone responses and floral organ specification (including genes regulating hormones responses) (PubMed:23335616, PubMed:26390296). Regulates both flower and shoot apical meristem (SAM) development, especially for establishing organ boundaries in shoots and flowers, probably by controlling the number and position of WUS-expressing cells (PubMed:15367721, PubMed:23335616). Coregulates, with AGO10/PNH, the shoot apical meristem (SAM) organization. Regulates floral organ development via the promotion of JAG and NPR5/BOP2 expression. Modulates cytokinin homeostasis in organ boundaries by regulating CKX3 expression (PubMed:26390296). Involved in cell proliferation and differentiation (PubMed:15367721). Required to position the inductive proembryo boundary via the regulation of gene expression and for early embryonic development (PubMed:20643354). Together with GIF1/AN3, mediates cotyledon identity by preventing ectopic root formation through the repression of PLT1 expression (PubMed:22669825).
Belongs to the metallo-beta-lactamase superfamily. RNA-metabolizing metallo-beta-lactamase-like family. CPSF2/YSH1 subfamily.
CPSF plays a key role in pre-mRNA 3'-end formation, recognizing the AAUAAA signal sequence and interacting with poly(A)polymerase and other factors to bring about cleavage and poly(A) addition (By similarity). Required for antisense-RNA-mediated gene silencing (PubMed:17008405).
Component of the CPSF complex, at least composed of CPSF160, CPSF100, CPSF73-I, CPSF73-II, CPSF30, FY and FIPS5. Forms a complex with cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor (CPSF) subunits FY, PAPS2, CSTF50, CPSF30, CPSF73-I, CPSF73-II and CPSF160.
Impaired antisense-RNA-mediated gene silencing. Early flowering.
Expressed at low levels in roots, leaves, inflorescences, siliques, pollen, seeds and flowers.
Required for plastidial pyruvate kinase activity.
Carboxylate clamp-type tetratricopeptide repeat protein that may act as a potential Hsp90/Hsp70 co-chaperone (PubMed:20856808). Contributes to polar growth of root hairs (PubMed:28096376).
No clumped-chloroplasts phenotype (PubMed:22025705). Phox1 and phox4 double mutants show no clumped-chloroplasts phenotype, but a 46% reduction in root hair growth (PubMed:22025705, PubMed:28096376). Phox1, phox3 and phox4 triple mutants and phox1, phox2, phox3 and phox4 quadruple mutants show a 70% reduction in root hair growth (PubMed:28096376).
Up-regulated by abscisic acid treatment, and by cold, osmotic and salt stress.
Detected only in seeds of 2-3 days after pollination (dap) siliques.
Expressed in leaves, roots, stems, petioles and shoots. Higher expression in flowers and siliques. Detected in leaf veins through development.
Not induced by heat or cold treatments, H(2)O(2), dehydration, high salt, abscisic acid, 2,4-D, ACC, methyl jasmonate or salicylic acid.
Expressed in seedlings, mostly in the vasculature and shoot apices of young seedlings.
Interacts with unmethylated histone H3 and AGO2. The interaction with AGO2 in required to direct DNA methylation and silencing.
Plays a central role in integrating RNA silencing and chromatin signals in 21 nt siRNA-dependent DNA methylation on cytosine pathway leading to transcriptional gene silencing of specific sequences. Involved in a chromatin-based RNA silencing pathway that encompasses both post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) (e.g. RDR1, RDR6 and AGO2) and transcriptional gene silencing (TGS) (e.g. siRNA-dependent DNA methylation and histone H3) components. Mediates siRNA accumulation at specific chromatin loci. Binds H3K4me0 through its PHD to enforce low levels of H3K4 methylation and gene silencing at a subset of genomic loci.
Silencing-deficiency characterized by a lower siRNA accumulation and a transcriptional up-regulation of specific loci that correlates with a local loss of cytosine methylation on DNA and an increased methylation of histone H3 'Lys-4' (e.g. H3K4me2, H3K4me3) and 'Lys-36' (e.g. H3K36me3).
The PHD-type zinc finger (599-665) binds to unmethylated histone H3 'Lys-4' (H3K4me0).
In anthers, barely detected in microsporocytes at stage 6, but accumulates strongly in tetrads at stage 7, microspores, mature pollen grains, and tapetum cells. Also detectable in the growing pollen tubes on the stigma.
Interacts with VPS34 (PubMed:22361507). Component of a complex made of VPS38/USL1 and PI3K main subunits such as VPS15, ATG6/VPS30 and VPS34 (PubMed:29897620).
Mainly expressed in anthers, pollen grains and pollen tubes, and, to a lower extent, in other tissues and organs including seedlings, roots, stems, leaves, flowers, pitils and siliques.
Reduced male gametophyte transmission. Abnormal pollen grains with unusual large vacuoles. Reduced pollen germination rescued by phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PI3P) treatment.
Serine/threonine-protein kinase required for cytoplasm to vacuole transport (Cvt) and autophagy as a part of the autophagy-specific VPS34 PI3-kinase complex I (By similarity). Required for pollen development and germination, probably via the modulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PI3P) formation and vacuolar organization (PubMed:21833541, PubMed:22361507).
Belongs to the reverse transcriptase family. Telomerase subfamily.
Component of the telomerase ribonucleoprotein complex (Probable). Interacts with POT1A.
In the absence of telomerase, telomeres decline by approximately 500 bp per generation, a rate 10 times slower than seen in telomerase-deficient mice. This may be due to alternative telomere lengthening, a process which is activated in early embryonic development.
Low rates of telomere shortening at each generation. Null mutant plants can survive up to 10 generations before dying. Accelerated proliferation and cell death in dedifferentiated cells.
Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein enzyme essential for the replication of chromosome termini in most eukaryotes. It elongates telomeres. It is a reverse transcriptase that adds simple sequence repeats to chromosome ends by copying a template sequence within the RNA component of the enzyme.
Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein enzyme essential for the replication of chromosome termini in most eukaryotes. It elongates telomeres. It is a reverse transcriptase that adds simple sequence repeats to chromosome ends by copying a template sequence within the RNA component of the enzyme. Required to prevent genome instability induced by breakage-fusion-bridge (BFB) cycles. Can extend completely non-telomeric sequences using RNA template in vitro.
Expressed in the vascular systems of root.
The protein kinase domain is predicted to be catalytically inactive. Lacks the conserved Asp active site at position 854, which is replaced by an Asn residue.
By infection with the oomycete H.parasitica (downy mildew).
Delay in flowering time. Plants loose R gene resistance mediated by RPP2, RPP4, RPP5 and RPP7, and show reduced response to auxin, jasmonate and coronatine, and enhanced tolerance to heat shock.
Interacts with RAR1 and HSP90-2. Interacts (via SGS domain) with HSC70-1 and HSC70-3.
Involved in plant innate immunity. Essential for race-specific resistance conferred by multiple R genes, including RPP7, recognizing different oomycete pathogen isolates like avirulent Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis (downy mildew). Contributes additively with RAR1 to RPP5-dependent resistance. Not required for RPM1, RPS2, RPS4 and RPS5-mediated resistance. Functions as negative regulator of RPS5 accumulation by assisting its degradation. May be involved in heat shock response by associating with HSC70-1 chaperone. Required for the SCF(TIR1)-mediated degradation of Aux/IAA proteins, but maybe not for SCF(TIR1) assembly or binding to its Aux/IAA substrates. Probably required for SCF-mediated ubiquitination, by coupling HSP90 to SCF complex for ubiquitination of HSP90 client proteins. Required for the coronatine/jasmonic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway.
Accumulates in response to abscisic acid (ABA), cold, freezing and drought treatments.
Interacts with ATG4 (By similarity). Interacts with SH3P2 (PubMed:24249832). Interacts with ATG1A and ATG11. Binds to ATG1A and ATG11 on autophagic vesicles (PubMed:24563201).
The C-terminal 4 residues are removed by ATG4 to expose Gly-118 at the C-terminus. This Gly-118 forms then a thioester bond with the 'Cys-558' of ATG7 (E1-like activating enzyme) before being transferred to the 'Cys-258' of ATG3 (the specific E2 conjugating enzyme), in order to be finally amidated with phosphatidylethanolamine. This lipid modification anchors ATG8 to autophagosomes.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX27/DRS1 subfamily.
Down-regulated by drought (PubMed:19901554). Down-regulated by virulent or avirulent pathogen infection (PubMed:24755512).
Involved in EDS1-dependent systemic acquired resistance, maybe in phloem-mediated long-distance signaling.
Lacks the VHIID motif which is one of the conserved features of the GRAS family.
Inhibited by high concentration of cysteine and by 3-phosphonooxypyruvate. Not inhibited by serine, threonine, valine, glycine, tryptophan and O-acetyl-L-serine.
Ubiquitous, but expressed preferentially in light-grown roots and shoots. Detected in root meristems and in root tissues surrounding the vascular bundle.
Up-regulated upon necrotrophic pathogen infection.
In seeds, present at low levels during the first stages of embryogenesis but accumulates prossively after the torpedo stage to reach its maximum in mature seeds and during stratification (PubMed:31850033). Fades out upon seed germination and becomes barely detectable in young seedlings (PubMed:31850033).
No visible phenotype (PubMed:18987211). Reduced simple nitrile levels in favor of isothiocyanates in tissues corresponding to its main basal expression (PubMed:27990154). Abnormal accumulation of glucosinolate in seeds, during stratification and germination (PubMed:31850033).
Specifier protein responsible for constitutive and herbivore-induced simple nitrile formation, especially in seeds (PubMed:27990154). Promotes simple nitriles, but not epithionitrile or thiocyanate formation (PubMed:19224919, PubMed:18987211). Converts allylglucosinolate (allyl-GSL), 2-propenylglucosinolate (sinigrin), indol-3-ylmethylglucosinolate (glucobrassicin), benzylisothiocyanate and benzylglucosinolate (glucotropaeolin) to their corresponding simple nitriles in the presence of myrosinase (PubMed:19224919, PubMed:18987211, PubMed:22954730). Catalyzes mainly the conversion of benzylisothiocyanate when benzylglucosinolate is used as the initial substrate of myrosinase (PubMed:19224919, PubMed:22954730). Involved in the regulation of glucosinolate content in seeds, during stratification and germination (PubMed:31850033).
The presence of Fe(2+) supports lyase activity in a dose-dependent manner with both benzylglucosinolate and 2-propenylglucosinolate as substrates (PubMed:19224919, PubMed:22954730). More active at pH 7.4 than at pH 6 (PubMed:22954730).
Expressed in young leaves, in the adaxial domain of leaf primordia and the rib meristem. Expressed in the styles of flowers and siliques.
Component of the RNA polymerase II (Pol II) complex consisting of at least 12 subunits. Interacts with RDM1. Interacts (via CTD) with PRP40A, PRP40B, PRP40C and CYP59 (PubMed:16497658, PubMed:19110459, PubMed:19467629, PubMed:20410883). Interacts with MEE12/CCG1 and MEE14/CBP1 (PubMed:26462908). Binds (via CTD) to ATX1, especially when phosphorylated on 'Ser-5' of the heptapeptide repeat (PubMed:21266657).
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Largest and catalytic component of RNA polymerase II which synthesizes mRNA precursors and many functional non-coding RNAs. Forms the polymerase active center together with the second largest subunit. Pol II is the central component of the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. It is composed of mobile elements that move relative to each other. NRPB1 is part of the core element with the central large cleft, the clamp element that moves to open and close the cleft and the jaws that are thought to grab the incoming DNA template. At the start of transcription, a single-stranded DNA template strand of the promoter is positioned within the central active site cleft of Pol II. A bridging helix emanates from NRPB1 and crosses the cleft near the catalytic site and is thought to promote translocation of Pol II by acting as a ratchet that moves the RNA-DNA hybrid through the active site by switching from straight to bent conformations at each step of nucleotide addition. During transcription elongation, Pol II moves on the template as the transcript elongates. Elongation is influenced by the phosphorylation status of the C-terminal domain (CTD) of Pol II largest subunit (NRPB1), which serves as a platform for assembly of factors that regulate transcription initiation, elongation, termination and mRNA processing.
The C-terminal domain (CTD) serves as a platform for assembly of factors that regulate transcription initiation, elongation, termination and mRNA processing.
The binding of ribonucleoside triphosphate to the RNA polymerase II transcribing complex probably involves a two-step mechanism. The initial binding seems to occur at the entry (E) site and involves a magnesium ion temporarily coordinated by three conserved aspartate residues of the two largest RNA Pol II subunits. The ribonucleoside triphosphate is transferred by a rotation to the nucleotide addition (A) site for pairing with the template DNA. The catalytic A site involves three conserved aspartate residues of the RNA Pol II largest subunit which permanently coordinate a second magnesium ion.
The tandem 7 residues repeats in the C-terminal domain (CTD) can be highly phosphorylated. The phosphorylation activates Pol II. Phosphorylation occurs mainly at residues 'Ser-2' and 'Ser-5' of the heptapeptide repeat. The phosphorylation state is believed to result from the balanced action of site-specific CTD kinases and phosphatase, and a 'CTD code' that specifies the position of Pol II within the transcription cycle has been proposed. ATX1 seems to regulate phosphorylation statment (PubMed:21266657). 'Ser-2' and 'Ser-5' phosphorylation are repressed by flavopiridol (Flap) and seliciclib (Selic), inhibitors of CDK7 and CDK9 (PubMed:21266657).
Expressed in hypocotyls, roots, lateral roots, lateral root caps, columella cells, leaves, shoot apex, stems and flowers.
Interacts with PRA1F2 and PRA1F3. Interacts with the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) movement protein (via N-terminus).
Involved in the regulation of plant growth, and modulates pollen development to ensure male fertility (PubMed:26485022). May also affect the composition of the inner seed coat mucilage layer (PubMed:26485022).
Expressed in seedlings, roots, leaves, stems and flowers. Present in ovules, prominently in nucellus and integuments.
Involved in the basipetal transport of auxin (IAA) that modulates growth and organs organization. Required for initial divisions in the epidermal/lateral root cap leading to the formation of epidermal cells and a clone of lateral root cap cells, as well as for the maintenance of the radial pattern of cell specification in the root, thus regulating the distinction between the lateral root cap and epidermis.
Strongly expressed in the shoot apical meristem (SAM) and the young leaf primordia. Also detected in the lamina of the cotyledons, especially in the mesophyll and vascular bundles.
Accumulates in shoot and root apices, and in leaves.
Expressed at higher levels in short days (SD=8 hours light/16 hours dark) than in long days (LD=16 hours light/8 hours dark). Slightly induced by long cold exposure (e.g. 40 days at 4 degrees Celsius).
Impaired vernalization response with incomplete repression of FLC during and after cold exposure, due to a reduction in vernalization-induced histone H3 deacetylation and methylation (e.g. H3K4me3 and H3K27me3). Delayed flowering in short days (SD=8 hours light/16 hours dark) conditions but not in long days (LD=16 hours light/8 hours dark); enhanced FLM levels dur to an enhance level of chromatin acetylation.
Interacts with VIN3 and VIL2. The heterodimer made of VIN3 and VIL1 is required for establishing the vernalization-induced epigenetic silencing of FLC. Component of the plant homeodomain / polycomb repressive complex 2 (PHD-PRC2) large complex during prolonged cold, composed of core PRC2 components (VRN2, EZA1, FIE and MSI1), and three related PHD finger proteins (VIL1, VIL2 and VIN3) that mediates histone H3 trimethylation on 'Lys-27' (H3K27me3).
Involved in both the vernalization and photoperiod pathways by regulating expression of the related floral repressors FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) and FLOWERING LOCUS M (FLM). Together with VIN3, required during vernalization for the modifications of FLC and FLM chromatin that are associated with an epigenetically silenced state (e.g. chromatin modifications, histone deacetylation, and trimethylated H3 'Lys-4' H3K4me3 and 'Lys-27' H3K27me3) and with acquisition of competence to flower. Promotes flowering in short days (SD=8 hours light/16 hours dark). Associates dynamically at FLC locus; during vernalization, binds to specific sites, but when in warm conditions, distributed along the whole locus.
Accumulation of NAD by over-expression of the bacterial nadC gene in Arabidopsis stimulates plant resistance probably via salicylic acid (SA)-dependent signaling.
Involved in the biosynthesis of NAD(+) (PubMed:16698895). Catalyzes the conversion of quinolate to nicotinate to nicotinate beta-D-ribonucleotide (PubMed:16698895).
Involved in the catabolism of quinolinic acid (QA).
Exhibits slight hypersensitivity to abscisic acid (ABA), salt and osmotic stress.
Forms a heterodimer with AFP2. Interacts with ABI5/DPBF1, DPBF2, AREB3/DPBF3, ABF1, ABF3/DPBF5 and ABF4/AREB2.
To ensure consistency between histone entries, we follow the 'Brno' nomenclature for histone modifications, with positions referring to those used in the literature for the 'closest' model organism. Due to slight variations in histone sequences between organisms and to the presence of initiator methionine in UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot sequences, the actual positions of modified amino acids in the sequence generally differ. In this entry the following conventions are used: H2BK6ac = acetylated Lys-8; H2BK33ac = acetylated Lys-29; H2BK34ac = acetylated Lys-30; H2BK143ub1 = monoubiquitinated Lys-134.
Functions both as monomer and homooligomer.
Magnesium-dependent guanylyl cyclase that catalyzes the formation of guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) from guanosine 5'-triphosphate (GTP) (PubMed:12482758). Can also use ATP as substrate with a low activity (PubMed:12482758).
Expressed in seedlings, roots, flowers and siliques (PubMed:29467189). Barely detectable in leaves (PubMed:29467189).
Expression of MES7 can restore systemic acquired resistance in SAR-deficient tobacco plants.
Methylesterase shown to have carboxylesterase activity, methyl indole-3-acetic acid (MeIAA) esterase activity and methyl salicylate (MeSA) esterase activity in vitro. Required to convert methyl salicylate (MeSA) to salicylic acid (SA) as part of the signal transduction pathways that activate systemic acquired resistance in systemic tissue. MeSA is believed to be an inactive form that needs to be demethylated to exert a biological effect.
Mainly expressed in flowers and seeds, and, at very low levels, in seedlings, roots, leaves and stems.
DNA mismatch repair protein specifically involved in maintenance of mitochondrial genome configuration by controlling specific rearranged portion. Functions by suppressing asymmetric recombination at some repeat pairs.
Variegated plants and appearance of specific new restriction fragments in the mitochondrial genome.
Forms part of the preprotein translocase complex of the outer mitochondrial membrane (TOM complex) which consists of at least 6 different proteins (TOM5, TOM6, TOM7, TOM20, TOM22/TOM9 and TOM40) (PubMed:17981999, Ref.6). Component of a mitochondrial large protein complex that contains, at least, MIC60, DGS1, TOM40, TOM20 proteins, and petC/RISP (By similarity).
Expressed in cotyledons, leaves and roots.
Key enzyme in heme biosynthesis. Catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of propionic acid side chains of rings A and B of coproporphyrinogen III.
Spontaneous formation of necrotic leaf lesions.
Catalytic subunit of the NatA N-alpha-acetyltransferase complex (PubMed:26184543, PubMed:25966763). Required for male gametocyte development, embryogenesis, suspensor development and the formation of the quiescent center (QC) in the root meristem (PubMed:27385766, PubMed:27610925). Involved in plant immunity through the regulation of SNC1 and RPM1 stability (PubMed:25966763).
Part of the NatA complex. Interacts with NAA15.
Brassinolide-reversible dark- and light-grown defects; small dark-green dwarf plants with a limited leaves expension due to a reduced number of cells per leaf blade (PubMed:10394910, PubMed:11867704, PubMed:8602526, PubMed:9401120). Small and less elongated seeds due to a decreased seed cavity, reduced endosperm volume and integument cell length (PubMed:22822057). Delay embryo development, with a reduction in both the size and number of embryo cells (PubMed:22822057).
Involved in a reduction step in the biosynthesis of the plant steroid, brassinolide (BL); acts at the second step in brassinolide biosynthesis in the 5alpha-reduction of (24R)- 24-methylcholest-4-en-3-one, which is further modified to form campestanol. Can use progesterone, testosterone, androstenedione and campestenone as substrate. Catalyzes also the conversion of campest-4-en-3-one (campesta-4-en-3-one, 4-en-3-one) to campest-3-one (campesta-3-one, 3-one), of (22S,24R)-22-hydroxyergost-4-en-3-one (22-hydroxy-campesta-4-en-3-one, 22-OH-4-en-3-one) to (22S,24R)-22-hydroxy-5alpha-ergostan-3-one (22-hydroxy-campesta-3-one, 22-OH-3-one), and of (22R,23R)-22,23-dihydroxy-5alpha-campestan-3-one (22,23,diOH-4-en-3-one) to (22R,23R)-22,23-dihydroxycampest-4-en-3-one (6-deoxo3DT) (PubMed:22822057). Required for the brassinosteroid- (BR) dependent regulation of seed size and shape as well as embryo development (PubMed:23771896).
Involved in a reduction step in the biosynthesis of the plant steroid, brassinolide.
Probably involved in the regulation of chromatin states (Probable). Contributes to basal immunity (PubMed:21830950).
Plants develop collapsed and inviable pollen grains.
Required the formation of the callose wall separating the tetraspores (interstitial wall), but not for the callose wall surrounding the pollen mother cells (peripheral wall). Functionally redudant to CALS12 (GSL5). During plant growth and development, callose is found as a transitory component of the cell plate in dividing cells, is a major component of pollen mother cell walls and pollen tubes, and is found as a structural component of plasmodesmatal canals.
Aspartic protease involved in drought avoidance through abscisic acid signaling.
Expressed in young seedlings, leaves, guard-cells, stems, flowers and siliques, but not in roots or mesophyll cells.
Up-regulated by abscisic acid and drought.
Amino acids 23-36 of the EF-hand-like domain are necessary catalysis but not for binding to lipid vesicles.
The production of the second messenger molecules diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) is mediated by activated phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C enzymes. At physiological calcium concentration, the preferred substrate is phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate versus phosphatidylinositol.
Altered male gametophytic development with frequent single-fertilization events leading to reduced seed set due to undeveloped ovules. Increased levels of ARI14 in sperm.
During male gametophyte development, first observed in bicellular pollen, and accumulates gradually during pollen maturation in tricellular pollen and mature pollen.
Mostly expressed in pollen and open flowers and, to a lower extent, in closed flowers.
Regulates positively reproductive function by facilitating male gametophyte formation and double fertilization.
Impaired stable genetic transformation by Agrobacterium T-DNA.
Interacts with Agrobacterium tumefaciens VirE2. Binds to VIP1. Forms a complex made of Agrobacterium VirE2, VIP1, VIP2 and single-stranded DNA (ssDNA).
Transcriptional regulator required for Agrobacterium-mediated stable genetic transformation by T-DNA integration in host genome, but not for T-DNA transient expression.
By Verticillium longisporum (VL43), in apoplasm.
Increased rosette leaves number with a curly surface leaf morphology and delayed flowering.
Dileucine motif seems to be involved in protein-protein interactions.
Expression starts at 3 days and peaks at 5 days. After, expression levels remain constant from 7 to 10 days. During embryogenesis, expressed first at the site of root meristem formation, then in the epidernal and ground tissue, root meristem and suspensor. In the mature embryo, expressed in the vascular primordia throughout the hypocotyl/root axis.
Homodimer. Interacts with N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA).
Loss-of-function mutants show irregular, uncoordinated cell divisions throughout embryogenesis, affecting the shape and number of cotyledons and the hypophysis, and is seedling lethal at 5 days after germination due to root growth arrest. Quiescent center and cell cycle markers show no signals in apm1-1 knockdown mutants, and the ground tissue specifiers SHORTROOT and SCARECROW are misexpressed or mislocalized. apm1 mutants have multiple, fused cotyledons and hypocotyls with enlarged epidermal cells with cell adhesion defects. apm1 alleles show defects in gravitropism and auxin transport.
Metallopeptidase that binds to the auxin transport inhibitor N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA). Required for embryonic and seedling development as well as cell cycle progression. Homodimerization is required to proper localization and activity. May play a negative role in the regulation of PIN auxin transport proteins.
Ubiquitous with preferential expression in 5 days-old seedlings, roots, young flowers, upper inflorescence stems, and rosette leaves.
Accumulates in floral buds, flowers, developing embryos during an early stage of silique development.
Chaperone that binds to and unwinds RNA and both single-stranded DNA and double-stranded DNA (ssDNA and dsDNA DNA) (By similarity). Regulates the flowering transition and flower and seed development, particularly at late stages of embryo development, through regulation of gene expression (including MEA, FIS2, AP1, CAL, AG and SHP2).
Down-regulated during cold acclimation. Accumulation during silique development is AGL15-dependent.
Mostly expressed in shoot apices and siliques, and, to a lower extent, in roots, cotyledons, stems, shoots, leaves, floral buds and flowers. Present in shoot apical meristems and siliques (at protein level). Very low levels are observed in cv. Landsberg erecta compared to cv. Columbia (PubMed:19269998).
Has a glutathione-disulfide oxidoreductase activity in the presence of NADPH and glutathione reductase. Reduces low molecular weight disulfides and proteins (By similarity). Involved in flower development.
Interacts with TGA9 and TGA10 in the nucleus.
No visible phenotype. Defection in sporogenous cell formation in adaxial anther lobes when associated with the disruption of GRXC7/ROXY1 leading to fertility defects.
Weakly expressed throughout the inflorescence apical meristem and in young buds (PubMed:18036205). Localized to the tapetum and middle layers (PubMed:20805327).
Phosphorylates specifically 'Ser-10' of histone H3 in vitro and colocalizes with phosphorylated histone H3 during mitosis. Associates with cytoskeletal structures that are necessary for cytokinesis and with the microtubule spindle. Colocalizes also with gamma-tubulin and function in microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs). In contrast with the mammalian B-type Aurora, AUR1 has no kinase activity toward 'Ser-28' of histone H3.
Phosphorylation at Thr-185 may regulate activity and degradation of AUR1 in a cell cycle dependent manner.
Strongly up-regulated within developing flowers, especially in the tapetum, the developing and mature pollen and in the ovaries.
Expressed in gametophytes and developing seeds.
May form complexes with phosphorylated ligands by interfering with kinases and their effectors (By similarity). Regulates seed germination via the abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellic acid (GA)signaling pathways. During seed germination, MFT expression is directly repressed by ABI3 or promoted by ABI5 in the ABA signaling pathway. Involved in a negative feedback regulation of ABA signaling. Promotes embryo growth by direct repression of ABI5. In the GA signaling pathway, MFT expression is promoted by the DELLA protein RGL2 during seed germination (PubMed:20551347). May regulate seed germination and fertility through the brassinosteroid (BR) signaling pathway (PubMed:20935478).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant seeds show hypersensitivity to ABA during seed germination.
Binds 1 dipyrromethane group covalently.
Inhibited by NH(3), heavy-metal ions, hydroxylamine and 2-bromoporphobilinogen. Not inhibited by N-ethylmaleimide.
Tetrapolymerization of the monopyrrole PBG into the hydroxymethylbilane pre-uroporphyrinogen in several discrete steps.
The porphobilinogen subunits are added sequentially to the dipyrromethane cofactor that is covalently attached to the enzyme. The last step of the reaction involves the hydrolysis of the bound polypyrrole chain and the release of hydroxymethylbilane.
Homodimer. Binds ABA on one subunit only. Binds to CARs protein in an ABA-independent manner, both at the plasma membrane and in the nucleus (By similarity). Interacts with HAB1, and possibly with other PP2Cs (PubMed:19407142).
High-affinity potassium transporter. Can also transport rubidium and cesium (Ref.1). Is essential with AKT1 for high-affinity potassium uptake in roots during seedling establishment and postgermination growth under low potassium conditions (PubMed:20413648). Mediates potassium uptake by plant roots in response to low potassium conditions, by a calcium-, CBL-, and CIPK-dependent pathway. Positively regulated by the calcium sensors calcineurin B-like genes CBL1, CBL8, CBL9 and CBL10, and by phosphorylation by CIPK23 (PubMed:26474642).
Induced in both roots and shoots by potassium starvation (Ref.1). Down-regulated by salt stress in roots (PubMed:20028724).
Phosphorylated at the N-terminus (amino acids 1-95) by CIPK23.
Mono-, di- and oligomers (PubMed:25877331). Associated with the Mediator complex (PubMed:17560376). Interacts with MED6 (PubMed:17560376). Interacts with MED10A, MED28 and MED32 (PubMed:25877331). Interacts with DEK3 (PubMed:25387881).
Transcription factor that binds promoters containing the CryR2 element, 5'-ACATAWCT-3' (PubMed:25877331). The DNA-binding activity is decreased upon direct physical interaction with the mediator subunits and is modulated by redox conditions (PubMed:25877331). The oxidized protein is the preferential binding form (PubMed:25877331).
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase group 1 family.
Mannosylates Man(2)GlcNAc(2)-dolichol diphosphate and Man(1)GlcNAc(2)-dolichol diphosphate to form Man(3)GlcNAc(2)-dolichol diphosphate.
Involved in multiple sites RNA editing events in chloroplasts. Involved in the editing of the site 9 of ndhB (ndhB-9) and site 1 of ndhG (ndhG-1) transcripts, which are two plastid-encoded subunits of the chloroplast NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (NDH) complex. Not essential for the activity of the NDH complex of the photosynthetic electron transport chain.
Important as a means of generating NADPH for biosynthetic reactions.
Expressed in callus tissues, flowers and roots. Weakly expressed in leaves and stems.
Homodimer or heterodimer with PDX1.1 or PDX1.3. No interaction with PDX2.
The protein has no function in the formation of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate.
Unlike PDX1.1 or PDX1.3, PDX1.2 is unable to interact with PDX2 and restore prototrophy in yeast snz1 mutants.
Binds to FPP proteins (By similarity). Interacts with WAP, WIP1, WIP2 and WIP3 through its WPP domain. Interacts with WIT1 and HSP70-1.
Confined to the shoot apical meristem (SAM) at the layer L1 in vegetative, infloresence and floral meristems, as well as in protoderm of organ primordia, including during embryogenesis. Also present in the tip of emerging lateral root primordia.
May be involved in the regulation of meristem growth.
In leaves, mostly expressed in vascular tissues and trichomes (PubMed:27006488). In flowers, accumulates mainly in sepals, stamen filaments, pollen grains and pistils, but barely detectable in petals (PubMed:27006488). Present in siliques at all stages of development (PubMed:27006488). During embroygenesis, expressed in both embryos and endosperms throughout embryonic development (PubMed:27006488).
Non-heme iron oxygenase involved in sterols biosynthesis by catalyzing the removal of the second methyl group at the C-4 position (PubMed:11707264). 24-ethylidenelophenol and 24-ethyllophenol are the preferred substrates (PubMed:11707264). Together with SMO2-2, required during embryogenesis, probably by maintaining sterols and auxin homeostasis (PubMed:27006488).
Strongly expressed in leaves, flowers, siliques and developing seeds.
By auxin, abscisic acid, salicylic acid and the bacterial pathogen P.syringae.
Glycosyltransferase that glucosylates benzoic acid and derivatives. Substrate preference is benzoic acid > salicylic acid (SA) > 3-hydroxybenzoic acid > 4-hydroxybenzoic acid. Catalyzes the formation of both SA 2-O-beta-D-glucoside (SAG) and SA glucose ester (SGE). Has high affinity for the tryptophan precursor anthranilate. Catalyzes the formation of anthranilate glucose ester. Is the major source of this activity in the plant.
Plants overexpressing UGT74F2 show increased susceptibility to the bacterial pathogen P.syringae and reduced accumulation of free SA upon infection.
Activator protein that regulates the ubiquitin ligase activity and substrate specificity of the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C). Necessary and sufficient for endoreduplication and correct cell expansion. Controls meristem size by stimulating endoreduplication in the elongation zone.
Associates with the APC/C complex. Interacts with CDC20-1, CDC20-2, CYCA1-1, CYCA1-2, CYCA3-4, CYCB1-1 and CYCB1-2. Binds to GIG1 and PYM.
Expressed from late M until late S-early G2 phases.
Expressed in seedlings, flowers, leaves and roots. Expressed in the differentiating cell files of the root elongation zone.
FZR1 and FZR2 are functional homologs, and their functional divergence in root development arises from the different expression patterns.
Reduced endoreduplication and reduced expansion in trichomes and other leaf cells. Longer roots. Root meristem contains more dividing cells with a delayed onset of endoreduplication.
Part of the salvage pathway for purine and pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotide synthesis. Phosphorylates preferentially purines over pyrimidines.
Has a broad substrate specificity. Can use synthetic substrates such as p-nitrophenyl-beta-N-acetylglucosaminide, p-nitrophenyl-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranoside (pNP-GlcNAc), p-nitrophenyl-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-galactopyranoside (pNP-GalNAc), 4-methylumbelliferyl-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranoside (MU-GlcNAc), and 4-methylumbelliferyl-6-sulfo-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranoside (MU-GlcNAc-6SO(4)) as substrates. Removes terminal GlcNAc residues from alpha1,3- and alpha1,6-mannosyl branches of biantennary N-glycans without any strict branch preference.
In the triple mutants arl8a-1 arl8b-1 arl8c-1, impaired multiplication of tomato mosaic virus (ToMV).
Component of the origin recognition complex (ORC) composed of at least ORC1 (ORC1A or ORC1B), ORC2, ORC3, ORC4, ORC5 and ORC6. ORC is regulated in a cell-cycle and development dependent manner. It is sequentially assembled at the exit from anaphase of mitosis and disassembled as cells enter S phase. Interacts directly with ORC1A, ORC2, ORC4, ORC5 and ORC6.
Component of the origin recognition complex (ORC) that binds origins of replication. DNA-binding is ATP-dependent. The specific DNA sequences that define origins of replication have not been identified yet.
Follow a cell-cycle regulation with a peak at the G1/S-phase (PubMed:16179646). Mostly expressed in siliques and flowers, and, to a lower exent, in flower buds, leaves, roots and stems (PubMed:16179646, PubMed:15358564).
Expressed in roots and shoots (PubMed:12668777). Expressed in leaves (PubMed:23398541).
Involved in high-affinity nitrate transport (PubMed:15107992). Required for the nitrate uptake-independent plant growth promotion and lateral root response to the rhizospheric Phyllobacterium (PubMed:23398541).
Loss of plant growth and root system architecture responses to the rhizospheric Phyllobacterium.
Not induced by nitrate or by growth on low nitrate concentration (PubMed:12668777, PubMed:15107992). Strongly up-regulated upon inoculation with the plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria Phyllobacterium (PubMed:16160849).
By salt, drought stress, abscisic acid (ABA), salicylic acid (SA) and methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) treatment.
Phosphorylated at Thr-142 by SRK2C/SNRK2.8. Phosphorylation at Thr-142 is required for nuclear import.
Plants over-expressing NTL6 show enhanced drought resistance.
Transcriptional activator activated by proteolytic cleavage through regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP) (PubMed:20156199, PubMed:19947982). Transcriptional activator involved in response to cold stress. Mediates induction of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes independently of salicylic signaling in response to cold. Binds directly to the PR gene promoters and enhances plant resistance to pathogen infection, incorporating cold signals into pathogen resistance responses (PubMed:19947982). Plays a regulatory role in abscisic acid (ABA)-mediated drought-resistance response (PubMed:22967043).
Zinc transporter involved in zinc uptake in roots. Targeted by BZIP19 transcription factor in response to zinc-deficient conditions.
Required for light-regulated photosystem II (PSII) biogenesis and grana thylakoids formation by binding to the 5' UTR of PSII subunit mRNAs (e.g. psbJ, psbN and psbA) in a light-dependent manner through a redox-based mechanism, and facilitating the association of HCF173 with target mRNAs, which encodes PSII reaction center proteins (e.g. J, N and D1), thus regulating its expression by modulating ribosome loading.
Retardation of photoautotrophic growth (PubMed:29891689). Reduced efficiency of photosystem II (PSII) subunit mRNAs (e.g. psbJ, psbN and psbA) ribosome loading and impaired synthesis of PSII reaction center proteins (e.g. J, N and D1) leading to reduced PSII activity and biogenesis, as well as reduced grana thylakoid formation (PubMed:29891689, PubMed:30844105). Reduced production of PSII subunits D1, D2, CP43, CP47, PsbE, PsbF, and PsbO, and, to a lower extent, of PSI subunits PsaA and PsaB (PubMed:29891689, PubMed:30844105). High levels of nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) (PubMed:29891689).
The protein kinase domain is predicted to be catalytically inactive. Lacks the conserved Asp active site at position 476, which is replaced by an Asn residue.
Accumulates in response to very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs C20:0 to C30:0).
By auxin. Repressed by ZPR and miR165. Induced by DOF5.1 (PubMed:20807212).
Expressed at the earliest stages and throughout LSM initiation and development. In embryo development, expressed at the heart stage until the 'walking stick' stage in the adaxial portion of the cotyledon primordia, the shoot apical meristem (SAM) and the vascular precursor cells of the hypocotyl and root. In developing flowers, expressed first at stage 1 in the center of L3 layer and then expands to the center of L2 and L1 layers. Expressed in the center of flower meristem through stages 4 and 5. At stage 6, expressed in the adaxial side of the carpel primordia and then on the adaxial carpel face.
Expressed in the interfascicular regions of stem and vascular bundles of young roots and leaves.
Homodimer (Probable). Heterodimer with ZPR1, ZPR2, ZPR3 or ZPR4 (PubMed:18055602). Interacts with ESR1 and ESR2 (PubMed:17376809). Interacts with ZPR1, ZPR2, ZPR3 and ZPR4 (PubMed:18055602, PubMed:18408069). Heterodimerization with ZPR3 prevents DNA binding by REV (PubMed:18055602).
Plants display strongly reduced auxin polar transport in inflorescence stems and hypocotyls. This phenotype is probably due to altered cell differentiation and morphology (PubMed:11402186). Repression by miR165 suppresses DOF5.1 over-expression mediated upward-curling phenotype (PubMed:20807212).
Probable transcription factor involved in the regulation of interfascicular fiber (cortical cells) and secondary xylem differentiation in the inflorescence stems. Required for lateral shoot meristems (LSMs) and flower meristems (FMs) initiation. May be involved in the determination of vascular patterning and organ polarity (PubMed:10559440, PubMed:11169198, PubMed:11402186, PubMed:15111711, PubMed:15598805, PubMed:7555701). Directly regulates the expression of AGO10, ZPR1, ZPR2, ZPR3 and ZPR4 (PubMed:22781836). Required to regulate adaxial-abaxial polarity and leaf axial patterning (PubMed:20807212).
Essential for plant growth, promotes cell division in root meristems (PubMed:21666002, PubMed:21883234, PubMed:26276842). Catalyzes the biosynthesis of ceramide sphingolipids with C(16) to C(28) fatty acids, structural membrane lipids involved in membrane trafficking (e.g. early endosomes) and cell polarity (e.g. polar auxin transport related proteins); active on a broad substrate spectrum, both regarding chain lengths of fatty acids and the sphingoid base, such as long-chain base (LCB) phytosphingosine (t18:0) (PubMed:21883234, PubMed:26635357, PubMed:21666002, PubMed:26276842). Mediates resistance to sphinganine-analog mycotoxins (SAMs, e.g. fumonisin B(1)) by restoring the sphingolipid biosynthesis (PubMed:26276842). Could salvage the transport of GPI-anchored proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus in ceramides-depleted cells after SAM exposure (By similarity). Contributes to hypoxic conditions tolerance (e.g. submergences), especially in the dark, by promoting the formation of very-long-chain (VLC) ceramide species (22:1, 24:1 and 26:1) and of VLC unsaturated ceramides, which are modulating CTR1-mediated ethylene signaling leading to endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-to-nucleus translocation of EIN2 and EIN3 (PubMed:25822663).
Expressed ubiquitously at low levels (PubMed:21883234). Not observed in pollen (PubMed:25794895).
No visible impact on ceramide and glucosylceramide species with C(14) to C(28) fatty acids (PubMed:21883234). The double mutant loh1 loh3 is embryonically lethal (PubMed:21883234, PubMed:21666002). Rare viable loh1 loh3 seedlings have a complete absence of very-long-chain fatty acid (VLCFA) in sphingolipids and exhibit strong dwarf phenotype and altered lateral root outgrowth associated with disrupted early endosomes and an impaired polar auxin transport due to abnormal localization of auxin transporters in the plasma membrane; these phenotypes are in part restored by external auxin (NAA) (PubMed:21666002). Better resistance to submergence under light conditions, but increased sensitivity to dark submergence associated with declined levels of unsaturated very-long-chain (VLC) ceramide species (22:1, 24:1 and 26:1) (PubMed:25822663). The double mutant loh1 loh3, lacking (VLC) ceramides, have an impaired tolerance to both dark and light submergences (PubMed:25822663).
Homodimer and heterodimer with MBD6. Interacts with DDM1 via its MBD domain.
Mostly expressed in flowers, and, to a lower extent, in seedlings, buds, stems and mature seeds, but barely in roots, exclusively in root meristem cells at tips (at protein level).
Transcriptional regulator that binds CpG islands in promoters where the DNA is methylated at position 5 of cytosine within CpG dinucleotides. In addition, binds specifically methylated m(5)CpNpN but not m(5)CpNpG (N is A, T or C). Plays probably a role in gene silencing.
Phosphorylated at Ser-201, Thr-230, Ser-428, Ser-431, and Ser-433 by CK2.
Activator protein that regulates the ubiquitin ligase activity and substrate specificity of the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C). Required for meristem organization and maintenance of quiescent center identity and stem cells.
Associates with the APC/C complex. Interacts with CDC20-1, CDC20-2, CYCA1-1, CYCA1-2, CYCA3-4, CYCB1-1 and CYCB1-2. Binds to GIG1.
Expressed in the root tip, predominantly in the root cap, quiescent center cells, surrounding stem cells and columella.
Stunted plants. Impaired root growth and smaller root meristem.
High-affinity potassium transporter that plays a role in K(+) acquisition. May operate as a K(+)/H(+) symporter.
K(+) uptake enhanced by a proton electrochemical gradient (acidic outside). Not affected by specific inhibitors of voltage-gated K(+) channels.
No visible phenotype under standard growth conditions, but growth inhibition and leaf chlorosis and bleaching under low K(+) conditions.
Preferentially expressed in pollen before and after germination. Detected in pollen grains within anthers of the flower buds or in pollen on fully open flowers and on the stigma, and in pollen tubes growing in the style. Weakly expressed in roots.
5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate (MTHF) acts as a functional antenna for the photoreduction of FAD.
May have a photoreceptor function. Binds ss- and ds-DNA in a sequence non-specific manner. Has a photolyase activity specific for cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers in ssDNA.
Involved in the spatial control of cytokinesis by a proper phragmoplast guidance.
No visible phenotype. Pok1 and pok2 double mutant displays smaller cotyledons as well as shorter, wider roots and hypocotyls with adult plants exhibiting a dwarfed stature and producing reduced numbers of seeds.
Resistance to 8-azaadenine and 8-azaguanine, and, to a lower extent, to 5-fluorouracil, but not to other toxic nucleobase analogs. Deficiency in the uptake of adenine and guanine.
Part of the Tic complex. Interacts with TIC110.
Expressed in germinating seeds, flower organs and siliques.
Plants over-expressing AIRP2 exhibit tolerance to severe drought stress.
Possesses E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity in vitro when associated with the E2 enzyme UBC8 in vitro (PubMed:21969385, PubMed:28626006). Plays combinatory roles with AIRP1 in the positive regulation of the abscisic acid-mediated drought stress response (PubMed:21969385). Plays a positive role in abscisic acid- and high salinity-regulated seed germination through the ubiquitin-proteasome-dependent down-regulation of ATP1/SDIRIP1 (PubMed:28626006).
Expressed in siliques and maturing seeds (at protein level).
Plays a role in vesicular protein sorting.
Plays a role in vesicular protein sorting. Component of the membrane-associated retromer complex which is essential in endosome-to-Golgi retrograde transport. Also involved in the efficient sorting of seed storage proteins globulin 12S and albumin 2S. The VPS29-VPS26-VPS35 subcomplex may be involved in recycling of specific cargos from endosome to the plasma membrane.
Defective in early recombination processes leading to the absence of meiotic DNA double-strand break (DSB) formation (PubMed:19763177). Reduced silique elongation associated with fertility defects involving both male and female gametophyte abortion due to aberrant meiotic products (PubMed:19763177, PubMed:19500302). Produced multiple uneven spores aborted in later stages during anther development, due to abnormal chromosome segregation and unequal bipolar or multipolar spindles in meiocytes (PubMed:19500302).
Expressed in roots, stems, leaves, inflorescences and seedlings. Strongly expressed in meiocytes.
In anthers, predominantly detected in meiocytes and tapetal cells from stage 5 to early stage 7, with highest levels at stage 6, the time of male meiosis. In ovules, present in female meiocytes and embryo sacs.
Involved in meiotic spindle organization in meiocytes thus regulating chromosome segregation (PubMed:19500302). Required for formation of meiotic DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) during early recombination processes (PubMed:19763177).
Expressed in roots, leaves, stems, siliques and flowers (PubMed:17098811). Expressed in the root elongation zone (PubMed:24399300).
Increased number of smaller cells and loss of giant cells in sepals due to both a decrease in endoreduplication and an average decrease in the duration of the cell cycle.
Interacts with CDKB1-1 (PubMed:20706207). Interacts with CPR5 (PubMed:25455564).
Over-expression of SMR1 produces additional giant cells on sepals.
Probable cyclin-dependent protein kinase (CDK) inhibitor that functions as a repressor of mitosis in the endoreduplication cell cycle (PubMed:17098811, PubMed:26546445). Cooperates with SIM and SMR2 to promote endoreplication during leaf development (PubMed:26546445). Specifically regulates endoreduplication in epidermal pavement cells to produce the cell size pattern (PubMed:20485493). Is necessary for giant cell formation (PubMed:20485493). Positive regulator of effector-triggered immunity (ETI) (PubMed:25455564).
Up-regulated by double-stranded DNA breaks-inducing treatments (PubMed:17227549). Up-regulated by zeocin treatment (PubMed:21613568).
Dephosphorylates and activates the actin-depolymerizing factor ADF1, which, in turn, regulates actin cytoskeleton remodeling and is involved in the blue light photoreceptor PHOT2-mediated chloroplast avoidance movements (PubMed:22642987). Associates with the serine/threonine-protein phosphatase PP2A regulatory subunits A and B' to positively regulates beta-oxidation of fatty acids and protoauxins in peroxisomes by dephosphorylating peroxisomal beta-oxidation-related proteins (PubMed:25489022). Acts as negative regulator of abscisic acid (ABA) signaling. May regulate ABA-dependent gene expression (PubMed:17617176). Involved in the light-dependent activation of nitrate reductase (PubMed:28656346).
Expressed in root meristem, emerging lateral roots, leaf vasculature, stipules, guard cells, anthers and pollen grains.
PP2A consists of a common heterodimeric core enzyme, composed of a 36 kDa catalytic subunit (subunit C) and a 65 kDa constant regulatory subunit (subunit A), that associates with a variety of regulatory subunits such as subunits B (the R2/B/PR55/B55, R3/B''/PR72/PR130/PR59 and R5/B'/B56 families) (Probable). Interacts with B'THETA (PubMed:25489022). Interacts with HDA14 (PubMed:22404109). Interacts with SRK2E/OST1 (PubMed:26175513). Interacts with TAP46.
Lacks the C-terminal domain, which is a conserved feature of the family.
First observed in siliques 15 days post anthesis and accumulates progressively as native isoforms or proteolytic fragments during the last week of seed maturation/desiccation. Present in dry seeds, but disappears during their germination (at protein level).
Catalyzes a carbon-carbon cleavage reaction; cleaves a 2-hydroxy-3-methylacyl-CoA into formyl-CoA and a 2-methyl-branched fatty aldehyde.
Interacts with the cohesin complex (By similarity). Interacts with DEK3 (PubMed:25387881).
Binds a series of heterocyclic compounds, including lumichrome, harmane, norharmane and indole-3-aldehyde. May be involved in the conjugation of reduced glutathione to a wide number of exogenous and endogenous hydrophobic electrophiles and have a detoxification role against certain herbicides.
No visible phenotype on cell wall acetylation in single mutant (PubMed:21212300). Severe growth phenotypes (e.g. dwarf and abnormal flower organs) associated with reduction in the secondary wall thickening and the stem mechanical strength in the quadruple mutant rwa1 rwa2 rwa3 rwa4 and characterized by reduced xylan acetylation and altered ratio of non-methylated to methylated glucuronic acid side chains. Absence of interfascicular fibers and xylem cells differentiation (PubMed:21673009, PubMed:24019426). The double mutant rwa2 rwa4 and triple mutants rwa2 rwa3 rwa4, rwa1 rwa3 rwa4 and rwa1 rwa2 rwa4 are also dwarfs with abnormal morphology. Altered O-acetylated xyloglucans (XyG) oligosaccharides (XyGOs) composition (PubMed:24019426).
Probable transcription factor that forms a heterodimer with the MADS-box protein AGL104 and is involved in the regulation of pollen maturation at the late stages of pollen development and pollen tube growth.
Chloroplast omega-6 fatty acid desaturase introduces the second double bond in the biosynthesis of 16:3 and 18:3 fatty acids, important constituents of plant membranes. It is thought to use ferredoxin as an electron donor and to act on fatty acids esterified to galactolipids, sulfolipids and phosphatidylglycerol.
Highest levels found in expanding leaves.
DNA-binding helicase that specifically binds to the promoter of target genes, leading to chromatin remodeling, possibly by promoting deposition of histone H3.3 (By similarity). Probable chromatin remodeling factor.
Belongs to the formate--tetrahydrofolate ligase family.
May be not required for the accumulation of phytic acid in seeds. Phytic acid is the primary storage form of phosphorus in cereal grains and other plant seeds.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions and normal levels of phytic acid in seeds.
Loss of ability to restrict the accumulation of protochloro-phyllide (Pchlide) and delta-amin-olevulinic acid (ALA) in the dark, leading to a strong Pchlide fluorescence in etiolated mutant seedlings exposed to blue light. Rapid bleaching and death of plants transferred from the dark to the light, mediated by singlet oxygen production and enzymatic peroxidation of linolenic acid.
Negative regulator of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis (including chlorophyll) in chloroplasts, probably via HEMA1 repression. Inhibits especially the magnesium ion Mg(2+) branch of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis, but independently of heme.
Part of the FLU-containing chloroplast membrane complex composed of FLU, CRD1, PORB, PORC, CHLP and HEMA1. Interacts with HEMA1 (via C-terminus) only in the absence of light. No interaction with HEMA2.
Necessary for the synthesis of N-acetylglucosaminyl-phosphatidylinositol, the very early intermediate in GPI-anchor biosynthesis (Probable). Required for pollen germination and pollen tube growth (PubMed:14671020).
Down-regulated by photosynthetic redox signals.
By abscisic acid (ABA), cold, H(2)O(2), salt, and osmotic stress (at protein level).
Involved in gene regulation and confers tolerance to drought and osmotic stress.
Expressed in shoot apical meristem (SAM) with higher levels in L1 cells and the epidermal layer of young leaves. Expressed in the L1 of apical inflorescence meristems, early flower primordia, carpel and stamen filament epidermis, ovule primordia, nucellus and chalaze.
The double mutant pdf2-1 hdg5-1 exhibits abnormal flowers with sepaloid petals and carpelloid stamens in association with a reduced expression of APETALA 3 (AP3) in the epidermis and internal cell layers of developing flowers.
Homodimer and heterodimer. In vivo, the relevance of heterodimerization with other ACS enzymes is however unsure (By similarity). Interacts (via its C-terminal region) with FEI1, FEI2, ETO1 and EOL1.
Embryonic lethality when homozygous, due to embryo and endosperm developmental arrest at various stages ranging from the zygote stage to the globular stage. Failure in the fusion of the polar cells in embryo sac development.
Expressed in female gametophyte throughout embryo sac development. During pollen development, expressed from meiosis up to the second pollen mitosis, but not at mature (three nucleate) stages.
Highly expressed in roots. Expressed in cotyledons, leaves, buds and flowers.
Plants with a weak allele homozygous for WDR55 display pleiotropic phenotypes in the seedling and adult stages.
Required for male and female gametogenesis, seed development, and embryo and endosperm development at early stages. Involved in the establishment of bilateral symmetry in the transition from the globular to the heart embryo stage. May act in the frame of a CRL4 complex (PubMed:22447688). Required for proper vegetative growth and organization of the adult plant body. May play a role in hormonal control of plant development (PubMed:23803743).
Adapter-like transcriptional repressor recruiting TPL/TPR corepressors to inhibit TCP transcription factors (By similarity). May be involved in leaf development.
Homodimer and heterodimer with SPL and SPEARs (PubMed:25527103). Interacts with SPL, SPEAR1, SPEAR3 and SPEAR4 (PubMed:25527103).
High affinity manganese (Mn) transporter involved in Mn acquisition from the soil. Required for Mn uptake into the root in conditions of low Mn availability. Can transport iron (Fe), cadmium (Cd) and cobalt (Co).
No visible phenotype under normal growth condition, but under Mn limitation, very slow growth and unable to take up Mn.
Accumulates 13 hours after cell cycle reactivation by sucrose addition following cell cycle arrest mediated by sucrose deprivation.
Component of the origin recognition complex (ORC) composed of at least ORC1 (ORC1A or ORC1B), ORC2, ORC3, ORC4, ORC5 and ORC6. ORC is regulated in a cell-cycle and development dependent manner. It is sequentially assembled at the exit from anaphase of mitosis and disassembled as cells enter S phase. Interacts directly with ORC1A, ORC1B, ORC2, ORC3, ORC4 and ORC6.
Follow a cell-cycle regulation with a peak at the G1/S-phase (PubMed:16179646). Mostly expressed in flower buds and cauline leaves, and, to a lower exent, in roots, leaves and stems (PubMed:16179646). Expressed at low levels ubiquitously (PubMed:15358564).
An article reported an interaction with LPA2; however, this paper was later retracted. An article reported an interaction with LPA3; however, this paper was later retracted.
Belongs to the PsbB/PsbC family. PsbC subfamily.
Binds multiple chlorophylls and provides some of the ligands for the Ca-4Mn-5O cluster of the oxygen-evolving complex. It may also provide a ligand for a Cl- that is required for oxygen evolution. PSII binds additional chlorophylls, carotenoids and specific lipids.
PSII is composed of 1 copy each of membrane proteins PsbA, PsbB, PsbC, PsbD, PsbE, PsbF, PsbH, PsbI, PsbJ, PsbK, PsbL, PsbM, PsbT, PsbX, PsbY, PsbZ, PsbC/Ycf12, at least 3 peripheral proteins of the oxygen-evolving complex and a large number of cofactors. It forms dimeric complexes (By similarity). Interacts with PAM68 (PubMed:20923938). Interacts with HHL1 (PubMed:24632535).
Expressed in leaves, sheath, flowers and buds. Lower expression in roots and stems.
May participate in the translocation of transit peptide-containing proteins across the mitochondrial inner membrane.
Part of the respiratory complex III. Interacts with TIM23-2 and the cytochrome c1 and c2 subunits of complex III.
Strong lethality at the post-seedling stage.
Expressed in floers, pollen grains and stipules (PubMed:23910659, PubMed:27229311). Present in roots (PubMed:27354416, PubMed:27229311).
Present throughout the root, starting from the transition zone and including transition and elongation zones, but absent from the meristem.
Receptor with a serine/threonine-protein kinase activity (By similarity). Together with SKM1, LRR-rich receptor-like kinase (LRR-RLK) required for male fertility by the perception of CLE43 and CLE45 peptides and the transduction of their promoting action in pollen tubes, especially under relatively high temperature (at 30 degrees Celsius), thus conferring tolerance against high temperature probably through the maintenance of mitochondrial activity (PubMed:23910659). Seems to not be involved in the perception of CLE45 peptide in roots (PubMed:27354416). Together with RGI1, RGI2, RGI3, RGI4 and RGI5, acts as receptor of RGF1, a peptide hormone that maintains the postembryonic root stem cell niche by regulating the expression levels and patterns of the transcription factor PLETHORA (PLT) (PubMed:27229312, PubMed:27229311). Links RGF1 signal with its downstream components (PubMed:27229311).
Self-interacts (By similarity). Interacts with RGF1; this interaction triggers its phosphorylation and ubiquitination and the formation of heterodimers with SERK1 (PubMed:27229311).
Slightly induced in pollen upon high-temperature exposure (HTE).
Smaller root meristem size and fewer root meristematic cortex cells, associated with shorter roots and a slighty reduced sensitivity to RGF1 (PubMed:27229311). Insensitivity of pollen tubes to CLE43 and, partially, to CLE45 peptides-mediated growth stimulation (PubMed:23910659). Pollen tubes of plants missing both SKM1 and SKM2 are fully insensitive to CLE45 peptides (PubMed:23910659). Quintuple mutants rgi1 rgi2 rgi3 rgi4 rgi5 display a consistent short primary root phenotype with a small size of meristem associated with a total insensitivity to RGF1 and undetectable levels of PLT1 and PLT2 (PubMed:27229312).
Catalyzes the formation of the alpha-1,6-glucosidic linkages in starch by scission of a 1,4-alpha-linked oligosaccharide from growing alpha-1,4-glucan chains and the subsequent attachment of the oligosaccharide to the alpha-1,6 position. Essential during embryogenesis.
Embryolethal. Embryo developmental arrests at the heart stage associated with reduced cell divisions and abnormal cell differentiation, thereby leading to defects in setting up the shoot apical meristem, embryonic vascular tissues and cotyledons. Modified starch composition. This phenotype is enhanced when associated with SBE2.1 and SBE2.2 disruptions.
Mostly expressed in flowers and inflorescence, and, to a lower extent, in seedlings, roots, stems, leaves, siliques and seeds.
Belongs to the SelWTH family. SELT subfamily.
Required for female gametophyte development. Is necessary for the fusion of central cell nuclei and programmed cell death (PCD) of the antipodals.
Could be the product of a pseudogene. Lacks the signal peptide and part of the extracellular leucine-rich repeats that are required for the specificity of the elicitor protein recognition, which are conserved features of the family.
By cold, salt, abscisic acid (ABA) and hydrogen peroxide.
Expressed, at low levels, in seedlings, roots, stems, leaves, flowers and siliques. However, at protein level, not observed in older leaves, flowers and siliques.
Protein tyrosine phosphatase that exhibits also a weak lipid phosphatase activity towards PtdIns(3)P.
May play a role in the regulation of plant growth and development (Probable). May be involved in plant defense signaling (By similarity).
Mediates the hydrolysis of some nucleoside diphosphate derivatives. Can use diadenosine 5',5'''-P(1)P(6) hexaphosphate (Ap(6)A), diadenosine 5',5'''-P(1)P(5) pentaphosphate (Ap(5)A) and adenosine tetraphosphate (p(4)A) as substrates, but not diadenosine 5',5'''-P(1)P(4) tetraphosphate (Ap(4)A), diadenosine 5',5'''-P(1)P(3) triphosphate (Ap(3)A), deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates, ribonucleoside triphosphates, diphosphoinositol pentakisphosphate (PP-InsP(5)) and 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribosyl diphosphate (PRPP).
Zinc transporter involved in zinc uptake in roots. Targeted by BZIP23 transcription factor in response to zinc-deficient conditions.
Interacts with CDKA-1 to form a kinase complex.
A stretch of 270 kb of the mitochondrial genome is duplicated within the centromere of chromosome 2 resulting in the duplication of the gene. The expression of this duplicated gene (At2g07674) is demonstrated.
Expressed in the developing embryos and endosperm, then decreases when embryos mature and soon after cellularization in the endosperm. After germination, it is expressed in the shoot apical meristems (SAMs), leaf primordia, and young leaves. In the reproductive shoots, it is expressed in both the influorescence and floral meristems. Later, it is expressed in floral organ primordia. In coflorescences, it is expressed in SAMs and lateral organs. In roots, it is expressed in root tips.
In plants, PcG complexes are probably composed of a member of the EZ family (CLF or MEA), FIE, and a member of the VEFS family (FIS2, VRN2 or EMF2) (By similarity). Binds to ALP1 (PubMed:26642436).
Polycomb group (PcG) protein. Involved in flowering processes by repressing unknown target genes and preventing reproductive development. Participates in polycomb group (PcG) protein complex-mediated (probably in complex with EMF1) silencing of the flower homeotic genes AGAMOUS (AG), PISTILLATA (PI), and APETALA3 (AP3), as well as of some regulatory genes such as ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE3 (ABI3), LONG VEGETATIVE PHASE1 (LOV1), and FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) during vegetative development, by mediating trimethylation of histone 3 lysine 27 on the AG chromatin (H3K27me3). PcG proteins act by forming multiprotein complexes, which are required to maintain the transcriptionally repressive state of homeotic genes throughout development. PcG proteins are not required to initiate repression, but to maintain it during later stages of development. They probably act via the methylation of histones, rendering chromatin heritably changed in its expressibility.
Widely expressed throughout the life cycle with higher levels in proliferating tissues. Expressed in both vegetative and the reproductive shoot meristems.
Expressed at low levels in seedlings, roots, stems, buds and flowers and, to a lower extent, in leaves and cotyledons.
Component of the transcriptionally active chromosome (TAC) complexes (PubMed:21949211, PubMed:22010110). Interacts with PTAC14 and PTAC7 (PubMed:22010110, PubMed:23082802). Binds directly to PTAC6/PAP8 in the nucleus (PubMed:33001465). Interacts with MED14 (PubMed:36063057). Binds to SL1/MTERF3 (PubMed:33391315). Binds to photoactivated phytochromes (e.g. PHYA and PHYB) via their photosensory domains; these interactions stimulate its light-mediated accumulation (PubMed:22895253). Associates, via its N-terminal region, with phytochrome-interacting factors (PIFs) including PIF1, PIF3, PIF4, PIF5, PIF6, BHLH72/PIF7, UNE10/PIF8 and PIL1 (PubMed:25944101, PubMed:30635559). Binds to RAD4 (PubMed:29283431). Associates with MRL7/RCB (PubMed:33824329).
In young seedlings, expressed predominantly in cotyledons, at the top of the hypocotyl, and in the root tip, regardless of light conditions. In older seedlings, confined to unexpanded cotyledons of dark-grown seedlings.
Involved in plastid gene expression (PubMed:16326926). Acidic transcriptional coactivator necessary for the transactivation of many PIFs target genes (class B genes), particularly during the regulation of hypocotyl growth (PubMed:25944101). Plays dual opposite roles in regulating hypocotyl growth, preventing it in red and far-red conditions, but promoting it otherwise (PubMed:25944101). Required in the nucleus for the initiation of photomorphogenesis mediated by phytochromes (PHYs) (e.g. PHYA and PHYB) by mediating PHYs localization to photobodies, especially in response to red and far-red light, and implicating phytochrome nuclear bodies as sites of proteolysis for PHYs and PIFs proteins (e.g. PIF1 and PIF3) (PubMed:20603003, PubMed:22895253, PubMed:25944101). Acts downstream of PHYs and upstream of DET1 (PubMed:20603003, PubMed:22895253). Involved in UV tolerance in both roots and hypocotyls, specifically in dark conditions (PubMed:29283431). Element of a PIF4/HMR/MED14-dependent thermoresponsive process; acts as a PIF4 transcriptional coactivator to trigger the thermoresponsive growth-relevant genes (e.g. mainly involved in biosynthesis and signaling of the phytohormone auxin) and promote warm-temperature-dependent (e.g. 27 degrees Celsius) PIF4 and MED14 stabilization and accumulation, being more prominently involved in long days (LD) and continuous red light (Rc) than in short days (SD), thus modulating warm temperature elicitation of MED14-dependent thermomorphogenesis (e.g. hypocotyl elongation) (PubMed:30635559, PubMed:33824329, PubMed:36063057).
Mostly expressed in cotyledons, leaves, stems and flowers, but barely in roots.
Regulated by light at the post-translational level; constitutively expressed at transcript level, but accumulates in response to light (e.g. red, far red, blue and white light) at protein level (PubMed:20603003, PubMed:22895253). Induced by cytokinin (e.g. trans-zeatin) (PubMed:33322466).
Seedling lethal without exogenous carbon sources (PubMed:16326926, PubMed:20603003). Decrease of total chlorophyll content as well as a decrease in the chlorophyll a:b ratio. Absence of grana thylakoids. Altered expression profiles of plastid genes (PubMed:16326926). Disturbed expression of many PIF target genes, associated with the accumulation of PIF1 and PIF3 failing to be degraded in the light, and leading to long hypocotyls (PubMed:25944101). Impaired in phytochrome (both PHYA and PHYB) responses, especially to red and far-red light, such as hypocotyl growth inhibition, proteolysis of phytochrome A and phytochrome-interacting transcription factors (PubMed:20603003). Increased UV sensitivity in both roots and hypocotyls, specifically in dark conditions (PubMed:29283431). In hmr-22, reduced responses to warm temperature (e.g. 27 degrees Celsius), including thermoresponsive growth-relevant genes expression and hypocotyl growth, and associated with reduced stabilization and accumulation of PIF4, mainly in long days (LD) and continuous red light (Rc), but also, to a lower extent, in short days (SD); this phenotypes are reversed in the rcb-101 mutant (PubMed:30635559, PubMed:33824329, PubMed:36063057).
Component of the CUL4-RBX1-DDB1-DWA1/DWA2 E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex that acts as negative regulator in abscisic acid (ABA) signaling. May function as the substrate recognition module within this complex leading to ABI5 degradation. Functionally redundant with DWA2.
Component of the THO complex, which is composed of THO1, THO2, THO3, THO5, THO6 and THO7. Interacts with ABI5, DDB1A and DWA2.
Expressed at the base of the shoot apical meristem and developing leaf primordia.
Autoacetylated at K-217, K-254 and K-265.
Protein acetyltransferase with dual specificity triggering both N-alpha-acetylation (NTA), with a large spectrum of modified N-termini, including methionine, alanine, serine, threonine and to a lower extent glycine and valine as substrates, and epsilon-lysine acetylation (KA) of several plastid proteins.
Expressed in roots, cauline leaves, flowers and siliques.
Interacts with KCBP (PubMed:10788494, PubMed:25262228). Interacts with PERK8, PERK9, PERK10 and PERK13 (PubMed:25262228).
Belongs to the chloroplast-specific ribosomal protein cS22 family.
Component of the chloroplast ribosome (chloro-ribosome), a dedicated translation machinery responsible for the synthesis of chloroplast genome-encoded proteins, including proteins of the transcription and translation machinery and components of the photosynthetic apparatus. May have a role in the recruitment of stored chloroplast mRNAs for active protein synthesis (By similarity). Bind single strand DNA (ssDNA) and RNA in vitro. Exhibits RNA chaperone activity. Regulates negatively resistance responses to abiotic stresses during seed germination (e.g. salt, dehydration, and low temperature) and seedling growth (e.g. salt) (PubMed:24220572).
Component of the chloroplast small ribosomal subunit (SSU). Mature 70S chloroplast ribosomes of higher plants consist of a small (30S) and a large (50S) subunit. The 30S small subunit contains 1 molecule of ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) and 24 different proteins. The 50S large subunit contains 3 rRNA molecules (23S, 5S and 4.5S rRNA) and 33 different proteins.
Down-regulated under cold, salt and dehydration stress conditions.
Expressed constitutively in roots, stems, flower buds, flowers and leaves.
No detectable effects on ribosome biogenesis and translation in normal conditions (PubMed:21923745). Better seedling growth under salt stress conditions (PubMed:24220572).
Cytochrome P450 which catalyzes 3'-hydroxylation of p-coumaric esters of shikimic/quinic acids to form lignin monomers. Can use p-coumarate, p-coumaraldehyde, p-coumaroyl methyl ester, 5-O-(4-coumaroyl) D-quinate and 5-O-(4-coumaroyl) shikimate as substrates, but not p-coumaryl alcohol, p-coumaroyl CoA, 1-O-p-coumaroyl-beta-D-glucose, p-hydroxy-cinnamyl alcohol, cinnamate, caffeate or ferulate. Has a weak activity on tri(p-coumaroyl)spermidine, but none on triferuloylspermidine. Hydroxylates preferentially the 5-O-isomer, but can also convert the 4-O- and 3-O-isomers with a lower efficiency. Involved in the biosynthesis of the coumarins scopoletin and scopolin. Essential for the biosynthesis of lignin.
Dwarf. 91% and 97% reduction of the levels of scopoletin and scopolin respectively, but increased levels of skimmin, the beta-glucoside of umbelliferone. Altered lignin composition and increased susceptiblity to fungal colonization.
Highly expressed in stems, roots and siliques. Detected in leaves flowers and seedlings. Highest expression detected in differentiating xylem.
Expressed in inflorescence and floral meristems, young floral organ primordia, and later in ovule primordia.
Mutations in the SAP gene result in the ectopic expression of AGAMOUS, leading to partial homeotic transformation of the external floral organs. Mutations affect equally ovule development and cause floral sterility.
Transcriptional regulator involved in the specification of floral identity. Acts as A class cadastral protein by repressing the C class floral homeotic gene AGAMOUS in the external flower organs in association with APETALA2 and other repressors. Is required to maintain floral meristem identity in concert with AGAMOUS. Interacts also with APETALA2 to ensure the normal development of ovule.
Expressed in siliques and in seeds, specifically at the rim of the embryo and the outer integument. Also expressed in flowers. Not detected in roots, stems and leaves.
No visible phenotype, but abnormal formation of the seed coat.
Active serine carboxypeptidase with broad substrate preference, including basic and hydrophilic groups. Processes a protein involved in an early event in the brassinosteroid signaling pathway.
Completely inhibited by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) and partially by leupeptin.
Expressed in shoots, leaves, cauline leaves, siliques and flowers. Expressed a low levels in roots and stems.
Was isolated as a suppressor of bri1 mutant phenotype. The serine carboxypeptidase activity is necessary for suppression of bri1 mutant phenotype.
Expressed in roots, cotyledon veins, leaf trichomes, flowers, siliques, and meristems. Present in interfascicular/vascular cambia and developing xylem.
In flowers, expressed in the vasculature of petals, stamen filaments, anther microsporangia, and papillar cells of the stigma and style. In siliques, accumulates in the stigmatic region, replum, funiculus, and valve.
Expressed at low levels in seedlings and accumulates in adult plants.
Nuclear-encoded maturase required for splicing of group-II introns in mitochondria (PubMed:16621844, PubMed:22429648). Necessary for mitochondrial biogenesis during early developmental stages (PubMed:22429648). Involved in the splicing of mitochondrial NAD4 transcripts (PubMed:16621844). Required for trans-splicing of NAD1 intron 1 and also functions in cis-splicing of NAD2 intron 1 and NAD4 intron 2 (PubMed:22429648). Required for the regulation of fundamental metabolic pathways such as amino acid metabolism, triacylglycerol degradation and polysaccharide synthesis (cellulose and starch) during the early stage of plant growth (PubMed:16621844). Implicated in stress responses (PubMed:22429648).
Slightly slower growth rate. Impaired splicing of mitochondrial group-II introns-containing NAD4 transcript and altered carbon metabolism. Altered fundamental metabolic pathways including amino acid metabolism, triacylglycerol degradation and polysaccharide synthesis (cellulose and starch) during the early stage of plant growth. Reduced sensitivity to 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile (DCB) and isoxaben treatments, cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors. Increased sensitivity to sugar concentration of the medium (PubMed:16621844). Retarded growth and developmental phenotypes (e.g. reduced germination efficiency, altered primary root elongation and impaired vegetative growth and fertility) and modified respiration activities. Altered stress responses characterized by high levels accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and darker and reddish leaves. Abnormal mitochondrial morphology (PubMed:22429648).
Expressed in the hypocotyl elongation zone. Not found in the root elongation zone.
Modulates phytochrome-mediated control of hypocotyl growth orientation. Involved in PHYA and PHYB signaling. Acts as an inhibitor of asymmetric growth. Not involved in the control of leaf flattening.
Reduced phototropic response. Altered light-induced deviation from vertical growth and decreased phytochrome-mediated inhibition of hypocotyl elongation and cotyledon opening. No visible phenotype at the level of leaf flattening and leaf positioning. No effect on negative root phototropism.
Expressed in both shoots, including young leaves, stipulae and trichomes (except in cotyledons and hypocotyl), and roots, including vascular tissues (e.g. in both the phloem and the xylem). Present in seeds and pollen. Restricted to vasculatures and roots in the presence of sucrose or glucose.
Expressed in seeds during late stage of development.
Interacts with ZFP7, BZIP4, BZIP9, BZIP10, BZIP11, BZIP25, BZIP42, BZIP44, BZIP53, BZIP58 and BZIP63.
Reduced requirement for exogenous sugar for seedling growth and higher rates of true leaf development.
Reversibly repressed by glucose and mannose. Slowly induced by Pseudomonas syringae. Induced in roots upon cold and salt stress but then repressed in leaves. Promoted by low energy stress and dark-induced starvation.
Transcription factor that binds to the C-box-like motif (5'-TGCTGACGTCA-3') and G-box-like motif (5'-CCACGTGGCC-3'), ABRE elements, of gene promoters involved in sugar signaling. Activated by low energy stress both at transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms. Promotes dark-induced senescence and participates in the transcriptional reprogramming of amino acid metabolism during the dark-induced starvation response (PubMed:20080816, PubMed:21278122). Transcription activator of the mannan synthase CSLA9. Recognizes and binds to DNA-specific sequence of CSLA9 promoter (PubMed:24243147).
Proton-conducting pore forming subunit of the membrane integral V0 complex of vacuolar ATPase. V-ATPase is responsible for acidifying a variety of intracellular compartments in eukaryotic cells (By similarity).
V-ATPase is a heteromultimeric enzyme composed of a peripheral catalytic V1 complex (components A to H) attached to an integral membrane V0 proton pore complex (components: a, c, c'', d and e). The proteolipid components c and c'' are present as a hexameric ring that forms the proton-conducting pore (By similarity). Interacts with APD2 (PubMed:22897245).
Acyl hydrolase that triggers the leaf senescence onset. Can use triolein as substrate to produce oleic acids.
Delayed onset of leaf senescence (about 4 days later). Reduced resistance to both virulent and avirulent pathogens (Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato and Hyaloperonospora parasitica).
Involved in the EDS1-dependent intrinsic and indispensable resistance signaling pathway; together with PAD4, required for programmed cell death triggered by RPS4 in response to avirulent pathogens (e.g. P.syringae pv. tomato strain DC3000 and H.parasitica isolates CALA2 and EMWA1) and in restricting the growth of virulent pathogens (e.g. H.parasitica isolates NOCO2 and P.syringae pv. tomato strain DC3000 avrRps4). Contributes in reinforcing the immune response around hypersensitive response foci (PubMed:21434927). Regulates the nuclear localization of EDS1. Essential for the RPP8/HRT-mediated resistance to the turnip crinkle virus (TCV). Involved in the post-invasion resistance to P.pachyrhizi in the mesophyll.
Not expressed until the onset of senescence in leaves.
Part of a nuclear complex made of EDS1, PAD4 and SAG101, that can be redirected to the cytoplasm in the presence of an extranuclear form of EDS1 (PubMed:22072959). Interacts directly with EDS1.
Specifically induced during senescence via a complex epigenetic processe involving histone methylation.
Expressed at low levels in leaves stems and flowers.
Histone methyltransferase family member that plays a central role in gene silencing (PubMed:15775980, PubMed:16384625, PubMed:19043555, PubMed:24463519, PubMed:27171427). Together with MORC6 and SUVH9, regulates the silencing of some transposable elements (TEs) (PubMed:27171427). According to PubMed:15775980, it is required for normal methylation of 'Lys-9' and 'Lys-27' of histone H3, 'Lys-20' of H4, and cytosine, but PubMed:19043555 see no significant effect on histone methylation when the gene is mutated. According to PubMed:19043555, the protein does not bind S-adenosyl-L-methionine and lacks methyltransferase activity. Instead, it may function downstream of DRM2 in RNA-directed DNA methylation, binding to methylated DNA and recruiting DNA-directed RNA polymerase V to chromatin (PubMed:24463519, PubMed:27171427).
Self-interacts (PubMed:24465213). Interacts with DNA-directed RNA polymerase V subunit NRPE1 and with DRD1 and DMS3 (PubMed:24463519, PubMed:24465213). Binds to MORC1/CRT1 (PubMed:24465213).
Expressed in the micropylar endosperm surrounding globular-stage embryos but no expression was detected elsewhere, including floral tissues.
Aldehyde reductase that catalyzes the reduction of the aldehyde carbonyl groups on saturated and alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes with more than 5 carbons (PubMed:21169366).
Not induced by pathogen infection and not detected in healthy leaves.
Component of the ribosome quality control complex (RQC), composed of at least the E3 ubiquitin ligase LTN1 and NEMF. The complex probably also contains TCF25 as well as CDC48 and its ubiquitin-binding cofactors. RQC forms a stable complex with 60S ribosomal subunits.
Component of the ribosome quality control complex (RQC).
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase. Component of the ribosome quality control complex (RQC), a ribosome-associated complex that mediates ubiquitination and extraction of incompletely synthesized nascent chains for proteasomal degradation.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase. Component of the ribosome quality control complex (RQC), a ribosome-associated complex that mediates ubiquitination and extraction of incompletely synthesized nascent chains for proteasomal degradation. Ubiquitination leads to CDC48 recruitment for extraction and degradation of the incomplete translation product.
Cysteine protease that may have a developmental senescence specific cell death function during apoptosis, heavy metal detoxification, and hypersensitive response.
Expression activated by developmentally controlled senescence pathways leading to programmed cell death (PCD), probably by epigenetic regulation via histone H3 deacetylation and by WRKY53 activation (PubMed:10579486, PubMed:10380810, PubMed:18212027, PubMed:18721318, PubMed:19143996). Strongly up-regulated upon abscisic acid treatment (PubMed:9617813). Repressed by cytokinin, auxin (IAA), and sugars (sucrose, glucose and fructose) which can thus repress developmental senescence (PubMed:10579486). The senescence-associated accumulation is salicylic acid- (SA) dependent (PubMed:10972893). Induced slightly in outer leaves by UV-B exposure (PubMed:11432956). Expressed in late stages of heavy-metal- (e.g. copper) and hypersensitive response- (HR) mediated lesions, in chlorotic tissues surrounding the necrosis (PubMed:10380810). The induction by cadmium is nitric oxyde- (NO) dependent and occurs one day before cell death (PubMed:19261736).
Found in senescent leaves, especially in senescence-associated vacuoles- (SAVs) containing cells (e.g. mesophyll and guard cells), and in senescencing ovules of unfertilised pistils.
Good molecular marker for age-induced senescence onset measurement.
Senescent tissues specific expression (Ref.6, PubMed:10579486). Detected only after significant visible yellowing (PubMed:9617813). In unfertilised pistils, accumulates transiently shortly after anthesis, and increased again at the end of pistil development (PubMed:21575215). In ovules, first observed at the basal zone of the ovary, and progressively extend acropetally along the ovary (PubMed:21575215).
Mainly expressed in floral tissues. expressed in all four whorls of the flower, in the anther vascular tissue and in cells at the junction between anther and stamen filaments. Detected in the nectaries and ovules.
Probably ubiquitinated by COP1. Ubiquitination takes place in darkness and leads to its subsequent degradation, thereby preventing to activate photomorphogenesis signals (Probable).
Short anther filaments, delayed anther dehiscence and greatly reduced male fertility. Myb21 and myb24 double mutant is more severely sterile than myb21 mutant and has petals that just grew out of the sepals but ended at a lower level than the stigma. Myb21 and myb57 double mutant has an intermediate sterility phenotype and petals that grew to a final height parallel to the pistil. Myb21, myb24 and myb57 triple mutant has a strongly reduced fertility and an arrested growth of the petals that never grew out of the sepals.
Transcription factor involved in photomorphogenesis in the light. May act downstream of the light receptor network and directly affects transcription of light-induced genes. In darkness, its probable degradation prevent the activation of light-induced genes. Required to activate expression of PAL. Acts redundantly with MYB24 and MYB57 to control stamen filament elongation in the late developed flowers. Contributes with MYB24 to induction of MYB108 by jasmonate. Repressed at the transcript levels by DELLA proteins.
Acts as component of the GARP complex that is involved in retrograde transport from early and late endosomes to the trans-Golgi network (TGN). The GARP complex facilitates tethering as well as SNARE complex assembly at the Golgi (By similarity). Required for pollen tube elongation and other polar growth.
Component of the Golgi-associated retrograde protein (GARP) complex, composed by VPS52, VPS53 and VPS54. Interacts directly with VPS53. Binds to VPS51 (PubMed:24757006).
In seedlings, expressed in the root apex, mostly in the elongation zone and emerging lateral root primordia, in very young leaves and stipules. In flowers, detected from the earliest stages of flower development, before meiosis and gametogenesis and maintained later. As flower bud size reaches 1.6 to 1.7 mm, confined to male gametophytic tissues and female sporophytic tissues, including ovules. At maturity, accumulates in pollen grains within the anthers. At later postpollination stages, expressed in developing seeds. Accumulates in intracellular compartments in both sporophytic and gametophytic tissues (at protein level).
Lethal when homozygous. In hemizygous plants, male gametophytic mutants characterized by very short pollen tubes. Male-specific transmission defect.
Mostly expressed in roots and flower buds, and, at low levels, in seeds, whole inflorescence and mature flowers. Also detected in pollen. Present in pollen, buds, leaves, and roots (at protein level).
There are 3 contiguous domains conserved in the CDPK subfamily: a kinase domain, an autoinhibitory (junction) domain and a calmodulin-like domain. The autoinhibitory domain (355-385) inactivates kinase activity under calcium-free conditions (By similarity).
Belongs to the SIS family. PHI subfamily.
Homohexamer (By similarity). Binds to SNARE-SNAP complexes to form 20S particles (Probable).
Required for vesicle-mediated transport. Catalyzes the fusion of transport vesicles within the Golgi cisternae. Is also required for transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi stack. Seems to function as a fusion protein required for the delivery of cargo proteins to all compartments of the Golgi stack independent of vesicle origin (By similarity). Required for maintaining the normal morphology of the Golgi apparatus (PubMed:29398689).
Required for vesicle-mediated transport. Catalyzes the fusion of transport vesicles within the Golgi cisternae. Is also required for transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi stack. Seems to function as a fusion protein required for the delivery of cargo proteins to all compartments of the Golgi stack independent of vesicle origin.
Belongs to the Integrator subunit 3 family.
The O-glycosylation (arabinosylation) of the hydroxyproline Pro-84 enhances binding affinity of the CLE26p peptide for its receptor.
After seed stratification, first observed in the micropylar end, later present in the endosperm region and in the testa, and finally accumulates in the endosperm and emerging radicle. In seedlings, first detected in the root and cotyledon tips, expression level reaches a maximal at the cotyledonary leaf stage and is later confined in the shoot apical meristem. In roots, expressed at the primary root tip, at the basal side of root curvature, and at the lateral root tip (PubMed:24285794). Also observed in very young primordia, floral buds, and stamens (PubMed:24285794, PubMed:24260266). In stamens, mostly present in the anther containing immature pollen and, at low levels, in the filament. In siliques, highly expressed in the abscission zone and, to a lower extent, in developing seeds (PubMed:24285794).
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. CLNMT methyltransferase family.
Catalyzes the trimethylation of calmodulin (PubMed:24285794). Regulates roots development probably by modulating auxin signaling responses. May be involved in gravitropism. Involved in abscisic acid (ABA)-mediated and abiotic stress responses, including salt (NaCl), cold, drought and heat stresses (PubMed:24285794).
Expressed in discreet spatial and tissue-specific patterns including root tips, leaves-tips, floral buds, stamens, hydathodes, stigma, anther, siliques, apical meristems and germinating seeds (PubMed:24285794, PubMed:24260266). Also observed at high levels in the root stele region (PubMed:24260266).
Induced by salt (NaCl) stress (PubMed:24285794, PubMed:24260266). Accumulates in response to osmotic stress (e.g. mannitol) and upon biotic stress, e.g. inoculation with the oomycete P.tabacina (PubMed:24260266). Triggered by auxins indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Repressed by kinetin or abscisic acid (ABA) treatments (PubMed:24285794).
Suppressed calmodulin (CaM) methylation, especially in roots. Longer roots with ectopic root hair cells in atrichoblast cell files and the presence of nonhair cells in trichoblast cell files. Increased number of epidermal cells in the root elongation zone. Reduced root growth inhibition mediated by auxins indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Reduced sensitivity to abscisic acid (ABA)-mediated stress leading to green cotyledons and normal germination in the presence of ABA. Increased tolerance to abiotic stress such as salt (NaCl), cold, drought and heat stresses.
Component of the chloroplastic Clp protease core complex which consist of at least 16 proteins: CLPP4 (3 copies), CLPP5 (3 copies), CLPR4 (2 copies), ClpP1 (1 copy), CLPP6 (1 copy), CLPR2 (1 copy), CLPT1 (1 copy), CLPT2 (1 copy) and 3 copies of CLPP3 and/or CLPR1 and/or CLPR3 (PubMed:14593120, PubMed:16766689, PubMed:16980539). The core complex is organized in two heptameric rings, one containing CLPP3,4,5,6 in a 1:2:3:1 ratio and the other CLPP1 and CLPR1,2,3,4 in a 3:1:1:1:1 ratio (PubMed:21712416).
Embryo lethal (Ref.9). Delayed embryogenesis and albino embryos, with seedling development blocked in the cotyledon stage (PubMed:19525416). Under heterotrophic growth conditions, seedlings develop into small albino to virescent seedlings (PubMed:19525416).
Involved in plastid protein homeostasis.
By UV treatment. Down-regulated by ethylene (ACC) and auxin (IAA), but up-regulated by salt (NaCl), cold and heat (PubMed:23708772). Follows a free-running robust circadian rhythm, with higher levels during the light phase (PubMed:23708772). Rapidly induced by light in etiolated plants. Sixfold induction by both red and far-red light. Accumulates in response to warm temperatures (e.g. 27 degrees Celsius) via PTAC12/HMR/PAP5-mediated stabilization in the light (PubMed:30635559, PubMed:33824329).
Expressed in maturating seeds, dry seeds and upon seed imbibition.
Interacts preferentially with the Pfr form of phytochrome B (phyB). Binds DNA as a homodimer, but once bound to DNA, loses its capacity to interact with phyB. Interacts with APRR1/TOC1 and PIF3. Binds to RGL2 and RGA. Forms non-functional heterodimer with HFR1. Interacts with PHYB, CRY1 and CRY2 in the nucleus in response to low blue light (LBL) (PubMed:26724867, PubMed:12826627, PubMed:12897250, PubMed:20093430, PubMed:23224238). Interacts with FYPP1 and FYPP3 (PubMed:31527236). Associates to PTAC12/HMR/PAP5, which acts as a transcriptional coactivator to trigger the thermoresponsive growth-relevant genes and promote warm-temperature-dependent PIF4 accumulation (PubMed:25944101, PubMed:30635559). Interacts with MED14 (PubMed:36063057).
Reduced responses to warm temperature (e.g. 27 degrees Celsius), including thermoresponsive growth-relevant genes expression and hypocotyl growth; this phenotype is stronger in the doule mutant lacking both PIF4 and PTAC12/HMR/PAP5.
Transcription factor acting negatively in the phytochrome B signaling pathway. May regulate the expression of a subset of genes involved in cell expansion by binding to the G-box motif (By similarity). Activated by CRY1 and CRY2 in response to low blue light (LBL) by direct binding at chromatin on E-box variant 5'-CA[CT]GTG-3' to stimulate specific gene expression to adapt global physiology (e.g. hypocotyl elongation in low blue light) (PubMed:26724867). Element of a PIF4/HMR/MED14-dependent thermoresponsive process; collaboratively with its transcriptional coactivator PTAC12/HMR/PAP5, involved in the regulation of thermoresponsive growth-relevant genes (e.g. mainly involved in biosynthesis and signaling of the phytohormone auxin) leading to daytime warm temperature elicitation of MED14-dependent thermomorphogenesis (e.g. hypocotyl elongation) (PubMed:30635559, PubMed:33824329, PubMed:36063057).
Has a dual role in the assembly of mitochondrial ATPase (By similarity). Acts as a protease that removes the N-terminal 10 residues of mitochondrial ATPase CF(0) subunit 6 (ATP6) at the intermembrane space side (By similarity). Also involved in the correct assembly of the membrane-embedded ATPase CF(0) particle, probably mediating association of ATP6 with the subunit 9 ring (By similarity).
Required for peroxisome biogenesis. Necessary for the developmental elimination of obsolete peroxisome matrix proteins. May be involved in the ubiquitination of PEX5, targeting it for recycling. Accepts the ubiquitin from the E1 complex and catalyzes its covalent attachment to other proteins.
May be involved in proton extrusion. Indirectly promotes efficient inorganic carbon uptake into chloroplasts.
Functions probably in association with CYP78A5 in regulating relative growth of the shoot apical meristem and plant organs via a non-cell-autonomous signal.
By dark. Down-regulated by light and sucrose.
Plants over-expressing ASN1 have increased content of free amino acids (mainly Asn) in flowers, siliques and seeds.
Specifically expressed in the hypophysis and the root meristems in the embryos. Highly expressed in primary root tips.
Interacts with CER1, BI-1, FAH1 and FAH2. Interacts with AKR2A (PubMed:20215589).
Component of the spliceosome. Interacts with SNRNP35, CDKG1, cyp59, SR33, SR34, RSZ21, RSZ22, SCL28, SCL30, SCL30A, SCL33 and SC35 (PubMed:10593939, PubMed:12176998, PubMed:15987817, PubMed:16497658, PubMed:23404887). Interacts with MOS14 (PubMed:21738492).
Expressed in roots, flowers, anthers, pollen, ovules, style and developing seeds. Not detected in stems or leaves.
Splicing factor involved in constitutive and/or alternative splicing. Regulates the splicing of its own pre-mRNA and the alternative splicing of RS30, RS31 and RS34. Associates the cyclin-dependent kinase G1 (CDKG1) with the spliceosome and recruits it to U1 snRNP to facilitate splicing.
The splicing pattern of the pre-mRNA is regulated in a tissue-specific manner and by development, and changes in response to various types of abiotic stresses (PubMed:17319848), but is not affected by the light/dark regimes (PubMed:24763593).
A stretch of 270 kb of the mitochondrial genome is duplicated within the centromere of chromosome 2 resulting in the duplication of the gene. The expression of this duplicated gene (At2g07725) is demonstrated.
Vesicle trafficking protein that functions in the secretory pathway (Probable). Acts in coordination with SYP132 to mediate tip-focused membrane trafficking for root hair tip growth (PubMed:24642714). Functions in root hair elongation by forming SNARE complexes with VAMP721,VAMP722 or VAMP724 (PubMed:24642714).
Expressed in roots, leaves, stems, flowers and siliques. Not detected in pollen.
Expressed in seeds and young seedlings. Not detected in leaves.
Involved in lipid metabolism and lipid droplet (LD) morphology, number, and size. Facilitates the formation of large-sized LDs and modulates triacylglycerol accumulation. Induces probably a reorganization of the endoplasmic reticulum into LD-forming domains.
Knockdown mutants have a reduced accumulation of oil per seed and a reduced overall seed size.
The N-terminal domain (1-98) determines the lipid droplet size.
Homodimer. Component of the cysteine synthase complex (CSC) composed of two OAS-TL dimers and one SAT hexamer (By similarity).
Detected throughout the epidermis in young seedlings, and accumulates progressively during epidermal cell maturation, especially in stomatal lineage cells with asymmetric cell division (ACD) potential.
In the two outer cell layers of the developing seed coat and restricted to the suspensor cells in developing embryos (PubMed:10080716). Mostly expressed in stomatal lineage cells with asymmetric cell division (ACD) potential (PubMed:30429609). Observed in small cells of non-protruding hypocotyl cell files and of developing cotyledon epidermis (PubMed:22466366).
Inactivated by an unknown mechanism after binding of brassinosteroids to the brassinosteroid receptor complex (Probable). Inhibited by lithium. Inhibited by dephosphorylation at Tyr-200 by BSU1 (PubMed:21855796). Competitive inhibition by KIB1 that reduces substrate (e.g. BZR1) access (PubMed:28575660). Repressed by bikinin (PubMed:22466366).
Increased stability of SPCH and formation of excessive stomatal and non-stomatal cell.
Interacts in vitro with the C-terminal fragment of BZR1 and with BES1/BZR2, but not through the kinase domain. Interacts with BHLH150, beet curly top virus AL4/C4 and tomato golden mosaic virus AL4/AC4. Interacts with YDA. Interacts with MKK4. Interacts with KIB1 and KIB2 in a brassinosteroid (BR)-dependent manner (PubMed:28575660). Interacts with BSK1, BSK6, BSK8 and BSK11 (PubMed:23496207). Binds to WRKY46, WRKY54 and WRKY70 (PubMed:28576847). Component of a complex made of POLAR, BASL, ASK7/BIN2 and ASK3/SK12 (PubMed:30429609). Binds to POLAR and BASL (PubMed:30429609).
Negative regulator in brassinosteroid signal transduction pathway important for plant growth. May be also involved in auxin signaling pathway. Phosphorylates and increases the degradation of BZR1 and BZR2/BES1 by the proteasome. Phosphorylates BHLH150, beet curly top virus C4 and tomato golden mosaic virus AC4 on threonine and serine residues. Upon brassinosteroid signaling, inhibits stomatal development by phosphorylating and inhibiting the MAPKK kinase YDA and the MAPK kinases MKK4 and MKK5 (PubMed:11847343, PubMed:12114546, PubMed:12427989, PubMed:17280695, PubMed:22307275, PubMed:23341468). Phosphorylates BSK1, BSK3, BSK5, BSK6, BSK8 and BSK11 in vitro (PubMed:23496207). Phoyphorylates and destabilizes WRKY46, WRKY54 and WRKY70 (PubMed:28576847). Mediates BASL nuclear exclusion; kinase activity is required for this function (PubMed:30429609). Required first at the cortical polarity site, to restrict MAPK signaling and promote asymmetric cell division (ACD), and second in the nucleus of stomatal lineage ground cells (SLGCs) or meristemoids, to limit cell division and to promote differentiation into pavement or stomatal guard cells, respectively, likely by initiating BASL polarization (PubMed:30429609). Phosphorylates BASL, YDA and SPCH in vitro and POLAR in vivo (PubMed:30429609). Phosphorylates and inhibits SPCH in the nucleus of SLGC undergoing ACD, thus negatively regulating stomatal development (PubMed:30429609, PubMed:22466366).
Ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation mediated by KIB1.
Unlike other GSK3 kinases, does not require a priming phosphorylation event or the presence of a scaffold protein to phosphorylate its substrates.
ATP-dependent RNA helicase required for 60S ribosomal subunit synthesis. Involved in efficient pre-rRNA processing, predominantly at site A3, which is necessary for the normal formation of 25S and 5.8S rRNAs (By similarity).
Component of an exocyst subcomplex specifically involved in autophagy-related, Golgi-independent membrane traffic to the vacuole. Regulates autophagosome formation and autophagy-related Golgi-independent import into the vacuole (By similarity). Involved in defense responses to pathogenic bacteria (e.g. P.syringae pv. maculicola) (PubMed:21199889).
In roots, localized in elongation and root hair zones. In flowers, observed in carpels.
Interacts with the exocyst subunits EXO70B2, SEC3A, SEC5A and SEC15B (PubMed:21199889). Subunit of the exocyst complex that mediates vesicle tethering during exocytosis (Probable).
Mostly expressed in roots and, to a lower extent, in leaves, flower buds and siliques.
No discernible phenotype in normal conditions (PubMed:21199889). Enhanced susceptibility to the bacterial pathogen P.syringae pv. maculicola (PubMed:21199889).
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that acts as a negative regulator of abscisic acid (ABA) signaling. Mediates ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of the transcription factor ABI3.
Highly expressed in leaves and at lower levels in flowers and seeds.
Expressed in the vasculature of the whole plant (roots, hypocotyls, cotyledons and leaves), trichomes and stomata (PubMed:20729381). Expresse in the developing vascular bundles of root and shoot lateral organs (PubMed:20044450).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions (PubMed:20729381). The double mutants wox4 and wox14 exhibit reductions in vascular cell division (PubMed:23578929).
Promotes differentiation and/or maintenance of the vascular procambium, the initial cells of the developing vasculature (PubMed:20044450). Part of the TDIF-TDR-WOX4 signaling pathway that plays a crucial role in the maintenance of the vascular meristem organization during secondary growth (PubMed:20729381). Is required for promoting the proliferation of procambial/cambial stem cells but not for repressing their commitment to xylem differentiation in response to the TDIF signal (PubMed:20729381). Acts redundantly with WOX14 downstream of the TDR/PXY receptor kinase to regulate procambial cell proliferation and differentiation in vascular tissue, independently of any role in vascular (PubMed:23578929). Acts as a cambium regulator in the inflorescence stem (PubMed:21926336). Is required for auxin-dependent cambium stimulation in the inflorescence stem (PubMed:21926336).
By salicylic acid and during leaf senescence.
Required for female gametophyte development.
Expressed in roots, shoots, stems, leaves, stipulae, siliques, seeds, pollen, and flowers.
First observed in seeds at early stages of development, mostly in embryo and, at lower extent, in the endosperm. Accumulates and peaks at maturation. Fade out during late seed development steps, restricted to the inner layer of the seed coat, and, at very low levels, in the mature embryo and the remaining endosperm. Also present in the lignified inner subepidermal layer of the valves.
Homodimer (Probable). Forms a heterodimer with BZIP1, BZIP1, BZIP2, BZIP9, BZIP11, BZIP44, BZIP53 and BZIP63. Interacts with ABI3 and forms a complex made of ABI3, BZIP53 and BZIP25.
Transcription factor that binds to the 5'-ACGT-3' box, especially present in G-box-like motif (5'-CCACGTGGCC-3'), ABRE elements, of seed storage protein (SSP) encoding gene promoters (e.g. At2S and CRU3) and promotes their expression in seeds when in complex with ABI3 and BZIP53.
Acts as a negative regulator of abscisic acid (ABA) response and stress responses.
Exhibits hypersensitivity to salt and slight hypersensitivity to glucose abscisic acid (ABA).
Forms a heterodimer with AFP2. Interacts with ABI5/DPBF1, DPBF2, AREB3/DPBF3, EEL/DPBF4, ABF1, ABF3/DPBF5 and ABF4/AREB2.
By auxin, rain-, wind-, and touch (thigmomorphogenesis) and during darkness conditions.
Interacts with PID (PubMed:12857841). Binds to ABCG36 (PubMed:26315018).
A one-pot system for efficient enzymatic production of a wide range of glucosides couples the activities of two recombinant enzymes, UDP-glucose: curcumin glucosyltransferase from Catharanthus roseus (CaUGT2) and sucrose synthase from Arabidopsis thaliana (AtSUS1). UDP, a product inhibitor of UDP-glucosyltransferase, was removed from the system and used for regeneration of UDP-glucose by the second enzyme, AtSUS1. The productivity was increased several-fold and UDP-glucose initially added to the reaction mixture could be reduced to one-tenth of the normal level.
By cold, drought and anaerobic stress. By sugar or osmoticum. By anoxia in the roots (at protein level). Up-regulated by NUC/IDD8.
Expressed in the phloem of leaves and in roots. Detected in the whole plant but more precisely confined to the vasculature in cotyledons, mature leaves and siliques.
Asparagine-specific endopeptidase involved in the processing of vacuolar seed protein precursors into the mature forms (PubMed:7579169). Probably involved in post-translational proteolysis of seed storage proteins in the protein storage vacuole of developing seeds (PubMed:14688293).
By senescence, wounding, ethylene and salicylic acid (SA).
Specific to vegetative organs, especially in senescent tissues. Expressed in developing seeds, rosette leaves, cauline leaves and stems. Not expressed in the siliques. Also present at the branching points of the roots and in vascular tissues.