Component of the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), a cell cycle-regulated E3 ubiquitin ligase that controls progression through mitosis and the G1 phase of the cell cycle. The APC/C complex acts by mediating ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of target proteins: it mainly mediates the formation of 'Lys-11'-linked polyubiquitin chains and, to a lower extent, the formation of 'Lys-48'- and 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitin chains.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily.
Associates with the EF-Tu.GDP complex and induces the exchange of GDP to GTP. It remains bound to the aminoacyl-tRNA.EF-Tu.GTP complex up to the GTP hydrolysis stage on the ribosome.
Belongs to the small GTPase superfamily. Arf family.
GTP-binding protein involved in protein trafficking; modulates vesicle budding and uncoating within the Golgi apparatus.
Involved in an early step of the mitochondrial complex IV assembly process.
Belongs to the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family.
Component of the exocyst complex involved in the docking of exocytic vesicles with fusion sites on the plasma membrane.
Belongs to the AVIT (prokineticin) family.
Belongs to the polyadenylate-binding protein type-1 family.
Catalyzes the formation of L-carnitine from gamma-butyrobetaine.
Belongs to the DHHC palmitoyltransferase family.
The DHHC domain is required for palmitoyltransferase activity.
Belongs to the nuclear hormone receptor family.
Belongs to the metallo-beta-lactamase superfamily. Glyoxalase II family.
Accessory subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I), that is believed not to be involved in catalysis. Complex I functions in the transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme is believed to be ubiquinone.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFA12 subunit family.
Complex I is composed of 45 different subunits.
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mL53 family.
Forms heterodimers either with the pro-apoptotic protein BAX or the anti-apoptotic protein BCL2.
Induces caspases and apoptosis. Counters the protective effect of BCL2.
Intact BH3 motif is required by BIK, BID, BAK, BAD and BAX for their pro-apoptotic activity and for their interaction with anti-apoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family.
Belongs to the type I cytokine receptor family. Type 4 subfamily.
Receptor for interleukin-7. Also acts as a receptor for thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP).
The IL7 receptor is a heterodimer of IL7R and IL2RG. The TSLP receptor is a heterodimer of CRLF2 and IL7R.
Co-chaperone required during spermatogenesis to repress transposable elements and prevent their mobilization, which is essential for the germline integrity. Acts via the piRNA metabolic process, which mediates the repression of transposable elements during meiosis by forming complexes composed of piRNAs and Piwi proteins and govern the methylation and subsequent repression of transposons. Acts as a co-chaperone via its interaction with HSP90 and is required for the piRNA amplification process, the secondary piRNA biogenesis. May be required together with HSP90 in removal of 16 nucleotide ping-pong by-products from Piwi complexes, possibly facilitating turnover of Piwi complexes.
Belongs to the actin-binding proteins ADF family. Twinfilin subfamily.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. STE Ser/Thr protein kinase family. MAP kinase kinase kinase subfamily.
Binds 1 potassium ion per subunit. The potassium ion interacts primarily with the substrate.
Binds 2 magnesium ions per subunit. The magnesium ions interact primarily with the substrate.
Catalyzes the formation of S-adenosylmethionine from methionine and ATP.
Belongs to the cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase family.
Binds 2 divalent metal cations per subunit. Site 1 may preferentially bind zinc ions, while site 2 has a preference for magnesium and/or manganese ions.
Belongs to the glycerophosphoryl diester phosphodiesterase family.
May bind zinc and other divalent cations and recruit them to vesicular organelles.
Belongs to the class-III pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family.
Lacks conserved residue(s) required for the propagation of feature annotation.
Involved in the lipid remodeling steps of GPI-anchor maturation. Required for stable expression of GPI-anchored proteins at the cell surface.
Belongs to the avidin/streptavidin family.
Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 1 family.
Belongs to the sphingomyelin synthase family.
Belongs to the purine nucleoside phosphorylase YfiH/LACC1 family.
Belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily. AMIGO family.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS9 family.
Associates with the cytoplasmic CCR4-NOT deadenylase complex to trigger ARE-containing mRNA deadenylation and decay processes.
Zinc-finger RNA-binding protein that destabilizes several cytoplasmic AU-rich element (ARE)-containing mRNA transcripts by promoting their poly(A) tail removal or deadenylation, and hence provide a mechanism for attenuating protein synthesis. Acts as a 3'-untranslated region (UTR) ARE mRNA-binding adapter protein to communicate signaling events to the mRNA decay machinery. Functions by recruiting the CCR4-NOT deadenylase complex and probably other components of the cytoplasmic RNA decay machinery to the bound ARE-containing mRNAs, and hence promotes ARE-mediated mRNA deadenylation and decay processes. Binds to 3'-UTR ARE of numerous mRNAs.
Belongs to the F-actin-capping protein alpha subunit family.
F-actin-capping proteins bind in a Ca(2+)-independent manner to the fast growing ends of actin filaments (barbed end) thereby blocking the exchange of subunits at these ends. Unlike other capping proteins (such as gelsolin and severin), these proteins do not sever actin filaments.
Heterodimer of an alpha and a beta subunit.
Involved in the cellular defense against the biological effects of O6-methylguanine (O6-MeG) and O4-methylthymine (O4-MeT) in DNA. Repairs the methylated nucleobase in DNA by stoichiometrically transferring the methyl group to a cysteine residue in the enzyme. This is a suicide reaction: the enzyme is irreversibly inactivated.
Receptor for ghrelin, coupled to G-alpha-11 proteins. Stimulates growth hormone secretion. Binds also other growth hormone releasing peptides (GHRP) (e.g. Met-enkephalin and GHRP-6) as well as non-peptide, low molecular weight secretagogues (e.g. L-692,429, MK-0677, adenosine).
Belongs to the TRAFAC class OBG-HflX-like GTPase superfamily. OBG GTPase family.
Plays a key role in steroid hormone synthesis by enhancing the metabolism of cholesterol into pregnenolone. Mediates the transfer of cholesterol from the outer mitochondrial membrane to the inner mitochondrial membrane where it is cleaved to pregnenolone.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CAMK Ser/Thr protein kinase family. CaMK subfamily.
A connexon is composed of a hexamer of connexins.
Belongs to the connexin family. Beta-type (group I) subfamily.
One gap junction consists of a cluster of closely packed pairs of transmembrane channels, the connexons, through which materials of low MW diffuse from one cell to a neighboring cell.
May be involved in calcium-dependent ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins. Probably serves as a molecular bridge in ubiquitin E3 complexes. Participates in the ubiquitin-mediated degradation of beta-catenin (CTNNB1).
Endocrine hormone of the central and peripheral nervous systems that binds and activates the G protein-coupled receptors GALR1, GALR2, and GALR3. This small neuropeptide may regulate diverse physiologic functions including contraction of smooth muscle of the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tract, growth hormone and insulin release and adrenal secretion.
Belongs to the copper/topaquinone oxidase family.
Topaquinone (TPQ) is generated by copper-dependent autoxidation of a specific tyrosyl residue.
Belongs to the peptidase S9B family. DPPIV subfamily.
Regulatory subunit of the condensin-2 complex, a complex which establishes mitotic chromosome architecture and is involved in physical rigidity of the chromatid axis.
Composed of three domains: a modulating N-terminal domain, a DNA-binding domain and a C-terminal ligand-binding domain.
Steroid hormone receptor involved in the regulation of eukaryotic gene expression which affects cellular proliferation and differentiation in target tissues.
Belongs to the reverse transcriptase family. Telomerase subfamily.
Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein enzyme essential for the replication of chromosome termini in most eukaryotes. It elongates telomeres. It is a reverse transcriptase that adds simple sequence repeats to chromosome ends by copying a template sequence within the RNA component of the enzyme.
May participate in suppression of cell proliferation and induces apoptotic cell death through activation of interleukin-1-beta converting enzyme (ICE)-like proteases.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 1 family.
Component of the Mediator complex, a coactivator involved in the regulated transcription of nearly all RNA polymerase II-dependent genes. Mediator functions as a bridge to convey information from gene-specific regulatory proteins to the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. Mediator is recruited to promoters by direct interactions with regulatory proteins and serves as a scaffold for the assembly of a functional preinitiation complex with RNA polymerase II and the general transcription factors.
Belongs to the MINDY deubiquitinase family. FAM63 subfamily.
Hydrolase that can specifically remove 'Lys-48'-linked conjugated ubiquitin from proteins. Has exodeubiquitinase activity and has a preference for long polyubiquitin chains. May play a regulatory role at the level of protein turnover.
Catalyzes the cleavage of citrate into oxaloacetate and acetyl-CoA, the latter serving as common substrate for de novo cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the succinate/malate CoA ligase alpha subunit family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the succinate/malate CoA ligase beta subunit family.
Belongs to the cysteine synthase/cystathionine beta-synthase family.
Belongs to the natriuretic peptide family.
Belongs to the secreted frizzled-related protein (sFRP) family.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class myosin-kinesin ATPase superfamily. Myosin family.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the TRAFAC class myosin-kinesin ATPase superfamily. Myosin family.
Belongs to the glutamate-gated ion channel (TC 1.A.10.1) family.
Receptor for glutamate that functions as a ligand-gated ion channel in the central nervous system and plays an important role in excitatory synaptic transmission. L-glutamate acts as an excitatory neurotransmitter at many synapses in the central nervous system.
Acts as component of the MCM2-7 complex (MCM complex) which is the replicative helicase essential for 'once per cell cycle' DNA replication initiation and elongation in eukaryotic cells. The active ATPase sites in the MCM2-7 ring are formed through the interaction surfaces of two neighboring subunits such that a critical structure of a conserved arginine finger motif is provided in trans relative to the ATP-binding site of the Walker A box of the adjacent subunit. The six ATPase active sites, however, are likely to contribute differentially to the complex helicase activity.
Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 1 family. Vasopressin/oxytocin receptor subfamily.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 47 family.
Belongs to the dynein light chain family.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 22 family.
Mannosyltransferase involved in glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchor biosynthesis. Transfers the third alpha-1,2-mannose to Man2-GlcN-acyl-PI during GPI precursor assembly.
The 26S proteasome consists of a 20S proteasome core and two 19S regulatory subunits.
Synthesizes selenophosphate from selenide and ATP.
Belongs to the cation transport ATPase (P-type) (TC 3.A.3) family. Type IB subfamily.
Component of the ER membrane protein complex (EMC).
Component of the oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) complex.
Specific component of the STT3A-containing form of the oligosaccharyl transferase (OST) complex that catalyzes the initial transfer of a defined glycan (Glc(3)Man(9)GlcNAc(2) in eukaryotes) from the lipid carrier dolichol-pyrophosphate to an asparagine residue within an Asn-X-Ser/Thr consensus motif in nascent polypeptide chains, the first step in protein N-glycosylation. N-glycosylation occurs cotranslationally and the complex associates with the Sec61 complex at the channel-forming translocon complex that mediates protein translocation across the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). All subunits are required for a maximal enzyme activity.
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
The nucleosome is a histone octamer containing two molecules each of H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assembled in one H3-H4 heterotetramer and two H2A-H2B heterodimers. The octamer wraps approximately 147 bp of DNA.
Belongs to the ammonium transporter (TC 2.A.49) family. Rh subfamily.
Belongs to the protein phosphatase inhibitor 2 family.
Belongs to the zinc-containing alcohol dehydrogenase family. Quinone oxidoreductase subfamily.
Component of an histone acetyltransferase complex.
Component of an histone acetyltransferase complex. Interacts with H3K4me3 and to a lesser extent with H3K4me2.
The PHD-type zinc finger mediates the binding to H3K4me3.
Plays a role in mitochondrial and peroxisomal fission. Promotes the recruitment and association of the fission mediator dynamin-related protein 1 (DNM1L) to the mitochondrial surface.
Probably catalyzes the deacetylation of acetylated carbohydrates an important step in the degradation of oligosaccharides.
Belongs to the adenylate kinase family. UMP-CMP kinase subfamily.
Catalyzes the phosphorylation of pyrimidine nucleoside monophosphates at the expense of ATP. Plays an important role in de novo pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis. Has preference for UMP and CMP as phosphate acceptors. Also displays broad nucleoside diphosphate kinase activity.
Consists of three domains, a large central CORE domain and two small peripheral domains, NMPbind and LID, which undergo movements during catalysis. The LID domain closes over the site of phosphoryl transfer upon ATP binding. Assembling and dissambling the active center during each catalytic cycle provides an effective means to prevent ATP hydrolysis.
Exhibits phosphohistidine phosphatase activity.
Belongs to the PI3/PI4-kinase family. Type III PI4K subfamily.
F-type ATPases have 2 components, CF(1) - the catalytic core - and CF(0) - the membrane proton channel.
Mitochondrial membrane ATP synthase (F(1)F(0) ATP synthase or Complex V) produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane which is generated by electron transport complexes of the respiratory chain. F-type ATPases consist of two structural domains, F(1) - containing the extramembraneous catalytic core, and F(0) - containing the membrane proton channel, linked together by a central stalk and a peripheral stalk. During catalysis, ATP synthesis in the catalytic domain of F(1) is coupled via a rotary mechanism of the central stalk subunits to proton translocation. Part of the complex F(0) domain. Minor subunit located with subunit a in the membrane.
Plays a role in endocytic trafficking. Required for receptor recycling from endosomes, both to the trans-Golgi network and the plasma membrane.
Belongs to the bZIP family. NFIL3 subfamily.
May act as a transcriptional regulator of a number of proteins of the circadian clock.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFA1 subunit family.
The C-terminal part of the hedgehog protein precursor displays an autoproteolysis activity that results in the cleavage of the full-length protein into two parts (N-product and C-product). In addition, the C-terminal part displays a cholesterol transferase activity that results by the covalent attachment of a cholesterol moiety to the C-terminal of the newly generated N-product.
The dually lipidated hedgehog protein N-product is a morphogen which is essential for a variety of patterning events during development.
Belongs to the transglutaminase superfamily. Transglutaminase family.
Divalent metal cations. Mn(2+) or Co(2+).
Metalloprotease that acts as a negative regulator of the Wnt signaling pathway by mediating the cleavage of the N-terminal residues of a subset of Wnt proteins. Following cleavage, Wnt proteins become oxidized and form large disulfide-bond oligomers, leading to their inactivation.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 61 family.
Catalyzes the 2-thiolation of uridine at the wobble position (U34) of mitochondrial tRNA(Lys), tRNA(Glu) and tRNA(Gln). Required for the formation of 5-taurinomethyl-2-thiouridine (tm5s2U) of mitochondrial tRNA(Lys), tRNA(Glu), and tRNA(Gln) at the wobble position. ATP is required to activate the C2 atom of the wobble base.
Component of the proteasome, a multicatalytic proteinase complex which is characterized by its ability to cleave peptides with Arg, Phe, Tyr, Leu, and Glu adjacent to the leaving group at neutral or slightly basic pH. The proteasome has an ATP-dependent proteolytic activity.
Belongs to the metallo-beta-lactamase superfamily. RNA-metabolizing metallo-beta-lactamase-like family. CPSF2/YSH1 subfamily.
Belongs to the GHMP kinase family. Mevalonate kinase subfamily.
Catalyzes the phosphorylation of mevalonate to mevalonate 5-phosphate, a key step in isoprenoid and cholesterol biosynthesis.
Belongs to the heat shock protein 70 family.
Essential component of the PAM complex, a complex required for the translocation of transit peptide-containing proteins from the inner membrane into the mitochondrial matrix in an ATP-dependent manner.
Mitochondrial membrane ATP synthase (F(1)F(0) ATP synthase or Complex V) produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane which is generated by electron transport complexes of the respiratory chain. F-type ATPases consist of two structural domains, F(1) - containing the extramembraneous catalytic core and F(0) - containing the membrane proton channel, linked together by a central stalk and a peripheral stalk. During catalysis, ATP synthesis in the catalytic domain of F(1) is coupled via a rotary mechanism of the central stalk subunits to proton translocation. Part of the complex F(0) domain. Minor subunit located with subunit a in the membrane (By similarity).
Acts specifically as a negative regulator of skeletal muscle growth.
Belongs to the ANT/ATPSC lysine N-methyltransferase family.
Plays a major role in tight junction-specific obliteration of the intercellular space, through calcium-independent cell-adhesion activity.
Belongs to the ubiquitin-activating E1 family. UBA3 subfamily.
Catalytic subunit of the dimeric E1 enzyme, which activates NEDD8.
Belongs to the calcium channel beta subunit family.
Belongs to the nucleotide-sugar transporter family. SLC35B subfamily.
Belongs to the small GTPase superfamily. Ras family.
Belongs to the gamma-glutamyltransferase family.
Cleaves the gamma-glutamyl peptide bond of glutathione and glutathione conjugates.
Belongs to the mitochondrial carrier (TC 2.A.29) family.
Interacts with PPIF; the interaction is impaired by CsA.
Belongs to the inward rectifier-type potassium channel (TC 1.A.2.1) family.
Belongs to the PPP phosphatase family. PP-1 subfamily.
Belongs to the alpha-carbonic anhydrase family.
Belongs to the GLI C2H2-type zinc-finger protein family.
Belongs to the class V-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily.
Interacts with PRMT5. Interacts with FBXO10. Interacts with FBXO11.
Transcription factor that mediates a transcriptional program in various innate and adaptive immune tissue-resident lymphocyte T cell types such as tissue-resident memory T (Trm), natural killer (trNK) and natural killer T (NKT) cells and negatively regulates gene expression of proteins that promote the egress of tissue-resident T-cell populations from non-lymphoid organs. Plays a role in the development, retention and long-term establishment of adaptive and innate tissue-resident lymphocyte T cell types in non-lymphoid organs, such as the skin and gut, but also in other nonbarrier tissues like liver and kidney, and therefore may provide immediate immunological protection against reactivating infections or viral reinfection. Binds specifically to the PRDI element in the promoter of the beta-interferon gene. Drives the maturation of B-lymphocytes into Ig secreting cells. Associates with the transcriptional repressor ZNF683 to chromatin at gene promoter regions.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. eIF4A subfamily.
Belongs to the glucosamine/galactosamine-6-phosphate isomerase family.
Belongs to the sarcoglycan beta/delta/gamma/zeta family.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 2 family. GalNAc-T subfamily.
Belongs to the ATP-dependent AMP-binding enzyme family.
Catalyzes the conversion of long-chain fatty acids to their active form acyl-CoAs for both synthesis of cellular lipids, and degradation via beta-oxidation.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Tyr protein kinase family. CSF-1/PDGF receptor subfamily.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family.
Belongs to the zinc-containing alcohol dehydrogenase family.
Belongs to the enhancer of polycomb family.
Belongs to the intermediate filament family.
Belongs to the TALE/IRO homeobox family.
Belongs to the potassium channel KCNE family.
Belongs to the thiolase-like superfamily. Thiolase family.
Belongs to the splicing factor SR family.
Belongs to the cytochrome c oxidase VIIa family.
Belongs to the cation transport ATPase (P-type) (TC 3.A.3) family. Type V subfamily.
Component of the gamma-secretase complex.
Potential subunit of the gamma-secretase complex, an endoprotease complex that catalyzes the intramembrane cleavage of integral proteins such as Notch receptors.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL3 family.
Belongs to the UbiA prenyltransferase family.
Belongs to the interleukin-1 receptor family.
Belongs to the PPase class C family. Prune subfamily.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class myosin-kinesin ATPase superfamily. Kinesin family.
Belongs to the amino acid-polyamine-organocation (APC) superfamily. Cationic amino acid transporter (CAT) (TC 2.A.3.3) family.
The nucleosome is a histone octamer containing two molecules each of H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assembled in one H3-H4 heterotetramer and two H2A-H2B heterodimers.
Variant histone H2A which replaces conventional H2A in a subset of nucleosomes.
Essential component of the TIM23 complex, a complex that mediates the translocation of transit peptide-containing proteins across the mitochondrial inner membrane.
Belongs to the SLC26A/SulP transporter (TC 2.A.53) family.
Sodium-independent transporter of chloride and iodide.
Belongs to the TALE/PBX homeobox family.
Arginine methyltransferase that can both catalyze the formation of omega-N monomethylarginine (MMA) and symmetrical dimethylarginine (sDMA), with a preference for the formation of MMA. Specifically mediates the symmetrical dimethylation of arginine residues in the small nuclear ribonucleoproteins Sm D1 (SNRPD1) and Sm D3 (SNRPD3); such methylation being required for the assembly and biogenesis of snRNP core particles. Specifically mediates the symmetric dimethylation of histone H4 'Arg-3' to form H4R3me2s. Plays a role in gene imprinting by being recruited by CTCFL at the H19 imprinted control region (ICR) and methylating histone H4 to form H4R3me2s, possibly leading to recruit DNA methyltransferases at these sites. May also play a role in embryonic stem cell (ESC) pluripotency. Also able to mediate the arginine methylation of histone H2A and myelin basic protein (MBP) in vitro; the relevance of such results is however unclear in vivo.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. Protein arginine N-methyltransferase family. PRMT7 subfamily.
Belongs to the prickle / espinas / testin family.
Belongs to the dynein light chain Tctex-type family.
Belongs to the ADP-ribosylglycohydrolase family.
Belongs to the nuclear hormone receptor family. NR5 subfamily.
The production of the second messenger molecules diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) is mediated by activated phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C enzymes. In vitro, hydrolyzes PtdIns(4,5)P2 in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner. Triggers intracellular Ca(2+) oscillations in oocytes solely during M phase and is involved in inducing oocyte activation and initiating embryonic development up to the blastocyst stage. Is therefore a strong candidate for the egg-activating soluble sperm factor that is transferred from the sperm into the egg cytoplasm following gamete membrane fusion. May exert an inhibitory effect on phospholipase-C-coupled processes that depend on calcium ions and protein kinase C, including CFTR trafficking and function.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL4 family.
Component of the large ribosomal subunit. The ribosome is a large ribonucleoprotein complex responsible for the synthesis of proteins in the cell.
Specifically binds 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), suggesting that it acts as a specific reader of 5hmC.
As part of the MCIA complex, involved in the assembly of the mitochondrial complex I.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family. CDC5/Polo subfamily.
Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily. Sugar transporter (TC 2.A.1.1) family.
Belongs to the calycin superfamily. Fatty-acid binding protein (FABP) family.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 3 family.
Transfers the glycosyl residue from UDP-Glc to the non-reducing end of alpha-1,4-glucan.
Belongs to the proteasome subunit S3 family.
Belongs to the ubiquitin conjugation factor E4 family.
Centrosomal protein required for establishing a robust mitotic centrosome architecture that can endure the forces that converge on the centrosomes during spindle formation. Required for stabilizing the expanded pericentriolar material around the centriole.
Belongs to the class-II aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family.
Belongs to the GTP cyclohydrolase I family.
Thin filament-associated protein that is implicated in the regulation and modulation of smooth muscle contraction. It is capable of binding to actin, calmodulin and tropomyosin. The interaction of calponin with actin inhibits the actomyosin Mg-ATPase activity.
Belongs to the pseudouridine synthase TruB family.
Belongs to the ubiquitin-activating E1 family.
Heterodimer of SAE1 and UBA2/SAE2. The heterodimer corresponds to the two domains that are encoded on a single polypeptide chain in ubiquitin-activating enzyme E1. Interacts with UBE2I.
The heterodimer acts as an E1 ligase for SUMO1, SUMO2, SUMO3, and probably SUMO4. It mediates ATP-dependent activation of SUMO proteins followed by formation of a thioester bond between a SUMO protein and a conserved active site cysteine residue on UBA2/SAE2.
Belongs to the 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase family.
Required for replication-independent chromatin assembly and for the periodic repression of histone gene transcription during the cell cycle.
Belongs to the Mrp/NBP35 ATP-binding proteins family. NUBP2/CFD1 subfamily.
Binds 4 [4Fe-4S] clusters per heterotetramer. Contains two stable clusters in the N-termini of NUBP1 and two labile, bridging clusters between subunits of the NUBP1-NUBP2 heterotetramer.
Component of the cytosolic iron-sulfur (Fe/S) protein assembly (CIA) machinery. Required for maturation of extramitochondrial Fe-S proteins. The NUBP1-NUBP2 heterotetramer forms a Fe-S scaffold complex, mediating the de novo assembly of an Fe-S cluster and its transfer to target apoproteins.
Heterotetramer of 2 NUBP1 and 2 NUBP2 chains.
Belongs to the TALE/MEIS homeobox family.
Belongs to the beta/gamma-crystallin family.
tRNA nucleus export receptor which facilitates tRNA translocation across the nuclear pore complex.
Belongs to the adenosylhomocysteinase family.
Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily. Organophosphate:Pi antiporter (OPA) (TC 2.A.1.4) family.
Thyroid hormone-binding protein. Probably transports thyroxine from the bloodstream to the brain.
Belongs to the nuclear hormone receptor family. NR1 subfamily.
Junctophilins contribute to the formation of junctional membrane complexes (JMCs) which link the plasma membrane with the endoplasmic or sarcoplasmic reticulum in excitable cells. Provides a structural foundation for functional cross-talk between the cell surface and intracellular calcium release channels.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the gamma-glutamyl phosphate reductase family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the glutamate 5-kinase family.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase group 1 family. Glycosyltransferase 4 subfamily.
Belongs to the ATPase gamma chain family.
F-type ATPases have 2 components, CF(1) - the catalytic core - and CF(0) - the membrane proton channel. CF(1) has five subunits: alpha(3), beta(3), gamma(1), delta(1), epsilon(1). CF(0) has three main subunits: a, b and c.
Mitochondrial membrane ATP synthase (F(1)F(0) ATP synthase or Complex V) produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane which is generated by electron transport complexes of the respiratory chain. F-type ATPases consist of two structural domains, F(1) - containing the extramembraneous catalytic core, and F(0) - containing the membrane proton channel, linked together by a central stalk and a peripheral stalk. During catalysis, ATP synthesis in the catalytic domain of F(1) is coupled via a rotary mechanism of the central stalk subunits to proton translocation. Part of the complex F(1) domain and the central stalk which is part of the complex rotary element. The gamma subunit protrudes into the catalytic domain formed of alpha(3)beta(3). Rotation of the central stalk against the surrounding alpha(3)beta(3) subunits leads to hydrolysis of ATP in three separate catalytic sites on the beta subunits.
Belongs to the protein-tyrosine phosphatase family. Non-receptor class dual specificity subfamily.
Dual specificity phosphatase able to dephosphorylate phosphotyrosine, phosphoserine and phosphothreonine residues, with a preference for phosphotyrosine as a substrate.
Belongs to the MIP/aquaporin (TC 1.A.8) family.
Belongs to the adenylyl cyclase class-4/guanylyl cyclase family.
Belongs to the WD repeat LIS1/nudF family.
Can self-associate. Interacts with dynein, dynactin, NDE1 and NDEL1.
Dimerization mediated by the LisH domain may be required to activate dynein.
Positively regulates the activity of the minus-end directed microtubule motor protein dynein. May enhance dynein-mediated microtubule sliding by targeting dynein to the microtubule plus end. Required for several dynein- and microtubule-dependent processes such as the maintenance of Golgi integrity, the peripheral transport of microtubule fragments and the coupling of the nucleus and centrosome. May be required for proliferation of neuronal precursors and neuronal migration.
Belongs to the D-glucuronyl C5-epimerase family.
Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 2 family. Adhesion G-protein coupled receptor (ADGR) subfamily.
Belongs to the CND3 (condensin subunit 3) family.
Belongs to the CSN7/EIF3M family. CSN7 subfamily.
Component of the COP9 signalosome complex (CSN), a complex involved in various cellular and developmental processes. The CSN complex is an essential regulator of the ubiquitin (Ubl) conjugation pathway by mediating the deneddylation of the cullin subunits of SCF-type E3 ligase complexes, leading to decrease the Ubl ligase activity of SCF-type complexes such as SCF, CSA or DDB2. The complex is also involved in phosphorylation of p53/TP53, JUN, I-kappa-B-alpha/NFKBIA, ITPK1 and IRF8/ICSBP, possibly via its association with CK2 and PKD kinases. CSN-dependent phosphorylation of TP53 and JUN promotes and protects degradation by the Ubl system, respectively.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. TKL Ser/Thr protein kinase family. TGFB receptor subfamily.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Tyr protein kinase family.
Receptor tyrosine-protein kinase involved in numerous cellular mechanisms including cell proliferation, neuronal navigation, cell migration, and cell differentiation upon binding with glial cell derived neurotrophic factor family ligands.
Belongs to the RRM HNRPC family. RALY subfamily.
Belongs to the zona pellucida-binding protein Sp38 family.
Recognizes and binds the palindromic sequence 5'-TTGGCNNNNNGCCAA-3' present in viral and cellular promoters and in the origin of replication of adenovirus type 2. These proteins are individually capable of activating transcription and replication.
Belongs to the heparin-binding growth factors family.
Belongs to the phosphatase and actin regulator family.
Belongs to the glycoprotein hormones subunit alpha family.
Heterodimer. Glycoprotein hormones are heterodimers composed of a common alpha chain described here and a unique beta chain which confers their biological specificity to the different hormones.
Shared alpha chain of heterodimeric glycoprotein hormones. These hormones bind specific receptors on target cells that in turn activate downstream signaling pathways.
Belongs to the STXBP/unc-18/SEC1 family.
Belongs to the cyclin family. Cyclin L subfamily.
Belongs to the poly(A) polymerase family.
Binds 2 magnesium ions. Also active with manganese.
Polymerase that creates the 3'-poly(A) tail of mRNA's.
Belongs to the serpin family. Ov-serpin subfamily.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class translation factor GTPase superfamily. Classic translation factor GTPase family. EF-G/EF-2 subfamily.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. MenG/UbiE family.
Component of a multi-subunit COQ enzyme complex, composed of at least COQ3, COQ4, COQ5, COQ6, COQ7 and COQ9.
Methyltransferase required for the conversion of 2-polyprenyl-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinol (DDMQH2) to 2-polyprenyl-3-methyl-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinol (DMQH2).
Binds 1 [4Fe-4S] cluster. The cluster is coordinated with 3 cysteines and an exchangeable S-adenosyl-L-methionine.
Catalytic tRNA acetyltransferase subunit of the elongator complex, which is required for multiple tRNA modifications, including mcm5U (5-methoxycarbonylmethyl uridine), mcm5s2U (5-methoxycarbonylmethyl-2-thiouridine), and ncm5U (5-carbamoylmethyl uridine). In the elongator complex, acts as a tRNA uridine(34) acetyltransferase by mediating formation of carboxymethyluridine in the wobble base at position 34 in tRNAs.
Belongs to the phosphatase 2A regulatory subunit B family.
Belongs to the nucleoporin Nup85 family.
Component of the nuclear pore complex (NPC).
Functions as a component of the nuclear pore complex (NPC).
May play a role in the formation and regulation of the tight junction (TJ) paracellular permeability barrier.
Belongs to the GMC oxidoreductase family.
Belongs to the adenylate kinase family. AK6 subfamily.
Broad-specificity nucleoside monophosphate (NMP) kinase that catalyzes the reversible transfer of the terminal phosphate group between nucleoside triphosphates and monophosphates. May have a role in nuclear energy homeostasis. Has also ATPase activity. May be involved in regulation of Cajal body (CB) formation.
Monomer and homodimer. Interacts with COIL (via C-terminus).
Belongs to the ligand-gated ion channel (TC 1.A.9) family.
Belongs to the pICln (TC 1.A.47) family.
Component of the 60-80S U3 small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein (U3 snoRNP). Required for the early cleavages during pre-18S ribosomal RNA processing.
Belongs to the 5-formyltetrahydrofolate cyclo-ligase family.
May be involved in podosome and invadosome formation.
Belongs to the chondroitin N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase family.
Belongs to the flavin monoamine oxidase family.
Belongs to the sulfotransferase 1 family.
Catalyzes the exchange of ADP and ATP across the membrane.
Belongs to the CTL (choline transporter-like) family.
Receptor for NPAF (A-18-F-amide) and NPFF (F-8-F-amide) neuropeptides, also known as morphine-modulating peptides. Can also be activated by a variety of naturally occurring or synthetic FMRF-amide like ligands. This receptor mediates its action by association with G proteins that activate a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system.
Belongs to the CWC16 family. YJU2 subfamily.
Component of the spliceosome. Present in the activated B complex, the catalytically activated B* complex which catalyzes the branching, the catalytic step 1 C complex catalyzing the exon ligation, and the postcatalytic P complex containing the ligated exons (mRNA) and the excised lariat intron.
Part of the spliceosome which catalyzes two sequential transesterification reactions, first the excision of the non-coding intron from pre-mRNA and then the ligation of the coding exons to form the mature mRNA. Plays a role in stabilizing the structure of the spliceosome catalytic core and docking of the branch helix into the active site, producing 5'-exon and lariat intron-3'-intermediates. May protect cells from TP53-dependent apoptosis upon dsDNA break damage through association with PRP19-CD5L complex.
Belongs to the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) family.
Removes 5-oxoproline from various penultimate amino acid residues except L-proline.
Belongs to the chloride channel CLIC family.
Members of this family may change from a globular, soluble state to a state where the N-terminal domain is inserted into the membrane and functions as chloride channel. A conformation change of the N-terminal domain is thought to expose hydrophobic surfaces that trigger membrane insertion.
Belongs to the PIGG/PIGN/PIGO family. PIGG subfamily.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 2 family.
Plays an important role in the degradation of dermatan and keratan sulfates.
Belongs to the AB hydrolase superfamily. Lipase family.
Belongs to the SLC13A/DASS transporter (TC 2.A.47) family. NADC subfamily.
Catalyzes the dephosphorylation of the nucleoside 5'-monophosphates deoxyadenosine monophosphate (dAMP), deoxycytidine monophosphate (dCMP), deoxyguanosine monophosphate (dGMP) and deoxythymidine monophosphate (dTMP).
Belongs to the calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta family.
Belongs to the aldehyde dehydrogenase family.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL32 family.
Dimer of alpha and beta chains. A typical microtubule is a hollow water-filled tube with an outer diameter of 25 nm and an inner diameter of 15 nM. Alpha-beta heterodimers associate head-to-tail to form protofilaments running lengthwise along the microtubule wall with the beta-tubulin subunit facing the microtubule plus end conferring a structural polarity. Microtubules usually have 13 protofilaments but different protofilament numbers can be found in some organisms and specialized cells.
Belongs to the paired homeobox family. Bicoid subfamily.
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mL41 family.
Belongs to the trans-sulfuration enzymes family.
Inhibits signal transduction by increasing the GTPase activity of G protein alpha subunits thereby driving them into their inactive GDP-bound form. Binds to G(i)-alpha and G(o)-alpha, but not to G(s)-alpha.
Belongs to the ATP-dependent DNA ligase family.
Belongs to the GST superfamily. Zeta family.
Belongs to the type-B carboxylesterase/lipase family.
Belongs to the HAD-like hydrolase superfamily. EYA family.
Belongs to the class-I pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family. Alanine aminotransferase subfamily.
Belongs to the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 2 family.
Binds a dinuclear copper A center per subunit.
Component of the cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV, CIV), a multisubunit enzyme composed of 14 subunits. The complex is composed of a catalytic core of 3 subunits MT-CO1, MT-CO2 and MT-CO3, encoded in the mitochondrial DNA, and 11 supernumerary subunits COX4I, COX5A, COX5B, COX6A, COX6B, COX6C, COX7A, COX7B, COX7C, COX8 and NDUFA4, which are encoded in the nuclear genome. The complex exists as a monomer or a dimer and forms supercomplexes (SCs) in the inner mitochondrial membrane with NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I, CI) and ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase (cytochrome b-c1 complex, complex III, CIII), resulting in different assemblies (supercomplex SCI(1)III(2)IV(1) and megacomplex MCI(2)III(2)IV(2)) (By similarity). Found in a complex with TMEM177, COA6, COX18, COX20, SCO1 and SCO2. Interacts with TMEM177 in a COX20-dependent manner. Interacts with COX20. Interacts with COX16 (By similarity).
Component of the cytochrome c oxidase, the last enzyme in the mitochondrial electron transport chain which drives oxidative phosphorylation. The respiratory chain contains 3 multisubunit complexes succinate dehydrogenase (complex II, CII), ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase (cytochrome b-c1 complex, complex III, CIII) and cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV, CIV), that cooperate to transfer electrons derived from NADH and succinate to molecular oxygen, creating an electrochemical gradient over the inner membrane that drives transmembrane transport and the ATP synthase. Cytochrome c oxidase is the component of the respiratory chain that catalyzes the reduction of oxygen to water. Electrons originating from reduced cytochrome c in the intermembrane space (IMS) are transferred via the dinuclear copper A center (CU(A)) of subunit 2 and heme A of subunit 1 to the active site in subunit 1, a binuclear center (BNC) formed by heme A3 and copper B (CU(B)). The BNC reduces molecular oxygen to 2 water molecules using 4 electrons from cytochrome c in the IMS and 4 protons from the mitochondrial matrix.
Belongs to the phospholipase B-like family.
Belongs to the adaptor complexes large subunit family.
Immediate-early protein likely to play a role in cell growth regulation.
Required for proper 34S pre-rRNA processing and 60S ribosome subunit assembly.
Single-stranded DNA-dependent ATP-dependent helicase.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL2 family.
Mediates feedback control of cholesterol synthesis.
Belongs to the Nudix hydrolase family. NudC subfamily.
Belongs to the alkaline ceramidase family.
Hydrolyzes the sphingolipid ceramide into sphingosine and free fatty acid.
Catalyzes the final step in the metabolic pathway of hydroxyproline.
Belongs to the arginase family. Agmatinase subfamily.
Belongs to the metallo-dependent hydrolases superfamily. Hydantoinase/dihydropyrimidinase family.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 29 family.
Regulatory subunit of protein phosphatase 1 (PP1c) that acts as a M-Ras/MRAS effector and participates in MAPK pathway activation. Upon M-Ras/MRAS activation, targets PP1c to specifically dephosphorylate the 'Ser-259' inhibitory site of RAF1 kinase and stimulate RAF1 activity at specialized signaling complexes.
Extracellular matrix serine protease that plays a role in layering of neurons in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum. Regulates microtubule function in neurons and neuronal migration. Affects migration of sympathetic preganglionic neurons in the spinal cord, where it seems to act as a barrier to neuronal migration. Enzymatic activity is important for the modulation of cell adhesion. Binding to the extracellular domains of lipoprotein receptors VLDLR and LRP8/APOER2 induces tyrosine phosphorylation of DAB1 and modulation of TAU phosphorylation.
Oligomer of disulfide-linked homodimers. Binds to the ectodomains of VLDLR and LRP8/APOER2.
Belongs to the FPP/GGPP synthase family.
Belongs to the diacylglycerol acyltransferase family.
Ligand for members of the frizzled family of seven transmembrane receptors.
Belongs to the methylthiotransferase family. CDKAL1 subfamily.
Binds 1 or 2 [4Fe-4S] cluster. One cluster is coordinated with 3 cysteines and an exchangeable S-adenosyl-L-methionine.
Catalyzes the methylthiolation of N6-threonylcarbamoyladenosine (t(6)A), leading to the formation of 2-methylthio-N6-threonylcarbamoyladenosine (ms(2)t(6)A) at position 37 in tRNAs that read codons beginning with adenine.
Belongs to the transient receptor (TC 1.A.4) family. TrpV subfamily. TRPV1 sub-subfamily.
Generally pentameric. There are five types of GABA(A) receptor chains: alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and rho. Interacts with SQSTM1.
Belongs to the zinc-containing alcohol dehydrogenase family. Class-III subfamily.
Belongs to the POU transcription factor family. Class-3 subfamily.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. TKL Ser/Thr protein kinase family.
Acts on tyrosine phosphorylated proteins, low-MW aryl phosphates and natural and synthetic acyl phosphates.
Belongs to the low molecular weight phosphotyrosine protein phosphatase family.
Belongs to the Clp1 family. Clp1 subfamily.
Component of the tRNA splicing endonuclease complex. Component of pre-mRNA cleavage complex II (CF-II).
Polynucleotide kinase that can phosphorylate the 5'-hydroxyl groups of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), single-stranded RNA (ssRNA), double stranded DNA (dsDNA) and double-stranded DNA:RNA hybrids. dsRNA is phosphorylated more efficiently than dsDNA, and the RNA component of a DNA:RNA hybrid is phosphorylated more efficiently than the DNA component. Appears to have roles in both tRNA splicing and mRNA 3'-end formation. Component of the tRNA splicing endonuclease complex. Phosphorylates the 5'-terminus of the tRNA 3'-exon during tRNA splicing; this phosphorylation event is a prerequisite for the subsequent ligation of the two exon halves and the production of a mature tRNA. Component of the pre-mRNA cleavage complex II (CF-II), which seems to be required for mRNA 3'-end formation. Also phosphorylates the 5'-terminus of exogenously introduced short interfering RNAs (siRNAs), which is a necessary prerequisite for their incorporation into the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). However, endogenous siRNAs and microRNAs (miRNAs) that are produced by the cleavage of dsRNA precursors by DICER1 already contain a 5'-phosphate group, so this protein may be dispensible for normal RNA-mediated gene silencing.
Dynein-attachment factor required for cilia motility.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. AGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family.
Belongs to the ligand-gated ion channel (TC 1.A.9) family. Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor (TC 1.A.9.5) subfamily. GABRA1 sub-subfamily.
Belongs to the bZIP family. Maf subfamily.
Functional P2XRs are organized as homomeric and heteromeric trimers.
Receptor for ATP that acts as a ligand-gated ion channel.
Belongs to the glutathione peroxidase family.
Guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF), which can activate some, but not all, G-alpha proteins by exchanging bound GDP for free GTP.
Interacts with some GDP-bound G alpha proteins. Does not interact with G-alpha proteins when they are in complex with subunits beta and gamma.
Necessary for efficient RNA polymerase II transcription elongation past template-encoded arresting sites. The arresting sites in DNA have the property of trapping a certain fraction of elongating RNA polymerases that pass through, resulting in locked ternary complexes. Cleavage of the nascent transcript by S-II allows the resumption of elongation from the new 3'-terminus.
Functions as a regulator of the biosynthesis of TSH in the anterior pituitary gland and as a neurotransmitter/ neuromodulator in the central and peripheral nervous systems.
Directs RNA polymerase II nuclear import.
Belongs to the hcp beta-lactamase family.
Belongs to the AB hydrolase superfamily. LDAH family.
Belongs to the ABC transporter superfamily. ABCG family. Eye pigment precursor importer (TC 3.A.1.204) subfamily.
The production of the second messenger molecules diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) is mediated by activated phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C enzymes.
Belongs to the protein-tyrosine phosphatase family. Receptor class 5 subfamily.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. ADCK protein kinase family.
Belongs to the V-ATPase C subunit family.
Subunit of the V1 complex of vacuolar(H+)-ATPase (V-ATPase), a multisubunit enzyme composed of a peripheral complex (V1) that hydrolyzes ATP and a membrane integral complex (V0) that translocates protons. V-ATPase is responsible for acidifying and maintaining the pH of intracellular compartments and in some cell types, is targeted to the plasma membrane, where it is responsible for acidifying the extracellular environment. Subunit C is necessary for the assembly of the catalytic sector of the enzyme and is likely to have a specific function in its catalytic activity.
V-ATPase is a heteromultimeric enzyme made up of two complexes: the ATP-hydrolytic V1 complex and the proton translocation V0 complex. The V1 complex consists of three catalytic AB heterodimers that form a heterohexamer, three peripheral stalks each consisting of EG heterodimers, one central rotor including subunits D and F, and the regulatory subunits C and H. The proton translocation complex V0 consists of the proton transport subunit a, a ring of proteolipid subunits c9c'', rotary subunit d, subunits e and f, and two accessory subunits.
Belongs to the class-II aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family. Type 1 subfamily.
Belongs to the eukaryotic RPC34/RPC39 RNA polymerase subunit family.
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Specific peripheric component of RNA polymerase III which synthesizes small RNAs, such as 5S rRNA and tRNAs.
Belongs to the lariat debranching enzyme family.
Belongs to the short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDR) family.
Belongs to the dTDP-4-dehydrorhamnose reductase family. MAT2B subfamily.
Heterotrimer; composed of a catalytic MAT2A homodimer that binds one regulatory MAT2B chain. Heterohexamer; composed of a central, catalytic MAT2A homotetramer flanked on either side by a regulatory MAT2B chain. NADP binding increases the affinity for MAT2A.
Regulatory subunit of S-adenosylmethionine synthetase 2, an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of S-adenosylmethionine from methionine and ATP. Regulates MAT2A catalytic activity by changing its kinetic properties, increasing its affinity for L-methionine.
Belongs to the dihydrofolate reductase family.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the saccharopine dehydrogenase family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the AlaDH/PNT family.
Has a glutathione-disulfide oxidoreductase activity in the presence of NADPH and glutathione reductase. Reduces low molecular weight disulfides and proteins.
Homotrimer. Forms a complex with activator 1 heteropentamer in the presence of ATP (By similarity). Component of the replisome complex (By similarity).
Monoubiquitinated by the UBE2B-RAD18 complex on Lys-164. Monoubiquitination at Lys-164 also takes place in undamaged proliferating cells, and is mediated by the DCX(DTL) complex, leading to enhance PCNA-dependent translesion DNA synthesis (By similarity).
This protein is an auxiliary protein of DNA polymerase delta and is involved in the control of eukaryotic DNA replication by increasing the polymerase's processibility during elongation of the leading strand.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CAMK Ser/Thr protein kinase family. SNF1 subfamily.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 18 family.
Belongs to the NADPH--cytochrome P450 reductase family.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the flavoprotein pyridine nucleotide cytochrome reductase family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the flavodoxin family.
This enzyme is required for electron transfer from NADP to cytochrome P450 in microsomes. It can also provide electron transfer to heme oxygenase and cytochrome B5.
Transfers N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) from UDP-GalNAc to N-acetylglucosamine-beta-benzyl with a beta-1,4-linkage to form N,N'-diacetyllactosediamine, GalNAc-beta-1,4-GlcNAc structures in N-linked glycans and probably O-linked glycans.
Belongs to the Cob(I)alamin adenosyltransferase family.
Acts as one of several non-catalytic accessory components of the cytoplasmic dynein 1 complex that are thought to be involved in linking dynein to cargos and to adapter proteins that regulate dynein function. Cytoplasmic dynein 1 acts as a motor for the intracellular retrograde motility of vesicles and organelles along microtubules. May play a role in binding dynein to membranous organelles or chromosomes.
Belongs to the dynein light intermediate chain family.
Homodimer. The cytoplasmic dynein 1 complex consists of two catalytic heavy chains (HCs) and a number of non-catalytic subunits presented by intermediate chains (ICs).
Belongs to the GST superfamily. Alpha family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic/archaeal RNase P protein component 1 family.
Component of nuclear RNase P and RNase MRP.
Component of ribonuclease P, a ribonucleoprotein complex that generates mature tRNA molecules by cleaving their 5'-ends.
Belongs to the group II decarboxylase family.
Belongs to the ZP domain family. ZPC subfamily.
Component of the zona pellucida, an extracellular matrix surrounding oocytes which mediates sperm binding, induction of the acrosome reaction and prevents post-fertilization polyspermy. The zona pellucida is composed of 3 to 4 glycoproteins, ZP1, ZP2, ZP3, and ZP4. ZP3 is essential for sperm binding and zona matrix formation.
Proteolytically cleaved before the transmembrane segment to yield the secreted ectodomain incorporated in the zona pellucida.
The ZP domain is involved in the polymerization of the ZP proteins to form the zona pellucida.
Heterodimer with other nuclear receptors.
Nuclear receptor that binds peroxisome proliferators such as hypolipidemic drugs and fatty acids. Once activated by a ligand, the nuclear receptor binds to DNA specific PPAR response elements (PPRE) and modulates the transcription of its target genes, such as acyl-CoA oxidase. It therefore controls the peroxisomal beta-oxidation pathway of fatty acids. Key regulator of adipocyte differentiation and glucose homeostasis. May play a role in the regulation of circadian rhythm.
Belongs to the organo anion transporter (TC 2.A.60) family.
Component of the ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase complex (complex III or cytochrome b-c1 complex) that is part of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. The b-c1 complex mediates electron transfer from ubiquinol to cytochrome c. Contributes to the generation of a proton gradient across the mitochondrial membrane that is then used for ATP synthesis.
Heme 1 (or BL or b562) is low-potential and absorbs at about 562 nm, and heme 2 (or BH or b566) is high-potential and absorbs at about 566 nm.
The cytochrome bc1 complex contains 11 subunits: 3 respiratory subunits (MT-CYB, CYC1 and UQCRFS1), 2 core proteins (UQCRC1 and UQCRC2) and 6 low-molecular weight proteins (UQCRH/QCR6, UQCRB/QCR7, UQCRQ/QCR8, UQCR10/QCR9, UQCR11/QCR10 and a cleavage product of UQCRFS1). This cytochrome bc1 complex then forms a dimer.
The full-length protein contains only eight transmembrane helices, not nine as predicted by bioinformatics tools.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. RIO-type Ser/Thr kinase family.
Biotransformation enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of arene and aliphatic epoxides to less reactive and more water soluble dihydrodiols by the trans addition of water.
Belongs to the monovalent cation:proton antiporter 1 (CPA1) transporter (TC 2.A.36) family.
Belongs to the carnitine/choline acetyltransferase family.
Mitochondrial intermembrane chaperone that participates in the import and insertion of some multi-pass transmembrane proteins into the mitochondrial inner membrane. Also required for the transfer of beta-barrel precursors from the TOM complex to the sorting and assembly machinery (SAM complex) of the outer membrane. Acts as a chaperone-like protein that protects the hydrophobic precursors from aggregation and guide them through the mitochondrial intermembrane space.
The twin CX3C motif contains 4 conserved Cys residues that form 2 disulfide bonds in the mitochondrial intermembrane space.
Involved in trafficking and recycling of synaptic vesicles.
Component of the 20S core proteasome complex involved in the proteolytic degradation of most intracellular proteins. This complex plays numerous essential roles within the cell by associating with different regulatory particles. Associated with two 19S regulatory particles, forms the 26S proteasome and thus participates in the ATP-dependent degradation of ubiquitinated proteins. The 26S proteasome plays a key role in the maintenance of protein homeostasis by removing misfolded or damaged proteins that could impair cellular functions, and by removing proteins whose functions are no longer required. Associated with the PA200 or PA28, the 20S proteasome mediates ubiquitin-independent protein degradation. This type of proteolysis is required in several pathways including spermatogenesis (20S-PA200 complex) or generation of a subset of MHC class I-presented antigenic peptides (20S-PA28 complex). Within the 20S core complex, PSMB7 displays a trypsin-like activity.
The 26S proteasome consists of a 20S proteasome core and two 19S regulatory subunits. The 20S proteasome core is a barrel-shaped complex made of 28 subunits that are arranged in four stacked rings. The two outer rings are each formed by seven alpha subunits, and the two inner rings are formed by seven beta subunits. The proteolytic activity is exerted by three beta-subunits PSMB5, PSMB6 and PSMB7.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL37 family.
Belongs to the thiamine pyrophosphokinase family.
Belongs to the PA-phosphatase related phosphoesterase family.
Belongs to the dicarboxylate/amino acid:cation symporter (DAACS) (TC 2.A.23) family.
Belongs to the peroxisomal targeting signal receptor family.
Binds to the C-terminal PTS1-type tripeptide peroxisomal targeting signal (SKL-type) and plays an essential role in peroxisomal protein import.
Belongs to the CDP-alcohol phosphatidyltransferase class-I family.
Component of the origin recognition complex (ORC) that binds origins of replication.
Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. STE Ser/Thr protein kinase family. STE20 subfamily.
G proteins are composed of 3 units; alpha, beta and gamma.
Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as a modulator or transducer in various transmembrane signaling systems. The beta and gamma chains are required for the GTPase activity, for replacement of GDP by GTP, and for G protein-effector interaction.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL10 family.
Ribosomal protein P0 is the functional equivalent of E.coli protein L10.
Belongs to the myo-inositol oxygenase family.
Belongs to the two pore domain potassium channel (TC 1.A.1.8) family.
Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor Fz/Smo family.
Adenosyl-L-methionine (AdoMet)-dependent tRNA (uracil-O(2)-)-methyltransferase.
Belongs to the eukaryotic NMN adenylyltransferase family.
Belongs to the protein-tyrosine phosphatase family. Non-receptor class CDC14 subfamily.
Belongs to the sodium:solute symporter (SSF) (TC 2.A.21) family.
Belongs to the inositol monophosphatase superfamily.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 13 family.
Component of the Mediator complex, a coactivator involved in regulated transcription of nearly all RNA polymerase II-dependent genes. Mediator functions as a bridge to convey information from gene-specific regulatory proteins to the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. Mediator is recruited to promoters by direct interactions with regulatory proteins and serves as a scaffold for the assembly of a functional preinitiation complex with RNA polymerase II and the general transcription factors.
Accessory subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I), that is believed not to be involved in catalysis. Complex I functions in the transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme is believed to be ubiquinone. May be the terminally assembled subunit of Complex I.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFV3 subunit family.
Complex I is composed of 45 different subunits. This is a component of the flavoprotein-sulfur (FP) fragment of the enzyme.
Belongs to the mitochondrial Rho GTPase family.
Mitochondrial GTPase involved in mitochondrial trafficking.
Required for the localization of dynein and dynactin to the mitotic kintochore. Dynein is believed to control the initial lateral interaction between the kinetochore and spindle microtubules and to facilitate the subsequent formation of end-on kinetochore-microtubule attachments mediated by the NDC80 complex.
Belongs to the JARID1 histone demethylase family.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS5 family.
Component of the ribosome, a large ribonucleoprotein complex responsible for the synthesis of proteins in the cell. The small ribosomal subunit (SSU) binds messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and translates the encoded message by selecting cognate aminoacyl-transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules. The large subunit (LSU) contains the ribosomal catalytic site termed the peptidyl transferase center (PTC), which catalyzes the formation of peptide bonds, thereby polymerizing the amino acids delivered by tRNAs into a polypeptide chain. The nascent polypeptides leave the ribosome through a tunnel in the LSU and interact with protein factors that function in enzymatic processing, targeting, and the membrane insertion of nascent chains at the exit of the ribosomal tunnel. Plays a role in the assembly and function of the 40S ribosomal subunit. Mutations in this protein affects the control of translational fidelity. Involved in nucleolar processing of pre-18S ribosomal RNA and ribosome assembly.
Belongs to the class-I aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family. Glutamate--tRNA ligase type 1 subfamily.
Catalyzes the attachment of glutamate to tRNA(Glu) in a two-step reaction: glutamate is first activated by ATP to form Glu-AMP and then transferred to the acceptor end of tRNA(Glu).
May function as a negative regulator of endoplasmic reticulum-stress induced autophagy.
Belongs to the eukaryotic RPB4 RNA polymerase subunit family.
Belongs to the protein-tyrosine phosphatase family. Non-receptor class myotubularin subfamily.
Belongs to the SRC/p160 nuclear receptor coactivator family.
Belongs to the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase type II family.
Belongs to the mannose-6-phosphate isomerase type 1 family.
Involved in the synthesis of the GDP-mannose and dolichol-phosphate-mannose required for a number of critical mannosyl transfer reactions.
Belongs to the ferroportin (FP) (TC 2.A.100) family. SLC40A subfamily.
May be involved in iron transport and iron homeostasis.
Cysteine protease that plays a key role in autophagy by mediating both proteolytic activation and delipidation of ATG8 family proteins.
May act as a specific coactivator for the mammalian TEFs.
Belongs to the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6A family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ATPase B chain family.
F-type ATPases have 2 components, CF(1) - the catalytic core - and CF(0) - the membrane proton channel. CF(0) has three main subunits: a, b and c.
Mitochondrial membrane ATP synthase (F(1)F(0) ATP synthase or Complex V) produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane which is generated by electron transport complexes of the respiratory chain. F-type ATPases consist of two structural domains, F(1) - containing the extramembraneous catalytic core, and F(0) - containing the membrane proton channel, linked together by a central stalk and a peripheral stalk. During catalysis, ATP synthesis in the catalytic domain of F(1) is coupled via a rotary mechanism of the central stalk subunits to proton translocation. Part of the complex F(0) domain and the peripheric stalk, which acts as a stator to hold the catalytic alpha(3)beta(3) subcomplex and subunit a/ATP6 static relative to the rotary elements.
Belongs to the integrin beta chain family.
Belongs to the SRP receptor beta subunit family.
Catalyzes the post-translational formation of 4-hydroxyproline in -Xaa-Pro-Gly- sequences in collagens and other proteins.
Belongs to the protein-tyrosine phosphatase family. Receptor class 3 subfamily.
Accepts electrons from ETF and reduces ubiquinone.
Belongs to the SLC12A transporter family.
Belongs to the acetyltransferase family. MAK3 subfamily.
Belongs to the ATPase alpha/beta chains family.
Produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane.
Belongs to the ATP:guanido phosphotransferase family.
Belongs to the amidinotransferase family.
Catalyzes the biosynthesis of guanidinoacetate, the immediate precursor of creatine.
Associates primarily with CDK7 and MAT1 to form the CAK complex. CAK can further associate with the core-TFIIH to form the TFIIH basal transcription factor.
Regulates CDK7, the catalytic subunit of the CDK-activating kinase (CAK) enzymatic complex. CAK activates the cyclin-associated kinases CDK1, CDK2, CDK4 and CDK6 by threonine phosphorylation. CAK complexed to the core-TFIIH basal transcription factor activates RNA polymerase II by serine phosphorylation of the repetitive C-terminal domain (CTD) of its large subunit (POLR2A), allowing its escape from the promoter and elongation of the transcripts. Involved in cell cycle control and in RNA transcription by RNA polymerase II. Its expression and activity are constant throughout the cell cycle.
Regulates the GDP/GTP exchange reaction of most RAB proteins by inhibiting the dissociation of GDP from them, and the subsequent binding of GTP.
Belongs to the gastrin/cholecystokinin family.
Belongs to the RNA polymerase beta' chain family.
Component of the RNA polymerase III (Pol III) complex consisting of 17 subunits.
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class TrmE-Era-EngA-EngB-Septin-like GTPase superfamily. Septin GTPase family.
Calsequestrin is a high-capacity, moderate affinity, calcium-binding protein and thus acts as an internal calcium store in muscle.
Belongs to the cation transport ATPase (P-type) (TC 3.A.3) family. Type IIC subfamily.
Melanocyte-specific, restricted to the pigmented layer of the retina and the epidermis.
Transcriptionally regulated by MYC in the transdifferentiation of embryo pigmented epithelial cells. Expression precedes melanization.
Belongs to the ELO family. ELOVL5 subfamily.
Catalyzes the first and rate-limiting reaction of the four reactions that constitute the long-chain fatty acids elongation cycle. This endoplasmic reticulum-bound enzymatic process allows the addition of 2 carbons to the chain of long- and very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) per cycle. Condensing enzyme that acts specifically toward polyunsaturated acyl-CoA with the higher activity toward C18:3(n-6) acyl-CoA. May participate to the production of monounsaturated and of polyunsaturated VLCFAs of different chain lengths that are involved in multiple biological processes as precursors of membrane lipids and lipid mediators.
Mutarotase that catalyzes the interconversion of beta-D-galactose and alpha-D-galactose during galactose metabolism.
The avian keratins (F-ker, S-ker, C-ker and B-ker) are a complex mixture of very similar polypeptides.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 13 family.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS12 family.
Component of the 40S small ribosomal subunit.
Belongs to the bZIP family. ATF subfamily.
Major acute phase reactant. Apolipoprotein of the HDL complex.
Activated by a monovalent cation that binds near, but not in, the active site. The most likely occupant of the site in vivo is potassium. Ion binding induces a conformational change that may alter substrate affinity.
Belongs to the carbohydrate kinase PfkB family. Ribokinase subfamily.
Belongs to the carbohydrate kinase pfkB family.
Catalyzes the phosphorylation of ribose at O-5 in a reaction requiring ATP and magnesium. The resulting D-ribose-5-phosphate can then be used either for sythesis of nucleotides, histidine, and tryptophan, or as a component of the pentose phosphate pathway.
Requires a divalent cation, most likely magnesium in vivo, as an electrophilic catalyst to aid phosphoryl group transfer. It is the chelate of the metal and the nucleotide that is the actual substrate.
Binds the telomeric double-stranded 5'-TTAGGG-3' repeat.
Involved in pre-mRNA splicing as a component of the spliceosome.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 65 family.
Belongs to the calcineurin regulatory subunit family.
Belongs to the phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase beta subunit family. Type 2 subfamily.
Belongs to the proteasome subunit S1 family.
Component of the 19S proteasome regulatory particle complex. The 26S proteasome consists of a 20S core particle (CP) and two 19S regulatory subunits (RP).
Component of the 26S proteasome, a multiprotein complex involved in the ATP-dependent degradation of ubiquitinated proteins. This complex plays a key role in the maintenance of protein homeostasis by removing misfolded or damaged proteins, which could impair cellular functions, and by removing proteins whose functions are no longer required. Therefore, the proteasome participates in numerous cellular processes, including cell cycle progression, apoptosis, or DNA damage repair.
Belongs to the ABC transporter superfamily. ABCC family. Conjugate transporter (TC 3.A.1.208) subfamily.
Belongs to the PI3/PI4-kinase family. Type II PI4K subfamily.
Belongs to the intercrine alpha (chemokine CxC) family.
Receptor for adenosine. The activity of this receptor is mediated by G proteins which activate adenylyl cyclase.
Belongs to the small GTPase superfamily. SAR1 family.
Belongs to the 'GDXG' lipolytic enzyme family.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL23 family.
Essential component of the SCF (SKP1-CUL1-F-box protein) ubiquitin ligase complex, which mediates the ubiquitination of proteins involved in cell cycle progression, signal transduction and transcription. In the SCF complex, serves as an adapter that links the F-box protein to CUL1.
Interacts with LRP4 (via the extracellular domain); the interaction facilitates the inhibition of Wnt signaling. Interacts with LRP5 (via the first two YWTD-EGF repeat domains); the interaction inhibits Wnt-mediated signaling. Interacts with LRP6.
Negative regulator of bone growth that acts through inhibition of Wnt signaling and bone formation.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 31 family.
The coatomer is a cytosolic protein complex that binds to dilysine motifs and reversibly associates with Golgi non-clathrin-coated vesicles, which further mediate biosynthetic protein transport from the ER, via the Golgi up to the trans Golgi network. Coatomer complex is required for budding from Golgi membranes, and is essential for the retrograde Golgi-to-ER transport of dilysine-tagged proteins.
Belongs to the 5'(3')-deoxyribonucleotidase family.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Tyr protein kinase family. EGF receptor subfamily.
Belongs to the Gfo/Idh/MocA family. Biliverdin reductase subfamily.
Reduces the gamma-methene bridge of the open tetrapyrrole, biliverdin IX alpha, to bilirubin with the concomitant oxidation of a NADH or NADPH cofactor.
Belongs to the DNA photolyase class-2 family.
Plays an important role in the organization of the cytoskeleton. Binds to and sequesters actin monomers (G actin) and therefore inhibits actin polymerization (By similarity).
Belongs to the complex I subunit 4L family.
Core subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I) which catalyzes electron transfer from NADH through the respiratory chain, using ubiquinone as an electron acceptor.
Belongs to the krueppel C2H2-type zinc-finger protein family.
May be involved in transcriptional regulation.
Belongs to the V-ATPase 116 kDa subunit family.
Essential component of the vacuolar proton pump (V-ATPase), a multimeric enzyme that catalyzes the translocation of protons across the membranes. Required for assembly and activity of the V-ATPase.
Belongs to the SIX/Sine oculis homeobox family.
Belongs to the non-lysosomal glucosylceramidase family.
Non-lysosomal glucosylceramidase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of glucosylceramide (GlcCer) to free glucose and ceramide.
Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily. Sugar transporter (TC 2.A.1.1) family. Glucose transporter subfamily.
Facilitative glucose transporter that can also mediate the uptake of various other monosaccharides across the cell membrane. Mediates the uptake of glucose, 2-deoxyglucose, galactose, mannose, xylose and fucose, and probably also dehydroascorbate. Does not mediate fructose transport.
Transport is mediated via a series of conformation changes, switching between a conformation where the substrate-binding cavity is accessible from the outside, and a another conformation where it is accessible from the cytoplasm.
Belongs to the ubiquitin-activating E1 family. ULA1 subfamily.
Regulatory subunit of the dimeric UBA3-NAE1 E1 enzyme. E1 activates NEDD8 by first adenylating its C-terminal glycine residue with ATP, thereafter linking this residue to the side chain of the catalytic cysteine, yielding a NEDD8-UBA3 thioester and free AMP. E1 finally transfers NEDD8 to the catalytic cysteine of UBE2M.
Belongs to the acyl-CoA dehydrogenase family.
Hexadecamer of 4 heterotetramers, each composed of alpha, beta, gamma, and delta subunits. Alpha (PHKA1 or PHKA2) and beta (PHKB) are regulatory subunits, gamma (PHKG1 or PHKG2) is the catalytic subunit, and delta is calmodulin.
Belongs to the prostaglandin G/H synthase family.
Belongs to the sauvagine/corticotropin-releasing factor/urotensin I family.
Component of the biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles complex-2 (or BLOC2) composed of HPS3, HPS5 and HPS6.
May regulate the synthesis and function of lysosomes and of highly specialized organelles, such as melanosomes and platelet dense granules.
Belongs to the DNA2/NAM7 helicase family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic initiation factor 4G family.
Belongs to the DNA photolyase class-1 family.
Thiol-specific peroxidase that catalyzes the reduction of hydrogen peroxide and organic hydroperoxides to water and alcohols, respectively.
Belongs to the dermatan-sulfate isomerase family.
Belongs to the sodium:neurotransmitter symporter (SNF) (TC 2.A.22) family. SLC6A6 subfamily.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS4 family.
Belongs to the complexin/synaphin family.
Belongs to the class-I aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family.
Involved in poly(A) tail length control in neuronal cells. Binds the polyadenosine RNA oligonucleotides.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS7 family.
Belongs to the transcription factor STAT family.
Gamma-tubulin complex is necessary for microtubule nucleation at the centrosome.
Found in a signaling complex consisting of at least ARHGEF2, NOD2 and RIPK2.
Serine/threonine/tyrosine kinase that plays an essential role in modulation of innate and adaptive immune responses. Upon stimulation by bacterial peptidoglycans, NOD1 and NOD2 are activated, oligomerize and recruit RIPK2 through CARD-CARD domains.
Belongs to the peptidase C19 family. PAN2 subfamily.
Binds 2 metal cations per subunit in the catalytic exonuclease domain.
Catalytic subunit of the poly(A)-nuclease (PAN) deadenylation complex, one of two cytoplasmic mRNA deadenylases involved in general and miRNA-mediated mRNA turnover. PAN specifically shortens poly(A) tails of RNA and the activity is stimulated by poly(A)-binding protein (PABP). PAN deadenylation is followed by rapid degradation of the shortened mRNA tails by the CCR4-NOT complex. Deadenylated mRNAs are then degraded by two alternative mechanisms, namely exosome-mediated 3'-5' exonucleolytic degradation, or deadenlyation-dependent mRNA decaping and subsequent 5'-3' exonucleolytic degradation by XRN1.
Contains a pseudo-UCH domain. This ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase (UCH)-like or ubiquitin specific protease (USP)-like domain is predicted to be catalytically inactive because it lacks the active site catalytic triad characteristic of thiol proteases, with residues at the equivalent structural positions that are incompatible with catalysis, and it cannot bind ubiquitin. It functions as a structural scaffold for intra- and intermolecular interactions in the complex.
Forms a heterotrimer with an asymmetric homodimer of the regulatory subunit PAN3 to form the poly(A)-nuclease (PAN) deadenylation complex.
Positively regulated by the regulatory subunit PAN3.
The linker, or PAN3 interaction domain (PID), between the WD40 repeats and the pseudo-UCH domain mediates interaction with PAN3.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 9 family.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CAMK Ser/Thr protein kinase family. PKD subfamily.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CMGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. GSK-3 subfamily.
Belongs to the TNF receptor-associated factor family. A subfamily.
Functions in lipid transport from the endoplasmic reticulum and is involved in a wide array of cellular functions probably through regulation of the biogenesis of lipid microdomains at the plasma membrane. Regulates calcium efflux at the endoplasmic reticulum.
The C-terminal helices form a flat, hydrophobic surface that is probably tightly associated with the cytosolic surface of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane.
Belongs to the FAD-dependent oxidoreductase 2 family. FRD/SDH subfamily.
Flavoprotein (FP) subunit of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) that is involved in complex II of the mitochondrial electron transport chain and is responsible for transferring electrons from succinate to ubiquinone (coenzyme Q).
Binds and promotes bundling of vimentin filaments originating from the Golgi.
Folate-dependent enzyme, that displays both transferase and deaminase activity. Serves to channel one-carbon units from formiminoglutamate to the folate pool.
Homooctamer, including four polyglutamate binding sites. The subunits are arranged as a tetramer of dimers, and form a planar ring-shaped structure.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the cyclodeaminase/cyclohydrolase family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the formiminotransferase family.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS10 family.
Sequence-specific transcription factor which is part of a developmental regulatory system that provides cells with specific positional identities on the anterior-posterior axis.
Belongs to the adenylate kinase family. AK3 subfamily.
Consists of three domains, a large central CORE domain and two small peripheral domains, NMPbind and LID, which undergo movements during catalysis. The LID domain closes over the site of phosphoryl transfer upon GTP/ATP binding. Assembling and dissambling the active center during each catalytic cycle provides an effective means to prevent GTP/ATP hydrolysis.
Involved in maintaining the homeostasis of cellular nucleotides by catalyzing the interconversion of nucleoside phosphates. Efficiently phosphorylates AMP and dAMP using ATP as phosphate donor, but phosphorylates only AMP when using GTP as phosphate donor. Also displays broad nucleoside diphosphate kinase activity.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS8 family.
Belongs to the pyridoxine kinase family.
Activated by threonine and tyrosine phosphorylation.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family. MAP kinase subfamily.
Belongs to the GSK-3-binding protein family.
Component of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF-3) complex, which is composed of 13 subunits: EIF3A, EIF3B, EIF3C, EIF3D, EIF3E, EIF3F, EIF3G, EIF3H, EIF3I, EIF3J, EIF3K, EIF3L and EIF3M.
Component of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF-3) complex, which is involved in protein synthesis of a specialized repertoire of mRNAs and, together with other initiation factors, stimulates binding of mRNA and methionyl-tRNAi to the 40S ribosome. The eIF-3 complex specifically targets and initiates translation of a subset of mRNAs involved in cell proliferation.
Stimulates the RNA helicase activity of EIF4A in the translation initiation complex. Binds weakly mRNA.
Belongs to the ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase large chain family.
Provides the precursors necessary for DNA synthesis. Catalyzes the biosynthesis of deoxyribonucleotides from the corresponding ribonucleotides.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CMGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. CDC2/CDKX subfamily.
Belongs to the phosphatase 2A regulatory subunit B56 family.
High affinity receptor for urotensin-2 and urotensin-2B. The activity of this receptor is mediated by a G-protein that activate a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 43 family.
Involved in protein trafficking. May serve as a receptor for ARFRP1.
Belongs to the flavoprotein pyridine nucleotide cytochrome reductase family.
Oligomeric complex that consists of at least the alpha, beta, beta', gamma, delta, epsilon and zeta subunits.
The coatomer is a cytosolic protein complex that binds to dilysine motifs and reversibly associates with Golgi non-clathrin-coated vesicles, which further mediate biosynthetic protein transport from the ER, via the Golgi up to the trans Golgi network. Coatomer complex is required for budding from Golgi membranes, and is essential for the retrograde Golgi-to-ER transport of dilysine-tagged proteins. In mammals, the coatomer can only be recruited by membranes associated to ADP-ribosylation factors (ARFs), which are small GTP-binding proteins; the complex also influences the Golgi structural integrity, as well as the processing, activity, and endocytic recycling of LDL receptors.
This coatomer complex protein, essential for Golgi budding and vesicular trafficking, is a selective binding protein (RACK) for protein kinase C, epsilon type. It binds to Golgi membranes in a GTP-dependent manner.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. AGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. cGMP subfamily.
Component of the BLOC-1 complex, a complex that is required for normal biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles (LRO), such as platelet dense granules and melanosomes. In concert with the AP-3 complex, the BLOC-1 complex is required to target membrane protein cargos into vesicles assembled at cell bodies for delivery into neurites and nerve terminals. The BLOC-1 complex, in association with SNARE proteins, is also proposed to be involved in neurite extension. Plays a role in intracellular vesicle trafficking and synaptic vesicle recycling.
Component of the elongator complex which is required for multiple tRNA modifications, including mcm5U (5-methoxycarbonylmethyl uridine), mcm5s2U (5-methoxycarbonylmethyl-2-thiouridine), and ncm5U (5-carbamoylmethyl uridine). The elongator complex catalyzes formation of carboxymethyluridine in the wobble base at position 34 in tRNAs.
Belongs to the apolipoprotein A1/A4/E family.
Major protein of VLDL, HDL, LDL and in chylomicrons. Expressed in a number of tissues including liver, small intestine, lung, kidney, heart and muscle with highest expression in liver and small intestine.
Participates in the reverse transport of cholesterol from tissues to the liver for excretion by promoting cholesterol efflux from tissues and by acting as a cofactor for the lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT).
Transcriptional repressor that contribute to growth arrest during terminal macrophage differentiation by repressing target genes involved in Ras-dependent proliferation. Represses MMP1 promoter activity.
Belongs to the type IB topoisomerase family.
Releases the supercoiling and torsional tension of DNA introduced during the DNA replication and transcription by transiently cleaving and rejoining one strand of the DNA duplex. Introduces a single-strand break via transesterification at the specific target site 5'-[CT]CCTTp site in duplex DNA. The scissile phosphodiester is attacked by the catalytic tyrosine of the enzyme, resulting in the formation of a DNA-(3'-phosphotyrosyl)-enzyme intermediate and the expulsion of a 5'-OH DNA strand. The free DNA strand then undergoes passage around the unbroken strand thus removing DNA supercoils. Finally, in the religation step, the DNA 5'-OH attacks the covalent intermediate to expel the active-site tyrosine and restore the DNA phosphodiester backbone.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX41 subfamily.
Cell surface proteoglycan that bears heparan sulfate.
Required for correct functioning of the GINS complex, a complex that plays an essential role in the initiation of DNA replication, and progression of DNA replication forks. GINS complex seems to bind preferentially to single-stranded DNA.
Belongs to the calcium channel flower family.
Belongs to the ABC transporter superfamily. ABCC family. CFTR transporter (TC 3.A.1.202) subfamily.
Epithelial ion channel that plays an important role in the regulation of epithelial ion and water transport and fluid homeostasis. Mediates the transport of chloride ions across the cell membrane. Channel activity is coupled to ATP hydrolysis. The ion channel is also permeable to HCO(3-); selectivity depends on the extracellular chloride concentration. Exerts its function also by modulating the activity of other ion channels and transporters. Contributes to the regulation of the pH and the ion content of the epithelial fluid layer.
Crystallins are the dominant structural components of the vertebrate eye lens.
Homo/heterodimer, or complexes of higher-order. The structure of beta-crystallin oligomers seems to be stabilized through interactions between the N-terminal arms.
This enzyme is involved in nucleotide metabolism: it produces dUMP, the immediate precursor of thymidine nucleotides and it decreases the intracellular concentration of dUTP so that uracil cannot be incorporated into DNA.
Catalyzes the reversible isomerization between hydroxypyruvate and 2-hydroxy-3-oxopropanoate (also termed tartronate semialdehyde).
Belongs to the methylmalonyl-CoA epimerase family.
Cadherins are calcium-dependent cell adhesion proteins.
Belongs to the eukaryotic GSH synthase family.
Heterohexamer; disulfide linked. Contains 2 sets of 3 non-identical chains (alpha, beta and gamma). The 2 heterotrimers are in head to head conformation with the N-termini in a small central domain.
Belongs to the parathyroid hormone family.
Binds free fatty acids and their coenzyme A derivatives, bilirubin, and some other small molecules in the cytoplasm. May be involved in intracellular lipid transport.
Forms a beta-barrel structure that accommodates hydrophobic ligands in its interior.
Belongs to the complex I subunit 5 family.
Core subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I) which catalyzes electron transfer from NADH through the respiratory chain, using ubiquinone as an electron acceptor. Essential for the catalytic activity and assembly of complex I.
ATP-specific succinyl-CoA synthetase functions in the citric acid cycle (TCA), coupling the hydrolysis of succinyl-CoA to the synthesis of ATP and thus represents the only step of substrate-level phosphorylation in the TCA. The beta subunit provides nucleotide specificity of the enzyme and binds the substrate succinate, while the binding sites for coenzyme A and phosphate are found in the alpha subunit.
Belongs to the succinate/malate CoA ligase beta subunit family. ATP-specific subunit beta subfamily.
Heterodimer of an alpha and a beta subunit. The beta subunit determines specificity for ATP.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Tyr protein kinase family. ROR subfamily.
Belongs to the ZIP transporter (TC 2.A.5) family.
This alpha-adrenergic receptor mediates its action by association with G proteins that activate a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system. Its effect is mediated by G(q) and G(11) proteins. Nuclear ADRA1A-ADRA1B heterooligomers regulate phenylephrine (PE)-stimulated ERK signaling in cardiac myocytes.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family. WEE1 subfamily.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL6 family.
Binds 3 Ca(2+) ions per subunit. Two of the Ca(2+) ions are bound to the C2 domain.
By contrast to classical cadherins, homodimerization in trans is not mediated by cadherin EC1 domain strand-swapping, but instead through a homophilic adhesive interface which joins two elongated EC1-EC2 domains through a region near their Ca2+-binding sites to form a tetrahedral, X-like shape.
Cadherins are calcium-dependent cell adhesion proteins. They preferentially interact with themselves in a homophilic manner in connecting cells; cadherins may thus contribute to the sorting of heterogeneous cell types. May act as a negative regulator of neural cell growth.
Belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily. L1/neurofascin/NgCAM family.
Belongs to the V-ATPase E subunit family.
Involved in several stages of intracellular trafficking.
Homodimeric or heterodimeric through association with alpha and beta subunits, linked by one or more disulfide bonds. Inhibins are heterodimers of one alpha and one beta subunit. Activins are homo- or heterodimers of beta subunits only.
Inhibins and activins inhibit and activate, respectively, the secretion of follitropin by the pituitary gland. Inhibins/activins are involved in regulating a number of diverse functions such as hypothalamic and pituitary hormone secretion, gonadal hormone secretion, germ cell development and maturation, erythroid differentiation, insulin secretion, nerve cell survival, embryonic axial development or bone growth, depending on their subunit composition. Inhibins appear to oppose the functions of activins.
Belongs to the DNA mismatch repair MutS family.
Component of the post-replicative DNA mismatch repair system (MMR).
A pair of annexin repeats may form one binding site for calcium and phospholipid.
Belongs to the cyclin family. Cyclin AB subfamily.
Belongs to the PMP-22/EMP/MP20 family. CACNG subfamily.
Component of a calcium channel complex consisting of a pore-forming alpha subunit (CACNA1S) and the ancillary subunits CACNB1 or CACNB2, CACNG1 and CACNA2D1. The channel complex contains alpha, beta, gamma and delta subunits in a 1:1:1:1 ratio, i.e. it contains either CACNB1 or CACNB2.
Regulatory subunit of the voltage-gated calcium channel that gives rise to L-type calcium currents in skeletal muscle. Regulates channel inactivation kinetics.
Belongs to the eIF4E-binding protein family.
Belongs to the bile acid:sodium symporter (BASS) (TC 2.A.28) family.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CAMK Ser/Thr protein kinase family.
Belongs to the NAD(P)-dependent epimerase/dehydratase family. GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase subfamily.
Phosphorylates Ins(1,3,4,5,6)P5 at position 2 to form Ins(1,2,3,4,5,6)P6 (InsP6 or phytate).
The EXKPK motif is conserved in inositol-pentakisphosphate 2-kinases of both family 1 and 2.
Belongs to the small leucine-rich proteoglycan (SLRP) family. SLRP class II subfamily.
Nuclease required for the repair of DNA interstrand cross-links (ICL). Acts as a 5'-3' exonuclease that anchors at a cut end of DNA and cleaves DNA successively at every third nucleotide, allowing to excise an ICL from one strand through flanking incisions.
Belongs to the class-II pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family.
Component of the transcription factor SL1/TIF-IB complex, composed of TBP and at least TAF1A, TAF1B, TAF1C and TAF1D. Interacts with UBTF.
Component of the transcription factor SL1/TIF-IB complex, which is involved in the assembly of the PIC (preinitiation complex) during RNA polymerase I-dependent transcription. The rate of PIC formation probably is primarily dependent on the rate of association of SL1/TIF-IB with the rDNA promoter. SL1/TIF-IB is involved in stabilization of nucleolar transcription factor 1/UBTF on rDNA. Formation of SL1/TIF-IB excludes the association of TBP with TFIID subunits.
Belongs to the acireductone dioxygenase (ARD) family.
Binds either 1 Fe or Ni cation per monomer. Iron-binding promotes an acireductone dioxygenase reaction producing 2-keto-4-methylthiobutyrate, while nickel-binding promotes an acireductone dioxygenase reaction producing 3-(methylsulfanyl)propanoate.
Catalyzes 2 different reactions between oxygen and the acireductone 1,2-dihydroxy-3-keto-5-methylthiopentene (DHK-MTPene) depending upon the metal bound in the active site. Fe-containing acireductone dioxygenase (Fe-ARD) produces formate and 2-keto-4-methylthiobutyrate (KMTB), the alpha-ketoacid precursor of methionine in the methionine recycle pathway. Ni-containing acireductone dioxygenase (Ni-ARD) produces methylthiopropionate, carbon monoxide and formate, and does not lie on the methionine recycle pathway.
Belongs to the dus family. Dus3 subfamily.
Belongs to the small GTPase superfamily. Rab family.
Protein transport. Probably involved in vesicular traffic.
Belongs to the vinculin/alpha-catenin family.
6-O-sulfation enzyme which catalyzes the transfer of sulfate from 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) to position 6 of the N-sulfoglucosamine residue (GlcNS) of heparan sulfate.
Belongs to the sulfotransferase 6 family.
Binds calmodulin. Interacts with NDUFAF3.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DEAH subfamily. DDX15/PRP43 sub-subfamily.
Belongs to the ribose 5-phosphate isomerase family.
Receptor for thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). Upon ligand binding, this G-protein-coupled receptor triggers activation of the phosphatidylinositol (IP3)-calcium-protein kinase C (PKC) pathway.
Belongs to the peptidase M24A family. Methionine aminopeptidase type 1 subfamily.
Binds 2 divalent metal cations per subunit. Has a high-affinity and a low affinity metal-binding site. The true nature of the physiological cofactor is under debate. The enzyme is active with cobalt, zinc, manganese or divalent iron ions. Most likely, methionine aminopeptidases function as mononuclear Fe(2+)-metalloproteases under physiological conditions, and the catalytically relevant metal-binding site has been assigned to the histidine-containing high-affinity site.
Cotranslationally removes the N-terminal methionine from nascent proteins. The N-terminal methionine is often cleaved when the second residue in the primary sequence is small and uncharged (Met-Ala-, Cys, Gly, Pro, Ser, Thr, or Val).
Belongs to the TFIIE alpha subunit family.
Recruits TFIIH to the initiation complex and stimulates the RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain kinase and DNA-dependent ATPase activities of TFIIH. Both TFIIH and TFIIE are required for promoter clearance by RNA polymerase.
Belongs to the tumor necrosis factor family.
Belongs to the chemokine-like receptor (CMKLR) family.
Electron carrier protein. The oxidized form of the cytochrome c heme group can accept an electron from the heme group of the cytochrome c1 subunit of cytochrome reductase. Cytochrome c then transfers this electron to the cytochrome oxidase complex, the final protein carrier in the mitochondrial electron-transport chain.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL21 family.
Belongs to the sulfatase-modifying factor family.
Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 2 family.
Receptor for calcitonin-gene-related peptide (CGRP). Receptor specificity may be modulated by accessory proteins. The activity of this receptor is mediated by G proteins which activate adenylyl cyclase.
A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase that catalyzes the side-chain hydroxylation and cleavage of cholesterol to pregnenolone, the precursor of most steroid hormones. Catalyzes three sequential oxidation reactions of cholesterol, namely the hydroxylation at C22 followed with the hydroxylation at C20 to yield 20R,22R-hydroxycholesterol that is further cleaved between C20 and C22 to yield the C21-steroid pregnenolone and 4-methylpentanal. Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate and reducing the second into a water molecule. Two electrons are provided by NADPH via a two-protein mitochondrial transfer system comprising flavoprotein FDXR (adrenodoxin/ferredoxin reductase) and nonheme iron-sulfur protein FDX1 or FDX2 (adrenodoxin/ferredoxin).
Stores iron in a soluble, non-toxic, readily available form. Important for iron homeostasis. Iron is taken up in the ferrous form and deposited as ferric hydroxides after oxidation.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS17 family.
Belongs to the nucleoporin Nup84/Nup107 family.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. TKL Ser/Thr protein kinase family. RAF subfamily.
Expressed preferentially in neural tissue.
In quiescent cells, maintained in an inactive state via an intramolecular interaction between the protein kinase and N-terminal domains. Following mitogen-mediated cell activation, binds via its RGB domain to active HRAS (GTP-bound) which releases the inhibitory intramolecular interaction between the two domains. This allows the MAP2K1-mediated dimerization of KSR1 or KSR2, and BRAF which activates BRAF.
Protein kinase involved in the activation of the MAP signaling cascade. May play a role in transducing specific signals in neural cells.
Belongs to the fatty acyl-CoA reductase family.
Catalyzes the reduction of fatty acyl-CoA to fatty alcohols.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class dynamin-like GTPase superfamily. GB1/RHD3 GTPase family.
Belongs to the V-ATPase proteolipid subunit family.
Proton-conducting pore forming of the V0 complex of vacuolar(H+)-ATPase (V-ATPase), a multisubunit enzyme composed of a peripheral complex (V1) that hydrolyzes ATP and a membrane integral complex (V0) that translocates protons. V-ATPase is responsible for acidifying and maintaining the pH of intracellular compartments and in some cell types, is targeted to the plasma membrane, where it is responsible for acidifying the extracellular environment.
V-ATPase is a heteromultimeric enzyme made up of two complexes: the ATP-hydrolytic V1 complex and the proton translocation V0 complex. The V1 complex consists of three catalytic AB heterodimers that form a heterohexamer, three peripheral stalks each consisting of EG heterodimers, one central rotor including subunits D and F, and the regulatory subunits C and H. The proton translocation complex V0 consists of the proton transport subunit a, a ring of proteolipid subunits c9c'', rotary subunit d, subunits e and f, and the accessory subunits.
Belongs to the LDH/MDH superfamily. LDH family.
Belongs to the peptidase S1 family. Plasminogen subfamily.
Dimer of an alpha chain and a beta chain linked by a disulfide bond. Interacts with SRPX2; the interaction increases HGF mitogenic activity.
Potent mitogen for mature parenchymal hepatocyte cells, seems to be a hepatotrophic factor, and acts as a growth factor for a broad spectrum of tissues and cell types. Activating ligand for the receptor tyrosine kinase MET by binding to it and promoting its dimerization.
Belongs to the type I cytokine receptor family. Type 2 subfamily.
Belongs to the bZIP family. Fos subfamily.
Belongs to the metallo-dependent hydrolases superfamily. ACMSD family.
Converts alpha-amino-beta-carboxymuconate-epsilon-semialdehyde (ACMS) to alpha-aminomuconate semialdehyde (AMS). ACMS can be converted non-enzymatically to quinolate (QA), a key precursor of NAD, and a potent endogenous excitotoxin of neuronal cells which is implicated in the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative disorders. In the presence of ACMSD, ACMS is converted to AMS, a benign catabolite. ACMSD ultimately controls the metabolic fate of tryptophan catabolism along the kynurenine pathway.
Retinol dehydrogenase with a clear preference for NADP. Converts all-trans-retinal to all-trans-retinol. May play a role in the regeneration of visual pigment at high light intensity.
Belongs to the nuclear hormone receptor family. NR0 subfamily.
Orphan nuclear receptor. Component of a cascade required for the development of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-gonadal axis. Acts as a coregulatory protein that inhibits the transcriptional activity of other nuclear receptors through heterodimeric interactions. May also have a role in the development of the embryo and in the maintenance of embryonic stem cell pluripotency.
Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily. Monocarboxylate porter (TC 2.A.1.13) family.
Belongs to the TRAPP small subunits family. Sedlin subfamily.
Mediates the post-translational oxidative deamination of lysine residues on target proteins leading to the formation of deaminated lysine (allysine).
The lysine tyrosylquinone cross-link (LTQ) is generated by condensation of the epsilon-amino group of a lysine with a topaquinone produced by oxidation of tyrosine.
Belongs to the SMC family. RAD50 subfamily.
Plays a central role during spermatogenesis by repressing transposable elements and preventing their mobilization, which is essential for the germline integrity. Acts via the piRNA metabolic process, which mediates the repression of transposable elements during meiosis by forming complexes composed of piRNAs and Piwi proteins and governs the methylation and subsequent repression of transposons. Its association with piP-bodies suggests a participation in the secondary piRNAs metabolic process. Required for the localization of germ-cell factors to the meiotic nuage.
In muscle, parvalbumin is thought to be involved in relaxation after contraction. It binds two calcium ions.
Part of a SCF (SKP1-cullin-F-box) protein ligase complex.
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. They oxidize a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics.
Belongs to the PDGF/VEGF growth factor family.
Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 3 family.
Belongs to the small GTPase superfamily. RGK family.
Nuclear hormone receptor that can act as a repressor or activator of transcription. High affinity receptor for thyroid hormones, including triiodothyronine and thyroxine.
Belongs to the bZIP family. C/EBP subfamily.
Mediates sulfate transport with high affinity. Mediates oxalate transport. Mediates bicarbonate transport. Does not accept succinate as cosubstrate.
Can form homo- and heteropolymers with other CLDN. Homopolymers interact with CLDN1 and CLDN2 homopolymers. Directly interacts with TJP1/ZO-1, TJP2/ZO-2 and TJP3/ZO-3.
Efficient DNA binding requires dimerization with another bHLH protein.
Serves as a reserve supply of oxygen and facilitates the movement of oxygen within muscles.
Plays an important role in generating and maintaining a transparent matrix within the corneal stroma.
Belongs to the methylmalonyl-CoA mutase family.
Catalyzes the reversible isomerization of methylmalonyl-CoA (MMCoA) (generated from branched-chain amino acid metabolism and degradation of dietary odd chain fatty acids and cholesterol) to succinyl-CoA (3-carboxypropionyl-CoA), a key intermediate of the tricarboxylic acid cycle.
Belongs to the complex I subunit 6 family.
Core subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I) that is believed to belong to the minimal assembly required for catalysis. Complex I functions in the transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme is believed to be ubiquinone (By similarity).
The conversion to 3-oxoalanine (also known as C-formylglycine, FGly), of a serine or cysteine residue in prokaryotes and of a cysteine residue in eukaryotes, is critical for catalytic activity.
Belongs to the G-alpha family. G(12) subfamily.
Belongs to the metallo-dependent hydrolases superfamily. Peptidase M19 family.
Independently of its dipeptidase activity, acts as an adhesion receptor for neutrophil recruitment from bloodstream into inflamed lungs and liver.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 7 family.
Responsible for the synthesis of complex-type N-linked oligosaccharides in many glycoproteins as well as the carbohydrate moieties of glycolipids.
Belongs to the connexin family. Alpha-type (group II) subfamily.
Belongs to the acid sphingomyelinase family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS1 family.
Component of the small ribosomal subunit. Mature ribosomes consist of a small (40S) and a large (60S) subunit. The 40S subunit contains about 33 different proteins and 1 molecule of RNA (18S). The 60S subunit contains about 49 different proteins and 3 molecules of RNA (28S, 5.8S and 5S).
Belongs to the class-I pyridine nucleotide-disulfide oxidoreductase family.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 31 family.
Belongs to the Mrp/NBP35 ATP-binding proteins family.
pH-dependent, voltage-insensitive, background potassium channel protein.
Forms a heterodimer with the catalytic subunit METTL1.
Required for the formation of N(7)-methylguanine at position 46 (m7G46) in tRNA. In the complex, it is required to stabilize and induce conformational changes of the catalytic subunit.
Component of the ARISC complex. Component of the BRCA1-A complex. Component of the BRISC complex. Binds polyubiquitin.
Contains 2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family-like (UEV-like) regions. These regions lack the critical Cys residues required for ubiquitination but retain the ability to bind ubiquitin.
May play a role in homeostasis or cellular differentiation in cells of neural, epithelial and germline origins. May also act as a death receptor-associated anti-apoptotic protein, which inhibits the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway.
Acts as a sulfur carrier required for 2-thiolation of mcm(5)S(2)U at tRNA wobble positions of cytosolic tRNA(Lys), tRNA(Glu) and tRNA(Gln). Serves as sulfur donor in tRNA 2-thiolation reaction by being thiocarboxylated (-COSH) at its C-terminus by MOCS3. The sulfur is then transferred to tRNA to form 2-thiolation of mcm(5)S(2)U. Also acts as a ubiquitin-like protein (UBL) that is covalently conjugated via an isopeptide bond to lysine residues of target proteins. The thiocarboxylated form serves as substrate for conjugation and oxidative stress specifically induces the formation of UBL-protein conjugates.
C-terminal thiocarboxylation occurs in 2 steps, it is first acyl-adenylated (-COAMP) via the hesA/moeB/thiF part of MOCS3, then thiocarboxylated (-COSH) via the rhodanese domain of MOCS3.
Belongs to the WD repeat PROPPIN family.
Belongs to the clathrin heavy chain family.
Clathrin is the major protein of the polyhedral coat of coated pits and vesicles.
Probable component of the Integrator (INT) complex, a complex involved in the small nuclear RNAs (snRNA) U1 and U2 transcription and in their 3'-box-dependent processing.
Belongs to the snRNP Sm proteins family.
LSm subunits form a heteromer with a donut shape.
Probably involved with other LSm subunits in the general process of degradation of mRNAs.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 18 family.
ATPase activity is stimulated by microtubules, which promote homooligomerization. ATP-dependent microtubule severing is stimulated by interaction with KATNB1.
Belongs to the AAA ATPase family. Katanin p60 subunit A1 subfamily. A-like 1 sub-subfamily.
Can homooligomerize into hexameric rings, which may be promoted by interaction with microtubules. Interacts with KATNB1, which may serve as a targeting subunit.
Catalytic subunit of a complex which severs microtubules in an ATP-dependent manner. Microtubule severing may promote rapid reorganization of cellular microtubule arrays and the release of microtubules from the centrosome following nucleation.
Regulates microtubule dynamics in Sertoli cells, a process that is essential for spermiogenesis and male fertility. Severs microtubules in an ATP-dependent manner, promoting rapid reorganization of cellular microtubule arrays.
Belongs to the class-I pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family.
In eukaryotes there are cytoplasmic, mitochondrial and chloroplastic isozymes.
Belongs to the histidine acid phosphatase family. MINPP1 subfamily.
Involved in the processing of hormone and other protein precursors at sites comprised of pairs of basic amino acid residues. Substrates include POMC, renin, enkephalin, dynorphin, somatostatin, insulin and AGRP.
Belongs to the complex I subunit 4 family.
Transcription factor that binds DNA in a non-specific manner, yet also specifically recognizes the core sequence 5'-CAC[GA]TG-3'. Activates the transcription of growth-related genes.
Belongs to the endothelin/sarafotoxin family.
Seems to promote the survival of visceral and proprioceptive sensory neurons.
Endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment membrane
Plays a role in transport between endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi.
Belongs to the RNase H2 subunit B family.
Non catalytic subunit of RNase H2, an endonuclease that specifically degrades the RNA of RNA:DNA hybrids. Participates in DNA replication, possibly by mediating the removal of lagging-strand Okazaki fragment RNA primers during DNA replication. Mediates the excision of single ribonucleotides from DNA:RNA duplexes.
The RNase H2 complex is a heterotrimer composed of the catalytic subunit RNASEH2A and the non-catalytic subunits RNASEH2B and RNASEH2C.
Belongs to the carotenoid oxygenase family.
Belongs to the NAD(P)-dependent epimerase/dehydratase family. UDP-glucuronic acid decarboxylase subfamily.
Belongs to the X(+)/potassium ATPases subunit beta family.
This is the non-catalytic component of the active enzyme, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the exchange of Na(+) and K(+) ions across the plasma membrane.
Homomultimers may associate with EGR1 bound to DNA.
Belongs to the cyclin family. Cyclin D subfamily.
Involved in autophagic vesicle formation. Conjugation with ATG12, through a ubiquitin-like conjugating system involving ATG7 as an E1-like activating enzyme and ATG10 as an E2-like conjugating enzyme, is essential for its function. The ATG12-ATG5 conjugate acts as an E3-like enzyme which is required for lipidation of ATG8 family proteins and their association to the vesicle membranes. Involved in mitochondrial quality control after oxidative damage, and in subsequent cellular longevity. Plays a critical role in multiple aspects of lymphocyte development and is essential for both B and T lymphocyte survival and proliferation. Required for optimal processing and presentation of antigens for MHC II. Involved in the maintenance of axon morphology and membrane structures, as well as in normal adipocyte differentiation. Promotes primary ciliogenesis through removal of OFD1 from centriolar satellites and degradation of IFT20 via the autophagic pathway.
May play an important role in the apoptotic process, possibly within the modified cytoskeleton. Its expression is a relatively late event in the apoptotic process, occurring downstream of caspase activity. Plays a crucial role in IFN-gamma-induced autophagic cell death by interacting with FADD.
Mannosyltransferase involved in glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchor biosynthesis.
Mitochondrial intermembrane chaperone that participates in the import and insertion of multi-pass transmembrane proteins into the mitochondrial inner membrane. May also be required for the transfer of beta-barrel precursors from the TOM complex to the sorting and assembly machinery (SAM complex) of the outer membrane. Acts as a chaperone-like protein that protects the hydrophobic precursors from aggregation and guide them through the mitochondrial intermembrane space.
Acts as a transcriptional activator that promotes transcription of muscle-specific target genes and plays a role in muscle differentiation. Induces fibroblasts to differentiate into myoblasts. Interacts with and is inhibited by the twist protein. This interaction probably involves the basic domains of both proteins (By similarity).
Efficient DNA binding requires dimerization with another bHLH protein. Seems to form active heterodimers with ITF-2.
Belongs to the amino acid-polyamine-organocation (APC) superfamily. L-type amino acid transporter (LAT) (TC 2.A.3.8) family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL20 family.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL15 family.
Assembly factor required for Rieske Fe-S protein UQCRFS1 incorporation into the cytochrome b-c1 (CIII) complex. Functions as a chaperone, binding to this subunit within the mitochondrial matrix and stabilizing it prior to its translocation and insertion into the late CIII dimeric intermediate within the mitochondrial inner membrane.
Required for 60S pre-ribosomal subunits export to the cytoplasm.
Belongs to the RIN (Ras interaction/interference) family.
Belongs to the vacuolar ATPase subunit S1 family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL19 family.
Component of the large ribosomal subunit.
Belongs to the ribose-phosphate pyrophosphokinase family.
Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 1 family. FSH/LSH/TSH subfamily.
Receptor for lutropin-choriogonadotropic hormone. The activity of this receptor is mediated by G proteins which activate adenylate cyclase.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL18 family.
Belongs to the queuine tRNA-ribosyltransferase family. QTRT2 subfamily.
Heterodimer of a catalytic subunit QTRT1 and an accessory subunit QTRT2.
Non-catalytic subunit of the queuine tRNA-ribosyltransferase (TGT) that catalyzes the base-exchange of a guanine (G) residue with queuine (Q) at position 34 (anticodon wobble position) in tRNAs with GU(N) anticodons (tRNA-Asp, -Asn, -His and -Tyr), resulting in the hypermodified nucleoside queuosine (7-(((4,5-cis-dihydroxy-2-cyclopenten-1-yl)amino)methyl)-7-deazaguanosine).
Belongs to the syndecan proteoglycan family.
Belongs to the constitutive coactivator of PPAR-gamma family.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. AGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. PKC subfamily.
Component of the ESCRT-II complex (endosomal sorting complex required for transport II), which is required for multivesicular body (MVB) formation and sorting of endosomal cargo proteins into MVBs.
Component of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport II (ESCRT-II).
Interacts with VGF-derived peptide TLQP-21.
Receptor for the chemotactic and inflammatory peptide anaphylatoxin C3a. This receptor stimulates chemotaxis, granule enzyme release and superoxide anion production.
Component of several multiprotein Golgi SNARE complexes.
Involved in transport from the ER to the Golgi apparatus as well as in intra-Golgi transport. It belongs to a super-family of proteins called t-SNAREs or soluble NSF (N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor) attachment protein receptor. May play a protective role against hydrogen peroxide induced cytotoxicity under glutathione depleted conditions in neuronal cells by regulating the intracellular ROS levels via inhibition of p38 MAPK (MAPK11, MAPK12, MAPK13 and MAPK14). Participates in docking and fusion stage of ER to cis-Golgi transport. Plays an important physiological role in VLDL-transport vesicle-Golgi fusion and thus in VLDL delivery to the hepatic cis-Golgi.
Calcium-regulated non-lysosomal thiol-protease.
Fatty acid synthetase is a multifunctional enzyme that catalyzes the de novo biosynthesis of long-chain saturated fatty acids starting from acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA in the presence of NADPH. This multifunctional protein contains 7 catalytic activities and a site for the binding of the prosthetic group 4'-phosphopantetheine of the acyl carrier protein ([ACP]) domain.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. AGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. S6 kinase subfamily.
Belongs to the PNP/MTAP phosphorylase family. MTAP subfamily.
Catalyzes the reversible phosphorylation of S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine (MTA) to adenine and 5-methylthioribose-1-phosphate. Involved in the breakdown of MTA, a major by-product of polyamine biosynthesis. Responsible for the first step in the methionine salvage pathway after MTA has been generated from S-adenosylmethionine. Has broad substrate specificity with 6-aminopurine nucleosides as preferred substrates.
Belongs to the integrin alpha chain family.
Belongs to the Arg-specific ADP-ribosyltransferase family.
Belongs to the prenylcysteine oxidase family.
Belongs to the sodium:neurotransmitter symporter (SNF) (TC 2.A.22) family.
Belongs to the phosphohexose mutase family.
Belongs to the actin family. ARP6 subfamily.
Component of the signal peptidase complex.
Belongs to the aldo/keto reductase family.
Belongs to the pyrimidine 5'-nucleotidase family.
May play a role in neurite outgrowth and neurogenesis.
Belongs to the intercrine beta (chemokine CC) family.
Accessory subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I), that is believed to be not involved in catalysis. Complex I functions in the transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme is believed to be ubiquinone.
Mammalian complex I is composed of 45 different subunits.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. RNA M5U methyltransferase family.
Belongs to the complex I subunit 1 family.
Belongs to the nonaspanin (TM9SF) (TC 9.A.2) family.
Belongs to the class VI-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. Isoprenylcysteine carboxyl methyltransferase family.
Catalyzes the post-translational methylation of isoprenylated C-terminal cysteine residues.
Non-covalent dimer of an alpha and a beta subunit. IL2R exists in 3 different forms: a high affinity dimer, an intermediate affinity monomer (beta subunit), and a low affinity monomer (alpha subunit). The high and intermediate affinity forms also associate with a gamma subunit.
Receptor for interleukin-2. The receptor is involved in the regulation of immune tolerance by controlling regulatory T cells (TREGs) activity. TREGs suppress the activation and expansion of autoreactive T-cells.
Belongs to the chloride channel MCLC family.
Belongs to the RNA 3'-terminal cyclase family. Type 1 subfamily.
Catalyzes the conversion of 3'-phosphate to a 2',3'-cyclic phosphodiester at the end of RNA. The mechanism of action of the enzyme occurs in 3 steps: (A) adenylation of the enzyme by ATP; (B) transfer of adenylate to an RNA-N3'P to produce RNA-N3'PP5'A; (C) and attack of the adjacent 2'-hydroxyl on the 3'-phosphorus in the diester linkage to produce the cyclic end product. The biological role of this enzyme is unknown but it is likely to function in some aspects of cellular RNA processing.
Belongs to the WD repeat NOL10/ENP2 family.
Dephosphorylates 26S nuclear proteasomes, thereby decreasing their proteolytic activity. The dephosphorylation may prevent assembly of the core and regulatory particles (CP and RP) into mature 26S proteasome.
Belongs to the TRAPP small subunits family. BET3 subfamily.
May play a role in vesicular transport from endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi.
Belongs to the peptidase M28 family. M28B subfamily.
Belongs to the inward rectifier-type potassium channel (TC 1.A.2.1) family. KCNJ5 subfamily.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL8 family.
Common component of the spliceosome and rRNA processing machinery.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. rRNA adenine N(6)-methyltransferase family.
Belongs to the MoaE family. MOCS2B subfamily.
Catalytic subunit of the molybdopterin synthase complex, a complex that catalyzes the conversion of precursor Z into molybdopterin. Acts by mediating the incorporation of 2 sulfur atoms from thiocarboxylated MOCS2A into precursor Z to generate a dithiolene group.
Heterotetramer; composed of 2 small (MOCS2A) and 2 large (MOCS2B) subunits.
This protein is produced by a bicistronic gene which also produces the large subunit (MOCS2A).
Initiates blood coagulation by forming a complex with circulating factor VII or VIIa. The [TF:VIIa] complex activates factors IX or X by specific limited proteolysis. TF plays a role in normal hemostasis by initiating the cell-surface assembly and propagation of the coagulation protease cascade.
Interacts with HSPE; the interaction, inhibited by heparin, promotes the generation of activated factor X and activates coagulation in the presence of activated factor VII.
Belongs to the prokaryotic/mitochondrial release factor family.
Belongs to the small heat shock protein (HSP20) family.
Belongs to the WD repeat coronin family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic cobalamin transport proteins family.
Monomer and homodimer; homodimerization is induced by binding of the substrate.
Belongs to the AAA ATPase family. BCS1 subfamily.
Belongs to the SMC family. SMC5 subfamily.
Belongs to the 2-oxoacid dehydrogenase family.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX47/RRP3 subfamily.
Belongs to the calycin superfamily. Lipocalin family.
Chemorepulsive axon guidance protein required for the development of spinal cord and forebrain commissures. Acts as a chemorepulsive guidance protein for commissural axons during development. Able to inhibit or repel neurite outgrowth from dorsal spinal cord.
Involved in nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) of mRNAs containing premature stop codons.
Binds to actin and affects the structure of the cytoskeleton. At high concentrations, profilin prevents the polymerization of actin, whereas it enhances it at low concentrations. By binding to PIP2, it inhibits the formation of IP3 and DG.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DEAH subfamily.
E1-like activating enzyme involved in the 2 ubiquitin-like systems required for cytoplasm to vacuole transport (Cvt) and autophagy. Activates ATG12 for its conjugation with ATG5 as well as the ATG8 family proteins for their conjugation with phosphatidylethanolamine. Both systems are needed for the ATG8 association to Cvt vesicles and autophagosomes membranes. Required for autophagic death induced by caspase-8 inhibition. Required for mitophagy which contributes to regulate mitochondrial quantity and quality by eliminating the mitochondria to a basal level to fulfill cellular energy requirements and preventing excess ROS production. Modulates p53/TP53 activity to regulate cell cycle and survival during metabolic stress.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL16 family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic-type primase large subunit family.
Regulatory subunit of the DNA primase complex and component of the DNA polymerase alpha complex (also known as the alpha DNA polymerase-primase complex) which play an essential role in the initiation of DNA synthesis. The primase subunit of the polymerase alpha complex initiates DNA synthesis by oligomerising short RNA primers on both leading and lagging strands.
Belongs to the protein disulfide isomerase family.
The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex catalyzes the overall conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA and CO(2), and thereby links the glycolytic pathway to the tricarboxylic cycle.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family. Aurora subfamily.
Belongs to the V-ATPase e1/e2 subunit family.
Subunit of the V0 complex of vacuolar(H+)-ATPase (V-ATPase), a multisubunit enzyme composed of a peripheral complex (V1) that hydrolyzes ATP and a membrane integral complex (V0) that translocates protons. V-ATPase is responsible for acidifying and maintaining the pH of intracellular compartments and in some cell types, is targeted to the plasma membrane, where it is responsible for acidifying the extracellular environment.
V-ATPase is a heteromultimeric enzyme made up of two complexes: the ATP-hydrolytic V1 complex and the proton translocation V0 complex.
May play a role in anterograde transport of membrane proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Tyr protein kinase family. Fibroblast growth factor receptor subfamily.
Plus-end tracking protein (+TIP) that binds to the plus-end of microtubules and regulates the dynamics of the microtubule cytoskeleton. Promotes cytoplasmic microtubule nucleation and elongation. Involved in mitotic spindle positioning by stabilizing microtubules and promoting dynamic connection between astral microtubules and the cortex during mitotic chromosome segregation.
Produces nitric oxide (NO) which is a messenger molecule with diverse functions throughout the body.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL30 family.
Vimentins are class-III intermediate filaments found in various non-epithelial cells, especially mesenchymal cells. Vimentin is attached to the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria, either laterally or terminally.
May function as a substrate receptor for CUL4-DDB1 E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex.
Belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily.
Belongs to the SIMIBI class G3E GTPase family. ArgK/MeaB subfamily.
Belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily. LCMT family.
Methylates the carboxyl group of the C-terminal leucine residue of protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunits to form alpha-leucine ester residues.
Belongs to the NAD(P)-dependent epimerase/dehydratase family. Fucose synthase subfamily.
Catalyzes the two-step NADP-dependent conversion of GDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-mannose to GDP-fucose, involving an epimerase and a reductase reaction.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. PAN3 family.
Contains a pseudokinase domain. The protein kinase domain is predicted to be catalytically inactive because some of the residues important for catalytic activity are substituted and it lacks the equivalent of the binding site for a peptide substrate. However, it has retained an ATP-binding site and ATP-binding is required for mRNA degradation, stimulating the activity of the PAN2 nuclease in vitro. The nucleotide-binding site is juxtaposed to the RNase active site of PAN2 in the complex and may actually bind nucleosides of a poly(A) RNA rather than ATP, feeding the poly(A)-tail to the active site of the deadenylase and thus increasing the efficiency with which this distributive enzyme degrades oligo(A) RNAs.
Homodimer. Forms a heterotrimer with a catalytic subunit PAN2 to form the poly(A)-nuclease (PAN) deadenylation complex. Interacts (via PAM-2 motif) with poly(A)-binding protein PABPC1 (via PABC domain), conferring substrate specificity of the enzyme complex. Interacts with the GW182 family proteins TNRC6A, TNRC6B and TNRC6C.
Regulatory subunit of the poly(A)-nuclease (PAN) deadenylation complex, one of two cytoplasmic mRNA deadenylases involved in general and miRNA-mediated mRNA turnover. PAN specifically shortens poly(A) tails of RNA and the activity is stimulated by poly(A)-binding protein (PABP). PAN deadenylation is followed by rapid degradation of the shortened mRNA tails by the CCR4-NOT complex. Deadenylated mRNAs are then degraded by two alternative mechanisms, namely exosome-mediated 3'-5' exonucleolytic degradation, or deadenlyation-dependent mRNA decaping and subsequent 5'-3' exonucleolytic degradation by XRN1. PAN3 acts as a positive regulator for PAN activity, recruiting the catalytic subunit PAN2 to mRNA via its interaction with RNA and PABP, and to miRNA targets via its interaction with GW182 family proteins.
The N-terminal zinc finger binds to poly(A) RNA.
The pseudokinase domain, the coiled-coil (CC), and C-terminal knob domain (CK) form a structural unit (PKC) that forms an extensive high-affinity interaction surface for PAN2.
Receptor for the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or thyrotropin. Also acts as a receptor for the heterodimeric glycoprotein hormone (GPHA2:GPHB5) or thyrostimulin. The activity of this receptor is mediated by G proteins which activate adenylate cyclase. Plays a central role in controlling thyroid cell metabolism.
Belongs to the anion exchanger (TC 2.A.31) family.
Involved in the retrieval of endoplasmic reticulum membrane proteins from the early Golgi compartment.
Interacts with FLNA (via filamin repeat 21); increases PKA-mediated phosphorylation of FLNA.
This alpha-adrenergic receptor mediates its effect through the influx of extracellular calcium.
Copper metallochaperone essential for the synthesis and maturation of cytochrome c oxidase subunit II (MT-CO2/COX2). Involved in transporting copper to the Cu(A) site on MT-CO2/COX2. Also acts as a thiol-disulfide oxidoreductase to regulate the redox state of the cysteines in SCO1 during maturation of MT-CO2/COX2.
Belongs to the helicase family. SKI2 subfamily.
Belongs to the DNA2/NAM7 helicase family. SDE3 subfamily.
Component of the origin recognition complex (ORC) that binds origins of replication. DNA-binding is ATP-dependent, however specific DNA sequences that define origins of replication have not been identified so far. ORC is required to assemble the pre-replication complex necessary to initiate DNA replication.
Belongs to the D-isomer specific 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase family.
Belongs to the aldolase class II family. Adducin subfamily.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. EFM5 family.
Protein-lysine methyltransferase that selectively catalyzes the trimethylation of EEF1A at 'Lys-79'.
Was originally thought to be an N(6)-adenine-specific DNA methyltransferase based on primary sequence and predicted secondary structure.
Belongs to the WD repeat Groucho/TLE family.
Belongs to the glutamate-gated ion channel (TC 1.A.10.1) family. NR1/GRIN1 subfamily.
Belongs to the steroid 5-alpha reductase family.
Converts testosterone into 5-alpha-dihydrotestosterone and progesterone or corticosterone into their corresponding 5-alpha-3-oxosteroids. It plays a central role in sexual differentiation and androgen physiology.
Belongs to the nucleotide-sugar transporter family. SLC35A subfamily.
Belongs to the SOS response-associated peptidase family.
Sensor of abasic sites in single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) required to preserve genome integrity by promoting error-free repair of abasic sites. Acts as an enzyme that recognizes and binds abasic sites in ssDNA at replication forks and chemically modifies the lesion by forming a covalent cross-link with DNA: forms a stable thiazolidine linkage between a ring-opened abasic site and the alpha-amino and sulfhydryl substituents of its N-terminal catalytic cysteine residue. The HMCES DNA-protein cross-link is then degraded by the proteasome. Promotes error-free repair of abasic sites by acting as a 'suicide' enzyme that is degraded, thereby protecting abasic sites from translesion synthesis (TLS) polymerases and endonucleases that are error-prone and would generate mutations and double-strand breaks. Has preference for ssDNA, but can also accommodate double-stranded DNA with 3' or 5' overhang (dsDNA), and dsDNA-ssDNA 3' junction.
Belongs to the MINDY deubiquitinase family. FAM188 subfamily.
Hydrolase that can remove 'Lys-48'-linked conjugated ubiquitin from proteins.
Forms protease inhibiting heterodimer with TMPRSS7.
Belongs to the LanC-like protein family.
Belongs to the SLC35F solute transporter family.
Belongs to the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC) (TC 2.A.105) family.
Mediates the uptake of pyruvate into mitochondria.
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mS26 family.
Belongs to the CND1 (condensin subunit 1) family.
Regulatory subunit of the condensin complex, a complex required for conversion of interphase chromatin into mitotic-like condense chromosomes. The condensin complex probably introduces positive supercoils into relaxed DNA in the presence of type I topoisomerases and converts nicked DNA into positive knotted forms in the presence of type II topoisomerases.
Belongs to the TGF-beta family. GDNF subfamily.
Belongs to the 'GDSL' lipolytic enzyme family. IAH1 subfamily.
Belongs to the multicopper oxidase family.
Belongs to the cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase family. PDE1 subfamily.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CK1 Ser/Thr protein kinase family. Casein kinase I subfamily.
Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 3 family. GABA-B receptor subfamily.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CMGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. MAP kinase subfamily.
Belongs to the type IA topoisomerase family.
Introduces a single-strand break via transesterification at a target site in duplex DNA. Releases the supercoiling and torsional tension of DNA introduced during the DNA replication and transcription by transiently cleaving and rejoining one strand of the DNA duplex. The scissile phosphodiester is attacked by the catalytic tyrosine of the enzyme, resulting in the formation of a DNA-(5'-phosphotyrosyl)-enzyme intermediate and the expulsion of a 3'-OH DNA strand.
Belongs to the AB hydrolase superfamily. AB hydrolase 2 family.
Belongs to the peroxisomal membrane protein PXMP2/4 family.
Involved in the second step of GPI biosynthesis. De-N-acetylation of N-acetylglucosaminyl-phosphatidylinositol.
Belongs to the eukaryotic diacylglycerol kinase family.
Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 1 family. Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subfamily.
The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor mediates various cellular responses, including inhibition of adenylate cyclase, breakdown of phosphoinositides and modulation of potassium channels through the action of G proteins. Primary transducing effect is Pi turnover.
Component of the Wnt-Fzd-LRP5-LRP6 complex that triggers beta-catenin signaling through inducing aggregation of receptor-ligand complexes into ribosome-sized signalsomes.
Homodimer; disulfide-linked. Forms phosphorylated oligomer aggregates on Wnt-signaling.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 39 family.
Transfers mannose from Dol-P-mannose to Ser or Thr residues on proteins.
Belongs to the GHMP kinase family. GalK subfamily.
Component of cohesin complex, a complex required for the cohesion of sister chromatids after DNA replication. The cohesin complex apparently forms a large proteinaceous ring within which sister chromatids can be trapped. At anaphase, the complex is cleaved and dissociates from chromatin, allowing sister chromatids to segregate.
Part of the cohesin complex which is composed of a heterodimer between a SMC1 protein (SMC1A or SMC1B) and SMC3, which are attached via their hinge domain, and RAD21 which link them at their heads, and one STAG protein.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class TrmE-Era-EngA-EngB-Septin-like GTPase superfamily. AIG1/Toc34/Toc159-like paraseptin GTPase family. IAN subfamily.
Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily. MFSD6 family.
Transaminase involved in tyrosine breakdown. Converts tyrosine to p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate.
Belongs to the tetraspanin (TM4SF) family.
Proton-coupled monocarboxylate transporter. Catalyzes the rapid transport across the plasma membrane of many monocarboxylates such as lactate, pyruvate, branched-chain oxo acids derived from leucine, valine and isoleucine, and the ketone bodies acetoacetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate and acetate. Depending on the tissue and on cicumstances, mediates the import or export of lactic acid and ketone bodies. Required for normal nutrient assimilation, increase of white adipose tissue and body weight gain when on a high-fat diet. Plays a role in cellular responses to a high-fat diet by modulating the cellular levels of lactate and pyruvate, small molecules that contribute to the regulation of central metabolic pathways and insulin secretion, with concomitant effects on plasma insulin levels and blood glucose homeostasis.
Endoribonuclease; cleaves preferentially 3' to purine-pyrimidine dinucleotide motifs in single-stranded RNA. The cleavage product contains a free 3' -OH group. Has no activity with double-stranded RNA or DNA. Required for normal mitochondrial function and cell viability.
Acts as a GTPase-activating protein (GAP) for tubulin in concert with tubulin-specific chaperone C, but does not enhance tubulin heterodimerization.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL14 family.
Binds to the catalytic subunit of the cyclin dependent kinases and is essential for their biological function.
Forms a homohexamer that can probably bind six kinase subunits.
Component of the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), a cell cycle-regulated E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex that controls progression through mitosis and the G1 phase of the cell cycle.
Downstream effector molecule involved in the transmission of signals from tyrosine kinase receptors and small GTPases to the actin cytoskeleton. Promotes formation of actin filaments. Part of the WAVE complex that regulates lamellipodia formation. The WAVE complex regulates actin filament reorganization via its interaction with the Arp2/3 complex.
Forms a complex with PIGT, PIGS, PIGU and GAA1.
Mediates GPI anchoring in the endoplasmic reticulum, by replacing a protein's C-terminal GPI attachment signal peptide with a pre-assembled GPI. During this transamidation reaction, the GPI transamidase forms a carbonyl intermediate with the substrate protein.
G-protein coupled receptor for glutamate. Ligand binding causes a conformation change that triggers signaling via guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) and modulates the activity of down-stream effectors. Signaling inhibits adenylate cyclase activity.
Belongs to the snRNP core protein family.
Plays a role in pre-mRNA splicing as a core component of the spliceosomal U1, U2, U4 and U5 small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs), the building blocks of the spliceosome.
Component of the BLOC-1 complex, a complex that is required for normal biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles (LRO).
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS14 family.
Adds the first glucose residue to the lipid-linked oligosaccharide precursor for N-linked glycosylation. Transfers glucose from dolichyl phosphate glucose (Dol-P-Glc) onto the lipid-linked oligosaccharide Man(9)GlcNAc(2)-PP-Dol.
Belongs to the ALG6/ALG8 glucosyltransferase family.
Belongs to the ELO family. ELOVL2 subfamily.
Catalyzes the first and rate-limiting reaction of the four reactions that constitute the long-chain fatty acids elongation cycle. This endoplasmic reticulum-bound enzymatic process allows the addition of 2 carbons to the chain of long- and very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) per cycle. Acts specifically toward polyunsaturated acyl-CoA with the higher activity toward C20:4(n-6) acyl-CoA. Condensing enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of polyunsaturated very long chain fatty acid (C20- and C22-PUFA). May participate to the production of polyunsaturated VLCFAs of different chain lengths that are involved in multiple biological processes as precursors of membrane lipids and lipid mediators.
The C-terminal di-lysine motif may confer endoplasmic reticulum localization.
Belongs to the sulfotransferase 3 family.
Belongs to the squalene monooxygenase family.
Catalyzes the stereospecific oxidation of squalene to (S)-2,3-epoxysqualene, and is considered to be a rate-limiting enzyme in steroid biosynthesis.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Tyr protein kinase family. Insulin receptor subfamily.
Component of the ribosomal small subunit (SSU) processome.
Involved in nucleolar processing of pre-18S ribosomal RNA.
Catalyzes the synthesis of phosphoribosylpyrophosphate (PRPP) that is essential for nucleotide synthesis.
Homodimer. The active form is probably a hexamer composed of 3 homodimers.
Belongs to the complex I LYR family. SDHAF3 subfamily.
Interacts with the iron-sulfur protein subunit within the SDH catalytic dimer.
Plays an essential role in the assembly of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), an enzyme complex (also referred to as respiratory complex II) that is a component of both the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and the mitochondrial electron transport chain, and which couples the oxidation of succinate to fumarate with the reduction of ubiquinone (coenzyme Q) to ubiquinol. Promotes maturation of the iron-sulfur protein subunit of the SDH catalytic dimer, protecting it from the deleterious effects of oxidants. May act together with SDHAF1.
Belongs to the XPG/RAD2 endonuclease family. XPG subfamily.
Belongs to the aspartate/ornithine carbamoyltransferase superfamily.
Belongs to the PI3/PI4-kinase family. TRA1 subfamily.
Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 1 family. Opsin subfamily.
Belongs to the synaptophysin/synaptobrevin family.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. RsmB/NOP family.
Belongs to the teashirt C2H2-type zinc-finger protein family.
Essential component of the mitotic checkpoint, which prevents cells from prematurely exiting mitosis. Required for the assembly of the dynein-dynactin and MAD1-MAD2 complexes onto kinetochores. Its function related to the spindle assembly machinery is proposed to depend on its association in the mitotic RZZ complex.
Belongs to the SLC43A transporter (TC 2.A.1.44) family.
Belongs to the enoyl-CoA hydratase/isomerase family.
Catalyzes the formation of the signaling molecule cAMP in response to G-protein signaling.
Dopamine receptor whose activity is mediated by G proteins which inhibit adenylyl cyclase. Promotes cell proliferation.
Belongs to the cation transport ATPase (P-type) (TC 3.A.3) family. Type IV subfamily.
Required for protein import into peroxisomes.
Binds calmodulin with a greater affinity in the absence of Ca(2+) than in its presence.
Palmitoylated. Palmitoylation is essential for plasma membrane association.
This protein is associated with nerve growth. It is a major component of the motile 'growth cones' that form the tips of elongating axons. Plays a role in axonal and dendritic filopodia induction.
Component of the 7-subunit TFIIH core complex.
In NER, TFIIH acts by opening DNA around the lesion to allow the excision of the damaged oligonucleotide and its replacement by a new DNA fragment. In transcription, TFIIH has an essential role in transcription initiation. When the pre-initiation complex (PIC) has been established, TFIIH is required for promoter opening and promoter escape.
Belongs to the VPS10-related sortilin family. SORCS subfamily.
Receptor for neurturin. Mediates the NRTN-induced autophosphorylation and activation of the RET receptor. Also able to mediate GDNF signaling through the RET tyrosine kinase receptor.
Ligand for members of the frizzled family of seven transmembrane receptors. May play a role in the formation of dermal structure, both limb and feather buds. Is likely to signal over only few cell diameters (By similarity).
Palmitoleoylation is required for efficient binding to frizzled receptors. Depalmitoleoylation leads to Wnt signaling pathway inhibition.
Promotes the survival of neuronal populations that are all located either in the central nervous system or directly connected to it.
Belongs to the ELO family. ELOVL4 subfamily.
Catalyzes the first and rate-limiting reaction of the four reactions that constitute the long-chain fatty acids elongation cycle. This endoplasmic reticulum-bound enzymatic process allows the addition of 2 carbons to the chain of long- and very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) per cycle. Condensing enzyme that specifically elongates C24:0 and C26:0 acyl-CoAs. May participate to the production of saturated and monounsaturated VLCFAs of different chain lengths that are involved in multiple biological processes as precursors of membrane lipids and lipid mediators.
Belongs to the dynactin subunits 5/6 family. Dynactin subunit 6 subfamily.
Belongs to the indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase family.
Precursor of the Latency-associated peptide (LAP) and Transforming growth factor beta-2 (TGF-beta-2) chains, which constitute the regulatory and active subunit of TGF-beta-2, respectively.
Belongs to the nuclear hormone receptor family. NR3 subfamily.
Required for the assembly of mature ribosomes and ribosome biogenesis. Together with EFL1, triggers the GTP-dependent release of EIF6 from 60S pre-ribosomes in the cytoplasm, thereby activating ribosomes for translation competence by allowing 80S ribosome assembly and facilitating EIF6 recycling to the nucleus, where it is required for 60S rRNA processing and nuclear export. Required for normal levels of protein synthesis. May play a role in cellular stress resistance. May play a role in cellular response to DNA damage. May play a role in cell proliferation.
Belongs to the chloride channel (TC 2.A.49) family. ClC-5/CLCN5 subfamily.
Belongs to the class-I pyridine nucleotide-disulfide oxidoreductase family. PYROXD1 subfamily.
Belongs to the POU transcription factor family.
Involved in vitamin D transport and storage, scavenging of extracellular G-actin, enhancement of the chemotactic activity of C5 alpha for neutrophils in inflammation and macrophage activation.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL29 family.
Belongs to the DNA/RNA non-specific endonuclease family.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX1 subfamily.
Belongs to the transient receptor (TC 1.A.4) family. LTrpC subfamily. TRPM2 sub-subfamily.
Probable component of the wybutosine biosynthesis pathway. Wybutosine is a hyper modified guanosine with a tricyclic base found at the 3'-position adjacent to the anticodon of eukaryotic phenylalanine tRNA. Catalyzes the condensation of N-methylguanine with 2 carbon atoms from pyruvate to form the tricyclic 4-demethylwyosine, an intermediate in wybutosine biosynthesis.
Belongs to the TNF receptor-associated factor family.
Belongs to the bZIP family. Jun subfamily.
Belongs to the AAA ATPase family. PCH2 subfamily.
Plays a key role in chromosome recombination and chromosome structure development during meiosis. Required at early steps in meiotic recombination that leads to non-crossovers pathways. Also needed for efficient completion of homologous synapsis by influencing crossover distribution along the chromosomes affecting both crossovers and non-crossovers pathways.
Belongs to the distal-less homeobox family.
Belongs to the connexin family. Gamma-type subfamily.
Growth factor active in angiogenesis, vasculogenesis and endothelial cell growth. Induces endothelial cell proliferation, promotes cell migration, inhibits apoptosis and induces permeabilization of blood vessels. Binds to the FLT1/VEGFR1 and KDR/VEGFR2 receptors, heparan sulfate and heparin (By similarity).
Homodimer; disulfide-linked. Also found as heterodimer with PGF (By similarity).
Isoform VEGF-166 is expressed early at day 1 and increases during gastrulation. Expression of isoform VEGF-190 is detectable only from day 2.
Isoform VEGF-190 contains a basic insert which acts as a cell retention signal.
Widely expressed. Abundantly and equally expressed in heart and liver. In kidney glomeruli, brain and yolk sac, isoform VEGF-166 is 5- to 10-times more abundant than isoform VEGF-190.
Belongs to the type I cytokine receptor family. Type 1 subfamily.
The WSXWS motif appears to be necessary for proper protein folding and thereby efficient intracellular transport and cell-surface receptor binding.
The box 1 motif is required for JAK interaction and/or activation.
This is a receptor for the anterior pituitary hormone prolactin.
Belongs to the FARP (FMRFamide related peptide) family.
Belongs to the Integrator subunit 12 family.
Belongs to the nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase family.
The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor mediates various cellular responses, including inhibition of adenylate cyclase, breakdown of phosphoinositides and modulation of potassium channels through the action of G proteins.
The soluble form (GHBP) acts as a reservoir of growth hormone in plasma and may be a modulator/inhibitor of GH signaling.
Belongs to the SMC family. SMC1 subfamily.
Receptor for angiotensin II, a vasoconstricting peptide, which acts as a key regulator of blood pressure and sodium retention by the kidney. The activated receptor in turn couples to G-alpha proteins G(q) and thus activates phospholipase C and increases the cytosolic Ca(2+) concentrations, which in turn triggers cellular responses such as stimulation of protein kinase C.
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mL50 family.
May be a transcription factor with important functions in eye and nasal development.
Belongs to the complement C6/C7/C8/C9 family.
Belongs to the protease inhibitor I35 (TIMP) family.
Belongs to the KIF-binding protein family.
Belongs to the MsrB Met sulfoxide reductase family.
Methionine-sulfoxide reductase that specifically reduces methionine (R)-sulfoxide back to methionine. While in many cases methionine oxidation is the result of random oxidation following oxidative stress, methionine oxidation is also a post-translational modification that takes place on specific residues.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 6 family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS8 family. Ribosome biogenesis protein NSA2 subfamily.
Component of the pre-66S ribosomal particle.
Involved in the biogenesis of the 60S ribosomal subunit. May play a part in the quality control of pre-60S particles.
Appears to regulate cell growth through interactions with the extracellular matrix and cytokines. Binds calcium and copper, several types of collagen, albumin, thrombospondin, PDGF and cell membranes. There are two calcium binding sites; an acidic domain that binds 5 to 8 Ca(2+) with a low affinity and an EF-hand loop that binds a Ca(2+) ion with a high affinity (By similarity).
Belongs to the eukaryotic release factor 1 family. Pelota subfamily.
May function in recognizing stalled ribosomes and triggering endonucleolytic cleavage of the mRNA, a mechanism to release non-functional ribosomes and degrade damaged mRNAs.
Belongs to the protein-tyrosine phosphatase family. Non-receptor class subfamily.
Belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily. L-isoaspartyl/D-aspartyl protein methyltransferase family.
Belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily. DCC family.
Belongs to the EF-1-beta/EF-1-delta family.
EF-1 is composed of 4 subunits: alpha, beta, delta, and gamma.
EF-1-beta and EF-1-delta stimulate the exchange of GDP bound to EF-1-alpha to GTP.
Homodimerization via the leucine zipper domains is required for autophosphorylation.
Belongs to the carbon-nitrogen hydrolase superfamily. NIT1/NIT2 family.
Cilium- and flagellum-specific protein that plays a role in axonemal structure organization and motility. May play a role in outer and inner dynein arm assembly.
Negative regulator of sphingolipid synthesis.
Belongs to the metallo-dependent hydrolases superfamily. Adenosine and AMP deaminases family.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. AGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. RAC subfamily.
Belongs to the uroporphyrinogen-III synthase family.
Belongs to the acyl carrier protein (ACP) family.
Carrier of the growing fatty acid chain in fatty acid biosynthesis.
Belongs to the YY transcription factor family.
Belongs to the class-II aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family. Type 2 subfamily.
Catalyzes the specific attachment of an amino acid to its cognate tRNA in a 2 step reaction: the amino acid (AA) is first activated by ATP to form AA-AMP and then transferred to the acceptor end of the tRNA.
Catalytic subunit of an S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent tRNA methyltransferase complex that mediates the methylation of the guanosine nucleotide at position 10 (m2G10) in tRNAs.
Belongs to the calcium channel alpha-1 subunit (TC 1.A.1.11) family. CACNA1D subfamily.
Voltage-sensitive calcium channels (VSCC) mediate the entry of calcium ions into excitable cells and are also involved in a variety of calcium-dependent processes, including muscle contraction, hormone or neurotransmitter release, gene expression, cell motility, cell division and cell death.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 99 family.
Belongs to the VEFS (VRN2-EMF2-FIS2-SU(Z)12) family.
Protein O-mannose kinase that specifically mediates phosphorylation at the 6-position of an O-mannose of the trisaccharide (N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc)-beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc)-beta-1,4-mannose) to generate phosphorylated O-mannosyl trisaccharide (N-acetylgalactosamine-beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosamine-beta-1,4-(phosphate-6-)mannose). Phosphorylated O-mannosyl trisaccharide is a carbohydrate structure present in alpha-dystroglycan (DAG1), which is required for binding laminin G-like domain-containing extracellular proteins with high affinity. Only shows kinase activity when the GalNAc-beta-3-GlcNAc-beta-terminus is linked to the 4-position of O-mannose, suggesting that this disaccharide serves as the substrate recognition motif.
Belongs to the metallo-beta-lactamase superfamily. RNA-metabolizing metallo-beta-lactamase-like family. INTS11 subfamily.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL39 family.
Forms high-affinity heterodimers with RNASE1, ANG and RNASE2.
Ribonuclease inhibitor which inhibits RNASE1, RNASE2 and ANG. May play a role in redox homeostasis.
Belongs to the WD repeat CDC20/Fizzy family.
Belongs to the metallo-dependent hydrolases superfamily. HutI family.
Belongs to the eutherian X-chromosome-specific Armcx family.
Belongs to the isocitrate and isopropylmalate dehydrogenases family.
Binds 1 Mg(2+) or Mn(2+) ion per subunit.
Positive regulator of amino acid starvation-induced autophagy.
Belongs to the opioid growth factor receptor family.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the sulfate adenylyltransferase family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the APS kinase family.
Belongs to the GST superfamily. Omega family.
Exhibits glutathione-dependent thiol transferase activity. Has high dehydroascorbate reductase activity and may contribute to the recycling of ascorbic acid. Participates in the biotransformation of inorganic arsenic and reduces monomethylarsonic acid (MMA).
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL12 family.
Belongs to the aldo/keto reductase family. Glutamate--cysteine ligase light chain subfamily.
Heterodimer of a catalytic heavy chain and a regulatory light chain.
Converts protoheme IX and farnesyl diphosphate to heme O.
Belongs to the ELO family. ELOVL1 subfamily.
Catalyzes the first and rate-limiting reaction of the four reactions that constitute the long-chain fatty acids elongation cycle. This endoplasmic reticulum-bound enzymatic process allows the addition of 2 carbons to the chain of long- and very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) per cycle. Condensing enzyme that exhibits activity toward saturated C18 to C26 acyl-CoA substrates, with the highest activity towards C22:0 acyl-CoA. May participate to the production of both saturated and monounsaturated VLCFAs of different chain lengths that are involved in multiple biological processes as precursors of membrane lipids and lipid mediators.
Scaffold protein for the de novo synthesis of iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters within mitochondria, which is required for maturation of both mitochondrial and cytoplasmic [2Fe-2S] and [4Fe-4S] proteins.
Belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily. LISCH7 family.
Belongs to the ZP domain family. ZPB subfamily.
Belongs to the SMC family. SMC4 subfamily.
Belongs to the RecA family. DMC1 subfamily.
May participate in meiotic recombination, specifically in homologous strand assimilation, which is required for the resolution of meiotic double-strand breaks.
Belongs to the Glu/Leu/Phe/Val dehydrogenases family.
May be involved in photoreceptor outer segment disk morphogenesis.
G protein-coupled receptor for follitropin, the follicle-stimulating hormone. Through cAMP production activates the downstream PI3K-AKT and ERK1/ERK2 signaling pathways.
Belongs to the cytochrome c-type heme lyase family.
Lyase that catalyzes the covalent linking of the heme group to the cytochrome C apoprotein to produce the mature functional cytochrome.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX59 subfamily.
Splice factor that binds to the single-stranded 3'AG at the exon/intron border and promotes its utilization in the second catalytic step. Involved in the regulation of alternative splicing and the utilization of cryptic splice sites.
Belongs to the heat shock protein 90 family.
Belongs to the complex I 30 kDa subunit family.
Allosteric enzyme that catalyzes the rate-limiting step in glycogen catabolism, the phosphorolytic cleavage of glycogen to produce glucose-1-phosphate, and plays a central role in maintaining cellular and organismal glucose homeostasis.
Belongs to the glycogen phosphorylase family.
Belongs to the Nudix hydrolase family. PCD1 subfamily.
Belongs to the ubiquitin family. SUMO subfamily.
Plays a role in mitochondrial aerobic respiration. Regulates mitochondrial organization and fission.
Component of the dolichol-phosphate mannose (DPM) synthase complex.
Regulatory subunit of the dolichol-phosphate mannose (DPM) synthase complex; essential for the ER localization.
Belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily. BTN/MOG family.
Belongs to the biopterin-dependent aromatic amino acid hydroxylase family.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL13 family.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 20 family.
Belongs to the inward rectifier-type potassium channel (TC 1.A.2.1) family. KCNJ11 subfamily.
Belongs to the IspD/TarI cytidylyltransferase family. IspD subfamily.
Belongs to the eukaryotic-type primase small subunit family.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL24 family.
Belongs to the glycoprotein hormones subunit beta family.
Belongs to the Ca(2+):cation antiporter (CaCA) (TC 2.A.19) family. SLC24A subfamily.
Belongs to the inward rectifier-type potassium channel (TC 1.A.2.1) family. KCNJ6 subfamily.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 8 family.
C1 is a calcium-dependent trimolecular complex of C1q, C1r and C1s in the molar ration of 1:2:2. C1r is a dimer of identical chains, each of which is activated by cleavage into two chains, A and B, connected by disulfide bonds.
C1r B chain is a serine protease that combines with C1q and C1s to form C1, the first component of the classical pathway of the complement system.
Belongs to the ADP-ribosyl cyclase family.
Heterooligomer of subunits alpha (IDH3A), beta (IDH3B), and gamma (IDH3G) in the apparent ratio of 2:1:1. The heterodimer containing one IDH3A and one IDH3B subunit and the heterodimer containing one IDH3A and one IDH3G subunit assemble into a heterotetramer (which contains two subunits of IDH3A, one of IDH3B and one of IDH3G) and further into the heterooctamer.
Belongs to the activator 1 small subunits family.
Belongs to the ROX family. NO66 subfamily.
Oxygenase that can act as both a histone lysine demethylase and a ribosomal histidine hydroxylase.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL6 family.
Plays an important role in the regulation of cell survival, cell division, angiogenesis, cell differentiation and cell migration. Functions as potent mitogen in vitro. Acts as a ligand for FGFR1 and integrins. Binds to FGFR1 in the presence of heparin leading to FGFR1 dimerization and activation via sequential autophosphorylation on tyrosine residues which act as docking sites for interacting proteins, leading to the activation of several signaling cascades. Binds to integrins. Its binding to integrins and subsequent ternary complex formation with integrins and FGFR1 are essential for FGF1 signaling.
Belongs to the NFYB/HAP3 subunit family.
Component of the sequence-specific heterotrimeric transcription factor (NF-Y) which specifically recognizes a 5'-CCAAT-3' box motif found in the promoters of its target genes. NF-Y can function as both an activator and a repressor, depending on its interacting cofactors.
Belongs to the Orn/Lys/Arg decarboxylase class-II family.
Belongs to the cytochrome c oxidase IV family.
Component of the cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV, CIV), a multisubunit enzyme composed of 14 subunits.
Component of the cytochrome c oxidase, the last enzyme in the mitochondrial electron transport chain which drives oxidative phosphorylation.
Accessory subunit that is involved in the functional assembly of the mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I. Complex I has an NADH dehydrogenase activity with ubiquinone as an immediate electron acceptor and mediates the transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFB10 subunit family.
Belongs to the FAM175 family. Abraxas subfamily.
Involved in DNA damage response and double-strand break (DSB) repair. Component of the BRCA1-A complex, acting as a central scaffold protein that assembles the various components of the complex and mediates the recruitment of BRCA1. The BRCA1-A complex specifically recognizes 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitinated histones H2A and H2AX at DNA lesion sites, leading to target the BRCA1-BARD1 heterodimer to sites of DNA damage at DSBs. This complex also possesses deubiquitinase activity that specifically removes 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitin on histones H2A and H2AX.
Belongs to the inositol 3,4-bisphosphate 4-phosphatase family.
Belongs to the cyclophilin-type PPIase family.
PPIases accelerate the folding of proteins. It catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptides.
Belongs to the XPG/RAD2 endonuclease family. FEN1 subfamily.
Binds 2 magnesium ions per subunit. They probably participate in the reaction catalyzed by the enzyme. May bind an additional third magnesium ion after substrate binding.
Interacts with PCNA. Three molecules of FEN1 bind to one PCNA trimer with each molecule binding to one PCNA monomer. PCNA stimulates the nuclease activity without altering cleavage specificity.
Phosphorylated. Phosphorylation upon DNA damage induces relocalization to the nuclear plasma.
Structure-specific nuclease with 5'-flap endonuclease and 5'-3' exonuclease activities involved in DNA replication and repair. During DNA replication, cleaves the 5'-overhanging flap structure that is generated by displacement synthesis when DNA polymerase encounters the 5'-end of a downstream Okazaki fragment. It enters the flap from the 5'-end and then tracks to cleave the flap base, leaving a nick for ligation. Also involved in the long patch base excision repair (LP-BER) pathway, by cleaving within the apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) site-terminated flap. Acts as a genome stabilization factor that prevents flaps from equilibrating into structures that lead to duplications and deletions. Also possesses 5'-3' exonuclease activity on nicked or gapped double-stranded DNA, and exhibits RNase H activity. Also involved in replication and repair of rDNA and in repairing mitochondrial DNA.
Belongs to the fatty acid desaturase type 1 family. DEGS subfamily.
Interacts with RLBP1; the interaction increases synthesis of chromophore-precursors by DEGS1.
Belongs to the V-ATPase V0D/AC39 subunit family.
Acts as guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for RhoA and RhoB GTPases.
Belongs to the band 7/mec-2 family. Flotillin subfamily.
Belongs to the CND2 (condensin subunit 2) family.
Regulatory subunit of the condensin complex, a complex required for conversion of interphase chromatin into mitotic-like condense chromosomes.
Belongs to the protein-tyrosine phosphatase family. Non-receptor class 2 subfamily.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS17 family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS28 family.
Component of ORC, a complex composed of at least 6 subunits: ORC1, ORC2, ORC3, ORC4, ORC5 and ORC6. ORC is regulated in a cell-cycle dependent manner. It is sequentially assembled at the exit from anaphase of mitosis and disassembled as cells enter S phase.
May form trimers with another Smad1 and the co-Smad Smad4.
Phosphorylated on serine by BMP type 1 receptor kinase.
Transcriptional modulator activated by BMP (bone morphogenetic proteins) type 1 receptor kinase. SMAD1 is a receptor-regulated SMAD (R-SMAD).
Interacts with the GATOR1 complex; interaction is disrupted when BMT2/SAMTOR binds S-adenosyl-L-methionine. Interacts with the KICSTOR complex; interaction is disrupted when BMT2/SAMTOR binds S-adenosyl-L-methionine.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine-binding protein that acts as an inhibitor of mTORC1 signaling via interaction with the GATOR1 and KICSTOR complexes. Acts as a sensor of S-adenosyl-L-methionine to signal methionine sufficiency to mTORC1: in presence of methionine, binds S-adenosyl-L-methionine, leading to disrupt interaction with the GATOR1 and KICSTOR complexes and promote mTORC1 signaling. Upon methionine starvation, S-adenosyl-L-methionine levels are reduced, thereby promoting the association with GATOR1 and KICSTOR, leading to inhibit mTORC1 signaling. Probably also acts as a S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyltransferase.
Factor IX is a vitamin K-dependent plasma protein that participates in the intrinsic pathway of blood coagulation by converting factor X to its active form in the presence of Ca(2+) ions, phospholipids, and factor VIIIa.
Belongs to the metallo-dependent hydrolases superfamily. TatD-type hydrolase family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL27 family.
Belongs to the nucleobase:cation symporter-2 (NCS2) (TC 2.A.40) family.
Found in a mRNA splicing-dependent exon junction complex (EJC). Found in a complex with SR proteins. Found in a mRNP complex with RNPS1. Component of the PSAP complex consisting of RNPS1, SAP18 and PNN. Interacts with PNISR, CTBP1, CTBP2, KRT8, KRT18, KRT19, PS1D/PNO40, PPIG, RNPS1, SFRS4 and SRRM2. Identified in the spliceosome C complex.
Belongs to the small GTPase superfamily. Rho family. CDC42 subfamily.
Plasma membrane-associated small GTPase which cycles between an active GTP-bound and an inactive GDP-bound state.
Component of the transition zone in primary cilia. Required for ciliogenesis.
Belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily. METL family.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyltransferase.
Belongs to the fructosamine kinase family.
Involved in the positive regulation of histone H3-K9 dimethylation.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 14 family. XylT subfamily.
Heterodimer of 2 subunits, IMMPL1 and IMMPL2.
Belongs to the PTEN phosphatase protein family.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 39 family.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 30 family.
Belongs to the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase family.
Directly interacts with tubulin-gamma; this interaction determines centrosomal localization.
Plays a role in the organization of both preexisting and nascent microtubules in interphase cells. During mitosis, required for the organization and orientation of the mitotic spindle.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFA10 subunit family.
Complex I is composed of 45 different subunits. This a component of the hydrophobic protein fraction.
Ligand for the receptor-type protein-tyrosine kinase KIT. Plays an essential role in the regulation of cell survival and proliferation, hematopoiesis, stem cell maintenance, gametogenesis, mast cell development, migration and function, and in melanogenesis.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 17 family.
Belongs to the dynein heavy chain family.
Belongs to the retinoblastoma protein (RB) family.
Component of complex II composed of four subunits: the flavoprotein (FP) SDHA, iron-sulfur protein (IP) SDHB, and a cytochrome b560 composed of SDHC and SDHD.
Membrane-anchoring subunit of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) that is involved in complex II of the mitochondrial electron transport chain and is responsible for transferring electrons from succinate to ubiquinone (coenzyme Q).
Belongs to the 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase family.
Catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of 6-phosphogluconate to ribulose 5-phosphate and CO(2), with concomitant reduction of NADP to NADPH.
Required for proper progression of late cytokinetic stages.
The small GTPases Rab are key regulators in vesicle trafficking.
Belongs to the polypeptide deformylase family.
Removes the formyl group from the N-terminal Met of newly synthesized proteins.
SNARE involved in targeting and fusion of ER-derived transport vesicles with the Golgi complex as well as Golgi-derived retrograde transport vesicles with the ER.
May function as a transcription factor involved in cell differentiation.
Belongs to the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family. UEV subfamily.
UTP--glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase catalyzing the conversion of glucose-1-phosphate into UDP-glucose, a crucial precursor for the production of glycogen.
Belongs to the protease inhibitor I39 (alpha-2-macroglobulin) family.
Belongs to the aldolase class II family. MtnB subfamily.
Catalyzes the dehydration of methylthioribulose-1-phosphate (MTRu-1-P) into 2,3-diketo-5-methylthiopentyl-1-phosphate (DK-MTP-1-P). Functions in the methionine salvage pathway. May play a role in apoptosis.
Component of the MRE11-RAD50-NBN (MRN complex) which plays a critical role in the cellular response to DNA damage and the maintenance of chromosome integrity. The complex is involved in double-strand break (DSB) repair, DNA recombination, maintenance of telomere integrity, cell cycle checkpoint control and meiosis.
Part of the E2F6.com-1 complex in G0 phase composed of E2F6, MGA, MAX, TFDP1, CBX3, BAT8, EUHMTASE1, RING1, RNF2, MBLR, BAT8 and YAF2.
Putative Polycomb group (PcG) protein. PcG proteins maintain the transcriptionally repressive state of genes, probably via a modification of chromatin, rendering it heritably changed in its expressibility. Its association with a chromatin-remodeling complex suggests that it may contribute to prevent expression of genes that trigger the cell into mitosis. Binds to monomethylated and dimethylated 'Lys-20' on histone H4. Binds histone H3 peptides that are monomethylated or dimethylated on 'Lys-4', 'Lys-9' or 'Lys-27'.
Belongs to the major facilitator (TC 2.A.1) superfamily. Organic cation transporter (TC 2.A.1.19) family.
Belongs to the Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase family.
Destroys radicals which are normally produced within the cells and which are toxic to biological systems.
Mitochondrial membrane ATP synthase (F(1)F(0) ATP synthase or Complex V) produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane which is generated by electron transport complexes of the respiratory chain. F-type ATPases consist of two structural domains, F(1) - containing the extramembraneous catalytic core and F(0) - containing the membrane proton channel, linked together by a central stalk and a peripheral stalk. During catalysis, ATP synthesis in the catalytic domain of F(1) is coupled via a rotary mechanism of the central stalk subunits to proton translocation. Key component of the proton channel; it may play a direct role in the translocation of protons across the membrane.
Responsible for the release of ribosomes from messenger RNA at the termination of protein biosynthesis. May increase the efficiency of translation by recycling ribosomes from one round of translation to another.
Belongs to the sodium channel (TC 1.A.1.10) family.
Mediates the voltage-dependent sodium ion permeability of excitable membranes. Assuming opened or closed conformations in response to the voltage difference across the membrane, the protein forms a sodium-selective channel through which Na(+) ions may pass in accordance with their electrochemical gradient.
Small GTPase required for proper localization of RNA polymerase II and III (RNAPII and RNAPIII). May act at an RNAP assembly step prior to nuclear import.
Belongs to the protein-tyrosine phosphatase family.
Belongs to the protein-tyrosine phosphatase family. Non-receptor class 1 subfamily.
Belongs to the DNA repair metallo-beta-lactamase (DRMBL) family.
May play a role in cell cycle regulation. Dual specificity phosphatase active toward substrates containing either phosphotyrosine or phosphoserine residues.
Belongs to the transaldolase family. Type 1 subfamily.
Catalyzes the rate-limiting step of the non-oxidative phase in the pentose phosphate pathway. Catalyzes the reversible conversion of sedheptulose-7-phosphate and D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate into erythrose-4-phosphate and beta-D-fructose 6-phosphate.
Belongs to the sulfotransferase 2 family.
Component of intercellular desmosome junctions. Involved in the interaction of plaque proteins and intermediate filaments mediating cell-cell adhesion.
Belongs to the ClpA/ClpB family. Torsin subfamily.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS24 family.
Receptor for endothelin-1. Mediates its action by association with G proteins that activate a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system. The rank order of binding affinities for ET-A is: ET1 > ET2 >> ET3.
Belongs to the sarcoglycan alpha/epsilon family.
Component of the sarcoglycan complex, a subcomplex of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex which forms a link between the F-actin cytoskeleton and the extracellular matrix.
Probable subunit of the gamma-secretase complex, an endoprotease complex that catalyzes the intramembrane cleavage of integral membrane proteins such as Notch receptors.
The PAL motif is required for normal active site conformation.
Required for vesicular transport between the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus.
Heterotetramer that consists of two anti-parallel arranged heterodimers, each one formed by a 18 kDa (Caspase-6 subunit p18) and a 11 kDa (Caspase-6 subunit p11) subunit.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class translation factor GTPase superfamily. Classic translation factor GTPase family. EF-Tu/EF-1A subfamily.
This protein promotes the GTP-dependent binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the A-site of ribosomes during protein biosynthesis.
Enhances Ca(2+)-mediated inhibition of inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor (ITPR) Ca(2+) release.
Belongs to the aconitase/IPM isomerase family.
Catalyzes the isomerization of citrate to isocitrate via cis-aconitate.
Belongs to the SINA (Seven in absentia) family.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that mediates ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins. E3 ubiquitin ligases accept ubiquitin from an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme in the form of a thioester and then directly transfers the ubiquitin to targeted substrates.
The RING-type zinc finger domain is essential for ubiquitin ligase activity.
The SBD domain (substrate-binding domain) mediates the interaction with substrate proteins. It is related to the TRAF family.
Catalyzes the adenylation of flavin mononucleotide (FMN) to form flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) coenzyme.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the PAPS reductase family. FAD1 subfamily.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the MoaB/Mog family.
May be a centrosome-associated protein. Interacts with MYOC; affects its secretion and its aggregation.
Associates with the pre-60S ribosomal particle.
Component of the ribosome assembly machinery. Nuclear paralog of the ribosomal protein P0, it binds pre-60S subunits at an early stage of assembly in the nucleolus, and is replaced by P0 in cytoplasmic pre-60S subunits and mature 80S ribosomes.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 10 family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic mitochondrial porin family.
Conversely, when cellular iron levels are high, binds a 4Fe-4S cluster which precludes RNA binding activity and promotes the aconitase activity, the isomerization of citrate to isocitrate via cis-aconitate.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 31 family.
Belongs to the histone deacetylase family. HD type 1 subfamily.
G-protein coupled receptor for 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin).
Serine hydrolase involved in the detoxification of formaldehyde.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS12 family.
Belongs to the TFIIE beta subunit family.
Tetramer of two alpha and two beta chains.
Occurs in almost all aerobically respiring organisms and serves to protect cells from the toxic effects of hydrogen peroxide.
Belongs to the round spermatid basic protein 1 family.
Belongs to the palmitoyl-protein thioesterase family.
Belongs to the sulfotransferase 1 family. Gal/GlcNAc/GalNAc subfamily.
The beta subunit of voltage-dependent calcium channels contributes to the function of the calcium channel by increasing peak calcium current, shifting the voltage dependencies of activation and inactivation, modulating G protein inhibition and controlling the alpha-1 subunit membrane targeting.
The dystroglycan complex is involved in a number of processes including laminin and basement membrane assembly, sarcolemmal stability, cell survival, peripheral nerve myelination, nodal structure, cell migration, and epithelial polarization.
Transmembrane protein that plays important roles in connecting the extracellular matrix to the cytoskeleton. Acts as a cell adhesion receptor in both muscle and non-muscle tissues. Receptor for both DMD and UTRN and, through these interactions, scaffolds axin to the cytoskeleton. Also functions in cell adhesion-mediated signaling and implicated in cell polarity.
Belongs to the acetyltransferase family. GCN5 subfamily.
Belongs to the metallo-dependent hydrolases superfamily. Phosphotriesterase family.
Binds 2 divalent metal cations per subunit.
Maintains stem cell potency. Increases STAT3 phosphorylation and controls ERK phosphorylation. May act as a scaffold, increasing STAT3 recruitment onto endosomes.
The OCIA domain is necessary and sufficient for endosomal localization.
Belongs to the DNA polymerase type-B-like family.
Belongs to the xanthine dehydrogenase family.
Binds 1 Mo-molybdopterin (Mo-MPT) cofactor per subunit.
Substrate-binding subunit (component A) of the Rab geranylgeranyltransferase (GGTase) complex. Binds unprenylated Rab proteins and presents the substrate peptide to the catalytic component B. The component A is thought to be regenerated by transferring its prenylated Rab back to the donor membrane.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CAMK Ser/Thr protein kinase family. LKB1 subfamily.
Part of the complex catalyzing the transfer of N-acetylglucosamine from UDP-N-acetylglucosamine to phosphatidylinositol, the first step of GPI biosynthesis.
Belongs to the MMS22 family. MMS22L subfamily.
Exhibits ester hydrolase activity on the substrate p-nitrophenyl acetate.
Belongs to the reduced folate carrier (RFC) transporter (TC 2.A.48) family.
Belongs to the grh/CP2 family. CP2 subfamily.
Belongs to the adaptor complexes medium subunit family.
Plays a role in the process of neurogenesis.
Belongs to the BPI/LBP/Plunc superfamily. BPI/LBP family.
The N- and C-terminal barrels adopt an identical fold despite having only 13% of conserved residues.
The N-terminal region may be exposed to the interior of the granule, whereas the C-terminal portion may be embedded in the membrane. During phagocytosis and degranulation, proteases may be released and activated and cleave BPI at the junction of the N- and C-terminal portions of the molecule, providing controlled release of the N-terminal antibacterial fragment when bacteria are ingested.
The cytotoxic action of BPI is limited to many species of Gram-negative bacteria; this specificity may be explained by a strong affinity of the very basic N-terminal half for the negatively charged lipopolysaccharides that are unique to the Gram-negative bacterial outer envelope.
Belongs to the Engrailed homeobox family.
Probably involved in transcriptional regulation.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL40 family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the ubiquitin family.
General regulator of phagocytosis. Required to uptake Gram negative bacterium by macrophages.
Belongs to the UTP23/FCF1 family. FCF1 subfamily.
Associates with GIRK2, GIRK3 or GIRK4 to form a G-protein activated heteromultimer pore-forming unit. The resulting inward current is much larger.
Belongs to the inward rectifier-type potassium channel (TC 1.A.2.1) family. KCNJ3 subfamily.
This potassium channel is controlled by G proteins. Inward rectifier potassium channels are characterized by a greater tendency to allow potassium to flow into the cell rather than out of it. Their voltage dependence is regulated by the concentration of extracellular potassium; as external potassium is raised, the voltage range of the channel opening shifts to more positive voltages. The inward rectification is mainly due to the blockage of outward current by internal magnesium. This receptor plays a crucial role in regulating the heartbeat.
Belongs to the PDK/BCKDK protein kinase family.
Component of the cap-binding complex (CBC), which binds co-transcriptionally to the 5' cap of pre-mRNAs and is involved in various processes such as pre-mRNA splicing, translation regulation, nonsense-mediated mRNA decay, RNA-mediated gene silencing (RNAi) by microRNAs (miRNAs) and mRNA export. The CBC complex is involved in mRNA export from the nucleus, leading to the recruitment of the mRNA export machinery to the 5' end of mRNA and to mRNA export in a 5' to 3' direction through the nuclear pore. The CBC complex is also involved in mediating U snRNA and intronless mRNAs export from the nucleus. The CBC complex is essential for a pioneer round of mRNA translation, before steady state translation when the CBC complex is replaced by cytoplasmic cap-binding protein eIF4E. The pioneer round of mRNA translation mediated by the CBC complex plays a central role in nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD), NMD only taking place in mRNAs bound to the CBC complex, but not on eIF4E-bound mRNAs. The CBC complex enhances NMD in mRNAs containing at least one exon-junction complex (EJC), promoting the interaction between upf1 and upf2. The CBC complex is also involved in 'failsafe' NMD, which is independent of the EJC complex, while it does not participate in Staufen-mediated mRNA decay (SMD). During cell proliferation, the CBC complex is also involved in microRNAs (miRNAs) biogenesis via its interaction with srrt/ars2, thereby being required for miRNA-mediated RNA interference. The CBC complex also acts as a negative regulator of parn, thereby acting as an inhibitor of mRNA deadenylation. In the CBC complex, ncbp2/cbp20 recognizes and binds capped RNAs (m7GpppG-capped RNA) but requires ncbp1/cbp80 to stabilize the movement of its N-terminal loop and lock the CBC into a high affinity cap-binding state with the cap structure. The conventional cap-binding complex with NCBP2 binds both small nuclear RNA (snRNA) and messenger (mRNA) and is involved in their export from the nucleus.
Component of the nuclear cap-binding complex (CBC), a heterodimer composed of ncbp1/cbp80 and ncbp2/cbp20 that interacts with m7GpppG-capped RNA.
Because S100A10 induces the dimerization of ANXA2/p36, it may function as a regulator of protein phosphorylation in that the ANXA2 monomer is the preferred target (in vitro) of tyrosine-specific kinase.
Catalytic subunit of the type B histone acetyltransferase (HAT) complex, composed of RBBP7 and HAT1. Interacts with histones H4 and H2A.
Histone acetyltransferase that plays a role in different biological processes including cell cycle progression, glucose metabolism, histone production or DNA damage repair. Coordinates histone production and acetylation via H4 promoter binding. Acetylates histone H4 at 'Lys-5' (H4K5ac) and 'Lys-12' (H4K12ac) and, to a lesser extent, histone H2A at 'Lys-5' (H2AK5ac).
Belongs to the PNP/UDP phosphorylase family.
Catalyzes the reversible phosphorylytic cleavage of uridine and deoxyuridine to uracil and ribose- or deoxyribose-1-phosphate. The produced molecules are then utilized as carbon and energy sources or in the rescue of pyrimidine bases for nucleotide synthesis.
Belongs to the tigger transposable element derived protein family.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 27 family.
Tubulin is the major constituent of microtubules, a cylinder consisting of laterally associated linear protofilaments composed of alpha- and beta-tubulin heterodimers. Microtubules grow by the addition of GTP-tubulin dimers to the microtubule end, where a stabilizing cap forms. Below the cap, tubulin dimers are in GDP-bound state, owing to GTPase activity of alpha-tubulin.
Belongs to the cysteine dioxygenase family.
Catalyzes the oxidation of cysteine to cysteine sulfinic acid with addition of molecular dioxygen.
Belongs to the MIP/aquaporin (TC 1.A.8) family. AQP11/AQP12 subfamily.
Belongs to the RecA family. RAD51 subfamily.
Plays an important role in homologous strand exchange, a key step in DNA repair through homologous recombination (HR). Binds to single-stranded DNA in an ATP-dependent manner to form nucleoprotein filaments which are essential for the homology search and strand exchange. Catalyzes the recognition of homology and strand exchange between homologous DNA partners to form a joint molecule between a processed DNA break and the repair template. Recruited to resolve stalled replication forks during replication stress. Also involved in interstrand cross-link repair.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. TRM5/TYW2 family.
Specifically methylates the N1 position of guanosine-37 in various cytoplasmic and mitochondrial tRNAs. Methylation is not dependent on the nature of the nucleoside 5' of the target nucleoside. This is the first step in the biosynthesis of wybutosine (yW), a modified base adjacent to the anticodon of tRNAs and required for accurate decoding.
Belongs to the ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase small chain family.
Belongs to the metallo-beta-lactamase superfamily. RNA-metabolizing metallo-beta-lactamase-like family. INTS9 subfamily.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ATPase subunit F6 family.
Mitochondrial membrane ATP synthase (F(1)F(0) ATP synthase or Complex V) produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane which is generated by electron transport complexes of the respiratory chain. F-type ATPases consist of two structural domains, F(1) - containing the extramembraneous catalytic core and F(0) - containing the membrane proton channel, linked together by a central stalk and a peripheral stalk. During catalysis, ATP synthesis in the catalytic domain of F(1) is coupled via a rotary mechanism of the central stalk subunits to proton translocation. Part of the complex F(0) domain and the peripheric stalk, which acts as a stator to hold the catalytic alpha(3)beta(3) subcomplex and subunit a/ATP6 static relative to the rotary elements. Also involved in the restoration of oligomycin-sensitive ATPase activity to depleted F1-F0 complexes.
Belongs to the SEC23/SEC24 family. SEC23 subfamily.
Component of the coat protein complex II (COPII) which promotes the formation of transport vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The coat has two main functions, the physical deformation of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane into vesicles and the selection of cargo molecules.
Belongs to the fibroblast growth factor-binding protein family.
Part of the tectonic-like complex (also named B9 complex).
Plays a role in the recruitment of the exosome to pre-rRNA to mediate the 3'-5' end processing of the 5.8S rRNA.
Belongs to the small GTPase superfamily. Ran family.
GTP-binding protein involved in nucleocytoplasmic transport. Required for the import of protein into the nucleus and also for RNA export. Involved in chromatin condensation and control of cell cycle.
Found in a complex with p53/TP53 and CABLES1.
Participates in the apoptotic response to DNA damage. Isoforms containing the transactivation domain are pro-apoptotic, isoforms lacking the domain are anti-apoptotic and block the function of p53 and transactivating p73 isoforms. May be a tumor suppressor protein.
Belongs to the eukaryotic initiation factor 4E family.
Belongs to the HAD-like hydrolase superfamily. PHOSPHO family.
Belongs to the complex I 24 kDa subunit family.
Belongs to the cation diffusion facilitator (CDF) transporter (TC 2.A.4) family. SLC30A subfamily.
Belongs to the ALG10 glucosyltransferase family.
This promotes the activity of RNA polymerase II.
Cytosolic CRABPs may regulate the access of retinoic acid to the nuclear retinoic acid receptors.
Transposase-derived protein that may have nuclease activity (Potential). Does not have transposase activity.
Adds a myristoyl group to the N-terminal glycine residue of certain cellular proteins.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 38 family.
Belongs to the small leucine-rich proteoglycan (SLRP) family. SLRP class III subfamily.
Belongs to the protein sulfotransferase family.
Catalyzes the O-sulfation of tyrosine residues within acidic motifs of polypeptides, using 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate (PAPS) as cosubstrate.
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mL43 family.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. Trm1 family.
May play a role in motor coordination and exploratory behavior.
Receptor specific to the heptapeptide core common to adrenocorticotropic hormone and alpha-, beta-, and gamma-MSH. Plays a central role in energy homeostasis and somatic growth. This receptor is mediated by G proteins that stimulate adenylate cyclase (cAMP).
Belongs to the 3-oxoacid CoA-transferase family.
Key enzyme for ketone body catabolism. Transfers the CoA moiety from succinate to acetoacetate. Formation of the enzyme-CoA intermediate proceeds via an unstable anhydride species formed between the carboxylate groups of the enzyme and substrate.
Belongs to the tRNA pseudouridine synthase TruA family.
Stabilizes the cyclin H-CDK7 complex to form a functional CDK-activating kinase (CAK) enzymatic complex.
Belongs to the HAD-like hydrolase superfamily.
Belongs to the membrane-bound acyltransferase family. Sterol o-acyltransferase subfamily.
Belongs to the quiescin-sulfhydryl oxidase (QSOX) family.
Catalyzes the oxidation of sulfhydryl groups in peptide and protein thiols to disulfides with the reduction of oxygen to hydrogen peroxide.
Belongs to the WD repeat PRL1/PRL2 family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS6 family.
Mediates the production of the second messenger molecules diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3). Plays an important role in the regulation of intracellular signaling cascades.
Belongs to the learning-associated protein family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic release factor 1 family.
Mitochondrial GTPase that mediates the disassembly of ribosomes from messenger RNA at the termination of mitochondrial protein biosynthesis. Acts in collaboration with MRRF. GTP hydrolysis follows the ribosome disassembly and probably occurs on the ribosome large subunit. Not involved in the GTP-dependent ribosomal translocation step during translation elongation.
Belongs to the eukaryotic/archaeal RNase P protein component 3 family.
Binds 1 heme b (iron(II)-protoporphyrin IX) group per subunit.
Component of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF-3) complex, which is involved in protein synthesis and, together with other initiation factors, stimulates binding of mRNA and methionyl-tRNAi to the 40S ribosome.
RNA-binding component of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF-3) complex, which is involved in protein synthesis of a specialized repertoire of mRNAs and, together with other initiation factors, stimulates binding of mRNA and methionyl-tRNAi to the 40S ribosome. The eIF-3 complex specifically targets and initiates translation of a subset of mRNAs involved in cell proliferation.
Belongs to the acetyltransferase family.
Belongs to the cAMP-dependent kinase regulatory chain family.
Belongs to the C/M/P thioester hydrolase family.
Belongs to the actin family. ARP3 subfamily.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Tyr protein kinase family. SYK/ZAP-70 subfamily.
Belongs to the SEC23/SEC24 family. SEC24 subfamily.
Supercomplex made of cofactors A to E. Cofactors A and D function by capturing and stabilizing tubulin in a quasi-native conformation. Cofactor E binds to the cofactor D-tubulin complex; interaction with cofactor C then causes the release of tubulin polypeptides that are committed to the native state.
Tubulin-folding protein; involved in the early step of the tubulin folding pathway.
Belongs to the cation transport ATPase (P-type) (TC 3.A.3) family. Type IIA subfamily.
Catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the transport of calcium.
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mS31 family.
Belongs to the selenium-binding protein family.
Catalyzes the oxidation of methanethiol, an organosulfur compound known to be produced in substantial amounts by gut bacteria. Selenium-binding protein which may be involved in the sensing of reactive xenobiotics in the cytoplasm. May be involved in intra-Golgi protein transport.
Belongs to the SNF2/RAD54 helicase family. ISWI subfamily.
Belongs to the GTP-binding elongation factor family. EF-G/EF-2 subfamily.
Mitochondrial GTPase that catalyzes the GTP-dependent ribosomal translocation step during translation elongation. During this step, the ribosome changes from the pre-translocational (PRE) to the post-translocational (POST) state as the newly formed A-site-bound peptidyl-tRNA and P-site-bound deacylated tRNA move to the P and E sites, respectively. Catalyzes the coordinated movement of the two tRNA molecules, the mRNA and conformational changes in the ribosome. Does not mediate the disassembly of ribosomes from messenger RNA at the termination of mitochondrial protein biosynthesis.
Acts as component of the retromer cargo-selective complex (CSC). The CSC is believed to be the core functional component of retromer or respective retromer complex variants acting to prevent missorting of selected transmembrane cargo proteins into the lysosomal degradation pathway.
Belongs to the tRNA nucleotidyltransferase/poly(A) polymerase family.
Belongs to the peptidase C19 family. USP10 subfamily.
Belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily. Contactin family.
Belongs to the DOK family. Type B subfamily.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 47 family.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the phosphoglycerate mutase family.
Belongs to the kinesin light chain family.
Kinesin is a microtubule-associated force-producing protein that play a role in organelle transport.
Oligomeric complex composed of two heavy chains and two light chains.
Interacts with MRAP; increasing ligand-sensitivity and generation of cAMP. Interacts with MRAP2; competing with MRAP for binding to MC2R and impairing the binding of corticotropin (ACTH).
Belongs to the CNF-like-inhibitor family.
Belongs to the WD repeat IPI3/WDR18 family.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 23 family.
EGF stimulates the growth of various epidermal and epithelial tissues in vivo and in vitro and of some fibroblasts in cell culture. Magnesiotropic hormone that stimulates magnesium reabsorption in the renal distal convoluted tubule via engagement of EGFR and activation of the magnesium channel TRPM6.
Interacts with EGFR and promotes EGFR dimerization.
Belongs to the glucose-6-phosphatase family.
S-nitrosylation inhibits channel currents and ATP release.
Structural component of the gap junctions and the hemichannels.
Component of the ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase, a multisubunit transmembrane complex that is part of the mitochondrial electron transport chain which drives oxidative phosphorylation.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the peptidase M41 family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the AAA ATPase family.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase which accepts ubiquitin from specific E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes, and transfers it to substrates, generally promoting their degradation by the proteasome.
The N-terminus is composed of the phosphotyrosine binding (PTB) domain, a short linker region and the RING-type zinc finger. The PTB domain, which is also called TKB (tyrosine kinase binding) domain, is composed of three different subdomains: a four-helix bundle (4H), a calcium-binding EF hand and a divergent SH2 domain.
Protein component of the very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) of egg-laying females. Potent lipoprotein lipase inhibitor, preventing the loss of triglycerides from VLDL on their way from the liver to the growing oocytes.
Does not show transport activity towards bile acids or steroid sulfates.
Catalyzes the transfer of endogenously produced octanoic acid from octanoyl-acyl-carrier-protein onto the lipoyl domains of lipoate-dependent enzymes. Lipoyl-ACP can also act as a substrate although octanoyl-ACP is likely to be the physiological substrate.
The BBSome complex is thought to function as a coat complex required for sorting of specific membrane proteins to the primary cilia. The BBSome complex is required for ciliogenesis but is dispensable for centriolar satellite function.
Actin filament (F-actin)-binding protein involved in cell-matrix adhesion and cell-cell adhesion. Regulates cell-surface E-cadherin expression and potentiates mechanosensing by the E-cadherin complex. May also play important roles in cell morphology and locomotion.
Belongs to the small leucine-rich proteoglycan (SLRP) family. SLRP class I subfamily.
Receptor for adenosine. The activity of this receptor is mediated by G proteins which inhibit adenylyl cyclase.
Belongs to the WD repeat G protein beta family. Ribosomal protein RACK1 subfamily.
Belongs to the radical SAM superfamily. Lipoyl synthase family.
Binds 2 [4Fe-4S] clusters per subunit. One cluster is coordinated with 3 cysteines and an exchangeable S-adenosyl-L-methionine.
Catalyzes the radical-mediated insertion of two sulfur atoms into the C-6 and C-8 positions of the octanoyl moiety bound to the lipoyl domains of lipoate-dependent enzymes, thereby converting the octanoylated domains into lipoylated derivatives.
Promotes degradation of target mRNA species. Plays a role in the regulation of circadian mRNA stability. Binds GTP and has GTPase activity.
Belongs to the P-Pant transferase superfamily. AcpS family.
Belongs to the small membrane AKAP family.
Belongs to the DOK family. Type A subfamily.
Adapter protein involved in endocytic machinery. Involved in the synaptic vesicle recycling. May facilitate clathrin-coated vesicle uncoating.
Belongs to the carbon-nitrogen hydrolase superfamily. BTD/VNN family.
Belongs to the ELO family. ELOVL7 subfamily.
Catalyzes the first and rate-limiting reaction of the four reactions that constitute the long-chain fatty acids elongation cycle. This endoplasmic reticulum-bound enzymatic process allows the addition of 2 carbons to the chain of long- and very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) per cycle. Condensing enzyme with higher activity toward C18 acyl-CoAs, especially C18:3(n-3) acyl-CoAs and C18:3(n-6)-CoAs. Also active toward C20:4-, C18:0-, C18:1-, C18:2- and C16:0-CoAs, and weakly toward C20:0-CoA. Little or no activity toward C22:0-, C24:0-, or C26:0-CoAs. May participate to the production of saturated and polyunsaturated VLCFAs of different chain lengths that are involved in multiple biological processes as precursors of membrane lipids and lipid mediators.
Belongs to the lipase maturation factor family.
Involved in the maturation of specific proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum.
Belongs to the mitochondrial carrier (TC 2.A.29) family. SLC25A38 subfamily.
Mitochondrial glycine transporter that imports glycine into the mitochondrial matrix. Plays an important role in providing glycine for the first enzymatic step in heme biosynthesis, the condensation of glycine with succinyl-CoA to produce 5-aminolevulinate (ALA) in the miochondrial matrix. Required during erythropoiesis.
Acts as a sequence specific DNA binding transcriptional activator or repressor. The isoforms contain a varying set of transactivation and auto-regulating transactivation inhibiting domains thus showing an isoform specific activity. May be required in conjunction with TP73/p73 for initiation of p53/TP53 dependent apoptosis in response to genotoxic insults and the presence of activated oncogenes.
Binds DNA as a homotetramer. Isoform composition of the tetramer may determine transactivation activity.
Belongs to the SSU72 phosphatase family.
Protein phosphatase that catalyzes the dephosphorylation of the C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II. Plays a role in RNA processing and termination.
Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily. Proton-dependent oligopeptide transporter (POT/PTR) (TC 2.A.17) family.
Catalyzes the oxidative ring opening of 3-hydroxyanthranilate to 2-amino-3-carboxymuconate semialdehyde, which spontaneously cyclizes to quinolinate.
Belongs to the pseudouridine synthase RluA family.
Responsible for synthesis of pseudouridine from uracil.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFB8 subunit family.
GAP activity stimulated by phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) and phosphatidic acid.
GTPase-activating protein for the ADP ribosylation factor family.
PH domain binds phospholipids including phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate, phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) and phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3). May mediate protein binding to PIP2 or PIP3 containing membranes.
The BAR domain mediates homodimerization, it can neither bind membrane nor impart curvature, but instead requires the neighboring PH domain to achieve these functions.
Adaptor protein complex 2 (AP-2) is a heterotetramer composed of two large adaptins (alpha-type subunit AP2A1 or AP2A2 and beta-type subunit AP2B1), a medium adaptin (mu-type subunit AP2M1) and a small adaptin (sigma-type subunit AP2S1).
Component of the adaptor protein complex 2 (AP-2). Adaptor protein complexes function in protein transport via transport vesicles in different membrane traffic pathways. Adaptor protein complexes are vesicle coat components and appear to be involved in cargo selection and vesicle formation. AP-2 is involved in clathrin-dependent endocytosis in which cargo proteins are incorporated into vesicles surrounded by clathrin (clathrin-coated vesicles, CCVs) which are destined for fusion with the early endosome. The clathrin lattice serves as a mechanical scaffold but is itself unable to bind directly to membrane components. Clathrin-associated adaptor protein (AP) complexes which can bind directly to both the clathrin lattice and to the lipid and protein components of membranes are considered to be the major clathrin adaptors contributing the CCV formation. AP-2 also serves as a cargo receptor to selectively sort the membrane proteins involved in receptor-mediated endocytosis. AP-2 seems to play a role in the recycling of synaptic vesicle membranes from the presynaptic surface. AP-2 recognizes Y-X-X-[FILMV] (Y-X-X-Phi) and [ED]-X-X-X-L-[LI] endocytosis signal motifs within the cytosolic tails of transmembrane cargo molecules. AP-2 may also play a role in maintaining normal post-endocytic trafficking through the ARF6-regulated, non-clathrin pathway. The AP-2 alpha subunit binds polyphosphoinositide-containing lipids, positioning AP-2 on the membrane. The AP-2 alpha subunit acts via its C-terminal appendage domain as a scaffolding platform for endocytic accessory proteins. The AP-2 alpha and AP-2 sigma subunits are thought to contribute to the recognition of the [ED]-X-X-X-L-[LI] motif.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 2 family.
Binds GTP but lacks intrinsic GTPase activity and is resistant to Rho-specific GTPase-activating proteins.
Belongs to the potassium channel family. B (Shab) (TC 1.A.1.2) subfamily. Kv2.1/KCNB1 sub-subfamily.
May be signaling molecules that resemble neuropeptides.
Plays an important role in the control of DNA replication and the maintenance of replication fork stability.
May be involved in the intracellular transport of sterols or other lipids. May bind cholesterol or other sterols.
Belongs to the very long-chain fatty acids dehydratase HACD family.
Catalyzes the third of the four reactions of the long-chain fatty acids elongation cycle. This endoplasmic reticulum-bound enzymatic process, allows the addition of two carbons to the chain of long- and very long-chain fatty acids/VLCFAs per cycle. This enzyme catalyzes the dehydration of the 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA intermediate into trans-2,3-enoyl-CoA, within each cycle of fatty acid elongation. Thereby, it participates to the production of VLCFAs of different chain lengths that are involved in multiple biological processes as precursors of membrane lipids and lipid mediators.
Belongs to the diphthine synthase family.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyltransferase that catalyzes four methylations of the modified target histidine residue in translation elongation factor 2 (EF-2), to form an intermediate called diphthine methyl ester. The four successive methylation reactions represent the second step of diphthamide biosynthesis.
Mitochondrial membrane ATP synthase (F(1)F(0) ATP synthase or Complex V) produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane which is generated by electron transport complexes of the respiratory chain. F-type ATPases consist of two structural domains, F(1) - containing the extramembraneous catalytic core and F(0) - containing the membrane proton channel, linked together by a central stalk and a peripheral stalk. During catalysis, ATP synthesis in the catalytic domain of F(1) is coupled via a rotary mechanism of the central stalk subunits to proton translocation. Part of the complex F(0) domain. Minor subunit located with subunit a in the membrane.
Receptor for the neuromedin-U and neuromedin-S neuropeptides.
Has E3 ubiquitin ligase activity towards IGBP1, promoting its monoubiquitination, which results in deprotection of the catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase PP2A, and its subsequent degradation by polyubiquitination.
G-protein coupled receptor for cannabinoids. Mediates many cannabinoid-induced effects in the central nervous system (CNS), as well as in peripheral tissues. Signaling typically involves reduction in cyclic AMP.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL24 family.
Belongs to the myelin basic protein family.
mRNA-binding protein involved in proper cytoplasmic distribution of mitochondria. Specifically binds mRNAs of nuclear-encoded mitochondrial proteins in the cytoplasm and regulates transport or translation of these transcripts close to mitochondria, playing a role in mitochondrial biogenesis.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL34 family.
Belongs to the sodium:neurotransmitter symporter (SNF) (TC 2.A.22) family. SLC6A15 subfamily.
Belongs to the chaperonin (HSP60) family.
RNA-binding protein that binds to iron-responsive elements (IRES), which are stem-loop structures found in the 5'-UTR of ferritin, and delta aminolevulinic acid synthase mRNAs, and in the 3'-UTR of transferrin receptor mRNA. Binding to the IRE element in ferritin results in the repression of its mRNA translation. Binding of the protein to the transferrin receptor mRNA inhibits the degradation of this otherwise rapidly degraded mRNA.
Involved in DNA double-strand break repair (DSBR). Possesses single-strand endonuclease activity and double-strand-specific 3'-5' exonuclease activity. Also involved in meiotic DSB processing.
Belongs to the AB hydrolase superfamily. AB hydrolase 4 family.
Required for the post-translational delivery of tail-anchored (TA) proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum. Together with GET1/WRB, acts as a membrane receptor for soluble GET3/TRC40, which recognizes and selectively binds the transmembrane domain of TA proteins in the cytosol. Required for the stability of GET1. Stimulates calcium signaling in T cells through its involvement in elevation of intracellular calcium. Essential for the survival of peripheral follicular B cells.
Necessary for protein translocation in the endoplasmic reticulum.
Component of a complex that binds and activates STK11/LKB1. In the complex, required to stabilize the interaction between CAB39/MO25 (CAB39/MO25alpha or CAB39L/MO25beta) and STK11/LKB1.
Component of a trimeric complex composed of STK11/LKB1, STRAD (STRADA or STRADB) and CAB39/MO25 (CAB39/MO25alpha or CAB39L/MO25beta): the complex tethers STK11/LKB1 in the cytoplasm and stimulates its catalytic activity.
Belongs to the metallophosphoesterase superfamily. MPPE1 family.
Metallophosphoesterase required for transport of GPI-anchor proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi. Acts in lipid remodeling steps of GPI-anchor maturation by mediating the removal of a side-chain ethanolamine-phosphate (EtNP) from the second Man (Man2) of the GPI intermediate, an essential step for efficient transport of GPI-anchor proteins.
Belongs to the FAD-binding oxidoreductase/transferase type 4 family.
Somewhat implicated in the biogenesis of peroxisomes.
Receptor for cholecystokinin. Mediates pancreatic growth and enzyme secretion, smooth muscle contraction of the gall bladder and stomach. Has a 1000-fold higher affinity for CCK rather than for gastrin. It modulates feeding and dopamine-induced behavior in the central and peripheral nervous system. This receptor mediates its action by association with G proteins that activate a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system.
Belongs to the 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase beta subunit family.
Non-catalytic subunit of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), an energy sensor protein kinase that plays a key role in regulating cellular energy metabolism. In response to reduction of intracellular ATP levels, AMPK activates energy-producing pathways and inhibits energy-consuming processes: inhibits protein, carbohydrate and lipid biosynthesis, as well as cell growth and proliferation. AMPK acts via direct phosphorylation of metabolic enzymes, and by longer-term effects via phosphorylation of transcription regulators. Also acts as a regulator of cellular polarity by remodeling the actin cytoskeleton; probably by indirectly activating myosin. Beta non-catalytic subunit acts as a scaffold on which the AMPK complex assembles, via its C-terminus that bridges alpha (PRKAA1 or PRKAA2) and gamma subunits (PRKAG1, PRKAG2 or PRKAG3).
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 28 family.
Homodimer; disulfide-linked. Can also form homotetramers.
Mitochondrial 3-hydroxymethyl-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase that catalyzes a cation-dependent cleavage of (S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA into acetyl-CoA and acetoacetate, a key step in ketogenesis. Terminal step in leucine catabolism. Ketone bodies (beta-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate and acetone) are essential as an alternative source of energy to glucose, as lipid precursors and as regulators of metabolism.
Belongs to the G-alpha family. G(q) subfamily.
May be a negative regulator of NF-kappa-B and p53-mediated gene transcription.
Probable acetyltransferase, which acetylates the inositol ring of phosphatidylinositol during biosynthesis of GPI-anchor.
As part of the heterotrimeric replication protein A complex (RPA/RP-A), binds and stabilizes single-stranded DNA intermediates, that form during DNA replication or upon DNA stress. It prevents their reannealing and in parallel, recruits and activates different proteins and complexes involved in DNA metabolism. Thereby, it plays an essential role both in DNA replication and the cellular response to DNA damage.
Belongs to the replication factor A protein 1 family.
Component of the heterotrimeric canonical replication protein A complex (RPA).
Interacts with glycogen, PPP1CC catalytic subunit of PP1 and PYGL. Associates with glycogen particles. Forms complexes with debranching enzyme, glycogen phosphorylase, glycogen synthase and phosphorylase kinase which is necessary for its regulation of PP1 activity.
Belongs to the adenylate kinase family. AK2 subfamily.
Catalyzes the reversible transfer of the terminal phosphate group between ATP and AMP. Plays an important role in cellular energy homeostasis and in adenine nucleotide metabolism. Adenylate kinase activity is critical for regulation of the phosphate utilization and the AMP de novo biosynthesis pathways. Plays a key role in hematopoiesis.
Binds tightly to hydroxyapatite. Appears to form an integral part of the mineralized matrix. Probably important to cell-matrix interaction. Promotes Arg-Gly-Asp-dependent cell attachment.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL22 family.
Belongs to the histidine acid phosphatase family. VIP1 subfamily.
Bifunctional inositol kinase that acts in concert with the IP6K kinases to synthesize the diphosphate group-containing inositol pyrophosphates diphosphoinositol pentakisphosphate, PP-InsP5, and bis-diphosphoinositol tetrakisphosphate, (PP)2-InsP4. PP-InsP5 and (PP)2-InsP4, also respectively called InsP7 and InsP8, may regulate a variety of cellular processes, including apoptosis, vesicle trafficking, cytoskeletal dynamics, and exocytosis. Phosphorylates inositol hexakisphosphate (InsP6).
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Tyr protein kinase family. Fes/fps subfamily.
Belongs to the threonine synthase family.
Interacts with homodimeric PDGFA, PDGFB and PDGFC, and with heterodimers formed by PDGFA and PDGFB. Monomer in the absence of bound ligand.
Present in an inactive conformation in the absence of bound ligand. Binding of PDGFA and/or PDGFB leads to dimerization and activation by autophosphorylation on tyrosine residues.
Tyrosine-protein kinase that acts as a cell-surface receptor for PDGFA, PDGFB and PDGFC and plays an essential role in the regulation of embryonic development, cell proliferation, survival and chemotaxis. Depending on the context, promotes or inhibits cell proliferation and cell migration. Plays an important role in the differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Required for normal skeleton development.
Belongs to the phosphoglycerate kinase family.
Protein-lysine N-methyltransferase that methylates both histones and non-histone proteins, including p53/TP53 and RB1. Specifically trimethylates histone H3 'Lys-4' (H3K4me3) in vivo. The activity requires interaction with HSP90alpha. Shows even higher methyltransferase activity on p53/TP53. Monomethylates 'Lys-370' of p53/TP53, leading to decreased DNA-binding activity and subsequent transcriptional regulation activity of p53/TP53. Monomethylates RB1 at 'Lys-860'.
Belongs to the aerobic coproporphyrinogen-III oxidase family.
Belongs to the shaker potassium channel beta subunit family.
Belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily. RsmH family.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 18 family.
Mitochondrial membrane ATP synthase (F(1)F(0) ATP synthase or Complex V) produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane which is generated by electron transport complexes of the respiratory chain. F-type ATPases consist of two structural domains, F(1) - containing the extramembraneous catalytic core and F(0) - containing the membrane proton channel, linked together by a central stalk and a peripheral stalk. During catalysis, ATP synthesis in the catalytic domain of F(1) is coupled via a rotary mechanism of the central stalk subunits to proton translocation. Part of the complex F(0) domain. A homomeric c-ring of probably 10 subunits is part of the complex rotary element.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFB5 subunit family.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class TrmE-Era-EngA-EngB-Septin-like GTPase superfamily. EngB GTPase family.
Belongs to the alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase family.
Belongs to the CoA-transferase III family.
Probable C-mannosyltransferase that mediates C-mannosylation of tryptophan residues on target proteins.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. NEK Ser/Thr protein kinase family. NIMA subfamily.
Belongs to the succinate/malate CoA ligase alpha subunit family.
Heterodimer of an alpha and a beta subunit. Different beta subunits determine nucleotide specificity. Together with the ATP-specific beta subunit SUCLA2, forms an ADP-forming succinyl-CoA synthetase (A-SCS). Together with the GTP-specific beta subunit SUCLG2 forms a GDP-forming succinyl-CoA synthetase (G-SCS).
Succinyl-CoA synthetase functions in the citric acid cycle (TCA), coupling the hydrolysis of succinyl-CoA to the synthesis of either ATP or GTP and thus represents the only step of substrate-level phosphorylation in the TCA. The alpha subunit of the enzyme binds the substrates coenzyme A and phosphate, while succinate binding and specificity for either ATP or GTP is provided by different beta subunits.
Belongs to the vasopressin/oxytocin family.
May act as a scaffolding protein within caveolar membranes. Interacts directly with G-protein alpha subunits and can functionally regulate their activity.
Binds 1 divalent metal cation per subunit. Mg(2+) or Mn(2+).
Catalytic component of the RAG complex, a multiprotein complex that mediates the DNA cleavage phase during V(D)J recombination. V(D)J recombination assembles a diverse repertoire of immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor genes in developing B and T-lymphocytes through rearrangement of different V (variable), in some cases D (diversity), and J (joining) gene segments. In the RAG complex, RAG1 mediates the DNA-binding to the conserved recombination signal sequences (RSS) and catalyzes the DNA cleavage activities by introducing a double-strand break between the RSS and the adjacent coding segment. RAG2 is not a catalytic component but is required for all known catalytic activities. DNA cleavage occurs in 2 steps: a first nick is introduced in the top strand immediately upstream of the heptamer, generating a 3'-hydroxyl group that can attack the phosphodiester bond on the opposite strand in a direct transesterification reaction, thereby creating 4 DNA ends: 2 hairpin coding ends and 2 blunt, 5'-phosphorylated ends.
The NBD (nonamer binding) DNA-binding domain mediates the specific binding to the nonamer RSS motif by forming a tightly interwoven homodimer that binds and synapses 2 nonamer elements, with each NBD making contact with both DNA molecules. Each RSS is composed of well-conserved heptamer (consensus 5'-CACAGTG-3') and nonamer (consensus 5'-ACAAAAACC-3') sequences separated by a spacer of either 12 bp or 23 bp.
Binds to type I and type II collagen, to fibronectin and TGF-beta. Forms a ternary complex with MFAP2 and ELN (By similarity).
May affect the rate of fibrils formation.
The attached glycosaminoglycan chain can be either chondroitin sulfate or dermatan sulfate depending upon the tissue of origin.
2 molecules of GDNFR-alpha are thought to form a complex with the disulfide-linked GDNF dimer and with 2 molecules of RET.
Receptor for GDNF. Mediates the GDNF-induced autophosphorylation and activation of the RET receptor.
Proteolytically removes the C-terminal three residues of farnesylated proteins.
Involved in the initiation of DNA replication. Also participates in checkpoint controls that ensure DNA replication is completed before mitosis is initiated.
Substrate-recognition component of the SCF (SKP1-CUL1-F-box protein)-type E3 ubiquitin ligase complex.
Component of the CST complex proposed to act as a specialized replication factor promoting DNA replication under conditions of replication stress or natural replication barriers such as the telomere duplex. The CST complex binds single-stranded DNA with high affinity in a sequence-independent manner, while isolated subunits bind DNA with low affinity by themselves. Initially the CST complex has been proposed to protect telomeres from DNA degradation. However, the CST complex has been shown to be involved in several aspects of telomere replication.
ATPase component of the INO80 complex which remodels chromatin by shifting nucleosomes and is involved in DNA repair.
Belongs to the SNF2/RAD54 helicase family.
Component of the INO80 chromatin-remodeling complex.
The DBINO region is involved in binding to DNA.
Cellular uptake of iron occurs via receptor-mediated endocytosis of ligand-occupied transferrin receptor into specialized endosomes. Endosomal acidification leads to iron release. The apotransferrin-receptor complex is then recycled to the cell surface with a return to neutral pH and the concomitant loss of affinity of apotransferrin for its receptor. Transferrin receptor is necessary for development of erythrocytes and the nervous system. Acts as a lipid sensor that regulates mitochondrial fusion by regulating activation of the JNK pathway.
Belongs to the Toll-like receptor family.
Cooperates with LY96 to mediate the innate immune response to bacterial lipoproteins and other microbial cell wall components. Cooperates with TLR1 or TLR6 to mediate the innate immune response to bacterial lipoproteins or lipopeptides. Acts via MYD88 and TRAF6, leading to NF-kappa-B activation, cytokine secretion and the inflammatory response.
Belongs to the helicase family. Dicer subfamily.
Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) endoribonuclease playing a central role in short dsRNA-mediated post-transcriptional gene silencing. Cleaves naturally occurring long dsRNAs and short hairpin pre-microRNAs (miRNA) into fragments of twenty-one to twenty-three nucleotides with 3' overhang of two nucleotides, producing respectively short interfering RNAs (siRNA) and mature microRNAs. SiRNAs and miRNAs serve as guide to direct the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) to complementary RNAs to degrade them or prevent their translation. Gene silencing mediated by siRNAs, also called RNA interference, controls the elimination of transcripts from mobile and repetitive DNA elements of the genome but also the degradation of exogenous RNA of viral origin for instance. The miRNA pathway on the other side is a mean to specifically regulate the expression of target genes.
Converts O-phosphoseryl-tRNA(Sec) to selenocysteinyl-tRNA(Sec) required for selenoprotein biosynthesis.
Homotetramer formed by a catalytic dimer and a non-catalytic dimer serving as a binding platform that orients tRNASec for catalysis. Each tetramer binds the CCA ends of two tRNAs which point to the active sites of the catalytic dimer.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 56 family.
Belongs to the helicase family. RAD25/XPB subfamily.
Belongs to the LAPTM4/LAPTM5 transporter family.
Catalyzes the ATP-dependent amination of UTP to CTP with either L-glutamine or ammonia as the source of nitrogen.
Belongs to the NAD-dependent glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase family.
May be an adhesion-like molecule with anti-protease activity.
Belongs to the potassium channel family. B (Shab) (TC 1.A.1.2) subfamily. Kv2.2/KCNB2 sub-subfamily.
Belongs to the small G protein signaling modulator family.
May play a role in the correct development and proper functioning of the peripheral and central nervous system and be involved in cell adhesion and intercellular communication.
Part of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane protein complex (EMC) that enables the energy-independent insertion into endoplasmic reticulum membranes of newly synthesized membrane proteins.
Neurotensin may play an endocrine or paracrine role in the regulation of fat metabolism. It causes contraction of smooth muscle.
Belongs to the phospholipid scramblase family.
May mediate accelerated ATP-independent bidirectional transbilayer migration of phospholipids upon binding calcium ions that results in a loss of phospholipid asymmetry in the plasma membrane.
Functional component of endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) for misfolded lumenal proteins. May act by forming a channel that allows the retrotranslocation of misfolded proteins into the cytosol where they are ubiquitinated and degraded by the proteasome.
The products of the Gag polyproteins of infectious retroviruses perform highly complex orchestrated tasks during the assembly, budding, maturation, and infection stages of the viral replication cycle. During viral assembly, the proteins form membrane associations and self-associations that ultimately result in budding of an immature virion from the infected cell. Gag precursors also function during viral assembly to selectively bind and package two plus strands of genomic RNA. Endogenous Gag proteins may have kept, lost or modified their original function during evolution.
Belongs to the chloride channel (TC 2.A.49) family. ClC-3/CLCN3 subfamily.
Belongs to the LDH/MDH superfamily. MDH type 2 family.
Belongs to the AspA/AstE family. Aspartoacylase subfamily.
Subunit of the oligosaccharyl transferase (OST) complex that catalyzes the initial transfer of a defined glycan (Glc(3)Man(9)GlcNAc(2) in eukaryotes) from the lipid carrier dolichol-pyrophosphate to an asparagine residue within an Asn-X-Ser/Thr consensus motif in nascent polypeptide chains, the first step in protein N-glycosylation. N-glycosylation occurs cotranslationally and the complex associates with the Sec61 complex at the channel-forming translocon complex that mediates protein translocation across the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). All subunits are required for a maximal enzyme activity.
Belongs to the class-II aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family. Alax-L subfamily.
Catalyzes the attachment of alanine to tRNA(Ala) in a two-step reaction: alanine is first activated by ATP to form Ala-AMP and then transferred to the acceptor end of tRNA(Ala). Also edits incorrectly charged tRNA(Ala) via its editing domain.
Consists of three domains; the N-terminal catalytic domain, the editing domain and the C-terminal C-Ala domain. The editing domain removes incorrectly charged amino acids, while the C-Ala domain, along with tRNA(Ala), serves as a bridge to cooperatively bring together the editing and aminoacylation centers thus stimulating deacylation of misacylated tRNAs.
Monomer. Interacts with ANKRD16; the interaction is direct.
Belongs to the purine/pyrimidine phosphoribosyltransferase family.
Belongs to the complex I 75 kDa subunit family.
Belongs to the Diphthine--ammonia ligase family.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. RNA methyltransferase RlmE family. SPB1 subfamily.
Probable methyltransferase involved in the processing of the 34S pre-rRNA to 18S rRNA and in 40S ribosomal subunit formation.
Belongs to the inositol phosphokinase (IPK) family.
Required for vesicle-mediated transport. Catalyzes the fusion of transport vesicles within the Golgi cisternae. Is also required for transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi stack. Seems to function as a fusion protein required for the delivery of cargo proteins to all compartments of the Golgi stack independent of vesicle origin.
May act by regulating membrane trafficking and cellular morphogenesis.
Belongs to the aspartyl/asparaginyl beta-hydroxylase family.
Plays an important role in the synaptic function of specific neuronal systems. Associates with proteins involved in vesicle docking and membrane fusion.
Belongs to the tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase family.
Displays temperature-dependent chaperone activity.
Belongs to the phosphorylase b kinase regulatory chain family.
Phosphorylase b kinase catalyzes the phosphorylation of serine in certain substrates, including troponin I.
Belongs to the PC-esterase family. CASD1 subfamily.
Functions as a cell surface receptor and performs physiological functions on the surface of neurons relevant to neurite growth, neuronal adhesion and axonogenesis.
Peroxisomal protease that mediates both the removal of the leader peptide from proteins containing a PTS2 target sequence and processes several PTS1-containing proteins. Catalyzes the processing of PTS1-proteins involved in the peroxisomal beta-oxidation of fatty acids.
The full-lengh TYSND1 is the active the proteolytic processing of PTS1- and PTS2-proteins and in self-cleavage, and intermolecular self-cleavage of TYSND1 down-regulates its protease activity.
Weakly binds calcium but binds zinc very tightly-distinct binding sites with different affinities exist for both ions on each monomer. Physiological concentrations of potassium ion antagonize the binding of both divalent cations, especially affecting high-affinity calcium-binding sites. Binds to and initiates the activation of STK38 by releasing autoinhibitory intramolecular interactions within the kinase. Interaction with AGER after myocardial infarction may play a role in myocyte apoptosis by activating ERK1/2 and p53/TP53 signaling. Could assist ATAD3A cytoplasmic processing, preventing aggregation and favoring mitochondrial localization. May mediate calcium-dependent regulation on many physiological processes by interacting with other proteins, such as TPR-containing proteins, and modulating their activity.
Belongs to the chloride channel (TC 2.A.49) family. ClC-2/CLCN2 subfamily.
The potassium channel is probably composed of a homo- or heterotetrameric complex of pore-forming alpha subunits that can associate with modulating beta subunits.
Belongs to the EGR C2H2-type zinc-finger protein family.
Transcriptional regulator. Recognizes and binds to the DNA sequence 5'-GCG(T/G)GGGCG-3'(EGR-site) in the promoter region of target genes. Binds double-stranded target DNA, irrespective of the cytosine methylation status. Regulates the transcription of numerous target genes, and thereby plays an important role in regulating the response to growth factors, DNA damage, and ischemia. Plays a role in the regulation of cell survival, proliferation and cell death.
Belongs to the CMP-NeuNAc synthase family.
Belongs to the bZIP family. PAR subfamily.
Belongs to the SLC41A transporter family.
Belongs to the class-II fumarase/aspartase family. Fumarase subfamily.
Catalyzes the hydration of fumarate to L-malate in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle to facilitate a transition step in the production of energy in the form of NADH.
Belongs to the protein prenyltransferase subunit beta family.
Catalyzes the transfer of a geranylgeranyl moiety from geranylgeranyl diphosphate to both cysteines of proteins with the C-terminal sequence -XXCC, -XCXC and -CCXX.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 10 family.
Belongs to the apolipoprotein O/MICOS complex subunit Mic27 family.
Component of the MICOS complex, a large protein complex of the mitochondrial inner membrane that plays crucial roles in the maintenance of crista junctions, inner membrane architecture, and formation of contact sites to the outer membrane.
Component of the mitochondrial contact site and cristae organizing system (MICOS) complex.
Belongs to the queuosine salvage protein family.
Belongs to the NFYA/HAP2 subunit family.
Component of the sequence-specific heterotrimeric transcription factor (NF-Y) which specifically recognizes a 5'-CCAAT-3' box motif found in the promoters of its target genes.
Belongs to the amiloride-sensitive sodium channel (TC 1.A.6) family.
Belongs to the homogentisate dioxygenase family.
Extremely potent competitive inhibitor of cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity, this protein interacts with the catalytic subunit of the enzyme after the cAMP-induced dissociation of its regulatory chains.
Belongs to the twisted gastrulation protein family.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL28 family.
Binds to WNT proteins and inhibits their activities. May be involved in mesoderm segmentation.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 4 family.
Component of the N-terminal acetyltransferase C (NatC) complex, which is composed of NAA35, NAA38 and NAA30.
Belongs to the cyclin family. Cyclin E subfamily.
Belongs to the helicase family. RecQ subfamily.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL30 family.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 14 family.
Belongs to the class-IV pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family.
Seems to be required for maximal rate of protein biosynthesis. Enhances ribosome dissociation into subunits and stabilizes the binding of the initiator Met-tRNA(I) to 40 S ribosomal subunits.
Belongs to the D-glutamate cyclase family.
Monovalent cation channel required for maintenance of rapid intracellular calcium release. May act as a potassium counter-ion channel that functions in synchronization with calcium release from intracellular stores.
Belongs to the tenascin family. Teneurin subfamily.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 31 family. Beta3-Gal-T subfamily.
Glycosyltransferase that generates the core 1 O-glycan Gal-beta1-3GalNAc-alpha1-Ser/Thr (T antigen), which is a precursor for many extended O-glycans in glycoproteins.
Belongs to the metallo-dependent hydrolases superfamily. Adenosine and AMP deaminases family. ADGF subfamily.
Belongs to the eukaryotic AdoMetDC family.
Binds 1 pyruvoyl group covalently per subunit.
Essential for biosynthesis of the polyamines spermidine and spermine. Promotes maintenance and self-renewal of embryonic stem cells, by maintaining spermine levels.
Belongs to the ELO family. ELOVL6 subfamily.
Catalyzes the first and rate-limiting reaction of the four reactions that constitute the long-chain fatty acids elongation cycle. This endoplasmic reticulum-bound enzymatic process allows the addition of 2 carbons to the chain of long- and very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) per cycle. Condensing enzyme that elongates fatty acids with 12, 14 and 16 carbons with higher activity toward C16:0 acyl-CoAs. Catalyzes the synthesis of unsaturated C16 long chain fatty acids and, to a lesser extent, C18:0 and those with low desaturation degree. May participate to the production of saturated and monounsaturated VLCFAs of different chain lengths that are involved in multiple biological processes as precursors of membrane lipids and lipid mediators.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CMGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. MNB/DYRK subfamily.
Component of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport II (ESCRT-II), which is required for multivesicular body (MVB) formation and sorting of endosomal cargo proteins into MVBs.
Belongs to the RNA 3'-terminal cyclase family. Type 2 subfamily.
Does not have cyclase activity. Plays a role in 40S-ribosomal-subunit biogenesis in the early pre-rRNA processing steps at sites A0, A1 and A2 that are required for proper maturation of the 18S RNA.
Cell autonomous antagonist of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway.
Potential calcium-dependent cell-adhesion protein. May be involved in the establishment and maintenance of specific neuronal connections in the brain.
Belongs to the dienelactone hydrolase family.
Component of the multiprotein chromatin-remodeling complexes SWI/SNF.
Calretinin is a calcium-binding protein which is abundant in auditory neurons.
Belongs to the importin beta family. Importin beta-1 subfamily.
Heterodimer of a B chain and an A chain linked by two disulfide bonds.
Insulin decreases blood glucose concentration. It increases cell permeability to monosaccharides, amino acids and fatty acids. It accelerates glycolysis, the pentose phosphate cycle, and glycogen synthesis in liver.
Involved in transport of proteins from the cis/medial-Golgi to the trans-Golgi network.
Belongs to the protein-tyrosine phosphatase family. Receptor class 2A subfamily.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 35 family.
Involved in the regulation of homocysteine metabolism.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL31 family.
Belongs to the phosphatidyl serine synthase family.
Catalyzes a base-exchange reaction in which the polar head group of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) is replaced by L-serine.
Belongs to the beta type-B retroviral polymerase family. HERV class-II K(HML-2) pol subfamily.
Belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily. NTM1 family.
May be involved in cell cycle regulation.
Belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily. METTL16/RlmF family.
RNA N6-methyltransferase that methylates adenosine residues at the N(6) position of a subset of RNAs and is involved in S-adenosyl-L-methionine homeostasis by regulating expression of MAT2A transcripts. Able to N6-methylate a subset of mRNAs and U6 small nuclear RNAs (U6 snRNAs). In contrast to the METTL3-METTL14 heterodimer, only able to methylate a limited number of RNAs: requires both a 5'UACAGAGAA-3' nonamer sequence and a specific RNA structure.
Belongs to the U2 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein A family.
Homodimer and heterodimer with SSTR3 and SSTR5. Heterodimerization with SSTR3 inactivates SSTR3 receptor function. Heterodimerization with SSTR5 is enhanced by agonist stimulation of SSTR2 and increases SSTR2 cell growth inhibition activity. Following agonist stimulation, homodimers dissociate into monomers which is required for receptor internalization. Interacts with beta-arrestin; this interaction is necessary for receptor internalization and is destabilized by heterodimerization with SSTR5 which results in increased recycling of SSTR2 to the cell surface. Interacts (via C-terminus) with SHANK1 (via PDZ domain).
Receptor for somatostatin-14 and -28. This receptor is coupled via pertussis toxin sensitive G proteins to inhibition of adenylyl cyclase. In addition it stimulates phosphotyrosine phosphatase and PLC via pertussis toxin insensitive as well as sensitive G proteins. Inhibits calcium entry by suppressing voltage-dependent calcium channels. Acts as the functionally dominant somatostatin receptor in pancreatic alpha- and beta-cells where it mediates the inhibitory effect of somatostatin-14 on hormone secretion. Inhibits cell growth through enhancement of MAPK1 and MAPK2 phosphorylation and subsequent up-regulation of CDKN1B. Stimulates neuronal migration and axon outgrowth and may participate in neuron development and maturation during brain development. Mediates negative regulation of insulin receptor signaling through PTPN6. Inactivates SSTR3 receptor function following heterodimerization.
Histone demethylase that can demethylate both 'Lys-4' (H3K4me) and 'Lys-9' (H3K9me) of histone H3, thereby acting as a coactivator or a corepressor, depending on the context. Acts by oxidizing the substrate by FAD to generate the corresponding imine that is subsequently hydrolyzed. Acts as a corepressor by mediating demethylation of H3K4me, a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional activation. Demethylates both mono- (H3K4me1) and di-methylated (H3K4me2) H3K4me. May play a role in the repression of neuronal genes. Alone, it is unable to demethylate H3K4me on nucleosomes and requires the presence of RCOR1/CoREST to achieve such activity.
The SWIRM domain may act as an anchor site for a histone tail.
As a component of the GATOR1 complex functions as an inhibitor of the amino acid-sensing branch of the TORC1 pathway.
Belongs to the glycogen debranching enzyme family.
Multifunctional enzyme acting as 1,4-alpha-D-glucan:1,4-alpha-D-glucan 4-alpha-D-glycosyltransferase and amylo-1,6-glucosidase in glycogen degradation.
Belongs to the class V-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. Histone-lysine methyltransferase family. Suvar3-9 subfamily.
Belongs to the clathrin light chain family.
Belongs to the UDP-glycosyltransferase family.
Belongs to the FAD-dependent oxidoreductase family.
Exoglycosidase that cleaves the single beta-linked mannose residue from the non-reducing end of all N-linked glycoprotein oligosaccharides.
Belongs to the bZIP family. CNC subfamily.
Belongs to the glutamine synthetase family.
Belongs to the adaptor complexes small subunit family.
Belongs to the complex I subunit 3 family.
Core subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I) which catalyzes electron transfer from NADH through the respiratory chain, using ubiquinone as an electron acceptor. Essential for the catalytic activity of complex I.
Belongs to the vitamin-B12 dependent methionine synthase family.
Catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group from methylcob(III)alamin (MeCbl) to homocysteine, yielding enzyme-bound cob(I)alamin and methionine in the cytosol. MeCbl is an active form of cobalamin (vitamin B12) used as a cofactor for methionine biosynthesis. Cob(I)alamin form is regenerated to MeCbl by a transfer of a methyl group from 5-methyltetrahydrofolate. The processing of cobalamin in the cytosol occurs in a multiprotein complex composed of at least MMACHC, MMADHC, MTRR (methionine synthase reductase) and MTR which may contribute to shuttle safely and efficiently cobalamin towards MTR in order to produce methionine.
Modular enzyme with four functionally distinct domains. The isolated Hcy-binding domain catalyzes methyl transfer from free methylcobalamin to homocysteine. The Hcy-binding domain in association with the pterin-binding domain catalyzes the methylation of cob(I)alamin by methyltetrahydrofolate and the methylation of homocysteine. The B12-binding domain binds the cofactor. The AdoMet activation domain binds S-adenosyl-L-methionine. Under aerobic conditions cob(I)alamin can be converted to inactive cob(II)alamin. Reductive methylation by S-adenosyl-L-methionine and flavodoxin regenerates methylcobalamin.
Involved in the homologous recombination repair (HRR) pathway of double-stranded DNA, thought to repair chromosomal fragmentation, translocations and deletions.
Belongs to the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase family.
Has both glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and nitrosylase activities, thereby playing a role in glycolysis and nuclear functions, respectively. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase is a key enzyme in glycolysis that catalyzes the first step of the pathway by converting D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) into 3-phospho-D-glyceroyl phosphate (By similarity). Participates in nuclear events including transcription, RNA transport, DNA replication and apoptosis. Nuclear functions are probably due to the nitrosylase activity that mediates cysteine S-nitrosylation of nuclear target proteins such as SIRT1, HDAC2 and PRKDC (By similarity).
S-nitrosylation of Cys-150 leads to translocation to the nucleus.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CAMK Ser/Thr protein kinase family. PIM subfamily.
Proto-oncogene with serine/threonine kinase activity that can prevent apoptosis and promote cell survival and protein translation.
Adapter involved in the TLR2 and TLR4 signaling pathways in the innate immune response.
Belongs to the WD repeat G protein beta family.
Belongs to the proteasome subunit S5A family.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. TRM61 family.
Catalytic subunit of tRNA (adenine-N(1)-)-methyltransferase, which catalyzes the formation of N(1)-methyladenine at position 58 (m1A58) in initiator methionyl-tRNA.
Induces bone formation in conjunction with TGF-beta-1 or TGF-beta-2.
Belongs to the cyclin-dependent kinase 5 activator family.
Heterodimer of a catalytic subunit and a regulatory subunit.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that specifically binds poly-ADP-ribosylated proteins and mediates their ubiquitination and subsequent degradation.
The WWE domain mediates non-covalent poly(ADP-ribose)-binding.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS11 family.
Component of the SMC5-SMC6 complex, that promotes sister chromatid alignment after DNA damage and facilitates double-stranded DNA breaks (DSBs) repair via homologous recombination between sister chromatids.
Belongs to the copper type II ascorbate-dependent monooxygenase family.
Belongs to the nucleosome assembly protein (NAP) family.
Heterodimer with uroplakin-3A (UPK3A) or uroplakin-3B (UPK3B).
Belongs to the PPP phosphatase family. PP-2B subfamily.
Homodimer; homodimerization requires the C4-type zinc finger motif and decreases during mitosis in a phosphorylation-dependent manner.
Plays a role in determining ER morphology.
The C4-type zinc finger motif is necessary both for its ER three-way tubular junction localization and formation.
Belongs to the WD repeat peroxin-7 family.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. Cation-dependent O-methyltransferase family.
Catalyzes the O-methylation, and thereby the inactivation, of catecholamine neurotransmitters and catechol hormones.
Belongs to the cyclin family. Cyclin Y subfamily.
Belongs to the potassium channel family. V (TC 1.A.1.2) subfamily. Kv8.1/KCNV1 sub-subfamily.
Heteromultimer with KCNB1 and KCNB2. Interacts with KCNC4 and KCND1.
Potassium channel subunit that does not form functional channels by itself. Modulates KCNB1 and KCNB2 channel activity by shifting the threshold for inactivation to more negative values and by slowing the rate of inactivation. Can down-regulate the channel activity of KCNB1, KCNB2, KCNC4 and KCND1, possibly by trapping them in intracellular membranes.
ATP-binding RNA helicase involved in translation initiation. Part of the 43S pre-initiation complex that is required for efficient initiation on mRNAs of higher eukaryotes with structured 5'-UTRs by promoting efficient NTPase-dependent 48S complex formation. Specifically binds to the 40S ribosome near the mRNA entrance. Does not possess a processive helicase activity.
Part of the 43S pre-initiation complex (PIC).
Belongs to the archaeal Rpo11/eukaryotic RPB11/RPC19 RNA polymerase subunit family.
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Component of RNA polymerase II which synthesizes mRNA precursors and many functional non-coding RNAs. Pol II is the central component of the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. It is composed of mobile elements that move relative to each other. RPB11 is part of the core element with the central large cleft.
Belongs to the diphosphomevalonate decarboxylase family.
Catalyzes the ATP dependent decarboxylation of (R)-5-diphosphomevalonate to form isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP). Functions in the mevalonate (MVA) pathway leading to isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP), a key precursor for the biosynthesis of isoprenoids and sterol synthesis.
Interacts with DDX4, PIWIL1, RANBP9 and TDRD1.
Homomultimerizes and interacts with various extracellular matrix components.
Incorporated into fibronectin-containing matrix fibers. May play a role in cell adhesion and migration along protein fibers within the extracellular matrix (ECM). Could be important for certain developmental processes and contribute to the supramolecular organization of ECM architecture, in particular to those of basement membranes.
Converts acetoacetate to acetoacetyl-CoA in the cytosol.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 13 family. GlgB subfamily.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS7 family.
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mL42 family.
Allows the formation of correctly charged Gln-tRNA(Gln) through the transamidation of misacylated Glu-tRNA(Gln) in the mitochondria. The reaction takes place in the presence of glutamine and ATP through an activated gamma-phospho-Glu-tRNA(Gln).
Belongs to the amidase family. GatA subfamily.
Subunit of the heterotrimeric GatCAB amidotransferase (AdT) complex, composed of A (QRSL1), B (GATB) and C (GATC) subunits.
Belongs to the arylamine N-acetyltransferase family.
Belongs to the Nudix hydrolase family. DCP2 subfamily.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 16 family.
Belongs to the archaeal Rpo3/eukaryotic RPB3 RNA polymerase subunit family.
C1q associates with the proenzymes C1r and C1s to yield C1, the first component of the serum complement system. The collagen-like regions of C1q interact with the Ca(2+)-dependent C1r(2)C1s(2) proenzyme complex, and efficient activation of C1 takes place on interaction of the globular heads of C1q with the Fc regions of IgG or IgM antibody present in immune complexes.
Involved in maintaining Golgi structure. Stimulates the formation of Golgi stacks and ribbons. Involved in intra-Golgi retrograde transport.
Binds with high affinity to CRF receptors 2-alpha and 2-beta.
Suppresses food intake, delays gastric emptying and decreases heat-induced edema. Might represent an endogenous ligand for maintaining homeostasis after stress.
Belongs to the eukaryotic RPA49/POLR1E RNA polymerase subunit family.
Receptor for netrin required for axon guidance. Mediates axon repulsion of neuronal growth cones in the developing nervous system upon ligand binding.
Adds the eighth mannose residue in an alpha-1,6 linkage onto the dolichol-PP-oligosaccharide precursor (dolichol-PP-Man(7)GlcNAc(2)) required for protein glycosylation.
Belongs to the Rieske iron-sulfur protein family.
The Rieske protein is a high potential 2Fe-2S protein.
Involved in the replication of mitochondrial DNA. Associates with mitochondrial DNA.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL20 family.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the NAD synthetase family.
Belongs to the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase [GTP] family.
Belongs to the G-alpha family. G(s) subfamily.
Belongs to the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 3 family.
Component of the cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV, CIV), a multisubunit enzyme composed of 14 subunits. The complex is composed of a catalytic core of 3 subunits MT-CO1, MT-CO2 and MT-CO3, encoded in the mitochondrial DNA, and 11 supernumerary subunits COX4I, COX5A, COX5B, COX6A, COX6B, COX6C, COX7A, COX7B, COX7C, COX8 and NDUFA4, which are encoded in the nuclear genome. The complex exists as a monomer or a dimer and forms supercomplexes (SCs) in the inner mitochondrial membrane with NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I, CI) and ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase (cytochrome b-c1 complex, complex III, CIII), resulting in different assemblies (supercomplex SCI(1)III(2)IV(1) and megacomplex MCI(2)III(2)IV(2)).
Calcium-selective channel required to prevent calcium stores from overfilling.
Belongs to the UDP-glucose/GDP-mannose dehydrogenase family.
Involved in the biosynthesis of glycosaminoglycans; hyaluronan, chondroitin sulfate, and heparan sulfate.
Belongs to the class I fructose-bisphosphate aldolase family.
Belongs to the sodium:neurotransmitter symporter (SNF) (TC 2.A.22) family. SLC6A4 subfamily.
Serotonin transporter whose primary function in the central nervous system involves the regulation of serotonergic signaling via transport of serotonin molecules from the synaptic cleft back into the pre-synaptic terminal for re-utilization. Plays a key role in mediating regulation of the availability of serotonin to other receptors of serotonergic systems. Terminates the action of serotonin and recycles it in a sodium-dependent manner.
Belongs to the small GTPase superfamily. Ras family. KappaB-Ras subfamily.
Alpha-L-fucosidase is responsible for hydrolyzing the alpha-1,6-linked fucose joined to the reducing-end N-acetylglucosamine of the carbohydrate moieties of glycoproteins.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 29 family.
Composed of a heavy chain (beta) and a light chain (alpha). Component of an NADPH oxidase complex composed of a heterodimer formed by the membrane proteins CYBA and CYBB and the cytosolic subunits NCF1, NCF2 and NCF4. Interacts with NCF1 (via SH3 domain).
Critical component of the membrane-bound oxidase of phagocytes that generates superoxide. Associates with NOX3 to form a functional NADPH oxidase constitutively generating superoxide.
The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex catalyzes the overall conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA and CO2.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFS6 subunit family.
Catalyzes the prenylation of para-hydroxybenzoate (PHB) with an all-trans polyprenyl group. Mediates the second step in the final reaction sequence of coenzyme Q (CoQ) biosynthesis, which is the condensation of the polyisoprenoid side chain with PHB, generating the first membrane-bound Q intermediate.
Functions as component of the Arp2/3 complex which is involved in regulation of actin polymerization and together with an activating nucleation-promoting factor (NPF) mediates the formation of branched actin networks.
May interfere with constitutive 5'-splice site selection.
Catalyzes the conversion of hemimercaptal, formed from methylglyoxal and glutathione, to S-lactoylglutathione.
Belongs to the replication factor A protein 2 family.
Belongs to the sulfotransferase 1 family. NDST subfamily.
PTH elevates calcium level by dissolving the salts in bone and preventing their renal excretion.
Plays a role in vesicle-mediated protein trafficking to lysosomal compartments including the endocytic membrane transport pathways.
Belongs to the peptidase M67A family. CSN5 subfamily.
Sulfate transporter. May play a role in endochondral bone formation.
Belongs to the LDH/MDH superfamily. MDH type 1 family.
Belongs to the Rab3-GAP catalytic subunit family.
Part of the SNAPc complex composed of 5 subunits: SNAPC1, SNAPC2, SNAPC3, SNAPC4 and SNAPC5. SNAPC3 interacts with SNAPC1.
Part of the SNAPc complex required for the transcription of both RNA polymerase II and III small-nuclear RNA genes. Binds to the proximal sequence element (PSE), a non-TATA-box basal promoter element common to these 2 types of genes. Recruits TBP and BRF2 to the U6 snRNA TATA box.
Component of the signal recognition particle (SRP) complex, a ribonucleoprotein complex that mediates the cotranslational targeting of secretory and membrane proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
May be involved in the endocytic machinery.
PP1 comprises a catalytic subunit, and one or several targeting or regulatory subunits.
Putative Notch ligand involved in the mediation of Notch signaling.
Belongs to the pancreatic ribonuclease family.
Regulates ADAM17 protease, a sheddase of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor ligands and TNF, thereby plays a role in sleep, cell survival, proliferation, migration and inflammation. Does not exhibit any protease activity on its own.
Acts as decoy receptor for TNFSF11/RANKL and thereby neutralizes its function in osteoclastogenesis.
Belongs to the iron-containing alcohol dehydrogenase family. Hydroxyacid-oxoacid transhydrogenase subfamily.
Vesicular soluble NSF attachment protein receptor (v-SNARE) mediating vesicle docking and fusion to a specific acceptor cellular compartment. Functions in endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi transport; as part of a SNARE complex composed of GOSR1, GOSR2 and STX5. Functions in early/recycling endosome to TGN transport; as part of a SNARE complex composed of BET1L, GOSR1 and STX5. Has a S-palmitoyl transferase activity.
Esterifies acyl-group from acyl-ACP to the sn-1 position of glycerol-3-phosphate, an essential step in glycerolipids biosynthesis such as triglycerides, phosphatidic acids and lysophosphatidic acids.
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mS33 family.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFA13 subunit family.
Complex I functions in the transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. Accessory subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I), that is believed not to be involved in catalysis.
Homodimer. The monomeric form is inactive while the homodimer is active.
Belongs to the proteasome subunit p55 family.
Belongs to the snRNP Sm proteins family. SmF/LSm6 subfamily.
Belongs to the SNF2/RAD54 helicase family. SMARCAL1 subfamily.
Belongs to the fatty acid desaturase type 1 family.
Belongs to the chloride channel (TC 2.A.49) family.
Belongs to the CRF-binding protein family.
Binds CRF and inactivates it. May prevent inappropriate pituitary-adrenal stimulation in pregnancy.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 25 family.
Acts as guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for CDC42. Promotes formation of GPHN clusters.
Belongs to the polyprenol kinase family.
Aquaporins facilitate the transport of water and small neutral solutes across cell membranes.
Belongs to the type II cytokine receptor family.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 59 family.
Component of the ESCRT-I complex, a regulator of vesicular trafficking process. Required for the sorting of endocytic ubiquitinated cargos into multivesicular bodies. May be involved in cell growth and differentiation.
Belongs to the protein-tyrosine phosphatase family. Receptor class 2B subfamily.
Belongs to the SMC family. SMC3 subfamily.
Central component of cohesin, a complex required for chromosome cohesion during the cell cycle. The cohesin complex may form a large proteinaceous ring within which sister chromatids can be trapped. At anaphase, the complex is cleaved and dissociates from chromatin, allowing sister chromatids to segregate. Cohesion is coupled to DNA replication and is involved in DNA repair. The cohesin complex also plays an important role in spindle pole assembly during mitosis and in chromosomes movement.
Receptor for both interleukin 4 and interleukin 13. Couples to the JAK1/2/3-STAT6 pathway. The IL4 response is involved in promoting Th2 differentiation. The IL4/IL13 responses are involved in regulating IgE production and, chemokine and mucus production at sites of allergic inflammation. In certain cell types, can signal through activation of insulin receptor substrates, IRS1/IRS2.
Belongs to the 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase family.
Belongs to the cyclin family. Cyclin C subfamily.
Component of the Mediator complex, a coactivator involved in regulated gene transcription of nearly all RNA polymerase II-dependent genes. Mediator functions as a bridge to convey information from gene-specific regulatory proteins to the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. Mediator is recruited to promoters by direct interactions with regulatory proteins and serves as a scaffold for the assembly of a functional preinitiation complex with RNA polymerase II and the general transcription factors. Binds to and activates cyclin-dependent kinase CDK8 that phosphorylates the CTD (C-terminal domain) of the large subunit of RNA polymerase II (RNAp II), which may inhibit the formation of a transcription initiation complex.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the peptidyl-alpha-hydroxyglycine alpha-amidating lyase family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the copper type II ascorbate-dependent monooxygenase family.
Belongs to the TPT transporter family. SLC35C subfamily.
Heterotetramer of TRAP-alpha, TRAP-beta, TRAP-delta and TRAP-gamma.
TRAP proteins are part of a complex whose function is to bind calcium to the ER membrane and thereby regulate the retention of ER resident proteins.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase group 1 family.
Mannosylates Man(2)GlcNAc(2)-dolichol diphosphate and Man(1)GlcNAc(2)-dolichol diphosphate to form Man(3)GlcNAc(2)-dolichol diphosphate.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the enoyl-CoA hydratase/isomerase family.
Belongs to the myelin proteolipid protein family.
Component of the conserved oligomeric Golgi complex which is composed of eight different subunits and is required for normal Golgi morphology and localization.
Involved in the 5-carboxymethylaminomethyl modification (mnm(5)s(2)U34) of the wobble uridine base in mitochondrial tRNAs.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 4 family.
Catalyzes the initial step of dolichol-linked oligosaccharide biosynthesis in N-linked protein glycosylation pathway: transfers GlcNAc-1-P from UDP-GlcNAc onto the carrier lipid dolichyl phosphate (P-dolichol), yielding GlcNAc-P-P-dolichol.
Transporter that mediates the import of reduced folates.
Belongs to the succinate/malate CoA ligase beta subunit family. GTP-specific subunit beta subfamily.
GTP-specific succinyl-CoA synthetase functions in the citric acid cycle (TCA), coupling the hydrolysis of succinyl-CoA to the synthesis of GTP and thus represents the only step of substrate-level phosphorylation in the TCA. The beta subunit provides nucleotide specificity of the enzyme and binds the substrate succinate, while the binding sites for coenzyme A and phosphate are found in the alpha subunit.
Heterodimer of an alpha and a beta subunit. The beta subunit determines specificity for GTP.
Belongs to the GTP-binding SRP family. SRP54 subfamily.
Component of a signal recognition particle (SRP) complex that consists of a 7SL RNA molecule of 300 nucleotides and six protein subunits: SRP72, SRP68, SRP54, SRP19, SRP14 and SRP9.
Component of the signal recognition particle (SRP) complex, a ribonucleoprotein complex that mediates the cotranslational targeting of secretory and membrane proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Binds to the signal sequence of presecretory proteins when they emerge from the ribosomes.
Has a two domain structure: the G-domain binds GTP; the M-domain binds the 7S RNA in presence of SRP19 and also binds the signal sequence.
Signal recognition particle consists of a 7S RNA molecule and at least six protein subunits.
Histone deacetylase that catalyzes the deacetylation of lysine residues on the N-terminal part of the core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4), and some other non-histone substrates. Histone deacetylation gives a tag for epigenetic repression and plays an important role in transcriptional regulation, cell cycle progression and developmental events. Histone deacetylases act via the formation of large multiprotein complexes.
Lymphotoxin beta-activated kinase which seems to be exclusively involved in the activation of NF-kappa-B and its transcriptional activity.
May play a role in microtubule-mediated transport or vesicle function.
Belongs to the WD repeat striatin family.
Belongs to the heme-copper respiratory oxidase family.
Binds 2 heme A groups non-covalently per subunit.
Component of the cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV, CIV), a multisubunit enzyme composed of 14 subunits. The complex is composed of a catalytic core of 3 subunits MT-CO1, MT-CO2 and MT-CO3, encoded in the mitochondrial DNA, and 11 supernumerary subunits COX4I, COX5A, COX5B, COX6A, COX6B, COX6C, COX7A, COX7B, COX7C, COX8 and NDUFA4, which are encoded in the nuclear genome. The complex exists as a monomer or a dimer and forms supercomplexes (SCs) in the inner mitochondrial membrane with NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I, CI) and ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase (cytochrome b-c1 complex, complex III, CIII), resulting in different assemblies (supercomplex SCI(1)III(2)IV(1) and megacomplex MCI(2)III(2)IV(2)) (By similarity). As a newly synthesized protein, rapidly incorporates into a multi-subunit assembly intermediate in the inner membrane, called MITRAC (mitochondrial translation regulation assembly intermediate of cytochrome c oxidase) complex, whose core components are COA3/MITRAC12 and COX14. Within the MITRAC complex, interacts with COA3 and with SMIM20/MITRAC7; the interaction with SMIM20 stabilizes the newly synthesized MT-CO1 and prevents its premature turnover. Interacts with TMEM177 in a COX20-dependent manner (By similarity).
Affects the rate of fibrils formation. May have a primary role in collagen fibrillogenesis.
Belongs to the triosephosphate isomerase family.
It is also responsible for the non-negligible production of methylglyoxal a reactive cytotoxic side-product that modifies and can alter proteins, DNA and lipids.
Triosephosphate isomerase is an extremely efficient metabolic enzyme that catalyzes the interconversion between dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.
Belongs to the Integrator subunit 8 family.
Identified in the spliceosome C complex.
Belongs to the AAA ATPase family. Katanin p60 subunit A1 subfamily. A-like 2 sub-subfamily.
Severs microtubules in vitro in an ATP-dependent manner. This activity may promote rapid reorganization of cellular microtubule arrays.
May be involved in vesicle transport between the ER and the Golgi complex.
Glycine-rich repeats mediate the association with the actin cytoskeleton.
Heat stable protein, that interacts with zyxin/ZYX. May be a component of a signal transduction pathway that mediates adhesion-stimulated changes in gene expression.
Catalyzes the conversion of phosphatidic acid (PA) to CDP-diacylglycerol (CDP-DAG), an essential intermediate in the synthesis of phosphatidylglycerol, cardiolipin and phosphatidylinositol.
Belongs to the thiolase-like superfamily. Beta-ketoacyl-ACP synthases family.
Probable S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyltransferase that acts as a component of the wybutosine biosynthesis pathway. Wybutosine is a hyper modified guanosine with a tricyclic base found at the 3'-position adjacent to the anticodon of eukaryotic phenylalanine tRNA.
Required for 40S ribosome biogenesis. Involved in nucleolar processing of pre-18S ribosomal RNA and ribosome assembly.
Component of the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), a cell cycle-regulated E3 ubiquitin ligase that controls progression through mitosis and the G1 phase of the cell cycle.
Acts as a component of the essential kinetochore-associated NDC80 complex, which is required for chromosome segregation and spindle checkpoint activity.
Essential for the assembly of the distal half of centrioles, required for centriole elongation.
Belongs to the osteocalcin/matrix Gla protein family.
Inhibitory receptor acting as a major negative regulator of T-cell responses. The affinity of CTLA4 for its natural B7 family ligands, CD80 and CD86, is considerably stronger than the affinity of their cognate stimulatory coreceptor CD28.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family.
Mannosyltransferase involved in glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchor biosynthesis. Transfers the first alpha-1,4-mannose to GlcN-acyl-PI during GPI precursor assembly.
Belongs to the cytidylyltransferase family.
Catalyzes the key rate-limiting step in the CDP-choline pathway for phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis.
Involved in the early part of the secretory pathway.
Belongs to the class VI-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. PEMT/PEM2 methyltransferase family.
Catalyzes the three sequential steps of the methylation pathway for the biosynthesis of phosphatidylcholine, a critical and essential component for membrane structure. Uses S-adenosylmethionine (S-adenosyl-L-methionine, SAM or AdoMet) as the methyl group donor for the methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine (1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine, PE) to phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine (1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-N-methylethanolamine, PMME), PMME to phosphatidyldimethylethanolamine (1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-N,N-dimethylethanolamine, PDME), and PDME to phosphatidylcholine (1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, PC), producing S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine in each step.
May antagonize Nodal signaling and subsequent organization of axial structures during mesodermal patterning.
Belongs to the proton-activated chloride channel family.
Acts as a specific nuclear import carrier for HSP70 proteins following heat-shock stress: acts by mediating the nucleoporin-dependent translocation of ATP-bound HSP70 proteins into the nucleus. HSP70 proteins import is required to protect cells from heat shock damages. Does not translocate ADP-bound HSP70 proteins into the nucleus.
Forms an asymmetric homodimer; required for binding and nuclear import of HSP70 proteins. Interacts with ATP-bound HSP70 proteins.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX52/ROK1 subfamily.
Required to protect lysosomal transporter MFSD1 from lysosomal proteolysis and for MFSD1 lysosomal localization.
Belongs to the RNA cytidine acetyltransferase family. NAT10 subfamily.
RNA cytidine acetyltransferase with specificity toward both 18S rRNA and tRNAs. Catalyzes the formation of N(4)-acetylcytidine (ac4C) in 18S rRNA. Required for early nucleolar cleavages of precursor rRNA at sites A0, A1 and A2 during 18S rRNA synthesis. Catalyzes the formation of ac4C in serine and leucine tRNAs. Requires the tRNA-binding adapter protein THUMPD1 for full tRNA acetyltransferase activity but not for 18S rRNA acetylation.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. AGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. cAMP subfamily.
Belongs to the tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase family.
Heme-dependent dioxygenase that catalyzes the oxidative cleavage of the L-tryptophan (L-Trp) pyrrole ring and converts L-tryptophan to N-formyl-L-kynurenine. Catalyzes the oxidative cleavage of the indole moiety.
Forms a complex with PECAM1 and GNAQ. Interacts with PECAM1.
Receptor for bradykinin. It is associated with G proteins that activate a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system.
Belongs to the nucleoporin interacting component (NIC) family.
Plays a role in the nuclear pore complex (NPC) assembly and/or maintenance.
Enhances all basic T-cell responses to a foreign antigen, namely proliferation, secretion of lymphokines, up-regulation of molecules that mediate cell-cell interaction, and effective help for antibody secretion by B-cells. Essential both for efficient interaction between T and B-cells and for normal antibody responses to T-cell dependent antigens. Does not up-regulate the production of interleukin-2, but superinduces the synthesis of interleukin-10. Prevents the apoptosis of pre-activated T-cells. Plays a critical role in CD40-mediated class switching of immunoglobin isotypes.
The N-terminal C2 domain associates with lipid membranes upon calcium binding.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Tyr protein kinase family. JAK subfamily.
Acts as one of several non-catalytic accessory components of the cytoplasmic dynein 1 complex that are thought to be involved in linking dynein to cargos and to adapter proteins that regulate dynein function. Cytoplasmic dynein 1 acts as a motor for the intracellular retrograde motility of vesicles and organelles along microtubules.
Belongs to the phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein family.
Belongs to the multisubunit FA complex composed of FANCA, FANCB, FANCC, FANCE, FANCF, FANCG, FANCL/PHF9 and FANCM. This complex may also include HSP70.
DNA repair protein that may operate in a postreplication repair or a cell cycle checkpoint function. May be implicated in interstrand DNA cross-link repair and in the maintenance of normal chromosome stability. Upon IFNG induction, may facilitate STAT1 activation by recruiting STAT1 to IFNGR1.
Belongs to the methyltransferase TRM13 family.
tRNA methylase which 2'-O-methylates cytidine(4) in tRNA(Pro) and tRNA(Gly)(GCC), and adenosine(4) in tRNA(His).
Non-covalent dimer of an alpha and a beta subunit. IL2R exists in 3 different forms: a high affinity dimer, an intermediate affinity monomer (beta subunit), and a low affinity monomer (alpha subunit). The high and intermediate affinity forms also associate with a gamma subunit. Interacts with SHB upon interleukin stimulation.
Belongs to the V-ATPase D subunit family.
Belongs to the histone deacetylase family. HD type 2 subfamily.
Responsible for the deacetylation of lysine residues on the N-terminal part of the core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4). Histone deacetylation gives a tag for epigenetic repression and plays an important role in transcriptional regulation, cell cycle progression and developmental events.
Calcium-independent, phospholipid- and diacylglycerol (DAG)-dependent serine/threonine-protein kinase that plays contrasting roles in cell death and cell survival by functioning as a pro-apoptotic protein during DNA damage-induced apoptosis, but acting as an anti-apoptotic protein during cytokine receptor-initiated cell death, is involved in tumor suppression.
Interacts with PDPK1 (via N-terminal region), RAD9A, CDCP1, MUC1 and VASP.
Novel PKCs (PRKCD, PRKCE, PRKCH and PRKCQ) are calcium-insensitive, but activated by diacylglycerol (DAG) and phosphatidylserine.
Hydrolase that can remove conjugated ubiquitin from proteins and participates in endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) for misfolded lumenal proteins. May act by triming the ubiquitin chain on the associated substrate to facilitate their threading through the VCP/p97 pore. Cleaves both polyubiquitin and di-ubiquitin.
Belongs to the FAD-dependent glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase family.
Calcium-responsive mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase which seems to be a key component of the pancreatic beta-cell glucose-sensing device.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX54/DBP10 subfamily.
Belongs to the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase type I family.
The steroid hormones and their receptors are involved in the regulation of eukaryotic gene expression and affect cellular proliferation and differentiation in target tissues.
3'-5'-exoribonuclease that specifically recognizes RNAs polyuridylated at their 3' end and mediates their degradation. Component of an exosome-independent RNA degradation pathway that mediates degradation of both mRNAs and miRNAs that have been polyuridylated by a terminal uridylyltransferase. Essential for correct mitosis, and negatively regulates cell proliferation.
Belongs to the RNR ribonuclease family. DIS3L2 subfamily.
Specifically recognizes and binds polyuridylated RNAs via 3 RNA-binding regions (named U-zone 1, U-zone 2 and U-zone 3) that form an open funnel on one face of the catalytic domain, allowing RNA to navigate a path to the active site.
Binds specifically to the 3'-terminal U-tract of U6 snRNA.
LSm subunits form a heteromer with a doughnut shape.
Belongs to the DNA polymerase type-Y family.
Deoxycytidyl transferase involved in DNA repair. Transfers a dCMP residue from dCTP to the 3'-end of a DNA primer in a template-dependent reaction. May assist in the first step in the bypass of abasic lesions by the insertion of a nucleotide opposite the lesion. Required for normal induction of mutations by physical and chemical agents.
Chaperone protein which promotes assembly of the 20S proteasome as part of a heterodimer with PSMG1.
Binds to the 60S ribosomal subunit and prevents its association with the 40S ribosomal subunit to form the 80S initiation complex in the cytoplasm. May also be involved in ribosome biogenesis.
Monomer. Associates with the 60S ribosomal subunit.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 33 family.
Belongs to the extended synaptotagmin family.
Belongs to the actin family. ARP8 subfamily.
Component of the chromatin remodeling INO80 complex; specifically part of a complex module associated with the DBINO domain of INO80. Exists as monomers and dimers, but the dimer is most probably the biologically relevant form required for stable interactions with histones that exploits the twofold symmetry of the nucleosome core.
Plays an important role in the functional organization of mitotic chromosomes. Exhibits low basal ATPase activity, and unable to polymerize.
Proposed core component of the chromatin remodeling INO80 complex which is involved in transcriptional regulation, DNA replication and probably DNA repair.
Belongs to the adenylosuccinate synthetase family.
Component of the purine nucleotide cycle (PNC), which interconverts IMP and AMP to regulate the nucleotide levels in various tissues, and which contributes to glycolysis and ammoniagenesis. Catalyzes the first commited step in the biosynthesis of AMP from IMP.
Component of the purine nucleotide cycle (PNC), which interconverts IMP and AMP to regulate the nucleotide levels in various tissues, and which contributes to glycolysis and ammoniagenesis. Catalyzes the first committed step in the biosynthesis of AMP from IMP.
Plays an important role in the de novo pathway of purine nucleotide biosynthesis.
DNA-binding protein that specifically recognizes consensus sequences at the breakpoint junctions in chromosomal translocations, mostly involving immunoglobulin (Ig)/T-cell receptor gene segments. Seems to recognize single-stranded DNA ends generated by staggered breaks occurring at recombination hot spots.
Exhibits both single-stranded and double-stranded endoribonuclease activity. May act as an activator of RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) by facilitating endonucleolytic cleavage of the siRNA passenger strand.
Ring-shaped heterooctamer of six TSN and two TSNAX subunits, DNA/RNA binding occurs inside the ring.
Regulator of protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) required for neural tube and optic fissure closure, and enteric neural crest cell (ENCCs) migration during development. Acts as an activator of PP1. During neural tube closure, localizes to the ventral neural tube and activates PP1, leading to down-regulate cell proliferation within cranial neural tissue and the neural retina. Also acts as a regulator of migration of enteric neural crest cells (ENCCs) by activating PP1, leading to repression of the integrin signaling through the rho/rock pathway.
Belongs to the HIBADH-related family. 3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase subfamily.
Belongs to the glutamate--cysteine ligase type 3 family.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 22 family.
Involved in the post-translational conjugation of arginine to the N-terminal aspartate or glutamate of a protein. This arginylation is required for degradation of the protein via the ubiquitin pathway.
Belongs to the riboflavin transporter family.
Plasma membrane transporter mediating the uptake by cells of the water soluble vitamin B2/riboflavin that plays a key role in biochemical oxidation-reduction reactions of the carbohydrate, lipid, and amino acid metabolism.
Belongs to the type II pantothenate kinase family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the type II pantothenate kinase family.
Belongs to the galactose-3-O-sulfotransferase family.
Belongs to the DHHC palmitoyltransferase family. ERF2/ZDHHC9 subfamily.
Belongs to the peptidase M24A family. Methionine aminopeptidase eukaryotic type 2 subfamily.
Binds EIF2S1 at low magnesium concentrations. Interacts strongly with the eIF-2 gamma-subunit EIF2S3.
Contains approximately 12 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) residues. O-glycosylation is required for EIF2S1 binding.
Protects eukaryotic initiation factor EIF2S1 from translation-inhibiting phosphorylation by inhibitory kinases such as EIF2AK2/PKR and EIF2AK1/HCR. Plays a critical role in the regulation of protein synthesis.
Belongs to the NADP-dependent oxidoreductase L4BD family.
Required for biogenesis of the 60S ribosomal subunit.
Belongs to the Golgi pH regulator (TC 1.A.38) family.
Belongs to the pseudouridine synthase TruD family.
Belongs to the AAA ATPase family. Katanin p60 subunit A1 subfamily.
Catalytic component of the tRNA-splicing ligase complex.
Catalytic subunit of the tRNA-splicing ligase complex that acts by directly joining spliced tRNA halves to mature-sized tRNAs by incorporating the precursor-derived splice junction phosphate into the mature tRNA as a canonical 3',5'-phosphodiester. May act as an RNA ligase with broad substrate specificity, and may function toward other RNAs.
Ligation probably proceeds through 3 nucleotidyl transfer steps, with 2',3'-cyclic phosphate termini being hydrolyzed to 3'-P termini in a step that precedes 3'-P activation with GMP. In the first nucleotidyl transfer step, RTCB reacts with GTP to form a covalent RTCB-histidine-GMP intermediate with release of PPi; in the second step, the GMP moiety is transferred to the RNA 3'-P; in the third step, the 5'-OH from the opposite RNA strand attacks the activated 3'-P to form a 3',5'-phosphodiester bond and release GMP.
Divalent metal cations. Prefers magnesium or manganese.
Belongs to the NADPH-dependent diflavin oxidoreductase NDOR1 family.
Interacts with CIAPIN1; as part of the cytosolic iron-sulfur (Fe-S) protein assembly (CIA) machinery.
NADPH-dependent reductase which is a central component of the cytosolic iron-sulfur (Fe-S) protein assembly (CIA) machinery. Transfers electrons from NADPH via its FAD and FMN prosthetic groups to the [2Fe-2S] cluster of CIAPIN1, another key component of the CIA machinery. In turn, this reduced cluster provides electrons for assembly of cytosolic iron-sulfur cluster proteins. It can also reduce the [2Fe-2S] cluster of CISD1 and activate this protein implicated in Fe/S cluster repair.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 79 family.
Involved in nucleolar processing of pre-18S ribosomal RNA. Has a role in the nuclear export of 40S pre-ribosomal subunit to the cytoplasm.
Belongs to the sirtuin family. Class II subfamily.
NAD-dependent protein deacylase. Catalyzes the NAD-dependent hydrolysis of acyl groups from lysine residues.
Heterooligomeric complex of about 850 to 900 kDa that forms two stacked rings, 12 to 16 nm in diameter.
Molecular chaperone; assists the folding of proteins upon ATP hydrolysis. Known to play a role, in vitro, in the folding of actin and tubulin.
Receptor for Dickkopf proteins. Cooperates with DKK1/2 to inhibit Wnt/beta-catenin signaling by promoting the endocytosis of Wnt receptors LRP5 and LRP6.
Acyl-CoA binding protein which acts as the peroxisome receptor for pexophagy but is dispensable for aggrephagy and nonselective autophagy. Binds medium- and long-chain acyl-CoA esters.
May be involved in the regulation of spermatogenesis. Stimulates CREM transcriptional activity in a phosphorylation-independent manner.
Belongs to the biotin--protein ligase family.
Converts 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate (lysophosphatidic acid or LPA) into 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate (phosphatidic acid or PA) by incorporating an acyl moiety at the sn-2 position of the glycerol backbone.
The HXXXXD motif is essential for acyltransferase activity and may constitute the binding site for the phosphate moiety of the glycerol-3-phosphate.
Consists of three domains, a large central CORE domain and two small peripheral domains, NMPbind and LID, which undergo movements during catalysis. The LID domain closes over the site of phosphoryl transfer upon GTP binding. Assembling and dissambling the active center during each catalytic cycle provides an effective means to prevent GTP hydrolysis.
Involved in maintaining the homeostasis of cellular nucleotides by catalyzing the interconversion of nucleoside phosphates. Has GTP:AMP phosphotransferase and ITP:AMP phosphotransferase activities.
Component of the SOSS complex, a multiprotein complex that functions downstream of the MRN complex to promote DNA repair and G2/M checkpoint. The SOSS complex associates with single-stranded DNA at DNA lesions and influences diverse endpoints in the cellular DNA damage response including cell-cycle checkpoint activation, recombinational repair and maintenance of genomic stability. Required for efficient homologous recombination-dependent repair of double-strand breaks (DSBs).
Belongs to the argonaute family. Ago subfamily.
Required for RNA-mediated gene silencing (RNAi). Binds to short RNAs such as microRNAs (miRNAs) and represses the translation of mRNAs which are complementary to them. Lacks endonuclease activity and does not appear to cleave target mRNAs.
Regulates the trafficking and gating properties of AMPA-selective glutamate receptors (AMPARs). Promotes their targeting to the cell membrane and synapses and modulates their gating properties by slowing their rates of activation, deactivation and desensitization. Does not show subunit-specific AMPA receptor regulation and regulates all AMPAR subunits. Thought to stabilize the calcium channel in an inactivated (closed) state.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL32 family.
May be involved in the calcium-dependent regulation of rhodopsin phosphorylation.
Adds a GMP to the 5'-end of tRNA(His) after transcription and RNase P cleavage.
Belongs to the tRNA(His) guanylyltransferase family.
Belongs to the DNA mismatch repair MutL/HexB family.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class dynamin-like GTPase superfamily. Dynamin/Fzo/YdjA family.
Endonuclease that specifically degrades the RNA of RNA-DNA hybrids.
Belongs to the sepiapterin reductase family.
Buffers cytosolic calcium. May stimulate a membrane Ca(2+)-ATPase and a 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase.
Belongs to the alpha/beta interferon family.
Contributes to the transparency and refractive index of the lens. May act as a chaperone, preventing aggregation of various proteins under a wide range of stress conditions.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS19 family.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bS21 family.
Component of the nexin-dynein regulatory complex (N-DRC), a key regulator of ciliary/flagellar motility which maintains the alignment and integrity of the distal axoneme and regulates microtubule sliding in motile axonemes.
Plays role in pre-mRNA splicing as component of the U4/U6-U5 tri-snRNP complex that is involved in spliceosome assembly, and as component of the precatalytic spliceosome (spliceosome B complex).
May associate with CD21. May regulate the release of Ca(2+) from intracellular stores.
Belongs to the GTP-binding elongation factor family. LepA subfamily.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class translation factor GTPase superfamily. Classic translation factor GTPase family. LepA subfamily.
Promotes mitochondrial protein synthesis. May act as a fidelity factor of the translation reaction, by catalyzing a one-codon backward translocation of tRNAs on improperly translocated ribosomes. Binds to mitochondrial ribosomes in a GTP-dependent manner.
Belongs to the PIGG/PIGN/PIGO family. PIGO subfamily.
VIP causes vasodilation, lowers arterial blood pressure, stimulates myocardial contractility, increases glycogenolysis and relaxes the smooth muscle of trachea, stomach and gall bladder.
Belongs to the helicase family. RLR subfamily.
Belongs to the cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase family. PDE8 subfamily.
Belongs to the archaeal Rpo10/eukaryotic RPB10 RNA polymerase subunit family.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFB3 subunit family.
Belongs to the class-V pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family. MOCOS subfamily.
Sulfurates the molybdenum cofactor. Sulfation of molybdenum is essential for xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) and aldehyde oxidase (ADO) enzymes in which molybdenum cofactor is liganded by 1 oxygen and 1 sulfur atom in active form.
Belongs to the thiolase-like superfamily. HMG-CoA synthase family.
Catalyzes the condensation of acetyl-CoA with acetoacetyl-CoA to form HMG-CoA.
Belongs to the plasmodium circumsporozoite protein family.
In the vertebrate host, binds to highly sulfated heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) on the surface of host hepatocytes and is required for sporozoite invasion of the host hepatocytes.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX18/HAS1 subfamily.
Required for the function of coenzyme Q in the respiratory chain. May serve as a chaperone or may be involved in the transport of Q6 from its site of synthesis to the catalytic sites of the respiratory complexes.
Component of the ribosome quality control complex (RQC).
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase. Component of the ribosome quality control complex (RQC), a ribosome-associated complex that mediates ubiquitination and extraction of incompletely synthesized nascent chains for proteasomal degradation.
Belongs to the myo-inositol 1-phosphate synthase family.
Belongs to the IPP isomerase type 1 family.
Catalyzes the 1,3-allylic rearrangement of the homoallylic substrate isopentenyl (IPP) to its highly electrophilic allylic isomer, dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP).
Probable substrate-specific adapter of an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex which mediates the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins.
Belongs to the repulsive guidance molecule (RGM) family.
Belongs to the DNA polymerase type-B family.
Belongs to the GTR/RAG GTP-binding protein family.
Guanine nucleotide-binding protein that plays a crucial role in the cellular response to amino acid availability through regulation of the mTORC1 signaling cascade.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 23 family.
Catalyzes the addition of fucose in alpha 1-6 linkage to the first GlcNAc residue, next to the peptide chains in N-glycans.
May play a role in anchoring the cytoskeleton to the plasma membrane.
Belongs to the archaeal Rpo5/eukaryotic RPB5 RNA polymerase subunit family.
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Common component of RNA polymerases I, II and III which synthesize ribosomal RNA precursors, mRNA precursors and many functional non-coding RNAs, and small RNAs, such as 5S rRNA and tRNAs, respectively. Pol II is the central component of the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. Pols are composed of mobile elements that move relative to each other. In Pol II, POLR2E/RPB5 is part of the lower jaw surrounding the central large cleft and thought to grab the incoming DNA template. Seems to be the major component in this process.
Interacts with MPDZ. Interacts with ARRB2.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 32 family.
Belongs to the cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase family. PDE4 subfamily.
Mitochondrial membrane ATP synthase (F1F0 ATP synthase or Complex V) produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane which is generated by electron transport complexes of the respiratory chain. F-type ATPases consist of two structural domains, F1 - containing the extramembraneous catalytic core, and F0 - containing the membrane proton channel, linked together by a central stalk and a peripheral stalk. During catalysis, ATP synthesis in the catalytic domain of F1 is coupled via a rotary mechanism of the central stalk subunits to proton translocation. Part of the complex F0 domain. Minor subunit located with subunit a in the membrane.
Binds 2 magnesium ions per subunit. Is also active with manganese (in vitro).
Belongs to the nuclear hormone receptor family. NR2 subfamily.
Homodimer. Heterodimer; with a rar molecule.
Receptor for retinoic acid that acts as a transcription factor. Forms homo- or heterodimers with retinoic acid receptors (rars) and binds to target response elements in response to their ligands, all-trans or 9-cis retinoic acid, to regulate gene expression in various biological processes.
Belongs to the autoinducer-2 exporter (AI-2E) (TC 2.A.86) family.
Transcription elongation factor that enhances transcription elongation by RNA polymerase II (RNAPII).
Belongs to the GST superfamily. Kappa family.
Receptor for prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). The activity of this receptor is mediated by G(s) proteins that stimulate adenylate cyclase. Has a relaxing effect on smooth muscle. May play an important role in regulating renal hemodynamics, intestinal epithelial transport, adrenal aldosterone secretion, and uterine function.
Belongs to the potassium channel family. Calcium-activated (TC 1.A.1.3) subfamily. KCa1.1/KCNMA1 sub-subfamily.
Responds to activation by environmental stress and pro-inflammatory cytokines by phosphorylating a number of transcription factors, and thus regulates transcriptional activity.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 7 family.
Component of the Mediator complex, a coactivator involved in the regulated transcription of nearly all RNA polymerase II-dependent genes. Mediator functions as a bridge to convey information from gene-specific regulatory proteins to the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery.
Belongs to the thymidylate synthase family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS26 family.
Belongs to the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6c family.
Essential component of the RMI complex, a complex that plays an important role in the processing of homologous recombination intermediates to limit DNA crossover formation in cells. Promotes TOP3A binding to double Holliday junctions (DHJ) and hence stimulates TOP3A-mediated dissolution. Required for BLM phosphorylation during mitosis. Within the BLM complex, required for BLM and TOP3A stability.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the GART family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the GARS family.
In the central section; belongs to the AIR synthase family.
Belongs to the pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase family.
Functions as guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for RAB11A.
Interacts with GDP-bound and nucleotide-free forms of RAB11A.
The N-terminal half of the protein mediates interaction with RAB11A and functions as guanine nucleotide exchange factor. Four long alpha-helices (interrupted by a central kink) assemble into coiled coils, giving rise to a 'V' shape.
Plays a role in vesicular protein sorting.
Regulates ciliary localization of the BBSome complex. Together with the BBSome complex, controls SMO ciliary trafficking and contributes to the sonic hedgehog (SHH) pathway regulation. May play a role in neurite outgrowth. May have tumor suppressor function.
Self-associates. Interacts with BBS9; the interaction mediates the association of LZTL1 with the BBsome complex and regulates BBSome ciliary trafficking.
Component of the DRB sensitivity-inducing factor complex (DSIF complex), which regulates transcription elongation by RNA polymerase II.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. C5-methyltransferase family.
May modify the assembly dynamics of microtubules, such that microtubules are slightly longer, but more dynamic.
Phosphorylates D-xylulose to produce D-xylulose 5-phosphate, a molecule that may play an important role in the regulation of glucose metabolism and lipogenesis.
Stimulates the adrenal glands to release cortisol.
Could coordinate an aspect of bone turnover.
The H protein shuttles the methylamine group of glycine from the P protein to the T protein.
The glycine cleavage system catalyzes the degradation of glycine. The H protein (GCSH) shuttles the methylamine group of glycine from the P protein (GLDC) to the T protein (GCST).
The glycine cleavage system is composed of four proteins: P, T, L and H.
Belongs to the proteasome subunit S11 family.
Component of the 19S proteasome regulatory particle complex. The 26S proteasome consists of a 20S core particle (CP) and two 19S regulatory subunits (RP). The regulatory particle is made of a lid composed of 9 subunits including PSMD13, a base containing 6 ATPases and few additional components.
Interacts (via cytoplasmic region) with ILK.
Belongs to the complex I subunit 2 family.
Soluble frizzled-related proteins (sFRPS) function as modulators of Wnt signaling through direct interaction with Wnts. They have a role in regulating cell growth and differentiation in specific cell types. SFRP3/FRZB appears to be involved in limb skeletogenesis. Antagonist of Wnt8 signaling. Regulates chondrocyte maturation and long bone development.
Belongs to the opioid neuropeptide precursor family.
Aminocarboxypropyltransferase that catalyzes the aminocarboxypropyl transfer on pseudouridine at position 1248 (Psi1248) in 18S rRNA. It constitutes the last step in biosynthesis of the hypermodified N1-methyl-N3-(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl) pseudouridine (m1acp3-Psi) conserved in eukaryotic 18S rRNA.
Belongs to the TDD superfamily. TSR3 family.
Actin-depolymerizing protein. Severs actin filaments (F-actin) and binds to actin monomers (G-actin). Acts in a pH-independent manner.
Belongs to the actin-binding proteins ADF family.
Chaperone protein which promotes assembly of the 20S proteasome as part of a heterodimer with psmg2.
Belongs to the calycin superfamily. Lipocalin family. Highly divergent.
Interacts with LRP2; LRP2 mediates APOM renal uptake and subsequent lysosomal degradation.
Probably involved in lipid transport. Can bind sphingosine-1-phosphate, myristic acid, palmitic acid and stearic acid, retinol, all-trans-retinoic acid and 9-cis-retinoic acid.
Belongs to the ATG13 family. Metazoan subfamily.
Transmembrane serine/threonine kinase forming with the TGF-beta type I serine/threonine kinase receptor, TGFBR1, the non-promiscuous receptor for the TGF-beta cytokines TGFB1, TGFB2 and TGFB3. Transduces the TGFB1, TGFB2 and TGFB3 signal from the cell surface to the cytoplasm and is thus regulating a plethora of physiological and pathological processes including cell cycle arrest in epithelial and hematopoietic cells, control of mesenchymal cell proliferation and differentiation, wound healing, extracellular matrix production, immunosuppression and carcinogenesis. The formation of the receptor complex composed of 2 TGFBR1 and 2 TGFBR2 molecules symmetrically bound to the cytokine dimer results in the phosphorylation and the activation of TGFRB1 by the constitutively active TGFBR2. Activated TGFBR1 phosphorylates SMAD2 which dissociates from the receptor and interacts with SMAD4. The SMAD2-SMAD4 complex is subsequently translocated to the nucleus where it modulates the transcription of the TGF-beta-regulated genes. This constitutes the canonical SMAD-dependent TGF-beta signaling cascade. Also involved in non-canonical, SMAD-independent TGF-beta signaling pathways.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFS4 subunit family.
Interacts with XAF1, the interaction increases XAF1 stability and proapoptotic effects, and may regulate IFN signaling.
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mL46 family.
Belongs to the proteasome subunit S10 family.
G-protein coupled receptor for 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin). Also functions as a receptor for various alkaloids and psychoactive substances. Ligand binding causes a conformation change that triggers signaling via guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) and modulates the activity of down-stream effectors, such as adenylate cyclase. Signaling inhibits adenylate cyclase activity.
Belongs to the proteasome inhibitor PI31 family.
Plays an important role in control of proteasome function. Inhibits the hydrolysis of protein and peptide substrates by the 20S proteasome. Also inhibits the activation of the proteasome by the proteasome regulatory proteins PA700 and PA28.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 26 family.
Binds 3 Ca(2+) ions per subunit. The ions are bound to the C2 domains.
May have a regulatory role in the membrane interactions during trafficking of synaptic vesicles at the active zone of the synapse. It binds acidic phospholipids with a specificity that requires the presence of both an acidic head group and a diacyl backbone.
ATP-dependent serine protease that mediates the selective degradation of misfolded, unassembled or oxidatively damaged polypeptides as well as certain short-lived regulatory proteins in the mitochondrial matrix. May also have a chaperone function in the assembly of inner membrane protein complexes. Participates in the regulation of mitochondrial gene expression and in the maintenance of the integrity of the mitochondrial genome. Binds to mitochondrial DNA in a site-specific manner.
Homohexamer or homoheptamer. Organized in a ring with a central cavity.
G-protein coupled opioid receptor that functions as receptor for endogenous alpha-neoendorphins and dynorphins, but has low affinity for beta-endorphins. Also functions as receptor for various synthetic opioids and for the psychoactive diterpene salvinorin A. Ligand binding causes a conformation change that triggers signaling via guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) and modulates the activity of down-stream effectors, such as adenylate cyclase. Signaling leads to the inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity. Inhibits neurotransmitter release by reducing calcium ion currents and increasing potassium ion conductance. Plays a role in the perception of pain. Plays a role in mediating reduced physical activity upon treatment with synthetic opioids. Plays a role in the regulation of salivation in response to synthetic opioids. May play a role in arousal and regulation of autonomic and neuroendocrine functions.
Interacts with SLC9A3R1. Interacts with GABARAPL1.
Belongs to the acetate uptake transporter (AceTr) (TC 2.A.96) family.
RNA-binding protein that regulates alternative splicing events.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL15 family.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 13 family.
Participates in O-mannosyl glycosylation by catalyzing the addition of N-acetylglucosamine to O-linked mannose on glycoproteins. Catalyzes the synthesis of the GlcNAc(beta1-2)Man(alpha1-)O-Ser/Thr moiety on alpha-dystroglycan and other O-mannosylated proteins, providing the necessary basis for the addition of further carbohydrate moieties. Is specific for alpha linked terminal mannose.
The manganese ion interacts primarily with the substrate UDP-N-acetylglucosamine.
The stem domain mediates specific interaction with beta-linked N-acetylglucosamine moieties of O-glycosylated proteins. It also interacts with its product, N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-(1->2)-O-alpha-D-mannosylprotein.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS31 family.
Ribosomal protein S27a is part of the 40S ribosomal subunit.
May be involved in fusion of retrograde transport vesicles derived from an endocytic compartment with the Golgi complex.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. AGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. DMPK subfamily.
Component of the Nup107-160 subcomplex of the nuclear pore complex (NPC). The Nup107-160 subcomplex is required for the assembly of a functional NPC. The Nup107-160 subcomplex is also required for normal kinetochore microtubule attachment, mitotic progression and chromosome segregation. This subunit plays a role in recruitment of the Nup107-160 subcomplex to the kinetochore.
Essential hepatic enzyme that catalyzes the oxygenation of a wide variety of nitrogen- and sulfur-containing compounds including drugs as well as dietary compounds. Plays an important role in the metabolism of trimethylamine (TMA), via the production of trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) metabolite. TMA is generated by the action of gut microbiota using dietary precursors such as choline, choline containing compounds, betaine or L-carnitine. By regulating TMAO concentration, FMO3 directly impacts both platelet responsiveness and rate of thrombus formation.
TFIIA is a component of the transcription machinery of RNA polymerase II and plays an important role in transcriptional activation.
Involved in peroxisome biosynthesis and integrity. Assembles membrane vesicles before the matrix proteins are translocated. As a docking factor for PEX19, is necessary for the import of peroxisomal membrane proteins in the peroxisomes.
Belongs to the SLAIN motif-containing family.
Belongs to the Integrator subunit 2 family.
ATP-dependent microtubule severing protein that specifically recognizes and cuts microtubules that are polyglutamylated. Preferentially recognizes and acts on microtubules decorated with short polyglutamate tails: severing activity increases as the number of glutamates per tubulin rises from one to eight, but decreases beyond this glutamylation threshold. Microtubule severing promotes reorganization of cellular microtubule arrays and the release of microtubules from the centrosome following nucleation. Required for membrane traffic from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi and for completion of the abscission stage of cytokinesis. Also plays a role in axon growth and the formation of axonal branches.
Belongs to the AAA ATPase family. Spastin subfamily.
Homohexamer. The homohexamer is stabilized by ATP-binding. The homohexamer may adopt a ring conformation through which microtubules pass prior to being severed. Interacts with microtubules.
Belongs to the inward rectifier-type potassium channel (TC 1.A.2.1) family. KCNJ2 subfamily.
Catalyzes the hydrolysis of GTP bound to the 40S ribosomal initiation complex (40S.mRNA.Met-tRNA[F].eIF-2.GTP) with the subsequent joining of a 60S ribosomal subunit resulting in the release of eIF-2 and the guanine nucleotide. The subsequent joining of a 60S ribosomal subunit results in the formation of a functional 80S initiation complex (80S.mRNA.Met-tRNA[F]).
Belongs to the cytochrome c oxidase VIIc family.
Component of the cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV, CIV), a multisubunit enzyme composed of 14 subunits. The complex is composed of a catalytic core of 3 subunits, encoded in the mitochondrial DNA, and 11 supernumerary subunits, which are encoded in the nuclear genome. The complex exists as a monomer or a dimer and forms supercomplexes (SCs) in the inner mitochondrial membrane with NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I, CI) and ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase (cytochrome b-c1 complex, complex III, CIII), resulting in different assemblies (supercomplex SCI(1)III(2)IV(1) and megacomplex MCI(2)III(2)IV(2)).
Belongs to the iron/manganese superoxide dismutase family.
Destroys superoxide anion radicals which are normally produced within the cells and which are toxic to biological systems.
Belongs to the thymidylate kinase family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL13 family.
Belongs to the inorganic phosphate transporter (PiT) (TC 2.A.20) family.
Sodium-phosphate symporter which plays a fundamental housekeeping role in phosphate transport.
Belongs to the Integrator subunit 7 family.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. NNMT/PNMT/TEMT family.