Functional P2XRs are organized as homomeric and heteromeric trimers.
Receptor for ATP that acts as a ligand-gated ion channel.
The nucleosome is a histone octamer containing two molecules each of H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assembled in one H3-H4 heterotetramer and two H2A-H2B heterodimers. The octamer wraps approximately 147 bp of DNA.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily.
Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 1 family.
Interacts with MRAP; increasing ligand-sensitivity and generation of cAMP. Interacts with MRAP2; competing with MRAP for binding to MC2R and impairing the binding of corticotropin (ACTH).
Component of the MCM8-MCM9 complex, a complex involved in homologous recombination repair following DNA interstrand cross-links and plays a key role during gametogenesis. The MCM8-MCM9 complex probably acts as a hexameric helicase required to process aberrant forks into homologous recombination substrates and to orchestrate homologous recombination with resection, fork stabilization and fork restart (By similarity). In eggs, required for elongation during DNA replication by facilitating the recruitment of rpa2/rpa34 and stimulating the processivity of DNA polymerases at replication foci. Probably not required for DNA replication in other cells.
Component of the MCM8-MCM9 complex, which forms a hexamer composed of mcm8 and mcm9.
Belongs to the sauvagine/corticotropin-releasing factor/urotensin I family.
Binds with high affinity to CRF receptors 2-alpha and 2-beta.
Suppresses food intake, delays gastric emptying and decreases heat-induced edema. Might represent an endogenous ligand for maintaining homeostasis after stress.
Belongs to the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase type II family.
Part of the SCF (SKP1-CUL1-F-box) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex SCF(FBXL15).
Substrate recognition component of a SCF (SKP1-CUL1-F-box protein) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex which mediates the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins. Acts as a positive regulator of the BMP signaling pathway). Required for dorsal/ventral pattern formation (By similarity.
First expressed at the mid-neurula stage (stage 16) and remains at a constant level until the tadpole stage.
In the embryo, localizes to paraxial regions at the neurula stage and anterior ventral regions at the tailbud stage. From the late tailbud to tadpole stage, expressed along the forming blood vessels including the anterior cardinal veins, posterior cardinal veins, intersomitic veins, dorsal longitudinal anastomosing vessel, dorsal aorta, pronephric sinus and most prominently around the vascular vitelline network, where expression shows left-right asymmetry in the stage 42 embryo. Localizes to endothelial cells. In adults, shows highest expression in liver with moderate levels of expression in the fat body, lung, gut and vessels. Weakly expressed in adult heart, muscle, testis and ovary.
Was named 'ami' because of its expression pattern; 'ami' means 'mesh' or 'net' in Japanese.
May play an important role in spermatogenesis and/or testis development.
Lacks conserved residue(s) required for the propagation of feature annotation.
May act as a scaffolding protein within caveolar membranes. Interacts directly with G-protein alpha subunits and can functionally regulate their activity.
Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily. Spinster (TC 2.A.1.49) family.
Involved in DNA excision repair. Initiates repair by binding to damaged sites with various affinities, depending on the photoproduct and the transcriptional state of the region (By similarity).
Regulatory subunit of serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 4 (PP4).
Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 4 (PP4) occurs in different assemblies of the catalytic and one or more regulatory subunits.
As part of the heterotrimeric replication protein A complex (RPA/RP-A), binds and stabilizes single-stranded DNA intermediates, that form during DNA replication or upon DNA stress. It prevents their reannealing and in parallel, recruits and activates different proteins and complexes involved in DNA metabolism. Thereby, it plays an essential role both in DNA replication and the cellular response to DNA damage.
Belongs to the replication factor A protein 1 family.
Component of the heterotrimeric canonical replication protein A complex (RPA).
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Belongs to the SLC26A/SulP transporter (TC 2.A.53) family.
Expressed from mid-gastrula to the tadpole stage. Appears to be largely absent from terminally differentiated cells of the adult.
RNA-binding protein that inhibits processing of pre-let-7 miRNAs and regulates translation of mRNAs that control developmental timing, pluripotency and metabolism. Seems to recognize a common structural G-quartet (G4) feature in its miRNA and mRNA targets (By similarity). 'Translational enhancer' that drives specific mRNAs to polysomes and increases the efficiency of protein synthesis. Its association with the translational machinery and target mRNAs results in an increased number of initiation events per molecule of mRNA and, indirectly, in mRNA stabilization. Suppressor of microRNA (miRNA) biogenesis, including that of let-7. Binds specific target miRNA precursors (pre-miRNAs), recognizing an 5'-GGAG-3' motif found in their terminal loop, and recruits uridylyltransferase. This results in the terminal uridylation of target pre-miRNAs. Uridylated pre-miRNAs fail to be processed by Dicer and undergo degradation (By similarity). Localized to the periendoplasmic reticulum area, binds to a large number of spliced mRNAs and inhibits the translation of mRNAs destined for the ER, reducing the synthesis of transmembrane proteins, ER or Golgi lumen proteins, and secretory proteins. Binds to and enhances the translation of mRNAs for several metabolic enzymes, increasing glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. Which, with the let-7 repression may enhance tissue repair in adult tissue (By similarity).
The CCHC zinc fingers interact with the GGAG motif at the 3' end of let-7 miRNAs precursors, more generally they bind the 5'-NGNNG-3' consensus motif with micromolar affinity. The CSD domain recognizes the loop at the 5' end. The flexible linker allows accommodating variable sequences and lengths among let-7 family members (By similarity).
Belongs to the phospholipase B-like family.
GlcNAcylation at Ser-113 promotes monoubiquitination of Lys-121. It fluctuates in response to extracellular glucose, and associates with transcribed genes (By similarity).
Monoubiquitination of Lys-121 by BRE1 gives a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional activation and is also prerequisite for histone H3 'Lys-4' and 'Lys-79' methylation.
Phosphorylated on Ser-15 during developmentally programmed apoptosis; which may facilitate apoptotic chromatin condensation.
Activated by threonine and tyrosine phosphorylation.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family. MAP kinase subfamily.
Belongs to the inositol monophosphatase superfamily.
Belongs to the ELO family. ELOVL2 subfamily.
Catalyzes the first and rate-limiting reaction of the four reactions that constitute the long-chain fatty acids elongation cycle. This endoplasmic reticulum-bound enzymatic process allows the addition of 2 carbons to the chain of long- and very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) per cycle. Acts specifically toward polyunsaturated acyl-CoA with the higher activity toward C20:4(n-6) acyl-CoA. Condensing enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of polyunsaturated very long chain fatty acid (C20- and C22-PUFA). May participate to the production of polyunsaturated VLCFAs of different chain lengths that are involved in multiple biological processes as precursors of membrane lipids and lipid mediators.
The C-terminal di-lysine motif may confer endoplasmic reticulum localization.
Belongs to the beta/gamma-crystallin family.
Functional component of endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) for misfolded lumenal proteins. May act by forming a channel that allows the retrotranslocation of misfolded proteins into the cytosol where they are ubiquitinated and degraded by the proteasome.
Belongs to the sodium:neurotransmitter symporter (SNF) (TC 2.A.22) family.
Belongs to the MsrA Met sulfoxide reductase family.
Belongs to the cyclin family. Cyclin Y subfamily.
Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily. Sugar transporter (TC 2.A.1.1) family.
Plays a role in the formation and organization of tight junctions during the establishment of polarity in epithelial cells.
Belongs to the ubiquitin-activating E1 family.
Heterodimer of sae1 and uba2/sae2. The heterodimer corresponds to the two domains that are encoded on a single polypeptide chain in ubiquitin-activating enzyme E1. Interacts with ube2i (By similarity).
The heterodimer acts as an E1 ligase for sumo1, sumo2, and sumo3. It mediates ATP-dependent activation of sumo proteins followed by formation of a thioester bond between a sumo protein and a conserved active site cysteine residue on uba2/sae2 (By similarity).
Belongs to the 2H phosphoesterase superfamily. CNPase family.
May participate in RNA metabolism in the myelinating cell, CNP is the third most abundant protein in central nervous system myelin.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 22 family.
RNA-binding protein that may be involved in the regulation of pre-mRNA alternative splicing.
Belongs to the PMP-22/EMP/MP20 family. CACNG subfamily.
Regulates the activity of L-type calcium channels that contain CACNA1C as pore-forming subunit.
Belongs to the potassium channel KCNE family.
Catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns-4,5-P2) to phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate (PtdIns-4-P).
Belongs to the DNA polymerase type-B family.
Binds 2 zinc divalent cations per subunit.
Homodimer. Bile acids promote the assembly of inactive monomers into an active dimer and enable catalysis.
Belongs to the protein disulfide isomerase family.
By activin; retinoic acid (RA) inhibits this up-regulation. Expression in neurons is regulated by calcium (Ca2+) activity: the lower the activity, the larger the number of neurons showing expression.
Expressed zygotically from stage 10.5. Expression is elevated between stages 12.5 and 14, and continues throughout neurulae, tailbud and swimming tadpole stages.
Required for early specification of the kidney glomus, lying upstream of wt1 in the pathway controlling glomus differentiation. The balance in levels and expression patterns of binding partners such as lhx1/lim-1 influences differentiation into glomus or tubule derivatives. Involved in specification of serotonergic neurons.
Shows a temporal expression pattern in three main areas: neural, kidney and limbs. From stage 13 onwards, expressed in regions of the nervous system including the placodes and otic vesicles, eye, specific sets of neurons, and in discreet regions of the neural tube. From stage 13, also expressed in the presumptive pronephros, and from stage 27 expression is predominant in the capsule of the pronephric glomus. Also expressed in the developing forelimbs and hindlimbs. In metamorphosing tadpoles, expressed in the eye, brain, muscle and mesonephric kidney.
Belongs to the POU transcription factor family.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 47 family.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. AGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. S6 kinase subfamily.
Belongs to the acyl carrier protein (ACP) family.
Carrier of the growing fatty acid chain in fatty acid biosynthesis.
Acts as a co-chaperone with HSPA8/Hsc70; required to promote protein folding and trafficking, prevent aggregation of client proteins, and promote unfolded proteins to endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway. Acts by determining hspa8/Hsc70's ATPase and polypeptide-binding activities. Can also act independently of hspa8/Hsc70: together with dnajb12, acts as a chaperone that promotes maturation of potassium channels by stabilizing nascent channel subunits and assembling them into tetramers. While stabilization of nascent channel proteins is dependent on hspa8/Hsc70, the process of oligomerization of channel subunits is independent of hspa8/Hsc70.
Belongs to the DnaJ family. DNAJB12/DNAJB14 subfamily.
May be involved in modulating alternative pre-mRNA splicing.
Catalyzes the synthesis of dihydrouridine, a modified base found in the D-loop of most tRNAs.
Hormone induced following exercise or cold exposure that promotes energy expenditure. Induced either in the skeletal muscle after exercise or in adipose tissue following cold exposure and is present in the circulation. Able to stimulate energy expenditure associated with the browning of the white fat depots and improves glucose tolerance (By similarity).
Belongs to the dynein heavy chain family.
Belongs to the cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase family.
Binds 2 divalent metal cations per subunit. Site 1 may preferentially bind zinc ions, while site 2 has a preference for magnesium and/or manganese ions.
Activated through phosphorylation by atr or atm in response to DNA damage or inhibition of DNA replication.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CAMK Ser/Thr protein kinase family. NIM1 subfamily.
Expressed throughout development. Transiently activated by ATR-mediated phosphorylation from the midblastula transition (MBT) to the initial gastrula stage. Developmentally regulated activation of the DNA replication checkpoint may occur as the nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio increases and maternal replication factors are depleted. Elongation of the embryonic cell cycle may allow time for the transcription of genes that initiate the switch from maternal to zygotic control of embryogenesis.
Interacts with and phosphorylates clspn, an adapter protein that regulates the ATR-dependent phosphorylation of chek1.
Phosphorylated by atm in response to ionizing irradiation (By similarity). Phosphorylated by atr at Thr-314, Ser-344, Ser-356 and Ser-365 in response to various stimuli that cause checkpoint activation. Phosphorylation impairs binding of the C-terminal autoinhibitory region (AIR) to the kinase domain and thereby enhances kinase activity.
Serine/threonine-protein kinase which is required for checkpoint-mediated cell cycle arrest and activation of DNA repair in response to the presence of DNA damage or unreplicated DNA. May also negatively regulate cell cycle progression during unperturbed cell cycles. This regulation is achieved by a number of mechanisms that together help to preserve the integrity of the genome. Recognizes the substrate consensus sequence [R-X-X-S/T]. Phosphorylates wee1 at 'Ser-549' and cdc25c at 'Ser-287', which creates binding sites for 14-3-3 proteins which activate wee1 and inhibit cdc25c. Phosphorylates cdc25a at 'Ser-504' which prevents the interaction of cdc25a with CDK2-cyclin E1, CDC2-cyclin A1 and CDC2-cyclin B1. This inhibitory effect does not require 14-3-3 protein binding. Activation of wee1 and inhibition of CDC25 results in increased inhibitory tyrosine phosphorylation of CDK-cyclin complexes and consequent inhibition of cell cycle progression. May promote DNA repair, regulate chromatin assembly and the transcription of genes that regulate cell-cycle progression. May also play a role in replication fork maintenance.
The autoinhibitory region (AIR) binds to the kinase domain and inhibits its activity.
Belongs to the class V-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. Histone-lysine methyltransferase family. PR/SET subfamily.
Protein-lysine N-methyltransferase that monomethylates both histones and non-histone proteins. Specifically monomethylates 'Lys-20' of histone H4 (H4K20me1). H4K20me1 is enriched during mitosis and represents a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional repression. Mainly functions in euchromatin regions, thereby playing a central role in the silencing of euchromatic genes. Required for cell proliferation, probably by contributing to the maintenance of proper higher-order structure of DNA during mitosis. Involved in chromosome condensation and proper cytokinesis.
Mediates the production of the second messenger molecules diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3). Plays an important role in the regulation of intracellular signaling cascades.
Belongs to the chloride channel CLIC family.
Belongs to the ubiquitin family. SUMO subfamily.
Cleavage of precursor form by a sentrin-specific protease is necessary for function.
Interacts with sae2 and ube2i. Covalently attached to a number of proteins, including top2.
Polymeric chains can be formed through Lys-11 cross-linking.
Ubiquitin-like protein that can be covalently attached to proteins as a monomer or as a lysine-linked polymer. Covalent attachment via an isopeptide bond to its substrates requires prior activation by the E1 complex sae1-sae2 and linkage to the E2 enzyme ube2i, and can be promoted by an E3 ligase such as pias1-4. This post-translational modification on lysine residues of proteins plays a crucial role in a number of cellular processes such as nuclear transport, DNA replication and repair, mitosis and signal transduction. Polymeric sumo2 chains are also susceptible to polyubiquitination which functions as a signal for proteasomal degradation of modified proteins.
G proteins are composed of 3 units; alpha, beta and gamma.
Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as a modulator or transducer in various transmembrane signaling systems. The beta and gamma chains are required for the GTPase activity, for replacement of GDP by GTP, and for G protein-effector interaction.
Belongs to the WD repeat CDC20/Fizzy family.
Belongs to the inositol phosphokinase (IPK) family.
Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 1 family. Vasopressin/oxytocin receptor subfamily.
Belongs to the MIP/aquaporin (TC 1.A.8) family.
Belongs to the aldo/keto reductase family.
Belongs to the lipase maturation factor family.
Involved in the maturation of specific proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum.
Belongs to the inward rectifier-type potassium channel (TC 1.A.2.1) family.
Component of a calcium channel complex consisting of a pore-forming alpha subunit (CACNA1S) and the ancillary subunits CACNB1 or CACNB2, CACNG1 and CACNA2D1. The channel complex contains alpha, beta, gamma and delta subunits in a 1:1:1:1 ratio, i.e. it contains either CACNB1 or CACNB2.
Regulatory subunit of the voltage-gated calcium channel that gives rise to L-type calcium currents in skeletal muscle. Regulates channel inactivation kinetics.
Belongs to the argonaute family. Ago subfamily.
Required for RNA-mediated gene silencing (RNAi). Binds to short RNAs such as microRNAs (miRNAs) and represses the translation of mRNAs which are complementary to them. Lacks endonuclease activity and does not appear to cleave target mRNAs.
Plays a role in androgen-induced proliferative arrest (By similarity). Required for maintenance of sister chromatid cohesion during mitosis.
Regulates the trafficking and gating properties of AMPA-selective glutamate receptors (AMPARs). Promotes their targeting to the cell membrane and synapses and modulates their gating properties by slowing their rates of activation, deactivation and desensitization and by mediating their resensitization. Does not show subunit-specific AMPA receptor regulation and regulates all AMPAR subunits.
Belongs to the V-ATPase E subunit family.
Belongs to the class I fructose-bisphosphate aldolase family.
Belongs to the 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase family.
Converts glycerol-3-phosphate to 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate (lysophosphatidic acid or LPA) by incorporating an acyl moiety at the sn-1 position of the glycerol backbone. Also converts LPA into 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate (phosphatidic acid or PA) by incorporating an acyl moiety at the sn-2 position of the glycerol backbone. Protects cells against lipotoxicity.
The HXXXXD motif is essential for acyltransferase activity and may constitute the binding site for the phosphate moiety of the glycerol-3-phosphate.
Homopentamer. Pentaxin (or pentraxin) have a discoid arrangement of 5 non-covalently bound subunits.
Belongs to the glutamate-gated ion channel (TC 1.A.10.1) family.
Receptor for glutamate that functions as a ligand-gated ion channel in the central nervous system and plays an important role in excitatory synaptic transmission. L-glutamate acts as an excitatory neurotransmitter at many synapses in the central nervous system.
Belongs to the adaptor complexes medium subunit family.
Belongs to the dynactin subunits 5/6 family. Dynactin subunit 6 subfamily.
PCNA-binding protein that acts as a regulator of DNA repair during DNA replication. Following DNA damage, the interaction with pcna is disrupted, facilitating the interaction between monoubiquitinated pcna and the translesion DNA synthesis DNA polymerase eta (polh) at stalled replisomes, facilitating the bypass of replication-fork-blocking lesions. Also acts as a regulator of centrosome number (By similarity).
Belongs to the TRAFAC class dynamin-like GTPase superfamily. GB1/RHD3 GTPase family.
Component of the proteasome, a multicatalytic proteinase complex which is characterized by its ability to cleave peptides with Arg, Phe, Tyr, Leu, and Glu adjacent to the leaving group at neutral or slightly basic pH. The proteasome has an ATP-dependent proteolytic activity.
Belongs to the protein-tyrosine phosphatase family. Non-receptor class dual specificity subfamily.
Dual specificity phosphatase able to dephosphorylate phosphotyrosine, phosphoserine and phosphothreonine residues, with a preference for phosphotyrosine as a substrate.
Belongs to the tRNA pseudouridine synthase TruA family.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL23 family.
Belongs to the metallo-dependent hydrolases superfamily. Peptidase M19 family.
Independently of its dipeptidase activity, acts as an adhesion receptor for neutrophil recruitment from bloodstream into inflamed lungs and liver.
Belongs to the amino acid-polyamine-organocation (APC) superfamily. L-type amino acid transporter (LAT) (TC 2.A.3.8) family.
Involved in the sodium-independent uptake of dibasic amino acids and sodium-dependent uptake of some neutral amino acids.
Receptor for angiotensin II, a vasoconstricting peptide, which acts as a key regulator of blood pressure and sodium retention by the kidney. The activated receptor in turn couples to G-alpha proteins G(q) and thus activates phospholipase C and increases the cytosolic Ca(2+) concentrations, which in turn triggers cellular responses such as stimulation of protein kinase C.
Belongs to the V-ATPase C subunit family.
Subunit of the V1 complex of vacuolar(H+)-ATPase (V-ATPase), a multisubunit enzyme composed of a peripheral complex (V1) that hydrolyzes ATP and a membrane integral complex (V0) that translocates protons. V-ATPase is responsible for acidifying and maintaining the pH of intracellular compartments and in some cell types, is targeted to the plasma membrane, where it is responsible for acidifying the extracellular environment. Subunit C is necessary for the assembly of the catalytic sector of the enzyme and is likely to have a specific function in its catalytic activity.
V-ATPase is a heteromultimeric enzyme made up of two complexes: the ATP-hydrolytic V1 complex and the proton translocation V0 complex. The V1 complex consists of three catalytic AB heterodimers that form a heterohexamer, three peripheral stalks each consisting of EG heterodimers, one central rotor including subunits D and F, and the regulatory subunits C and H. The proton translocation complex V0 consists of the proton transport subunit a, a ring of proteolipid subunits c9c'', rotary subunit d, subunits e and f, and two accessory subunits.
Belongs to the thiolase-like superfamily. Thiolase family.
This is one of the enzymes that catalyzes the last step of the mitochondrial beta-oxidation pathway, an aerobic process breaking down fatty acids into acetyl-CoA. Using free coenzyme A/CoA, catalyzes the thiolytic cleavage of medium- to long-chain 3-oxoacyl-CoAs into acetyl-CoA and a fatty acyl-CoA shortened by two carbon atoms. The activity of the enzyme is reversible and it can also catalyze the condensation of two acetyl-CoA molecules into acetoacetyl-CoA. Thereby, it plays a major role in ketone body metabolism.
Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor T2R family.
Belongs to the metallo-dependent hydrolases superfamily. Hydantoinase/dihydropyrimidinase family.
Ligand for members of the frizzled family of seven transmembrane receptors.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 2 family. GalNAc-T subfamily.
Belongs to the eukaryotic initiation factor 4G family.
Belongs to the pterin-4-alpha-carbinolamine dehydratase family.
Involved in the fragmentation of the mitochondrial network and its perinuclear clustering.
The C-terminus is required for mitochondrial localization, while the N-terminus is necessary for mitochondrial fission.
The glycine cleavage system catalyzes the degradation of glycine.
The glycine cleavage system is composed of four proteins: P, T, L and H.
Belongs to the peptidase M28 family. M28B subfamily.
Cadherins are calcium-dependent cell adhesion proteins.
Belongs to the repulsive guidance molecule (RGM) family.
Belongs to the SLC12A transporter family.
Belongs to the cyclophilin-type PPIase family.
PPIases accelerate the folding of proteins. It catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptides.
Appears to regulate cell growth through interactions with the extracellular matrix and cytokines. Binds calcium and copper, several types of collagen, albumin, thrombospondin, PDGF and cell membranes. There are two calcium binding sites; an acidic domain that binds 5 to 8 Ca(2+) with a low affinity and an EF-hand loop that binds a Ca(2+) ion with a high affinity.
The conversion to 3-oxoalanine (also known as C-formylglycine, FGly), of a serine or cysteine residue in prokaryotes and of a cysteine residue in eukaryotes, is critical for catalytic activity.
The coatomer is a cytosolic protein complex that binds to dilysine motifs and reversibly associates with Golgi non-clathrin-coated vesicles, which further mediate biosynthetic protein transport from the ER, via the Golgi up to the trans Golgi network. Coatomer complex is required for budding from Golgi membranes, and is essential for the retrograde Golgi-to-ER transport of dilysine-tagged proteins.
Belongs to the multicopper oxidase family.
Probable regulator of exocrine pancreas development.
Belongs to the small leucine-rich proteoglycan (SLRP) family. SLRP class II subfamily.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL11 family.
Belongs to the UDP-glucose/GDP-mannose dehydrogenase family.
Involved in the biosynthesis of glycosaminoglycans; hyaluronan, chondroitin sulfate, and heparan sulfate.
Belongs to the polyadenylate-binding protein type-1 family.
Binds and protects the poly(A) tail of mRNA with or without an AU-rich element (ARE) and prevents mRNA deadenylation. Stimulates the translation of mRNAs to which it is bound during early development.
Expressed in adult testis, but at a reduced level compared to oocytes.
Interacts with dazl in an RNA-independent manner. The C-terminus can self-associate and also interact with the C-terminus of pabpc1, independently of RNA. RRM 1 and RRM 2 interact with both eif4g1 and paip1, and the C-terminus also interacts with paip1. Prior to oocyte maturation, found in a complex with dazl and pum2 proteins and spdy1 mRNA; pum2 dissociates from the complex during maturation. Interacts with the translation termination factor sup35/erf3.
Predominant from the stage VI oocyte through to the neurula stage (30 hours embryo), with levels decreasing at the onset of zygotic transcription.
Belongs to the cation transport ATPase (P-type) (TC 3.A.3) family. Type IIB subfamily.
Catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the transport of calcium.
Belongs to the Toll-like receptor family.
Probable adapter protein that bind to and organize the subcellular localization of a variety of membrane proteins containing some PDZ recognition sequence. Involved in the clustering of various receptors, possibly by acting at the receptor internalization level. Plays a role in synaptic plasticity by regulating the trafficking and internalization of AMPA receptors. May be regulated upon PRKCA activation. May regulate ASIC1/ASIC3 channel. Regulates actin polymerization by inhibiting the actin-nucleating activity of the Arp2/3 complex; the function is competitive with nucleation promoting factors and is linked to neuronal morphology regulation and AMPA receptor (AMPAR) endocytosis. Via interaction with the Arp2/3 complex involved in regulation of synaptic plasicity of excitatory synapses and required for spine shrinkage during long-term depression (LTD). Involved in regulation of astrocyte morphology, antagonistic to Arp2/3 complex activator WASL/N-WASP function.
Belongs to the DHHC palmitoyltransferase family.
The DHHC domain is required for palmitoyltransferase activity.
Sodium-independent transporter of chloride and iodide.
Belongs to the pancreatic ribonuclease family.
Belongs to the ABC transporter superfamily. ABCG family. Eye pigment precursor importer (TC 3.A.1.204) subfamily.
Belongs to the protein-tyrosine phosphatase family. Non-receptor class subfamily.
Belongs to the metallo-dependent hydrolases superfamily. ATZ/TRZ family.
Catalyzes the hydrolytic deamination of guanine, producing xanthine and ammonia.
Plays a role in the regulatory network through which muscle cells coordinate their structural and functional states during growth, adaptation, and repair.
Belongs to the type-B carboxylesterase/lipase family.
Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 3 family. GABA-B receptor subfamily.
Belongs to the small GTPase superfamily. Arf family.
Component of a multi-subunit COQ enzyme complex, composed of at least COQ3, COQ4, COQ5, COQ6, COQ7 and COQ9. Interacts with ADCK4 and COQ7.
FAD-dependent monooxygenase required for the C5-ring hydroxylation during ubiquinone biosynthesis. Catalyzes the hydroxylation of 3-polyprenyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid to 3-polyprenyl-4,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid. The electrons required for the hydroxylation reaction may be funneled indirectly from NADPH via a ferredoxin/ferredoxin reductase system to COQ6.
Forms protease inhibiting heterodimer with TMPRSS7.
Centrosomal protein required for establishing a robust mitotic centrosome architecture that can endure the forces that converge on the centrosomes during spindle formation. Required for stabilizing the expanded pericentriolar material around the centriole.
Belongs to the TGF-beta family. GDNF subfamily.
Belongs to the helicase family. SKI2 subfamily.
Subunit of the V1 complex of vacuolar(H+)-ATPase (V-ATPase), a multisubunit enzyme composed of a peripheral complex (V1) that hydrolyzes ATP and a membrane integral complex (V0) that translocates protons (By similarity). V-ATPase is responsible for acidifying and maintaining the pH of intracellular compartments and in some cell types, is targeted to the plasma membrane, where it is responsible for acidifying the extracellular environment (By similarity). Subunit C is necessary for the assembly of the catalytic sector of the enzyme and is likely to have a specific function in its catalytic activity (By similarity).
V-ATPase is a heteromultimeric enzyme made up of two complexes: the ATP-hydrolytic V1 complex and the proton translocation V0 complex (By similarity). The V1 complex consists of three catalytic AB heterodimers that form a heterohexamer, three peripheral stalks each consisting of EG heterodimers, one central rotor including subunits D and F, and the regulatory subunits C and H (By similarity). The proton translocation complex V0 consists of the proton transport subunit a, a ring of proteolipid subunits c9c'', rotary subunit d, subunits e and f, and two accessory subunits (By similarity).
Arginine methyltransferase that can both catalyze the formation of omega-N monomethylarginine (MMA) and symmetrical dimethylarginine (sDMA).
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. Protein arginine N-methyltransferase family.
Actins are highly conserved proteins that are involved in various types of cell motility.
First expressed after neurulation (stage 18), and expressed throughout development.
Monomethylation at Lys-86 (K84me1) regulates actin-myosin interaction and actomyosin-dependent processes. Demethylation by ALKBH4 is required for maintaining actomyosin dynamics supporting normal cleavage furrow ingression during cytokinesis and cell migration.
Oxidation of Met-46 and Met-49 by MICALs (MICAL1, MICAL2 or MICAL3) to form methionine sulfoxide promotes actin filament depolymerization. MICAL1 and MICAL2 produce the (R)-S-oxide form. The (R)-S-oxide form is reverted by MSRB1 and MSRB2, which promotes actin repolymerization.
Polymerization of globular actin (G-actin) leads to a structural filament (F-actin) in the form of a two-stranded helix. Each actin can bind to 4 others.
PubMed:3172214 suggest that the sequences isolated in PubMed:3009830 (alpha3-II) and PubMed:3172214 (alpha3-I) may represent paralogous genes in tetraploid Xenopus laevis.
Shows overlapping but distinct expression patterns with other actins. In tailbud embryos, expressed in embryonic muscle (myotomes). In adults, expressed exclusively in skeletal muscle.
The cardiac versus skeletal expression patterns of actins are probably sequence-dependent; Xenopus cardiac actins contain a Glu at position 3 of the mature peptide, whereas skeletal actins contain an Asp at this position.
Xenopus contains at least three sarcomeric alpha actin genes that are preferentially expressed in either heart or skeletal muscle. Due to the tetraploid nature of Xenopus laevis, each of these three alpha actin genes is present in at least two copies.
Belongs to the complex I 75 kDa subunit family.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. AGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. GPRK subfamily.
Component of the GPI transamidase complex. May be involved in the recognition of either the GPI attachment signal or the lipid portion of GPI.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class dynamin-like GTPase superfamily. Dynamin/Fzo/YdjA family.
AKT1 is one of several closely related serine/threonine-protein kinases known as the AKT kinase, and which regulate many processes including metabolism, proliferation, cell survival, growth and angiogenesis. This is mediated through serine and/or threonine phosphorylation of a range of downstream substrates. Over 100 substrate candidates have been reported so far, but for most of them, no isoform specificity has been reported. Signals downstream of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI(3)K) to mediate the effects of various growth factors such as platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), insulin and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I). Plays a role as a key modulator of the AKT-mTOR signaling pathway controlling the tempo of the process of newborn neurons integration during adult neurogenesis, including correct neuron positioning, dendritic development and synapse formation. Plays a role in glucose transport by mediating insulin-induced translocation of the GLUT4 glucose transporter to the cell surface. Mediates the antiapoptotic effects of IGF-I. Mediates insulin-stimulated protein synthesis, partly by playing a role in both insulin-induced phosphorylation of 4E-BP1 and in insulin-induced activation of p70 S6 kinase. Promotes glycogen synthesis by mediating the insulin-induced activation of glycogen synthase (By similarity). Required for insulin-stimulated meiotic reinitiation during oocyte maturation.
Activated in response to insulin. Three specific sites, one in the kinase domain (Thr-309) and the two other ones in the C-terminal regulatory region (Ser-474 and Tyr-475), need to be phosphorylated for its full activation.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. AGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. RAC subfamily.
Binding of the PH domain to phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PI(3,4,5)P3) following phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase alpha (PIK3CA) activity results in its targeting to the plasma membrane.
Cleavage by caspase-3/CASP3 (By similarity). Cleaved at the caspase-3 consensus site Asp-463 during apoptosis, resulting in down-regulation of the AKT signaling pathway and decreased cell survival (By similarity).
Belongs to the acyl-CoA dehydrogenase family.
Belongs to the class-III pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family.
Actin-binding component of the Arp2/3 complex, a multiprotein complex that mediates actin polymerization upon stimulation by nucleation-promoting factor (NPF) (PubMed:17178911). The Arp2/3 complex mediates the formation of branched actin networks in the cytoplasm, providing the force for cell motility (PubMed:17178911). In addition to its role in the cytoplasmic cytoskeleton, the Arp2/3 complex also promotes actin polymerization in the nucleus, thereby regulating gene transcription and repair of damaged DNA (By similarity). The Arp2/3 complex promotes homologous recombination (HR) repair in response to DNA damage by promoting nuclear actin polymerization, leading to drive motility of double-strand breaks (DSBs) (By similarity).
Component of the Arp2/3 complex composed of actr2/arp2, actr3/arp3, arpc1 (arpc1a or arpc1b), arpc2, arpc3, arpc4 and arpc5.
Functions as actin-binding component of the Arp2/3 complex which is involved in regulation of actin polymerization and together with an activating nucleation-promoting factor (NPF) mediates the formation of branched actin networks.
Component of the origin recognition complex (ORC) that binds origins of replication.
Belongs to the bile acid:sodium symporter (BASS) (TC 2.A.28) family.
Belongs to the protease inhibitor I35 (TIMP) family.
Belongs to the calycin superfamily. Fatty-acid binding protein (FABP) family.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that is essential for proper development of the forebrain, the eye, and the face (By similarity). Negatively regulates nitric oxide production by inducing nitric oxide synthase translocation to actin cytoskeleton and inhibiting its enzymatic activity (By similarity).
Negatively regulates nitric oxide production by inducing nitric oxide synthase translocation to actin cytoskeleton and inhibiting its enzymatic activity.
Belongs to the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase family.
Component of the ER membrane protein complex (EMC).
Expression becomes spatially localized at mid-gastrula stages and is localized to the nervous system (midbrain, hindbrain, spinal cord), sensory organs (optic vesicle and stalk, otic vesicle), visceral arches, developing excretory system (pronephros, pronephric duct, rectal diverticulum, proctodaeum) and thryoid gland. Splicing does not appear to be tissue-specific.
Probable transcription factor. Involved in kidney development, acting synergistically with lhx1/lim-1 in pronephric morphogenesis during the tailbud stages.
Splicing is temporally regulated. Isoform 3 is expressed both maternally and zygotically, whereas isoform 2 is exclusively zygotic. Expression is highest in embryos from stage 12 on, with expression levels remaining constant throughout embryogenesis.
Belongs to the 5'(3')-deoxyribonucleotidase family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS27 family.
Belongs to the carnitine/choline acetyltransferase family.
Involved in the intramitochondrial synthesis of acylcarnitines from accumulated acyl-CoA metabolites. Reconverts acylcarnitines back into the respective acyl-CoA esters that can then undergo beta-oxidation, an essential step for the mitochondrial uptake of long-chain fatty acids and their subsequent beta-oxidation in the mitochondrion. Active with medium (C8-C12) and long-chain (C14-C18) acyl-CoA esters.
Adaptor protein complex 2 (AP-2) is a heterotetramer composed of two large adaptins (alpha-type subunit AP2A1 or AP2A2 and beta-type subunit AP2B1), a medium adaptin (mu-type subunit AP2M1) and a small adaptin (sigma-type subunit AP2S1).
Belongs to the adaptor complexes small subunit family.
Belongs to the mitochondrial carrier (TC 2.A.29) family.
May play a role in mitochondrial dynamics by controlling mitochondrial membrane fission.
Gamma-tubulin complex is necessary for microtubule nucleation at the centrosome.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL12 family.
Belongs to the intermediate filament family.
Belongs to the sirtuin family. Class III subfamily.
In contrast to class I sirtuins, class III sirtuins have only weak deacetylase activity. Difference in substrate specificity is probably due to a larger hydrophobic pocket with 2 residues (Tyr-101 and Arg-104) that bind to malonylated and succinylated substrates and define the specificity.
NAD-dependent lysine demalonylase, desuccinylase and deglutarylase that specifically removes malonyl, succinyl and glutaryl groups on target proteins. Has weak NAD-dependent protein deacetylase activity; however this activity may not be physiologically relevant in vivo.
Belongs to the protease inhibitor I39 (alpha-2-macroglobulin) family.
Belongs to the adaptor complexes large subunit family.
Dimer of alpha and beta chains. A typical microtubule is a hollow water-filled tube with an outer diameter of 25 nm and an inner diameter of 15 nM. Alpha-beta heterodimers associate head-to-tail to form protofilaments running lengthwise along the microtubule wall with the beta-tubulin subunit facing the microtubule plus end conferring a structural polarity. Microtubules usually have 13 protofilaments but different protofilament numbers can be found in some organisms and specialized cells.
Tubulin is the major constituent of microtubules, a cylinder consisting of laterally associated linear protofilaments composed of alpha- and beta-tubulin heterodimers. Microtubules grow by the addition of GTP-tubulin dimers to the microtubule end, where a stabilizing cap forms. Below the cap, tubulin dimers are in GDP-bound state, owing to GTPase activity of alpha-tubulin.
Belongs to the bZIP family. NFIL3 subfamily.
May act as a transcriptional regulator of a number of proteins of the circadian clock.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL3 family.
Belongs to the cation transport ATPase (P-type) (TC 3.A.3) family. Type V subfamily.
Plays a role in the ciliary Hedgehog (Hh) signaling.
Adapter protein for the cul3 E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex (By similarity). Involved in late neuronal development and muscle formation (PubMed:18855900).
Embryos show strong defects in late neuronal markers and strongly reduced and disorganized axons while early neural development is unaffected. Muscle development is also affected.
Highly expressed in the developing nervous system.
Homodimer and heterodimer. Interacts with cul3 via the BTB domain.
Belongs to the polyprenol kinase family.
Belongs to the DNA polymerase type-X family.
Can also utilize other divalent cations, such as Mn(2+) and Co(2+) (in vitro).
During ontogeny TDT appears in significant amounts in the thymus of tadpoles at metamorphic climax but little in the earlier midlarval stages.
Found in the thymus and not in the spleen, kidney, intestine, or liver.
Template-independent DNA polymerase which catalyzes the random addition of deoxynucleoside 5'-triphosphate to the 3'-end of a DNA initiator. One of the in vivo functions of this enzyme is the addition of nucleotides at the junction (N region) of rearranged Ig heavy chain and T-cell receptor gene segments during the maturation of B- and T-cells.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the phosphoglycerate mutase family.
Acetylation is generally linked to gene activation. Acetylation on Lys-19 (H3K18ac) and Lys-24 (H3K24ac) favors methylation at Arg-18 (H3R17me). Acetylation at Lys-123 (H3K122ac) by EP300/p300 plays a central role in chromatin structure: localizes at the surface of the histone octamer and stimulates transcription, possibly by promoting nucleosome instability (By similarity).
Asymmetric dimethylation at Arg-18 (H3R17me2a) is linked to gene activation. Asymmetric dimethylation at Arg-3 (H3R2me2a) by prmt6 is linked to gene repression and is mutually exclusive with H3 Lys-5 methylation (H3K4me2 and H3K4me3). H3R2me2a is present at the 3' of genes regardless of their transcription state and is enriched on inactive promoters, while it is absent on active promoters (By similarity).
Butyrylation of histones marks active promoters and competes with histone acetylation. It is present during late spermatogenesis.
Dopaminylated by TGM2 at Gln-6 (H3Q5dop) in ventral tegmental area (VTA) neurons (By similarity). H3Q5dop mediates neurotransmission-independent role of nuclear dopamine by regulating relapse-related transcriptional plasticity in the reward system (By similarity).
Expressed during S phase, then expression strongly decreases as cell division slows down during the process of differentiation.
Lactylated in macrophages by EP300/P300 by using lactoyl-CoA directly derived from endogenous or exogenous lactate, leading to stimulates gene transcription.
Lysine deamination at Lys-5 (H3K4all) to form allysine only takes place on H3K4me3 and results in gene repression.
Methylation at Lys-5 (H3K4me), Lys-37 (H3K36me) and Lys-80 (H3K79me) are linked to gene activation. Methylation at Lys-5 (H3K4me) facilitates subsequent acetylation of H3 and H4. Methylation at Lys-80 (H3K79me) is associated with DNA double-strand break (DSB) responses and is a specific target for tp53bp1. Methylation at Lys-10 (H3K9me) and Lys-28 (H3K27me) are linked to gene repression. Methylation at Lys-10 (H3K9me) is a specific target for HP1 proteins (cbx1, cbx3 and cbx5) and prevents subsequent phosphorylation at Ser-11 (H3S10ph) and acetylation of H3 and H4. Methylation at Lys-5 (H3K4me) and Lys-80 (H3K79me) require preliminary monoubiquitination of H2B at 'Lys-120' (By similarity).
Monoubiquitinated by rag1 in lymphoid cells, monoubiquitination is required for V(D)J recombination.
Phosphorylated at Thr-4 (H3T3ph) by HASPIN during prophase and dephosphorylated during anaphase. Phosphorylation at Ser-11 (H3S10ph) by aurkb is crucial for chromosome condensation and cell-cycle progression during mitosis and meiosis. In addition phosphorylation at Ser-11 (H3S10ph) by rps6ka4 and rps6ka5 is important during interphase because it enables the transcription of genes following external stimulation, like mitogens, stress, growth factors or UV irradiation and result in the activation of genes, such as c-fos and c-jun. Phosphorylation at Ser-11 (H3S10ph), which is linked to gene activation, prevents methylation at Lys-10 (H3K9me) but facilitates acetylation of H3 and H4. Phosphorylation at Ser-11 (H3S10ph) by aurkb mediates the dissociation of HP1 proteins (cbx1, cbx3 and cbx5) from heterochromatin. Phosphorylation at Ser-11 (H3S10ph) is also an essential regulatory mechanism for neoplastic cell transformation. Phosphorylated at Ser-29 (H3S28ph) by map3k20 isoform 1, rps6ka5 or aurkb during mitosis or upon ultraviolet B irradiation. Phosphorylation at Thr-7 (H3T6ph) by prkcb is a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional activation that prevents demethylation of Lys-5 (H3K4me) by lsd1/kdm1a. At centromeres, specifically phosphorylated at Thr-12 (H3T11ph) from prophase to early anaphase, by DAPK3 and PKN1. Phosphorylation at Thr-12 (H3T11ph) by PKN1 or isoform M2 of PKM (PKM2) is a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional activation that promotes demethylation of Lys-10 (H3K9me) by kdm4c/jmjd2c. Phosphorylation at Tyr-42 (H3Y41ph) by jak2 promotes exclusion of cbx5 (HP1 alpha) from chromatin (By similarity).
Serine ADP-ribosylation by PARP1 or PARP2 constitutes the primary form of ADP-ribosylation of proteins in response to DNA damage. Serine ADP-ribosylation at Ser-11 (H3S10ADPr) promotes recruitment of CHD1L. H3S10ADPr is mutually exclusive with phosphorylation at Ser-11 (H3S10ph) and impairs acetylation at Lys-10 (H3K9ac).
Serotonylated by TGM2 at Gln-6 (H3Q5ser) during serotonergic neuron differentiation (By similarity). H3Q5ser is associated with trimethylation of Lys-5 (H3K4me3) and enhances general transcription factor IID (TFIID) complex-binding to H3K4me3, thereby facilitating transcription (By similarity).
Succinylation at Lys-80 (H3K79succ) by KAT2A takes place with a maximum frequency around the transcription start sites of genes. It gives a specific tag for epigenetic transcription activation. Desuccinylation at Lys-123 (H3K122succ) by SIRT7 in response to DNA damage promotes chromatin condensation and double-strand breaks (DSBs) repair.
Contaminating sequence. Potential poly-A sequence.
Component of the GINS complex which is a heterotetramer of gins1/psf1, gins2/psf2, gins3/psf3 and gins4/sld5 (PubMed:12730133). Component of the CMG helicase complex, composed of the mcm2-7 complex, the GINS complex and cdc45 (PubMed:30979826, PubMed:30842657).
Required for correct functioning of the GINS complex, a complex that plays an essential role in the initiation of DNA replication, and progression of DNA replication forks. GINS complex is a core component of CDC45-MCM-GINS (CMG) helicase, the molecular machine that unwinds template DNA during replication, and around which the replisome is built.
3 EF-1-alpha are expressed under different developmental control in Xenopus laevis. This protein is expressed in embryos beginning at the mid-blastula transition and in adults cells.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class translation factor GTPase superfamily. Classic translation factor GTPase family. EF-Tu/EF-1A subfamily.
This protein promotes the GTP-dependent binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the A-site of ribosomes during protein biosynthesis.
Autoinhibited by the ariadne domain, which masks the second RING-type zinc finger that contains the active site and inhibits the E3 activity. Inhibition is relieved upon binding to neddylated cullin-RING ubiquitin ligase complexes, which activate the E3 ligase activity of ARIH1.
Belongs to the RBR family. Ariadne subfamily.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase, which catalyzes ubiquitination of target proteins together with ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 ube2l3. Acts as an atypical E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase by working together with cullin-RING ubiquitin ligase (CRL) complexes and initiating ubiquitination of CRL substrates: associates with CRL complexes and specifically mediates addition of the first ubiquitin on CRLs targets. The initial ubiquitin is then elongated. E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity is activated upon binding to neddylated cullin-RING ubiquitin ligase complexes.
Interacts (via the first RING-type zinc finger) with ube2l3. Associates with cullin-RING ubiquitin ligase (CRL) complexes containing neddylated cullin.
Members of the RBR family are atypical E3 ligases. They interact with the E2 conjugating enzyme UBE2L3 and function like HECT-type E3 enzymes: they bind E2s via the first RING-type zinc finger, but require an obligate trans-thiolation step during the ubiquitin transfer, requiring a conserved active site Cys residue in the second RING-type zinc finger. The active site probably forms a thioester intermediate with ubiquitin taken from the active-site cysteine of the E2 before ultimately transferring it to a Lys residue on the substrate.
The Ariadne domain inhibits activity by masking the second RING-type zinc finger that contains the active site.
Belongs to the UbiA prenyltransferase family.
Belongs to the tetraspanin (TM4SF) family.
Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily. Monocarboxylate porter (TC 2.A.1.13) family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic NMN adenylyltransferase family.
Belongs to the 'GDXG' lipolytic enzyme family.
Belongs to the inorganic phosphate transporter (PiT) (TC 2.A.20) family.
Sodium-phosphate symporter which plays a fundamental housekeeping role in phosphate transport.
ADP-ribosylated by tankyrase tnks and tnks2. Poly-ADP-ribosylated protein is recognized by rnf146, followed by ubiquitination at 'Lys-48' and subsequent activation of the Wnt signaling pathway.
Component of the beta-catenin destruction complex required for regulating ctnnb1 levels through phosphorylation and ubiquitination, and modulating Wnt-signaling. Controls dorsoventral patterning via two opposing effects; down-regulates ctnnb1 to inhibit the Wnt signaling pathway and ventralize embryos, but also dorsalizes embryos by activating a Wnt-independent JNK signaling pathway.
Homodimer (By similarity). Interacts with hwa; leading to promote the tankyrase-mediated degradation of axin1 (By similarity).
Ubiquitinated by rnf146 when poly-ADP-ribosylated, leading to its degradation and subsequent activation of the Wnt signaling pathway.
Weakly and ubiquitously expressed throughout early development, and highly expressed in the anterior mesencephalon adjacent to the forebrain-midbrain boundary.
Belongs to the metallo-beta-lactamase superfamily. RNA-metabolizing metallo-beta-lactamase-like family. CPSF2/YSH1 subfamily.
CPSF is a heterotetramer composed of four distinct subunits 160, 100, 70 and 30 kDa (By similarity). Identification in a complex with cpsf2, cpsf73, cpsf160 and sympk. Interacts with sympk.
CPSF plays a key role in pre-mRNA 3'-end formation, recognizing the AAUAAA signal sequence and interacting with poly(A) polymerase and other factors to bring about cleavage and poly(A) addition. In X.laevis this subunit seems to be predominantly involved in cytoplasmic polyadenylation reaction. May also be involved in the histone 3'-end pre-mRNA processing.
Belongs to the tenascin family. Teneurin subfamily.
Belongs to the fatty acid desaturase type 1 family.
Belongs to the gamma-glutamyltransferase family.
Belongs to the transglutaminase superfamily. Transglutaminase family.
Functions as an U snRNP-specific nuclear import adapter. Involved in the trimethylguanosine (m3G)-cap-dependent nuclear import of U snRNPs. Binds specifically to the terminal m3G-cap U snRNAs.
Associated component of the MCM complex that acts as a regulator of DNA replication. Binds to the MCM complex during late S phase and promotes the disassembly of the MCM complex from chromatin, thereby acting as a key regulator of pre-replication complex (pre-RC) unloading from replicated DNA. Can dissociate the mcm complex without addition of ATP; probably acts by destabilizing interactions of each individual subunits of the MCM complex. May also be required for sister chromatid cohesion.
Interacts with the mcm complex: associates with the mcm3-7 complex which lacks mcm2, while it does not interact with the mcm complex when mcm2 is present (mcm2-7 complex). Interacts with mcm7.
Belongs to the sulfatase-modifying factor family.
Actin is a highly conserved protein that polymerizes to produce filaments that form cross-linked networks in the cytoplasm of cells. Actin exists in both monomeric (G-actin) and polymeric (F-actin) forms, both forms playing key functions, such as cell motility and contraction. In addition to their role in the cytoplasmic cytoskeleton, G- and F-actin also localize in the nucleus, and regulate gene transcription and motility and repair of damaged DNA.
In vertebrates 3 main groups of actin isoforms, alpha, beta and gamma have been identified. The alpha actins are found in muscle tissues and are a major constituent of the contractile apparatus. The beta and gamma actins coexist in most cell types as components of the cytoskeleton and as mediators of internal cell motility.
Methylation at His-73 by SETD3. Methylation stabilizes actin filaments.
Oxidation of Met-44 and Met-47 by MICALs (mical1, mical2 or mical3) to form methionine sulfoxide promotes actin filament depolymerization. Mical1 and mical2 produce the (R)-S-oxide form. The (R)-S-oxide form is reverted by msrb1 and msrb2, which promote actin repolymerization.
Polymerization of globular actin (G-actin) leads to a structural filament (F-actin) in the form of a two-stranded helix (By similarity). Each actin can bind to 4 others (By similarity).
Belongs to the splicing factor SR family.
Component of a splicing-dependent multiprotein exon junction complex (EJC) deposited at splice junction on mRNAs. The EJC is a dynamic structure consisting of a few core proteins and several more peripheral nuclear and cytoplasmic associated factors that join the complex only transiently either during EJC assembly or during subsequent mRNA metabolism. Putative component of the spliceosome which enhances the formation of the ATP-dependent A complex of the spliceosome. May participate in mRNA 3'-end cleavage. Also mediates increase of mRNA abundance and translational efficiency (By similarity).
Belongs to the CND2 (condensin subunit 2) family.
Component of the condensin complex, which contains the XCAP-E/SMC2 and XCAP-C/SMC4 heterodimer, and three non SMC subunits that probably regulate the complex: XCAP-H/NCAPH, XCAP-D2/NCAPD2 and XCAP-G/NCAPG.
Phosphorylated by CDK1. Its phosphorylation, as well as that of XCAP-D2 and XCAP-G subunits, activates the condensin complex and is required for chromosome condensation.
Regulatory subunit of the condensin complex, a complex required for conversion of interphase chromatin into mitotic-like condense chromosomes.
Regulatory subunit of the condensin complex, a complex required for conversion of interphase chromatin into mitotic-like condense chromosomes. The condensin complex probably introduces positive supercoils into relaxed DNA in the presence of type I topoisomerases and converts nicked DNA into positive knotted forms in the presence of type II topoisomerase.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. RNA methyltransferase RlmE family. SPB1 subfamily.
Probable methyltransferase involved in the processing of the 34S pre-rRNA to 18S rRNA and in 40S ribosomal subunit formation.
Belongs to the ATPase alpha/beta chains family.
Non-catalytic subunit of the V1 complex of vacuolar(H+)-ATPase (V-ATPase), a multisubunit enzyme composed of a peripheral complex (V1) that hydrolyzes ATP and a membrane integral complex (V0) that translocates protons. V-ATPase is responsible for acidifying and maintaining the pH of intracellular compartments and in some cell types, is targeted to the plasma membrane, where it is responsible for acidifying the extracellular environment.
V-ATPase is a heteromultimeric enzyme made up of two complexes: the ATP-hydrolytic V1 complex and the proton translocation V0 complex. The V1 complex consists of three catalytic AB heterodimers that form a heterohexamer, three peripheral stalks each consisting of EG heterodimers, one central rotor including subunits D and F, and the regulatory subunits C and H. The proton translocation complex V0 consists of the proton transport subunit a, a ring of proteolipid subunits c9c'', rotary subunit d, subunits e and f, and the accessory subunits.
Component of the BCR(KLHL21) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, at least composed of cul3, klhl21 and rbx1.
Substrate-specific adapter of BCR (BTB-CUL3-RBX1) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex required for efficient chromosome alignment and cytokinesis. The BCR(KLHL21) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex regulates localization of the chromosomal passenger complex (CPC) from chromosomes to the spindle midzone in anaphase and mediates the ubiquitination of AURKB (By similarity).
Belongs to the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family.
Component of a complex that binds and activates STK11/LKB1. In the complex, required to stabilize the interaction between CAB39/MO25 (CAB39/MO25alpha or CAB39L/MO25beta) and STK11/LKB1.
Component of a trimeric complex composed of STK11/LKB1, STRAD (STRADA or STRADB) and CAB39/MO25 (CAB39/MO25alpha or CAB39L/MO25beta): the complex tethers STK11/LKB1 in the cytoplasm and stimulates its catalytic activity.
Supercomplex made of cofactors A to E. Cofactors A and D function by capturing and stabilizing tubulin in a quasi-native conformation. Cofactor E binds to the cofactor D-tubulin complex; interaction with cofactor C then causes the release of tubulin polypeptides that are committed to the native state.
Tubulin-folding protein; involved in the early step of the tubulin folding pathway.
Belongs to the anion exchanger (TC 2.A.31) family.
Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 3 family.
Required for mannose-6-phosphate-dependent trafficking of lysosomal enzymes. LYSET bridges GlcNAc-1-phosphate transferase (GNPTAB), to the membrane-bound transcription factor site-1 protease (MBTPS1), thus allowing proteolytic activation of the GNPTAB. GNPTAB is involved in the regulation of M6P-dependent Golgi-to-lysosome trafficking of lysosomal enzymes. LYSET is thus an essential factor for maturation and delivery of lysosomal hydrolases.
Catalyzes the formation of L-carnitine from gamma-butyrobetaine.
Belongs to the sulfotransferase 1 family.
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mS23 family.
Belongs to the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC) (TC 2.A.105) family.
Mediates the uptake of pyruvate into mitochondria.
Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily.
Belongs to the interleukin-1 receptor family.
RNA-binding protein. Binds poly(G) and poly(U) but not poly(A) or poly(C). Regulates somite formation, probably by regulating gene expression (By similarity).
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. RsmB/NOP family.
Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 2 family. Adhesion G-protein coupled receptor (ADGR) subfamily.
Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 2 family. LN-TM7 subfamily.
Receptor that may have an important role in cell/cell signaling during nervous system formation.
Component of the ribosome quality control complex (RQC).
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase. Component of the ribosome quality control complex (RQC), a ribosome-associated complex that mediates ubiquitination and extraction of incompletely synthesized nascent chains for proteasomal degradation.
Required for the function of coenzyme Q in the respiratory chain. May serve as a chaperone or may be involved in the transport of Q6 from its site of synthesis to the catalytic sites of the respiratory complexes (By similarity).
Required for the function of coenzyme Q in the respiratory chain. May serve as a chaperone or may be involved in the transport of Q6 from its site of synthesis to the catalytic sites of the respiratory complexes.
Belongs to the phosphatase and actin regulator family.
Regulator of protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) required for neural tube and optic fissure closure, and enteric neural crest cell (ENCCs) migration during development. Acts as an activator of PP1. During neural tube closure, localizes to the ventral neural tube and activates PP1, leading to down-regulate cell proliferation within cranial neural tissue and the neural retina. Also acts as a regulator of migration of enteric neural crest cells (ENCCs) by activating PP1, leading to repression of the integrin signaling through the rho/rock pathway (By similarity).
Regulator of protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) required for neural tube and optic fissure closure, and enteric neural crest cell (ENCCs) migration during development. Acts as an activator of PP1. During neural tube closure, localizes to the ventral neural tube and activates PP1, leading to down-regulate cell proliferation within cranial neural tissue and the neural retina. Also acts as a regulator of migration of enteric neural crest cells (ENCCs) by activating PP1, leading to repression of the integrin signaling through the rho/rock pathway.
Plays a key role in meiotic progression by ensuring that sufficient numbers of processed DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are available for successful homology search, promoting synaptonemal-complex formation independently and playing key role in the male mid-pachytene checkpoint and the female meiotic prophase checkpoint.
Belongs to the Diphthine--ammonia ligase family.
Belongs to the cation transport ATPase (P-type) (TC 3.A.3) family. Type IV subfamily.
Binds to the LIM domain of a wide variety of LIM domain-containing transcription factors.
Expressed in adult brain, lung, spleen and kidney. Isoform b is generally expressed at a higher level than isoform a.
Expressed weakly in the stage 10/10.5 embryo. Expression then resumes after stage 25.
Component of some SCF (SKP1-cullin-F-box) protein ligase complex that plays a central role in G1 arrest following DNA damage. Specifically recognizes phosphorylated cyclin-D1 (ccnd1), promoting its ubiquitination and degradation by the proteasome, resulting in G1 arrest (By similarity).
Part of a SCF (SKP1-cullin-F-box) protein ligase complex.
Activated by RHOA binding. Inhibited by Y-27632.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. AGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family.
Protein kinase which is a key regulator of actin cytoskeleton and cell polarity.
Probable component of a centromeric complex involved in assembly of kinetochore proteins, mitotic progression and chromosome segregation.
Belongs to the cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase family. PDE1 subfamily.
Belongs to the complex I subunit 1 family.
Core subunit of respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I) which is composed of 45 different subunits.
Core subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I) which catalyzes electron transfer from NADH through the respiratory chain, using ubiquinone as an electron acceptor. Essential for the catalytic activity and assembly of complex I.
Belongs to the PPase class C family. Prune subfamily.
A pair of annexin repeats may form one binding site for calcium and phospholipid.
Expressed almost uniformly in early embryos.
Forms a ternary complex with nrarp and rbpj/suh.
Functions as a receptor for membrane-bound ligands Jagged-1 (JAG1), Jagged-2 (JAG2) and Delta-1 (DLL1) to regulate cell-fate determination. Upon ligand activation through the released notch intracellular domain (NICD) it forms a transcriptional activator complex with RBPJ/RBPSUH and activates genes of the enhancer of split locus. Affects the implementation of differentiation, proliferation and apoptotic programs. Involved in angiogenesis; negatively regulates endothelial cell proliferation and migration and angiogenic sprouting. Involved in the maturation of both CD4(+) and CD8(+) cells in the thymus. Important for follicular differentiation and possibly cell fate selection within the follicle. During cerebellar development, functions as a receptor for neuronal DNER and is involved in the differentiation of Bergmann glia. Represses neuronal and myogenic differentiation. May play an essential role in postimplantation development, probably in some aspect of cell specification and/or differentiation. May be involved in mesoderm development, somite formation and neurogenesis. Involved in determination of left/right symmetry by modulating the balance between motile and immotile (sensory) cilia at the left-right organiser (LRO) (By similarity).
O-glycosylated on the EGF-like domains. Contains both O-linked fucose and O-linked glucose. O-linked glycosylation by galnt11 is involved in determination of left/right symmetry: glycosylation promotes activation of notch1, possibly by promoting cleavage by adam17, modulating the balance between motile and immotile (sensory) cilia at the left-right organiser (LRO) (By similarity).
Synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum as an inactive form which is proteolytically cleaved by a furin-like convertase in the trans-Golgi network before it reaches the plasma membrane to yield an active, ligand-accessible form. Cleavage results in a C-terminal fragment N(TM) and a N-terminal fragment N(EC). Following ligand binding, it is cleaved by adam17 to yield a membrane-associated intermediate fragment called notch extracellular truncation (NEXT). Following endocytosis, this fragment is then cleaved by presenilin dependent gamma-secretase to release a Notch-derived peptide containing the intracellular domain (NICD) from the membrane (By similarity).
Does not bind lactose, and may not bind carbohydrates.
Most of the residues in the galectin domain that have been shown to be critical for carbohydrate-binding in other galectins are not conserved.
Belongs to the protein-tyrosine phosphatase family. Non-receptor class myotubularin subfamily.
Plays a role in mitochondrial and peroxisomal fission. Promotes the recruitment and association of the fission mediator dynamin-related protein 1 (DNM1L) to the mitochondrial surface.
Subunit of non-clathrin- and clathrin-associated adaptor protein complex 3 (AP-3) that plays a role in protein sorting in the late-Golgi/trans-Golgi network (TGN) and/or endosomes. The AP complexes mediate both the recruitment of clathrin to membranes and the recognition of sorting signals within the cytosolic tails of transmembrane cargo molecules. AP-3 appears to be involved in the sorting of a subset of transmembrane proteins targeted to lysosomes and lysosome-related organelles. In concert with the BLOC-1 complex, AP-3 is required to target cargos into vesicles assembled at cell bodies for delivery into neurites and nerve terminals.
Associates with cyclin-T to form P-TEFb.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CMGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. CDC2/CDKX subfamily.
Member of the cyclin-dependent kinase pair (CDK9/cyclin-T) complex, also called positive transcription elongation factor B (P-TEFb), which is proposed to facilitate the transition from abortive to production elongation by phosphorylating the CTD (C-terminal domain) of the large subunit of RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) and SUPT5H.
May act by regulating membrane trafficking and cellular morphogenesis.
Probably part of the TNF-alpha signaling pathway that can shift the equilibrium toward induction of cell death. May act by regulating membrane trafficking and cellular morphogenesis.
Ferritin receptor that mediates non-transferrin-dependent delivery of iron. Mediates cellular uptake of ferritin-bound iron by stimulating ferritin endocytosis from the cell surface with consequent iron delivery within the cell. Delivery of iron to cells by ferritin is required for the development of specific cell types, suggesting the existence of cell type-specific mechanisms of iron traffic in organogenesis, which alternatively utilize transferrin or non-transferrin iron delivery pathways.
ATP-dependent RNA helicase that is an integral component of messenger ribonucleoprotein complexes (mRNPs), storage particles that mask maternal mRNAs from the translational apparatus during oocyte maturation.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX6/DHH1 subfamily.
Component of a ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex, composed at least of cpeb1, lsm14b/rap55b, ddx6/Xp54, ybx2/frgy2, pat1/P100, eif4enif1/4E-T and eif4e1b. Component of a ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex, composed at least of elavl1/elrA and/or elavl2/elrB, igf2bp3/vg1RBP, ddx6/Xp54, ybx2/frgy2, lsm14b/rap55b and, in a subset of RNP complexes, stau1/staufen. Component of a ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex, composed at least of lsm14a/rap55a, ybx2/frgy2, ddx6/Xp54 and eif4enif1/4E-T. Interacts with lsm14a/rap55a.
Expressed maternally. Expression peaks at stage I of oogenesis and remains fairly constant through to the end of oogenesis and, after fertilization, up to blastula. From blastula, through gastrula and neurula, expression declines significantly. May also be expressed zygotically since a low level of expression is detected up to the free-feeding tadpole stage (embryonic stage 42) (at protein level).
In adults, expression is restricted to the germline cells of the ovary.
Belongs to the adaptor complexes medium subunit family. Delta-COP subfamily.
Oligomeric complex that consists of at least the alpha, beta, beta', gamma, delta, epsilon and zeta subunits.
Biotransformation enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of arene and aliphatic epoxides to less reactive and more water soluble dihydrodiols by the trans addition of water.
Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily. Proton-dependent oligopeptide transporter (POT/PTR) (TC 2.A.17) family.
Proton-coupled amino-acid transporter that mediates the transmembrane transport of L-histidine and some di- and tripeptides from inside the lysosome to the cytosol, and plays a key role in innate immune response. Able to transport a variety of di- and tripeptides, including carnosine and some peptidoglycans (By similarity). Transporter activity is pH-dependent and maximized in the acidic lysosomal environment (By similarity).
Acts as a transcriptional corepressor for snai1 and snai2/slug and plays a role in regulating neural crest development.
Belongs to the cation diffusion facilitator (CDF) transporter (TC 2.A.4) family. SLC30A subfamily.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS13 family.
Belongs to the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase family.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 31 family.
A connexon is composed of a hexamer of connexins.
One gap junction consists of a cluster of closely packed pairs of transmembrane channels, the connexons, through which materials of low MW diffuse from one cell to a neighboring cell.
May act as a specific coactivator for the mammalian TEFs.
Probable peripherally associated component of the endosomal sorting required for transport complex III (ESCRT-III) which is involved in multivesicular bodies (MVBs) formation and sorting of endosomal cargo proteins into MVBs. MVBs contain intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) that are generated by invagination and scission from the limiting membrane of the endosome and mostly are delivered to lysosomes enabling degradation of membrane proteins, such as stimulated growth factor receptors, lysosomal enzymes and lipids.
Probable peripherally associated component of the endosomal sorting required for transport complex III (ESCRT-III).
Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 1 family. Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subfamily.
The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor mediates various cellular responses, including inhibition of adenylate cyclase, breakdown of phosphoinositides and modulation of potassium channels through the action of G proteins.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL37 family.
Component of the large ribosomal subunit. The ribosome is a large ribonucleoprotein complex responsible for the synthesis of proteins in the cell.
Component of the elongator complex which is required for multiple tRNA modifications, including mcm5U (5-methoxycarbonylmethyl uridine), mcm5s2U (5-methoxycarbonylmethyl-2-thiouridine), and ncm5U (5-carbamoylmethyl uridine) (By similarity). The elongator complex catalyzes formation of carboxymethyluridine in the wobble base at position 34 in tRNAs (By similarity).
The elongator complex was originally thought to play a role in transcription elongation. However, it is no longer thought to play a direct role in this process and its primary function is thought to be in tRNA modification.
Belongs to the protein-tyrosine phosphatase family. Receptor class 2A subfamily.
Heterotetramer of alpha and beta chains.
The branched-chain alpha-keto dehydrogenase complex catalyzes the overall conversion of alpha-keto acids to acyl-CoA and CO(2). It contains multiple copies of three enzymatic components: branched-chain alpha-keto acid decarboxylase (E1), lipoamide acyltransferase (E2) and lipoamide dehydrogenase (E3).
Belongs to the protein-tyrosine phosphatase family. Non-receptor class CDC14 subfamily.
Belongs to the SLC13A/DASS transporter (TC 2.A.47) family. NADC subfamily.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Expression accumulates from stage 17 (neurula stage) onwards.
Expressed maternally in both vegetal and animal blastomeres with enrichment in the animal hemisphere. Expressed zygotically near the prosencephalic-mesencephalic boundary of the developing brain in neurula and tailbud stages, and also in non-brain areas at tadpole stages.
Ligand for members of the frizzled family of seven transmembrane receptors. Functions in the canonical Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway.
Originally called wnt-2b by PubMed:9203142. Although PubMed:12084573 renames it as wnt-2, it is considered to be a wnt2b paralog by Xenbase.
Palmitoleoylation is required for efficient binding to frizzled receptors. Depalmitoleoylation leads to Wnt signaling pathway inhibition.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 32 family.
Belongs to the fatty acid desaturase CarF family.
Plays a major role in tight junction-specific obliteration of the intercellular space, through calcium-independent cell-adhesion activity.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 29 family.
Belongs to the sodium:solute symporter (SSF) (TC 2.A.21) family.
Belongs to the class VI-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. PEMT/PEM2 methyltransferase family.
Catalyzes the three sequential steps of the methylation pathway for the biosynthesis of phosphatidylcholine, a critical and essential component for membrane structure. Uses S-adenosylmethionine (S-adenosyl-L-methionine, SAM or AdoMet) as the methyl group donor for the methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine (1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine, PE) to phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine (1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-N-methylethanolamine, PMME), PMME to phosphatidyldimethylethanolamine (1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-N,N-dimethylethanolamine, PDME), and PDME to phosphatidylcholine (1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, PC), producing S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine in each step.
Interacts (via RRM3) with cirbp. Unable to form oligomers (By similarity). Part of a ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex, at least composed of elavl1/elrA and/or elavl2/elrB, igf2bp3/vg1RBP, ddx6/Xp54, ybx2/frgy2, lsm14b/rap55b and, in a subset of RNP complexes, stau1/staufen.
RNA-binding protein that binds to the 3'-UTR region of mRNAs and increases their stability. Involved in embryonic stem cells (ESCs) differentiation: preferentially binds mRNAs that are not methylated by N6-methyladenosine (m6A), stabilizing them, promoting ESCs differentiation (By similarity). Binds to poly-U elements and AU-rich elements (AREs) in the 3'-UTR of target mRNAs. Acts cooperatively with cribp to stabilize AU-rich sequence (ARE)-containing mRNAs. May play a role during gastrulation. Required for the vegetal localization of vg1 mRNA.
Belongs to the ANT/ATPSC lysine N-methyltransferase family.
Binds 1 divalent metal cation per subunit; can use either Mg(2+) or Mn(2+).
Pyrophosphatase that hydrolyzes the non-canonical purine (dITP) as well as 2'-deoxy-N-6-hydroxylaminopurine triphosphate (dHAPTP) and xanthosine 5'-triphosphate (XTP) to their respective monophosphate derivatives. The enzyme does not distinguish between the deoxy- and ribose forms. Probably excludes non-canonical purines from RNA and DNA precursor pools, thus preventing their incorporation into RNA and DNA and avoiding chromosomal lesions.
Pyrophosphatase that hydrolyzes the non-canonical purine nucleotides inosine triphosphate (ITP), deoxyinosine triphosphate (dITP) as well as 2'-deoxy-N-6-hydroxylaminopurine triphosphate (dHAPTP) and xanthosine 5'-triphosphate (XTP) to their respective monophosphate derivatives. The enzyme does not distinguish between the deoxy- and ribose forms. Probably excludes non-canonical purines from RNA and DNA precursor pools, thus preventing their incorporation into RNA and DNA and avoiding chromosomal lesions.
Belongs to the delta-EF1/ZFH-1 C2H2-type zinc-finger family.
Decapping scavenger enzyme that catalyzes the cleavage of a residual cap structure following the degradation of mRNAs by the 3'->5' exosome-mediated mRNA decay pathway.
Homodimer. Associates with components of the exosome multienzyme ribonuclease complex, such as EXOSC3 and EXOSC4. Interacts with NDOR1.
Belongs to the beta type-B retroviral polymerase family. HERV class-II K(HML-2) pol subfamily.
Belongs to the myelin P0 protein family.
Regulatory component of the SET1 complex implicated in the tethering of this complex to transcriptional start sites of active genes. Facilitates histone H3 'Lys-4' methylation (H3K4me) via recruitment of the SETD1A or SETD1B to the 'Ser-5' phosphorylated C-terminal domain (CTD) of RNA polymerase II large subunit (POLR2A). Part of a transcription termination checkpoint that promotes transcription termination of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs).
Belongs to the small GTPase superfamily. RGK family.
Deubiquitinating enzyme that may play a role in the ubiquitin-dependent regulation of different cellular processes.
Although the final Cys may be farnesylated, the terminal tripeptide is probably not removed, and the C-terminus is not methylated.
Belongs to the phosphorylase b kinase regulatory chain family.
Phosphorylase b kinase catalyzes the phosphorylation of serine in certain substrates, including troponin I. The alpha chain may bind calmodulin.
Belongs to the twisted gastrulation protein family.
Binds directly to bmp2, bmp4 and bmp7 and can form a ternary complex with bmps and chordin, thus preventing the binding of bmps to their cell surface receptors.
Involved in dorsal-ventral patterning, permitting peak BMP signaling by antagonizing the residual anti-BMP activity of the cleavage products of chrd. Functions to promote the formation of ventral mesoderm by increasing the activity of bmp7 and other BMPS. Seems to antagonize BMP signaling by forming ternary complexes with chrd and BMPs, thereby preventing BMPs from binding to their receptors. In addition to the anti-BMP function, also has pro-BMP activity, partly mediated by cleavage and degradation of chrd, which releases BMPs from ternary complexes. May be an important modulator of BMP-regulated cartilage development and chondrocyte differentiation.
Knockdown of tsg and bmp7 results in the siren phenotype with loss of posteroventral cell fates associated with decreased BMP activity.
Maternal transcripts are distributed throughout animal half of the embryo during cleavage stages. At the late gastrula stage, maternal transcripts decrease and zygotic transcripts appear specifically in the ventral region of the embryo. After neurulation, expressed ventrally in the closed blastopore slit and the neural tube. At the tailbud stage, detected in the postanal region, heart and dorsal eye.
The N-terminal domain is sufficient to interact with bmp4.
Activated by magnesium and inorganic phosphate. Competitively or non-competitively inhibited by ADP, 2,3-bisphosphoglyceride or GDP (By similarity).
Belongs to the ribose-phosphate pyrophosphokinase family.
Catalyzes the synthesis of phosphoribosylpyrophosphate (PRPP) that is essential for nucleotide synthesis.
Homodimer. The active form is probably a hexamer composed of 3 homodimers (By similarity).
Forms a complex composed of PDGFRL, TNK2 and GRB2.
Exclusively in the anterior neural fold of neurula stage embryos. By the tailbud stage, the protein is localized in specialized cephalic ectoderm, in a region probably corresponding to the hatching gland.
Probable component of the PAM complex at least composed of 1 mitochondrial HSP70 protein, 1 GRPE, 1 TIMM44, 1 TIMM16/PAM16 and 1 TIMM14.
Probable component of the PAM complex, a complex required for the translocation of transit peptide-containing proteins from the inner membrane into the mitochondrial matrix in an ATP-dependent manner. May be required to regulate the ATP-dependent activity (By similarity).
The J-like region, although related to the J domain does not have co-chaperone activity.
Binds DNA as a multimer, probably a dimer.
SRF is a transcription factor that binds to the serum response element (SRE), a short sequence of dyad symmetry located 300 bp to the 5' of the site of transcription initiation of some genes (such as FOS). Together with MRTFA transcription coactivator, controls expression of genes regulating the cytoskeleton during development, morphogenesis and cell migration.
Component of the exocyst complex involved in the docking of exocytic vesicles with fusion sites on the plasma membrane.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class dynamin-like GTPase superfamily. Very large inducible GTPase (VLIG) family.
Belongs to the PX domain-containing GAP family.
GTPase-activating protein (GAP) promoting GTP hydrolysis on RHOA, CDC42 and RAC1 small GTPases.
The N-terminal PX domain interacts specifically with phosphatidylinositides.
Belongs to the iodothyronine deiodinase family.
Responsible for the deiodination of T4 (3,5,3',5'-tetraiodothyronine).
Belongs to the nuclear hormone receptor family. NR1 subfamily.
Belongs to the nonaspanin (TM9SF) (TC 9.A.2) family.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 22 family.
Component of the Mediator complex, a coactivator involved in the regulated transcription of nearly all RNA polymerase II-dependent genes. Mediator functions as a bridge to convey information from gene-specific regulatory proteins to the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. Mediator is recruited to promoters by direct interactions with regulatory proteins and serves as a scaffold for the assembly of a functional preinitiation complex with RNA polymerase II and the general transcription factors (By similarity).
Component of the Mediator complex, a coactivator involved in the regulated transcription of nearly all RNA polymerase II-dependent genes. Mediator functions as a bridge to convey information from gene-specific regulatory proteins to the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. Mediator is recruited to promoters by direct interactions with regulatory proteins and serves as a scaffold for the assembly of a functional preinitiation complex with RNA polymerase II and the general transcription factors.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 79 family.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. AGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. PKC subfamily.
Calcium-independent, phospholipid- and diacylglycerol (DAG)-dependent serine/threonine-protein kinase that is involved in the regulation of cell differentiation in keratinocytes and pre-B cell receptor, mediates regulation of epithelial tight junction integrity and foam cell formation, and is required for glioblastoma proliferation and apoptosis prevention in MCF-7 cells. In keratinocytes, binds and activates the tyrosine kinase FYN, which in turn blocks epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling and leads to keratinocyte growth arrest and differentiation. Associates with the cyclin CCNE1-CDK2-CDKN1B complex and inhibits CDK2 kinase activity, leading to RB1 dephosphorylation and thereby G1 arrest in keratinocytes. In association with RALA activates actin depolymerization, which is necessary for keratinocyte differentiation. In the pre-B cell receptor signaling, functions downstream of BLNK by up-regulating IRF4, which in turn activates L chain gene rearrangement. Regulates epithelial tight junctions (TJs) by phosphorylating occludin (OCLN) on threonine residues, which is necessary for the assembly and maintenance of TJs. In association with PLD2 and via TLR4 signaling, is involved in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RGS2 down-regulation and foam cell formation. Upon PMA stimulation, mediates glioblastoma cell proliferation by activating the mTOR pathway, the PI3K/AKT pathway and the ERK1-dependent phosphorylation of ELK1. Involved in the protection of glioblastoma cells from irradiation-induced apoptosis by preventing caspase-9 activation. In camptothecin-treated MCF-7 cells, regulates NF-kappa-B upstream signaling by activating IKBKB, and confers protection against DNA damage-induced apoptosis.
Novel PKCs (PRKCD, PRKCE, PRKCH and PRKCQ) are calcium-insensitive, but activated by diacylglycerol (DAG) and phosphatidylserine. Three specific sites; Thr-513 (activation loop of the kinase domain), Thr-656 (turn motif) and Ser-675 (hydrophobic region), need to be phosphorylated for its full activation.
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics.
May play a role in anterograde transport of membrane proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi.
Belongs to the AB hydrolase superfamily. AB hydrolase 4 family.
Belongs to the prickle / espinas / testin family.
Belongs to the complexin/synaphin family.
Belongs to the DNA repair metallo-beta-lactamase (DRMBL) family.
Metallocarboxypeptidase that mediates protein deglutamylation of tubulin and non-tubulin target proteins. Catalyzes the removal of polyglutamate side chains present on the gamma-carboxyl group of glutamate residues within the C-terminal tail of alpha- and beta-tubulin. Specifically cleaves tubulin long-side-chains, while it is not able to remove the branching point glutamate. Also catalyzes the removal of polyglutamate residues from the carboxy-terminus of alpha-tubulin as well as non-tubulin proteins.
Belongs to the TALE/MEIS homeobox family.
Interacts with DDX4, PIWIL1, RANBP9 and TDRD1.
Belongs to the CoA-transferase III family.
Receptor for Dickkopf proteins. Cooperates with DKK1/2 to inhibit Wnt/beta-catenin signaling by promoting the endocytosis of Wnt receptors LRP5 and LRP6.
Belongs to the adenylyl cyclase class-4/guanylyl cyclase family.
Binds 2 magnesium ions per subunit. Is also active with manganese (in vitro).
Catalyzes the formation of the signaling molecule cAMP in response to G-protein signaling.
Belongs to the PPP phosphatase family. PP-1 subfamily.
PP1 comprises a catalytic subunit, ppp1c1, ppp1cb or ppp1cc, which is folded into its native form by inhibitor 2 and glycogen synthetase kinase 3, and then is complexed to one or several targeting or regulatory subunits.
Protein phosphatase that associates with over 200 regulatory proteins to form highly specific holoenzymes which dephosphorylate hundreds of biological targets. Protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) is essential for cell division, and participates in the regulation of glycogen metabolism, muscle contractility and protein synthesis (By similarity). Promotes nuclear envelope reassembly by targeting nuclear membrane vesicles to chromatin at the end of mitosis. Acts by dephosphorylating membrane proteins such as lamin B receptor (lbr) to regulate the binding of membrane proteins to chromatin (By similarity).
Belongs to the class-II pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family.
Central scaffolding component of the centrioles ensuring their 9-fold symmetry. Required for centrosome biogenesis and duplication: required both for mother-centriole-dependent centriole duplication and deuterosome-dependent centriole amplification in multiciliated cells (By similarity).
Nine homodimers form a cartwheel structure with an internal diameter of 23 nM and radial spokes connecting to the microtubule triplets.
The 35 nM long coiled-coil domain mediates homodimerization while the globular N-terminus links the dimers at an angle of 40 degrees to form the inner ring.
Belongs to the protein prenyltransferase subunit beta family.
Catalyzes the transfer of a geranylgeranyl moiety from geranylgeranyl diphosphate to both cysteines of proteins with the C-terminal sequence -XXCC, -XCXC and -CCXX.
This enzyme is involved in the de novo synthesis of CTP, a precursor of DNA, RNA and phospholipids. Catalyzes the ATP-dependent amination of UTP to CTP with either L-glutamine or ammonia as a source of nitrogen.
Involved in transport of proteins from the cis/medial-Golgi to the trans-Golgi network.
Heterotetramer of TRAP-alpha, TRAP-beta, TRAP-delta and TRAP-gamma.
TRAP proteins are part of a complex whose function is to bind calcium to the ER membrane and thereby regulate the retention of ER resident proteins.
Actin stress fibers-associated protein that activates non-muscle myosin IIa. Through the activation of non-muscle myosin IIa, positively regulates actin stress fibers assembly and stabilizes focal adhesions. It therefore negatively regulates cell spreading and cell migration.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 23 family.
Catalyzes the addition of fucose in alpha 1-6 linkage to the first GlcNAc residue, next to the peptide chains in N-glycans.
Belongs to the pyrimidine 5'-nucleotidase family.
Specifically hydrolyzes 7-methylguanosine monophosphate (m(7)GMP) to 7-methylguanosine and inorganic phosphate. The specific activity for m(7)GMP may protect cells against undesired salvage of m(7)GMP and its incorporation into nucleic acids. Also has weak activity for CMP. UMP and purine nucleotides are poor substrates (By similarity).
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Tyr protein kinase family. JAK subfamily.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Maternal expression declines during cleavage and blastula stages with zygotic expression increasing from gastrulation. From neurula stage onwards, expression levels are relatively constant.
In the embryo, expressed in a range of tissues, with primary expression in the developing pronephros; expressed in the pronephric anlage, and by the swimming tadpole stages expressed robustly in the pronephric tubules and weakly in the pronephric duct. Expressed in the secondary heart field. In the developing nervous system, expressed in the neural crest and in the neural folds during neurula stages, and at stage 20 in the neural tube, ventral mesoderm and mid-hindbrain boundary. By early tailbud stages, expressed in the neural tube, somites and branchial arches. In tadpoles (stage 37/38), expressed in the heart, eye, otic vesicle, somites and branchial arches. Also expressed in migrating muscle cells. Expressed at a low level in limbs, with expression decreasing as limbs develop, but expressed at a high level in blastemas (regenerated limbs), where expression is localized primarily to the blastemal epidermis. Widely expressed in adults with highest expression in the spleen, skin, intestine and brain, and at a much lower level in testis and heart.
Transcriptional regulator (lacking a basic DNA binding domain) which negatively regulates the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors by forming heterodimers and inhibiting their DNA binding and transcriptional activity. Inhibits the activity of both neurogenic (neurod1/neuroD) and myogenic (myod1/myoD) bHLH factors. May play a role in the regulation of the circadian clock.
Belongs to the riboflavin transporter family.
Plasma membrane transporter mediating the uptake by cells of the water soluble vitamin B2/riboflavin that plays a key role in biochemical oxidation-reduction reactions of the carbohydrate, lipid, and amino acid metabolism.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 1 family.
Catalyzes the pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent breakdown of phosphoethanolamine, converting it to ammonia, inorganic phosphate and acetaldehyde.
Does not seem to possess aminotransferase activity.
Belongs to the cation transport ATPase (P-type) (TC 3.A.3) family. Type IIC subfamily.
Belongs to the 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase family.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class myosin-kinesin ATPase superfamily. Kinesin family.
Sulfate transporter. May play a role in endochondral bone formation.
Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 1 family. Opsin subfamily.
Contains one covalently linked retinal chromophore. Upon light absorption, the covalently bound 11-cis-retinal is converted to all-trans-retinal. After hydrolysis of the Schiff base and release of the covalently bound all-trans-retinal, active rhodopsin is regenerated by binding of a fresh molecule of 11-cis-retinal.
Photoreceptor required for image-forming vision at low light intensity. Required for photoreceptor cell viability after birth (By similarity). Light-induced isomerization of 11-cis to all-trans retinal triggers a conformational change that activates signaling via G-proteins. Subsequent receptor phosphorylation mediates displacement of the bound G-protein alpha subunit by arrestin and terminates signaling (By similarity).
Binds to actin filaments in muscle and non-muscle cells. Plays a central role, in association with the troponin complex, in the calcium dependent regulation of vertebrate striated muscle contraction. Smooth muscle contraction is regulated by interaction with caldesmon. In non-muscle cells is implicated in stabilizing cytoskeleton actin filaments.
Homodimer. Heterodimer of an alpha (TPM1, TPM3 or TPM4) and a beta (TPM2) chain.
The molecule is in a coiled coil structure that is formed by 2 polypeptide chains. The sequence exhibits a prominent seven-residues periodicity.
Component of the PeBoW complex, composed of bop1, pes1 and wdr12. The complex is held together by bop1, which interacts with pes1 via its N-terminal domain and with wdr12 via a high-affinity interaction between the seven-bladed beta-propeller domains of the 2 proteins. The PeBoW complex associates with the 66S pre-ribosome.
Component of the PeBoW complex, which is required for maturation of 28S and 5.8S ribosomal RNAs and formation of the 60S ribosome (By similarity). Required for neural crest migration and eye development.
Maternally expressed. Strongly expressed in the anterior neural plate at stage 18. Expressed in the migrating cranial neural crest and the developing eye at stage 23. Also expressed in the midbrain-hindbrain boundary, migrating neural crest cells and the periocular mesenchyme at stages 26-31. Expression appears to require Wnt-4 activity.
Belongs to the small leucine-rich proteoglycan (SLRP) family. SLRP class I subfamily.
Belongs to the tumor necrosis factor family.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. Cation-dependent O-methyltransferase family.
Catalyzes the O-methylation, and thereby the inactivation, of catecholamine neurotransmitters and catechol hormones.
Differentially regulated in the ectoderm and neuroectoderm by notch and neurog2/ngnr1.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically.
Expressed in the animal half of the early cleavage stage embryo. During neurulation and organogenesis, the otic vesicles and retina are the main sites of expression; expression in otic placodes begins as early as stage 13.5, persisting in the otic vesicles at stage 30 and beyond. Also transiently expressed in the olfactory placodes. In addition, weakly expressed in primary neurons. Expression in the retina begins at stage 21, and is seen throughout the neural retina by stage 30. From stage 35 onwards, expression progressively declines in the central retina, while remaining high in the margins. At stage 41, expression becomes restricted to the ciliary marginal zone (CMZ) of the retina, the only region where retinogenesis is still occurring.
Has a particular type of basic domain (presence of a helix-interrupting proline) that binds to the N-box (CACNAG), rather than the canonical E-box (CANNTG).
The C-terminal WRPW motif is a transcriptional repression domain necessary for the interaction with Groucho/TLE family members, transcriptional corepressors recruited to specific target DNA by Hairy-related proteins.
Transcription repression requires formation of a complex with a corepressor protein of the Groucho/TLE family (By similarity). Homodimer, and heterodimer with the other bHLH proteins neurod1, neurod4/ath3, hes1/hairy1 and hes6r. Weakly interacts with the bHLH protein hey1/hrt1.
Transcriptional repressor. Essential in the retina to govern glial versus neuronal differentiation. Promotes gliogenesis through the inhibition of neuronal differentiation by at least two distinct mechanisms; represses proneural gene transcription, and also physically interacts with proneural proteins, including neurod1.
Component of the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), a cell cycle-regulated E3 ubiquitin ligase that controls progression through mitosis and the G1 phase of the cell cycle. The APC/C complex acts by mediating ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of target proteins: it mainly mediates the formation of 'Lys-11'-linked polyubiquitin chains and, to a lower extent, the formation of 'Lys-48'- and 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitin chains (By similarity).
Component of the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), a cell cycle-regulated E3 ubiquitin ligase that controls progression through mitosis and the G1 phase of the cell cycle. The APC/C complex acts by mediating ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of target proteins: it mainly mediates the formation of 'Lys-11'-linked polyubiquitin chains and, to a lower extent, the formation of 'Lys-48'- and 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitin chains.
The APC/C is composed of at least 12 subunits. ANAPC16 associates with the rest of the complex independently of ANAPC2 and ANAPC11 (By similarity).
Endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment membrane
Plays a role in transport between endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi.
Possible role in transport between endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi.
Ubiquitin ligase protein which is a component of the N-end rule pathway. Recognizes and binds to proteins bearing specific N-terminal residues that are destabilizing according to the N-end rule, leading to their ubiquitination and subsequent degradation.
Component of a complex with papd4, sympk, tacc3, parn, dazl and cpeb1 (PubMed:21098481).
Sequence-specific RNA-binding protein that acts as a post-transcriptional repressor by binding the 3'-UTR of mRNA targets. Binds to an RNA consensus sequence, the Pumilio Response Element (PRE), 5'-UGUANAUA-3', that is related to the Nanos Response Element (NRE). Mediates post-transcriptional repression of transcripts via different mechanisms: acts via direct recruitment of deadenylase complexes leading to translational inhibition and mRNA degradation (PubMed:21098481). Also mediates deadenylation-independent repression by promoting accessibility of miRNAs.
The pumilio repeats mediate the association with RNA by packing together to form a right-handed superhelix that approximates a half donut. RNA-binding occurs on the concave side of the surface. Pum2 is composed of 8 pumilio repeats of 36 residues; each repeat binds a single nucleotide in its RNA target. Residues at positions 12 and 16 of the pumilio repeat bind each RNA base via hydrogen bonding or van der Waals contacts with the Watson-Crick edge, while the amino acid at position 13 makes a stacking interaction. The recognition of RNA by pumilio repeats is base specific: cysteine and glutamine at position 12 and 16, respectively, bind adenine; asparagine and glutamine bind uracil; and serine and glutamate bind guanine.
Belongs to the cytochrome c oxidase IV family.
Component of the cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV, CIV), a multisubunit enzyme composed of 14 subunits.
Component of the cytochrome c oxidase, the last enzyme in the mitochondrial electron transport chain which drives oxidative phosphorylation.
First detected at germinal vesicle breakdown in maturing oocytes (at protein level).
Kinesin family member that is involved in spindle formation and the movements of chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis. Binds to microtubules and to DNA.
Ubiquitinated, leading to its subsequent proteasomal degradation.
Oligomer of 24 subunits. The functional molecule is roughly spherical and contains a central cavity into which the polymeric mineral iron core is deposited.
Stores iron in a soluble, non-toxic, readily available form. Important for iron homeostasis. Iron is taken up in the ferrous form and deposited as ferric hydroxides after oxidation.
Endonuclease that specifically degrades the RNA of RNA-DNA hybrids.
Component of the small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein particles containing H/ACA-type snoRNAs (H/ACA snoRNPs).
Required for ribosome biogenesis. Part of a complex which catalyzes pseudouridylation of rRNA. This involves the isomerization of uridine such that the ribose is subsequently attached to C5, instead of the normal N1. Pseudouridine ("psi") residues may serve to stabilize the conformation of rRNAs.
Belongs to the class V-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily.
Involved in the positive regulation of histone H3-K9 dimethylation.
Belongs to the protein-tyrosine phosphatase family. Receptor class 2B subfamily.
Potent suppressor of cytokine production that acts as a regulator of innate immune signaling and inflammation. Acts as a key negative regulator of select cytokine and chemokine responses elicited by TRIF-independent Toll-like receptors (TLRs), thereby limiting inflammatory cytokine responses to minor insults (By similarity). Has ribonuclease activity (By similarity).
The SMN complex catalyzes the assembly of small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs), the building blocks of the spliceosome, and thereby plays an important role in the splicing of cellular pre-mRNAs.
Belongs to the calcium channel alpha-1 subunit (TC 1.A.1.11) family.
Voltage-sensitive calcium channels (VSCC) mediate the entry of calcium ions into excitable cells and are also involved in a variety of calcium-dependent processes, including muscle contraction, hormone or neurotransmitter release, gene expression, cell motility, cell division and cell death.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. AGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. cGMP subfamily.
Belongs to the 'GDSL' lipolytic enzyme family. Phospholipase B1 subfamily.
Acts as a ligand for integrins, specifically ITGA5:ITGB1 and ITGAV:ITGB3; both integrins and the CD40 receptor are required for activation of CD40-CD40LG signaling, which have cell-type dependent effects, such as B-cell activation, NF-kappa-B signaling and anti-apoptotic signaling.
Cytokine that acts as a ligand to CD40/TNFRSF5. Costimulates T-cell proliferation and cytokine production. Involved in immunoglobulin class switching.
Belongs to the EGR C2H2-type zinc-finger protein family.
Binds to DNA motifs with the sequence 5'-GCG(T/G)GGGCG-3' via its C2H2-type zinc fingers. The first, most N-terminal zinc finger binds to the 3'-GCG motif, the middle zinc finger interacts with the central TGG motif, and the C-terminal zinc finger binds to the 5'-GCG motif. Binds double-stranded target DNA, irrespective of the cytosine methylation status. Has reduced affinity for target DNA where the cytosines have been oxidized to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine. Does not bind target DNA where the cytosines have been oxidized to 5-formylcytosine or 5-carboxylcytosine.
By dorsalizing and ventralizing growth factors during mesoderm induction. Responds to the FGF-induced MAPK/Ets-serum response factor (srf-elk1)-signaling pathway. Induced by activin and bmp4 acting indirectly via an FGF-signaling pathway. Induced in response to wound-induced activation of the MAPK pathway. Induced by both t/bra and foxa4/pintallavis alone, with maximal activation requiring both transcription factors. Induction by t/bra is indirect and probably occurs via the FGF-signaling pathway, whereas induction by foxa4/pintallavis may be direct.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Expressed at a low level maternally, with expression strongly increasing with the onset of gastrulation, then decreasing again in later stages of embryonic development with expression undetectable during neurulation. Expressed in adults.
Expressed in the presumptive mesoderm. In blastula embryos, expressed in the dorsal marginal zone, and at the onset of gastrulation expression is specific to the Spemann organizer. As gastrulation proceeds, expressed in a ring around the yolk plug. This expression is maintained in advanced gastrulae, with weak expression also extending into the dorsal midline. By the neurula stage, expression is excluded from the notochord. In late tailbud stages, expressed in two spots in the anterior forebrain, which are connected via a bridge of cells that also show expression.
Transcriptional regulator. Recognizes and binds to the DNA sequence 5'-GCG(T/G)GGGCG-3'(EGR-site) in the promoter region of target genes (By similarity). Binds double-stranded target DNA, irrespective of the cytosine methylation status (By similarity). Regulates the transcription of numerous target genes, and thereby plays an important role in regulating the response to growth factors, DNA damage, and ischemia. Plays a role in the regulation of cell survival, proliferation and cell death. Mediates responses to ischemia and hypoxia; regulates the expression of proteins that are involved in inflammatory processes (By similarity). Plays a role in regulating the expression of circadian clock genes (By similarity).
Belongs to the RIN (Ras interaction/interference) family.
Seems to facilitate zinc transport from the cytoplasm into the Golgi apparatus. Partly regulates cellular zinc homeostasis (By similarity).
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS19 family.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 61 family.
Catalyzes the transfer of a single N-acetylglucosamine from UDP-GlcNAc to a serine or threonine residue in extracellular proteins resulting in their modification with a beta-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc). Specifically glycosylates the Thr residue located between the fifth and sixth conserved cysteines of folded EGF-like domains.
Belongs to the ubiquitin conjugation factor E4 family.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Alpha-type protein kinase family.
Undergoes calcium/calmodulin-dependent intramolecular autophosphorylation, and this results in it becoming partially calcium/calmodulin-independent.
Putative RNA-binding protein. May be involved in regulating gene expression during embryonic development. Seems to be involved in endoderm formation. Ectopic expression results in endoderm formation in the absence of mesoderm induction (By similarity).
Adapter protein implicated in the regulation of a large spectrum of both general and specialized signaling pathways. Binds to a large number of partners, usually by recognition of a phosphoserine or phosphothreonine motif. Binding generally results in the modulation of the activity of the binding partner.
ATP-binding component of the Arp2/3 complex, a multiprotein complex that mediates actin polymerization upon stimulation by nucleation-promoting factor (NPF). The Arp2/3 complex mediates the formation of branched actin networks in the cytoplasm, providing the force for cell motility (By similarity). Seems to contact the pointed end of the daughter actin filament (By similarity). In addition to its role in the cytoplasmic cytoskeleton, the Arp2/3 complex also promotes actin polymerization in the nucleus, thereby regulating gene transcription and repair of damaged DNA (By similarity). The Arp2/3 complex promotes homologous recombination (HR) repair in response to DNA damage by promoting nuclear actin polymerization, leading to drive motility of double-strand breaks (DSBs) (By similarity).
Belongs to the actin family. ARP3 subfamily.
Belongs to the short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDR) family.
Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily. Vesicular transporter family.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 4 family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL22 family.
Belongs to the acetyltransferase family. MAK3 subfamily.
Belongs to the cytochrome c oxidase VIIa family.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. TKL Ser/Thr protein kinase family. TGFB receptor subfamily.
Involved in ciliary process assembly. May play a role in the trafficking of ciliary membrane proteins from the Golgi complex to the cilium. Regulates the platelet-derived growth factor receptor-alpha (PDGFRA) signaling pathway. Plays an important role in spermatogenesis, particularly spermiogenesis, when germ cells form flagella.
Belongs to the dystrophin family. Dystrobrevin subfamily.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Tyr protein kinase family.
Belongs to the GLI C2H2-type zinc-finger protein family.
Belongs to the amidinotransferase family.
Catalyzes the biosynthesis of guanidinoacetate, the immediate precursor of creatine.
Part of a SCF (SKP1-cullin-F-box) protein ligase complex (PubMed:15713843). Interaction with SKP1 does not occur (By similarity).
Phosphorylated on Thr-195 by CaMK2 in response to calcium during egg activation, which promotes subsequent phosphorylation by PLK1, ubiquitination and protesomal degradation.
Required to prevent anaphase onset in cytostatic factor-arrested oocytes. Inhibits the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) ubiquitin ligase and prevents cyclin degradation. Probably recognizes and binds to some phosphorylated proteins and promotes their ubiquitination and degradation.
Ubiquitinated by FBXW1 during egg activation, which promotes proteasomal degradation.
Belongs to the protein-tyrosine phosphatase family.
Belongs to the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family. FTS subfamily.
Lacks the conserved Cys residue necessary for ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 activity.
May function to promote vesicle trafficking and/or fusion. May also regulate apoptosis (By similarity).
Belongs to the beta-microseminoprotein family.
By retinoic acid in combination with activin.
Expression starts at late gastrula stages in cells fated to become the primordia of the otic system and the pronephric kidney. Expression is maintained in these two structures through late tailbud stages. Does not appear to be expressed in the thyroid gland.
Probable transcription factor. Involved in kidney development, acting synergistically with lhx1/lim-1 to establish the pronephric primordium in late gastrulae/early neurulae.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. STE Ser/Thr protein kinase family. STE20 subfamily.
Expressed from the egg to the tailbud stage embryo. Expressed at late gastrula/early neurula stages of development within the posterior neuroectoderm. Expressed in primary neurons as they differentiate in the neural plate at stage 14.5 in the area of the trigeminal placodes. Expressed in the cement gland at stage 17. Expressed during later phases in the notochord in tissues derived from dorsolateral cranial placodes.
Morpholino knockdown of the protein causes inhibition of neuronal differentiation and an accumulation of neuronal progenitor cells in the anterior neural plate.
Serine/threonine protein kinase that plays a role in a variety of different signaling pathways. Involved in early neuronal development; required for cell cycle exit and differentiation of primary neurons. May be required for the formation of dendritic spines and excitatory synapses (By similarity). Cooperates synergistically with mturn to promote primary neural differentiation within the neural plate. Involved in the cement gland formation.
Up-regulated by the proneural transcription factors Neurog2, Neurod1 and Ebf3. Down-regulated by the Notch pathway.
Belongs to the liprin family. Liprin-beta subfamily.
Belongs to the zinc-containing alcohol dehydrogenase family. Quinone oxidoreductase subfamily.
Ubiquitin-like protein involved in autophagic vesicle formation.
Belongs to the vacuolar ATPase subunit S1 family.
Belongs to the prenylcysteine oxidase family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL29 family.
Belongs to the glucose-6-phosphatase family.
Belongs to the aldehyde dehydrogenase family.
Catalyzes one step in the degradation of the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).
Belongs to the sarcoglycan beta/delta/gamma/zeta family.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS19 family.
Belongs to the archaeal Rpo11/eukaryotic RPB11/RPC19 RNA polymerase subunit family.
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Component of RNA polymerase II which synthesizes mRNA precursors and many functional non-coding RNAs. Pol II is the central component of the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. It is composed of mobile elements that move relative to each other. RPB11 is part of the core element with the central large cleft.
Plays a role in the organization of the endoplasmic reticulum exit sites (ERES), also known as transitional endoplasmic reticulum (tER). Required for secretory cargo traffic from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus.
SEC16A and SEC16B are each present in multiple copies in a heteromeric complex.
Ubiquitin-binding protein that specifically recognizes and binds 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitin. Does not bind 'Lys-48'-linked ubiquitin. Positively regulates the internalization of ligand-activated EGFR by binding to the Ub moiety of ubiquitinated EGFR at the cell membrane.
Belongs to the dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase family.
Binds 4 [4Fe-4S] clusters. Contains approximately 16 iron atoms per subunit.
Involved in pyrimidine base degradation. Catalyzes the reduction of uracil and thymine.
Kinase that can phosphorylate various inositol polyphosphate such as Ins(3,4,5,6)P4 or Ins(1,3,4)P3.
Interacts with ralB. Probably interacts with the post-translationally isoprenylated (geranyl-geranylation) forms of ral proteins. Interacts with both GDP-bound and GTP-bound forms of ralA, but interaction is much stronger with ralA-GDP (By similarity).
Stimulates GDP/GTP exchange reaction of a group of small GTP-binding proteins (G proteins) including Rap1a/Rap1b, RhoA, RhoB and KRas, by stimulating the dissociation of GDP from and the subsequent binding of GTP to each small G protein.
PP1 comprises a catalytic subunit, and one or several targeting or regulatory subunits.
ATP-dependent microtubule severing protein that specifically recognizes and cuts microtubules that are polyglutamylated. Preferentially recognizes and acts on microtubules decorated with short polyglutamate tails: severing activity increases as the number of glutamates per tubulin rises from one to eight, but decreases beyond this glutamylation threshold. Microtubule severing promotes reorganization of cellular microtubule arrays and the release of microtubules from the centrosome following nucleation. Required for membrane traffic from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi and for completion of the abscission stage of cytokinesis. Also plays a role in axon growth and the formation of axonal branches.
Belongs to the AAA ATPase family. Spastin subfamily.
Homohexamer. The homohexamer is stabilized by ATP-binding. The homohexamer may adopt a ring conformation through which microtubules pass prior to being severed. Interacts with microtubules.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS21 family.
Component of the 40S small ribosomal subunit.
Transposase-derived protein that may have nuclease activity (Potential). Does not have transposase activity.
Belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily. L-isoaspartyl/D-aspartyl protein methyltransferase family.
Both ATG8-interaction motifs (AIM1 and AIM2) are required for the association with ATG8 family proteins.
Component of the signaling pathway of IL-1 and Toll-like receptors. Inhibits cell activation by microbial products. Connects the ubiquitin pathway to autophagy by functioning as a ubiquitin-ATG8 family adapter and thus mediating autophagic clearance of ubiquitin conjugates. The TOLLIP-dependent selective autophagy pathway plays an important role in clearance.
Interacts with ATG8 family proteins (via AIM motifs), and ubiquitin (via CUE domain). of cytotoxic polyQ proteins aggregates.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically, with expression persisting to at least tadpole stages.
Expressed broadly at a low level in the early embryo.
May act as a transcriptional activator or repressor. Inhibits the transcriptional activation of Zic family proteins. Retains nuclear Zic proteins in the cytoplasm (By similarity). Required for dorsoanterior development. Necessary for siamois to activate downstream target genes, including gsc, during execution of the dorsal organizer program. Also regulates the transcriptional activity of TCF7L1/TCF3 by interacting directly with TCF7L1/TCF3 and preventing it from binding DNA.
The C2H2-type 3, 4 and 5 zinc finger domains are necessary for transcription activation. The cysteine-rich C-terminus is involved in its granular distribution in the cytoplasm (By similarity).
Belongs to the class-V pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family. MOCOS subfamily.
Sulfurates the molybdenum cofactor. Sulfation of molybdenum is essential for xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) and aldehyde oxidase (ADO) enzymes in which molybdenum cofactor is liganded by 1 oxygen and 1 sulfur atom in active form.
IGF-binding proteins prolong the half-life of the IGFs and have been shown to either inhibit or stimulate the growth promoting effects of the IGFs on cell culture. They alter the interaction of IGFs with their cell surface receptors. Promotes cell migration.
Probably functions as component of the Arp2/3 complex which is involved in regulation of actin polymerization and together with an activating nucleation-promoting factor (NPF) mediates the formation of branched actin networks (By similarity). In addition to its role in the cytoplasmic cytoskeleton, the Arp2/3 complex also promotes actin polymerization in the nucleus, thereby regulating gene transcription and repair of damaged DNA (By similarity).
Histone chaperone that facilitates histone deposition and histone exchange and removal during nucleosome assembly and disassembly.
Interacts with histone H3 (including both histone H3.1 and H3.3) and histone H4.
Belongs to the potassium channel family. Calcium-activated (TC 1.A.1.3) subfamily. KCa1.1/KCNMA1 sub-subfamily.
Ethanol and carbon monoxide-bound heme increase channel activation. Heme inhibits channel activation (By similarity).
Expressed during embryogenesis before differentiation of excitable tissues.
Expressed in both the somites and neural tube of 1 day embryos. Within the nervous system, it is restricted to dorsal parts, and expressed centrally in regions dedicated to processing of sensory information. Six hours later, it is expressed segmentally within the somites. At this time, it is expressed in a primary sensory organ, the trigeminal ganglion. By 2 days, it is also expressed in other primary sensory organs, such as the otic vesicle, and the eye. Within the retina, it is expressed to an internal layer. In the developing otic vesicle, it is abundantly expressed near the apical surface. Isoform 3 is neural-specific, and is only expressed during late stages of neuronal differentiation.
Homotetramer; which constitutes the calcium-activated potassium channel.
It is uncertain whether Met-1 is the initiator or if the sequence starts further upstream.
Potassium channel activated by both membrane depolarization or increase in cytosolic Ca(2+) that mediates export of K(+). It is also activated by the concentration of cytosolic Mg(2+). Its activation dampens the excitatory events that elevate the cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration and/or depolarize the cell membrane. It therefore contributes to repolarization of the membrane potential. Plays a key role in controlling excitability in a number of systems, such as regulation of the contraction of smooth muscle, the tuning of hair cells in the cochlea, regulation of transmitter release, and innate immunity. In smooth muscles, its activation by high level of Ca(2+), caused by ryanodine receptors in the sarcoplasmic reticulum, regulates the membrane potential. In cochlea cells, its number and kinetic properties partly determine the characteristic frequency of each hair cell and thereby helps to establish a tonotopic map. Highly sensitive to both iberiotoxin (IbTx) and charybdotoxin (CTX) (By similarity).
The RCK N-terminal domain mediates the homotetramerization, thereby promoting the assembly of monomers into functional potassium channel. It includes binding sites for Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) (By similarity).
The S0 segment is essential for the modulation by the accessory beta subunits.
The S4 segment, which is characterized by a series of positively charged amino acids at every third position, is part of the voltage-sensor.
The calcium bowl constitutes one of the Ca(2+) sensors and probably acts as a Ca(2+)-binding site. There are however other Ca(2+) sensors regions required for activation of the channel (By similarity).
The heme-binding motif mediates inhibition of channel activation by heme. Carbon monoxide-bound heme leads to increased channel activation (By similarity).
The pore-forming domain (also referred as P region) is imbedded into the membrane, and forms the selectivity filter of the pore. It contains the signature sequence of potassium channels that displays selectivity to potassium (By similarity).
The protein was initially thought to contain two functionally distinct parts: The core channel (from the N-terminus to the S9 segment) that mediates the channel activity, and the cytoplasmic tail (from the S9 segment to the C-terminus) that mediates the calcium sensing. The situation is however more complex, since the core channel contains binding sites for Ca(2+) and Mg(2+).
Binds calmodulin. Interacts with NDUFAF3.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. EFM5 family.
Protein-lysine methyltransferase that selectively catalyzes the trimethylation of EEF1A at 'Lys-79'.
Was originally thought to be an N(6)-adenine-specific DNA methyltransferase based on primary sequence and predicted secondary structure.
Belongs to the nuclear hormone receptor family. NR2 subfamily.
Composed of three domains: a modulating N-terminal domain, a DNA-binding domain and a C-terminal ligand-binding domain.
Homodimer. Heterodimer; with a rar molecule.
Receptor for retinoic acid that acts as a transcription factor. Forms homo- or heterodimers with retinoic acid receptors (rars) and binds to target response elements in response to their ligands, all-trans or 9-cis retinoic acid, to regulate gene expression in various biological processes.
Binds to the plus end of microtubules and regulates microtubule dynamics and microtubule organization. Acts as processive microtubule polymerase. Promotes cytoplasmic microtubule nucleation and elongation (PubMed:12176362, PubMed:18191222, PubMed:21282620). Plays a major role in organizing spindle poles (PubMed:23974040). In spindle formation protects kinetochore microtubules from depolymerization by kif2c and has an essential role in centrosomal microtubule assembly independently of kif2c activity. Contributes to centrosome integrity. Acts as component of the TACC3/ch-TOG/clathrin complex proposed to contribute to stabilization of kinetochore fibers of the mitotic spindle by acting as inter-microtubule bridge. Enhances the strength of NDC80 complex-mediated kinetochore-tip microtubule attachments (By similarity).
Interacts with tacc3; two molecules of ckap5 interact with 1 molecule of tacc3 probably mediated by coiled coil domains forming a four-helix bundle. Interacts with tacc3 and clathrin forming the TACC3/ch-TOG/clathrin complex located at spindle inter-microtubules bridges. Interacts with ndc80; indicative for an association with the NDC80 comnplex (By similarity).
The TOG (tumor overexpressed gene) domains are arranged in a N-terminal pentameric array with each domain composed of six (for the most part non-canonical) HEAT repeats forming a oblong paddle-like structure. Intra-HEAT loops are positioned along a face of the TOG domain and bind to a single alpha/beta-tubulin heterodimer. The TOG domains in the array seem to be structurally and functionally polarized. Differential functions may range from microtubule (MT) lattice binding and/or free tubulin heterodimer binding to potentiating stable incorporation of tubulin into the MT lattice. TOG 1 and TOG 2 are critical for microtubule polymerase activity.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS8 family. Ribosome biogenesis protein NSA2 subfamily.
Component of the pre-66S ribosomal particle.
Involved in the biogenesis of the 60S ribosomal subunit. May play a part in the quality control of pre-60S particles.
Regulator of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling. Probably acts by regulating the activity of some 'R7' family protein (RGS6, RGS7, RGS9 and/or RGS11).
Belongs to the small GTPase superfamily. Rab family.
Cell surface proteoglycan that bears heparan sulfate.
Belongs to the snRNP Sm proteins family.
Binds specifically to the 3'-terminal U-tract of U6 snRNA.
LSm subunits form a heteromer with a doughnut shape.
Catalyzes the conversion of 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid to homogentisic acid, one of the steps in tyrosine catabolism.
Catalyzes the conversion of hemimercaptal, formed from methylglyoxal and glutathione, to S-lactoylglutathione.
Belongs to the liprin family. Liprin-alpha subfamily.
Belongs to the activator 1 large subunit family.
Belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily. NTM1 family.
Belongs to the acetyltransferase family. ARD1 subfamily.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 31 family.
Belongs to the PI3/PI4-kinase family. ATM subfamily.
Forms a heterodimer with atrip. Interacts with topbp1 in the presence of atrip.
Serine/threonine protein kinase which activates checkpoint signaling upon genotoxic stresses such as ionizing radiation (IR), ultraviolet light (UV), or DNA replication stalling, thereby acting as a DNA damage sensor. Recognizes the substrate consensus sequence [ST]-Q. Phosphorylates BRCA1, CHEK1, MCM2, RAD17, RPA2, SMC1 and p53/TP53, which collectively inhibit DNA replication and mitosis and promote DNA repair, recombination and apoptosis. Phosphorylates 'Ser-139' of histone variant H2AX at sites of DNA damage, thereby regulating DNA damage response mechanism.
Belongs to the dicarboxylate/amino acid:cation symporter (DAACS) (TC 2.A.23) family.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein P1/P2 family.
Heterodimer with RPLP1 at the lateral ribosomal stalk of the large ribosomal subunit.
Plays an important role in the elongation step of protein synthesis.
Expressed in the neural plate during neural tube closure with subsequent strong expression in the ventral neural tube and in facial mesenchyme.
Interacts with fuz and wdpcp; fuz, intu and wdpcp probably form the core CPLANE (ciliogenesis and planar polarity effectors) complex.
Plays a role in the definition of cell polarity via the planar cell polarity (PCP) cascade. Required for ciliogenesis by controlling the organization of the apical actin cytoskeleton and the positioning of the basal bodies at the apical cell surface, which in turn is essential for the normal orientation of elongating ciliary microtubules. Proposed to function as core component of a functional module called CPLANE (ciliogenesis and planar polarity effectors) involved in recruitment of peripheral IFT-A proteins to basal bodies (PubMed:27158779). Controls the localization of both rhoa and disheveled in multi-ciliated cells. Has an indirect effect on hedgehog signaling.
Component of the ESCRT-I complex, a regulator of vesicular trafficking process. Required for the sorting of endocytic ubiquitinated cargos into multivesicular bodies. May be involved in cell growth and differentiation.
Belongs to the PA-phosphatase related phosphoesterase family.
Functions as guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for RAB11A.
Interacts with GDP-bound and nucleotide-free forms of RAB11A.
The N-terminal half of the protein mediates interaction with RAB11A and functions as guanine nucleotide exchange factor. Four long alpha-helices (interrupted by a central kink) assemble into coiled coils, giving rise to a 'V' shape.
Assembly factor required for Rieske Fe-S protein UQCRFS1 incorporation into the cytochrome b-c1 (CIII) complex. Functions as a chaperone, binding to this subunit within the mitochondrial matrix and stabilizing it prior to its translocation and insertion into the late CIII dimeric intermediate within the mitochondrial inner membrane.
Belongs to the chloride channel (TC 2.A.49) family.
Expressed in two distinct regions of the kidney; the proximal convoluted tubule and the diluting segment.
N-glycosylated on a single asparagine, probably Asn-365 or Asn-375.
Voltage-gated chloride channel. Chloride channels have several functions including the regulation of cell volume, the stabilization of membrane potential, signal transduction and transepithelial transport.
Belongs to the clathrin light chain family.
Clathrin is the major protein of the polyhedral coat of coated pits and vesicles.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. C5-methyltransferase family.
Component of the origin recognition complex (ORC) that binds origins of replication. DNA-binding is ATP-dependent. ORC is required to assemble the pre-replication complex necessary to initiate DNA replication.
Component of the origin recognition complex (ORC).
Belongs to the monovalent cation:proton antiporter 1 (CPA1) transporter (TC 2.A.36) family.
May be involved in fusion of ER-derived transport vesicles with the Golgi complex.
Belongs to the glycerophosphoryl diester phosphodiesterase family.
Catalyzes two steps in the biosynthesis of the molybdenum cofactor. In the first step, molybdopterin is adenylated. Subsequently, molybdate is inserted into adenylated molybdopterin and AMP is released.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the MoeA family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the MoaB/Mog family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS24 family.
Component of the 20S core proteasome complex involved in the proteolytic degradation of most intracellular proteins. This complex plays numerous essential roles within the cell by associating with different regulatory particles. Associated with two 19S regulatory particles, forms the 26S proteasome and thus participates in the ATP-dependent degradation of ubiquitinated proteins. The 26S proteasome plays a key role in the maintenance of protein homeostasis by removing misfolded or damaged proteins that could impair cellular functions, and by removing proteins whose functions are no longer required. Associated with the PA200 or PA28, the 20S proteasome mediates ubiquitin-independent protein degradation. This type of proteolysis is required in several pathways including spermatogenesis (20S-PA200 complex) or generation of a subset of MHC class I-presented antigenic peptides (20S-PA28 complex). Within the 20S core complex, PSMB5 displays a chymotrypsin-like activity.
Belongs to the nuclear hormone receptor family. NR3 subfamily.
Belongs to the transferase hexapeptide repeat family.
Belongs to the small GTPase superfamily. Ras family. KappaB-Ras subfamily.
Belongs to the SMC family. SMC1 subfamily.
May regulate actin polymerization, filopodia dynamics and arborization of neurons.
Lacks alpha-neurotoxic activity, has apparently no antibacterial activity, nor anti-coagulant potency.
Belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily.
Dual methyltransferase that catalyzes methylation of elongation factor 1-alpha (eef1a1 and eef1a2) at two different positions, and is therefore involved in the regulation of mRNA translation. Via its C-terminus, methylates the N-terminus of eef1a1 and eef1a2. Via its N-terminus dimethylates lysine residues of eef1a1 and eef1a2.
Belongs to the nucleosome assembly protein (NAP) family.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class TrmE-Era-EngA-EngB-Septin-like GTPase superfamily. Septin GTPase family.
Belongs to the histone deacetylase family. HD type 2 subfamily.
Responsible for the deacetylation of lysine residues on the N-terminal part of the core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4). Histone deacetylation gives a tag for epigenetic repression and plays an important role in transcriptional regulation, cell cycle progression and developmental events.
At blastula and early gastrula stage (stages 9-10.25), expressed weakly throughout the ectoderm. At the late gastrula stage (stages 11.5-13), expression is restricted to the prospective neural fold region and anterior neural plate border region. Expression becomes enhanced in the prospective midbrain and hindbrain region at the late gastrula stage. Expression in the neural plate border region continues in the neurula stage with expression in the anterior region more enhanced. Expression represents the neural plate edges and part of the neural fold. In the tailbud stages expression is restricted to the eyes, dorsal brain and the posterior part of the dorsal spinal cord. In the brain, expression is higher in the mesencephalon and rhombencephalon.
By FGF-signaling. By snai1/snail. By zic1, zic2, zic3 and zic5.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Expression increases from stage 11 (late gastrula), when the neural crest is induced, through to the neurula and tailbud stages.
May bind to DNA (By similarity). Essential for neural crest development, converting cells from an epidermal fate to a neural crest cell fate. Does not induce anterior neural tissue.
Belongs to the organo anion transporter (TC 2.A.60) family.
Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 1 family. FSH/LSH/TSH subfamily.
G protein-coupled receptor for follitropin, the follicle-stimulating hormone. Through cAMP production activates the downstream PI3K-AKT and ERK1/ERK2 signaling pathways.
Component of a cullin-RING-based BCR (BTB-CUL3-RBX1) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex that mediates the ubiquitination of target proteins, leading most often to their proteasomal degradation.
Homodimer. Part of cullin-RING-based BCR (BTB-CUL3-RBX1) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complexes that contain CUL3 and SPOP, plus a target protein (By similarity).
The BTB (POZ) domain mediates dimerization and interaction with CUL3.
The MATH domain mediates interaction with protein-ubiquitin ligase substrates.
Synthesizes selenophosphate from selenide and ATP.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS14 family.
In the urine, may contribute to colloid osmotic pressure, retards passage of positively charged electrolytes, prevents urinary tract infection and inhibits formation of liquid containing supersaturated salts and subsequent formation of salt crystals.
Belongs to the ribonuclease III family. Mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mL44 subfamily.
Belongs to the class-II aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family.
Belongs to the opioid neuropeptide precursor family.
Belongs to the NFYB/HAP3 subunit family.
Component of the sequence-specific heterotrimeric transcription factor (NF-Y) which specifically recognizes a 5'-CCAAT-3' box motif found in the promoters of its target genes. NF-Y can function as both an activator and a repressor, depending on its interacting cofactors.
Component of a PRC1-like complex. Interacts with cbx4 (By similarity).
Component of a Polycomb group (PcG) multiprotein PRC1-like complex, a complex class required to maintain the transcriptionally repressive state of many genes, including Hox genes, throughout development. PcG PRC1 complex acts via chromatin remodeling and modification of histones; it mediates monoubiquitination of histone H2A 'Lys-119', rendering chromatin heritably changed in its expressibility. In the PRC1 complex, it is required to stimulate the E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity of rnf2 (By similarity).
Receptor for activin A, activin B and inhibin A. Involved in transmembrane signaling.
Belongs to the Dus family. Dus3 subfamily.
Catalyzes the synthesis of dihydrouridine, a modified base, in various RNAs, such as tRNAs, mRNAs and some long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). Mainly modifies the uridine in position 47 (U47) in the D-loop of most cytoplasmic tRNAs. Also able to mediate the formation of dihydrouridine in some mRNAs, thereby regulating their translation.
The potassium channel is probably composed of a homo- or heterotetrameric complex of pore-forming alpha subunits that can associate with modulating beta subunits.
Has an essential role in the early embryonic patterning of mesoderm and neuroectoderm.
Involved in the targeting and/or fusion of transport vesicles to their target membrane (By similarity). Major SNARE protein of synaptic vesicles which mediates fusion of synaptic vesicles to release neurotransmitters. Essential for fast vesicular exocytosis and activity-dependent neurotransmitter release as well as fast endocytosis that mediates rapid reuse of synaptic vesicles (By similarity).
Belongs to the IPP isomerase type 1 family.
Catalyzes the 1,3-allylic rearrangement of the homoallylic substrate isopentenyl (IPP) to its highly electrophilic allylic isomer, dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP).
Belongs to the MINDY deubiquitinase family. FAM63 subfamily.
Hydrolase that can specifically remove 'Lys-48'-linked conjugated ubiquitin from proteins. Has exodeubiquitinase activity and has a preference for long polyubiquitin chains. May play a regulatory role at the level of protein turnover.
Component of splicing factor SF3B complex which is composed of at least eight subunits; SF3B1, SF3B2, SF3B3, SF3B4, SF3B5, SF3B6, PHF5A and DDX42. SF3B associates with the splicing factor SF3A and a 12S RNA unit to form the U2 small nuclear ribonucleoproteins complex (U2 snRNP).
Involved in pre-mRNA splicing as a component of the splicing factor SF3B complex. SF3B complex is required for 'A' complex assembly formed by the stable binding of U2 snRNP to the branchpoint sequence (BPS) in pre-mRNA. Sequence independent binding of SF3A/SF3B complex upstream of the branch site is essential, it may anchor U2 snRNP to the pre-mRNA. May also be involved in the assembly of the 'E' complex. Belongs also to the minor U12-dependent spliceosome, which is involved in the splicing of rare class of nuclear pre-mRNA intron.
Belongs to the heat shock protein 70 family.
Belongs to the carbon-nitrogen hydrolase superfamily. NIT1/NIT2 family.
Has omega-amidase activity. The role of omega-amidase is to remove potentially toxic intermediates by converting 2-oxoglutaramate and 2-oxosuccinamate to biologically useful 2-oxoglutarate and oxaloacetate, respectively.
Belongs to the adrenodoxin/putidaredoxin family.
Component of the mitochondrial core iron-sulfur cluster (ISC) complex composed of NFS1, LYRM4, NDUFAB1, ISCU, FXN, and FDX2; this complex is an heterohexamer containing two copies of each monomer.
Electron donor, of the core iron-sulfur cluster (ISC) assembly complex, that acts to reduce the persulfide into sulfide during [2Fe-2S] clusters assembly on the scaffolding protein ISCU (By similarity). The core iron-sulfur cluster (ISC) assembly complex is involved in the de novo synthesis of a [2Fe-2S] cluster, the first step of the mitochondrial iron-sulfur protein biogenesis. This process is initiated by the cysteine desulfurase complex (NFS1:LYRM4:NDUFAB1) that produces persulfide which is delivered on the scaffold protein ISCU in a FXN-dependent manner. Then this complex is stabilized by FDX2 which provides reducing equivalents to accomplish the [2Fe-2S] cluster assembly. Finally, the [2Fe-2S] cluster is transferred from ISCU to chaperone proteins, including HSCB, HSPA9 and GLRX5 (By similarity).
Belongs to the eukaryotic RPB7/RPC8 RNA polymerase subunit family.
Component of the RNA polymerase II (Pol II) complex consisting of 12 subunits. RPB4 and RPB7 form a subcomplex that protrudes from the 10-subunit Pol II core complex.
Belongs to the cAMP-dependent kinase regulatory chain family.
May associate with CD21. May regulate the release of Ca(2+) from intracellular stores.
Belongs to the phosphoglycerate mutase family.
Fructose-bisphosphatase hydrolyzing fructose-2,6-bisphosphate as well as fructose-1,6-bisphosphate. Acts as a negative regulator of glycolysis by lowering intracellular levels of fructose-2,6-bisphosphate in a p53/TP53-dependent manner, resulting in the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) activation and NADPH production. Contributes to the generation of reduced glutathione to cause a decrease in intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) content, correlating with its ability to protect cells from oxidative or metabolic stress-induced cell death. May play a role in mitophagy inhibition.
Not expected to have any kinase activity.
Belongs to the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase [GTP] family.
Belongs to the ATP-dependent AMP-binding enzyme family.
Converts acetoacetate to acetoacetyl-CoA in the cytosol.
Belongs to the secreted frizzled-related protein (sFRP) family.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS15 family.
Accessory potassium channel protein which modulates the activity of the pore-forming alpha subunit. Alters functional properties of Kv1.1 and Kv1.2.
Alteration of functional properties of alpha subunit is mediated through N-terminal domain of beta subunit.
Belongs to the shaker potassium channel beta subunit family.
Expression first detected in brain and most anterior regions of spinal cord at embryonic stage 24 (26 hours). By stage 29 (35 hours) expression is also detected in posterior regions of spinal cord.
Forms heteromultimeric complex with alpha subunits.
A neural-specific transcription factor that can act as both a transcriptional activator and a transcriptional repressor. Both represses and activates neuronal differentiation in a dose-dependent manner, independently regulating cell fate choice and cell proliferation. Converts ectoderm to a neural fate. Suppresses the transcription of the cell cycle inhibitor p27xic1 and promotes the proliferation of neuroectodermal cells at a high concentration. Promotes the transcription of p27xic1 and inhibits ectodermal proliferation at low concentrations. The transcription factors foxd1 and foxg1 mutually repress each other to pattern the forebrain.
At late gastrula and early neurula stages, expressed in a narrow stripe at the anterior end of the neural plate. At later stages, this stripe of expression thickens and expression also appears in the lateral margin of the neural plate. The anterior line differentiates to show expression in the forebrain, anterior (nasal) retina and olfactory placode, whereas the lateral cells form neural crest cells that migrate in the first branchial arch. In tailbud stages and tadpoles, expressed primarily in the neuroepithelial cells of the telencephalon.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class myosin-kinesin ATPase superfamily. Myosin family.
Belongs to the complex I subunit 2 family.
May interact with target proteins during translocation into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. May protect unfolded target proteins against degradation and facilitate correct glycosylation.
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mL42 family.
Belongs to the DNA2/NAM7 helicase family. SDE3 subfamily.
Belongs to the HAD-like hydrolase superfamily. EYA family.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. ADCK protein kinase family.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 26 family.
Catalyzes the hydrolysis of GTP bound to the 40S ribosomal initiation complex (40S.mRNA.Met-tRNA[F].eIF-2.GTP) with the subsequent joining of a 60S ribosomal subunit resulting in the release of eIF-2 and the guanine nucleotide. The subsequent joining of a 60S ribosomal subunit results in the formation of a functional 80S initiation complex (80S.mRNA.Met-tRNA[F]).
At the start of neurulation (stage 13), expressed in the pronephros. At tailbud stage (stage 25-28), expression is high in the anterior-most branchial arch and pronephric glomus. At stage 40, staining persists in the glomus and in the epicardium region of the heart, and at stage 42, expression is higher in the glomus than in the kidney tubule or duct. In adults, expression is highest in the rectum and the spleen, with significant expression in the duodenum, heart, kidney, lungs, pancreas, skin, liver and muscle.
Efficient DNA binding requires dimerization with another bHLH protein.
Expression begins at the start of neurulation (stage 13), followed by a gradual increase in expression from stages 16.5 to 26.5, after which expression levels are maintained through to stage 35.
Involved in epithelial-mesenchymal interactions in kidney and lung morphogenesis that include epithelial differentiation and branching morphogenesis.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family. Aurora subfamily.
Component of the CPC at least composed of survivin/birc5, incenp, cdca8/borealin and/or cdca9/dasra-A, and aurkb/aurora-B. Interacts directly (via N-terminus and kinase domain) with incenp (via C terminus), and may weakly interact (via N-terminus) with birc5.1 to stabilize the complex. Interacts with mtus1.
Kinase activity is stimulated by both birc5/survivin-binding and cell-cycle specific phosphorylation.
Phosphorylated, stimulates kinase activity.
Serine/threonine-protein kinase component of the chromosomal passenger complex (CPC), a complex that acts as a key regulator of mitosis. The CPC complex has essential functions at the centromere in ensuring correct chromosome alignment and segregation and is required for chromatin-induced microtubule stabilization and spindle assembly. Involved in the bipolar attachment of spindle microtubules to kinetochores and is a key regulator for the onset of cytokinesis during mitosis. Required for central/midzone spindle assembly and cleavage furrow formation. Key component of the cytokinesis checkpoint, a process required to delay abscission to prevent both premature resolution of intercellular chromosome bridges and accumulation of DNA damage. Phosphorylates 'Ser-10' of histone H3 during mitosis.
Belongs to the threonine aldolase family.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL14 family.
Belongs to the class-I aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. TKL Ser/Thr protein kinase family. RAF subfamily.
Composed of a heavy chain (beta) and a light chain (alpha). Component of an NADPH oxidase complex composed of a heterodimer formed by the membrane proteins CYBA and CYBB and the cytosolic subunits NCF1, NCF2 and NCF4. Interacts with NCF1 (via SH3 domain).
Critical component of the membrane-bound oxidase of phagocytes that generates superoxide. Associates with NOX3 to form a functional NADPH oxidase constitutively generating superoxide.
Highly selective receptor for lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a mediator of diverse cellular activities.
Microtubule-binding protein that localizes to the microtubular manchette of elongating spermatids.
Belongs to the acetyltransferase family. GNA1 subfamily.
Belongs to the arginase family. Agmatinase subfamily.
Interacts with the GATOR1 complex; interaction is disrupted when BMT2/SAMTOR binds S-adenosyl-L-methionine. Interacts with the KICSTOR complex; interaction is disrupted when BMT2/SAMTOR binds S-adenosyl-L-methionine.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine-binding protein that acts as an inhibitor of mTORC1 signaling via interaction with the GATOR1 and KICSTOR complexes. Acts as a sensor of S-adenosyl-L-methionine to signal methionine sufficiency to mTORC1: in presence of methionine, binds S-adenosyl-L-methionine, leading to disrupt interaction with the GATOR1 and KICSTOR complexes and promote mTORC1 signaling. Upon methionine starvation, S-adenosyl-L-methionine levels are reduced, thereby promoting the association with GATOR1 and KICSTOR, leading to inhibit mTORC1 signaling. Probably also acts as a S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyltransferase.
Belongs to the UDP-glycosyltransferase family.
Homodimer (By similarity). Binds DNA as a dimer (By similarity).
Belongs to the HAD-like hydrolase superfamily.
Phosphatase that hydrolyzes imidodiphosphate, 3-phosphohistidine and 6-phospholysine. Has broad substrate specificity and can also hydrolyze inorganic diphosphate, but with lower efficiency (By similarity).
Component of the ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase (cytochrome b-c1 complex, complex III, CIII), a multisubunit enzyme composed of 11 subunits. The complex is composed of 3 respiratory subunits cytochrome b, cytochrome c1 and Rieske protein UQCRFS1, 2 core protein subunits UQCRC1/QCR1 and UQCRC2/QCR2, and 6 low-molecular weight protein subunits UQCRH/QCR6, UQCRB/QCR7, UQCRQ/QCR8, UQCR10/QCR9, UQCR11/QCR10 and subunit 9, the cleavage product of Rieske protein UQCRFS1. The complex exists as an obligatory dimer and forms supercomplexes (SCs) in the inner mitochondrial membrane with NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I, CI) and cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV, CIV), resulting in different assemblies (supercomplex SCI(1)III(2)IV(1) and megacomplex MCI(2)III(2)IV(2)). Interacts with BRAWNIN.
Component of the ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase, a multisubunit transmembrane complex that is part of the mitochondrial electron transport chain which drives oxidative phosphorylation. The respiratory chain contains 3 multisubunit complexes succinate dehydrogenase (complex II, CII), ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase (cytochrome b-c1 complex, complex III, CIII) and cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV, CIV), that cooperate to transfer electrons derived from NADH and succinate to molecular oxygen, creating an electrochemical gradient over the inner membrane that drives transmembrane transport and the ATP synthase. The cytochrome b-c1 complex catalyzes electron transfer from ubiquinol to cytochrome c, linking this redox reaction to translocation of protons across the mitochondrial inner membrane, with protons being carried across the membrane as hydrogens on the quinol. In the process called Q cycle, 2 protons are consumed from the matrix, 4 protons are released into the intermembrane space and 2 electrons are passed to cytochrome c.
Plays a role in regulating placenta growth. May act via its PH domain that competes with other PH domain-containing proteins, thereby preventing their binding to membrane lipids (By similarity).
The PH domain binds phosphoinositides with a broad specificity. It may compete with the PH domain of some other proteins, thereby interfering with their binding to phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) and phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3) (By similarity).
Belongs to the DNA2/NAM7 helicase family.
Key enzyme involved in DNA replication and DNA repair in nucleus and mitochondrion. Involved in Okazaki fragments processing by cleaving long flaps that escape fen1: flaps that are longer than 27 nucleotides are coated by replication protein A complex (RPA), leading to recruit dna2 which cleaves the flap until it is too short to bind RPA and becomes a substrate for FEN1. Also involved in 5'-end resection of DNA during double-strand break (DSB) repair by mediating the cleavage of 5'-ssDNA, while the 3'-ssDNA cleavage is prevented by the presence of RPA. Also involved in DNA replication checkpoint independently of Okazaki fragments processing (By similarity). Possesses different enzymatic activities, such as single-stranded DNA (ssDNA)-dependent ATPase, 5'-3' helicase and endonuclease activities. While the ATPase and endonuclease activities are well-defined and play a key role in Okazaki fragments processing and DSB repair, the 5'-3' DNA helicase activity is subject to debate. According to various reports, the helicase activity is weak and its function remains largely unclear. Helicase activity may promote the motion of dna2 on the flap, helping the nuclease function.
Component of the Arp2/3 complex, a multiprotein complex that mediates actin polymerization upon stimulation by nucleation-promoting factor (NPF). The Arp2/3 complex mediates the formation of branched actin networks in the cytoplasm, providing the force for cell motility (By similarity). In addition to its role in the cytoplasmic cytoskeleton, the Arp2/3 complex also promotes actin polymerization in the nucleus, thereby regulating gene transcription and repair of damaged DNA (By similarity). The Arp2/3 complex promotes homologous recombination (HR) repair in response to DNA damage by promoting nuclear actin polymerization, leading to drive motility of double-strand breaks (DSBs) (By similarity).
Mitotic serine/threonine kinases that contributes to the regulation of cell cycle progression (By similarity). Associates with the centrosome and the spindle microtubules during mitosis and plays a critical role in various mitotic events including the establishment of mitotic spindle, centrosome duplication, centrosome separation as well as maturation, chromosomal alignment, spindle assembly checkpoint, and cytokinesis (By similarity). Phosphorylates numerous target proteins (By similarity). Important for microtubule formation and/or stabilization (By similarity).
Phosphorylated (By similarity). Autophosphorylated on a serine residue (By similarity).
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL24 family.
Belongs to the vinculin/alpha-catenin family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL8 family.
Common component of the spliceosome and rRNA processing machinery.
Belongs to the STXBP/unc-18/SEC1 family.
GAP activity stimulated by phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) and phosphatidic acid.
GTPase-activating protein for the ADP ribosylation factor family.
PH domain binds phospholipids including phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate, phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) and phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3). May mediate protein binding to PIP2 or PIP3 containing membranes.
The BAR domain mediates homodimerization, it can neither bind membrane nor impart curvature, but instead requires the neighboring PH domain to achieve these functions.
Troponin T is the tropomyosin-binding subunit of troponin, the thin filament regulatory complex which confers calcium-sensitivity to striated muscle actomyosin ATPase activity.
Tubulin-binding protein that acts as a negative regulator of Notch signaling pathway. Shuttles between the cytoplasm and the nucleus and mediates the nuclear export of RBPJ/RBPSUH, thereby preventing the interaction between RBPJ/RBPSUH and NICD product of Notch proteins (Notch intracellular domain), leading to down-regulate Notch-mediated transcription. May play a role in neurogenesis.
Stimulatory or required for the translocation of secretory proteins across the ER membrane.
Belongs to the acetyltransferase family.
Component of the large ribosomal subunit.
Belongs to the integrin beta chain family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS4 family.
Belongs to the poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase family.
Belongs to the connexin family. Gamma-type subfamily.
The coatomer is a cytosolic protein complex that binds to dilysine motifs and reversibly associates with Golgi non-clathrin-coated vesicles, which further mediate biosynthetic protein transport from the ER, via the Golgi up to the trans Golgi network. The coatomer complex is required for budding from Golgi membranes, and is essential for the retrograde Golgi-to-ER transport of dilysine-tagged proteins.
Belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily. METL family.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyltransferase.
Homopentamer. Forms a complex with GCH1 where a GCH1 homodecamer is sandwiched by two GFRP homopentamers (By similarity).
Mediates tetrahydrobiopterin inhibition of GTP cyclohydrolase 1.
Belongs to the natriuretic peptide family.
Belongs to the protein phosphatase inhibitor 1 family.
Plays a role in the process of neurogenesis.
Chaperone protein which promotes assembly of the 20S proteasome as part of a heterodimer with psmg2.
Degraded by the proteasome upon completion of 20S proteasome maturation.
Belongs to the prostaglandin G/H synthase family.
Binds 1 heme b (iron(II)-protoporphyrin IX) group per subunit.
Belongs to the AB hydrolase superfamily. ABHD17 family.
Hydrolyzes fatty acids from S-acylated cysteine residues in proteins. Has depalmitoylating activity towards NRAS.
Palmitoylated on cysteine residues located in a cysteine cluster at the N-terminus which promotes membrane localization.
Belongs to the ligand-gated ion channel (TC 1.A.9) family.
Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor Fz/Smo family.
Fatty acyl-coenzyme A (CoA) diphosphatase that hydrolyzes fatty acyl-CoA to yield acyl-4'-phosphopantetheine and adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate (By similarity). Mediates the hydrolysis of a wide range of CoA esters, including choloyl-CoA and branched-chain fatty-acyl-CoA esters and at low substrate concentrations medium and long-chain fatty-acyl-CoA esters are the primary substrates (By similarity). Highest activity seen with medium-chain acyl-CoA esters and higher rates of activity seen with the unsaturated acyl-CoA esters compared with the saturated esters (By similarity). Exhibits decapping activity towards dpCoA-capped RNAs in vitro (By similarity).
Component of the PAF1 complex, which at least consists of CDC73, PAF1, LEO1, CTR9, RTF1 and SKIC8 (By similarity). The PAF1 complex interacts with PHF5A (By similarity).
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS4 family.
Identified in a IGF2BP1-dependent mRNP granule complex containing untranslated mRNAs.
Probable hormone that may attenuate cell proliferation and induce senescence in the central nervous system.
Belongs to the enoyl-CoA hydratase/isomerase family.
Belongs to the chromogranin/secretogranin protein family.
Component of the DCX(DCAF12) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, at least composed of cul4 (cul4a or cul4b), ddb1, dcaf12 and rbx1.
Substrate-recognition component of a DCX (DDB1-CUL4-X-box) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex of the DesCEND (destruction via C-end degrons) pathway, which recognizes a C-degron located at the extreme C terminus of target proteins, leading to their ubiquitination and degradation. The C-degron recognized by the DesCEND pathway is usually a motif of less than ten residues and can be present in full-length proteins, truncated proteins or proteolytically cleaved forms. The DCX(DCAF12) complex specifically recognizes proteins with a diglutamate (Glu-Glu) at the C-terminus, leading to their ubiquitination and degradation.
Belongs to the ClpA/ClpB family. Torsin subfamily.
Homohexamer. Interacts with TOR1B; the interaction may be specific of neural tissues. Interacts (ATP-bound) with TOR1AIP1 and TOR1AIP2; the interactions induce ATPase activity. Interacts with KLHL14; preferentially when ATP-free. Interacts with KLC1 (via TPR repeats); the interaction associates TOR1A with the kinesin oligomeric complex. Interacts with COPS4; the interaction associates TOR1A with the CSN complex. Interacts with SNAPIN; the interaction is direct and associates SNAPIN with the CSN complex. Interacts with STON2. Interacts (ATP-bound) with SYNE3 (via KASH domain); the interaction is required for SYNE3 nuclear envelope localization. Interacts with VIM; the interaction associates TOR1A with the cytoskeleton. Interacts with PLEC. Interacts (ATP-bound) with SLC6A3; regulates SLC6A3 transport to the plasma membrane.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL43 family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL33 family.
Belongs to the biopterin-dependent aromatic amino acid hydroxylase family.
During early to late tailbud stage, expression intensifies in the craniofacial region with prominent staining in the endodermal, mesodermal and mesenchymal regions of the pharyngeal arches. By early tadpole stage (stage 35), expressed in the forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain and notochord in addition to craniofacial regions including the ear vesicles and eye. In the central nervous system (CNS) of late tadpoles (stage 45), expressed in the olfactory bulbs and the cerebellum. In adults, expressed predominantly in the brain.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Zygotic expression begins just prior to gastrulation (stage 10) and gradually increases during subsequent embryonic stages.
Multifunctional polyribosome-associated RNA-binding protein that plays a central role in neuronal development and synaptic plasticity through the regulation of alternative mRNA splicing, mRNA stability, mRNA dendritic transport and postsynaptic local protein synthesis of a subset of mRNAs (By similarity). Binds poly(G) and poly(U), and to a lower extent poly(A) and poly(C).
Belongs to the actin family. ARP5 subfamily.
Belongs to the sulfotransferase 2 family.
HEPN (higher eukaryotes and prokaryotes nucleotide-binding) are observed in both N- and C-terminal sides of ROQ domain with 3D structure even if they are poredcted on the basis of sequence.
Post-transcriptional repressor. May recognize and bind to the 3'-UTR of some mRNAs and promote mRNA decay.
Proteolytically cleaved after Arg-509 and Arg-576 by MALT1 in activated CD4(+) T cells; cleavage at Arg-509 and Arg-576 is critical for promoting RC3H1 degradation in response to T-cell receptor (TCR) stimulation, and hence is necessary for prolonging the stability of a set of mRNAs controlling Th17 cell differentiation.
The RING-type zinc finger is required for proper localization to stress granules, but not to P-bodies.
The ROQ region is required for CDE RNA-binding. It may also be involved in localization to stress granules.
Belongs to the PTEN phosphatase protein family.
Belongs to the alpha-carbonic anhydrase family.
Belongs to the paired homeobox family. Bicoid subfamily.
Induced by activin (even in the absence of protein synthesis), lithium chloride, nodal/nr-1, nodal2/nr-2 and derriere. Not affected by basic fibroblast growth factor, and repressed by retinoic acid, and by UV light.
Plays a central role in executing Spemann's organizer phenomenon (the dorsal blastopore lip of the early Xenopus laevis gastrula can organize a complete secondary body axis when transplanted to another embryo).
Required for vesicular transport between the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus.
Belongs to the peptidase M67A family. CSN5 subfamily.
Component of the CSN complex, probably composed of cops1, cops2, cops3, cops4, cops5, cops6, cops7, cops8 and cops9.
Probable protease subunit of the COP9 signalosome complex (CSN), a complex involved in various cellular and developmental processes. The CSN complex is an essential regulator of the ubiquitin (Ubl) conjugation pathway by mediating the deneddylation of the cullin subunits of E3 ligase complexes, leading to modify the Ubl ligase activity. In the complex, it probably acts as the catalytic center that mediates the cleavage of nedd8 from cullins. It however has no metalloprotease activity by itself and requires the other subunits of the CSN complex.
The CSN complex is associated with some 'Lys-63'-specific deubiquitination. Such activity is however not mediated by the core CSN complex but by the brcc3/brcc36 component of the BRISC complex (By similarity).
The JAMM motif is essential for the protease activity of the CSN complex resulting in deneddylation of cullins. It constitutes the catalytic center of the complex (By similarity).
Homotrimer; disulfide-linked. Interacts with MASP1; probably triggers the lectin pathway of complement.
Lectin that plays a role in innate immunity, apoptosis and embryogenesis. Calcium-dependent lectin that binds self and non-self glycoproteins presenting high mannose oligosaccharides with at least one terminal alpha-1,2-linked mannose epitope. Primarily recognizes the terminal disaccharide of the glycan. Also recognizes a subset of fucosylated glycans and lipopolysaccharides. Plays a role in innate immunity through its ability to bind non-self sugars presented by microorganisms and to activate the complement through the recruitment of MAPS1. Also plays a role in apoptosis through its ability to bind in a calcium-independent manner the DNA present at the surface of apoptotic cells and to activate the complement in response to this binding. Finally, plays a role in development, probably serving as a guidance cue during the migration of neural crest cells and other cell types during embryogenesis.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFA13 subunit family.
Complex I functions in the transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. Accessory subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I), that is believed not to be involved in catalysis.
Belongs to the NAD-dependent glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase family.
In association with mitochondrial contact site and cristae organizing system (MICOS) complex components and mitochondrial outer membrane sorting assembly machinery (SAM) complex components may regulate mitochondrial dynamics playing a role in determining mitochondrial length, distribution and motility.
Belongs to the TRAPP small subunits family.
Part of the multisubunit transport protein particle (TRAPP) complex.
Belongs to the aspartyl/asparaginyl beta-hydroxylase family.
Involved in cytokinesis and septation where it has a role in the localization of F-actin.
Belongs to the GST superfamily. Mu family.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 7 family.
Responsible for the synthesis of complex-type N-linked oligosaccharides in many glycoproteins as well as the carbohydrate moieties of glycolipids.
Belongs to the reduced folate carrier (RFC) transporter (TC 2.A.48) family.
By contrast to classical cadherins, homodimerization in trans is not mediated by cadherin EC1 domain strand-swapping, but instead through a homophilic adhesive interface which joins two elongated EC1-EC2 domains through a region near their Ca2+-binding sites to form a tetrahedral, X-like shape.
Cadherins are calcium-dependent cell adhesion proteins. They preferentially interact with themselves in a homophilic manner in connecting cells; cadherins may thus contribute to the sorting of heterogeneous cell types. May act as a negative regulator of neural cell growth.
Belongs to the amino acid/polyamine transporter 2 family.
Symporter that selectively cotransports sodium ions and amino acids, such as L-glutamine and L-asparagine from the lysosome into the cytoplasm and may participates in mTORC1 activation. The transport activity requires an acidic lysosomal lumen.
Belongs to the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6A family.
Belongs to the copper/topaquinone oxidase family.
Topaquinone (TPQ) is generated by copper-dependent autoxidation of a specific tyrosyl residue.
Belongs to the V-ATPase proteolipid subunit family.
Proton-conducting pore forming of the V0 complex of vacuolar(H+)-ATPase (V-ATPase), a multisubunit enzyme composed of a peripheral complex (V1) that hydrolyzes ATP and a membrane integral complex (V0) that translocates protons. V-ATPase is responsible for acidifying and maintaining the pH of intracellular compartments and in some cell types, is targeted to the plasma membrane, where it is responsible for acidifying the extracellular environment.
Belongs to the class-I pyridine nucleotide-disulfide oxidoreductase family.
The active site is a redox-active disulfide bond.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class translation factor GTPase superfamily. Classic translation factor GTPase family. EF-G/EF-2 subfamily.
Belongs to the steroid 5-alpha reductase family.
All four alternatively spliced forms are present during development and in all adult tissues examined.
Efficient DNA binding requires dimerization with another bHLH protein. MYC/MAX heterodimers bind to target DNA with high affinity. MAX may also form homodimers which recognize the same target sequence, but which are unable to function as transcription activators. Component of some MLL1/MLL complex (By similarity).
Transcription regulator. Forms a sequence-specific DNA-binding protein complex with MYC or MAD which recognizes the core sequence 5'-CAC[GA]TG-3'. The MYC-MAX complex is a transcriptional activator, whereas the MAD-MAX complex is a repressor (By similarity).
Belongs to the eukaryotic diacylglycerol kinase family.
Belongs to the extended synaptotagmin family.
Associates with the cytoplasmic CCR4-NOT deadenylase complex to trigger ARE-containing mRNA deadenylation and decay processes.
Zinc-finger RNA-binding protein that destabilizes several cytoplasmic AU-rich element (ARE)-containing mRNA transcripts by promoting their poly(A) tail removal or deadenylation, and hence provide a mechanism for attenuating protein synthesis. Acts as a 3'-untranslated region (UTR) ARE mRNA-binding adapter protein to communicate signaling events to the mRNA decay machinery. Functions by recruiting the CCR4-NOT deadenylase complex and probably other components of the cytoplasmic RNA decay machinery to the bound ARE-containing mRNAs, and hence promotes ARE-mediated mRNA deadenylation and decay processes. Binds to 3'-UTR ARE of numerous mRNAs.
Belongs to the small G protein signaling modulator family.
May contribute to the regulation of cell proliferation.
This protein is coded from a FGF2 (BFGF) gene antisense transcript.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 68 family.
Belongs to the phospholipid scramblase family.
May mediate accelerated ATP-independent bidirectional transbilayer migration of phospholipids upon binding calcium ions that results in a loss of phospholipid asymmetry in the plasma membrane.
Belongs to the WD repeat WDR12/YTM1 family.
Component of the PeBoW complex, composed of BOP1, PES1 and WDR12. Within the PeBoW complex BOP1 interacts directly with PES1 and WDR12. The PeBoW complex also associates with the 66S pre-ribosome.
Component of the PeBoW complex, which is required for maturation of 28S and 5.8S ribosomal RNAs and formation of the 60S ribosome.
Belongs to the Glu/Leu/Phe/Val dehydrogenases family.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX18/HAS1 subfamily.
Homotrimer; trimerization probably requires binding to phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2).
Monovalent cation channel required for maintenance of rapid intracellular calcium release. May act as a potassium counter-ion channel that functions in synchronization with calcium release from intracellular stores.
Belongs to the type II topoisomerase family.
Key decatenating enzyme that alters DNA topology by binding to two double-stranded DNA molecules, generating a double-stranded break in one of the strands, passing the intact strand through the broken strand, and religating the broken strand.
Accessory subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I), that is believed not to be involved in catalysis. Complex I functions in the transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme is believed to be ubiquinone.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFA3 subunit family.
Complex I is composed of 45 different subunits.
A component of a ybx2/frgy2-containing mRNA-ribonucleoprotein (mRNP) complex. Also a component of the CCAAT box transcription factor (CBTF) complex.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically throughout early development (at protein level). Isoform 1 accumulates throughout oogenesis but isoform 2 is translationally masked until oocyte maturation.
Expressed mainly in the ectoderm (at protein level).
Methylated by protein arginine N-methyltransferase 1 (prmt1b) in the RGG-rich domain. Methylation decreases DNA-binding and thereby decreases transcription of the gata2 gene, but does not regulate dsRNA binding or subcellular localization.
Phosphorylated. Phosphorylation affects nuclear translocation.
RNA-binding protein that plays an essential role in the biogenesis of circular RNAs (circRNAs) which are produced by back-splicing circularization of pre-mRNAs. Within the nucleus, promotes circRNAs processing by stabilizing the regulatory elements residing in the flanking introns of the circularized exons (By similarity). Plays thereby a role in the back-splicing of a subset of circRNAs (By similarity). As a consequence, participates in a wide range of transcriptional and post-transcriptional processes (By similarity). Binds to poly-U elements and AU-rich elements (AREs) in the 3'-UTR of target mRNAs (By similarity). Upon viral infection, ILF3 accumulates in the cytoplasm and participates in the innate antiviral response (By similarity). Mechanistically, ILF3 becomes phosphorylated and activated by the double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase/PKR which releases ILF3 from cellular mature circRNAs. In turn, unbound ILF3 molecules are able to interact with and thus inhibit viral mRNAs (By similarity). Has a cytoplasmic role early in development as part of a ribonucleoprotein (mRNP) complex which may regulate mRNA transport and/or translation. Following nuclear localization at the mid-blastula transition, acts as a transcription factor and binds the 5'-CCAAT-3' promoter sequence to regulate transcription of the gata2 gene as a subunit of the CCAAT box transcription factor (CBTF). Its role as an mRNP component negatively regulates its activity as a transcription factor by precluding its nuclear localization (PubMed:10899122, PubMed:15452137, PubMed:18636753, PubMed:19665599, PubMed:7922339, PubMed:9710639).
Transcription repression requires formation of a complex with a corepressor protein of the Groucho/TLE family.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 14 family. XylT subfamily.
Belongs to the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) family.
Promotes rapid degradation of CTNNB1 and participates in Wnt signaling as a negative regulator.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. TRM61 family.
Catalytic subunit of tRNA (adenine-N(1)-)-methyltransferase, which catalyzes the formation of N(1)-methyladenine at position 58 (m1A58) in initiator methionyl-tRNA.
Catalyzes the hydrolytic deamination of enamine/imine intermediates that form during the course of normal metabolism. May facilitate the release of ammonia from these potentially toxic reactive metabolites, reducing their impact on cellular components. It may act on enamine/imine intermediates formed by several types of pyridoxal-5'-phosphate-dependent dehydratases including L-threonine dehydratase.
Belongs to the aldolase class II family. Adducin subfamily.
May be involved in photoreceptor outer segment disk morphogenesis.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFB5 subunit family.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that catalyzes polyubiquitin chains (By similarity). Converts epidermis into cement gland and neural tissue in whole embryos.
Expressed in the cement gland, cranial placodes, and the pronephros.
Present as a maternal transcript. Early expression is confined to tissues of ectodermal origin. At stage 16, the predominant area of expression is within the developing cement gland. At stage 27, expression is detected in the anterodorsal lateral line placode, the olfactory placode, and the otic vesicle and pronephros.
Belongs to the potassium channel HCN family.
Binds 3 Ca(2+) ions per subunit. The ions are bound to the C2 domains.
May have a regulatory role in the membrane interactions during trafficking of synaptic vesicles at the active zone of the synapse. It binds acidic phospholipids with a specificity that requires the presence of both an acidic head group and a diacyl backbone.
Probable guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF). May promote the exchange of GDP to GTP, converting inactive GDP-bound small GTPases into their active GTP-bound form.
Mitochondrial membrane ATP synthase (F(1)F(0) ATP synthase or Complex V) produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane which is generated by electron transport complexes of the respiratory chain. F-type ATPases consist of two structural domains, F(1) - containing the extramembraneous catalytic core, and F(0) - containing the membrane proton channel, linked together by a central stalk and a peripheral stalk. During catalysis, ATP synthesis in the catalytic domain of F(1) is coupled via a rotary mechanism of the central stalk subunits to proton translocation. Part of the complex F(0) domain. Minor subunit located with subunit a in the membrane.
Mitochondrial membrane ATP synthase (F1F0 ATP synthase or Complex V) produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane which is generated by electron transport complexes of the respiratory chain. F-type ATPases consist of two structural domains, F1 - containing the extramembraneous catalytic core, and F0 - containing the membrane proton channel, linked together by a central stalk and a peripheral stalk. During catalysis, ATP synthesis in the catalytic domain of F1 is coupled via a rotary mechanism of the central stalk subunits to proton translocation. Part of the complex F0 domain. Minor subunit located with subunit a in the membrane.
Belongs to the AB hydrolase superfamily. AB hydrolase 2 family.
Found in a mRNA splicing-dependent exon junction complex (EJC). Found in a complex with SR proteins. Found in a mRNP complex with RNPS1. Component of the PSAP complex consisting of RNPS1, SAP18 and PNN. Interacts with PNISR, CTBP1, CTBP2, KRT8, KRT18, KRT19, PS1D/PNO40, PPIG, RNPS1, SFRS4 and SRRM2. Identified in the spliceosome C complex.
Contains a protease-associated domain (PA) of unknown function.
May be involved in endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD).
Belongs to the anaerobic coproporphyrinogen-III oxidase family. HemW subfamily.
May be a heme chaperone, appears to bind heme. Homologous bacterial proteins do not have oxygen-independent coproporphyrinogen-III oxidase activity. Binds 1 [4Fe-4S] cluster. The cluster is coordinated with 3 cysteines and an exchangeable S-adenosyl-L-methionine.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 15 family.
Component of the Mediator complex, a coactivator involved in the regulated transcription of nearly all RNA polymerase II-dependent genes. Mediator functions as a bridge to convey information from gene-specific regulatory proteins to the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. Mediator is recruited to promoters by direct interactions with regulatory proteins and serves as a scaffold for the assembly of a functional preinitiation complex with RNA polymerase II and the general transcription factors. Required for cholesterol-dependent gene regulation (By similarity). Positively regulates the Nodal signaling pathway.
Component of the Mediator complex. Interacts with srebf1 and srebf2 (By similarity). Interacts with smad2, smad3 and smad4.
Expressed maternally and throughout embryogenesis.
May function to promote vesicle trafficking and/or fusion. May participate in defining the architecture and localization of the Golgi complex. May act as adapter protein linking the dynein motor complex to various cargos.
Receptor for netrin required for axon guidance. Mediates axon repulsion of neuronal growth cones in the developing nervous system upon ligand binding.
DNA-binding transcription regulator that regulates endothelial cell proliferation and G1/S cell-cycle progression. Specifically binds the 5'-[AT]NTNN[GT]GGCA[AGT]-3' core DNA sequence and acts by modulating expression of pRB-E2F cell-cycle target genes (By similarity).
DNA-binding transcription regulator that regulates endothelial cell proliferation and G1/S cell-cycle progression. Specifically binds the 5'-[AT]NTNN[GT]GGCA[AGT]-3' core DNA sequence and acts by modulating expression of pRB-E2F cell-cycle target genes.
May antagonize Nodal signaling and subsequent organization of axial structures during mesodermal patterning.
Belongs to the integrin alpha chain family.
Heterodimer of an alpha and a beta subunit. The alpha subunit is composed of a heavy and a light chain linked by a disulfide bond. Alpha-5 associates with beta-1.
Integrin alpha-5/beta-1 (ITGA5:ITGB1) is a receptor for fibronectin. It recognizes the sequence R-G-D in its ligands. ITGA5:ITGB1 acts as a receptor for fibrillin-1 (FBN1) and mediates R-G-D-dependent cell adhesion to FBN1. ITGA5:ITGB1 is a receptor for IL1B and binding is essential for IL1B signaling. ITGA5:ITGB3 is a receptor for soluble CD40LG and is required for CD40/CD40LG signaling (By similarity).
Acts as a component of the essential kinetochore-associated NDC80 complex, which is required for chromosome segregation and spindle checkpoint activity (PubMed:12514103, PubMed:14738735). Required for kinetochore integrity and the organization of stable microtubule binding sites in the outer plate of the kinetochore. The NDC80 complex synergistically enhances the affinity of the SKA1 complex for microtubules and may allow the NDC80 complex to track depolymerizing microtubules. May play a role in chromosome congression and may be essential for the end-on attachment of the kinetochores to spindle microtubules (By similarity).
Component of the NDC80 complex, which is composed of ndc80, cdca1, spbc24 and spbc25. The NDC80 complex interacts with mis12 and zwint. Interacts with cep57r.
Acetyl group-binding receptor which shows a calcium-dependent binding to acetylated structures such as chitin, some N-acetylated carbohydrates, and amino acids.
Acts as component of the retromer cargo-selective complex (CSC). The CSC is believed to be the core functional component of retromer or respective retromer complex variants acting to prevent missorting of selected transmembrane cargo proteins into the lysosomal degradation pathway. Retromer mediates retrograde transport of cargo proteins from endosomes to the trans-Golgi network (TGN).
Component of the heterotrimeric retromer cargo-selective complex (CSC) which is believed to associate with variable sorting nexins to form functionally distinct retromer complex variants.
Specifically binds 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), suggesting that it acts as a specific reader of 5hmC.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 23 family.
Expression is highest at the gastrula stage. Expressed preferentially in tissues of mesoderm origin, such as the notochord and some regions of the primitive ear.
Monoubiquitination of Lys-122 gives a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional repression.
The nucleosome is a histone octamer containing two molecules each of H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assembled in one H3-H4 heterotetramer and two H2A-H2B heterodimers. The octamer wraps approximately 147 bp of DNA. H2A or its variant H2A.Zl forms a heterodimer with H2B (By similarity).
Variant histone H2A which replaces conventional H2A in a subset of nucleosomes. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling. May be required at gastrulation for correct mesoderm formation.
DNA-binding protein that specifically recognizes consensus sequences at the breakpoint junctions in chromosomal translocations, mostly involving immunoglobulin (Ig)/T-cell receptor gene segments. Seems to recognize single-stranded DNA ends generated by staggered breaks occurring at recombination hot spots.
Exhibits both single-stranded and double-stranded endoribonuclease activity. May act as an activator of RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) by facilitating endonucleolytic cleavage of the siRNA passenger strand.
Ring-shaped heterooctamer of six TSN and two TSNAX subunits, DNA/RNA binding occurs inside the ring.
This is one of the several different receptors for 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin), a biogenic hormone that functions as a neurotransmitter, a hormone, and a mitogen. The activity of this receptor is mediated by G proteins that stimulate adenylate cyclase.
Belongs to the succinate/malate CoA ligase alpha subunit family.
Heterodimer of an alpha and a beta subunit. Different beta subunits determine nucleotide specificity. Together with the ATP-specific beta subunit SUCLA2, forms an ADP-forming succinyl-CoA synthetase (A-SCS). Together with the GTP-specific beta subunit SUCLG2 forms a GDP-forming succinyl-CoA synthetase (G-SCS).
Succinyl-CoA synthetase functions in the citric acid cycle (TCA), coupling the hydrolysis of succinyl-CoA to the synthesis of either ATP or GTP and thus represents the only step of substrate-level phosphorylation in the TCA. The alpha subunit of the enzyme binds the substrates coenzyme A and phosphate, while succinate binding and specificity for either ATP or GTP is provided by different beta subunits.
May function in lipid transport from the endoplasmic reticulum and be involved in a wide array of cellular functions probably through regulation of the biogenesis of lipid microdomains at the plasma membrane. May regulate calcium efflux at the endoplasmic reticulum (By similarity).
Sigma receptors are classified into two subtypes (Sigma-1 and Sigma-2) based on their different pharmacological profile.
The C-terminal helices form a flat, hydrophobic surface that is probably tightly associated with the cytosolic surface of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane.
Component of the elongator complex which is required for multiple tRNA modifications, including mcm5U (5-methoxycarbonylmethyl uridine), mcm5s2U (5-methoxycarbonylmethyl-2-thiouridine), and ncm5U (5-carbamoylmethyl uridine) (By similarity). The elongator complex catalyzes formation of carboxymethyluridine in the wobble base at position 34 in tRNAs (By similarity). ELP1 binds to tRNA, mediating interaction of the elongator complex with tRNA (By similarity).
Homodimer. Component of the elongator complex.
Involved in several stages of intracellular trafficking.
Belongs to the SNF2/RAD54 helicase family. CHD8 subfamily.
DNA helicase that acts as a chromatin remodeling factor and regulates transcription. Acts as a transcription repressor by remodeling chromatin structure and recruiting histone H1 to target genes. Suppresses p53/TP53-mediated apoptosis by recruiting histone H1 and preventing p53/TP53 transactivation activity. Acts as a negative regulator of Wnt signaling pathway by regulating beta-catenin (CTNNB1) activity. Negatively regulates CTNNB1-targeted gene expression by being recruited specifically to the promoter regions of several CTNNB1 responsive genes. May also act as a transcription activator by participating in efficient U6 RNA polymerase III transcription.
Binds 1 potassium ion per subunit. The potassium ion interacts primarily with the substrate.
Binds 2 magnesium ions per subunit. The magnesium ions interact primarily with the substrate.
Catalyzes the formation of S-adenosylmethionine from methionine and ATP.
Cleaves the gamma-glutamyl peptide bond of glutathione and glutathione conjugates.
Acetylation at Lys-6 (H4K5ac), Lys-9 (H4K8ac), Lys-13 (H4K12ac) and Lys-17 (H4K16ac) occurs in coding regions of the genome but not in heterochromatin.
Butyrylation of histones marks active promoters and competes with histone acetylation.
Citrullination at Arg-4 (H4R3ci) by PADI4 impairs methylation.
Glutarylation at Lys-92 (H4K91glu) destabilizes nucleosomes by promoting dissociation of the H2A-H2B dimers from nucleosomes.
Monomethylated, dimethylated or trimethylated at Lys-21 (H4K20me1, H4K20me2, H4K20me3). Monomethylation is performed by KMT5A/SET8. Trimethylation is performed by KMT5B and KMT5C and induces gene silencing. Monomethylated at Lys-13 (H4K12me1) by N6AMT1; H4K12me1 modification is present at the promoters of numerous genes encoding cell cycle regulators.
Monomethylation and asymmetric dimethylation at Arg-4 (H4R3me1 and H4R3me2a, respectively) by PRMT1 favors acetylation at Lys-9 (H4K8ac) and Lys-13 (H4K12ac). Demethylation is performed by JMJD6. Symmetric dimethylation on Arg-4 (H4R3me2s) by the PRDM1/PRMT5 complex may play a crucial role in the germ-cell lineage (By similarity).
Phosphorylated by pak2 at Ser-48 (H4S47ph). This phosphorylation increases the association of H3.3-H4 with the histone chaperone HIRA, thus promoting nucleosome assembly of H3.3-H4 and inhibiting nucleosome assembly of H3.1-H4 (By similarity).
Sumoylated, which is associated with transcriptional repression.
Ubiquitinated by the CUL4-DDB-RBX1 complex in response to ultraviolet irradiation. This may weaken the interaction between histones and DNA and facilitate DNA accessibility to repair proteins. Monoubiquitinated at Lys-92 of histone H4 (H4K91ub1) in response to DNA damage. The exact role of H4K91ub1 in DNA damage response is still unclear but it may function as a licensing signal for additional histone H4 post-translational modifications such as H4 Lys-21 methylation (H4K20me) (By similarity).
Ufmylated; monofmylated by UFL1 at Lys-32 (H4K31Ufm1) in response to DNA damage.
Plays a role in valine and pyrimidine metabolism. Binds fatty acyl-CoA.
Directly interacts with tubulin-gamma; this interaction determines centrosomal localization.
Plays a role in the organization of both preexisting and nascent microtubules in interphase cells. During mitosis, required for the organization and orientation of the mitotic spindle.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class translation factor GTPase superfamily. Classic translation factor GTPase family. GTPBP1 subfamily.
Promotes degradation of target mRNA species. Plays a role in the regulation of circadian mRNA stability. Binds GTP and has GTPase activity (By similarity).
Belongs to the DapA family. NanA subfamily.
Catalyzes the cleavage of N-acetylneuraminic acid (sialic acid) to form pyruvate and N-acetylmannosamine via a Schiff base intermediate. It prevents sialic acids from being recycled and returning to the cell surface. Involved in the N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) degradation pathway (By similarity).
Component of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF-3) complex, which is composed of 13 subunits: eif3a, eif3b, eif3c, eif3d, eif3e, eif3f, eif3g, eif3h, eif3i, eif3j, eif3k, eif3l and eif3m.
RNA-binding component of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF-3) complex, which is involved in protein synthesis of a specialized repertoire of mRNAs and, together with other initiation factors, stimulates binding of mRNA and methionyl-tRNAi to the 40S ribosome. The eIF-3 complex specifically targets and initiates translation of a subset of mRNAs involved in cell proliferation.
Belongs to the complement C6/C7/C8/C9 family.
Kinetochore- and microtubule-binding protein that plays a key role in spindle assembly. Znf207/BuGZ is mainly composed of disordered low-complexity regions and undergoes phase transition or coacervation to form temperature-dependent liquid droplets. Coacervation promotes microtubule bundling and concentrates tubulin, promoting microtubule polymerization and assembly of spindle and spindle matrix by concentrating its building blocks.
Mainly composed of disordered low-complexity regions outside of the C2H2-type zinc fingers. Coacervation depends on hydrophobic and aromatic Phe and Tyr in the disordered low-complexity region, that may promote coacervation by forming intermolecular hydrophobic interactions.
The GLEBS region mediates interaction with bub3.
The microtubule-binding region is required for efficient loading of bub3 onto kinetochores and proper mitosis.
Belongs to the Engrailed homeobox family.
Binds 2 magnesium ions, but the ions interact each with only 1 or 2 residues.
Poly(A) nuclease with 3'-5' RNase activity. Catalytic component of the CCR4-NOT complex which is one of the major cellular mRNA deadenylases and is linked to various cellular processes including bulk mRNA degradation, miRNA-mediated repression, translational repression during translational initiation and general transcription regulation. Additional complex functions may be a consequence of its influence on mRNA expression (By similarity).
May function as a transcription factor involved in cell differentiation.
Controls the proteolytic processing of Notch and mediates lateral inhibition during neurogenesis.
Expressed maternally throughout the embryo and then becomes restricted to a pan-neural expression pattern.
The conserved cysteine present in the cysteine-switch motif binds the catalytic zinc ion, thus inhibiting the enzyme. The dissociation of the cysteine from the zinc ion upon the activation-peptide release activates the enzyme.
The precursor is cleaved by furin and PCSK7.
The propeptide keeps the metalloprotease in a latent form via a cysteine switch mechanism. This mechanism may be mediated by a highly conserved cysteine (Cys-172) in the propeptide, which interacts and neutralizes the zinc-coordinating HEXGHXXGXXHD catalytic core of the metalloprotease domain. The dissociation of the cysteine from the zinc ion upon the activation-peptide release activates the enzyme.
Belongs to the amino acid-polyamine-organocation (APC) superfamily. Cationic amino acid transporter (CAT) (TC 2.A.3.3) family.
Belongs to the inward rectifier-type potassium channel (TC 1.A.2.1) family. KCNJ2 subfamily.
Expressed zygotically from late blastula stage. Expressed at all subsequent stages from 10 (early gastrula) to 35 (early tadpole).
In early gastrulae, expressed in the vegetal but not animal hemisphere. The vegetal region is fated to become endoderm, and endodermal expression continues throughout gastrulation and neurulation. At tailbud stages, expression is down-regulated and becomes restricted to the most posterior endoderm and the future liver/gall bladder region. By 3-7 days, endodermal expression is restricted to the gall bladder bud. Also expressed in the embryonic gut, with strong expression in the posterior gut during tailbud stages, but by stage 40, expression rises again in the anterior gut. Expressed at a low level in the adult kidney and spleen.
Interacts (via C-terminus) with ctnnb1/beta-catenin (via Armadillo repeats); this interaction is required for inhibition of wnt-signaling.
Involved in multiple regulatory feedback loops with other endodermal factors, including the nodal-related factors/Xnrs. Autoinduces. Induced by activin. Induced directly by vegt; originally this is in a cell-autonomous fashion but subsequently cell contact is required for expression to be maintained.
The 9aaTAD motif is a transactivation domain present in a large number of yeast and animal transcription factors.
Transcriptional activator. Binds to the DNA sequence 5'-AACAAT-3' (By similarity). All of the sox17 proteins are required for embryonic endoderm development and gastrulation movements, and show some redundancy in function. In addition, the sox17 proteins have distinct but overlapping roles in later gut development. Acts downstream of vegt-signaling in endoderm differentiation to induce a range of endodermal genes both directly (including endodermin and dhh/chh) and indirectly. Also represses wnt-responsive genes to inhibit wnt/beta-catenin signaling.
Important for male fertility. With ROPN1, involved in fibrous sheath integrity and sperm motility, plays a role in PKA-dependent signaling processes required for spermatozoa capacitation.
Belongs to the opioid growth factor receptor family.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. TKL Ser/Thr protein kinase family.
Expressed in the early cleavage stages of the embryo. Expression decreases at the gastrula stage and subsequently reappears at the neurula stage, and continues to increase from this point on. In post neurula stages, expressed predominantly in the anterior region of the embryo, including the developing brain and sensory organs.
Protein kinase which regulates actin filament dynamics. Phosphorylates and inactivates the actin binding/depolymerizing factor cofilin, thereby stabilizing the actin cytoskeleton.
Has dual roles in initiation of DNA replication, and regulation of checkpoint responses. Required for DNA replication initiation but not for the formation of pre-replicative complexes or the elongation stages. Necessary for the loading of replication factors onto chromatin, including gemc1, cdc45, DNA polymerases and components of the GINS complex such as ginsl/sld5. Binds chromatin in both S-phase cyclin-dependent kinase (S-CDK)-independent and S-CDK-dependent modes. Chromatin binding is required for the action of S-CDK, which in turn triggers the formation of preinitiation complexes of DNA replication. Its role in checkpoint activation is independent of the DNA replication role. In response to DNA damage, triggers the recruitment of checkpoint signaling proteins on chromatin, which activate the chek1 signaling pathway and block S-phase progression. Increases the kinase activity of atr to numerous substrates, and is required for the phosphorylation of Rad1.
Interacts with cdc45. Interacts (via BRCT domains) with ticrr; interaction is cdk2-dependent. Interacts with atr in the presence of atrip. Interacts with recql4 (via N-terminus).
Phosphorylation at 1131 is essential for phosphorylation of chek1, and thus for checkpoint regulation.
The N-terminal half is sufficient for DNA replication.
Associates with the mitochondrial contact site and cristae organizing system (MICOS) complex (also known as MINOS or MitOS complex).
Its C-terminal part seems to contain many membrane-spanning sided beta-sheets, that have the potential to adopt a transmembrane beta-barrel type structure.
May play a role in the maintenance of the structure of mitochondrial cristae.
Belongs to the helicase family. RLR subfamily.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 31 family.
Belongs to the small heat shock protein (HSP20) family.
Seems to be an adapter protein in the postsynaptic density (PSD) of excitatory synapses that interconnects receptors of the postsynaptic membrane including NMDA-type and metabotropic glutamate receptors, and the actin-based cytoskeleton. May play a role in the structural and functional organization of the dendritic spine and synaptic junction (By similarity).
Belongs to the 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase family.
May positively contribute to the induction of apoptosis triggered by O(6)-methylguanine.
Belongs to the AP endonuclease 2 family.
Belongs to the replication factor A protein 2 family.
Component of the replication protein A complex (RPA/RP-A), a heterotrimeric complex composed of RPA1, RPA2 and RPA3.
Differentially phosphorylated throughout the cell cycle, becoming phosphorylated at the G1-S transition and dephosphorylated in late mitosis. Phosphorylation increases upon replication fork stalling.
Component of the BCR(KLHL20) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, at least composed of cul3, klhl20 and rbx1.
Substrate-specific adapter of a BCR (BTB-CUL3-RBX1) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex involved in interferon response and anterograde Golgi to endosome transport. The BCR(KLHL20) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex mediates the ubiquitination of target proteins, leading to their degradation by the proteasome. It also specifically mediates 'Lys-33'-linked ubiquitination (By similarity).
Belongs to the complex I NDUFA12 subunit family.
Belongs to the Rab3-GAP catalytic subunit family.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL35 family.
ATPase component of the INO80 complex which remodels chromatin by shifting nucleosomes and is involved in DNA repair.
Belongs to the SNF2/RAD54 helicase family.
Component of the INO80 chromatin-remodeling complex.
The DBINO region is involved in binding to DNA.
Probable core component of the endosomal sorting required for transport complex III (ESCRT-III) which is involved in multivesicular bodies (MVBs) formation and sorting of endosomal cargo proteins into MVBs. MVBs contain intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) that are generated by invagination and scission from the limiting membrane of the endosome and mostly are delivered to lysosomes enabling degradation of membrane proteins, such as stimulated growth factor receptors, lysosomal enzymes and lipids (By similarity).
Probable core component of the endosomal sorting required for transport complex III (ESCRT-III). ESCRT-III components are thought to multimerize to form a flat lattice on the perimeter membrane of the endosome (By similarity).
Belongs to the U2 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein A family.
Belongs to the PDK/BCKDK protein kinase family.
First expressed at the end of gastrulation (stage 13) in the anterior ectodermal placode. During intermediate neural plate stages (stages 14-16), expression expands to the presumptive nasal ectoderm (PNE) and the presumptive lens ectoderm (PLE). By stages 18-21, expression begins to deplete in the PNE, while intensifying in the PLE so that by late neural stages (stages 22), expression is restricted to the PLE. Throughout tailbud stages (stage 23-31), expression is maintained in the lens placode and lens vesicle. In the maturing lens (stage 32-onwards), expression is restricted to the anterior lens epithelium, where it remains during the tadpole stage. In tadpoles there is additional expression in the ventral midline of the pharynx. Expression continues in the adult eye.
Probable transcription factor. Mediates lens formation in the embryo by promoting the proliferation of the specified lens ectoderm and suppressing its terminal differentiation.
Belongs to the DOK family. Type B subfamily.
Latency-associated peptide: Homodimer; disulfide-linked. Latency-associated peptide: Interacts with Transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-beta-1) chain; interaction is non-covalent and maintains (TGF-beta-1) in a latent state; each Latency-associated peptide (LAP) monomer interacts with TGF-beta-1 in the other monomer. Transforming growth factor beta-1: Homodimer; disulfide-linked. Transforming growth factor beta-1: Interacts with TGF-beta receptors (tgfbr1 and tgfbr2), leading to signal transduction.
Required to maintain the Transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-beta-1) chain in a latent state during storage in extracellular matrix. Associates non-covalently with TGF-beta-1 and regulates its activation via interaction with 'milieu molecules', such as LTBP1, LRRC32/GARP and LRRC33/NRROS, that control activation of TGF-beta-1. Interaction with integrins (ITGAV:ITGB6 or ITGAV:ITGB8) results in distortion of the Latency-associated peptide chain and subsequent release of the active TGF-beta-1.
The 'straitjacket' and 'arm' domains encircle the Transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-beta-1) monomers and are fastened together by strong bonding between Lys-53 and Tyr-99/Tyr-100.
The cell attachment site motif mediates binding to integrins (ITGAV:ITGB6 or ITGAV:ITGB8). The motif locates to a long loop in the arm domain called the bowtie tail. Integrin-binding stabilizes an alternative conformation of the bowtie tail. Activation by integrin requires force application by the actin cytoskeleton, which is resisted by the 'milieu molecules' (such as ltbp1, lrrc32/garp and/or lrrc33/nrros), resulting in distortion of the prodomain and release of the active TGF-beta-1.
Transforming growth factor beta-1 proprotein: Precursor of the Latency-associated peptide (LAP) and Transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-beta-1) chains, which constitute the regulatory and active subunit of TGF-beta-1, respectively.
Transforming growth factor beta-1 proprotein: The precursor proprotein is cleaved in the Golgi apparatus to form Transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-beta-1) and Latency-associated peptide (LAP) chains, which remain non-covalently linked, rendering TGF-beta-1 inactive.
Transforming growth factor beta-1: Multifunctional protein that regulates the growth and differentiation of various cell types and is involved in various processes, such as normal development, immune function, microglia function and responses to neurodegeneration (By similarity). Activation into mature form follows different steps: following cleavage of the proprotein in the Golgi apparatus, Latency-associated peptide (LAP) and Transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-beta-1) chains remain non-covalently linked rendering TGF-beta-1 inactive during storage in extracellular matrix. At the same time, LAP chain interacts with 'milieu molecules', such as ltbp1, lrrc32/garp and lrrc33/nrros that control activation of TGF-beta-1 and maintain it in a latent state during storage in extracellular milieus. TGF-beta-1 is released from LAP by integrins (ITGAV:ITGB6 or ITGAV:ITGB8): integrin-binding to LAP stabilizes an alternative conformation of the LAP bowtie tail and results in distortion of the LAP chain and subsequent release of the active TGF-beta-1. Once activated following release of LAP, TGF-beta-1 acts by binding to TGF-beta receptors (tgfbr1 and tgfbr2), which transduce signal (By similarity). While expressed by many cells types, TGF-beta-1 only has a very localized range of action within cell environment thanks to fine regulation of its activation by Latency-associated peptide chain (LAP) and 'milieu molecules'. Plays an important role in bone remodeling: acts as a potent stimulator of osteoblastic bone formation. Can promote either T-helper 17 cells (Th17) or regulatory T-cells (Treg) lineage differentiation in a concentration-dependent manner (By similarity). Can induce epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cell migration in various cell types (By similarity).
Belongs to the PNP/MTAP phosphorylase family. MTAP subfamily.
Catalyzes the reversible phosphorylation of S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine (MTA) to adenine and 5-methylthioribose-1-phosphate. Involved in the breakdown of MTA, a major by-product of polyamine biosynthesis. Responsible for the first step in the methionine salvage pathway after MTA has been generated from S-adenosylmethionine. Has broad substrate specificity with 6-aminopurine nucleosides as preferred substrates.
Component of the ribosome-associated endoplasmic reticulum translocon complex.
Necessary for the translocation in the endoplasmic reticulum and the biogenesis of multi-pass membrane proteins.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. AGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. DMPK subfamily.
Belongs to the glutathione peroxidase family.
Displays temperature-dependent chaperone activity.
May be involved in microtubule polymerization, and spindle function by stabilizing microtubules and anchoring them at centrosomes.
The N-terminal domain may form a hydrophobic cleft involved in microtubule binding and the C-terminal may be involved in the formation of mutually exclusive complexes with APC and DCTN1.
Belongs to the SLC41A transporter family.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFA10 subunit family.
Complex I is composed of 45 different subunits. This a component of the hydrophobic protein fraction.
Component of the adaptor protein complex 2 (AP-2). Adaptor protein complexes function in protein transport via transport vesicles in different membrane traffic pathways. Adaptor protein complexes are vesicle coat components and appear to be involved in cargo selection and vesicle formation. AP-2 is involved in clathrin-dependent endocytosis in which cargo proteins are incorporated into vesicles surrounded by clathrin (clathrin-coated vesicles, CCVs) which are destined for fusion with the early endosome. The clathrin lattice serves as a mechanical scaffold but is itself unable to bind directly to membrane components. Clathrin-associated adaptor protein (AP) complexes which can bind directly to both the clathrin lattice and to the lipid and protein components of membranes are considered to be the major clathrin adaptors contributing the CCV formation. AP-2 also serves as a cargo receptor to selectively sort the membrane proteins involved in receptor-mediated endocytosis. AP-2 seems to play a role in the recycling of synaptic vesicle membranes from the presynaptic surface. AP-2 recognizes Y-X-X-[FILMV] (Y-X-X-Phi) and [ED]-X-X-X-L-[LI] endocytosis signal motifs within the cytosolic tails of transmembrane cargo molecules. AP-2 may also play a role in maintaining normal post-endocytic trafficking through the ARF6-regulated, non-clathrin pathway. The AP-2 alpha subunit binds polyphosphoinositide-containing lipids, positioning AP-2 on the membrane. The AP-2 alpha subunit acts via its C-terminal appendage domain as a scaffolding platform for endocytic accessory proteins. The AP-2 alpha and AP-2 sigma subunits are thought to contribute to the recognition of the [ED]-X-X-X-L-[LI] motif.
Component of intercellular desmosome junctions. Involved in the interaction of plaque proteins and intermediate filaments mediating cell-cell adhesion.
Catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of a wide variety of carbonyl-containing compounds to their corresponding alcohols. Displays enzymatic activity towards endogenous metabolites such as aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes, ketones, monosaccharides and bile acids. Acts as an aldehyde-detoxification enzyme (By similarity). Displays no reductase activity towards retinoids (By similarity).
Belongs to the prefoldin subunit alpha family.
Binds specifically to cytosolic chaperonin (c-CPN) and transfers target proteins to it. Binds to nascent polypeptide chain and promotes folding in an environment in which there are many competing pathways for nonnative proteins.
Heterohexamer of two PFD-alpha type and four PFD-beta type subunits.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 13 family.
Initiates complex N-linked carbohydrate formation. Essential for the conversion of high-mannose to hybrid and complex N-glycans.
The cofactor is mostly bound to the substrate.
Belongs to the ligand-gated ion channel (TC 1.A.9) family. Glycine receptor (TC 1.A.9.3) subfamily. GLRA1 sub-subfamily.
Component of a cullin-RING-based BCR (BTB-CUL3-RBX1) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex that mediates the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins, but with relatively low efficiency.
Homodimer. Heterodimer with SPOP. Component of cullin-RING-based BCR (BTB-CUL3-RBX1) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complexes containing homodimeric SPOPL or the heterodimer formed by SPOP and SPOPL (By similarity).
Belongs to the glutamine synthetase family.
Belongs to the WD repeat RBAP46/RBAP48/MSI1 family.
Component of the DREAM complex (By similarity). Binds directly to histone H4, probably via helix 1 of the histone fold, a region that is not accessible when histone H4 is in chromatin (By similarity). Probably forms a large corepressor complex that contains ncor1, sin3a, hdac1-A and/or hdac1-B, hdac2, rbbp4-A and/or rbbp4-B and possibly rbbp7 (PubMed:11254656).
Core histone-binding subunit that may target chromatin assembly factors, chromatin remodeling factors and histone deacetylases to their histone substrates in a manner that is regulated by nucleosomal DNA.
Component of the THO complex, which is composed of THOC1, THOC2, THOC3, THOC5, THOC6 and THOC7; together with at least ALYREF/THOC4, DDX39B, SARNP/CIP29 and CHTOP, THO forms the transcription/export (TREX) complex which seems to have a dynamic structure involving ATP-dependent remodeling. Interacts with THOC1, POLDIP3 and ZC3H11A.
Calcium-regulated membrane-binding protein whose affinity for calcium is greatly enhanced by anionic phospholipids. It binds two calcium ions with high affinity.
It may cross-link plasma membrane phospholipids with actin and the cytoskeleton and be involved with exocytosis.
Tetramer of 2 light chains (p10 proteins) and 2 heavy chains (p36 proteins).
Dorsalizing factor. Antagonizes mesoderm formation by ventralizing BMPs.
Homodimer. Can form heterodimers with ADMP, BMP-2-I and/or BMP-2-II, and DERRIERE.
Tends to mark the dorsal ectodermal and mesodermal cells. Initially expressed in the embryonic ectoderm and throughout the marginal zone from the late blastula to gastrula stages. Expression is restricted to the chordal and prechordal mesoderm by the neurula stages, and to certain cells of the cephalic neural crest at the tailbud stage.
At the onset of gastrulation, expressed in the superficial layer of cells in the dorsal blastopore lip (Spemann organizer). In the open neural plate, expressed in a row of cells destined to become the floor plate of the neural tube. After neural tube closure, only detected in the tailtip and a small area located at the midbrain/hindbrain boundary.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Maternal expression levels are low and become further reduced after fertilization. Zygotic expression begins at the mid-blastula transition and peaks during the gastrula/neurula stages. A lower level of expression is then maintained during tailbud and later stages.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the formate--tetrahydrofolate ligase family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase/cyclohydrolase family.
First expressed at high levels in the late blastula stages. At early gastrula, expressed in the deep cells of the Spemann organizer prior to involution of the dorsal blastopore lip. Detected in presumptive neurectoderm as gastrulation proceeds. Becomes restricted to the anterior ectoderm by the end of gastrulation. At neurula stages, localized in the most anterior region of the embryo, mainly in the anterior ectoderm including telencephalic and cement gland regions.
Interacts with lypd6 and the interaction is strongly enhanced by wnt3a (PubMed:23987510).
Lys-Thr-X-X-X-Trp motif interacts with the PDZ domain of Dvl (Disheveled) family members and is involved in the activation of the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway.
Receptor for Wnt proteins. Most of frizzled receptors are coupled to the beta-catenin canonical signaling pathway, which leads to the activation of disheveled proteins, inhibition of GSK-3 kinase, nuclear accumulation of beta-catenin and activation of Wnt target genes. A second signaling pathway involving PKC and calcium fluxes has been seen for some family members, but it is not yet clear if it represents a distinct pathway or if it can be integrated in the canonical pathway, as PKC seems to be required for Wnt-mediated inactivation of GSK-3 kinase. Both pathways seem to involve interactions with G-proteins. May be involved in transduction and intercellular transmission of polarity information during tissue morphogenesis and/or in differentiated tissues. Activation by Wnt8, Wnt5A or Wnt3A induces expression of beta-catenin target genes. Displays an axis-inducing activity.
The FZ domain is involved in binding with Wnt ligands.
Belongs to the fatty acid desaturase type 1 family. DEGS subfamily.
Belongs to the transcription factor STAT family.
Acts partially redundantly with other irx members in neural patterning. Required for formation of the posterior forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain, and to a lesser extent, spinal cord. Patterns the neuroectoderm in both the anterior/posterior and dorsal/ventral axes. Does not appear to play a role in pronephros kidney development. Involved in craniofacial and gonadal development. Modulates the migration of progenitor cell populations in branchial arches and gonads by repressing CXCL12.
Belongs to the TALE/IRO homeobox family.
By hoxb4 and hoxb5. Down-regulated by hoxb9.
Early in gastrulation, expressed in cells beneath the blastopore lip. Subsequently expressed in the neural plate in overlapping patterns with other irx members, which all share an anterior border of expression. At the time of neural tube closure (stage 19) in regions of the midbrain, hindbrain, neural tube and optic vesicle, where expression continues during tailbud stages. In stage 34, expressed throughout the eye retina. Does not appear to be expressed in the developing heart or pronephros.
Belongs to the eukaryotic mitochondrial porin family.
Forms a channel through the mitochondrial outer membrane that allows diffusion of small hydrophilic molecules.
Interacts with ARMC12 in a TBC1D21-dependent manner.
Component of the tRNA-splicing ligase complex.
Chromosomes assembled in the absence of pds5a and aprin/pds5b proteins have a mild defect in centromere cohesion in vitro.
Interacts with the cohesin complex. Binds chromatin in a cohesin-dependent manner.
May regulate sister chromatid cohesion during mitosis and couple it to DNA replication.
Belongs to the acetyltransferase family. GNAT subfamily.
N-alpha-acetyltransferase that acetylates the N-terminus of proteins that retain their initiating methionine. Has a broad substrate specificity: able to acetylate the initiator methionine of most peptides, except for those with a proline in second position. Also displays N-epsilon-acetyltransferase activity by mediating acetylation of the side chain of specific lysines on proteins. The relevance of N-epsilon-acetyltransferase activity is however unclear. Required for sister chromatid cohesion during mitosis by promoting binding of CDCA5/sororin to cohesin.
Belongs to the RNA polymerase beta' chain family.
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates.
Belongs to the phosphatidyl serine synthase family.
Catalyzes a base-exchange reaction in which the polar head group of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) is replaced by L-serine.
Component of the signal recognition particle (SRP) complex, a ribonucleoprotein complex that mediates the cotranslational targeting of secretory and membrane proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The SRP complex interacts with the signal sequence in nascent secretory and membrane proteins and directs them to the membrane of the ER.
Belongs to the pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase family.
Belongs to the constitutive coactivator of PPAR-gamma family.
Belongs to the aldolase class II family. MtnB subfamily.
Catalyzes the dehydration of methylthioribulose-1-phosphate (MTRu-1-P) into 2,3-diketo-5-methylthiopentyl-1-phosphate (DK-MTP-1-P). Functions in the methionine salvage pathway. May play a role in apoptosis.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS5 family.
Component of the ribosome, a large ribonucleoprotein complex responsible for the synthesis of proteins in the cell. The small ribosomal subunit (SSU) binds messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and translates the encoded message by selecting cognate aminoacyl-transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules. The large subunit (LSU) contains the ribosomal catalytic site termed the peptidyl transferase center (PTC), which catalyzes the formation of peptide bonds, thereby polymerizing the amino acids delivered by tRNAs into a polypeptide chain. The nascent polypeptides leave the ribosome through a tunnel in the LSU and interact with protein factors that function in enzymatic processing, targeting, and the membrane insertion of nascent chains at the exit of the ribosomal tunnel. Plays a role in the assembly and function of the 40S ribosomal subunit. Mutations in this protein affects the control of translational fidelity. Involved in nucleolar processing of pre-18S ribosomal RNA and ribosome assembly.
Receptor for adenosine. The activity of this receptor is mediated by G proteins which activate adenylyl cyclase.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. MenG/UbiE family.
Component of a multi-subunit COQ enzyme complex, composed of at least coq3, coq4, coq5, coq6, coq7 and coq9.
Methyltransferase required for the conversion of 2-polyprenyl-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinol (DDMQH2) to 2-polyprenyl-3-methyl-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinol (DMQH2).
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CAMK Ser/Thr protein kinase family. CaMK subfamily.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL21 family.
Belongs to the pseudouridine synthase Pus10 family.
Protein with different functions depending on its subcellular location: involved in miRNA processing in the nucleus and acts as a tRNA pseudouridylate synthase in the cytoplasm. In the cytoplasm, acts as a pseudouridylate synthase by catalyzing synthesis of pseudouridine(54) and pseudouridine(55) from uracil-54 and uracil-55, respectively, in the psi GC loop of a subset of tRNAs. tRNA pseudouridylate synthase activity is enhanced by the presence of 1-methyladenosine at position 53-61 of tRNAs. Does not show tRNA pseudouridylate synthase activity in the nucleus. In the nucleus, promotes primary microRNAs (pri-miRNAs) processing independently of its RNA pseudouridylate synthase activity. Binds pri-miRNAs.
ARM repeats 1 to 5 mediate interaction with cadherins.
Expressed maternally and throughout early embryogenesis. Highly expressed in tissues participating in prominent morphogenetic movements. Enriched in the animal hemisphere in early gastrula and the anterior region in late neurula. Expressed in the head region in the tailbud stage, particularly the optic vesicle, ear vesicle, olfactory placode and branchial arches. Expression is also weakly elevated in the somites, notochord and pronephros.
Interacts with C-cadherin and with zbtb33.
Key regulator of cell-cell adhesion that associates with and regulates the cell adhesion properties of both C-, E- and N-cadherins, being critical for their surface stability. Beside cell-cell adhesion, regulates gene transcription through several transcription factors including ZBTB33/Kaiso2 and GLIS2, and the activity of Rho family GTPases and downstream cytoskeletal dynamics. Implicated both in cell transformation by SRC and in ligand-induced receptor signaling through the EGF, PDGF, CSF-1 and ERBB2 receptors. Required for gastrulation, axial elongation and development of the craniofacial skeleton and eye.
As a component of the GATOR complex may function in the amino acid-sensing branch of the TORC1 signaling pathway.
Belongs to the krueppel C2H2-type zinc-finger protein family.
May be involved in transcriptional regulation.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL14 family.
May function in the epidermal growth factor receptor/EGFR signaling pathway.
Mitochondrial membrane ATP synthase (F(1)F(0) ATP synthase or Complex V) produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane which is generated by electron transport complexes of the respiratory chain. F-type ATPases consist of two structural domains, F(1) - containing the extramembraneous catalytic core and F(0) - containing the membrane proton channel, linked together by a central stalk and a peripheral stalk. During catalysis, ATP synthesis in the catalytic domain of F(1) is coupled via a rotary mechanism of the central stalk subunits to proton translocation. Part of the complex F(0) domain. Minor subunit located with subunit a in the membrane.
Belongs to the very long-chain fatty acids dehydratase HACD family.
Catalyzes the third of the four reactions of the long-chain fatty acids elongation cycle. This endoplasmic reticulum-bound enzymatic process, allows the addition of two carbons to the chain of long- and very long-chain fatty acids/VLCFAs per cycle. This enzyme catalyzes the dehydration of the 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA intermediate into trans-2,3-enoyl-CoA, within each cycle of fatty acid elongation. Thereby, it participates to the production of VLCFAs of different chain lengths that are involved in multiple biological processes as precursors of membrane lipids and lipid mediators.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family.
Belongs to the 2-oxoacid dehydrogenase family.
Plays a role in vesicle-mediated protein trafficking to lysosomal compartments including the endocytic membrane transport pathways.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 92 family.
At embryonic stages 28 to 35, expressed in the somites, eye primordia, otic vesicle and branchial arches. By stage 35, also weakly expressed in the pronephros.
Catalyzes the covalent attachment of ubiquitin to other proteins. Regulates pronephros development, possibly by promoting ubiquitination and thus inactivation or degradation of map3k10/mlk2.
Expressed maternally. Present at near constant levels throughout early development.
Belongs to the heparin-binding growth factors family.
Belongs to the zinc-containing alcohol dehydrogenase family.
Plays a role in the early steps of cytochrome c oxidase subunit II (MT-CO2/COX2) maturation and is required for the stabilization of COX20 and the newly synthesized MT-CO2/COX2 protein.
Heterotetramer of two alpha chains and two beta chains.
This is a larval (tadpole) alpha-globin.
Involved in the mineralization and structural organization of enamel.
Expression is enriched in multiciliated cells in the epidermis and the nephrostomes of the pronephros.
In cyliated cells, dynein axonemal particle-specific protein required for deployment of ODA to the axoneme. Interacts with outer dynein arm (ODA) subunits.
Mutant multiciliated cells show a severe loss of ODAs from motile cilia.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CAMK Ser/Thr protein kinase family.
Does not appear to have detectable kinase activity.
Interacts with calmodulin, in the presence of calcium.
The protein kinase domain is predicted to be catalytically inactive.
Belongs to the protease inhibitor I47 (latexin) family.
Involved in chromatin assembly in DNA replication and DNA repair.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family. APG1/unc-51/ULK1 subfamily.
Serine/threonine protein kinase that acts as a regulator of Sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling and autophagy.
Key microtubule-organizing protein that specifically binds the minus-end of non-centrosomal microtubules and regulates their dynamics and organization. Specifically recognizes growing microtubule minus-ends and stabilizes microtubules. Acts on free microtubule minus-ends that are not capped by microtubule-nucleating proteins or other factors and protects microtubule minus-ends from depolymerization. In contrast to camsap2 and camsap3, tracks along the growing tips of minus-end microtubules without significantly affecting the polymerization rate: binds at the very tip of the microtubules minus-end and acts as a minus-end tracking protein (-TIP) that dissociates from microtubules after allowing tubulin incorporation. Through interaction with spectrin may regulate neurite outgrowth.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 10 family.
Belongs to the calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta family.
May be involved in the transcriptional activity of NFKB1.
Belongs to the parathyroid hormone family.
Blocks interferon-dependent interphase and stimulates DNA synthesis in cells.
Expressed first at gastrulation (stage 11) and is found to rapidly increase during neurulation and further development. In the adult, it is a major polypeptide in the esophageal mucosa.
Heterotetramer of two type I and two type II keratins.
There are two types of cytoskeletal and microfibrillar keratin: I (acidic; 40-55 kDa) and II (neutral to basic; 56-70 kDa).
Belongs to the type I cytokine receptor family. Type 1 subfamily.
Component of the 20S core proteasome complex involved in the proteolytic degradation of most intracellular proteins. This complex plays numerous essential roles within the cell by associating with different regulatory particles. Associated with two 19S regulatory particles, forms the 26S proteasome and thus participates in the ATP-dependent degradation of ubiquitinated proteins. The 26S proteasome plays a key role in the maintenance of protein homeostasis by removing misfolded or damaged proteins that could impair cellular functions, and by removing proteins whose functions are no longer required. Associated with the PA200 or PA28, the 20S proteasome mediates ubiquitin-independent protein degradation. This type of proteolysis is required in several pathways including spermatogenesis (20S-PA200 complex) or generation of a subset of MHC class I-presented antigenic peptides (20S-PA28 complex).
The 26S proteasome consists of a 20S proteasome core and two 19S regulatory subunits. The 20S proteasome core is a barrel-shaped complex made of 28 subunits that are arranged in four stacked rings. The two outer rings are each formed by seven alpha subunits, and the two inner rings are formed by seven beta subunits. The proteolytic activity is exerted by three beta-subunits PSMB5, PSMB6 and PSMB7.
Beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase that plays a key role in the synthesis of lacto- or neolacto-series carbohydrate chains on glycolipids.
Belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily. DCC family.
Belongs to the GST superfamily. Omega family.
Exhibits glutathione-dependent thiol transferase activity. Has high dehydroascorbate reductase activity and may contribute to the recycling of ascorbic acid. Participates in the biotransformation of inorganic arsenic and reduces monomethylarsonic acid (MMA).
Belongs to the protein prenyltransferase subunit alpha family.
Interacts with RLBP1; the interaction increases synthesis of chromophore-precursors by DEGS1.
Mediates the nuclear export of proteins (cargos) with broad substrate specificity.
Belongs to the Integrator subunit 3 family.
Involved in the modulation of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway by ensuring the accumulation of cardiolipin (CL) in mitochondrial membranes. The triap1:prelid1 complex probably functions as a phosphatidic acid (PA) transporter across the mitochondrion intermembrane space to provide PA for cardiolipin CL synthesis in the inner membrane. Likewise, the triap1:prelid3a complex mediates the transfer of phosphatidic acid (PA) between liposomes (in vitro) and probably functions as a PA transporter across the mitochondrion intermembrane space (in vivo). Mediates cell survival by inhibiting activation of caspase-9 which prevents induction of apoptosis (By similarity). Required for pronephros development; probably involved at an early stage in the formation of pronephric components derived from the somatic layer (By similarity).
Monomer. Forms a complex with prelid1 in the mitochondrion intermembrane space. Interacts with prelid3a.
Belongs to the endothelin/sarafotoxin family.
Belongs to the N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase 2 family.
Innate immunity protein that plays several important functions in antimicrobial and antitumor defense systems.
Acts as a molecular chaperone for G protein-coupled receptors, regulating their biogenesis and exit from the ER.
Belongs to the nucleobase:cation symporter-2 (NCS2) (TC 2.A.40) family.
Belongs to the BPI/LBP/Plunc superfamily. BPI/LBP family.
The N- and C-terminal barrels adopt an identical fold despite having only 13% of conserved residues.
The N-terminal region may be exposed to the interior of the granule, whereas the C-terminal portion may be embedded in the membrane. During phagocytosis and degranulation, proteases may be released and activated and cleave BPI at the junction of the N- and C-terminal portions of the molecule, providing controlled release of the N-terminal antibacterial fragment when bacteria are ingested.
The cytotoxic action of BPI is limited to many species of Gram-negative bacteria; this specificity may be explained by a strong affinity of the very basic N-terminal half for the negatively charged lipopolysaccharides that are unique to the Gram-negative bacterial outer envelope.
Belongs to the bombesin/neuromedin-B/ranatensin family.
Belongs to the SLC43A transporter (TC 2.A.1.44) family.
Belongs to the proteasome subunit S9 family.
Belongs to the ELO family. ELOVL5 subfamily.
Catalyzes the first and rate-limiting reaction of the four reactions that constitute the long-chain fatty acids elongation cycle. This endoplasmic reticulum-bound enzymatic process allows the addition of 2 carbons to the chain of long- and very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) per cycle. Condensing enzyme that acts specifically toward polyunsaturated acyl-CoA with the higher activity toward C18:3(n-6) acyl-CoA. May participate to the production of monounsaturated and of polyunsaturated VLCFAs of different chain lengths that are involved in multiple biological processes as precursors of membrane lipids and lipid mediators.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL22 family.
Belongs to the sodium channel auxiliary subunit SCN3B (TC 8.A.17) family.
Modulates channel gating kinetics. Causes unique persistent sodium currents. Inactivates the sodium channel opening more slowly than the subunit beta-1. Its association with NFASC may target the sodium channels to the nodes of Ranvier of developing axons and retain these channels at the nodes in mature myelinated axons.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL1 family.
Belongs to the nucleotide-sugar transporter family. SLC35A subfamily.
Belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily. LISCH7 family.
Acts as a MYO6/Myosin VI adapter protein that targets myosin VI to endocytic structures (By similarity). May also play a role in recruiting clathrin to endosomes (By similarity). May regulate growth factor-induced mitogenic signaling (By similarity).
Interacts with clathrin. Interacts with MYO6 (By similarity).
Bilateral morpholino knockdown of the protein in the embryo causes gross body edema that is typical of a renal excretory defect.
Required for normal ciliary development and function. Inhibits disheveled-1-induced canonical Wnt-signaling activity and may also play a role in the control of non-canonical Wnt signaling that regulates planar cell polarity. Probably acts as a molecular switch between different Wnt signaling pathways. Required for proper convergent extension cell movements.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 63 family.
Cleaves the distal alpha 1,2-linked glucose residue from the Glc(3)Man(9)GlcNAc(2) oligosaccharide precursor.
Component of pre-catalytic, catalytic and post-catalytic spliceosomes. Associates with the spliceosome prior to recognition of the 3'-splice site for step II, probably during catalysis of step I.
Required for pre-mRNA splicing as component of the spliceosome. Participates in the second catalytic step of pre-mRNA splicing, when the free hydroxyl group of exon I attacks the 3'-splice site to generate spliced mRNA and the excised lariat intron. Required for holding exon 1 properly in the spliceosome and for correct AG identification when more than one possible AG exists in 3'-splicing site region. May be involved in the activation of proximal AG. Probably also involved in alternative splicing regulation.
Heterodimer; heterodimerizes with mettl3 to form an antiparallel heterodimer that constitutes an active methyltransferase. Component of the WMM complex, a N6-methyltransferase complex composed of a catalytic subcomplex, named MAC, and of an associated subcomplex, named MACOM. The MAC subcomplex is composed of mettl3 and mettl14.
The METTL3-METTL14 heterodimer forms a N6-methyltransferase complex that methylates adenosine residues at the N(6) position of some mRNAs and regulates the circadian clock, differentiation of embryonic stem cells and cortical neurogenesis. In the heterodimer formed with mettl3, mettl14 constitutes the RNA-binding scaffold that recognizes the substrate rather than the catalytic core. N6-methyladenosine (m6A), which takes place at the 5'-[AG]GAC-3' consensus sites of some mRNAs, plays a role in mRNA stability and processing.
Belongs to the adenylate kinase family. AK3 subfamily.
Consists of three domains, a large central CORE domain and two small peripheral domains, NMPbind and LID, which undergo movements during catalysis. The LID domain closes over the site of phosphoryl transfer upon GTP binding. Assembling and dissambling the active center during each catalytic cycle provides an effective means to prevent GTP hydrolysis.
Involved in maintaining the homeostasis of cellular nucleotides by catalyzing the interconversion of nucleoside phosphates. Has GTP:AMP phosphotransferase and ITP:AMP phosphotransferase activities.
Belongs to the type II pantothenate kinase family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the type II pantothenate kinase family.
Belongs to the membrane magnesium transporter (TC 1.A.67) family.
Part of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane protein complex (EMC) that enables the energy-independent insertion into endoplasmic reticulum membranes of newly synthesized membrane proteins. Preferentially accommodates proteins with transmembrane domains that are weakly hydrophobic or contain destabilizing features such as charged and aromatic residues. Involved in the cotranslational insertion of multi-pass membrane proteins in which stop-transfer membrane-anchor sequences become ER membrane spanning helices. It is also required for the post-translational insertion of tail-anchored/TA proteins in endoplasmic reticulum membranes. By mediating the proper cotranslational insertion of N-terminal transmembrane domains in an N-exo topology, with translocated N-terminus in the lumen of the ER, controls the topology of multi-pass membrane proteins like the G protein-coupled receptors (By similarity). By regulating the insertion of various proteins in membranes, it is indirectly involved in many cellular processes. May be involved in Mg(2+) transport (By similarity).
3'-5'-exoribonuclease that specifically recognizes RNAs polyuridylated at their 3' end and mediates their degradation. Component of an exosome-independent RNA degradation pathway that mediates degradation of both mRNAs and miRNAs that have been polyuridylated by a terminal uridylyltransferase. Essential for correct mitosis, and negatively regulates cell proliferation.
Belongs to the RNR ribonuclease family. DIS3L2 subfamily.
Specifically recognizes and binds polyuridylated RNAs via 3 RNA-binding regions (named U-zone 1, U-zone 2 and U-zone 3) that form an open funnel on one face of the catalytic domain, allowing RNA to navigate a path to the active site.
Belongs to the SLC35F solute transporter family.
Belongs to the EGF-CFC (Cripto-1/FRL1/Cryptic) family.
Involved in the initiation of DNA replication. Also participates in checkpoint controls that ensure DNA replication is completed before mitosis is initiated.
Belongs to the HIBADH-related family. NP60 subfamily.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class TrmE-Era-EngA-EngB-Septin-like GTPase superfamily. EngB GTPase family.
Activated by tyrosine and threonine phosphorylation.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CMGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. MAP kinase subfamily.
Dually phosphorylated on Thr-181 and Tyr-183, which activates the enzyme.
Serine/threonine kinase which acts as an essential component of the MAP kinase signal transduction pathway. mapk14a is one of the four p38 MAPKs which play an important role in the cascades of cellular responses evoked by extracellular stimuli such as pro-inflammatory cytokines or physical stress leading to direct activation of transcription factors. Accordingly, p38 MAPKs phosphorylate a broad range of proteins and it has been estimated that they may have approximately 200 to 300 substrates each. Some of the targets are downstream kinases which are activated through phosphorylation and further phosphorylate additional targets. MPK2 is activated by upstream MAPKK/MAPKKK and stimulates MAPKAP kinase 2 to phosphorylate small heat shock proteins. Does not phosphorylate myelin basic protein or MAPKAP kinase 1.
The TXY motif contains the threonine and tyrosine residues whose phosphorylation activates the MAP kinases.
Belongs to the adenylate kinase family. AK1 subfamily.
Catalyzes the reversible transfer of the terminal phosphate group between ATP and AMP. Also displays broad nucleoside diphosphate kinase activity. Plays an important role in cellular energy homeostasis and in adenine nucleotide metabolism.
Consists of three domains, a large central CORE domain and two small peripheral domains, NMPbind and LID, which undergo movements during catalysis. The LID domain closes over the site of phosphoryl transfer upon ATP binding. Assembling and dissambling the active center during each catalytic cycle provides an effective means to prevent ATP hydrolysis.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Alpha-type protein kinase family. ALPK subfamily.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. STE Ser/Thr protein kinase family. MAP kinase kinase kinase subfamily.
May have a role in the JNK signaling pathway.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 56 family.
Binds the C-terminal sequence motif K-D-E-L in a hydrophilic cavity between the transmembrane domains. This triggers a conformation change that exposes a Lys-rich patch on the cytosolic surface of the protein (By similarity). This patch mediates recycling from the Golgi to the endoplasmic reticulum, probably via COPI vesicles (By similarity).
Receptor for the C-terminal sequence motif K-D-E-L that is present on endoplasmic reticulum resident proteins and that mediates their recycling from the Golgi back to the endoplasmic reticulum (By similarity). Binding is pH dependent, and is optimal at pH 5-5.4 (By similarity).
Necessary for efficient RNA polymerase II transcription elongation past template-encoded arresting sites. The arresting sites in DNA have the property of trapping a certain fraction of elongating RNA polymerases that pass through, resulting in locked ternary complexes. Cleavage of the nascent transcript by S-II allows the resumption of elongation from the new 3'-terminus.
Belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily. METTL16/RlmF family.
Methyltransferase activity is autoinhibited by the K-loop region that blocks S-adenosyl-L-methionine-binding. Upon activation, K-loop changes conformation, allowing S-adenosyl-L-methionine-binding and subsequent methyltransferase activity. mRNA N6-adenosine-methyltransferase activity is inhibited by zinc.
RNA N6-methyltransferase that methylates adenosine residues at the N(6) position of a subset of RNAs and is involved in S-adenosyl-L-methionine homeostasis by regulating expression of MAT2A transcripts. Able to N6-methylate a subset of mRNAs and U6 small nuclear RNAs (U6 snRNAs). In contrast to the METTL3-METTL14 heterodimer, only able to methylate a limited number of RNAs: requires both a 5'UACAGAGAA-3' nonamer sequence and a specific RNA structure. Plays a key role in S-adenosyl-L-methionine homeostasis by mediating N6-methylation of MAT2A mRNAs, altering splicing of MAT2A transcripts: in presence of S-adenosyl-L-methionine, binds the 3'-UTR region of MAT2A mRNA and specifically N6-methylates the first hairpin of MAT2A mRNA, impairing MAT2A splicing and protein expression. In S-adenosyl-L-methionine-limiting conditions, binds the 3'-UTR region of MAT2A mRNA but stalls due to the lack of a methyl donor, preventing N6-methylation and promoting expression of MAT2A. In addition to mRNAs, also able to mediate N6-methylation of U6 small nuclear RNA (U6 snRNA): specifically N6-methylates adenine in position 43 of U6 snRNAs.
The K-loop region occludes the S-adenosyl-L-methionine-binding pocket. Upon activation, conformation of the K-loop changes, allowing S-adenosyl-L-methionine-binding.
The VCR (vertebrate conserved) regions bind the first hairpin of MAT2A mRNAs. The VCR regions interact with the internal stem-loop within U6 snRNAs, inducing the conformational rearrangement of the A43-containing region of U6 snRNA, thereby modifying the RNA structure to become suitable for productive catalysis by the methyltransferase region.
Belongs to the connexin family. Alpha-type (group II) subfamily.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class dynamin-like GTPase superfamily. IRG family.
Interacts with EME1 to form a DNA structure-specific endonuclease with substrate preference for branched DNA structures with a 5'-end at the branch nick. Typical substrates include 3'-flap structures, D-loops, replication forks and nicked Holliday junctions. May be required in mitosis for the processing of stalled or collapsed replication fork intermediates. May be required in meiosis for the repair of meiosis-specific double strand breaks subsequent to single-end invasion (SEI).
Belongs to the eukaryotic AdoMetDC family.
Binds 1 pyruvoyl group covalently per subunit.
Essential for biosynthesis of the polyamines spermidine and spermine. Promotes maintenance and self-renewal of embryonic stem cells, by maintaining spermine levels.
First expressed at stage I of oocyte development, and is maximally expressed at stage II. Levels decline during oocyte maturation and after fertilization, and also in the early neurula. Levels increase dramatically during the late neurula stage reaching a maximum at the tail bud stage.
Is synthesized initially as an inactive proenzyme. Formation of the active enzyme involves a self-maturation process in which the active site pyruvoyl group is generated from an internal serine residue via an autocatalytic post-translational modification. Two non-identical subunits are generated from the proenzyme in this reaction, and the pyruvate is formed at the N-terminus of the alpha chain, which is derived from the carboxyl end of the proenzyme. The post-translation cleavage follows an unusual pathway, termed non-hydrolytic serinolysis, in which the side chain hydroxyl group of the serine supplies its oxygen atom to form the C-terminus of the beta chain, while the remainder of the serine residue undergoes an oxidative deamination to produce ammonia and the pyruvoyl group blocking the N-terminus of the alpha chain (By similarity).
It is uncertain whether Met-1 or Met-3 is the initiator.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically after the midblastula transition. Present both dorsally and ventrally at the beginning of neurulation. Expression is restricted to the developing heart at the tailbud stage.
Expressed in adult liver, lung, heart, kidney and peritoneal fat.
The insulin-like growth factors, isolated from plasma, are structurally and functionally related to insulin but have a much higher growth-promoting activity. Promotes head development by inhibiting Wnt signaling during embryogenesis (PubMed:11709186, PubMed:11944947). Acts as a ligand for IGF1R. Binds to the alpha subunit of IGF1R, leading to the activation of the intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity which autophosphorylates tyrosine residues in the beta subunit thus initiatiating a cascade of down-stream signaling events leading to activation of the PI3K-AKT/PKB and the Ras-MAPK pathways. Binds to integrins. Its binding to integrins and subsequent ternary complex formation with integrins and IGFR1 are essential for IGF1 signaling (By similarity).
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL24 family.
Belongs to the POU transcription factor family. Class-1 subfamily.
Belongs to the acid sphingomyelinase family.
A disulfide bond locks the enzyme in the closed conformation preventing substrate entry into the catalytic chamber.
Belongs to the peptidase M16 family. PreP subfamily.
Mainly exists in a closed and catalytically competent conformation but a closed-to-open switch allows substrate entry into the catalytic chamber. Substrate binding induces closure and dimerization. A disulfide bond may lock the enzyme in a closed conformation preventing substrate entry into the catalytic chamber, participating in redox regulation of the enzyme. Inhibited by metal-chelating agents. Inhibited by nickel and zinc excess, and slightly activated by manganese.
Metalloendopeptidase of the mitochondrial matrix that functions in peptide cleavage and degradation rather than in protein processing. Has an ATP-independent activity. Specifically cleaves peptides in the range of 5 to 65 residues. Shows a preference for cleavage after small polar residues and before basic residues, but without any positional preference. Degrades the transit peptides of mitochondrial proteins after their cleavage. Also degrades other unstructured peptides.
Monomer and homodimer; homodimerization is induced by binding of the substrate.
Belongs to the nucleotide-sugar transporter family. SLC35B subfamily.
Belongs to the V-ATPase e1/e2 subunit family.
Subunit of the V0 complex of vacuolar(H+)-ATPase (V-ATPase), a multisubunit enzyme composed of a peripheral complex (V1) that hydrolyzes ATP and a membrane integral complex (V0) that translocates protons. V-ATPase is responsible for acidifying and maintaining the pH of intracellular compartments and in some cell types, is targeted to the plasma membrane, where it is responsible for acidifying the extracellular environment.
V-ATPase is a heteromultimeric enzyme made up of two complexes: the ATP-hydrolytic V1 complex and the proton translocation V0 complex.
The steroid hormones and their receptors are involved in the regulation of eukaryotic gene expression and affect cellular proliferation and differentiation in target tissues.
In muscle, parvalbumin is thought to be involved in relaxation after contraction. It binds two calcium ions.
Belongs to the bZIP family. PAR subfamily.
Belongs to the Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase family.
Destroys radicals which are normally produced within the cells and which are toxic to biological systems.
Belongs to the class-I pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family. Alanine aminotransferase subfamily.
Catalyzes the reversible transamination between alanine and 2-oxoglutarate to form pyruvate and glutamate.
Contains a Gly residue instead of a conserved Cys residue at position 120 in the dsPTPase catalytic loop which renders it catalytically inactive as a phosphatase (By similarity). The binding pocket is however sufficiently preserved to bind phosphorylated substrates, and may protect them from phosphatases (By similarity).
Receptor for NPAF (A-18-F-amide) and NPFF (F-8-F-amide) neuropeptides, also known as morphine-modulating peptides. Can also be activated by a variety of naturally occurring or synthetic FMRF-amide like ligands. This receptor mediates its action by association with G proteins that activate a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 11 family.
Belongs to the copper type II ascorbate-dependent monooxygenase family.
Belongs to the D-glucuronyl C5-epimerase family.
Belongs to the TNF receptor-associated factor family. A subfamily.
E3 ubiquitin ligase that, together with UBE2N and UBE2V1, mediates the synthesis of 'Lys-63'-linked-polyubiquitin chains conjugated to proteins, such as IKBKG, IRAK1, AKT1 and AKT2. Also mediates ubiquitination of free/unanchored polyubiquitin chain that leads to MAP3K7 activation.
First detected in the neurula stage and then increased during late tadpole stage.
Highly expressed in ovary and moderately expressed in kidney, spleen, stomach, colon and testis.
Homotrimer (By similarity). Homooligomer (By similarity). Interacts with tifa (PubMed:16023795).
The MATH/TRAF domain binds to receptor cytoplasmic domains.
Important for normal spermatogenesis and male fertility. Specifically required for progression to the post-meiotic stages of spermatocyte development. Seems to be necessary for normal expression levels of a number of testis-expressed gene transcripts, although its role in this process is unclear.
Belongs to the ammonium transporter (TC 2.A.49) family. Rh subfamily.
Interacts with FRGY2 (a component of messenger ribonucleoprotein (mRNP) particle)during germ cell develpoment.
Loss-of-function in embryos causes arrest of karyokinesis progression.
Presents exclusively in early embryonic and germline cells (PubMed:15771630, PubMed:21314676). Expressed in both spermatogenic and oogenic cells except for round spermatids and the later stage (PubMed:12112575). Expressed in early stage embryos and decrease after the gastrula stage (PubMed:12112575).
The tudor domains recognize and bind to proteins with dimethylated arginine residues.
Tudor domain-containing protein involved in germ cell development, more specifically the formation of chromatoid body (during spermiogenesis), Balbiani body (during oogenesis), germ plasm (upon fertilization), and for proper miRNA expression and spliceosome maturation (By similarity). Component of cytoplasmic mRNP particle through interaction with FRGY2, and binds to maternal mRNA related to cell cycle (RCC1, RHAMM, INCENP-A, MAD2L1, HELLS) and a germ plasm specific mRNA (Dead end/Dnd1), it is proposed a role in translational activation of the maternal mRNAs repressed in mRNP particle (PubMed:21314676).
Belongs to the ligand-gated ion channel (TC 1.A.9) family. Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor (TC 1.A.9.5) subfamily. GABRA2 sub-subfamily.
Belongs to the AB hydrolase superfamily. ABHD16 family.
Belongs to the alkaline phosphatase family.
Belongs to the heat shock protein 90 family.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Tyr protein kinase family. Insulin receptor subfamily.
Probable inhibitor of phosphatase activity.
B regulatory subunit of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) that plays a key role in cell cycle by controlling mitosis entry and exit. The activity of PP2A complexes containing ppp2r2d (PR55-delta) fluctuate during the cell cycle: the activity is high in interphase and low in mitosis. During mitosis, activity of PP2A is inhibited via interaction with phosphorylated ensa and arpp19 inhibitors. PP2A complexes containing ppp2r2d (PR55-delta) also regulate the activity of TGF-beta/Activin/Nodal signaling by restricting receptor activity. Within the PP2A complexes, the B regulatory subunits modulate substrate selectivity and catalytic activity, and may also direct the localization of the catalytic enzyme to a particular subcellular compartment.
Belongs to the phosphatase 2A regulatory subunit B family.
PP2A consists of a common heterodimeric core enzyme, composed of a 36 kDa catalytic subunit (subunit C) and a 65 kDa constant regulatory subunit (PR65 or subunit A), that associates with a variety of regulatory subunits. Proteins that associate with the core dimer include three families of regulatory subunits B (the R2/B/PR55/B55, R3/B''/PR72/PR130/PR59 and R5/B'/B56 families), the 48 kDa variable regulatory subunit, viral proteins, and cell signaling molecules. Interacts with ensa (when phosphorylated at 'Ser-67') and arpp19 (when phosphorylated at 'Ser-67'), leading to inhibit PP2A activity.
ppp2r2d is an abundant subunit in egg extracts and represents 70% or more of B55 subunits.
Interacts with RRP7A; required for NOL6 localization to nucleolus.
Belongs to the GTR/RAG GTP-binding protein family.
Guanine nucleotide-binding protein that plays a crucial role in the cellular response to amino acid availability through regulation of the mTORC1 signaling cascade.
Belongs to the protein phosphatase inhibitor 2 family.
May be involved in cell cycle regulation.
Belongs to the UPL family. K-HECT subfamily.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase which accepts ubiquitin from an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme in the form of a thioester and then directly transfers the ubiquitin to targeted substrates.
Protein phosphatase that associates with over 200 regulatory proteins to form highly specific holoenzymes which dephosphorylate hundreds of biological targets. Protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) is essential for cell division, and participates in the regulation of glycogen metabolism, muscle contractility and protein synthesis (By similarity). Promotes nuclear envelope reassembly by targeting nuclear membrane vesicles to chromatin at the end of mitosis. Acts by dephosphorylating membrane proteins such as lamin B receptor (lbr) to regulate the binding of membrane proteins to chromatin.
Belongs to the band 7/mec-2 family. Flotillin subfamily.
Probably catalyzes the deacetylation of acetylated carbohydrates an important step in the degradation of oligosaccharides.
Belongs to the PUR DNA-binding protein family.
May bind repeated elements in single-stranded DNA and may participate in transcriptional and translational gene regulation.
Belongs to the cation transport ATPase (P-type) (TC 3.A.3) family. Type IIA subfamily.
Belongs to the glycogen debranching enzyme family.
Multifunctional enzyme acting as 1,4-alpha-D-glucan:1,4-alpha-D-glucan 4-alpha-D-glycosyltransferase and amylo-1,6-glucosidase in glycogen degradation.
Dioxygenase that catalyzes the conversion of the modified genomic base 5-methylcytosine (5mC) into 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) and plays a key role in epigenetic chromatin reprogramming during embryonic development.
Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 1 family. 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor subfamily. HTR1A sub-subfamily.
First expressed in the rostral part of the brain stem at stage 22. At later stages of development, expression is localized to serotonergic neurons. The expression pattern changes in the tadpole of stage 41 where, in addition to serotonergic neurons, expression is also localized to the inner nuclear layer (INL) of the developing retina. This expression pattern continues through to the start of metamorphosis (stage 46). In adults, expressed in the brain, in particular the telencephalon, diencephalon and mesencephalon. In the telencephalic region, expression is localized to the lateral, dorsal and medial pallium, and in the striatum, septum and amygdala. In the mesencephalic region, expression is strongest in the optic tectum and torus semicircularis with moderate levels of expression in tegmental nuclei. In diencephalon, localized to the dorsal and ventral thalamus and the preoptic area of the hypothalamus.
G-protein coupled receptor for 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin). Also functions as a receptor for various drugs and psychoactive substances. Ligand binding causes a conformation change that triggers signaling via guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) and modulates the activity of down-stream effectors, such as adenylate cyclase. Beta-arrestin family members inhibit signaling via G proteins and mediate activation of alternative signaling pathways. Signaling inhibits adenylate cyclase activity and activates a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system that regulates the release of Ca(2+) ions from intracellular stores. Plays a role in the regulation of 5-hydroxytryptamine release and in the regulation of dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine metabolism. Plays a role in the regulation of dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine levels in the brain, and thereby affects neural activity and behavior. Activation of the receptor may play a role in the exit from G0 phase and in promoting DNA synthesis.
Component of the general transcription and DNA repair factor IIH (TFIIH) core complex which is involved in general and transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair (NER) of damaged DNA.
Binds 1 divalent metal cation per subunit.
Required for the formation of a threonylcarbamoyl group on adenosine at position 37 (t(6)A37) in mitochondrial tRNAs that read codons beginning with adenine. Probably involved in the transfer of the threonylcarbamoyl moiety of threonylcarbamoyl-AMP (TC-AMP) to the N6 group of A37. Involved in mitochondrial genome maintenance.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class OBG-HflX-like GTPase superfamily. OBG GTPase family. YchF/OLA1 subfamily.
Hydrolyzes ATP, and can also hydrolyze GTP with lower efficiency. Has lower affinity for GTP.
In vitro, the triap1:prelid3a complex mediates the transfer of phosphatidic acid (PA) between liposomes and probably functions as a PA transporter across the mitochondrion intermembrane space. Phosphatidic acid import is required for cardiolipin (CL) synthesis in the mitochondrial inner membrane.
Accessory subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I), that is believed to be not involved in catalysis. Complex I functions in the transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme is believed to be ubiquinone.
Mammalian complex I is composed of 45 different subunits.
Functions as a dosage-dependent inducer in mitotic control. Tyrosine protein phosphatase required for progression of the cell cycle.
A number of compounds can compete with and disrupt triiodothyronine (T3)-binding. Binds the synthetic estrogen diethylstilbestrol (DES) with the same affinity as T3. Phenolic and phenol compounds can also disrupt T3-binding, with brominated derivatives of bisphenol A (e.g. 3,3'5-tribromobisphenol A) having a higher binding affinity than the chlorinated derivatives (e.g. 3,3'5-trichlorobisphenol A), but with the bromophenols showing lower binding affinity than the chlorophenols.
Detected in plasma (at protein level). Expressed during metamorphosis in tadpole liver, but not in tadpole brain nor adult liver. Between 1.5 and 3 days of development, also expressed in the mesoderm of the kidney.
Expressed in tadpoles from premetamorphic stage 53 until the end of prometamorphic stage 60. Expression levels reach a maximum at prometamorphic stages 58 to 59, then decline gradually during metamorphic climax stages (61-66). Undetectable in adults.
Homotetramer. Dimer of dimers. In the homotetramer, subunits assemble around a central channel that can accommodate two ligand molecules. Interacts with rbp4.
The N-terminus strongly influences thyroid hormone-binding properties.
The estrogen ethinylestradiol (EE2) significantly decreases expression in both male and female livers. The environmental contaminants polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) result in an increase in gene expression and a delay in metamorphosis.
Thyroid hormone-binding protein, with a much higher binding affinity for triiodothyronine (T3) than for thyroxine (T4). Probably transports triiodothyronine from the bloodstream to the brain.
Thyroid hormone-binding protein. Probably transports thyroxine from the bloodstream to the brain.
Component of the swi5-sfr1 complex, a complex required for double-strand break repair via homologous recombination (By similarity).
May inhibit phosphatase activity of protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) complexes. May positively regulate cell proliferation (By similarity).
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL6 family.
May play a role in fatty acid biosynthesis and insulin sensitivity.
Removes 5-oxoproline from various penultimate amino acid residues except L-proline.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 18 family. Chitinase class II subfamily.
Catalyzes the post-translational formation of 4-hydroxyproline in -Xaa-Pro-Gly- sequences in collagens and other proteins.
Members of this family may change from a globular, soluble state to a state where the N-terminal domain is inserted into the membrane and functions as chloride channel. A conformation change of the N-terminal domain is thought to expose hydrophobic surfaces that trigger membrane insertion.
The di-lysine motif confers endoplasmic reticulum localization for type I membrane proteins.
Binds 1 heme c group covalently per subunit.
Electron carrier protein. The oxidized form of the cytochrome c heme group can accept an electron from the heme group of the cytochrome c1 subunit of cytochrome reductase. Cytochrome c then transfers this electron to the cytochrome oxidase complex, the final protein carrier in the mitochondrial electron-transport chain (By similarity).
Belongs to the complex I NDUFA1 subunit family.
Acts as one of several non-catalytic accessory components of the cytoplasmic dynein 1 complex that are thought to be involved in linking dynein to cargos and to adapter proteins that regulate dynein function. Cytoplasmic dynein 1 acts as a motor for the intracellular retrograde motility of vesicles and organelles along microtubules. May play a role in binding dynein to membranous organelles or chromosomes.
Belongs to the dynein light intermediate chain family.
Homodimer. The cytoplasmic dynein 1 complex consists of two catalytic heavy chains (HCs) and a number of non-catalytic subunits presented by intermediate chains (ICs).
Interacts with the APC/C complex. Interacts with the chromatin-bound cohesin complex; the interaction is indirect, occurs after DNA replication and requires acetylation of the cohesin component smc3. Interacts (via the FGF motif) with pds5a and pds5b; the interaction is direct and prevents the interaction of pds5a with wapl (Probable).
Regulator of sister chromatid cohesion in mitosis stabilizing cohesin complex association with chromatin. May antagonize the action of wapl which stimulates cohesin dissociation from chromatin. Cohesion ensures that chromosome partitioning is accurate in both meiotic and mitotic cells and plays an important role in DNA repair. Required for efficient DNA double-stranded break repair (Probable).
The KEN box is required for the association with the APC/C complex.
Ubiquitinated by the APC/C complex in G1, leading to its degradation.
Belongs to the peroxisomal membrane protein PXMP2/4 family.
Interacts with prickle3 (PubMed:27062996).
May monitor slit diaphragm protein assembly, a specialized adherens junction characteristic of podocytes. In case of podocyte injury, it shuttles into the nucleus and acts as a transcription regulator. Plays a role in the regulation of cell morphology and cytoskeletal organization (By similarity). Acts as a transcriptional corepressor for snai1 and snai2/slug and plays a role in regulating neural crest development. Involved in the organization of the basal body (PubMed:27062996). Involved in cilia growth and positioning (PubMed:27062996).
Interacts with MPDZ. Interacts with ARRB2.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 23 family.
Common junctional plaque protein. The membrane-associated plaques are architectural elements in an important strategic position to influence the arrangement and function of both the cytoskeleton and the cells within the tissue. The presence of plakoglobin in both the desmosomes and in the intermediate junctions suggests that it plays a central role in the structure and function of submembranous plaques.
Converts 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate (lysophosphatidic acid or LPA) into 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate (phosphatidic acid or PA) by incorporating an acyl moiety at the sn-2 position of the glycerol backbone.
Belongs to the iron-containing alcohol dehydrogenase family. Hydroxyacid-oxoacid transhydrogenase subfamily.
Catalyzes the cofactor-independent reversible oxidation of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) to succinic semialdehyde (SSA) coupled to reduction of 2-ketoglutarate (2-KG) to D-2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2-HG). L-3-hydroxybutyrate (L-3-OHB) is also a substrate for HOT when using 2-KG as hydrogen acceptor, resulting in the formation of D-2-HG (By similarity).
Component of the TIM22 complex, a complex that mediates the import and insertion of multi-pass transmembrane proteins into the mitochondrial inner membrane. The TIM22 complex forms a twin-pore translocase that uses the membrane potential as the external driving force.
The twin CX3C motif contains 4 conserved Cys residues that form 2 disulfide bonds in the mitochondrial intermembrane space. However, during the transit of timm10b from cytoplasm into mitochondrion, the Cys residues probably coordinate zinc, thereby preventing folding and allowing its transfer across mitochondrial outer membrane.
Belongs to the 2'-deoxynucleoside 5'-phosphate N-hydrolase 1 family.
Catalyzes the cleavage of the N-glycosidic bond of deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphates to yield deoxyribose 5-phosphate and a purine or pyrimidine base. Deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphates containing purine bases are preferred to those containing pyrimidine bases.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL5 family.
Belongs to the dynein light chain Tctex-type family.
Homodimer; homodimerization requires the C4-type zinc finger motif and decreases during mitosis in a phosphorylation-dependent manner.
Plays a role in determining ER morphology.
The C4-type zinc finger motif is necessary both for its ER three-way tubular junction localization and formation.
Belongs to the complex I subunit 4L family.
Core subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I) which catalyzes electron transfer from NADH through the respiratory chain, using ubiquinone as an electron acceptor.
NPY is implicated in the control of feeding and in secretion of gonadotrophin-release hormone.
Activated by autophosphorylation of the T-loop at Thr-169 and Ser-173: in contrast to other members of the SNF1 subfamily, phosphorylation at Thr-169 is not mediated by STK11/LKB1 but via autophosphorylation instead.
Autophosphorylated: autophosphorylation of the T-loop at Thr-169 and Ser-173 is required for activation (By similarity). Phosphorylated by the maturation promoting factor (MPF), composed of cdk1 and a cyclin-B. Also phosphorylated by some MAPK. Phosphorylated during oocyte maturation. Dephosphorylation destabilizes the protein. There is some ambiguity for some phosphosites: Thr-481/Thr-483 and Ser-505/Ser-517.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CAMK Ser/Thr protein kinase family. SNF1 subfamily.
Serine/threonine-protein kinase involved in various processes such as cell cycle regulation, self-renewal of stem cells, apoptosis and splicing regulation. Also plays a role in primitive hematopoiesis, possibly by affecting the expression of genes critical for hematopoiesis (By similarity). Plays a role in cytokinesis during early development.
The KA1 domain mediates binding to phospholipids and targeting to membranes.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 8 family.
Component of the Mediator complex, a coactivator involved in the regulated transcription of nearly all RNA polymerase II-dependent genes. Mediator functions as a bridge to convey information from gene-specific regulatory proteins to the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. Mediator is recruited to promoters by direct interactions with regulatory proteins and serves as a scaffold for the assembly of a functional preinitiation complex with RNA polymerase II and the general transcription factors. May play a role as a target recruitment subunit in E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complexes and thus in ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins (By similarity).
Component of the Mediator complex. May be part of a multisubunit E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex (By similarity).
The 26S proteasome consists of a 20S proteasome core and two 19S regulatory subunits.
Belongs to the apolipoprotein A1/A4/E family.
Acts as a negative regulator of autophagy.
The PHD-type zinc-finger domain is required for negative regulation of autophagy.
Belongs to the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase family.
Has both glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and nitrosylase activities, thereby playing a role in glycolysis and nuclear functions, respectively. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase is a key enzyme in glycolysis that catalyzes the first step of the pathway by converting D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) into 3-phospho-D-glyceroyl phosphate (By similarity). Participates in nuclear events including transcription, RNA transport, DNA replication and apoptosis. Nuclear functions are probably due to the nitrosylase activity that mediates cysteine S-nitrosylation of nuclear target proteins such as SIRT1, HDAC2 and PRKDC (By similarity).
S-nitrosylation of Cys-150 leads to translocation to the nucleus.
In the central section; belongs to the metallo-dependent hydrolases superfamily. DHOase family. CAD subfamily.
The histidine box domains are involved in binding the catalytic metal ions.
Facilitates protein transport into the nucleus. Interacts with the nucleoporin p62 and with Ran. Acts at a relatively late stage of nuclear protein import, subsequent to the initial docking of nuclear import ligand at the nuclear envelope. Could be part of a multicomponent system of cytosolic factors that assemble at the pore complex during nuclear import (By similarity).
Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily. Organophosphate:Pi antiporter (OPA) (TC 2.A.1.4) family.
Belongs to the multi antimicrobial extrusion (MATE) (TC 2.A.66.1) family.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 33 family.
Essential component of the COP9 signalosome complex (CSN), a complex involved in various cellular and developmental processes. The CSN complex is an essential regulator of the ubiquitin (Ubl) conjugation pathway by mediating the deneddylation of the cullin subunits of E3 ligase complexes, leading to modify the Ubl ligase activity (By similarity).
Belongs to the cyclin-dependent kinase 5 activator family.
Expressed in all blood vessels including the posterior cardinal vein, intersomitic veins and the vitelline vein network.
Receptor for apelin receptor early endogenous ligand (apela) and apelin (apln) hormones coupled to G proteins that inhibit adenylate cyclase activity (PubMed:17412318). Plays a key role in early development such as gastrulation, blood vessels formation and heart morphogenesis by acting as a receptor for apela hormone, promoting endoderm and mesendoderm cell migration and regulating the migration of cells fated to become myocardial progenitors, respectively (By similarity). Promotes angioblast migration toward the embryonic midline, i.e. the position of the future vessel formation, during vasculogenesis (By similarity). May promote sinus venosus (SV)-derived endothelial cells migration into the developing heart to promote coronary blood vessel development (By similarity). Required for cardiovascular development, particularly for intersomitic vein angiogenesis by acting as a receptor for apln hormone (PubMed:17412318). Also plays a role in various processes in adults such as regulation of blood vessel formation, blood pressure, heart contractility, and heart failure. Acts upstream of the i/o type of G-alpha proteins in the differentiation of endothelium, erythroid cells, myeloid cells and cardiomyocytes (By similarity).
Putative ferric-chelate reductases reduce Fe(3+) to Fe(2+) before its transport from the endosome to the cytoplasm.
The cytochrome b561 domain lacks the conserved His residue that binds iron in the heme. The reductase activity is therefore unsure in vivo.
Belongs to the LanC-like protein family.
May play a role in the regulation of insulin-dependent IRS1 tyrosine phosphorylation in adipocytes.
Heterotrimeric complex composed of SEC61-alpha, SEC61-beta and SEC61-gamma (By similarity). Component of the ribosome-associated ER translocon complex (By similarity).
Necessary for protein translocation in the endoplasmic reticulum and multi-pass membrane protein biogenesis.
Belongs to the Nudix hydrolase family. DCP2 subfamily.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bS18 family. Mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mS40 subfamily.
Regulator of microtubule dynamic that has microtubule bundling activity.
Contributes to the maintenance of intracerebral BDNF levels within the normal range. May enhance growth factor-induced ERK1 and ERK2 phosphorylation. May attenuate growth factor-promoted ELK1 phosphorylation in a microtubule-dependent manner (By similarity).
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that acts in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway, which targets misfolded proteins that accumulate in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) for ubiquitination and subsequent proteasome-mediated degradation. Protects cells from ER stress-induced apoptosis.
Component of the 26S proteasome, a multiprotein complex involved in the ATP-dependent degradation of ubiquitinated proteins.
Transcriptional regulator (lacking a basic DNA binding domain) which negatively regulates the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors by forming heterodimers and inhibiting their DNA binding and transcriptional activity. Inhibits the activity of both neurogenic (neurod1/neuroD) and myogenic (myod1/myoD) bHLH factors. May play a role in the regulation of the circadian clock (By similarity).
Interacts with DNA (By similarity). Interacts with microtubules, ipo7, kpna2 and kpnb1. Microtubule stabilization is inhibited by ipo7 and kpna2, while microtubule bundling is inhibited by kpnb1. Active GTP-bound ran causes dissociation of ipo7 and kpnb1.
Microtubule-associated protein with the capacity to bundle and stabilize microtubules. May associate with chromosomes and promote the organization of meiotic or mitotic spindle microtubules around them.
Belongs to the CDP-alcohol phosphatidyltransferase class-I family.
Acts partially redundantly with other irx members in neural patterning. Required for formation of the posterior forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain, and to a lesser extent, spinal cord. Acts early in neural plate development to induce expression of some but not all proneural genes, and specify a neural precursor state. Also up-regulates repressors that prevent neuronal differentiation. Patterns the neuroectoderm in both the anterior/posterior and dorsal/ventral axes. Acts primarily as a transcriptional repressor during neural development, and binds to the bmp4 promoter to repress gene expression and thus mediate down-regulation of bmp4 by wnt signaling. Controls multiple processes through bmp4-repression including neural plate development, neural crest specification and Spemann organizer development. Involved in the specification of the preplacodal field at the anterior border of the neural plate. Regulates the genetic cascade of interactions that are necessary for positioning the isthmus organizer and the formation of the midbrain-hindbrain boundary. Required during at least two stages of pronephros kidney development; during neurula stages, maintains transcription of key renal genes to define the size and identity of the pronephric anlage, probably in part through regulation of bmp-signaling. Subsequently required for proper formation of the intermediate tubule segment of the pronephros. Acts principally as a transcriptional activator during pronephros development (By similarity).
Belongs to the V-ATPase H subunit family.
Subunit of the V1 complex of vacuolar(H+)-ATPase (V-ATPase), a multisubunit enzyme composed of a peripheral complex (V1) that hydrolyzes ATP and a membrane integral complex (V0) that translocates protons. V-ATPase is responsible for acidifying and maintaining the pH of intracellular compartments.
Might be involved in growth regulation, and in myelinization in the peripheral nervous system.
Putative Notch ligand involved in the mediation of Notch signaling.
Hydrolyzes N(G),N(G)-dimethyl-L-arginine (ADMA) and N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine (MMA) which act as inhibitors of NOS. Has therefore a role in the regulation of nitric oxide generation.
Potential calcium-dependent cell-adhesion protein. May be involved in the establishment and maintenance of specific neuronal connections in the brain.
Identified in the spliceosome C complex.
Oocyte maturation is accompanied by the recruitment of specific maternal mRNAs into polysomes. G10 is an example of a protein which is translated at that time.
Belongs to the cyclin family. Cyclin E subfamily.
Essential for the control of the cell cycle at the G1/S (start) transition.
Interacts with CDK2 protein kinase to form a serine/threonine kinase holoenzyme complex. The cyclin subunit imparts substrate specificity to the complex.
Phosphorylation by CDK2 triggers its release from CDK2 and degradation via the ubiquitin proteasome pathway.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 28 family.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase which accepts ubiquitin from specific E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes, and transfers it to substrates, generally promoting their degradation by the proteasome.
Belongs to the AB hydrolase superfamily. Lipase family.
Homodimerization is required for HNF4-alpha to bind to its recognition site.
Maternal protein which is distributed within an animal-to-vegetal gradient in the embryo. Present throughout the entire development.
Transcriptional regulator; binds and activates the promoter for the HNF1-alpha gene (PubMed:8808405). Potential initiator of a transcriptional cascade within a subset of cells committed to a specific developmental program (PubMed:8808405). Could be a determinant for asymmetry in early development (PubMed:8808405). May play a role in the regulation of the circadian clock (By similarity).
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 16 family.
Contains a GTPase activator for the Rho-type GTPases (RhoGAP) domain that would be able to negatively regulate the actin cytoskeleton as well as cell spreading. However, also contains N-terminally a BAR-domin which is able to play an autoinhibitory effect on this RhoGAP activity.
Rho-GAP domain is able to regulate RhoGTPase activity, actin cytoskeleton and cell spreading. However N-terminally BAR domain plays an autoinhibitory role.
Belongs to the complex I subunit 3 family.
Core subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I) that is believed to belong to the minimal assembly required for catalysis. Complex I functions in the transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme is believed to be ubiquinone (By similarity).
Belongs to the actinoporin family. Sea anemone subfamily.
ATP-dependent DNA helicase that unwinds single- and double-stranded DNA in a 3'-5' direction. Participates in DNA replication and repair (PubMed:11040210). Involved in 5'-end resection of DNA during double-strand break (DSB) repair. Negatively regulates sister chromatid exchange (SCE). Stimulates DNA 4-way junction branch migration and DNA Holliday junction dissolution. Binds single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), forked duplex DNA and DNA Holliday junction.
Belongs to the helicase family. RecQ subfamily.
Monomer. Homodimer (via N-terminus). Homotetramer (via N-terminus); dimer of dimers. Homohexamer (via N-terminus). Self-association negatively regulates DNA unwinding amplitude and rate. Oligomer complexes dissociate into monomer in presence of ATP.
The N-terminal region mediates dimerization and homooligomerization. Both the helicase ATP-binding domain and the helicase C-terminal domain form intramolecular interactions with the HRDC domain in a ATP-dependent manner. The HRDC domain is required for single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and DNA Holliday junction binding.
Belongs to the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 3 family.
Component of the cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV, CIV), a multisubunit enzyme composed of 14 subunits. The complex is composed of a catalytic core of 3 subunits MT-CO1, MT-CO2 and MT-CO3, encoded in the mitochondrial DNA, and 11 supernumerary subunits COX4I, COX5A, COX5B, COX6A, COX6B, COX6C, COX7A, COX7B, COX7C, COX8 and NDUFA4, which are encoded in the nuclear genome. The complex exists as a monomer or a dimer and forms supercomplexes (SCs) in the inner mitochondrial membrane with NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I, CI) and ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase (cytochrome b-c1 complex, complex III, CIII), resulting in different assemblies (supercomplex SCI(1)III(2)IV(1) and megacomplex MCI(2)III(2)IV(2)).
Component of the cytochrome c oxidase, the last enzyme in the mitochondrial electron transport chain which drives oxidative phosphorylation. The respiratory chain contains 3 multisubunit complexes succinate dehydrogenase (complex II, CII), ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase (cytochrome b-c1 complex, complex III, CIII) and cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV, CIV), that cooperate to transfer electrons derived from NADH and succinate to molecular oxygen, creating an electrochemical gradient over the inner membrane that drives transmembrane transport and the ATP synthase. Cytochrome c oxidase is the component of the respiratory chain that catalyzes the reduction of oxygen to water. Electrons originating from reduced cytochrome c in the intermembrane space (IMS) are transferred via the dinuclear copper A center (CU(A)) of subunit 2 and heme A of subunit 1 to the active site in subunit 1, a binuclear center (BNC) formed by heme A3 and copper B (CU(B)). The BNC reduces molecular oxygen to 2 water molecules using 4 electrons from cytochrome c in the IMS and 4 protons from the mitochondrial matrix.
Belongs to the Ca(2+):cation antiporter (CaCA) (TC 2.A.19) family. SLC8 subfamily.
Belongs to the V-ATPase G subunit family.
Subunit of the V1 complex of vacuolar(H+)-ATPase (V-ATPase), a multisubunit enzyme composed of a peripheral complex (V1) that hydrolyzes ATP and a membrane integral complex (V0) that translocates protons. V-ATPase is responsible for acidifying and maintaining the pH of intracellular compartments and in some cell types, is targeted to the plasma membrane, where it is responsible for acidifying the extracellular environment.
Belongs to the XRCC4-XLF family. XLF subfamily.
Belongs to the cytidine and deoxycytidylate deaminase family.
Adapter protein that may provide a link between cell surface epidermal growth factor receptor and the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway. May promote cell proliferation (By similarity).
Functions in the early steps of protein synthesis of a small number of specific mRNAs. Acts by directing the binding of methionyl-tRNAi to 40S ribosomal subunits. In contrast to the eIF-2 complex, it binds methionyl-tRNAi to 40S subunits in a codon-dependent manner, whereas the eIF-2 complex binds methionyl-tRNAi to 40S subunits in a GTP-dependent manner.
Negative regulator of katanin-mediated microtubule severing and release from the centrosome. Required for central spindle formation and the completion of cytokinesis. Negative regulator of the Wnt signaling pathway. Represses beta-catenin-mediated transcriptional activation by promoting the nuclear exclusion of beta-catenin.
Belongs to the SSU72 phosphatase family.
May be involved in the C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II dephosphorylation, RNA processing and termination.
Inhibits p53- and p73-mediated cell cycle arrest and apoptosis by binding its transcriptional activation domain.
Interacts with FLNA (via filamin repeat 21); increases PKA-mediated phosphorylation of FLNA.
This alpha-adrenergic receptor mediates its effect through the influx of extracellular calcium.
Belongs to the SEC23/SEC24 family. SEC23 subfamily.
Component of the coat protein complex II (COPII) which promotes the formation of transport vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The coat has two main functions, the physical deformation of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane into vesicles and the selection of cargo molecules.
Belongs to the GST superfamily. Theta family.
Belongs to the bZIP family. ATF subfamily.
Interacts with csnk1e, ctnnb1-A, ctbp-B, dact1-A and gsk3b. May interact with ase and tle4-A.
Participates in the Wnt signaling pathway. Binds to DNA and acts as a repressor in the absence of ctnnb1-A and possibly ctnnb1-B, and as an activator in the presence of these proteins. Required early in development for the establishment of the dorsal body axis in response to maternal Wnt signaling. Also required during development of the CNS for the establishment of dorsal-ventral patterning in the prospective diencephalon.
Phosphorylated. Phosphorylation by csnk1e promotes binding to ctnnb1-A while phosphorylation by gsk3b may reverse this effect.
Acts as a plasma-membrane magnesium transporter.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 10 family.
Expressed at a low level in embryos, and in the adult lung, ovary, skeletal muscle, testis, brain and heart.
Transcription factor that binds to the sequence 5'-AACAAT-3' (PubMed:12890561). Acts as a transcriptional activator (By similarity).
Zygotic expression begins after mid-blastula and expression levels rise gradually up to stage 41.
After fertilization, expressed at the animal pole. Expression becomes restricted to the non-neuronal ectoderm of the embryo with progression through gastrulation and neurulation. Expression is observed only in the most superficial cellular layer of the embryo, being absent from the neural plate At later stages, expression is restricted to tissues with an epidermal fate.
Belongs to the grh/CP2 family. Grainyhead subfamily.
Defects in grhl1 are the cause of defective epidermal differentiation.
GRHL genes (GRHL1, GRHL2 and GRHL3) show a paradoxal lack of redundancy despite their extensive sequence identity in the DNA-binding and protein dimerization domains and the fact that the core consensus DNA binding sites are identical. They have related but remarkably different functions during embryogenesis because of their differential spatiotemporal expression patterns during development.
Transcription factor involved in epithelial development (PubMed:15705857). Binds directly to the consensus DNA sequence 5'-AACCGGTT-3' and modulates expression of epidermal-specific genes, including XK81A1 (PubMed:15705857). Important regulator of DSG1 in the context of epidermal differentiation. Regulates the maintenance of skin barrier. No genetic interaction with GRHL3, no functional cooperativity due to diverse target gene selectivity during epithelia development (By similarity). Functions downstream of BMP-signaling cascade modulating endogenous bmp4-responsive targets (PubMed:15705857).
G-protein coupled receptor for cannabinoids. Mediates many cannabinoid-induced effects in the central nervous system (CNS), as well as in peripheral tissues. Signaling typically involves reduction in cyclic AMP.
Acts as an activator of hypoxia-induced mitophagy, an important mechanism for mitochondrial quality control.
Downstream effector for rab11. May be involved in vesicle recycling (By similarity).
Protein transport. Probably involved in vesicular traffic.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bS21 family.
Belongs to the tubulin--tyrosine ligase family.
Belongs to the mandelate racemase/muconate lactonizing enzyme family. ENOSF1 subfamily.
Plays a role in the catabolism of L-fucose, a sugar that is part of the carbohydrates that are attached to cellular glycoproteins. Catalyzes the dehydration of L-fuconate to 2-keto-3-deoxy-L-fuconate by the abstraction of the 2-proton to generate an enediolate intermediate that is stabilized by the magnesium ion. May down-regulate thymidylate synthase activity, possibly already at the RNA level, by promoting the degradation of TYMS mRNA via an antisense RNA-based mechanism.
Plays a role in establishing and maintaining the asymmetric distribution of channels and receptors at the plasma membrane of polarized cells.
Participates in reactive oxygen species metabolism.
Belongs to the DHHC palmitoyltransferase family. ERF2/ZDHHC9 subfamily.
Receptor for thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). Upon ligand binding, this G-protein-coupled receptor triggers activation of the phosphatidylinositol (IP3)-calcium-protein kinase C (PKC) pathway.
Expression begins at early neurula stage in the anterior neural plate whereas, at late neurula stage detected in the area which gives rise to ventral telencephalic and diencephalic regions and the eye. After neural tube closure and evagination of the optic vesicles at the early tail-bud stage, expression is specifically restricted to anterior and ventral neural structures, namely the ventral part of the optic vesicles and the ventral regions of the forebrain vesicle. This expression pattern is maintained during subsequent developmental stages. In tadpole embryos, specifically expressed in the ventral regions of both telencephalon and diencephalon.
Transcription factor that may function in dorsoventral specification of the forebrain. Regulates the expression of Wnt signaling antagonists including the expression of a truncated tcf7l2 isoform that cannot bind ctnnb1 and acts therefore as a potent dominant-negative Wnt antagonist. Plays a crucial role in eye development and, in particular, in the specification of the ventral optic vesicle. May be a regulator of axial polarization in the retina.
Belongs to the clathrin heavy chain family.
Belongs to the MINDY deubiquitinase family. FAM188 subfamily.
Hydrolase that can remove 'Lys-48'-linked conjugated ubiquitin from proteins.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL30 family.
Belongs to the cytochrome c oxidase VIIb family.
Part of the E2F6.com-1 complex in G0 phase composed of E2F6, MGA, MAX, TFDP1, CBX3, BAT8, EUHMTASE1, RING1, RNF2, MBLR, BAT8 and YAF2.
Putative Polycomb group (PcG) protein. PcG proteins maintain the transcriptionally repressive state of genes, probably via a modification of chromatin, rendering it heritably changed in its expressibility. Its association with a chromatin-remodeling complex suggests that it may contribute to prevent expression of genes that trigger the cell into mitosis. Binds to monomethylated and dimethylated 'Lys-20' on histone H4. Binds histone H3 peptides that are monomethylated or dimethylated on 'Lys-4', 'Lys-9' or 'Lys-27'.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DEAH subfamily. DDX15/PRP43 sub-subfamily.
Belongs to the ETF alpha-subunit/FixB family.
Heterodimer of an alpha and a beta subunit.
The electron transfer flavoprotein serves as a specific electron acceptor for several dehydrogenases, including five acyl-CoA dehydrogenases, glutaryl-CoA and sarcosine dehydrogenase. It transfers the electrons to the main mitochondrial respiratory chain via ETF-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (ETF dehydrogenase).
Belongs to the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase type I family.
Belongs to the X(+)/potassium ATPases subunit beta family.
This is the non-catalytic component of the active enzyme, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the exchange of Na(+) and K(+) ions across the plasma membrane.
Belongs to the small GTPase superfamily. Ras family.
Multifunctional GTPase involved in a variety of cellular processes including gene expression, cell migration, cell proliferation, oncogenic transformation and membrane trafficking. Accomplishes its multiple functions by interacting with distinct downstream effectors. Acts as a GTP sensor for GTP-dependent exocytosis of dense core vesicles. Required both to stabilize the assembly of the exocyst complex and to localize functional exocyst complexes to the leading edge of migrating cells (By similarity). Required for suppression of apoptosis. In late stages of cytokinesis, upon completion of the bridge formation between dividing cells, mediates exocyst recruitment to the midbody to drive abscission (By similarity). Regulates the actin cytoskeleton to play a role in gastrulation or neurulation. During the cleavage stages, the GTP-bound form induces a cortical reaction that affects the localization of pigment granules. Activated by the FGF pathway via ras and ral-GDS, but independently of raf. Directs ralbp1 to the plasma membrane (By similarity). Involved in ligand-dependent receptor mediated endocytosis of the EGF and insulin receptors (By similarity).
Expressed in all myoblasts that will populate body wall muscles as well as in a group of cells the migrate into the head.
Transcription factor that controls hypaxial muscle development by down-regulating myod1 and cdkn1b/p27, thereby allowing myoblasts to proliferate before the onset of terminal differentiation.
Belongs to the JARID1 histone demethylase family.
Microtubule inner protein (MIP) part of the dynein-decorated doublet microtubules (DMTs) in cilia and flagellar axoneme. Forms filamentous polymers in the walls of ciliary and flagellar microtubules (By similarity). Contributes to normal sperm motility (By similarity).
Belongs to the helicase family. PIF1 subfamily.
DNA-dependent ATPase and 5'-3' DNA helicase required for the maintenance of both mitochondrial and nuclear genome stability.
Belongs to the archaeal Rpo6/eukaryotic RPB6 RNA polymerase subunit family.
Component of the RNA polymerase I (Pol I), RNA polymerase II (Pol II) and RNA polymerase III (Pol III) complexes consisting of at least 13, 12 and 17 subunits, respectively.
Belongs to the FPP/GGPP synthase family.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Tyr protein kinase family. CSF-1/PDGF receptor subfamily.
Has a glutathione-disulfide oxidoreductase activity in the presence of NADPH and glutathione reductase. Reduces low molecular weight disulfides and proteins.
Component of complex II composed of four subunits: the flavoprotein (FP) sdha, iron-sulfur protein (IP) sdhb, and a cytochrome b560 composed of sdhc and sdhd.
Membrane-anchoring subunit of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) that is involved in complex II of the mitochondrial electron transport chain and is responsible for transferring electrons from succinate to ubiquinone (coenzyme Q).
Homodimer or heterodimer (Potential). But, in contrast to other members of this family, cannot be disulfide-linked.
Nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP) binding protein.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 16 (GT16) protein family.
Acts as a sulfur carrier required for 2-thiolation of mcm(5)S(2)U at tRNA wobble positions of cytosolic tRNA(Lys), tRNA(Glu) and tRNA(Gln). Serves as sulfur donor in tRNA 2-thiolation reaction by being thiocarboxylated (-COSH) at its C-terminus by MOCS3. The sulfur is then transferred to tRNA to form 2-thiolation of mcm(5)S(2)U. Also acts as a ubiquitin-like protein (UBL) that is covalently conjugated via an isopeptide bond to lysine residues of target proteins. The thiocarboxylated form serves as substrate for conjugation and oxidative stress specifically induces the formation of UBL-protein conjugates.
C-terminal thiocarboxylation occurs in 2 steps, it is first acyl-adenylated (-COAMP) via the hesA/moeB/thiF part of MOCS3, then thiocarboxylated (-COSH) via the rhodanese domain of MOCS3.
Belongs to the D-isomer specific 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase family.
Belongs to the IMPDH/GMPR family. GuaC type 1 subfamily.
Catalyzes the irreversible NADPH-dependent deamination of GMP to IMP. It functions in the conversion of nucleobase, nucleoside and nucleotide derivatives of G to A nucleotides, and in maintaining the intracellular balance of A and G nucleotides.
Acyl-CoA binding protein which acts as the peroxisome receptor for pexophagy but is dispensable for aggrephagy and nonselective autophagy. Binds medium- and long-chain acyl-CoA esters (By similarity).
Acyl-CoA binding protein which acts as the peroxisome receptor for pexophagy but is dispensable for aggrephagy and nonselective autophagy. Binds medium- and long-chain acyl-CoA esters.
Component of the CPC at least composed of survivin/birc5, incenp, cdca8/borealin and/or cdca9/dasra-A, and aurkb/aurora-B. Interacts (via C-terminus) with aurkb (via N-terminus and kinase domain). Interacts (via N-terminus) with birc5.1, birc5.2, cdca8 and cdca9. Interacts with mtus1 (By similarity).
Component of the chromosomal passenger complex (CPC), a complex that acts as a key regulator of mitosis. The CPC complex has essential functions at the centromere in ensuring correct chromosome alignment and segregation and is required for chromatin-induced microtubule stabilization and spindle assembly. Acts as a scaffold regulating CPC localization and activity. The C-terminus associates with aurkb/aurora-B, the N-terminus associated with cdca8/borealin and/or cdca9/dasra-A tethers the CPC to the inner centromere, and the microtubule binding activity within the central SAH domain directs aurkb/aurora-B toward substrates near microtubules. Activates aurkb.
Originally predicted to contain a coiled coil domain but shown to contain a stable SAH domain instead.
The INbox mediates interaction with aurkb/aurora-B.
The SAH (single alpha-helix) region is characterized by a high content of charged residues which are predicted to stabilize the alpha-helical structure by ionic bonds. It can refold after extension suggesting an in vivo force-dependent function. The isolated SAH domain is monomeric.
Belongs to the peroxisomal targeting signal receptor family.
Binds to the C-terminal PTS1-type tripeptide peroxisomal targeting signal (SKL-type) and plays an essential role in peroxisomal protein import.
In addition to promoting peroxisomal translocation of proteins containing a PTS1 peroxisomal targeting signal, mediates peroxisomal import of proteins containing a C-terminal PTS2-type peroxisomal targeting signal via its interaction with pex7. Interaction with pex7 only takes place when pex7 is associated with cargo proteins containing a PTS2 peroxisomal targeting signal. Pex7 along with PTS2-containing cargo proteins are then translocated through the pex13-pex14 docking complex together with pex5.
Interacts (via WxxxF/Y and LVxEF motifs) with pex14; promoting translocation through the pex13-pex14 docking complex (PubMed:35931083). Interacts with pex7, promoting peroxisomal import of proteins containing a C-terminal PTS2-type peroxisomal targeting signal (By similarity).
Monoubiquitinated at Cys-11 by pex2 during pex5 passage through the retrotranslocation channel (By similarity). Cys-11 monoubiquitination acts as a recognition signal for the pex1-pex6 complex and is required for pex5 extraction and export from peroxisomes (PubMed:35931083). When pex5 recycling is compromised, polyubiquitinated by pex10 during its passage through the retrotranslocation channel, leading to its degradation (PubMed:35931083).
Receptor that mediates peroxisomal import of proteins containing a C-terminal PTS1-type tripeptide peroxisomal targeting signal (SKL-type) (PubMed:35931083). Binds to cargo proteins containing a PTS1 peroxisomal targeting signal in the cytosol, and translocates them into the peroxisome matrix by passing through the pex13-pex14 docking complex along with cargo proteins (PubMed:35931083). Pex5 receptor is then retrotranslocated into the cytosol, leading to release of bound cargo in the peroxisome matrix, and reset for a subsequent peroxisome import cycle (PubMed:35931083).
The TPR repeats mediate interaction with proteins containing a C-terminal PTS1-type tripeptide peroxisomal targeting signal (SKL-type).
The WxxxF/Y motifs mediate interaction with pex14, promoting association with the pex13-pex14 docking complex.
The amphipathic helix 1 and 2 (AH1 and AH2, respectively) are required for pex5 retrotranslocation and recycling. AH2 mediates interaction with lumenal side of the pex2-pex10-pex12 ligase complex, while AH1 is required for extraction from peroxisomal membrane by the pex1-pex6 AAA ATPase complex.
Heterohexamer; disulfide linked. Contains 2 sets of 3 non-identical chains (alpha, beta and gamma). The 2 heterotrimers are in head to head conformation with the N-termini in a small central domain.
Belongs to the phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein family.
The zeta subunit may be involved in regulating the coat assembly and, hence, the rate of biosynthetic protein transport due to its association-dissociation properties with the coatomer complex.
Guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF), which can activate some, but not all, G-alpha proteins by exchanging bound GDP for free GTP.
Interacts with some GDP-bound G alpha proteins. Does not interact with G-alpha proteins when they are in complex with subunits beta and gamma.
Catalyzes the conversion of inosine 5'-phosphate (IMP) to xanthosine 5'-phosphate (XMP), the first committed and rate-limiting step in the de novo synthesis of guanine nucleotides, and therefore plays an important role in the regulation of cell growth.
Mycophenolic acid (MPA) is a non-competitive inhibitor that prevents formation of the closed enzyme conformation by binding to the same site as the amobile flap. In contrast, mizoribine monophosphate (MZP) is a competitive inhibitor that induces the closed conformation. MPA is a potent inhibitor of mammalian IMPDHs but a poor inhibitor of the bacterial enzymes. MZP is a more potent inhibitor of bacterial IMPDH.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. NNMT/PNMT/TEMT family.
Possible role in neuronal acetylcholine receptor transport.
Belongs to the DDOST 48 kDa subunit family.
Component of the oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) complex.
Subunit of the oligosaccharyl transferase (OST) complex that catalyzes the initial transfer of a defined glycan (Glc(3)Man(9)GlcNAc(2) in eukaryotes) from the lipid carrier dolichol-pyrophosphate to an asparagine residue within an Asn-X-Ser/Thr consensus motif in nascent polypeptide chains, the first step in protein N-glycosylation (By similarity). N-glycosylation occurs cotranslationally and the complex associates with the Sec61 complex at the channel-forming translocon complex that mediates protein translocation across the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). All subunits are required for a maximal enzyme activity (By similarity). Required for the assembly of both SST3A- and SS3B-containing OST complexes (By similarity).
By activin, derriere, fgf2/bFGF and wnt8. Repressed by bmp4/dvr-4.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Expression increases markedly at the mid-blastula transition (MBT) and peaks at the onset of gastrulation before declining rapidly during the gastrula stages. Another decrease in expression levels occurs towards the end of the neurula stages, although expression is retained into the late tailbud stages.
Expressed throughout the embryo during pre-gastrula stages. Localized to the dorsal lip of the blastopore (Spemann organizer) during early gastrulation, after which expression continues in tissues derived from the organizer. Expressed in the notochord during mid-gastrulation. During neurulation, expressed in the notochord, archenteron roof and the prospective floor plate. Also expressed in the region that will become the epiphysis, the pineal body precursor. By the early tailbud stages, expression is limited to posterior notochord and floor plate before becoming restricted to the tip of the tail in the tadpole.
Transcriptional repressor. Plays a fundamental role in notochord formation, acting within the mesodermal region.
Involved in the regulation of cellular calcium homeotasis.
Heterodimer with uroplakin-3A (UPK3A) or uroplakin-3B (UPK3B).
Homotrimer (By similarity). May form higher-order oligomers (PubMed:12679857).
May function in innate immunity through activation of the lectin complement pathway (By similarity). Binds to GalNAc and GlcNAc carbohydrate moieties (PubMed:12679857).
Strongly expressed in spleen, liver and heart. Also detected at lower levels in lung.
The fibrinogen C-terminal domain mediates binding to carbohydrates.
Dioxygenase that can both act as a arginine demethylase and a lysyl-hydroxylase. Acts as a lysyl-hydroxylase that catalyzes 5-hydroxylation on specific lysine residues of target proteins such as u2af2/u2af65 and LUC7L2. Regulates RNA splicing by mediating 5-hydroxylation of u2af2/u2af65, affecting the pre-mRNA splicing activity of u2af2/u2af65. Hydroxylates its own N-terminus, which is required for homooligomerization. In addition to peptidyl-lysine 5-dioxygenase activity, may act as an RNA hydroxylase, as suggested by its ability to bind single strand RNA. Also acts as an arginine demethylase which preferentially demethylates asymmetric dimethylation. Demethylates histone H3 at 'Arg-2' (H3R2me) and histone H4 at 'Arg-3' (H4R3me), including mono-, symmetric di- and asymmetric dimethylated forms, thereby playing a role in histone code. However, histone arginine demethylation may not constitute the primary activity in vivo. In collaboration with brd4, interacts with the positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb) complex in its active form to regulate polymerase II promoter-proximal pause release for transcriptional activation of a large cohort of genes. Demethylates other arginine methylated-proteins such as esr1. Has no histone lysine demethylase activity (By similarity). Required for differentiation of multiple organs during embryogenesis. Acts as a key regulator of hematopoietic differentiation (By similarity).
Hydroxylates its own N-terminus; hydroxylation is required for homooligomerization.
The nuclear localization signal motifs are necessary and sufficient to target it into the nucleus.
Belongs to the MICOS complex subunit Mic60 family.
Component of the MICOS complex, a large protein complex of the mitochondrial inner membrane that plays crucial roles in the maintenance of crista junctions, inner membrane architecture, and formation of contact sites to the outer membrane.
Component of the mitochondrial contact site and cristae organizing system (MICOS) complex.
Plays a key role in maintaining the cardiac electrical stability by modulating cell surface expression of SCN5A.
Component of the BLOC-1 complex, a complex that is required for normal biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles (LRO), such as platelet dense granules and melanosomes. In concert with the AP-3 complex, the BLOC-1 complex is required to target membrane protein cargos into vesicles assembled at cell bodies for delivery into neurites and nerve terminals. The BLOC-1 complex, in association with SNARE proteins, is also proposed to be involved in neurite extension. Plays a role in intracellular vesicle trafficking and synaptic vesicle recycling.
Belongs to the isocitrate and isopropylmalate dehydrogenases family.
Binds 1 Mg(2+) or Mn(2+) ion per subunit.
GTPase-activating protein (GAP) for rhoa and cdc42.
Belongs to the metallo-dependent hydrolases superfamily. TatD-type hydrolase family.
May play a role in the response to environmental stress and cytokines. Appears to regulate translation by phosphorylating EIF4E, thus increasing the affinity of this protein for the 7-methylguanosine-containing mRNA cap (By similarity).
Acts in a planar cell polarity (PCP) complex; polarization along the apical/basal axis of epithelial cells. Regulates the polarized assembly of fibronectrin on the surface of the mesoderm during gastrulation. Essential for gastrulation cell movements, cooperating with dvl2/dsh to activate jnk. Acts together with tes to control axial elongation.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Zygotic expression begins at the onset of gastrulation (stage 10), and steadily increases until tadpole stage (stage 30).
Expressed in the dorsal marginal zone of early gastrulae (stage 10). As gastrulation proceeds, expression expands to include the lateral and ventral marginal zones, excluding the few rows of cells above the blastopore lip. Expression moves dorsally with gastrulation cell movements, and by the end of gastrulation expression is seen in dorsal mesoderm and posterior but not anterior neural ectoderm. Expression becomes down-regulated in mesoderm but remains strong in posterior ectoderm through the neurula stages. During tailbud stages, expressed in the pronephric duct, tailbud, tailtip and forming somites. In the most posterior regions, expressed in notochord and in the floorplate of the neural tube with weak expression in the roofplate. At stage 30, expressed in a complex pattern in the head including strong expression in the lens and otic vesicle.
Component of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF-3) complex, which is involved in protein synthesis of a specialized repertoire of mRNAs and, together with other initiation factors, stimulates binding of mRNA and methionyl-tRNAi to the 40S ribosome. The eIF-3 complex specifically targets and initiates translation of a subset of mRNAs involved in cell proliferation.
Belongs to the sodium channel (TC 1.A.1.10) family.
Mediates the voltage-dependent sodium ion permeability of excitable membranes. Assuming opened or closed conformations in response to the voltage difference across the membrane, the protein forms a sodium-selective channel through which Na(+) ions may pass in accordance with their electrochemical gradient.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Tyr protein kinase family. EGF receptor subfamily.
Hydrolase that can remove conjugated ubiquitin from proteins and participates in endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) for misfolded lumenal proteins. May act by triming the ubiquitin chain on the associated substrate to facilitate their threading through the VCP/p97 pore. Ubiquitin moieties on substrates may present a steric impediment to the threading process when the substrate is transferred to the VCP pore and threaded through VCP's axial channel. Mediates deubiquitination of 'Lys-27'-, 'Lys-29'- and 'Lys-33'-linked polyubiquitin chains. Also able to hydrolyze 'Lys-11'-linked ubiquitin chains. Cleaves both polyubiquitin and di-ubiquitin.
Involved in the early part of the secretory pathway.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 27 family.
Dimer (By similarity). Can also form higher oligomers (By similarity).
May play a role in lymphocyte development by negatively regulating the canonical Wnt signaling pathway (By similarity). May act as a LCN1 receptor (By similarity).
Belongs to the eukaryotic RPC34/RPC39 RNA polymerase subunit family.
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Specific peripheric component of RNA polymerase III which synthesizes small RNAs, such as 5S rRNA and tRNAs.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 37 family.
ATP-binding component of the Arp2/3 complex, a multiprotein complex that mediates actin polymerization upon stimulation by nucleation-promoting factor (NPF) (PubMed:17178911). The Arp2/3 complex mediates the formation of branched actin networks in the cytoplasm, providing the force for cell motility (PubMed:17178911). Seems to contact the pointed end of the daughter actin filament (By similarity). In addition to its role in the cytoplasmic cytoskeleton, the Arp2/3 complex also promotes actin polymerization in the nucleus, thereby regulating gene transcription and repair of damaged DNA (Probable). The Arp2/3 complex promotes homologous recombination (HR) repair in response to DNA damage by promoting nuclear actin polymerization, leading to drive motility of double-strand breaks (DSBs) (By similarity).
Mitochondrial NAD(+) kinase that phosphorylates NAD(+) to yield NADP(+). Can use both ATP or inorganic polyphosphate as the phosphoryl donor.
Part of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane protein complex (EMC) that enables the energy-independent insertion into endoplasmic reticulum membranes of newly synthesized membrane proteins. Preferentially accommodates proteins with transmembrane domains that are weakly hydrophobic or contain destabilizing features such as charged and aromatic residues. Involved in the cotranslational insertion of multi-pass membrane proteins in which stop-transfer membrane-anchor sequences become ER membrane spanning helices. It is also required for the post-translational insertion of tail-anchored/TA proteins in endoplasmic reticulum membranes. By mediating the proper cotranslational insertion of N-terminal transmembrane domains in an N-exo topology, with translocated N-terminus in the lumen of the ER, controls the topology of multi-pass membrane proteins like the G protein-coupled receptors. By regulating the insertion of various proteins in membranes, it is indirectly involved in many cellular processes. Promotes angiogenesis and tissue repair in the heart after myocardial infarction. Stimulates cardiac endothelial cell migration and outgrowth via the activation of p38 MAPK, PAK and MAPK2 signaling pathways.
Catalyzes the adenylation of flavin mononucleotide (FMN) to form flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) coenzyme.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the PAPS reductase family. FAD1 subfamily.
The molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis protein-like region may not be functional.
Belongs to the actin family. ARP6 subfamily.
Belongs to the FARP (FMRFamide related peptide) family.
Calmodulin acts as part of a calcium signal transduction pathway by mediating the control of a large number of enzymes, ion channels, aquaporins and other proteins through calcium-binding. Calcium-binding is required for the activation of calmodulin. Among the enzymes to be stimulated by the calmodulin-calcium complex are a number of protein kinases, such as myosin light-chain kinases and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II (CaMK2), and phosphatases.
This protein has four functional calcium-binding sites.
Belongs to the nuclear hormone receptor family.
Orphan nuclear receptor. Binds the IR7 element in the promoter of its own gene in an autoregulatory negative feedback mechanism. Primarily repressor of a broad range of genes. Binds to hormone response elements (HREs) consisting of two 5'-AGGTCA-3' half site direct repeat consensus sequences (By similarity).
Belongs to the aconitase/IPM isomerase family.
Catalyzes the isomerization of citrate to isocitrate via cis-aconitate.
Belongs to the somatotropin/prolactin family.
Growth hormone plays an important role in growth control.
A component of the Nieuwkoop signaling center in the blastula. Expressed transiently in a broad anterior domain of the gastrula, including the anterior endoderm of the Spemann's organizer and more laterally the cardiac primordia. Expression is excluded from the prospective prechordal plate region and the ring of cells that give rise to the trunk-tail mesoderm.
By nodal/nr-1 signaling and wnt8 signaling including the downstream effectors mix-A/mix.1 and siamois acting synergistically with either lhx1/lim1 or otx2. Also by acvr1b/alk4.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Zygotic expression increases at stage 10 (early gastrula), continues during gastrula and early neurula stages before rapidly declining during neurulation.
Inhibits wnt, nodal/nr-1 and bmp signaling in the embryo to promote head formation and anterior neural induction. Within the endoderm, acts as an essential mediator of nodal/nr-1-induced cardiogenesis in the overlying mesoderm.
Microinjection of cer1 into blastomeres results in the formation of ectopic heads that contain cyclopic eyes as well as duplicated internal organs such as liver and heart. The heart beats at a rhythm different to that of the primary heart. Based on this phenotype the name 'cerberus' was chosen after a mythological guardian dog with multiple heads.
The long chain interacts with nodal/nr-1, bmp4 and wnt8, thereby inhibiting their function. The short chain interacts with nodal/nr-1 but not bmp4 or wnt8.
Belongs to the adenosylhomocysteinase family.
Catalyzes the hydrolysis of S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine to form adenosine and homocysteine (By similarity). Binds copper ions (By similarity).
Belongs to the lariat debranching enzyme family.
Cleaves the 2'-5' phosphodiester linkage at the branch point of excised lariat intron RNA and converts them into linear molecules that can be subsequently degraded, thereby facilitating ribonucleotide turnover. Linked to its role in pre-mRNA processing mechanism, may also participate in retrovirus replication and have an antiviral cell-intrinsic defense function.
Belongs to the thioesterase PaaI family.
Expressed during oogenesis and eggs. Up-regulated by polyadenylation during meiotic maturation (at protein level).
Interacts (via its IQ motifs) with calmodulin.
Myosins are actin-based motor molecules with ATPase activity. Unconventional myosins serve in intracellular movements. Their highly divergent tails are presumed to bind to membranous compartments, which would be moved relative to actin filaments (By similarity). Involved in egg activation by coupling dynamic actin to membrane.
Represents an unconventional myosin. This protein should not be confused with the conventional myosin-1 (MYH1).
Belongs to the intercrine alpha (chemokine CxC) family.
Belongs to the potassium channel family. KQT (TC 1.A.1.15) subfamily. Kv7.1/KCNQ1 sub-subfamily.
Potassium channel that plays an important role in a number of tissues, including heart, inner ear, stomach and colon (By similarity). Associates with KCNE beta subunits that modulates current kinetics (By similarity). Induces a voltage-dependent by rapidly activating and slowly deactivating potassium-selective outward current (By similarity). Promotes also a delayed voltage activated potassium current showing outward rectification characteristic (By similarity). During beta-adrenergic receptor stimulation participates in cardiac repolarization by associating with KCNE1 to form the I(Ks) cardiac potassium current that increases the amplitude and slows down the activation kinetics of outward potassium current I(Ks) (By similarity). When associated with KCNE3, forms the potassium channel that is important for cyclic AMP-stimulated intestinal secretion of chloride ions (By similarity). When associated with KCNE2, forms a heterooligomer complex leading to currents with an apparently instantaneous activation, a rapid deactivation process and a linear current-voltage relationship and decreases the amplitude of the outward current (By similarity). When associated with KCNE4, inhibits voltage-gated potassium channel activity (By similarity). When associated with KCNE5, this complex only conducts current upon strong and continued depolarization (By similarity).
Tetramer. Heterotetramer with KCNE1; targets to the membrane raft. Interacts (via C-terminus) with CALM; forms an heterotetramer in a calcium-independent manner. Interacts with KCNE2; form a heterooligomer complex that targets to the membrane raft and leading to currents with an apparently instantaneous activation, a rapid deactivation process and a linear current-voltage relationship and decreases the amplitude of the outward current. Interacts with KCNE3; alters membrane raft localization. Interacts with KCNE4; impairs KCNQ1 localization in lipid rafts and inhibits voltage-gated potassium channel activity. Interacts with KCNE5; impairs KCNQ1 localization in lipid rafts and only conducts current upon strong and continued depolarization.
The segment S4 is probably the voltage-sensor and is characterized by a series of positively charged amino acids at every third position.
The segment S6 is involved in the inhibition of voltage-gated potassium channel activity by KCNE4.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase which may be involved in endosomal trafficking. E3 ubiquitin ligases accept ubiquitin from an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme in the form of a thioester and then directly transfer the ubiquitin to targeted substrates.
The RING-CH-type zinc finger domain is required for E3 ligase activity.
Belongs to the tRNA-intron endonuclease family.
Constitutes one of the two catalytic subunit of the tRNA-splicing endonuclease complex, a complex responsible for identification and cleavage of the splice sites in pre-tRNA. It cleaves pre-tRNA at the 5'- and 3'-splice sites to release the intron. The products are an intron and two tRNA half-molecules bearing 2',3'-cyclic phosphate and 5'-OH termini. There are no conserved sequences at the splice sites, but the intron is invariably located at the same site in the gene, placing the splice sites an invariant distance from the constant structural features of the tRNA body.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFA2 subunit family.
Expressed in the neuro-ectoderm of embryos.
Impaired nervous system development caused by inability to eliminate aberrant BTB domain-containing protein dimers.
Part of the SCF (SKP1-CUL1-F-box) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex SCF(FBXL17). Interacts with BTB domain-containing proteins; specifically recognizes and binds a conserved degron of non-consecutive residues present at the interface of BTB dimers of aberrant composition.
Substrate-recognition component of the SCF(FBXL17) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, a key component of a quality control pathway required to ensure functional dimerization of BTB domain-containing proteins (dimerization quality control, DQC) (PubMed:30190310). FBXL17 specifically recognizes and binds a conserved degron of non-consecutive residues present at the interface of BTB dimers of aberrant composition: aberrant BTB dimer are then ubiquitinated by the SCF(FBXL17) complex and degraded by the proteasome (By similarity). The ability of the SCF(FBXL17) complex to eliminate compromised BTB dimers is required for the differentiation and survival of neural crest and neuronal cells (PubMed:30190310).
Belongs to the bZIP family. C/EBP subfamily.
Component of the dolichol-phosphate mannose (DPM) synthase complex.
Stabilizer subunit of the dolichol-phosphate mannose (DPM) synthase complex; tethers catalytic subunit to the ER.
Activator of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway by acting as a ligand for lgr4-6 receptors. Upon binding to lgr4-6 (lgr4, lgr5 or lgr6), lgr4-6 associate with phosphorylated lrp6 and frizzled receptors that are activated by extracellular Wnt receptors, triggering the canonical Wnt signaling pathway to increase expression of target genes. Acts both in the canonical Wnt/beta-catenin-dependent pathway and in non-canonical Wnt signaling pathway (By similarity). Activates neural markers and promotes muscle formation. Overexpression blocks activin, nodal and BMP4 signaling, suggesting that it may negatively regulate the TGF-beta pathway (PubMed:15469841). During embryonic development, plays a crucial role in limb specification, amplifying the Wnt signaling pathway independently of LGR4-6 receptors, possibly by acting as a direct antagonistic ligand to RNF43 and ZNRF3, hence governing the number of limbs an embryo should form (By similarity).
Expressed from early gastrula stage and remains constant throughout neurulation and organogenesis. Expressed throughout the ectoderm of early gastrula. During gastrulation, it is detected in the marginal zone in both deep and superficial layers but is excluded from the Speemann organizer. At late gastrula, it persists in lateral plate mesoderm and becomes detectable in the anterior neural plate. At stage 15, it is expressed in 2 longitudinal stripes along the neural plate, in the anterior neural plate, and in lateral and posterior mesoderm. At tailbud stage, it is restricted in several regions of the brain, including diencephalon and midbrain-hindbrain boundary, pronephros and dorsal neural tube. Also detected in the dorsal- and ventral-most portions of somites, the drosal fin and the proctodeum. Expression in the brain of late tadpoles is mainly restricted to diencephalon, including the zona limitans intrahalamica.
The FU repeat is required for activation and stabilization of beta-catenin.
The 26S proteasome is involved in the ATP-dependent degradation of ubiquitinated proteins. The regulatory (or ATPase) complex confers ATP dependency and substrate specificity to the 26S complex (By similarity).
Mediates high-affinity intracellular uptake of the rare oligo-element molybdenum.
Component of the sarcoglycan complex, a subcomplex of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex which forms a link between the F-actin cytoskeleton and the extracellular matrix.
Cross-link to form 2 major subcomplexes: one consisting of SGCB, SGCD and SGCG and the other consisting of SGCB and SGCD. The association between SGCB and SGCG is particularly strong while SGCA is loosely associated with the other sarcoglycans.
Belongs to the eukaryotic-type N-acetylglucosamine kinase family.
Plays role in pre-mRNA splicing as component of the U4/U6-U5 tri-snRNP complex that is involved in spliceosome assembly, and as component of the precatalytic spliceosome (spliceosome B complex). The heptameric LSM2-8 complex binds specifically to the 3'-terminal U-tract of U6 snRNA.
Belongs to the WD repeat Groucho/TLE family.
Belongs to the Integrator subunit 7 family.
Belongs to the centaurin gamma-like family.
Essential component of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), a potent regulator of blood pressure, body fluid and electrolyte homeostasis.
Proton-coupled monocarboxylate transporter. Catalyzes the rapid transport across the plasma membrane of many monocarboxylates such as lactate, pyruvate, branched-chain oxo acids derived from leucine, valine and isoleucine, and the ketone bodies acetoacetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate and acetate. Depending on the tissue and on cicumstances, mediates the import or export of lactic acid and ketone bodies. Required for normal nutrient assimilation, increase of white adipose tissue and body weight gain when on a high-fat diet. Plays a role in cellular responses to a high-fat diet by modulating the cellular levels of lactate and pyruvate, small molecules that contribute to the regulation of central metabolic pathways and insulin secretion, with concomitant effects on plasma insulin levels and blood glucose homeostasis.
Binds LDL, the major cholesterol-carrying lipoprotein of plasma, and transports it into cells by endocytosis. In order to be internalized, the receptor-ligand complexes must first cluster into clathrin-coated pits.
The NPXY motif mediates the interaction with ldlrap1.
Associates with the ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase complex (mitochondrial respiratory chain complex III or cytochrome b-c1 complex).
Required for the assembly of the ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase complex (mitochondrial respiratory chain complex III or cytochrome b-c1 complex), mediating cytochrome b recruitment and probably stabilization within the complex. Thereby, plays an important role in ATP production by mitochondria. Cardiolipin-binding protein, it may also control the cardiolipin composition of mitochondria membranes and their morphology.
Belongs to the YY transcription factor family.
Probable large-conductance Ca(2+)-activated chloride channel.
Belongs to the G-alpha family. G(q) subfamily.
Seems to be required for maximal rate of protein biosynthesis. Enhances ribosome dissociation into subunits and stabilizes the binding of the initiator Met-tRNA(I) to 40 S ribosomal subunits.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFB8 subunit family.
Belongs to the EF-1-beta/EF-1-delta family.
EF-1 is composed of 4 subunits: alpha, beta, delta, and gamma.
EF-1-beta and EF-1-delta stimulate the exchange of GDP bound to EF-1-alpha to GTP.
Phosphorylation affects the GDP/GTP exchange rate.
Component of the N-terminal acetyltransferase C (NatC) complex, which is composed of NAA35, NAA38 and NAA30.
Belongs to the eukaryotic initiation factor 4E family.
Ciliopathy phenotypes. Although a large percentage of cells fail to generate cilia because of a substantial defect in ciliogenesis, the numbers of centrioles is apparently normal.
Plays a role in axonemal structure organization and motility. Involved in axonemal pre-assembly of inner and outer dynein arms (IDA and ODA, respectively) for proper axoneme building for cilia motility (By similarity). May act by indirectly regulating transcription of dynein proteins (By similarity).
Plays a role in axonemal structure organization and motility. Involved in axonemal pre-assembly of inner and outer dynein arms (IDA and ODA, respectively) for proper axoneme building for cilia motility. May act by indirectly regulating transcription of dynein proteins.
Binds to poly-U elements and AU-rich elements (AREs) in the 3'-UTR of target mRNAs. Required for the vegetal localization of vg1 mRNA. Probably required for nervous system development.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Predominantly expressed in the early stages of oogenesis (stages I to III), with expression levels declining from stage IV onwards. Zygotic expression begins at the early tailbud stage.
Expressed in brain, testis and ovary. Ovarian expression is restricted to follicle cells surrounding the oocyte. From the early tailbud stage, expression is neural-specific and is seen in both the central and peripheral nervous system in differentiating neurons but not proliferating precursors. Expressed in the retina from stage 32 with expression becoming restricted to the ganglion cell layer by later stages.
Part of a ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex, at least composed of elavl1/elrA and/or elavl2/elrB, igf2bp3/vg1RBP, ddx6/Xp54, ybx2/frgy2, lsm14b/rap55b and, in a subset of RNP complexes, stau1/staufen. Binds RNA as a homooligomer.
The 45 kDa RNA-binding proteins identified in PubMed:7969126 and PubMed:8873767, and PubMed:11087864 may correspond to elavl2/elrB.
Belongs to the CTL (choline transporter-like) family.
May act as a transcription factor for cell pluripotency and differentiation in the embryo.
Belongs to the concentrative nucleoside transporter (CNT) (TC 2.A.41) family.
Acts as a GTPase-activating protein (GAP) for tubulin in concert with tubulin-specific chaperone C, but does not enhance tubulin heterodimerization.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 43 family.
Recognizes and binds the 7-methylguanosine-containing mRNA cap during an early step in the initiation of protein synthesis.
eIF4F is a multi-subunit complex, the composition of which varies with external and internal environmental conditions. It is composed of at least eIF4A, eIF4E and eIF4G (By similarity).
Belongs to the carotenoid oxygenase family.
Belongs to the histidine acid phosphatase family. VIP1 subfamily.
Bifunctional inositol kinase that acts in concert with the IP6K kinases to synthesize the diphosphate group-containing inositol pyrophosphates diphosphoinositol pentakisphosphate, PP-InsP5, and bis-diphosphoinositol tetrakisphosphate, (PP)2-InsP4. PP-InsP5 and (PP)2-InsP4, also respectively called InsP7 and InsP8, may regulate a variety of cellular processes, including apoptosis, vesicle trafficking, cytoskeletal dynamics, and exocytosis. Phosphorylates inositol hexakisphosphate (InsP6).
Belongs to the synaptophysin/synaptobrevin family.
Induces CD27-mediated apoptosis. Inhibits BCL2L1 isoform Bcl-x(L) anti-apoptotic activity. Inhibits activation of NF-kappa-B and promotes T-cell receptor-mediated apoptosis.
The nucleosome is a histone octamer containing two molecules each of H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assembled in one H3-H4 heterotetramer and two H2A-H2B heterodimers.
Variant histone H2A which replaces conventional H2A in a subset of nucleosomes.
Identified in the spliceosome B complex. Component of the U4/U6-U5 tri-snRNP complex. Component of some MLL1/MLL complex.
Interacts with the snRNP via the Nop domain.
Involved in pre-mRNA splicing as component of the spliceosome. Required for the assembly of the U4/U5/U6 tri-snRNP complex, one of the building blocks of the spliceosome.
The coiled coil domain is formed by two non-contiguous helices.
Plays a role in mitochondrial aerobic respiration. Regulates mitochondrial organization and fission.
Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 2 family.
Acts partially redundantly with other irx members in neural patterning. Required for formation of the posterior forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain, and to a lesser extent, spinal cord. Acts early in neural plate development to induce expression of some but not all proneural genes, and specify a neural precursor state. Also up-regulates repressors that prevent neuronal differentiation. Patterns the neuroectoderm in both the anterior/posterior and dorsal/ventral axes. Acts primarily as a transcriptional repressor during neural development, and binds to the bmp4 promoter to repress gene expression and thus mediate down-regulation of bmp4 by wnt signaling. Controls multiple processes through bmp4-repression including neural plate development, neural crest specification and Spemann organizer development. Involved in the specification of the preplacodal field at the anterior border of the neural plate. Regulates the genetic cascade of interactions that are necessary for positioning the isthmus organizer and the formation of the midbrain-hindbrain boundary. Required during at least two stages of pronephros kidney development; during neurula stages, maintains transcription of key renal genes to define the size and identity of the pronephric anlage, probably in part through regulation of bmp-signaling. Subsequently required for proper formation of the intermediate tubule segment of the pronephros. Acts principally as a transcriptional activator during pronephros development.
Although PubMed:17875669 show that irx1 is dispensable for pronephric kidney development, PubMed:18715948 show that irx1 is required for formation of the pronephros.
By wnt signaling. Mutually antagonizes bmp4 signaling. Inhibited in the neural plate by foxd5. The anterior limit of expression at the future border between the prethalamus and thalamus is defined by mutual repression with the anterior repressor fezf2, and also by arx. Induced by retinoic acid (RA) during kidney development.
Expressed early in neural differentiation in the neural plate, and expression continues in the neural tube after neural fold closure. Expressed in the presumptive midbrain territory. Also expressed in the prospective neural crest and the preplacodal field, anterior to the neural plate. Strongly expressed in the profundal placode and weakly expressed in the trigeminal placode. Also expressed in the mesoderm in the Spemann organizer from the start of gastrulation, and subsequently in its derivatives; namely in the notochord as well as in the somites of stage 25 embryos, and the somites and notochord of tailbud embryos. Also expressed in specific and overlapping dynamic patterns with irx2 and irx3 during pronephric kidney development. Renal expression begins in the dorsal region of the pronephric anlage at mid neurula stage and continues to at least tailbud stages where expression is confined to the intermediate tubule segment IT1. Renal expression is maintained at tadpole stages.
Calcium-binding protein that acts as an adapter that bridges unrelated proteins or stabilizes weak protein-protein complexes in response to calcium. Acts as a negative regulator of ER-Golgi transport (By similarity).
Heterodimer; heterodimerizes (via the EF-hand 5) with pdcd6.
Belongs to the 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase beta subunit family.
Non-catalytic subunit of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), an energy sensor protein kinase that plays a key role in regulating cellular energy metabolism. In response to reduction of intracellular ATP levels, AMPK activates energy-producing pathways and inhibits energy-consuming processes: inhibits protein, carbohydrate and lipid biosynthesis, as well as cell growth and proliferation. AMPK acts via direct phosphorylation of metabolic enzymes, and by longer-term effects via phosphorylation of transcription regulators. Also acts as a regulator of cellular polarity by remodeling the actin cytoskeleton; probably by indirectly activating myosin. Beta non-catalytic subunit acts as a scaffold on which the AMPK complex assembles, via its C-terminus that bridges alpha (PRKAA1 or PRKAA2) and gamma subunits (PRKAG1, PRKAG2 or PRKAG3).
Belongs to the cyclin family. Cyclin C subfamily.
Component of the Mediator complex, a coactivator involved in regulated gene transcription of nearly all RNA polymerase II-dependent genes. Mediator functions as a bridge to convey information from gene-specific regulatory proteins to the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. Mediator is recruited to promoters by direct interactions with regulatory proteins and serves as a scaffold for the assembly of a functional preinitiation complex with RNA polymerase II and the general transcription factors. Binds to and activates cyclin-dependent kinase cdk8 that phosphorylates the CTD (C-terminal domain) of the large subunit of RNA polymerase II (RNAp II), which may inhibit the formation of a transcription initiation complex (By similarity).
Component of the Mediator complex. The cylin/CDK pair formed by ccnc/cdk8 also associates with the large subunit of RNA polymerase II (By similarity).
G-protein coupled receptor for 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin). Also functions as a receptor for various alkaloids and psychoactive substances. Ligand binding causes a conformation change that triggers signaling via guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) and modulates the activity of down-stream effectors, such as adenylate cyclase. Signaling inhibits adenylate cyclase activity.
Belongs to the Ca(2+):cation antiporter (CaCA) (TC 2.A.19) family. SLC24A subfamily.
Belongs to the cation transport ATPase (P-type) (TC 3.A.3) family. Type IB subfamily.
Expressed predominantly in the anterior and posterior adult stomach and at much lower levels in the larval foregut.
Expression levels are low in surface mucous cells and manicotto gland cells of the foregut epithelium of pro-metamorphic tadpoles. During metamorphosis, expression levels rise markedly in proliferating adult epithelial primordia. In the adult stomach, expression was strongest in oxynticopeptic cells, but was also detected at a lower level in surface mucose cells.
Glycosylated. Contains high mannose-type oligosaccharide (By similarity).
May have a role in immune function. Probably involved in the processing of antigenic peptides during MHC class II-mediated antigen presentation (By similarity).
Belongs to the sulfotransferase 1 family. Gal/GlcNAc/GalNAc subfamily.
Substrate-binding subunit (component A) of the Rab geranylgeranyltransferase (GGTase) complex. Binds unprenylated Rab proteins and presents the substrate peptide to the catalytic component B. The component A is thought to be regenerated by transferring its prenylated Rab back to the donor membrane.
Belongs to the intercrine beta (chemokine CC) family.
Sodium permeable non-voltage-sensitive ion channel inhibited by the diuretic amiloride. Mediates the electrodiffusion of the luminal sodium (and water, which follows osmotically) through the apical membrane of epithelial cells. Plays an essential role in electrolyte and blood pressure homeostasis, but also in airway surface liquid homeostasis, which is important for proper clearance of mucus.
Belongs to the WD repeat IPI3/WDR18 family.
Functions as a component of the Five Friends of Methylated CHTOP (5FMC) complex; the 5FMC complex is recruited to ZNF148 by methylated CHTOP, leading to desumoylation of ZNF148 and subsequent transactivation of ZNF148 target genes. Component of the PELP1 complex involved in the nucleolar steps of 28S rRNA maturation and the subsequent nucleoplasmic transit of the pre-60S ribosomal subunit (By similarity). May play a role during development (By similarity).
Belongs to the kinesin light chain family.
Kinesin is a microtubule-associated force-producing protein that play a role in organelle transport.
Oligomeric complex composed of two heavy chains and two light chains.
Belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily. Trimethylguanosine synthase family.
Belongs to the actin-binding proteins ADF family.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Maternal expression is gradually replaced with zygotic expression between the morula (stage 5) and tadpole (stage 34) stages.
Expressed diffusely in both animal and vegetal hemispheres of the oocyte. During cleavage, expression accumulates around the cleavage furrow, along the vegetal membrane, and later in the midbody. Strongly expressed in the animal hemisphere during blastula stages, with most cells showing expression by gastrulation. By stage 17, expression is highest in cells of the developing neuroectoderm, and at stage 24 the notochord, neural tube, neural crest, somites and some cells of the archenteron show high expression. By stage 35, expression has declined in the notochord, but remains in the neural tube, epidermis and a layer of cells in the archenteron. Also highly expressed in the retina and neuronal cell bodies at the base of the cement gland but not the cement gland itself. At stage 38, expression is widespread, being highest in the nervous system and retina. In the adult, expression is high in the brain, heart, oocyte, stomach, and low in skeletal muscle.
Inactive when phosphorylated. Phosphorylation levels vary during development. Oocytes contain only the phosphorylated form, and 80-95% of cfl1 protein is phosphorylated in unfertilized eggs. Rapid dephosphorylation occurs within 30 minutes after fertilization. Phosphorylation levels increase again between the morula and blastula stages (5-8 hpf) and then decrease again as gastrulation approaches. Dephosphorylated by pdxp (By similarity).
May play a role in the regulation of cell morphology and cytoskeletal organization (By similarity). Binds to F-actin and exhibits pH-sensitive F-actin depolymerizing activity. Required for formation of the cleavage furrow during cytokinesis.
Belongs to the PC-esterase family. CASD1 subfamily.
Belongs to the TPT transporter family. SLC35C subfamily.
By retinoic acid and by dorsal mesoderm-inducers including activin, derriere, dvr1/vg-1 and nodal.
Exhibits a biphasic expression pattern. Initially localized to the Spemann organizer region of gastrulae, leading to expression in prechordal mesoderm and notochord. In the second phase, expressed in the lateral mesoderm and neural plate, eventually concentrating in the pronephros and the CNS. Expressed in the pronephros primordium by late gastrula (stage 12.5) and becomes restricted to the tips of the tubules and ducts as kidney development progresses. In the CNS, becomes progressively recognizable in anatomically distinct structures during larval development. Within the forebrain, shows almost identical expression to lhx5 in the diencephalon, being expressed in alternating stripes to lhx2 and lhx9. Expressed in the diencephalic pretectum within prosomere 1, hypothalamus, ventral thalamus and zona limitans intrathalamica. In the telencephalon, the expression pattern is distinct from lhx5, being localized in the pallium and subpallium. Also expressed in the ventral territories of midbrain (mesencephalon) and hindbrain (rhombencephalon), being expressed in the mesencephalic tegmentum and hindbrain reticular formation. Also shows intense expression in the cerebellum including Purkinje cells.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Expressed at a low level in the unfertilized egg. Expression is highest at the gastrula stage, then declines before rising again during the tadpole stage.
Interacts with ldb1 via the tandem LIM domains. Both LIM domains are required for optimal binding and binding relieves the inhibitory effect of the LIM domains and activates lhx1. Binding to ldb1 also prevents degradation of ldb1 by rnf12. The stoichiometry of lhx1 and ldb1 is important for their function and an excess of ldb1 can inhibit lhx1 function. Interacts with the N-terminal region of rnf12 by a homeobox-dependent mechanism.
Involved in the establishment of the body plan via the Spemann organizer during gastrulation. Transcriptional activator required to induce organizer gene expression downstream of siamois. Promotes head formation by binding to 5'-TAAT'-3' elements in the promoters of head organizer genes cer1 and gsc to stimulate expression. Binds as a complex with siamois and mix-A/mix.1 to the cer1 promoter, and with ldb1 and otx2 to the gsc promoter. Also involved in neural induction via the organizer, including a role in notochord formation. Acts synergistically with ldb1 and ssbp in subsequent axis formation. Involved in kidney development, acting synergistically with pax8 to establish the pronephric primordium in late gastrulae/early neurulae and with pax2 during pronephric morphogenesis in tailbud stages. Has a later role in mediating the activity of inhibitors of ventralization.
The LIM domains exert a negative regulatory function and disruption of the LIM domains produces an activated form. In addition, two activation domains and a negative regulatory domain exist C-terminally to the homeobox.
May be involved in vesicle transport between the ER and the Golgi complex.
Belongs to the cyclin family. Cyclin D subfamily.
Plays a role in vesicular protein sorting.
As part of the heterotrimeric replication protein A complex (RPA/RP-A), binds and stabilizes single-stranded DNA intermediates, that form during DNA replication or upon DNA stress. It prevents their reannealing and in parallel, recruits and activates different proteins and complexes involved in DNA metabolism. Thereby, it plays an essential role both in DNA replication and the cellular response to DNA damage (By similarity).
Differentially phosphorylated throughout the cell cycle, becoming phosphorylated at the G1-S transition and dephosphorylated in late mitosis. Phosphorylation increases upon replication fork stalling (By similarity).
The production of the second messenger molecules diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) is mediated by activated phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C enzymes.
Acts as a co-chaperone for HSP90AA1 (By similarity). Mediates the association of the molecular chaperones HSPA8/HSC70 and HSP90 (By similarity).
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX21/DDX50 subfamily.
RNA helicase that acts as a sensor of the transcriptional status of both RNA polymerase (Pol) I and II: promotes ribosomal RNA (rRNA) processing and transcription from polymerase II (Pol II) (By similarity). Binds various RNAs, such as rRNAs, snoRNAs, 7SK and, at lower extent, mRNAs (By similarity). In the nucleolus, localizes to rDNA locus, where it directly binds rRNAs and snoRNAs, and promotes rRNA transcription, processing and modification (PubMed:12851405) (Probable). Required for rRNA 2'-O-methylation, possibly by promoting the recruitment of late-acting snoRNAs SNORD56 and SNORD58 with pre-ribosomal complexes (By similarity). In the nucleoplasm, binds 7SK RNA and is recruited to the promoters of Pol II-transcribed genes: acts by facilitating the release of P-TEFb from inhibitory 7SK snRNP in a manner that is dependent on its helicase activity, thereby promoting transcription of its target genes (By similarity). Required to prevent R-loop-associated DNA damage and transcription-associated genomic instability (By similarity).
Widely expressed. Expressed at higher level in stomach. Expressed at higher level compared to ddx21-b.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DEAH subfamily. FANCM sub-subfamily.
Functions in replication-dependent translation of histone mRNAs which differ from other eukaryotic mRNAs in that they do not end with a poly-A tail but a stem-loop. May participate in circularizing those mRNAs specifically enhancing their translation (By similarity).
Interacts with eif4g1, eif4g2 and slbp; probably tethered by SLBP to the 3'-end of mRNAs ending with the histone stem-loop, it also interacts with eif4g1 which is bound to their 5'-end.
Belongs to the metallo-dependent hydrolases superfamily. ACMSD family.
Converts alpha-amino-beta-carboxymuconate-epsilon-semialdehyde (ACMS) to alpha-aminomuconate semialdehyde (AMS). ACMS can be converted non-enzymatically to quinolate (QA), a key precursor of NAD, and a potent endogenous excitotoxin of neuronal cells which is implicated in the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative disorders. In the presence of ACMSD, ACMS is converted to AMS, a benign catabolite. ACMSD ultimately controls the metabolic fate of tryptophan catabolism along the kynurenine pathway.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL2 family.
The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex catalyzes the overall conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA and CO(2).
Inhibits signal transduction by increasing the GTPase activity of G protein alpha subunits thereby driving them into their inactive GDP-bound form. Activity on G(z)-alpha is inhibited by phosphorylation of the G-protein. Activity on G(z)-alpha and G(i)-alpha-1 is inhibited by palmitoylation of the G-protein.
Belongs to the archaeal rpoM/eukaryotic RPA12/RPB9/RPC11 RNA polymerase family.
Component of the RNA polymerase II (Pol II) complex consisting of 12 subunits.
Ca(2+) release-activated Ca(2+) (CRAC) channel subunit which mediates Ca(2+) influx following depletion of intracellular Ca(2+) stores.
Belongs to the ubiquitin-activating E1 family. UBA3 subfamily.
Catalytic subunit of the dimeric E1 enzyme, which activates NEDD8.
Required for formation of the RNA induced silencing complex (RISC). Component of the RISC loading complex (RLC), also known as the micro-RNA (miRNA) loading complex (miRLC), which is composed of DICER1, AGO2 and TARBP2. Within the RLC/miRLC, DICER1 and TARBP2 are required to process precursor miRNAs (pre-miRNAs) to mature miRNAs and then load them onto AGO2. AGO2 bound to the mature miRNA constitutes the minimal RISC and may subsequently dissociate from DICER1 and TARBP2. May also play a role in the production of short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) from double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) by DICER1.
Self-associates. Component of the RISC loading complex (RLC), or micro-RNA (miRNA) loading complex (miRLC), which is composed of DICER1, AGO2 and TARBP2. Note that the trimeric RLC/miRLC is also referred to as RISC.
This enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of the N-terminal peptide bond of an N-acetylated peptide to generate an N-acetylated amino acid and a peptide with a free N-terminus. It preferentially cleaves off Ac-Ala, Ac-Met and Ac-Ser.
3 EF-1-alpha are expressed under different developmental control in Xenopus laevis. This protein is expressed exclusively in immature oocytes.
The 42S RNP particle comprises four subunits each of which contains one molecule of 5S RNA, three molecules of tRNA, two molecules of EF1-alpha and one molecule of the 5S RNA binding protein 43.
This protein is one of two protein components of a 42S RNP particle that is very abundant in previtellogenic oocytes. A major function served by 42sp50 appears to be the storage of tRNAs for later use in oogenesis and early embryogenesis. Purified 42S particles can directly transfer aminoacyl tRNA to ribosomes.
Ligand for the receptor-type protein-tyrosine kinase KIT. Plays an essential role in the regulation of cell survival and proliferation, hematopoiesis, stem cell maintenance, gametogenesis, mast cell development, migration and function, and in melanogenesis.
Belongs to the C/M/P thioester hydrolase family.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS11 family.
Belongs to the WD repeat coronin family.
Belongs to the class-I pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family.
Transaminase involved in tyrosine breakdown. Converts tyrosine to p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that mediates the ubiquitination of atp6v0c and targets it to degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway.
The RING-type zinc finger domain is required for E3 ligase activity.
Belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily.
Belongs to the chondroitin N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase family.
Homodimer (By similarity). Interacts with actl6a/baf53a (PubMed:28193841). Interacts with gmnn (PubMed:28193841).
Molecular adapter that acts as a bridge between a variety of multiprotein complexes, and which is involved in embryonic development, immunity, myogenesis and brain development (PubMed:28193841). Plays a key role in nuclear protein degradation by promoting import of proteasomes into the nucleus: acts by bridging fully assembled 20S proteasomes with nuclear import receptor ipo9 (By similarity). Involved in both neural precursor maintenance and terminal neural differentiation: bridges gmnn and actl6a/baf53a in neural progenitor cells, antagonizing the activity of gmnn, thereby suppressing sox2 expression (PubMed:28193841). Also required for proper activation of neurod1 and neuronal differentiation (PubMed:28193841). Involved in myogenesis: required for skeletal muscle formation and skeletal development, possibly by regulating expression of muscle differentiation factors (By similarity).
Belongs to the DNA repair enzymes AP/ExoA family.
Initiates repair of AP sites in DNA by catalyzing hydrolytic incision of the phosphodiester backbone immediately adjacent to the damage, generating a single-strand break with 5'-deoxyribose phosphate and 3'-hydroxyl ends.
Probably binds two magnesium or manganese ions per subunit.
Depletion causes significant defects in head formation with absence of eye structures.
Functions as a redox-dependent negative regulator of the Wnt signaling pathway.
Belongs to the ADP-ribosylglycohydrolase family.
Component of the 4EHP-GYF2 complex (By similarity).
Key component of the 4EHP-GYF2 complex, a multiprotein complex that acts as a repressor of translation initiation.
Regulatory subunit of protein phosphatase 1 (PP1c) that acts as a M-Ras/MRAS effector and participates in MAPK pathway activation. Upon M-Ras/MRAS activation, targets PP1c to specifically dephosphorylate the 'Ser-259' inhibitory site of raf1 kinase and stimulate raf1 activity at specialized signaling complexes (By similarity).
Belongs to the ATP-dependent DNA ligase family.
Belongs to the two pore domain potassium channel (TC 1.A.1.8) family.
Belongs to the thiamine pyrophosphokinase family.
Belongs to the galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase type 1 family.
Catalytic component of the tRNA-splicing ligase complex.
Catalytic subunit of the tRNA-splicing ligase complex that acts by directly joining spliced tRNA halves to mature-sized tRNAs by incorporating the precursor-derived splice junction phosphate into the mature tRNA as a canonical 3',5'-phosphodiester. May act as an RNA ligase with broad substrate specificity, and may function toward other RNAs.
Ligation probably proceeds through 3 nucleotidyl transfer steps, with 2',3'-cyclic phosphate termini being hydrolyzed to 3'-P termini in a step that precedes 3'-P activation with GMP. In the first nucleotidyl transfer step, RTCB reacts with GTP to form a covalent RTCB-histidine-GMP intermediate with release of PPi; in the second step, the GMP moiety is transferred to the RNA 3'-P; in the third step, the 5'-OH from the opposite RNA strand attacks the activated 3'-P to form a 3',5'-phosphodiester bond and release GMP.
Component of the condensin-2 complex, which contains the smc2 and smc4 heterodimer, and three non SMC subunits that probably regulate the complex: ncaph2, ncapd3 and ncapg2.
Regulatory subunit of the condensin-2 complex, a complex which establishes mitotic chromosome architecture and is involved in physical rigidity of the chromatid axis.
Mitochondrial membrane ATP synthase (F(1)F(0) ATP synthase or Complex V) produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane which is generated by electron transport complexes of the respiratory chain. F-type ATPases consist of two structural domains, F(1) - containing the extramembraneous catalytic core and F(0) - containing the membrane proton channel, linked together by a central stalk and a peripheral stalk. During catalysis, ATP synthesis in the catalytic domain of F(1) is coupled via a rotary mechanism of the central stalk subunits to proton translocation. Part of the complex F(0) domain. A homomeric c-ring of probably 10 subunits is part of the complex rotary element.
Involved in ribosomal large subunit biogenesis (By similarity). Acts as both a positive transcription factor for 5S RNA genes and a specific RNA binding protein that complexes with 5S RNA in oocytes to form the 7S ribonucleoprotein storage particle. May play an essential role in the developmental change in 5S RNA gene expression. Interacts with the internal control region (ICR) of approximately 50 bases within the 5S RNA genes, is required for correct transcription of these genes by RNA polymerase III (PubMed:2253880, PubMed:1538401, PubMed:1762917). Also binds the transcribed 5S RNA's (By similarity).
Synthesized in oocytes and, in much lower levels, in somatic cells.
The levels follow the transcriptional activity of oocyte type 5S RNA genes during embryogenesis, present in very high levels in maturing oocytes when oocyte type 5S genes are being expressed, and in much lower levels in somatic cells where the oocyte type genes are not expressed.
May function in clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Has both a membrane binding/tubulating activity and the ability to recruit proteins essential to the formation of functional clathrin-coated pits. Has a preference for membranes enriched in phosphatidylserine and phosphoinositides and is required for the endocytosis of the transferrin receptor. May also bind tubulin. May play a role in the regulation of energy homeostasis.
Interacts with PRMT5. Interacts with FBXO10. Interacts with FBXO11.
Transcription factor that mediates a transcriptional program in various innate and adaptive immune tissue-resident lymphocyte T cell types such as tissue-resident memory T (Trm), natural killer (trNK) and natural killer T (NKT) cells and negatively regulates gene expression of proteins that promote the egress of tissue-resident T-cell populations from non-lymphoid organs. Plays a role in the development, retention and long-term establishment of adaptive and innate tissue-resident lymphocyte T cell types in non-lymphoid organs, such as the skin and gut, but also in other nonbarrier tissues like liver and kidney, and therefore may provide immediate immunological protection against reactivating infections or viral reinfection. Binds specifically to the PRDI element in the promoter of the beta-interferon gene. Drives the maturation of B-lymphocytes into Ig secreting cells. Associates with the transcriptional repressor ZNF683 to chromatin at gene promoter regions.
Belongs to the phosphoglycerate mutase family. BPG-dependent PGAM subfamily.
Essential transcriptional regulator necessary for development and differentiation of erythroid and megakaryocytic lineages. Alters histone methylation by recruiting histone methyltransferase to target genes promoters. Plays a role in heterochromatin formation (By similarity).
The zinc finger domain is essential for erythroid expansion and acts as an activation domain whereas non finger domain serves as repression domain.
Exhibits phosphohistidine phosphatase activity.
Belongs to the GPI inositol-deacylase family.
Involved in inositol deacylation of GPI-anchored proteins. GPI inositol deacylation may important for efficient transport of GPI-anchored proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi (By similarity).
Belongs to the class V-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. Histone-lysine methyltransferase family. Suvar4-20 subfamily.
Histone methyltransferase that specifically methylates monomethylated 'Lys-20' (H4K20me1) and dimethylated 'Lys-20' (H4K20me2) of histone H4 to produce respectively dimethylated 'Lys-20' (H4K20me2) and trimethylated 'Lys-20' (H4K20me3) and thus regulates transcription and maintenance of genome integrity. In vitro also methylates unmodified 'Lys-20' (H4K20me0) of histone H4 and nucleosomes (By similarity). H4 'Lys-20' trimethylation represents a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional repression. Mainly functions in pericentric heterochromatin regions, thereby playing a central role in the establishment of constitutive heterochromatin in these regions. KMT5B is targeted to histone H3 via its interaction with RB1 family proteins (RB1, RBL1 and RBL2) (By similarity). Plays a role in myogenesis by regulating the expression of target genes, such as EID3. Facilitates TP53BP1 foci formation upon DNA damage and proficient non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ)-directed DNA repair by catalyzing the di- and trimethylation of 'Lys-20' of histone H4 (By similarity). May play a role in class switch reconbination by catalyzing the di- and trimethylation of 'Lys-20' of histone H4 (By similarity).
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. AGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. PDPK1 subfamily.
Phosphorylates the deoxyribonucleosides deoxyadenosine, deoxycytidine and deoxyguanosine with highest activity against deoxycytidine followed by deadenosine and deoxyguanosine (PubMed:27906638). Shows only very minor activity against deoxyuridine and deoxythymidine (PubMed:27906638).
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS12 family.
Belongs to the dienelactone hydrolase family.
Catalyzes the conversion of phosphatidic acid (PA) to CDP-diacylglycerol (CDP-DAG), an essential intermediate in the synthesis of phosphatidylglycerol, cardiolipin and phosphatidylinositol.
Allosteric enzyme that catalyzes the rate-limiting step in glycogen catabolism, the phosphorolytic cleavage of glycogen to produce glucose-1-phosphate, and plays a central role in maintaining cellular and organismal glucose homeostasis.
Belongs to the glycogen phosphorylase family.
Involved in calcium binding and microtubule stabilization.
'Shisa' was named after a sculpture form, common to southern Japan, with a large head similar to the Egyptian sphinx.
Plays an essential role in the maturation of presomitic mesoderm cells by individual attenuation of both fgf and wnt signaling. Regulates head and somite developmen. Inhibits both wnt and fgf signaling through the regulation of protein maturation and cell surface transportation of their receptors within the endoplasmic reticulum.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS3 family.
Belongs to the bZIP family. Jun subfamily.
Belongs to the DNA photolyase class-2 family.
Belongs to the apolipoprotein C2 family.
Component of chylomicrons, very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), low-density lipoproteins (LDL), and high-density lipoproteins (HDL) in plasma. Plays an important role in lipoprotein metabolism as an activator of lipoprotein lipase.
Component of the signal recognition particle (SRP) complex, a ribonucleoprotein complex that mediates the cotranslational targeting of secretory and membrane proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). SRP9 together with SRP14 and the Alu portion of the SRP RNA, constitutes the elongation arrest domain of SRP. The complex of SRP9 and SRP14 is required for SRP RNA binding.
Heterodimer with SRP9; binds RNA as heterodimer. Component of a signal recognition particle (SRP) complex that consists of a 7SL RNA molecule of 300 nucleotides and six protein subunits: SRP72, SRP68, SRP54, SRP19, SRP14 and SRP9.
Belongs to the tRNA nucleotidyltransferase/poly(A) polymerase family.
Belongs to the G-alpha family. G(i/o/t/z) subfamily.
G proteins are composed of 3 units; alpha, beta and gamma. The alpha chain contains the guanine nucleotide binding site.
Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as modulators or transducers in various transmembrane signaling systems. Transducin is an amplifier and one of the transducers of a visual impulse that performs the coupling between rhodopsin and cGMP-phosphodiesterase.
Belongs to the retinoblastoma protein (RB) family.
Expressed after stage 19 (late neurula).
Expression is neural-specific. In the retina, expressed in the ganglion cell layer from stage 28 onwards and in amacrine cells from stage 35 onwards. Expressed in the tailbud and adult brain; in tailbuds, expression is predominant in the cortical plate.
RNA-binding protein that is involved in the post-transcriptional regulation of mRNAs (By similarity). Plays a role in the regulation of mRNA stability, alternative splicing and translation (By similarity). Binds to AU-rich element (ARE) sequences in the 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) of target mRNAs (By similarity). Mainly play a role in neuron-specific RNA processing (By similarity).
Contributes to the neddylation of all cullins by transferring NEDD8 from N-terminally acetylated NEDD8-conjugating E2s enzyme to different cullin C-terminal domain-RBX complexes. At the cell membrane, can promote and as well inhibit cullins neddylation.
May interact (via the DCUN1 domain) with unneddylated cullins.
The DCUN1 domain, also known as PONY domain, mediates the interaction with different cullins.
Required for the processing of the 27S pre-rRNA.
Part of the Ragulator complex composed of lamtor1, lamtor2, lamtor3, lamtor4 and lamtor5. The Ragulator complex interacts with slc38a9; the probable amino acid sensor. Component of the lysosomal folliculin complex (LFC).
Regulator of the TOR pathway, a signaling cascade that promotes cell growth in response to growth factors, energy levels, and amino acids. As part of the Ragulator complex, may activate the TOR signaling cascade in response to amino acids (By similarity).
Oligomeric complex of 4 set of homotrimers.
Generates hydrogen peroxide which is required for the activity of thyroid peroxidase/TPO and lactoperoxidase/LPO. Plays a role in thyroid hormones synthesis and lactoperoxidase-mediated antimicrobial defense at the surface of mucosa. May have its own peroxidase activity through its N-terminal peroxidase-like domain.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the peroxidase family.
Crystallins are the dominant structural components of the vertebrate eye lens.
Homo/heterodimer, or complexes of higher-order. The structure of beta-crystallin oligomers seems to be stabilized through interactions between the N-terminal arms.
Belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily. AMIGO family.
Belongs to the type I cytokine receptor family. Type 2 subfamily.
Actin-binding protein involved in motile and morphological processes. Inhibits actin polymerization, likely by sequestering G-actin (By similarity).
Belongs to the actin-binding proteins ADF family. Twinfilin subfamily.
Interacts with G-actin; ADP-actin form and capping protein (CP).
Essential component of the TIM23 complex, a complex that mediates the translocation of transit peptide-containing proteins across the mitochondrial inner membrane.
May participate in the translocation of transit peptide-containing proteins across the mitochondrial inner membrane.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class myosin-kinesin ATPase superfamily. Kinesin family. KLP2 subfamily.
Expressed maternally in oocytes and eggs (at protein level).
Homodimer. Dimerization is required for targeting to microtubule minus ends. Found in a complex with tpx2 and microtubules. Its association with microtubules and targeting to microtubule minus ends requires tpx2.
Plus-end directed kinesin-like motor enzyme involved in mitotic spindle assembly. Required for centrosome separation and maintenance of spindle bipolarity during mitosis.
Strongly expressed in testis and weakly in lung (at protein level).
Belongs to the flavin monoamine oxidase family.
Belongs to the amiloride-sensitive sodium channel (TC 1.A.6) family.
Heterodimer with other nuclear receptors.
Nuclear receptor that binds peroxisome proliferators such as hypolipidemic drugs and fatty acids. Once activated by a ligand, the nuclear receptor binds to DNA specific PPAR response elements (PPRE) and modulates the transcription of its target genes, such as acyl-CoA oxidase. It therefore controls the peroxisomal beta-oxidation pathway of fatty acids. Key regulator of adipocyte differentiation and glucose homeostasis. May play a role in the regulation of circadian rhythm.
Buffers cytosolic calcium. May stimulate a membrane Ca(2+)-ATPase and a 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase.
Forms a complex with PECAM1 and GNAQ. Interacts with PECAM1.
Receptor for bradykinin. It is associated with G proteins that activate a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system.
Axonemal protein which is implicated in axonemal and/or peri-axonemal structures assembly and regulates flagella assembly and beating and therefore sperm motility.
The TPR repeats are required for proper localization into the axoneme and proper function in flagella beating and motility.
Belongs to the diacylglycerol acyltransferase family.
Catalyzes the formation of diacylglycerol from 2-monoacylglycerol and fatty acyl-CoA.
Required for the organization of the mitotic spindle. Maintains the structural integrity of centrosomes during mitosis (By similarity).
During embryogenesis, isoform 2 is present from fertilization (stage 0) whereas isoform 1 is first present after stage 30. In the tadpole (stage 36), isoform 1 shows high expression in somites forming the caudal muscle and low expression in the eye. In adults, isoform 1 is expressed in heart and muscle, whereas isoform 2 is expressed in the brain, liver and kidney.
RNA-binding protein. Binds poly(G) and poly(U) but not poly(A) or poly(C). Regulates somite formation, probably by regulating gene expression.
Component of the Arp2/3 complex, a multiprotein complex that mediates actin polymerization upon stimulation by nucleation-promoting factor (NPF). The Arp2/3 complex mediates the formation of branched actin networks in the cytoplasm, providing the force for cell motility. In addition to its role in the cytoplasmic cytoskeleton, the Arp2/3 complex also promotes actin polymerization in the nucleus, thereby regulating gene transcription and repair of damaged DNA (By similarity). The Arp2/3 complex promotes homologous recombination (HR) repair in response to DNA damage by promoting nuclear actin polymerization, leading to drive motility of double-strand breaks (DSBs) (By similarity).
Functions as component of the Arp2/3 complex which is involved in regulation of actin polymerization and together with an activating nucleation-promoting factor (NPF) mediates the formation of branched actin networks.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. TrmB family.
Catalyzes the formation of N(7)-methylguanine at position 46 (m7G46) in tRNA.
Methyltransferase that mediates the formation of N(7)-methylguanine in a subset of RNA species, such as tRNAs, mRNAs and microRNAs (miRNAs). Catalyzes the formation of N(7)-methylguanine at position 46 (m7G46) in tRNA. Also acts as a methyltransferase for a subset of internal N(7)-methylguanine in mRNAs. Internal N(7)-methylguanine methylation of mRNAs regulates translation. Also methylates a specific subset of miRNAs.
May be involved in pronephros development, after specification of the pronephros.
Component of the 20S core proteasome complex involved in the proteolytic degradation of most intracellular proteins. This complex plays numerous essential roles within the cell by associating with different regulatory particles. Associated with two 19S regulatory particles, forms the 26S proteasome and thus participates in the ATP-dependent degradation of ubiquitinated proteins. The 26S proteasome plays a key role in the maintenance of protein homeostasis by removing misfolded or damaged proteins that could impair cellular functions, and by removing proteins whose functions are no longer required. Associated with the PA200 or PA28, the 20S proteasome mediates ubiquitin-independent protein degradation. This type of proteolysis is required in several pathways including spermatogenesis (20S-PA200 complex) or generation of a subset of MHC class I-presented antigenic peptides (20S-PA28 complex). Within the 20S core complex, PSMB7 displays a trypsin-like activity.
Displays acyl-CoA-dependent lysophospholipid acyltransferase activity with a subset of lysophospholipids as substrates. Prefers long chain acyl-CoAs (C16, C18) as acyl donors (By similarity).
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL18 family.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL15 family.
The 26S proteasome consists of a 20S proteasome core and two 19S regulatory subunits. The 20S proteasome core is composed of 28 subunits that are arranged in four stacked rings, resulting in a barrel-shaped structure. The two end rings are each formed by seven alpha subunits, and the two central rings are each formed by seven beta subunits. The catalytic chamber with the active sites is on the inside of the barrel (By similarity).
The proteasome is a multicatalytic proteinase complex which is characterized by its ability to cleave peptides with Arg, Phe, Tyr, Leu, and Glu adjacent to the leaving group at neutral or slightly basic pH. The proteasome has an ATP-dependent proteolytic activity.
SP4 gene is transcribed in or before primary spermatocyte stage but is translated at the round spermatid stage.
Expressed in embryos, tadpoles and various adult tissue such as kidney, testis, brain, liver, skeletal muscle and spleen.
Heterodimer; with a rxr molecule. Binds DNA preferentially as a rar/rxr heterodimer.
It is synthesized during oogenesis and persists during early cleavage. It accumulates at gastrulation (stage 10), peaks in quantity during neurulation (stage 17), then drops to a low level after stage 26. Isoform 1 is strongly expressed in branchial arches and to a lesser extent in the neural floor plate, but is not expressed neither in the pre-somitic mesoderm nor notochord. At gastrula stages 10-11, isoform 2 is mainly found in ectoderm and mesoderm with greater expression in the prospective dorsal side. At neurula stage, expressed anteriorly in the head mesoderm and in the archenteron roof. In early tadpole stage, expressed in head mesenchyme and in the tailbud.
Receptor for retinoic acid. Retinoic acid receptors bind as heterodimers to their target response elements in response to their ligands, all-trans or 9-cis retinoic acid, and regulate gene expression in various biological processes. The rar/rxr heterodimers bind to the retinoic acid response elements (RARE) composed of tandem 5'-AGGTCA-3' sites known as DR1-DR5 (By similarity).
Belongs to the POU transcription factor family. Class-3 subfamily.
Expressed in the developing brain and spinal cord. Also found in a restricted region of the auditory vesicle during development. In the adult, expression is restricted to the brain.
Transcription factor that may be implicated in patterning of the central nervous system during early development.
Subunit of TORC2, which regulates cell growth and survival in response to hormonal signals.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Tyr protein kinase family. Fibroblast growth factor receptor subfamily.
Homodimer or heterodimer of a large (catalytic) and a small (regulatory) subunit. In presence of calcium, the heterodimer dissociates.
Component of the transcription factor SL1/TIF-IB complex, composed of TBP and at least TAF1A, TAF1B, TAF1C and TAF1D. Interacts with UBTF.
Component of the transcription factor SL1/TIF-IB complex, which is involved in the assembly of the PIC (preinitiation complex) during RNA polymerase I-dependent transcription. The rate of PIC formation probably is primarily dependent on the rate of association of SL1/TIF-IB with the rDNA promoter. SL1/TIF-IB is involved in stabilization of nucleolar transcription factor 1/UBTF on rDNA. Formation of SL1/TIF-IB excludes the association of TBP with TFIID subunits.
Belongs to the pyridoxine kinase family.
Expressed at the posterior ectoderm except for the dorsal midline in gastrulae (PubMed:28716930). During neurulation, expression diminishes so as to become restricted to the lateral neural plate border (NPB) and neural crest (PubMed:28716930).
Morpholino knockdown blocks differentiation of the neural plate border (NPB).
Transcriptional corepressor which does not bind directly to DNA and may regulate transcription through recruitment of histone deacetylases to gene promoters (By similarity). Regulates cell adhesion, migration and proliferation (By similarity). Involved in specification of the lateral neural plate border (NPB) (PubMed:28716930). May be required for segmental gene expression during hindbrain development (By similarity).
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 8 family.
Activated by threonine and tyrosine phosphorylation, potentially by the dual-specificity kinase, MKK7. Indirectly activated by Wnt5a.
Dually phosphorylated on Thr-183 and Tyr-185, which activates the enzyme.
Responds to activation by environmental stress and pro-inflammatory cytokines by phosphorylating a number of transcription factors, and thus regulating transcriptional activity (By similarity). Regulates morphogenic cell movements, controlling convergent extension during gastrulation. May play a role in the regulation of the circadian clock (By similarity).
Strongly expressed in presumptive ectoderm and mesoderm regions and weakly expressed in endoderm regions during early stages of embryo development. Expressed in the head and dorsal regions during neurula and tailbud stages.
Component of a ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex, at least composed of cpeb1, lsm14b/rap55b, ddx6/Xp54, ybx2/frgy2, pat1/P100, eif4enif1/4E-T and eif4e1b. Different translationally-repressed mRNP complexes probably exist that contain either lsm14a/rap55a or lsm14b/rap55b depending on the developmental stage. Component of a ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex, composed at least of elavl1/elrA and/or elavl2/elrB, igf2bp3/vg1RBP, ddx6/Xp54, ybx2/frgy2, lsm14b/rap55b and, in a subset of RNP complexes, stau1/staufen.
Expressed maternally. Expression declines during oocyte maturation.
May be involved in the storage of translationally inactive mRNAs and protect them from degradation (By similarity). Plays a role in control of mRNA translation (PubMed:18631138).
Initiates blood coagulation by forming a complex with circulating factor VII or VIIa. The [TF:VIIa] complex activates factors IX or X by specific limited proteolysis. TF plays a role in normal hemostasis by initiating the cell-surface assembly and propagation of the coagulation protease cascade.
Interacts with HSPE; the interaction, inhibited by heparin, promotes the generation of activated factor X and activates coagulation in the presence of activated factor VII.
Morpholino knockdown results in a specific loss of cilia, with no effect on the number of cells with multiple basal bodies or the number of basal bodies per cell.
Plays an important role in ciliogenesis. Required for apical targeting/anchoring of centrioles at the plasma membrane.
May be important in protein trafficking and/or protein folding and stabilization.
Catalyzes the attachment of tyrosine to tRNA(Tyr) in a two-step reaction: tyrosine is first activated by ATP to form Tyr-AMP and then transferred to the acceptor end of tRNA(Tyr).
The nuclear localization signal, which mediates localization to the nucleus, is also important for interacting with tRNA(Tyr), suggesting that it is sterically blocked when tRNA(Tyr) is bound.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL42 family.
Co-chaperone required during spermatogenesis to repress transposable elements and prevent their mobilization, which is essential for the germline integrity. Acts via the piRNA metabolic process, which mediates the repression of transposable elements during meiosis by forming complexes composed of piRNAs and Piwi proteins and govern the methylation and subsequent repression of transposons. Acts as a co-chaperone via its interaction with HSP90 and is required for the piRNA amplification process, the secondary piRNA biogenesis. May be required together with HSP90 in removal of 16 nucleotide ping-pong by-products from Piwi complexes, possibly facilitating turnover of Piwi complexes.
Belongs to the GTP-binding SRP family. SRP54 subfamily.
Component of a signal recognition particle (SRP) complex that consists of a 7SL RNA molecule of 300 nucleotides and six protein subunits: SRP72, SRP68, SRP54, SRP19, SRP14 and SRP9.
Component of the signal recognition particle (SRP) complex, a ribonucleoprotein complex that mediates the cotranslational targeting of secretory and membrane proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Binds to the signal sequence of presecretory proteins when they emerge from the ribosomes.
Has a two domain structure: the G-domain binds GTP; the M-domain binds the 7S RNA in presence of SRP19 and also binds the signal sequence.
Signal recognition particle consists of a 7S RNA molecule and at least six protein subunits.
Thin filament-associated protein that is implicated in the regulation and modulation of smooth muscle contraction. It is capable of binding to actin, calmodulin and tropomyosin. The interaction of calponin with actin inhibits the actomyosin Mg-ATPase activity.
Belongs to the type I cytokine receptor family. Type 3 subfamily.
Multidomain protein that acts as a key epigenetic regulator by bridging DNA methylation and chromatin modification. Specifically recognizes and binds hemimethylated DNA at replication forks via its YDG domain and recruits dnmt1 methyltransferase to ensure faithful propagation of the DNA methylation patterns through DNA replication. In addition to its role in maintenance of DNA methylation, also plays a key role in chromatin modification: through its tudor-like regions and PHD-type zinc fingers, specifically recognizes and binds histone H3 trimethylated at 'Lys-9' (H3K9me3) and unmethylated at 'Arg-2' (H3R2me0), respectively, and recruits chromatin proteins. Enriched in pericentric heterochromatin where it recruits different chromatin modifiers required for this chromatin replication. Also localizes to euchromatic regions where it negatively regulates transcription possibly by impacting DNA methylation and histone modifications. Has E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity by mediating the ubiquitination of target proteins. However, it is still unclear how E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity is related to its role in chromatin in vivo.
The RING finger is required for ubiquitin ligase activity.
The YDG domain (also named SRA domain) specifically recognizes and binds hemimethylated DNA at replication forks (DNA that is only methylated on the mother strand of replicating DNA).
The tudor-like regions specifically recognize and bind histone H3 unmethylated at 'Arg-2' (H3R2me0), while the PHD-type zinc finger specifically recognizes and binds histone H3 trimethylated at 'Lys-9' (H3K9me3).
Belongs to the cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase family. PDE8 subfamily.
May play a role in the reorganization of neuronal actin structure.
By wnt-signaling from the posterior mesoderm.
Expressed in the dorsolateral ectoderm during early and mid-gastrula stages. At late-gastrula and neurula stages, expressed in the lateral neural plate, becoming progressively refined to the neural folds during convergence and extension. Expression is also restricted in the A/P axis, extending into the midbrain but excluded from the forebrain.
Probable transcription factor. Promotes both hatching gland and neural crest cell fates, two of the cell populations that arise from the neural plate border. Acts downstream of msx1 to induce the neural crest, cooperating with zic1 and mediating signals from both the wnt and fgf8 signaling pathways. Induction of hatching gland cell fate is independent of zic1.
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mL40 family.
Heterohexamer; composed of 3 copies of TIMM8 (TIMM8A or TIMM8B) and 3 copies of TIMM13, named soluble 70 kDa complex. Associates with the TIM22 complex, whose core is composed of TIMM22 (By similarity).
Mitochondrial intermembrane chaperone that participates in the import and insertion of some multi-pass transmembrane proteins into the mitochondrial inner membrane. Also required for the transfer of beta-barrel precursors from the TOM complex to the sorting and assembly machinery (SAM complex) of the outer membrane. Acts as a chaperone-like protein that protects the hydrophobic precursors from aggregation and guide them through the mitochondrial intermembrane space.
Mitochondrial intermembrane chaperone that participates in the import and insertion of some multi-pass transmembrane proteins into the mitochondrial inner membrane. Also required for the transfer of beta-barrel precursors from the TOM complex to the sorting and assembly machinery (SAM complex) of the outer membrane. Acts as a chaperone-like protein that protects the hydrophobic precursors from aggregation and guide them through the mitochondrial intermembrane space. The TIMM8-TIMM13 complex mediates the import of some proteins while the predominant TIMM9-TIMM10 70 kDa complex mediates the import of much more proteins (By similarity).
The twin CX3C motif contains 4 conserved Cys residues that form 2 disulfide bonds in the mitochondrial intermembrane space.
The twin CX3C motif contains 4 conserved Cys residues that form 2 disulfide bonds in the mitochondrial intermembrane space. However, during the transit of timm13-A from cytoplasm into mitochondrion, the Cys residues probably coordinate zinc, thereby preventing folding and allowing its transfer across mitochondrial outer membrane (By similarity).
Phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate-binding protein that may play a role in the process of vesicle budding at the Golgi and anterograde transport to the plasma membrane.
Belongs to the histone deacetylase family. HD type 1 subfamily.
Histone deacetylase that catalyzes the deacetylation of lysine residues on the N-terminal part of the core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4), and some other non-histone substrates. Histone deacetylation gives a tag for epigenetic repression and plays an important role in transcriptional regulation, cell cycle progression and developmental events. Histone deacetylases act via the formation of large multiprotein complexes. Participates in the BCL6 transcriptional repressor activity by deacetylating the H3 'Lys-27' (H3K27) on enhancer elements, antagonizing EP300 acetyltransferase activity and repressing proximal gene expression. Also functions as deacetylase for non-histone targets. In addition to protein deacetylase activity, also acts as protein-lysine deacylase by recognizing other acyl groups: catalyzes removal of (2E)-butenoyl (crotonyl) and 2-hydroxyisobutanoyl (2-hydroxyisobutyryl) acyl groups from lysine residues, leading to protein decrotonylation and de-2-hydroxyisobutyrylation, respectively.
Belongs to the peroxiredoxin-like PRXL2 family. PRXL2A subfamily.
Involved in redox regulation of the cell. Acts as an antioxidant (By similarity).
The active site cysteines correspond to the redox-active cysteines of peroxiredoxins.
Probable GTP-binding protein that possesses GTPase activity. May play a role in endothelial cell polarity and endothelial barrier function (By similarity).
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 2 family.
Receptor for the neuromedin-U and neuromedin-S neuropeptides.
Expressed in peripheral blood leukocytes. Also detected at lower levels in spleen and lung.
Homotrimer. May form higher-order oligomers.
May function in innate immunity through activation of the lectin complement pathway. Binds to GalNAc and GlcNAc carbohydrate moieties.
The fibrinogen C-terminal domain mediates calcium-dependent binding to carbohydrates. The domain undergoes a conformational switch at pH under 6.2, and loses its carbohydrate-binding ability.
Belongs to the NAD(P)-dependent epimerase/dehydratase family. UDP-glucuronic acid decarboxylase subfamily.
Belongs to the gastrin/cholecystokinin family.
Belongs to the GST superfamily. Zeta family.
Associates through its SH3 domain, to the p85 subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Tyr protein kinase family. SRC subfamily.
Expressed in early tail-bud embryos at stage 20 in the brain region of the neural tube and at lower levels throughout the remaining length of the neural tube. Present at stage 32 in the forebrain, midbrain, the ventral half of the hindbrain and the spinal cord.
Inhibited by phosphorylation of Tyr-531 by leukocyte common antigen and activated by dephosphorylation of this site.
Tyrosine-protein kinase implicated in the control of cell growth. Plays a role in the regulation of intracellular calcium levels (By similarity). Required in brain development and mature brain function with important roles in the regulation of axon growth, axon guidance, and neurite extension. Blocks axon outgrowth and attraction induced by ntn1 by phosphorylating its receptor ddc.
Component of the SMC5-SMC6 complex, that promotes sister chromatid alignment after DNA damage and facilitates double-stranded DNA breaks (DSBs) repair via homologous recombination between sister chromatids.
Belongs to the peroxiredoxin family. Prx6 subfamily.
Thiol-specific peroxidase that catalyzes the reduction of hydrogen peroxide and organic hydroperoxides to water and alcohols, respectively.
Receptor for neuropeptide Y and peptide YY.
Belongs to the phosphatidylserine decarboxylase family. PSD-B subfamily. Eukaryotic type I sub-subfamily.
Catalyzes the formation of phosphatidylethanolamine (PtdEtn) from phosphatidylserine (PtdSer). Plays a central role in phospholipid metabolism and in the interorganelle trafficking of phosphatidylserine.
Heterodimer of a large membrane-associated beta subunit and a small pyruvoyl-containing alpha subunit.
Is synthesized initially as an inactive proenzyme. Formation of the active enzyme involves a self-maturation process in which the active site pyruvoyl group is generated from an internal serine residue via an autocatalytic post-translational modification. Two non-identical subunits are generated from the proenzyme in this reaction, and the pyruvate is formed at the N-terminus of the alpha chain, which is derived from the carboxyl end of the proenzyme. The autoendoproteolytic cleavage occurs by a canonical serine protease mechanism, in which the side chain hydroxyl group of the serine supplies its oxygen atom to form the C-terminus of the beta chain, while the remainder of the serine residue undergoes an oxidative deamination to produce ammonia and the pyruvoyl prosthetic group on the alpha chain. During this reaction, the Ser that is part of the protease active site of the proenzyme becomes the pyruvoyl prosthetic group, which constitutes an essential element of the active site of the mature decarboxylase.
May play a role in a signaling cascade by enhancing the kinase activity of src. Contributes to src-regulated transcription activation (By similarity).
Belongs to the grh/CP2 family. CP2 subfamily.
Recognizes and binds the palindromic sequence 5'-TTGGCNNNNNGCCAA-3' present in viral and cellular promoters and in the origin of replication of adenovirus type 2. These proteins are individually capable of activating transcription and replication.
The coiled coil domain mediates homo- and hetero-oligomerization.
Belongs to the teashirt C2H2-type zinc-finger protein family.
Belongs to the V-ATPase V0D/AC39 subunit family.
Belongs to the NADPH--cytochrome P450 reductase family.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the flavoprotein pyridine nucleotide cytochrome reductase family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the flavodoxin family.
This enzyme is required for electron transfer from NADP to cytochrome P450 in microsomes. It can also provide electron transfer to heme oxygenase and cytochrome B5.
Belongs to the PI3/PI4-kinase family. Type III PI4K subfamily.
Expressed in the germinal vesicle of oocytes at stages I-III. Expressed in ectodermal and mesodermal cells and their derivatives after stage 10. At stages later than 28, highly expressed in the myotome, spinal cord and notochord (at protein level).
May function as a coactivator for aryl hydrocarbon and nuclear receptors.
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mL41 family.
Component of the mitochondrial ribosome large subunit (39S) which comprises a 16S rRNA and about 50 distinct proteins.
Component of the mitochondrial ribosome large subunit. Also involved in apoptosis and cell cycle (By similarity).
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 38 family.
Essential component of the PAM complex, a complex required for the translocation of transit peptide-containing proteins from the inner membrane into the mitochondrial matrix in an ATP-dependent manner.
Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as modulators or transducers in various transmembrane signaling systems. The G(o) protein function is not clear.
Component of the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), a cell cycle-regulated E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex that controls progression through mitosis and the G1 phase of the cell cycle.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. NEK Ser/Thr protein kinase family. NIMA subfamily.
Binds to the catalytic subunit of the cyclin dependent kinases and is essential for their biological function.
Forms a homohexamer that can probably bind six kinase subunits.
VIP causes vasodilation, lowers arterial blood pressure, stimulates myocardial contractility, increases glycogenolysis and relaxes the smooth muscle of trachea, stomach and gall bladder.
Acts partially redundantly with other irx members in neural patterning. Required for formation of the posterior forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain, and to a lesser extent, spinal cord. Patterns the neuroectoderm in both the anterior/posterior and dorsal/ventral axes. Does not appear to play a role in pronephros kidney development.
Expressed in the neural plate in overlapping patterns with other irx members, which all share an anterior border of expression. At stage 20, expressed in a subset of cells in the developing hindbrain with expression appearing above the otic vesicle by stage 26. Expression in retina cells begins at stage 28, continuing at later stages and is limited to a subset of retinal cells of the optic cup. Also expressed in the ventricle of the heart from stage 36 (late tailbud) onwards. Only expressed in the pronephros at tadpole stage.
Cilium- and flagellum-specific protein that plays a role in axonemal structure organization and motility (By similarity). Involved in the regulation of the size and morphology of cilia. Required for axonemal microtubules polyglutamylation (By similarity).
Belongs to the peptidase S1 family. Plasminogen subfamily.
Dimer of an alpha chain and a beta chain linked by a disulfide bond. Interacts with SRPX2; the interaction increases HGF mitogenic activity.
Potent mitogen for mature parenchymal hepatocyte cells, seems to be a hepatotrophic factor, and acts as a growth factor for a broad spectrum of tissues and cell types. Activating ligand for the receptor tyrosine kinase MET by binding to it and promoting its dimerization.
Functions as a cytoplasmic linker protein. Involved in TGN-endosome dynamics (By similarity).
Microtubule association is inhibited by the ANK repeats and the Golgi localization region (GoLD).
The N-terminal half is dispensable for proper Golgi targeting, whereas the GoLD region is required.
Promotes degradation of target mRNA species. Plays a role in the regulation of circadian mRNA stability. Binds GTP and has GTPase activity.
Belongs to the hcp beta-lactamase family.
May be required for assembly of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes.
Belongs to the peptidase C78 family. ZUFSP subfamily.
Belongs to the casein kinase 2 subunit beta family.
Casein kinase II/CK2 is a tetramer composed of an alpha subunit, an alpha' subunit and two beta subunits. The beta subunit dimerization is mediated by zinc ions.
Regulatory subunit of casein kinase II/CK2. As part of the kinase complex regulates the basal catalytic activity of the alpha subunit a constitutively active serine/threonine-protein kinase that phosphorylates a large number of substrates containing acidic residues C-terminal to the phosphorylated serine or threonine (By similarity). Participates in Wnt signaling.
Plays a role in endocytic trafficking. Required for receptor recycling from endosomes, both to the trans-Golgi network and the plasma membrane.
May be involved in fusion of retrograde transport vesicles derived from an endocytic compartment with the Golgi complex.
Produces nitric oxide (NO) which is a messenger molecule with diverse functions throughout the body.
Adhesive glycoprotein that mediates cell-to-cell and cell-to-matrix interactions and may be involved in various processes including cellular proliferation, migration, adhesion and attachment. May play a role in ER stress response (By similarity). May participate in the genesis and function of cardiac and skeletal muscle.
Initial expression during neurulation. Increase during tailbud stages but decrease by the feeding tadpole stage.
May play a role in the development of the central system.
Acts as a mediator between the cap-binding complex (CBC) and the primary microRNAs (miRNAs) processing machinery during cell proliferation. Contributes to the stability and delivery of capped primary miRNA transcripts to the primary miRNA processing complex, thereby playing a role in RNA-mediated gene silencing (RNAi) by miRNAs (By similarity).
Adapter protein involved in the Toll-like receptor and IL-1 receptor signaling pathway in the innate immune response (By similarity). Activates expression of target genes in the Spemann organizer region during early embryonic development. Is required for normal axis formation.
The intermediate domain (ID) is required for the phosphorylation and activation of IRAK.
Plays an important role in the organization of the cytoskeleton. Binds to and sequesters actin monomers (G actin) and therefore inhibits actin polymerization.
Contains 1 copy of a cytoplasmic motif that is referred to as the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitor motif (ITIM). This motif is involved in modulation of cellular responses. The phosphorylated ITIM motif can bind the SH2 domain of several SH2-containing phosphatases (By similarity).
Expressed in the ventral blood island from stage 28 through to stage 36. Expressed in the circulating blood by stage 40. In the adult, highly expressed in peripheral blood cells including immature erythrocytes and basophils, and moderately expressed in the hematopoietic organs: liver, kidney and spleen. Expressed at a low level in adult brain.
First expressed at a low level at stage 18 (late neurula), with high levels of expression seen from stage 32 through to stage 48 (tadpole).
Receptor for erythropoietin. Mediates erythropoietin-induced erythroblast proliferation and differentiation.
The WSXWS motif appears to be necessary for proper protein folding and thereby efficient intracellular transport and cell-surface receptor binding.
The box 1 motif is required for JAK interaction and/or activation.
Tetramer of heterotrimers consisting of exclusion domain, heavy- and light chains.
At the early gastrula stage, expressed mainly in the entire animal hemisphere. During neurulation, its expression becomes restricted to the anterior neuroectoderm. At the tailbud stage, expressed in various anterior regions including the anterior central nervous system (CNS), otic vesicles, and branchial arches.
Has a helix-hairpin-helix (HhH) structural motif conserved among proteins that bind non-specifically to DNA.
Homodimer (By similarity). Interacts with nemp1a and nemp1b (PubMed:19167377).
Non-specific DNA-binding protein that plays key roles in mitotic nuclear reassembly, chromatin organization, DNA damage response, gene expression and intrinsic immunity against foreign DNA. Contains two non-specific double-stranded DNA (dsDNA)-binding sites which promote DNA cross-bridging. Plays a key role in nuclear membrane reformation at the end of mitosis by driving formation of a single nucleus in a spindle-independent manner. Transiently cross-bridges anaphase chromosomes via its ability to bridge distant DNA sites, leading to the formation of a dense chromatin network at the chromosome ensemble surface that limits membranes to the surface. Also acts as a negative regulator of innate immune activation by restricting CGAS activity toward self-DNA upon acute loss of nuclear membrane integrity. Outcompetes CGAS for DNA-binding, thereby preventing CGAS activation and subsequent damaging autoinflammatory responses. Also involved in DNA damage response; acts by inhibiting the ADP-ribosyltransferase activity of PARP1. Involved in the recognition of exogenous dsDNA in the cytosol: associates with exogenous dsDNA immediately after its appearance in the cytosol at endosome breakdown and is required to avoid autophagy.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the aldehyde dehydrogenase family. ALDH1L subfamily.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the GART family.
Belongs to the short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDR) family. ERG27 subfamily.
SNARE involved in targeting and fusion of ER-derived transport vesicles with the Golgi complex as well as Golgi-derived retrograde transport vesicles with the ER.
May regulate the stability of some mitochondrial mRNA species.
The RAP domain seems to regulate mitochondrial mRNA levels.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase group 1 family.
Mannosylates Man(2)GlcNAc(2)-dolichol diphosphate and Man(1)GlcNAc(2)-dolichol diphosphate to form Man(3)GlcNAc(2)-dolichol diphosphate.
Belongs to the group II decarboxylase family.
Belongs to the phosphatase 2A regulatory subunit B56 family.
Belongs to the inward rectifier-type potassium channel (TC 1.A.2.1) family. KCNJ11 subfamily.
Acts as an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase specific for ldb1, mediating ubiquitination and proteasome-dependent degradation of excess ldb1 in a RING-dependent manner. Does not degrade ldb1 bound to lhx1/lim1, nor lim1 itself and thus contributes to the establishment of proper ldb1-lhx1/lim1 stoichiometry and the formation of a ldb1-lhx1/lim1 complex. Interferes with Spemann organizer function and suppresses secondary axis formation induced by ldb1 and lhx1/lim1.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Expressed at the cleavage stage, with expression disappearing at the gastrula stage.
Forms homodimers through the C-terminal region. The N-terminus interacts with the homeobox of LIM/homeobox factor lhx1/lim1, with lhx3/lim3 and lhx5/lim5, and with the N-terminus of ldb1.
Shows overlapping expression with lhx1/lim1 and ldb1 in the gastrula mesoderm, and expression overlaps with ldb1 throughout early embryogenesis. After gastrulation, expression is gradually restricted to tissues originated from the ectoderm, the neuroectoderm, neural crest and epidermis, and subsequently to the neural tube as well as the head and tailbud region.
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. They oxidize a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics.
Heteromeric complex composed of WDR83OS/Asterix and CCDC47. Component of the ribosome-associated ER translocon complex.
Necessary for the biogenesis, correct folding and transport of multi-pass membrane proteins into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane. Involved in the regulation of calcium ion homeostasis in the ER. Required for proper protein degradation via the ERAD (ER-associated degradation) pathway.
May associate with G-protein coupled receptors and regulate downstream signaling pathways.
Acts as component of the MCM2-7 complex (MCM complex) which is the replicative helicase essential for 'once per cell cycle' DNA replication initiation and elongation in eukaryotic cells. Core component of CDC45-MCM-GINS (CMG) helicase, the molecular machine that unwinds template DNA during replication, and around which the replisome is built. The active ATPase sites in the MCM2-7 ring are formed through the interaction surfaces of two neighboring subunits such that a critical structure of a conserved arginine finger motif is provided in trans relative to the ATP-binding site of the Walker A box of the adjacent subunit. The six ATPase active sites, however, are likely to contribute differentially to the complex helicase activity.
Acts as component of the MCM2-7 complex (MCM complex) which is the replicative helicase essential for 'once per cell cycle' DNA replication initiation and elongation in eukaryotic cells. The active ATPase sites in the MCM2-7 ring are formed through the interaction surfaces of two neighboring subunits such that a critical structure of a conserved arginine finger motif is provided in trans relative to the ATP-binding site of the Walker A box of the adjacent subunit. The six ATPase active sites, however, are likely to contribute differentially to the complex helicase activity.
Component of the mcm2-7 complex (RLF-M) (PubMed:9214646, PubMed:9214647). The complex forms a toroidal hexameric ring with the proposed subunit order mcm2-mcm6-mcm4-mcm7-mcm3-mcm5 (PubMed:9214646, PubMed:9214647). The heterodimer of mmcm3/mcm5 interacts with mcm4, mmcm6, mcm7 and weakly with mcm2 (PubMed:9214646, PubMed:9214647). Component of the CMG helicase complex, composed of the mcm2-7 complex, the GINS complex and cdc45 (PubMed:30979826, PubMed:30842657).
Early fractionation of eukaryotic MCM proteins yielded a variety of dimeric, trimeric and tetrameric complexes with unclear biological significance. Specifically a MCM467 subcomplex is shown to have in vitro helicase activity which is inhibited by the MCM2 subunit. The MCM2-7 hexamer is the proposed physiological active complex.
Hyperphosphorylated during mitosis in a mechanism requiring cdc2-cyclin B and other kinases. Undergoes dephosphorylation after exiting mitosis, existing in a partially phosphorylated state in the cytosolic interphase mcm complex which associates with the pre-replication complexes (pre-Rcs). Complete dephosphorylation inactivates the mcm complex, preventing its binding to chromatin. Becomes actively phosphorylated during S phase once the mcm complex is assembled on the chromatin. This chromatin-associated phosphorylation occurs during the activation of the pre-Rcs and is independent of cdks (By similarity). Phosphorylated by the cdc7-dbf4b complex.
Occurs in almost all aerobically respiring organisms and serves to protect cells from the toxic effects of hydrogen peroxide.
Monomer. Can form dimers (By similarity).
Receptor for the C-X-C chemokine cxcl12/sdf-1. Transduces a signal by increasing the intracellular level of calcium ions. Signaling with cxcl12/sdf-1 mediates the directional movement of mesodermal cells during gastrulation. May play a role in the migration of embryonic presumptive primordial germ cells (pPGCs). May also be involved in regulating migration of hematopoietic stem cells into the larval liver (By similarity).
Sulfation is required for efficient binding of cxcl12/sdf-1alpha and promotes its dimerization.
Belongs to the pseudouridine synthase TruB family.
Belongs to the DNA glycosylase MPG family.
Hydrolysis of the deoxyribose N-glycosidic bond to excise 3-methyladenine, and 7-methylguanine from the damaged DNA polymer formed by alkylation lesions.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the sulfate adenylyltransferase family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the APS kinase family.
Promotes cell proliferation. Modulates apoptotic pathways. Increases mitogen-activated protein kinase activity. Important for cell migration, and for normal structure and assembly of the Golgi complex. Important for KDR/VEGFR2 signaling. Required for normal cardiovascular development. Required for normal angiogenesis, vasculogenesis and hematopoiesis during embryonic development.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Tyr protein kinase family. SYK/ZAP-70 subfamily.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Expressed at relatively constant levels throughout development.
Involved in the 3'-end formation of mRNA precursors (pre-mRNA) by the addition of a poly(A) tail of 200-250 nt to the upstream cleavage product. Stimulates poly(A) polymerase (PAPOLA) conferring processivity on the poly(A) tail elongation reaction and controls also the poly(A) tail length. Increases the affinity of poly(A) polymerase for RNA. Binds to poly(A) and to poly(G) with high affinity. May protect the poly(A) tail from degradation.
Monomer and homooligomer. Binds RNA as a monomer and oligomerizes when bound to poly(A) (By similarity).
Shows dynamic spatial expression throughout development. First expressed in the animal pole region of the egg and this pattern persists through to the blastula stage. In gastrula and neurula embryos, expressed mainly in ectodermal, neural and epidermal regions. Neural tissue-specific expression pattern persists into tailbud stage when expression is localized to the brain and spinal cord. At early tadpole stage, expression becomes gradually confined to the specific vesicle regions of the developing brain. At stage 39, expressed in the telencephalon and mesencephalon regions of the brain. Also detected in the eye and olfactory pit at the tadpole stage. Expressed during gut endoderm development. At stage 35, expressed exclusively in the anterior portion of the gut endoderm, which includes the prospective liver, stomach and pancreas. As development proceeds, expression becomes restricted to the pancreas, and by stage 46/47 (the seventh day of development) expression is localized exclusively to the pancreas. Expressed in most adult tissues.
The RRM domain is essential for specific adenine bases recognition in the poly(A) tail but not sufficient for poly(A) binding.
Plays a role in primary ciliogenesis by modulating actin polymerization.
Belongs to the TRAPP small subunits family. Sedlin subfamily.
Reversibly inhibits the activity of ATP2A2 in cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum by decreasing the apparent affinity of the ATPase for Ca(2+). Modulates the contractility of the heart muscle in response to physiological stimuli via its effects on ATP2A2. Modulates calcium re-uptake during muscle relaxation and plays an important role in calcium homeostasis in the heart muscle. The degree of ATP2A2 inhibition depends on the oligomeric state of PLN.
Heterohexamer. Oligomerizes with other LRRC8 proteins (lrrc8a, lrrc8c, lrrc8d and/or lrrc8b) to form a heterohexamer. Detected in a channel complex that contains lrrc8a, lrrc8c and lrrc8e. In vivo, the subunit composition may depend primarily on expression levels, and heterooligomeric channels containing various proportions of the different LRRC8 proteins may coexist.
Non-essential component of the volume-regulated anion channel (VRAC, also named VSOAC channel), an anion channel required to maintain a constant cell volume in response to extracellular or intracellular osmotic changes. The VRAC channel conducts iodide better than chloride and can also conduct organic osmolytes like taurine. Mediates efflux of amino acids, such as aspartate, in response to osmotic stress. The VRAC channel also mediates transport of immunoreactive cyclic dinucleotide GMP-AMP (2'-3'-cGAMP), an immune messenger produced in response to DNA virus in the cytosol. Channel activity requires lrrc8a plus at least one other family member (lrrc8b, lrrc8c, lrrc8d or lrrc8e); channel characteristics depend on the precise subunit composition. Also plays a role in lysosome homeostasis by forming functional lysosomal VRAC channels in response to low cytoplasmic ionic strength condition: lysosomal VRAC channels are necessary for the formation of large lysosome-derived vacuoles, which store and then expel excess water to maintain cytosolic water homeostasis.
The volume-regulated anion channel (VRAC) channel forms a trimer of dimers, with symmetry mismatch between the pore-forming domain and the cytosolic LRR repeats, a topology similar to gap junction proteins.
Part of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane protein complex (EMC) that enables the energy-independent insertion into endoplasmic reticulum membranes of newly synthesized membrane proteins. Preferentially accommodates proteins with transmembrane domains that are weakly hydrophobic or contain destabilizing features such as charged and aromatic residues. Involved in the cotranslational insertion of multi-pass membrane proteins in which stop-transfer membrane-anchor sequences become ER membrane spanning helices. It is also required for the post-translational insertion of tail-anchored/TA proteins in endoplasmic reticulum membranes. By mediating the proper cotranslational insertion of N-terminal transmembrane domains in an N-exo topology, with translocated N-terminus in the lumen of the ER, controls the topology of multi-pass membrane proteins like the G protein-coupled receptors. By regulating the insertion of various proteins in membranes, it is indirectly involved in many cellular processes.
Belongs to the metallo-dependent hydrolases superfamily. Allantoinase family.
Required for the localization of dynein and dynactin to the mitotic kintochore. Dynein is believed to control the initial lateral interaction between the kinetochore and spindle microtubules and to facilitate the subsequent formation of end-on kinetochore-microtubule attachments mediated by the NDC80 complex.
Poly-ADP-ribosyltransferase that mediates poly-ADP-ribosylation of proteins and plays a key role in DNA repair.
Belongs to the phosphohexose mutase family.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. RMT2 methyltransferase family.
Binds with a high affinity to glycophorin and with lower affinity to band III protein. Associates with the nuclear mitotic apparatus. Binds calmodulin.
Found exclusively in photoreceptors following the terminal mitosis of retinal neurons. When retinal synaptogenesis is complete, protein 4.1 is also expressed in the inner retina. In adult amphibian retinas, protein 4.1 is detected in photoreceptors, bipolar cells, and ganglion cell axons.
Phosphorylated at multiple sites by different protein kinases and each phosphorylation event selectively modulates the protein's functions.
Protein 4.1 is a major structural element of the erythrocyte membrane skeleton. It plays a key role in regulating membrane physical properties of mechanical stability and deformability by stabilizing spectrin-actin interaction. May be required for dynein-dynactin complex and NUMA1 recruitment at the mitotic cell cortex during anaphase.
Component of the mitochondrial ribosome small subunit (28S) which comprises a 12S rRNA and about 30 distinct proteins.
Belongs to the actin-binding proteins ADF family. GMF subfamily.
Component of cohesin complex, a complex required for the cohesion of sister chromatids after DNA replication. The cohesin complex apparently forms a large proteinaceous ring within which sister chromatids can be trapped. At anaphase, the complex is cleaved and dissociates from chromatin, allowing sister chromatids to segregate.
Part of the cohesin complex which is composed of a heterodimer between a SMC1 protein (SMC1A or SMC1B) and SMC3, which are attached via their hinge domain, and RAD21 which link them at their heads, and one STAG protein.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL27 family.
Belongs to the WD repeat DCAF13/WDSOF1 family.
Non-catalytic component of the proteasome.
Required for recruitment of CENPA to centromeres and normal chromosome segregation during mitosis.
May function as a substrate receptor for CUL4-DDB1 E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL30 family.
Belongs to the peptidase M24 family. SPT16 subfamily.
Component of the FACT complex, a general chromatin factor that acts to reorganize nucleosomes. The FACT complex is involved in multiple processes that require DNA as a template such as mRNA elongation, DNA replication and DNA repair. During transcription elongation the FACT complex acts as a histone chaperone that both destabilizes and restores nucleosomal structure. It facilitates the passage of RNA polymerase II and transcription by promoting the dissociation of one histone H2A-H2B dimer from the nucleosome, then subsequently promotes the reestablishment of the nucleosome following the passage of RNA polymerase II.
UBF recognizes the ribosomal RNA gene promotor and activates transcription mediated by RNA polymerase I through cooperative interactions with the species-specific factor SL1. It binds specifically to the upstream control element.
XUBF consists of 2 polypeptides of 82 and 85 kDa, encoded by the same or closely related genes.
Catalyzes phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis from CDP-choline. It thereby plays a central role in the formation and maintenance of vesicular membranes.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 19 family.
May play a role in Cajal bodies formation.
Autophosphorylated at two clusters, the T2609 cluster and the S2056 cluster. Autophosphorylated on Ser-2075, Thr-2631, Thr-2659 and Thr-2668. Ser-2075 and Thr-2668 are DNA damage-inducible phosphorylation sites (inducible with ionizing radiation, IR) dephosphorylated by PPP5C (By similarity). Autophosphorylation induces a conformational change that leads to remodeling of the DNA-PK complex, requisite for efficient end processing and DNA repair (By similarity). Autophosphorylation in trans within DNA-PK complexes loaded on DNA ends leads to the dissociation of PRKDC from DNA and the transition into the short-range NHEJ complex (By similarity). Autophosphorylation of the T2609 cluster is required for hematopoietic development and protein synthesis in erythrocytes precursors (By similarity).
DNA-PK is a heterotrimer of prkdc and the Ku dimer (composed of xrcc6/Ku70 and xrcc5/Ku86). Component of the core long-range non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) complex (also named DNA-PK complex) composed of prkdc, lig4, xrcc4, xrcc6/ku70, xrcc5/ku86 and nhej1/xlf. Additional component of the NHEJ complex includes paxx. Following autophosphorylation, prkdc dissociates from DNA.
Serine/threonine-protein kinase that acts as a molecular sensor for DNA damage. Involved in DNA nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) required for double-strand break (DSB) repair and V(D)J recombination. Must be bound to DNA to express its catalytic properties. Promotes processing of hairpin DNA structures in V(D)J recombination by activation of the hairpin endonuclease artemis (DCLRE1C). Recruited by XRCC5 and XRCC6 to DNA ends and is required to (1) protect and align broken ends of DNA, thereby preventing their degradation, (2) and sequester the DSB for repair by NHEJ. Act as a scaffold protein to aid the localization of DNA repair proteins to the site of damage. The assembly of the DNA-PK complex at DNA ends is also required for the NHEJ ligation step. Found at the ends of chromosomes, suggesting a further role in the maintenance of telomeric stability and the prevention of chromosomal end fusion. As part of the DNA-PK complex, involved in the early steps of ribosome assembly by promoting the processing of precursor rRNA into mature 18S rRNA in the small-subunit processome (By similarity). Recognizes the substrate consensus sequence [ST]-Q. Phosphorylates 'Ser-139' of histone variant H2AX, thereby regulating DNA damage response mechanism (By similarity).
Belongs to the SEC23/SEC24 family. SEC24 subfamily.
Acts as a transcriptional activator during early development, limiting the extent of mesoderm formation in the gastrula. Binds to DNA via the target sequence 5'-GT[AC]AACA-3', with 5'-GTAAACA-3' being the preferred binding site.
At gastrula stage, expressed in both the anterior and posterior endoderm, with endodermal expression persisting into early tailbud stages. Expression is absent in gastrula stage ectoderm. During tailbud stages, expressed in the pharyngeal region, the neural floor plate, the midbrain, hindbrain and in cranial neural crest cells. Expressed in the foregut of hatching larvae. In tadpoles, expressed in the pharyngeal pouches and in other anterior endodermal regions. Within the tadpole nervous system, expressed in the neural floor plate, at high levels in the ventral midbrain and hindbrain, and at lower levels in the spinal cord. Expressed in the adult lung and brain.
First detected in early gastrula stage embryos. Abundant at the neurula stage, becoming less abundant at later stages.
Junctophilins contribute to the formation of junctional membrane complexes (JMCs) which link the plasma membrane with the endoplasmic or sarcoplasmic reticulum in excitable cells. Provides a structural foundation for functional cross-talk between the cell surface and intracellular calcium release channels.
Belongs to the multiprotein complex Integrator. Component of the SOSS complex, composed of soss-b (soss-b1/nabp2 or soss-b2/nabp1), soss-a/ints3 and soss-c/inip (By similarity).
Component of the SOSS complex, a multiprotein complex that functions downstream of the MRN complex to promote DNA repair and G2/M checkpoint. The SOSS complex associates with single-stranded DNA at DNA lesions and influences diverse endpoints in the cellular DNA damage response including cell-cycle checkpoint activation, recombinational repair and maintenance of genomic stability. Required for efficient homologous recombination-dependent repair of double-strand breaks (DSBs) (By similarity).
Translation initiation regulator which may repress repeat-associated non-AUG (RAN) initiated translation probably by acting as a competitive inhibitor of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5 (EIF5) function (By similarity). Enhances histone H4 gene transcription but does not seem to bind DNA directly (By similarity).
Belongs to the SIMIBI class G3E GTPase family. ZNG1 subfamily.
Protects drg1 from proteolytic degradation.
Strongly expressed in ovary. Moderately expressed in brain, kidney, spleen, testis, intestine and colon.
Weakly expressed in late gastrula. Strongly expressed from late neurula (stages 20-22) to tadpole (stages 40-41). At stage 22, expressed in blood islands, somites, eyes, trunk neural crest, mandibular crest segment, hyoid crest segment and branchial crest segment. At stage 32, expressed in otic vesicle, pronephros, forebraiin, midbrain, hindbrain, branchial arch, eyes, lens, spinal cord and notochord.
Belongs to the 3-oxoacid CoA-transferase family.
Key enzyme for ketone body catabolism. Transfers the CoA moiety from succinate to acetoacetate. Formation of the enzyme-CoA intermediate proceeds via an unstable anhydride species formed between the carboxylate groups of the enzyme and substrate.
Monomethylation at Lys-86 (K86me1) regulates actin-myosin interaction and actomyosin-dependent processes. Demethylation by ALKBH4 is required for maintaining actomyosin dynamics supporting normal cleavage furrow ingression during cytokinesis and cell migration.
Shows overlapping but distinct expression patterns with other actins. In tailbud embryos, expressed in embryonic muscle (myotomes). In adults, expressed only in heart muscle.
The cardiac versus skeletal expression patterns of actins are probably sequence-dependent. For example, cardiac actins contain a Glu at position 3 of the mature peptide, whereas skeletal actins contain an Asp at this position.
Belongs to the apolipoprotein O/MICOS complex subunit Mic27 family.
DNA polymerase that functions in several pathways of DNA repair. Involved in base excision repair (BER) responsible for repair of lesions that give rise to abasic (AP) sites in DNA. Also contributes to DNA double-strand break repair by non-homologous end joining and homologous recombination. Has both template-dependent and template-independent (terminal transferase) DNA polymerase activities. Has also a 5'-deoxyribose-5-phosphate lyase (dRP lyase) activity.
Methylation by PRMT6 stimulates the polymerase activity by enhancing DNA binding and processivity.
Repair polymerase that plays a key role in base-excision repair. Has 5'-deoxyribose-5-phosphate lyase (dRP lyase) activity that removes the 5' sugar phosphate and also acts as a DNA polymerase that adds one nucleotide to the 3' end of the arising single-nucleotide gap. Conducts 'gap-filling' DNA synthesis in a stepwise distributive fashion rather than in a processive fashion as for other DNA polymerases (By similarity).
Repair polymerase that plays a key role in base-excision repair. Has 5'-deoxyribose-5-phosphate lyase (dRP lyase) activity that removes the 5' sugar phosphate and also acts as a DNA polymerase that adds one nucleotide to the 3' end of the arising single-nucleotide gap. Conducts 'gap-filling' DNA synthesis in a stepwise distributive fashion rather than in a processive fashion as for other DNA polymerases.
Ubiquitinated: monoubiquitinated by huwe1/arf-bp1. Monoubiquitinated protein is then the target of stub1/chip, which catalyzes polyubiquitination from monoubiquitin, leading to degradation by the proteasome. usp47 mediates the deubiquitination of monoubiquitinated protein, preventing polyubiquitination by STUB1/CHIP and its subsequent degradation (By similarity).
Belongs to the snRNP Sm proteins family. SmF/LSm6 subfamily.
Core component of the spliceosomal U1, U2, U4 and U5 small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs), the building blocks of the spliceosome. Most spliceosomal snRNPs contain a common set of Sm proteins, snrpb, snrpd1, snrpd2, snrpd3, snrpe, snrpf and snrpg that assemble in a heptameric protein ring on the Sm site of the small nuclear RNA to form the core snRNP. Component of the U1 snRNP. The U1 snRNP is composed of the U1 snRNA and the 7 core Sm proteins snrpb, snrpd1, snrpd2, snrpd3, snrpe, snrpf and snrpg, and at least three U1 snRNP-specific proteins snrnp70/u1-70k, snrpa/u1-a and snrpc/u1-c. Component of the U4/U6-U5 tri-snRNP complex composed of the U4, U6 and U5 snRNAs and at least prpf3, prpf4, prpf6, prpf8, prpf31, snrnp200, txnl4a, snrnp40, snrpb, snrpd1, snrpd2, snrpd3, snrpe, snrpf, snrpg, ddx23, cd2bp2, ppih, snu13, eftud2, sart1 and usp39, plus lsm2, lsm3, lsm4, lsm5, lsm6, lsm7 and lsm8. Component of the U7 snRNP complex, or U7 Sm protein core complex, that is composed of the U7 snRNA and at least lsm10, lsm11, snrpb, snrpd3, snrpe, snrpf and snrpg; the complex does not contain snrpd1 and snrpd2. Component of the U11/U12 snRNPs that are part of the U12-type spliceosome. Part of the SMN-Sm complex that contains smn1, gemin2/sip1, ddx20/gemin3, gemin4, gemin5, gemin6, gemin7, gemin8, strap/unrip and the Sm proteins snrpb, snrpd1, snrpd2, snrpd3, snrpe, snrpf and snrpg; catalyzes core snRNPs assembly. Forms a 6S pICln-Sm complex composed of clns1a/pICln, snrpd1, snrpd2, snrpe, snrpf and snrpg; ring-like structure where clns1a/pICln mimics additional Sm proteins and which is unable to assemble into the core snRNP.
Plays a role in pre-mRNA splicing as a core component of the spliceosomal U1, U2, U4 and U5 small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs), the building blocks of the spliceosome. Component of both the pre-catalytic spliceosome B complex and activated spliceosome C complexes. Is also a component of the minor U12 spliceosome. As part of the U7 snRNP it is involved in histone 3'-end processing.
Mediates the endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (IP3Rs). Involved in regulation of cellular cholesterol homeostasis by regulation the SREBP signaling pathway.
Mediates the endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (IP3Rs). Promotes sterol-accelerated ERAD of HMGCR. Involved in regulation of cellular cholesterol homeostasis by regulation the SREBP signaling pathway (By similarity).
Probably involved in the regulation of pre-mRNA splicing.
Also able to convert testosterone (T) into 5-alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT).
Belongs to the steroid 5-alpha reductase family. Polyprenol reductase subfamily.
Plays a key role in early steps of protein N-linked glycosylation by being required for the conversion of polyprenol into dolichol. Dolichols are required for the synthesis of dolichol-linked monosaccharides and the oligosaccharide precursor used for N-glycosylation. Acts as a polyprenol reductase that promotes the reduction of the alpha-isoprene unit of polyprenols into dolichols in a NADP-dependent mechanism.
Plays a key role in early steps of protein N-linked glycosylation by being required for the conversion of polyprenol into dolichol. Dolichols are required for the synthesis of dolichol-linked monosaccharides and the oligosaccharide precursor used for N-glycosylation. Acts as a polyprenol reductase that promotes the reduction of the alpha-isoprene unit of polyprenols into dolichols in a NADP-dependent mechanism. Also able to convert testosterone (T) into 5-alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT).
Belongs to the major facilitator (TC 2.A.1) superfamily. Organic cation transporter (TC 2.A.1.19) family.
Binds the telomeric double-stranded 5'-TTAGGG-3' repeat.
Belongs to the CNF-like-inhibitor family.
Acts as a positive regulator of ciliary hedgehog signaling (By similarity). Plays a role in ciliogenesis (By similarity). Plays an important role in the mitochondrial function and is essential for maintaining mitochondrial morphology and inner membrane ultrastructure (By similarity).
The BAR-like domain displays limited similarity to other BAR domains.
Acts as a component of the essential kinetochore-associated NDC80 complex, which is required for chromosome segregation and spindle checkpoint activity (PubMed:14738735). Required for kinetochore integrity and the organization of stable microtubule binding sites in the outer plate of the kinetochore (PubMed:14738735). The NDC80 complex synergistically enhances the affinity of the SKA1 complex for microtubules and may allow the NDC80 complex to track depolymerizing microtubules (By similarity).
Component of the NDC80 complex, which is composed of ndc80, cdca1, spbc24 and spbc25. The NDC80 complex interacts with mis12 and zwint.
A number of compounds can compete with and disrupt triiodothyronine (T3)-binding including 3,3',5-triiodothyroacetic acid.
Binds to thyroid hormone receptor element (TRE) weakly as homodimers and monomers, but binds TRE with much higher affinity as heterodimers with retinoid X receptors. Can bind DNA as a heterodimer with either rxra or rxrg.
Expression peaks at the climax of metamorphosis.
High affinity receptor for triiodothyronine (T3).
G-protein coupled receptor for glutamate. Ligand binding causes a conformation change that triggers signaling via guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) and modulates the activity of down-stream effectors. Signaling inhibits adenylate cyclase activity.
Transcriptional repressor; DNA-binding protein that specifically recognizes the core sequence 5'-YAAC[GT]G-3'.
Major role in the synthesis of nucleoside triphosphates other than ATP. The ATP gamma phosphate is transferred to the NDP beta phosphate via a ping-pong mechanism, using a phosphorylated active-site intermediate.
Extremely potent competitive inhibitor of cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity, this protein interacts with the catalytic subunit of the enzyme after the cAMP-induced dissociation of its regulatory chains.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 2 family.
Plays an important role in the degradation of dermatan and keratan sulfates.
Belongs to the ligand-gated ion channel (TC 1.A.9) family. Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor (TC 1.A.9.5) subfamily. GABRG2 sub-subfamily.
Belongs to the protein sulfotransferase family.
Catalyzes the O-sulfation of tyrosine residues within acidic motifs of polypeptides, using 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate (PAPS) as cosubstrate.
Divalent metal cations. Mn(2+) or Co(2+).
Metalloprotease that acts as a negative regulator of the Wnt signaling pathway by mediating the cleavage of the N-terminal residues of a subset of Wnt proteins. Following cleavage, Wnt proteins become oxidized and form large disulfide-bond oligomers, leading to their inactivation.
Part of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane protein complex (EMC) that enables the energy-independent insertion into endoplasmic reticulum membranes of newly synthesized membrane proteins. Preferentially accommodates proteins with transmembrane domains that are weakly hydrophobic or contain destabilizing features such as charged and aromatic residues. Involved in the cotranslational insertion of multi-pass membrane proteins in which stop-transfer membrane-anchor sequences become ER membrane spanning helices. It is also required for the post-translational insertion of tail-anchored/TA proteins in endoplasmic reticulum membranes. By mediating the proper cotranslational insertion of N-terminal transmembrane domains in an N-exo topology, with translocated N-terminus in the lumen of the ER, controls the topology of multi-pass membrane proteins. By regulating the insertion of various proteins in membranes, it is indirectly involved in many cellular processes.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFB6 subunit family.
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mL51 family.
Component of the mitochondrial ribosome large subunit (39S) which comprises a 16S rRNA and about 50 distinct proteins (By similarity).
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 21 family.
May act as a GTPase-activating protein for Rab family protein(s).
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Widely expressed at the early gastrula stage. Expressed throughout early embryogenesis until at least the tadpole stage.
Negatively regulates Wnt/beta-catenin signaling during development.
Belongs to the TNF receptor-associated factor family.
Plays a role in neuronal differentiation.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS17 family.
Component of a complex required to couple deglycosylation and proteasome-mediated degradation of misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum that are retrotranslocated in the cytosol. Involved in ubiquitin-proteasome systems (By similarity).
Belongs to the bZIP family. Maf subfamily.
Involved in teeth and skeletal development. Has an essential role in the biosynthesis and trafficking of glycosaminoglycans and glycoproteins to produce a proper functioning extracellular matrix. Required for extracellular matrix mineralization. Also involved in the regulation of cellular calcium homeostasis. Does not show transport activity towards bile acids or steroid sulfates.
Strongly expressed in small intestine. Moderately expressed in spleen. Weakly expressed in skeletal muscle. Not detected in other tissues tested.
Plays an important role in the regulation of embryonic development, cell proliferation, and cell differentiation.
Belongs to the beta-2-microglobulin family.
Component of the class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC). Involved in the presentation of peptide antigens to the immune system (By similarity).
Heterodimer of an alpha chain and a beta chain. Beta-2-microglobulin is the beta-chain of major histocompatibility complex class I molecules (By similarity).
Heterotetramer that consists of two anti-parallel arranged heterodimers, each one formed by a 18 kDa (Caspase-6 subunit p18) and a 11 kDa (Caspase-6 subunit p11) subunit.
Calcium-selective channel required to prevent calcium stores from overfilling.
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mS31 family.
Thrombin, which cleaves bonds after Arg and Lys, converts fibrinogen to fibrin and activates factors V, VII, VIII, XIII, and, in complex with thrombomodulin, protein C. Functions in blood homeostasis, inflammation and wound healing.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL18 family.
High level during prophase and prometaphase and weaker after the chromosomes attach to the spindle and align at the metaphase plate. During anaphase, it is degraded, allowing the separation of sister centromeres (at protein level).
Plays a central role in chromosome cohesion during mitosis by preventing premature dissociation of cohesin complex from centromeres after prophase, when most of cohesin complex dissociates from chromosomes arms. May act by preventing phosphorylation of the stag2 subunit of cohesin complex at the centromere, ensuring cohesin persistence at centromere until cohesin cleavage by espl1/separase at anaphase. May regulate kinetochore microtubule stability in mitosis, possibly to sense tension on mitotic chromosomes.
Ubiquitinated by the anaphase promoting complex (APC) at the onset of anaphase, conducting to its degradation.
The insulin-like growth factors, isolated from plasma, are structurally and functionally related to insulin but have a much higher growth-promoting activity. Promotes anterior neural development. Acts as a ligand for integrin which is required for IGF2 signaling.
Farnesylation is required for Golgi targeting.
Maternally inherited. Detected in oocytes and eggs. Expression declines during early development and is not detected in neurula, tailbud and tadpole embryos.
Palmitoylated; catalyzes its own palmitoylation. Palmitoylation is required for Golgi targeting.
The longin domain regulates palmitoylation and membrane targeting.
Vesicular soluble NSF attachment protein receptor (v-SNARE) mediating vesicle docking and fusion to a specific acceptor cellular compartment. Functions in endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi transport; as part of a SNARE complex composed of GOSR1, GOSR2 and STX5. Functions in early/recycling endosome to TGN transport; as part of a SNARE complex composed of BET1L, GOSR1 and STX5. Has a S-palmitoyl transferase activity.
Decapping enzyme for NAD-capped RNAs: specifically hydrolyzes the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) cap from a subset of RNAs by removing the entire NAD moiety from the 5'-end of an NAD-capped RNA. The NAD-cap is present at the 5'-end of some RNAs and snoRNAs. In contrast to the canonical 5'-end N7 methylguanosine (m7G) cap, the NAD cap promotes mRNA decay. Also acts as a non-canonical decapping enzyme that removes the entire cap structure of m7G capped or incompletely capped RNAs and mediates their subsequent degradation. Specifically degrades pre-mRNAs with a defective 5'-end m7G cap and is part of a pre-mRNA capping quality control. Has decapping activity toward incomplete 5'-end m7G cap mRNAs such as unmethylated 5'-end-capped RNA (cap0), while it has no activity toward 2'-O-ribose methylated m7G cap (cap1). Also has 5'-3' exoribonuclease activities: The 5'-end monophosphate RNA is then degraded by the 5'-3' exoribonuclease activity, enabling this enzyme to decap and degrade incompletely capped mRNAs. Also possesses RNA 5'-pyrophosphohydrolase activity by hydrolyzing the 5'-end triphosphate to release pyrophosphates. Exhibits decapping activity towards FAD-capped RNAs (By similarity). Exhibits decapping activity towards dpCoA-capped RNAs in vitro (By similarity).
Belongs to the ATPase delta chain family.
Mitochondrial membrane ATP synthase (F(1)F(0) ATP synthase or Complex V) produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane which is generated by electron transport complexes of the respiratory chain. F-type ATPases consist of two structural domains, F(1) - containing the extramembraneous catalytic core and F(0) - containing the membrane proton channel, linked together by a central stalk and a peripheral stalk. During catalysis, ATP synthesis in the catalytic domain of F(1) is coupled via a rotary mechanism of the central stalk subunits to proton translocation. Part of the complex F(0) domain and the peripheric stalk, which acts as a stator to hold the catalytic alpha(3)beta(3) subcomplex and subunit a/ATP6 static relative to the rotary elements.
Asymmetrically expressed in the left lateral plate mesoderm, tubular heart and early gut tube.
By nodal/nr-1 in the left lateral plate mesoderm.
May play an important role in development and maintenance of anterior structures and mediate left-right asymmetry. Could play a role at the interface of lateral plate signaling and heart and gut morphogenesis.
Involved in mitochondrial metabolism by regulating the balance between mitochondrial fusion and fission. May act as a regulator of mitochondrial fission that promotes DNM1L-dependent fission through activation of DNM1L. May be involved in peroxisome organization.
Extracellular matrix serine protease that plays a role in layering of neurons in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum. Regulates microtubule function in neurons and neuronal migration. Affects migration of sympathetic preganglionic neurons in the spinal cord, where it seems to act as a barrier to neuronal migration. Enzymatic activity is important for the modulation of cell adhesion. Binding to the extracellular domains of lipoprotein receptors VLDLR and LRP8/APOER2 induces tyrosine phosphorylation of DAB1 and modulation of TAU phosphorylation.
Oligomer of disulfide-linked homodimers. Binds to the ectodomains of VLDLR and LRP8/APOER2.
Belongs to the cysteine synthase/cystathionine beta-synthase family.
Belongs to the RNA 3'-terminal cyclase family. Type 2 subfamily.
Does not have cyclase activity. Plays a role in 40S-ribosomal-subunit biogenesis in the early pre-rRNA processing steps at sites A0, A1 and A2 that are required for proper maturation of the 18S RNA.
Belongs to the 5'-3' exonuclease family. XRN2/RAT1 subfamily.
Possesses 5'->3' exoribonuclease activity. May promote termination of transcription by RNA polymerase II.
May function as a negative regulator of endoplasmic reticulum-stress induced autophagy.
Component of the Nup107-160 subcomplex of the nuclear pore complex (NPC). Probably part of the GATOR complex.
Component of the Nup107-160 subcomplex of the nuclear pore complex (NPC). The Nup107-160 subcomplex is required for the assembly of a functional NPC. The Nup107-160 subcomplex is also required for normal kinetochore microtubule attachment, mitotic progression and chromosome segregation. This subunit plays a role in recruitment of the Nup107-160 subcomplex to the kinetochore.
Low levels in adult tissues. Not detected in developing embryos.
Probable ligand for integrin in the brain. This is a non catalytic metalloprotease-like protein (By similarity).
The precursor is cleaved by a furin endopeptidase.
Subunit of the oligosaccharyl transferase (OST) complex that catalyzes the initial transfer of a defined glycan (Glc(3)Man(9)GlcNAc(2) in eukaryotes) from the lipid carrier dolichol-pyrophosphate to an asparagine residue within an Asn-X-Ser/Thr consensus motif in nascent polypeptide chains, the first step in protein N-glycosylation. N-glycosylation occurs cotranslationally and the complex associates with the Sec61 complex at the channel-forming translocon complex that mediates protein translocation across the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). All subunits are required for a maximal enzyme activity.
Belongs to the WD repeat striatin family.
Binds to type I and type II collagen, fibronectin and TGF-beta. Forms a ternary complex with MFAP2 and ELN.
May affect the rate of fibrils formation.
Expressed zygotically from late blastula stage. Expression is barely detectable during tailbud stages and is absent by stage 35 (early tadpole).
In early gastrulae, expressed in the vegetal but not animal hemisphere. The vegetal region is fated to become endoderm and endodermal expression continues throughout gastrulation and neurulation. At tailbud stages, expression is barely detectable.
Involved in multiple regulatory feedback loops with other endodermal factors, including the nodal-related factors/Xnrs. Autoinduces. By activin. Directly by vegt; originally cell-autonomously and then cell contact is required for expression to be maintained. By bmp-signaling.
Transcription activator. Doesn't appear to bind to the consensus 5'-AACAAT-3' DNA binding site, but binds 5'-ATTGTT-3'. All of the sox17 proteins are required for embryonic endoderm development and gastrulation movements, and show some redundancy in function. In addition, the sox17 proteins have distinct but overlapping roles in later gut development. Acts downstream of vegt-signaling in endoderm differentiation to induce a range of endodermal genes both directly and indirectly. Also represses wnt-responsive genes to inhibit wnt/beta-catenin-mediated signaling.
Belongs to the Golgi pH regulator (TC 1.A.38) family.
Voltage dependent anion channel required for acidification and functions of the Golgi apparatus that may function in counter-ion conductance (By similarity). Plays a role in lymphocyte development (By similarity).
Belongs to the sulfotransferase 3 family.
Catalyzes the transfer of sulfate to the C2-position of selected hexuronic acid residues within the maturing heparan sulfate (HS). 2-O-sulfation within HS, particularly of iduronate residues, is essential for HS to participate in a variety of high-affinity ligand-binding interactions and signaling processes (By similarity).
Belongs to the snRNP core protein family.
May be required for traffic between late Golgi and early endosomes.
Belongs to the potassium channel family. D (Shal) (TC 1.A.1.2) subfamily. Kv4.2/KCND2 sub-subfamily.
Belongs to the proteasome subunit S14 family.
Belongs to the proteasome subunit S3 family.
Phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate 4-kinase with low enzymatic activity. May be a GTP sensor, has higher GTP-dependent kinase activity than ATP-dependent kinase activity.
Phosphorylated, phosphorylation is induced by EGF.
May play a role in the response to environmental stress. Appears to act upstream of the JUN N-terminal pathway.
Belongs to the cytochrome c-type heme lyase family.
Lyase that catalyzes the covalent linking of the heme group to the cytochrome C apoprotein to produce the mature functional cytochrome.
Plays a role as a mediator of e2f1-induced apoptosis in the absence of p53/TP53.
Accumulates steadily during G2 and is abruptly destroyed at mitosis.
Belongs to the cyclin family. Cyclin AB subfamily.
Essential for the control of the cell cycle at the G2/M (mitosis) transition.
Interacts with the CDK1 protein kinase to form a serine/threonine kinase holoenzyme complex also known as maturation promoting factor (MPF). The cyclin subunit imparts substrate specificity to the complex. When not in a complex with cdk1, interacts with spdya. Interacts with nap1l1.
Component of cohesin complex, a complex required for the cohesion of sister chromatids after DNA replication. The cohesin complex apparently forms a large proteinaceous ring within which sister chromatids can be trapped. At anaphase, the complex is cleaved and dissociates from chromatin, allowing sister chromatids to segregate. The cohesin complex may also play a role in spindle pole assembly during mitosis.
Interacts directly with RAD21 in cohesin complex. Cohesin complexes are composed of a heterodimer between and SMC3, which are attached via their hinge domain, and RAD21 which link them at their heads, and one STAG protein (STAG1 OR STAG2). In cohesin complexes, STAG1 is mutually exclusive with STAG2.
Phosphorylated by PLK1. The large dissociation of cohesin from chromosome arms during prophase is partly due to its phosphorylation (By similarity).
Acts as a negative regulator of transcription (By similarity). May function as a switch in neuronal development.
First expressed at stage 25. Expression peaks at stage 28 and continues at this level throughout all later stages, until at least stage 38.
In the developing embryo, restricted to the hypothalamus, dorsal thalamus, optic tectum, a region of the somatic motornucleus in the midbrain and hindbrain, the vestibular nuclei in the hindbrain, and a discrete ventral domain in the developing spinal cord.
Cell autonomous antagonist of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway.
Belongs to the small GTPase superfamily. Ran family.
Detected throughout embryonic development (PubMed:11180838). Detected within the animal pole region at the four-cell stage, then in the anterior neural plate at the neurula stage, and within the head region including the otic vesicles, branchial arches, and the tail region at the tailbud stage (PubMed:11180838, PubMed:25946333).
GTPase involved in nucleocytoplasmic transport, participating both to the import and the export from the nucleus of proteins and RNAs (PubMed:8413630). Switches between a cytoplasmic GDP- and a nuclear GTP-bound state by nucleotide exchange and GTP hydrolysis. Nuclear import receptors such as importin beta bind their substrates only in the absence of GTP-bound RAN and release them upon direct interaction with GTP-bound RAN, while export receptors behave in the opposite way. Thereby, RAN controls cargo loading and release by transport receptors in the proper compartment and ensures the directionality of the transport. Interaction with RANBP1 induces a conformation change in the complex formed by XPO1 and RAN that triggers the release of the nuclear export signal of cargo proteins (By similarity). RAN (GTP-bound form) triggers microtubule assembly at mitotic chromosomes and is required for normal mitotic spindle assembly and chromosome segregation (PubMed:10408446). Required for normal progress through mitosis (By similarity). In concert with nemp1a/b, required for proper eye development (PubMed:25946333).
Mg(2+) interacts primarily with the phosphate groups of the bound guanine nucleotide.
Monomer. Interacts with rangap1, which promotes ran-mediated GTP hydrolysis. Interacts with kpnb1. Interaction with kpnb1 inhibits rangap1-mediated stimulation of GTPase activity. Interacts with rcc1 which promotes the exchange of ran-bound GDP by GTP. Interaction with kpnb1 inhibits rcc1-mediated exchange of ran-bound GDP by GTP. Interacts (GTP-bound form) with tnpo1; the interaction is direct. Interacts (GTP-bound form) with tnpo3; the interaction is direct. Interacts with kpnb1 and with tnpo1; both inhibit ran GTPase activity. Interacts (via C-terminus) with ranbp1, which alleviates the inhibition of ran GTPase activity. Interacts with rangrf, which promotes the release of bound guanine nucleotide. Rangrf and rcc1 compete for an overlapping binding site on ran. Identified in a complex with kpna2 and cse1l; interaction with ranbp1 mediates dissociation of ran from this complex. Interaction with both ranbp1 and kpna2 promotes dissociation of the complex between ran and kpnb1. Identified in a complex composed of ran, rangap1 and ranbp1. Identified in a complex that contains tnpo1, ran and ranbp1. Identified in a nuclear export complex with xpo1. Interaction with ranbp1 or ranbp2 induces a conformation change in the complex formed by xpo1 and ran that triggers the release of the nuclear export signal of cargo proteins. Component of a nuclear export receptor complex composed of kpnb1, ran, snupn and xpo1 (By similarity). Interacts with nemp1a and nemp1b (PubMed:25946333).
Morpholino knockdown results in defects in eye development and reduction of cell density at the neurula stage. Co-knockdown of nemp1a/b and ran elicits reduction of cell density and eye defects more significantly than the individual knockdown of either one.
Belongs to the CMP-NeuNAc synthase family.
Belongs to the SRC/p160 nuclear receptor coactivator family.
May be required for ribosome biogenesis.
C-terminus is required for spindle assembly.
Component of the CPC at least composed of survivin/birc5, incenp, cdca8/borealin and/or cdca9/dasra-A, and aurkb/aurora-B. Interacts directly with incenp (via N-terminus), and may weakly interact with aurkb (via N-terminus) to stabilize the complex. Interacts with GTP-bound ran in both the S and M phases of the cell cycle. Also found in a complex with ubiquitin-mediated signaling proteins including at least usp9x/xFAM, nploc4/npl4 and ufd1 (By similarity).
Component of the chromosomal passenger complex (CPC), a complex that acts as a key regulator of mitosis. The CPC complex has essential functions at the centromere in ensuring correct chromosome alignment and segregation and is required for chromatin-induced microtubule stabilization and spindle assembly. Stimulates the mitotic kinase activity of aurkb/aurora-B in the CPC. Does not appear to exhibit anti-apoptotic activity (By similarity). CPC. Does not appear to exhibit anti-apoptotic activity.
Expressed maternally. Expressed in the earliest stages of oocytes, and accumulates during oogenesis. Also present in early embryos with expression declining rapidly after the onset of zygotic transcription at the mid-blastula transition (MBT). Although PubMed:12454937 conclude that, with the exception of the ovary, expression is absent in adults, PubMed:16759290 suggest that expression is adult-specific and is absent in embryonic and tadpole stages between gastrulation and metamorphosis.
Ubiquitination is required for centrosome-targeting.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL10 family.
Belongs to the CND2 H2 (condensin-2 subunit 2) family.
Component of the condensin-2 complex, which contains the smc2 and smc4 heterodimer, and three non SMC subunits, ncapg2, ncaph2 and ncapd3 that probably regulate the complex.
Regulatory subunit of the condensin-2 complex, a complex that seems to provide chromosomes with an additional level of organization and rigidity and in establishing mitotic chromosome architecture.
Expressed during mid/late-gastrulation at the rostro-medial regions of the anterior neural plate. Expression becomes more pronounced as neurulation progresses and remains localized within the prospective telencephalic region. By stage 46, expressed in the olfactory bulbs, nervus terminalis, ventral hypothalamic nucleus, and ventricular zone.
Transcription repressor. Involved in the development of the forebrain region.
Among the many cysteines in the lumenal domain, most are probably involved in disulfide bonds.
Belongs to the HAD-like hydrolase superfamily. SerB family.
Binds to WNT proteins and inhibits their activities. May be involved in mesoderm segmentation.
Ubiquitin-like modifier which can be covalently attached via an isopeptide bond to lysine residues of substrate proteins as a monomer or a lysine-linked polymer. Ufmylation is involved in reticulophagy (also called ER-phagy) induced in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the gamma-glutamyl phosphate reductase family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the glutamate 5-kinase family.
Homodimeric or heterodimeric through association with alpha and beta subunits, linked by one or more disulfide bonds. Inhibins are heterodimers of one alpha and one beta subunit. Activins are homo- or heterodimers of beta subunits only.
Inhibins and activins inhibit and activate, respectively, the secretion of follitropin by the pituitary gland. Inhibins/activins are involved in regulating a number of diverse functions such as hypothalamic and pituitary hormone secretion, gonadal hormone secretion, germ cell development and maturation, erythroid differentiation, insulin secretion, nerve cell survival, embryonic axial development or bone growth, depending on their subunit composition. Inhibins appear to oppose the functions of activins.
Heterooligomer of subunits alpha (IDH3A), beta (IDH3B), and gamma (IDH3G) in the apparent ratio of 2:1:1. The heterodimer containing one IDH3A and one IDH3B subunit and the heterodimer containing one IDH3A and one IDH3G subunit assemble into a heterotetramer (which contains two subunits of IDH3A, one of IDH3B and one of IDH3G) and further into the heterooctamer.
Accessory subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I), that is believed not to be involved in catalysis. Complex I functions in the transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme is believed to be ubiquinone. May be the terminally assembled subunit of Complex I.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFV3 subunit family.
Complex I is composed of 45 different subunits. This is a component of the flavoprotein-sulfur (FP) fragment of the enzyme.
Probably involved in the organization of the actin cytoskeleton by acting downstream of CDC42, inducing actin filament assembly.
Catalyzes the final step in the metabolic pathway of hydroxyproline.
Acts as a transcriptional activator that promotes transcription of muscle-specific target genes and plays a role in muscle differentiation. Induces fibroblasts to differentiate into myoblasts. Probable sequence specific DNA-binding protein (By similarity).
Myristoylated in vitro; myristoylation is not essential for protein targeting to Golgi compartment.
Necessary for correct organization of Golgi apparatus.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 14 family.
Belongs to the WD repeat G protein beta family.
Regulates the GDP/GTP exchange reaction of most RAB proteins by inhibiting the dissociation of GDP from them, and the subsequent binding of GTP.
Belongs to the WD repeat LIS1/nudF family.
Can self-associate. Interacts with dynein, dynactin, NDE1 and NDEL1.
Dimerization mediated by the LisH domain may be required to activate dynein.
Positively regulates the activity of the minus-end directed microtubule motor protein dynein. May enhance dynein-mediated microtubule sliding by targeting dynein to the microtubule plus end. Required for several dynein- and microtubule-dependent processes such as the maintenance of Golgi integrity, the peripheral transport of microtubule fragments and the coupling of the nucleus and centrosome. May be required for proliferation of neuronal precursors and neuronal migration.
Belongs to the cyclin family. Cyclin L subfamily.
Belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily. RRP8 family.
Probable methyltransferase required to silence rDNA.
Belongs to the PNRC family. PNRC2 subfamily.
Involved in nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) by acting as a bridge between the mRNA decapping complex and the NMD machinery. May act by targeting the NMD machinery to the P-body and recruiting the decapping machinery to aberrant mRNAs. Required for upf1/rent1 localization to the P-body. Also acts as a nuclear receptor coactivator (By similarity).
Interacts with FGFR1 and FGFR2. Affinity between fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and their receptors is increased by heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans that function as coreceptors.
Plays an important role in the regulation of cell proliferation and cell differentiation. Required for normal regulation of the hair growth cycle. Functions as an inhibitor of hair elongation by promoting progression from anagen, the growth phase of the hair follicle, into catagen the apoptosis-induced regression phase.
Binds single-stranded RNA. Involved in the process of mRNA degradation and in the positive regulation of mRNA decapping (By similarity).
The DFDF domain is unstructured by itself. It assumes a helical fold upon interaction with other proteins (By similarity).
May be signaling molecules that resemble neuropeptides.
Homooligomer; probably required for localization to centrosomes.
Involved in the biogenesis of cilia (By similarity). Required for the recruitment of PLK1 to centrosomes and S phase progression (By similarity).
Belongs to the ferredoxin--NADP reductase type 1 family.
Present throughout development. During the cell cycle progression, levels in egg extracts do not change. Appears during the first 12 hours of development, and they further increases significantly between 12 and 24 hours. Not present in oocytes I-VI but it is detected at maturation. The level of protein remains constant from mature oocytes to stage 8.5 embryos but increases after mid-blastula (at protein level).
Regulatory subunit for cdc7 which activates its kinase activity thereby playing a central role in DNA replication and cell proliferation. Not required during the initiation of DNA replication in egg and during early embryonic development but is required later and throughout development. The complex cdc7-dbf4a phosphorylates mcm2 subunit.
Bifunctional enzyme that catalyzes 2 sequential steps in C-terminal alpha-amidation of peptides. The monooxygenase part produces an unstable peptidyl(2-hydroxyglycine) intermediate that is dismutated to glyoxylate and the corresponding desglycine peptide amide by the lyase part. C-terminal amidation of peptides such as neuropeptides is essential for full biological activity.
Binds 2 copper ions per subunit for the monooxygenase reaction.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the peptidyl-alpha-hydroxyglycine alpha-amidating lyase family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the copper type II ascorbate-dependent monooxygenase family.
Zn(2+) is required for the lyase reaction.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ATPase B chain family.
F-type ATPases have 2 components, CF(1) - the catalytic core - and CF(0) - the membrane proton channel. CF(0) has three main subunits: a, b and c.
Mitochondrial membrane ATP synthase (F(1)F(0) ATP synthase or Complex V) produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane which is generated by electron transport complexes of the respiratory chain. F-type ATPases consist of two structural domains, F(1) - containing the extramembraneous catalytic core, and F(0) - containing the membrane proton channel, linked together by a central stalk and a peripheral stalk. During catalysis, ATP synthesis in the catalytic domain of F(1) is coupled via a rotary mechanism of the central stalk subunits to proton translocation. Part of the complex F(0) domain and the peripheric stalk, which acts as a stator to hold the catalytic alpha(3)beta(3) subcomplex and subunit a/ATP6 static relative to the rotary elements.
May play a role in targeting proteins for ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation.
Belongs to the myo-inositol 1-phosphate synthase family.
Key enzyme in myo-inositol biosynthesis pathway that catalyzes the conversion of glucose 6-phosphate to 1-myo-inositol 1-phosphate in a NAD-dependent manner. Rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of all inositol-containing compounds (By similarity).
Component of the RNA polymerase I (Pol I) and RNA polymerase III (Pol III) complexes consisting of at least 13 and 17 subunits, respectively.
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Common core component of RNA polymerases I and III which synthesize ribosomal RNA precursors and small RNAs, such as 5S rRNA and tRNAs, respectively (By similarity).
Calcium-binding protein involved in exocytosis of vesicles filled with neurotransmitters and neuropeptides. Probably acts upstream of fusion in the biogenesis or maintenance of mature secretory vesicles. Regulates catecholamine loading of DCVs. May specifically mediate the Ca(2+)-dependent exocytosis of large dense-core vesicles (DCVs) (By similarity).
The PH domain is essential for regulated exocytosis and binds phospholipids.
Regulatory subunit of the dolichol-phosphate mannose (DPM) synthase complex; essential for the ER localization.
G-protein coupled receptor for CRH (corticotropin-releasing factor) and UCN (urocortin). Has high affinity for CRH and UCN. Ligand binding causes a conformation change that triggers signaling via guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) and down-stream effectors, such as adenylate cyclase. Promotes the activation of adenylate cyclase, leading to increased intracellular cAMP levels.
Interacts (via N-terminal extracellular domain) with CRF and UCN.
The transmembrane domain is composed of seven transmembrane helices that are arranged in V-shape. Transmembrane helix 7 assumes a sharply kinked structure (By similarity).
Belongs to the copper transporter (Ctr) (TC 1.A.56) family. SLC31A subfamily.
Endogenous F(1)F(o)-ATPase inhibitor limiting ATP depletion when the mitochondrial membrane potential falls below a threshold and the F(1)F(o)-ATP synthase starts hydrolyzing ATP to pump protons out of the mitochondrial matrix. Required to avoid the consumption of cellular ATP when the F(1)F(o)-ATP synthase enzyme acts as an ATP hydrolase.
Forms an alpha-helical dimer with monomers associated via an antiparallel alpha-helical coiled coil, leaving each N-terminal inhibitory region accessible for interaction with an F1 catalytic domain. The inhibitory N-terminal region binds the alpha(ADP-bound)-beta(ADP-bound) (ATP5F1A-ATP5F1B) interface of F1-ATPase, and also contact the central gamma subunit (ATP5F1C). This dimeric state is favored by pH values below 7.0, and at higher values the dimers associate to form inactive homotetramer, where the inhibitory region is occluded, masking its inhibitory activity.
Homodimer; represents the active form and is present at a pH value below 6.5. Homotetramer; represents the inactive form and is present at a pH value above 7.0.
Indirectly acts as a regulator of heme synthesis in erythroid tissues: regulates heme synthesis by modulating the mitochondrial pH and redox potential, allowing fech to efficiently catalyze the incorporation of iron into protoporphyrin IX to produce heme.
Adapter protein that binds F-actin and dynamin, and thereby plays a role in receptor-mediated endocytosis. Plays a role in the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton, formation of cell projections, such as neurites, in neuron morphogenesis and synapse formation. Does not bind G-actin and promote actin polymerization by itself, but excerts its functions by interaction with other proteins. Required for the formation of organized podosome rosettes (By similarity).
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mL46 family.
Belongs to the dynein light chain family.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 20 family.
Interacts with SDHA within the SDH catalytic dimer.
Plays an essential role in the assembly of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), an enzyme complex (also referred to as respiratory complex II) that is a component of both the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and the mitochondrial electron transport chain, and which couples the oxidation of succinate to fumarate with the reduction of ubiquinone (coenzyme Q) to ubiquinol. Required for flavinylation (covalent attachment of FAD) of the flavoprotein subunit SDHA of the SDH catalytic dimer.
Enriched in the animal hemisphere of the early cleavage embryo, where expression persists until the late gastrula stage. At the neurula stage, strongly expressed at the border of the neural plate and dorsal midline. After the neurula stage, expressed in various organs, including the eye, liver, heart, pronephros, otic vesicle, and dorsal neural tube. Expression in the developing eye is dynamic; expressed in the eye field from stages 23 to 27, and from stage 30 expression is confined to distinct regions including the central part and border of the eye.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically, with zygotic expression continuing to the tadpole stage (stage 42).
Required for a subset of Wnt-dependent developmental processes, in particular, eye and pronephros development. Regulates the secretion of wnt4, which is required for eye development.
Belongs to the AB hydrolase superfamily.
Lipase that preferentially hydrolysis medium-chain saturated monoacylglycerols including 2-arachidonoylglycerol (By similarity). Through 2-arachidonoylglycerol degradation may regulate endocannabinoid signaling pathways. Also has a lysophosphatidyl lipase activity with a preference for lysophosphatidylglycerol among other lysophospholipids (By similarity). Also able to degrade bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate (BMP) and constitutes the major enzyme for BMP catabolism. BMP, also known as lysobisphosphatidic acid, is enriched in late endosomes and lysosomes and plays a key role in the formation of intraluminal vesicles and in lipid sorting (By similarity).
Belongs to the prefoldin subunit beta family.
Phosphorylase b kinase catalyzes the phosphorylation of serine in certain substrates, including troponin I.
Belongs to the peptidase S26 family. IMP2 subfamily.
Catalyzes the removal of transit peptides required for the targeting of proteins from the mitochondrial matrix, across the inner membrane, into the inter-membrane space.
Heterodimer of 2 subunits, IMMPL1 and IMMPL2.
Belongs to the TRAPP small subunits family. BET3 subfamily.
May play a role in vesicular transport from endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi.
Belongs to the proteasome subunit S2 family.
Binds to the intracellular domain of tumor necrosis factor type 1 receptor. The binding domain of TRAP1 and TRAP2 resides outside the death domain of TNFR1.
Component of the 19S proteasome regulatory particle complex. The 26S proteasome consists of a 20S core particle (CP) and two 19S regulatory subunits (RP).
Component of the 26S proteasome, a multiprotein complex involved in the ATP-dependent degradation of ubiquitinated proteins. This complex plays a key role in the maintenance of protein homeostasis by removing misfolded or damaged proteins, which could impair cellular functions, and by removing proteins whose functions are no longer required. Therefore, the proteasome participates in numerous cellular processes, including cell cycle progression, apoptosis, or DNA damage repair.
Belongs to the kynurenine formamidase family.
Catalyzes the hydrolysis of N-formyl-L-kynurenine to L-kynurenine, the second step in the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan degradation. Kynurenine may be further oxidized to nicotinic acid, NAD(H) and NADP(H). Required for elimination of toxic metabolites.
The main chain amide nitrogen atoms of the second glycine and its adjacent residue in the HGGXW motif define the oxyanion hole, and stabilize the oxyanion that forms during the nucleophilic attack by the catalytic serine during substrate cleavage.
Belongs to the eukaryotic/archaeal PrmC-related family.
Belongs to the sodium:neurotransmitter symporter (SNF) (TC 2.A.22) family. SLC6A9 subfamily.
Component of the cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor (CPSF) complex that play a key role in pre-mRNA 3'-end formation, recognizing the AAUAAA signal sequence and interacting with poly(A) polymerase and other factors to bring about cleavage and poly(A) addition. CPSF4 binds RNA polymers with a preference for poly(U).
Component of the cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor (CPSF) complex.
Acts as component of the THO subcomplex of the TREX complex which is thought to couple mRNA transcription, processing and nuclear export, and which specifically associates with spliced mRNA and not with unspliced pre-mRNA. TREX is recruited to spliced mRNAs by a transcription-independent mechanism, binds to mRNA upstream of the exon-junction complex (EJC) and is recruited in a splicing- and cap-dependent manner to a region near the 5' end of the mRNA where it functions in mRNA export to the cytoplasm via the TAP/NFX1 pathway (By similarity).
Component of the THO subcomplex of the transcription/export (TREX) complex which seems to have a dynamic structure involving ATP-dependent remodeling. Interacts with thoc7.
May be involved in cell differentiation.
Component of the Arp2/3 complex, a multiprotein complex that mediates actin polymerization upon stimulation by nucleation-promoting factor (NPF) (By similarity). The Arp2/3 complex mediates the formation of branched actin networks in the cytoplasm, providing the force for cell motility (By similarity). In addition to its role in the cytoplasmic cytoskeleton, the Arp2/3 complex also promotes actin polymerization in the nucleus, thereby regulating gene transcription and repair of damaged DNA (Probable). The Arp2/3 complex promotes homologous recombination (HR) repair in response to DNA damage by promoting nuclear actin polymerization, leading to drive motility of double-strand breaks (DSBs) (By similarity).
Belongs to the lambda interferon family.
Has E3 ubiquitin ligase activity towards IGBP1, promoting its monoubiquitination, which results in deprotection of the catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase PP2A, and its subsequent degradation by polyubiquitination.
Belongs to the metallophosphoesterase superfamily. Purple acid phosphatase family.
An mRNA component of germ plasm. Localizes to the granulo-fibrillar material (GFM) of the mitochondrial cloud in stage I oocytes. Associated, at a low level, with the periphery of mature germinal granules in later stage oocytes. Localizes to the vegetal cortex in stage II oocytes and segregates with germ plasm during early embryogenesis. In adults, expression is restricted to the ovary and, at a lower level, to spermatogonia, spermatocytes and spermatids of the testis.
Expressed at a constant level throughout oogenesis and in the egg. Levels decrease during gastrulation and are not detectable by the end of gastrulation.
Forms a stable but non-covalent complex with a regulatory subunit and with a cyclin. Interacts with spdya.
Phosphorylation at Thr-14 or Tyr-15 inactivates the enzyme, while phosphorylation at Thr-161 activates it.
Phosphorylation at Tyr-15 by wee1 and wee2 inhibits the protein kinase activity and acts negative regulator of entry into mitosis (G2 to M transition).
Plays a key role in the control of the eukaryotic cell cycle by modulating the centrosome cycle as well as mitotic onset; promotes G2-M transition, and regulates G1 progress and G1-S transition via association with multiple interphase cyclins. Required in higher cells for entry into S-phase and mitosis. May play a role in regulating the amplitude of the cyclic expression of circadian clock genes.
Belongs to the Arg-specific ADP-ribosyltransferase family.
Component of the EDM complex, at least composed of e2f4, e2f5, mcidas and tfdp1.
Expressed in multiciliate differentiating cells. Expression is lost by stage 26, when multiciliate cells in the skin are fully differentiated, but is then detected in the developing nephrostomes of the kidneys where multiciliate cells form at later stages.
The TIRT domain mediates interaction with e2f4 and tfdp1.
Transcription regulator specifically required for multiciliate cell differentiation. Acts in a multiprotein complex containing E2F4 and E2F5 that binds and activates genes required for centriole biogenesis. Activates genes required for centriole assembly (plk4, cep152) and genes specifically required for motile cilia formation (foxj1). Also promotes the deuterosome pathway of centriole biogenesis by activating expression of ccdc67/deup1, but not its paralog cep63.
Belongs to the xanthine dehydrogenase family.
Binds 1 Mo-molybdopterin (Mo-MPT) cofactor per subunit.
Required for proper chromosome biorientation through the detection or correction of syntelic attachments in mitotic spindles.
May be involved in the translation of target mRNAs by scanning and recognition of the initiation codon. Involved in translation initiation; promotes recruitment of aminoacetyled initiator tRNA to P site of 40S ribosomes. Can promote release of deacylated tRNA and mRNA from recycled 40S subunits following ABCE1-mediated dissociation of post-termination ribosomal complexes into subunits (By similarity).
Component of the ARISC complex, at least composed of uimc1/rap80, abraxas1, brcc3/brcc36, BABAM2 and babam1/nba1. Component of the BRCA1-A complex, at least composed of brca1, bard1, uimc1/rap80, abraxas1, brcc3/brcc36, BABAM2 and babam1/nba1. In the BRCA1-A complex, interacts directly with abraxas1 and BABAM2. Component of the BRISC complex, at least composed of abraxas2, brcc3/brcc36, babam2 and babam1/nba1.
Component of the BRCA1-A complex, a complex that specifically recognizes 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitinated histones H2A and H2AX at DNA lesions sites, leading to target the BRCA1-BARD1 heterodimer to sites of DNA damage at double-strand breaks (DSBs). The BRCA1-A complex also possesses deubiquitinase activity that specifically removes 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitin on histones H2A and H2AX. In the BRCA1-A complex, it is required for the complex integrity and its localization at DSBs. Component of the BRISC complex, a multiprotein complex that specifically cleaves 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitin in various substrates. In these 2 complexes, it is probably required to maintain the stability of babam2 and help the 'Lys-63'-linked deubiquitinase activity mediated by brcc3/brcc36 component. The BRISC complex is required for normal mitotic spindle assembly and microtubule attachment to kinetochores via its role in deubiquitinating numa1. Plays a role in interferon signaling via its role in the deubiquitination of the interferon receptor ifnar1; deubiquitination increases ifnar1 activity by enhancing its stability and cell surface expression. Down-regulates the response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) via its role in ifnar1 deubiquitination.
The VWFA-like region is similar to the VWFA domain. Its presence reveals similarities between the structure of the 19S proteasome and the BRCA1-A complexes.
Belongs to the activator 1 small subunits family.
Catalyzes the epimerization of the S- and R-forms of NAD(P)HX, a damaged form of NAD(P)H that is a result of enzymatic or heat-dependent hydration. This is a prerequisite for the S-specific NAD(P)H-hydrate dehydratase to allow the repair of both epimers of NAD(P)HX.
Homooligomer and heterooligomer. Core component of the 7SK RNP complex.
Transcriptional regulator which functions as a general RNA polymerase II transcription inhibitor. Core component of the 7SK RNP complex: in cooperation with 7SK snRNA sequesters P-TEFb in a large inactive 7SK snRNP complex preventing RNA polymerase II phosphorylation and subsequent transcriptional elongation. Plays a role in the regulation of DNA virus-mediated innate immune response by assembling into the HDP-RNP complex, a complex that serves as a platform for IRF3 phosphorylation and subsequent innate immune response activation through the cGAS-STING pathway.
An mRNA and protein component of germ plasm and primordial germ cells (PGCs) throughout oogenesis and early development, being first localized to the granulo-fibrillar material (GFM) of the mitochondrial cloud in stage I and II oocytes and to the periphery of mature germinal granules both in oocytes and in embryos. Shows some somatic expression including the ectodermal cells of tailbud embryos. In adults, only expressed in ovaries.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically from at least the pre-vitellogenic stage I of oogenesis through to the tadpole stages.
Probably plays a role in germ plasm formation, positioning and maintenance.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Continuously expressed from the egg to the tailbud stage (stage 30) with an increase in expression at the early gastrula stage (stage 10).
Expressed in both animal and vegetal regions of the oocyte. At blastula and gastrula stages (stages 9 to 10.5), expressed throughout the ectoderm. During late gastrula to neurula stages, expression gradually diminishes in the midline region of the neural plate and increases in the anterior neural folds, and continues to be expressed in the posterior medial part of the neural plate. In early tailbud stages (stages 22-23), expressed in the dorsal forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain. Subsequently expressed in the telencephalon and diencephalon/mesencephalon boundary. In the spinal cord, expression is restricted to the dorsal most region including the roof plate. Also expressed in the somites and eye vesicles. In the eye, expression is restricted to the ciliary marginal zone of neural retina and is absent from the lens.
The C2H2-type 3, 4 and 5 zinc finger domains are necessary for transcription activation.
Transcriptional repressor that inhibits neurogenesis and induces neural and neural crest differentiation. Regulates anteroposterior patterning in early development by inhibiting expression of the nodal genes through the inhibition of vegt. Required for gastrulation movements and for proper anterior neural and axial development. May also act as a transcriptional activator. May bind to the minimal GLI-consensus sequence 5'-TGGGTGGTC-3'.
Filament-forming cytoskeletal GTPase. Required for normal organization of the actin cytoskeleton. Plays a role in the biogenesis of polarized columnar-shaped epithelium. Required for the progression through mitosis through regulation of chromosome congression. During anaphase, may be required for chromosome segregation and spindle elongation (By similarity). Probably plays a role in ciliogenesis and collective cell movements including convergent extension during gastrulation. In cilia, required for the integrity of the diffusion barrier at the base of the primary cilium that prevents diffusion of transmembrane proteins between the cilia and plasma membranes. Controls cell shape and not polarization of cells during convergent extension.
Septins polymerize into heterooligomeric protein complexes that form filaments, and associate with cellular membranes, actin filaments and microtubules. GTPase activity is required for filament formation. Can form heterooligomers with other family members and form filaments. Interacts with wdpcp.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CK1 Ser/Thr protein kinase family. Casein kinase I subfamily.
Belongs to the LAPTM4/LAPTM5 transporter family.
Although it belongs to the non-receptor class myotubularin subfamily, lacks the conserved active site cysteine residue at position 390 in the dsPTPase catalytic loop, suggesting that it has no phosphatase activity.
Receptor for Dickkopf proteins. Cooperates with DKK1/2 proteins to inhibit Wnt/beta-catenin signaling by promoting the endocytosis of Wnt receptors LRP5 and LRP6. In the absence of DKK1, potentiates Wnt-beta-catenin signaling by maintaining LRP5 or LRP6 at the cell membrane (PubMed:17978005, PubMed:18314504).
Acts as a component of the essential kinetochore-associated NDC80 complex, which is required for chromosome segregation and spindle checkpoint activity. Required for kinetochore integrity and the organization of stable microtubule binding sites in the outer plate of the kinetochore. The NDC80 complex synergistically enhances the affinity of the SKA1 complex for microtubules and may allow the NDC80 complex to track depolymerizing microtubules.
Component of the NDC80 complex, which is composed of ndc80, cdca1, spbc24 and spbc25. The NDC80 complex interacts with mis12 and zwint (By similarity).
Belongs to the complex I NDUFB3 subunit family.
Belongs to the sulfotransferase 1 family. NDST subfamily.
Belongs to the sodium:neurotransmitter symporter (SNF) (TC 2.A.22) family. SLC6A6 subfamily.
Required for nuclear and mitochondrial iron-sulfur protein biosynthesis.
Belongs to the SPTSS family. SPTSSB subfamily.
Interacts with sptlc1; the interaction is direct. Component of the serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT) complex (By similarity).
Interacts with sptlc1; the interaction is direct. Component of the serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT) complex.
Stimulates the activity of serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT). The composition of the serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT) complex determines the substrate preference (By similarity).
Stimulates the activity of serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT). The composition of the serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT) complex determines the substrate preference.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DEAH subfamily.
Belongs to the SelWTH family. Selenoprotein T subfamily.
Binds to activated (phosphorylated) protein-Tyr kinases, through its SH2 domain, and acts as an adapter, mediating the association of the p110 catalytic unit to the plasma membrane.
Heterodimer of a p110 (catalytic) and a p85 (regulatory) subunits.
Belongs to the syndecan proteoglycan family.
Coordinated expression with septin2 and septin6.
Expressed in the mesoderm during gastrulation. Expressed in the notochord of neurula stage embryos.
Filament-forming cytoskeletal GTPase. Required for normal organization of the actin cytoskeleton. Required for normal progress through mitosis. Involved in cytokinesis (By similarity). Plays a role in ciliogenesis and collective cell movements including convergent extension during gastrulation. Controls cell elongation but not polarization during convergent extension.
Monomer, and homodimer. Nucleotide binding promotes oligomerization. Can form heterooligomers with other family members and form filaments (By similarity).
Involved in the second step of GPI biosynthesis. De-N-acetylation of N-acetylglucosaminyl-phosphatidylinositol.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 13 family. GlgB subfamily.
ATP-binding RNA helicase involved in translation initiation. Part of the 43S pre-initiation complex that is required for efficient initiation on mRNAs of higher eukaryotes with structured 5'-UTRs by promoting efficient NTPase-dependent 48S complex formation. Specifically binds to the 40S ribosome near the mRNA entrance. Does not possess a processive helicase activity.
Part of the 43S pre-initiation complex (PIC).
Transcriptional regulator which may play a role in the differentiation and maintenance of meso-diencephalic dopaminergic (mdDA) neurons. May play a role in the normal lens development and differentiation (By similarity).
One of the most prominent phosphoproteins in various cells of mesenchymal origin. Phosphorylation is enhanced during cell division, at which time vimentin filaments are significantly reorganized.
Vimentins are class-III intermediate filaments found in various non-epithelial cells, especially mesenchymal cells. Vimentin is attached to the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria, either laterally or terminally.
First expressed during late neurula stage (stage 18). Levels increase slowly up to the tailbud stage (stage 28), then increase sharply before remaining approximately constant through the remaining tailbud and tadpole stages (stages 30-44).
First expressed in developing facial cartilage in early tailbud embryos, with expression localized to the basihyobranchial, palatoquadrate and possibly Meckel's cartilages. Shortly after, a second area of expression is seen in the musculature of the anterior gut. During late embryogenesis, gut expression extends into hindgut tissues. In adults, expressed at a high level in the kidney, pancreas, spleen and stomach and at a slightly lower level in the intestine, skeletal muscle and tongue. Adult heart, liver and lung show little or no expression.
May be involved in the calcium-dependent regulation of rhodopsin phosphorylation. Binds three calcium ions (By similarity).
Binds 1 [4Fe-4S] cluster per subunit. [4Fe-4S]-binding affects RNA-binding activity, thereby inhibiting activity of the protein.
RNA-binding protein that binds to iron-responsive elements (IRES), which are stem-loop structures found in the 5'-UTR of ferritin, and delta aminolevulinic acid synthase mRNAs, and in the 3'-UTR of transferrin receptor mRNA. Binding to the IRE element in ferritin results in the repression of its mRNA translation. Binding of the protein to the transferrin receptor mRNA inhibits the degradation of this otherwise rapidly degraded mRNA.
Ubiquitinated and degraded by the proteasome in presence of high level of iron and oxygen.
This alpha-adrenergic receptor mediates its action by association with G proteins that activate a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system. Its effect is mediated by G(q) and G(11) proteins. Nuclear ADRA1A-ADRA1B heterooligomers regulate phenylephrine (PE)-stimulated ERK signaling in cardiac myocytes.
Belongs to the RecA family. RAD51 subfamily.
Forms linear homooligomers, giving rise to a RAD51 nucleoprotein filament, which is essential for strand-pairing reactions during DNA recombination.
Plays an important role in homologous strand exchange, a key step in DNA repair through homologous recombination (HR). Binds to single-stranded DNA in an ATP-dependent manner to form nucleoprotein filaments which are essential for the homology search and strand exchange. Catalyzes the recognition of homology and strand exchange between homologous DNA partners to form a joint molecule between a processed DNA break and the repair template. Recruited to resolve stalled replication forks during replication stress. Also involved in interstrand cross-link repair.
Belongs to the short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDR) family. 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase subfamily.
This protein is involved in nucleosome assembly. It is bound to H3 and H4 in the absence of DNA, but released from H3 and H4 in the presence of DNA.
Has a role in nuclear-cytoplasmic transport of proteins and mRNAs.
Involved in pre-mRNA splicing as component of the spliceosome.
Component of the COP9 signalosome complex (CSN), a complex involved in various cellular and developmental processes. The CSN complex is an essential regulator of the ubiquitin (Ubl) conjugation pathway by mediating the deneddylation of the cullin subunits of E3 ligase complexes, leading to modify the Ubl ligase activity (By similarity).
Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily. Sugar transporter (TC 2.A.1.1) family. Glucose transporter subfamily.
Insulin-regulated facilitative glucose transporter.
Acts as component of the mcm2-7 complex (mcm complex) which is the putative replicative helicase essential for 'once per cell cycle' DNA replication initiation and elongation in eukaryotic cells. The active ATPase sites in the mcm2-7 ring are formed through the interaction surfaces of two neighboring subunits such that a critical structure of a conserved arginine finger motif is provided in trans relative to the ATP-binding site of the Walker A box of the adjacent subunit. The six ATPase active sites, however, are likely to contribute differentially to the complex helicase activity. The existence of maternal and zygotic forms of mcm3 and mcm6 suggests that specific forms of mcm2-7 complexes may be used during different stages of development.
Component of the mcm2-7 complex (RLF-M) (PubMed:16369567, PubMed:9214646, PubMed:9214647, PubMed:9851868). The complex forms a toroidal hexameric ring with the proposed subunit order mcm2-mcm6-mcm4-mcm7-mcm3-mcm5 (PubMed:16369567, PubMed:9214646, PubMed:9214647, PubMed:9851868). The heterodimer of mmcm3/mcm5 interacts with mcm4, mmcm6, mcm7 and weakly with mcm2 (PubMed:16369567, PubMed:9214646, PubMed:9214647, PubMed:9851868). Component of the CMG helicase complex, composed of the mcm2-7 complex, the GINS complex and cdc45 (PubMed:30979826, PubMed:30842657).
Expressed maternally. Expressed in the egg and early embryo at a constant level until the gastrula stage, declining drastically at the neurula stage.
Adds the first glucose residue to the lipid-linked oligosaccharide precursor for N-linked glycosylation. Transfers glucose from dolichyl phosphate glucose (Dol-P-Glc) onto the lipid-linked oligosaccharide Man(9)GlcNAc(2)-PP-Dol.
Belongs to the ALG6/ALG8 glucosyltransferase family.
The H protein shuttles the methylamine group of glycine from the P protein to the T protein.
The glycine cleavage system catalyzes the degradation of glycine. The H protein (GCSH) shuttles the methylamine group of glycine from the P protein (GLDC) to the T protein (GCST).
Converts O-phosphoseryl-tRNA(Sec) to selenocysteinyl-tRNA(Sec) required for selenoprotein biosynthesis.
Homotetramer formed by a catalytic dimer and a non-catalytic dimer serving as a binding platform that orients tRNASec for catalysis. Each tetramer binds the CCA ends of two tRNAs which point to the active sites of the catalytic dimer.
Heterodimer of a B chain and an A chain linked by two disulfide bonds.
Insulin decreases blood glucose concentration. It increases cell permeability to monosaccharides, amino acids and fatty acids. It accelerates glycolysis, the pentose phosphate cycle, and glycogen synthesis in liver.
Mitochondrial GTPase that mediates the disassembly of ribosomes from messenger RNA at the termination of mitochondrial protein biosynthesis. Acts in collaboration with MRRF. GTP hydrolysis follows the ribosome disassembly and probably occurs on the ribosome large subunit. Not involved in the GTP-dependent ribosomal translocation step during translation elongation.
Molecular adapter that acts as a bridge between proteins, and which is involved skeletal muscle development. Functions as signal transducer for MSTN during skeletal muscle regeneration and myogenesis.
Forms a distorted beta-barrel structure, with two helices that are packed against the outer surface of the barrel. Porphyrins are expected to bind to a hydrophobic patch on the outer surface of the beta-barrel structure (By similarity).
May bind free porphyrinogens that may be present in the cell and thus facilitate removal of these potentially toxic compound. Binds with a high affinity to one molecule of heme or porphyrins. It binds metalloporphyrins, free porphyrins and N-methylprotoporphyrin with similar affinities (By similarity).
Probable mitochondrial transporter required for glutathione import into mitochondria. Glutathione, which plays key roles in oxidative metabolism, is produced exclusively in the cytosol and is imported in many organelles (By similarity). Mitochondrial glutathione is required for the activity and stability of proteins containing iron-sulfur clusters (By similarity).
Required to protect lysosomal transporter MFSD1 from lysosomal proteolysis and for MFSD1 lysosomal localization.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. RIO-type Ser/Thr kinase family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL31 family.
Belongs to the AVIT (prokineticin) family.
Belongs to the sodium channel auxiliary subunit SCN1B (TC 8.A.17) family.
In the central section; belongs to the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase family.
May act as a scaffold to regulate the recruitment and assembly of spindle midzone components.
Histone methyltransferase that specifically methylates 'Lys-4' of histone H3, when part of the SET1 histone methyltransferase (HMT) complex, but not if the neighboring 'Lys-9' residue is already methylated. H3 'Lys-4' methylation represents a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional activation.
Expressed in photoreceptor cells of the outer nuclear layer of the retina and in the pinal gland.
Expressed in the retina 3 days post-fertilization (hpf).
Potential calcium-dependent cell-adhesion protein.
Belongs to the complex I subunit 4 family.
Acts both as a GTPase-activating protein (GAP) and a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF), and participates in various processes such as endocytosis, insulin receptor internalization or LC2A4/GLUT4 trafficking.
Binds the stem-loop structure of replication-dependent histone pre-mRNAs and contributes to efficient 3' end processing by stabilizing the complex between histone pre-mRNA and U7 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) (PubMed:8957003, PubMed:9858606). Could play an important role in targeting mature histone mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and to the translation machinery. Stabilizes mature histone mRNA and could be involved in cell-cycle regulation of histone gene expression (By similarity).
Phosphorylated on Thr-60 during mitosis.
Very low levels in stage I oocytes, gradually increasing throughout oogenesis. Further increase is achieved during early embryogenesis.
Belongs to the SLC34A transporter family.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 1 family.
Belongs to the type I cytokine receptor family. Type 4 subfamily.
Regulates the activity of L-type calcium channels that contain CACNA1C as pore-forming subunit (By similarity). Regulates the trafficking and gating properties of AMPA-selective glutamate receptors (AMPARs), including GRIA1 and GRIA4. Promotes their targeting to the cell membrane and synapses and modulates their gating properties by slowing their rates of activation, deactivation and desensitization and by mediating their resensitization.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that specifically binds poly-ADP-ribosylated proteins and mediates their ubiquitination and subsequent degradation.
The WWE domain mediates non-covalent poly(ADP-ribose)-binding.
Component of the deuterosome, a structure that promotes de novo centriole amplification in multiciliated cells that can generate more than 100 centrioles. Deuterosome-mediated centriole amplification occurs in terminally differentiated multiciliated cells (G1/0) and not in S phase. Essential for centriole amplification and is required for cep152 localization to the deuterosome.
Highly up-regulated in the ciliated epithelia of embryonic skin during the developmental window of centriole biogenesis. Expression is probably activated by mcidas/mcin.
ATP-binding component of the Arp2/3 complex, a multiprotein complex that mediates actin polymerization upon stimulation by nucleation-promoting factor (NPF) (By similarity). The Arp2/3 complex mediates the formation of branched actin networks in the cytoplasm, providing the force for cell motility (By similarity). Seems to contact the pointed end of the daughter actin filament (By similarity). In addition to its role in the cytoplasmic cytoskeleton, the Arp2/3 complex also promotes actin polymerization in the nucleus, thereby regulating gene transcription and repair of damaged DNA (By similarity). The Arp2/3 complex promotes homologous recombination (HR) repair in response to DNA damage by promoting nuclear actin polymerization, leading to drive motility of double-strand breaks (DSBs) (By similarity).
Belongs to the actin family. ARP2 subfamily.
Interacts with uba5. Interacts with ufc1.
Ubiquitin-like modifier which can be covalently attached via an isopeptide bond to lysine residues of substrate proteins as a monomer or a lysine-linked polymer. The so-called ufmylation, requires the ufm1-activating E1 enzyme uba5, the ufm1-conjugating E2 enzyme ufc1, and the ufm1-ligase E3 enzyme ufl1. Ufmylation is involved in reticulophagy (also called ER-phagy) induced in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress.
Colipase is a cofactor of pancreatic lipase. It allows the lipase to anchor itself to the lipid-water interface. Without colipase the enzyme is washed off by bile salts, which have an inhibitory effect on the lipase.
Enterostatin has a biological activity as a satiety signal.
Forms a 1:1 stoichiometric complex with pancreatic lipase.
Specifically required for generation of multiciliated cells, possibly by promoting a cell cycle state compatible with centriole amplification and maturation. Acts downstream of mcidas to promote mother centriole amplification and maturation in preparation for apical docking.
Peroxisomal protease that mediates both the removal of the leader peptide from proteins containing a PTS2 target sequence and processes several PTS1-containing proteins. Catalyzes the processing of PTS1-proteins involved in the peroxisomal beta-oxidation of fatty acids.
The full-lengh TYSND1 is the active the proteolytic processing of PTS1- and PTS2-proteins and in self-cleavage, and intermolecular self-cleavage of TYSND1 down-regulates its protease activity.
Belongs to the CorA metal ion transporter (MIT) (TC 1.A.35) family.
mRNA splicing factor that regulates the formation of epithelial cell-specific isoforms. Specifically regulates the expression of FGFR2-IIIb, an epithelial cell-specific isoform of fgfr2. Acts by directly binding specific sequences in mRNAs. Binds the GU-rich sequence motifs in the ISE/ISS-3, a cis-element regulatory region present in the mRNA of fgfr2 (By similarity).
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 6 family.
Interacts (via coiled coil domain) with BMP1 and (via olfactomedin-like domain) CHRD.
Secreted scaffold protein that plays an essential role in dorsoventral patterning during early development. Stabilizes axial formation by restricting chordin (CHRD) activity on the dorsal side. Acts by facilitating the association between the tolloid protease BMP1 and its substrate chordin (CHRD), leading to enhance chordin (CHRD) degradation by BMP1.
May be involved in spermatogenesis and sperm function. Binds to double-stranded DNA and RNA (By similarity).
Heterohexamer; composed of 3 copies of TIMM9 and 3 copies of TIMM10/TIM10A, named soluble 70 kDa complex. The complex forms a 6-bladed alpha-propeller structure and associates with the TIMM22 component of the TIM22 complex. Interacts with multi-pass transmembrane proteins in transit (By similarity).
Mitochondrial intermembrane chaperone that participates in the import and insertion of multi-pass transmembrane proteins into the mitochondrial inner membrane. May also be required for the transfer of beta-barrel precursors from the TOM complex to the sorting and assembly machinery (SAM complex) of the outer membrane. Acts as a chaperone-like protein that protects the hydrophobic precursors from aggregation and guide them through the mitochondrial intermembrane space (By similarity).
The twin CX3C motif contains 4 conserved Cys residues that form 2 disulfide bonds in the mitochondrial intermembrane space. However, during the transit of TIMM10 from cytoplasm into mitochondrion, the Cys residues probably coordinate zinc, thereby preventing folding and allowing its transfer across mitochondrial outer membrane (By similarity).
Belongs to the PtdIns transfer protein family. PI transfer class IIA subfamily.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL32 family.
Belongs to the GSK-3-binding protein family.
Plays a role in pre-mRNA splicing as a core component of the spliceosomal U1, U2, U4 and U5 small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs), the building blocks of the spliceosome.
Probable component of the PAM complex at least composed of 1 mitochondrial HSP70 protein, 1 GRPE, 1 TIMM44, 1 TIMM16/PAM16 and 1 TIMM14. Associates with the TIM23 complex.
Regulates ATP-dependent protein translocation into the mitochondrial matrix.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class TrmE-Era-EngA-EngB-Septin-like GTPase superfamily. AIG1/Toc34/Toc159-like paraseptin GTPase family. IAN subfamily.
Belongs to the oxygen-dependent FAD-linked oxidoreductase family.
Oxidizes L-gulono-1,4-lactone to hydrogen peroxide and L-xylo-hexulonolactone which spontaneously isomerizes to L-ascorbate.
Component of the cap-binding complex (CBC), which binds cotranscriptionally to the 5'-cap of pre-mRNAs and is involved in various processes such as pre-mRNA splicing, translation regulation, nonsense-mediated mRNA decay, RNA-mediated gene silencing (RNAi) by microRNAs (miRNAs) and mRNA export. The CBC complex is involved in mRNA export from the nucleus, leading to the recruitment of the mRNA export machinery to the 5'-end of mRNA and to mRNA export in a 5' to 3' direction through the nuclear pore. The CBC complex is also involved in mediating U snRNA and intronless mRNAs export from the nucleus. The CBC complex is essential for a pioneer round of mRNA translation, before steady state translation when the CBC complex is replaced by cytoplasmic cap-binding protein eIF4E. The pioneer round of mRNA translation mediated by the CBC complex plays a central role in nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD), NMD only taking place in mRNAs bound to the CBC complex, but not on eIF4E-bound mRNAs. The CBC complex enhances NMD in mRNAs containing at least one exon-junction complex (EJC), promoting the interaction between UPF1 and UPF2. The CBC complex is also involved in 'failsafe' NMD, which is independent of the EJC complex, while it does not participate in Staufen-mediated mRNA decay (SMD). During cell proliferation, the CBC complex is also involved in microRNAs (miRNAs) biogenesis via its interaction with SRRT/ARS2 and is required for miRNA-mediated RNA interference. The CBC complex also acts as a negative regulator of parn, thereby acting as an inhibitor of mRNA deadenylation. In the CBC complex, NCBP1/CBP80 does not bind directly capped RNAs (m7GpppG-capped RNA) but is required to stabilize the movement of the N-terminal loop of NCBP2/CBP20 and lock the CBC into a high affinity cap-binding state with the cap structure. Associates with NCBP3 to form an alternative cap-binding complex (CBC) which plays a key role in mRNA export. The conventional CBC with NCBP2 binds both small nuclear RNA (snRNA) and messenger (mRNA) and is involved in their export from the nucleus whereas the alternative CBC with NCBP3 does not bind snRNA and associates only with mRNA thereby playing a role only in mRNA export (By similarity).
Component of the nuclear cap-binding complex (CBC), a heterodimer composed of ncbp1/cbp80 and ncbp2/cbp20 that interacts with m7GpppG-capped RNA. Component of an alternative nuclear cap-binding complex (CBC) composed of ncbp1/cbp80 and ncbp3 (By similarity).
Belongs to the PDGF/VEGF growth factor family.
Adds a myristoyl group to the N-terminal glycine residue of certain cellular proteins.
Binds target DNA that contains at least one unmethylated cytosine via the CXXC-type zinc-finger domain.
Detected in embryo (at protein level). Detected in embryonic head, in developing brain, neural tube and eye.
Dioxygenase that catalyzes the conversion of the modified genomic base 5-methylcytosine (5mC) into 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) and plays a key role in epigenetic chromatin reprogramming during embryonic development. Conversion of 5mC into 5hmC probably constitutes the first step in cytosine demethylation. Selectively binds to the promoter region of target genes and contributes to regulate the expression of numerous developmental genes, including pax6, rax, sox9 and six3. May also contribute to the regulation of target genes in ways that do not require its enzyme activity.
Expression in oocytes is very low. Barely detectable from stage 2 (2-cell stage) to stage 9. Increases strongly from stage 9 to 17, and decreases again at stage 25.
Morpholino knockdown of both tet3-a and tet3-b causes defects in embryonic development, including malformations of the eye (eyeless), small head, and missing pigmentation along the lateral body, leading to embryonic death between stages 35 and 40.
Belongs to the polypeptide deformylase family.
Removes the formyl group from the N-terminal Met of newly synthesized proteins.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Expressed from mid-gastrula (around stage 10.5) and persists at least through to tadpoles (stage 41).
From mid-gastrula (stage 10.5-11), expressed in a ring around the blastopore, with expression decreasing toward the dorsal side. At stage 12, expression around the blastopore decreases and begins to increase lateral to the neural plate in the presumptive neural crest, where expression dramatically increases around stage 14. Also expressed in the otic placode as early as stage 13/14. By the tailbud stage expression is restricted to the otic cup and then throughout the otic vesicle, with more intense staining at the dorsal-most region, the prospective region of the semicircular canals and endolymphatic duct. At the early tailbud stage (stage 23), expressed in migrating cranial neural crest cells and in the trunk neural crest. Also expressed in the genital ridges, developing eye, nasal placode and prospective pineal gland. Around stage 25, expression is down-regulated in the trunk neural crest but persists in the migrating cranial crest cells as they populate the pharyngeal arches, otic placode, developing eye, genital ridges and notochord. By stage 31, expression remains strong in the pharyngeal arches. Also expressed in the pancreas; first expressed at stage 25 in the pancreatic anlagen, dorsally in diverticulum. As development proceeds, expression continues in pancreatic tissue, being restricted to ventral and dorsal pancreatic buds.
Interacts with the sumoylation factors ube2i/ubc9 and sumo1.
Loss of neural crest progenitors and an expansion of the neural plate, leading to loss or reduction of neural crest-derived skeletal elements later during development.
Sumoylated. Lys-365 is the major site of sumoylation, although sumoylation at Lys-61 also occurs. Sumoylation plays a key role in regulating formation of the neural crest and otic placode.
Transcription factor that plays a key role in chondrocytes differentiation and skeletal development (By similarity). Specifically binds the 5'-ACAAAG-3' DNA motif present in enhancers and super-enhancers and promotes expression of genes important for chondrogenesis, including COL2A1 (By similarity). Plays a central role in successive steps of chondrocyte differentiation (By similarity). Absolutely required for precartilaginous condensation, the first step in chondrogenesis during which skeletal progenitors differentiate into prechondrocytes (By similarity). Together with SOX5 and SOX6, required for overt chondrogenesis when condensed prechondrocytes differentiate into early stage chondrocytes, the second step in chondrogenesis (By similarity). Later, required to direct hypertrophic maturation and block osteoblast differentiation of growth plate chondrocytes: maintains chondrocyte columnar proliferation, delays prehypertrophy and then prevents osteoblastic differentiation of chondrocytes (By similarity). Also required for chondrocyte hypertrophy, both indirectly, by keeping the lineage fate of chondrocytes, and directly, by remaining present in upper hypertrophic cells (By similarity). Low lipid levels are the main nutritional determinant for chondrogenic commitment of skeletal progenitor cells: when lipids levels are low, FOXO transcription factors promote expression of SOX9, which induces chondrogenic commitment and suppresses fatty acid oxidation (By similarity). In addition to cartilage development, also acts as a regulator of proliferation and differentiation in epithelial stem/progenitor cells (By similarity). Involved in development of the cranial neural crest, which is fated to form skeletal elements (PubMed:11807034, PubMed:12812785, PubMed:15464575, PubMed:16256735, PubMed:16943273). Also required for otic placode specification during inner ear development (PubMed:15084460).
Expressed in the anterior neural ridge and in the cement gland Anlage during late gastrulation/early neurulation.
Sequence-specific transcription factor that binds gene promoters and activates their transcription. May play a role in the development of anterior structures, and in particular, the brain and facies and in specifying the identity or structure of hindlimb.
Distributive alpha-N-methyltransferase that methylates the N-terminus of target proteins containing the N-terminal motif [Ala/Gly/Pro/Ser]-Pro-Lys when the initiator Met is cleaved. Specifically catalyzes mono-, di- or tri-methylation of the exposed alpha-amino group of the Ala, Gly or Ser residue in the [Ala/Gly/Ser]-Pro-Lys motif and mono- or di-methylation of Pro in the Pro-Pro-Lys motif. Required during mitosis for normal bipolar spindle formation and chromosome segregation via its action on target proteins.
Belongs to the CISD protein family. CISD2 subfamily.
Regulator of autophagy that contributes to antagonize becn1-mediated cellular autophagy at the endoplasmic reticulum. Participates in the interaction of bcl2 with becn1 and is required for bcl2-mediated depression of endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) stores during autophagy (By similarity).
6-O-sulfation enzyme which catalyzes the transfer of sulfate from 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) to position 6 of the N-sulfoglucosamine residue (GlcNS) of heparan sulfate.
Belongs to the sulfotransferase 6 family.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase. Ubiquitinates BRAF, inducing its proteasomal degradation.
The RING-type zinc finger domain mediates binding to an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme.
Part of the AP-3 complex, an adaptor-related complex which is not clathrin-associated. The complex is associated with the Golgi region as well as more peripheral structures. It facilitates the budding of vesicles from the Golgi membrane and may be directly involved in trafficking to lysosomes. In concert with the BLOC-1 complex, AP-3 is required to target cargos into vesicles assembled at cell bodies for delivery into neurites and nerve terminals.
Involved in protein trafficking. May serve as a receptor for ARFRP1.
Belongs to the sodium:neurotransmitter symporter (SNF) (TC 2.A.22) family. SLC6A3 subfamily.
Required for proper homologous chromosome pairing and efficient cross-over and intragenic recombination during meiosis. Stimulates both dmc1- and rad51-mediated homologous strand assimilation, which is required for the resolution of meiotic double-strand breaks (By similarity).
Antiparallel disulfide-linked heterodimer of an alpha chain and a beta chain. Self-associates and forms higher oligomers.
Functions as extracellular chaperone that prevents aggregation of non native proteins. Prevents stress-induced aggregation of blood plasma proteins.
Accumulates during oogenesis and remains stable as a maternal product throughout early development.
Binds to two alpha/beta-tubulin heterodimers.
Different phosphorylated forms, from unphosphorylated to highly phosphorylated, are found in the mature egg. Progressive dephosphorylation from the mid-blastula to the tailbud stage.
Involved in the regulation of the microtubule (MT) filament system by destabilizing microtubules. It prevents assembly and promotes disassembly of microtubules (By similarity).
Ubiquitous. Mostly abundant in brain and oocytes.
Plays a specialized role in the generation of left-right asymmetry during embryogenesis. May act as a negative regulator of the NOTCH-signaling pathway.
Transiently expressed during embryo development. Undetected in the blastula stage embryo, induced in gastrula embryo, expressed in neurula embryo, and then down-regulated in pretailbud embryo.
ATPase activity is inhibited or reduced by lowering pH from 9.0 to 7.0, and by addition of Ca(2+), EDTA, KNO(3) or by treatment with N-ethylmaleimide (NEM).
Expressed in at least oocytes, liver and kidney (at protein level).
Homohexamer. Forms a ring-shaped particle of 12.5 nm diameter, that displays 6-fold radial symmetry. Interacts with the FACT/DUF complex, which contains subunits ssrp1/duf87 and supt16h/duf140.
Necessary for the fragmentation of Golgi stacks during mitosis and for their reassembly after mitosis. Involved in the formation of the nuclear envelope, and of the transitional endoplasmic reticulum (tER). The transfer of membranes from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus occurs via 50-70 nm transition vesicles which derive from part-rough, part-smooth transitional elements of the endoplasmic reticulum (tER). Vesicle budding from the tER is an ATP-dependent process. Involved in endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced pre-emptive quality control, a mechanism that selectively attenuates the translocation of newly synthesized proteins into the endoplasmic reticulum and reroutes them to the cytosol for proteasomal degradation. Plays a role in the regulation of stress granules (SGs) clearance process upon arsenite-induced response (By similarity). Also involved in DNA damage response: recruited to double-strand breaks (DSBs) sites and promotes the recruitment of tp53bp1 at DNA damage sites (By similarity). Together with sprtn metalloprotease, involved in the repair of covalent DNA-protein cross-links (DPCs) during DNA synthesis (By similarity). Involved in interstrand cross-link repair in response to replication stress by mediating unloading of the ubiquitinated CMG helicase complex (PubMed:30979826, PubMed:30849395, PubMed:30842657). Enhances cell cycle progression and inhibits apoptosis at low temperatures (By similarity). Essential for the maturation of ubiquitin-containing autophagosomes and the clearance of ubiquitinated protein by autophagy (By similarity). Acts as a negative regulator of type I interferon production by promoting ubiquitination of rigi (By similarity). May play a role in the ubiquitin-dependent sorting of membrane proteins to lysosomes where they undergo degradation (By similarity). May more particularly play a role in caveolins sorting in cells (By similarity). By controlling the steady-state expression of the IGF1R receptor, indirectly regulates the insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling pathway (By similarity).
Belongs to the chloride channel MCLC family.
Seems to act as a chloride ion channel (By similarity). Plays a role in retina development (By similarity).
Belongs to the sphingomyelin synthase family.
Abundant in unfertilized eggs. Not detected in late gastrula or early neurula stages. Expressed in mid-neurula stages and maintained through tadpole stages.
In the embryo, expressed in the heart, pronephros and otic vesicles.
Receptor for Wnt proteins. Functions in the canonical Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway (PubMed:10969734). The canonical Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway leads to the activation of disheveled proteins, inhibition of GSK-3 kinase, nuclear accumulation of beta-catenin and activation of Wnt target genes (PubMed:10969734). A second signaling pathway involving PKC and calcium fluxes has been seen for some family members, but it is not yet clear if it represents a distinct pathway or if it can be integrated in the canonical pathway, as PKC seems to be required for Wnt-mediated inactivation of GSK-3 kinase. Both pathways seem to involve interactions with G-proteins. May be involved in transduction and intercellular transmission of polarity information during tissue morphogenesis and/or in differentiated tissues (Probable).
Interleukin-16 stimulates a migratory response in CD4+ lymphocytes, monocytes, and eosinophils. Primes CD4+ T-cells for IL-2 and IL-15 responsiveness. Also induces T-lymphocyte expression of interleukin 2 receptor. Ligand for CD4.
Belongs to the peptidase M24A family. Methionine aminopeptidase eukaryotic type 2 subfamily.
Binds 2 divalent metal cations per subunit. Has a high-affinity and a low affinity metal-binding site. The true nature of the physiological cofactor is under debate. The enzyme is active with cobalt, zinc, manganese or divalent iron ions. Most likely, methionine aminopeptidases function as mononuclear Fe(2+)-metalloproteases under physiological conditions, and the catalytically relevant metal-binding site has been assigned to the histidine-containing high-affinity site.
Binds EIF2S1 at low magnesium concentrations. Interacts strongly with the eIF-2 gamma-subunit EIF2S3.
Contains approximately 12 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) residues. O-glycosylation is required for EIF2S1 binding.
Cotranslationally removes the N-terminal methionine from nascent proteins. The N-terminal methionine is often cleaved when the second residue in the primary sequence is small and uncharged (Met-Ala-, Cys, Gly, Pro, Ser, Thr, or Val).
Protects eukaryotic initiation factor EIF2S1 from translation-inhibiting phosphorylation by inhibitory kinases such as EIF2AK2/PKR and EIF2AK1/HCR. Plays a critical role in the regulation of protein synthesis.
Involved in the post-translational conjugation of arginine to the N-terminal aspartate or glutamate of a protein. This arginylation is required for degradation of the protein via the ubiquitin pathway.
In contrast to other HSP90 heat shock proteins, this one is not induced by heat shock or mitogenic stimuli but is strictly constitutive.
In the resting state, through the dimerization of its C-terminal domain, HSP90 forms a homodimer which is defined as the open conformation. Upon ATP-binding, the N-terminal domain undergoes significant conformational changes and comes in contact to form an active closed conformation. After HSP90 finishes its chaperoning tasks of assisting the proper folding, stabilization and activation of client proteins under the active state, ATP molecule is hydrolyzed to ADP which then dissociates from HSP90 and directs the protein back to the resting state.
Molecular chaperone that promotes the maturation, structural maintenance and proper regulation of specific target proteins involved for instance in cell cycle control and signal transduction. Undergoes a functional cycle linked to its ATPase activity. This cycle probably induces conformational changes in the client proteins, thereby causing their activation. Interacts dynamically with various co-chaperones that modulate its substrate recognition, ATPase cycle and chaperone function. Engages with a range of client protein classes via its interaction with various co-chaperone proteins or complexes, that act as adapters, simultaneously able to interact with the specific client and the central chaperone itself. Recruitment of ATP and co-chaperone followed by client protein forms a functional chaperone. After the completion of the chaperoning process, properly folded client protein and co-chaperone leave HSP90 in an ADP-bound partially open conformation and finally, ADP is released from HSP90 which acquires an open conformation for the next cycle.
The TPR repeat-binding motif mediates interaction with TPR repeat-containing proteins.
RNA-binding protein that regulates alternative splicing events.
Component of the PI3K (PI3KC3/PI3K-III/class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) complex (By similarity).
May be proteolytically processed by caspases; the C-terminal fragment(s) may induce apoptosis.
Plays a central role in autophagy (By similarity). Acts as core subunit of different PI3K complex forms that mediate formation of phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate and are believed to play a role in multiple membrane trafficking pathways: PI3KC3-C1 is involved in initiation of autophagosomes and PI3KC3-C2 in maturation of autophagosomes and endocytosis (By similarity). Involved in regulation of degradative endocytic trafficking and required for the abcission step in cytokinesis, probably in the context of PI3KC3-C2 (By similarity). Essential for the formation of PI3KC3-C2 but not PI3KC3-C1 PI3K complex forms (By similarity). Involved in endocytosis including endosome formation in neuronal cells (By similarity).
Belongs to the WD repeat PROPPIN family.
Component of the autophagy machinery that controls the major intracellular degradation process by which cytoplasmic materials are packaged into autophagosomes and delivered to lysosomes for degradation. Binds phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PtdIns3P), and other phosphoinositides including PtdIns(3,5)P2, forming on membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum upon activation of the upstream ULK1 and PI3 kinases and is recruited at phagophore assembly sites where it regulates the elongation of nascent phagophores downstream of WIPI2.
The L/FRRG motif is required for recruitment to PtdIns3P.
Catalyzes the transfer of a dimethylallyl group onto the adenine at position 37.
G-protein coupled opioid receptor that functions as receptor for the endogenous neuropeptide nociceptin. Ligand binding causes a conformation change that triggers signaling via guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) and modulates the activity of down-stream effectors. Signaling via G proteins mediates inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity and calcium channel activity. Arrestins modulate signaling via G proteins and mediate the activation of alternative signaling pathways that lead to the activation of MAP kinases. Plays a role in modulating nociception and the perception of pain. Plays a role in the regulation of locomotor activity by the neuropeptide nociceptin.
Belongs to the potassium channel family. B (Shab) (TC 1.A.1.2) subfamily. Kv2.2/KCNB2 sub-subfamily.
Choline transporter that seems to play a role in the choline-acetylcholine system and is required to the efferent innervation of hair cells in the olivocochlear bundle for the maintenance of physiological function of outer hair cells and the protection of hair cells from acoustic injury.
Fibronectin and V-CAM adhesion receptor.
By bmp4 and its downstream effector smad1. Fgf enhances bmp4-induced expression.
Expressed in the ventral marginal zone of blastulae. At early gastrulation, expression begins to spread to the animal pole (ectoderm), and at stage 11.5 is expressed in a gradient across the animal cap, with levels highest in the ventral region. At the end of gastrulation, predominantly localized to the ventral and lateral regions of the closing slit blastopore. Also expressed at a low level in ventral endoderm.
Expression begins in the late blastula, peaks at stage 11 (early gastrula) and decreases thereafter.
The repressor activity is mostly localized to the C-terminal region.
Transcriptional repressor. Acts in a ventral signaling pathway downstream of bmp4, which suppresses dorsal mesoderm formation and leads to both ventral mesoderm and ventral ectoderm formation. Acts in the ectoderm to simultaneously specify epidermal lineages and restrict neuralization. Represses transcription of dorsal-specific genes. Binds to DNA, with preference for the target sequences 5'-TAATGC-3' and 5'-TAATTG-3'. Acts in a pathway downstream of bmp4 and fgf to negatively regulate erythroid specification.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family. CDC5/Polo subfamily.
Belongs to the eukaryotic RPC7 RNA polymerase subunit family.
Component of the RNA polymerase III (Pol III) complex.
Belongs to the deoxyhypusine synthase family.
Belongs to the triosephosphate isomerase family.
It is also responsible for the non-negligible production of methylglyoxal a reactive cytotoxic side-product that modifies and can alter proteins, DNA and lipids.
Triosephosphate isomerase is an extremely efficient metabolic enzyme that catalyzes the interconversion between dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.
Inhibits calcineurin-dependent transcriptional responses by binding to the catalytic domain of calcineurin A. Could play a role during central nervous system development.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 27 family.
Part of the WAVE complex that regulates lamellipodia formation. The WAVE complex regulates actin filament reorganization via its interaction with the Arp2/3 complex. Actin remodeling activity is regulated by RAC1 (By similarity). Plays a role in neural tube closure.
UDP-glucuronosyltransferases catalyze phase II biotransformation reactions in which lipophilic substrates are conjugated with glucuronic acid to increase water solubility and enhance excretion. They are of major importance in the conjugation and subsequent elimination of potentially toxic xenobiotics and endogenous compounds (By similarity).
Acts as a positive regulator of ciliary hedgehog signaling. Required for cilia biogenesis.
Belongs to the UNC119-binding protein family.
Interacts with unc119 family proteins; interaction preferentially takes place when unc119 proteins are unliganded with myristoylated proteins.
May play a role in immune regulation through regulation of the macrophage function (By similarity). May also play a role in trafficking of proteins via its interaction with unc119 family cargo adapters (By similarity). May play a role in ciliary membrane localization (By similarity).
Involved in oxygen transport from the lung to the various peripheral tissues.
Receptor for endothelin-1. Mediates its action by association with G proteins that activate a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system. The rank order of binding affinities for ET-A is: ET1 > ET2 >> ET3.
May act as a component of a corepressor complex that represses transcription.
Binds to actin and affects the structure of the cytoskeleton. At high concentrations, profilin prevents the polymerization of actin, whereas it enhances it at low concentrations. By binding to PIP2, it inhibits the formation of IP3 and DG.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Maternal levels decrease rapidly until the blastula stage. Absent from gastrula stage embryos and then zygotic expression starts during neurulation and persists until the end of organogenesis.
Localized to the animal hemisphere of early cleavage stage embryos. During neurulation, expressed in the neural folds. Later, expressed in the spinal cord and in the eye field. During tailbud stages, expression is still restricted to the neuroectoderm, predominantly to the hindbrain, the eye and the spinal cord. With ongoing development, expression is also found at lower levels in the branchial arches. At stage 35, expressed in the rhombencephalon and in the eye retina.
Transcription factor regulating the expression of cell cycle genes essential for DNA replication and mitosis. Plays a role in the control of cell proliferation. Also plays a role in DNA break repair, participating in the DNA damage checkpoint response. Promotes transcription of PHB2.
Structural component of the gap junctions and the hemichannels.
First detected in mid-neurula embryos in the folding neural tube. With the completion of neurulation, expression becomes localized to the midbrain/hindbrain boundary (MHB) till at least stage 40. Expression is absent from regions adjacent to the MHB. In tailbuds, weakly and transiently expressed in the developing otic vesicle from stage 21 to stage 27.
Belongs to the mannose-6-phosphate isomerase type 1 family.
Involved in the synthesis of the GDP-mannose and dolichol-phosphate-mannose required for a number of critical mannosyl transfer reactions.
Belongs to the ATP synthase subunit s family.
Homotetramer. Associates with ATP synthase.
Involved in regulation of mitochondrial membrane ATP synthase. Necessary for H(+) conduction of ATP synthase. Facilitates energy-driven catalysis of ATP synthesis by blocking a proton leak through an alternative proton exit pathway.
Belongs to the archaeal Rpo3/eukaryotic RPB3 RNA polymerase subunit family.
Serine/threonine-protein kinase involved in different processes such as apoptotic morphological changes, MAPK8/JNK and MAPK14/p38 MAPK signaling pathway.
Belongs to the mitochondrial Rho GTPase family.
Mitochondrial GTPase involved in mitochondrial trafficking.
May be a transcription factor required for the apoptosis response following survival factor withdrawal from myeloid cells. Might also have a role in the development and maturation of lymphoid cells.
Component of the ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase complex (complex III or cytochrome b-c1 complex) that is part of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. The b-c1 complex mediates electron transfer from ubiquinol to cytochrome c. Contributes to the generation of a proton gradient across the mitochondrial membrane that is then used for ATP synthesis.
Heme 1 (or BL or b562) is low-potential and absorbs at about 562 nm, and heme 2 (or BH or b566) is high-potential and absorbs at about 566 nm.
The cytochrome bc1 complex contains 3 respiratory subunits (MT-CYB, CYC1 and UQCRFS1), 2 core proteins (UQCRC1 and UQCRC2) and probably 6 low-molecular weight proteins.
The full-length protein contains only eight transmembrane helices, not nine as predicted by bioinformatics tools.
Belongs to the CSN7/EIF3M family. CSN7 subfamily.
Component of the COP9 signalosome complex (CSN), a complex involved in various cellular and developmental processes. The CSN complex is an essential regulator of the ubiquitin (Ubl) conjugation pathway by mediating the deneddylation of the cullin subunits of SCF-type E3 ligase complexes, leading to decrease the Ubl ligase activity of SCF-type complexes such as SCF, CSA or DDB2. The complex is also involved in phosphorylation of p53/TP53, JUN, I-kappa-B-alpha/NFKBIA, ITPK1 and IRF8/ICSBP, possibly via its association with CK2 and PKD kinases. CSN-dependent phosphorylation of TP53 and JUN promotes and protects degradation by the Ubl system, respectively.
Adapter protein that provides a link between the endocytic membrane traffic and the actin assembly machinery. Acts as guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for cdc42, and thereby stimulates actin nucleation mediated by wasl and the arp2/3 complex (By similarity). Involved in endocytosis of activated egfr, and probably also other growth factor receptors (By similarity).
Possible role in regulating endocytosis of the transferrin receptor at the plasma membrane. Alternatively, may function as a negative regulator of the amino acid-induced TOR signaling by inhibiting the formation of active Rag GTPase complexes. Preferentially binds inactive Rag GTPase complexes and prevents their interaction with the mTORC1 complex inhibiting its relocalization to lysosomes and its activation. Thereby, may indirectly regulate cell growth, proliferation and autophagy (By similarity).
The SH3 domain mediates localization to the clathrin-coated pits and vesicles.
Binds 1 [4Fe-4S] cluster. The cluster is coordinated with 3 cysteines and an exchangeable S-adenosyl-L-methionine.
Probable component of the wybutosine biosynthesis pathway. Wybutosine is a hyper modified guanosine with a tricyclic base found at the 3'-position adjacent to the anticodon of eukaryotic phenylalanine tRNA. Catalyzes the condensation of N-methylguanine with 2 carbon atoms from pyruvate to form the tricyclic 4-demethylwyosine, an intermediate in wybutosine biosynthesis (By similarity).
Belongs to the pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate oxidase family.
Catalyzes the oxidation of either pyridoxine 5'-phosphate (PNP) or pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate (PMP) into pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP).
May play a role in signaling pathways governing cellular proliferation.
Plays a role in primary cilia formation. Involved in cartilage and bone development. May play a role in the differentiation of cranial neural crest cells. May act as a downstream effector of hoxc8 during development.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL13 family.
A connexon is composed of a hexamer of connexins. Interacts with TMEM65.
Expressed in most tissues. Highest levels found in eye and brain.
One gap junction consists of a cluster of closely packed pairs of transmembrane channels, the connexons, through which materials of low MW diffuse from one cell to a neighboring cell. Plays an essential role in gap junction communication in the ventricles.
Catalyzes a 2-step reaction, involving the ATP-dependent carboxylation of the covalently attached biotin in the first step and the transfer of the carboxyl group to pyruvate in the second.
C-MYC I is active in oocytes, while C-MYC II is active in both oocytes and post-gastrula embryos.
Efficient DNA binding requires dimerization with another bHLH protein. Binds DNA as a heterodimer with MAX (By similarity).
Transcription factor that binds DNA in a non-specific manner, yet also specifically recognizes the core sequence 5'-CAC[GA]TG-3'. Activates the transcription of growth-related genes.
The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex catalyzes the overall conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA and CO(2), and thereby links the glycolytic pathway to the tricarboxylic cycle.
Belongs to the terpene cyclase/mutase family.
Belongs to the flavoprotein pyridine nucleotide cytochrome reductase family.
Belongs to the methylmalonyl-CoA mutase family.
Catalyzes the reversible isomerization of methylmalonyl-CoA (MMCoA) (generated from branched-chain amino acid metabolism and degradation of dietary odd chain fatty acids and cholesterol) to succinyl-CoA (3-carboxypropionyl-CoA), a key intermediate of the tricarboxylic acid cycle.
May be part of a signaling pathway that leads to NF-kappa-B activation.
Forms a regulatory protein-RNA complex, consisting of RCC1L, NGRN, RPUSD3, RPUSD4, TRUB2, FASTKD2 and 16S mt-rRNA. Interacts with 16S mt-rRNA; this interaction is direct.
Plays an essential role in mitochondrial ribosome biogenesis. As a component of a functional protein-RNA module, consisting of RCC1L, NGRN, RPUSD3, RPUSD4, TRUB2, FASTKD2 and 16S mitochondrial ribosomal RNA (16S mt-rRNA), controls 16S mt-rRNA abundance and is required for intra-mitochondrial translation of core subunits of the oxidative phosphorylation system.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL9 family.
Belongs to the GHMP kinase family. GalK subfamily.
Tubulin is the major constituent of microtubules. The gamma chain is found at microtubule organizing centers (MTOC) such as the spindle poles or the centrosome.
Protein phosphatase that associates with over 200 regulatory proteins to form highly specific holoenzymes which dephosphorylate hundreds of biological targets. Protein phosphatase (PP1) is essential for cell division, it participates in the regulation of glycogen metabolism, muscle contractility and protein synthesis. Involved in regulation of ionic conductances and long-term synaptic plasticity (By similarity).
Sumoylated. Sumoylation in the repressor domain inhibits the transcription repression activity. Sumoylation on Lys-1191 is the major site. Appears to be sumoylated on multiple sites (By similarity).
Transcriptional repressor. Represses expression of GATA-regulated genes at selected sites and stages in vertebrate development.
Belongs to the NAD(P)-dependent epimerase/dehydratase family. GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase subfamily.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 6 family.
Belongs to the pICln (TC 1.A.47) family.
Component of the methylosome, a 20S complex containing at least clns1a/picln, prmt5/skb1 and wdr77/mep50; may mediate snrpd1 and snrpd3 methylation. Forms a 6S pICln-Sm complex composed of clns1a/picln, snrpd1, snrpd2, snrpe, snrpf and snrpg; ring-like structure where clns1a/pICln mimics additional Sm proteins and which is unable to assemble into the core snRNP.
Involved in both the assembly of spliceosomal snRNPs and the methylation of Sm proteins (By similarity). Chaperone that regulates the assembly of spliceosomal U1, U2, U4 and U5 small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs), the building blocks of the spliceosome, and thereby plays an important role in the splicing of cellular pre-mRNAs (By similarity). Most spliceosomal snRNPs contain a common set of Sm proteins SNRPB, SNRPD1, SNRPD2, SNRPD3, SNRPE, SNRPF and SNRPG that assemble in a heptameric protein ring on the Sm site of the small nuclear RNA to form the core snRNP (Sm core) (By similarity). In the cytosol, the Sm proteins SNRPD1, SNRPD2, SNRPE, SNRPF and SNRPG are trapped in an inactive 6S pICln-Sm complex by the chaperone CLNS1A that controls the assembly of the core snRNP (By similarity). Dissociation by the SMN complex of CLNS1A from the trapped Sm proteins and their transfer to an SMN-Sm complex triggers the assembly of core snRNPs and their transport to the nucleus (By similarity).
Bifunctional enzyme that catalyzes 2 sequential steps in C-terminal alpha-amidation of peptides. The monooxygenase part produces an unstable peptidyl(2-hydroxyglycine) intermediate that is dismutated to glyoxylate and the corresponding desglycine peptide amide by the lyase part. C-terminal amidation of peptides such as neuropeptides is essential for full biological activity (By similarity).
During embryonic development, interferes with neural crest formation. Inhibits AP2 transcriptional activity by interaction with its activation domain.
Interacts with TFAP2A; this interaction inhibits TFAP2A transcriptional activation.
Belongs to the peptidase M67A family. BRCC36 subfamily.
Component of the BRCA1-A complex, at least composed of brca1, bard1, uimc1/rap80, abraxas1, brcc3/brcc36, babam2 and babam1/nba1. In the BRCA1-A complex, interacts directly with ABRAXAS1 and babam2. Component of the BRISC complex, at least composed of ABRAXAS2, brcc3/brcc36, babam2 and babam1/nba1. Within the complex, interacts directly with abraxas2. Both the BRCA1-A complex and the BRISC complex bind polyubiquitin (By similarity).
Metalloprotease that specifically cleaves 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitin chains. Does not have activity toward 'Lys-48'-linked polyubiquitin chains. Component of the BRCA1-A complex, a complex that specifically recognizes 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitinated histones H2A and H2AX at DNA lesions sites, leading to target the brca1-bard1 heterodimer to sites of DNA damage at double-strand breaks (DSBs). In the BRCA1-A complex, it specifically removes 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitin on histones H2A and H2AX, antagonizing the rnf8-dependent ubiquitination at double-strand breaks (DSBs). Catalytic subunit of the BRISC complex, a multiprotein complex that specifically cleaves 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitin in various substrates. Mediates the specific 'Lys-63'-specific deubiquitination associated with the COP9 signalosome complex (CSN), via the interaction of the BRISC complex with the CSN complex. The BRISC complex is required for normal mitotic spindle assembly and microtubule attachment to kinetochores via its role in deubiquitinating numa1. Plays a role in interferon signaling via its role in the deubiquitination of the interferon receptor ifnar1; deubiquitination increases ifnar1 activity by enhancing its stability and cell surface expression. Down-regulates the response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) via its role in ifnar1 deubiquitination.
Involved in the processing of hormone and other protein precursors at sites comprised of pairs of basic amino acid residues. Substrates include POMC, renin, enkephalin, dynorphin, somatostatin, insulin and AGRP.
Belongs to the nucleoporin Nup133 family.
Expressed maternally in the oocyte (at protein level).
Phosphorylated. Phosphorylation affects nuclear translocation (By similarity).
RNA-binding protein that plays an essential role in the biogenesis of circular RNAs (circRNAs) which are produced by back-splicing circularization of pre-mRNAs. Within the nucleus, promotes circRNAs processing by stabilizing the regulatory elements residing in the flanking introns of the circularized exons. Plays thereby a role in the back-splicing of a subset of circRNAs. As a consequence, participates in a wide range of transcriptional and post-transcriptional processes. Binds to poly-U elements and AU-rich elements (AREs) in the 3'-UTR of target mRNAs (By similarity). Upon viral infection, ILF3 accumulates in the cytoplasm and participates in the innate antiviral response. Mechanistically, ILF3 becomes phosphorylated and activated by the double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase/PKR which releases ILF3 from cellular mature circRNAs. In turn, unbound ILF3 molecules are able to interact with and thus inhibit viral mRNAs. Has a cytoplasmic role early in development as part of a ribonucleoprotein (mRNP) complex which may regulate mRNA transport and/or translation. Following nuclear localization at the mid-blastula transition, acts as a transcription factor and binds the 5'-CCAAT-3' promoter sequence to regulate transcription of the gata2 gene as a subunit of the CCAAT box transcription factor (CBTF). Its role as an mRNP component negatively regulates its activity as a transcription factor by precluding its nuclear localization.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase which accepts ubiquitin specifically from endoplasmic reticulum-associated UBC7 E2 ligase and transfers it to substrates, promoting their degradation. Component of the endoplasmic reticulum quality control (ERQC) system also called ER-associated degradation (ERAD) involved in ubiquitin-dependent degradation of misfolded endoplasmic reticulum proteins. Also promotes the degradation of normal but naturally short-lived proteins. Protects cells from ER stress-induced apoptosis. Sequesters p53 in the cytoplasm and promotes its degradation, thereby negatively regulating its biological function in transcription, cell cycle regulation and apoptosis (By similarity).
The RING-type zinc finger is required for E3 ligase activity.
Has a dual function in oocytes: as a DNA-binding protein, binds to the Y-box sequence (CTGATTGGCCAA) in the promoters of target genes to stimulate transcription. May also function at CCAAT-containing promoters that lack the consensus Y-box sequence. Also binds mRNA to promote accumulation of the transcripts it contributes to produce.
In adults, expression is restricted to the ovary and testis.
Phosphorylation activates in vitro RNA binding.
Possibly forms a heterodimer with p54 in the 6S and 15S mRNA-binding particles. The principle component of multiple messenger ribonucleoprotein (mRNP) complexes. Component of a ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex, composed at least of elavl1/elrA and/or elavl2/elrB, igf2bp3/vg1RBP, ddx6/Xp54, ybx2/frgy2, lsm14b/rap55b and, in a subset of RNP complexes, stau1/staufen. Component of a ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex, at least composed of lsm14a/rap55a, ybx2/frgy2, ddx6/Xp54 and eif4enif1/4E-T. Does not appear to directly bind lsm14a/rap55a. Component of a ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex, at least composed of cpeb1, lsm14b/rap55b, ddx6/Xp54, ybx2/frgy2, pat1/P100, eif4enif1/4E-T and eif4e1b. Interaction with cpeb1 is RNA-dependent.
PubMed:2247479 report a decline in expression during oogenesis, but PubMed:1729676 show expression is maintained at a high level throughout oogenesis.
Belongs to the SPTSS family. SPTSSA subfamily.
Involved in dorsal-ventral patterning, permitting peak BMP signaling by antagonizing the residual anti-BMP activity of the cleavage products of chrd. Functions to promote the formation of ventral mesoderm by increasing the activity of bmp7 and other BMPS. Seems to antagonize BMP signaling by forming ternary complexes with chrd and BMPs, thereby preventing BMPs from binding to their receptors. In addition to the anti-BMP function, also has pro-BMP activity, partly mediated by cleavage and degradation of chrd, which releases BMPs from ternary complexes. May be an important modulator of BMP-regulated cartilage development and chondrocyte differentiation (By similarity).
Maternal transcripts detected in eggs. Uniform expression across the entire animal hemisphere and marginal zone of the early gastrula. At tailbud stage, expressed in the developing tail, anterior brain, eye and heart.
Posterior defects are induced by overexpression. This may arise through alteration of bmp4 or chrd function in the developing tailbud region.
Although related to the peptidase M67A family, it lacks the JAMM motif that probably constitutes the catalytic center and therefore it probably does not have a protease activity.
Belongs to the peptidase M67A family. CSN6 subfamily.
Component of the COP9 signalosome complex (CSN), a complex involved in various cellular and developmental processes (By similarity). The CSN complex is an essential regulator of the ubiquitin (Ubl) conjugation pathway by mediating the deneddylation of the cullin subunits of E3 ligase complexes, leading to modify the Ubl ligase activity (By similarity).
Component of the COP9 signalosome complex (CSN), a complex involved in various cellular and developmental processes.
Belongs to the PIEZO (TC 1.A.75) family.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFB11 subunit family.
Hydrolyzes ADP-ribose, IDP-ribose, CDP-glycerol, CDP-choline and CDP-ethanolamine, but not other non-reducing ADP-sugars or CDP-glucose.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. TPMT family.
ATPase required for the post-translational delivery of tail-anchored (TA) proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum. Recognizes and selectively binds the transmembrane domain of TA proteins in the cytosol. This complex then targets to the endoplasmic reticulum by membrane-bound receptors, where the tail-anchored protein is released for insertion. This process is regulated by ATP binding and hydrolysis. ATP binding drives the homodimer towards the closed dimer state, facilitating recognition of newly synthesized TA membrane proteins. ATP hydrolysis is required for insertion. Subsequently, the homodimer reverts towards the open dimer state, lowering its affinity for the membrane-bound receptor, and returning it to the cytosol to initiate a new round of targeting.
Belongs to the metallothionein superfamily. Type 1 family.
Class I metallothioneins contain 2 metal-binding domains: four divalent ions are chelated within cluster A of the alpha domain and are coordinated via cysteinyl thiolate bridges to 11 cysteine ligands. Cluster B, the corresponding region within the beta domain, can ligate three divalent ions to 9 cysteines.
Metallothioneins have a high content of cysteine residues that bind various heavy metals.
Belongs to the pseudouridine synthase RluA family.
Responsible for synthesis of pseudouridine from uracil.
High affinity receptor for urotensin-2 and urotensin-2B. The activity of this receptor is mediated by a G-protein that activate a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system.
DNA polymerase II participates in chromosomal DNA replication.
Associates with 90S and pre-40S pre-ribosomal particles.
Component of the 90S pre-ribosome involved in the maturation of rRNAs. Required for early cleavages of the pre-RNAs in the 40S ribosomal subunit maturation pathway.
Belongs to the myelin proteolipid protein family.
This is the major myelin protein from the central nervous system. It plays an important role in the formation or maintenance of the multilamellar structure of myelin.
The small GTPases Rab are key regulators in vesicle trafficking.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family. I-kappa-B kinase subfamily.
Comprises A N-terminal kinase domain, a ubiquitin-like domain and a C-terminal coiled-coil region mediating homodimerization.
Serine/threonine kinase that plays an essential role in regulating inflammatory responses to foreign agents. Following activation of toll-like receptors by viral or bacterial components, associates with traf3 and tank and phosphorylates interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) irf3 and irf7 as well as ddx3x. This activity allows subsequent homodimerization and nuclear translocation of the IRFs leading to transcriptional activation of pro-inflammatory and antiviral genes including ifna and ifnb. In order to establish such an antiviral state, TBK1 form several different complexes whose composition depends on the type of cell and cellular stimuli.
Receptor for the chemotactic and inflammatory peptide anaphylatoxin C3a. This receptor stimulates chemotaxis, granule enzyme release and superoxide anion production.
Belongs to the vasopressin/oxytocin family.
At neurula in anterior neural fold; at tailbud in dorsal midline of midbrain.
Disulfide bonds have critical and distinct roles in secretion and activity. Loss of each conserved cysteine results in high molecular weight oxidized Wnt oligomers, which are formed through inter-Wnt disulfide bonding.
Ligand for members of the frizzled family of seven transmembrane receptors. Functions in the canonical Wnt signaling pathway that results in activation of transcription factors of the TCF/LEF family. Required for normal embryonic mesoderm development and formation of caudal somites. Required for normal morphogenesis of the developing neural tube.
Proposed core component of the chromatin remodeling Ino80 complex which exhibits DNA- and nucleosome-activated ATPase activity and catalyzes ATP-dependent nucleosome sliding.
Expressed in the neurula and persists during embryogenesis in the brain, cranial nerves and spinal cord.
Growth cones of embryonic vertebrate neurons.
Belongs to the glycoprotein hormones subunit beta family.
Expressed from the early tailbud stage (at protein level). Expressed in animal pole blastomeres of the four-cell embryo and in the neural crest and neural folds of the neurula stage embryo.
Anorexigenic peptide. Increases the pigmentation of skin by increasing melanin production in melanocytes.
Increases the pigmentation of skin by increasing melanin production in melanocytes.
Specific enzymatic cleavages at paired basic residues yield the different active peptides.
Stimulates the adrenal glands to release cortisol.
May mediate the intracellular trafficking of ceramide in a non-vesicular manner.
The PH domain targets the Golgi apparatus.
The START domain recognizes ceramide and mediates the intermembrane transfer of ceramide.
Belongs to the protein-tyrosine phosphatase family. Non-receptor class 1 subfamily.
Belongs to the thiolase-like superfamily. Beta-ketoacyl-ACP synthases family.
Belongs to the Clp1 family. Clp1 subfamily.
Component of the tRNA splicing endonuclease complex. Component of pre-mRNA cleavage complex II (CF-II).
Polynucleotide kinase that can phosphorylate the 5'-hydroxyl groups of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), single-stranded RNA (ssRNA), double stranded DNA (dsDNA) and double-stranded DNA:RNA hybrids. dsRNA is phosphorylated more efficiently than dsDNA, and the RNA component of a DNA:RNA hybrid is phosphorylated more efficiently than the DNA component. Appears to have roles in both tRNA splicing and mRNA 3'-end formation. Component of the tRNA splicing endonuclease complex. Phosphorylates the 5'-terminus of the tRNA 3'-exon during tRNA splicing; this phosphorylation event is a prerequisite for the subsequent ligation of the two exon halves and the production of a mature tRNA. Component of the pre-mRNA cleavage complex II (CF-II), which seems to be required for mRNA 3'-end formation. Also phosphorylates the 5'-terminus of exogenously introduced short interfering RNAs (siRNAs), which is a necessary prerequisite for their incorporation into the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). However, endogenous siRNAs and microRNAs (miRNAs) that are produced by the cleavage of dsRNA precursors by DICER1 already contain a 5'-phosphate group, so this protein may be dispensible for normal RNA-mediated gene silencing.
Polynucleotide kinase that can phosphorylate the 5'-hydroxyl groups of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), single-stranded RNA (ssRNA), double stranded DNA (dsDNA) and double-stranded DNA:RNA hybrids. dsRNA is phosphorylated more efficiently than dsDNA, and the RNA component of a DNA:RNA hybrid is phosphorylated more efficiently than the DNA component. Plays a role in both tRNA splicing and mRNA 3'-end formation. Component of the tRNA splicing endonuclease complex: phosphorylates the 5'-terminus of the tRNA 3'-exon during tRNA splicing; this phosphorylation event is a prerequisite for the subsequent ligation of the two exon halves and the production of a mature tRNA. Its role in tRNA splicing and maturation is required for cerebellar development. Component of the pre-mRNA cleavage complex II (CF-II), which seems to be required for mRNA 3'-end formation. Also phosphorylates the 5'-terminus of exogenously introduced short interfering RNAs (siRNAs), which is a necessary prerequisite for their incorporation into the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). However, endogenous siRNAs and microRNAs (miRNAs) that are produced by the cleavage of dsRNA precursors by dicer1 already contain a 5'-phosphate group, so this protein may be dispensible for normal RNA-mediated gene silencing (By similarity).
Belongs to the DNA mismatch repair MutS family.
Component of the post-replicative DNA mismatch repair system (MMR).
Mediates the nuclear export of actin and profilin-actin complexes in somatic cells.
Mediates the nuclear export of actin and profilin-actin complexes in somatic cells. Oocyte nuclei lack active actin export (By similarity).
Acts as a dual-specificity protein phosphatase, dephosphorylating tyrosine-, serine- and threonine-phosphorylated proteins. Also acts as a lipid phosphatase, removing the phosphate in the D3 position of the inositol ring from phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate, phosphatidylinositol 3,4-diphosphate, phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate and inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate with order of substrate preference in vitro PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 > PtdIns(3,4)P2 > PtdIns3P > Ins(1,3,4,5)P4.
Belongs to the glycine N-acyltransferase family.
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mL54 family.
First detected at the mid-blastula transition. In gastrula, detected at the marginal zone. In neurula, detected at the boundary between midbrain and hindbrain, and at the anterior neural ridge. In tadpoles, detected in telencephalon, diencephalon, at the boundary between midbrain and hindbrain, in ears and branchial arches.
Functions in cell-cell adhesion, cell migration and axon guidance, exerting an attractive or repulsive role depending on its interaction partners (By similarity). Modulates cadherin-dependent cell-cell adhesion and cell sorting (PubMed:20027292, PubMed:19492039). Plays a role in the spatial organization of brain neurons. Plays a role in vascular development. Plays a role in cell-cell adhesion via its interaction with latrophilins that are expressed at the surface of adjacent cells. Mediates axon attraction towards cells expressing ntn1. Mediates axon growth cone collapse and plays a repulsive role in neuron guidance via its interaction with unc-5 family members. Plays a role in the regulation of the density of glutamaergic synapses (By similarity). Plays a role in signaling cascades downstream of fgfr1, and possibly also other fgfr family members (PubMed:14688794). Plays a role in embryonic morphogenesis, but not in embryonic patterning (PubMed:19492039).
Interacts with fgfr1 and fgfr4 (PubMed:14688794). Interacts with rnd1, cdh1 and pcdh8 (PubMed:20027292). Interacts (via extracellular domain) with unc5b and unc5d (via extracellular domain) (PubMed:19492039).
Proteolytic cleavage in the juxtamembrane region gives rise to a soluble ectodomain. Cleavage is probably effected by a metalloprotease.
Binds DNA as a multimer, probably as a dimer. Interacts with hdac9.
May regulate muscle-specific transcription in the embryo and may regulate transcription of a variety of cell types in the adult. It binds to the sequence 5'-CTA[TA]4TAR-3'.
Restricted to the somitic mesoderm of early embryos and to the body muscle (myotomes) of the tadpole. Expressed in all tissues examined in the adult.
Cadherins are calcium-dependent cell adhesion proteins. They preferentially interact with themselves in a homophilic manner in connecting cells; cadherins may thus contribute to the sorting of heterogeneous cell types.
Three calcium ions are usually bound at the interface of each cadherin domain.
Unfertilized eggs and early Xenopus embryos.
Arginine methyltransferase that can catalyze the formation of both omega-N monomethylarginine (MMA) and asymmetrical dimethylarginine (aDMA), with a strong preference for the formation of aDMA. Preferentially methylates arginyl residues present in a glycine and arginine-rich domain and displays preference for monomethylated substrates. Specifically mediates the asymmetric dimethylation of histone H3 'Arg-2' to form H3R2me2a. H3R2me2a represents a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional repression and is mutually exclusive with methylation on histone H3 'Lys-4' (H3K4me2 and H3K4me3). Acts as a transcriptional repressor of various genes such as HOXA2, THBS1 and TP53. Repression of TP53 blocks cellular senescence. Also methylates histone H2A and H4 'Arg-3' (H2AR3me and H4R3me, respectively). Acts as a regulator of DNA base excision during DNA repair by mediating the methylation of DNA polymerase beta (POLB), leading to the stimulation of its polymerase activity by enhancing DNA binding and processivity. Methylates HMGA1. Regulates alternative splicing events. Acts as a transcriptional coactivator of a number of steroid hormone receptors including ESR1, ESR2, PGR and NR3C1.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. Protein arginine N-methyltransferase family. PRMT6 subfamily.
Probable dioxygenase that requires molecular oxygen, alpha-ketoglutarate and iron.
Belongs to the flagellar radial spoke RSP3 family.
May interfere with constitutive 5'-splice site selection.
Belongs to the pseudouridine synthase TruD family.
Component of the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), a cell cycle-regulated E3 ubiquitin ligase that controls progression through mitosis and the G1 phase of the cell cycle.
The APC/C is composed of at least 12 subunits.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL4 family.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFB4 subunit family.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CMGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. GSK-3 subfamily.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase involved in ubiquitin fusion degradation (UFD) pathway and regulation of DNA repair. Part of the ubiquitin fusion degradation (UFD) pathway, a process that mediates ubiquitination of protein at their N-terminus, regardless of the presence of lysine residues in target proteins.
Catalyzes the transfer of endogenously produced octanoic acid from octanoyl-acyl-carrier-protein onto the lipoyl domains of lipoate-dependent enzymes. Lipoyl-ACP can also act as a substrate although octanoyl-ACP is likely to be the physiological substrate.
May play a role in cell-cell adhesion and epithelium development (By similarity). May play an important role in cortical development, especially in the maintenance of radial glia (By similarity).
Adapter protein implicated in the regulation of a large spectrum of both general and specialized signaling pathways. Binds to a large number of partners, usually by recognition of a phosphoserine or phosphothreonine motif. Binding generally results in the modulation of the activity of the binding partner (By similarity).
Homodimer, and heterodimer with other family members.
Component of the mcm2-7 complex (RLF-M) (PubMed:8816774, PubMed:16369567, PubMed:7760937, PubMed:7760938, PubMed:9214646, PubMed:9214647, PubMed:9851868). The complex forms a toroidal hexameric ring with the proposed subunit order mcm2-mcm6-mcm4-mcm7-mcm3-mcm5 (PubMed:16369567, PubMed:7760937, PubMed:7760938, PubMed:9214646, PubMed:9214647, PubMed:9851868). The heterodimer of mmcm3/mcm5 interacts with mcm4, mmcm6, mcm7 and weakly with mcm2 (PubMed:16369567, PubMed:7760937, PubMed:7760938, PubMed:9214646, PubMed:9214647, PubMed:9851868). Interacts with mcm7, though this interaction may not be direct, and remains in a complex with mcm7 throughout the cell cycle (PubMed:8816774). Component of the CMG helicase complex, composed of the mcm2-7 complex, the GINS complex and cdc45 (PubMed:30979826, PubMed:30842657).
Expressed maternally. Expression decreases suddenly at the gastrula stage.
Transcriptional repressor that binds to the promoter region of target genes. Plays a role in the regulation of the cell cycle and of the Wnt pathway. Binds preferentially to the sequence 5'-TTCATTCATTCA-3'. Binding to the histone H1.0 promoter is enhanced by interaction with RB1. Disrupts the interaction between DNA and TCF4.
Expressed during the course of nervous system (CNS) development, with expression in differentiating primary neurons at stage 15, in the neural tube and olfactory placodes at stage 19, and in the developing eye and other anterior neural structures by stage 27. Expressed in the optic vesicle at stage 25, and increases in the eye at later stages (PubMed:29518376).
Expressed in differentiating progenitors in the developing central nervous system (CNS) (PubMed:29518376).
Morpholino knockdown of the protein causes inhibition of primary neurogenesis (PubMed:29518376).
Required for neurogenesis in the neural plate and retina. Cooperates with cell cycle inhibitor cdknx/p27(xic1) to enhance neurogenesis and increase the levels of the neuronal determination factor neurog2/X-ngngr-1 (PubMed:29518376).
As a component of IFT complex A (IFT-A), a complex required for retrograde ciliary transport and entry into cilia of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), it is involved in ciliogenesis. Involved in retrograde ciliary transport along microtubules from the ciliary tip to the base.
Component of the IFT complex A (IFT-A) complex.
Functions as cell surface receptor for TIMP1 and plays a role in the activation of cellular signaling cascades. Plays a role in the activation of ITGB1 and integrin signaling, leading to the activation of AKT, FAK/PTK2 and MAP kinases. Promotes cell survival, reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton, cell adhesion, spreading and migration, via its role in the activation of AKT and FAK/PTK2. Plays a role in VEGFA signaling via its role in regulating the internalization of KDR/VEGFR2. Plays a role in intracellular vesicular transport processes, and is required for normal trafficking of the PMEL luminal domain that is essential for the development and maturation of melanocytes. Plays a role in the adhesion of leukocytes onto endothelial cells via its role in the regulation of SELP trafficking. May play a role in mast cell degranulation in response to Ms4a2/FceRI stimulation, but not in mast cell degranulation in response to other stimuli.
Belongs to the class-I pyridine nucleotide-disulfide oxidoreductase family. PYROXD1 subfamily.
Belongs to the peptidase C19 family. USP10 subfamily.
Hydrolase that can remove conjugated ubiquitin from target proteins such as p53/tp53. Acts as an essential regulator of p53/tp53 stability: in unstressed cells, specifically deubiquitinates p53/tp53 in the cytoplasm, leading to counteracts MDM2 action and stabilize p53/tp53. Following DNA damage, translocates to the nucleus and deubiquitinates p53/tp53, leading to regulate the p53/TP53-dependent DNA damage response. Component of a regulatory loop that controls autophagy and p53/tp53 levels (By similarity).
Belongs to the metallo-dependent hydrolases superfamily. HutI family.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Expressed at a low level maternally with expression levels increasing rapidly after stage 9. Expression is maintained throughout development and in a range of adult tissues including the ovary and testis.
Homodimer; disulfide-linked (By similarity). Forms heterodimers with the TGF-beta family member derriere. Part of a complex consisting of twsg1 and chrd. Interacts with tsku (PubMed:16319115).
Posterior-ventralizing factor in Xenopus mesoderm induction. Induces posteroventral mesoderm and counteracts dorsalizing signals such as activin.
Exhibits mesoderm-dorsalizing activity and neural-inducing activity, but lacks mesoderm-inducing activity. Regulates the expression of specific mesodermal and neural genes. Induces convergent extension movements at the embryonic midline by activating the fgf signaling pathway to induce t/bra expression in the organizer region. Acts with wnt11 to induce Spemann organizer cells and induce axis formation. The unprocessed protein antagonizes bmp-signaling (By similarity).
Expressed in the dorsal marginal region of late blastula, becoming restricted to the dorsal blastopore lip (Spemann organizer) at the early gastrula stage.
Monomer. The propeptide region interacts with bmp4 in a non-covalent manner (By similarity).
The propeptide region is both necessary and sufficient for bmp-inhibitory activity. The propeptide region and the N- and C-terminal thirds of the mature protein are necessary for neural induction activity. Although cleavage doesn't appear essential for activity, residues surrounding the cleavage site are necessary for activity (By similarity).
Belongs to the class-II aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family. Phe-tRNA synthetase alpha subunit type 2 subfamily.
Heterotetramer; dimer of two heterodimers formed by alpha and beta subunits.
Belongs to the rod/cone cGMP-PDE gamma subunit family.
Participates in processes of transmission and amplification of the visual signal. cGMP-PDEs are the effector molecules in G-protein-mediated phototransduction in vertebrate rods and cones.
Converts big endothelin-1 to endothelin-1.
Exhibits ester hydrolase activity on the substrate p-nitrophenyl acetate.
Binds calcium and zinc ions; this stabilizes the protein fold and is essential for protein-protein interactions mediated by this domain.
Interacts with BOC and CDON. Interacts with HHIP.
N-palmitoylation by HHAT of DhhN is required for desert hedgehog protein N-product multimerization and full activity (By similarity).
Partially autoproteolyzed (By similarity). The C-terminal domain displays an autoproteolysis activity and a cholesterol transferase activity (By similarity). Both activities result in the cleavage of the full-length protein and covalent attachment of a cholesterol moiety to the C-terminal of the newly generated N-terminal fragment (DhhN) (By similarity).
The C-terminal domain regulates the auto-processing and controls the juxtacrine signaling.
The C-terminal part of the desert hedgehog protein precursor displays an autoproteolysis and a cholesterol transferase activity (By similarity). Both activities result in the cleavage of the full-length protein into two parts (DhhN and DhhC) followed by the covalent attachment of a cholesterol moiety to the C-terminal of the newly generated DhhN (By similarity). Both activities occur in the reticulum endoplasmic (By similarity).
The dually lipidated desert hedgehog protein N-product (DhhNp) is essential for a variety of patterning events during development (By similarity). Involved in the early induction and patterning of anterodorsal ectoderm, nervous system and somites. Induces ectopic cement gland formation in embryos (PubMed:7671800). Binds to the patched (PTCH1) receptor, which functions in association with smoothened (SMO), to activate the transcription of target genes (By similarity).
Adapter protein that links membrane-bound small G-proteins to cytoplasmic effector proteins. Necessary for CDC42-mediated reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and for RAC1-mediated membrane ruffling. Involved in the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton by WASF family members and the Arp2/3 complex. Plays a role in neurite growth. Acts syngeristically with ENAH to promote filipodia formation. Plays a role in the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton in response to bacterial infection. Participates in actin bundling when associated with EPS8, promoting filopodial protrusions.
Belongs to the strictosidine synthase family.
Monomer. Homodecamer; composed of 2 back to back homopentamers. The protein may exist as monomer in solution and oiligomerizes upon ligand binding.
Putative nucleotidyltransferase required for several aspects of embryonic development including normal development of the eye (By similarity). It is unclear whether it displays nucleotidyltransferase activity in vivo. Binds single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) (By similarity).
Belongs to the complex I NDUFS5 subunit family.
Mammalian complex I is composed of 45 different subunits. This is a component of the iron-sulfur (IP) fragment of the enzyme.
Belongs to the eukaryotic RPA49/POLR1E RNA polymerase subunit family.
Component of the RNA polymerase I (Pol I) complex consisting of at least 13 subunits.
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Component of RNA polymerase I which synthesizes ribosomal RNA precursors. Appears to be involved in the formation of the initiation complex at the promoter by mediating the interaction between Pol I and UBTF/UBF.
Belongs to the class V-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. Histone-lysine methyltransferase family. Suvar3-9 subfamily.
Histone methyltransferase that specifically trimethylates 'Lys-9' of histone H3. H3 'Lys-9' trimethylation represents a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional repression by recruiting HP1 (CBX1, CBX3 and/or CBX5) proteins to methylated histones. Mainly functions in euchromatin regions, thereby playing a central role in the silencing of euchromatic genes. H3 'Lys-9' trimethylation is coordinated with DNA methylation. Plays a role in promoter hypermethylation and transcriptional silencing of tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) or other tumor-related genes. Also required to maintain a transcriptionally repressive state of genes in undifferentiated embryonic stem cells (ESCs). Associates at promoter regions of tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) leading to their gene silencing (By similarity).
In the pre-SET domain, Cys residues bind 3 zinc ions that are arranged in a triangular cluster; some of these Cys residues contribute to the binding of two zinc ions within the cluster.
Component of ORC, a complex composed of at least 6 subunits: ORC1, ORC2, ORC3, ORC4, ORC5 and ORC6. ORC is regulated in a cell-cycle dependent manner. It is sequentially assembled at the exit from anaphase of mitosis and disassembled as cells enter S phase.
Phosphorylated. Stably phosphorylated throughout the cell cycle.
Present early in development. During oogenesis and maturation, low levels are detected in growing oocyte stages V-VI. Expression increases significantly during oocyte maturation. After fertilization, the level decreases slowly until the mid-blastula transition (MBT, stage 8.5). A sharper decrease occurs after MBT. Not detected in embryos past stage 10 of development (at protein level).
Regulatory subunit for cdc7 which activates its kinase activity thereby playing a central role in DNA replication and cell proliferation. Specifically required during the initiation of DNA replication in egg and during early embryonic development. The complex cdc7-dbf4b phosphorylates mcm2 and mcm4 subunits and is required for cdc45 loading.
Belongs to the ATP:guanido phosphotransferase family.
Component of the spliceosome B complex. Interacts with ik.
Involved in pre-mRNA splicing as a component of the spliceosome (By similarity). Required for normal accumulation of ik (By similarity). Required for normal mitotic spindle assembly and normal progress through mitosis (By similarity).
The WD repeats assemble into a seven-bladed WD propeller.
Belongs to the Mrp/NBP35 ATP-binding proteins family. NUBP1/NBP35 subfamily.
Binds 4 [4Fe-4S] clusters per heterotetramer. Contains two stable clusters in the N-termini of nubp1 and two labile, bridging clusters between subunits of the nubp1-nubp2 heterotetramer.
Component of the cytosolic iron-sulfur (Fe/S) protein assembly (CIA) machinery. Required for maturation of extramitochondrial Fe-S proteins. The nubp1-nubp2 heterotetramer forms a Fe-S scaffold complex, mediating the de novo assembly of an Fe-S cluster and its transfer to target apoproteins.
Heterotetramer of 2 nubp1 and 2 nubp2 chains.
May be a carrier that transport small solutes by using chemiosmotic ion gradients.
Plays a role in U6 snRNP assembly and function. Binds to the 3' end of U6 snRNA.
Belongs to the eukaryotic cobalamin transport proteins family.
Expressed dynamically in a dorsal to ventral wave in the animal cap ectoderm in late blastula and gastrula stages. Expression is present in the cap in a salt and pepper arrangement which is maintained throughout early development. Expressed in lower levels in the mesoderm. At later stages, expression is lost from the developing nervous system, but epidermal expression persists through tailbud stages.
Expression begins at stage 8.5, after the mid-blastula transition. Expression is highest at early gastrula stages and is maintained throughout neurula, tailbud and early tadpole stages.
Inhibited by nodal signaling downstream of vegt, and by notch signaling downstream of dvr1/vg1. Neurula stage, but not early stage, expression is regulated by canonical wnt signaling.
Transcriptional activator. Activates ectoderm, in addition to inhibiting mesoderm and endoderm formation; required at the blastula stage for normal formation of both the central nervous system and epidermis, the two early derivatives of the ectoderm. In addition, also required to maintain the regional identity of the animal cells of the blastula, the cells that are precursors of ectodermal structures. Also plays a role in differential adhesion, which limits cell mixing as primary germ layers become specified.
May be involved in MAP kinase activation, epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) down-regulation and cell cycling.
Catalyzes the initial reaction in intramitochondrial fatty acid synthesis, by activating malonate and methylmalonate, but not acetate, into their respective CoA thioester. May have some preference toward very-long-chain substrates.
By bmp-signaling in the ventral mesoderm. Inhibition by fgf regulates the timing of hematopoiesis.
First expressed at stage 12/13 (gastrula) of embryogenesis, with expression increasing through the tadpole stages.
First expressed in patches on the ventral side of the embryo in a region that will give rise to hematopoietic tissue. By late neurula stages, expressed throughout the ventral blood island region. By tailbud stages, expression extends to probable vascular progenitor cells, but is excluded from the presumptive liver anlage. Also expressed in the central nervous system at the tailbud stage.
Transcription factor that acts synergistically with lmo2 and gata1 to specify embryonic dorsal mesoderm to a hematopoietic fate.
FABPs are thought to play a role in the intracellular transport of long-chain fatty acids and their acyl-CoA esters.
Forms a beta-barrel structure that accommodates the hydrophobic ligand in its interior.
Downstream effector molecule involved in the transmission of signals from tyrosine kinase receptors and small GTPases to the actin cytoskeleton. Promotes formation of actin filaments. Part of the WAVE complex that regulates lamellipodia formation. The WAVE complex regulates actin filament reorganization via its interaction with the Arp2/3 complex.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL13 family.
Belongs to the V-ATPase F subunit family.
Chaperone protein which promotes assembly of the 20S proteasome as part of a heterodimer with PSMG1.
Immediate-early protein playing a role in various cellular processes including proliferation, adhesion, migration, differentiation and survival. Acts by binding to integrins or membrane receptors such as NOTCH1.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase group 1 family. Glycosyltransferase 4 subfamily.
Required for N-linked oligosaccharide assembly.
Morpholino knockdown of the protein results in loss of cilia-driven fluid flow along the anterior-posterior axis. Multiciliated cells show loss of coordinated cilium polarity with many cilia pointing towards the anterior instead of the posterior. The planar cell polarity (PCP) component prickle2 is uniformly distributed around the cell margin, instead of being asymmetrically localized to the posterior of the cell.
Plays a role in motile cilium function, possibly by acting on outer dynein arm assembly (PubMed:26904945). Seems to be important for initiation rather than maintenance of cilium motility (By similarity). Required for correct positioning of the cilium at the apical cell surface, suggesting an additional role in the planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway (PubMed:26904945). May suppress canonical Wnt signaling activity (PubMed:26904945).
Interacts with the prenylated catalytic subunits of PDE6, an oligomer composed of two catalytic chains and two inhibitory chains; has no effect on enzyme activity but promotes the release of the prenylated enzyme from cell membrane.
Promotes the release of prenylated target proteins from cellular membranes. Modulates the activity of prenylated or palmitoylated Ras family members by regulating their subcellular location. Required for normal ciliary targeting of farnesylated target proteins, such as INPP5E. Modulates the subcellular location of target proteins by acting as a GTP specific dissociation inhibitor (GDI). Increases the affinity of ARL3 for GTP by several orders of magnitude. Stabilizes ARL3-GTP by decreasing the nucleotide dissociation rate.
Regulator of the TOR pathway, a signaling cascade that promotes cell growth in response to growth factors, energy levels, and amino acids. As part of the Ragulator complex, may activate the TOR signaling cascade in response to amino acids. Adapter protein that may regulate the MAP kinase cascade (By similarity).
Belongs to the AAA ATPase family. BCS1 subfamily.
Chaperone necessary for the assembly of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex III.
Belongs to the peptidase M24A family. Methionine aminopeptidase type 1 subfamily.
Belongs to the threonine synthase family.
Acts as a suppressor of ciliogenesis, specifically, the initiation of ciliogenesis.
Belongs to the adenylate kinase family. AK2 subfamily.
Catalyzes the reversible transfer of the terminal phosphate group between ATP and AMP. Plays an important role in cellular energy homeostasis and in adenine nucleotide metabolism. Adenylate kinase activity is critical for regulation of the phosphate utilization and the AMP de novo biosynthesis pathways. Plays a key role in hematopoiesis.
Component of the UV-DDB complex which includes ddb1 and ddb2 (By similarity). Component of numerous DCX (DDB1-CUL4-X-box) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complexes which consist of a core of ddb1, cul4a or cul4b and rbx1, and a substrate receptor, such as CRBN (By similarity). DDB1 may recruit specific substrate targeting subunits to the DCX complex. These substrate targeting subunits are generally known as DCAF (DDB1- and CUL4-associated factor) or CDW (CUL4-DDB1-associated WD40-repeat) proteins (By similarity).
Protein, which is both involved in DNA repair and protein ubiquitination, as part of the UV-DDB complex and DCX (DDB1-CUL4-X-box) complexes, respectively. Core component of the UV-DDB complex (UV-damaged DNA-binding protein complex), a complex that recognizes UV-induced DNA damage and recruit proteins of the nucleotide excision repair pathway (the NER pathway) to initiate DNA repair. The UV-DDB complex may recognize UV-induced DNA damage and recruit proteins of the nucleotide excision repair pathway (the NER pathway) to initiate DNA repair (By similarity). Also functions as a component of numerous distinct DCX (DDB1-CUL4-X-box) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complexes which mediate the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins (By similarity). The functional specificity of the DCX E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex is determined by the variable substrate recognition component recruited by DDB1. May play a role in the regulation of the circadian clock (By similarity).
The core of the protein consists of three WD40 beta-propeller domains.
Belongs to the HIBADH-related family. 3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase subfamily.
Belongs to the protein-tyrosine phosphatase family. Non-receptor class 2 subfamily.
Disulfide bond formation at Cys-244 occurs in case of membrane damage that cause the entry of the oxidized milieu of the extracellular space, resulting in homooligomerization.
Muscle-specific protein that plays a central role in cell membrane repair by nucleating the assembly of the repair machinery at injury sites. Specifically binds phosphatidylserine. Acts as a sensor of oxidation: upon membrane damage, entry of extracellular oxidative environment results in disulfide bond formation and homooligomerization at the injury site. This oligomerization acts as a nucleation site for recruitment of TRIM72-containing vesicles to the injury site, leading to membrane patch formation. Probably acts upstream of the Ca(2+)-dependent membrane resealing process (By similarity).
Belongs to the sirtuin family. Class I subfamily.
Positively regulates hepatic SREBP signaling pathway by modulating the proper localization of SCAP (SREBP cleavage-activating protein) to the endoplasmic reticulum, thereby controlling the level of functional SCAP.
Involved in endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi apparatus trafficking at a very early stage.
Type IV collagen is the major structural component of glomerular basement membranes (GBM), forming a 'chicken-wire' meshwork together with laminins, proteoglycans and entactin/nidogen.
May play a role in the formation and regulation of the tight junction (TJ) paracellular permeability barrier.
LIF has the capacity to induce terminal differentiation in leukemic cells. Its activities include the induction of hematopoietic differentiation in normal and myeloid leukemia cells, the induction of neuronal cell differentiation, and the stimulation of acute-phase protein synthesis in hepatocytes.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ATPase epsilon family.
Mitochondrial membrane ATP synthase (F(1)F(0) ATP synthase or Complex V) produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane which is generated by electron transport complexes of the respiratory chain. F-type ATPases consist of two structural domains, F(1) - containing the extramembraneous catalytic core, and F(0) - containing the membrane proton channel, linked together by a central stalk and a peripheral stalk. During catalysis, ATP synthesis in the catalytic domain of F(1) is coupled via a rotary mechanism of the central stalk subunits to proton translocation. Part of the complex F(1) domain and of the central stalk which is part of the complex rotary element. Rotation of the central stalk against the surrounding alpha(3)beta(3) subunits leads to hydrolysis of ATP in three separate catalytic sites on the beta subunits.
Substrate-recognition component of the SCF (SKP1-CUL1-F-box protein)-type E3 ubiquitin ligase complex.
Belongs to the osteocalcin/matrix Gla protein family.
Gamma-carboxyglutamate residues are formed by vitamin K dependent carboxylation. These residues are essential for the binding of calcium.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 12 family.
Acts as a negative mediator of apoptosis.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 47 family.
By mesoderm-inducers including t/bra, and both FGF and TGF-beta family members. FGF signaling is not required for initial expression in the dorsal marginal zone, but is required for its continued expression during mid to late gastrula stages.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Expression declines considerably at the end of gastrulation but continues at a low level until the tadpole stage (stage 38).
Forms a repression complex on the promoters of the nodal/nr1 and siamois genes with the maternal factors tcf7l1/tcf3 and pouf5.1/oct-25. Interacts (via C-terminus) with tcf7l1/tcf3 (via N-terminus). Also interacts with the other POU-domain transcription factors pou5f1.2/oct-91 and pou5f1.3/oct-60 (By similarity).
Maternally localized to the vegetal hemisphere of oocytes. Zygotic expression parallels blastopore formation and shifts from dorsal expression in the marginal zone of late blastula and early gastrula stages to a ventral/lateral expression at later stages. During neurula and tailbud stages, expressed in the posterior and anterior ends of the embryo. During tailbud stages, expressed in a subset of interneurons in the neural tube.
Transcription factor required for both mesoderm and endoderm formation in the embryo; signaling determinants and concentration levels may determine which germ layer is formed. Acts together with beta-catenin to activate genes that are responsible for mesoderm induction including wnt-8, eomes t/bra, siamois, mix1 and sox17. Directly binds to promoter DNA. Patterns the mesoderm along the dorsoventral and posterior axis. Activates siamois gene transcription when alone or in combination with beta-catenin, but inhibits siamois transcription in combination with pou5f1.1/oct-25.
Belongs to the TMEM97/sigma-2 receptor family.
Intracellular orphan receptor that binds numerous drugs and which is highly expressed in various proliferating cells. Corresponds to the sigma-2 receptor, which is thought to play important role in regulating cell survival, morphology and differentiation. May play a role as a regulator of cellular cholesterol homeostasis. May function as sterol isomerase. May alter the activity of some cytochrome P450 proteins.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class OBG-HflX-like GTPase superfamily. OBG GTPase family. NOG subfamily.
Involved in the biogenesis of the 60S ribosomal subunit.
Interacts with RET in the pituitary gland; this interaction prevents the formation of the AIP-survivin complex.
May play a positive role in AHR-mediated (aromatic hydrocarbon receptor) signaling, possibly by influencing its receptivity for ligand and/or its nuclear targeting.
Belongs to the class IV-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. RNA methyltransferase NEP1 family.
Highly expressed in heart and throughout the gut, with lower levels detected in lung, gonads, liver, and gall bladder.
In presumptive cardiac ventral mesoderm at the time that bilateral progenitors fuse and form the cardiac tube. By stage 30, expressed in the developing atria and ventricles; at stage 38, in endocardial layer. By stage 40, detected in the great vessels.
Belongs to the ABC transporter superfamily. ABCC family. Conjugate transporter (TC 3.A.1.208) subfamily.
Acts as a glycogen-targeting subunit for phosphatase PP1. Facilitates interaction of the PP1 with enzymes of the glycogen metabolism and regulates its activity. Suppresses the rate at which PP1 dephosphorylates (inactivates) glycogen phosphorylase and enhances the rate at which it activates glycogen synthase and therefore limits glycogen breakdown (By similarity).
Interacts with glycogen, PPP1CC catalytic subunit of PP1 and PYGL. Associates with glycogen particles. Forms complexes with debranching enzyme, glycogen phosphorylase, glycogen synthase and phosphorylase kinase which is necessary for its regulation of PP1 activity (By similarity).
The N-terminal region is required for binding to PP1, the central region is required for binding to glycogen and the C-terminal region is required for binding to PYGL.
Plasma membrane anion exchange protein of wide distribution.
Positively regulates dimethylation of two adjacent adenosines in the loop of a conserved hairpin near the 3'-end of 18S rRNA.
Adenine glycosylase active on G-A mispairs.
Interacts with glycogen, PPP1CC catalytic subunit of PP1 and PYGL. Associates with glycogen particles. Forms complexes with debranching enzyme, glycogen phosphorylase, glycogen synthase and phosphorylase kinase which is necessary for its regulation of PP1 activity.
Autoregulated; mediates its own polyadenylation and translational activation during frog oocyte maturation.
Belongs to the DNA polymerase type-B-like family. GLD2 subfamily.
Component of a complex at least composed of cpeb1, cpsf1, tent2/gld2, pabpc1/ePAB, parn and sympk. Following oocyte maturation, parn is expelled from the complex. Interacts with rbfox2. Interacts with sympk (By similarity).
Cytoplasmic poly(A) RNA polymerase that adds successive AMP monomers to the 3'-end of specific RNAs, forming a poly(A) tail. In contrast to the canonical nuclear poly(A) RNA polymerase, it only adds poly(A) to selected cytoplasmic mRNAs during oocyte maturation. Plays a central role during oocyte maturation by mediating polyadenylation of dormant mRNAs, which contain 5'AAUAAA-3' sequence in their 3'-UTR. In immature oocytes, polyadenylation of poly(A) tails is counteracted by the ribonuclease parn. During maturation parn is excluded from the ribonucleoprotein complex, allowing poly(A) elongation and activation of mRNAs. May not play a role in replication-dependent histone mRNA degradation (By similarity).
Involved in oocyte maturation. It is possible that D7 is required at a certain point in the maturation process and that maturation cannot proceed beyond this point unless a threshold amount of D7 protein is provided.
Its levels are highest during the first day of embryonic development and then decrease; D7 protein was not detected in adult tissues.
Component of the heterotrimeric canonical replication protein A complex (RPA) (By similarity). Interacts with rpain-a (PubMed:10428972).
Interacts with topbp1 (PubMed:12743046). Component of the CMG helicase complex, composed of the mcm2-7 complex, the GINS complex and cdc45 (PubMed:30979826, PubMed:30842657).
Required for initiation of chromosomal DNA replication. Binds to chromatin in a mutually dependent manner with the GINS DNA replication complex.
Directly regulates filament dynamics and has been implicated in a number of complex developmental and morphological processes, including mRNA localization and the establishment of cell polarity.
Belongs to the peptidase C65 family. Otulin subfamily.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Tyr protein kinase family. Fes/fps subfamily.
Belongs to the dolichyldiphosphatase family.
Required for efficient N-glycosylation. Necessary for maintaining optimal levels of dolichol-linked oligosaccharides. Hydrolyzes dolichyl pyrophosphate at a very high rate and dolichyl monophosphate at a much lower rate. Does not act on phosphatidate.
Belongs to the complex I subunit 6 family.
Constituent of the membrane attack complex (MAC) that plays a key role in the innate and adaptive immune response by forming pores in the plasma membrane of target cells.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 65 family.
May act as an adapter that regulates LRP2 function.
Seems to be a major form of sperm tail outer dense fibers.
Self-associates. Associates with microtubules and forms a fibrillar structure partially linked to the microtubule network (By similarity).
Belongs to the dynactin 150 kDa subunit family.
Binds to microtubules and to cytoplasmic dynein. Binds preferentially to tyrosinated microtubules than to detyrosinated microtubules.
Plays a key role in dynein-mediated retrograde transport of vesicles and organelles along microtubules by recruiting and tethering dynein to microtubules. Binds to both dynein and microtubules providing a link between specific cargos, microtubules and dynein. Plays a role in metaphase spindle orientation.
Belongs to the nuclear hormone receptor family. NR0 subfamily.
Expressed at low levels throughout early development from unfertilized egg to late blastula when its expression level significantly increases.
May play a central role in the initial events of axis formation and in particular in specifying anterior head regions and their spatial relationship with trunk structures. Activates the head organizer gene cer1 by acting synergistically with siamois and mix-A/mix.1 through the 5'-TAATCT-3' element of the cer1 promoter. Also binds as a complex with lhx1/lim1 and ldb1 to the gsc promoter to stimulate expression.
Shows a localized expression in the dorsal region of the marginal zone at stage 9.5. At stage 10.5, expressed in dorsal bottle cells of the dorsal deep zone fated to give rise to prechordal mesendoderm. Also begins to be expressed in presumptive anterior neuroectoderm where expression persists in subsequent stages. At stage 14, expression is confined to mesendoderm and ectoderm cells of anterior dorsal regions.
mRNA-binding protein involved in proper cytoplasmic distribution of mitochondria. Specifically binds mRNAs of nuclear-encoded mitochondrial proteins in the cytoplasm and regulates transport or translation of these transcripts close to mitochondria, playing a role in mitochondrial biogenesis.
Catalyzes the transfer of a farnesyl moiety from farnesyl diphosphate to a cysteine at the fourth position from the C-terminus of several proteins. The beta subunit is responsible for peptide-binding.
May be a substrate recognition component of a SCF-like ECS (Elongin BC-CUL2/5-SOCS-box protein) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex which mediates the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins.
Stimulates membrane curvature formation and subsequent endoplasmic reticulum exit site (ERES) establishment by recruiting PI3K complex I, leading to COPII vesicle-mediated transport (By similarity). Promotes endoplasmic reticulum (ER) exit of cGAMP-activated STING1 oligomers (By similarity).
Receptor for inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, a second messenger that mediates the release of intracellular calcium.
The receptor contains a calcium channel in its C-terminal extremity. Its large N-terminal cytoplasmic region has the ligand-binding site in the N-terminus and modulatory sites in the middle portion immediately upstream of the channel region.
Belongs to the small leucine-rich proteoglycan (SLRP) family. SLRP class III subfamily.
Induces bone formation in conjunction with TGF-beta-1 or TGF-beta-2.
2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (E1o) component of the 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (OGDHC). Participates in the first step, rate limiting for the overall conversion of 2-oxoglutarate to succinyl-CoA and CO(2) catalyzed by the whole OGDHC. Catalyzes the irreversible decarboxylation of 2-oxoglutarate (alpha-ketoglutarate) via the thiamine diphosphate (ThDP) cofactor and subsequent transfer of the decarboxylated acyl intermediate on an oxidized dihydrolipoyl group that is covalently amidated to the E2 enzyme (dihydrolipoyllysine-residue succinyltransferase or DLST). Plays a key role in the Krebs (citric acid) cycle, which is a common pathway for oxidation of fuel molecules, including carbohydrates, fatty acids, and amino acids. Can catalyze the decarboxylation of 2-oxoadipate in vitro, but at a much lower rate than 2-oxoglutarate. Mainly active in the mitochondrion. A fraction of the 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex also localizes in the nucleus and is required for lysine succinylation of histones: associates with KAT2A on chromatin and provides succinyl-CoA to histone succinyltransferase KAT2A.
Belongs to the alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase family.
Calcium ions and ADP stimulate, whereas ATP and NADH reduce catalytic activity.
The 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex is composed of OGDH (2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase; E1), DLST (dihydrolipoamide succinyltransferase; E2) and DLD (dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase; E3). It contains multiple copies of the three enzymatic components (E1, E2 and E3). In the nucleus, the 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex associates with kat2a.
The mitochondrial 2-oxoglutarate and 2-oxoadipate dehydrogenase complexes (OGDHC and OADHC, respectively) share their E2 (DLST) and E3 (dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase or DLD) components, but the E1 component is specific to each complex (E1o and E1a (DHTK1), respectively).
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Transcripts are first detected in the gonads of postmetamorphic froglets, being present in the embryo at the time when germ plasm moves to its perinuclear location (stage 10) and then decreasing in stages immediately following. Protein is expressed in embryos from the blastula to the early tailbud stage.
Germ-line specific. Oocyte mRNA expression is first restricted to the granulo-fibrillar material (GFM) of the mitochondrial cloud and then to the oocyte germ plasm at the vegetal cortex. Remains an mRNA component of the germ plasm until the neurula stage. In 2-8 cell embryos, expressed in the germ plasm matrix between germinal granules and mitochondria. Expressed in primordial germ cells (PGCs) later in embryogenesis. In addition to the ovaries of adult females, expressed in the testis of adult and juvenile males in spermatogonia and spermatocytes. The protein is restricted to the embryonic germ plasm and primordial germ cells.
Interacts with the C-terminus of pabp1 and with epabp. Prior to oocyte maturation, found in a complex with epabp and pum2 proteins and spdy1 mRNA; pum2 dissociates from the complex during maturation.
RNA-binding protein that is required for primordial germ cell (PGC) differentiation and indirectly necessary for the migration of PGCs through the endoderm. May promote meiotic cell division during spermatogenesis. Shows a preference for G- and U-rich RNAs and probably binds the 3'-UTR of target mRNAs. Stimulates the initiation of translation of mRNAs through the recruitment of poly(A)-binding proteins (PABPs).
Cellular uptake of iron occurs via receptor-mediated endocytosis of ligand-occupied transferrin receptor into specialized endosomes. Endosomal acidification leads to iron release. The apotransferrin-receptor complex is then recycled to the cell surface with a return to neutral pH and the concomitant loss of affinity of apotransferrin for its receptor. Transferrin receptor is necessary for development of erythrocytes and the nervous system. Acts as a lipid sensor that regulates mitochondrial fusion by regulating activation of the JNK pathway.
Belongs to the complex I 23 kDa subunit family.
Belongs to the class-I aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family. Glutamate--tRNA ligase type 1 subfamily.
Catalyzes the attachment of glutamate to tRNA(Glu) in a two-step reaction: glutamate is first activated by ATP to form Glu-AMP and then transferred to the acceptor end of tRNA(Glu).
Dimeric, linked by one or more disulfide bonds. Inhibin A is a dimer of alpha and beta-A. Inhibin B is a dimer of alpha and beta-B.
Inhibins and activins inhibit and activate, respectively, the secretion of follitropin by the pituitary gland. Inhibins/activins are involved in regulating a number of diverse functions such as hypothalamic and pituitary hormone secretion, gonadal hormone secretion, germ cell development and maturation, erythroid differentiation, insulin secretion, nerve cell survival, embryonic axial development or bone growth, depending on their subunit composition.
Replisome component that maintains genome stability by protecting stalled or damaged replication forks. After the induction of replication stress, required for the stabilization of stalled replication forks, the efficient activation of the intra-S-phase and G/2M cell-cycle checkpoints and the maintenance of genome stability.
An mRNA and protein component of germ plasm and primordial germ cells (PGCs). Doesn't appear to localize to the mitochondrial cloud of early oocytes. In contrast to its germ plasm localization, shows weak expression in the animal hemispheres of stage 1-5 embryos. Expressed in spermatogonia, spermatocytes and, to a lower extent, spermatids of the adult testis but not adult sperm. Expressed in oogonia and oocytes of the adult ovary. Somatically expressed in animal cells at the cleavage stages and in ecto- and mesodermal cells from the gastrula stage onwards. Prominent in cells of the entochord and somites from the neurula to the tail-bud stage, and in cells of somites and spinal cord at subsequent stages until stage 46.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX4/VASA subfamily.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Expressed from stage I to stage III oocytes, with levels decreasing throughout oocyte growth. Expression levels then increase from unfertilized eggs through oocyte maturation.
Probable ATP-dependent RNA helicase required during spermatogenesis (PubMed:14706067, PubMed:9338598). Required to repress transposable elements and preventing their mobilization, which is essential for the germline integrity. Acts via the piRNA metabolic process, which mediates the repression of transposable elements during meiosis by forming complexes composed of piRNAs and Piwi proteins and governs the methylation and subsequent repression of transposons. Involved in the secondary piRNAs metabolic process, the production of piRNAs in fetal male germ cells through a ping-pong amplification cycle (By similarity).
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX5/DBP2 subfamily.
Belongs to the ZIP transporter (TC 2.A.5) family.
Belongs to the acetyltransferase family. NAA40 subfamily.
N-alpha-acetyltransferase that specifically mediates the acetylation of the N-terminal residues of histones H4 and H2A. In contrast to other N-alpha-acetyltransferase, has a very specific selectivity for histones H4 and H2A N-terminus and specifically recognizes the 'Ser-Gly-Arg-Gly sequence'.
Belongs to the ZP domain family. ZPC subfamily.
Component of the zona pellucida, an extracellular matrix surrounding oocytes which mediates sperm binding, induction of the acrosome reaction and prevents post-fertilization polyspermy. The zona pellucida is composed of 3 to 4 glycoproteins, ZP1, ZP2, ZP3, and ZP4. ZP3 is essential for sperm binding and zona matrix formation.
Proteolytically cleaved before the transmembrane segment to yield the secreted ectodomain incorporated in the zona pellucida.
The ZP domain is involved in the polymerization of the ZP proteins to form the zona pellucida.
Belongs to the SMC family. RAD50 subfamily.
Catalyzes the 2-thiolation of uridine at the wobble position (U34) of mitochondrial tRNA(Lys), tRNA(Glu) and tRNA(Gln). Required for the formation of 5-taurinomethyl-2-thiouridine (tm5s2U) of mitochondrial tRNA(Lys), tRNA(Glu), and tRNA(Gln) at the wobble position. ATP is required to activate the C2 atom of the wobble base.
Heterodimer of a light chain and a heavy chain linked by a disulfide bond.
Initiates the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation. Serine protease that circulates in the blood in a zymogen form. Factor VII is converted to factor VIIa by factor Xa, factor XIIa, factor IXa, or thrombin by minor proteolysis. In the presence of tissue factor and calcium ions, factor VIIa then converts factor X to factor Xa by limited proteolysis. Factor VIIa will also convert factor IX to factor IXa in the presence of tissue factor and calcium.
Belongs to the zona pellucida-binding protein Sp38 family.
Acts partially redundantly with other irx members in neural patterning. Required for formation of the posterior forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain, and to a lesser extent, spinal cord. Acts early in neural plate development to induce expression of some but not all proneural genes, and specify a neural precursor state. Also up-regulates repressors that prevent neuronal differentiation. Patterns the neuroectoderm in both the anterior/posterior and dorsal/ventral axes. Probably dispensable for pronephric kidney development.
By a combination of a neural inducing signal (nog/noggin) and a posteriorizing signal (retinoic acid). Inhibited in the neural plate by foxd5.
First expressed at gastrula stage 10 in a large region of the dorsolateral ectoderm that includes most of the prospective neural plate. Subsequently expressed in two domains, one within the anterior ectoderm (outside the neural plate) and the other within the neural plate. Within the neural plate, expression extends from the midbrain-hindbrain junction up to, and including, the spinal cord. Expressed in the placodes. Also expressed in specific and overlapping dynamic patterns with irx1 and irx3 during pronephric kidney development. Renal expression begins in late neurula stages in the pronephric anlage, and persists in the pronephros where expression is confined to the intermediate tubule segment IT1.
Belongs to the ATPase epsilon chain family.
Belongs to the galactose-3-O-sulfotransferase family.
Catalyzes the reversible isomerization between hydroxypyruvate and 2-hydroxy-3-oxopropanoate (also termed tartronate semialdehyde).
Mitochondrial intermembrane chaperone that participates in the import and insertion of multi-pass transmembrane proteins into the mitochondrial inner membrane. May also be required for the transfer of beta-barrel precursors from the TOM complex to the sorting and assembly machinery (SAM complex) of the outer membrane. Acts as a chaperone-like protein that protects the hydrophobic precursors from aggregation and guide them through the mitochondrial intermembrane space.
Belongs to the glutamate--cysteine ligase type 3 family.
Belongs to the neutral sphingomyelinase family.
Subunit of the oligosaccharyl transferase (OST) complex that catalyzes the initial transfer of a defined glycan (Glc(3)Man(9)GlcNAc(2) in eukaryotes) from the lipid carrier dolichol-pyrophosphate to an asparagine residue within an Asn-X-Ser/Thr consensus motif in nascent polypeptide chains, the first step in protein N-glycosylation (By similarity). N-glycosylation occurs cotranslationally and the complex associates with the Sec61 complex at the channel-forming translocon complex that mediates protein translocation across the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). All subunits are required for a maximal enzyme activity.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class OBG-HflX-like GTPase superfamily. OBG GTPase family.
May be involved in the ribosome maturation process.
Binds DNA as a heterodimer with MAX and represses transcription. Binds to the canonical E box sequence 5'-CACGTG-3' and, with higher affinity, to 5'-CACGCG-3' (By similarity).
Efficient DNA binding requires dimerization with another bHLH protein. Binds DNA as a homodimer or a heterodimer with MAX (By similarity).
Expression in the CNS is localized anteriorly and in addition is present in the migrating neural crest cells.
First detected at neurula stages, and are localized anteriorly in the neural plate, neural crest and weakly in the spinal cord. As development proceeds, localized throughout the CNS, eye vesicle, and the streams of migrating branchial and hyoid neural crest and is also present weakly in the cement gland. Embryos at stage 27 show a strong expression in the retina and spinal chord, as well as a weak expression in the forebrain and midbrain. Predominately located in the outermost marginal layer of the ventral hindbrain, where terminally differentiated neurons are located.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically (PubMed:10842088). Zygotic transcription is initiated in the early gastrula embryo in paraxial mesoderm that is fated to give rise to somites (PubMed:10842088). During the course of gastrulation and neurulation, it is expressed in somitic paraxial mesoderm is centered within the myoD expression domain (PubMed:10842088). Expressed in developing somites at larval stages (PubMed:25217815). As development proceeds it is also expressed in the cardiac primordium and the lens vesicle (PubMed:10842088, PubMed:25217815). Expressed in hypaxial migrating cells and branchiomeric cranial muscles (PubMed:25217815). In the heart expression is confined to the myocardium (PubMed:10842088).
Multifunctional RNA-binding protein involved in the regulation of pre-mRNA splicing, mRNA stability and mRNA translation important for cell fate decision and differentiation. Plays a major role in pre-mRNA alternative splicing regulation. Mediates preferentially muscle-specific exon inclusion in numerous mRNAs important for striated cardiac and skeletal muscle cell differentiation. Binds to intronic splicing enhancer (ISE) composed of stretches of GU-rich motifs localized in flanking intron of exon that will be included by alternative splicing. Involved in embryonic stem cell (ESC) transition to cardiac cell differentiation by promoting pre-mRNA alternative splicing events of several pluripotency and/or differentiation genes. Plays a role in the regulation of mRNA stability and mRNA translation to which it is bound. Involved in myogenic differentiation by regulating myog levels (PubMed:20338237). Binds to a huge amount of mRNAs. Required for embryonic heart development, sarcomer and M-band formation in striated muscles (PubMed:20338237).
The RRM domain is necessary for mRNA stability and mRNA translation regulation.
Up-regulated by the myogenic factor myoD during gastrulation.
Belongs to the selenophosphate synthase 1 family. Class II subfamily.
The conserved active site Cys (or selenocysteine) residue in position 29 is replaced by a Thr. However, as function in selenoprotein synthesis is probable, it is possible Cys-31 is the active site.
Cysteine protease that plays a key role in autophagy by mediating both proteolytic activation and delipidation of ATG8 family proteins. The protease activity is required for proteolytic activation of ATG8 family proteins: cleaves the C-terminal amino acid of ATG8 proteins to reveal a C-terminal glycine. Exposure of the glycine at the C-terminus is essential for ATG8 proteins conjugation to phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and insertion to membranes, which is necessary for autophagy. Protease activity is also required to counteract formation of high-molecular weight conjugates of ATG8 proteins (ATG8ylation): acts as a deubiquitinating-like enzyme that removes ATG8 conjugated to other proteins, such as ATG3. In addition to the protease activity, also mediates delipidation of ATG8 family proteins. Catalyzes delipidation of PE-conjugated forms of ATG8 proteins during macroautophagy.
The LIR motif (LC3-interacting region) is required for the interaction with the ATG8 family proteins. Required for proteolytic activation and delipidation of ATG8 proteins.
Belongs to the metallo-dependent hydrolases superfamily. Adenosine and AMP deaminases family.
Expressed in the animal half of the embryo during gastrulation, becoming restricted to the ventral ectoderm at stage 12.5. At the neurula stage, expressed in the anterior ectoderm surrounding the neural plate, and weakly in the epidermis. Expression is especially high in the presumptive hatching gland and cement gland regions. Surprisingly, by the tailbud stage (stage 22), expression is limited to the hatching gland and is not seen in the cement gland. Conversely, in tadpoles expressed broadly in the head, heart and fin. Expression in the head is seen in the primary mouth and in the brain, eyes, otic vesicles and olfactory pits.
First expressed at stage 9, after the mid-blastula transition (MBT). Expression is highest at stage 10.5 and remains constant until the tadpole stage (PubMed:17475571). First detected at stage 10.5, expression increases gradually until the tadpole stage (at protein level) (PubMed:21177533). Highly expressed in the epidermal ectoderm at the neurula stage (PubMed:21177533).
Functions as a regulator of the BMP signaling pathway and is involved in epidermal differentiation.
Morpholino knockdown induces severe developmental defects including dorsal open phenotype and the reduction of head and tail structures at the tailbud stage.
Belongs to the Tim17/Tim22/Tim23 family.
Essential core component of the TIM22 complex, a complex that mediates the import and insertion of multi-pass transmembrane proteins into the mitochondrial inner membrane. In the TIM22 complex, it constitutes the voltage-activated and signal-gated channel. Forms a twin-pore translocase that uses the membrane potential as external driving force in 2 voltage-dependent steps.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase mediating 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitination of RRAGA in response to amino acid starvation. Thereby, regulates mTORC1 signaling and plays a role in the cellular response to amino acid availability. Also mediates 'Lys-48'-linked polyubiquitination of target proteins and their subsequent targeting to the proteasome for degradation.
Dopamine receptor whose activity is mediated by G proteins which activate adenylyl cyclase.
As part of a BORC-like complex may play a role in lysosomes movement and localization at the cell periphery. Associated with the cytosolic face of lysosomes, this complex may couple lysosomes to microtubule plus-end-directed kinesin motor.
Belongs to the class-II aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family. Type-1 seryl-tRNA synthetase subfamily.
Carboxypeptidase that may play an important role in the hydrolysis of circulating peptides. Catalyzes more efficiently the hydrolysis of dipeptides with unsubstituted terminals into amino acids (By similarity).
Homodimer. The monomeric form is inactive while the homodimer is active (By similarity).
Homodimer. The monomeric form is inactive while the homodimer is active.
Catalytic subunit of the type B histone acetyltransferase (HAT) complex, composed of RBBP7 and HAT1. Interacts with histones H4 and H2A.
Histone acetyltransferase that plays a role in different biological processes including cell cycle progression, glucose metabolism, histone production or DNA damage repair. Coordinates histone production and acetylation via H4 promoter binding. Acetylates histone H4 at 'Lys-5' (H4K5ac) and 'Lys-12' (H4K12ac) and, to a lesser extent, histone H2A at 'Lys-5' (H2AK5ac).
Activates an alternative mTOR signaling to regulate cell proliferation and migration.
Component of the nuclear pore complex (NPC), a complex required for the trafficking across the nuclear envelope. Functions as a scaffolding element in the nuclear phase of the NPC essential for normal nucleocytoplasmic transport of proteins and mRNAs. May be involved in the retention of unspliced mRNAs in the nucleus. Probably mediates tpr anchoring to the nuclear membrane at NPC. Possible DNA-binding subunit of the nuclear pore complex (NPC) (By similarity).
Contains FG repeats. FG repeats are interaction sites for karyopherins (importins, exportins) and form probably an affinity gradient, guiding the transport proteins unidirectionally with their cargo through the NPC. FG repeat regions are highly flexible and lack ordered secondary structure. The overall conservation of FG repeats regarding exact sequence, spacing, and repeat unit length is limited.
Interacts (via C-terminal domain) with the nuclear receptor kpnb1; the interaction occurs in a RanGTP-dependent manner. Associates with the Importin alpha/Importin beta receptor.
TFIIA is a component of the transcription machinery of RNA polymerase II and plays an important role in transcriptional activation.
Required for protein translocation and folding in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Functions as a nucleotide exchange factor for the ER lumenal chaperone HSPA5.
Involved in cell shape and neuronal morphogenesis, positively regulating the establishment and maintenance of dendritic spines. Plays a role in cellular protein transport (By similarity).
Binds DNA as a homodimer; required for transcriptional activation.
Sequence-specific DNA-binding transcription factor that binds palindromic sequences within promoters and may activate or repress the transcription of a subset of genes. Most probably regulates the expression of genes involved in the development of mesenchyme-derived craniofacial structures.
The OAR motif may negatively regulate DNA-binding and therefore transcriptional activity. It is found in the C-terminal transactivation domain that stimulates transcription.
Receptor for adenosine. The activity of this receptor is mediated by G proteins which inhibit adenylyl cyclase.
Belongs to the complex I 20 kDa subunit family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL32 family.
Essential component of the SCF (SKP1-CUL1-F-box protein) ubiquitin ligase complex, which mediates the ubiquitination of proteins involved in cell cycle progression, signal transduction and transcription. In the SCF complex, serves as an adapter that links the F-box protein to CUL1 (By similarity).
Essential component of the SCF (SKP1-CUL1-F-box protein) ubiquitin ligase complex, which mediates the ubiquitination of proteins involved in cell cycle progression, signal transduction and transcription. In the SCF complex, serves as an adapter that links the F-box protein to CUL1.
Interacts directly with CUL1 and F-box proteins, such as BTRC and SKP2, in the SCF complex (By similarity). Interacts with mtus1. May interact with fbx28, fbxo43, fbl5 and fbl13.
Belongs to the short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDR) family. 17-beta-HSD 3 subfamily.
Catalyzes the second of the four reactions of the long-chain fatty acids elongation cycle. This endoplasmic reticulum-bound enzymatic process, allows the addition of two carbons to the chain of long- and very long-chain fatty acids/VLCFAs per cycle. This enzyme has a 3-ketoacyl-CoA reductase activity, reducing 3-ketoacyl-CoA to 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA, within each cycle of fatty acid elongation. Thereby, it may participate in the production of VLCFAs of different chain lengths that are involved in multiple biological processes as precursors of membrane lipids and lipid mediators. May also catalyze the transformation of estrone (E1) into estradiol (E2) and play a role in estrogen formation.
Belongs to the peptidase C69 family. Secernin subfamily.
Belongs to the VEFS (VRN2-EMF2-FIS2-SU(Z)12) family.
Acts as guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for CDC42. Promotes formation of GPHN clusters.
Positive regulator of amino acid starvation-induced autophagy.
Transcriptional coactivator or corepressor of the p300/CBP-mediated transcription complex. May be involved in sex determination, early gonad development, left-right patterning during embryogenesis and differentiation of the adrenal cortex (By similarity).
Component of the ESCRT-II complex (endosomal sorting complex required for transport II), which is required for multivesicular body (MVB) formation and sorting of endosomal cargo proteins into MVBs.
Component of the ESCRT-II complex (endosomal sorting complex required for transport II), which is required for multivesicular body (MVB) formation and sorting of endosomal cargo proteins into MVBs. The MVB pathway mediates delivery of transmembrane proteins into the lumen of the lysosome for degradation. The ESCRT-II complex is probably involved in the recruitment of the ESCRT-III complex.
Component of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport II (ESCRT-II).
Component of the endosomal sorting required for transport complex II (ESCRT-II), composed of SNF8, VPS25 and VPS36.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS9 family.
Expressed from stage 2, indicating it is expressed maternally. Expression is persistent through stage 40.
Protein-lysine N-methyltransferase that methylates both histones and non-histone proteins, including p53/TP53 and RB1. Specifically trimethylates histone H3 'Lys-4' (H3K4me3) in vivo. The activity requires interaction with HSP90alpha. Shows even higher methyltransferase activity on p53/TP53. Monomethylates 'Lys-370' of p53/TP53, leading to decreased DNA-binding activity and subsequent transcriptional regulation activity of p53/TP53. Monomethylates RB1 at 'Lys-860'.
First detected in the chordamesoderm of the dorsal blastopore lip of the mid-gastrula embryo (stage 11). This tissue, which differentiates into the notochord. In late gastrula embryos (stage 13), it is highly expressed in the notochord, and the original expression domain expands to include the tissue surrounding the blastopore. In neurula embryos, it is maintained in the notochord and the circumblastoporal region and now also extends to the paraxial mesoderm and the neuroectoderm. By the tailbud stage, it is expressed in various mesodermal and neural tissues. Highly expressed in the brain and the neural tube. Maintained throughout development to the tadpole stage (stage 35).
Homodimer. Does not require RNA to homodimerize.
RNA-binding protein that plays a central role in myelinization. Binds to the 5'-NACUAAY-N(1,20)-UAAY-3' RNA core sequence. Acts by regulating pre-mRNA splicing, mRNA export, mRNA stability and protein translation. Required to protect and promote stability of mRNAs which promotes oligodendrocyte differentiation. Participates in mRNA transport by regulating the nuclear export of MBP mRNA. Also involved in regulation of mRNA splicing of some pre-mRNA. Acts as a translational repressor (By similarity). Essential for notochord development.
Belongs to the PpiC/parvulin rotamase family. PIN4 subfamily.
Belongs to the SIX/Sine oculis homeobox family.
In eukaryotes there are cytoplasmic, mitochondrial and chloroplastic isozymes.
Hydrolyzes specifically phosphatidic acid (PA) to produce 2-acyl lysophosphatidic acid (LPA; a potent bioactive lipid mediator) and fatty acid (By similarity). Does not hydrolyze other phospholipids, like phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) or triacylglycerol (TG) (By similarity).
The N-terminal C2 domain associates with lipid membranes upon calcium binding.
May play a role into cellular response to oxidative stress. May decrease cell proliferation (By similarity).
Embryos with CRISPR-induced cirop null present heterotaxy phenotype (heart looping and intestine defects). No other ciliopathy-related phenotypes such as body curvature, kidney cysts or hydrocephalus are observed in cirop mutant embryos.
First expressed at stage 10.5 in the involuting marginal zone (IMZ) along a dorsal-high ventral-low gradient and, by stage 14 in cells of the circumblastoporal collar.
Putative metalloprotease playing a role in the process of LR patterning.
Belongs to the CRF-binding protein family.
Binds CRF and inactivates it. May prevent inappropriate pituitary-adrenal stimulation in pregnancy.
Heterotetramer that consists of two anti-parallel arranged heterodimers, each one formed by a 20 kDa (Caspase-1 subunit p20) and a 10 kDa (Caspase-1 subunit p10) subunit.
Heterotetramer that consists of two anti-parallel arranged heterodimers, each one formed by a 20 kDa (Caspase-1 subunit p20) and a 10 kDa (Caspase-1 subunit p10) subunit. Can form a heterodimer with isoform epsilon which then has an inhibitory effect.
The two subunits are derived from the precursor sequence by an autocatalytic mechanism.
Thiol protease involved in a variety of inflammatory processes by proteolytically cleaving other proteins, such as the precursors of the inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 beta (IL1B) and interleukin 18 (IL18) as well as the pyroptosis inducer Gasdermin-D (GSDMD), into active mature peptides. Plays a key role in cell immunity as an inflammatory response initiator: once activated through formation of an inflammasome complex, it initiates a pro-inflammatory response through the cleavage of the two inflammatory cytokines IL1B and IL18, releasing the mature cytokines which are involved in a variety of inflammatory processes. Cleaves a tetrapeptide after an Asp residue at position P1. Also initiates pyroptosis, a programmed lytic cell death pathway, through cleavage of GSDMD.
Does not appear to be required for cement gland formation.
From stage 18 (neurula) onward, expressed in the cement gland until it degenerates. More weakly expressed in the adjacent hatching gland.
Dynorphin peptides differentially regulate the kappa opioid receptor. Dynorphin A(1-13) has a typical opiod activity, it is 700 times more potent than Leu-enkephalin.
Leu-enkephalins compete with and mimic the effects of opiate drugs. They play a role in a number of physiologic functions, including pain perception and responses to stress.
Leumorphin has a typical opiod activity and may have anti-apoptotic effect.
Necessary for efficient RNA polymerase II transcription elongation past template-encoded arresting sites.
Belongs to the SINA (Seven in absentia) family.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that mediates ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins. E3 ubiquitin ligases accept ubiquitin from an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme in the form of a thioester and then directly transfers the ubiquitin to targeted substrates.
The RING-type zinc finger domain is essential for ubiquitin ligase activity.
The SBD domain (substrate-binding domain) mediates the interaction with substrate proteins. It is related to the TRAF family.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 18 family.
Transcriptional repressor which acts as a negative-feedback regulator of CLOCK-BMAL1 transcriptional activity in the circadian-clock mechanism. The physiogical relevance of these observations is unsure.
Involved in ribosomal large subunit assembly.
Autophosphorylated on serine and threonine residues.
Casein kinases are operationally defined by their preferential utilization of acidic proteins such as caseins as substrates. Can phosphorylate a large number of proteins (PubMed:15893604). Central component of the circadian clock. May act as a negative regulator of circadian rhythmicity by phosphorylating per1 and per2, which may lead to their degradation. Participates in wnt signaling (By similarity).
Exhibits substrate-dependent heparin activation.
Monomer (By similarity). Interacts with per1 and per2. Component of the circadian core oscillator (By similarity).
Belongs to the ROX family. MINA53 subfamily.
Oxygenase that can act as both a histone lysine demethylase and a ribosomal histidine hydroxylase.
Functions as a GC-rich promoter-specific transactivating transcription factor.
During embryonic development, expressed in a number of neural tissues, including Rohon-Beard neurons, olfactory placode, eye primordia, and the trigeminal ganglia. Also expressed in other organs including the pronephros and liver primordium. Pronephric development begins by stage 25 and increases during tailbud stages. Expressed in both the tubules and the duct. As embryogenesis progresses, expressed in the migrating melanocytes and lateral line structures.
Transcriptional regulator (lacking a basic DNA binding domain) which negatively regulates the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors by forming heterodimers and inhibiting their DNA binding and transcriptional activity. Inhibits the activity of both neurogenic (neurog1/neurogenin, neurod1/neuroD) and myogenic (myod1/myoD) bHLH factors.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. DOT1 family.
Histone methyltransferase that specifically trimethylates histone H3 to form H3K79me3. This methylation is required for telomere silencing and for the pachytene checkpoint during the meiotic cell cycle by allowing the recruitment of RAD9 to double strand breaks. Nucleosomes are preferred as substrate compared to free histone.
In contrast to other lysine histone methyltransferases, it does not contain a SET domain, suggesting the existence of another mechanism for methylation of lysine residues of histones.
Sodium-phosphate symporter which seems to play a fundamental housekeeping role in phosphate transport by absorbing phosphate from interstitial fluid for normal cellular functions such as cellular metabolism, signal transduction, and nucleic acid and lipid synthesis.
Belongs to the ATPase gamma chain family.
F-type ATPases have 2 components, CF(1) - the catalytic core - and CF(0) - the membrane proton channel. CF(1) has five subunits: alpha(3), beta(3), gamma(1), delta(1), epsilon(1). CF(0) has three main subunits: a, b and c.
Mitochondrial membrane ATP synthase (F(1)F(0) ATP synthase or Complex V) produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane which is generated by electron transport complexes of the respiratory chain. F-type ATPases consist of two structural domains, F(1) - containing the extramembraneous catalytic core, and F(0) - containing the membrane proton channel, linked together by a central stalk and a peripheral stalk. During catalysis, ATP synthesis in the catalytic domain of F(1) is coupled via a rotary mechanism of the central stalk subunits to proton translocation. Part of the complex F(1) domain and the central stalk which is part of the complex rotary element. The gamma subunit protrudes into the catalytic domain formed of alpha(3)beta(3). Rotation of the central stalk against the surrounding alpha(3)beta(3) subunits leads to hydrolysis of ATP in three separate catalytic sites on the beta subunits.
Belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily. L1/neurofascin/NgCAM family.
Induces bone resorption, acting probably through a signaling cascade which results in the secretion of factor(s) enhancing osteoclast formation and activity.
Interacts with sae2, ube2i, ranbp2, pias1 and pias2 (By similarity). Interacts with sox9 and sox10 (By similarity). Covalently attached to a number of proteins (By similarity).
Ubiquitin-like protein that can be covalently attached to proteins as a monomer or a lysine-linked polymer (By similarity). Covalent attachment via an isopeptide bond to its substrates requires prior activation by the E1 complex sae1-sae2 and linkage to the E2 enzyme ube2i. This post-translational modification on lysine residues of proteins plays a crucial role in a number of cellular processes such as nuclear transport, DNA replication and repair, mitosis and signal transduction. Polymeric sumo1 chains are also susceptible to polyubiquitination which functions as a signal for proteasomal degradation of modified proteins (By similarity).
Component of the gamma-secretase complex.
Potential subunit of the gamma-secretase complex, an endoprotease complex that catalyzes the intramembrane cleavage of integral proteins such as Notch receptors.
Belongs to the D-glutamate cyclase family.
Belongs to the HAD-like hydrolase superfamily. PHOSPHO family.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class myosin-kinesin ATPase superfamily. Kinesin family. Chromokinesin subfamily.
Binds 1 [4Fe-4S] cluster (By similarity). In the presence of oxygen, the [4Fe-4S] cluster may be converted to [2Fe-2S] (By similarity).
Expressed in oocytes, eggs, testes and brain.
Iron-sulfur (Fe-S) cluster binding motor protein that has a role in chromosome segregation during mitosis (By similarity). Required for mitotic chromosomal positioning and bipolar spindle stabilization.
Belongs to the FAD-dependent glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase family.
Calcium-responsive mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase which seems to be a key component of the pancreatic beta-cell glucose-sensing device.
May be involved in calcium-dependent ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins. Probably serves as a molecular bridge in ubiquitin E3 complexes. Participates in the ubiquitin-mediated degradation of beta-catenin (CTNNB1).
Dephosphorylates proteins phosphorylated on Ser, Thr, and Tyr residues and low molecular weight phosphatase substrate para-nitrophenylphosphate. Phosphorylates phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3) (By similarity).
Cysteine protease that plays a key role in autophagy by mediating both proteolytic activation and delipidation of ATG8 family proteins.
Belongs to the POU transcription factor family. Class-5 subfamily.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Expressed in oocytes and cleavage stage embryos. Expression increases during blastula stages, reaches a maximum at stage 11 during gastrulation, then subsequently declines to be no longer detectable by the end of neurulation.
Highly enriched within the animal half of developing embryos within ectodermal and mesodermal regions. Expressed in the neuroectoderm at the early neurula stage, with expression initially extending to the future hindbrain/midbrain boundary, but later shifting toward the posterior pole where it persists within the tip of the tail in hatching embryos. Expressed at very low levels in the adult kidney.
Interacts with components of the transcription complex that assembles on the vent2-B gene, including vent2 (via C-terminus), smad1 and smad4. Forms a repression complex on the promoters of the gsc and mix2 genes via interactions with the nodal/activin signaling pathway transducers foxh1/fast1, gtf2ird1/wbscr11 and smad2. Forms a repression complex on the promoters of the nodal/nr1 and siamois genes with the maternal factors tcf7l1/tcf3 and vegt.
Transcription factor that binds to the octamer motif (5'-ATTTGCAT-3'). Activates transcription when directly bound to the octamer DNA sequence, but can form repression complexes with other proteins at the promoter site to inhibit transcription. Binds to the promoter of the vent2-B gene to activate transcription when in the presence of other BMP signaling factors also bound to the promoter. Inhibits the competence of ectodermal cells to respond to BMP during embryogenesis thereby inhibiting epidermal differentiation and promoting neural induction. Antagonizes the activity of nodal/activin signaling by forming a transcriptional repression complex on the gsc and mix2 gene promoters to inhibit their transcription, and thus maintain the undifferentiated state of embryonic cells to prevent them from differentiating prematurely. Acts maternally to inhibit vegt and beta-catenin-activated gene transcription by forming a transcriptional repression complex on the nodal/nr1 and siamois promoters to inhibit their transcription.
Component of an histone acetyltransferase complex.
Component of an histone acetyltransferase complex. Interacts with H3K4me3 and to a lesser extent with H3K4me2.
The PHD-type zinc finger mediates the binding to H3K4me3.
Belongs to the alkaline ceramidase family.
Hydrolyzes the sphingolipid ceramide into sphingosine and free fatty acid.
Belongs to the diphosphomevalonate decarboxylase family.
Catalyzes the ATP dependent decarboxylation of (R)-5-diphosphomevalonate to form isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP). Functions in the mevalonate (MVA) pathway leading to isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP), a key precursor for the biosynthesis of isoprenoids and sterol synthesis.
Belongs to the adenylate kinase family. AK6 subfamily.
Broad-specificity nucleoside monophosphate (NMP) kinase that catalyzes the reversible transfer of the terminal phosphate group between nucleoside triphosphates and monophosphates. May have a role in nuclear energy homeostasis. Has also ATPase activity. May be involved in regulation of Cajal body (CB) formation.
Monomer and homodimer. Interacts with COIL (via C-terminus).
Belongs to the TRAFAC class TrmE-Era-EngA-EngB-Septin-like GTPase superfamily. Era GTPase family.
Probable GTPase that plays a role in the mitochondrial ribosomal small subunit assembly. Specifically binds the 12S mitochondrial rRNA (12S mt-rRNA) to a 33 nucleotide section delineating the 3' terminal stem-loop region. May act as a chaperone that protects the 12S mt-rRNA on the 28S mitoribosomal subunit during ribosomal small subunit assembly.
Proteolytically removes the C-terminal three residues of farnesylated proteins.
Guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) regulating clathrin-mediated endocytosis through RAB35 activation. Promotes the exchange of GDP to GTP, converting inactive GDP-bound RAB35 into its active GTP-bound form. Regulates clathrin-mediated endocytosis of synaptic vesicles and mediates exit from early endosomes. Binds phosphatidylinositol-phosphates (PtdInsPs), with some preference for PtdIns(3)P.
Potent stimulator of insulin secretion and relatively poor inhibitor of gastric acid secretion.
Receptor for ghrelin, coupled to G-alpha-11 proteins. Stimulates growth hormone secretion. Binds also other growth hormone releasing peptides (GHRP) (e.g. Met-enkephalin and GHRP-6) as well as non-peptide, low molecular weight secretagogues (e.g. L-692,429, MK-0677, adenosine).
Belongs to the methyltransferase TRM13 family.
tRNA methylase which 2'-O-methylates cytidine(4) in tRNA(Pro) and tRNA(Gly)(GCC), and adenosine(4) in tRNA(His).
Acts as component of the retromer cargo-selective complex (CSC). The CSC is believed to be the core functional component of retromer or respective retromer complex variants acting to prevent missorting of selected transmembrane cargo proteins into the lysosomal degradation pathway. Retromer mediates retrograde transport of cargo proteins from endosomes to the trans-Golgi network (TGN) (By similarity).
Component of the heterotrimeric retromer cargo-selective complex (CSC) which is believed to associate with variable sorting nexins to form functionally distinct retromer complex variants (By similarity).
Component of the ARISC complex, at least composed of uimc1/rap80, abraxas1, brcc3/brcc36, babam2 and babam1/nba1. Component of the BRCA1-A complex, at least composed of brca1, bard1, uimc1/rap80, abraxas1, brcc3/brcc36, babam2 and babam1/nba1. In the BRCA1-A complex, interacts directly with abraxas1, brcc3/brcc36 and babam1/nba1. Binds polyubiquitin. Component of the BRISC complex, at least composed of abraxas2, brcc3/brcc36, babam2 and babam1/nba1.
Component of the ARISC complex. Component of the BRCA1-A complex. Component of the BRISC complex. Binds polyubiquitin.
Component of the BRCA1-A complex, a complex that specifically recognizes 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitinated histones H2A and H2AX at DNA lesions sites, leading to target the brca1-bard1 heterodimer to sites of DNA damage at double-strand breaks (DSBs). The BRCA1-A complex also possesses deubiquitinase activity that specifically removes 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitin on histones H2A and H2AX. In the BRCA1-A complex, it acts as an adapter that bridges the interaction between babam1/nba1 and the rest of the complex, thereby being required for the complex integrity and modulating the E3 ubiquitin ligase activity of the brca1-bard1 heterodimer. Component of the BRISC complex, a multiprotein complex that specifically cleaves 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitin in various substrates. Within the BRISC complex, acts as an adapter that bridges the interaction between babam1/nba1 and the rest of the complex, thereby being required for the complex integrity. The BRISC complex is required for normal mitotic spindle assembly and microtubule attachment to kinetochores via its role in deubiquitinating numa1. The BRISC complex plays a role in interferon signaling via its role in the deubiquitination of the interferon receptor ifnar1; deubiquitination increases ifnar1 activity by enhancing its stability and cell surface expression. Down-regulates the response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) via its role in ifnar1 deubiquitination. May play a role in homeostasis or cellular differentiation in cells of neural, epithelial and germline origins. May also act as a death receptor-associated anti-apoptotic protein, which inhibits the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway.
Contains 2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family-like (UEV-like) regions. These regions lack the critical Cys residues required for ubiquitination but retain the ability to bind ubiquitin.
May play a role in homeostasis or cellular differentiation in cells of neural, epithelial and germline origins. May also act as a death receptor-associated anti-apoptotic protein, which inhibits the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway.
Nucleoside monophosphate (NMP) kinase that catalyzes the reversible transfer of the terminal phosphate group between nucleoside triphosphates and monophosphates. Has highest activity toward AMP, and weaker activity toward dAMP, CMP and dCMP. Also displays broad nucleoside diphosphate kinase activity.
Belongs to the DNA photolyase class-1 family.
Belongs to the WD repeat DDB2/WDR76 family.
Belongs to the ribose 5-phosphate isomerase family.
Lamins are components of the nuclear lamina, a fibrous layer on the nucleoplasmic side of the inner nuclear membrane, which is thought to provide a framework for the nuclear envelope and may also interact with chromatin.
There are at least five different lamins in Xenopus: the somatic lamins L(I), L(II), and A; the oocyte germinal vesicle lamin L(III); and the male germ cells lamin l(IV).
Regulates ADAM17 protease, a sheddase of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor ligands and TNF, thereby plays a role in sleep, cell survival, proliferation, migration and inflammation. Does not exhibit any protease activity on its own.
Component of the PAF1 complex (PAF1C) which has multiple functions during transcription by RNA polymerase II. PAF1C associates with RNA polymerase II, is involved in transcriptional elongation and in histone modifications including methylation on histone H3 'Lys-4' (H3K4me3) (By similarity).
Component of the PAF1 complex, which at least consists of cdc73, paf1, leo1, ctr9 and rtf1 (By similarity). The PAF1 complex interacts with PHF5A (By similarity).
Belongs to the uracil-DNA glycosylase (UDG) superfamily. UNG family.
Excises uracil residues from the DNA which can arise as a result of misincorporation of dUMP residues by DNA polymerase or due to deamination of cytosine.
Transcription activator. Doesn't appear to bind to the consensus 5'-AACAAT-3' DNA binding site, but binds 5'-ATTGTT-3'. All of the sox17 proteins are required for embryonic endoderm development and gastrulation movements, and show some redundancy in function. In addition, the sox17 proteins have distinct but overlapping roles in later gut development. Acts downstream of vegt-signaling in endoderm differentiation to induce a range of endodermal genes both directly and indirectly. Also represses wnt-responsive genes to inhibit wnt/beta-catenin-mediated signaling (By similarity).
Interacts with timeless, which impairs timeless self-association.
Plays an important role in the control of DNA replication and the maintenance of replication fork stability.
Plays an important role in the control of DNA replication and the maintenance of replication fork stability. Important for cell survival after DNA damage or replication stress. May be required fin the replication checkpoint induced by hydroxyurea or ultraviolet light (By similarity).
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL29 family.
Calcium-dependent mitochondrial solute carrier. Mediates the reversible, electroneutral exchange of Mg-ATP or Mg-ADP against phosphate ions, catalyzing the net uptake or efflux of adenine nucleotides across the mitochondrial inner membrane. Nucleotide transport is inactive when cytosolic calcium levels are low, and is activated by an increase in cytosolic calcium levels. May play a role in protecting cells against oxidative stress-induced cell death, probably by promoting the formation of calcium-phosphate precipitates in the mitochondrial matrix, and thereby buffering calcium levels in the mitochondrial matrix (By similarity).
The N-terminal domain can bind calcium and regulates the ATP carrier activity of the transmembrane domain. The apo form of the N-terminal domain is intrinsically disordered and binds to the transmembrane domain, leading to inhibition of the ATP carrier activity. Calcium binding leads to a major conformation change and abolishes the interaction with the transmembrane domain and the inhibition of the ATP carrier activity (By similarity).
Belongs to the GST superfamily. Kappa family.
Involved in cytoskeletal rearrangements required for phagocytosis of apoptotic cells and cell motility. Acts in association with DOCK1 and CRK. Was initially proposed to be required in complex with DOCK1 to activate Rac Rho small GTPases. May enhance the guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) activity of DOCK1.
Regulator required for centriole duplication.
3'-exoribonuclease that has a preference for poly(A) tails of mRNAs, thereby efficiently degrading poly(A) tails. Exonucleolytic degradation of the poly(A) tail is often the first step in the decay of eukaryotic mRNAs. Required during meiotic maturation to silence certain maternal mRNAs translationally. Does not require an adenosine residue at the 3' end, however, the addition of 25 non-adenylate residues at the 3' terminus, or a 3' terminal phosphate is inhibitory. Involved in dormant mRNAs regulation during oocyte maturation by counteracting polyadenylation mediated by papd4/gld2nt in immature eggs. During maturation it is excluded from the ribonucleoprotein complex, allowing poly(A) elongation by papd4/gld2nt and activation of mRNAs.
A 62 kDa form, which is produced by proteolytic cleavage, also exists.
Component of a complex at least composed of cpeb1, cpsf1, papd4/gld2, pabpc1/ePAB, parn and sympk.
In retina, it is constitutively present in most retinal cells, including the photoreceptors.
Binds 1 divalent metal cation per subunit. Mg(2+) or Mn(2+).
Catalytic component of the RAG complex, a multiprotein complex that mediates the DNA cleavage phase during V(D)J recombination. V(D)J recombination assembles a diverse repertoire of immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor genes in developing B and T lymphocytes through rearrangement of different V (variable), in some cases D (diversity), and J (joining) gene segments. In the RAG complex, RAG1 mediates the DNA-binding to the conserved recombination signal sequences (RSS) and catalyzes the DNA cleavage activities by introducing a double-strand break between the RSS and the adjacent coding segment. RAG2 is not a catalytic component but is required for all known catalytic activities. DNA cleavage occurs in 2 steps: a first nick is introduced in the top strand immediately upstream of the heptamer, generating a 3'-hydroxyl group that can attack the phosphodiester bond on the opposite strand in a direct transesterification reaction, thereby creating 4 DNA ends: 2 hairpin coding ends and 2 blunt, 5'-phosphorylated ends. In addition to its endonuclease activity, RAG1 also acts as an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that mediates monoubiquitination of histone H3. Histone H3 monoubiquitination is required for the joining step of V(D)J recombination (By similarity).
Expressed within the thymus, liver and spleen in juvenile frogs, and within the thymus and bone marrow of adults.
Homodimer. Component of the RAG complex composed of core components rag1 and rag2 (By similarity).
The NBD (nonamer binding) DNA-binding domain mediates the specific binding to the nonamer RSS motif by forming a tightly interwoven homodimer that binds and synapses 2 nonamer elements, with each NBD making contact with both DNA molecules. Each RSS is composed of well-conserved heptamer (consensus 5'-CACAGTG-3') and nonamer (consensus 5'-ACAAAAACC-3') sequences separated by a spacer of either 12 bp or 23 bp.
The RING-type zinc finger mediates the E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity.
Belongs to the ATG13 family. Metazoan subfamily.
The N-terminus is composed of the phosphotyrosine binding (PTB) domain, a short linker region and the RING-type zinc finger. The PTB domain, which is also called TKB (tyrosine kinase binding) domain, is composed of three different subdomains: a four-helix bundle (4H), a calcium-binding EF hand and a divergent SH2 domain.
Contributes to the regulation of the Wnt signaling pathway. Down-regulates CTNNB1-mediated transcriptional activation of target genes. May be involved in neuron differentiation (By similarity).
Contributes to the regulation of the Wnt signaling pathway. Down-regulates CTNNB1-mediated transcriptional activation of target genes. May be involved in neuron differentiation.
Expressed in high levels in brain and eye. Lower levels in bone. In the tailbud embryo stage, it is expressed exclusively in the central nervous system, especially in the hind region of the brain.
Secreted growth factor that mediates its signal through cell-surface proteoglycan and non-proteoglycan receptors (By similarity). Binds cell-surface proteoglycan receptor via their chondroitin sulfate (CS) groups (By similarity). Thereby regulates many processes like cell proliferation, cell survival, cell growth, cell differentiation and cell migration (By similarity). Has antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria (PubMed:20308059).
Belongs to the cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase family. PDE4 subfamily.
Induces gamma-tubulin accumulation at cell-cell junctions and may direct the assembly of robust microtubule arrays during cell elongation. May regulate the surface expression of amiloride-sensitive sodium channel.
Interacts with F-actin (By similarity). Interacts with scnn1a.
Kidney, proximal intestine, oocytes, and to a lesser extent in the distal intestine, stomach and eye. Epithelial cells of the cement gland.
The ASD1 domain mediates F-actin binding.
Glutamine synthetase that catalyzes the ATP-dependent conversion of glutamate and ammonia to glutamine.
Essential for the assembly of the distal half of centrioles, required for centriole elongation.
Expressed in embryos from the early gastrula stage (stage 10.5). Peak expression occurs at neurula stages (stages 11 to 17), with progressive reduction from the mid tailbud stage (stage 24) onwards. Still expressed in swimming tadpoles (stage 40) and in adults.
In embryos, expressed in the presumptive heart mesoderm. In adults, widely distributed but predominant in the heart.
Transcriptional activator that binds 5'-GATA-3'-containing motifs within gene promoters. Regulates cardiac-specific transcription during embryogenesis and thereby cardiogenesis.
Repression domain 1 (RD1) is involved in transcriptional repression.
Transcription factor which acts as a transcriptional repressor (By similarity). May also function as a transcriptional activator (By similarity). Binds to the palindromic T site 5'-TTCACACCTAGGTGTGAA-3' DNA sequence, or a half-site, which are present in the regulatory region of several genes (By similarity).
Expressed in eggs and early stage embryos. Strong expression is maintained until stage 8.
Highly expressed in ovary and, at low levels, in testis.
Plays an important role in centriole assembly and/or stability and ciliogenesis. Involved in early steps of centriole duplication, as well as in the later steps of centriole length control.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX52/ROK1 subfamily.
Belongs to the peptidase C19 family. USP47 subfamily.
Ubiquitin-specific protease that specifically deubiquitinates monoubiquitinated DNA polymerase beta (polb), stabilizing polb thereby playing a role in base-excision repair (BER).
Belongs to the protein-tyrosine phosphatase family. Receptor class 4 subfamily.
Corepressor targeting diverse transcription regulators. Has dehydrogenase activity.
Produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class myosin-kinesin ATPase superfamily. Kinesin family. MCAK/KIF2 subfamily.
Phosphorylation by AURKA interferes with location at spindle microtubules and spindle poles, and inhibits its microtubule depolymerization activity.
Phosphorylation by plk1 promotes location at spindle microtubules and spindle poles, and enhances its microtubule depolymerization activity.
Plus end-directed microtubule-dependent motor. May regulate microtubule dynamics during axonal growth (By similarity). Required for normal progression through mitosis. Required for normal congress of chromosomes at the metaphase plate. Required for normal spindle dynamics during mitosis. Promotes spindle turnover. Implicated in formation of bipolar mitotic spindles Has microtubule depolymerization activity.
Abundant in early stages of oogenesis. The expression is rapidly reduced between meiotic maturation and fertilization stages.
Catalytic subunit of the gamma-secretase complex, an endoprotease complex that catalyzes the intramembrane cleavage of integral membrane proteins such as Notch receptors and APP (amyloid-beta precursor protein). Requires the presence of the other members of the gamma-secretase complex for protease activity. Plays a role in Notch and Wnt signaling cascades and regulation of downstream processes via its role in processing key regulatory proteins.
Heterogeneous proteolytic processing generates N-terminal (NTF) and C-terminal (CTF) fragments of approximately 35 and 20 kDa, respectively. During apoptosis, the C-terminal fragment (CTF) is further cleaved by a caspase.
Highest expression in ovaries and to a lesser extent in testis, intestine, kidney, brain, eye and lung. Weak expression in liver and heart. Present in trace amounts in skeletal muscle.
Homodimer. The functional gamma-secretase complex is composed of at least four polypeptides: a presenilin homodimer (PSEN1 or PSEN2), nicastrin (NCSTN), APH1 (APH1A or APH1B) and PEN2. Such minimal complex is sufficient for secretase activity.
Probable subunit of the gamma-secretase complex, an endoprotease complex that catalyzes the intramembrane cleavage of integral membrane proteins such as Notch receptors.
Substrates, such as NOTCH1 and APP peptides, are bound between PSEN1 transmembrane domains and via the first lumenal loop and the cytoplasmic loop between the sixth and seventh transmembrane domains. Substrate binding causes a conformation change and formation of an intermolecular antiparallel beta-sheet between PSEN1 and its substrates.
The PAL motif is required for normal active site conformation.
Interacts with myosin VIIa and the cadherin-catenins complex.
Plays a pivotal role in the establishment of adherens junctions and their maintenance in adult life.
Phosphorylation at Ser-560 by atm and atr promotes its delocalization from the centrosome and impairs its ability to promote centrosome dependent spindle assembly.
Required for normal spindle assembly. Plays a key role in mother-centriole-dependent centriole duplication. Plays a role in DNA damage response: following DNA double strand breaks (DSBs), it is delocalized from centrosomes due to phosphorylation by atm and atr, leading to inactivate spindle assembly and delay mitotic progression.
General transcription factor that plays a role in transcription initiation by RNA polymerase II (Pol II). Involved in the pre-initiation complex (PIC) formation and Pol II recruitment at promoter DNA. Together with the TATA box-bound TBP forms the core initiation complex and provides a bridge between TBP and the Pol II-TFIIF complex. Released from the PIC early following the onset of transcription during the initiation and elongation transition and reassociates with TBP during the next transcription cycle. Associates with chromatin to core promoter-specific regions. Binds to two distinct DNA core promoter consensus sequence elements in a TBP-independent manner; these IIB-recognition elements (BREs) are localized immediately upstream (BREu), 5'-[GC][GC][GA]CGCC-3', and downstream (BREd), 5'-[GA]T[TGA][TG][GT][TG][TG]-3', of the TATA box element. Modulates transcription start site selection. Exhibits also autoacetyltransferase activity that contributes to the activated transcription.
The zinc-binding domain is necessary for the interaction and recruitment of RNA polymerase II to the core promoter, the formation of a fully competent pre-initiation complex (PIC) assembly and basal transcription initiation. The C-terminus is necessary and sufficient for interaction with the TATA box-bound TBP complex and for the formation of PIC.
In the tailbud stage, it is expressed in the olfactory bulbs, pineal complex and along the neural tube according to an antero-posterior gradient showing a gap at the midbrain-hindbrain boundary. At tadpole stage, it is expressed in the differentiating retina, in the neuronal fibers of the outer and inner plexiform layers, while its expression in the pineal complex becomes restricted to the photosensitive frontal organ.
May form a homo- or heterodimer with other members of the Deltex family. Probably interacts with Notch1.
Regulator of Notch signaling, a signaling pathway involved in cell-cell communications that regulates a broad spectrum of cell-fate determinations. Probably acts both as a positive and negative regulator of Notch, depending on the developmental and cell context. Functions as a ubiquitin ligase protein in vivo, mediating ubiquitination and promoting degradation of MEKK1, suggesting that it may regulate the Notch pathway via some ubiquitin ligase activity.
Specifically expressed in regions undergoing neuronal differentiation. Mainly colocalizes with Notch1.
The WWE domains are thought to mediate some protein-protein interaction, and are frequently found in ubiquitin ligases.
Probably mediates the hydrolysis of some nucleoside diphosphate derivatives.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS8 family.
Catalyzes the exchange of ADP and ATP across the membrane.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL39 family.
Sperm surface zona pellucida binding protein. Helps to bind spermatozoa to the zona pellucida with high affinity. Might function in binding zona pellucida and carbohydrates.
Expressed exclusively in early Xenopus embryos.
Sequence-specific transcription factor which is part of a developmental regulatory system that provides cells with specific positional identities on the anterior-posterior axis.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase required for accumulation of repair proteins to sites of DNA damage. Acts with UBE2N/UBC13 to amplify the RNF8-dependent histone ubiquitination. Recruited to sites of DNA damage at double-strand breaks (DSBs) by binding to ubiquitinated histone H2A and ubiquitinates histone H2A and H2AX, leading to amplify the RNF8-dependent H2A ubiquitination and promoting the formation of 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitin conjugates. This leads to concentrate ubiquitinated histones H2A and H2AX at DNA lesions to the threshold required for recruitment of TP53BP1 and BRCA1. Catalyzes monoubiquitination of 'Lys-13' and 'Lys-15' of nucleosomal histone H2A (H2AK13Ub and H2AK15Ub, respectively).
The MIU motif (motif interacting with ubiquitin) mediates the interaction with both 'Lys-48'- and 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitin chains. The UMI motif mediates interaction with ubiquitin with a preference for 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitin. The specificity for different types of ubiquitin is mediated by juxtaposition of ubiquitin-binding motifs (MIU and UMI motifs) with LR motifs (LRMs).
By serum stimulation, heat shock and oxidative stress.
Dual specificity phosphatase that dephosphorylates MAP kinase MAPK1/ERK2 on both 'Thr-188' and 'Tyr-190', regulating its activity during the meiotic cell cycle.
Phosphorylated by MAPK1/ERK2 at Thr-168 and at one or more serine residues in a progesterone-dependent manner. Phosphorylation reduces its rate of degradation but does not seem to affect phosphatase activity.
Present in both immature and mature oocytes (at protein level). Expressed at a constant level during oocyte growth as well as during oocyte maturation. Levels decline somewhat during cleavage (stages 3-6). Levels rise dramatically during the mid-blastula transition. This higher level of expression is then maintained through gastrulation and all subsequent developmental stages.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL20 family.
Acts as a GTPase-activating protein (GAP) for tubulin in concert with tubulin-specific chaperone C, but does not enhance tubulin heterodimerization. Acts as a GTPase-activating protein. May act as guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitor towards ADP-ribosylation factor-like proteins (By similarity).
Myristoylated on Gly-2; which may be required for membrane targeting.
Palmitoylated on Cys-3; which may be required for plasma membrane targeting.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. rRNA adenine N(6)-methyltransferase family.
Key transcription factor required for motile ciliogenesis. Activates genes essential for motile cilia formation and function.
Belongs to the nucleoporin NSP1/NUP62 family.
Belongs to the formin homology family. Cappuccino subfamily.
Belongs to the round spermatid basic protein 1 family.
Although PubMed:15905132 report high expression throughout oocyte development and throughout embryogenesis, PubMed:16574097 detect no maternal expression, with zygotic expression beginning at stage 20 (end of neurulation).
By retinoic acid (RA) signaling. Repressed by wt1 and by notch signaling.
Expressed dynamically during embryonic development; in the developing pronephros, specific areas of the brain (forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain), and in the majority of the visceral arch, and head mesenchyme derived from neural crest cells. Within the pronephros, expressed in the ventroposterior region of the pronephros anlagen from stage 20 (and is absent from the splanchnic layer that forms the glomus), then expression becomes restricted to the distal tubule and duct by the tadpole stage. In adults, expressed in various tissues including kidney, lung, testis, spleen and stomach.
Expressed in embryos and adults. May be expressed in oocytes.
Homooligomer (By similarity). Interacts with ctbp.
The CTBP-binding motifs and the N-terminal group of zinc fingers are required for repressor activity in the pronephros.
Transcriptional repressor during pronephros development. Plays a role in regionalization of the pronephros; may promote formation of the distal tubule and duct over formation of the glomus and proximal tubule.
Activated by phosphorylation of Thr-201.
Activated by phosphorylation on Thr-201 during M phase. Phosphorylated by stk10, leading to activation during oocyte maturation.
Interacts with plk1 and kif2a. Interacts with fbxo5 (PubMed:17159919).
Serine/threonine-protein kinase that performs several important functions throughout M phase of the cell cycle, including the regulation of centrosome maturation and spindle assembly, the removal of cohesins from chromosome arms, the inactivation of anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) inhibitors, and the regulation of mitotic exit and cytokinesis. Polo-like kinase proteins acts by binding and phosphorylating proteins are that already phosphorylated on a specific motif recognized by the POLO box domains. Phosphorylates cdc25, pkmyt1/myt1, stag2/sa2, tpx2. Plays multiple essential roles during mitosis. Phosphorylates the N-terminal domain of cdc25, which leads to cyclin b-cdc2 activation and mitotic entry. Also required for organization of bipolar spindles, and for exit from mitosis. Involved in kinetochore functions and sister chromatid cohesion by phosphorylating stag2/sa2.
The POLO box domains act as phosphopeptide-binding module that recognize and bind serine-[phosphothreonine/phosphoserine]-(proline/X) motifs. plk1 recognizes and binds docking proteins that are already phosphorylated on these motifs, and then phosphorylates them (By similarity).
Ubiquitinated by the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) in anaphase and following DNA damage, leading to its degradation by the proteasome. Protein levels are down-regulated by proteasomal degradation in anaphase (By similarity).
Catalytic tRNA acetyltransferase subunit of the elongator complex which is required for multiple tRNA modifications, including mcm5U (5-methoxycarbonylmethyl uridine), mcm5s2U (5-methoxycarbonylmethyl-2-thiouridine), and ncm5U (5-carbamoylmethyl uridine) (By similarity). In the elongator complex, acts as a tRNA uridine(34) acetyltransferase by mediating formation of carboxymethyluridine in the wobble base at position 34 in tRNAs (By similarity). Stabilizes transcriptional repressor snai1 by inhibiting its ubiquitination which promotes neural crest cell migration (PubMed:27189455).
Component of the elongator complex (By similarity). Interacts with transcriptional repressors snai1 and snai2; interaction with snai1 inhibits snai1 ubiquitination and promotes snai1 stability (PubMed:27189455).
In the embryo, detected at the animal pole at stage 6.5. At stage 15, expressed at the anterior neural plate and its border. At late neurulation, most abundant in the cranial neural crest. At the tailbud stage, mainly expressed in the branchial arches and eyes.
Morpholino knockdown results in inhibition of neural crest cell migration and reduced expression of N-cadherin.
Belongs to the TTC30/dfy-1/fleer family.
Required for polyglutamylation of axonemal tubulin. Plays a role in anterograde intraflagellar transport (IFT), the process by which cilia precursors are transported from the base of the cilium to the site of their incorporation at the tip.
Stimulates the RNA helicase activity of EIF4A in the translation initiation complex. Binds weakly mRNA.
GTPase-activating protein. Directly and specifically regulates the adapter protein 3 (AP-3)-dependent trafficking of proteins in the endosomal-lysosomal system (By similarity).
Homodimer. Interacts with several subunits of the AP-3 protein complex (By similarity).
IGF-binding proteins prolong the half-life of the IGFs and have been shown to either inhibit or stimulate the growth promoting effects of the IGFs on cell culture. They alter the interaction of IGFs with their cell surface receptors.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Maternal expression decreases during early cleavage stages becoming absent during gastrulation. Zygotic expression begins during neurulation with expression levels increasing as development progresses.
IGF1 rapidly induces phosphorylation of Thr-28, Ser-245 and Ser-308. Phosphorylation of Ser-245 decreases DNA-binding activity and promotes the phosphorylation of Thr-28, and Ser-308, which leads to nuclear exclusion and loss of function. Phosphorylation of Ser-318 is independent of IGF1 and leads to reduced function (By similarity).
Localized to the animal hemisphere during early cleavage stages. At early tadpole stages, expressed in the branchial arches, pronephros and liver. Within the head, expressed in the forming thyroid gland and in head mesenchyme anterior to the eyes.
Phosphorylated by AKT1; insulin-induced.
Transcription factor that regulates metabolic homeostasis in response to oxidative stress. Binds to the consensus sequence 5'-TT[G/A]TTTTG-3' and the related Daf-16 family binding element (DBE) with consensus sequence 5'-TT[G/A]TTTAC-3'. Main regulator of redox balance and osteoblast numbers and controls bone mass. Orchestrates the endocrine function of the skeleton in regulating glucose metabolism. Also acts as a key regulator of chondrogenic commitment of skeletal progenitor cells in response to lipid availability: when lipids levels are low, translocates to the nucleus and promotes expression of sox9, which induces chondrogenic commitment and suppresses fatty acid oxidation. Acts synergistically with atf4 to suppress osteocalcin/bglap activity, increasing glucose levels and triggering glucose intolerance and insulin insensitivity. Also suppresses the transcriptional activity of runx2, an upstream activator of osteocalcin/bglap.
Acylated. Acylation may be a prerequisite for conversion of the monomeric 37 kDa laminin receptor precursor (37LRP) to the mature dimeric 67 kDa laminin receptor (67LR), and may provide a mechanism for membrane association.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS2 family.
Cleaved by stromelysin-3 (ST3) at the cell surface. Cleavage by stromelysin-3 may be a mechanism to alter cell-extracellular matrix interactions.
Expressed in the intestinal epithelium of premetamorphic tadpoles. During intestinal metamorphosis, down-regulated in the apoptotic epithelium and concurrently up-regulated in the connective tissue but with little expression in the developing adult epithelium. Toward the end of metamorphosis, expressed in adult epithelial cells as they differentiate.
Monomer (37LRP) and homodimer (67LR). Component of the small ribosomal subunit. Mature ribosomes consist of a small (40S) and a large (60S) subunit. The 40S subunit contains about 33 different proteins and 1 molecule of RNA (18S). The 60S subunit contains about 49 different proteins and 3 molecules of RNA (28S, 5.8S and 5S). Interacts with RPS21. Interacts with several laminins including at least LAMB1. Interacts with MDK.
Required for the assembly and/or stability of the 40S ribosomal subunit. Required for the processing of the 20S rRNA-precursor to mature 18S rRNA in a late step of the maturation of 40S ribosomal subunits. Also functions as a cell surface receptor for laminin. Plays a role in cell adhesion to the basement membrane and in the consequent activation of signaling transduction pathways. May play a role in cell fate determination and tissue morphogenesis.
This protein appears to have acquired a second function as a laminin receptor specifically in the vertebrate lineage.
Component of the TFIID basal transcription factor complex, composed of TATA-box-binding protein tbp, and a number of TBP-associated factors (TAFs). Component of the TBP-free TAFII-histone acetylase complex (TFTC-HAT).
Expressed in all tissues examined, including heart, liver, lung, kidney, spleen, ovary and testis.
The TFIID basal transcription factor complex plays a major role in the initiation of RNA polymerase II (Pol II)-dependent transcription. TFIID recognizes and binds promoters with or without a TATA box via its subunit tbp, a TATA-box-binding protein, and promotes assembly of the pre-initiation complex (PIC). The TFIID complex consists of tbp and TBP-associated factors (TAFs).
Belongs to the DZIP C2H2-type zinc-finger protein family.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Tyr protein kinase family. Ephrin receptor subfamily.
Expression occurs in R3, R5 and transiently at lower levels in R2.
Receptor tyrosine kinase which binds membrane-bound ephrin family ligands residing on adjacent cells, leading to contact-dependent bidirectional signaling into neighboring cells. The signaling pathway downstream of the receptor is referred to as forward signaling while the signaling pathway downstream of the ephrin ligand is referred to as reverse signaling. Highly promiscuous, it has the unique property among Eph receptors to bind and to be physiologically activated by both GPI-anchored ephrin-A and transmembrane ephrin-B ligands including EFNA1 and EFNB3. Upon activation by ephrin ligands, modulates cell morphology and integrin-dependent cell adhesion through regulation of the Rac, Rap and Rho GTPases activity. Plays an important role in the development of the nervous system controlling different steps of axonal guidance including the establishment of the corticospinal projections (By similarity).
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Maternal levels decrease rapidly during the early cleavage stages. Zygotic expression begins at neurulation.
Localized to the animal hemisphere of early cleavage stage embryos. Zygotic expression is restricted to the dorsal part of the epibranchial placodes of the head within a region located near the tip of the first, second and third visceral pouch.
Belongs to the PPP phosphatase family. PP-2B subfamily.
Belongs to the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family. UFC1 subfamily.
E1-like enzyme which specifically catalyzes the second step in ufmylation. Ufmylation is involved in reticulophagy (also called ER-phagy) induced in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress.
Belongs to the DPH1/DPH2 family. DPH1 subfamily.
This protein functions as a dosage-dependent inducer in mitotic control. It is a tyrosine protein phosphatase required for progression of the cell cycle. It may directly dephosphorylate p34(cdc2) and activate the p34(cdc2) kinase activity.
Belongs to the N-CoR nuclear receptor corepressors family.
By thyroid hormone in the developing intestine and tail.
Expressed in the developing intestine both prior to and during remodeling (stages NF54 to NF66). Also expressed at high levels in the tail during tail regression (stages NF62 and NF64) and in the hindlimbs during hindlimb morphogenesis (stage NF56).
Forms a large corepressor complex that contains sin3a/b, histone deacetylases hdac1 and hdac2, rbbp4 and possibly rbbp7. Interacts with the thyroid receptor (TR, composed of rxra and thrb) and the retinoid acid receptor (RAR, composed of rxra and rara) in the absence of ligand. Interacts with tbl1xr1-A and possibly tbl1xr1-B. Interacts with zbtb33/kaiso.
Mediates transcriptional repression by certain nuclear receptors. Participates in complexes which promote histone deacetylation and the formation of repressive chromatin structures which may impede access by the basal transcription machinery. In association with hdac3, may play a role in the regulation of the circadian clock (By similarity).
The CORNR box motifs in the C-terminal region may be necessary and sufficient for binding to unligated nuclear hormone receptors. Sequences flanking these motifs may determine the precise nuclear hormone receptor specificity (By similarity).
Belongs to the Mrp/NBP35 ATP-binding proteins family.
Probable core component of the endosomal sorting required for transport complex III (ESCRT-III) which is involved in multivesicular bodies (MVBs) formation and sorting of endosomal cargo proteins into MVBs. MVBs contain intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) that are generated by invagination and scission from the limiting membrane of the endosome and mostly are delivered to lysosomes enabling degradation of membrane proteins, such as stimulated growth factor receptors, lysosomal enzymes and lipids. In the ESCRT-III complex, it probably serves as an acceptor for the ESCRT-II complex on endosomal membranes (By similarity).
Transferrins are iron binding transport proteins which can bind two Fe(3+) ions in association with the binding of an anion, usually bicarbonate. It is responsible for the transport of iron from sites of absorption and heme degradation to those of storage and utilization. Serum transferrin may also have a further role in stimulating cell proliferation (By similarity).
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL27 family.
First expressed at a low level at stage 12, with expression gradually increasing up to stage 22. From stage 24, expression increases sharply and continues at a similar level as development progresses through the tadpole stages.
From stage 22, expressed in somites and the pronephros. At stage 24 and 26, expressed in the pharyngeal arches I-III. At stage 31, expression in the eye, central nervous system and pharyngeal arches IV and V increases. Up to stage 34, expression becomes intense at the oral cavity and lateral line structures. At this stage, expression weakens in the pharyngeal arches, and increases in the epibranchial arches. Expressed in the digestive tract in stage 34 embryos.
Neurotrophic factor that enhances survival and morphological differentiation of dopaminergic neurons and increases their high-affinity dopamine uptake.
Adult brain, heart, striated muscle, liver, kidney, and very high levels in skin.
Throughout oogenesis and in mature eggs. Constant levels during early embryogenesis, but decrease at 8h. After midblastula transition, the steady state level increases substantially.
Component of the spliceosome A complex (also known as the prespliceosome). Appears to dissociate from the spliceosome upon formation of the spliceosome B complex (also known as the precatalytic spliceosome), in which the heterotrimeric U4/U6.U5 snRNPs are bound (By similarity).
Component of the spliceosome A complex. Regulates alternative splicing of a number of mRNAs. May modulate splice site pairing after recruitment of the U1 and U2 snRNPs to the 5' and 3' splice sites of the intron (By similarity).
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mS29 family.
Component of some chromatin complex recruited to chromatin sites methylated 'Lys-4' of histone H3 (H3K4me), with a preference for trimethylated form (H3K4me3).
Belongs to the V-ATPase 116 kDa subunit family.
Essential component of the vacuolar proton pump (V-ATPase), a multimeric enzyme that catalyzes the translocation of protons across the membranes. Required for assembly and activity of the V-ATPase.
During somatogenesis, expressed predominantly in unsegmented paraxial presomitic mesoderm and, to a much lesser extent, in newly segmented somites.
Interacts with the cdc2 protein kinase to form a serine/threonine kinase holoenzyme complex also known as maturation promoting factor (MPF). The cyclin subunit imparts substrate specificity to the complex. When not in a complex with cdc2, interacts with spdya. Interacts with nap1l1. Interacts with nanos1.
Belongs to the NADP-dependent oxidoreductase L4BD family.
ATP-independent molecular chaperone preventing the aggregation of misfolded and hydrophobic patches-containing proteins. Functions as part of a cytosolic protein quality control complex, the bag6/bat3 complex, which maintains these client proteins in a soluble state and participates in their proper delivery to the endoplasmic reticulum or alternatively can promote their sorting to the proteasome where they undergo degradation. The bag6/bat3 complex is involved in the post-translational delivery of tail-anchored/type II transmembrane proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Similarly, the bag6/bat3 complex also functions as a sorting platform for proteins of the secretory pathway that are mislocalized to the cytosol either delivering them to the proteasome for degradation or to the endoplasmic reticulum. The bag6/bat3 complex also plays a role in the endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD), a quality control mechanism that eliminates unwanted proteins of the endoplasmic reticulum through their retrotranslocation to the cytosol and their targeting to the proteasome. It maintains these retrotranslocated proteins in an unfolded yet soluble state condition in the cytosol to ensure their proper delivery to the proteasome. Also required for selective ubiquitin-mediated degradation of defective nascent chain polypeptides by the proteasome. Also involved in endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced pre-emptive quality control, a mechanism that selectively attenuates the translocation of newly synthesized proteins into the endoplasmic reticulum and reroutes them to the cytosol for proteasomal degradation. May ensure the proper degradation of these proteins and thereby protects the endoplasmic reticulum from protein overload upon stress. By stabilizing a large spectrum of proteins, may indirectly affect different biological processes including apoptosis. By controlling the steady-state expression of the IGF1R receptor, indirectly regulates the insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling pathway.
When nuclear, may also act as a component of some chromatin regulator complex.
Component of a SWR1-like complex. Interacts with H2A.Z/H2AZ1 (By similarity).
Histone chaperone that specifically mediates the genome-wide removal of histone H2A.Z/H2AZ1 from the nucleosome: removes H2A.Z/H2AZ1 from its normal sites of deposition, especially from enhancer and insulator regions. Not involved in deposition of H2A.Z/H2AZ1 in the nucleosome. May stabilize the evicted H2A.Z/H2AZ1-H2B dimer, thus shifting the equilibrium towards dissociation and the off-chromatin state. Inhibits activity of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A). Does not inhibit protein phosphatase 1. May play a role in cerebellar development and synaptogenesis (By similarity).
Phosphorylated. The phosphorylation is nuclear localization signal (NLS)-dependent.
The H2A.Z-interacting domain (ZID) mediates a direct interaction with H2A.Z/H2AZ1.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. EEF2KMT family.
Belongs to the LDH/MDH superfamily. LDH family.
Homodimer. Dimerization is required for targeting to microtubule minus ends. Found in a complex with tpx2 and microtubules. Its association with microtubules and targeting to microtubule minus ends requires tpx2 (By similarity).
Plus-end directed kinesin-like motor enzyme involved in mitotic spindle assembly. Required for centrosome separation and maintenance of spindle bipolarity during mitosis (By similarity).
Belongs to the PPP phosphatase family. PP-4 (PP-X) subfamily.
Protein phosphatase that regulates many processes such as microtubule organization at centrosomes.
Acts as a negative regulator of innate and adaptive immunity by maintaining immune homeostasis. Negative regulator of Toll-like receptor and T-cell receptor function. Prevents hyperresponsiveness of the immune system and maintains immune homeostasis. Inhibits jun/ap1 and NF-kappa-B activation. Promotes Fas-induced apoptosis (By similarity).
Belongs to the TNFAIP8 family. TNFAIP8L2 subfamily.
The central region was initially thought to constitute a DED (death effector) domain. However, 3D-structure data reveal a previously uncharacterized fold that is different from the predicted fold of a DED (death effector) domain. It consists of a large, hydrophobic central cavity that is poised for cofactor binding (By similarity).
Belongs to the class-V pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL40 family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the ubiquitin family.
Can self-associate. Component of the cytosolic PAF-AH (I) heterotetrameric enzyme, which is composed of PAFAH1B1 (beta), PAFAH1B2 (alpha2) and PAFAH1B3 (alpha1) subunits. The catalytic activity of the enzyme resides in the alpha1 (PAFAH1B3) and alpha2 (PAFAH1B2) subunits, whereas the beta subunit (PAFAH1B1) has regulatory activity. Trimer formation is not essential for the catalytic activity (By similarity). Interacts with dynein, dynactin, nde1 and ndel1.
Regulatory subunit (beta subunit) of the cytosolic type I platelet-activating factor (PAF) acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH (I)), an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolyze of the acetyl group at the sn-2 position of PAF and its analogs and participates in PAF inactivation. Regulates the PAF-AH (I) activity in a catalytic dimer composition-dependent manner (By similarity). Positively regulates the activity of the minus-end directed microtubule motor protein dynein. May enhance dynein-mediated microtubule sliding by targeting dynein to the microtubule plus end. Required for several dynein- and microtubule-dependent processes such as the maintenance of Golgi integrity, the peripheral transport of microtubule fragments and the coupling of the nucleus and centrosome. May be required for proliferation of neuronal precursors and neuronal migration.
Transfers N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) from UDP-GalNAc to N-acetylglucosamine-beta-benzyl with a beta-1,4-linkage to form N,N'-diacetyllactosediamine, GalNAc-beta-1,4-GlcNAc structures in N-linked glycans and probably O-linked glycans.
Belongs to the krueppel C2H2-type zinc-finger protein family. ZBTB18 subfamily.
Transcriptional repressor that plays a role in various developmental processes. Specifically binds the consensus DNA sequence 5'-[AC]ACATCTG[GT][AC]-3' which contains the E box core, and acts by recruiting chromatin remodeling multiprotein complexes (By similarity).
Belongs to the TCP-1 chaperonin family. BBS12 subfamily.
Component of the chaperonin-containing T-complex (TRiC), a heterooligomeric complex of about 850 to 900 kDa that forms two stacked rings, 12 to 16 nm in diameter.
Component of the chaperonin-containing T-complex (TRiC), a molecular chaperone complex that assists the folding of proteins upon ATP hydrolysis.
Involved in the maintenance of the Golgi structure. May play a role in hematopoiesis (By similarity).
Involved in the maintenance of the Golgi structure. May play a role in hematopoiesis.
DNA-binding transcriptional factor that plays a role in a broad range of cellular and developmental processes such as eye, bones, cardiovascular, kidney and skin development. Acts either as a transcriptional activator or repressor. Binds to the consensus binding site 5'-[G/C][A/T]AAA[T/C]AA[A/C]-3' in promoter of target genes. Upon DNA-binding, promotes DNA bending. Required for cell viability and resistance to oxidative stress in the eye. Promotes cell growth inhibition by stopping the cell cycle in the G1 phase through TGFB1-mediated signals. Involved in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) induction by increasing cell proliferation, migration and invasion. Involved in chemokine-induced endothelial cell migration. Plays a role in epidermal keratinocyte terminal differentiation. Essential developmental transcriptional factor required for mesoderm-derived tissues formation, such as the somites, skin, bone and cartilage. Plays a role in the development and maintenance of mesenchymal niches for haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPC). Plays a role in corneal transparency by preventing both blood vessel and lymphatic vessel growth during embryonic development in a VEGF-dependent manner (By similarity). Plays a role at the gastrula stage for expression of several mesodermal and endodermal genes (PubMed:17705306). At the late neurula stage, regulates expression of adhesion genes to maintain cell adhesion in the mesodermal germ layer (PubMed:17705306).
Embryos gastrulate and neurulate, but at the tailbud stage show stunted growth and loss of cells at the blastopore. Embryos continue to develop but display shortened axes and abnormal gut and heart development by the swimming tadpole stage.
Expressed from late blastula/early gastrula stage throughout embryogenesis.
In gastrulae, expressed in ventral and lateral but not dorsal mesoderm. In neurulae, expressed in the posterior mesoderm except for the dorsal midline, and also at the lateral border of the neural plate and within anterior neuroectoderm. From tailbud stages, expressed in the pronephros, heart, neural crest cells surrounding the eye, in the mandibular, hyoid and branchial arches, and within the tail.
Binds GTP but lacks intrinsic GTPase activity and is resistant to Rho-specific GTPase-activating proteins.
Belongs to the sterol desaturase family. SCS7 subfamily.
Binds 2 Zn(2+) ions per subunit that likely form a catalytic dimetal center.
Catalyzes stereospecific hydroxylation of free fatty acids at the C-2 position to produce (R)-2-hydroxy fatty acids, which are building blocks of sphingolipids and glycosphingolipids common in neural tissue and epidermis. Plays an essential role in the synthesis of galactosphingolipids of the myelin sheath. Responsible for the synthesis of sphingolipids and glycosphingolipids involved in the formation of epidermal lamellar bodies critical for skin permeability barrier. Participates in the synthesis of glycosphingolipids and a fraction of type II wax diesters in sebaceous gland, specifically regulating hair follicle homeostasis. Involved in the synthesis of sphingolipids of plasma membrane rafts, controlling lipid raft mobility and trafficking of raft-associated proteins.
Component of the MCM8-MCM9 complex, a complex involved in homologous recombination repair following DNA interstrand cross-links and plays a key role during gametogenesis. The MCM8-MCM9 complex probably acts as a hexameric helicase required to process aberrant forks into homologous recombination substrates and to orchestrate homologous recombination with resection, fork stabilization and fork restart (By similarity). In eggs, required for MCM2-7 loading onto chromatin during DNA replication. Probably not required for DNA replication in other cells.
Component of the MCM8-MCM9 complex, which forms a hexamer composed of mcm8 and mcm9 (By similarity). Interacts with cdt1.
Belongs to the G-alpha family. G(s) subfamily.
Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) function as transducers in numerous signaling pathways controlled by G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Signaling involves the activation of adenylyl cyclases, resulting in increased levels of the signaling molecule cAMP. GNAS functions downstream of several GPCRs, including beta-adrenergic receptors. Stimulates the Ras signaling pathway.
Heterotrimeric G proteins are composed of 3 units; alpha, beta and gamma. The alpha chain contains the guanine nucleotide binding site (By similarity).
Component of the signal peptidase complex.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL28 family.
Cytokine that has an axial patterning activity. Acts like BMP antagonist in embryonic explants. Blocks the BMP2 activity.
First detected at tailbud stages. At stage 27, appears in the pronephric duct, trunk and tail bud. In stage 30-40 embryos, expression extends rostrally and caudally to include neural crest cells at all axial levels.
Belongs to the RNA polymerase beta chain family.
Plays an important role in retinal cone photoreceptor survival (By similarity). May play a role in cone cell viability, slowing down cone degeneration, does not seem to play a role in degenerating rods (By similarity).
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. eIF4A subfamily.
May be involved in the calcium-dependent regulation of rhodopsin phosphorylation.
Involved in the degradation process of misfolded endoplasmic reticulum (ER) luminal proteins. Participates in the transfer of misfolded proteins from the ER to the cytosol, where they are destroyed by the proteasome in a ubiquitin-dependent manner (By similarity).
Activated by multiple phosphorylations on threonine and serine residues.
Autophosphorylated on Ser-380, as part of the activation process.
Serine/threonine kinase that may play a role in mediating the growth-factor and stress induced activation of transcription.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 31 family. Beta3-Gal-T subfamily.
ATP-independent molecular chaperone preventing the aggregation of misfolded and hydrophobic patches-containing proteins. Functions as part of a cytosolic protein quality control complex, the bag6/bat3 complex, which maintains these client proteins in a soluble state and participates in their proper delivery to the endoplasmic reticulum or alternatively can promote their sorting to the proteasome where they undergo degradation. The bag6/bat3 complex is involved in the post-translational delivery of tail-anchored/type II transmembrane proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Similarly, the bag6/bat3 complex also functions as a sorting platform for proteins of the secretory pathway that are mislocalized to the cytosol either delivering them to the proteasome for degradation or to the endoplasmic reticulum. The bag6/bat3 complex also plays a role in the endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD), a quality control mechanism that eliminates unwanted proteins of the endoplasmic reticulum through their retrotranslocation to the cytosol and their targeting to the proteasome. It maintains these retrotranslocated proteins in an unfolded yet soluble state condition in the cytosol to ensure their proper delivery to the proteasome. Also required for selective ubiquitin-mediated degradation of defective nascent chain polypeptides by the proteasome. Also involved in endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced pre-emptive quality control, a mechanism that selectively attenuates the translocation of newly synthesized proteins into the endoplasmic reticulum and reroutes them to the cytosol for proteasomal degradation. May ensure the proper degradation of these proteins and thereby protects the endoplasmic reticulum from protein overload upon stress (By similarity). By stabilizing a large spectrum of proteins, may indirectly affect different biological processes including apoptosis (PubMed:9799223). By controlling the steady-state expression of the IGF1R receptor, indirectly regulates the insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling pathway (By similarity).
Involved in the regulation of homocysteine metabolism.
E3 ubiquitin ligase required to protect genome stability in response to replication stress (PubMed:30979826, PubMed:30849395, PubMed:30842657). Acts as a key regulator of interstrand cross-link repair, which takes place when both strands of duplex DNA are covalently tethered together, thereby blocking replication and transcription (PubMed:30979826, PubMed:30849395, PubMed:30842657). Controls the choice between the two pathways of replication-coupled interstrand-cross-link repair by mediating ubiquitination of mcm7 subunit of the CMG helicase complex (PubMed:30842657). Short ubiquitin chains on mcm7 promote recruitment of DNA glycosylase neil3 (PubMed:30842657). If the interstrand cross-link cannot be cleaved by neil3, the ubiquitin chains continue to grow on mcm7, promoting the unloading of the CMG helicase complex by the vcp/p97 ATPase, enabling the Fanconi anemia DNA repair pathway (PubMed:30979826, PubMed:30842657). Only catalyzes ubiquitination of mcm7 when forks converge (PubMed:30842657). Also involved in the repair of covalent DNA-protein cross-links (DPCs) during DNA synthesis: promotes ubiquitination of DPCs, leading to their degradation by the proteasome (PubMed:30595436). Also acts as a negative regulator of innate immune signaling by inhibiting activation of NF-kappa-B mediated by TNF (By similarity).
Component of the EKC/KEOPS complex composed of at least tp53rk, tprkb, osgep and lage3; the whole complex dimerizes.
Component of the EKC/KEOPS complex that is required for the formation of a threonylcarbamoyl group on adenosine at position 37 (t(6)A37) in tRNAs that read codons beginning with adenine. The complex is probably involved in the transfer of the threonylcarbamoyl moiety of threonylcarbamoyl-AMP (TC-AMP) to the N6 group of A37. Osgep likely plays a direct catalytic role in this reaction, but requires other protein(s) of the complex to fulfill this activity.
Mediates the post-translational oxidative deamination of lysine residues on target proteins leading to the formation of deaminated lysine (allysine).
The lysine tyrosylquinone cross-link (LTQ) is generated by condensation of the epsilon-amino group of a lysine with a topaquinone produced by oxidation of tyrosine.
Necessary for the splicing of pre-mRNA. Has a role in the recognition of the branch site (5'-UACUAAC-3'), the pyrimidine tract and the 3'-splice site at the 3'-end of introns.
Expressed in the periphery of the cement gland as well as in the region of the hatching gland.
A soluble form may be derived from the membrane form by proteolytic processing.
Detected in the neural tube, the eye and the otic vesicle, expression coincides with the region that produces the medial, intermediate and lateral neurons.
Developmental protein. Present as a maternal component before zygotic transcription begins. Detected in animal, marginal and vegetal regions in late blastula and gastrula embryos. Later expressed in the neural tube, in the medial intermediate, and later neurons. Detected in the eyes at stage 25 until stage 28. At stage 35 not detected in the eyes but in the otic vesicles.
Glycosyltransferase that initiates the elongation of O-linked fucose residues attached to EGF-like repeats in the extracellular domain of Notch molecules. Essential mediator of somite segmentation and patterning (By similarity). May be involved in mesoderm development (PubMed:8662522).
Belongs to the fibril-associated collagens with interrupted helices (FACIT) family.
Seems to correspond to a subunit of a multimeric transport system and thus, additional subunits may be required for its function.
Phosphorylated on some or all of the serine and threonine residues present in the C-terminal region.
Visual pigments are the light-absorbing molecules that mediate vision. They consist of an apoprotein, opsin, covalently linked to cis-retinal.
Already expressed in the smallest stage I oocytes. Then it decreases during oocyte growth until stage VI (at protein level).
Interacts with ribonucleoprotein complex components. Interacts with cpeb.
Oocyte-specific protein. Expressed throughout oogenesis but is not detectable in eggs, embryos, nor in adult tissues (at protein level).
RNA-binding protein that acts as a translational repressor. When overexpressed, able to disperse P-bodies.
Belongs to the quiescin-sulfhydryl oxidase (QSOX) family.
Catalyzes the oxidation of sulfhydryl groups in peptide and protein thiols to disulfides with the reduction of oxygen to hydrogen peroxide.
Binds to the 60S ribosomal subunit and prevents its association with the 40S ribosomal subunit to form the 80S initiation complex in the cytoplasm. May also be involved in ribosome biogenesis.
Monomer. Associates with the 60S ribosomal subunit.
Belongs to the SMC family. SMC5 subfamily.
Core component of the SMC5-SMC6 complex, a complex involved in repair of DNA double-strand breaks by homologous recombination. The complex may promote sister chromatid homologous recombination by recruiting the SMC1-SMC3 cohesin complex to double-strand breaks. The complex is required for telomere maintenance via recombination and mediates sumoylation of shelterin complex (telosome) components. Required for sister chromatid cohesion during prometaphase and mitotic progression; the function seems to be independent of SMC6 (By similarity).
Forms a heterodimer with smc6. Component of the SMC5-SMC6 complex which consists at least of smc5, smc6, nsmce2, nsmce1 and nsmce4a (By similarity).
Loaded onto chromatin during DNA replication in a manner dependent on the initiation of DNA synthesis, and it dissociated from chromatin during mitosis. Chromatin loading is not induced by DNA double-strand breaks.
The flexible hinge domain, which separates the large intramolecular coiled coil regions, allows the heterotypic interaction with the corresponding domain of SMC6, forming a V-shaped heterodimer.
Histone methyltransferase involved in left-right axis specification in early development and mitosis. Specifically trimethylates 'Lys-9' of histone H3 (H3K9me3). H3K9me3 is a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional repression that recruits HP1 (CBX1, CBX3 and/or CBX5) proteins to methylated histones. Contributes to H3K9me3 in both the interspersed repetitive elements and centromere-associated repeats. Plays a role in chromosome condensation and segregation during mitosis (By similarity).
Belongs to the TDD superfamily. DTWD1 family.
Catalyzes the formation of 3-(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)uridine (acp3U) at position 20 in the D-loop of several cytoplasmic tRNAs (acp3U(20)).
Involved in translation as a component of the 40S small ribosomal subunit. Has endonuclease activity and plays a role in repair of damaged DNA. Also involved in other processes including regulation of transcription, translation of its cognate mRNA, spindle formation and chromosome movement during mitosis, and apoptosis.
Expressed maternally and throughout embryonic development through to the tadpole stage.
Expressed widely in the ectoderm during early gastrula stage when neural induction is taking place. Expressed in the head region of neurula stage embryos. At the end of neurulation, expression becomes localized to the nervous system, and is restricted to the central nervous system, eye and head neural crest cells by the early tadpole stages.
Interacts with sox11, hmgxb4/hmg2l1, rnf138/narf, stat3.1 and mef2a.
Negatively regulates Wnt/beta-catenin-signaling during development. Plays a role together with sox11 in neural induction during early embryogenesis. Involved in TGFbeta-mediated mesoderm induction in early embryos, acting downstream of map3k7/tak1 to phosphorylate stat3.1. Augments the rnf138/narf-directed ubiquitination and degradation of tcf/lef by enhancing the association of rnf138/narf and tcf/lef. Phosphorylates mef2a to play a role in anterior neural development, including eye formation.
'Kiel' means keel in English. As the expression in the central nervous system (CNS) resembled a keel of ship, the gene was named Kielin.
Expression starts at the mid-gastrula stage in the dorsal midline. Expressed in the axial mesoderm at this stage. At neurula stages, expression is detected both in the axial mesoderm (notochord and prechordal mesoderm) and in the ventral central nervous system (floor plate and ventral forebrain). At tailbud stages, expression is diminished in the notochord and remains in the ventral central nervous system (CNS). During and after tailbud stages, other regions shows detectable levels of expression. The epiphyseal placode has a strong expression. Additional expression is found in dorsal parts of the CNS, especially in the anterior spinal cord and hindbrain as well as in the tailbud mesoderm. At the larval stage, expression is also found in the forming heart. Induced in mesoderm and in ectoderm by nodal-related genes.
May be a signaling molecule that mediates inductive activities of the embryonic midline. Able to dorsalize mesoderm.
Heterotetramer of two type I and two type II keratins. Keratin-18 associates with keratin-8 (By similarity).
Proteolytically cleaved by caspases during epithelial cell apoptosis.
When phosphorylated, plays a role in filament reorganization.
Acts as a transcriptional repressor. May be involved in DNA damage-inducible cell cycle arrests (checkpoints) (By similarity).
At early cleavage stages, localized within the animal half of the embryo. At gastrulation, expression expands over the whole embryo excluding the future endodermal cells of the blastopore. During neurulation, expressed in the prospective eye field and in the neural crest cells. Strongly enriched in the eye vesicles at stage 26. From stage 29 onwards, expressed predominantly in the eye, the branchial arches and the vagal ganglion. At stage 38, expressed throughout the head with strongest expression in the head mesenchyme and the eye lens.
Both isoform 1 and isoform 2 are expressed both maternally and zygotically. Present in all embryonic stages including early cleavage stages, with levels decreasing during gastrulation. Expression is then up-regulated at stage 25 and persists until stage 45.
Involved in pre-mRNA splicing, specifically in spliceosome disassembly during late-stage splicing events.
Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily. MFSD6 family.
Belongs to the inositol 3,4-bisphosphate 4-phosphatase family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL34 family.
Belongs to the RNA 3'-terminal cyclase family. Type 1 subfamily.
Catalyzes the conversion of 3'-phosphate to a 2',3'-cyclic phosphodiester at the end of RNA. The mechanism of action of the enzyme occurs in 3 steps: (A) adenylation of the enzyme by ATP; (B) transfer of adenylate to an RNA-N3'P to produce RNA-N3'PP5'A; (C) and attack of the adjacent 2'-hydroxyl on the 3'-phosphorus in the diester linkage to produce the cyclic end product. The biological role of this enzyme is unknown but it is likely to function in some aspects of cellular RNA processing.
Acts as a component of the essential kinetochore-associated NDC80 complex, which is required for chromosome segregation and spindle checkpoint activity (PubMed:14738735). Required for kinetochore integrity and the organization of stable microtubule binding sites in the outer plate of the kinetochore (PubMed:14738735). The NDC80 complex synergistically enhances the affinity of the SKA1 complex for microtubules and may allow the NDC80 complex to track depolymerizing microtubules.
Acts as a component of the essential kinetochore-associated NDC80 complex, which is required for chromosome segregation and spindle checkpoint activity.
Ribosomal protein P0 is the functional equivalent of E.coli protein L10.
May be a regulator of keratinocyte proliferation or differentiation.
Efficient DNA binding requires dimerization with another bHLH protein. Binds DNA as a heterodimer with MAX.
Prolyl 3-hydroxylase that catalyzes 3-hydroxylation of 'Pro-62' of small ribosomal subunit uS12 (rps23), thereby regulating protein translation termination efficiency. Involved in stress granule formation.
Belongs to the RRM HNRPC family. RALY subfamily.
Catalyzes the reduction of N-oxygenated molecules, acting as a counterpart of cytochrome P450 and flavin-containing monooxygenases in metabolic cycles. As a component of prodrug-converting system, reduces a multitude of N-hydroxylated prodrugs particularly amidoximes, leading to increased drug bioavailability. May be involved in mitochondrial N(omega)-hydroxy-L-arginine (NOHA) reduction, regulating endogenous nitric oxide levels and biosynthesis. Postulated to cleave the N-OH bond of N-hydroxylated substrates in concert with electron transfer from NADH to cytochrome b5 reductase then to cytochrome b5, the ultimate electron donor that primes the active site for substrate reduction.
Comprises two structural domains, the molybdenum cofactor/Moco sulfurase C-terminal (MOSC) domain and the MOSC N-terminal region, forming a cleft that accommodates Moco. The MOSC domain, which contains a large seven-stranded mostly antiparallel beta-barrel, engages multiple interactions with Moco both pterin ring and phosphate group, allowing for a tight coordination of Moco within the core of the enzyme.
Belongs to the POU transcription factor family. Class-2 subfamily.
Transcription factor that binds to the octamer motif (5'-ATTTGCAT-3') and regulates cell type-specific differentiation pathways.
Acts as an ATP-dependent RNA helicase, able to unwind both RNA-RNA and RNA-DNA duplexes. Possesses 5' single-stranded RNA overhang nuclease activity. Acts as a positive regulator of transcription. May be involved in 3'-end cleavage and polyadenylation of pre-mRNAs. Binds DNA and RNA. Component of the tRNA-splicing ligase complex required to facilitate the enzymatic turnover of catalytic subunit rtcb (By similarity). Binds (via helicase ATP-binding domain) on both short and long poly(I:C) dsRNA (By similarity).
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX1 subfamily.
The helicase domain is involved in the stimulation of RELA transcriptional activity.
Belongs to the selenium-binding protein family.
Catalyzes the oxidation of methanethiol, an organosulfur compound known to be produced in substantial amounts by gut bacteria (By similarity). Selenium-binding protein which may be involved in the sensing of reactive xenobiotics in the cytoplasm. May be involved in intra-Golgi protein transport (By similarity).
Has probably no intrinsic transporter activity but together with SLC30A5 forms a functional zinc ion:proton antiporter heterodimer, mediating zinc entry into the lumen of organelles along the secretory pathway. As part of that zinc ion:proton antiporter, contributes to zinc ion homeostasis within the early secretory pathway and regulates the activation and folding of enzymes like alkaline phosphatases and enzymes involved in phosphatidylinositol glycan anchor biosynthesis.
Heterodimer with SLC30A5; form a functional zinc ion transmembrane transporter.
Hydrophilic histidine residues that participate to zinc binding in transporters of the family are not conserved in SLC30A6.
Expressed in unfertilized eggs but not in early embryos up to stage 13. Localized to the nervous system at the end of neurulation, and restricted to the central nervous system, eye and head neural crest cells by the early tadpole stages. In adults, expressed throughout the ovary, and also in the testis, kidney, brain and small intestine.
Transcription factor that binds to the DNA sequence 5'-AACAAT-3' (PubMed:9332350). Acts as a transcriptional activator (By similarity). Plays a role together with nlk in neural induction during early embryogenesis (PubMed:12047350).
Belongs to the protein-tyrosine phosphatase family. Non-receptor class 4 subfamily.
Dephosphorylates a range of proteins, and thereby regulates cellular signaling cascades.
Component of the mcm2-7 complex (RLF-M) (PubMed:16369567, PubMed:8901561, PubMed:9851868). The complex forms a toroidal hexameric ring with the proposed subunit order mcm2-mcm6-mcm4-mcm7-mcm3-mcm5 (PubMed:16369567, PubMed:8901561, PubMed:9851868). The heterodimer of mmcm3/mcm5 interacts with mcm4, mmcm6, mcm7 and weakly with mcm2 (PubMed:16369567, PubMed:8901561, PubMed:9851868). Begins to associate with zmcm6 at the neurula stage (PubMed:9512418). Component of the CMG helicase complex, composed of the mcm2-7 complex, the GINS complex and cdc45 (PubMed:30842657).
Hyperphosphorylated during mitosis in a mechanism requiring cdc2-cyclin B and other kinases. Undergoes dephosphorylation after exiting mitosis, existing in a partially phosphorylated state in the cytosolic interphase mcm complex which associates with the pre-replication complexes (pre-Rcs). Complete dephosphorylation inactivates the mcm complex, preventing its binding to chromatin. Becomes actively phosphorylated during S phase once the mcm complex is assembled on the chromatin. This chromatin-associated phosphorylation occurs during the activation of the pre-Rcs and is independent of cdks. Phosphorylated by the cdc7-dbf4b complex.
Belongs to the chaperonin (HSP60) family.
Receptor for neuropeptide Y and peptide YY. The activity of this receptor is mediated by G proteins that inhibit adenylate cyclase activity. Seems to be associated with food intake. Could be involved in feeding disorders.
Growth factor of the TGF-beta superfamily that plays important role in various biological processes, including embryogenesis, hematopoiesis, neurogenesis and skeletal morphogenesis. Initiates the canonical BMP signaling cascade by associating with type I receptor ACVR1 and type II receptor ACVR2A. Once all three components are bound together in a complex at the cell surface, ACVR2A phosphorylates and activates ACVR1. In turn, ACVR1 propagates signal by phosphorylating SMAD1/5/8 that travel to the nucleus and act as activators and repressors of transcription of target genes.
Homodimer; disulfide-linked. Interacts with twsg1.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 18 family.
Belongs to the protein-tyrosine phosphatase family. Receptor class 8 subfamily.
Belongs to the WD repeat G protein beta family. Ribosomal protein RACK1 subfamily.
Required for efficient export of polyadenylated RNA. Acts as component of the THO subcomplex of the TREX complex which is thought to couple mRNA transcription, processing and nuclear export, and which specifically associates with spliced mRNA and not with unspliced pre-mRNA. TREX is recruited to spliced mRNAs by a transcription-independent mechanism, binds to mRNA upstream of the exon-junction complex (EJC) and is recruited in a splicing- and cap-dependent manner to a region near the 5' end of the mRNA where it functions in mRNA export to the cytoplasm via the TAP/NFX1 pathway.
Belongs to the bZIP family. CNC subfamily.
Regulates COPI-mediated retrograde protein traffic at the interface between the Golgi apparatus and the endoplasmic reticulum. Involved in the maintenance of the Golgi apparatus morphology. Has no detectable kinase activity in vitro.
Belongs to the eukaryotic RPB8 RNA polymerase subunit family.
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Common component of RNA polymerases I, II and III which synthesize ribosomal RNA precursors, mRNA precursors and many functional non-coding RNAs, and small RNAs, such as 5S rRNA and tRNAs, respectively.
Serine/threonine-protein kinase that plays a central role in centriole duplication. Able to trigger procentriole formation on the surface of the parental centriole cylinder, leading to the recruitment of centriole biogenesis proteins such as sass6, cenpj/cpap, ccp110, cep135 and gamma-tubulin. When overexpressed, it is able to induce centrosome amplification through the simultaneous generation of multiple procentrioles adjoining each parental centriole during S phase. Its central role in centriole replication suggests a possible role in tumorigenesis, centrosome aberrations being frequently observed in tumors. Also involved in deuterosome-mediated centriole amplification in multiciliated that can generate more than 100 centrioles (By similarity).
Ubiquitinated; leading to its degradation by the proteasome.
Belongs to the ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase large chain family.
Provides the precursors necessary for DNA synthesis. Catalyzes the biosynthesis of deoxyribonucleotides from the corresponding ribonucleotides.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 18 family.
Belongs to the palmitoyl-protein thioesterase family.
Removes thioester-linked fatty acyl groups from various substrates including S-palmitoyl-CoA. Has the highest S-thioesterase activity for the acyl groups palmitic and myristic acid followed by other short- and long-chain acyl substrates. However, because of structural constraints, may be unable to remove palmitate from peptides or proteins (By similarity).
May play a role during muscle differentiation.
Conjugated to atg12 at Lys-242. ATG12-conjugation plays a role in regulation of mitochondrial homeostasis and cell death, while it is not involved in PE-conjugation to ATG8-like proteins and autophagy (By similarity).
E2 conjugating enzyme required for the cytoplasm to vacuole transport (Cvt), autophagy, and mitochondrial homeostasis. Responsible for the E2-like covalent binding of phosphatidylethanolamine to the C-terminal Gly of atg8-like proteins (gabarap, gabarapl1, gabarapl2 or map1lc3a). The atg12-atg5 conjugate plays a role of an E3 and promotes the transfer of atg8-like proteins from atg3 to phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). This step is required for the membrane association of atg8-like proteins. The formation of the atg8-phosphatidylethanolamine conjugates is essential for autophagy and for the cytoplasm to vacuole transport (Cvt). Also acts as an autocatalytic E2-like enzyme, catalyzing the conjugation of atg12 to itself, atg12 conjugation to atg3 playing a role in mitochondrial homeostasis but not in autophagy. atg7 (E1-like enzyme) facilitates this reaction by forming an E1-E2 complex with atg3 (By similarity).
Interacts with atg7 and atg12. The complex composed of atg3 and atg7 plays a role in the conjugation of atg12 to atg5.
Belongs to the class V-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. SETD3 actin-histidine methyltransferase family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS7 family.
Promotes the survival of neuronal populations that are all located either in the central nervous system or directly connected to it.
Fatty acid synthetase is a multifunctional enzyme that catalyzes the de novo biosynthesis of long-chain saturated fatty acids starting from acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA in the presence of NADPH. This multifunctional protein contains 7 catalytic activities and a site for the binding of the prosthetic group 4'-phosphopantetheine of the acyl carrier protein ([ACP]) domain.
Component of the autophagy machinery that controls the major intracellular degradation process by which cytoplasmic materials are packaged into autophagosomes and delivered to lysosomes for degradation. Plays an important role in starvation- and calcium-mediated autophagy, as well as in mitophagy. Functions downstream of the ulk1 and PI3-kinases that produce phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PtdIns3P) on membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum once activated. Binds phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PtdIns3P), and maybe other phosphoinositides including PtdIns3,5P2 and PtdIns5P, and is recruited to phagophore assembly sites at the endoplasmic reticulum membranes. There, it assists wipi2 in the recruitment of atg12-atg5-atg16l1, a complex that directly controls the elongation of the nascent autophagosomal membrane. Together with wdr45/wipi4, promotes atg2 (atg2a or atg2b)-mediated lipid transfer by enhancing atg2-association with phosphatidylinositol 3-monophosphate (PI3P)-containing membranes.
The N-terminus might form a beta-propeller domain involved in specific binding to phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), leading to the association of the protein to the membrane. Association to the membrane can also occur through binding to phosphatidylinositol 3-monophosphate (PI3P) (By similarity).
Belongs to the type IB topoisomerase family.
Eukaryotic topoisomerase I and II can relax both negative and positive supercoils, whereas prokaryotic enzymes relax only negative supercoils.
Releases the supercoiling and torsional tension of DNA introduced during the DNA replication and transcription by transiently cleaving and rejoining one strand of the DNA duplex. Introduces a single-strand break via transesterification at a target site in duplex DNA. The scissile phosphodiester is attacked by the catalytic tyrosine of the enzyme, resulting in the formation of a DNA-(3'-phosphotyrosyl)-enzyme intermediate and the expulsion of a 5'-OH DNA strand. TThe free DNA strand then rotates around the intact phosphodiester bond on the opposing strand, thus removing DNA supercoils. Finally, in the religation step, the DNA 5'-OH attacks the covalent intermediate to expel the active-site tyrosine and restore the DNA phosphodiester backbone. May play a role in the circadian transcription of the core circadian clock component BMAL1.
Releases the supercoiling and torsional tension of DNA introduced during the DNA replication and transcription by transiently cleaving and rejoining one strand of the DNA duplex. Introduces a single-strand break via transesterification at the specific target site 5'-[CT]CCTTp site in duplex DNA. The scissile phosphodiester is attacked by the catalytic tyrosine of the enzyme, resulting in the formation of a DNA-(3'-phosphotyrosyl)-enzyme intermediate and the expulsion of a 5'-OH DNA strand. The free DNA strand then undergoes passage around the unbroken strand thus removing DNA supercoils. Finally, in the religation step, the DNA 5'-OH attacks the covalent intermediate to expel the active-site tyrosine and restore the DNA phosphodiester backbone.
The heme is bound between the two transmembrane subunits.
Receptor for both interleukin 4 and interleukin 13. Couples to the JAK1/2/3-STAT6 pathway. The IL4 response is involved in promoting Th2 differentiation. The IL4/IL13 responses are involved in regulating IgE production and, chemokine and mucus production at sites of allergic inflammation. In certain cell types, can signal through activation of insulin receptor substrates, IRS1/IRS2.
Microtubule-binding protein required to ensure proper cell division and nuclear envelope reassembly by sequestering the endoplasmic reticulum away from chromosomes during mitosis. Probably acts by clearing the endoplasmic reticulum membrane from metaphase chromosomes (By similarity).
Multiubiquitin chain receptor involved in modulation of proteasomal degradation. Involved in nucleotide excision repair.
Accepts the ubiquitin-like proteins sumo1, sumo2 and sumo3 from the uble1a-uble1b E1 complex and catalyzes their covalent attachment to other proteins with the help of an E3 ligase such as ranbp2 or cbx4. Essential for nuclear architecture and chromosome segregation.
Forms a tight complex with rangap1 and ranbp2. Interacts with sox9 and sox10.
By dorsal mesoderm-inducing signals including smad2-smad4, activin and other nodal-related proteins including nodal2/nr-2 and nodal4/nr-4. Shows autoinduction by nodal/nr-1. Induced by vegt, acting in an autoregulatory loop. Beta-catenin potentiates the response to activin. Not induced by wnt8 alone, but wnt8 potentiates the response to activin. Suppressed by ventral inducers such as bmp4.
Cooperation and regulatory loops of multiple nodals are essential for mesendoderm patterning in early embryos. Essential for mesoderm formation and axial patterning during embryonic development. Activates the activin-like signaling pathway to induce dorsal and ventral mesoderm in animal cap ectoderm. In addition, also dorsalizes ventral marginal zone (VMZ) tissues during gastrulation. Acts in a downstream signaling cascade via cripto and cer1 to mediate cardiogenesis in embryonic mesoderm. Directs the orientation of the left-right axis by driving the left-specific gene cascade in the left lateral plate mesoderm.
Has two phases of temporal expression during embryogenesis; first expressed at late blastula (stage 9) with expression peaking at early gastrula. Expression then disappears before restarting in a second phase in late neurulae (stage 17).
Homodimer; disulfide-linked (By similarity). Interacts with, and is inhibited by cer1 and gdf10/bmp3b.
In the first phase of expression, localized to the vegetal region of the blastula. During gastrulation (stage 10.5), this expression disappears and instead becomes localized to the dorsal marginal zone, with enrichment in the organizer. During the second phase of expression in neurulae and tailbud embryos, expression restarts firstly in two symmetric patches near the posterior end of the notochord, and then in a large asymmetrical domain in the left lateral plate mesoderm.
Belongs to the nuclear hormone receptor family. NR5 subfamily.
Binds 2 magnesium ions per subunit. Has high activity with manganese and zinc ions (in vitro).
Multifunctional enzyme that has both magnesium and ATP-dependent DNA-helicase activity and 3'->5' exonuclease activity towards double-stranded DNA with a 5'-overhang. Has no nuclease activity towards single-stranded DNA or blunt-ended double-stranded DNA. Binds preferentially to DNA substrates containing alternate secondary structures, such as replication forks and Holliday junctions. May play an important role in the dissociation of joint DNA molecules that can arise as products of homologous recombination, at stalled replication forks or during DNA repair. Alleviates stalling of DNA polymerases at the site of DNA lesions. Important for genomic integrity. Plays a role in the formation of DNA replication focal centers; stably associates with foci elements generating binding sites for RP-A (By similarity).
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. Glycine N-methyltransferase family.
Negatively regulates TGF-beta signaling.
Belongs to the Orn/Lys/Arg decarboxylase class-II family.
Mediates the intracellular transfer of ceramide-1-phosphate (C1P) between organelle membranes and the cell membrane. Required for normal structure of the Golgi stacks. Can bind phosphoceramides with a variety of aliphatic chains, but has a preference for lipids with saturated C16:0 or monounsaturated C18:1 aliphatic chains, and is inefficient with phosphoceramides containing lignoceryl (C24:0). Plays a role in the regulation of the cellular levels of ceramide-1-phosphate, and thereby contributes to the regulation of phospholipase PLA2G4A activity and the release of arachidonic acid. Has no activity with galactosylceramide, lactosylceramide, sphingomyelin, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidic acid and ceramide. C1P transfer is stimulated by phosphatidylserine in C1P source vesicles. Regulates autophagy and pyroptosis, but not apoptosis.
Required for vesicle-mediated transport. Catalyzes the fusion of transport vesicles within the Golgi cisternae. Is also required for transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi stack. Seems to function as a fusion protein required for the delivery of cargo proteins to all compartments of the Golgi stack independent of vesicle origin.
Required for the assembly of mature ribosomes and ribosome biogenesis. Together with EFL1, triggers the GTP-dependent release of EIF6 from 60S pre-ribosomes in the cytoplasm, thereby activating ribosomes for translation competence by allowing 80S ribosome assembly and facilitating EIF6 recycling to the nucleus, where it is required for 60S rRNA processing and nuclear export. Required for normal levels of protein synthesis. May play a role in cellular stress resistance. May play a role in cellular response to DNA damage. May play a role in cell proliferation.
Belongs to the cyclin family. Cyclin G subfamily.
May play a role in growth regulation. Is associated with G2/M phase arrest in response to DNA damage. May be an intermediate by which p53 mediates its role as an inhibitor of cellular proliferation.
Belongs to the calcium channel flower family.
Catalyzes the cleavage of L-kynurenine (L-Kyn) and L-3-hydroxykynurenine (L-3OHKyn) into anthranilic acid (AA) and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (3-OHAA), respectively.
May play a role in the regulation of the cation channel TRPM8 activity.
Belongs to the uroporphyrinogen-III synthase family.
Autophagy factor required for autophagosome formation.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CAMK Ser/Thr protein kinase family. PKD subfamily.
Involved in T-cell adhesion and p53-dependent induction of apoptosis. Does not bind RNA (By similarity).
Belongs to the WD repeat BOP1/ERB1 family.
Belongs to the cytidylyltransferase family.
Catalyzes the key rate-limiting step in the CDP-choline pathway for phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 13 family.
Component of the Mediator complex, a coactivator involved in regulated transcription of nearly all RNA polymerase II-dependent genes. Mediator functions as a bridge to convey information from gene-specific regulatory proteins to the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. Mediator is recruited to promoters by direct interactions with regulatory proteins and serves as a scaffold for the assembly of a functional preinitiation complex with RNA polymerase II and the general transcription factors.
Auxillary component of the N-terminal acetyltransferase C (NatC) complex which catalyzes acetylation of N-terminal methionine residues.
Belongs to the MMS22 family. MMS22L subfamily.
Belongs to the dermatan-sulfate isomerase family.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 39 family.
This hormone from hypothalamus regulates the release of corticotropin from pituitary gland.
Belongs to the SLC29A/ENT transporter (TC 2.A.57) family.
Heterodimer of a catalytic subunit and a regulatory subunit.
Found in a complex with cpeb1, tacc3/maskin and eif4e; dissolution of this complex results in the binding of eif4e to eif4g and the translational activation of CPE-containing mRNAs. Found in a complex with cpeb1, cpsf1, the cytoplasmic poly(A) polymerase papd4/gld2 and sympk. Found in a mRNP complex with cpeb1, a guanine exchange factor xgef and mos mRNA. Interacts with cpsf1, papd4/gld2, tacc3/maskin, microtubules, sympk and xgef. Component of a ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex, at least composed of cpeb1, lsm14b/rap55b, ddx6/Xp54, ybx2/frgy2, pat1/P100, eif4enif1/4E-T and eif4e1b. Interaction with ybx2/frgy2 is RNA-dependent. May interact with aplp1. Interaction with cpsf1 increases during meiotic maturation and is not mediated through RNA. Interaction with xgef is necessary for its early activating phosphorylation status (By similarity).
Sequence-specific RNA-binding protein that regulates mRNA cytoplasmic polyadenylation and translation initiation during oocyte maturation and early development. Binds to the cytoplasmic polyadenylation element (CPE), an uridine-rich sequence element (consensus sequence 5'-UUUUUAU-3') within the mRNA 3'-UTR. In the absence of phosphorylation and in association with tacc3/maskin, also acts as a repressor of translation of CPE-containing mRNA; a repression that is relieved by phosphorylation or degradation. Requires zinc for RNA binding. Involved in the cell cycle progression from S phase into M phase (By similarity).
Ser-174 phosphorylation by aurka in immature oocytes is essential to trigger CPE-containing mRNA cytoplasmic polyadenylation and translation activation and the subsequent signaling events that result in meiotic progression. Ser-174 phosphorylation recruits the cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor (cpsf1) into an active cytoplasmic polyadenylation complex. Ser-174 phosphorylation increases its affinity for cpsf1 and papd4/gld2. Heavily phosphorylated by CDK1 on serines late during oocyte maturation. Ser-210 phosphorylation is sufficient to target cpeb1 for degradation. Ser-174 phosphorylation oscillates with the cell cycle (phosphorylated at M phase, but not at S phase) and is necessary for S phase to M phase progression. Phosphorylation at Ser-174 may be promoted by aplp1 (By similarity).
The 2 RRM domains and the C-terminal region mediate interaction with CPE-containing RNA.
Ubiquitinated. Requires a PEST box and the proteasome pathway for destruction during oocyte maturation. Ser-210 phosphorylation triggers its destruction, an event important to allow the transition from metaphase I to metaphase II and cytokinesis in the early embryo (By similarity).
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 13 family.
Syntaxin that may be involved in targeting and fusion of Golgi-derived retrograde transport vesicles with the ER.
Responsible for the release of ribosomes from messenger RNA at the termination of protein biosynthesis. May increase the efficiency of translation by recycling ribosomes from one round of translation to another.
Belongs to the non-lysosomal glucosylceramidase family.
Non-lysosomal glucosylceramidase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of glucosylceramide (GlcCer) to free glucose and ceramide.
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mS39 family.
Mitochondrial protein that may have a role in mitochondrial translation.
Component of the TFIID basal transcription factor complex, composed of TATA-box-binding protein tbp, and a number of TBP-associated factors (TAFs). Component of the TATA-binding protein-free TAF complex (TFTC), the PCAF histone acetylase complex and the STAGA transcription coactivator-HAT complex.
The TFIID basal transcription factor complex plays a major role in the initiation of RNA polymerase II (Pol II)-dependent transcription. TFIID recognizes and binds promoters via its subunit tbp, a TATA-box-binding protein, and promotes assembly of the pre-initiation complex (PIC). The TFIID complex consists of tbp and TBP-associated factors (TAFs).
Belongs to the calycin superfamily. Lipocalin family.
First expressed at a low level in the late blastula stage (stage 9) in most cells of the animal half of the embryo. Following this, predominantly expressed in two zones; the dorsal blastopore lip (Spemann organizer) at the beginning of gastrulation, and subsequently in the anterior part of the neural anlage (the region of future forebrain).
Regulates the earliest stages of development of the anterior neural plate. Plays a role in forebrain development by inhibiting the expression of otx2 and pax6 in the rostral region of the anterior neural plate. Necessary for both neural differentiation and neural patterning. Controls Spemann organizer development. May act as a transcriptional repressor.
The N-terminus interacts with the LIM 2 domain of zyx.
Regulates negatively FAS-induced apoptosis and NGFR-mediated pro-apoptotic signaling.
Belongs to the ALG10 glucosyltransferase family.
Selectively hydrolyzes arachidonyl phospholipids in the sn-2 position releasing arachidonic acid. Together with its lysophospholipid activity, it is implicated in the initiation of the inflammatory response (By similarity).
Stimulated by agonists such as ATP, EGF, thrombin and bradykinin as well as by cytosolic Ca(2+).
The N-terminal C2 domain associates with lipid membranes upon calcium binding. It modulates enzyme activity by presenting the active site to its substrate in response to elevations of cytosolic Ca(2+) (By similarity).
In Xenopus oocyte, in the central nervous system cells of tadpoles and adult frogs, and transiently in epithelial cells of stomach and gut of tadpoles. Highly expressed in kidney.
Maternal ATP-binding protein that may have multiple functions during development, one of which may be associated with the development and maintenance of the central nervous system.
May be phosphorylated during oocyte maturation.
Palmitoylated on Cys-585 and Cys-587 and prenylated on Cys-588; which is required for membrane association.
The polybasic C-terminal domain is not required for membrane localization.
By wnt-signaling and by the dorsalizing factor LiCl. Activated in the dorsal side of the embryo by a ctnnb1-tcf7l1 (beta catenin-tcf3) complex. Repressed on the ventral side by tcf7l1/tcf3 alone. Autoregulated by siamois itself.
Essential for Wnt/beta-catenin-mediated formation of the Spemann organizer and for induction of the organizer precursor, the Nieuwkoop center. Acts as a transcriptional activator, cooperating with TGFbeta signals to induce a program of organizer-specific gene expression and to generate an organizer with both head- and trunk-inducing activity. Activates the head organizer gene cer1 by acting synergistically with otx2 and mix-A/mix.1 through the 5'-TAATCT-3' element of the cer1 promoter. Also binds as a complex with lhx1/lim1 and mix-A/mix.1 to the 3x 5'-TAAT-3' element of the cer1 promoter. Required for subsequent dorsoventral axis formation in the embryo, dorsalizing ventral mesoderm and cooperating with t/bra to induce dorsal mesoderm. Also involved in neural induction, inducing the cement gland and neural tissue in overlying ectoderm. Later in development, has the second function of indirectly repressing ventral genes, probably by activating the expression of a transcriptional repressor.
Most abundant in dorsal-vegetal cells of late blastulae/early gastrulae embryos.
Named 'siamois' (French for siamese) because ectopic expression leads to the formation of embryos with duplicated axial and head structures, which resemble siamese twins.
Not expressed maternally. Expression begins shortly after the midblastula transition, peaks at the early gastrula stage and is still detectable until the tailbud stage. Accumulation during the blastula stage precedes that of the organizer genes gsc, lhx1/lim-1, and t/bra.
First detected in gastrula. Prominently expressed in all neurogenic cephalic placodes and in lateral line primordia from neurula to tadpole stages. Weakly expressed in muscle later in development.
Transcription factor that is involved in the regulation of cell proliferation, apoptosis and embryonic development. Depending on context, functions as transcriptional repressor or activator. Required for the normal formation of pre-placodal ectoderm.
Monomer. Oligomerizes upon binding of cytochrome c and dATP.
Oligomeric Apaf-1 mediates the cytochrome c-dependent autocatalytic activation of pro-caspase-9 (Apaf-3), leading to the activation of caspase-3 and apoptosis. This activation requires ATP.
Facilitates ubiquitin-independent proteasomal degradation of polycomb protein CBX4. Plays a role in inhibiting the activity of glucokinase GCK and both glucose-induced and basal insulin secretion.
Binds to DNA motifs with the sequence 5'-GCG(T/G)GGGCG-3' via its C2H2-type zinc fingers. Starting from the N-terminus, the second zinc finger binds to the 3'-GCG motif, the middle zinc finger interacts with the central TGG motif, and the C-terminal zinc finger binds to the 5'-GCG motif. Binds double-stranded target DNA, irrespective of the cytosine methylation status. Has reduced affinity for target DNA where the cytosines have been oxidized to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, 5-formylcytosine or 5-carboxylcytosine.
By retinoic acid in combination with fgf. By lmx1b in combination with lhx1/lim1.
Expressed around the pronephric anlage and in the pronephros; expression is restricted to the splanchnic mesoderm (the site where the glomus forms) from tailbud stages, and the glomus of early tadpoles. Not expressed in the pronephric tubules or pronephric duct. In tadpoles (stage 38-39), additional expression begins in the heart. Also expressed in the adult kidney (mesonephros).
Expression begins around stage 18 (late neurula).
Transcription factor required for development of the vascular component of the pronephric kidney, the glomus; may repress tubule-specific gene expression in the portion of the pronephros fated to form the glomus. Recognizes and binds to the DNA sequence 5'-GCG(T/G)GGGCG-3' (By similarity). Inhibits Wnt-signaling during embryonic development. Function may be isoform-specific: the isoform containing the KTS motif is less effective in inhibiting wnt signaling.
Belongs to the small GTPase superfamily. Rho family. CDC42 subfamily.
Plasma membrane-associated small GTPase which cycles between an active GTP-bound and an inactive GDP-bound state.
Interacts with sae2, ube2i, ranbp2, pias1 and pias2 (By similarity). Covalently attached to a number of proteins including rangap1 and ranbp2 (By similarity). Interacts with sox9 and sox10 (PubMed:16256735).
Ubiquitin-like protein that can be covalently attached to proteins as a monomer or a lysine-linked polymer (PubMed:9427648). Covalent attachment via an isopeptide bond to its substrates requires prior activation by the E1 complex sae1-sae2 and linkage to the E2 enzyme ube2i. This post-translational modification on lysine residues of proteins plays a crucial role in a number of cellular processes such as nuclear transport, DNA replication and repair, mitosis and signal transduction. Polymeric sumo1 chains are also susceptible to polyubiquitination which functions as a signal for proteasomal degradation of modified proteins (By similarity).
Tautomerization of D-dopachrome with decarboxylation to give 5,6-dihydroxyindole (DHI).
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Zygotic expression begins after the neurula stage.
May regulate muscle-specific transcription in the embryo and may regulate transcription of a variety of cell types in the adult. Binds to the sequence 5'-CTA[TA]4TAR-3'. Acts downstream of nlk2 in anterior neural development, including eye formation.
Restricted to the somitic mesoderm of early embryos. Expressed in the head region of neurula stage embryos and in body muscle (myotomes) of the tadpole. Expressed in all tissues examined in the adult.
Enriched in the embryonic endoderm. Expressed in the embryonic gut, with strong expression in the posterior gut during tailbud stages. Expressed at a low level in the adult kidney and spleen.
Involved in multiple regulatory feedback loops with other endodermal factors, including the nodal-related factors/Xnrs. Autoinduces.
Transcription activator. Binds to the DNA sequence 5'-AACAAT-3'. All of the sox17 proteins are required for embryonic endoderm development and gastrulation movements, and show some redundancy in function. In addition, the sox17 proteins have distinct but overlapping roles in later gut development. Acts downstream of vegt-signaling in endoderm differentiation to induce a range of endodermal genes both directly (including endodermin and dhh/chh) and indirectly. Also represses wnt-responsive genes to inhibit wnt/beta-catenin signaling.
Belongs to the PI3/PI4-kinase family. Type II PI4K subfamily.
Membrane-bound phosphatidylinositol-4 kinase (PI4-kinase) that catalyzes the phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol (PI) to phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P), a lipid that plays important roles in endocytosis, Golgi function, protein sorting and membrane trafficking. Besides, phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol (PI) to phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P) is the first committed step in the generation of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), a precursor of the second messenger inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3).
Interacts (via extracellular domain region) with trypsin.
Belongs to the class-IV pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family.
Heterotrimer composed of a catalytic subunit and a homodimer of accessory subunits.
Mitochondrial polymerase processivity subunit. It regulates the polymerase and exonuclease activities promoting processive DNA synthesis. Binds to ss-DNA.
Required to suppress inappropriate homologous recombination, thereby playing a central role DNA repair and in the maintenance of genomic stability.
May be a centrosome-associated protein. Interacts with MYOC; affects its secretion and its aggregation.
Component of the GINS complex which is a heterotetramer of gins1/psf1, gins2/psf2, gins3/psf3 and gins4/sld5 (PubMed:12730133). Component of the CMG helicase complex, composed of the mcm2-7 complex, the GINS complex and cdc45 (PubMed:30979826) (Probable).
Required for initiation of chromosomal DNA replication. Core component of CDC45-MCM-GINS (CMG) helicase, the molecular machine that unwinds template DNA during replication, and around which the replisome is built.
This enzyme is involved in nucleotide metabolism: it produces dUMP, the immediate precursor of thymidine nucleotides and it decreases the intracellular concentration of dUTP so that uracil cannot be incorporated into DNA.
Promotes ATP-dependent removal of tubulin dimers from microtubules. Regulates the turnover of microtubules at the kinetochore and functions in chromosome segregation during mitosis (PubMed:8548824). May play a role in chromosome congression and may be required for the lateral to end-on conversion of the chromosome-microtubule attachment (By similarity).
Interacts with homodimeric PDGFA, PDGFB and PDGFC, and with heterodimers formed by PDGFA and PDGFB. Monomer in the absence of bound ligand.
Present in an inactive conformation in the absence of bound ligand. Binding of PDGFA and/or PDGFB leads to dimerization and activation by autophosphorylation on tyrosine residues.
Tyrosine-protein kinase that acts as a cell-surface receptor for PDGFA, PDGFB and PDGFC and plays an essential role in the regulation of embryonic development, cell proliferation, survival and chemotaxis. Depending on the context, promotes or inhibits cell proliferation and cell migration. Plays an important role in the differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Required for normal skeleton development.
2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (E1-like) component of the 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex (OGDHC) which mediates the decarboxylation of alpha-ketoglutarate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle. The OGDHC complex catalyzes the overall conversion of 2-oxoglutarate to succinyl-CoA and CO(2) while reducing NAD(+) to NADH. The OGDHC complex is mainly active in the mitochondrion (By similarity). Involved in the inhibition of cell proliferation and in apoptosis (By similarity).
The OGDHC complex comprises multiple copies of three catalytic enzyme components, the 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (OGDH/E1), the dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (DLST/E2) and the dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (DLD/E3). OGDHL/E1-like isoenzyme may replace OGDH in the OGDHC complex in the brain.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFB2 subunit family.
Mitochondrial membrane ATP synthase (F(1)F(0) ATP synthase or Complex V) produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane which is generated by electron transport complexes of the respiratory chain. F-type ATPases consist of two structural domains, F(1) - containing the extramembraneous catalytic core and F(0) - containing the membrane proton channel, linked together by a central stalk and a peripheral stalk. During catalysis, ATP synthesis in the catalytic domain of F(1) is coupled via a rotary mechanism of the central stalk subunits to proton translocation. Key component of the proton channel; it may play a direct role in the translocation of protons across the membrane.
Interacts (via extracellular domain) with flrt3 (via extracellular domain). Interacts with rnd1.
Plays a role in cell-cell adhesion during embryonic development (PubMed:19492039). Receptor for netrin required for axon guidance. Mediates axon repulsion of neuronal growth cones in the developing nervous system upon ligand binding (By similarity).
Required during ciliogenesis for tubulin glutamylation in cilium. Probably acts by participating in the transport of tubulin polyglutamylases between the basal body and the cilium (By similarity).
Akt2-b is one of several closely related serine/threonine-protein kinases known as the AKT kinase, and which regulate many processes including metabolism, proliferation, cell survival, growth and angiogenesis. This is mediated through serine and/or threonine phosphorylation of a range of downstream substrates. Over 100 substrate candidates have been reported so far, but for most of them, no isoform specificity has been reported (By similarity).
Two specific sites, one in the kinase domain (Thr-313) and the other in the C-terminal regulatory region (Ser-478), need to be phosphorylated for its full activation.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 30 family.
Belongs to the F-actin-capping protein alpha subunit family.
F-actin-capping proteins bind in a Ca(2+)-independent manner to the fast growing ends of actin filaments (barbed end) thereby blocking the exchange of subunits at these ends. Unlike other capping proteins (such as gelsolin and severin), these proteins do not sever actin filaments.
Catalytic subunit of the N-terminal acetyltransferase C (NatC) complex. Catalyzes acetylation of the N-terminal methionine residues of peptides beginning with Met-Leu-Ala and Met-Leu-Gly. Necessary for the lysosomal localization and function of ARL8B sugeesting that ARL8B is a NatC substrate.
Component of the N-terminal acetyltransferase C (NatC) complex.
Histones H1 are necessary for the condensation of nucleosome chains into higher-order structures.
Plays an role in early embryonic development.
Deubiquitinating enzyme that may function as negative regulator of the innate immune system. Has peptidase activity towards 'Lys-48'- and 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitin chains. Can also cleave 'Lys-11'-linked ubiquitin chains (in vitro) (By similarity).
Belongs to the PIGG/PIGN/PIGO family. PIGN subfamily.
Ethanolamine phosphate transferase involved in glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchor biosynthesis. Transfers ethanolamine phosphate to the first alpha-1,4-linked mannose of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol precursor of GPI-anchor.
Binds the stem-loop structure of replication-dependent histone mRNAs. Is associated with translationally inactive histone mRNA stored in oocytes. Could be a specific translational repressor. Not involved in histone pre-mRNA processing.
Detectable in stage I oocytes, increases through stages III and IV, then slightly declines as the oocytes mature to stage VI. Present in early embryogenesis until midblastula transition, at which point it becomes undetectable.
Belongs to the protein-tyrosine phosphatase family. Receptor class 3 subfamily.
By Notch signaling via a CBF1/Su(H)/Lag-1 (CSL)-dependent pathway.
Detected at late gastrulae stages within the prospective trigeminal placodes, followed soon in the posterior neural plate where the differentiation of primary neurons occurs. Expression is associated with neurogenesis throughout neural development. Expressed in a ring of tissue that will form the early somites in gastrulating embryos and in a region of paraxial mesoderm called the tailbud domain, which grows out to give rise to somites in the tail in later-stage embryos.
Forms a ternary complex with the intracellular domain (ICD) of notch1 and rbpj/suh.
Promotes loss of intracellular domain (ICD) of Notch1 in embryos. By down-regulating ICD levels, could function as a negative feedback regulator of Notch signaling that attenuates ICD-mediated transcription (PubMed:11485984). Involved in angiogenesis. May be involved in somitogenesis (By similarity).
Bifunctional mRNA-capping enzyme exhibiting RNA 5'-triphosphate monophosphatase activity in the N-terminal part and mRNA guanylyltransferase activity in the C-terminal part. Catalyzes the first two steps of cap formation: by removing the gamma-phosphate from the 5'-triphosphate end of nascent mRNA to yield a diphosphate end, and by transferring the GMP moiety of GTP to the 5'-diphosphate terminus of RNA via a covalent enzyme-GMP reaction intermediate.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the eukaryotic GTase family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the non-receptor class of the protein-tyrosine phosphatase family.
Catalyzes the oxidation of sulfite to sulfate, the terminal reaction in the oxidative degradation of sulfur-containing amino acids.
Component of the U5 snRNP complex that is required for spliceosome assembly and for pre-mRNA splicing.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS12 family.
Involved in pre-mRNA splicing as a component of the spliceosome.
Belongs to the activator 1 small subunits family. CTF18 subfamily.
Chromosome cohesion factor involved in sister chromatid cohesion and fidelity of chromosome transmission. Component of one of the cell nuclear antigen loader complexes, CTF18-replication factor C (CTF18-RFC), which consists of ctf18, ctf8, dcc1, rfc2, rfc3, rfc4 and rfc5. The CTF18-RFC complex binds to single-stranded and primed DNAs and has weak ATPase activity that is stimulated by the presence of primed DNA, replication protein A (RPA) and by proliferating cell nuclear antigen (pcna). The CTF18-RFC complex catalyzes the ATP-dependent loading of pcna onto primed and gapped DNA (By similarity).
Component of the CTF18-RFC complex, which consists of ctf18, ctf8, dcc1, rfc2, rfc3, rfc4 and rfc5. The CTF18-RFC complex associates with pcna (By similarity).
NADH-cytochrome b5 reductases are involved in desaturation and elongation of fatty acids, cholesterol biosynthesis and drug metabolism.
Negative regulator of sphingolipid synthesis.
Component of the 60-80S U3 small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein (U3 snoRNP). Required for the early cleavages during pre-18S ribosomal RNA processing.
Cold-inducible mRNA binding protein. Acts cooperatively with elavl1/elrA to stabilize AU-rich element (ARE)-containing mRNAs by binding to them and inhibiting their deadenylation. Essential for embryonic gastrulation and neural development, acting to maintain the expression of a set of adhesion molecules, and cell movement during embryogenesis. Required for pronephros development.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Levels accumulate during oogenesis (at protein level).
In adults, most abundant in testis, ovary, brain and liver, with lower expression in kidney and heart.
Interacts with prmt1. Interacts with elavl1/elrA (via RRM3). Associates with ribosomes.
Methylated on arginine residues within RGG motifs. Methylation by prmt1 promotes cytoplasmic accumulation.
The glycine-rich domain, which contains a number of RGG motifs, is necessary to regulate nucleocytoplasmic localization.
Divalent metal cations. Prefers magnesium or manganese.
Catalyzes the covalent attachment of ubiquitin to other proteins. May be involved in apoptosis regulation.
Associates primarily with CDK7 and MAT1 to form the CAK complex. CAK can further associate with the core-TFIIH to form the TFIIH basal transcription factor.
Regulates CDK7, the catalytic subunit of the CDK-activating kinase (CAK) enzymatic complex. CAK activates the cyclin-associated kinases CDK1, CDK2, CDK4 and CDK6 by threonine phosphorylation. CAK complexed to the core-TFIIH basal transcription factor activates RNA polymerase II by serine phosphorylation of the repetitive C-terminal domain (CTD) of its large subunit (POLR2A), allowing its escape from the promoter and elongation of the transcripts. Involved in cell cycle control and in RNA transcription by RNA polymerase II. Its expression and activity are constant throughout the cell cycle (By similarity).
Chromatin reader protein that recognizes and binds acetylated histones and plays a key role in transmission of epigenetic memory across cell divisions and transcription regulation. Remains associated with acetylated chromatin throughout the entire cell cycle and provides epigenetic memory for postmitotic G1 gene transcription by preserving acetylated chromatin status and maintaining high-order chromatin structure. During interphase, plays a key role in regulating the transcription of signal-inducible genes by associating with the P-TEFb complex and recruiting it to promoters (By similarity).
The 2 bromo domains mediate specific binding to acetylated histones. The exact combination of modified histone tails required to recruit brd4 to target genes is still unclear. The first bromo domain has high affinity for acetylated histone H4 tail, whereas the second bromo domain recognizes multiply acetylated marks in histone H3 (By similarity).
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CMGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family.
Has a role in pre-mRNA splicing. Phosphorylates SF2/ASF.
May act as a GTPase-activating protein for Rab family protein(s). Involved in neuronal projections development, probably through a negative modulation of ARF6 function. Involved in the regulation of synaptic vesicle trafficking.
The Rab-GAP TBC domain is essential for phosphatidylinositol binding.
Belongs to the SMC family. SMC4 subfamily.
Central component of the condensin complex, a complex required for conversion of interphase chromatin into mitotic-like condense chromosomes. The condensin complex probably introduces positive supercoils into relaxed DNA in the presence of type I topoisomerases and converts nicked DNA into positive knotted forms in the presence of type II topoisomerase.
Forms a heterodimer with XCAP-E/SMC2. Component of the condensin complex, which contains the XCAP-E/SMC2 and XCAP-C/SMC4 heterodimer, and three non SMC subunits that probably regulate the complex: XCAP-H/BRRN1, XCAP-D2/CNAP1 and XCAP-G/CAPG.
The SMC hinge domain, which separates the large intramolecular coiled coil regions, allows the heterodimerization with XCAP-E, forming a V-shaped heterodimer.
Some glutamate residues at the C-terminus are polyglutamylated, resulting in polyglutamate chains on the gamma-carboxyl group (By similarity). Polyglutamylation plays a key role in microtubule severing by spastin (SPAST). SPAST preferentially recognizes and acts on microtubules decorated with short polyglutamate tails: severing activity by SPAST increases as the number of glutamates per tubulin rises from one to eight, but decreases beyond this glutamylation threshold (By similarity).
Some glutamate residues at the C-terminus are polyglycylated, resulting in polyglycine chains on the gamma-carboxyl group. Glycylation is mainly limited to tubulin incorporated into axonemes (cilia and flagella) whereas glutamylation is prevalent in neuronal cells, centrioles, axonemes, and the mitotic spindle. Both modifications can coexist on the same protein on adjacent residues, and lowering polyglycylation levels increases polyglutamylation, and reciprocally. The precise function of polyglycylation is still unclear.
The MREI motif is common among all beta-tubulin isoforms and may be critical for tubulin autoregulation.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFA5 subunit family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS10 family.
Binds and protects the poly(A) tail of mRNA with or without an AU-rich element (ARE) and prevents mRNA deadenylation. Stimulates the translation of mRNAs to which it is bound during early development (By similarity).
Interacts with dazl in an RNA-independent manner. The C-terminus can self-associate and also interact with the C-terminus of pabpc1, independently of RNA. RRM 1 and RRM 2 interact with both eif4g1 and paip1, and the C-terminus also interacts with paip1. Prior to oocyte maturation, found in a complex with dazl and pum2 proteins and spdy1 mRNA; pum2 dissociates from the complex during maturation. Interacts with the translation termination factor sup35/erf3 (By similarity).
Belongs to the XPG/RAD2 endonuclease family. FEN1 subfamily.
Binds 2 magnesium ions per subunit. They probably participate in the reaction catalyzed by the enzyme. May bind an additional third magnesium ion after substrate binding.
First expressed at a low level in stage II oocytes. Expression increases dramatically from oocyte stages III to V (at protein level). Also expressed in embryos.
Interacts with PCNA. Three molecules of fen1 bind to one PCNA trimer with each molecule binding to one PCNA monomer. PCNA stimulates the nuclease activity without altering cleavage specificity.
Phosphorylated. Phosphorylation upon DNA damage induces relocalization to the nuclear plasma.
Structure-specific nuclease with 5'-flap endonuclease and 5'-3' exonuclease activities involved in DNA replication and repair. During DNA replication, cleaves the 5'-overhanging flap structure that is generated by displacement synthesis when DNA polymerase encounters the 5'-end of a downstream Okazaki fragment. It enters the flap from the 5'-end and then tracks to cleave the flap base, leaving a nick for ligation. Also involved in the long patch base excision repair (LP-BER) pathway, by cleaving within the apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) site-terminated flap. Acts as a genome stabilization factor that prevents flaps from equilibrating into structures that lead to duplications and deletions. Also possesses 5'-3' exonuclease activity on nicked or gapped double-stranded DNA, and exhibits RNase H activity. Also involved in replication and repair of rDNA and in repairing mitochondrial DNA.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. Trm1 family.
May play a role in motor coordination and exploratory behavior.
Homodimer; disulfide-linked (By similarity). Interacts with TGF-beta receptors (tgfbr1 and tgfbr2), leading to signal transduction (By similarity).
Interacts with Transforming growth factor beta-2 (TGF-beta-2) chain; interaction is non-covalent and maintains (TGF-beta-2) in a latent state (By similarity).
Multifunctional protein that regulates various processes such as angiogenesis and heart development (By similarity). Activation into mature form follows different steps: following cleavage of the proprotein in the Golgi apparatus, Latency-associated peptide (LAP) and Transforming growth factor beta-2 (TGF-beta-2) chains remain non-covalently linked rendering TGF-beta-2 inactive during storage in extracellular matrix (By similarity). At the same time, LAP chain interacts with 'milieu molecules', such as ltbp1 and lrrc32/garp, that control activation of TGF-beta-2 and maintain it in a latent state during storage in extracellular milieus (By similarity). Once activated following release of LAP, TGF-beta-2 acts by binding to TGF-beta receptors (tgfbr1 and tgfbr2), which transduce signal (By similarity).
Precursor of the Latency-associated peptide (LAP) and Transforming growth factor beta-2 (TGF-beta-2) chains, which constitute the regulatory and active subunit of TGF-beta-2, respectively.
Required to maintain the Transforming growth factor beta-2 (TGF-beta-2) chain in a latent state during storage in extracellular matrix. Associates non-covalently with TGF-beta-2 and regulates its activation via interaction with 'milieu molecules', such as ltbp1 and lrrc32/garp, that control activation of TGF-beta-2.
The precursor proprotein is cleaved in the Golgi apparatus to form Transforming growth factor beta-2 (TGF-beta-2) and Latency-associated peptide (LAP) chains, which remain non-covalently linked, rendering TGF-beta-2 inactive.
Minimal expression in oocytes and embryos prior to mid-blastula transition. Readily detected in the presomitic tissue from late gastrulae. By neurula stages, somitic expression is broader and also appears in developing neural structures and other anterior structures (eye anlage). By late neurula, the posterior expression is condensed into two stripes on each side, expression in the anterior tissues remains high in the developing eye. During tailbud stages, expression is still high in the eye vesicle, otic vesicle and other anterior regions, as well as the presomitic mesoderm. In the tadpole, highly expressed in the head, eye and otic vesicle, branchial arches and midportion of the somites.
Receptor for Wnt proteins. Most of frizzled receptors are coupled to the beta-catenin canonical signaling pathway, which leads to the activation of disheveled proteins, inhibition of GSK-3 kinase, nuclear accumulation of beta-catenin and activation of Wnt target genes. A second signaling pathway involving PKC and calcium fluxes has been seen for some family members, but it is not yet clear if it represents a distinct pathway or if it can be integrated in the canonical pathway, as PKC seems to be required for Wnt-mediated inactivation of GSK-3 kinase. Both pathways seem to involve interactions with G-proteins. May be involved in transduction and intercellular transmission of polarity information during tissue morphogenesis and/or in differentiated tissues.
Widely expressed, especially in the eye anlage, otic vesicle and developing somites.
Component of the peroxisomal translocation machinery.
Enhances all basic T-cell responses to a foreign antigen, namely proliferation, secretion of lymphokines, up-regulation of molecules that mediate cell-cell interaction, and effective help for antibody secretion by B-cells. Essential both for efficient interaction between T and B-cells and for normal antibody responses to T-cell dependent antigens. Does not up-regulate the production of interleukin-2, but superinduces the synthesis of interleukin-10. Prevents the apoptosis of pre-activated T-cells. Plays a critical role in CD40-mediated class switching of immunoglobin isotypes.
During gastrulation, expressed on the dorsal side of the embryo and then in the neural plate and neural tube. At tailbud stages, expressed in the somites, neural tube and otic vesicle.
Expressed maternally and zygotically. Maternal expression declines during cleavage stages and gastrulation. Expression then increases during neurula and tailbud stages.
Inactivation in embryos by antisense morpholino causes paralysis and shortening of the body axis.
Microtubule-binding protein required to ensure proper cell division and nuclear envelope reassembly by sequestering the endoplasmic reticulum away from chromosomes during mitosis. Probably acts by clearing the endoplasmic reticulum membrane from metaphase chromosomes (By similarity). May play a role in the maintenance of both the nervous system and the musculature.
Adhesion plaque protein. May be a component of a signal transduction pathway that mediates adhesion-stimulated changes in gene expression (By similarity). Suppresses the transcription-repressing activity of hesx1/anf1.
At the early gastrula stage, expressed at a low level in the animal hemisphere. Expression rises by the end of gastrulation in the anterior part of the embryo, where it gradually increases by the midneurula stage. During neurulation, expression continues most intensively in the anterior part of the neural plate and around it. At later stages, intensely expressed in the brain and at lower levels in the spinal cord, eyes, nasal placodes, within somites, and around the cement gland.
Expressed at a low level at early stages. Expression increases during gastrulation, reaches maximum levels by the middle of neurulation, and slightly decreases during later development.
Interacts (via LIM2 domain) with hesx1/anf1.
Akt2-a is one of several closely related serine/threonine-protein kinases known as the AKT kinase, and which regulate many processes including metabolism, proliferation, cell survival, growth and angiogenesis. This is mediated through serine and/or threonine phosphorylation of a range of downstream substrates. Over 100 substrate candidates have been reported so far, but for most of them, no isoform specificity has been reported (By similarity).
Two specific sites, one in the kinase domain (Thr-314) and the other in the C-terminal regulatory region (Ser-479), need to be phosphorylated for its full activation.
Probable core component of the endosomal sorting required for transport complex III (ESCRT-III) which is involved in multivesicular bodies (MVBs) formation and sorting of endosomal cargo proteins into MVBs. MVBs contain intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) that are generated by invagination and scission from the limiting membrane of the endosome and mostly are delivered to lysosomes enabling degradation of membrane proteins, such as stimulated growth factor receptors, lysosomal enzymes and lipids. Key component of the cytokinesis checkpoint, a process required to delay abscission to prevent both premature resolution of intercellular chromosome bridges and accumulation of DNA damage (By similarity).
Belongs to the exonuclease superfamily. TREX family.
Responds to activation by environmental stress and pro-inflammatory cytokines by phosphorylating a number of transcription factors, and thus regulates transcriptional activity.
Acts as component of the mcm2-7 complex (mcm complex) which is the putative replicative helicase essential for 'once per cell cycle' DNA replication initiation and elongation in eukaryotic cells. The active ATPase sites in the mcm2-7 ring are formed through the interaction surfaces of two neighboring subunits such that a critical structure of a conserved arginine finger motif is provided in trans relative to the ATP-binding site of the Walker A box of the adjacent subunit. The six ATPase active sites, however, are likely to contribute differentially to the complex helicase activity. The existence of maternal and zygotic forms of mcm3 and mcm6 suggests that specific forms of mcm2-7 complexes may be used during different stages of development. May replace mmcm6 in the mcm2-7 complex.
Component of the mcm2-7 complex (RLF-M). The complex forms a toroidal hexameric ring with the proposed subunit order mcm2-mcm6-mcm4-mcm7-mcm3-mcm5 (By simililarity). Begins to associate with zmcm3, mcm4 and mcm7 into mcm complexes at the neurula stage.
Expressed zygotically. Expression begins after the midblastula transition (MBT) at the neurula stage.
Due to the high similarity between gas2l2.L and gas2l2.S, the morpholinos used for knockdown target both gas2l2.L and gas2l2.S RNA.
Morpholino knockdown of both gas2l2.L and gas2l2.s resulted in mosaic embryos and impacted the number and distribution of basal bodies on the surface of ciliated cells (PubMed:30665704). As a result, ciliary orientation was significantly reduced (PubMed:30665704).
Together with gas2l2.S, regulates ciliary orientation and performance.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. rRNA adenine N(6)-methyltransferase family. KsgA subfamily.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyltransferase which specifically dimethylates mitochondrial 12S rRNA at the conserved stem loop. Also required for basal transcription of mitochondrial DNA. Stimulates transcription independently of the methyltransferase activity (By similarity).
Belongs to the eIF4E-binding protein family.
Palmitoyltransferase that catalyzes the addition of palmitate onto various protein substrates (By similarity). Has no stringent fatty acid selectivity and in addition to palmitate can also transfer onto target proteins myristate from tetradecanoyl-CoA and stearate from octadecanoyl-CoA (By similarity). May thereby regulate target proteins association and localization to membranes (By similarity). In the nervous system, probably catalyzes the palmitoylation of synaptic proteins and is involved in the differentiation of dopaminergic neurons and the development of the diencephalon (By similarity).
Beta integrins associate with alpha subunits to form receptor complexes that recognize the sequence R-G-D in a wide array of ligands. May be involved in osteoblast compaction (By similarity). May play role in myoblast differentiation and fusion during skeletal myogenesis (By similarity).
Associates with microtubules. Interacts with aurka and plk1. Interacts with kif15.
Detected in mitotic eggs (at protein level).
Phosphorylated during mitosis. Hyperphosphorylated upon assembly of microtubules.
Spindle assembly factor. Required for normal assembly of mitotic spindles. Mediates the binding kif15 and aurka to spindle microtubules. Required for targeting kif15 to microtubule minus ends. Activates aurka by promoting its autophosphorylation and protects the phosphorylated residue against dephosphorylation (By similarity).
Component of a BHC histone deacetylase complex that contains KDM1A.
Essential component of the BHC complex, a corepressor complex that represses transcription of neuron-specific genes in non-neuronal cells. The BHC complex is recruited at RE1/NRSE sites by REST and acts by deacetylating and demethylating specific sites on histones, thereby acting as a chromatin modifier. In the BHC complex, it serves as a molecular beacon for the recruitment of molecular machinery that imposes silencing across a chromosomal interval. Plays a central role in demethylation of Lys-4 of histone H3 by promoting demethylase activity of KDM1A on core histones and nucleosomal substrates (By similarity).
Expressed in territories in which neurogenesis takes place.
Belongs to the serpin family. Ov-serpin subfamily.
Acts as a tumor suppressor in many tumor types; induces growth arrest or apoptosis depending on the physiological circumstances and cell type. Involved in cell cycle regulation as a trans-activator that acts to negatively regulate cell division by controlling a set of genes required for this process. One of the activated genes is an inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases. Apoptosis induction seems to be mediated either by stimulation of BAX and FAS antigen expression, or by repression of Bcl-2 expression.
Interacts with several SH3 domain-containing proteins and with poly-ubiquitinated proteins.
This protein has one functional calcium-binding site.
The RNA gate region regulates mRNA cap recognition to prevent promiscuous mRNA-binding before assembly of eif3d into the full eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF-3) complex.
mRNA cap-binding component of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF-3) complex, which is involved in protein synthesis of a specialized repertoire of mRNAs and, together with other initiation factors, stimulates binding of mRNA and methionyl-tRNAi to the 40S ribosome. The eIF-3 complex specifically targets and initiates translation of a subset of mRNAs involved in cell proliferation. In the eIF-3 complex, eif3d specifically recognizes and binds the 7-methylguanosine cap of a subset of mRNAs.
Endoribonuclease which preferentially cleaves ApU and ApG phosphodiester bonds.
Component of the RAG complex composed of core components rag1 and rag2.
Core component of the RAG complex, a multiprotein complex that mediates the DNA cleavage phase during V(D)J recombination. V(D)J recombination assembles a diverse repertoire of immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor genes in developing B and T lymphocytes through rearrangement of different V (variable), in some cases D (diversity), and J (joining) gene segments. DNA cleavage by the RAG complex occurs in 2 steps: a first nick is introduced in the top strand immediately upstream of the heptamer, generating a 3'-hydroxyl group that can attack the phosphodiester bond on the opposite strand in a direct transesterification reaction, thereby creating 4 DNA ends: 2 hairpin coding ends and 2 blunt, 5'-phosphorylated ends. In the RAG complex, rag2 is not the catalytic component but is required for all known catalytic activities mediated by RAG1. It probably acts as a sensor of chromatin state that recruits the RAG complex to H3K4me3 (By similarity).
Expressed within the thymus, liver and spleen in juvenile frogs, and within the thymus and bone marrow of adults. A lower level expression is seen in the ovaries.
First detected in the thymus during day 4 of development. Expression then increases in the thymus for at least three weeks.
The atypical PHD-type zinc finger recognizes and binds histone H3 trimethylated on 'Lys-4' (H3K4me3). The atypical PHD-type zinc finger also binds various phosphoinositides (By similarity).
Belongs to the SLAIN motif-containing family.
CNTF is a survival factor for various neuronal cell types. Seems to prevent the degeneration of motor axons after axotomy.
Although related to the Ser/Thr protein kinase family, has no protein kinase activity and acts as a mannose kinase instead.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family. STKL subfamily.
Protein O-mannose kinase that specifically mediates phosphorylation at the 6-position of an O-mannose of the trisaccharide (N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc)-beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc)-beta-1,4-mannose) to generate phosphorylated O-mannosyl trisaccharide (N-acetylgalactosamine-beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosamine-beta-1,4-(phosphate-6-)mannose). Phosphorylated O-mannosyl trisaccharide is a carbohydrate structure present in alpha-dystroglycan (dag1), which is required for binding laminin G-like domain-containing extracellular proteins with high affinity. Only shows kinase activity when the GalNAc-beta-3-GlcNAc-beta-terminus is linked to the 4-position of O-mannose, suggesting that this disaccharide serves as the substrate recognition motif (By similarity).
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Tyr protein kinase family. FAK subfamily.
Non-receptor protein-tyrosine kinase implicated in signaling pathways involved in cell motility, proliferation and apoptosis. Activated by tyrosine-phosphorylation in response to either integrin clustering induced by cell adhesion or antibody cross-linking, or via G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) occupancy by ligands such as bombesin or lysophosphatidic acid, or via LDL receptor occupancy. Microtubule-induced dephosphorylation at Tyr-397 is crucial for the induction of focal adhesion disassembly (By similarity).
Phosphorylated on tyrosine residues; phosphorylated kinase is first detected during gastrulation, suggesting that tyrosine phosphorylation is developmentally regulated.
Present in the fertilized egg and in cleavage and blastula stage embryos. During gastrulation, expression increases significantly and is detected in mesoderm, marginal zone ectoderm, and cells of the blastocoel roof. Later in development, prominently expressed at intersomitic junctions, in the brain and in several cranial nerves.
DNA replication licensing factor, required for pre-replication complex assembly. Cooperates with cdc6 to promote the loading of the mini-chromosome maintenance complex onto chromatin to form the pre-replication complex necessary to initiate DNA replication.
The PIP-box K+4 motif mediates both the interaction with pcna and the recruitment of the DCX(DTL) complex: while the PIP-box interacts with pcna, the presence of the K+4 submotif, recruits the DCX(DTL) complex, leading to its ubiquitination (PubMed:19595719).
Ubiquitinated by the DCX(DTL) complex, also named CRL4(CDT2) complex, in response to DNA damage, leading to its degradation. Ubiquitination by the DCX(DTL) complex is necessary to ensure proper cell cycle regulation and is pcna-dependent: interacts with pcna via its PIP-box, while the presence of the containing the 'K+4' motif in the PIP box, recruit the DCX(DTL) complex, leading to its degradation. The interaction with GMNN protects it against ubiquitination.
Regulatory subunit of serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 4.
Belongs to the glycoprotein hormones subunit alpha family.
Heterodimer of an alpha and a beta chain.
Plays an important role in membrane trafficking through the secretory apparatus.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Tyr protein kinase family. AXL/UFO subfamily.
Detected in brain, spinal cord, intestine, lung, stomach, ovary, testis, skin and eye.
Levels are high at cleavage and blastula stage, and low at gastrulation stage. Subsequently, levels increase from mid-neurulation to the tail bud stage. Detected in embryonic brain at the tail bud stage.
May be involved in cell adhesion processes, particularly in the central nervous system.
Tyrosine phosphorylated upon receptor stimulation.
Aquaporins facilitate the transport of water and small neutral solutes across cell membranes.
Belongs to the MIP/aquaporin (TC 1.A.8) family. AQP11/AQP12 subfamily.
Conversion of pregnenolone and progesterone to their 17-alpha-hydroxylated products and subsequently to dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and androstenedione. Catalyzes both the 17-alpha-hydroxylation and the 17,20-lyase reaction.
Scaffold protein for the de novo synthesis of iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters within mitochondria, which is required for maturation of both mitochondrial and cytoplasmic [2Fe-2S] and [4Fe-4S] proteins.
Detected in embryonic epidermal cells; expression increases during neurula and tailbud stage and decreases again after 1 week dpf (at protein level) (PubMed:15537792). First detected in gastrula-stage embryos; expression increases during later stages of embryogenesis. Detected in epidermis and throughout the embryo.
Homotrimer; disulfide-linked (PubMed:26755729). Homohexamer; disulfide-linked (PubMed:15537792, PubMed:26755729). Forms primarily homotrimers in solution, but can also form homohexamers (PubMed:26755729).
Lectin that specifically recognizes microbial carbohydrate chains in a calcium-dependent manner (PubMed:26755729). Binds to microbial glycans that contain a terminal acyclic 1,2-diol moiety, including beta-linked D-galactofuranose (beta-Galf) and D-phosphoglycerol-modified glycans (PubMed:26755729). Binds to S.pneumoniae serotypes with glycans that contain beta-linked D-galactofuranose (beta-Galf) and with D-phosphoglycerol-modified glycans (PubMed:26755729). Can bind a variety of monosaccharides (in vitro) (PubMed:15537792). Probably plays a role in the defense system against microorganisms (Probable).
By the neuronal determination factor neurog2/X-ngngr-1. Repressed by Notch signaling.
Expressed in the prospective neuroectoderm at the end of gastrulation. During open neural plate stages, expressed broadly throughout the anterior neural plate and in the three bilateral stripes of the posterior neural plate where primary neurons arise. At tadpole stages, expression is maintained throughout the central nervous system and in the eye retina.
Expressed zygotically from the end of gastrulation. Expression increases during neurula stages and is maintained at a constant level throughout tailbud stages and later development.
Lacks most of the conserved residues that are essential for binding the metal cofactor and hence for dihydropyrimidinase activity. Its enzyme activity is therefore unsure.
Necessary for signaling by class 3 semaphorins and subsequent remodeling of the cytoskeleton. Plays a role in axon guidance, neuronal growth cone collapse and cell migration (By similarity).
Necessary for signaling by class 3 semaphorins and subsequent remodeling of the cytoskeleton. Plays a role in axon guidance, neuronal growth cone collapse and cell migration.
Identification in a complex with cpsf2, cpsf73, cpsf160 and sympk. Interacts with cpeb1, cpsf2 and papd4.
Involved in histone mRNA 3'-end processing (By similarity). Involved in the cytoplasmic polyadenylation element (CPE)-mediated polyadenylation of maternal mRNAs in maturing oocytes. Serves as a scaffold upon which cytoplasmic polyadenylation regulatory factors are assembled.
The HEAT repeats have been determined based on 3D-structure analysis of the D.melanogaster ortholog and are not detected by sequence-based prediction programs.
Belongs to the eukaryotic/archaeal RNase P protein component 2 family.
Component of ribonuclease P, a protein complex that generates mature tRNA molecules by cleaving their 5'-ends.
Acts partially redundantly with other irx members in neural patterning. Required for formation of the posterior forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain, and to a lesser extent, spinal cord. Both up-regulates and down-regulates gene expression during neural development. Acts early in neural plate development to induce proneural gene expression and specify a neural precursor state. Also up-regulates repressors that prevent neuronal differentiation. Required during at least two stages of pronephros kidney development; during neurula stages, maintains transcription of key renal genes to define the size and identity of the pronephric anlage, probably in part through regulation of bmp-signaling. Subsequently required for proper formation of the intermediate tubule segment of the pronephros.
By a combination of a neural inducing signal (nog/noggin) and a posteriorizing signal (bFGF). Inhibited in the neural plate by foxd5. The anterior limit of expression at the future border between the prethalamus and thalamus is defined by mutual repression with the anterior repressor fezf2, and also by arx. Induced by retinoic acid (RA) during kidney development.
Primarily expressed in the developing central nervous system (CNS). At gastrula stage, expressed in both the superficial and deep layers of the presumptive neural plate with expression spreading to the prospective hindbrain, spinal cord and midbrain-hindbrain junction as neurulation proceeds. Not expressed in the anterior neural plate and CNS expression in the tadpole excludes the forebrain. Outside of the CNS, expressed around the closing blastopore at early gastrula stages and as gastrulation proceeds, expression switches to the anterior lateral plate mesoderm. In tadpoles, expressed in the ectodermal layer of the branchial arches, and in the otic vesicle. Also expressed in specific and overlapping dynamic patterns with irx1 and irx2 during pronephric kidney development. Renal expression begins before segment-specific terminal differentiation in the pronephric anlage at mid-neurula stage, and is later found in proximal tubule PT3 as well as intermediate tubule segments IT1 and IT2, with expression in the kidney being maintained through to the tadpole stage.
Belongs to the PNP/MTAP phosphorylase family.
The purine nucleoside phosphorylases catalyze the phosphorolytic breakdown of the N-glycosidic bond in the beta-(deoxy)ribonucleoside molecules, with the formation of the corresponding free purine bases and pentose-1-phosphate.
Belongs to the eukaryotic-type primase small subunit family.
Belongs to the ligand-gated ion channel (TC 1.A.9) family. Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor (TC 1.A.9.5) subfamily. GABRA1 sub-subfamily.
Belongs to the eIF-2B gamma/epsilon subunits family.
Belongs to the dynactin subunit 2 family.
Modulates cytoplasmic dynein binding to an organelle, and plays a role in prometaphase chromosome alignment and spindle organization during mitosis. Involved in anchoring microtubules to centrosomes. May play a role in synapse formation during brain development (By similarity).
Modulates cytoplasmic dynein binding to an organelle, and plays a role in prometaphase chromosome alignment and spindle organization during mitosis. Involved in anchoring microtubules to centrosomes. May play a role in synapse formation during brain development.
Subunit of dynactin, a multiprotein complex associated with dynein.
Autophosphorylates. Phosphorylated by plk1/plx1, suggesting the existence of a feedback loop with plk1/plx1. activation of the protein.
It is unclear whether it acts as an upstream kinase for polo kinase by mediating phosphorylation of plk1/plx1 or whether it is a downstream target of plk1/plx1.
May act as a polo kinase kinase by mediating phosphorylation of plk1/plx1 and subsequent activation of plk1/plx1 during oocyte maturation.
At gastrula stage, expressed in all three germ layers, but becomes localized to discrete domains of the developing nervous system during neurulation, including the anterior neural plate, cement gland, eye anlagen, otic placode and both cranial and trunk premigratory and early migratory neural crest cells. Also expressed in the most dorsal and ventral portions of the myotome, the developing heart and anterior blood islets, and in the tail fin mesenchyme. Expressed at a low level in limbs, with expression decreasing as limbs develop, but expressed at a high level in blastemas (regenerated limbs), where expression is localized to both the blastermal epidermis and mesenchyme. Widely expressed in adults including the liver and heart.
By bmp and notch signaling, and in response to signaling events of early neural crest induction. Repressed by hes4/hairy2 in a DNA-binding dependent manner through repression of bmp4 transcription, but up-regulated by hes4/hairy2 acting via delta1 activation. By myc.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Expressed at a low level in fertilized eggs and cleaving embryos. Zygotic expression begins after the midblastula transition (MBT) with expression levels rising during gastrulation, and remaining constant throughout neurulation and premetamorphic development. Also expressed in adults.
Homodimer (By similarity). Heterodimer with other HLH proteins. Interacts (via HLH domain) with the bHLH protein hes4/hairy2 (via Orange domain). Interacts with stat3.
Transcriptional regulator (lacking a basic DNA binding domain) which negatively regulates the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors by forming heterodimers and inhibiting their DNA binding and transcriptional activity. Influences cell fate decisions in the embryo by sequestering and blocking the activity of the bHLH transcription factors that control these decisions. Inhibits the binding of myogenic bHLH-containing complexes to E-box DNA, thereby preventing activation of muscle-specific target genes. Also inhibits the activity of neurogenic factor neurod1/neuroD. Plays a role in cell cycle progression and survival of neural crest progenitors; binding to either hes4-B/hairy2b or stat3 blocks the formation of transcription factor complexes and the repressor function of hes4-B/hairy2B, to allow neural crest progenitors to differentiate. May play a role in the regulation of the circadian rhythm.
Component of the BLOC-1 complex, a complex that is required for normal biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles (LRO), such as platelet dense granules and melanosomes. In concert with the AP-3 complex, the BLOC-1 complex is required to target membrane protein cargos into vesicles assembled at cell bodies for delivery into neurites and nerve terminals. The BLOC-1 complex, in association with SNARE proteins, is also proposed to be involved in neurite extension. May play a role in intracellular vesicle trafficking, particularly in the vesicle-docking and fusion process.
Forms a homodimer or a heterodimer with a related family member. Interacts with nlk.2.
Involved in the gp130-mediated signaling pathway.
Phosphorylation of both tyrosine and serine residues, together with dimerization, is required for mesoderm induction.
Transcription factor that binds to target promoter sequences and activates transcription upon il6st/gp130 stimulation. Mediates ventralization of embryos, at least in part via inhibition of smad2 signaling. Required for hairy2 to induce dll1/delta1 and promote neural crest cell proliferation and differentiation. Involved in TGFbeta-mediated mesoderm induction in early embryos, acting downstream of map3k7/tak1 and nlk.2 (By similarity).
Potential NADPH-dependent oxidoreductase.
Cytosolic CRABPs may regulate the access of retinoic acid to the nuclear retinoic acid receptors.
Gap-filling polymerase involved in repair of DNA double-strand breaks by non-homologous end joining (NHEJ).
Belongs to the neutral ceramidase family.
Mitochondrial E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that plays a crucial role in the control of mitochondrial morphology by acting as a positive regulator of mitochondrial fission. May play a role in the prevention of cell senescence acting as a regulator of mitochondrial quality control.
Belongs to the SNF2/RAD54 helicase family. ISWI subfamily.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Tyr protein kinase family. ROR subfamily.
Catalyzes the first and rate-limiting reaction of the four reactions that constitute the long-chain fatty acids elongation cycle. This endoplasmic reticulum-bound enzymatic process allows the addition of 2 carbons to the chain of long- and very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) per cycle. Condensing enzyme that acts specifically toward polyunsaturated acyl-CoA with the higher activity toward C18:3(n-6) acyl-CoA. May participate in the production of monounsaturated and of polyunsaturated VLCFAs of different chain lengths that are involved in multiple biological processes as precursors of membrane lipids and lipid mediators (By similarity). In conditions where the essential linoleic and alpha linoleic fatty acids are lacking it is also involved in the synthesis of Mead acid from oleic acid (By similarity).
Scaffold protein that connects plasma membrane proteins with members of the ezrin/moesin/radixin family and thereby helps to link them to the actin cytoskeleton and to regulate their surface expression.
Belongs to the class-II fumarase/aspartase family. Fumarase subfamily.
Catalyzes the hydration of fumarate to L-malate in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle to facilitate a transition step in the production of energy in the form of NADH.
Belongs to the Nudix hydrolase family. NudC subfamily.
After binding acetylcholine, the AChR responds by an extensive change in conformation that affects all subunits and leads to opening of an ion-conducting channel across the plasma membrane.
Belongs to the ligand-gated ion channel (TC 1.A.9) family. Acetylcholine receptor (TC 1.A.9.1) subfamily.
Pentamer of two alpha chains, and one each of the beta, delta, and gamma (in immature muscle) or epsilon (in mature muscle) chains.
Catalytic subunit of the NatB complex which catalyzes acetylation of the N-terminal methionine residues of peptides beginning with Met-Asp, Met-Glu, Met-Asn and Met-Gln. Proteins with cell cycle functions are overrepresented in the pool of NatB substrates. Required for maintaining the structure and function of actomyosin fibers and for proper cellular migration.
Component of the N-terminal acetyltransferase B (NatB) complex which is composed of naa20 and naa25.
Belongs to the Antp homeobox family. Labial subfamily.
Expression is abundant in the gastrula dorsal lip.
First detected at stage 10.5 and peaks at mid-gastrula (stage 11.5).
Sequence of unknown origin at C-terminus.
Sequence-specific transcription factor which is part of a developmental regulatory system that provides cells with specific positional identities on the anterior-posterior axis. Acts on the anterior body structures. Acts downstream of meis3 to pattern the hindbrain.
Expressed in two-cell stage, early blastula, early gastrula, early neurula and early and late tail bud stages.
Interacts with adam13 through the SH3 domains.
Regulates the morphogenesis and endocytosis of caveolae (By similarity). Lipid-binding protein that is able to promote the tubulation of the phosphatidic acid-containing membranes it preferentially binds. Plays a role in intracellular vesicle-mediated transport. Involved in the endocytosis of cell-surface receptors like the EGF receptor, contributing to its internalization in the absence of EGF stimulus.
The F-BAR domain forms a coiled coil and mediates membrane-binding and membrane tubulation (By similarity). Autoinhibition of these functions is mediated by an interaction between the SH3 and F-BAR domains (By similarity). The F-Bar domain also mediates the binding to the cell actin cytoskeleton through the interaction with CAV-1 (By similarity).
Ubiquitously expressed with higher expression in the ectoderm, the neuroectoderm, and dorsal mesoderm layers.
Plays a role in mitochondrial morphogenesis.
Interacts (via N-terminus) with magoh and rbm8a; the interaction is direct. Associates (eIF2A-like region) with the 40S ribosomal subunit and the 48S preinitiation complex.
At the neurula stage, high expression in dorsal embryo region including neural folds and somites. Also high expression in adult brain (CNS) and low expression in oocytes.
Threonine (predominantly) and serine residues are phosphorylated during oocyte maturation, when CDK1 is active.
Transcription factor that determines dorsal-ventral body axis.
Component of the CCR4-NOT complex which is one of the major cellular mRNA deadenylases and is linked to various cellular processes including bulk mRNA degradation, miRNA-mediated repression, translational repression during translational initiation and general transcription regulation.
Component of the CCR4-NOT complex which is one of the major cellular mRNA deadenylases and is linked to various cellular processes including bulk mRNA degradation, miRNA-mediated repression, translational repression during translational initiation and general transcription regulation. Additional complex functions may be a consequence of its influence on mRNA expression. Is not required for association of CNOT7 to the CCR4-NOT complex (By similarity).
Component of the CCR4-NOT complex. cnot10 and cnot11 form a subcomplex docked to the cnot1 scaffold (By similarity).
Regulates the trafficking and gating properties of AMPA-selective glutamate receptors (AMPARs). Promotes their targeting to the cell membrane and synapses and modulates their gating properties by slowing their rates of activation, deactivation and desensitization. Does not show subunit-specific AMPA receptor regulation and regulates all AMPAR subunits. Thought to stabilize the calcium channel in an inactivated (closed) state.
Belongs to the complex I LYR family. LYRM9 subfamily.
Belongs to the PIH1 family. Kintoun subfamily.
Required for cytoplasmic pre-assembly of axonemal dyneins, thereby playing a central role in motility in cilia and flagella. Involved in pre-assembly of dynein arm complexes in the cytoplasm before intraflagellar transport loads them for the ciliary compartment.
Mitochondrial iron transporter that mediates iron uptake. Probably required for heme synthesis of hemoproteins and Fe-S cluster assembly in non-erythroid cells.
Receptor for cholecystokinin. This receptor mediates its action by association with G proteins that activate a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system. Has high affinity for CCK-8 and low affinities for gastrin-17-I, CCK-4, and unsulfated CCK-8.
Based on similarity to Drosophila 'bagpipe/bap', the name 'koza' was chosen after a Polish musical instrument related to the Scottish bagpipe.
Expressed in the muscle layer of embryonic somites. In tailbud embryos, expressed throughout the entire myotome but at the mid-tailbud stage (stage 32), expression becomes restricted to the outer periphery of the somite so that by the tadpole stage only the outer, type I cells show expression. Also expressed in the dorsal cement gland and in the myocardial layer of the developing heart. In all tissues, expression begins after terminal differentiation.
First detectable at low levels at the late gastrula/early neurula embryo (stage 14). Levels remain approximately constant throughout subsequent embryonic development, before declining in the tadpole.
May regulate cell proliferation in a tissue-specific manner.
Belongs to the NAD(P)-dependent epimerase/dehydratase family. Fucose synthase subfamily.
Catalyzes the two-step NADP-dependent conversion of GDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-mannose to GDP-fucose, involving an epimerase and a reductase reaction.
Belongs to the transient receptor (TC 1.A.4) family. TrpV subfamily. TRPV1 sub-subfamily.
Bifunctional glycosyltransferase with both alpha-1,3-xylosyltransferase and beta-1,3-glucuronyltransferase activities involved in the maturation of alpha-dystroglycan (DAG1) by glycosylation leading to DAG1 binding to laminin G-like domain-containing extracellular proteins with high affinity and in a phosphorylated-O-mannosyl trisaccharide dependent manner. Elongates the glucuronyl-beta-1,4-xylose-beta disaccharide primer structure by adding repeating units [-3-Xylose-alpha-1,3-GlcA-beta-1-] to produce a heteropolysaccharide (By similarity). Supports the maturation of DAG1 more effectively than LARGE1 (By similarity). In addition, can modify both heparan sulfate (HS)- and chondroitin/dermatan sulfate (CS/DS)-proteoglycans (PGs), namely GPC4, with a glycosaminoglycan (GAG)-like polysaccharide composed of xylose and glucuronic acid to confer laminin binding (By similarity).
Binds 2 Mn(2+) ions per subunit. The xylosyltransferase part binds one Mn(2+) and the beta-1,3-glucuronyltransferase part binds one Mn(2+).
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the glycosyltransferase 49 family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the glycosyltransferase 8 family.
Interacts with apc2 (By similarity). Binds calmodulin.
Required for normal renal development and establishment of left-right axis. Probably acts as a molecular switch between different Wnt signaling pathways. Inhibits the canonical Wnt pathway by targeting cytoplasmic disheveled for degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome. This suggests that it is required in renal development to oppose the repression of terminal differentiation of tubular epithelial cells by Wnt signaling (By similarity). Plays a central role in convergent extension movements in gastrulating embryos, a processus regulated by Wnt signaling.
The D-box (destruction box) mediate the interaction with APC proteins, and may act as a recognition signal for degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically at relatively consistent levels throughout development.
Interacts (via repeats 4-5) with foxh1/fast1 (via Fork-head domain). Interacts with smad2 and smad3 (via MH1 domain) in a ligand (activin)-dependent manner. Interacts with pou5f1.1/oct-25 to form a repression complex on the promoters of the gsc and mix2 genes.
There is conflicting evidence as to whether gtf2ird1 acts as a transcriptional activator or repressor when directly bound to the distal element of the gsc promoter. PubMed:11937490 shows that gtf2ird1 acts cooperatively with smads and foxh1/fast1 to activate activin/nodal-mediated gsc transcription. However, PubMed:16055724 report that in the absence of TGF-beta, gtf2ird1 represses gsc transcription. Upon TGF-beta stimulation, smad2 is translocated to the nucleus as a complex with smad4, interacts with TFII-I, and binds to the distal element to dislodge gtf2ird1 and up-regulate gsc gene transcription.
Transcription factor that activates a subset of organizer-specific genes. Binds to the distal element (DE) of the gsc promoter to regulate its expression. In the presence of pou5f1.1/oct-25, forms a repression complex on the promoter of the gsc and mix2 genes to inhibit their transcription.
Uniformly expressed in the embryo in pre- and early gastrula stages. Enriched in the head region of early neurula through tailbud stages.
May be involved in the intracellular transport of sterols or other lipids. May bind cholesterol or other sterols.
Binds 1 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate (MTHF) per subunit.
May have a photoreceptor function (By similarity). Has weak cyclobutyl pyrimidine photolyase activity when expressed in E.coli and when tested in vitro.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Expression starts at late blastula stages in the dorsal marginal zone and persists throughout gastrulation in the prechordal plat and the presumptive notochord, both derivatives of the Spemann organizer. At later stages expression is initiated at several new sites, including the roof plate of the neural tube and skeletogenic cells in the branchial arches.
Patterns the embryo by interrupting bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) signaling. Binds BMP-4 and BMP-2 with high affinity. Can abolish BMP-4 activity by blocking binding to cognate cell-surface receptors. Capable of inducing dorsal development in embryos. Causes dorsal mesodermal differentiation of animal cap ectoderm when coexpressed with xWNT-8 and nuclear, sequence-specific DNA-binding protein xBRA. None of these molecules causes dorsal mesoderm formation when expressed alone.
Belongs to the succinate dehydrogenase/fumarate reductase iron-sulfur protein family.
Component of complex II composed of four subunits: the flavoprotein (FP) sdha, iron-sulfur protein (IP) sdhb, and a cytochrome b composed of sdhc and sdhd.
Iron-sulfur protein (IP) subunit of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) that is involved in complex II of the mitochondrial electron transport chain and is responsible for transferring electrons from succinate to ubiquinone (coenzyme Q).
Belongs to the cyclophilin-type PPIase family. PPIL4 subfamily.
Belongs to the LDH/MDH superfamily. MDH type 2 family.
May be a component of the protein machinery at the inhibitory synapses, probably acting as a scaffold.
Activated during the early gastrula stage of embryogenesis. Expression is weak between stages 10 and 11 then increases sharply between stages 11 and 12, peaking at stage 13 and then sharply declining. Undetectable after stage 35.
Appears to be involved in the regional specification of the anterior head of Xenopus embryos.
Initially expressed in the anterior dorsal region of early embryos and later exclusively in the primordium of the anterior pituitary gland.
May play a role in anchoring the cytoskeleton to the plasma membrane.
Catalyzes the covalent attachment of ubiquitin to other proteins. Mediates the selective degradation of short-lived and abnormal proteins. Functions in the E6/E6-AP-induced ubiquitination of p53/TP53.
Interacts with SCF (SKP1-CUL1-F-box protein) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex.
Can form homomultimers. Interacts with prickle1. Interacts (via PDZ domain) with ccdc88c/dal and dact1-B/dpr. Interacts (via DIX domain) with ARP/Axin-related protein and dact1-A/frodo. Interacts with sdc4, possibly via fz7. Interacts directly (via DEP domain) with efnb1/ephrin-B1 and indirectly with the phosphorylated ephrin receptors ephb1 and ephb2, via association with SH domain-containing adapters. May interact with lrrc6. Interacts with custos (via NLS1 and NLS2); the interaction is negatively regulated by Wnt stimulation (PubMed:25157132).
Expressed equally in both animal-vegetal and dorsal-ventral directions of the early blastula. Becomes enriched on the dorsal side of the embryo after cortical rotation. Expressed along the anterior margin of eye field of neurulae (stage 16 embryos) and in the anterolateral crescent that borders the eye field. Continues to be expressed in the optic cup at stage 26. Expressed in the central nervous system throughout the early tailbud stage including the entire hindbrain.
Expressed maternally. Most abundant in eggs and expressed at a low level in blastulae, gastrulae, neurulae and tailbud embryonic stages.
Involved in at least 2 independent signaling cascades, controlling cell fate via canonical Wnt signaling and cell polarity via a planar cell polarity (PCP) cascade. Acts synergistically with dal/dapple-like to activate Wnt signaling, stabilizing ctnnb1/beta-catenin and leading to dorsal axis formation. Also prevents degradation of ctnnb1/beta-catenin by displacing gsk3 from a complex with ARP/Axin-related protein. Has an additional role in anterior-posterior (A/P) axis formation, specifying different neuroectodermal cell fates along the A/P axis in a dose-dependent manner by activating several early patterning genes. In the PCP pathway, required at the cell membrane for PCP-mediated neural and mesodermal convergent extension during gastrulation and subsequent neural tube closure, acting to activate jnk. Also involved in blastopore closure and archenteron elongation during early, but not late, gastrulation. Associates with ephrin receptors and ligands and acts as part of a downstream PCP pathway to mediate ephrin-mediated cell repulsion via activation of rhoa. Required for efnb1/ephrin-B1-driven movement of non-retinal progenitor cells into the retina during eye field formation. Patterns the hindbrain. Required for ciliogenesis. Controls the docking of basal bodies to the apical plasma membrane; mediates the activation, but not localization of rhoa at the apical surface of ciliated cells during basal body docking. Furthermore, required for the association of basal bodies with membrane-bound vesicles and the vesicle-trafficking protein exoc4/sec8, and this association is in turn required for basal body docking. Once basal bodies are docked, required for the planar polarization of basal bodies that underlies ciliary beating and the directional fluid flow across ciliated epithelia.
Phosphorylated. Phosphorylation is controlled by frizzled proteins, correlates with the onset of embryo dorsalizing events and is higher in the dorsal half of early cleavage embryos. Phosphorylated on tyrosine residues in response to association with efnb1/ephrin-B1.
The C-terminal region containing the DEP domain is required for membrane accumulation and phosphorylation. Wnt signaling and axis induction requires the DIX domain. The C-terminus contributes to the localization at the cilia base.
Acts as a glycogen-targeting subunit for PP1 and regulates its activity. Activates glycogen synthase, reduces glycogen phosphorylase activity and limits glycogen breakdown (By similarity).
Interacts with PPP1CC catalytic subunit of PP1 and associates with glycogen. Forms complexes with glycogen phosphorylase, glycogen synthase and phosphorylase kinase which is necessary for its regulation of PP1 activity (By similarity).
The N-terminal region is required for binding to PP1, the central region is required for binding to glycogen and the C-terminal region is required for binding to glycogen phosphorylase, glycogen synthase and phosphorylase kinase.
Belongs to the class-II aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family. Type 1 subfamily.
Belongs to the peroxiredoxin family. Prx5 subfamily.
Thiol-specific peroxidase that catalyzes the reduction of hydrogen peroxide and organic hydroperoxides to water and alcohols, respectively. Plays a role in cell protection against oxidative stress by detoxifying peroxides and as sensor of hydrogen peroxide-mediated signaling events.
Splice factor that binds to the single-stranded 3'AG at the exon/intron border and promotes its utilization in the second catalytic step. Involved in the regulation of alternative splicing and the utilization of cryptic splice sites.
By t/xbra. By gata4 and gata6. Repressed by zbtb33/kaiso.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically in oocytes and embryos through to swimming tadpole stages.
Glycosylation is required for protein secretion.
Homodimer. Secreted homodimers form a complex with wnt5a homodimers; tyrosine sulfation of both wnt11 and wnt5a by tpst1 is required for this interaction. Interacts with the transmembrane receptor fzd7/fz7. Interacts with lrp6 and ryk. Interacts with tdgf1/frl1. Interacts weakly with frzb1 and strongly with frzb2/crescent. Interaction with frzb2/crescent antagonizes wnt11 function in the neuroectoderm, but enhances it in mesodermal tissue.
Ligand for the frizzled7 transmembrane receptor. Primarily acts via non-canonical Wnt pathways mediated by either Ca(2+) and PKC, or by JNK and dvl2/dsh. Depending on the cellular context, can also signal via the canonical Wnt pathway mediated by beta-catenin and dvl2/dsh. May also inhibit canonical Wnt signaling. Maternally initiates dorsal/ventral axis formation by a canonical route, which signals via lrp6. In a complex with wnt5a, activates the canonical and non-canonical processes involved in axis formation. In the non-canonical pathway, acts through fzd7/fz7 to induce phosphorylation of dvl2/dsh. Signals through a non-canonical Wnt pathway to regulate convergent extension movements during gastrulation. Interactions with the secreted Wnt antagonist sfrp5 to coordinate foregut development, acting via a non-canonical Wnt pathway whereby sfrp5 restricts wnt11b activity to prevent inappropriate foregut formation. Mediates cardiogenesis via non-canonical Wnt signaling involving JNK-activation and PKC. Acts redundantly with wnt11/wnt11r during pronephros induction.
PubMed:11159911 show a lack of role in heart induction but PubMed:12167861 show a role in heart formation; the discrepancy may be due to duplication of Xenopus wnt11 genes.
Transcripts are expressed ubiquitously in early oocytes but become vegetally localized during mid-oogenesis then enriched on the dorsal side by the 8 to 16 cell stage. The protein becomes asymmetrically concentrated on the dorsal side by the 64-cell stage. During gastrulation, expressed in the lateral and ventral marginal zone, and during tadpole stages in the somites and first branchial arch. Weakly expressed in the pronephros from at least stage 12.5, with kidney expression increasing until stage 35. Expressed in the prospective posterior gut between stages 13 and 20, and in the deep foregut endoderm. Prior to neural crest cell migration, expressed in a domain flanking the neural crest on the lateral or epidermal side (the opposite side to wnt11/wnt11-r).
Xenopus and other lower vertebrates contain duplicated wnt11 genes resulting from an ancient gene duplication event, but the second copy has since been lost in mammals. This gene was originally called wnt-11 (PubMed:8306880) but was renamed to wnt11b (PubMed:17436276) after the discovery of wnt11r (now called wnt11).
Homodimer; disulfide-linked. Can also form homotetramers.
Mitochondrial 3-hydroxymethyl-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase that catalyzes a cation-dependent cleavage of (S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA into acetyl-CoA and acetoacetate, a key step in ketogenesis. Terminal step in leucine catabolism. Ketone bodies (beta-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate and acetone) are essential as an alternative source of energy to glucose, as lipid precursors and as regulators of metabolism.
Allows the formation of correctly charged Gln-tRNA(Gln) through the transamidation of misacylated Glu-tRNA(Gln) in the mitochondria. The reaction takes place in the presence of glutamine and ATP through an activated gamma-phospho-Glu-tRNA(Gln).
Belongs to the GatB/GatE family. GatB subfamily.
Subunit of the heterotrimeric GatCAB amidotransferase (AdT) complex, composed of A (QRSL1), B (GATB) and C (GATC) subunits.
Belongs to the AAA ATPase family. PCH2 subfamily.
Plays a key role in chromosome recombination and chromosome structure development during meiosis. Required at early steps in meiotic recombination that leads to non-crossovers pathways. Also needed for efficient completion of homologous synapsis by influencing crossover distribution along the chromosomes affecting both crossovers and non-crossovers pathways.
Barely detectable in stage I/II oocytes, accumulate in stage III/IV oocytes, then exhibit a roughly constant steady state level in mature oocytes, eggs, and early embryos.
La protein plays a role in the transcription of RNA polymerase III. It is most probably a transcription termination factor. Binds to the 3' termini of virtually all nascent polymerase III transcripts (By similarity).
There are two forms of La, LaA and LaB, in Xenopus.
Belongs to the GST superfamily. Pi family.
Conjugation of reduced glutathione to a wide number of exogenous and endogenous hydrophobic electrophiles.
Binds the poly(A) tail of mRNA. Unable to interact with the cap-binding complex and is therefore unlikely to be involved in translation initiation.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Restricted to oogenesis, early embryogenesis and the adult ovary. Levels decrease after the onset of zygotic transcription (at protein level).
Homodimer; Upon poly(A) binding, undergoes a dimer-monomer transition that removes the polyproline motif from the RNA recognition site and allows it to be replaced by the adenosine nucleotides of poly(A).
Probable C-mannosyltransferase that mediates C-mannosylation of tryptophan residues on target proteins.
Expressed in egg and embryo (at protein level).
Oligomer. Oligomerization is required for RNA-binding and EDEN-dependent deadenylation.
Phosphorylated during oocyte maturation and dephosphorylated following egg activation. Dephosphorylation is calcium dependent and correlates with the increase in the activity of EDEN-dependent deadenylation.
RNA-binding protein implicated in the regulation of several post-transcriptional events. May be involved in pre-mRNA alternative splicing, mRNA translation activation and stability (By similarity). Mediates the rapid and sequence-specific cytoplasmic deadenylation of EDEN-containing maternal mRNAs following fertilization. Binds to AU-rich sequences (AREs) of jun mRNA. Binds to the embryonic deadenylation element (EDEN) motif localized in the 3'-UTR of maternal mRNAs. Binds to RNA containing several repeats of the consensus sequence 5'-UGU-3'. EDEN-dependent deadenylation is enhanced by the presence of an additional cis element composed of three AUU repeats.
The 2 N-terminal RRMs and a part of the linker region (between RRM2 and RRM3) are necessary for binding to EDEN of mos mRNA.
Component of the transition zone in primary cilia. Required for ciliogenesis (By similarity).
Component of the transition zone in primary cilia. Required for ciliogenesis.
Belongs to the dynein intermediate chain family.
Lipid kinase that can phosphorylate both monoacylglycerol and diacylglycerol to form lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and phosphatidic acid (PA), respectively (By similarity). Phosphorylates ceramide but not sphingosine (By similarity). Phosphorylates 1,2-dioleoylglycerol more rapidly than 2,3-dioleoylglycerol (By similarity). Independently of its lipid kinase activity, acts as a component of the TIM22 complex (By similarity). The TIM22 complex mediates the import and insertion of multi-pass transmembrane proteins into the mitochondrial inner membrane by forming a twin-pore translocase that uses the membrane potential as the external driving force (By similarity).
Involved in the 5-carboxymethylaminomethyl modification (mnm(5)s(2)U34) of the wobble uridine base in mitochondrial tRNAs.
Interacts with arpp19 and ensa, leading to their phosphorylation.
Phosphorylation at Thr-748 by CDK1 during M phase activates its kinase activity. Not active during other phases of the cell cycle. Has the ability to autophosphorylate.
Serine/threonine kinase that plays a key role in M phase by acting as a regulator of mitosis entry and maintenance. Acts by promoting the inactivation of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) during M phase: does not directly inhibit PP2A but acts by mediating phosphorylation and subsequent activation of arpp19 and ensa at 'Ser-67', 2 phosphatase inhibitors that specifically inhibit the ppp2r2d (PR55-delta) subunit of PP2A. Inactivation of PP2A during M phase is essential to keep cyclin-B1-CDK1 activity high. Following DNA damage, it is also involved in checkpoint recovery by being inhibited.
Transcription factor involved in unfolded protein response (UPR). In the absence of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, inserted into ER membranes, with N-terminal DNA-binding and transcription activation domains oriented toward the cytosolic face of the membrane. In response to ER stress, transported to the Golgi, where it is cleaved in a site-specific manner by resident proteases S1P/mbtps1 and S2P/mbtps2. The released N-terminal cytosolic domain is translocated to the nucleus to effect transcription of specific target genes. Plays a critical role in chondrogenesis. May protect neuroblastoma cells from ER stress-induced death. In vitro activates transcription of target genes via direct binding to the CRE site.
Upon ER stress, translocated to the Golgi apparatus, where it is processed by regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP) to release the cytosol-facing N-terminal transcription factor domain. The cleavage is performed sequentially by site-1 and site-2 proteases (S1P/mbtps1 and S2P/mbtps2).
Belongs to the TRAFAC class translation factor GTPase superfamily. Classic translation factor GTPase family. IF-2 subfamily.
One of the essential components for the initiation of protein synthesis. Protects formylmethionyl-tRNA from spontaneous hydrolysis and promotes its binding to the 30S ribosomal subunits. Also involved in the hydrolysis of GTP during the formation of the 70S ribosomal complex.
Interacts with KATNA1. This interaction enhances the microtubule binding and severing activity of KATNA1 and also targets this activity to the centrosome.
Participates in a complex which severs microtubules in an ATP-dependent manner. May act to target the enzymatic subunit of this complex to sites of action such as the centrosome. Microtubule severing may promote rapid reorganization of cellular microtubule arrays and the release of microtubules from the centrosome following nucleation.
Required for replication-independent chromatin assembly and for the periodic repression of histone gene transcription during the cell cycle.
Involved in the tethering of the SIN3 complex to core histone proteins.
May be involved in several stages of intracellular trafficking.
Belongs to the Cob(I)alamin adenosyltransferase family.
Acts as a transcriptional regulator. Binds DNA and RNA (By similarity).
Component of the IFT complex A (IFT-A), a complex required for retrograde ciliary transport and entry into cilia of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Negatively modulates the SHH signal transduction.
Activated by a monovalent cation that binds near, but not in, the active site. The most likely occupant of the site in vivo is potassium. Ion binding induces a conformational change that may alter substrate affinity.
Belongs to the carbohydrate kinase PfkB family. Ribokinase subfamily.
Belongs to the carbohydrate kinase pfkB family.
Catalyzes the phosphorylation of ribose at O-5 in a reaction requiring ATP and magnesium. The resulting D-ribose-5-phosphate can then be used either for sythesis of nucleotides, histidine, and tryptophan, or as a component of the pentose phosphate pathway.
Requires a divalent cation, most likely magnesium in vivo, as an electrophilic catalyst to aid phosphoryl group transfer. It is the chelate of the metal and the nucleotide that is the actual substrate.
Expression is up-regulated during gastrulation.
In embryos, expressed in the presumptive heart mesoderm. In adults, expressed at high levels in heart, small intestine, and stomach and at lower levels in lung, pancreas and colon.
Transcriptional activator that binds 5'-GATA-3'-containing motifs within gene promoters (By similarity). Regulates cardiac-specific transcription during embryogenesis and thereby cardiogenesis.
May play a pivotal role in the transcriptional cascade that specifies primary neurons in embryos. Stabilizes the higher neural potential of selected progenitor cells that express neurog2/X-ngnr-1 by maintaining Delta-Notch signaling. Thus ensures the transition between neural competence and irreversible commitment to a neural fate. Also promotes neuronal differentiation by activating neurod1 expression, directly or indirectly (By similarity).
Binds 2 divalent metal cations (By similarity). Shows activity with Mn(2+), Co(2+) and Mg(2+) but shows no activity with Zn(2+) (By similarity).
Catalyzes the dephosphorylation of the nucleoside 5'-monophosphates deoxyadenosine monophosphate (dAMP), deoxycytidine monophosphate (dCMP), deoxyguanosine monophosphate (dGMP) and deoxythymidine monophosphate (dTMP).
Component of the MRE11-RAD50-NBN (MRN complex) which plays a critical role in the cellular response to DNA damage and the maintenance of chromosome integrity. The complex is involved in double-strand break (DSB) repair, DNA recombination, maintenance of telomere integrity, cell cycle checkpoint control and meiosis.
Heterohexamer; composed of 3 copies of TIMM8A and 3 copies of TIMM13, named soluble 70 kDa complex. Associates with the TIM22 complex, whose core is composed of TIMM22 (By similarity).
The twin CX3C motif contains 4 conserved Cys residues that form 2 disulfide bonds in the mitochondrial intermembrane space. However, during the transit of TIMM8A from cytoplasm into mitochondrion, the Cys residues probably coordinate zinc, thereby preventing folding and allowing its transfer across mitochondrial outer membrane (By similarity).
RNA-binding protein involved in pre-mRNA splicing.
Plays a role in processing of mitochondrial RNA precursors and in stabilization of a subset of mature mitochondrial RNA species. May play a role in cell cycle progression.
Involved in regulation of vitamin K-dependent carboxylation of multiple N-terminal glutamate residues. Seems to inhibit gamma-carboxylase ggcx. Binds 7 calcium ions with a low affinity (By similarity).
Interacts (when phosphorylated at Ser-67) with ppp2r2d.
Phosphorylation at Ser-67 by gwl during mitosis is essential for interaction with PPP2R2D (PR55-delta) and subsequent inactivation of PP2A. Phosphorylated by PKA.
Protein phosphatase inhibitor that specifically inhibits protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) during mitosis. When phosphorylated at Ser-67 during mitosis, specifically interacts with ppp2r2d (PR55-delta) and inhibits its activity, leading to inactivation of PP2A, an essential condition to keep cyclin-B1-CDK1 activity high during M phase.
Binds directly to helix 1 of the histone fold of histone H4, a region that is not accessible when H4 is in chromatin.
Core histone-binding subunit that may target chromatin remodeling factors, histone acetyltransferases and histone deacetylases to their histone substrates in a manner that is regulated by nucleosomal DNA.
Plays an important role in the formation of lipid droplets (LD) which are storage organelles at the center of lipid and energy homeostasis.
Transcription factor implicated in the cell fate determination in various organs. Binds to the E-box consensus sequence 5'-CANNTG-3'. Acts together with pdx1 to induce the pancreatic lineage within the endoderm. Plays a central role in directing the differentiation of retinal progenitors towards horizontal and amacrine fates.
Directs RNA polymerase II nuclear import.
Belongs to the ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase small chain family.
During stages 8.5 to 10, expressed in the part of the dorsal mesoderm invaginating the dorsal blastopore lip (Spemann organizer), as a direct response to dorsal mesodermal induction. At stage 12 (mid-gastrulation), restricted to the dorsal midline in the deeper layers of mesodermal cells. Continuously present in the posterior portion of invaginated mesoderm and expressed within the notochord. Also present in the midline of the neural plate during gastrulation, but absent from the notoplate in exogastrula embryos. Expression in the notochord continues in neurula-stage embryos and at stage 20 in addition to the notochord, expression is seen in the pharyngeal endoderm.
First expressed at the late blastula stage (stage 9). Most abundant during gastrulation, with levels peaking in mid-gastrula embryos (stage 12) before declining rapidly at the end of neurulation and becoming barely detectable in the late tailbud-early tadpole stage.
Transcriptional repressor involved in embryonic nervous system development. Plays a role in the induction and patterning of the anterior-posterior neural axis. Involved in the establishment of floor plate differentiation from neural plate cells during gastrulation. Binds the anf1 promoter sequence to restrict expression of anf1 to the anterior of the neural plate, thereby patterning the forebrain. Can bind to the HNF-3-alpha DNA target sequence. Cooperates with t/bra in a dose-dependent manner to specify dorsal mesoderm formation, including notochord. Binds to DNA via the target sequence 5'-[GA]TAAA[TC]A-3', with 5'-GTAAATA-3' being the preferred binding site.
Catalyzes the covalent attachment of ubiquitin to other proteins. Acts as an essential factor of the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), a cell cycle-regulated ubiquitin ligase that controls progression through mitosis. Acts by specifically elongating 'Lys-11'-linked polyubiquitin chains initiated by the E2 enzyme ube2c/ubch10 on APC/C substrates, enhancing the degradation of APC/C substrates by the proteasome and promoting mitotic exit.
Homodimer. Heterodimer; efficient DNA binding requires dimerization with another bHLH protein (By similarity). Interacts with tgfb1i1 (PubMed:16291758).
Isoform E12 and isoform E47 are present at all the stages of development and in all regions of the embryo.
Transcriptional regulator involved in the initiation of neuronal differentiation and mesenchymal to epithelial transition. Heterodimers between tcf3 and tissue-specific basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) proteins play major roles in determining tissue-specific cell fate during embryogenesis, like muscle or early B-cell differentiation. Together with tcf15, required for the mesenchymal to epithelial transition. Dimers bind DNA on E-box motifs: 5'-CANNTG-3'.
7-dehydrocholesterol reductase of the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway reducing the C7-C8 double bond of cholesta-5,7-dien-3beta-ol (7-dehydrocholesterol/7-DHC) and cholesta-5,7,24-trien-3beta-ol, two intermediates in that pathway.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CAMK Ser/Thr protein kinase family. PIM subfamily.
Proto-oncogene with serine/threonine kinase activity that can prevent apoptosis and promote cell survival and protein translation.
Was originally called Pim-1 but seems to represent the protein pim3.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 30 family.
Belongs to the avidin/streptavidin family.
Forms a well-packed pentamer with an overall cylindrical shape. The inner core of the pentamer is formed with the second transmembrane region and the second coiled-coil region: while the transmembrane regions pack into a five-helix bundle having a largely polar pore across the membrane, the coiled-coil outside the membrane forms a pentamer with a hydrophobic core. The inner core is wrapped by the first transmembrane region through contacts between the first and the second transmembrane regions. The second transmembrane is followed by the inner juxtamembrane region (IJMH) that orients at a wide angle relative to the second transmembrane. The two core domains are held together on the periphery by the outer juxtamembrane helix (OJMH).
Mitochondrial inner membrane calcium uniporter that mediates calcium uptake into mitochondria. Constitutes a pore-forming and calcium-conducting subunit. Mitochondrial calcium homeostasis plays key roles in cellular physiology and regulates cell bioenergetics, cytoplasmic calcium signals and activation of cell death pathways.
Involved in nucleolar processing of pre-18S ribosomal RNA.
Belongs to the V-ATPase D subunit family.
Belongs to the MsrB Met sulfoxide reductase family.
Methionine-sulfoxide reductase that specifically reduces methionine (R)-sulfoxide back to methionine. While in many cases methionine oxidation is the result of random oxidation following oxidative stress, methionine oxidation is also a post-translational modification that takes place on specific residues.
Belongs to the DPH1/DPH2 family. DPH2 subfamily.
Binds 1 [4Fe-4S] cluster per subunit. The cluster facilitates the reduction of the catalytic iron-sulfur cluster in the dph1 subunit.
Component of the 2-(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)histidine synthase complex composed of dph1, dph2, dph3 and a NADH-dependent reductase.
Required for the first step of diphthamide biosynthesis, a post-translational modification of histidine which occurs in elongation factor 2 (By similarity). Dph1 and dph2 transfer a 3-amino-3-carboxypropyl (ACP) group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) to a histidine residue, the reaction is assisted by a reduction system comprising dph3 and a NADH-dependent reductase (By similarity). Facilitates the reduction of the catalytic iron-sulfur cluster found in the dph1 subunit (By similarity).
Required for the first step of diphthamide biosynthesis, a post-translational modification of histidine which occurs in elongation factor 2. DPH1 and DPH2 transfer a 3-amino-3-carboxypropyl (ACP) group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) to a histidine residue, the reaction is assisted by a reduction system comprising DPH3 and a NADH-dependent reductase. Facilitates the reduction of the catalytic iron-sulfur cluster found in the DPH1 subunit.
May be involved in 20S pre-rRNA processing.
Component of the drtf1/e2f transcription factor complex. Component of the EDM complex, at least composed of e2f4, e2f5, mcidas and tfdp1.
Transcription activator that binds DNA cooperatively with DP proteins through the E2 recognition site, 5'-TTTC[CG]CGC-3' found in the promoter region of a number of genes. Component of the EDM complex, a complex specifically required for multiciliate cell differentiation: the EDM complex binds and activate genes required for centriole biogenesis. Activates genes required for centriole assembly (plk4, cep152) and genes specifically required for motile cilia formation (foxj1). Also promotes the deuterosome pathway of centriole biogenesis by activating expression of deup1, but not its paralog cep63.
Interacts with XAF1, the interaction increases XAF1 stability and proapoptotic effects, and may regulate IFN signaling.
Plays an important role in the regulation of dynamic actin-based, cytoskeletal activities. Agonist-dependent changes in LASP1 phosphorylation may also serve to regulate actin-associated ion transport activities, not only in the parietal cell but also in certain other F-actin-rich secretory epithelial cell types.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the TRAFAC class myosin-kinesin ATPase superfamily. Myosin family.
Transcription factor which plays a key role in the Hippo signaling pathway, a pathway involved in organ size control and tumor suppression by restricting proliferation and promoting apoptosis.
Belongs to the eukaryotic RPB4 RNA polymerase subunit family.
E3 ubiquitin ligase that ubiquitinates apbb1 for its degradation by the proteasome and thus prevents apoptosis and promotes survival of neurons (By similarity). Has a dual role in neurons as it is also required for dendrite growth and maintenance for which its ligase activity is not critical (By similarity). May act as a scaffold molecule to regulate this process (By similarity). Acts as a downstream effector of the interconnected PI3K and MAPK signaling pathways and thus participates in the regulation of the cell cycle (By similarity).
Inhibits translesion DNA synthesis by preventing monoubiquitination of PCNA, this is necessary to counteract damage due to ultraviolet light-induced replication stress (By similarity). SDE2 is cleaved following PCNA binding, and its complete degradation is necessary to allow S-phase progression following DNA damage (By similarity).
Plays a role in pre-mRNA splicing by facilitating excision of relatively short introns featuring weak 3'-splice sites (ss) and high GC content (By similarity). May recruit CACTIN to the spliceosome (By similarity).
Plays a role in ribosome biogenesis by enabling SNORD3- and SNORD118-dependent cleavage of the 47S rRNA precursor (By similarity). Binds ncRNA (non-coding RNA) including the snoRNAs SNORD3 and SNORD118 (By similarity).
The PIP-box (PCNA interacting peptide) motif mediates both the interaction with PCNA and cleavage of the SDE2 precursor by a deubiquitinating enzyme.
The SAP domain is necessary for specific binding to DNA.
The propeptide displays a ubiquitin-like fold.
Upon binding to PCNA, the N-terminal UBL (ubiquitin-like) propeptide is cleaved at Gly-71 by an unidentified deubiquitinating enzyme; the resulting mature SDE2 is degraded by the DCX(DTL) complex in a cell cycle- and DNA damage dependent manner.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase involved in DNA damage response by promoting DNA resection and homologous recombination. Recruited to sites of double-strand breaks following DNA damage and specifically promotes double-strand break repair via homologous recombination (By similarity). Together with nlk.2, involved in the ubiquitination and degradation of TCF/LEF. Also exhibits auto-ubiquitination activity in combination with ube2k. May act as a negative regulator in the Wnt/beta-catenin-mediated signaling pathway (PubMed:16714285).
Interacts with nlk.2 (via C-terminus) and ube2k.
The zinc finger domains (C2H2-type and C2HC-type zinc fingers) bind DNA and mediate recruitment to double-strand break sites. They show strong preference for DNA with 5'- or 3'-single-stranded overhangs, while they do not bind blunt-ended double-stranded DNA or poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) polymers.
Appears to function in the signal transduction from Ras activation to actin cytoskeletal remodeling.
The OTU domain mediates the deubiquitinating activity.
The RanBP2-type zinc fingers, also called NZFs, mediate the interaction with ubiquitin and determine linkage specificity. RanBP2-type zinc fingers 1 and 2 (also named NZF1 and NZF2) specifically recognize and bind 'Lys-29'- and 'Lys-33'-linked ubiquitin. RanBP2-type zinc finger 3 (also named NZF3) binds 'Lys-33'-linked ubiquitin and shows weak binding to 'Lys-6'-, 'Lys-48'- and 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitin chains but it does not interact with 'Lys-29'-linked chains.
The second ankyrin repeat ANK 2 is termed AnkUBD, it interacts with ubiquitin hydrophobic patch and contributes to linkage specificity.
Ubiquitin thioesterase, which specifically hydrolyzes 'Lys-29'-linked and 'Lys-33'-linked diubiquitin (By similarity). Also cleaves 'Lys-63'-linked chains, but with 40-fold less efficiency compared to 'Lys-29'-linked ones (By similarity). Positive regulator of the Wnt signaling pathway that deubiquitinates apc protein, a negative regulator of Wnt-mediated transcription (By similarity). Acts as a regulator of autophagy by mediating deubiquitination of pik3c3/vps34, thereby promoting autophagosome maturation (By similarity). Plays a role in the regulation of cell morphology and cytoskeletal organization (By similarity). Required in the stress fiber dynamics and cell migration (By similarity).
Nerve growth factor is important for the development and maintenance of the sympathetic and sensory nervous systems. It stimulates division and differentiation of sympathetic and embryonic sensory neurons.
Belongs to the class V-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. Histone-lysine methyltransferase family. TRX/MLL subfamily.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. UbiG/COQ3 family.
O-methyltransferase that catalyzes the 2 O-methylation steps in the ubiquinone biosynthetic pathway.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Abundant in oocytes, with expression maintained through the midblastula stage, declining in gastrula and neurula stages, and disappearing by the tailbud stage (at protein level).
Found in a complex with cpeb1, tacc3/maskin and eif4e. Interacts with eif4e and cpeb1. Competes with eif4g for binding to eif4e (PubMed:10635326) Interacts with ckap5-a; two molecules of ckap5 interact with 1 molecule of tacc3 probably mediated by coiled coil domains forming a four-helix bundle (PubMed:25262927).
Maternal RNA in oocytes remains in a dormant state as masking outcompetes eif4g to bind eif4e, thereby preventing translation. During oocyte maturation this complex dissolves and eif4g binds eif4e to allow translation of maternal RNAs (PubMed:10635326). Plays a role in the microtubule-dependent coupling of the nucleus and the centrosome (By similarity). Involved in microtubule assembly during M-phase. Involved in spindle pole assembly by recruiting and regulating ckap5 at the spindle pole leading to microtubule elongation (PubMed:16172207, PubMed:25262927).
Phosphorylation by aurka is required for localization to mitotic centrosomes.
Antiporter that exchanges vesicular protons for cytosolic 4-aminobutanoate or to a lesser extend glycine, thus allowing their secretion from nerve terminals. The transport is equally dependent on the chemical and electrical components of the proton gradient (By similarity). May also transport beta-alanine (By similarity). Acidification of GABAergic synaptic vesicles is a prerequisite for 4-aminobutanoate uptake (By similarity).
Initially expressed in late neurula stages in the anterior spinal cord. By early tailbud stages, expression extends posteriorly along the entire developing spinal cord and appears in the hindbrain. In late tailbud embryos, expressed in the forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain, spinal cord and retina. In swimming tadpoles, expressed in an extended and more intense pattern including interneurons.
Juge et al. shows that SLC32A1 is a symporter of both 4-aminobutanoate or glycine or beta-alanine with Cl(-) that operates according an electrical gradient without the need for a chemical gradient (By similarity). However Farsi et al. and Egashira et al. confirm that SLC32A1 is an antiporter that exchanges vesicular protons for cytosolic 4-aminobutanoate or glycine and exclude any coupling with chloride (By similarity).
Belongs to the LDH/MDH superfamily. MDH type 1 family.
Belongs to the aromatic-ring hydroxylase family. KMO subfamily.
Catalyzes the hydroxylation of L-kynurenine (L-Kyn) to form 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine (L-3OHKyn). Required for synthesis of quinolinic acid.
Highly expressed at stage 9, then gradually decrease.
Histone chaperone that stabilizes pre-existing histone tetramers and regulates replication-independent histone exchange on chromatin. Required for normal chromatin refolding in the coding region of transcribed genes, and for the suppression of spurious transcription. Binds DNA and histones and promotes nucleosome assembly (in vitro). Facilitates formation of tetrameric histone complexes containing histone H3 and H4 (By similarity). Modulates RNA polymerase 1-mediated transcription (By similarity). Binds DNA, with a preference for branched DNA species, such as Y-form DNA and Holliday junction DNA (By similarity).
Interacts with histones. Interacts with a heterotetrameric complex formed by histone H3 and H4, especially when the histone tetramer is not bound to DNA.
The acidic C-terminal domain mediates interaction with histone H3/H4 complexes.
GTPase possibly involved in regulation of the MEK/ERK pathway.
Expressed maternally. Expression peaks in the early stage II oocyte and levels are maintained throughout oogenesis.
Possibly forms a heterodimer with p54 in the 6S and 15S mRNA-binding particles. Component of a ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex, composed at least of elavl1/elrA and/or elavl2/elrB, igf2bp3/vg1RBP, ddx6/Xp54, ybx2/frgy2, lsm14b/rap55b and, in a subset of RNP complexes, stau1/staufen.
Putative translation regulator. May be involved in the developmental translational regulation of maternal mRNAs.
Essential for pronephric tubule development, acting upstream of pax8 and lhx1/lim1 and downstream of retinoic acid signaling to induce pronephric mesoderm to form pronephric tubule-specific cells.
Expressed in prospective pronephric mesoderm at the late gastrula stage. After neurulation, expressed in the intermediate mesoderm, eye placode and blood islands. Expression becomes restricted to the pronephric proximal tubule during embryogenesis, but is absent from the connecting tubules.
Expressed zygotically from late gastrula stages, persisting throughout embryogenesis with highest expression between stages 30 and 35.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the peptidase M41 family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the AAA ATPase family.
Component of 250-400 kDa complexes called cytochrome oxidase assembly intermediates or COA complexes.
Core component of the MITRAC (mitochondrial translation regulation assembly intermediate of cytochrome c oxidase complex) complex, that regulates cytochrome c oxidase assembly. MITRAC complexes regulate both translation of mitochondrial encoded components and assembly of nuclear-encoded components imported in mitochondrion. Required for efficient translation of MT-CO1 and mitochondrial respiratory chain complex IV assembly.
Required for assembly of cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV).
Displays phosphatase activity for serine/threonine residues. Has apparently no phosphoglycerate mutase activity. May be regulator of mitochondrial dynamics (By similarity). May be a central mediator for programmed necrosis (By similarity).
Phosphorylated by the RIPK1/RIPK3 complex under necrotic conditions. This phosphorylation increases PGAM5 phosphatase activity (By similarity).
The N-terminal 35 amino acids, including the potential transmembrane alpha-helix, function as a non-cleaved mitochondrial targeting sequence that targets the protein to the cytosolic side of the outer mitochondrial membrane.
Calsequestrin is a high-capacity, moderate affinity, calcium-binding protein and thus acts as an internal calcium store in muscle.
Binds 3 calcium ions via the second, third and fourth EF-hand.
Is not detectable until stage 21, when spinal neurons begin to establish synaptic contacts with muscle cells, levels increase dramatically around stage 40.
Neuronal calcium sensor, regulator of G protein-coupled receptor phosphorylation in a calcium dependent manner. Directly regulates GRK1 (RHOK), but not GRK2 to GRK5. Can substitute for calmodulin (By similarity).
Deposition-and-exchange histone chaperone specific for H2AZ1, specifically chaperones H2AZ1 and deposits it into nucleosomes. As component of the SRCAP complex, mediates the ATP-dependent exchange of histone H2AZ1/H2B dimers for nucleosomal H2A/H2B, leading to transcriptional regulation of selected genes by chromatin remodeling.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. AGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. cAMP subfamily.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that mediates ubiquitination of cd86 and MHC class II proteins, such as hla-dr alpha and beta, and promotes their subsequent endocytosis and sorting to lysosomes via multivesicular bodies.
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mS33 family.
Cell adhesion molecule involved in the establishment and/or maintenance of cell integrity. Plays a role in vamp3-mediated vesicular transport and recycling of different receptor molecules. May be involved in the formation and regulation of the tight junction (TJ) paracellular permeability barrier in epithelial cells. May induce primordial adhesive contact and aggregation of epithelial cells in a Ca(2+)-independent manner. May be involved in epithelial movement during corneal sheet formation and regeneration. May play a role in the regulation of cell shape and movement by modulating the Rho-GTPase activity. May also be involved in striated muscle regeneration and in the regulation of cell spreading (By similarity).
Essential component of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-mannosyltransferase 1 which transfers the first of the 4 mannoses in the GPI-anchor precursors during GPI-anchor biosynthesis.
Homodimer. Interacts with APOC2; the interaction activates LPL activity in the presence of lipids.
Key enzyme in triglyceride metabolism. Catalyzes the hydrolysis of triglycerides from circulating chylomicrons and very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), and thereby plays an important role in lipid clearance from the blood stream, lipid utilization and storage. Mediates margination of triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particles in capillaries. Recruited to its site of action on the luminal surface of vascular endothelium by binding to GPIHBP1 and cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans.
Tyrosine nitration after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge down-regulates the lipase activity.
Mediates the side-chain deamidation of N-terminal glutamine residues to glutamate, an important step in N-end rule pathway of protein degradation. Conversion of the resulting N-terminal glutamine to glutamate renders the protein susceptible to arginylation, polyubiquitination and degradation as specified by the N-end rule. Does not act on substrates with internal or C-terminal glutamine and does not act on non-glutamine residues in any position. Does not deaminate acetylated N-terminal glutamine. With the exception of proline, all tested second-position residues on substrate peptides do not greatly influence the activity. In contrast, a proline at position 2, virtually abolishes deamidation of N-terminal glutamine.
Activates eif2ak2/pkr in the absence of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), leading to phosphorylation of eif2s1/efi2-alpha and inhibition of translation and induction of apoptosis. Required for siRNA production by dicer1 and for subsequent siRNA-mediated post-transcriptional gene silencing. Does not seem to be required for processing of pre-miRNA to miRNA by dicer1 (By similarity).
Homodimer. Interacts with dicer1 and eif2ak2/pkr. Also able to interact with dsRNA (By similarity).
Belongs to the IspD/TarI cytidylyltransferase family. IspD subfamily.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase which accepts ubiquitin from an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme in the form of a thioester and then directly transfers the ubiquitin to targeted substrates. Catalyzes monoubiquitination of 26S proteasome subunit PSMC2/RPT1.
By Notch-signaling. Acts in a complex regulatory loop with other bHLH proteins.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Shows lower zygotic expression than hes4-B/hairy2b.
Multiple papers report expression in the developing neural crest and a role in neural crest formation. However, PubMed:17724611 reports differences between the duplicated hes4 gene products and shows that hes4-B/hairy2b but not hes4-A/hairy2a has a role in neural crest formation, and that hes4-B/hairy2b but not hes4-A/hairy2a is expressed in the presumptive neural crest.
Probable intron retention at N-terminus and possible frameshift and contaminating sequence at C-terminus.
Shows a complex and dynamic expression pattern in developing embryos. In neurulae, expressed in the presumptive floor plate, the anterior part of the prechordal plate and in the anterior neural border. In tailbud embryos, expressed in various neuroectoderm derivatives and in the mesoderm, where expression is limited to the presomitic mesoderm (PSM) and pronephros. In the PSM, expressed in an anterior stripe prior to the formation of each somite. Expression in the presumptive neural crest is disputed.
Transcription repression requires formation of a complex with a corepressor protein of the Groucho/TLE family. Binds DNA in the form of a heterodimer with the bHLH protein hey1/hrt1. Interacts (via Orange domain) with id3 (via HLH domain) (By similarity). Interacts with the bHLH protein hes6; this interaction may inhibit the transcriptional repressor activity.
Transcriptional repressor. Binds DNA on N-box motifs: 5'-CACNAG-3'. Plays a role in the patterning of tissue boundaries. Promotes floor plate development and prechordal plate development. Required for lens development as early as the stage of lens field formation, partly through regulation of gene expression of the cell cycle inhibitor cdknx/p27(xic1). A role in neural crest development is disputed.
First detected in neural plate stage embryos within two domains. In anterior regions of the embryo, expression is detected within a zone at the midline of the neural plate while, in posterior regions, it is expressed in a bilaterally symmetric stripe that lies at the middle of the mediolateral axis. This pattern of expression is maintained throughout neural fold stages of development. Following neural tube closure, expression is maintained in posterior regions of the embryo at the midpoint of the dorsoventral axis of the neural tube. The expression domain apparent at the anterior midline of the neural plate, the presumptive ventral region of the neural tube, is not detectable following neural tube closure. At stages intermediate to stage 20 and stage 28, an anteroposterior striped pattern appears within anterior regions of the embryo. By stage 28, these stripes have coalesced to yield a uniform zone of expression. In anterior regions, expression is largely specific to the dorsal neural tube. Expression in more posterior regions of the embryo remains specific to the midpoint of the dorsoventral axis. This midpoint expression is restricted to the ventricular zone.
May function within the midpoint progenitor population to inhibit neuronal differentiation, possibly through modulating the function of Xash3.
Contains 2 Inka boxes (also named iBox or inca box). The Inka boxes bind and inhibit PAK4 by binding a substrate-like manner.
Dramatic reduction in craniofacial cartilage formation.
Expression is regulated by the transcription factor AP-2-alpha/tfap2a.
Inhibitor of the serine/threonine-protein kinase pak4/pak5 (By similarity). Acts by binding pak4/pak5 in a substrate-like manner, inhibiting the protein kinase activity (By similarity). Required for the proper migration of neural crest cells during embryonic development, probably by inhibiting pak4/pak5 (PubMed:17314132).
Primarily detected in migrating neural crest cells and their derivatives during embryogenesis.
Although the protein is present in a diversity of vertebrates ranging from bony fish to mammals, the mouse and rat orthologous proteins do not exist.
Autophosphorylated in vitro at Ser-487 (By similarity). Phosphorylation at Ser-36 is regulated by light and activated by cAMP.
Retina-specific kinase involved in the shutoff of the photoresponse and adaptation to changing light conditions via cone opsin phosphorylation, including rhodopsin (RHO).
Catalyzes the conversion of long-chain fatty acids to their active form acyl-CoAs for both synthesis of cellular lipids, and degradation via beta-oxidation.
Expressed ubiquitously with highest expression in the ovary and testis.
Part of a specialized transcription system that mediates the transcription of most ribosomal proteins through the 5'-TCT-3' motif which is a core promoter element at these genes. Seems to also mediate the transcription of NF1. Does not bind the TATA box (By similarity). Members of the TBP family are differentially required to regulate transcription and development during early embryogenesis. Particularly regulates genes that have a role in catabolism.
Adapter protein involved in the Toll-like receptor and IL-1 receptor signaling pathway in the innate immune response. Activates expression of target genes in the Spemann organizer region during early embryonic development. Is required for normal axis formation (By similarity).
The 26S proteasome is involved in the ATP-dependent degradation of ubiquitinated proteins (By similarity). The regulatory (or ATPase) complex confers ATP dependency and substrate specificity to the 26S complex (By similarity).
Required for organization of the cellular microtubule array and microtubule anchoring at the centrosome. Positively regulates the activity of the minus-end directed microtubule motor protein dynein. May enhance dynein-mediated microtubule sliding by targeting dynein to the microtubule plus end. Positively regulates lysosome peripheral distribution and ruffled border formation in osteoclasts.
Essential for female fertility. May play a role in the oocyte-to-embryo transition (By similarity).
Expressed in the mature egg through the tailbud stage.
May play a role in neurite outgrowth and neurogenesis.
Belongs to the trans-sulfuration enzymes family.
Forms pentamers. Component of the PI(3,5)P2 regulatory complex/PAS complex, at least composed of PIKFYVE, FIG4 and VAC14. VAC14 nucleates the assembly of the complex and serves as a scaffold by pentamerizing into a star-shaped structure, which can bind a single copy each of PIKFYVE and FIG4 and coordinates their activities. Interacts with NOS1.
Scaffold protein component of the PI(3,5)P2 regulatory complex which regulates both the synthesis and turnover of phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(3,5)P2). Pentamerizes into a star-shaped structure and nucleates the assembly of the complex. The pentamer binds a single copy each of PIKFYVE and FIG4 and coordinates both PIKfyve kinase activity and FIG4 phosphatase activity, being required to maintain normal levels of phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PtdIns(3)P) and phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate (PtdIns(5)P). Plays a role in the biogenesis of endosome carrier vesicles (ECV) / multivesicular bodies (MVB) transport intermediates from early endosomes.
The C-terminal domain (residues 523-782) mediates pentameric interactions and is necessary for the formation and maintenance of the PI(3,5)P2 regulatory complex.
Removes ADP-ribose from aspartate and glutamate residues in proteins bearing a single ADP-ribose moiety. Inactive towards proteins bearing poly-ADP-ribose. Deacetylates O-acetyl-ADP ribose, a signaling molecule generated by the deacetylation of acetylated lysine residues in histones and other proteins.
Subject to product inhibition by ADP-ribose.
Glutamine methylation at Gln-105 (H2AQ104me) by FBL is specifically dedicated to polymerase I. It is present at 35S ribosomal DNA locus and impairs binding of the FACT complex (By similarity).
Monoubiquitination of Lys-120 (H2AK119Ub) gives a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional repression. Following DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), it is ubiquitinated through 'Lys-63' linkage of ubiquitin moieties, leading to the recruitment of repair proteins to sites of DNA damage. H2AK119Ub and ionizing radiation-induced 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitination are distinct events (By similarity).
Phosphorylation on Ser-2 is enhanced during mitosis. Phosphorylation on Ser-2 directly represses transcription (By similarity).
Component of a lipid metabolic pathway that catalyzes biosynthesis of highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) from precursor essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) linoleic acid (LA) (18:2n-6) and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) (18:3n-3). Catalyzes the first and rate limiting step in this pathway which is the desaturation of LA (18:2n-6) and ALA (18:3n-3) into gamma-linoleic acid (GLA) (18:3n-6) and stearidonic acid (18:4n-3) respectively and other desaturation steps. Highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) play pivotal roles in many biological functions (By similarity).
The histidine box domains may contain the active site and/or be involved in metal ion binding.
Belongs to the JHDM3 histone demethylase family.
Required for proper progression of late cytokinetic stages.
Component of the signal peptidase complex (SPC) which catalyzes the cleavage of N-terminal signal sequences from nascent proteins as they are translocated into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. Enhances the enzymatic activity of SPC and facilitates the interactions between different components of the translocation site.
Plays a central role in 2-thiolation of mcm(5)S(2)U at tRNA wobble positions of tRNA(Lys), tRNA(Glu) and tRNA(Gln). May act by forming a heterodimer with CTU1/ATPBD3 that ligates sulfur from thiocarboxylated URM1 onto the uridine of tRNAs at wobble position.
Belongs to the protoporphyrinogen/coproporphyrinogen oxidase family. Protoporphyrinogen oxidase subfamily.
Catalyzes the 6-electron oxidation of protoporphyrinogen-IX to form protoporphyrin-IX.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that plays a role in the control of mitochondrial morphology. Promotes mitochondrial fragmentation and influences mitochondrial localization. Inhibits cell growth. E3 ubiquitin ligases accept ubiquitin from an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme in the form of a thioester and then directly transfer the ubiquitin to targeted substrates.
The zinc finger domain is required for E3 ligase activity.
Belongs to the histidine acid phosphatase family.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class translation factor GTPase superfamily. Bms1-like GTPase family. TSR1 subfamily.
Required during maturation of the 40S ribosomal subunit in the nucleolus.
Actin-binding component of the Arp2/3 complex, a multiprotein complex that mediates actin polymerization upon stimulation by nucleation-promoting factor (NPF). The Arp2/3 complex mediates the formation of branched actin networks in the cytoplasm, providing the force for cell motility (By similarity). In addition to its role in the cytoplasmic cytoskeleton, the Arp2/3 complex also promotes actin polymerization in the nucleus, thereby regulating gene transcription and repair of damaged DNA (Probable). The Arp2/3 complex promotes homologous recombination (HR) repair in response to DNA damage by promoting nuclear actin polymerization, leading to drive motility of double-strand breaks (DSBs) (By similarity).
Belongs to the acetyltransferase family. GCN5 subfamily.
The color pigments are found in the cone photoreceptor cells.
Heterodimers with gpn1 or gpn3. Binds to RNA polymerase II (RNAPII).
Small GTPase required for proper localization of RNA polymerase II and III (RNAPII and RNAPIII). May act at an RNAP assembly step prior to nuclear import.
Belongs to the adenylate kinase family. UMP-CMP kinase subfamily.
Catalyzes the phosphorylation of pyrimidine nucleoside monophosphates at the expense of ATP. Plays an important role in de novo pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis. Has preference for UMP and CMP as phosphate acceptors. Also displays broad nucleoside diphosphate kinase activity.
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mL53 family.
Phospholipid scramblase involved in autophagy. Cycles between the preautophagosomal structure/phagophore assembly site (PAS) and the cytoplasmic vesicle pool and supplies membrane for the growing autophagosome. Lipid scramblase activity plays a key role in preautophagosomal structure/phagophore assembly by distributing the phospholipids that arrive through ATG2 from the cytoplasmic to the luminal leaflet of the bilayer, thereby driving autophagosomal membrane expansion.
Controls reversibly actin polymerization and depolymerization in a pH-sensitive manner. It has the ability to bind G- and F-actin in a 1:1 ratio of cofilin to actin. It is the major component of intranuclear and cytoplasmic actin rods (By similarity).
Belongs to the calcium channel alpha-1 subunit (TC 1.A.1.11) family. CACNA1C subfamily.
Belongs to the archaeal Rpo5/eukaryotic RPB5 RNA polymerase subunit family.
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Common component of RNA polymerases I, II and III which synthesize ribosomal RNA precursors, mRNA precursors and many functional non-coding RNAs, and small RNAs, such as 5S rRNA and tRNAs, respectively. Pol II is the central component of the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. Pols are composed of mobile elements that move relative to each other. In Pol II, POLR2E/RPB5 is part of the lower jaw surrounding the central large cleft and thought to grab the incoming DNA template. Seems to be the major component in this process.
High affinity receptor for activated thrombin coupled to G proteins that stimulate phosphoinositide hydrolysis.
Proteolytic cleavage generates a new N-terminus that functions as a tethered ligand.
Belongs to the nucleoporin interacting component (NIC) family.
Expressed throughout early development, with embryonic expression primarily in anterior neural tissues.
Plays a role in the nuclear pore complex (NPC) assembly and/or maintenance.
Homooligomer; disulfide-linked, leading to inactivation. Interacts with the long chain of cer1.
Ligand for members of the frizzled family of seven transmembrane receptors. Plays a role in ventral mesodermal patterning during embryogenesis. Mimics Nieuwkoop center activity. Causes dorsal mesodermal differentiation of animal cap ectoderm when coexpressed with noggin and nuclear, sequence-specific DNA-binding protein xBra. None of these molecules causes dorsal mesoderm formation when expressed alone.
Palmitoleoylation is required for efficient binding to frizzled receptors (PubMed:22653731). Depalmitoleoylation leads to Wnt signaling pathway inhibition (By similarity).
Proteolytic processing by tiki1 and tiki2 promotes oxidation and formation of large disulfide-bond oligomers, leading to inactivation of wnt8.
The dystroglycan complex is involved in a number of processes including laminin and basement membrane assembly, sarcolemmal stability, cell survival, peripheral nerve myelination, nodal structure, cell migration, and epithelial polarization.
Transmembrane protein that plays important roles in connecting the extracellular matrix to the cytoskeleton. Acts as a cell adhesion receptor in both muscle and non-muscle tissues. Receptor for both DMD and UTRN and, through these interactions, scaffolds axin to the cytoskeleton. Also functions in cell adhesion-mediated signaling and implicated in cell polarity.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL15 family.
Has antibacterial activity against a variety of bacteria including S.aureus, P.aeruginosa and M.tuberculosis. Acts by inducing bacterial membrane breakage.
Induces production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which are necessary for cell proliferation. May play a role in inducing oxidative DNA damage and replicative senescence. May play a role in the coordination of mitochondrial morphology and cell proliferation.
Belongs to the gastrin/cholecystokinin family. Magainin subfamily.
XPF is synthesized in the stomach and stored in a novel granular multinucleated cell in the gastric mucosa, it is stored as active, processed peptides in large granules within the granular gland secretions of the skin.
Xenopsin is a neurotensin-like octapeptide.
Functions as a component of the PCAF complex. The PCAF complex is capable of efficiently acetylating histones in a nucleosomal context (By similarity).
Associates with the pre-60S ribosomal particle.
Component of the ribosome assembly machinery. Nuclear paralog of the ribosomal protein P0, it binds pre-60S subunits at an early stage of assembly in the nucleolus, and is replaced by P0 in cytoplasmic pre-60S subunits and mature 80S ribosomes.
Component of the BCR(KLHL25) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, at least composed of cul3, klhl25 and rbx1.
Substrate-specific adapter of a BCR (BTB-CUL3-RBX1) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex involved in various processes, such as translation homeostasis and lipid synthesis. The BCR(KLHL25) ubiquitin ligase complex acts by mediating ubiquitination of hypophosphorylated eif4ebp1 (4E-BP1): ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of hypophosphorylated EIF4EBP1 (4E-BP1) probably serves as a homeostatic mechanism to maintain translation and prevent eIF4E inhibition when eIF4E levels are low. The BCR(KLHL25) complex also acts as a regulator of lipid synthesis by mediating ubiquitination and degradation of ACLY, thereby inhibiting lipid synthesis.
2-oxoadipate dehydrogenase (E1a) component of the 2-oxoadipate dehydrogenase complex (OADHC). Participates in the first step, rate limiting for the overall conversion of 2-oxoadipate (alpha-ketoadipate) to glutaryl-CoA and CO(2) catalyzed by the whole OADHC. Catalyzes the irreversible decarboxylation of 2-oxoadipate via the thiamine diphosphate (ThDP) cofactor and subsequent transfer of the decarboxylated acyl intermediate on an oxidized dihydrolipoyl group that is covalently amidated to the E2 enzyme (dihydrolipoyllysine-residue succinyltransferase or DLST). Can catalyze the decarboxylation of 2-oxoglutarate in vitro, but at a much lower rate than 2-oxoadipate. Responsible for the last step of L-lysine, L-hydroxylysine and L-tryptophan catabolism with the common product being 2-oxoadipate.
The 2-oxoadipate dehydrogenase complex is composed of OADH (2-oxoadipate dehydrogenase; E1a), DLST (dihydrolipoamide succinyltransferase; E2) and DLD (dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase; E3). E1a functional unit is a dimer.
The mitochondrial 2-oxoglutarate and 2-oxoadipate dehydrogenase complexes (OGDHC and OADHC, respectively) share their E2 (DLST) and E3 (dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase or DLD) components, but the E1 component is specific to each complex (E1o and E1a, respectively).
Expressed in the developing ventral blood island, and in both tadpole and adult erythrocytes.
Expressed zygotically by embryonic stage 11 (mid-gastrula).
Transcription factor that acts synergistically with tal1/scl and lmo2 to specify embryonic dorsal mesoderm to a hematopoietic fate.
Interacts with the cannabinoid receptor CNR1 (via C-terminus). Does not interact with cannabinoid receptor CNR2.
Suppresses cannabinoid receptor CNR1-mediated tonic inhibition of voltage-gated calcium channels.
Plays an important role in the regulation of embryonic development, cell proliferation, and cell differentiation. Good candidate for an inducing factor with possible roles both in mesoderm induction at the blastula stage and in the formation of the anteroposterior axis at the gastrula stage.
Part of the multisubunit TRAPP (transport protein particle) complex.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL38 family.
Activated when phosphorylated and inactivated when dephosphorylated.
Phosphorylates inhibitors of NF-kappa-B thus leading to the dissociation of the inhibitor/NF-kappa-B complex and ultimately the degradation of the inhibitor. Phosphorylates 'Ser-10' of histone H3 at NF-kappa-B-regulated promoters during inflammatory responses triggered by cytokines.
Belongs to the carnosine N-methyltransferase family.
First detected at stage 17 as 2 symmetric patches in the region of the presumptive olfactory placode. Expressed in the pineal at stage 23, and in the eye starting from stage 24. By stage 27, strongly expressed in retina, olfactory placodes and pineal. At stage 32, expression strongly decreases in olfactory placodes and pineal but is maintained in the neuroretina. At stage 41, expression is restricted to the ciliary marginal zone of the retina.
Transcription factor that binds to DNA at the consensus sequence 5'-CAG[GC]TG-3' (By similarity). Positively regulates the determination of retinal ganglion cell fate and formation of the optic nerve and retino-hypothalamic tract (PubMed:9390513). Required for retinal circadian rhythm photoentrainment (By similarity). Plays a role in brainstem auditory signaling and binaural processing (By similarity). Regulates the differentiation of olfactory receptor neurons (PubMed:12454929). During retinal neurogenesis, activates the transcription of several genes such as brn3d, coe3, cbfa2t2, glis2, elrC and xgadd45-gamma (PubMed:11401395, PubMed:16112102).
Belongs to the TRAFAC class TrmE-Era-EngA-EngB-Septin-like GTPase superfamily. TrmE GTPase family.
Scaffold protein that participates in the c-ring assembly of mitochondrial ATP synthase (F(1)F(0) ATP synthase or complex V) by facilitating the membrane insertion and oligomer formation of the subunit c/ATP5MC3. Participates in the incorporation of the c-ring into vestigial complexes. Additionally influences the incorporation of subunits MT-ATP6, MT-ATP8, ATP5MJ, and ATP5MK in the ATP synthase.
Belongs to the 'GDSL' lipolytic enzyme family. IAH1 subfamily.
The coatomer is a cytosolic protein complex that binds to dilysine motifs and reversibly associates with Golgi non-clathrin-coated vesicles, which further mediate biosynthetic protein transport from the ER, via the Golgi up to the trans Golgi network. Coatomer complex is required for budding from Golgi membranes, and is essential for the retrograde Golgi-to-ER transport of dilysine-tagged proteins (By similarity).
Heterodimer of PMPCA (alpha) and PMPCB (beta) subunits, forming the mitochondrial processing protease (MPP) in which PMPCA is involved in substrate recognition and binding and PMPCB is the catalytic subunit.
Substrate recognition and binding subunit of the essential mitochondrial processing protease (MPP), which cleaves the mitochondrial sequence off newly imported precursors proteins.
Interacts with bmp2; the interaction is blocked in presence of nog.
May act as a tumor suppressor (By similarity). Cytokine that has an axial patterning activity. Acts like bone morpho-genetic protein (BMP) antagonist in embryonic explants. Blocks the bmp2 activity.
Phospholipid scramblase involved in lipid homeostasis and membrane dynamics processes. Has phospholipid scramblase activity toward cholesterol and phosphatidylserine, as well as phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine. Required for autophagosome formation: participates in early stages of autophagosome biogenesis at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane by reequilibrating the leaflets of the ER as lipids are extracted by atg2 (atg2a or atg2b) to mediate autophagosome assembly. In addition to autophagy, involved in other processes in which phospholipid scramblase activity is required (By similarity). Required for normal motor neuron development (By similarity).
The VTT domain was previously called the SNARE-assoc domain. As there is no evidence that this domain associates with SNARE proteins, it was renamed as VMP1, TMEM41, and TVP38 (VTT) domain.
Acts as a tumor suppressor in many tumor types; induces growth arrest or apoptosis depending on the physiological circumstances and cell type. Involved in cell cycle regulation as a trans-activator that acts to negatively regulate cell division by controlling a set of genes required for this process. One of the activated genes is an inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases. Apoptosis induction seems to be mediated either by stimulation of BAX and FAS antigen expression, or by repression of Bcl-2 expression (By similarity).
May play some role in mitochondrial processes.
Belongs to the proteasome subunit S11 family.
Component of the 19S proteasome regulatory particle complex. The 26S proteasome consists of a 20S core particle (CP) and two 19S regulatory subunits (RP). The regulatory particle is made of a lid composed of 9 subunits including PSMD13, a base containing 6 ATPases and few additional components.
General regulator of phagocytosis. Required to uptake Gram negative bacterium by macrophages.
Dorsalizing factor. Antagonizes mesoderm formation by nodal-like proteins and ventralizing BMPs. Cooperates with cer1 to promote embryonic head formation.
Homodimer. Can form heterodimers with admp, bmp2-I and/or bmp2-II, derriere and nodal/nr-1.
Tends to mark the dorsal ectodermal and mesodermal cells. Initially expressed in the dorsal-lateral ectoderm, and subsequently extends through the entire neural plate at the neurula stage. Also expressed in the prechordal plate. Prechordal plate mesoderm specifies anterior neuroectoderm and pharyngeal endoderm, which are progenitors for the formation of head structures. At the hatching stage, enriched from the dorsal mesenchyme to the olfactory pit and optic cup.
The region required for head formation is located in the propeptide, which itself interferes with proteolytic processing of the precursor. The mature region has the same activity as that of BMP3.
Belongs to the sarcoglycan alpha/epsilon family.
Component of the prc2/eed-ezh2 complex (By similarity). Can interact with ezh2, hdac1 and taf9 (By similarity). Interacts with yy1.
Maternally and zygotically expressed. Expression decreases between late blastula and early gastrula.
Polycomb group (PcG) protein. Component of the prc2/eed-ezh2 complex, which methylates 'Lys-9' and 'Lys-27' of histone H3, leading to transcriptional repression of the affected target gene (By similarity). May play a role in neural induction.
Component of the nuclear pore complex (NPC)-associated TREX-2 complex (transcription and export complex 2). Component of the SAGA transcription coactivator-HAT complex. Within the SAGA complex, participates in a subcomplex of SAGA called the DUB module (deubiquitination module) (By similarity).
Involved in mRNA export coupled transcription activation by association with both the TREX-2 and the SAGA complexes. The transcription regulatory histone acetylation (HAT) complex SAGA is a multiprotein complex that activates transcription by remodeling chromatin and mediating histone acetylation and deubiquitination. Within the SAGA complex, participates in a subcomplex that specifically deubiquitinates histones. The SAGA complex is recruited to specific gene promoters by activators, where it is required for transcription. The TREX-2 complex functions in docking export-competent ribonucleoprotein particles (mRNPs) to the nuclear entrance of the nuclear pore complex (nuclear basket). TREX-2 participates in mRNA export and accurate chromatin positioning in the nucleus by tethering genes to the nuclear periphery (By similarity).
Belongs to the sepiapterin reductase family.
Catalyzes the final one or two reductions in tetra-hydrobiopterin biosynthesis to form 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin.
Binds 3 Ca(2+) ions per subunit. Two of the Ca(2+) ions are bound to the C2 domain.
Forms heterodimers either with the pro-apoptotic protein BAX or the anti-apoptotic protein BCL2.
Induces caspases and apoptosis. Counters the protective effect of BCL2.
Intact BH3 motif is required by BIK, BID, BAK, BAD and BAX for their pro-apoptotic activity and for their interaction with anti-apoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family.
Homodimerizes, the dimers can polymerize end-to-end to form filamentous structures (By similarity). Interacts with GTP-bound cdc42 and wasl/n-wasp.
Required to coordinate membrane tubulation with reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton during endocytosis. Essential for autophagy of intracellular bacterial pathogens (By similarity). Promotes cdc42-induced actin polymerization by activating the wasl-waspip complex, the predominant form of wasl/n-wasp in cells.
The F-BAR domain binds the phospholipid membrane with its concave surface. The end-to-end polymerization of dimers of these domains provides a curved surface that fits best membranes with around 600 A diameter, and may drive tubulation (By similarity).
Potent and specific cellular inhibitor of CaM-kinase II (CAMK2). Traps Ca(2+)/calmodulin on CAMK2 (By similarity).
Expressed relatively early during neuronal differentiation.
May be involved in collagen fiber assembly.
May not exhibit serine protease inhibitory activity.
Microtubule inner protein (MIP) part of the dynein-decorated doublet microtubules (DMTs) in cilia axoneme, which is required for motile cilia beating.
Belongs to the amiloride-sensitive sodium channel (TC 1.A.6) family. SCNN1A subfamily.
Heterotrimer containing an alpha/SCNN1A, a beta/SCNN1B and a gamma/SCNN1G subunit. An additional delta/SCNN1D subunit exists only in some organisms and can replace the alpha/SCNN1A subunit to form an alternative channel with specific properties (Probable). Interacts with shroom1 (PubMed:10438504).
Component of a CRL2 E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex, also named ECS (Elongin BC-CUL2/5-SOCS-box protein) complex.
Substrate-recognition component of a Cul2-RING (CRL2) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex of the DesCEND (destruction via C-end degrons) pathway, which recognizes a C-degron located at the extreme C terminus of target proteins, leading to their ubiquitination and degradation. The C-degron recognized by the DesCEND pathway is usually a motif of less than ten residues and can be present in full-length proteins, truncated proteins or proteolytically cleaved forms. The CRL2(FEM1B) complex specifically recognizes proteins ending with -Gly-Leu-Asp-Arg, leading to their ubiquitination and degradation.
Belongs to the TALE/PBX homeobox family.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX47/RRP3 subfamily.
Forms a stable complex with D-type G1 cyclins.
Phosphorylation at Thr-172 is necessary for enzymatic activity.
Probably involved in the control of the cell cycle.
Belongs to the calcium channel alpha-1 subunit (TC 1.A.1.11) family. CACNA1D subfamily.
Belongs to the ADP-ribosyl cyclase family.
Belongs to the SMC family. SMC6 subfamily.
Core component of the SMC5-SMC6 complex, a complex involved in repair of DNA double-strand breaks by homologous recombination. The complex may promote sister chromatid homologous recombination by recruiting the SMC1-SMC3 cohesin complex to double-strand breaks. The complex is required for telomere maintenance via recombination and mediates sumoylation of shelterin complex (telosome) components (By similarity).
Forms a heterodimer with smc5. Component of the SMC5-SMC6 complex which consists at least of smc5, smc6, nsmce2, nsmce1 and nsmce4a (By similarity).
The flexible hinge domain, which separates the large intramolecular coiled coil regions, allows the heterotypic interaction with the corresponding domain of SMC5, forming a V-shaped heterodimer.
Cholesterylation is required for N-product targeting to lipid rafts and multimerization.
Expressed in the marginal zone at early gastrulation. At stage 14, expression begins in the neural plate with expression becoming more prominent in the anterodorsal area at neural tube closure. At this stage, also expressed diffusely in the somitic and pre-somitic mesoderm. By the early tadpole (stages 28-30), expression is widespread throughout anterior structures with highest levels in the otic vesicle, the eye, and the branchial arches.
First expressed by early gastrulation (stage 8). Expression peaks during neural induction and early organogenesis.
Interacts with BOC and CDON. Interacts with PTCH1 (By similarity). Interacts with glypican GPC3 (By similarity).
N-palmitoylation by HHAT of N-product is required for indian hedgehog protein N-product multimerization and full activity.
Signal involved in the early induction and patterning of anterodorsal ectoderm, nervous system and somites. Induces ectopic cement gland formation in embryos.
The C-terminal domain displays an autoproteolysis activity and a cholesterol transferase activity (By similarity). Both activities result in the cleavage of the full-length protein and covalent attachment of a cholesterol moiety to the C-terminal of the newly generated N-product (By similarity). The N-product is the active species in both local and long-range signaling, whereas the C-product is degraded in the reticulum endoplasmic (By similarity).
The C-terminal part of the indian hedgehog protein precursor displays an autoproteolysis and a cholesterol transferase activity (By similarity). Both activities result in the cleavage of the full-length protein into two parts followed by the covalent attachment of a cholesterol moiety to the C-terminal of the newly generated N-product (By similarity). Both activities occur in the reticulum endoplasmic (By similarity).
The dually lipidated indian hedgehog protein N-product is a morphogen which is essential for a variety of patterning events during development. Binds to the patched (PTCH1) receptor, which functions in association with smoothened (SMO), to activate the transcription of target genes (By similarity). Signal involved in the early induction and patterning of anterodorsal ectoderm, nervous system and somites. Induces ectopic cement gland formation in embryos (PubMed:7671800).
Acts as one of several non-catalytic accessory components of the cytoplasmic dynein 1 complex that are thought to be involved in linking dynein to cargos and to adapter proteins that regulate dynein function. Cytoplasmic dynein 1 acts as a motor for the intracellular retrograde motility of vesicles and organelles along microtubules.
Ubiquitin-protein ligase which is mainly involved pre-mRNA splicing and DNA repair. Required for pre-mRNA splicing as component of the spliceosome.
In contrast to the mouse or rabbit ortholog, the IMPACT locus is not imprinted in Xenopus.
Interacts with GCN1; prevents the interaction of GCN1 with EIF2AK4/GCN2 and inhibits EIF2AK4/GCN2 kinase activity. Interaction with RPL39; this interaction occurs in a GCN1-independent manner. Associates with ribosomes; this interaction occurs in a GCN1-independent manner. Associates with actin; this interaction occurs in a GCN1-independent manner.
Present in oocytes as well as in early embryos.
Translational regulator that ensures constant high levels of translation upon a variety of stress conditions, such as amino acid starvation, UV-C irradiation, proteasome inhibitor treatment and glucose deprivation. Plays a role as a negative regulator of the EIF2AK4/GCN2 kinase activity; impairs GCN1-mediated EIF2AK4/GCN2 activation, and hence EIF2AK4/GCN2-mediated eIF-2-alpha phosphorylation and subsequent down-regulation of protein synthesis. Plays a role in differentiation of neuronal cells by stimulating neurite outgrowth.
Belongs to the carbon-nitrogen hydrolase superfamily. BTD/VNN family.
Ion channel involved in sensing mechanical pain. Contributes to mechanosensitive currents in nocireceptors and detecting mechanical pain stimuli. May also be required for efficient adipogenesis.
At early neurula stages, exclusively activated in the presumptive ventral telencephalon. Since midneurula stages also found in the medial aspect of the eye field. At tailbud and tadpole stages, expression seen in the optic stalk, optic nerve, optic disk, ventral retina, ventral telencephalon and diencephalon. Finally during metamorphosis expression is maintained in the optic chiasm, ventral hypothalamus and hypophysis.
Plays a role in microtubule organization.
Actin-based motor molecule with ATPase activity that localizes to the mitochondrion outer membrane. Motor protein that moves towards the plus-end of actin filaments. Required for mitochondrial inheritance during mitosis. May be involved in mitochondrial transport or positioning.
Myosin is a hexamer of 2 heavy chains and 4 light chains.
The MyMOMA (MYO19-specific mitochondrial outer membrane-association) region mediates association with the mitochondrion outer membrane via electrostatic interaction.
Plays an important role in endoplasmic reticulum associated degradation (ERAD) that mediates ubiquitin-dependent degradation of misfolded endoplasmic reticulum proteins. Involved in inhibition of lipid droplet degradation.
Belongs to the gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase family. ChaC subfamily.
Catalyzes the cleavage of glutathione into 5-oxo-L-proline and a Cys-Gly dipeptide. Acts specifically on glutathione, but not on other gamma-glutamyl peptides.
Mediator of sterol homeostasis involved in sterol uptake, trafficking and distribution into membranes.
Expressed by the skin glands. Synthesized in the stomach and stored in a novel granular multinucleated cell in the gastric mucosa. Stored as active, processed peptides in large granules within the granular gland secretions of the skin.
PGLa and PGLa-H display a broad-spectrum of antibacterial activity against a range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. PGLa also displays antifungal activity against C.albicans ATCC 14053. PGLa-H shows moderate antibacterial activity against the multidrug-resistant methicillin-resistant S.aureus (MRSA) but exhibits very little hemolytic activity.
Interacts with PIH1D1; the interaction associates DNAAF10 with the R2TP complex (By similarity). Interacts with several dynein axonemal assembly factors (By similarity).
Key assembly factor specifically required for the stability of axonemal dynein heavy chains in cytoplasm.
May play a role in cilia formation and embryonic patterning.
Involved in early neuronal development; required for cell cycle exit and differentiation of primary neurons (By similarity). Cooperates synergistically with pak3 to promote primary neural differentiation within the neural plate (PubMed:24095902). May play a role in promoting megakaryocyte differentiation (By similarity).
Maternally expressed. Expressed at the animal half during the blastula stage. Expressed in the central, posterior and anterior neural plate regions, including the eye field at stage 12.5. Expressed in the posterior neural plate at stage 15. Later on, expressed in the developing nervous system. Expressed through the eye vesicle at stage 20. Strongly expressed in differentiating primary neurons in the brain, spinal cord and retina from stages 24 to 31. Not detected in the lens at any developmental stages.
Morpholino knockdown of the protein causes an accumulation of neuronal progenitor cells resulting in the neural plate expansion.
Up-regulated by the proneural transcription factors Neurog2, Neurod1 and Ebf3.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 49 family.
Belongs to the U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein C family.
Component of the U1 snRNP. The U1 snRNP is composed of the U1 snRNA and the 7 core Sm proteins snrpb, snrpd1, snrpd2, snrpd3, snrpe, snrpf and snrpg that assemble in a heptameric protein ring on the Sm site of the small nuclear RNA to form the core snRNP, and at least 3 U1 snRNP-specific proteins snrnp70/U1-70K, snrpa/U1-A and snrpc/U1-C. snrpc/U1-C interacts with U1 snRNA and the 5' splice-site region of the pre-mRNA.
Component of the spliceosomal U1 snRNP, which is essential for recognition of the pre-mRNA 5' splice-site and the subsequent assembly of the spliceosome. SNRPC/U1-C is directly involved in initial 5' splice-site recognition for both constitutive and regulated alternative splicing. The interaction with the 5' splice-site seems to precede base-pairing between the pre-mRNA and the U1 snRNA. Stimulates commitment or early (E) complex formation by stabilizing the base pairing of the 5' end of the U1 snRNA and the 5' splice-site region.
Acetylated on Lys-5, Lys-8 and Lys-12 when associated with the 5'-end of active genes.
The nucleosome is a histone octamer containing two molecules each of H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assembled in one H3-H4 heterotetramer and two H2A-H2B heterodimers. The octamer wraps approximately 147 bp of DNA. H2A or its variant H2AZ2 forms a heterodimer with H2B (By similarity).
Variant histone H2A which replaces conventional H2A in a subset of nucleosomes. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling. May be involved in the formation of constitutive heterochromatin. May be required for chromosome segregation during cell division (By similarity).
Phosphorylation at Ser-67 by gwl during mitosis is essential for interaction with ppp2r2d (PR55-delta) and subsequent inactivation of PP2A.
Protein phosphatase inhibitor that specifically inhibits protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) during mitosis. When phosphorylated at Ser-67 during mitosis, specifically interacts with ppp2r2d (PR55-delta) and inhibits its activity, leading to inactivation of PP2A, an essential condition to keep cyclin-B1-CDK1 activity high during M phase (By similarity).
Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as modulators or transducers in various transmembrane signaling systems. Acts as an activator of phospholipase C. Mediates responses to trypsin.
Belongs to the endoribonuclease YbeY family.
Functions as a transporter for creatine and as well for its precursor guanidinoacetate. Transport of creatine and GAA is independent of resting membrane potential and extracellular Na(+), Cl(-), or pH. Contributes to the process of creatine biosynthesis and distribution.
'Lys-48'-linked polyubiquitinated; leading to proteasomal degradation. Deubiquitinated and stabilized by OTUD3.
Heterodimer with the retinoid X receptor.
Ligand-activated transcription factor key mediator of energy metabolism in adipose tissues. Receptor that binds peroxisome proliferators such as hypolipidemic drugs and fatty acids. Has a preference for poly-unsaturated fatty acids, such as gamma-linoleic acid and eicosapentanoic acid. Once activated by a ligand, the receptor binds to promoter elements of target genes. Regulates the peroxisomal beta-oxidation pathway of fatty acids. Functions as transcription activator for the acyl-CoA oxidase gene. Decreases expression of NPC1L1 once activated by a ligand.
Cytoplasmic potassium channel subunit that modulates the characteristics of the channel-forming alpha-subunits (PubMed:10594054). Contributes to the regulation of nerve signaling, and prevents neuronal hyperexcitability (By similarity). Promotes expression of the pore-forming alpha subunits at the cell membrane, and thereby increases channel activity (By similarity). Promotes potassium channel closure via a mechanism that does not involve physical obstruction of the channel pore (By similarity). Promotes KCNA4 channel closure (By similarity). Modulates the functional properties of KCNA5 (By similarity). Enhances KCNB2 channel activity (By similarity). Binds NADPH and has NADPH-dependent aldoketoreductase activity (By similarity). Has broad substrate specificity and can catalyze the reduction of methylglyoxal, 9,10-phenanthrenequinone, prostaglandin J2, 4-nitrobenzaldehyde, 4-nitroacetophenone and 4-oxo-trans-2-nonenal (in vitro) (By similarity).
Expression first detected in somites at embryonic stage 24 (26 hours). At stage 29 (35 hours), expression is detected in the spinal cord. In stage 30 embryos (36 hours), expression is down-regulated in somites and up-regulated in spinal cord. By stage 35-36 (50 hours), expression is limited to dorsal spinal neurons of the spinal cord.
In contrast to KCNAB1, the shorter N-terminal domain of KCNAB2 cannot mediate closure of delayed rectifier potassium channels by physically obstructing the pore.
G-protein coupled receptor for 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin).
Belongs to the archaeal Rpo10/eukaryotic RPB10 RNA polymerase subunit family.
Belongs to the DNA polymerase type-B-like family.
Receptor tyrosine-protein kinase involved in numerous cellular mechanisms including cell proliferation, neuronal navigation, cell migration, and cell differentiation upon binding with glial cell derived neurotrophic factor family ligands.
Component of the NuA4 histone acetyltransferase complex which is involved in transcriptional activation of select genes principally by acetylation of nucleosomal histone H4 and H2A. This modification may both alter nucleosome - DNA interactions and promote interaction of the modified histones with other proteins which positively regulate transcription. Component of HBO1 complexes, which specifically mediate acetylation of histone H3 at 'Lys-14' (H3K14ac), and have reduced activity toward histone H4. Component of the MOZ/MORF complex which has a histone H3 acetyltransferase activity.
Component of the NuA4 histone acetyltransferase complex. Component of the hbo1 complex. Component of the moz/morf complex.
Catalyzes the oxidation of uric acid to 5-hydroxyisourate, which is further processed to form (S)-allantoin.
Essential for Spemann-Mangold organizer formation and subsequent anterior head development in the embryo. Inhibits canonical Wnt signaling pathway by antagonizing nuclear import of beta-catenin (ctnnb1) during embryogenesis.
Expressed maternally and then widely throughout embryogenesis. During the neurula stage, highly expressed in the neural plate and neural fold. Strong expression also seen in brain, eyes and spinal cord at the tadpole stage.
Interacts (via NLS1 and NLS2) with dvl2; the interaction is negatively regulated by Wnt stimulation. Interacts with csnk1a1. Interacts with ctnnb1; the interaction is positively regulated by Wnt stimulation.
Morpholino knockdown results in embryos with small eyes, head and brain structures.
Named Custos for the Latin term for 'guard' or 'keeper'.
Modulates leading keratinocyte migration and cellular adhesion to matrix proteins during a wound-healing response and promotes wound repair. May play a role during trichilemmal differentiation of the hair follicle.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Detected from stage I oocyte up to the tadpole stage. Present at a relatively high level until the gastrula stage, after which expression levels decrease. During gastrulation, levels of protein activation are highest in the embryonic mesodermal region.
Multifunctional GTPase involved in a variety of cellular processes including gene expression, cell migration, cell proliferation, oncogenic transformation and membrane trafficking. Accomplishes its multiple functions by interacting with distinct downstream effectors. Acts as a GTP sensor for GTP-dependent exocytosis of dense core vesicles (By similarity). Required both to stabilize the assembly of the exocyst complex and to localize functional exocyst complexes to the leading edge of migrating cells (By similarity). Required for suppression of apoptosis (By similarity). In late stages of cytokinesis, upon completion of the bridge formation between dividing cells, mediates exocyst recruitment to the midbody to drive abscission (By similarity). Regulates the actin cytoskeleton to play a role in gastrulation or neurulation. During the cleavage stages, the GTP-bound form induces a cortical reaction that affects the localization of pigment granules. Activated by the FGF pathway via ras and ral-GDS, but independently of raf. Directs ralbp1 to the plasma membrane (PubMed:10328920, PubMed:14576358, PubMed:15511640). Involved in ligand-dependent receptor mediated endocytosis of the EGF and insulin receptors (By similarity).
Weakly expressed in adult tissues and highest levels were found in heart, brain and testes.
Expressed specifically in presomitic paraxial mesoderm and its immediate presumptive progenitor cells and sharply down-regulated in presumptive somites. Expression is first detected at gastrulation. Expressed throughout development until the tadpole stage. Expression is predominantly localized in ventrolateral mesoderm but is absent from dorsal mesoderm in gastrulae. In tailbud stage embryos, expression is still detected and is localized to the most caudal (unsegmented) paraxial mesoderm. At the tadpole stage, expression remains in the tailbud.
Involved in specifying the paraxial, but not dorsal, mesoderm. May regulate the expression of T-box transcription factors required for mesoderm formation and differentiation, such as brachyury T, wnt8, vegt and eomes.
Has antibacterial activity against a variety of bacteria including S.aureus, P.aeruginosa and M.tuberculosis. Acts by inducing bacterial membrane breakage (By similarity).
Induces production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which are necessary for cell proliferation. May play a role in inducing oxidative DNA damage and replicative senescence. May play a role in the coordination of mitochondrial morphology and cell proliferation (By similarity).
Regulatory subunit of protein phosphatase 6 (PP6). May function as a scaffolding PP6 subunit (By similarity).
Belongs to the RNase H2 subunit B family.
Non catalytic subunit of RNase H2, an endonuclease that specifically degrades the RNA of RNA:DNA hybrids. Participates in DNA replication, possibly by mediating the removal of lagging-strand Okazaki fragment RNA primers during DNA replication. Mediates the excision of single ribonucleotides from DNA:RNA duplexes (By similarity).
The RNase H2 complex is a heterotrimer composed of the catalytic subunit RNASEH2A and the non-catalytic subunits RNASEH2B and RNASEH2C.
Active NF-kappa-B is a heterodimer of an about 52 kDa DNA-binding subunit and the weak DNA-binding subunit p65. Two heterodimers might form a labile tetramer (By similarity).
Appears to have dual functions such as cytoplasmic retention of attached NF-kappa-B proteins and generation of p52 by a cotranslational processing. The proteasome-mediated process ensures the production of both p52 and p100 and preserves their independent function. p52 binds to the kappa-B consensus sequence 5'-GGRNNYYCC-3', located in the enhancer region of genes involved in immune response and acute phase reactions. In concert with RELB, may play a role in the regulation of the circadian clock (By similarity).
Constitutive processing is tightly suppressed by its C-terminal processing inhibitory domain, named PID, which contains the death domain.
The C-terminus of p100 might be involved in cytoplasmic retention, inhibition of DNA-binding by p52 homodimers, and/or transcription activation.
The glycine-rich region (GRR) appears to be a critical element in the generation of p52.
While translation occurs, the particular unfolded structure after the GRR repeat promotes the generation of p52 making it an acceptable substrate for the proteasome. This process is known as cotranslational processing. The processed form is active and the unprocessed form acts as an inhibitor (I kappa B-like), being able to form cytosolic complexes with NF-kappa B, trapping it in the cytoplasm. Complete folding of the region downstream of the GRR repeat precludes processing (By similarity).
Arginine methyltransferase that methylates (mono and asymmetric dimethylation) the guanidino nitrogens of arginyl residues present in target proteins. Constitutes the main enzyme that mediates monomethylation and asymmetric dimethylation of histone H4 'Arg-4' (H4R3me1 and H4R3me2a, respectively), a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional activation (By similarity). Methylates cirbp to regulate its subcellular location (PubMed:12466543). Acts transiently during metamorphosis as a transcription coactivator, enhancing thyroid hormone (T3) receptor (TR)-mediated transcription by enhancing TR binding to the T3 response element (TRE), and histone modification through recruitment of other coactivators (PubMed:19047371).
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Expressed in oocytes (at protein level). Up-regulated during metamorphosis, peaking at stage 62 before dramatically reducing by the end of metamorphosis (stage 66).
Homodimer. Homooctamer; individual homodimers associates to form a homooctamer and homooligomerization is required for proper localization to the cell membrane. Individual homodimers can associate to form a homohexamer (By similarity). Component of a complex with lsm14a/rap55a. Interacts with cirbp.
May function as a negative regulator of TGF-beta signaling and thereby inhibits activin-mediated mesoderm formation.
Belongs to the VPS10-related sortilin family. SORL1 subfamily.
First expressed at or just after midblastula transition (stage 8). Maximally expressed at stage 10 as an equitorial mesoderm band, more prominently on the dorsal side and around the invaginating dorsal lip.
Functions as a transcriptional activator playing a crucial role during development. Functions in gastrulation, regulating mesoderm differentiation. Activates wnt8, t/bra, chrd and mix-A/mix.1 expression.
O-methyltransferase that specifically monomethylates 5'-monophosphate of cytoplasmic histidyl tRNA (tRNA(His)), acting as a capping enzyme by protecting tRNA(His) from cleavage by DICER1. Also able, with less efficiently, to methylate the 5' monophosphate of a subset of pre-miRNAs, acting as a negative regulator of miRNA processing. The 5' monophosphate of pre-miRNAs is recognized by DICER1 and is required for pre-miRNAs processing: methylation at this position reduces the processing of pre-miRNAs by DICER1. Was also reported to mediate dimethylation of pre-miR-145; however dimethylation cannot be reproduced by another group which observes a monomethylation of pre-miR-145.
Belongs to the WD repeat peroxin-7 family.
Interacts with dvl2/dsh via DIX domains in both proteins. Forms a complex with ctnnb1/beta-catenin and gsk3b. Also forms heterodimers with mouse Axin1.
Regulates the wnt signaling pathway by interacting with dvl2/dsh, which displaces gsk3b from the axnr-gsk3b complex and thus prevents degradation of ctnnb1/beta-catenin.
Detected in the non-neural ectoderm from cleavage to early neurula stages and in the caudal hindbrain and the mandibular arch at tail bud stages.
Putative transcription factor, which may be involved in patterning of central nervous system and pancreas.
Belongs to the proteasome subunit p55 family.
Component of the autophagy machinery that controls the major intracellular degradation process by which cytoplasmic materials are packaged into autophagosomes and delivered to lysosomes for degradation. Involved in an early step of the formation of preautophagosomal structures.
5'->3' DNA exonuclease which digests single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) (By similarity). Regulates inflammatory cytokine responses via the degradation of nucleic acids, by reducing the concentration of ssDNA able to stimulate TLR9, a nucleotide-sensing receptor in collaboration with PLD4 (By similarity). May be important in myotube formation. Plays a role in lysosomal homeostasis. Involved in the regulation of endosomal protein sorting (By similarity).
It was initially thought that PDL3 has phospholipase D activity due to its HKD motifs. The second HKD motif contains Glu instead of the canonical Asp. Its enzyme activity is therefore unsure. Catalytic phospholipase D activity is still controversial (By similarity). Its closest homolog PLD4, exhibits no phospholipase activity (By similarity).
Proteolytically processed to a soluble form that is stable within endosomes and lysosomes. During transport through the secretory pathway becomes proteolysed by cysteine proteases, thereby releasing a stable soluble lysosomal lumenal polypeptide, whereas the transmembrane-bound fragment is rapidly degraded. Its transport route to lysosomes involves ubiquitination and the ESCRT complex.
Ubiquitinated. Ubiquitination mediates sorting into lysosomes.
Adopts an immunoglobulin-like beta-sandwich fold forming a hydrophobic cavity that capture N-terminally myristoylated target peptides. Phe residues within the hydrophobic beta sandwich are required for myristate binding (By similarity).
Myristoyl-binding protein that acts as a cargo adapter: specifically binds the myristoyl moiety of a subset of N-terminally myristoylated proteins and is required for their localization. Plays a key role in localization of proteins to the primary cilium membrane (By similarity).
Belongs to the spermidine/spermine synthase family.
Catalyzes an early step in the biosynthesis of tetrapyrroles. Binds two molecules of 5-aminolevulinate per subunit, each at a distinct site, and catalyzes their condensation to form porphobilinogen.
Homooctamer; active form. Homohexamer; low activity form.
Plays a role in transcriptional regulation. Involved in activated KRAS-mediated transcriptional activation of PRKD1. Binds to the PRKD1 promoter. Could play a role in the terminal differentiation of the intestine. Binds preferentially to methylated DNA.
Positively regulates lysosome peripheral distribution and ruffled border formation in osteoclasts. Involved in bone resorption.
Modulator of macroautophagy that causes accumulation of autophagosomes under basal conditions and enhances autophagic flux (By similarity). Represses cell death and promotes long-term clonogenic survival of cells grown in the absence of glucose in a macroautophagy-independent manner (By similarity). May have some role in extracellular matrix engulfment or growth factor receptor recycling, both of which can modulate cell survival (By similarity).
The sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase is composed of a catalytic alpha subunit, an auxiliary non-catalytic beta subunit and an additional regulatory subunit.
This is the catalytic component of the active enzyme, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the exchange of sodium and potassium ions across the plasma membrane. This action creates the electrochemical gradient of sodium and potassium ions, providing the energy for active transport of various nutrients.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that plays an essential role in stimulus-induced inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (ITPR) ubiquitination and degradation via the endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway. Also involved in ITPR turnover in resting cells.
Interacts with SUPT5H to form the DSIF complex. DSIF interacts with RNA polymerase II and with the positive transcription elongation factor b complex (P-TEFb complex), which is composed of CDK9 and cyclin-T (By similarity).
May function as a component of the DRB sensitivity-inducing factor complex (DSIF complex), which regulates transcription elongation by RNA polymerase II. Probably enhances transcriptional pausing at sites proximal to the promoter, which may in turn facilitate the assembly of an elongation competent RNA polymerase II complex (By similarity).
Negative regulator of store-operated Ca(2+) entry (SOCE) involved in protecting cells from Ca(2+) overfilling. In response to cytosolic Ca(2+) elevation after endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) refilling, promotes a slow inactivation of STIM (stim1 or stim2)-dependent SOCE activity (By similarity).
Basal body protein required in multiciliate cells to align and maintain cilia orientation in response to flow. May act by mediating a maturation step that stabilizes and aligns cilia orientation. Not required to respond to planar cell polarity (PCP) or flow-based orientation cues.
Cilia in multiciliate cells are motile but fail to produce flow. Multiciliated cells are present in the normal number, cilia of normal length and of normal density. They are however misoriented.
Up-regulated by foxj1 during motile cilia formation.
Belongs to the metallo-beta-lactamase superfamily. Glyoxalase II family.
Expressed at relatively constant levels throughout embryogenesis.
Ubiquitous. Expressed at greater levels in the kidney, adipose tissue, muscle and liver than the brain, heart, ovary and lung.
Component of ribosome-associated complex (RAC).
Component of the ribosome-associated complex (RAC), a complex involved in folding or maintaining nascent polypeptides in a folding-competent state.
Belongs to the chemokine-like receptor (CMKLR) family.
Hexadecamer of 4 heterotetramers, each composed of alpha, beta, gamma, and delta subunits. Alpha (PHKA1 or PHKA2) and beta (PHKB) are regulatory subunits, gamma (PHKG1 or PHKG2) is the catalytic subunit, and delta is calmodulin.
Associates with the EF-Tu.GDP complex and induces the exchange of GDP to GTP. It remains bound to the aminoacyl-tRNA.EF-Tu.GTP complex up to the GTP hydrolysis stage on the ribosome.
This protein may be expected to contain an N-terminal transit peptide but none has been predicted.
Belongs to the peroxiredoxin-like PRXL2 family. Prostamide/prostaglandin F synthase subfamily.
Catalyzes the reduction of prostaglandin-ethanolamide H(2) (prostamide H(2)) to prostamide F(2alpha) with NADPH as proton donor. Also able to reduce prostaglandin H(2) to prostaglandin F(2alpha) (By similarity).
Interacts with AP5Z1, AP5B1, AP5S1 and SPG11. Interacts with TTC19 and KIF13A.
Phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate-binding protein required for the abcission step in cytokinesis: recruited to the midbody during cytokinesis and acts as a regulator of abcission. May also be required for efficient homologous recombination DNA double-strand break repair.
Expression is up-regulated between stages 14-18 (early neurula stages) and remains high until stage 30, decreasing only at stage 45.
Highly expressed in the embryonic nervous system including forebrain, hindbrain and sensory organs (including eye), and in neural crest cells. Also expressed in the dorsal lateral plate, the first site of definitive hematopoiesis in the embryo. Appears in migrating presumptive primordial germ cells (pPGCs) from stage 24. Expressed in the epidermis at stage 40. In the adult, highly expressed in the spleen with lower levels of expression in the liver and very low levels in kidney, heart, skin and brain.
Receptor for the C-X-C chemokine cxcl12/sdf-1. Transduces a signal by increasing the intracellular level of calcium ions. Signaling with cxcl12/sdf-1 mediates the directional movement of mesodermal cells during gastrulation. May play a role in the migration of embryonic presumptive primordial germ cells (pPGCs). May also be involved in regulating the migration of hematopoietic stem cells into the larval liver.
Belongs to the UTP23/FCF1 family. FCF1 subfamily.
Belongs to the dihydroorotate dehydrogenase family. Type 2 subfamily.
Catalyzes the conversion of dihydroorotate to orotate with quinone as electron acceptor. Required for UMP biosynthesis via de novo pathway.
Expressed in gastrula (stage 10) embryos in the dorsolateral mesoderm, where expression continues until mesoderm involution. In early neurula embryos (stage 12.5), expressed in the anterior neural plate in the prospective diencephalon and eye field, and in the anterior neural folds, with expression becoming stronger as neurulation proceeds. At stage 14, transiently expressed in two stripes lateral to the midline. Expressed in premigratory, but not migratory, cephalic neural crest cells. At stage 20, expressed in the paraxial mesoderm and in the optic vesicle. At stage 21, expression continues in the forebrain and begins in cells lateral to the rostral somites as well as in the neural tissue of the tailbud. By stage 36, detected in restricted regions of the forebrain and in the temporal retina. Caudally, expression continues in the neural tissue of the tailbud. At this stage, there is also strong expression at the caudal (tail) end of the embryo on the ventral side.
Transcriptional repressor that down-regulates bmp4 signaling in both mesoderm and ectoderm. Regulates mesoderm patterning by repressing ventral mesoderm genes and promoting the expression of dorsolateral genes. Can also neuralize ectodermal cells directly. Inhibits neural crest migration. The transcription factors foxd1 and foxg1 mutually repress each other to pattern the forebrain.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL28 family.
Belongs to the protein arginine deiminase family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL36 family.
Belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily. Fibrillarin family.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that plays a key role in DNA damage signaling via 2 distinct roles: by mediating the 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitination of histones H2A and H2AX and promoting the recruitment of DNA repair proteins at double-strand breaks (DSBs) sites, and by catalyzing 'Lys-48'-linked ubiquitination to remove target proteins from DNA damage sites. Following DNA DSBs, it is recruited to the sites of damage by ATM-phosphorylated MDC1 and catalyzes the 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitination of histones H2A and H2AX, thereby promoting the formation of TP53BP1 and BRCA1 ionizing radiation-induced foci (IRIF). H2A ubiquitination also mediates the ATM-dependent transcriptional silencing at regions flanking DSBs in cis, a mechanism to avoid collision between transcription and repair intermediates. Also catalyzes the formation of 'Lys-48'-linked polyubiquitin chains, leading to degradation of substrate proteins. In addition to its function in damage signaling, also plays a role in higher-order chromatin structure by mediating extensive chromatin decondensation.
Homodimer. Forms a E2-E3 ubiquitin ligase complex composed of the RNF8 homodimer and a E2 heterodimer of UBE2N and UBE2V2.
The FHA domain specifically recognizes and binds ATM-phosphorylated MDC1.
May play a role in cell-cell recognition and in neuronal membrane signaling.
Component of the conserved oligomeric Golgi complex which is composed of eight different subunits and is required for normal Golgi morphology and localization.
Belongs to the calcium channel beta subunit family.
Detected from early embryogenesis onwards (stages 11-35) (PubMed:24044555, PubMed:28104388). Expressed in the mesoderm during gastrulation (PubMed:24044555). Expressed in migrating neural crest cells, where it partially colocalizes with twist1 (PubMed:28104388). As development proceeds, shows marked expression in developing anterior structures including brain, pharyngeal arches, eye (including retina and lens), otic vesicle, heart, pronephros, liver and cranial ganglia (PubMed:24044555, PubMed:28104388).
Morpholino knockdown severely impairs cranial nerve development, with shorter or missing cranial ganglia and reduced nerve arborization (PubMed:24044555). Neural crest migration is impaired, although neural crest induction is not significantly affected (PubMed:28104388). Brain size is reduced and cranial cartilage development is severely disrupted, leading to smaller head size (PubMed:28104388). Eyes are smaller and deformed, with coloboma formation and disrupted retinal lamination (PubMed:28104388). In eye, expression of the genes rax, pax6 and otx2 is reduced (PubMed:28104388). In brain, expression of the genes emx1, pax6, otx2, en2 and egr2 is reduced (PubMed:28104388). Tissues show increased apoptosis and reduced cell proliferation (PubMed:28104388).
Plays a role in axon and dendrite arborization during cranial nerve development (PubMed:24044555). Also important for neural crest migration and early development of other anterior structures including eye, brain and cranial cartilage (PubMed:28104388).
Component of the PAQosome complex which is responsible for the biogenesis of several protein complexes and which consists of R2TP complex members RUVBL1, RUVBL2, RPAP3 and PIH1D1, URI complex members PFDN2, PFDN6, PDRG1, UXT and URI1 as well as ASDURF, POLR2E and DNAAF10/WDR92.
May play a role in chaperone-mediated protein folding.
Belongs to the fructosamine kinase family.
Belongs to the queuosine salvage protein family.
May act as the primary docking protein directing membrane turnover and assembly of the transient receptor potential channels trpc4 and trpc5. Binds phospholipids (By similarity).
Belongs to the gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase family.
May contribute to degradation of proteins cross-linked by transglutaminases by degrading the cross-link between a lysine and a glutamic acid residue. Catalyzes the formation of 5-oxo-L-proline from L-gamma-glutamyl-L-epsilon-lysine.
As well as its role in the urea cycle, may be involved in tissue remodeling.
Expressed at differing tadpole stages in tail, intestine, hindlimb and trunk region. Strongest in tadpole tail.
First detected in neurula (stage 16/17). Highest levels in whole tadpole found around stage 47/48. In the intestine, increased levels are found during metamorphosis (stages 58-64) and in the hindlimb, expressed at low levels during metamorphosis until stage 66 when levels dramatically increase. In the tail, a constant high level of expression is found throughout metamorphosis.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Up-regulated in the neural ectoderm after the mid-gastrula stage.
Expressed in the neural plate and later in the embryonic brain, eyes, and spinal cord.
May regulate cell survival and anterior-posterior patterning.
Acts as a chaperone for the linker histone to facilitate deposition of histone B4 onto linker DNA (PubMed:15928086). Required for both remodeling of sperm chromatin into nucleosomes, and linker histone binding to nucleosome core dimers. Plays a role in tissue-specific gene regulation. Required for primitive hemopoiesis, acting upstream of tal1/scl (By similarity).
Forms homomultimers (By similarity). Interacts with histone b4. Interacts with the B-type cyclins ccnb1 and ccnb2.
Phosphorylated by cyclin B-cdc2 kinase complexes.
The NAP1L motif is required for the histone chaperone activity.
The acidic domains are probably involved in the interaction with histones.
First detected in the ventral mesodermal cells just above the yolk plug at late gastrula. At the neurula stage, strongly expressed in the cement gland, dorsal root ganglia and otic vesicle region. At the tailbud stage, a strong expression is observed in the dorsal part of the optic cup and trigeminal ganglia, and it is also expressed in the branchial arches, heart anlage, nasal pit, proctodeum and the region around the pronephros.
Component of a cell-surface receptor complex that mediates cell-cell interactions between muscle precursor cells. Promotes differentiation of myogenic cells (By similarity).
Responsible for the deiodination of T4 (3,5,3',5'-tetraiodothyronine) into RT3 (3,3',5'-triiodothyronine) and of T3 into T2 (3,3'-diiodothyronine). May play a protective role in selected tissues by preventing their exposure to inappropriately timed or excessive levels of thyroid hormone.
Essential acyltransferase that catalyzes the terminal and only committed step in triacylglycerol synthesis by using diacylglycerol and fatty acyl CoA as substrates. Required for synthesis and storage of intracellular triglycerides. Probably plays a central role in cytosolic lipid accumulation (By similarity).
As part of a cytosolic protein quality control complex, the bag6/bat3 complex, maintains misfolded and hydrophobic patches-containing proteins in a soluble state and participates in their proper delivery to the endoplasmic reticulum or alternatively can promote their sorting to the proteasome where they undergo degradation. The bag6/bat3 complex is involved in the post-translational delivery of tail-anchored/type II transmembrane proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Similarly, the bag6/bat3 complex also functions as a sorting platform for proteins of the secretory pathway that are mislocalized to the cytosol either delivering them to the proteasome for degradation or to the endoplasmic reticulum. The bag6/bat3 complex also plays a role in the endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD), a quality control mechanism that eliminates unwanted proteins of the endoplasmic reticulum through their retrotranslocation to the cytosol and their targeting to the proteasome. It maintains these retrotranslocated proteins in an unfolded yet soluble state condition in the cytosol to ensure their proper delivery to the proteasome.
Belongs to the peptidase C19 family. USP20/USP33 subfamily.
Deubiquitinating enzyme involved in beta-2 adrenergic receptor (adrb2) recycling. Acts as a regulator of G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling by mediating the deubiquitination beta-2 adrenergic receptor (adrb2). Plays a central role in adrb2 recycling and resensitization after prolonged agonist stimulation by constitutively binding adrb2, mediating deubiquitination of adrb2 and inhibiting lysosomal trafficking of adrb2. Mediates deubiquitination of both 'Lys-48'- and 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitin chains (By similarity).
The UBP-type zinc finger binds 3 zinc ions. However, it does not bind ubiquitin, probably because the conserved Arg in position 55 is replaced by a Glu residue (By similarity).
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL16 family.
At zygotic stage; specifically expressed in the notochord. Maternal transcripts are detected at cleavage stages and reduced during gastrulation.
May function as an intracellular leucine sensor that negatively regulates the TORC1 signaling pathway through the GATOR complex. In absence of leucine, binds the GATOR subcomplex GATOR2 and prevents TORC1 signaling. Binding of leucine to SESN2 disrupts its interaction with GATOR2 thereby activating the TORC1 signaling pathway. This stress-inducible metabolic regulator may also play a role in protection against oxidative and genotoxic stresses. May prevent the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) through the alkylhydroperoxide reductase activity born by the N-terminal domain of the protein.
The C-terminal domain mediates interaction with GATOR2 through which it regulates TORC1 signaling.
The N-terminal domain may have an alkylhydroperoxide reductase activity.
Belongs to the small GTPase superfamily. SAR1 family.
Component of the multiprotein chromatin-remodeling complexes SWI/SNF.
Acts as an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase specific for ldb1, mediating ubiquitination and proteasome-dependent degradation of excess ldb1 in a RING-dependent manner. Does not degrade ldb1 bound to lhx1/lim1, nor lim1 itself and thus contributes to the establishment of proper ldb1-lhx1/lim1 stoichiometry and the formation of a ldb1-lhx1/lim1 complex. Interferes with Spemann organizer function and suppresses secondary axis formation induced by ldb1 and lhx1/lim1 (By similarity).
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Expressed at the cleavage stage, with expression levels remaining constant throughout early embryogenesis, with a slight increase at the late gastrula stage.
Forms homodimers through the C-terminal region. The N-terminus interacts with the homeobox of LIM/homeobox factor lhx1/lim1, with lhx3/lim3 and lhx5/lim5, and with the N-terminus of ldb1 (By similarity).
Belongs to the natural cytotoxicity receptor (NCR) family.
Homodimer in the unliganted form. Interacts with CD3Z. Interacts with and is activated by binding to NCR3LG1. Interacts with and is activated by binding to BAG6.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class YlqF/YawG GTPase family. NOG2 subfamily.
GTPase that associates with pre-60S ribosomal subunits in the nucleolus and is required for their nuclear export and maturation.
This protein is a cell adhesion molecule involved in neuron-neuron adhesion, neurite fasciculation, outgrowth of neurites, etc.
Mannosyltransferase involved in glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchor biosynthesis.
Autophosphorylation activates the kinase activity.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Shows biphasic expression during early development. Expressed ubiquitously in fertilized eggs and throughout the midblastula transition. Expression then decreases at mid-gastrulation. Shortly after gastrulation, expression is seen throughout the dorsal side of the embryo with expression strongest in the anterior and absent ventrally. Expression increases along the dorsal midline at early neurulation and is seen in the head region as neurulation progresses, particularly in the area of the cement gland primordium. Also present in the anterior mesoderm but is absent from the neural tube and the most ventral part of the embryo. Remains expressed throughout early embryogenesis. By the tailbud stages, expression is anterior, in the head and the most rostral part of the neural tube.
Tetramer of 2 alpha and 2 beta chains linked by disulfide bonds. The alpha chains contribute to the formation of the ligand-binding domain, while the beta chain carries the kinase domain (By similarity).
The cytoplasmic domain of the beta subunit is autophosphorylated on Tyr residues in response to low concentrations of insulin-like growth factor (IGF 1) and higher concentrations of insulin.
This receptor binds insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) with a high affinity and IGF2 with a lower affinity. It has a tyrosine-protein kinase activity, which is necessary for the activation of the IGF1-stimulated downstream signaling cascade. Plays a role in oocyte maturation. Promotes head development by inhibiting Wnt signaling during embryogenesis.
Small GTP-binding protein which cycles between an inactive GDP-bound and an active GTP-bound form, and the rate of cycling is regulated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEF) and GTPase-activating proteins (GAP). Required for normal cytokinesis and cilia signaling. Required for targeting proteins to the ciliary membrane by releasing myristoylated protein from unc119 cargo adapters into the cilium (By similarity).
Component of the CCR4-NOT complex which is one of the major cellular mRNA deadenylases and is linked to various cellular processes including bulk mRNA degradation, miRNA-mediated repression, translational repression during translational initiation and general transcription regulation. Additional complex functions may be a consequence of its influence on mRNA expression. Involved in down-regulation of MYB- and JUN-dependent transcription. Enhances ligand-dependent transcriptional activity of nuclear hormone receptors. May play a role in cell differentiation.
Homodimer. Component of the CCR4-NOT complex (By similarity).
Component of the pre-catalytic and catalytic spliceosome complexes. Component of the postcatalytic spliceosome P complex.
Required for pre-mRNA splicing as component of the activated spliceosome. Involved in the first step of pre-mRNA splicing. Binds directly to the internal stem-loop (ISL) domain of the U6 snRNA and to the pre-mRNA intron near the 5' splice site during the activation and catalytic phases of the spliceosome cycle.
The C-terminal RRM domain and the zinc finger motif are necessary for RNA-binding.
Component of the outer dynein arm-docking complex (ODA-DC) that mediates outer dynein arms (ODA) binding onto the doublet microtubule. Seems to regulate the assembly of both ODAs and their axonemal docking complex onto ciliary microtubules (By similarity). Regulates ciliary and flagellar motility and is required for cilia-driven determination of body laterality (By similarity).
Component of the outer dynein arm-docking complex along with ODAD1, ODAD2, ODAD3 and ODAD4.
Belongs to the sirtuin family. Class II subfamily.
NAD-dependent protein deacylase. Catalyzes the NAD-dependent hydrolysis of acyl groups from lysine residues.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase which accepts ubiquitin from an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme in the form of a thioester and transfers it to its substrates.
Involved in DNA double-strand break repair (DSBR). Possesses single-strand endonuclease activity and double-strand-specific 3'-5' exonuclease activity. Also involved in meiotic DSB processing.
Initially expressed in the Spemann organizer of early gastrula embryos. Expression in the organizer begins to decrease during late gastrulation and has disappeared by stage 11.5. Expression then persists and intensifies in the anterior neuroectoderm. Exhibits a dynamic expression pattern during neurulation and by neural tube closure (stage 20), expression is restricted to the cement gland anlage and epiphysis (pineal gland) anlagen. During tailbud stages, expression in the cement gland decreases and from stage 24, expression appears in the neural retina. By stage 37, expression becomes restricted to the outer and inner nuclear layers of the retina and the ciliary marginal zone (CMZ; the source of retinal growth). In mature embryonic retinas (stage 42), expressed preferentially in photoreceptors and in a subset of bipolar cells. Translation occurs during late retinogenesis and requires cell cycle progression with the timing of translation paralleling that of the generation of photoreceptor cells. In the CMZ, translation begins in early post-mitotic cells.
Transcription factor involved in anterior and eye development. Promotes the differentiation of both rod and cone photoreceptors cells in the retina. Together with other retinal homeobox proteins, acts as an effector of a cellular clock which, depending on cell cycle progression, establishes the generation of distinct retinal neuronal cell types. Acts synergistically with nrl to activate the rhodopsin promoter. Promotes the formation of anterior regions and represses the formation of posterior structures during development.
Acetylation is generally linked to gene activation. Acetylation on Lys-19 (H3K18ac) and Lys-24 (H3K24ac) favors methylation at Arg-18 (H3R17me). Acetylation at Lys-123 (H3K122ac) by EP300/p300 plays a central role in chromatin structure: localizes at the surface of the histone octamer and stimulates transcription, possibly by promoting nucleosome instability.
Phosphorylated at Thr-4 (H3T3ph) by HASPIN during prophase and dephosphorylated during anaphase. Phosphorylation at Ser-11 (H3S10ph) by aurkb is crucial for chromosome condensation and cell-cycle progression during mitosis and meiosis. In addition phosphorylation at Ser-11 (H3S10ph) by rps6ka4 and rps6ka5 is important during interphase because it enables the transcription of genes following external stimulation, like mitogens, stress, growth factors or UV irradiation and result in the activation of genes, such as c-fos and c-jun. Phosphorylation at Ser-11 (H3S10ph), which is linked to gene activation, prevents methylation at Lys-10 (H3K9me) but facilitates acetylation of H3 and H4. Phosphorylation at Ser-11 (H3S10ph) by aurkb mediates the dissociation of HP1 proteins (cbx1, cbx3 and cbx5) from heterochromatin. Phosphorylation at Ser-11 (H3S10ph) is also an essential regulatory mechanism for neoplastic cell transformation. Phosphorylated at Ser-29 (H3S28ph) by map3k20 isoform 1, rps6ka5 or aurkb during mitosis or upon ultraviolet B irradiation. Phosphorylation at Thr-7 (H3T6ph) by prkcb is a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional activation that prevents demethylation of Lys-5 (H3K4me) by lsd1/kdm1a. At centromeres, specifically phosphorylated at Thr-12 (H3T11ph) from prophase to early anaphase, by DAPK3 and PKN1. Phosphorylation at Thr-12 (H3T11ph) by PKN1 or isoform M2 of PKM (PKM2) is a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional activation that promotes demethylation of Lys-10 (H3K9me) by kdm4c/jmjd2c. Phosphorylation at Tyr-42 (H3Y41ph) by jak2 promotes exclusion of cbx5 (HP1 alpha) from chromatin. Phosphorylation on Ser-32 (H3S31ph) is specific to regions bordering centromeres in metaphase chromosomes.
Serine ADP-ribosylation constitutes the primary form of ADP-ribosylation of proteins in response to DNA damage. Serine ADP-ribosylation at Ser-11 (H3S10ADPr) is mutually exclusive with phosphorylation at Ser-11 (H3S10ph) and impairs acetylation at Lys-10 (H3K9ac).
Specific interaction of trimethylated form at 'Lys-36' (H3.3K36me3) with zmynd11 is mediated by the encapsulation of Ser-32 residue with a composite pocket formed by the tandem bromo-PWWP domains.
Specifically enriched in modifications associated with active chromatin such as methylation at Lys-5 (H3K4me), Lys-37 (H3K36me) and Lys-80 (H3K79me) are linked to gene activation. Methylation at Lys-5 (H3K4me) facilitates subsequent acetylation of H3 and H4. Methylation at Lys-80 (H3K79me) is associated with DNA double-strand break (DSB) responses and is a specific target for tp53bp1. Methylation at Lys-10 (H3K9me) and Lys-28 (H3K27me) are linked to gene repression. Methylation at Lys-10 (H3K9me) is a specific target for HP1 proteins (cbx1, cbx3 and cbx5) and prevents subsequent phosphorylation at Ser-11 (H3S10ph) and acetylation of H3 and H4. Methylation at Lys-5 (H3K4me) and Lys-80 (H3K79me) require preliminary monoubiquitination of H2B at 'Lys-120' (By similarity).
The nucleosome is a histone octamer containing two molecules each of H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assembled in one H3-H4 heterotetramer and two H2A-H2B heterodimers. The octamer wraps approximately 147 bp of DNA. Interacts with zmynd11; when trimethylated at 'Lys-36' (H3.3K36me3).
Variant histone H3 which replaces conventional H3 in a wide range of nucleosomes in active genes. Constitutes the predominant form of histone H3 in non-dividing cells and is incorporated into chromatin independently of DNA synthesis. Deposited at sites of nucleosomal displacement throughout transcribed genes, suggesting that it represents an epigenetic imprint of transcriptionally active chromatin. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS26 family.
Not expressed maternally. Expressed throughout the neural plate at stage 13. Expressed in trigeminal ganglia at stage 20. Expressed in the spinal cord, hindbrain and ventral floor of the fore- and midbrain at early tailbud stages. Expressed throughout the CNS, including eyes, epiphyse, nasal pits, cranial ganglia and nerves at stage 38.
Although the SET domain contains the active site of enzymatic activity, both pre-SET and post-SET domains are required for methyltransferase activity. The SET domain also participates in stable binding to heterochromatin (By similarity).
Histone methyltransferase that specifically trimethylates 'Lys-9' of histone H3 using monomethylated H3 'Lys-9' as substrate. H3 'Lys-9' trimethylation represents a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional repression by recruiting HP1 (CBX1, CBX3 and/or CBX5) proteins to methylated histones. Mainly functions in heterochromatin regions, thereby playing a central role in the establishment of constitutive heterochromatin at pericentric and telomere regions. H3 'Lys-9' trimethylation is also required to direct DNA methylation at pericentric repeats. SUV39H1 is targeted to histone H3 via its interaction with RB1 and is involved in many processes (By similarity).
Forms complexes (ribonucleosomes) with at least 20 other different hnRNP and heterogeneous nuclear RNA in the nucleus.
Belongs to the snail C2H2-type zinc-finger protein family.
By two classes of mesoderm inducing factors: transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) family and fibroblast growth factor (FGF).
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Expressed in embryos at a low level prior to the onset of zygotic transcription. Zygotically first expressed at stage 9, increasing to a plateau from stage 12 to 18, and decreasing to some extent after stage 25, although expression persists until at least stage 40.
Interacts (via SNAG domain) with limd1 (via LIM domains), wtip (via LIM domains) and ajuba (via LIM domains) (PubMed:18331720). Interacts with elp3; the interaction inhibits snai1 ubiquitination and promotes snai1 stability (PubMed:27189455).
Maternal expression is nearly completely restricted to the vegetal hemisphere. Zygotic expression begins in the dorsal marginal zone just before gastrulation (stage 9), and is almost completely absent in the animal hemisphere. At mid-gastrula (stage 11-11.5), expression begins in the ectoderm in an arc surrounding the prospective neural plate. From stage 12, anterior expression is down-regulated, while levels are increased in the prospective neural crest.
Transcriptional repressor. Acts upstream of snai2/slug, zic5 and other neural crest markers in the specification of the neural crest and neural crest migration. Involved in embryonic mesoderm formation.
Facilitative glucose transporter required for the development of the cardiovascular system.
Regulator of the TOR pathway, a signaling cascade that promotes cell growth in response to growth factors, energy levels, and amino acids. As part of the Ragulator complex, may activate the TOR signaling cascade in response to amino acids. May play a role in late endosomes/lysosomes biogenesis and regulate both the recycling of receptors through endosomes and the MAPK signaling pathway. May be involved in cholesterol homeostasis. May also play a role in RHOA activation (By similarity). Involved in the control of embryonic stem cells differentiation; together with FLCN it is necessary to recruit and activate RRAGC/RagC and RRAGD/RagD at the lysosomes, and to induce exit of embryonic stem cells from pluripotency via non-canonical, mTOR-independent TFE3 inactivation (By similarity).
Involved in the lipid remodeling steps of GPI-anchor maturation. Required for stable expression of GPI-anchored proteins at the cell surface (By similarity).
Involved in the lipid remodeling steps of GPI-anchor maturation. Required for stable expression of GPI-anchored proteins at the cell surface.
Regulates cell junction organization in epithelial cells. May play a role in the transition from adherens junction to tight junction assembly.
Component of the nexin-dynein regulatory complex (N-DRC).
Expression begins after the mid-blastula transition, peaks during gastrulation and is completely extinguished at the end of neurulation, before reappearing in swimming tadpoles.
First expressed within the dorsolateral ectoderm, except for the organizer territory. During gastrulation, expressed in 2 ectodermal stripes adjacent to the dorsal midline. With the onset of neurulation, expression shifts first to the neural plate before settling on the bottom of the neural tube, on top of the notochord. Expression is then absent until stage 35, at which stage a pair of cells in the fourth rhombomere in the dorsolateral outer area of the rhombencephalon show expression. This is followed shortly afterwards by expression in a pair of cells in rhombomere 6 at the ventricular side of the rhombencephalon.
Antizyme inhibitor (AZI) protein that positively regulates ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity and polyamine uptake. AZI is an enzymatically inactive ODC homolog that counteracts the negative effect of ODC antizyme (AZ) on ODC activity by competing with ODC for antizyme-binding. Inhibits antizyme-dependent ODC degradation and releases ODC monomers from their inactive complex with antizymes, leading to formation of the catalytically active ODC homodimer and restoring polyamine production. Participates in the morphological integrity of the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and functions as a regulator of intracellular secretory vesicle trafficking.
Belongs to the Orn/Lys/Arg decarboxylase class-II family. ODC antizyme inhibitor subfamily.
Endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment
Expression is first detected at the animal pole at stage 9. During neurula stages it is found both in the extreme anterior and posterior part of the dorsal body axis. In tailbud stages the expression is further shifted to both the tail and head areas and gradually restricted to distinct tissues: forebrain, inner layer of epidermis of the head area, stomodeal-hypophyseal anlage, frontal gland, ear vesicle, branchial arches, the front tip of neural tube and proctodeum.
Human ortholog was initially reported to have ornithine decarboxylase or arginine decarboxylase activities, but it was later found that the mouse ortholog does not possess either of them.
Monomer. Interacts with OAZ1; this interaction disrupts the interaction between the antizyme and ODC1. Does not form a heterodimer with ODC1.
The N-terminus domain is necessary for its localization to the ER-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC).
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. BUD32 family.
Belongs to the ubiquitin-activating E1 family. ULA1 subfamily.
Heterodimer of uba3 and nae1. The complex binds nedd8 and ube2m (By similarity).
Regulatory subunit of the dimeric uba3-nae1 E1 enzyme. E1 activates nedd8 by first adenylating its C-terminal glycine residue with ATP, thereafter linking this residue to the side chain of the catalytic cysteine, yielding a nedd8-uba3 thioester and free AMP. E1 finally transfers nedd8 to the catalytic cysteine of ube2m (By similarity).
As part of a BORC-like complex may play a role in lysosomes movement and localization at the cell periphery. Associated with the cytosolic face of lysosomes, this complex may couple lysosomes to microtubule plus-end-directed kinesin motor. May also be involved in the biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles such as melanosomes.
Adapter protein of the Toll-like and IL-1 receptor signaling pathway that is involved in the activation of NF-kappa-B.
Required for efficient assembly of mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase.
Histone methyltransferase that specifically trimethylates 'Lys-20' of histone H4 to form trimethylated histone H4 lysine 20 (H4K20me3) which represents a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional repression.
Associates with the 60S ribosomal subunit.
Required for the assembly of mature ribosomes and ribosome biogenesis. Together with EFL1, triggers the GTP-dependent release of eif6 from 60S pre-ribosomes in the cytoplasm, thereby activating ribosomes for translation competence by allowing 80S ribosome assembly and facilitating eif6 recycling to the nucleus, where it is required for 60S rRNA processing and nuclear export. Required for normal levels of protein synthesis. May play a role in cellular stress resistance. May play a role in cellular response to DNA damage. May play a role in cell proliferation (By similarity).
Acts as E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase and regulates the degradation of target proteins.
Catalyzes the formation of diacylglycerol from 2-monoacylglycerol and fatty acyl-CoA. Probably not involved in absorption of dietary fat in the small intestine.
This enzyme scavenges exogenous and endogenous cytidine and 2'-deoxycytidine for UMP synthesis.
Binds 2 divalent metal cations per subunit.
Belongs to the inward rectifier-type potassium channel (TC 1.A.2.1) family. KCNJ6 subfamily.
Participates in the initial step of the glucosylceramide-based glycosphingolipid/GSL synthetic pathway at the cytosolic surface of the Golgi. Catalyzes the transfer of glucose from UDP-glucose to ceramide to produce glucosylceramide/GlcCer (such as beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1')-N-acylsphing-4-enine). Glucosylceramide is the core component of glycosphingolipids/GSLs, amphipathic molecules consisting of a ceramide lipid moiety embedded in the outer leaflet of the membrane, linked to one of hundreds of different externally oriented oligosaccharide structures. Glycosphingolipids are essential components of membrane microdomains that mediate membrane trafficking and signal transduction. They are implicated in many fundamental cellular processes, including growth, differentiation, migration, morphogenesis, cell-to-cell and cell-to-matrix interactions (By similarity). Catalyzes the synthesis of xylosylceramide/XylCer (such as beta-D-xylosyl-(1<->1')-N-acylsphing-4-enine) using UDP-Xyl as xylose donor (By similarity).
The D1, D2, D3, (Q/R)XXRW motif is a critical part of the GCS active site, involved in catalysis and UDP-sugar binding.
Belongs to the transient receptor (TC 1.A.4) family. STrpC subfamily. TRPC1 sub-subfamily.
Thought to form a receptor-activated non-selective calcium permeant cation channel. Probably is operated by a phosphatidylinositol second messenger system activated by receptor tyrosine kinases or G-protein coupled receptors. Seems to be also activated by intracellular calcium store depletion.
Component of the TFIID basal transcription factor complex, composed of TATA-box-binding protein tbp, and a number of TBP-associated factors (TAFs).
Homotetramer (in vitro). Heterotetramer with HSD17B8; contains two molecules each of HSD17B8 and CBR4.
The heterotetramer with HSD17B8 has NADH-dependent 3-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein reductase activity, and thereby plays a role in mitochondrial fatty acid biosynthesis. Within the heterotetramer, HSD17B8 binds NADH; CBR4 binds NADPD. The homotetramer has NADPH-dependent quinone reductase activity. Both homotetramer and the heterotetramer have broad in vitro substrate specificity and can reduce 9,10-phenanthrenequinone, 1,4-benzoquinone and various other o-quinones and p-quinones.
Acts specifically as a negative regulator of skeletal muscle growth.
Fructose 1-phosphate and fructose 6-phosphate compete for the same binding site.
Interacts (fructose 6-phosphate bound form) with gck.
Regulates glucokinase (gck) by forming an inactive complex with this enzyme (PubMed:23733961). The affinity of gckr for gck is modulated by fructose metabolites: gckr with bound fructose 6-phosphate has increased affinity for gck, while gckr with bound fructose 1-phosphate has strongly decreased affinity for gck and does not inhibit gck activity (PubMed:23733961).
Belongs to the purine/pyrimidine phosphoribosyltransferase family.
First detectable at the neural plate stage in the stomodeal-hypophyseal (pituitary) anlage and in the neural plate. At later stages it persists in the pituitary and pineal, retina, hindbrain and spinal cord.
In dorsal regions at neural tube and tailbud stages and in adults predominantly in the pituitary gland and weakly in the eye and brain.
Interacts with ldb1 and with the N-terminus of rnf12.
Transcription factor (By similarity). May be involved in the specification and maintenance of differentiation of distinct neuronal and neuroendocrine tissues. Early marker for the pituitary and pineal lineages, it may be involved in specifying these lineages.
Adds the eighth mannose residue in an alpha-1,6 linkage onto the dolichol-PP-oligosaccharide precursor (dolichol-PP-Man(7)GlcNAc(2)) required for protein glycosylation.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 22 family.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS31 family.
Ribosomal protein S27a is part of the 40S ribosomal subunit.
Belongs to the SMC family. SMC3 subfamily.
Central component of cohesin, a complex required for chromosome cohesion during the cell cycle. The cohesin complex may form a large proteinaceous ring within which sister chromatids can be trapped. At anaphase, the complex is cleaved and dissociates from chromatin, allowing sister chromatids to segregate. Cohesion is coupled to DNA replication and is involved in DNA repair. The cohesin complex also plays an important role in spindle pole assembly during mitosis and in chromosomes movement.
Probable S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyltransferase that acts as a component of the wybutosine biosynthesis pathway. Wybutosine is a hyper modified guanosine with a tricyclic base found at the 3'-position adjacent to the anticodon of eukaryotic phenylalanine tRNA (By similarity).
Functions as an activator of NF-kappa-B through increased phosphorylation of the IKK complex. May function in neuronal cells differentiation. May play a role in vesicular transport from endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi (By similarity).
Catalyzes the transfer of a geranyl-geranyl moiety from geranyl-geranyl pyrophosphate to cysteines occuring in specific C-terminal amino acid sequences.
Catalyzes the transfer of a geranylgeranyl moiety from geranylgeranyl diphosphate to both cysteines of Rab proteins with the C-terminal sequence -XXCC, -XCXC and -CCXX, such as RAB1A, RAB3A, RAB5A and RAB7A.
Belongs to the membrane-bound acyltransferase family. Sterol o-acyltransferase subfamily.
Adapter protein that provides a critical link between cell surface growth factor receptors and the Ras signaling pathway (By similarity). Promotes meiotic reinitiation during oocyte maturation.
The two SH3 domains and the SH2 domain are necessary for the reinitiation of oocyte meiosis.
Belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily. LCMT family.
Methylates the carboxyl group of the C-terminal leucine residue of protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunits to form alpha-leucine ester residues.
Catalyzes the ATP-dependent ligation of cysteine to tRNA(Cys).
Transporter that mediates the import of reduced folates.
Broadly expressed at low levels at all stages.
Devoided of intrinsic deacetylase activity, promotes the deacetylation of lysine residues on the N-terminal part of the core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) by recruiting other histone deacetylases. Histone deacetylation gives a tag for epigenetic repression and plays an important role in transcriptional regulation, cell cycle progression and developmental events. Represses MEF2-dependent transcription.
Homodimer (By similarity). Interacts with mef2.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DEAH subfamily. DDX11/CHL1 sub-subfamily.
Acyltransferase which catalyzes the transfert of an acyl group from an acyl-CoA to a lysophosphatidylinositol (1-acylglycerophosphatidylinositol or LPI) leading to the production of a phosphatidylinositol (1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoinositol or PI) and participates in the reacylation step of the phospholipid remodeling pathway also known as the Lands cycle. Prefers arachidonoyl-CoA as the acyl donor, thus contributing to the regulation of free levels arachidonic acid in cell.
Belongs to the membrane-bound acyltransferase family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the FGAMS family.
Probable acetyltransferase, which acetylates the inositol ring of phosphatidylinositol during biosynthesis of GPI-anchor.
Homomultimerizes and interacts with various extracellular matrix components.
Incorporated into fibronectin-containing matrix fibers. May play a role in cell adhesion and migration along protein fibers within the extracellular matrix (ECM). Could be important for certain developmental processes and contribute to the supramolecular organization of ECM architecture, in particular to those of basement membranes.
Required for several aspects of embryonic development including normal development of the eye.
This precursor contains seven copies of thyroliberin.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. At the early gastrula stage, expressed mainly in the entire animal hemisphere. During neurulation, its expression becomes restricted to the anterior neuroectoderm. At the tailbud stage, expressed in various anterior regions including the anterior central nervous system (CNS), otic vesicles and branchial arches.
Homooligomer. Interacts with banf1-a and banf1-b. Interacts with ran-gtp.
In concert with ran, required for proper eye development (PubMed:25946333). May be involved in the expression of early eye marker genes (PubMed:19167377). Contributes to nuclear envelope stiffness in germ cells (By similarity). Required for fertility (By similarity).
Morpholino knockdown results in defects in eye development, reduced expression of early eye marker genes rax, tbx3, six3 and pax6 and reduction of cell density at the neurula stage. Co-knockdown of nemp1a and ran elicits reduction of cell density and eye defects more significantly than the individual knockdown of either one.
The transmembrane domains are required and sufficient for its oligomerization.
Troponin I is the inhibitory subunit of troponin, the thin filament regulatory complex which confers calcium-sensitivity to striated muscle actomyosin ATPase activity.
Although it shares weak sequence similarity with GTF2B/TFIIB, displays a similar subdomain organization as GTF2B/TFIIB, with a N-terminal zinc finger, a connecting region (composed of B-reader and B-linker regions), followed by 2 cyclin folds. The RRN7-type zinc finger plays an essential postrecruitment role in Pol I transcription at a step preceding synthesis of the first 40 nucleotides (By similarity).
Component of RNA polymerase I core factor complex that acts as a GTF2B/TFIIB-like factor and plays a key role in multiple steps during transcription initiation such as pre-initiation complex (PIC) assembly and postpolymerase recruitment events in polymerase I (Pol I) transcription. Binds rDNA promoters and plays a role in Pol I recruitment (By similarity).
Component of the Arp2/3 complex, a multiprotein complex that mediates actin polymerization upon stimulation by nucleation-promoting factor (NPF) (PubMed:17178911). The Arp2/3 complex mediates the formation of branched actin networks in the cytoplasm, providing the force for cell motility (PubMed:17178911). In addition to its role in the cytoplasmic cytoskeleton, the Arp2/3 complex also promotes actin polymerization in the nucleus, thereby regulating gene transcription and repair of damaged DNA (Probable). The Arp2/3 complex promotes homologous recombination (HR) repair in response to DNA damage by promoting nuclear actin polymerization, leading to drive motility of double-strand breaks (DSBs) (By similarity).
Expressed at low levels during early embryogenesis and at highest levels between NF19 and NF28. Expressed in the involuting mesoderm of the gastrula. Expressed in non-neural ectoderm of the early neurula, and excluded from neural plate.
Transcription factor required for smad1 and smad2-mediated responses to TGFbeta during mesoderm induction.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS25 family.
Phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) phosphatase that specifically hydrolyzes the 5-phosphate of phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate (PtdIns(3,4,5)P3) to produce PtdIns(3,4)P2, thereby negatively regulating the PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase) pathways. Able also to hydrolyzes the 5-phosphate of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(4,5)P3) and inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate. Acts as a negative regulator of B-cell antigen receptor signaling. Mediates signaling from the FC-gamma-RIIB receptor (FCGR2B), playing a central role in terminating signal transduction from activating immune/hematopoietic cell receptor systems. Acts as a negative regulator of myeloid cell proliferation/survival and chemotaxis, mast cell degranulation, immune cells homeostasis, integrin alpha-IIb/beta-3 signaling in platelets and JNK signaling in B-cells.
The NPXY sequence motif found in many tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins is required for the specific binding of the PID domain.
The SH2 domain interacts with tyrosine phosphorylated forms of proteins.
Tyrosine phosphorylated by the members of the SRC family after exposure to a diverse array of extracellular stimuli.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFA8 subunit family.
Histone deacetylase that catalyzes the deacetylation of lysine residues on the N-terminal part of the core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4). Histone deacetylation gives a tag for epigenetic repression and plays an important role in transcriptional regulation, cell cycle progression and developmental events. Histone deacetylases act via the formation of large multiprotein complexes. Also involved in the deacetylation of non-histone proteins. In addition to protein deacetylase activity, also has protein-lysine deacylase activity: acts as a protein decrotonylase by mediating decrotonylation ((2E)-butenoyl) of histones.
Its activity is inhibited by trichostatin A (TSA) and butyrate, 2 well known histone deacetylase inhibitors.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that mediates ubiquitination of Delta receptors, which act as ligands of Notch proteins. Positively regulates the Delta-mediated Notch signaling by ubiquitinating the intracellular domain of Delta, leading to endocytosis of Delta receptors (By similarity).
Belongs to the class-V pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family. SerC subfamily.
Catalyzes the reversible conversion of 3-phosphohydroxypyruvate to phosphoserine and of 3-hydroxy-2-oxo-4-phosphonooxybutanoate to phosphohydroxythreonine.
Part of the SNAPc complex composed of 5 subunits: SNAPC1, SNAPC2, SNAPC3, SNAPC4 and SNAPC5. SNAPC3 interacts with SNAPC1.
Part of the SNAPc complex required for the transcription of both RNA polymerase II and III small-nuclear RNA genes. Binds to the proximal sequence element (PSE), a non-TATA-box basal promoter element common to these 2 types of genes. Recruits TBP and BRF2 to the U6 snRNA TATA box.
Belongs to the metallo-dependent hydrolases superfamily. Phosphotriesterase family.
Belongs to the glutaminyl-peptide cyclotransferase family.
Uniporter that mediates the transport of neutral amino acids like L-tryptophan, proline and alanine. The transport activity is sodium ions-independent, electroneutral and therefore functions via facilitated diffusion.
Modulates postsynaptic dendritic arbor elaboration and synaptic maturation.
May be involved in Golgi maintenance and protein secretion.
Receptor for MSH (alpha, beta and gamma) and ACTH. The activity of this receptor is mediated by G proteins which activate adenylate cyclase. This receptor is a possible mediator of the immunomodulation properties of melanocortins.
Has intrinsic E3 ubiquitin ligase activity and promotes ubiquitination.
Belongs to the class-II aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family. Alax-L subfamily.
Catalyzes the attachment of alanine to tRNA(Ala) in a two-step reaction: alanine is first activated by ATP to form Ala-AMP and then transferred to the acceptor end of tRNA(Ala). Also edits incorrectly charged tRNA(Ala) via its editing domain.
Consists of three domains; the N-terminal catalytic domain, the editing domain and the C-terminal C-Ala domain. The editing domain removes incorrectly charged amino acids, while the C-Ala domain, along with tRNA(Ala), serves as a bridge to cooperatively bring together the editing and aminoacylation centers thus stimulating deacylation of misacylated tRNAs.
Monomer. Interacts with ANKRD16; the interaction is direct.
Belongs to the autoinducer-2 exporter (AI-2E) (TC 2.A.86) family.
The pharmacological activities of caerulein are quite similar to the physiological activities of gastrin and related peptides.
Belongs to the potassium channel family. H (Eag) (TC 1.A.1.20) subfamily. Kv11.1/KCNH2 sub-subfamily.
Contaminating sequence. Sequence of unknown origin in the C-terminal part.
Inhibits amyloid precursor protein processing, probably by blocking BACE1 activity (By similarity). Enhances trafficking of the glutamate transporter SLC1A1/EAAC1 from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cell surface (By similarity). Plays a role in the translocation of SLC2A4/GLUT4 from intracellular membranes to the cell membrane which facilitates the uptake of glucose into the cell (By similarity).
Isoform B and isoform C are expressed zygotically from the early neurula stage, with expression maintained until the tadpole stage.
Isoform B is expressed in the anterior structure at the mid-neurula stage, localizing to the neural plate and eye anlagen by the late neurula stage through till the early tail bud stage. In stage 25 embryos, expressed in the head and neural tissues. Expression is restricted to specific regions of the brain during the tadpole stages. Isoform C is expressed in the paraxial mesoderm at the mid-neurula stage, with expression shifting posteriorly as the neural fold closes. At later stages, expressed in the myotome of the somite and in specific regions of the brain.
The regulatory loop blocks the catalytic center by bridging the methyltransferase domain and the C-terminal CCHC-type zinc finger, resulting in an autoinhibitory conformation.
rRNA N6-methyltransferase that specifically methylates the adenine in position 4220 of 28S rRNA. N6-methylation of adenine(4220) in 28S rRNA is required for translation.
Mediates sulfate transport with high affinity. Mediates oxalate transport. Mediates bicarbonate transport. Does not accept succinate as cosubstrate.
Belongs to the Integrator subunit 4 family.
Belongs to the multiprotein complex Integrator.
Component of the Integrator complex, a complex involved in the small nuclear RNAs (snRNA) U1 and U2 transcription and in their 3'-box-dependent processing.
Belongs to the aldo/keto reductase family. Glutamate--cysteine ligase light chain subfamily.
Heterodimer of a catalytic heavy chain and a regulatory light chain.
Transcriptional activator that mediates FGF signaling during neural development (By similarity). Plays a role in the regulation of cell movement (By similarity). Does not bind DNA by itself (By similarity).
Associates with the RNA polymerase II complex.
Protein phosphatase that displays CTD phosphatase activity and regulates transcription of snRNA genes. Recognizes and binds phosphorylated 'Ser-7' of the C-terminal heptapeptide repeat domain (CTD) of the largest RNA polymerase II subunit POLR2A, and mediates dephosphorylation of 'Ser-5' of the CTD, thereby promoting transcription of snRNA genes.
Part of the tectonic-like complex (also named B9 complex).
The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor mediates various cellular responses, including inhibition of adenylate cyclase, breakdown of phosphoinositides and modulation of potassium channels through the action of G proteins. Primary transducing effect is Pi turnover.
Functions as transcription repressor, probably via its interaction with histone deacetylase complexes. Involved in the functional recruitment of the class 1 Sin3-histone deacetylase complex (HDAC) to the nucleolus. Binds DNA, apparently without sequence-specificity, and bends bound double-stranded DNA. Binds phosphoinositol phosphates (phosphoinositol 3-phosphate, phosphoinositol 4-phosphate and phosphoinositol 5-phosphate) via the same basic sequence motif that mediates DNA binding and nuclear import.
Interacts with components of the histone deacetylase complex sin3a, hdac1 and hdac2. Binds histones and nucleosomes.
The zinc-finger domain mediates direct interaction with DNA and phosphoinositol phosphates (phosphoinositol 3-phosphate, phosphoinositol 4-phosphate and phosphoinositol 5-phosphate). In vitro oxydation causes reversible disulfide bond formation between Cys residues in the zinc-finger domain and reversible loss of zinc ion binding.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 41 family. O-GlcNAc transferase subfamily.
Belongs to the potassium channel family. A (Shaker) (TC 1.A.1.2) subfamily. Kv1.2/KCNA2 sub-subfamily.
Belongs to the CWC16 family. YJU2 subfamily.
Component of the spliceosome. Present in the activated B complex, the catalytically activated B* complex which catalyzes the branching, the catalytic step 1 C complex catalyzing the exon ligation, and the postcatalytic P complex containing the ligated exons (mRNA) and the excised lariat intron.
Part of the spliceosome which catalyzes two sequential transesterification reactions, first the excision of the non-coding intron from pre-mRNA and then the ligation of the coding exons to form the mature mRNA. Plays a role in stabilizing the structure of the spliceosome catalytic core and docking of the branch helix into the active site, producing 5'-exon and lariat intron-3'-intermediates. May protect cells from TP53-dependent apoptosis upon dsDNA break damage through association with PRP19-CD5L complex.
Catalyzes the cleavage of citrate into oxaloacetate and acetyl-CoA, the latter serving as common substrate for de novo cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the succinate/malate CoA ligase alpha subunit family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the succinate/malate CoA ligase beta subunit family.
Phosphorylates deoxyguanosine in the mitochondrial matrix with high efficiency but shows very low activity against other deoxynucleosides.
Arginine methyltransferase that can both catalyze the formation of omega-N monomethylarginine (MMA) and symmetrical dimethylarginine (sDMA), with a preference for the formation of MMA. Specifically mediates the symmetrical dimethylation of arginine residues in the small nuclear ribonucleoproteins Sm D1 (SNRPD1) and Sm D3 (SNRPD3); such methylation being required for the assembly and biogenesis of snRNP core particles. Specifically mediates the symmetric dimethylation of histone H4 'Arg-3' to form H4R3me2s. Plays a role in gene imprinting by being recruited by CTCFL at the H19 imprinted control region (ICR) and methylating histone H4 to form H4R3me2s, possibly leading to recruit DNA methyltransferases at these sites. May also play a role in embryonic stem cell (ESC) pluripotency. Also able to mediate the arginine methylation of histone H2A and myelin basic protein (MBP) in vitro; the relevance of such results is however unclear in vivo.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. Protein arginine N-methyltransferase family. PRMT7 subfamily.
Belongs to the ELO family. ELOVL7 subfamily.
Catalyzes the first and rate-limiting reaction of the four reactions that constitute the long-chain fatty acids elongation cycle. This endoplasmic reticulum-bound enzymatic process allows the addition of 2 carbons to the chain of long- and very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) per cycle. Condensing enzyme with higher activity toward C18 acyl-CoAs, especially C18:3(n-3) acyl-CoAs and C18:3(n-6)-CoAs. Also active toward C20:4-, C18:0-, C18:1-, C18:2- and C16:0-CoAs, and weakly toward C20:0-CoA. Little or no activity toward C22:0-, C24:0-, or C26:0-CoAs. May participate to the production of saturated and polyunsaturated VLCFAs of different chain lengths that are involved in multiple biological processes as precursors of membrane lipids and lipid mediators.
Responsible for the deiodination of T4 (3,5,3',5'-tetraiodothyronine) into T3 (3,5,3'-triiodothyronine) and of T3 into T2 (3,3'-diiodothyronine).
Component of the RISC loading complex (RLC), or micro-RNA (miRNA) loading complex (miRLC), which is composed of dicer1, ago2 and tarbp2. Note that the trimeric RLC/miRLC is also referred to as RISC.
Required for RNA-mediated gene silencing (RNAi) by the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). The 'minimal RISC' appears to include ago2 bound to a short guide RNA such as a microRNA (miRNA) or short interfering RNA (siRNA). These guide RNAs direct RISC to complementary mRNAs that are targets for RISC-mediated gene silencing. The precise mechanism of gene silencing depends on the degree of complementarity between the miRNA or siRNA and its target. Binding of RISC to a perfectly complementary mRNA generally results in silencing due to endonucleolytic cleavage of the mRNA specifically by ago2. Binding of RISC to a partially complementary mRNA results in silencing through inhibition of translation, and this is independent of endonuclease activity. The inhibition of translational initiation leads to the accumulation of the affected mRNA in cytoplasmic processing bodies (P-bodies), where mRNA degradation may subsequently occur.
The Piwi domain may perform RNA cleavage by a mechanism similar to that of RNase H. However, while RNase H utilizes a triad of Asp-Asp-Glu (DDE) for metal ion coordination, this protein appears to utilize a triad of Asp-Asp-His (DDH).
Dual specificity phosphatase able to dephosphorylate phosphotyrosine, phosphoserine and phosphothreonine residues within the same substrate, with a preference for phosphotyrosine as a substrate (By similarity). Involved in the modulation of AMPK and MAPK1/2 signaling pathway (By similarity).
Catalyzes the last step of tRNA splicing, the transfer of the splice junction 2'-phosphate from ligated tRNA to NAD to produce ADP-ribose 1''-2'' cyclic phosphate.
DNA-binding protein that regulates the transcription of several genes and is involved in heart development and limb pattern formation (PubMed:10079235). May bind to the core DNA motif of promoters (By similarity).
Expressed exclusively in the developing heart and eye. Expression begins within a subset of cardioblasts at neurula stages and continues within the heart during morphogenesis at later tadpole stages. Within the heart tube, expressed in all but the most anterior domain, the bulbus cordis.
Monomer. Homodimer (via the T-box); binds DNA as homodimer.
The T-Box domain binds to double-stranded DNA.
Belongs to the eukaryotic release factor 1 family.
Directs the termination of nascent peptide synthesis (translation) in response to the termination codons UAA, UAG and UGA (PubMed:7990965). Component of the transient SURF complex which recruits UPF1 to stalled ribosomes in the context of nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) of mRNAs containing premature stop codons (By similarity). Required for SHFL-mediated translation termination which inhibits programmed ribosomal frameshifting (-1PRF) of mRNA from viruses and cellular genes.
Heterodimer of two subunits, one of which binds GTP (By similarity). Component of the transient SURF (SMG1-UPF1-eRF1-eRF3) complex (By similarity).
Belongs to the ubiquitin-activating E1 family. UBA5 subfamily.
E1-like enzyme which specifically catalyzes the first step in ufmylation. Activates ufm1 by first adenylating its C-terminal glycine residue with ATP, and thereafter linking this residue to the side chain of a cysteine residue in E1, yielding a ufm1-E1 thioester and free AMP. Activates ufm1 via a trans-binding mechanism, in which ufm1 interacts with distinct sites in both subunits of the uba5 homodimer. Trans-binding also promotes stabilization of the uba5 homodimer, and enhances ATP-binding. Transfer of ufm1 from uba5 to the E2-like enzyme UFC1 also takes place using a trans mechanism. Ufmylation is involved in reticulophagy (also called ER-phagy) induced in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress.
Homodimer; homodimerization is required for ufm1 activation. Interacts (via UIS motif) with ufm1; binds ufm1 via a trans-binding mechanism in which ufm1 interacts with distinct sites in both subunits of the uba5 homodimer. Interacts (via C-terminus) with ufc1.
Belongs to the TFIIF alpha subunit family.
Phosphorylated on Ser and other residues by TAF1 and casein kinase II-like kinases.
TFIIF is a general transcription initiation factor that binds to RNA polymerase II and helps to recruit it to the initiation complex in collaboration with TFIIB. It promotes transcription elongation.
Expressed in the developing intestine both prior to and during remodeling (stages NF54 to NF66).
F-box-like protein which acts as an integral component of the N-CoR transcriptional corepressor complex. Probably regulates transcription activation mediated by nuclear receptors. May mediate the recruitment of the 19S proteasome complex, leading to the subsequent proteasomal degradation of the N-CoR complex, thereby allowing cofactor exchange and transcription activation (By similarity).
Interacts with heterodimers of rxra and thrb, and this interaction is abrogated by thyroid hormone binding to thrb. Interacts with ncor1.
The F-box-like domain is related to the F-box domain, and also functions to recruit ubiquitin E3 ligase complexes.
NAD(H)-dependent dehydrogenase/reductase with a preference for cyclic substrates (By similarity). Catalyzes stereoselective conversion of 4-oxo-L-proline to cis-4-hydroxy-L-proline, likely a detoxification mechanism for ketoprolines (By similarity). Mediates the formation of 2,5-dihydroxybenzoate (2,5-DHBA), a siderophore that chelates free cytoplasmic iron, thereby regulating iron transport and homeostasis while protecting cells against free radical-induced oxidative stress. The iron-siderophore complex is imported into mitochondria, providing an iron source for mitochondrial metabolic processes in particular heme synthesis (By similarity). May act as a 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (By similarity).
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bS18 family.
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Second largest core component of RNA polymerase I which synthesizes ribosomal RNA precursors. Proposed to contribute to the polymerase catalytic activity and forms the polymerase active center together with the largest subunit. Pol I is composed of mobile elements and RPA2 is part of the core element with the central large cleft and probably a clamp element that moves to open and close the cleft.
Expressed at high levels in oocytes and at lower levels in brain and spinal cord. Below detection level in lung, heart, kidney, liver, muscle, stomach, and intestine.
Receptor for lysophosphatidic acid (LPA)(PubMed:11278944). Plays a role in the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton, cell migration, differentiation and proliferation, and thereby contributes to the responses to tissue damage and infectious agents. Activates downstream signaling cascades via the G(i)/G(o), G(12)/G(13), and G(q) families of heteromeric G proteins. Signaling inhibits adenylyl cyclase activity and decreases cellular cAMP levels (PubMed:11278944). Signaling triggers an increase of cytoplasmic Ca(2+) levels. Signaling leads to the activation of phospholipase C (PLC) and the formation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate. Signaling mediates activation of down-stream MAP kinases (By similarity). Contributes to the regulation of cell shape (PubMed:11278944). Promotes Rho-dependent reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton in neuronal cells and neurite retraction. Promotes the activation of Rho and the formation of actin stress fibers. Promotes formation of lamellipodia at the leading edge of migrating cells via activation of Rac. Through its function as lysophosphatidic acid receptor, plays a role in chemotaxis and cell migration, including responses to injury and wounding. Promotes cell proliferation in response to lysophosphatidic acid (By similarity).
ATP-dependent serine protease that mediates the selective degradation of misfolded and unassembled polypeptides in the peroxisomal matrix. Necessary for type 2 peroxisome targeting signal (PTS2)-containing protein processing and facilitates peroxisome matrix protein import.
Serine hydrolase involved in the detoxification of formaldehyde.
Expression begins at the early-mid blastula stage. Levels are highest in the blastula and gastrula stages, after which levels decrease until the somite segregation stages. Expression persists to later developmental stages at a slightly higher extent than that of foxi1-A.
Induced by Bmp-signaling. Suppressed by Wnt-signaling.
Initially localized to the animal hemisphere (the presumptive ectoderm) of early-mid blastula embryos. Becomes restricted to head placodes, excluding the otic placodes, by the tailbud stages.
Transcription factor. Essential for ventral specification of the early cephalic (head) ectoderm during gastrulation, playing a role in the 'non-neural' versus 'neural' cell fate choice. Binds to DNA via the target sequence 5'-[AG]TAAA[CT]A-3', with 5'-ATAAACA-3' being the preferred binding site.
Plays a role in vesicle-mediated protein trafficking to lysosomal compartments including the endocytic membrane transport and autophagic pathways. Believed to act as a core component of the putative HOPS and CORVET endosomal tethering complexes.
Acts as a chaperone for the linker histone to facilitate deposition of histone B4 onto linker DNA (PubMed:14550533, PubMed:15811954, PubMed:15928086, PubMed:16982648). Required for both remodeling of sperm chromatin into nucleosomes, and linker histone binding to nucleosome core dimers. Plays a role in tissue-specific gene regulation. Required for primitive hemopoiesis, acting upstream of tal1/scl (PubMed:14550533, PubMed:15811954, PubMed:15928086, PubMed:16982648).
C-terminus does not match that of displayed sequence.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Expression levels remain constant during embryonic development, increasing at the swimming tadpole stage.
Forms homomultimers. Interacts with histone B4. Interacts with the B-type cyclins ccnb1 and ccnb2.
Initially expressed throughout the embryo with expression higher at the animal pole. Becomes localized to presumptive ectoderm by gastrula stages. By stage 18 (neurula), expressed in the neural plate and posterior to the cement gland. In late neurula/early tailbud stages, expressed in the neural crest, neural tube, eyes, tailbud and ventral blood islands. Adult expression is predominantly in ovaries.
Component of the Mediator complex, a coactivator involved in regulated gene transcription of nearly all RNA polymerase II-dependent genes. Mediator functions as a bridge to convey information from gene-specific regulatory proteins to the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. Mediator is recruited to promoters by direct interactions with regulatory proteins and serves as a scaffold for the assembly of a functional pre-initiation complex with RNA polymerase II and the general transcription factors. Phosphorylates the CTD (C-terminal domain) of the large subunit of RNA polymerase II (RNAp II), which may inhibit the formation of a transcription initiation complex (By similarity).
Component of the Mediator complex. Interacts with ccnc.
Probably part of the adaptor protein complex 5 (AP-5) a tetramer composed of AP5B1, AP5M1, AP5S1 and AP5Z1.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the MoaC family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the radical SAM superfamily. MoaA family.
Component of the CST complex proposed to act as a specialized replication factor promoting DNA replication under conditions of replication stress or natural replication barriers such as the telomere duplex. The CST complex binds single-stranded DNA with high affinity in a sequence-independent manner, while isolated subunits bind DNA with low affinity by themselves. Initially the CST complex has been proposed to protect telomeres from DNA degradation. However, the CST complex has been shown to be involved in several aspects of telomere replication.
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mS25 family.
During embryonic and tadpole development, expressed in the cement gland, brain, neural tube, myotome and neural placodes, including the otic, lateral line and olfactory placodes. All isoforms show similar spatial expression patterns.
Ena/VASP proteins are actin-associated proteins involved in a range of processes dependent on cytoskeleton remodeling and cell polarity such as axon guidance and lamellipodial and filopodial dynamics in migrating cells. Evl enhances actin nucleation and polymerization (By similarity).
First expressed at stage 18. Expression increases through the early tailbud stage (stage 23) and remains relatively high throughout the remainder of development. All isoforms show similar temporal expression patterns.
The EVH2 domain is comprised of 3 regions. Block A is a thymosin-like domain required for G-actin binding. The KLKR motif within this block is essential for the G-actin binding and for actin polymerization. Block B is required for F-actin binding and subcellular location, and Block C for tetramerization.
Arginine methyltransferase that can both catalyze the formation of omega-N monomethylarginine (MMA) and symmetrical dimethylarginine (sDMA), with a preference for the formation of MMA. Specifically mediates the symmetrical dimethylation of arginine residues in the small nuclear ribonucleoproteins; such methylation being required for the assembly and biogenesis of snRNP core particles. Methylates the arginine in the motif G-R-G-X-G in its substrates histone H2A, H2AX and H4, producing both monomethylated and symmetrically dimethylated 'Arg-3'. Methylates nucleoplasmin at 'Arg-192', producing both monomethylated and symmetrically dimethylated 'Arg-192'. Involved in the DNA replication checkpoint. Promotes entry into mitosis by promoting the proteasomal degradation of wee2-a. May act as a transcriptional corepressor in CRY1-mediated repression of the core circadian component PER1. Involved in spliceosome maturation and mRNA splicing (By similarity).
Heterotetramer; dimer of heterodimer with wdr77. Interacts with wee2-a; this interaction is disrupted upon activation of the DNA replication checkpoint.
Involved in nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) of mRNAs containing premature stop codons.
Belongs to the tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase family.
Heme-dependent dioxygenase that catalyzes the oxidative cleavage of the L-tryptophan (L-Trp) pyrrole ring and converts L-tryptophan to N-formyl-L-kynurenine. Catalyzes the oxidative cleavage of the indole moiety.
Regulates cell growth, proliferation and survival via inhibition of the activity of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). Inhibition of mTORC1 is mediated by a pathway that involves ddit4/redd1, akt1, the tsc1-tsc2 complex and the GTPase rheb. Plays an important role in responses to cellular energy levels and cellular stress, including responses to hypoxia and DNA damage, via its effect on mTORC1 activity. Plays a role in neuronal differentiation, neuron migration during embryonic brain development and in neuronal cell death (By similarity).
Inhibitory receptor acting as a major negative regulator of T-cell responses. The affinity of CTLA4 for its natural B7 family ligands, CD80 and CD86, is considerably stronger than the affinity of their cognate stimulatory coreceptor CD28.
Expressed in the presomitic mesoderm (PSM) in the anterior halves of somitomeres S-I, S-II and S-III.
Interacts with tle4 and tbx6, and mediates interaction between these proteins.
Part of a negative feedback loop during somitogenesis. Expression is activated by tbx6 together with thy1 and tcf3.
Required during somitogenesis for the formation of somite boundaries. Represses the expression of genes involved in somite segmentation by acting with the corepressor tle4 to down-regulate the transcriptional activity of tbx6. May act by regulating the activity of tle4. Represses transcription of delta2, thy1 and ripply2.2/bowline itself.
The WRPW motif is required for binding to tle/groucho proteins and transcriptional repression.
The ripply homology domain is required for transcriptional repression.
Homodimer. The active form is probably a hexamer composed of 3 homodimers.
Belongs to the eukaryotic release factor 1 family. Pelota subfamily.
Cotranslational quality control factor involved in the No-Go Decay (NGD) pathway. Required for 48S complex formation from 80S ribosomes and dissociation of vacant 80S ribosomes. Recognizes stalled ribosomes and promotes dissociation of elongation complexes assembled on non-stop mRNAs; this triggers endonucleolytic cleavage of the mRNA, a mechanism to release non-functional ribosomes and to degrade damaged mRNAs as part of the No-Go Decay (NGD) pathway. Upon mitochondrial damage is recruited to the ribosome/mRNA-ribonucleoprotein complex associated to mitochondrial outer membrane thereby enabling the recruitment of autophagy receptors and induction of mitophagy.
The N-terminal domain has the RNA-binding Sm fold. It harbors the endoribonuclease activity.
Belongs to the PIGG/PIGN/PIGO family. PIGO subfamily.
RNA-binding component of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF-3) complex, which is involved in protein synthesis of a specialized repertoire of mRNAs and, together with other initiation factors, stimulates binding of mRNA and methionyl-tRNAi to the 40S ribosome. The eIF-3 complex specifically targets and initiates translation of a subset of mRNAs involved in cell proliferation. This subunit can bind 18S rRNA.
Belongs to the pectinacetylesterase family. Notum subfamily.
Carboxylesterase that acts as a key negative regulator of the Wnt signaling pathway by specifically mediating depalmitoleoylation of WNT proteins. Serine palmitoleoylation of WNT proteins is required for efficient binding to frizzled receptors. Functions in the prospective ectoderm and is required for neural induction.
Expressed in the egg and through cleavage to gastrulation stages. Enriched in the animal (prospective ectoderm) and dorsal regions in early gastrula. Shows a dynamic expression during embryogenesis, in particular during neural induction and antero-posterior (AP) patterning.
Present in animal blastomeres at 4-cell and stage 6.5. At stages 8.5 and 9.5 (blastula), detected broadly in the animal region. At stage 10 (early gastrula), remains broadly expressed animally, but also detected in the dorsal marginal zone (the Organizer), with lower expression in the ventral marginal zone. At stage 11, found in the forming neural plate in a noticeable antero-posterior (AP) gradient (anterior high and posterior low), with additional weaker expression in the head mesoderm. Remains detectable, but becomes faint in the neural plate at stage 13. By stage 15, detected at the anterior border of the neural plate and in ventro-lateral epidermis excluding the neural plate. Later, it is detected in the cement gland (an anterior organ) at tail bud stages (stage 25), in branchial arches, the otic vesicle, and developing pronephros, with diffused expression in the head (stage 35).
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the NAD synthetase family.
Interacts directly with the rpa1 subunit of RPA complex. Interacts with importin beta, but not with importin alpha. Forms a complex with the RPA complex and importin beta, which is dissociated by Ran-GTP.
Mediates the import of RPA complex into the nucleus, via its interaction with importin beta.
Binds to photoactivated, phosphorylated RHO and terminates RHO signaling via G-proteins by competing with G-proteins for the same binding site on RHO. May play a role in preventing light-dependent degeneration of retinal photoreceptor cells.
Interacts with RHO (via the phosphorylated C-terminus).
Binds DNA as a dimer (By similarity). Interacts with dscr6/ripply3.
Probable transcriptional regulator involved in developmental processes (By similarity). Binds to the palindromic T site 5'-TTCACACCTAGGTGTGAA-3' DNA sequence (By similarity). Induces pre-placodal ectoderm (PPE) gene expression in regions where RIPPLY3 is absent. Plays a role in the formation of the anteroposterior (AP) axis during embryonic development; required to establish the posterolateral border of the pre-placodal ectoderm (PPE) acting downstream of the retinoic acid receptor (RAR) signaling (By similarity).
Probable transcriptional regulator involved in developmental processes (By similarity). Binds to the palindromic T site 5'-TTCACACCTAGGTGTGAA-3' DNA sequence (By similarity). Is required for normal development of the pharyngeal arch arteries (By similarity).
The C-terminus acts as a transcriptional activation domain.
Acts as a ventralizing factor during embryogenesis. Inhibits axin-mediated JNK activation by binding axin and disrupting axin homodimerization. This in turn antagonizes a Wnt/beta-catenin-independent dorsalization pathway activated by axin/JNK-signaling (By similarity).
May be involved in the negative control of osteogenic differentiation of osteochondrogenic precursor cells in peripheral zones of fetal cartilage and at the cartilage-bone interface.
Binds target DNA via the HMG box domain.
Expressed in the adult spleen, lung, heart and kidney, and at a lower level in the adult testis, liver and brain.
Expressed zygotically in both embryos and adults. Embryonic expression initiates during gastrulation, is down-regulated between stages 15 and 23, and is then elevated up to stage 41.
Transcription factor. Binds to the consensus DNA sequence 5'-AACAAT-3'. Also binds 5'-CACAAT-3' and 5'-AATAAT-3' but with a lower affinity. Acts partially redundantly with sox7 during cardiogenesis, acting indirectly through nodal-signaling to induce mesodermal, organizer and endodermal tissues, which then interact to initiate cardiogenesis. Also acts as an antagonist of beta-catenin signaling.
Belongs to the uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase family.
Found primarily in ectoderm with lower levels of expression in mesoderm. Detected in the head and tail with lower expression in the middle of the embryo. No expression was found in the notochord.
Ligand for members of the frizzled family of seven transmembrane receptors. Can activate or inhibit canonical Wnt signaling, depending on receptor context (By similarity). Plays a role in normal embryonic development (PubMed:8275867).
Present in oocytes. Levels decrease during early embryo development and then increase considerably in neurula and tadpole stages.
Component of the CPC at least composed of survivin/birc5, incenp, cdca8/borealin and/or cdca9/dasra-A, and aurkb/aurora-B. Interacts directly with incenp (via N-terminus), and may weakly interact with aurkb (via N-terminus) to stabilize the complex. Interacts with GTP-bound ran in both the S and M phases of the cell cycle. Also found in a complex with ubiquitin-mediated signaling proteins including at least usp9x/xFAM, nploc4/npl4 and ufd1.
Component of the chromosomal passenger complex (CPC), a complex that acts as a key regulator of mitosis. The CPC complex has essential functions at the centromere in ensuring correct chromosome alignment and segregation and is required for chromatin-induced microtubule stabilization and spindle assembly. Stimulates the mitotic kinase activity of aurkb/aurora-B in the CPC. Does not appear to exhibit anti-apoptotic activity.
A number of phenolic and phenol compounds can weakly compete with and disrupt triiodothyronine (T3)-binding including 3,3'5-trichlorobisphenol A, triiodophenol, 3,3'-dibromobisphenol A and 3,3'5-tribromobisphenol A. The synthetic estrogen diethylstilbestrol (DES) is not an effective competitor for T3-binding.
Acts as a specific nuclear import carrier for hsp70 proteins following heat-shock stress: acts by mediating the nucleoporin-dependent translocation of ATP-bound hsp70 proteins into the nucleus. hsp70 proteins import is required to protect cells from heat shock damages (By similarity).
Belongs to the CCR4/nocturin family. TTRAP/TDP2 subfamily.
Binds 1 magnesium or manganese ion per subunit.
DNA repair enzyme that can remove a variety of covalent adducts from DNA through hydrolysis of a 5'-phosphodiester bond, giving rise to DNA with a free 5' phosphate. Catalyzes the hydrolysis of dead-end complexes between DNA and the topoisomerase 2 (top2) active site tyrosine residue. Hydrolyzes 5'-phosphoglycolates on protruding 5' ends on DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) due to DNA damage by radiation and free radicals.
Belongs to the helicase family. RAD25/XPB subfamily.
Belongs to the eIF-2B alpha/beta/delta subunits family.
Catalyzes the exchange of eukaryotic initiation factor 2-bound GDP for GTP.
Complex of five different subunits; alpha, beta, gamma, delta and epsilon.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Expressed at low levels in oocytes, with expression increasing rapidly during gastrulation and peaking during late gastrulation before declining through neurulation.
Initially (stage 9) expressed in all regions of the embryo, becoming localized to the ventroposterior regions by early neurula stages. In adults, expressed at a low level in the brain.
Interacts with the transcription factors tcf7l1/tcf3 and vegt.
Transcription factor that binds to the octamer motif (5'-ATTTGCAT-3'). Antagonizes the activity of nodal/activin signaling during gastrulation to suppress mesendoderm formation.
May act as a repressor of nr2c2-mediated transactivation by suppressing the binding between nr2c2 and its response element in target genes.
F-type ATPases have 2 components, CF(1) - the catalytic core - and CF(0) - the membrane proton channel.
Mitochondrial membrane ATP synthase (F(1)F(0) ATP synthase or Complex V) produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane which is generated by electron transport complexes of the respiratory chain. F-type ATPases consist of two structural domains, F(1) - containing the extramembraneous catalytic core and F(0) - containing the membrane proton channel, linked together by a central stalk and a peripheral stalk. During catalysis, ATP synthesis in the catalytic domain of F(1) is coupled via a rotary mechanism of the central stalk subunits to proton translocation. Part of the complex F(0) domain. Minor subunit located with subunit a in the membrane (By similarity).
Belongs to the AEBP2/jing C2H2-type zinc-finger family.
DNA-binding transcriptional repressor. May interact with and stimulate the activity of histone methyltransferase complexes.
By Li(+), siamois and wnt signaling, including wnt8 and lef1. Induction by wnt8 is inhibited by vegt. Not induced by vegt or activin.
Exhibits mesoderm-dorsalizing activity and neural-inducing activity, but lacks mesoderm-inducing activity. Regulates the expression of specific mesodermal and neural genes. Induces convergent extension movements at the embryonic midline by activating the fgf signaling pathway to induce t/bra expression in the organizer region. Acts with wnt11 to induce Spemann organizer cells and induce axis formation. The unprocessed protein antagonizes bmp-signaling.
Expressed in the epithelial layer of the Spemann organizer during gastrulation.
Expression increases from late blastula (stage 9) through gastrulation, ending by the time of blastopore closure (stage 13).
Monomer (By similarity). The propeptide region interacts with bmp4 in a non-covalent manner.
The propeptide region is both necessary and sufficient for bmp-inhibitory activity (By similarity). The propeptide region and the N- and C-terminal thirds of the mature protein are necessary for neural induction activity. Although cleavage doesn't appear essential for activity, residues surrounding the cleavage site are necessary for activity.
Belongs to the metallo-dependent hydrolases superfamily. Adenosine and AMP deaminases family. ADGF subfamily.
During neurulation and tailbud stages, expressed in the lateral plate mesoderm and in the neural crest-derived structures of the head and branchial arches. During tailbud stages, expressed in the pronephros and pronephros ducts and in cells that migrate from the dorsolateral plate to the ventral region of the embryo (with the notable exception of the heart). These cells may represent hematopoietic or endothelial progenitor cells.
Expression begins at late gastrula/early neurula stage and increases towards the end of embryogenesis.
Probable transcription factor. Required for smooth muscle (visceral mesoderm) differentiation during gut development. Also required for normal proliferation of the lateral plate mesoderm. Acts as a downstream mediator of bmp4-signaling (By similarity).
Protein with a unique structure having two opposing regulatory activities toward small GTP-binding proteins. The C-terminus is a GTPase-activating protein domain which stimulates GTP hydrolysis by RAC1, RAC2 and CDC42. Accelerates the intrinsic rate of GTP hydrolysis of RAC1 or CDC42, leading to down-regulation of the active GTP-bound form. The central Dbl homology (DH) domain functions as guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) that modulates the GTPases CDC42, RHOA and RAC1. Promotes the conversion of CDC42, RHOA and RAC1 from the GDP-bound to the GTP-bound form.
The central Dbl homology (DH) domain functions as guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) that modulates the GTPases CDC42, RHOA and RAC1. Promotes the conversion of CDC42, RHOA and RAC1 from the GDP-bound to the GTP-bound form. The C-terminus is a Rho-GAP domain which stimulates GTP hydrolysis by RAC1, RAC2 and CDC42. The protein has a unique structure having two opposing regulatory activities toward small GTP-binding proteins.
Belongs to the nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase family.
Protein component of the very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) of egg-laying females. Potent lipoprotein lipase inhibitor, preventing the loss of triglycerides from VLDL on their way from the liver to the growing oocytes.
Belongs to the protein-tyrosine phosphatase family. Receptor class 5 subfamily.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the saccharopine dehydrogenase family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the AlaDH/PNT family.
Initial uniform expression becomes localized to two posterior ectodermal patches flanking the neural plate and later to the inner ectoderm of the developing tailbud. Also expressed in dorsal regions of the brain during tailbud stages and is especially abundant in the ventricular layer of the dorsal hindbrain caudal to the otic vesicle.
Protease which specifically processes prolysyl oxidase and maybe also chordin. Required for the embryonic development. Predominant protease, which in the development, influences dorsal-ventral patterning and skeletogenesis. In embryos, inhibits the development of dorsoanterior structures and ventralizes activin-induced dorsal mesoderm in animal caps.
Expressed in early blastula stage embryos with a decrease during gastrulation. Expressed at early neurula stage in two broad wedge-shaped domains within the neuroectoderm flanking the midline. Throughout neurula stages, the anterior limit of its expression is maintained at a position posterior to hindbrain rhombomere 5. Confined to the trunk region of the prospective CNS. At stage 26, expressed in a gradient spanning the presumptive hindbrain/spinal cord boundary, the diencephalon, the pronephros and the presumptive olfactory placodes. From late neurula stage on, its expression becomes detectable in a distinct population of emigrating cranial neural crest (CNC) cells of the third branchial arch. At stage 26, expressed in the entire hyoid and branchial arch region and strongly reduced in this domain at tailbud stage.
Probable transcriptional regulator involved in developmental processes. May act as a transcriptional repressor (Potential). Involved in two major neuronal regionalization processes: primary anteroposterior (AP) axis patterning of the CNS and segmentation of the cranial neuronal crest (CNS) development.
Belongs to the NAD(P)-dependent epimerase/dehydratase family.
Catalyzes two distinct but analogous reactions: the reversible epimerization of UDP-glucose to UDP-galactose and the reversible epimerization of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine to UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine. The reaction with UDP-Gal plays a critical role in the Leloir pathway of galactose catabolism in which galactose is converted to the glycolytic intermediate glucose 6-phosphate. It contributes to the catabolism of dietary galactose and enables the endogenous biosynthesis of both UDP-Gal and UDP-GalNAc when exogenous sources are limited. Both UDP-sugar interconversions are important in the synthesis of glycoproteins and glycolipids.
Accessory component of the STT3B-containing form of the N-oligosaccharyl transferase (OST) complex which catalyzes the transfer of a high mannose oligosaccharide from a lipid-linked oligosaccharide donor to an asparagine residue within an Asn-X-Ser/Thr consensus motif in nascent polypeptide chains. May be involved in substrate-specific N-glycosylation involving acceptor sites that are near cysteine residues.
Accessory component of the STT3B-containing form of the oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) complex.
May be involved in Mg(2+) transport in epithelial cells.
In adults, expression is highest in the brain, eye and bone, with lower expression in the heart and lung. Not expressed in the ovary. In the tailbud stage embryo, expressed in the head and tail regions as well as in the central nervous system (CNS).
Secreted protein that functions as cytokine and growth factor and mediates its signal through cell-surface proteoglycan and non-proteoglycan receptors. Binds cell-surface proteoglycan receptors via their chondroitin sulfate (CS) groups. Thereby regulates many processes like inflammatory response, cell proliferation, cell adhesion, cell growth, cell survival, tissue regeneration, cell differentiation and cell migration (By similarity). Inhibits mesoderm formation and promotes neural formation during development. Plays a role in development of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). Has antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria (By similarity).
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL34 family.
Adenosine deaminase that may contribute to the degradation of extracellular adenosine, a signaling molecule that controls a variety of cellular responses. Stimulates cell proliferation.
Expression starts at stage 20 in the somites. At stage 22 is also detected in the cement gland, and at stage 30 is expressed in the somites, pronephros, eye, cement gland, neural tube, and neural floor plate.
Morpholino knockdown of the protein results in reduced body size, abnormalities of the body axis, and changes in expression of developmental marker genes.
Highest level in the iris, high level in the inner nuclear layer, possibly in horizontal cells, and lowest level in retinal pigment epithelium. Expressed in melanophore cells of the skin.
Photoreceptor implicated in non-image-forming responses to light. May be able to isomerize covalently bound all-trans retinal back to 11-cis retinal (By similarity).
May bind zinc and other divalent cations and recruit them to vesicular organelles.
May regulate DNA damage response and cell proliferation.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 4 family.
Catalyzes the initial step of dolichol-linked oligosaccharide biosynthesis in N-linked protein glycosylation pathway: transfers GlcNAc-1-P from UDP-GlcNAc onto the carrier lipid dolichyl phosphate (P-dolichol), yielding GlcNAc-P-P-dolichol.
Belongs to the phytoene/squalene synthase family.
Catalyzes the condensation of 2 farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) moieties to form squalene.
Phosphoinositide phosphatase which catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PtdIns(4)P), phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PtdIns(3)P) and has low activity towards phosphatidylinositol-3,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(3,5)P2).
Belongs to the eukaryotic ATPase subunit F6 family.
Mitochondrial membrane ATP synthase (F(1)F(0) ATP synthase or Complex V) produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane which is generated by electron transport complexes of the respiratory chain. F-type ATPases consist of two structural domains, F(1) - containing the extramembraneous catalytic core and F(0) - containing the membrane proton channel, linked together by a central stalk and a peripheral stalk. During catalysis, ATP synthesis in the catalytic domain of F(1) is coupled via a rotary mechanism of the central stalk subunits to proton translocation. Part of the complex F(0) domain and the peripheric stalk, which acts as a stator to hold the catalytic alpha(3)beta(3) subcomplex and subunit a/ATP6 static relative to the rotary elements. Also involved in the restoration of oligomycin-sensitive ATPase activity to depleted F1-F0 complexes.
Transcription factor that may function in dorsoventral specification of the forebrain. Regulates the expression of Wnt signaling antagonists (By similarity).
By a combination of noggin and fgf2/bfgf in ectoderm. By wnt signaling.
First expressed on the lateral side of stage 12 embryos. At stage 14, strongly expressed in the lateral neural folds. At stage 16, expressed in pre-migratory neural crest cells. At stage 18, expression is dispersed over the neural plate in a pattern surrounding the rhombomeres. At stage 22, expressed in neural crest derivatives, including the branchial arches and the tissues surrounding the eyes and forebrain. After stage 17, expression is weak in the lateral plate mesoderm, increasing at stage 26, but was down-regulated in the pronephros region at stage 26.
Interacts (via SNAG domain) with limd1 (via LIM domains), wtip (via LIM domains) and ajuba (via LIM domains) (PubMed:18331720). Interacts with elp3 (PubMed:27189455).
Probable transcriptional repressor. Acts downstream of snai1 in the specification of the neural crest and neural crest migration.
3 EF-1-alpha are expressed under different developmental control in Xenopus laevis.
Acts partially redundantly with other irx members in neural patterning. Required for formation of the posterior forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain, and to a lesser extent, spinal cord. Patterns the neuroectoderm in both the anterior/posterior and dorsal/ventral axes. Does not appear to play a role in pronephros kidney development (By similarity).
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS10 family.
May be involved in protein traffic between late Golgi and early endosomes.
Belongs to the cytochrome c oxidase VIIc family.
Component of the cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV, CIV), a multisubunit enzyme composed of 14 subunits. The complex is composed of a catalytic core of 3 subunits, encoded in the mitochondrial DNA, and 11 supernumerary subunits, which are encoded in the nuclear genome. The complex exists as a monomer or a dimer and forms supercomplexes (SCs) in the inner mitochondrial membrane with NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I, CI) and ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase (cytochrome b-c1 complex, complex III, CIII), resulting in different assemblies (supercomplex SCI(1)III(2)IV(1) and megacomplex MCI(2)III(2)IV(2)).
Absent from the notochord. First located in the neuroectoderm of gastrula stage embryos. Located within the paraxial mesoderm of neurulae, but not within the myotome. In tailbud embryos, strongly expressed in the developing somites, with levels highest at the dorsal and ventral margins. Beginning at stage 25, additional expression is observed within migrating ventral abdominal muscle precursors, in cranial neural crest cells surrounding the eye and in cranial crest cells that migrate to the second and third visceral arches. Also expressed in the diencephalon. At stage 31, expressed diffusely in the proctodeum, becoming concentrated within the terminal part of the gut in hatched tadpoles. In the head, expressed in the facial mesenchyme being most prominent at the site where the two halves of the lower jaw fuse.
Was originally thought to be a FoxD1 protein but further sequence comparisons (PubMed:11804794 and PubMed:15656969) clearly suggests that it belongs to the FoxD2 subclass.
Zygotic expression begins at the late gastrula stage, increases during neurulation and becomes most abundant at tailbud stages, then continues at a lower level in tadpoles.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the enoyl-CoA hydratase/isomerase family.
Involved in mitochondrial ribosome large subunit biogenesis.
Belongs to the oligoribonuclease family.
Belongs to the Nudix hydrolase family. PCD1 subfamily.
Interacts with activated Notch proteins (By similarity). Forms a ternary complex with nrarp and the intracellular domain (NICD) of notch1. Interacts with rita1, leading to nuclear export, prevent the interaction between rbpj and NICD product and subsequent down-regulation of the Notch signaling pathway.
Transcriptional regulator that plays a central role in Notch signaling, a signaling pathway involved in cell-cell communication that regulates a broad spectrum of cell-fate determinations. Acts as a transcriptional repressor when it is not associated with Notch proteins. When associated with some NICD product of Notch proteins (Notch intracellular domain), it acts as a transcriptional activator that activates transcription of Notch target genes (By similarity). Required for the transcriptional activation of ESR1, suggesting that it is required during primary neurogenesis in embryos. Binds to the oxygen responsive element of COX4I2 and activates its transcription under hypoxia conditions (4% oxygen) (By similarity).
Multifunctional RNA-binding protein involved in the regulation of pre-mRNA splicing, mRNA stability and mRNA translation important for cell fate decision and differentiation. Plays a major role in pre-mRNA alternative splicing regulation. Mediates preferentially muscle-specific exon inclusion in numerous mRNAs important for striated cardiac and skeletal muscle cell differentiation. Binds to intronic splicing enhancer (ISE) composed of stretches of GU-rich motifs localized in flanking intron of exon that will be included by alternative splicing. Involved in embryonic stem cell (ESC) transition to cardiac cell differentiation by promoting pre-mRNA alternative splicing events of several pluripotency and/or differentiation genes. Plays a role in the regulation of mRNA stability and mRNA translation to which it is bound (By similarity). Involved in myogenic differentiation by regulating myog levels (PubMed:20338237). Binds to a huge amount of mRNAs. Required for embryonic heart development, sarcomer and M-band formation in striated muscles (By similarity).
Component of the nexin-dynein regulatory complex (N-DRC), a key regulator of ciliary/flagellar motility which maintains the alignment and integrity of the distal axoneme and regulates microtubule sliding in motile axonemes.
Belongs to the protease inhibitor I27 (calpastatin) family.
Specific inhibition of calpain (calcium-dependent cysteine protease). Plays a key role in postmortem tenderization of meat and have been proposed to be involved in muscle protein degradation in living tissue.
Belongs to the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family. UEV subfamily.
Expressed during meiotic maturation 2 hours after germinal vesicle break down (GVBD) and in unfertilized and fertilized eggs, but not in oocytes (at protein level). Expressed in somatic cells, in oocytes, during meiotic maturation and in unfertilized and fertilized eggs.
Expressed in embryo at 8, 12 and 30 hours post-fertilization (hpf).
Mediates the nuclear export of actin and profilin-actin complexes in somatic cells. Oocyte nuclei lack active actin export.
Contains ten tandem EGF-like repeats strikingly similar to those found in the cysteine rich 'stalk-like' structure of integrin beta-subunits.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 7 family.
Component of the PEX2-PEX10-PEX12 retrotranslocation channel.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase component of a retrotranslocation channel required for peroxisome organization by mediating export of the PEX5 receptor from peroxisomes to the cytosol, thereby promoting PEX5 recycling (PubMed:35931083). The retrotranslocation channel is composed of PEX2, PEX10 and PEX12; each subunit contributing transmembrane segments that coassemble into an open channel that specifically allows the passage of PEX5 through the peroxisomal membrane. PEX2 also regulates peroxisome organization by acting as a E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase (By similarity).
The three subunits of the retrotranslocation channel (PEX2, PEX10 and PEX12) coassemble in the membrane into a channel with an open 10 Angstrom pore. The RING-type zinc-fingers that catalyze PEX5 receptor ubiquitination are positioned above the pore on the cytosolic side of the complex.
Phosphorylates the deoxyribonucleosides deoxyadenosine, deoxycytidine and deoxyguanosine with highest activity against deoxyguanosine followed by deadenosine and then deoxycytidine (PubMed:27906638). Shows only very minor activity against deoxyuridine and deoxythymidine (PubMed:27906638).
The precursor is cleaved by proteases to produce a number of active cholecystokinins.
Required during spermiogenesis to participate in the repression transposable elements and prevent their mobilization, which is essential for the germline integrity. Probably acts via the piRNA metabolic process, which mediates the repression of transposable elements during meiosis by forming complexes composed of piRNAs and Piwi proteins and govern the methylation and subsequent repression of transposons (By similarity).
Belongs to the selenoprotein M/F family.
Molecular scaffold protein for various multimeric protein complexes. Acts as a module in the assembly of a multicomponent scaffold for the ERK pathway, linking ERK responses to specific agonists. Also involved in response to hypoxia by acting as a negative regulator of HIF1A/HIF-1-alpha (By similarity).
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Restricted to oogenesis and early embryogenesis. During oogenesis, levels increase between stage I and II and then remain constant through oocyte growth to stage VI. During early embryogenesis, levels remain approximately constant up to 5 days after fertilization. In older embryos levels decrease, being totally absent at 15 days post-fertilization (at protein level).
Involved in the catabolism of quinolinic acid (QA).
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 59 family.
Hydrolyzes the galactose ester bonds of glycolipids such as galactosylceramide and galactosylsphingosine.
Although strongly related to RNA-specific endonuclease proteins, it lacks the HXHXDH motif that binds zinc and participates in the catalytic center. Its function as endonuclease is therefore unsure.
Belongs to the metallo-beta-lactamase superfamily. RNA-metabolizing metallo-beta-lactamase-like family. INTS9 subfamily.
Corepressor targeting diverse transcription regulators.
Expressed throughout development. Localized to discrete structures during neurulation. The pattern of expression is increasingly refined to include the head, central nervous system and tissues along the dorsal midline to the tailbud.
Interacts with the C-terminus of tcf7l1-a via the consensus motifs P-X-[DNS]-L-[STVA].
Maternal transcript is found mainly in the animal hemisphere. Zygotic transcript is found around the blastopore and in the late gastrula stage, in the dorsal part. In later stages it is found along the dorsal part and head region.
May have a role in muscle development and neural differentiation, has no specific role in anteroposterior patterning.
The maternal protein is detected up to the blastula stage but declines by the early glastrula. Zygotic expression starts at around early gastrula; the level of expression reached at stage 15 persists during neurula and tailbud stages, and is further increased during the tadpole stages.
Expressed in the ventral marginal zone of gastrulae. At the end of gastrulation, predominantly localized to the ventral region of the closing slit blastopore. At early tail bud stage, expression is maintained only in the forming proctodeum.
Probable transcription regulator. Acts in a ventral signaling pathway downstream of bmp4 and vent2B.
Part of a SCF (SKP1-cullin-F-box) protein ligase complex (By similarity). Interacts with btrc. Interacts with skp1. Interacts with cdc20. Interacts with pin1; stabilizes fbxo5 by preventing its association with btrc in an isomerization-dependent pathway; this interaction is present during G2 phase and prevents fbxo5 degradation. Interacts with plk1 (By similarity).
Proteolysed; proteolysis is induced by both cyclin B-cdk1 and cyclin A-cdk1/2 complex through probable phosphorylation. Proteolysis is inhibited by pin1 during G2.
Regulates progression through early mitosis by inhibiting the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC). Binds to the APC activators cdc20 to prevent APC activation. Can also bind directly to the APC to inhibit substrate-binding. Required to arrest unfertilized eggs at metaphase of meiosis II, by preventing their release from metaphase of meiosis II, through inhibition of APC-dependent cyclin B destruction leading to stabilization of cyclin B-cdk1 complex activity.
The C-terminal region is required for APC inhibition.
Expressed in all stages of tadpole development. In the tail, high levels found in the premetamorphic stage (levels 54-60). Levels decrease with tail resorption. In the hindlimb, low expression during limb morphogenesis (stages 54-56), increased levels with limb growth (stages 58-66). Levels increase only slightly during intestine remodeling.
Glycolytic enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphoryl group from phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to ADP, generating ATP.
Belongs to the MPDU1 (TC 2.A.43.3) family.
Catalyzes the deimination of arginine residues of proteins.
GTP-binding protein involved in protein trafficking; modulates vesicle budding and uncoating within the Golgi apparatus.
May modify the assembly dynamics of microtubules, such that microtubules are slightly longer, but more dynamic.
Transcription factor which plays a key role in defining the composition of the RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) elongation complex and in modulating the production of mature mRNA transcripts.
Cooperates with LY96 to mediate the innate immune response to bacterial lipoproteins and other microbial cell wall components. Cooperates with TLR1 or TLR6 to mediate the innate immune response to bacterial lipoproteins or lipopeptides. Acts via MYD88 and TRAF6, leading to NF-kappa-B activation, cytokine secretion and the inflammatory response.
Component of the 26S proteasome, a multiprotein complex involved in the ATP-dependent degradation of ubiquitinated proteins. This complex plays a key role in the maintenance of protein homeostasis by removing misfolded or damaged proteins, which could impair cellular functions, and by removing proteins whose functions are no longer required. Therefore, the proteasome participates in numerous cellular processes, including cell cycle progression, apoptosis, or DNA damage repair. Within the complex, functions as a proteasomal ubiquitin receptor.
Belongs to the thymidine/pyrimidine-nucleoside phosphorylase family.
Catalyzes the reversible phosphorolysis of thymidine. The produced molecules are then utilized as carbon and energy sources or in the rescue of pyrimidine bases for nucleotide synthesis.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Expressed during neurogenesis in neural plate primary neurons and in the anteroventral noradrenergic neurons. Expressed in the dorsal endoderm, throughout the gastrointestinal tract and in the ventral and dorsal pancreas from tail bud through tadpole stages.
May act as a transcriptional regulator (By similarity). Plays a role in noradrenergic neuron, pancreatic and gastrointestinal endocrine cells differentiation during embryonic development.
Binds free ubiquitin non-covalently via its RING-type zinc finger. Ubiquitin-binding leads to enhance the E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity by stabilizing the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 (donor ubiquitin) in the 'closed' conformation and activating ubiquitin transfer.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase required for mesoderm patterning during embryonic development (By similarity). Acts as an enhancer of the transcriptional responses of the smad2/smad3 effectors, which are activated downstream of BMP. Acts by mediating ubiquitination and degradation of SMAD inhibitors such as smad7, inducing their proteasomal degradation and thereby enhancing the transcriptional activity of TGF-beta and BMP. Specifically binds polysumoylated chains via SUMO interaction motifs (SIMs) and mediates ubiquitination of sumoylated substrates (By similarity). The regulation of the BMP-SMAD signaling is however independent of sumoylation and is not dependent of SUMO interaction motifs (SIMs) (By similarity).
The RING-type zinc finger mediates the E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity and binds directly to free ubiquitin (By similarity). Non-covalent ubiquitin-binding stabilizes the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 (donor ubiquitin) in the 'closed' conformation and stimulates ubiquitin transfer (By similarity).
The SUMO interaction motifs (SIMs) mediates the binding to polysumoylated substrate.
Reversible hydration of carbon dioxide. Its role in saliva is unknown.
Key component of the cytosolic iron-sulfur protein assembly (CIA) complex, a multiprotein complex that mediates the incorporation of iron-sulfur cluster into extramitochondrial Fe/S proteins.
Belongs to the thymidylate kinase family.
Scaffolding protein that specifically recognizes and binds dimethylarginine-containing proteins. In nucleus, acts as a coactivator: recognizes and binds asymmetric dimethylation on the core histone tails associated with transcriptional activation (H3R17me2a and H4R3me2a) and recruits proteins at these arginine-methylated loci. In cytoplasm, may play a role in the assembly and/or disassembly of mRNA stress granules and in the regulation of translation of target mRNAs by binding Arg/Gly-rich motifs (GAR) in dimethylarginine-containing proteins (By similarity).
The Tudor domain specifically recognizes and binds asymmetric dimethylation of histone H3 'Arg-17' (H3R17me2a) and histones H4 'Arg-3', 2 tags for epigenetic transcriptional activation.
Belongs to the queuine tRNA-ribosyltransferase family. QTRT2 subfamily.
Heterodimer of a catalytic subunit qtrt1 and an accessory subunit qtrt2.
Non-catalytic subunit of the queuine tRNA-ribosyltransferase (TGT) that catalyzes the base-exchange of a guanine (G) residue with queuine (Q) at position 34 (anticodon wobble position) in tRNAs with GU(N) anticodons (tRNA-Asp, -Asn, -His and -Tyr), resulting in the hypermodified nucleoside queuosine (7-(((4,5-cis-dihydroxy-2-cyclopenten-1-yl)amino)methyl)-7-deazaguanosine).
Belongs to the HMG-CoA reductase family.
Belongs to the NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone) family.
Component of the CPC at least composed of survivin/birc5, incenp, cdca8/borealin and/or cdca9/dasra-A, and aurkb/aurora-B. Interacts with incenp (via N-terminus).
Component of the chromosomal passenger complex (CPC), a complex that acts as a key regulator of mitosis. The CPC complex has essential functions at the centromere in ensuring correct chromosome alignment and segregation and is required for chromatin-induced microtubule stabilization and spindle assembly. Contributes to CPC function by facilitating loading of the CPC onto chromosomes.
Was named 'Dasra' in reference to the Hindu mythological deity Dasra, who acts as a harbinger of the dawn.
The 42S RNP particle comprises four subunits each of which contains one molecule of 5S RNA, three molecules of tRNA, two molecules of p50 (EF1-alpha) and one molecule of the 5S RNA binding protein 43.
p43 is a 5S RNA binding protein which is a major constituent of oocytes and comprises part of a 42S ribonucleoprotein storage particle.
Belongs to the distal-less homeobox family.
In the developing visual system, it is expressed within the developing optic vesicles and later become restricted to the dorsal ciliary marginal zone, a site of retinoblast proliferation and differentiation.
Phosphorylated on cytoplasmic tyrosine residues.
Plays a role in cell-cell adhesion during embryonic development. Receptor for netrin required for axon guidance. Mediates axon repulsion of neuronal growth cones in the developing nervous system upon ligand binding (By similarity).
The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex catalyzes the overall conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA and CO2.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyltransferase that mediates RNA cap1 2'-O-ribose methylation to the 5'-cap structure of RNAs. Methylates the ribose of the first nucleotide of a m(7)GpppG-capped mRNA to produce m(7)GpppNmp (cap1).
S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyltransferase that mediates mRNA cap1 2'-O-ribose methylation to the 5'-cap structure of mRNAs. Methylates the ribose of the first nucleotide of a m(7)GpppG-capped mRNA and small nuclear RNA (snRNA) to produce m(7)GpppRm (cap1). Displays a preference for cap0 transcripts. Cap1 modification is linked to higher levels of translation. May be involved in the interferon response pathway.
N-terminal part (1-266) has GTPase activity. Required for proper cellular localization.
Rho GTPase-activating protein (GAP). Binds several acidic phospholipids which inhibits the Rho GAP activity to promote the Rac GAP activity. This binding is inhibited by phosphorylation by PRKCA (By similarity). Involved in cell differentiation as well as cell adhesion and migration (By similarity). Transduces SRC-dependent signals from cell-surface adhesion molecules, such as laminin, to promote neurite outgrowth. Regulates axon outgrowth, guidance and fasciculation (By similarity). Modulates Rho GTPase-dependent F-actin polymerization, organization and assembly, is involved in polarized cell migration and in the positive regulation of ciliogenesis and cilia elongation (By similarity).
The pG1 pseudoGTPase domain does not bind GTP.
Homodimer; disulfide-linked. Interacts with PDGFRB homodimers, and with heterodimers formed by PDGFRA and PDGFRB.
Belongs to the proteasome subunit S10 family.
Belongs to the CDP-alcohol phosphatidyltransferase class-II family.
Functions in the biosynthesis of the anionic phospholipids phosphatidylglycerol and cardiolipin.
In stage 30 tadpoles, expressed in the dorsal and ventral forebrain and, at lower levels, the dorsal midbrain and hindbrain. At this stage, expression is not detected in the spinal cord, but is present in the overlying dorsal fin. Also expressed in the eye, trigeminal ganglion, branchial arches and cement gland.
May play role in regulating embryonic neurogenesis.
Homodimer or homotetramer; both forms have similar enzymatic activities.
Belongs to the RBR family. RNF217 subfamily.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase which accepts ubiquitin from E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes in the form of a thioester and then directly transfers the ubiquitin to targeted substrates. Mediates the degradation of the iron exporter ferroportin/SLC40A1 and thus regulates iron homeostasis.
Lacks the His residue in the RING-type domain 1 that is one of the conserved features of the family.
Members of the RBR family are atypical E3 ligases. They interact with the E2 conjugating enzyme UBE2L3 and function like HECT-type E3 enzymes: they bind E2s via the first RING domain, but require an obligate trans-thiolation step during the ubiquitin transfer, requiring a conserved cysteine residue in the second RING domain.
Contains 2 C-terminal transcription activation domains (AD1 and AD2) that can function independently.
Contains three Leu-Xaa-Xaa-Leu-Leu (LXXLL) motifs. The LXXLL motifs are essential for the association with nuclear receptors and, at least in part, functionally redundant (By similarity).
Expressed homogeneously during late blastula-early gastrula stages, becoming highly expressed in the notochord in the late gastrula and neurula stages. At hatching, restricted to a few areas including the blood precursor region, prospective pronephros and retina.
The LLXXLXXXL motif is involved in transcriptional coactivation and CREBBP/CBP binding.
Transcriptional coactivator for steroid receptors and nuclear receptors. Coactivator of the steroid binding domain (AF-2) but not of the modulating N-terminal domain (AF-1) (By similarity). Required in a nuclear receptor pathway to suppress expression of dorsal mesoderm genes. May play a role in the positive regulation of the circadian clock (By similarity).
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that specifically binds poly-ADP-ribosylated proteins and mediates their ubiquitination and subsequent degradation. May regulate many important biological processes, such as cell survival and DNA damage response. Acts as an activator of the Wnt signaling pathway by mediating the ubiquitination of poly-ADP-ribosylated proteins. Neuroprotective protein. Protects against cell death induced by DNA damaging agents and rescues cells from G1 arrest. Promotes cell survival after gamma-irradiation. Facilitates DNA repair.
Belongs to the WD repeat NOL10/ENP2 family.
Belongs to the peptidase C19 family. UBP8 subfamily.
Component of some SAGA transcription coactivator-HAT complexes.
Histone deubiquitinating component of the transcription regulatory histone acetylation (HAT) complex SAGA. Catalyzes the deubiquitination of both histones H2A and H2B, thereby acting as a coactivator. Recruited to specific gene promoters by activators, where it is required for transcription (By similarity).
Involved in trafficking and recycling of synaptic vesicles.
Belongs to the class VI-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. Isoprenylcysteine carboxyl methyltransferase family.
Catalyzes the post-translational methylation of isoprenylated C-terminal cysteine residues.
Binds a calmodulin chain via each of the two IQ domains. IQ domain 1 mediates interaction with calmodulin both in the presence and in the absence of Ca(2+). IQ domain 2 mediates interaction with calmodulin in the presence of Ca(2+).
Detected at low levels in eggs and in embryos at stage 12. Expression increases from stage 18 to 34 during embryonic development (at protein level). First detected at stage 17, when somites begin to form. Detected in somites, neural tube and neural crest cells at stage 20-30.
Interacts (via the two IQ motifs) with calmodulin. Interacts with F-actin.
Morpholino knockdown of the protein at the four cell stage disrupts body left-right asymmetry at the level of the heart, gall bladder and gut (PubMed:29478852). The left-right organizer, a transient ciliated epithelium of the gastrocoel roof plate, displays abnormally short cilia and disruption of the normal cilia orientation toward the posterior pole of cells, leading to disordered flow direction and reduced flow velocity. Additional phenotypes include delayed neural tube closure due to impaired convergent-extension of dorsal marginal zone tissue, and a transient delay in the ciliation of multi-ciliated cells in the larval skin, suggesting that planar cell polarity pathways are affected. Combined morpholino knockdown with sub-phenotypic doses for myo1d and vangl2 disrupts left-right axis formation, with predominantly bilateral expression of pitx2 (PubMed:29478852).
Represents an unconventional myosin that should not be confused with the conventional myosin-1.
The TH1 domain is required for activity in complementing zebrafish defects in Kupffer's vesicle lumen size.
Unconventional myosin that functions as actin-based motor protein with ATPase activity (By similarity). Plays an important role in the establishment of left-right asymmetry during embryonic development (PubMed:29478852). Required for normal cilia orientation, and for normal, directed flow at the transient ciliated epithelium that functions as left-right organizer during embryogenesis (PubMed:29478852). Plays a role in endosomal protein trafficking, and especially in the transfer of cargo proteins from early to recycling endosomes (By similarity). Required for normal planar cell polarity in ciliated cells, for normal rotational polarity of cilia, and for coordinated, unidirectional ciliary movement (By similarity).
Efficient DNA binding requires dimerization with another bHLH protein (By similarity). Forms a heterodimer with the bHLH protein hes2, and weakly interacts with hey1/hrt1.
First expressed weakly at stage 12 in primary neuronal precursors. At stages 18 and 21, strongly expressed in the cranial ganglions, with weaker expression remaining in the spinal cord. Later, strongly expressed at sites of neuronal differentiation, namely the eye, forebrain and cranial ganglions.
Probably acts as a transcriptional activator. Mediates neuronal differentiation. Required for the regulation of amacrine cell fate specification in the retina (By similarity).
Serine or threonine phosphorylation within the basic region may regulate neurogenic activity.
May modulate activity of cullin-RING E3 ubiquitin ligase (CRL) complexes. Inhibits TNF-induced nfkb1 activation.
At stage 15, expressed in the anterior/superior eye field and the caudal branchial arch. At later stages, expression persists in the retina and in the caudal branchial arch. Expressed in the pronephros and the tip of the tail. Beginning with stage 35, expression in the brain is localized to distinct subdomains of the anterior prosencephalon, the medial mesencephalon and to lateral domains of the hindbrain.
Dimerization is required for DNA-binding.
First expressed weakly at mid-gastrula (stage 11) but expression becomes prominent at stage 15.
The leucine-zipper is required for dimerization and transcriptional repression.
Belongs to the LIMR family. LMBRD1 subfamily.
Lysosomal membrane chaperone required to export cobalamin (vitamin B12) from the lysosome to the cytosol, allowing its conversion to cofactors. Targets ABCD4 transporter from the endoplasmic reticulum to the lysosome. Then forms a complex with lysosomal ABCD4 and cytoplasmic MMACHC to transport cobalamin across the lysosomal membrane (By similarity). May play a role in mediating and regulating the internalization of the insulin receptor (By similarity).
Catalyzes the formation of GDP-mannose, an essential precursor of glycan moieties of glycoproteins and glycolipids.
Belongs to the proteasome subunit S5A family.
Belongs to the iron/manganese superoxide dismutase family.
Destroys superoxide anion radicals which are normally produced within the cells and which are toxic to biological systems.
Belongs to the prokaryotic/mitochondrial release factor family.
Component of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF-3) complex, which is involved in protein synthesis and, together with other initiation factors, stimulates binding of mRNA and methionyl-tRNAi to the 40S ribosome.
Neurotensin may play an endocrine or paracrine role in the regulation of fat metabolism. It causes contraction of smooth muscle.
Regulator of the TOR pathway, a signaling cascade that promotes cell growth in response to growth factors, energy levels, and amino acids. As part of the Ragulator complex, may activate the TOR signaling cascade in response to amino acids. Adapter protein that may regulate the MAP kinase cascade.
Cytoplasmic protein involved in the delivery of the dynein machinery to the motile cilium. It is required for the assembly of the axonemal dynein inner and outer arms, two structures attached to the peripheral outer doublet A microtubule of the axoneme, that play a crucial role in cilium motility.
Interacts with DNAI2; probably involved in outer arm dynein assembly.
Component of the nexin-dynein regulatory complex (N-DRC) a key regulator of ciliary/flagellar motility which maintains the alignment and integrity of the distal axoneme and regulates microtubule sliding in motile axonemes. Plays a critical role in the assembly of N-DRC and also stabilizes the assembly of multiple inner dynein arms and radial spokes. Coassembles with CCDC65/DRC2 to form a central scaffold needed for assembly of the N-DRC and its attachment to the outer doublet microtubules.
Belongs to the phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase beta subunit family. Type 2 subfamily.
Carbamylation allows a single lysine to coordinate two divalent metal cations.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS7 family.
Acts also as a negative regulator of osteoclast activity.
Lysosomal integral membrane protein that regulates the localization and activity of mTORC1, a signaling complex promoting cell growth in response to growth factors, energy levels, and amino acids. Interacts with Rag GTPases and increases the lysosomial localization and activity of Rag GTPases and thereby regulates mTORC1 translocation and activity in lysosome. Involved in the regulation of lysosomal morphology and autophagy (By similarity). Acts also as a negative regulator of osteoclast activity (By similarity).
Acts as a component of the essential kinetochore-associated NDC80 complex, which is required for chromosome segregation and spindle checkpoint activity (PubMed:12514103). Required for kinetochore integrity and the organization of stable microtubule binding sites in the outer plate of the kinetochore (By similarity). The NDC80 complex synergistically enhances the affinity of the SKA1 complex for microtubules and may allow the NDC80 complex to track depolymerizing microtubules (By similarity).
First expressed at late neural tube and early tailbud stages in the hypophyseal placode. Expression continues in the developing pituitary at late tailbud stages. As development progresses, expressed in the mesoderm of the branchial arches. At stage 38, expressed in the developing thyroid and in the pharyngeal endoderm.
Transcription factor that binds consensus sites on a variety of gene promoters and activate their transcription.
Protein kinase that may play an important role in cellular stress response. Plays an important role in activating certain potassium, sodium, and chloride channels, suggesting an involvement in the regulation of processes such as cell survival, neuronal excitability and renal sodium excretion (By similarity).
Involved in ciliogenesis. It is required for appropriate acetylation and polyglutamylation of ciliary microtubules, and regulation of cilium length (By similarity). Acts as a positive regulator of hedgehog (Hh)signaling (By similarity).
Interacts with sae2 and ube2i. Covalently attached to a number of proteins (By similarity).
Ubiquitin-like protein which can be covalently attached to target lysines either as a monomer or as a lysine-linked polymer. Does not seem to be involved in protein degradation and may function as an antagonist of ubiquitin in the degradation process. Plays a role in a number of cellular processes such as nuclear transport, DNA replication and repair, mitosis and signal transduction. Covalent attachment to its substrates requires prior activation by the E1 complex sae1-sae2 and linkage to the E2 enzyme ube2i (By similarity).
ATP dependent phosphorylation of adenosine and other related nucleoside analogs to monophosphate derivatives.
Belongs to the mitochondrial carrier (TC 2.A.29) family. SLC25A38 subfamily.
Mitochondrial glycine transporter that imports glycine into the mitochondrial matrix. Plays an important role in providing glycine for the first enzymatic step in heme biosynthesis, the condensation of glycine with succinyl-CoA to produce 5-aminolevulinate (ALA) in the miochondrial matrix. Required during erythropoiesis.
Belongs to the aggrecan/versican proteoglycan family.
Belongs to the potassium channel family. B (Shab) (TC 1.A.1.2) subfamily. Kv2.1/KCNB1 sub-subfamily.
Expressed maternally in oocytes, unfertilized eggs and embryos up to the mid-blastula transition (MBT).
Mitotic serine/threonine kinases that contributes to the regulation of cell cycle progression. Associates with the centrosome and the spindle microtubules during mitosis and plays a critical role in various mitotic events including the establishment of mitotic spindle, centrosome duplication, centrosome separation as well as maturation, chromosomal alignment, spindle assembly checkpoint, and cytokinesis. Phosphorylates numerous target proteins. Important for microtubule formation and/or stabilization.
Phosphorylated (PubMed:9454730). Autophosphorylated on a serine residue (PubMed:9454730).
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase involved in Golgi membrane fusion and regulation of small GTPases. Acts as a regulator of Golgi membrane dynamics during the cell cycle: recruited to Golgi membrane by Rab proteins and regulates postmitotic Golgi membrane fusion. Acts by mediating ubiquitination during mitotic Golgi disassembly, ubiquitination serving as a signal for Golgi reassembly later, after cell division.
Belongs to the connexin family. Beta-type (group I) subfamily.
Lung, liver, intestines, stomach and kidney.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFB7 subunit family.
Actin-binding component of the Arp2/3 complex, a multiprotein complex that mediates actin polymerization upon stimulation by nucleation-promoting factor (NPF) (PubMed:17178911). The Arp2/3 complex mediates the formation of branched actin networks in the cytoplasm, providing the force for cell motility (PubMed:17178911). In addition to its role in the cytoplasmic cytoskeleton, the Arp2/3 complex also promotes actin polymerization in the nucleus, thereby regulating gene transcription and repair of damaged DNA (Probable). The Arp2/3 complex promotes homologous recombination (HR) repair in response to DNA damage by promoting nuclear actin polymerization, leading to drive motility of double-strand breaks (DSBs) (By similarity).
Belongs to the ABC transporter superfamily. ABCC family. CFTR transporter (TC 3.A.1.202) subfamily.
Epithelial ion channel that plays an important role in the regulation of epithelial ion and water transport and fluid homeostasis. Mediates the transport of chloride ions across the cell membrane. Channel activity is coupled to ATP hydrolysis. The ion channel is also permeable to HCO(3-); selectivity depends on the extracellular chloride concentration. Exerts its function also by modulating the activity of other ion channels and transporters. Contributes to the regulation of the pH and the ion content of the epithelial fluid layer.
The twin CX3C motif contains 4 conserved Cys residues that form 2 disulfide bonds in the mitochondrial intermembrane space. However, during the transit of TIMM9 from cytoplasm into mitochondrion, the Cys residues probably coordinate zinc, thereby preventing folding and allowing its transfer across mitochondrial outer membrane (By similarity).
Component of the HUSH complex, a multiprotein complex that mediates epigenetic repression. The HUSH complex is recruited to genomic loci rich in H3K9me3 and is probably required to maintain transcriptional silencing by promoting further deposition of H3K9me3.
May negatively regulate cell cycle progression.
Involved in the cellular defense against the biological effects of O6-methylguanine (O6-MeG) and O4-methylthymine (O4-MeT) in DNA. Repairs the methylated nucleobase in DNA by stoichiometrically transferring the methyl group to a cysteine residue in the enzyme. This is a suicide reaction: the enzyme is irreversibly inactivated.
Is enriched in the vegetal half of the oocyte. In stage II oocytes is present uniformly in the cytoplasm; at stage III, it is concentrated towards the vegetal pole and finally clearly accumulates in the vegetal cortex by stage IV and V. It is expressed throughout the oocyte cytoplasm, forming a vegetal-to-animal gradient. After fertilization, persists in the yolky endodermal cells until mid-blastula-transition (MBT). At MBT, is abundant in the large endodermal cells. By the gastrula stage, this endodermal core is found in the center of the embryo. At stage 12, is also independently expressed in the late dorsal blastopore lip. This expression continues in the midline of the neural tube and finally regresses to the tip of the tail. At stage 30 expressed in the floorplate. At tailbud stage, expression is also detected in the pronephros and pronephric duct.
Putative RNA-binding protein. May be involved in regulating gene expression during embryonic development. Seems to be involved in endoderm formation. Ectopic expression results in endoderm formation in the absence of mesoderm induction.
Expressed during a short window during embryogenesis between at least stages 12 and 19.
Probably inactive because it lacks critical residues conserved in other family members, including an Asp in the motif DSDT, which is NSDI in has-rs, and an Arg residue in the motif QXXRW, which is QQTPW in has-rs. Also inactive in the functional assays of PubMed:9442026.
A maternally synthesized protein. Found in the apical cortex in the fertilized egg, where it is associated with cytoskeleton filaments, it is recruited to tight junctions before TJP1/ZO1 and OCLN. Nascent tight junctions are in place by the two-cell stage.
Deletion of the TJP1/ZO1 interaction motif (ZIM) decreases but does not abolish colocalization with TJP1/ZO1.
It is uncertain whether Met-1 or Met-9 is the initiator.
Localized on the cytoplasmic face of tight junctions of polarized epithelia and some endothelia.
Parallel homodimer (PubMed:10613913). Interacts with TJP1/ZO1 and TJP2/ZO2 in vivo, and TJP3/ZO3, myosin and OCLN in vitro, possibly directly (PubMed:10613913, PubMed:10491082, PubMed:12023291). Acts as an F-actin bundling protein in vitro (PubMed:11682052).
Probably plays a role in the formation and regulation of the tight junction (TJ) paracellular permeability barrier, possibly by linking ZO proteins to the actomyosin cytoskeleton.
Required for the assembly of axonemal inner and outer dynein arms. Involved in preassembly of dyneins into complexes before their transport into cilia (By similarity).
Required for the assembly of axonemal inner and outer dynein arms. Involved in preassembly of dyneins into complexes before their transport into cilia.
Lipid-binding protein involved in the biosynthesis of coenzyme Q, also named ubiquinone, an essential lipid-soluble electron transporter for aerobic cellular respiration. Binds a phospholipid of at least 10 carbons in each acyl group.
Structurally similar to the bacterial FadR protein (fatty acid metabolism regulator protein).
May play a role as a nucleotide-sugar transporter.
Belongs to the sodium:neurotransmitter symporter (SNF) (TC 2.A.22) family. SLC6A12 subfamily.
Transports betaine and GABA. May have a role in regulation of GABAergic transmission in the brain through the reuptake of GABA into presynaptic terminals, as well as in osmotic regulation.
Calcium-independent, phospholipid- and diacylglycerol (DAG)-dependent serine/threonine-protein kinase that plays contrasting roles in cell death and cell survival by functioning as a pro-apoptotic protein during DNA damage-induced apoptosis, but acting as an anti-apoptotic protein during cytokine receptor-initiated cell death, is involved in tumor suppression.
Interacts with PDPK1 (via N-terminal region), RAD9A, CDCP1, MUC1 and VASP.
Novel PKCs (PRKCD, PRKCE, PRKCH and PRKCQ) are calcium-insensitive, but activated by diacylglycerol (DAG) and phosphatidylserine.
Belongs to the FAD-binding oxidoreductase/transferase type 4 family.
Catalyzes the exchange of an acyl for a long-chain alkyl group and the formation of the ether bond in the biosynthesis of ether phospholipids.
Belongs to the glucosamine/galactosamine-6-phosphate isomerase family.
Involved in poly(A) tail length control in neuronal cells. Binds the polyadenosine RNA oligonucleotides.
Belongs to the adenylosuccinate synthetase family.
Component of the purine nucleotide cycle (PNC), which interconverts IMP and AMP to regulate the nucleotide levels in various tissues, and which contributes to glycolysis and ammoniagenesis. Catalyzes the first committed step in the biosynthesis of AMP from IMP.
Belongs to the type IA topoisomerase family.
Introduces a single-strand break via transesterification at a target site in duplex DNA. Releases the supercoiling and torsional tension of DNA introduced during the DNA replication and transcription by transiently cleaving and rejoining one strand of the DNA duplex. The scissile phosphodiester is attacked by the catalytic tyrosine of the enzyme, resulting in the formation of a DNA-(5'-phosphotyrosyl)-enzyme intermediate and the expulsion of a 3'-OH DNA strand.
Component of the CPC at least composed of survivin/birc5, incenp, cdca8/borealin and/or cdca9/dasra-A, and aurkb/aurora-B. Interacts directly with incenp (via N-terminus). Interacts with rxra; the interaction is stronger in the absence of 9-cis retinoic acids.
Does not appear to exhibit anti-apoptotic activity. Plays a role in increasing blood vessel size during development (By similarity). Component of the chromosomal passenger complex (CPC), a complex that acts as a key regulator of mitosis. The CPC complex has essential functions at the centromere in ensuring correct chromosome alignment and segregation and is required for chromatin-induced microtubule stabilization and spindle assembly.
Exhibits strong and homogeneous expression in developing oocytes. In embryos, expressed in the animal hemisphere from one-cell to yolk plug stages, and highly expressed in the future brain and dorsal region of the neural tube at the neurula stage and early tail-bud stage. At tadpole stages, expression is restricted at a low level to the head region.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. In oocytes, expression gradually decreases throughout successive oocyte stages. Expression is maintained up to the larval stage (stage 35). Not expressed in adults, with the exception of expression in the ovary and weak expression in the testis.
The BIR2 domain is required for vascular development.
Belongs to the ATP-dependent AMP-binding enzyme family. Bubblegum subfamily.
Catalyzes the conversion of fatty acids such as long chain and very long-chain fatty acids to their active form acyl-CoAs for both synthesis of cellular lipids, and degradation via beta-oxidation. Can activate diverse saturated, monosaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids.
Component of the SMG1C complex composed of smg1, smg8 and smg9.
Involved in nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) of mRNAs containing premature stop codons. Is recruited by release factors to stalled ribosomes together with smg1 and smg8 (forming the SMG1C protein kinase complex) and, in the SMG1C complex, is required for the efficient association between smg1 and smg8 (By similarity).
Plays an important role in meiotic recombination. Stimulates DMC1-mediated strand exchange required for pairing of homologous chromosomes during meiosis (By similarity).
Identified in the spliceosome B complex. Component of the U4/U6-U5 tri-snRNP complex.
Involved in pre-mRNA splicing as component of the spliceosome. Binds to the 5'-stem-loop of U4 snRNA and thereby contributes to spliceosome assembly. The protein undergoes a conformational change upon RNA-binding.
Binds 2 magnesium or manganese ions per subunit.
Protein phosphatase which positively regulates biosynthesis of the ubiquinone, coenzyme Q (By similarity). Dephosphorylates the ubiquinone biosynthesis protein coq7 which is likely to lead to its activation (By similarity).
First detected after midblastula transition. Expression increases during gastrulation and neurulation. Expressed in the blastopore lip at gastrula stage (stage 11), the posterior mesoderm and anterior neural plate after involution (stage 14), the early forebrain and midbrain-hindbrain boundary at the neurula stage (stage 16), and the branchial arch region in tail bud stage embryos (stage 26).
Forms homotrimers. In the presence of substrate, may form higher-order multimers in a PDZ-independent manner.
Serine protease with a variety of targets, including extracellular matrix proteins and proteoglycans such as biglycan, syndecan-4 and glypican-4. Through cleavage of proteoglycans, may release soluble FGF-glycosaminoglycan complexes that promote the range and intensity of FGF signals in the extracellular space. Consequently, facilitates inductive processes in the developing embryo, such as posteriorization, mesoderm induction and neuronal differentiation. Regulates the availability of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) by cleaving IGF-binding proteins. Inhibits signaling mediated by TGF-beta family members. Consequently, may regulate many physiological processes. Intracellularly, degrades TSC2, leading to the activation of TSC2 downstream targets.
Belongs to the PNP/UDP phosphorylase family.
Catalyzes the reversible phosphorylytic cleavage of uridine and deoxyuridine to uracil and ribose- or deoxyribose-1-phosphate. The produced molecules are then utilized as carbon and energy sources or in the rescue of pyrimidine bases for nucleotide synthesis.
May be a substrate-recognition component of a SCF-like ECS (Elongin-Cullin-SOCS-box protein) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex which mediates the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins.
Component of the HAUS augmin-like complex. The complex interacts with the gamma-tubulin ring complex and this interaction is required for spindle assembly. Associates with microtubules. The interaction with microtubules is strong during mitosis, while it is weak or absent during interphase. It is unclear whether this interaction is direct or indirect (By similarity).
Contributes to mitotic spindle assembly, maintenance of centrosome integrity and completion of cytokinesis as part of the HAUS augmin-like complex.
In eukaryotes there are five DNA polymerases: alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon which are responsible for different reactions of DNA synthesis.
Plays an essential role in the initiation of DNA replication. During the S phase of the cell cycle, the DNA polymerase alpha complex (composed of a catalytic subunit POLA1/p180, a regulatory subunit POLA2/p70 and two primase subunits PRIM1/p49 and PRIM2/p58) is recruited to DNA at the replicative forks via direct interactions with MCM10 and WDHD1. The primase subunit of the polymerase alpha complex initiates DNA synthesis by oligomerising short RNA primers on both leading and lagging strands. These primers are initially extended by the polymerase alpha catalytic subunit and subsequently transferred to polymerase delta and polymerase epsilon for processive synthesis on the lagging and leading strand, respectively. The reason this transfer occurs is because the polymerase alpha has limited processivity and lacks intrinsic 3' exonuclease activity for proofreading error, and therefore is not well suited for replicating long complexes (By similarity).
The DNA polymerase alpha complex is composed of four subunits: the catalytic subunit POLA1, the regulatory subunit POLA2, and the small and the large primase subunits PRIM1 and PRIM2 respectively. Interacts with PARP1; this interaction functions as part of the control of replication fork progression. Interacts with MCM10 and WDHD1; these interactions recruit the polymerase alpha complex to the pre-replicative complex bound to DNA. Interacts with RPA1; this interaction stabilizes the replicative complex and reduces the misincorporation rate of DNA polymerase alpha by acting as a fidelity clamp (By similarity).
Belongs to the JHDM2 histone demethylase family.
Histone demethylase that specifically demethylates 'Lys-9' of histone H3, thereby playing a central role in histone code. Preferentially demethylates mono- and dimethylated H3 'Lys-9' residue, with a preference for dimethylated residue, while it has weak or no activity on trimethylated H3 'Lys-9'. Demethylation of Lys residue generates formaldehyde and succinate (By similarity).
Leu-Xaa-Xaa-Leu-Leu (LXXLL) motifs are known to mediate the association with nuclear receptors.
The JmjC domain and the C6-type zinc-finger are required for the demethylation activity.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. mRNA cap 0 methyltransferase family.
Catalytic subunit of the mRNA-capping methyltransferase RNMT:RAMAC complex that methylates the N7 position of the added guanosine to the 5'-cap structure of mRNAs. Binds RNA containing 5'-terminal GpppC.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Expression decreases after gastrulation.
Interacts (via C-terminus) with clip1/clip-170, and cenpe.
Microtubule plus-end tracking protein that promotes the stabilization of dynamic microtubules during anaphase. Plays a crucial role in chromatin-induced microtubule formation. May also act at microtubule minus ends. May be involved in the nucleation of noncentrosomal microtubules originating from the trans-Golgi network (TGN).
In addition to the main band of expression at the midbrain-hindbrain boundary, the protein is expressed in the mandibular arch, the optic tectum and the region of anterior pituitary.
Belongs to the PPP phosphatase family. PP-5 (PP-T) subfamily.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL33 family.
RNA-binding protein that specifically bind the 3'-UTR of VegT transcripts, leading to maintain their stability and stimulate their translation, thereby playing a role in germ layer formation. VegT is a localized maternal determinant essentially required for endoderm formation. Also has some proneural function in the open neural plate and in the context of retinogenesis. May also act as a mRNA splicing factor. May play a role in myogenic differentiation.
Strongly expressed in the nervous system. Expressed at early neurula stages of development.
Component of the signal recognition particle (SRP) complex, a ribonucleoprotein complex that mediates the cotranslational targeting of secretory and membrane proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
Binds to the LIM domain of a wide variety of LIM domain-containing transcription factors. Acts as a coactivator together with otx2 to stimulate lhx1/lim1-mediated activation of the gsc promoter in the Spemann organizer. Acts synergistically with lhx1/lim1 and ssbp in axis formation.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically during embryogenesis.
Forms homodimers and heterodimers. Interacts with the LIM domain of LIM/homeobox factor lhx1/lim1, and with lhx3/lim3 and lhx5/lim5. Activates lhx1/lim1 by binding. The stoichiometry of lhx1/lim1 and ldb1 is important for their function and an excess of ldb1 can inhibit lhx1/lim1 function. When bound to lhx1/lim1, escapes degradation by rnf12. The N-terminus interacts with the N-terminal region of rnf12.
The dimerization domain is located in the N-terminus.
Ubiquitously expressed in the early gastrula before localizing to the dorsal region of the vegetal hemisphere, which contains the Spemann organizer. Expressed in the CNS, pronephros and tail bud in neurula and tail-bud stage embryos. Expressed in multiple adult tissues including brain, heart, lung, stomach, intestine, liver, spleen, kidney, ovary, muscle and skin.
Undergoes rnf12-mediated ubiquitin-proteasome-dependent degradation.
Belongs to the DNA/RNA non-specific endonuclease family.
Belongs to the poly(A) polymerase family.
Binds 2 magnesium ions. Also active with manganese.
Polymerase that creates the 3'-poly(A) tail of mRNA's.
Catalyzes the hydroxylation of 2-polyprenyl-3-methyl-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinol (DMQH2) during ubiquinone biosynthesis. Has also a structural role in the COQ enzyme complex, stabilizing other COQ polypeptides. Involved in lifespan determination in a ubiquinone-independent manner.
Component of a multi-subunit COQ enzyme complex, composed of at least COQ3, COQ4, COQ5, COQ6, COQ7 and COQ9. Interacts with ADCK4 and COQ6. Interacts with COQ9.
Belongs to the TFIID complex together with the TBP-associated factors (TAFs). Binds DNA as monomer.
General transcription factor that functions at the core of the DNA-binding multiprotein factor TFIID. Binding of TFIID to the TATA box is the initial transcriptional step of the pre-initiation complex (PIC), playing a role in the activation of eukaryotic genes transcribed by RNA polymerase II. Members of the TBP family are differentially required to regulate transcription and development during early embryogenesis. Binds to the promoters of select genes.
The N-terminal domain is extensively phosphorylated.
Homodimer. Does not require RNA to homodimerize (By similarity).
RNA-binding protein that plays a central role in myelinization. Binds to the 5'-NACUAAY-N(1,20)-UAAY-3' RNA core sequence. Acts by regulating pre-mRNA splicing, mRNA export, mRNA stability and protein translation. Required to protect and promote stability of mRNAs which promotes oligodendrocyte differentiation. Participates in mRNA transport by regulating the nuclear export of MBP mRNA. Also involved in regulation of mRNA splicing of some pre-mRNA. Acts as a translational repressor (By similarity).
Bifunctional DNA N-glycosylase with associated apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) lyase function that catalyzes the first step in base excision repair (BER), the primary repair pathway for the repair of oxidative DNA damage. The DNA N-glycosylase activity releases the damaged DNA base from DNA by cleaving the N-glycosidic bond, leaving an AP site. The AP lyase activity cleaves the phosphodiester bond 3' to the AP site by a beta-elimination. Primarily recognizes and repairs oxidative base damage of pyrimidines.
Binds 1 [4Fe-4S] cluster. The cluster does not appear to play a role in catalysis, but is probably involved in the proper positioning of the enzyme along the DNA strand.
Expressed in immature oocytes (at protein level). Expressed in the ovary.
Expressed in oocytes throughout oogenesis. Undetectable in eggs and during early embryonic stages up to the tailbud stage (at protein level). Expressed during early embryonic stages beyond stage 8 (mid-blastula transition; MBT).
Oocyte-specific protein that localizes to centromeres at the dictyate stage and regulates the survival of primordial oocytes.
Phosphorylated in maturing oocytes, before its degradation.
Ubiquitinated and gradually degraded by the proteasome during oocyte maturation.
Key component of the cytosolic iron-sulfur protein assembly (CIA) complex, a multiprotein complex that mediates the incorporation of iron-sulfur cluster into apoproteins specifically involved in DNA metabolism and genomic integrity. In the CIA complex, MMS19 acts as an adapter between early-acting CIA components and a subset of cellular target iron-sulfur proteins.
Belongs to the fibrillar collagen family.
Contains 3-hydroxyproline at a few sites. This modification occurs on the first proline residue in the sequence motif Gly-Pro-Hyp, where Hyp is 4-hydroxyproline.
Contains mostly 4-hydroxyproline. Prolines at the third position of the tripeptide repeating unit (G-X-P) are 4-hydroxylated in some or all of the chains.
Initially, the transcripts are localized to notochord, somites, and the dorsal region of the lateral plate mesoderm. At later stages of development and parallel to increased mRNA accumulation, collagen expression becomes progressively more confined to chondrogenic regions of the tadpole.
Lysine residues at the third position of the tripeptide repeating unit (G-X-Y) are 5-hydroxylated in some or all of the chains.
O-glycosylated on hydroxylated lysine residues. The O-linked glycan consists of a Glc-Gal disaccharide.
The C-terminal propeptide, also known as COLFI domain, have crucial roles in tissue growth and repair by controlling both the intracellular assembly of procollagen molecules and the extracellular assembly of collagen fibrils. It binds a calcium ion which is essential for its function (By similarity).
Type II collagen is specific for cartilaginous tissues. It is essential for the normal embryonic development of the skeleton, for linear growth and for the ability of cartilage to resist compressive forces (By similarity).
Expressed both maternally and zygotically throughout development in oocytes, eggs, embryos and adults. Expression increases between oogenesis stages III and VI.
Interacts (via RRM3) with cirbp. Unable to form oligomers. Part of a ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex, at least composed of elavl1/elrA and/or elavl2/elrB, igf2bp3/vg1RBP, ddx6/Xp54, ybx2/frgy2, lsm14b/rap55b and, in a subset of RNP complexes, stau1/staufen.
RNA-binding protein that binds to the 3'-UTR region of mRNAs and increases their stability. Involved in embryonic stem cells (ESCs) differentiation: preferentially binds mRNAs that are not methylated by N6-methyladenosine (m6A), stabilizing them, promoting ESCs differentiation (By similarity). Binds to poly-U elements and AU-rich elements (AREs) in the 3'-UTR of target mRNAs. May be involved in cytoplasmic mRNA polyadenylation. Acts cooperatively with cribp to stabilize AU-rich sequence (ARE)-containing mRNAs. May play a role during gastrulation. Required for the vegetal localization of vg1 mRNA.
Belongs to the FAM175 family. Abraxas subfamily.
Component of the BRCA1-A complex. Component of the BRISC complex. Homodimer. Interacts directly (when phosphorylated at Ser-405) with brca1. The phosphorylated homodimer can interact directly with two brca1 chains, giving rise to a heterotetramer (By similarity).
Involved in DNA damage response and double-strand break (DSB) repair. Component of the BRCA1-A complex, acting as a central scaffold protein that assembles the various components of the complex and mediates the recruitment of brca1. The BRCA1-A complex specifically recognizes 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitinated histones H2A and H2AX at DNA lesion sites, leading to target the brca1-bard1 heterodimer to sites of DNA damage at DSBs. This complex also possesses deubiquitinase activity that specifically removes 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitin on histones H2A and H2AX (By similarity).
Phosphorylation of Ser-405 of the pSXXF motif by ATM or ATR constitutes a specific recognition motif for the BRCT domain of BRCA1.
Component of the mcm2-7 complex (RLF-M) (PubMed:16369567, PubMed:8917078, PubMed:9214646, PubMed:9214647, PubMed:9851868). The complex forms a toroidal hexameric ring with the proposed subunit order mcm2-mcm6-mcm4-mcm7-mcm3-mcm5 (PubMed:16369567, PubMed:8917078, PubMed:9214646, PubMed:9214647, PubMed:9851868). The heterodimer of mmcm3/mcm5 interacts with mcm4, mmcm6, mcm7 and weakly with mcm2 (PubMed:16369567, PubMed:8917078, PubMed:9214646, PubMed:9214647, PubMed:9851868). Component of the CMG helicase complex, composed of the mcm2-7 complex, the GINS complex and cdc45 (PubMed:30979826, PubMed:30842657).
This is a receptor for the anterior pituitary hormone prolactin.
Homodimerizes, the dimers can polymerize end-to-end to form filamentous structures.
Required to coordinate membrane tubulation with reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton during endocytosis.
Adapter protein required for Golgi and endoplasmic reticulum biogenesis. Involved in Golgi and endoplasmic reticulum maintenance during interphase and in their reassembly at the end of mitosis. Regulates the centrosomal levels of kinase aurka-a/Aurora A during mitotic progression by promoting aurka-a removal from centrosomes in prophase. Also, regulates spindle orientation during mitosis.
Probable component of the Integrator (INT) complex, a complex involved in the small nuclear RNAs (snRNA) U1 and U2 transcription and in their 3'-box-dependent processing.
Acts on tyrosine phosphorylated proteins, low-MW aryl phosphates and natural and synthetic acyl phosphates.
Belongs to the low molecular weight phosphotyrosine protein phosphatase family.
Transcription factor that specifically recognizes the sequence 5'-YAAC[GT]G-3'. Acts as a master regulator of male meiosis by promoting expression of piRNAs. The piRNA metabolic process mediates the repression of transposable elements during meiosis by forming complexes composed of piRNAs and Piwi proteins and governs the methylation and subsequent repression of transposons, which is essential for the germline integrity.
Involved in an early step of the mitochondrial complex IV assembly process.
Acts as a positive cofactor of GATA transcription factors to establish the identity of the ventral mesoderm during gastrulation. Down-regulation in the dorsal mesoderm is necessary for the proper formation of this territory since, when present, lmo4 may bind ldb1 and restrict the availability of this cofactor for Spemman organizer transcription factors. At neurula stages, suppresses primary neuron differentiation and modulates gene expression at the Isthmic Organizer of the midbrain-hindbrain boundary (By similarity).
Involved in regulation of actin and microtubule organization. Part of a WAVE complex that activates the Arp2/3 complex (By similarity).
Belongs to the lyase 1 family. Adenylosuccinate lyase subfamily.
Catalyzes two non-sequential steps in de novo AMP synthesis: converts (S)-2-(5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamido)succinate (SAICAR) to fumarate plus 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamide, and thereby also contributes to de novo IMP synthesis, and converts succinyladenosine monophosphate (SAMP) to AMP and fumarate.
Homotetramer. Residues from neighboring subunits contribute catalytic and substrate-binding residues to each active site.
Expressed broadly throughout the CNS and the eye, starting at neurula stages.
In embryos at stage 20, expressed in the eye vesicle, and later in the neural tube, olfactory placode, midbrain and hindbrain. In addition to expression in the CNS at stage 29, expression is also visible in the pronephros, otic placodes and tailtip. Expression in the eye is localized to the retina. Broadly present throughout the midbrain and hindbrain and expression is not limited to the proliferating cells of the ventricular layer, but detected throughout all layers of the hindbrain.
Transcriptional repressor. Binds with MAX to form a sequence-specific DNA-binding protein complex which recognizes the core sequence 5'-CAC[GA]TG-3' (By similarity).
Component of several multiprotein Golgi SNARE complexes.
Involved in transport from the ER to the Golgi apparatus as well as in intra-Golgi transport. It belongs to a super-family of proteins called t-SNAREs or soluble NSF (N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor) attachment protein receptor. May play a protective role against hydrogen peroxide induced cytotoxicity under glutathione depleted conditions in neuronal cells by regulating the intracellular ROS levels via inhibition of p38 MAPK (MAPK11, MAPK12, MAPK13 and MAPK14). Participates in docking and fusion stage of ER to cis-Golgi transport. Plays an important physiological role in VLDL-transport vesicle-Golgi fusion and thus in VLDL delivery to the hepatic cis-Golgi.
Belongs to the zinc-containing alcohol dehydrogenase family. Class-III subfamily.
Belongs to the glucosamine/galactosamine-6-phosphate isomerase family. 6-phosphogluconolactonase subfamily.
Hydrolysis of 6-phosphogluconolactone to 6-phosphogluconate.
Chromosomal protein that binds to methylated DNA. It can bind specifically to a single methyl-CpG pair. It is not influenced by sequences flanking the methyl-CpGs. Binds both 5-methylcytosine (5mC) and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC)-containing DNA, with a preference for 5-methylcytosine (5mC).
Scaffold subunit of some HBO1 complexes, which have a histone H4 acetyltransferase activity. Plays a key role in HBO1 complex by directing KAT7/HBO1 specificity towards histone H4 acetylation (H4K5ac, H4K8ac and H4K12ac), regulating DNA replication initiation, regulating DNA replication initiation.
The 2 PHD-type zinc fingers are required for transcriptional activity.
Belongs to the Nudix hydrolase family. CPSF5 subfamily.
Component of the cleavage factor Im (CFIm) complex that functions as an activator of the pre-mRNA 3'-end cleavage and polyadenylation processing required for the maturation of pre-mRNA into functional mRNAs. CFIm contributes to the recruitment of multiprotein complexes on specific sequences on the pre-mRNA 3'-end, so called cleavage and polyadenylation signals (pA signals). Most pre-mRNAs contain multiple pA signals, resulting in alternative cleavage and polyadenylation (APA) producing mRNAs with variable 3'-end formation. The CFIm complex acts as a key regulator of cleavage and polyadenylation site choice during APA through its binding to 5'-UGUA-3' elements localized in the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) for a huge number of pre-mRNAs. Binds to 5'-UGUA-3' elements localized upstream of pA signals that act as enhancers of pre-mRNA 3'-end processing. The homodimer mediates simultaneous sequence-specific recognition of two 5'-UGUA-3' elements within the pre-mRNA. Plays a role in somatic cell fate transitions and pluripotency by regulating widespread changes in gene expression through an APA-dependent function. Binds to chromatin. Binds to, but does not hydrolyze mono- and di-adenosine nucleotides.
Homodimer (via N- and C-terminus); binds RNA as homodimer. Component of the cleavage factor Im (CFIm) complex.
Lacks the conserved metal-binding residues in the NUDIX motif and is not expected to have hydrolase activity.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class YlqF/YawG GTPase family.
In contrast to other GTP-binding proteins, this family is characterized by a circular permutation of the GTPase motifs described by a G4-G1-G3 pattern.
May play a role in regulating cellular proliferation.
Accepts the ubiquitin-like protein NEDD8 from the uba3-nae1 E1 complex and catalyzes its covalent attachment to other proteins. The specific interaction with the E3 ubiquitin ligase rbx2, but not rbx1, suggests that the rbx2-ube2f complex neddylates specific target proteins, such as cul5.
Belongs to the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family. UBE2F subfamily.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Levels are constant from stage VI oocytes to the end of blastulation, decreasing at the onset of gastrulation and becoming undetectable at later stages.
Interacts with cdk2. Interacts independently with cdk1 and with the cyclin B proteins ccnb1 and ccnb2, but doesn't interact with a cdc2-cyclin B complex. Prior to oocyte maturation, the mRNA is found in a complex with dazl and pum2 proteins; pum2 dissociates from the complex during maturation.
Stimulates oocyte maturation by promoting meiotic G2/M progression in resting oocytes, via activation of the MAPK cascade and cdc2-cyclin B. Also activates the kinase activity of cdk2; this activation does not appear necessary for oocyte maturation. Necessary for polyadenylation in oocytes.
The C-terminus is required for CDK2-activation, but not CDK2-binding.
Belongs to the TFIIE beta subunit family.
Recruits TFIIH to the initiation complex and stimulates the RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain kinase and DNA-dependent ATPase activities of TFIIH. Both TFIIH and TFIIE are required for promoter clearance by RNA polymerase.
Tetramer of two alpha and two beta chains.
Inorganic phosphate and glucose-6-phosphate antiporter. May transport cytoplasmic glucose-6-phosphate into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum and translocate inorganic phosphate into the opposite direction.
Belongs to the RFamide neuropeptide family.
Carbohydrate-binding protein with a strong ligand preference for Glc2-N-glycan. May play a role in the early steps of protein N-glycosylation. Can bind di- or higher oligomers but not monomers of glucose, including maltose, maltotriose, maltotetraose, maltoheptaose, nigerose, kojibose, cellobiose and isomaltose, although based on their subcellular locations, these are unlikely to all be physiological ligands (By similarity).
Belongs to the archaeal Rpo12/eukaryotic RPC10 RNA polymerase subunit family.
EF-1 is composed of four subunits: alpha, beta, delta, and gamma.
Probably plays a role in anchoring the complex to other cellular components.
Acts as a coactivator in the regulation of translation initiation of poly(A)-containing mRNAs.
Interacts with the RRM1-RRM2 and C-terminal regions of epabp.
Interacts with csnk1e, ctnnb1-A, ctbp-B, dact1-A and gsk3b. May interact with ase and tle4-A (By similarity). Interacts with tle1-B.
Participates in the Wnt signaling pathway. Binds to DNA and acts as a repressor in the absence of ctnnb1-A and possibly ctnnb1-B, and as an activator in the presence of these proteins. Required early in development for the establishment of the dorsal body axis in response to maternal Wnt signaling.
Phosphorylated. Phosphorylation by csnk1e promotes binding to ctnnb1-A while phosphorylation by gsk3b may reverse this effect (By similarity).
Negatively regulates the PAK1 kinase. PAK1 is a member of the PAK kinase family, which has been shown to play a positive role in the regulation of signaling pathways involving MAPK8 and RELA. PAK1 exists as an inactive homodimer, which is activated by binding of small GTPases such as CDC42 to an N-terminal regulatory domain. PAK1IP1 also binds to the N-terminus of PAK1, and inhibits the specific activation of PAK1 by CDC42. May be involved in ribosomal large subunit assembly.
Acts by opposing the inhibitory activity of inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAP) (By similarity). Promotes apoptosis.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Expressed throughout embryonic development.
Belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily. Contactin family.
Binds 2 magnesium ions, but the ions are only loosely bound to the protein.
Expressed only in the photoreceptors of the retina. Expression is controlled by the retinal circadian clock.
Phosphatase which catalyzes the conversion of NADP(+) to NAD(+) and of NADPH to NADH (By similarity). Shows a small preference for NADPH over NADP(+) (By similarity). Component of the circadian clock or downstream effector of clock function (PubMed:12573214). Exhibits a high amplitude circadian rhythm with maximal levels in early evening (PubMed:12573214). In constant darkness or constant light, the amplitude of the rhythm decreases (PubMed:12573214).
Was initially shown to have low deadenylase activity that was lost when the metal-binding Glu was mutated (PubMed:12573214). Later studies showed that the purified protein lacked deadenylase activity (By similarity). Was subsequently shown to act as a phosphatase (By similarity).
ATPase activity is stimulated by microtubules, which promote homooligomerization. ATP-dependent microtubule severing is stimulated by interaction with KATNB1.
Belongs to the AAA ATPase family. Katanin p60 subunit A1 subfamily. A-like 1 sub-subfamily.
Can homooligomerize into hexameric rings, which may be promoted by interaction with microtubules. Interacts with KATNB1, which may serve as a targeting subunit.
Catalytic subunit of a complex which severs microtubules in an ATP-dependent manner. Microtubule severing may promote rapid reorganization of cellular microtubule arrays and the release of microtubules from the centrosome following nucleation.
Regulates microtubule dynamics in Sertoli cells, a process that is essential for spermiogenesis and male fertility. Severs microtubules in an ATP-dependent manner, promoting rapid reorganization of cellular microtubule arrays.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 39 family.
Transfers mannose from Dol-P-mannose to Ser or Thr residues on proteins.
Essential factor for the assembly of mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase complex (complex I).
First expressed at embryonic stage 9, with expression increasing at neurula stage and again at the tailbud stage. Expression persists through development to adulthood.
From embryonic stage 10, expressed in the Spemann's organizer. During gastrulation, expressed in both the involuting mesoderm and the overlying neuroectoderm. During the neural plate and neural fold stages, expressed in the entire neuroectoderm with expression in discrete regions of the developing nervous system persisting at later stages. Transiently expressed in the pronephros from stages 24-32. In adults, expressed in the kidney and brain.
Transcriptional activator. Induces neural-specific gene expression to act as a key regulator of neural differentiation.
Plus end-directed microtubule-dependent motor protein that regulates the length of motile cilia by mediating depolymerization of microtubules at ciliary tips.
As in other animals, several charge isomers may be produced as a result of optional post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation of serine or threonine residues, deamidation of glutamine or asparagine residues, citrullination and methylation of arginine residues.
Belongs to the myelin basic protein family.
Is, with PLP, the most abundant protein component of the myelin membrane in the CNS. Plays a role in both the formation and stabilization of this compact multilayer arrangement of bilayers. Each splice variant and charge isomer may have a specialized function in the assembly of an optimized, biochemically functional myelin membrane (By similarity).
Forms a complex with PIGT, PIGS, PIGU and GAA1.
Mediates GPI anchoring in the endoplasmic reticulum, by replacing a protein's C-terminal GPI attachment signal peptide with a pre-assembled GPI. During this transamidation reaction, the GPI transamidase forms a carbonyl intermediate with the substrate protein.
Casein kinases are operationally defined by their preferential utilization of acidic proteins such as caseins as substrates. It can phosphorylate a large number of proteins. Participates in Wnt signaling. May play a role in segregating chromosomes during mitosis. May play a role in keratin cytoskeleton disassembly (By similarity) (PubMed:9022677). Phosphorylates protein custos (PubMed:25157132).
Belongs to the transaldolase family. Type 1 subfamily.
Catalyzes the rate-limiting step of the non-oxidative phase in the pentose phosphate pathway. Catalyzes the reversible conversion of sedheptulose-7-phosphate and D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate into erythrose-4-phosphate and beta-D-fructose 6-phosphate.
Probable hybrid of the A and B paralogous sequences.
Zinc-finger RNA-binding protein that destabilizes several cytoplasmic AU-rich element (ARE)-containing mRNA transcripts by promoting their poly(A) tail removal or deadenylation, and hence provide a mechanism for attenuating protein synthesis (PubMed:10751406, PubMed:12748283). Acts as a 3'-untranslated region (UTR) ARE mRNA-binding adapter protein to communicate signaling events to the mRNA decay machinery (By similarity). Functions by recruiting the CCR4-NOT deadenylase complex and probably other components of the cytoplasmic RNA decay machinery to the bound ARE-containing mRNAs, and hence promotes ARE-mediated mRNA deadenylation and decay processes (By similarity). Binds to 3'-UTR ARE of numerous mRNAs (PubMed:12748283). Induces also the degradation of ARE-containing mRNAs even in absence of poly(A) tail (PubMed:10751406, PubMed:11279239). Required for tubulogenesis during pronephros development (By similarity).
Belongs to the complex I 51 kDa subunit family.
RNA-binding protein implicated in the regulation of several post-transcriptional events. May be involved in pre-mRNA alternative splicing, mRNA translation repression and stability (By similarity).
Toll-like receptor (TLR)-specific co-chaperone for HSP90B1. Required for proper TLR folding and hence controls TLR exit from the endoplasmic reticulum. Consequently, required for immune responses (By similarity).
Receptor for prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). The activity of this receptor is mediated by G(s) proteins that stimulate adenylate cyclase. Has a relaxing effect on smooth muscle. May play an important role in regulating renal hemodynamics, intestinal epithelial transport, adrenal aldosterone secretion, and uterine function.
Belongs to the fibroblast growth factor-binding protein family.
Belongs to the actin family. ARP8 subfamily.
Component of the chromatin remodeling INO80 complex; specifically part of a complex module associated with the DBINO domain of INO80. Exists as monomers and dimers, but the dimer is most probably the biologically relevant form required for stable interactions with histones that exploits the twofold symmetry of the nucleosome core.
Plays an important role in the functional organization of mitotic chromosomes. Exhibits low basal ATPase activity, and unable to polymerize.
Proposed core component of the chromatin remodeling INO80 complex which is involved in transcriptional regulation, DNA replication and probably DNA repair.
Guanine-nucleotide releasing factor that promotes the exchange of Ran-bound GDP by GTP, and thereby plays an important role in RAN-mediated functions in nuclear import and mitosis. Contributes to the generation of high levels of chromosome-associated, GTP-bound RAN, which is important for mitotic spindle assembly and normal progress through mitosis. Via its role in maintaining high levels of GTP-bound RAN in the nucleus, contributes to the release of cargo proteins from importins after nuclear import (By similarity). Involved in the regulation of onset of chromosome condensation in the S phase (PubMed:2361953). Binds both to the nucleosomes and double-stranded DNA (By similarity).
Anticoagulant plasma protein; it is a cofactor to activated protein C in the degradation of coagulation factors Va and VIIIa. It helps to prevent coagulation and stimulating fibrinolysis.
Forms a heterodimer with the catalytic subunit METTL1.
Non-catalytic component of a methyltransferase complex required for the formation of N(7)-methylguanine in a subset of RNA species, such as tRNAs, mRNAs and microRNAs (miRNAs). In the methyltransferase complex, it is required to stabilize and induce conformational changes of the catalytic subunit. Required for the formation of N(7)-methylguanine at position 46 (m7G46) in tRNA. Also required for the formation of N(7)-methylguanine at internal sites in a subset of mRNAs. Also required for methylation of a specific subset of miRNAs.
Required for the formation of N(7)-methylguanine at position 46 (m7G46) in tRNA. In the complex, it is required to stabilize and induce conformational changes of the catalytic subunit.
The SOCS box domain mediates the interaction with the Elongin BC complex, an adapter module in different E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bS6 family.
Found in complex with bub1 or bub1b (phosphorylated). Component of a complex along with bub1b, mad2 and cdc20 located at the kinetochore. Interacts with znf207/BuGZ.
Has a dual function in spindle-assembly checkpoint signaling and in promoting the establishment of correct kinetochore-microtubule (K-MT) attachments. Plays a role in the kinetochore-mediated mitotic checkpoint, which delays anaphase onset until all chromosomes have attached properly to the mitotic spindle. Required to establish and maintain spindle checkpoint arrest in eggs.
Maternal transcripts localize exclusively to animal blastomeres. Active expression (mRNA level) in whole oocytes during early stages (Dumont I-II). Transcripts accumulate in the animal half during the latest stages of oogenesis (Dumont IV-VI). Localized in the perinuclear cytoplasm in the full-grown oocyte. Close association with chromosome movement in dividing blastomeres. After gastrulation zygotic expression is observed in the whole ectodermal region, but enhanced in the dorsoanterior region. In the tadpole, expression is observed in the central nervous system, eyes and branchial arches.
Functions as a cell surface receptor and performs physiological functions on the surface of neurons relevant to neurite growth, neuronal adhesion and axonogenesis.
Homodimer (By similarity). Heterodimer with other HLH proteins. Interacts (via HLH domain) with the bHLH protein hes4/hairy2 (via Orange domain). Interacts with stat3 (By similarity).
Transcriptional regulator (lacking a basic DNA binding domain) which negatively regulates the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors by forming heterodimers and inhibiting their DNA binding and transcriptional activity. Influences cell fate decisions in the embryo by sequestering and blocking the activity of the bHLH transcription factors that control these decisions. Inhibits the binding of myogenic bHLH-containing complexes to E-box DNA, thereby preventing activation of muscle-specific target genes. Also inhibits the activity of neurogenic factor neurod1/neuroD. Plays a role in cell cycle progression and survival of neural crest progenitors; binding to either hes4-B/hairy2b or stat3 blocks the formation of transcription factor complexes and the repressor function of hes4-B/hairy2B, to allow neural crest progenitors to differentiate. May play a role in the regulation of the circadian rhythm (By similarity).
Substrate-binding subunit of tRNA (adenine-N1-)-methyltransferase, which catalyzes the formation of N1-methyladenine at position 58 (m1A58) in initiator methionyl-tRNA.
Transcription elongation factor which increases mitochondrial RNA polymerase processivity. Regulates transcription of the mitochondrial genome, including genes important for the oxidative phosphorylation machinery.
Interacts with heterodimers of rxra and thrb, and this interaction is abrogated by thyroid hormone binding to thrb. Interacts with ncor1 (By similarity).
Adapter protein (clathrin-associated sorting protein (CLASP)) required for efficient endocytosis of the LDL receptor (LDLR). Also involved in the vitellogenin receptor mediated endocytosis of nutrients during oogenesis.
Expressed at high level during oogenesis and embryogenesis. Found in the oocyte vegetal cortex. Found at low level in the adult liver and spleen. Found at very low level in testis and heart.
Expressed throughout oogenesis. Homogeneously distributed in stages I and II oocytes and only later localized primarily to the vegetal cortex. Expressed in early stage embryos, but expression decreases during gastrulation, reaching barely detectable levels by tailbud stages.
Interacts (via PID domain) with ldlr (via NPXY motif) (PubMed:15327785). Binds to soluble clathrin trimers and to the adapter protein complex 2 (AP-2, beta 2 subunit). Binds to phosphoinositides, which regulate clathrin bud assembly at the cell surface. Interacts with the VLDL receptor (vldlr) (By similarity). Interacts with the vitellogenin receptor (PubMed:15327785).
The PID domain mediates interaction with the NPXY internalization motif of LDLR.
The [DE]-X(1,2)-F-X-X-[FL]-X-X-X-R motif mediates interaction the AP-2 complex subunit AP2B1.
Belongs to the TtcA family. CTU1/NCS6/ATPBD3 subfamily.
Plays a central role in 2-thiolation of mcm(5)S(2)U at tRNA wobble positions of tRNA(Lys), tRNA(Glu) and tRNA(Gln). Directly binds tRNAs and probably acts by catalyzing adenylation of tRNAs, an intermediate required for 2-thiolation. It is unclear whether it acts as a sulfurtransferase that transfers sulfur from thiocarboxylated urm1 onto the uridine of tRNAs at wobble position.
Functions as a molecular adapter coordinating multiple protein-protein interactions at the focal adhesion complex and in the nucleus. May regulate both Wnt and steroid signaling pathways and play a role in the processes of cell growth, proliferation, migration, differentiation and senescence. May have a zinc-dependent DNA-binding activity.
The LD (leucine and aspartate-rich) motif 3 functions as a nuclear export signal.
The LIM zinc-binding domains mediate glucocorticoid receptor coactivation and mediates interaction with tcf3 and tcf7l2. The LIM zinc-binding 2 and LIM zinc-binding 3 domains mediate targeting to focal adhesions and actin stress fibers. The LIM zinc-binding 4 domain mediates targeting to the nuclear matrix (By similarity).
Element of the TORC1 signaling pathway that acts as a mediator of diverse signals and that represses RNA polymerase III transcription. Inhibits the de novo assembly of TFIIIB onto DNA (By similarity).
Element of the TORC1 signaling pathway that acts as a mediator of diverse signals and that represses RNA polymerase III transcription. Inhibits the de novo assembly of TFIIIB onto DNA.
Belongs to the receptors of complement activation (RCA) family.
Essential for mitochondrial network organization, mitochondrial metabolism and cell growth at organism and cellular level. May play an important role in mitochondrial protein synthesis. May also participate in mitochondrial DNA replication. May bind to mitochondrial DNA D-loops and contribute to nucleoid stability. Required for enhanced channeling of cholesterol for hormone-dependent steroidogenesis (By similarity).
Belongs to the cysteine dioxygenase family.
Catalyzes the oxidation of cysteine to cysteine sulfinic acid with addition of molecular dioxygen.
Belongs to the helicase family. RAD3/XPD subfamily.
Adds the first Dol-P-Man derived mannose in an alpha-1,3 linkage to Man(5)GlcNAc(2)-PP-Dol.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 58 family.
Necessary for efficient adipogenesis. Does not show ion channel activity.
May contribute to the regulation of translation during cell-cycle progression. May contribute to the regulation of cell proliferation (By similarity). The membrane form is involved in sterol-regulated ubiquitination and degradation of HMG-CoA reductase HMGCR. May be involved in centrosome assembly.
Belongs to the lyase 1 family. Argininosuccinate lyase subfamily.
Belongs to an adhesion system, which plays a role in the organization of homotypic, interneuronal and heterotypic cell-cell adherens junctions (AJs). Involved in cell movement. Acts as a centrosome maturation factor, probably by maintaining the integrity of the pericentriolar material and proper microtubule nucleation at mitotic spindle poles. The function seems to implicate at least in part WRAP73; the SSX2IP:WRAP73 complex is proposed to act as regulator of spindle anchoring at the mitotic centrosome (By similarity).
Belongs to the complex I subunit 5 family.
Metamorphosis; thyroid hormone-induced tail resorption.
Acts as chaperone and promotes the dimerization of transcription factors containing basic leucine zipper (bZIP) domains and thereby promotes transcriptional activation.
Component of the transcription/export (TREX) complex; TREX seems to have a dynamic structure involving ATP-dependent remodeling (By similarity).
Export adapter involved in nuclear export of spliced and unspliced mRNA. Binds mRNA which is thought to be transferred to the NXF1-NXT1 heterodimer for export (TAP/NFX1 pathway). Component of the TREX complex which is thought to couple mRNA transcription, processing and nuclear export, and specifically associates with spliced mRNA and not with unspliced pre-mRNA. TREX is recruited to spliced mRNAs by a transcription-independent mechanism, binds to mRNA upstream of the exon-junction complex (EJC) and is recruited in a splicing- and cap-dependent manner to a region near the 5' end of the mRNA where it functions in mRNA export to the cytoplasm. Involved in the nuclear export of intronless mRNA. Involved in transcription elongation and genome stability (By similarity).
Homodimer; disulfide-linked. Seems to also exist as monomers.
Constitutes a precursor of the transcription factor. Mediates the autocatalytic cleavage that releases the Myelin regulatory factor, N-terminal component that specifically activates transcription of central nervous system (CNS) myelin genes (By similarity).
Follows autocatalytic cleavage via the peptidase S74 domain. Autoprocessing is apparently constitutive and is essential for transcriptional activity.
Membrane-bound part that has no transcription factor activity and remains attached to the endoplasmic reticulum membrane following cleavage.
The peptidase S74 domain, also named Intramolecular Chaperone Auto-processed (ICA) domain or Intramolecular Chaperone Domain (ICD), has protease activity and mediates autocatalytic processing of the protein to generate the Myelin regulatory factor, N-terminal active transcription factor and the Myelin regulatory factor, C-terminal components.
Transcription factor that specifically activates expression of myelin genes during oligodendrocyte (OL) maturation, thereby playing a central role in oligodendrocyte maturation and CNS myelination.
Catalyzes a salvage reaction resulting in the formation of AMP, that is energically less costly than de novo synthesis.
Heme transporter that regulates intracellular heme availability through the endosomal or lysosomal compartment.
Identified in the spliceosome C complex. Component of the mRNA splicing-dependent exon junction complex (EJC), which contains at least casc3, eif4a3, magoh, nxf1 and rbm8a (By similarity). Forms homooligomers (By similarity).
Required for pre-mRNA splicing as component of the spliceosome. Core component of the splicing-dependent multiprotein exon junction complex (EJC) deposited at splice junctions on mRNAs. The EJC is a dynamic structure consisting of core proteins and several peripheral nuclear and cytoplasmic associated factors that join the complex only transiently either during EJC assembly or during subsequent mRNA metabolism. The EJC marks the position of the exon-exon junction in the mature mRNA for the gene expression machinery and the core components remain bound to spliced mRNAs throughout all stages of mRNA metabolism thereby influencing downstream processes including nuclear mRNA export, subcellular mRNA localization, translation efficiency and nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD). Binds spliced mRNA in sequence-independent manner, 20-24 nucleotides upstream of mRNA exon-exon junctions.
Belongs to the DNA polymerase type-Y family.
Deoxycytidyl transferase involved in DNA repair. Transfers a dCMP residue from dCTP to the 3'-end of a DNA primer in a template-dependent reaction. May assist in the first step in the bypass of abasic lesions by the insertion of a nucleotide opposite the lesion. Required for normal induction of mutations by physical and chemical agents.
Monomer. Interacts with pre-ribosome complex. May bind to RNA. Interacts with NOL8. Interacts with FTSJ3 (By similarity).
Required for proper 34S pre-rRNA processing and 60S ribosome subunit assembly.
By bHLH transcription factors atoh7/ath5 and neurod1/neuroD.
Expressed by late gastrula stage (stage 11).
Expression is neural-specific in both embryos and adults. Expressed from neurula stage onwards in primary motor-, inter- and sensory-neurons. Expressed in the closing neural tube and motor neurons of stage 18 embryos, and primarily in the ventricular zone and dorsal region of the tailbud and adult brain. Expressed from stage 26 onwards in the differentiating ganglion cell layer of the retina, extending to the inner nuclear layer at later stages.
RNA-binding protein that binds to AU-rich element (ARE) sequences of target mRNAs. May also bind poly-A tracts via RRM 3. May be involved in neuronal differentiation and maintenance (By similarity).
RRM 1 and RRM 2 bind cooperatively to AU-rich sequences in target mRNAs. RRM 3 binds to poly-A mRNA sequences (By similarity).
Interacts with 'R7' family proteins RGS6, RGS7, RGS9 and RGS11. Component of some R7-Gbeta5 complex composed of some R7 protein (RGS6, RGS7, RGS9 or RGS11), Gbeta5 (GNB5) and RGS7BP.
Palmitoylated. Undergoes rapid palmitoylation turnover. Palmitoylation regulates the cell membrane and nuclear shuttling and the regulation of GPCR signaling. Upon depalmitoylation, it is targeted from the plasma membrane into the nucleus. GPCR signaling inhibits depalmitoylation and promotes localization to the plasma membrane.
Regulator of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling. Regulatory subunit of the R7-Gbeta5 complexes that acts by controlling the subcellular location of the R7-Gbeta5 complexes. When palmitoylated, it targets the R7-Gbeta5 complexes to the plasma membrane, leading to inhibit G protein alpha subunits. When it is unpalmitoylated, the R7-Gbeta5 complexes undergo a nuclear/cytoplasmic shuttling. May also act by controlling the proteolytic stability of R7 proteins, probably by protecting them from degradation.
Belongs to the eukaryotic GSH synthase family.
Catalyzes the production of glutathione from gamma-glutamylcysteine and glycine in an ATP-dependent manner. Glutathione (gamma-glutamylcysteinylglycine, GSH) is the most abundant intracellular thiol in living aerobic cells and is required for numerous processes including the protection of cells against oxidative damage, amino acid transport, the detoxification of foreign compounds, the maintenance of protein sulfhydryl groups in a reduced state and acts as a cofactor for a number of enzymes. Participates in ophthalmate biosynthesis in hepatocytes (By similarity).
Belongs to the GTP cyclohydrolase I family.
Part of the cohesin complex which is composed of a heterodimer between a SMC1 protein (SMC1A or SMC1B) and SMC3, which are attached via their hinge domain, and RAD21 which link them at their heads, and one STAG protein (STAG1, STAG2 or STAG3). In cohesin complexes, STAG2 is mutually exclusive with STAG1 and STAG3. Interacts directly with RAD21 in cohesin complex.
Phosphorylated by PLK1. The large dissociation of cohesin from chromosome arms during prophase is partly due to its phosphorylation.
This protein is an auxiliary protein of DNA polymerase delta and is involved in the control of eukaryotic DNA replication by increasing the polymerase's processibility during elongation of the leading strand.
Plays a key role in steroid hormone synthesis by enhancing the metabolism of cholesterol into pregnenolone. Mediates the transfer of cholesterol from the outer mitochondrial membrane to the inner mitochondrial membrane where it is cleaved to pregnenolone.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL19 family.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that functions in the antephase checkpoint by actively delaying passage into mitosis in response to microtubule poisons. Acts in early prophase before chromosome condensation, when the centrosome move apart from each other along the periphery of the nucleus. Probably involved in signaling the presence of mitotic stress caused by microtubule poisons by mediating the 'Lys-48'-linked ubiquitination of target proteins, leading to their degradation by the proteasome. May also promote the formation of 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitin chains and functions with the specific ubiquitin-conjugating ubc13-mms2 (ube2n-ube2v2) heterodimer. Substrates that are polyubiquitinated at 'Lys-63' are usually not targeted for degradation, but are rather involved in signaling cellular stress.
The FHA domain plays a key role in the anti-proliferative properties of the protein and is involved in initiating a cell cycle arrest at G2/M.
The PBZ-type zinc finger (also named CYR) mediates non-covalent poly(ADP-ribose)-binding. Poly(ADP-ribose)-binding is dependent on the presence of zinc and is required for its function in antephase checkpoint.
After the mid-blastula transition, expressed in the dorsolateral mesoderm but not within the dorsal blastopore lip. During gastrulation and neurulation, expressed within the dorsal mesoderm and the lateral border of the neural plate but not within the dorsal midline. In neurula stage embryos, expressed at the border between mesoderm and ectoderm but not within the notochord and neuroectoderm. From stage 25 to stage 32, expressed in branchial arches, head mesenchmye, neural crest cells, tail tip and in two segmented lines of cells bordering the somites. Tail tip expression persists throughout later development. From stage 32, expressed in the ventral abdominal muscle and around the spinal cord. Only weakly expressed in the pronephric tubules.
Expression begins after the mid-blastula transition (stage 8-8.5) becoming most abundant during neurulation, then gradually decreasing as development progresses. Expression remains in hatching larvae.
Transcriptional activator. May be involved in the dorso-ventral patterning of the mesoderm (By similarity).
Probably functions as component of the Arp2/3 complex which is involved in regulation of actin polymerization and together with an activating nucleation-promoting factor (NPF) mediates the formation of branched actin networks (By similarity). In addition to its role in the cytoplasmic cytoskeleton, the Arp2/3 complex also promotes actin polymerization in the nucleus, thereby regulating gene transcription and repair of damaged DNA (Probable).
Belongs to the PI3/PI4-kinase family. TRA1 subfamily.
Activated by tyrosine phosphorylation during the M phase of the meiotic cell cycle. Dephosphorylated and inactivated by DUSP1.
Dually phosphorylated on Thr-188 and Tyr-190, which activates the enzyme.
Expressed in the central nervous system, kidney, liver, intestine and the hematopoietic system. Also found in heart, muscle, pancreas and lung.
Interacts with CDK2AP2 (PubMed:12944431).
Is expressed in the early oocyte and is maintained at a constant level during embryogenesis. Its level declines at the mid-blastula transition.
Serine/threonine kinase which acts as an essential component of the MAP kinase signal transduction pathway. Plays an important role in the MAPK/ERK cascade. Depending on the cellular context, this cascade mediates diverse biological functions such as cell growth, adhesion, survival and differentiation through the regulation of transcription, translation, cytoskeletal rearrangements. The MAPK/ERK cascade also plays a role in initiation and regulation of meiosis, mitosis, and postmitotic functions in differentiated cells by phosphorylating a number of transcription factors. Many of the substrates are localized in the nucleus, and seem to participate in the regulation of transcription upon stimulation. However, other substrates are found in the cytosol as well as in other cellular organelles, and those are responsible for processes such as translation, mitosis and apoptosis. Moreover, the MAPK/ERK cascade is also involved in the regulation of the endosomal dynamics, including lysosome processing and endosome cycling through the perinuclear recycling compartment (PNRC); as well as in the fragmentation of the Golgi apparatus during mitosis. Phosphorylates microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2), myelin basic protein (MBP) and Elk-1. Phosphorylates dual specificity protein phosphatase 1 (DUSP1) during meiosis, increasing its stability. Activated by M phase promoting factor (MPF). Plays a role in the spindle assembly checkpoint.
Homodimer. Heterodimer; heterodimerizes with other rfx proteins.
Preferentially expressed in ciliated tissues, such as neural tube, gastrocoel roof plate, epidermal multiciliated cells, otic vesicles and kidneys.
Transcription factor that acts as a key regulator of ciliogenesis. Specifically regulates expression of genes required for cilium assembly and function. Recognizes and binds the X-box, a regulatory motif with DNA sequence 5'-GTNRCC(0-3N)RGYAAC-3' present on promoters (PubMed:22227339, PubMed:24424412). Required for neural tube closure and neural ciliogenesis (PubMed:22227339).
Belongs to the MICOS complex subunit Mic13 family.
Has deubiquitinating activity towards 'Lys-48'- and 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitin chains.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Expressed in the dorsal midline during gastrulation and neurulation. Expression is strong in the prospective ventral forebrain region of the anterior neural plate.
The insulin-like growth factors, isolated from plasma, are structurally and functionally related to insulin but have a much higher growth-promoting activity. Promotes anterior neural development.
Component of some SCF (SKP1-cullin-F-box) protein ligase complex that plays a central role in iron homeostasis by promoting the ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of ireb2/irp2. Upon high iron and oxygen level, it specifically recognizes and binds ireb2/irp2, promoting its ubiquitination and degradation by the proteasome (By similarity).
The hemerythrin-like region acts as an oxygen and iron sensor by binding oxygen through a diiron metal-center. In absence of oxygen and iron, the protein is ubiquitinated and degraded (By similarity).
Ubiquitinated upon iron and oxygen depletion, leading to its degradation by the proteasome. Ubiquitination is regulated by the hemerythrin-like region that acts as an oxygen and iron sensor (By similarity).
By dorsal-mesoderm inducing signals including vegt and other nodal-related proteins. By sox17.
Cooperation and regulatory loops of multiple nodals are essential for mesendoderm patterning in early embryos. Plays a role in mesoderm formation and may be required for neural development.
During blastula stages, expressed in the endoderm at a higher level dorsally than ventrally. Expressed in the deep cells of the Spemann organizer at the gastrula stage. Expressed in the notochord (a derivative of the organizer) and neural tube during the neural stages.
Expressed zygotically. First expressed at the midblastula transition (MBT).
Homodimer. Component of a tRNA-splicing ligase complex.
RNA-binding protein involved in modulation of mRNA transcription by Polymerase II. Component of the tRNA-splicing ligase complex.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class YlqF/YawG GTPase family. MTG1 subfamily.
Plays a role in the regulation of the mitochondrial ribosome assembly and of translational activity. Displays mitochondrial GTPase activity.
Belongs to the MICOS complex subunit Mic10 family.
Belongs to the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 2 family.
Binds a dinuclear copper A center per subunit.
Component of the cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV, CIV), a multisubunit enzyme composed of 14 subunits. The complex is composed of a catalytic core of 3 subunits MT-CO1, MT-CO2 and MT-CO3, encoded in the mitochondrial DNA, and 11 supernumerary subunits COX4I, COX5A, COX5B, COX6A, COX6B, COX6C, COX7A, COX7B, COX7C, COX8 and NDUFA4, which are encoded in the nuclear genome. The complex exists as a monomer or a dimer and forms supercomplexes (SCs) in the inner mitochondrial membrane with NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I, CI) and ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase (cytochrome b-c1 complex, complex III, CIII), resulting in different assemblies (supercomplex SCI(1)III(2)IV(1) and megacomplex MCI(2)III(2)IV(2)) (By similarity). Found in a complex with TMEM177, COA6, COX18, COX20, SCO1 and SCO2. Interacts with TMEM177 in a COX20-dependent manner. Interacts with COX20. Interacts with COX16 (By similarity).
Essential bifunctional enzyme that catalyzes both the N-deacetylation and the N-sulfation of glucosamine (GlcNAc) of the glycosaminoglycan in heparan sulfate. Modifies the GlcNAc-GlcA disaccharide repeating sugar backbone to make N-sulfated heparosan, a prerequisite substrate for later modifications in heparin biosynthesis. Plays a role in determining the extent and pattern of sulfation of heparan sulfate.
Catalyzes the conversion of GlcNAc-6-P into GlcNAc-1-P during the synthesis of uridine diphosphate/UDP-GlcNAc, a sugar nucleotide critical to multiple glycosylation pathways including protein N- and O-glycosylation.
Belongs to the amiloride-sensitive sodium channel (TC 1.A.6) family. SCNN1G subfamily.
Heterotrimer containing an alpha/SCNN1A, a beta/SCNN1B and a gamma/SCNN1G subunit. An additional delta/SCNN1D subunit exists only in some organisms and can replace the alpha/SCNN1A subunit to form an alternative channel with specific properties.
Belongs to the peptidase C19 family. USP12/USP46 subfamily.
Deubiquitinating enzyme. Has almost no deubiquitinating activity by itself and requires the interaction with wdr48 to have a high activity.
Belongs to the bZIP family. Fos subfamily.
Belongs to the nuclear hormone receptor family. NR4 subfamily.
Efficient DNA binding requires dimerization with another bHLH protein. Homodimer.
Expressed in the mesoderm and the neural crest in response to two sequential early inductions (mesodermal and neural).
Probable transcription factor, which may be involved, with other proteins, in establishing the pattern of cell type-specific gene expression in mesodermal cell subgroups.
Muscle-specific type III intermediate filament essential for proper muscular structure and function. Plays a crucial role in maintaining the structure of sarcomeres, inter-connecting the Z-disks and forming the myofibrils, linking them not only to the sarcolemmal cytoskeleton, but also to the nucleus and mitochondria, thus providing strength for the muscle fiber during activity. In adult striated muscle they form a fibrous network connecting myofibrils to each other and to the plasma membrane from the periphery of the Z-line structures.
Transfers mannose from GDP-mannose to dolichol monophosphate to form dolichol phosphate mannose (Dol-P-Man) which is the mannosyl donor in pathways leading to N-glycosylation, glycosyl phosphatidylinositol membrane anchoring, and O-mannosylation of proteins; catalytic subunit of the dolichol-phosphate mannose (DPM) synthase complex.
Belongs to the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 5A family.
Component of the cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV, CIV), a multisubunit enzyme composed of a catalytic core of 3 subunits and several supernumerary subunits. The complex exists as a monomer or a dimer and forms supercomplexes (SCs) in the inner mitochondrial membrane with ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase (cytochrome b-c1 complex, complex III, CIII).
Part of the complex catalyzing the transfer of N-acetylglucosamine from UDP-N-acetylglucosamine to phosphatidylinositol, the first step of GPI biosynthesis.
Calcium-sensitive protein which reversibly blocks the barbed ends of actin filaments but does not sever preformed actin filaments. May play an important role in macrophage function. May play a role in regulating cytoplasmic and/or nuclear structures through potential interactions with actin. May bind DNA.
Part of the multisubunit axonemal dynein complex formed at least of two heavy chains and a number of intermediate and light chains. Associated with axonemal dynein subunits such as, DNAH2, DNAI3, and DYNLT1.
Plays a critical role in the assembly of axonemal dynein complex, thereby playing a role in ciliary motility.
May regulate membrane morphogenesis in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by promoting ER sheet formation at the expense of ER tubules.
Expression begins in early gastrula stage embryos, peaks at the mid-gastrula stage and remains detectable until late tailbud.
In early gastrulae, expressed in the inner layer of the posterior dorsal ectoderm and in non-involuted mesoderm. By the mid-gastrula stage, expressed solely in the posterior ectoderm. At the end of gastrulation, expressed in ectodermal regions fated to become diencephalon, midbrain and hindbrain, and weakly expressed in regions fated to become spinal cord and tailbud. At the neurula stage, expressed in the midbrain and posterior forebrain (diencephalon) but not in the more anterior forebrain (telencephalon). Also expressed posteriorly in rhombomere 5. At tailbud stages, expression remains in the anterior brain and is also detectable along the length of the central nervous system and in the tailbud.
Probable transcription factor. May be involved in the early anteroposterior patterning of the neuroectoderm.
Part of the EJC core complex that contains casc3, eif4a3, magoh and rbm8a. Identified in the spliceosome C complex.
Required for pre-mRNA splicing as component of the spliceosome (By similarity). Core component of the splicing-dependent multiprotein exon junction complex (EJC) deposited at splice junctions on mRNAs. The EJC is a dynamic structure consisting of core proteins and several peripheral nuclear and cytoplasmic associated factors that join the complex only transiently either during EJC assembly or during subsequent mRNA metabolism. The EJC marks the position of the exon-exon junction in the mature mRNA for the gene expression machinery and the core components remain bound to spliced mRNAs throughout all stages of mRNA metabolism thereby influencing downstream processes including nuclear mRNA export, subcellular mRNA localization, translation efficiency and nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD). Its removal from cytoplasmic mRNAs requires translation initiation from EJC-bearing spliced mRNAs. Associates preferentially with mRNAs produced by splicing. Does not interact with pre-mRNAs, introns, or mRNAs produced from intronless cDNAs. Associates with both nuclear mRNAs and newly exported cytoplasmic mRNAs (By similarity).
Lacks the conserved active site Asp and is not expected to have phosphoribosyltransferase activity.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS8 family.
May regulate cell proliferation, growth, migration and epithelial to mesenchymal transition. May also be important for proper chromosome congression and alignment during mitosis.
At early gastrula stage, expressed in the involuting mesoderm and endoderm. During neurulation, expressed in the pronephric primordium, following expression of osr2. During tailbud (stage 35), expressed in the rectal diverticulum and in the kidney ducts.
Belongs to the Odd C2H2-type zinc-finger protein family.
Transcriptional repressor. Required for pronephric kidney development.
Palmitoylated. Palmitoylation is probably required for proper localization to the plasma membrane and stability of the receptor.
This is one of the five types (D1 to D5) of receptors for dopamine. The activity of this receptor is mediated by G proteins which inhibits adenylyl cyclase. In Xenopus D2R is involved in the regulation of the melanotrope cells of the intermediate pituitary during background adaptation of the animal.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX41 subfamily.
Component of the mcm2-7 complex (RLF-M). The complex forms a toroidal hexameric ring with the proposed subunit order mcm2-mcm6-mcm4-mcm7-mcm3-mcm5 (By simililarity). Begins to associate with zmcm3, mcm4 and mcm7 into mcm complexes at the neurula stage. May replace mmcm6 in the complex that functions during licensing of DNA replication.
Receptor for the C-terminal sequence motif K-D-E-L that is present on endoplasmic reticulum resident proteins and that mediates their recycling from the Golgi back to the endoplasmic reticulum.
E1-like activating enzyme involved in the 2 ubiquitin-like systems required for cytoplasm to vacuole transport (Cvt) and autophagy. Activates ATG12 for its conjugation with ATG5 as well as the ATG8 family proteins for their conjugation with phosphatidylethanolamine. Both systems are needed for the ATG8 association to Cvt vesicles and autophagosomes membranes. Required for autophagic death induced by caspase-8 inhibition. Required for mitophagy which contributes to regulate mitochondrial quantity and quality by eliminating the mitochondria to a basal level to fulfill cellular energy requirements and preventing excess ROS production. Modulates p53/TP53 activity to regulate cell cycle and survival during metabolic stress.
Belongs to the histidine acid phosphatase family. MINPP1 subfamily.
Mannosyltransferase involved in glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchor biosynthesis. Transfers the third alpha-1,2-mannose to Man2-GlcN-acyl-PI during GPI precursor assembly.
Component of the uniplex complex. Interacts (via the transmembrane region) with mcu (via the first transmembrane region); the interaction is direct.
Essential regulatory subunit of the mitochondrial calcium uniporter complex (uniplex), a complex that mediates calcium uptake into mitochondria. Plays a central role in regulating the uniplex complex response to intracellular calcium signaling.
May for an interface between the RNA polymerase II enzyme and chaperone/scaffolding protein.
By dorsal wnt signaling. Inhibited by bmp signaling.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Maternal expression decreases until the late blastula/early gastrula stage when zygotic expression begins. Expressed at an almost constant level through the subsequent developmental stages.
Initially located within the dorsal blastopore lip (Spemann organizer) at the mid-gastrula stage. As expression fades in the neuroectoderm, expression begins in the head mesoderm in two regions at the lateral borders of the presumptive neural plate. These regions correspond to neural crest cells originating from the mesencephalon (anterior) and the rhombencephalon (posterior; rhombomeres 2, 4 and 6). Subsequently expressed within trunk premigratory neural crest cells. Expression disappears when neural crest cells begin to differentiate and migrate, except for those which populate the hyoid arch.
The C-terminus is required for transcriptional repression and mesoderm induction.
Transcriptional repressor that is an essential upstream regulator of neural crest determination and mesoderm induction. Functions by recruiting the transcriptional corepressor tle4. Also acts in a negative auto-regulator loop by inhibiting the transcription of its own gene.
Choline-specific glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase. Has a lysophospholipase C activity (By similarity).
Choline-specific glycerophosphodiesterase that hydrolyzes glycerophosphocholine (GPC) and lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) and contributes to supplying choline to the cells. Has a preference for LPC with short (12:0 and 14:0) or polyunsaturated (18:2 and 20:4) fatty acids. In vitro, hydrolyzes only choline-containing lysophospholipids, such as sphingosylphosphorylcholine (SPC), platelet-activating factor (PAF) and lysoPAF, but not other lysophospholipids.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 9 family.
Functions as a component of the nuclear pore complex (NPC).
Belongs to the formin homology family. Diaphanous subfamily.
Binds the poly(A) tail of mRNA. Prevents mRNA deadenylation and confers poly(A) stability. Stimulates the translation of mRNAs to which it is bound, acting, at least in part, with dazl (By similarity).
RRM4, together with the C- and N-terminal regions, is sufficient for RNA-binding. RRM 1 has no RNA-binding activity itself, but improves discrimination between poly(A) and poly(U) in combination with the other repeats (By similarity).
The C-terminus self-associates, interacts with dazl and interacts with the C-terminus of epabp independently of RNA. RRM 1 and RRM 2 interact with both eif4g1 and paip1, and the C-terminus also interacts with paip1. Interaction with eif4g1 is necessary for translation of mRNAs required for oocyte maturation. Interacts with the translation termination factor sup35/erf3 (By similarity).
Alpha-L-fucosidase is responsible for hydrolyzing the alpha-1,6-linked fucose joined to the reducing-end N-acetylglucosamine of the carbohydrate moieties of glycoproteins.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 29 family.
Necessary for centrosome duplication; the function seems also to involve cep63, cdk5rap2 and wdr62 through a stepwise assembled complex at the centrosome that recruits cdk2 required for centriole duplication. Acts as a molecular scaffold facilitating the interaction of plk4 and cenpj, 2 molecules involved in centriole formation (By similarity). Also plays a key role in deuterosome-mediated centriole amplification in multiciliated that can generate more than 100 centrioles (PubMed:24075808). Overexpression of cep152 can drive amplification of centrioles (By similarity).
Belongs to the enhancer of polycomb family.
Belongs to the SRP receptor beta subunit family.
C-terminal Ser or Thr residues may be phosphorylated.
Expressed in lung, liver, kidney, and spleen, with highest expression in the heart.
Receptor for angiotensin II, a vasoconstricting peptide, which acts as a key regulator of blood pressure and sodium retention by the kidney (PubMed:7519446, PubMed:7688227). The activated receptor in turn couples to G-alpha proteins G(q) (GNAQ, GNA11, GNA14 or GNA15) and thus activates phospholipase C and increases the cytosolic Ca(2+) concentrations, which in turn triggers cellular responses such as stimulation of protein kinase C (By similarity).
Regulates ciliary localization of the BBSome complex. Together with the BBSome complex, controls SMO ciliary trafficking and contributes to the sonic hedgehog (SHH) pathway regulation. May play a role in neurite outgrowth. May have tumor suppressor function.
Self-associates. Interacts with BBS9; the interaction mediates the association of LZTL1 with the BBsome complex and regulates BBSome ciliary trafficking.
Interacts with a broad range of peroxisomal membrane proteins, including PEX3, PEX10, PEX11A, PEX11B, PEX12, PEX13, PEX14 and PEX16, PXMP2/PMP22, PXMP4/PMP24, SLC25A17/PMP34, ABCD1/ALDP, ABCD2/ALDRP, and ABCD3/PMP70. Also interacts with the tumor suppressor CDKN2A/p19ARF.
Necessary for early peroxisomal biogenesis. Acts both as a cytosolic chaperone and as an import receptor for peroxisomal membrane proteins (PMPs). Binds and stabilizes newly synthesized PMPs in the cytoplasm by interacting with their hydrophobic membrane-spanning domains, and targets them to the peroxisome membrane by binding to the integral membrane protein PEX3. Excludes CDKN2A from the nucleus and prevents its interaction with MDM2, which results in active degradation of TP53.
Functions as a GTPase-activating protein for the small GTPases RHOA, RHOB, RHOC and CDC42, terminating their downstream signaling. This induces morphological changes and detachment through cytoskeletal reorganization, playing a critical role in biological processes such as cell migration and proliferation. Also functions in vivo as an activator of the phospholipase PLCD1. Active DLC1 increases cell migration velocity but reduces directionality.
Interacts with EF1A1, facilitates EF1A1 distribution to the membrane periphery and ruffles upon growth factor stimulation and suppresses cell migration.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 25 family.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Expressed in oocytes, eggs, throughout early embryonic development, and in adults.
Localized to the vegetal hemisphere of blastula embryos. Tissue-specific expression in early neurula (stage 13-14) embryos begins in the ciliate cells of the epidermis. Starting about stage 24, expression is found in a lateral stripe on each side of the embryo, with expression extending more posteriorly as development proceeds. Expressed in embryonic vasculature, as well as in the procardia tube, endocardium, notochord and hindbrain. As development proceeds, strong expression is seen in the hindbrain, posterior cardinal veins, aortic arch, stomodeal depression, epithelium and intersomitic arteries of stage 33/34 larvae. Expressed in posterior rhombomeres. By stage 40 larvae, expression in most of the vascular endothelia disappears, in particular in the posterior cardinal vein, but expression continues in the hindbrain. Expressed in a wide range of adult tissues, including ovary, testis, kidney, bladder, duodenum and liver.
Transcription factor. Binds to the DNA sequence 5'-AACAAT-3'. Acts downstream of vegt and upstream of nodal signaling to promote endodermal and mesodermal differentiation by promoting vegt-induced expression of both endodermal genes (including endodermin) and mesodermal genes (including snai1/snail and snai2/slug). Induces expression of multiple nodal genes (including nodal, nodal2, nodal4, nodal5 and nodal6) and binds directly to sites within the promoter of the nodal5 gene. The endodermal and mesodermal specification pathways then interact to initiate cardiogenesis. Acts partially redundantly with sox18 during cardiogenesis. Also acts as an antagonist of beta-catenin signaling. Regulates (possibly indirectly) development of the pronephros, the functional larval kidney.
Mediates the post-translational oxidative deamination of lysine residues on target proteins leading to the formation of deaminated lysine (allysine). Acts as a transcription corepressor and specifically mediates deamination of trimethylated 'Lys-4' of histone H3 (H3K4me3), a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional activation. Shows no activity against histone H3 when it is trimethylated on 'Lys-9' (H3K9me3) or 'Lys-27' (H3K27me3) or when 'Lys-4' is monomethylated (H3K4me1) or dimethylated (H3K4me2). Also mediates deamination of methylated TAF10, a member of the transcription factor IID (TFIID) complex, which induces release of TAF10 from promoters, leading to inhibition of TFIID-dependent transcription. LOXL2-mediated deamination of TAF10 results in transcriptional repression of genes required for embryonic stem cell pluripotency. Involved in epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and participates in repression of E-cadherin, probably by mediating deamination of histone H3. When secreted into the extracellular matrix, promotes cross-linking of extracellular matrix proteins by mediating oxidative deamination of peptidyl lysine residues in precursors to fibrous collagen and elastin. Acts as a regulator of sprouting angiogenesis, probably via collagen IV scaffolding. Acts as a regulator of chondrocyte differentiation, probably by regulating expression of factors that control chondrocyte differentiation.
Glycosyltransferase that initiates the elongation of O-linked fucose residues attached to EGF-like repeats in the extracellular domain of Notch molecules.
Required for normal vault structure. Vaults are multi-subunit structures that may act as scaffolds for proteins involved in signal transduction. Vaults may also play a role in nucleo-cytoplasmic transport (By similarity).
The vault ribonucleoprotein particle is a huge (400 A x 670 A) cage structure of 12.9 MDa. It consists of a dimer of half-vaults, with each half-vault comprising 39 identical major vault protein (MVP) chains, PARP4 and one or more vault RNAs (vRNAs) (By similarity).
By maternal wnt-beta-catenin signaling and tgf-beta signaling.
Expressed zygotically. During gastrulation, expression levels rise rapidly to peak at about stage 10.5. Following gastrulation, levels decrease slightly and then increase again during early tailbud stages, with expression continuing throughout embryonic development.
First expressed in the dorsal endomesoderm of the gastrula stage embryo. The dorsal endomesoderm contributes to forming the embryonic liver, and expression continues in the liver throughout development. Also expressed in precursors of the developing thyroid gland, and beginning at the tailbud stage, expressed in the ventral region of the head. Also transiently expressed in the endothelial layer of developing vascular tissues of the embryo, beginning at the tailbud stages.
Recognizes the DNA sequence 5'-ATTAA-3'. Transcriptional repressor. Regulates the differentiation of both endothelial and blood cells (By similarity). Probably plays a role in the proliferation of vascular endothelial cells during blood vessel development. Establishes anterior identity at two levels; acts early to enhance canonical wnt-signaling by repressing expression of tle4, and acts later to inhibit nodal-signaling by directly targeting nodal/nr1 and nodal2/nr2. May play a role in liver development. Induces heart development.
Involved in actively transporting phosphate into cells via Na(+) cotransport.
Acts as a transcription factor (By similarity). May play a role in neuronal differentiation (PubMed:1717323).
Embryonic expression begins at the neural plate stage and continues throughout development to adulthood.
In embryos at the neural fold stage, localized primarily in the anterior neural plate, and localized mostly in the anterior region of the nerve cord of neurula stage embryos. In tailbud stages, expressed predominantly in the eye and brain, with weak expression along the length of the nerve cord. In adults, expressed in skin and brain.
Required for normal renal development and establishment of left-right axis. Probably acts as a molecular switch between different Wnt signaling pathways. Inhibits the canonical Wnt pathway by targeting cytoplasmic disheveled for degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome. This suggests that it is required in renal development to oppose the repression of terminal differentiation of tubular epithelial cells by Wnt signaling. Plays a central role in convergent extension movements in gastrulating embryos, a processus regulated by Wnt signaling (By similarity).
RNA-binding protein. May be involved in post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms (By similarity).
Belongs to the chloride channel (TC 2.A.49) family. ClC-3/CLCN3 subfamily.
Probable component of a SCF(NIPA) E3 complex.
Probable component of a SCF-type E3 ligase complex, SCF(NIPA), a complex that controls mitotic entry by mediating ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of cyclin B1 (CCNB1).
Component of the 26S proteasome, a multiprotein complex involved in the ATP-dependent degradation of ubiquitinated proteins. This complex plays a key role in the maintenance of protein homeostasis by removing misfolded or damaged proteins, which could impair cellular functions, and by removing proteins whose functions are no longer required. Therefore, the proteasome participates in numerous cellular processes, including cell cycle progression, apoptosis, or DNA damage repair. PSMC4 belongs to the heterohexameric ring of AAA (ATPases associated with diverse cellular activities) proteins that unfolds ubiquitinated target proteins that are concurrently translocated into a proteolytic chamber and degraded into peptides.
Required for G1/S transition. Recruits and stabilizes the origin recognition complex (ORC) onto chromatin during G1 to establish pre-replication complex (preRC) and to heterochromatic sites in post-replicated cells. Binds a combination of DNA and histone methylation repressive marks on heterochromatin. Required for silencing of major satellite repeats. May be important ORC2, ORC3 and ORC4 stability (By similarity).
The entire WD repeat region is required for the interaction with ORC complex components, as well as for association with chromatin and for binding to histone methylation marks.
At late gastrula/early neurula stages expression is restricted to two stripes in the dorsal side but excluded from the dorsal midline. As somitogenesis commences, expression is localized to the paraxial region, lateral to the involuting neural tube. As development proceeds, expressied forming somites. Expression is stronger in the presomitic mesoderm and decreases as somites are formed.
Plays an essential role in the maturation of presomitic mesoderm cells by individual attenuation of both fgf and wnt signaling. Inhibits both wnt and fgf signaling through the regulation of protein maturation and cell surface transportation of their receptors within the endoplasmic reticulum.
Catalyzes both phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine biosynthesis from CDP-choline and CDP-ethanolamine, respectively. Involved in protein-dependent process of phospholipid transport to distribute phosphatidyl choline to the lumenal surface. Has a higher cholinephosphotransferase activity than ethanolaminephosphotransferase activity.
May promote appropriate targeting of ribosome-nascent polypeptide complexes.
Involved in the signal transduction pathway mediated by multiple Wnt genes (By similarity). Required during ciliogenesis for the docking of basal bodies to the apical plasma membrane.
GTP-binding protein involved in protein trafficking; may modulate vesicle budding and uncoating within the Golgi apparatus.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Abundant in oocytes and expressed in embryos at a lower level, dropping between embryonic stages 6.5 and 12.
Expression is restricted to the gonads, and is higher in the ovary than the testis.
TATA box-binding transcription factor. Members of the TBP family are differentially required to regulate transcription and development during early embryogenesis. Required for gastrulation. Regulates a large subset of genes that are ventrally expressed. Binds to a subset of promoters.
Component of the ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase (cytochrome b-c1 complex, complex III, CIII), a multisubunit enzyme composed of 3 respiratory subunits cytochrome b, cytochrome c1 and Rieske protein, 2 core protein subunits, and additional low-molecular weight protein subunits.
Converts protoheme IX and farnesyl diphosphate to heme O.
tRNA nucleus export receptor which facilitates tRNA translocation across the nuclear pore complex.
Expressed in the embryonic anterior central nervous system. In the forebrain, and then in the eye and hindbrain.
Transcription factor that plays a key role in neuronal differentiation: acts as a pioneer transcription factor, accessing closed chromatin to allow other factors to bind and activate neural pathways (By similarity). Directly binds the E box motif (5'-CANNTG-3') on promoters and promotes transcription of neuronal genes (PubMed:8443105). The combination of three transcription factors, ASCL1, POU3F2/BRN2 and MYT1L, is sufficient to reprogram fibroblasts and other somatic cells into induced neuronal (iN) cells in vitro (By similarity).
Belongs to the DOK family. Type A subfamily.
Component of the ESCRT-II complex (endosomal sorting complex required for transport II), which is required for multivesicular body (MVB) formation and sorting of endosomal cargo proteins into MVBs. The MVB pathway mediates delivery of transmembrane proteins into the lumen of the lysosome for degradation. The ESCRT-II complex is probably involved in the recruitment of the ESCRT-III complex (By similarity).
Component of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport II (ESCRT-II), composed of SNF8, VPS36 and 2 copies of VPS25.
Detected in all tissues examined. Highest level in small intestine and skin.
First detected at stage 13. Increases gradually and peaks at stage 57-61 then decreases to the level seen in adult.
Homodimer in the absence of bound vitamin D3. Heterodimer with RXRA after vitamin D3 binding.
Nuclear receptor for calcitriol, the active form of vitamin D3 which mediates the action of this vitamin on cells. Enters the nucleus upon vitamin D3 binding where it forms heterodimers with the retinoid X receptor/RXR. The VDR-RXR heterodimers bind to specific response elements on DNA and activate the transcription of vitamin D3-responsive target genes. Recruited to promoters via its interaction with BAZ1B/WSTF which mediates the interaction with acetylated histones, an essential step for VDR-promoter association. Plays a central role in calcium homeostasis.
Defines dorsal-ventral domains in developing brain. May play a role in defining positional information along the anterior-posterior (a/p) axis and the dorsal-ventral (d/v) axis of the developing nervous system. May be involved in determining positional or boundary information rather than determining a given cell type.
Is first detectable at the neural plate stage (stage 14). Levels gradually increase during later neurula stages, and becomes fairly constant throughout tailbud and hatching stages before declining at late swimming tadpole stages.
Promotes the cell surface stability of RHBDF1 and RHBDF2 and prevents their degradation via the endolysosomal pathway. By acting on RHBDF proteins, involved in ADAM17-mediated ligand shedding (By similarity). May negatively regulate Wnt signaling (By similarity).
Belongs to the even-skipped homeobox family.
It is first expressed at the midblastula transition and is maximally expressed at the late gastrula-early neurula stage. It is expressed in two distinct periods, the early period is characterized by an anteroposterior graded expression in the mesoderm with the highest concentration at the posterior end. The late period begins at the tailbud stage and is characterized by new expression in the CNS, predominantly in the brain, and in addition it is also expressed in the tail bud at this stage.
May be required for posterior development and development of normal embryonic axial pattern.
Expressed in two independent areas of stage 10-11 embryos; in the dorsal blastopore lip (Spemann organizer) and shortly after in the ectodermal cells of the animal cap. As development proceeds, cells of the animal cap contribute to the epidermis and show a spotty pattern, which suggests expression in ciliated epidermal cells. Distribution of these cells is uniform in the trunk area of the embryo but more random in the head, being practically absent in the cement gland and olfactory placode. The spotted pattern becomes more dispersed as embryos grow in size. Due to cell movements during gastrulation, expression in the dorsal lip becomes located in the dorsal midline with expression restricted to the neuroectoderm. Expressed transiently in cells of the newly formed neural floor plate in the tail of older tadpoles.
Expression begins during gastrulation, increases continuously until stage 26 and then becomes slightly down-regulated during the following stages.
Key transcription factor required for motile ciliogenesis. Activates genes essential for motile cilia formation and function. Required for ciliogenesis in multiciliated cells.
Acts as a transcription factor (By similarity). May play a role in neuronal differentiation (By similarity).
Regulates (in vitro) the inhibition of rhodopsin phosphorylation in a calcium-dependent manner.
Probable peripherally associated component of the endosomal sorting required for transport complex III (ESCRT-III) which is involved in multivesicular bodies (MVBs) formation and sorting of endosomal cargo proteins into MVBs. MVBs contain intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) that are generated by invagination and scission from the limiting membrane of the endosome and mostly are delivered to lysosomes enabling degradation of membrane proteins, such as stimulated growth factor receptors, lysosomal enzymes and lipids (By similarity).
Induces disassembly of actin filaments in conjunction with ADF/cofilin family proteins. Doesn't sever actin filaments alone, but caps the barbed ends of filaments severed by cofilin, which blocks annealing and depolymerization and allows more extensive severing by cofilin (By similarity).
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CMGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. MNB/DYRK subfamily.
Plays a role in regulating cardiac sodium current.
Involved in the histone deacetylase (HDAC1)-dependent transcriptional repression activity.
Expressed throughout all cardiac tissue during later stages of development. Also expressed in the cement gland, jugular vein, lung bud, cloacal aperture, rhombomeres 2, 4, 6 and 8 and in a subset of motor neurons.
First detected at low but consistent levels by early neural stage (stage 16) with expression then increasing by stage 19 and remaining relatively constant until a sharp drop off at later neurula stages (stages 23-28). However, there is a sharp increase in expression between early (stage 30) and mid-tadpole stages.
Transcriptional regulator that may be involved in heart developmental processes.
Serine/threonine-protein kinase involved in various processes such as p38/mapk14 stress-activated MAPK cascade, DNA damage response and regulation of cytoskeleton stability. Acts as an activator of the p38/MAPK14 stress-activated MAPK cascade by mediating phosphorylation and subsequent activation of upstream MAP kinase kinases. In response to DNA damage, involved in the G2/M transition DNA damage checkpoint by activating the p38/MAPK14 stress-activated MAPK cascade (By similarity).
Belongs to the class V-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. Histone-lysine methyltransferase family. SETD6 subfamily.
Belongs to the NADPH-dependent diflavin oxidoreductase NDOR1 family.
Interacts with CIAPIN1; as part of the cytosolic iron-sulfur (Fe-S) protein assembly (CIA) machinery.
NADPH-dependent reductase which is a central component of the cytosolic iron-sulfur (Fe-S) protein assembly (CIA) machinery. Transfers electrons from NADPH via its FAD and FMN prosthetic groups to the [2Fe-2S] cluster of CIAPIN1, another key component of the CIA machinery. In turn, this reduced cluster provides electrons for assembly of cytosolic iron-sulfur cluster proteins. It can also reduce the [2Fe-2S] cluster of CISD1 and activate this protein implicated in Fe/S cluster repair.
Endonuclease that mediates miRNA decay of both protein-free and AGO2-loaded miRNAs.
NF-L is the most abundant of the three neurofilament proteins and, as the other nonepithelial intermediate filament proteins, it can form homomeric 10-nm filaments.
Neurofilaments usually contain three intermediate filament proteins: NEFL, NEFM, and NEFH which are involved in the maintenance of neuronal caliber. May additionally cooperate with other neuronal intermediate filament proteins to form neuronal filamentous networks (By similarity).
Belongs to the indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase family.
Low-affinity, high capacity permease involved in the transport of the cationic amino acids (arginine, lysine and ornithine).
pH-dependent, voltage-insensitive, background potassium channel protein.
Belongs to the class V-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. Histone-lysine methyltransferase family. EZ subfamily.
Polycomb group (PcG) protein. Catalytic subunit of the prc2/eed-ezh2 complex, which methylates 'Lys-9' and 'Lys-27' of histone H3, leading to transcriptional repression of the affected target gene. May regulate the circadian clock via histone methylation at the promoter of the circadian genes.
Participates in O-mannosyl glycosylation by catalyzing the addition of N-acetylglucosamine to O-linked mannose on glycoproteins. Catalyzes the synthesis of the GlcNAc(beta1-2)Man(alpha1-)O-Ser/Thr moiety on alpha-dystroglycan and other O-mannosylated proteins, providing the necessary basis for the addition of further carbohydrate moieties. Is specific for alpha linked terminal mannose.
The manganese ion interacts primarily with the substrate UDP-N-acetylglucosamine.
The stem domain mediates specific interaction with beta-linked N-acetylglucosamine moieties of O-glycosylated proteins. It also interacts with its product, N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-(1->2)-O-alpha-D-mannosylprotein.
Component of the elongator complex which is required for multiple tRNA modifications, including mcm5U (5-methoxycarbonylmethyl uridine), mcm5s2U (5-methoxycarbonylmethyl-2-thiouridine), and ncm5U (5-carbamoylmethyl uridine). The elongator complex catalyzes the formation of carboxymethyluridine in the wobble base at position 34 in tRNAs.
Belongs to the VPS10-related sortilin family. SORCS subfamily.
Required for cis-Golgi integrity and efficient ER to Golgi transport.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically with expression levels remaining constant throughout development.
Induces disassembly of actin filaments in conjunction with ADF/cofilin family proteins. Doesn't sever actin filaments alone, but caps the barbed ends of filaments severed by cofilin, which blocks annealing and depolymerization and allows more extensive severing by cofilin.
May be a negative regulator of NF-kappa-B and p53-mediated gene transcription.
Belongs to the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6c family.
Does not bind DNA by itself; probably associates with a p50-NF-kappa-B homolog to act as an activator. Could be involved in hematopoiesis and spleen development. May play a role in the regulation of the circadian clock.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 35 family.
Belongs to the TFIIE alpha subunit family.
ATP-dependent RNA helicase. Involved in pre-mRNA splicing as component of the spliceosome. Core component of the splicing-dependent multiprotein exon junction complex (EJC) deposited at splice junctions on mRNAs. The EJC is a dynamic structure consisting of core proteins and several peripheral nuclear and cytoplasmic associated factors that join the complex only transiently either during EJC assembly or during subsequent mRNA metabolism. The EJC marks the position of the exon-exon junction in the mature mRNA for the gene expression machinery and the core components remain bound to spliced mRNAs throughout all stages of mRNA metabolism thereby influencing downstream processes including nuclear mRNA export, subcellular mRNA localization, translation efficiency and nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD). Binds spliced mRNA in sequence-independent manner, 20-24 nucleotides upstream of mRNA exon-exon junctions (By similarity). Involved in craniofacial development (By similarity). When overexpressed, induces epidermis in dissociated cells that would otherwise adopt a neural fate, a process that requires an active BMP signaling pathway (PubMed:9334272).
Expressed between blastula and neural plate stages. Detected in the ventral ectoderm of the gastrula, the region fated to give rise to epidermis and a site of active BMP signaling.
Identified in the spliceosome C complex. Part of the mRNA splicing-dependent exon junction complex (EJC) complex; the core complex contains casc3, eif4a3, magoh and rbm8a.
Acts as guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for RhoA and RhoB GTPases.
May be involved in B-cell and macrophage adhesion processes. May play a role in src signaling pathway (By similarity).
Belongs to the tRNA methyltransferase O family.
Autophosphorylated. Binding of FGF family members together with heparan sulfate proteoglycan or heparin promotes receptor dimerization and autophosphorylation on tyrosine residues. Autophosphorylation occurs in trans between the two FGFR molecules present in the dimer (By similarity).
Monomer. Homodimer after ligand binding (By similarity).
Present in an inactive conformation in the absence of bound ligand. Ligand binding leads to dimerization and activation by autophosphorylation on tyrosine residues (By similarity).
The second and third Ig-like domains directly interact with fibroblast growth factors (FGF) and heparan sulfate proteoglycans.
Tyrosine-protein kinase that acts as cell-surface receptor for fibroblast growth factors and plays an essential role in the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. Plays an essential role in the regulation of chondrocyte differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis, and is required for normal skeleton development. Regulates both osteogenesis and postnatal bone mineralization by osteoblasts. Promotes apoptosis in chondrocytes, but can also promote cancer cell proliferation. Phosphorylates PLCG1, CBL and FRS2. Ligand binding leads to the activation of several signaling cascades. Activation of PLCG1 leads to the production of the cellular signaling molecules diacylglycerol and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate. Phosphorylation of FRS2 triggers recruitment of GRB2, GAB1, PIK3R1 and SOS1, and mediates activation of RAS, MAPK1/ERK2, MAPK3/ERK1 and the MAP kinase signaling pathway, as well as of the AKT1 signaling pathway (By similarity).
Secreted growth factor that mediates its signal through cell-surface proteoglycan and non-proteoglycan receptors (By similarity). Binds cell-surface proteoglycan receptor via their chondroitin sulfate (CS) groups (By similarity). Thereby regulates many processes like cell proliferation, cell survival, cell growth, cell differentiation and cell migration (By similarity). Has antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria (By similarity).
First expressed at mid-late gastrulation within the dorsal ectoderm. By the completion of gastrulation its expression is clearly restricted to 3 groups of cells arranged in a radially symmetrical pattern on either side of the dorsal midline of the posterior neural plate, where the ventral, intermediate and dorsal groups of cells differentiate into motor neurons, interneurons and sensory neurons respectively. The same pattern of expression is maintained in later-stage neurula embryos.
Positively regulated by X-NGNR-1 and negatively regulated by lateral inhibition.
Transcriptional activator which is essential for neuronal differentiation. Can promote ectotopic neuronal differentiation and confers insensitivity to lateral inhibition, but only in cooperation with bHLH transcription factors.
Belongs to the TFIIF beta subunit family.
TFIIF is a general transcription initiation factor that binds to RNA polymerase II and helps to recruit it to the initiation complex in collaboration with TFIIB.
Belongs to the 5-formyltetrahydrofolate cyclo-ligase family.
Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as modulators or transducers in various transmembrane signaling systems.
Palmitoylated. Palmitoylation occurs in the Golgi and participates in the localization of GNAQ to the plasma membrane.
Component of a PRC1-like complex (By similarity). Interacts with cbx4.
Maternally derived transcript is detected at high levels in blastula. Detected at intermediate levels in the head region, the rhombencephalon, otic vesicle, mesencephalon, optic vesicle and in the anterior parts of the spinal cord in late neurula stages.
Belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily. ETFBKMT family.
Protein-lysine methyltransferase that selectively trimethylates the flavoprotein ETFB in mitochondria. Thereby, may negatively regulate the function of ETFB in electron transfer from Acyl-CoA dehydrogenases to the main respiratory chain.
Belongs to the class IV-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. RNA methyltransferase TrmH family.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent 2'-O-ribose methyltransferase that catalyzes the formation of a 2'-O-methylguanosine at position 1370 (Gm1370) in the mitochondrial large subunit ribosomal RNA (mtLSU rRNA), a conserved modification in the peptidyl transferase domain of the mtLSU rRNA.
Receptor for calcitonin-gene-related peptide (CGRP) (By similarity). Receptor specificity may be modulated by accessory proteins. The activity of this receptor is mediated by G proteins which activate adenylyl cyclase (By similarity).
Involved in the transfer of neutral lipids, including cholesteryl ester and triglyceride, among lipoprotein particles. Allows the net movement of cholesteryl ester from high density lipoproteins/HDL to triglyceride-rich very low density lipoproteins/VLDL, and the equimolar transport of triglyceride from VLDL to HDL.
Acts as an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase for smad4. Promotes ectoderm embryonic development at the expense of other germ layers. Inhibits mesodermal differentiation. Promotes neural development of the ectoderm. Promotes smad4 alpha degradation via the ubiquitin proteasome pathway. May act as a transcriptional repressor (By similarity).
Expressed at the animal pole of unfertilized eggs and throughout cleavage stages in the prospective ectoderm germ layer. Expressed at the animal pole and extending up to the marginal zone at blastula stage. At the onset of gastrulation remains asymmetrically enriched in the dorsal side of the early gastrula. Its expression progressively diminishes as gastrulation proceeds (at protein level).
Belongs to the Nudix hydrolase family. NUDT16 subfamily.
Binds 3 or 4 divalent metal cations. Acts specifically on U8 snoRNA with magnesium as cofactor. Has broad substrate specificity with bound manganese or cobalt (in vitro).
Detected in ovary, and at very low levels in epithelial cells (at protein level).
RNA-binding and decapping enzyme that catalyzes the cleavage of the cap structure of snoRNAs and mRNAs in a metal-dependent manner. Part of the U8 snoRNP complex that is required for the accumulation of mature 5.8S and 28S rRNA. Has diphosphatase activity and removes m7G and/or m227G caps from U8 snoRNA and leaves a 5'monophosphate on the RNA. Catalyzes also the cleavage of the cap structure on mRNAs. Does not hydrolyze cap analog structures like 7-methylguanosine nucleoside triphosphate (m7GpppG). Also hydrolysis m7G- and m227G U3-capped RNAs but with less efficiencies. Has broad substrate specificity with manganese or cobalt as cofactor and can act on various RNA species. Binds to the U8 snoRNA; metal is not required for RNA-binding. May play a role in the regulation of snoRNAs and mRNAs degradation (PubMed:15053875, PubMed:10585477, PubMed:17567574, PubMed:18820299). Acts also as a phosphatase; hydrolyzes the non-canonical purine nucleotides inosine diphosphate (IDP) and deoxyinosine diphosphate (dITP) as well as guanosine diphosphate (GDP), deoxyguanosine diphosphate (dGDP), xanthine diphosphate (XDP), inosine triphosphate (ITP) and deoxyinosine triphosphate (ITP) to their respective monophosphate derivatives and does not distinguish between the deoxy- and ribose forms. The order of activity with different substrates is IDP > dIDP >> GDP = dGDP > XDP = ITP = dITP. Binds strongly to GTP, ITP and XTP. Participates in the hydrolysis of dIDP/IDP and probably excludes non-canonical purines from RNA and DNA precursor pools, thus preventing their incorporation into RNA and DNA and avoiding chromosomal lesions (By similarity).Exhibits decapping activity towards NAD-capped RNAs and FAD-capped RNAs (By similarity). Exhibits decapping activity towards dpCoA-capped RNAs in vitro (By similarity).
Acts as decoy receptor for TNFSF11/RANKL and thereby neutralizes its function in osteoclastogenesis.
Catalyzes the dehydration of the S-form of NAD(P)HX at the expense of ATP, which is converted to ADP. Together with NAD(P)HX epimerase, which catalyzes the epimerization of the S- and R-forms, the enzyme allows the repair of both epimers of NAD(P)HX, a damaged form of NAD(P)H that is a result of enzymatic or heat-dependent hydration.
Belongs to the F-actin-capping protein beta subunit family.
Interacts (via cytoplasmic region) with ILK.
At the late gastrula stage, weakly expressed ubiquitously. As neurulation proceeds (stages 15-16), expression moves towards the dorsal structures: involuted paraxial mesoderm and neural folds. In the tailbud embryo (stage 28), expression is restricted to the notochord. At later stages (stage 35), expression remains in the notochord and also appears weakly in the cephalic region.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Expressed at all stages of oogenesis except in previtellogenic oocytes. During embryogenesis, weakly expressed as early as the one-cell stage shortly after fertilization, and remains at a relatively uniform level throughout embryogenesis, persisting at least until stage 35 (early tadpole).
Participates in the initial step of the glucosylceramide-based glycosphingolipid/GSL synthetic pathway at the cytosolic surface of the Golgi. Catalyzes the transfer of glucose from UDP-glucose to ceramide to produce glucosylceramide/GlcCer (such as beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1')-N-acylsphing-4-enine) (PubMed:18095347). Glucosylceramide is the core component of glycosphingolipids/GSLs, amphipathic molecules consisting of a ceramide lipid moiety embedded in the outer leaflet of the membrane, linked to one of hundreds of different externally oriented oligosaccharide structures. Glycosphingolipids are essential components of membrane microdomains that mediate membrane trafficking and signal transduction. They are implicated in many fundamental cellular processes, including growth, differentiation, migration, morphogenesis, cell-to-cell and cell-to-matrix interactions (PubMed:18095347). Glycosphingolipids are required for convergence extension movements during early development (PubMed:18095347). Catalyzes the synthesis of xylosylceramide/XylCer (such as beta-D-xylosyl-(1<->1')-N-acylsphing-4-enine) using UDP-Xyl as xylose donor (By similarity).
Specific component of the STT3A-containing form of the oligosaccharyl transferase (OST) complex that catalyzes the initial transfer of a defined glycan (Glc(3)Man(9)GlcNAc(2) in eukaryotes) from the lipid carrier dolichol-pyrophosphate to an asparagine residue within an Asn-X-Ser/Thr consensus motif in nascent polypeptide chains, the first step in protein N-glycosylation. N-glycosylation occurs cotranslationally and the complex associates with the Sec61 complex at the channel-forming translocon complex that mediates protein translocation across the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). All subunits are required for a maximal enzyme activity.
Specific component of the STT3A-containing form of the oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) complex.
Belongs to the metallo-dependent hydrolases superfamily. NagA family.
Catalyzes the prenylation of para-hydroxybenzoate (PHB) with an all-trans polyprenyl group. Mediates the second step in the final reaction sequence of coenzyme Q (CoQ) biosynthesis, which is the condensation of the polyisoprenoid side chain with PHB, generating the first membrane-bound Q intermediate.
As part of the KICSTOR complex may function in the amino acid-sensing branch of the TORC1 signaling pathway.
Hydrolyzes 3-hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA (HIBYL-CoA), a saline catabolite. Has high activity toward isobutyryl-CoA. Could be an isobutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase that functions in valine catabolism. Also hydrolyzes 3-hydroxypropanoyl-CoA (By similarity).
Binds specifically to collagen. Could be involved as a chaperone in the biosynthetic pathway of collagen.
Component of the TIM23 complex at least composed of timm23, timm17 and timm50. The complex interacts with the timm44 component of the PAM complex (By similarity).
Component of the TIM23 complex, at least composed of TIM23, TIM17, TIM50 and TIM21.
Plays a role in phosphate homeostasis. Mediates phosphate export from the cell. Binds inositol hexakisphosphate (Ins6P) and similar inositol polyphosphates, such as 5-diphospho-inositol pentakisphosphate (5-InsP7); these are important intracellular signaling molecules.
The SPX domain has high affinity for inositol polyphosphates, such as myo-inositol hexakisphosphate and 5-diphospho-myo-inositol pentakisphosphate (5-InsP7). Its affinity for inorganic phosphate is tow to three orders of magnitude lower.
Contributes to the overall PI4-kinase activity of the cell. This contribution may be especially significant in plasma membrane, endosomal and Golgi compartments. The phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol (PI) to PI4P is the first committed step in the generation of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), a precursor of the second messenger inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3).
At gastrulation, expressed in the lateral and ventral mesoderm. Expressed around the blastopore except at the dorsal midline. As gastrulation proceeds, expression extends anteriorly and ventrally. At the tailbud stage, expression then retracts caudally becoming restricted to the tip of the tailbud.
By activin and vegt signaling, both acting via nodal. By bmp signaling in a dose-dependent manner. Fgf is necessary but not sufficient for induction.
Expression begins in early gastrula embryos, reaches a peak in late gastrula to early neurula embryos (stages 13-16) and then declines until stage 30.
Interacts with ripply2.2/bowline. Associates with tle4 in the presence of ripply2.2/bowline.
Transcriptional activator. Plays a role in ventral mesoderm specification and acts together with nog during muscle differentiation. Mediates posterior pattern formation of the embryo, including specification of posterior mesoderm, via activation of the Wnt and Fgf signaling pathways.
May function to promote vesicle trafficking and/or fusion. May contribute to the establishment and maintenance of centrosome function (By similarity).
Acts as a zygotic negative regulator of entry into mitosis (G2 to M transition) by protecting the nucleus from cytoplasmically activated cyclin B1-complexed cdk1 before the onset of mitosis by mediating phosphorylation of cdk1 on 'Tyr-15'. Specifically phosphorylates and inactivates cyclin B1-complexed cdk1 reaching a maximum during G2 phase and a minimum as cells enter M phase. Phosphorylation of cyclin B1-cdk1 occurs exclusively on 'Tyr-15' and phosphorylation of monomeric cdk1 does not occur. Involved in convergent extension of the paraxial mesoderm during neurulation by inhibiting the cell cycle.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family. WEE1 subfamily.
Was initially assigned as wee2 (PubMed:12217326). However, it corresponds to the zygotic protein WEE1 in mammals.
Zygotically expressed. Expressed in regions of the embryo that are devoid of mitotic cells, such as the involuting mesoderm.
Belongs to the acetate uptake transporter (AceTr) (TC 2.A.96) family.
Expressed in all blood vessels including the posterior cardinal vein, intersomitic veins and the vitelline vein network. At the gastrula stage, exclusively expressed in the mesodermal layer and at the neurula stage in the lateral plate mesoderm. Larval expression is observed in the endothelium of the primary blood vessels and the forming heart.
Expression starts in the late blastula (stage 8), increases during gastrulation and remains constant between neurula and larva stages.
Receptor for apelin receptor early endogenous ligand (apela) and apelin (apln) hormones coupled to G proteins that inhibit adenylate cyclase activity (PubMed:17412318, PubMed:16750822, PubMed:16876154). Plays a key role in early development such as gastrulation, blood vessels formation and heart morphogenesis by acting as a receptor for apela hormone, promoting endoderm and mesendoderm cell migration and regulating the migration of cells fated to become myocardial progenitors, respectively (By similarity). Promotes angioblast migration toward the embryonic midline, i.e. the position of the future vessel formation, during vasculogenesis (By similarity). May promote sinus venosus (SV)-derived endothelial cells migration into the developing heart to promote coronary blood vessel development (By similarity). Required for cardiovascular development, particularly for intersomitic vein angiogenesis by acting as a receptor for apln hormone (PubMed:17412318, PubMed:16750822, PubMed:16876154). Also plays a role in various processes in adults such as regulation of blood vessel formation, blood pressure, heart contractility, and heart failure (By similarity). Acts upstream of the i/o type of G-alpha proteins in the differentiation of endothelium, erythroid cells, myeloid cells and cardiomyocytes (PubMed:16876154).
Appears to be essential for maintaining mitochondrial cristae formation and mitochondrial function by acting via YME1L1 in a kinase-independent manner to regulate essential mitochondrial structural proteins OPA1 and IMMT (By similarity). The action of this enzyme is not yet clear. It is not known if it has protein kinase activity and what type of substrate it would phosphorylate (Ser, Thr or Tyr) (Probable).
It is uncertain whether Met-1 or Met-17 is the initiator.
Contains three Leu-Xaa-Xaa-Leu-Leu (LXXLL) motifs. Motifs 1 and 2 are essential for the association with nuclear receptors, and constitute the RID domain (Receptor-interacting domain).
Expressed only in early stages of oocyte development. Expression is more prominent in stage I, strongly decreases in stage II and then, gradually disappears.
Highly expressed in liver and in early stages of oocyte development.
Interacts with the histone acetyltransferase protein EP300.
Nuclear receptor coactivator that directly binds nuclear receptors and stimulates the transcriptional activities in a hormone-dependent fashion. Plays a central role in creating a multisubunit coactivator complex, probably via remodeling of chromatin. Involved in the coactivation of different nuclear receptors, such as retinoids (RAR and RXR), thyroid hormone (TR) and orphan nuclear receptor (hepatocyte nuclear receptor 4 (HNF4) and constitutive androstane receptor (CAR)). Displays histone acetyltransferase activity.
Transcription repressor. Component of the regulatory cascade that controls the development of dopaminergic (DA) and serotonergic (5HT) neurons (By similarity).
Belongs to the glycerate kinase type-2 family.
Binds DNA as dimer. Forms a homodimer or heterodimer with HNF1-alpha-B. Potentially also form a heterodimer with HNF1-beta.
Protein expressed in liver, stomach, small intestine, colon and kidney. Not expressed in spleen, lung, blood, heart muscle, skeletal muscle, testis and brain.
Protein found in 2-day-old hatched larvae (stage 35).
Transcriptional activator that regulates the tissue specific expression of multiple genes, especially in pancreas and liver (By similarity). Binds to the hepatocyte specific promoter element HP1. Binds to the inverted palindrome 5'-GTTAATNATTAAC-3'.
Calcium-regulated non-lysosomal thiol-protease.
Has peptide-independent ATPase activity.
It is uncertain whether Met-1 or Met-19 is the initiator.
PP2A consists of a common heterodimeric core enzyme, composed of a 36 kDa catalytic subunit (subunit C) and a 65 kDa constant regulatory subunit (PR65 or subunit A), that associates with a variety of regulatory subunits.
The B regulatory subunit might modulate substrate selectivity and catalytic activity, and also might direct the localization of the catalytic enzyme to a particular subcellular compartment (By similarity). Negatively control the initiation of oocyte maturation.
Probably involved in the biogenesis of the COX complex.
Acts both as a regulator of telomere function and as a transcription regulator. Involved in the regulation of telomere length and protection as a component of the shelterin complex (telosome). Does not bind DNA directly: recruited to telomeric double-stranded 5'-TTAGGG-3' repeats via its interaction with terf2. Independently of its function in telomeres, also acts as a transcription regulator: recruited to extratelomeric 5'-TTAGGG-3' sites via its association with terf2 or other factors, and regulates gene expression (By similarity).
Acts both as a regulator of telomere function and as a transcription regulator. Involved in the regulation of telomere length and protection as a component of the shelterin complex (telosome). Does not bind DNA directly: recruited to telomeric double-stranded 5'-TTAGGG-3' repeats via its interaction with terf2. Independently of its function in telomeres, also acts as a transcription regulator: recruited to extratelomeric 5'-TTAGGG-3' sites via its association with terf2 or other factors, and regulates gene expression.
Homodimer. Component of the shelterin complex (telosome). Interacts with terf2; the interaction is direct (By similarity).
Belongs to the SCAMP family. SCAMP5 subfamily.
Required for the calcium-dependent exocytosis of signal sequence-containing cytokines. Probably acts in cooperation with the SNARE machinery (By similarity).
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the HesA/MoeB/ThiF family. UBA4 subfamily.
Plays a central role in 2-thiolation of mcm(5)S(2)U at tRNA wobble positions of cytosolic tRNA(Lys), tRNA(Glu) and tRNA(Gln). Also essential during biosynthesis of the molybdenum cofactor. Acts by mediating the C-terminal thiocarboxylation of sulfur carriers urm1 and mocs2a. Its N-terminus first activates urm1 and mocs2a as acyl-adenylates (-COAMP), then the persulfide sulfur on the catalytic cysteine is transferred to urm1 and mocs2a to form thiocarboxylation (-COSH) of their C-terminus. The reaction probably involves hydrogen sulfide that is generated from the persulfide intermediate and that acts as nucleophile towards urm1 and mocs2a. Subsequently, a transient disulfide bond is formed. Does not use thiosulfate as sulfur donor; nfs1 probably acting as a sulfur donor for thiocarboxylation reactions (By similarity).
Belongs to the potassium channel family. A (Shaker) (TC 1.A.1.2) subfamily. Kv1.4/KCNA4 sub-subfamily.
Belongs to the eukaryotic RPA43 RNA polymerase subunit family.
Catalyzes the ATP-dependent amination of UTP to CTP with either L-glutamine or ammonia as the source of nitrogen. Constitutes the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of cytosine nucleotides (By similarity).
Voltage-sensitive calcium channels (VSCC) mediate the entry of calcium ions into excitable cells and are also involved in a variety of calcium-dependent processes, including muscle contraction, hormone or neurotransmitter release, gene expression, cell motility, cell division and cell death. This channel gives rise to T-type calcium currents. T-type calcium channels belong to the "low-voltage activated (LVA)" group and are strongly blocked by nickel and mibefradil. A particularity of this type of channels is an opening at quite negative potentials, and a voltage-dependent inactivation. T-type channels serve pacemaking functions in both central neurons and cardiac nodal cells and support calcium signaling in secretory cells and vascular smooth muscle. They may also be involved in the modulation of firing patterns of neurons which is important for information processing as well as in cell growth processes.
A N-glycosylation site within the signal peptide impedes its proper cleavage and function.
G-protein coupled receptor for CRH (corticotropin-releasing factor), UCN (urocortin), UCN2 and UCN3. Has high affinity for UCN. Ligand binding causes a conformation change that triggers signaling via guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) and down-stream effectors, such as adenylate cyclase. Promotes the activation of adenylate cyclase, leading to increased intracellular cAMP levels (By similarity).
The uncleaved pseudo signal peptide prevents receptor's oligomerization and coupling to G(i) subunits. It is also responsible for the rather low receptor localization at the plasma membrane (By similarity).
Autophosphorylated on tyrosine residues in response to insulin.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Weakly expressed in embryos through gastrulation and neurulation. Expressed in the tailbud stage and in older tadpoles.
Localized mainly to the envelope in oocytes. Localized to the animal hemisphere during early embryonic cleavage. Expressed during organogenesis in regions of ecto- and mesodermic origins. Expressed in the entire encephalon, the otic and optic vesicles, the gills, the somites and the pronephric tubules of the embryo. Also found in adult liver, muscle and regenerated forelimbs.
Receptor tyrosine kinase which mediates actions of insulin. May be required for forelimb regeneration.
Tetramer of 2 alpha and 2 beta chains linked by disulfide bonds. The alpha chains contribute to the formation of the ligand-binding domain, while the beta chains carry the kinase domain (By similarity).
By activin and TGF-beta1 (immediate early response gene).
Expressed mostly in the presumptive endodermal cells of Xenopus embryos.
Transcription factor which plays a regulatory role in the development of the embryo. Involved in the establishment of dorsal/ventral pattern in the early mesoderm. Activates the head organizer gene cer1 by acting synergistically with otx2 and siamois through the 5'-TAATCT-3' element of the cer1 promoter. Also binds as a complex with lhx1/lim1 and siamois to the 3x 5'-TAAT-3' element of the cer1 promoter.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFC2 subunit family.
Adapter molecule that plays a key role in the activation of pro-inflammatory NF-kappa-B signaling following detection of bacterial pathogen-associated molecular pattern metabolites (PAMPs) (By similarity). Promotes activation of an innate immune response by inducing the oligomerization and polyubiquitination of TRAF6, which leads to the activation of TAK1 and IKK through a proteasome-independent mechanism (PubMed:16023795).
First detected in the neurula stage and then increased and almost reached a plateau during early tailbud stage.
Highly expressed in spleen and moderately expressed in ovary.
Small GTPase required for proper nuclear import of RNA polymerase II (RNAPII). May act at an RNAP assembly step prior to nuclear import.
Part of a SCF (SKP1-cullin-F-box) ubiquitin-protein ligase complex. Interacts with fbxo5 (PubMed:17159919).
Present in fully grown and progesterone-matured oocytes. The level change very little even after zygotic gene transcription begins following the midblastula transition. Do not increase in abundance in the gastrula, neurula, tailbud, or tadpole embryo.
Substrate recognition component of a SCF (SKP1-CUL1-F-box protein) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex which mediates the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins. Probably recognizes and binds to phosphorylated target proteins. May participate in Wnt signaling.
Component of the CPC composed of survivin/birc5, incenp, cdca8/borealin and/or cdca9/dasra-A, and aurkb/aurora-B. Interacts (via C-terminus) with aurkb (via N-terminus and kinase domain). Interacts (via N-terminus) with birc5.1, birc5.2, cdca8 and cdca9. Interacts with mtus1.
The IN box mediates interaction with aurkb/aurora-B.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. PAN3 family.
Contains a pseudokinase domain. The protein kinase domain is predicted to be catalytically inactive because some of the residues important for catalytic activity are substituted and it lacks the equivalent of the binding site for a peptide substrate. However, it has retained an ATP-binding site and ATP-binding is required for mRNA degradation, stimulating the activity of the PAN2 nuclease in vitro. The nucleotide-binding site is juxtaposed to the RNase active site of PAN2 in the complex and may actually bind nucleosides of a poly(A) RNA rather than ATP, feeding the poly(A)-tail to the active site of the deadenylase and thus increasing the efficiency with which this distributive enzyme degrades oligo(A) RNAs.
Homodimer. Forms a heterotrimer with a catalytic subunit PAN2 to form the poly(A)-nuclease (PAN) deadenylation complex. Interacts (via PAM-2 motif) with poly(A)-binding protein PABPC1 (via PABC domain), conferring substrate specificity of the enzyme complex. Interacts with the GW182 family proteins TNRC6A, TNRC6B and TNRC6C.
Regulatory subunit of the poly(A)-nuclease (PAN) deadenylation complex, one of two cytoplasmic mRNA deadenylases involved in general and miRNA-mediated mRNA turnover. PAN specifically shortens poly(A) tails of RNA and the activity is stimulated by poly(A)-binding protein (PABP). PAN deadenylation is followed by rapid degradation of the shortened mRNA tails by the CCR4-NOT complex. Deadenylated mRNAs are then degraded by two alternative mechanisms, namely exosome-mediated 3'-5' exonucleolytic degradation, or deadenlyation-dependent mRNA decaping and subsequent 5'-3' exonucleolytic degradation by XRN1. PAN3 acts as a positive regulator for PAN activity, recruiting the catalytic subunit PAN2 to mRNA via its interaction with RNA and PABP, and to miRNA targets via its interaction with GW182 family proteins.
The N-terminal zinc finger binds to poly(A) RNA.
The pseudokinase domain, the coiled-coil (CC), and C-terminal knob domain (CK) form a structural unit (PKC) that forms an extensive high-affinity interaction surface for PAN2.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. HNMT family.
Inactivates histamine by N-methylation. Plays an important role in degrading histamine and in regulating the airway response to histamine.
Belongs to the importin beta family. Importin beta-1 subfamily.
Phospholipid scramblase involved in lipid homeostasis and membrane dynamics processes. Has phospholipid scramblase activity toward cholesterol and phosphatidylserine, as well as phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine. Required for autophagosome formation: participates in early stages of autophagosome biogenesis at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane by reequilibrating the leaflets of the ER as lipids are extracted by atg2 (atg2a or atg2b) to mediate autophagosome assembly. In addition to autophagy, involved in other processes in which phospholipid scramblase activity is required. Modulates ER contacts with lipid droplets, mitochondria and endosomes.
Component of the U7 snRNP complex that is involved in the histone 3'-end pre-mRNA processing. Increases U7 snRNA levels but not histone 3'-end pre-mRNA processing activity, when overexpressed. Binds specifically to the Sm-binding site of U7 snRNA.
Component of the heptameric ring U7 snRNP complex.
Belongs to the RecA family. DMC1 subfamily.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 20 family.
The membrane-bound form is converted to the soluble form by sequential proteolytic processing. First, the C-terminal cytoplasmic tail is removed. Cleavage by a lysosomal protease releases the soluble form in the lysosome lumen (By similarity).
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that mediates ubiquitination oF target proteins. Depending on the associated E2 ligase, mediates 'Lys-48'- and 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitination of substrates. Part of a BAG6-dependent quality control process ensuring that proteins of the secretory pathway that are mislocalized to the cytosol are degraded by the proteasome. Probably acts by providing the ubiquitin ligase activity associated with the BAG6 complex and be responsible for ubiquitination of the hydrophobic mislocalized proteins and their targeting to the proteasome.
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Component of RNA polymerase I which synthesizes ribosomal RNA precursors.
Generally pentameric. There are five types of GABA(A) receptor chains: alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and rho. Interacts with SQSTM1.
Belongs to the L-aspartate dehydrogenase family.
eIF-5A seems to be the only eukaryotic protein to have a hypusine residue which is a post-translational modification of a lysine by the addition of a butylamino group.
mRNA-binding protein involved in translation elongation. Has an important function at the level of mRNA turnover, probably acting downstream of decapping. Critical for the efficient synthesis of peptide bonds between consecutive proline residues. Can resolve ribosomal stalling caused by consecutive prolines during translation. Involved in actin dynamics and cell cycle progression, mRNA decay and probably in a pathway involved in stress response and maintenance of cell wall integrity. Functions as a regulator of apoptosis.
Carboxylesterase that acts as a key negative regulator of the Wnt signaling pathway by specifically mediating depalmitoleoylation of WNT proteins. Serine palmitoleoylation of WNT proteins is required for efficient binding to frizzled receptors.
Although originally named XLX for its homology to mammalian XIAP, a more similar Xenopus XIAP homolog (xiap) has since been identified.
Auto-ubiquitinated, and degraded in a 2-step mechanism; a caspase-independent first step and a caspase-dependent second step.
Expressed maternally in the unfertilized egg and early embryo. In the embryo, expressed through cleavage stages (stage 2-8), becoming nearly undetectable following gastrulation (stage 10.5).
Phosphorylated via MAPK-dependent and CDK-dependent pathways during oocyte maturation. Phosphorylation does not appear to affect caspase inhibition or autoubiquitination activity.
PubMed:17425806 show that the phosphorylation state does not affect protein stability, whereas PubMed:17008917 show that phosphorylation may play a role in caspase-dependent cleavage.
The BIR2 domain is required for caspase-inhibition.
The C-terminal region containing the RING finger domain is required for the initial degradation step, and the final digestion of cleavage fragments.
Weak apoptotic suppressor. Has E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity. Weak inhibitor of caspase activity.
Involved in the cell surface expression of neuronal nicotinic receptors (By similarity). Binds RNA (By similarity).
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 25 family.
Required for S phase entry of the cell cycle.
May regulate calcium-dependent activities in the endoplasmic reticulum lumen or post-ER compartment.
Degraded in a 2-step mechanism; a caspase-independent first step and a caspase-dependent second step (PubMed:15853809). Stabilized indirectly by MAPK, which acts to delay caspase activation, rather than directly phosphorylating xiap (PubMed:15853809).
Multi-functional protein which regulates not only caspases and apoptosis, but also acts as an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase mediating ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of its target proteins. Acts as a direct caspase inhibitor. A key apoptotic suppressor in eggs. Acts as a positive regulator of Wnt signaling.
The BIR and RING-type domains are dispensable for anti-apoptotic function.
The full-length protein can bind eight Ca(2+) ions via the annexin repeats. Calcium binding causes a major conformation change that modifies dimer contacts and leads to surface exposure of the N-terminal phosphorylation sites; in the absence of Ca(2+), these sites are buried in the interior of the protein core. The N-terminal region becomes disordered in response to calcium-binding.
The coatomer is a cytosolic protein complex that binds to dilysine motifs and reversibly associates with Golgi non-clathrin-coated vesicles, which further mediate biosynthetic protein transport from the ER, via the Golgi up to the trans Golgi network. Coatomer complex is required for budding from Golgi membranes, and is essential for the retrograde Golgi-to-ER transport of dilysine-tagged proteins. In mammals, the coatomer can only be recruited by membranes associated to ADP-ribosylation factors (ARFs), which are small GTP-binding proteins; the complex also influences the Golgi structural integrity, as well as the processing, activity, and endocytic recycling of LDL receptors.
Component of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport II (ESCRT-II), which is required for multivesicular body (MVB) formation and sorting of endosomal cargo proteins into MVBs.
Belongs to the class V-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. Histone-lysine methyltransferase family. SET7 subfamily.
Component of the COP9 signalosome complex (CSN), a complex involved in various cellular and developmental processes. The CSN complex is an essential regulator of the ubiquitin (Ubl) conjugation pathway by mediating the deneddylation of the cullin subunits of SCF-type E3 ligase complexes, leading to decrease the Ubl ligase activity. May play a role in cell proliferation.
Involved in the retrieval of endoplasmic reticulum membrane proteins from the early Golgi compartment.
Demethylates proteins that have been reversibly carboxymethylated. Demethylates PPP2CB (in vitro) and PPP2CA. Binding to PPP2CA displaces the manganese ion and inactivates the enzyme.
ATP-dependent RNA helicase. Binds to partially double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) in order to unwind RNA secondary structures. Unwinding is promoted in the presence of single-strand binding proteins. Mediates also RNA duplex formation thereby displacing the single-strand RNA binding protein. ATP and ADP modulate its activity: ATP binding and hydrolysis by DDX42 triggers RNA strand separation, whereas the ADP-bound form of the protein triggers annealing of complementary RNA strands.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX42 subfamily.
Belongs to the DNA mismatch repair MutL/HexB family.
Key regulator of mitochondrial quality that mediates the repairing or degradation of unhealthy mitochondria in response to mitochondrial damage. Mediator of mitochondrial protein catabolic process (also named MALM) by mediating the degradation of damaged proteins inside mitochondria by promoting the accumulation in the mitochondrial matrix of hydrolases that are characteristic of the lysosomal lumen. Also involved in mitochondrion degradation of damaged mitochondria by promoting the formation of vacuole-like structures (named MIV), which engulf and degrade unhealthy mitochondria by accumulating lysosomes (By similarity).
Hydrolyzes dipeptides containing N-terminal aspartate residues.
Belongs to the eIF-2B alpha/beta/delta subunits family. MtnA subfamily.
Catalyzes the interconversion of methylthioribose-1-phosphate (MTR-1-P) into methylthioribulose-1-phosphate (MTRu-1-P).
May play a role in transcription or DNA repair.
Transcriptional repressor during pronephros development. Plays a role in regionalization of the pronephros; may promote formation of the distal tubule and duct over formation of the glomus and proximal tubule (By similarity).
Expressed in the pronephric anlage from stage 23 to 30. Also expressed in the adult kidney (mesonephros) and in testis.
Transcription factor required for development of the vascular component of the pronephric kidney, the glomus; may repress tubule-specific gene expression in the portion of the pronephros fated to form the glomus (PubMed:16818449). Recognizes and binds to the DNA sequence 5'-GCG(T/G)GGGCG-3' (By similarity). Inhibits Wnt-signaling during embryonic development (By similarity).
ARF1 contains 2 smad2s, 1 smad4 and 1 foxh1/fast-1 protein. Interaction with smad4 is most likely indirect through interaction with the MH2 domain of smad2. Binds to the MH2 domain of smad3, which can incorporate into the ARF1 complex. The ARF1 and ARF2 complexes are activated by distinct TGF-beta family members; formation of ARF1 is promoted by activin. Interacts (via Fork-head domain) with gtf2ird1/wbscr11 (via repeats 4-5).
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Present in oocytes and in early embryos until shortly after gastrulation, after which levels decline and remain low through tadpole development.
Highly expressed in the animal cap (prospective ectoderm) and prospective mesoderm of stage 10.25 embryos.
The FM region is required for binding smad2/smad4 complexes. FM2 is more effective than FM1 and only interacts with phosphorylated smad2 that is in an activated smad complex.
Transcriptional activator. Recognizes and binds to the DNA sequence 5'-TGT[GT][GT]ATT-3'. Upon TGF-beta induction, forms a transcriptionally active complex with smad2 and smad4 called activin-responsive factor 1 (ARF1), which binds a site on the mix-B/mix.2 promoter called the activin response element (ARE). Binds to activated smads and the ARE with much lower affinity than fast3. Necessary for the first steps in mesoderm specification, directly inducing mesodermal genes. Acts with fast3 to control the convergent extension movements of gastrulation. Binds to the proximal element (PE) of the gsc gene and cooperates with gtf2ird1/wbscr11 and SMAD proteins to regulate gsc transcription.
Constitutively interacts with CASP4; required for the localization of procaspase 4 to the ER.
Critical mediator, in cooperation with CASP4, of endoplasmic reticulum-stress induced apoptosis. Required or the activation of CASP4 following endoplasmic reticulum stress (By similarity).
Could be involved in the unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway.
The precursor molecule is cleaved by ATG4 (atg4a, atg4b, atg4c or atg4d) to expose the glycine at the C-terminus and form the cytosolic form, gabarapl1-I. The processed form is then activated by apg7l/atg7, transferred to atg3 and conjugated to phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) phospholipid to form the membrane-bound form, gabarapl1-II. During non-canonical autophagy, the processed form is conjugated to phosphatidylserine (PS) phospholipid. Atg4 proteins also mediate the delipidation of PE-conjugated forms required for gabarapl1 recycling when autophagosomes fuse with lysosomes. In addition, some atg4 proteins mediate delipidation of ATG8 proteins conjugated to PS during non-canonical autophagy.
Ubiquitin-like modifier that increases cell-surface expression of kappa-type opioid receptor through facilitating anterograde intracellular trafficking of the receptor. Involved in formation of autophagosomal vacuoles. While LC3s are involved in elongation of the phagophore membrane, the GABARAP/GATE-16 subfamily is essential for a later stage in autophagosome maturation.
Does not appear to be maternally expressed. Zygotic expression begins at late blastula, increases at mid and late gastrula, and peaks in the early neurula. Expression is restricted to the anterior nervous system.
Polycomb group (PcG) protein (By similarity). Catalytic subunit of the prc2/eed-ezh2 complex, which methylates 'Lys-9' and 'Lys-27' of histone H3, leading to transcriptional repression of the affected target gene (By similarity). May repress transcription of the egr2 and en2 genes. May regulate the circadian clock via histone methylation at the promoter of the circadian genes (By similarity).
Belongs to the transglutaminase-like superfamily. PNGase family.
Specifically deglycosylates the denatured form of N-linked glycoproteins in the cytoplasm and assists their proteasome-mediated degradation. Cleaves the beta-aspartyl-glucosamine (GlcNAc) of the glycan and the amide side chain of Asn, converting Asn to Asp. Prefers proteins containing high-mannose over those bearing complex type oligosaccharides. Can recognize misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum that are exported to the cytosol to be destroyed and deglycosylate them, while it has no activity toward native proteins. Deglycosylation is a prerequisite for subsequent proteasome-mediated degradation of some, but not all, misfolded glycoproteins.
Involved in the lipid remodeling steps of GPI-anchor maturation.
Creation of an extracellular membrane face which guides the wrapping process and ultimately compacts adjacent lamellae.
Acts together with ptf1a to induce the pancreatic lineage within the endoderm.
Belongs to the Antp homeobox family. IPF1/XlHbox-8 subfamily.
In embryos, expressed in the anteroposterior band of the endoderm, with expression continuing in cells of the pancreatic anlagen and duodenum.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX54/DBP10 subfamily.
At early tailbud stage, expressed in the pharyngeal endoderm, concentrated within the pharyngeal clefts. Also expressed in the mesenchymal head cells in the future infrarostral cartilage. Beginning at the mid-tailbud stage, expressed in the muscular layer of the midgut.
Based on similarity to Drosophila 'bagpipe/bap', the name 'zampogna' was chosen after an Italian musical instrument related to the Scottish bagpipe.
Expressed at a low level throughout all developmental stages. Expression levels significantly increase after the mid-tailbud stage and are maintained through the tadpole stage (stage 40).
Expression becomes spatially localized at mid-gastrula stages and is confined to the nervous system (midbrain, hindbrain, spinal cord), sensory organs (optic vesicle and stalk, otic vesicle), visceral arches, developing excretory system (pronephros, pronephric duct, rectal diverticulum, proctodaeum) and thyroid gland. Splicing does not appear to be tissue-specific and tissues displayed the same spectrum of splice variants.
Probable transcription factor. Involved in kidney development, acting synergistically with lhx1/lim-1 in pronephric morphogenesis during the tailbud stages (By similarity).
Splicing is temporally regulated. Isoform 5 is expressed both maternally and zygotically, whereas isoform 1, isoform 2, isoform 3 and isoform 4 are exclusively zygotic. Expression is highest in embryos from stage 12 on, with expression levels remaining constant throughout embryogenesis.
Expression begins at the early-mid blastula stage. Levels are highest during the blastula and gastrula stages, after which levels decreases until somite segregation. At later developmental stages, expressed at a slightly lower level than foxi1-B.
Transcription factor. Essential for ventral specification of the early cephalic (head) ectoderm during gastrulation, playing a role in the non-neural versus neural cell fate choice. Binds to DNA via the target sequence 5'-[AG]TAAA[CT]A-3', with 5'-ATAAACA-3' being the preferred binding site.
Actin filament (F-actin)-binding protein involved in cell-matrix adhesion and cell-cell adhesion. Regulates cell-surface E-cadherin expression and potentiates mechanosensing by the E-cadherin complex. May also play important roles in cell morphology and locomotion.
Retinol dehydrogenase with a clear preference for NADP. Converts all-trans-retinol to all-trans-retinal. Has no detectable activity towards 11-cis-retinol, 9-cis-retinol and 13-cis-retinol (By similarity).
Plays a role as translation enhancer and involved in cell cycle regulation.
The PUA RNA-binding domain is critical for cap binding, but not sufficient for translation enhancer function.
Component of a CRL2 E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex, also named ECS (Elongin BC-CUL2/5-SOCS-box protein) complex, composed of CUL2, Elongin BC (ELOB and ELOC), RBX1 and substrate-specific adapter KLHDC10.
Substrate-recognition component of a Cul2-RING (CRL2) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex of the DesCEND (destruction via C-end degrons) pathway, which recognizes a C-degron located at the extreme C terminus of target proteins, leading to their ubiquitination and degradation. The C-degron recognized by the DesCEND pathway is usually a motif of less than ten residues and can be present in full-length proteins, truncated proteins or proteolytically cleaved forms. The CRL2(KLHDC10) complex specifically recognizes proteins with a proline-glycine (Pro-Gly) at the C-terminus, leading to their ubiquitination and degradation. Participates in the oxidative stress-induced cell death through MAP3K5 activation.
Could be the homolog of mammalian Bcl-W.
Developmental regulation only occurs in the brain of mid-metamorphosic to post-metamorphosic tadpoles and adults, where an increase of several fold has been observed.
A hydrophobic region that gives rise to the prediction of a transmembrane span does not cross the membrane, but is part of a discontinuously helical region that dips into the membrane and is probably part of the pore and of the selectivity filter.
Belongs to the glutamate-gated ion channel (TC 1.A.10.1) family. NR2B/GRIN2B subfamily.
Component of NMDA receptor complexes that function as heterotetrameric, ligand-gated ion channels with high calcium permeability and voltage-dependent sensitivity to magnesium. Channel activation requires binding of the neurotransmitter glutamate to the epsilon subunit, glycine binding to the zeta subunit, plus membrane depolarization to eliminate channel inhibition by Mg(2+) (PubMed:18177891, PubMed:25008524, PubMed:28232581). Sensitivity to glutamate and channel kinetics depend on the subunit composition (Probable).
Heterotetramer. Forms heterotetrameric channels composed of two zeta subunits (grin1), and two epsilon subunits (grin2a, grin2b, grin2c or grin2d) (in vitro) (PubMed:18177891, PubMed:25008524, PubMed:27062927, PubMed:28232581). In vivo, the subunit composition may depend on the expression levels of the different subunits (Probable).
Catalyzes the addition of GlcNAc or GlcUA monosaccharides to the nascent hyaluronan polymer. Therefore, it is essential to hyaluronan synthesis a major component of most extracellular matrices that has a structural role in tissues architectures and regulates cell adhesion, migration and differentiation (By similarity). This is one of three isoenzymes responsible for cellular hyaluronan synthesis and it is particularly responsible for the synthesis of high molecular mass hyaluronan (By similarity).
Homodimer; dimerization promotes enzymatic activity.
Abundantly expressed in kidney and liver, but at much lower level is also present in brain, testis, intestine and lung.
Utilization of purines as secondary nitrogen sources, when primary sources are limiting.
Catalyzes the transfer of sulfate to position 3 of terminal glucuronic acid of both protein- and lipid-linked oligosaccharides. Participates in biosynthesis of HNK-1 carbohydrate structure, a sulfated glucuronyl-lactosaminyl residue carried by many neural recognition molecules (By similarity).
The exocyst complex is composed of exoc1, exoc2, exoc3, exoc4, exoc5, exoc6, exoc7 and exoc8.
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mL45 family.
Accessory subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I) that is believed not to be involved in catalysis. Complex I functions in the transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme is believed to be ubiquinone.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFB1 subunit family.
Embryos display head and axial defects during organogenesis.
Maternally expressed. Levels decrease during gastrulation and are then increasingly up-regulated during neurulation and tailbud stages. Weak ubiquitous expression is detected at all stages of development.
Probable lectin that binds selectively to improperly folded lumenal proteins. May function in endoplasmic reticulum quality control and endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) of both non-glycosylated proteins and glycoproteins (By similarity).
Essential for the formation and stability of microtubules (MTs) (By similarity). Required for the organization of the mitotic spindle and for the proper attachment of kinetochores to MTs (By similarity). Promotes the recruitment of NUDC to the mitotic spindle for mitotic progression (By similarity).
Homotrimer; self-association is mediated by the N-terminal coiled coil.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFA11 subunit family.
A subset of this protein primarily localized at the spindle pole is phosphorylated by NEK6 during mitosis.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class myosin-kinesin ATPase superfamily. Kinesin family. BimC subfamily.
Expressed maternally. Expressed in eggs but not oocytes (at protein level). The RNA is subject to translational control and is only adenylated in eggs. Expression stops soon after fertilization, when the mRNA is deadenylated. Not expressed in adults.
Heterotetramer of two heavy and two light chains. Interacts with aurka.
In unfertilized eggs, shows highest expression in the germinal vesicle and radial yolk-poor channels. Also present in testis.
Phosphorylated on a serine residue by aurka.
Phosphorylation of Thr-937 during mitosis controls the association of this protein with the spindle apparatus.
Plus end-directed motor protein required for establishing a bipolar spindle (PubMed:15583027). Associates with both interphase and spindle microtubules (PubMed:15583027). May be involved in nuclear divisions taking place during the development of unfertilized eggs (PubMed:15583027). Required in non-mitotic cells for transport of secretory proteins from the Golgi complex to the cell surface (By similarity).
Catalytic subunit of the PI3K complex that mediates formation of phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate; different complex forms are believed to play a role in multiple membrane trafficking pathways. Involved in the transport of lysosomal enzyme precursors to lysosomes. Required for transport from early to late endosomes (By similarity).
Component of the PI3K (PI3KC3/PI3K-III/class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) complex the core of which is composed of the catalytic subunit pik3c3, the regulatory subunit pik3r4 and becn1 associating with additional regulatory/auxilliary subunits to form alternative complex forms.
Inhibitor of the serine/threonine-protein kinase pak4/pak5. Acts by binding pak4/pak5 in a substrate-like manner, inhibiting the protein kinase activity.
The Inka box (also named iBox or inca box) binds and inhibits PAK4 by binding a substrate-like manner.
Seems to promote the survival of visceral and proprioceptive sensory neurons.
Belongs to the deoxyhypusine hydroxylase family.
Catalyzes the hydroxylation of the N(6)-(4-aminobutyl)-L-lysine intermediate produced by deoxyhypusine synthase/DHPS on a critical lysine of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A/eIF-5A. This is the second step of the post-translational modification of that lysine into an unusual amino acid residue named hypusine. Hypusination is unique to mature eIF-5A factor and is essential for its function.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFA7 subunit family.
Expressed from blastula stage, peak expression at late gastrula stage. Expression localizes in neural fold at neurula stage; in the dorsal region of midbrain, hindbrain and spinal cord at tadpole stage.
Expressed in liver, lung, brain, testis, heart and ovary.
Receptor for Wnt proteins. Most of frizzled receptors are coupled to the beta-catenin canonical signaling pathway, which leads to the activation of disheveled proteins, inhibition of GSK-3 kinase, nuclear accumulation of beta-catenin and activation of Wnt target genes. A second signaling pathway involving PKC and calcium fluxes has been seen for some family members, but it is not yet clear if it represents a distinct pathway or if it can be integrated in the canonical pathway, as PKC seems to be required for Wnt-mediated inactivation of GSK-3 kinase. Both pathways seem to involve interactions with G-proteins. May be involved in transduction and intercellular transmission of polarity information during tissue morphogenesis and/or in differentiated tissues. Activated by Wnt8. Could have an antagonizing activity in the morphogenesis during development.
Component of the autophagy machinery that controls the major intracellular degradation process by which cytoplasmic materials are packaged into autophagosomes and delivered to lysosomes for degradation (By similarity). Binds phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PtdIns3P) (By similarity).
Glycosyltransferase which elongates the O-linked glucose attached to EGF-like repeats in the extracellular domain of Notch proteins by catalyzing the addition of xylose.
Converted into plasmin by plasminogen activators, both plasminogen and its activator being bound to fibrin.
Plasmin dissolves the fibrin of blood clots and acts as a proteolytic factor in a variety of other processes including embryonic development, tissue remodeling, tumor invasion, and inflammation. In ovulation, weakens the walls of the Graafian follicle. It activates the urokinase-type plasminogen activator, collagenases and several complement zymogens, such as C1 and C5. Cleavage of fibronectin and laminin leads to cell detachment and apoptosis. Also cleaves fibrin, thrombospondin and von Willebrand factor. Its role in tissue remodeling and tumor invasion may be modulated by CSPG4. Binds to cells.
Interacts with both chek1 and plk1/plx1 when phosphorylated.
Phosphorylated. Phosphorylation at Ser-864, Ser-895 and Thr-906 occurs during checkpoint activation and requires the ATR kinase. Phosphorylation at Ser-864 within CKB motif 1 and Ser-895 within CKB motif 2 promotes interaction with the catalytic domain of chek1 and subsequent activation of the kinase. Phosphorylation at Thr-906 creates a binding site for the Polo-box domain of the plk1/plx1 kinase, which subsequently phosphorylates Ser-934. Phosphorylation of Ser-934 is required for chek1 inactivation during checkpoint adaptation, the process whereby a prolonged cell cycle arrest is alleviated without prior removal of the checkpoint-inducing DNA lesion. Checkpoint adaptation may promote cellular proliferation when non-lethal DNA damage cannot be repaired in a timely manner.
Required for checkpoint mediated cell cycle arrest in response to inhibition of DNA replication or to DNA damage induced by UV irradiation. Adapter protein which binds to the checkpoint kinase chek1 and facilitates the phosphorylation and activation of this kinase by the ATR-TREX1/ATRIP kinase complex. Also associates with chromatin during S-phase, and this requires the pre-replication complex (pre-RC), cdc45 and cdk2. This may indicate a role for this protein as a sensor which monitors the integrity of DNA replication forks.
The CHEK1-binding domain (CKBD) contains 2 potential CHEK1-binding motifs (CKB motifs). Phosphorylation sites within CKB motif 1 and CKB motif 2 are required for interaction with CHEK1.
ATP-dependent annealing helicase that catalyzes the rewinding of the stably unwound DNA. Rewinds single-stranded DNA bubbles that are stably bound by replication protein A (RPA). Acts throughout the genome to reanneal stably unwound DNA, performing the opposite reaction of many enzymes, such as helicases and polymerases, that unwind DNA (By similarity).
Belongs to the SNF2/RAD54 helicase family. SMARCAL1 subfamily.
Abundant in early stages of oogenesis after which it is nearly constant.
Highest expression in ovaries and to a lesser extent in kidney, brain, eye and lung. Weak expression in testis, intestine, liver and heart. Present in trace amounts in skeletal muscle.
Homodimer. Probable component of the gamma-secretase complex, a complex composed of a presenilin homodimer (PS-alpha or PS-beta), nicastrin (NCSTN), APH1 and PEN2 (Probable).
Probable catalytic subunit of the gamma-secretase complex, an endoprotease complex that catalyzes the intramembrane cleavage of integral membrane proteins such as Notch receptors (By similarity). May play a role in negative regulation of apoptotic cascades during oogenesis and embryogenesis, and in developmentally matured tissues such as brain tissue.
Plays an important role in the synaptic function of specific neuronal systems. Associates with proteins involved in vesicle docking and membrane fusion.
Multifunctional polyribosome-associated RNA-binding protein that plays a central role in neuronal development and synaptic plasticity through the regulation of alternative mRNA splicing, mRNA stability, mRNA dendritic transport and postsynaptic local protein synthesis of a subset of mRNAs. Binds poly(G) and poly(U), and to a lower extent poly(A) and poly(C).
Expressed in the prospective head ectoderm and the Spemann organizer at gastrula stage. Expression increases during gastrulation and decreases during early neurulation. As gastrulation progresses, expression occurs in the anterior neuroectoderm, after mid-gastrulation, expressed in the superficial layer. The expression in endomesoderm concomitantly becomes restricted to the future prechordal plate territory. At the mid-neurula stage, the ectodermal expression declines, while that in the prechordal plate persists until the late-neurula stage.
Interacts with immature forms of fzd8 and fgfr.
Required for head formation during gastrulation. Functions as an inhibitor for the caudalizing signals wnt and fgf, does not inhibit bmp, activin and nodal signaling in head formation process. Induces retention of fzd8 in the endoplasmic reticulum and inhibits trafficking of fzd8 to the cell surface.
Plays an important role in the regulation of cell survival, cell division, angiogenesis, cell differentiation and cell migration. Functions as potent mitogen in vitro. Acts as a ligand for FGFR1 and integrins. Binds to FGFR1 in the presence of heparin leading to FGFR1 dimerization and activation via sequential autophosphorylation on tyrosine residues which act as docking sites for interacting proteins, leading to the activation of several signaling cascades. Binds to integrins. Its binding to integrins and subsequent ternary complex formation with integrins and FGFR1 are essential for FGF1 signaling.
Belongs to the learning-associated protein family.
Regulates dendritic and spine growth and synaptic transmission.
Methylates (mono- and asymmetric dimethylation) the guanidino nitrogens of arginyl residues in several proteins involved in DNA packaging, transcription regulation, pre-mRNA splicing, and mRNA stability. Recruited to promoters upon gene activation together with histone acetyltransferases from EP300/P300 and p160 families, methylates histone H3 at 'Arg-17' (H3R17me) and activates transcription via chromatin remodeling.
Widely expressed. Expressed at higher level in stomach. Expressed at lower level compared to ddx21-a.
By mid-gastrulation (stage 11), strongly expressed on the dorsal side of the embryo and by stage 13, expression marks the future neural plate including the neural crest. During neurulation, neural precursors showing expression converge to form the central nervous system and eye. At stage 23 (early tailbud), expressed in the primitive brain and optic vesicle, with expression high in the anterior neural tube. In the tail bud brain, expressed in several patches along the anterior-posterior axis in the telencephalon, midbrain-hindbrain boundary and hindbrain. Also expressed in the branchial arches during tailbud stages. In the tailbud eye, expressed in both the neural retina and the lens.
Expressed zygotically from gastrula stage (stage 11). Expression remains constant at later stages.
Transcriptional activator (By similarity). Functions as a switch in neuronal development, participating in the differentiation of embryonic neuroectodermal cells into neural tissues by making the ectodermal cells responsive to FGF-neuralizing signals. Downstream SRRT target that mediates the promotion of neural stem cell self-renewal (By similarity).
Found in both rod and cone photoreceptors. Specifically in the rims and incisures of rod and cone outer segment disks.
May be involved in the morphogenesis of retina outer segment disks and the development and maintenance of the retina ultrastructure.
Expression begins at stage 10.25. Levels increase throughout gastrulation before reaching a peak between stages 11.5 and 12.
Present in the vegetal pole and marginal zone but not the animal pole of gastrulae and in equal levels in the dorsal and ventral halves of both gastrulae and neurulae. At neurula stage, expressed in the notochord. During tailbud stages, expressed in the foregut, brain, hypocord, neural floor plate and in two lines of cells just dorsal and ventral to the notochord. Expressed in the adult liver.
Belongs to the calcineurin regulatory subunit family.
The JAMM motif is essential for the protease activity.
Zinc metalloprotease that specifically cleaves 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitin chains. Does not cleave 'Lys-48'-linked polyubiquitin chains (By similarity). Functions at the endosome and is able to oppose the ubiquitin-dependent sorting of receptors to lysosomes (By similarity).
Nuclease required for the repair of DNA interstrand cross-links (ICL). Acts as a 5'-3' exonuclease that anchors at a cut end of DNA and cleaves DNA successively at every third nucleotide, allowing to excise an ICL from one strand through flanking incisions.
Component of centromeric nucleosomes, where DNA is wrapped around a histone octamer core. The octamer contains two molecules each of H2A, H2B, CENPA and H4 assembled in one CENPA-H4 heterotetramer and two H2A-H2B heterodimers. CENPA modulates the DNA-binding characteristics of nucleosomes so that protruding DNA ends have higher flexibility than in nucleosomes containing conventional histone H3.
Histone H3-like nucleosomal protein that is specifically found in centromeric nucleosomes. Replaces conventional H3 in the nucleosome core of centromeric chromatin that serves as an assembly site for the inner kinetochore. The presence of CENPA subtly modifies the nucleosome structure and the way DNA is wrapped around the nucleosome and gives rise to protruding DNA ends that are less well-ordered and rigid compared to nucleosomes containing histone H3. May serve as an epigenetic mark that propagates centromere identity through replication and cell division. Required for recruitment and assembly of kinetochore proteins, and as a consequence required for progress through mitosis, chromosome segregation and cytokinesis.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Maternal expression decreases until the late blastula/early gastrula stage when zygotic expression begins. Expression is highest in the gastrula stage, after which it shows a gradual decrease, being clearly present until the tadpole stage.
May be a regulator of serine/threonine-protein phosphatases 2A (PP2A) and 4 (PP4).
Expressed in developing heart, pronephros, retina and epiphysis. In adult, high expression in heart, moderate in kidney, undetectable in liver, lung and skeletal muscle.
RNA-binding protein involved in the regulation of smooth muscle cell differentiation and proliferation in the gastrointestinal system (By similarity). Binds NOG mRNA, the major inhibitor of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) pathway. Mediates an increase of NOG mRNA levels, thereby contributing to the negative regulation of BMP signaling pathway and promoting reversible dedifferentiation and proliferation of smooth muscle cells (By similarity).
mRNA first detected in the tailbud embryo (stage 26) in the paired heart primordia and in the condensing epithelium that will form the pronephros; at the late tailbud stage (stage 34) in the developing retina and epiphysis. As development proceeds, detected through the entire length of the heart tube, in the muscular tissue of the outflow tract, and in the duct epithelium of the pronephros. During later development, mRNA found in all subregions of the heart, in the glomus, tubules and duct of the pronephros, in the retinal ganglion cell layer (gcl) and in the epiphysis.
Expression is highest in the ovary, with weak expression in other adult tissues.
Transcription factor that binds to DNA at the consensus sequence 5'-AACAAT-3'.
Was originally termed sox-12 (PubMed:8597594 and PubMed:1614875).
May participate in suppression of cell proliferation and induces apoptotic cell death through activation of interleukin-1-beta converting enzyme (ICE)-like proteases.
Ligand for members of the frizzled family of seven transmembrane receptors. Plays a role in the initiation of dorsal axis development. May activate a Nieuwkoop center-like signaling pathway.
Palmitoleoylation is required for efficient binding to frizzled receptors (By similarity). Depalmitoleoylation leads to Wnt signaling pathway inhibition (By similarity).
Proteolytic processing by tiki1 and tiki2 promotes oxidation and formation of large disulfide-bond oligomers, leading to inactivation of wnt8b.
The short form increases from the onset of gastrulation to swimming tadpoles and the longer form appears at the end of gastrulation, is present throughout the tailbud stages and then decline in tadpoles.
Belongs to the Integrator subunit 10 family.
ATP-binding component of the Arp2/3 complex, a multiprotein complex that mediates actin polymerization upon stimulation by nucleation-promoting factor (NPF) (PubMed:17178911). The Arp2/3 complex mediates the formation of branched actin networks in the cytoplasm, providing the force for cell motility (PubMed:17178911). Seems to contact the pointed end of the daughter actin filament (PubMed:17178911). In addition to its role in the cytoplasmic cytoskeleton, the Arp2/3 complex also promotes actin polymerization in the nucleus, thereby regulating gene transcription and repair of damaged DNA (Probable). The Arp2/3 complex promotes homologous recombination (HR) repair in response to DNA damage by promoting nuclear actin polymerization, leading to drive motility of double-strand breaks (DSBs) (By similarity).
Belongs to the Rieske iron-sulfur protein family.
The Rieske protein is a high potential 2Fe-2S protein.
Potential effector of the planar cell polarity signaling pathway. Plays a role in targeted membrane trafficking most probably at the level of vesicle fusion with membranes. Involved in cilium biogenesis by regulating the transport of cargo proteins to the basal body and to the apical tips of cilia. More generally involved in exocytosis in secretory cells.
Belongs to the peptidase C19 family. USP44 subfamily.
Deubiquitinase that plays a key role in the spindle checkpoint by preventing premature anaphase onset. Acts by specifically mediating deubiquitination of cdc20, a negative regulator of the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) (By similarity).
Although it belongs to the ADP-ribosylglycohydrolase family, lacks metal-binding and substrate-binding residues, suggesting that it has no hydrolase activity.
Expressed in embryos, juveniles and adults. Onset of embryonic expression coincides with early myocardial differentiation (PubMed:27217161). Expression is detected in cardiac tissue from stage 29 with the greatest concentration found in regions of actively growing chamber myocardium (PubMed:27217161). At stage 40, highly expressed in the left and right lateral sides marking the growing atrial chambers with lower levels in the dorsal atrial roof (PubMed:27217161).
Expressed in heart (at protein level) (PubMed:27217161). A short form is detected in both heart and tadpole tail (at protein level) (PubMed:27217161).
Morpholino knockdown results in defective embryonic cardiogenesis with hearts forming small ventricles that do not beat (PubMed:27217161). Defective endocardial maturation with endocardial cells showing a rounded morphology and no clear lumen forming in the heart (PubMed:27217161). Myofibril assembly is disrupted in the developing ventricle, preventing ventricle outgrowth (PubMed:27217161).
Required for myofibril assembly and outgrowth of the cardiac chambers in the developing heart (PubMed:27217161). Appears to be catalytically inactive, showing no activity against O-acetyl-ADP-ribose (By similarity).
Belongs to the Schlafen family. Subgroup III subfamily.
Negative regulator of the Wnt signaling pathway. Inhibits Wnt signaling in a cell-autonomous manner and functions upstream of beta-catenin.
Required for gamma-tubulin complex recruitment to the centrosome.
Belongs to the GST superfamily. Alpha family.
Expressed from the one-cell stage throughout embryogenesis (at protein level). Expressed fairly ubiquitously up to the gastrula stage, then restricted mainly to the nervous system later in development.
Forms a homodimer or a heterodimer with a related family member, such as stat1 (By similarity). Interacts with nlk.2.
Transcription factor that binds to target promoter sequences and activates transcription upon il6st/gp130 stimulation. Mediates ventralization of embryos, at least in part via inhibition of smad2 signaling. Required for hairy2 to induce dll1/delta1 and promote neural crest cell proliferation and differentiation. Involved in TGFbeta-mediated mesoderm induction in early embryos, acting downstream of map3k7/tak1 and nlk.2.
Adapter molecule for tnfrsf1a that specifically associates with the cytoplasmic domain of activated tnfrsf1a mediating its interaction with fadd.
Requires the intact death domain to associate with tnfrsf1a.
Acts as a negative regulator of entry into mitosis (G2 to M transition) by phosphorylation of the CDK1 kinase specifically when CDK1 is complexed to cyclins. Mediates phosphorylation of CDK1 predominantly on 'Thr-14'. Also involved in Golgi fragmentation. May be involved in phosphorylation of CDK1 on 'Tyr-15' to a lesser degree, however tyrosine kinase activity is unclear and may be indirect. May be a downstream target of Notch signaling pathway during eye development.
Autophosphorylated. Phosphorylated on undefined residues by RSK2 and Mos kinases. Phosphorylation at Thr-478 by cdk1 creates a docking site for plk1/plx1, leading to subsequent phosphorylation by plk1/plk1 and inhibition of the protein kinase activity kinase activity.
Interacts with CDC2-CCNB1 complex (By similarity). Interacts with Mos during oocyte maturation.
Negatively regulated by hyperphosphorylation during mitosis. The plk1/plk1 protein kinase may be required for mitotic phosphorylation. Inactivated during oocyte maturation by phosphorylation by RSK2 and Mos kinase.
Component of the ribosomal small subunit (SSU) processome.
Required for 40S ribosome biogenesis. Involved in nucleolar processing of pre-18S ribosomal RNA and ribosome assembly.
Regulates intra- and extracellular levels of inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi), probably functioning as PPi transporter.
At stage 15, faint expression in the antero-ventral mesoderm. By stage 20, after neural tube closure, expressed in the ventro-lateral mesoderm of the mid-embryo with punctate expression in the anterior clusters of subepidermal cells, which may represent migrating neural crest cells. By stage 24 (early tailbud stage), the expression pattern expands to include lateral plate mesoderm in the mid-embryo, symmetrically along the left-right axis, and the heart anlage in the ventral midline. By stages 28-30 (late tailbud stages), the region of expression in the lateral plate mesoderm has expanded into a symmetrical arc of ventral and lateral expression, which fuses in the midline where the straight heart tube has formed. At the same stages, branchial arches present high levels of expression. By stage 33 (beginning of heart looping), expressed in the heart, lateral mesoderm and branchial arches. The expression persists in the looped heart and the branchial arches throughout stage 37. Most abundant in the heart and outflow tract at stage 47 (tadpole stage).
Essential for cardiac morphogenesis and for the development of branchial arches. Binds DNA on E-box consensus sequence 5'-CANNTG-3' (By similarity).
Shows a remarkable charge distribution with the N-terminus being highly negatively charged, and the cytoplasmic C-terminus positively charged.
TRAP proteins are part of a complex whose function is to bind calcium to the ER membrane and thereby regulate the retention of ER resident proteins. May be involved in the recycling of the translocation apparatus after completion of the translocation process or may function as a membrane-bound chaperone facilitating folding of translocated proteins.
Component of the mcm2-7 complex (RLF-M). The complex forms a toroidal hexameric ring with the proposed subunit order mcm2-mcm6-mcm4-mcm7-mcm3-mcm5. The heterodimer of mmcm3/mcm5 interacts with mcm4, mmcm6, mcm7 and weakly with mcm2. Component of the CMG helicase complex, composed of the mcm2-7 complex, the GINS complex and cdc45.
Calcium-dependent cell adhesion protein; preferentially mediates homotypic cell-cell adhesion. Cadherins may thus contribute to the sorting of heterogeneous cell types, and thereby play an important role during embryonic development.
Homodimer (via extracellular region). Can also form heterodimers with other cadherins (via extracellular region). Dimerization occurs in trans, i.e. with a cadherin chain from another cell.
Three calcium ions are usually bound at the interface of each cadherin domain and rigidify the connections, imparting a strong curvature to the full-length ectodomain. Calcium-binding sites are occupied sequentially in the order of site 3, then site 2 and site 1.
Activated by phosphorylation on Ser/Thr catalyzed by MAP kinase kinase kinases (RAF or MOS).
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. STE Ser/Thr protein kinase family. MAP kinase kinase subfamily.
Dual specificity protein kinase which acts as an essential component of the MAP kinase signal transduction pathway. Binding of extracellular ligands such as growth factors, cytokines and hormones to their cell-surface receptors activates the MAPK/ERK cascade, ultimately leading to phosphorylation of a threonine and a tyrosine residue in a Thr-Glu-Tyr sequence located in MAP kinases. Depending on the cellular context, this pathway mediates diverse biological functions such as cell growth, adhesion, survival and differentiation predominantly through the regulation of transcription, metabolism and cytoskeletal rearrangements (By similarity).
Expressed in the central nervous system, kidney, liver, intestine and the hematopoietic system.
Secretory protein that plays a role in various cellular processes. Acts as a chemorepellent acting on gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) expressing neurons regulating their migration to the hypothalamus. Also promotes neuron migration, growth and survival as well as neurite outgrowth and is involved in the development of the olfactory system. May also act through the regulation of growth factors activity and downstream signaling (By similarity). Also regulates extracellular matrix assembly and cell adhesiveness (By similarity). Promotes endothelial cell survival, vessel formation and plays an important role in the process of revascularization through NOS3-dependent mechanisms (By similarity).
Belongs to the PRAME family. LRRC14 subfamily.
Adapter protein able to interact with different proteins and involved in different biological processes. Mediates the interaction between the error-prone DNA polymerase zeta catalytic subunit rev3l and the inserter polymerase rev1, thereby mediating the second polymerase switching in translesion DNA synthesis. Translesion DNA synthesis releases the replication blockade of replicative polymerases, stalled in presence of DNA lesions. May also play a role in signal transduction in response to DNA damage. May regulate the activation of the anaphase promoting complex APC thereby regulating progression through the cell cycle. Through transcriptional regulation may play a role in epithelial-mesenchymal transdifferentiation.
Homooligomer. Interacts with rev1 (By similarity). Interacts with rev3l (By similarity). Interacts with fzr1 (in complex with the anaphase promoting complex APC). May interact with cdc20 (By similarity).
Inhibits the fzr1-APC complex activity during mitosis. Plays a role in progression of mitosis.
Maternally and zigotically expressed. Uniformely distributed in embryos.
Inhibits amyloid precursor protein processing, probably by blocking BACE1 activity.
Isoform A and isoform C are both expressed in the animal hemisphere (presumptive neural ectoderm) of blastula and gastrula stage embryos, and along the anterior neural border, in the panplacodal primordium, and in the dorsolateral side of archenteron roof of late neurula embryos. At the tailbud stage, expression of the isoforms begin to differ. Isoform A localizes to the cranial placodes including the trigeminal placode, lateral line placode, olfactory placode and otic vesicle. Isoform C localizes to the central nervous system, including the spinal cord, prosencephalon, mesencephalon and rhombencephalon, as well as the lateral line placode, otic vesicle and pronephros.
Isoform A and isoform C are expressed both maternally and zygotically.
Isoform A is repressed by thyroid hormone.
Belongs to the ribulose-phosphate 3-epimerase family.
Does not bind ADP or other nucleotides, in contrast to MIEF1.
Mitochondrial outer membrane protein which regulates mitochondrial organization (By similarity). It is required for mitochondrial fission and promotes the recruitment and association of the fission mediator dynamin-related protein 1 (DNM1L) to the mitochondrial surface independently of the mitochondrial fission FIS1 and MFF proteins (By similarity). Regulates DNM1L GTPase activity (By similarity).
Component of the SMC5-SMC6 complex which consists at least of smc5, smc6, nsmce2, nsmce1 and nsmce4a.
E3 SUMO-protein ligase component of the SMC5-SMC6 complex, a complex involved in repair of DNA double-strand breaks by homologous recombination. Is not be required for the stability of the complex. The complex may promote sister chromatid homologous recombination by recruiting the SMC1-SMC3 cohesin complex to double-strand breaks. The complex is required for telomere maintenance via recombination and mediates sumoylation of shelterin complex (telosome) components. Required for recruitment of telomeres to PML nuclear bodies. SUMO protein-ligase activity is required for the prevention of DNA damage-induced apoptosis by facilitating DNA repair. Required for sister chromatid cohesion during prometaphase and mitotic progression (By similarity).
Belongs to the class-V pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family. NifS/IscS subfamily.
O-linked mannose beta-1,4-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase that transfers UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine to the 4-position of the mannose to generate N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-beta-1,4-O-D-mannosylprotein. Involved in the biosynthesis of the phosphorylated O-mannosyl trisaccharide (N-acetylgalactosamine-beta-3-N-acetylglucosamine-beta-4-(phosphate-6-)mannose), a carbohydrate structure present in alpha-dystroglycan (DAG1), which is required for binding laminin G-like domain-containing extracellular proteins with high affinity (By similarity).
Component of the pre-catalytic spliceosome B and the catalytic spliceosome C complexes.
Required for pre-mRNA splicing as component of the spliceosome. Promotes exon-junction complex (EJC) assembly.
Arginine methyltransferase that methylates the guanidino nitrogens of arginyl residues in proteins such as histones. Involved in growth regulation (By similarity). Involved in embryonic dorsal development.
Acts as a co-chaperone for HSP90 and is required for proper folding of the myosin motor domain. Plays a role in sarcomere formation during muscle cell assembly (By similarity). Is necessary for normal early lens development.
By activin. Down-regulated indirectly by bmp-4 signaling, mediated via vent1.
First expressed shortly after the mid blastula transition. Most abundant during gastrulation (stages 10 and 12).
Primarily expressed in the dorsal blastopore lip (Spemann organizer) of early gastrulae. At later stages, expressed in the dorsal mesoderm and the neural floor plate. In the dorsal mesoderm, expressed in the notochord but not in the presomitic mesoderm. Also expressed in the mid-brain area.
Transcriptional repressor involved in embryonic nervous system development. Plays a role in the induction and patterning of the anterior-posterior neural axis. Involved in the establishment of floor plate differentiation from neural plate cells during gastrulation. Binds the anf1 promoter sequence to restrict expression of anf1 to the anterior of the neural plate, thereby patterning the forebrain. Can bind to the HNF-3-alpha DNA target sequence. Cooperates with t/bra in a dose-dependent manner to specify dorsal mesoderm formation, including notochord. May be involved in the dorso-ventral patterning of the mesoderm. Binds to DNA via the target sequence 5'-[GA]TAAA[TC]A-3', with 5'-GTAAATA-3' being the preferred binding site (By similarity).
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that acts as a negative regulator of BMP signaling pathway. Mediates ubiquitination and degradation of smad1 and smad5, 2 receptor-regulated SMADs specific for the BMP pathway. Promotes ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of TRAF family members and rhoa. May play a role in dendrite formation by melanocytes.
Expressed from the egg stage to the swimming tadpole, with maximum levels observed in the stages from egg to gastrula. At gastrulation distributed uniformly in embryonic ectoderm and involuting mesoderm, and expression gradually localizes to the nervous system. At early tadpole stages expressed in the CNS, eye, branchial arches, kidney and somites.
The C2 domain mediates membrane localization and substrate selection.
RNA-binding protein that binds to misfolded non-coding RNAs, pre-5S rRNA, and several small cytoplasmic RNA molecules known as Y RNAs (PubMed:15907467, PubMed:17041599). May play roles in cilia formation and/or maintenance (By similarity).
The MIDAS-like motif in the VWFA-like domain binds divalent metal cations.
The horseshoe-shaped TROVE domain is built with 7 helical HEAT-like repeats, and is closed by the VWFA-like domain giving rise to a ring-shaped monomer. Single-stranded RNA is bound in the positively charged central cavity.
Acts as a negative regulator of G1 to S cell cycle phase progression by inhibiting cyclin-dependent kinases. Inhibitory effects are additive with GADD45 proteins but occurs also in the absence of GADD45 proteins. Acts as a repressor of the orphan nuclear receptor NR4A1 by inhibiting AB domain-mediated transcriptional activity. May be involved in the hormone-mediated regulation of NR4A1 transcriptional activity. May play a role in mitochondrial protein synthesis.
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mL64 family.
Belongs to the replication factor A protein 3 family.
Transcription factor that plays a key role in male sex determination and differentiation by controlling testis development and germ cell proliferation. Acts both as a transcription repressor and activator (By similarity).
Belongs to the NUP186/NUP192/NUP205 family.
Expressed zygotically. Expression begins after mid-blastula transition, diminishes during gastrulation and increases again at stage 15, remaining until stage 45.
Predominantly localized to the developing eye. Expressed in the eye anlage at stage 18, where expression increases between stages 21 and 26. At stage 26, localizes to the prospective retina. At stage 29/30, expression is strong within the eye vesicle, in the midbrain and in the nephrostomes of the pronephric kidney. After stage 30, expression in the nephrostomes decreases until stage 33/34 where it is largely absent. Expression in the eye decreases after stage 33/34 until stage 38 where only a few cells in the ciliary marginal zone (CMZ) show expression.
Transcription factor that may play a role in neural and some non-neural tissues development, such as retina and lung respectively. Binds to an 11-bp consensus sequence containing the invariant tetranucleotide 5'-ACGC-3' (By similarity).
Zygotically expressed first at a low level at stage 15. Expression is markedly increased up to stage 20 after which time the level of expression remains stable. Expressed in the presumptive pronephric anlagen at stage 26. Localized to pronephros, eye, branchial arches and tail-bud in the early tadpole stage (stage 32).
Receptor for lutropin-choriogonadotropic hormone. The activity of this receptor is mediated by G proteins which activate adenylate cyclase.
Belongs to the Mrp/NBP35 ATP-binding proteins family. NUBP2/CFD1 subfamily.
Belongs to the KIF-binding protein family.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Present in all embryonic stages including early cleavage stages, with levels decreasing slightly during gastrulation and neurulation (stages 10-20). Levels then increase at stage 30 and expression persists until stage 45.
Expressed in the developing eye from stage 23. Localized to the prospective retinal layer and a layer of cells lateral to the ventricular zone. At stage 29, expression extends to the branchial arches and the brain. At stage 33/34, expressed in the vagal ganglion. At stage 36, expression in the retina decreases. Not expressed in the eye lens.
Belongs to the GTP-binding elongation factor family. LepA subfamily.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class translation factor GTPase superfamily. Classic translation factor GTPase family. LepA subfamily.
Promotes mitochondrial protein synthesis. May act as a fidelity factor of the translation reaction, by catalyzing a one-codon backward translocation of tRNAs on improperly translocated ribosomes. Binds to mitochondrial ribosomes in a GTP-dependent manner.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that plays a role in neuron cells differentiation. Plays a role in the establishment and maintenance of neuronal transmission and plasticity.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase component of a retrotranslocation channel required for peroxisome organization by mediating export of the PEX5 receptor from peroxisomes to the cytosol, thereby promoting PEX5 recycling (PubMed:35931083). The retrotranslocation channel is composed of PEX2, PEX10 and PEX12; each subunit contributing transmembrane segments that coassemble into an open channel that specifically allows the passage of PEX5 through the peroxisomal membrane (By similarity). PEX10 also regulates PEX5 recycling by acting as a E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase (By similarity). When PEX5 recycling is compromised, PEX10 catalyzes polyubiquitination of PEX5 during its passage through the retrotranslocation channel, leading to its degradation (By similarity).
The E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity is stimulated by PEX12.
Ensures normal bone formation, through the negative regulation of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling in osteoblast lineage cells by blocking cytoplasm-nucleus translocation of phosphorylated SMAD proteins.
Has most probably no lipid phosphatase activity (By similarity). Critical residues that support the reaction mechanism in active members of that protein family, including the residues of the active site acting respectively as proton donor and nucleophile, are not conserved.
Induces filopodia formation and promotes neurite growth.
Plays a key role in steroid hormone synthesis by enhancing the metabolism of cholesterol into pregnenolone. Mediates the transfer of cholesterol from the outer mitochondrial membrane to the inner mitochondrial membrane where it is cleaved to pregnenolone (By similarity).
Acts as a transcriptional corepressor. Negative regulator of the transcriptional activity of tbx1 that plays a key role in pharyngeal development. Plays a role in the formation of the anteroposterior (AP) axis during embryonic development; required to establish the posterolateral border of the pre-placodal ectoderm (PPE) acting downstream of the retinoic acid receptor (RAR) signaling.
At neurula stage, expressed in the region close to the heart mesoderm. At the tailbud stage, expressed in the pharyngeal region.
Maternally expressed. Ubiquitously expressed until stage 16. Expressed in the pre-placodal ectoderm domain at stage 18. Expressed in the epibranchial placodes of the tailbud embryos. Expressed in the pronephros.
The Ripply homology domain and the WRPW motif are both necessary for its transcriptional corepressor activity on the transcription activator tbx1.
The WRPW motif is required for binding to tle/groucho proteins.
Up-regulated by retinoc acid (RA) in the pre-placodal ectoderm (PPE) during development.
Putative cytoplasm-specific catalytic component of the RNA exosome complex which has 3'->5' exoribonuclease activity and participates in a multitude of cellular RNA processing and degradation events.
Belongs to an adhesion system, which plays a role in the organization of homotypic, interneuronal and heterotypic cell-cell adherens junctions (AJs). Involved in cell movement (By similarity). Acts as a centrosome maturation factor, probably by maintaining the integrity of the pericentriolar material and proper microtubule nucleation at mitotic spindle poles. The function seems to implicate at least in part WRAP73; the SSX2IP:WRAP73 complex is proposed to act as regulator of spindle anchoring at the mitotic centrosome.
Expressed at M-phase onset and accumulates at microtubule minus ends.
Belongs to the transthyretin family. 5-hydroxyisourate hydrolase subfamily.
Expressed from the early gastrula stage onwards.
Ligand for members of the frizzled family of seven transmembrane receptors. Probable developmental protein. May be a signaling molecule which affects the development of discrete regions of tissues. Is likely to signal over only few cell diameters.
Controls cell shape changes in the neuroepithelium during neural tube closure (PubMed:14680628). Induces apical constriction in epithelial cells by promoting the apical accumulation of F-actin and myosin II, and probably by bundling stress fibers (PubMed:14680628). Induces apicobasal cell elongation by redistributing gamma-tubulin and directing the assembly of robust apicobasal microtubule arrays (PubMed:17329357).
Expressed in epithelial cells of the cement gland.
Expresseion initiates in the anterior neural plate and extends posteriorly as neurulation proceeds. At the end of neurulation, expressed in the otic and nasal placodes.
Interacts with F-actin. Interacts with ROCK1.
The ASD2 domain mediates the interaction with ROCK1 and is required for apical constriction induction.
Component of the NuA4 histone acetyltransferase (HAT) complex which is involved in transcriptional activation of select genes principally by acetylation of nucleosomal histone H4 and H2A. This modification may both alter nucleosome - DNA interactions and promote interaction of the modified histones with other proteins which positively regulate transcription (By similarity). NuA4 may also play a direct role in DNA repair when directly recruited to sites of DNA damage (By similarity).
Interacts with H3K4me3 and to a lesser extent with H3K4me2. Component of the NuA4 histone acetyltransferase complex.
Component of the U11/U12 snRNPs that are part of the U12-type spliceosome.
Beta-1,3-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase that synthesizes a unique carbohydrate structure, GalNAc-beta-1-3GlcNAc, on N- and O-glycans. Has no galactose nor galactosaminyl transferase activity toward any acceptor substrate. Involved in alpha-dystroglycan (dag1) glycosylation (By similarity).
High levels in oocytes, modest levels in kidney and low levels in spleen.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFS4 subunit family.
Belongs to the cyclophilin-type PPIase family. PPIase E subfamily.
Catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in proteins.
UTP--glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase catalyzing the conversion of glucose-1-phosphate into UDP-glucose, a crucial precursor for the production of glycogen.
Proto-oncogene with serine/threonine kinase activity involved in cell survival and cell proliferation.
Caudalizing protein which is required to pattern the anterior/posterior (A/P) axis during central nervous system (CNS) formation. Inhibits anterior neural expression and acts as a transcriptional activator to induce posterior neural gene expression. Maintains a proper A/P balance required for hindbrain formation by activating the FGF/MAPK pathway, which modulates the planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway. Interacts with retinoid signaling during hindbrain patterning.
In early-mid neurula stages, expressed in a single stripe in the neural plate. By neurula/early-tailbud stages, expression is localized to rhombomeres r2, r3 and r4 and the anterior spinal cord. Some ventral expression was also detected in posterior rhombomeres. Not expressed in rhombomere r1.
Initially expressed at gastrula stages. Expression peaks at neurula stage, and is maintained at stable levels through tailbud stages.
Expression begins in stage 11 (late-gastrula) embryos and then appears to be maintained at fairly stable levels up to stage 45 (late tadpole), when it declines.
Highly expressed in anterior neural plate followed by neural retina, pigmented epithelium, in pineal gland, diencephalon floor and epiphysis. At later stages, the neuroretina remains the primary site of expression. No expression in the developing lens and cornea.
Plays a critical role in eye formation by regulating the initial specification of retinal cells and/or their subsequent proliferation.
From gastrula to neural stages, expressed in a ventrolateral domain around the blastopore. A second domain of expression appears at mid-gastrula stage (stage 11.5) lateral to the neural plate, in the presumptive neural crest. At neurula stage (stage 15), also expressed in the prospective cement gland. As development proceeds, expression persists in migrating cranial crest cells as they populate the pharyngeal arches, and in trunk neural crest cells. Not expressed early in the otic placode, with otic expression only beginning around stage 30.
Impaired neural crest cell migration and delay in neural crest formation leading to severe defects in multiple lineages of the neural crest.
The transactivation domains TAM and TAC (for transactivation domain in the middle and at the C-terminus, respectively) are required to contact transcriptional coactivators and basal transcriptional machinery components and thereby induce gene transactivation.
Transcription factor. Acts early in neural crest formation, functioning redundantly with the other group E Sox factors sox9 and sox10 to induce neural crest progenitors. Regulates the onset of expression of many neural crest marker genes including sox10, and regulates the development of multiple neural crest derivatives. May be required to regulate neural crest cell migration.
Involved in maintaining Golgi structure. Stimulates the formation of Golgi stacks and ribbons. Involved in intra-Golgi retrograde transport.
Transcriptional activator. Induces neural-specific gene expression to act as a key regulator of neural differentiation (By similarity).
Acts as a key negative regulator of ciliogenesis in collaboration with ccp110 by capping the mother centriole thereby preventing cilia formation. Required for recruitment of ccp110 to the centrosome (By similarity).
Endoplasmic reticulum transmembrane protein involved in vesicle-mediated transport, which is required for neutrophil function.
Component of the ESCRT-I complex (endosomal sorting complex required for transport I), a regulator of vesicular trafficking process.
Required for centrosome duplication and formation and function of the mitotic spindle.
Self-associates. Interacts with pafah1b1 (By similarity).
By dorsal mesoderm-inducing signals including activin and other nodal-related proteins.
Cooperation and regulatory loops of multiple nodals are essential for mesendoderm patterning in early embryos. Essential for mesoderm formation and axial patterning during embryonic development. Activates the activin-like signaling pathway to induce dorsal and ventral mesoderm in animal cap ectoderm. In addition, also dorsalizes ventral marginal zone (VMZ) tissues during gastrulation. Induces muscle actin. Appears to act as both a short-range and long-range morphogen. The unprocessed protein inhibits bmp- and wnt-signaling.
First expressed at late blastula (stage 9) with expression peaking at early gastrula. Expression then disappears and does not return.
First localized to the vegetal region of the blastula. Just prior to gastrulation (stage 10), this expression disappears and instead becomes localized to the dorsal marginal zone, with enrichment in the organizer.
Homodimer; disulfide-linked (By similarity). Forms heterodimers with the TGF-beta family member derriere (PubMed:12070085). Interacts with tsku; enhances nodal2 activity (PubMed:17925852).
The pro-region is necessary but not sufficient for wnt-inhibitory activity. The central region is required for muscle induction activity.
Precursor of the major egg-yolk proteins that are sources of nutrients during early development of oviparous organisms.
Produced by the liver, secreted into the blood and then sequestered by receptor mediated endocytosis into growing oocytes, where it is generally cleaved, giving rise to the respective yolk components.
The serine-rich portion of vitellogenin encodes phosvitin (or two phosvettes). It is assumed to be phosphorylated to a level of about 80%.
Expressed in retina at stage 42. In swimming tadpole, expression begins from stage 40, is clearly visible at stage 43 and increased markedly by stage 45/46. Expression appears to be restricted to the head.
Expressed in retina; at similar levels by both cones and rods. Weakly expressed in brain. In embryos, expression is restricted to the central retina.
IRBP shuttles 11-cis and all trans retinoids between the retinol isomerase in the pigment epithelium and the visual pigments in the photoreceptor cells of the retina. Also involved in the transport of fatty acids and retinal development.
Monomer. Interacts with retinol. Predominantly found as a monomer, but to a really lower extent also found as a homodimer.
Activates the JUN N-terminal pathway. Essential for pronephros and cement gland development.
Autophosphorylation on serine and threonine residues within the activation loop plays a role in enzyme activation.
Expressed zygotically from stages 12 to 14 (late gastrula to early neurula), increasing in concentration up to stages 40 to 45 (late tadpole). Expression continues through to adults.
Homodimer. Binds to the GTPase rac1 but not cdc42 or rhoA. Interacts (via kinase domain) with pak1 (via kinase domain). Interacts with the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme ube2d4.
Homodimerization via the leucine zipper domains is required for autophosphorylation and subsequent activation.
Homodimerization via the leucine zipper domains is required for autophosphorylation.
In adults, strongly expressed in the brain and spleen with lower levels in pancreas, heart, muscle and kidney (at protein level). In the developing embryo, expressed at stage 22 in the cement gland. Weakly expressed in the pronephros from stage 24 or 25, with expression increasing in strength by stage 30 and continuing at least until stage 37. Expression in the developing pronephros correlates with epithelialization of the proximal pronephric tubules.
Belongs to the nucleoporin Nup84/Nup107 family.
High levels of the protein are found in the lungs and ovary with intermediate levels of expression in the heart, spleen and brain. Low expression levels are found in the liver, kidney, testis, intestine and blood while no expression is found in muscle, skin, stomach, eyes or nerves.
May play a role in terminal differentiation of skeletal muscle cells but not in the determination of cells to the myogenic lineage. May function in TGF-beta signaling (By similarity).
The protein is expressed in oocytes as they develop. After fertilization, the level of expression remains high over the rapid cleavage stages, then decreases during the mid-blastula transition to a low level which is maintained throughout the later developmental stages.
Receptor for glutamate. L-glutamate acts as an excitatory neurotransmitter at many synapses in the central nervous system. The postsynaptic actions of Glu are mediated by a variety of receptors that are named according to their selective agonists (By similarity). This receptor binds domoate > kainate > AMPA > NBQX > glutamate.
The N-terminal and the C-terminal half of the protein have a very similar 3D-structure, suggesting they arose from duplication. Requires a bound zinc ion for normal folding and solubility.
Binds free fatty acids and their coenzyme A derivatives, bilirubin, and some other small molecules in the cytoplasm. May be involved in intracellular lipid transport.
Forms a beta-barrel structure that accommodates hydrophobic ligands in its interior.
Probably binds two or three calcium ions.
Acts as a transcriptional activator in complex with isoform 2 of meis1, to induce posterior neural and neural crest gene expression, and thereby specify hindbrain and neural crest cell fate. Binds to a highly conserved region in the promoter of the neural crest gene zic3. Required for the nuclear transport or retention of isoform 2 of meis1.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Expressed at a low level in unfertilized eggs with increased expression during late gastrula through neurula and tailbud stages.
Forms a heterodimer with isoform 2 of meis1; the interaction is necessary for neural fate induction.
Shows broad, weak expression from blastula through gastrula stages. At stage 14/15, expressed in a broad arc that gives rise to the forebrain and eyes. More intensely expressed in the lateral neural folds (presumptive neural crest) and as horizontal stripes in the posterior neural plate that give rise to the hindbrain. As development proceeds, expression progresses posteriorly along the neural folds and at stage 21, expression is pronounced in the prospective hindbrain and in migratory neural crest cells. At later stages (stage 26), expression becomes intense within the dorsal portion of the forebrain, and in the optic cup, caudal branchial arch, peripheral to the pronephric anlage, and in the dorsal anterior half of the spinal cord. Expression remains robust in the hindbrain but gradually becomes more restricted. At stage 28, expressed in the dorsal lateral portion of the neural tube and in the somatic layer of the lateral plate mesoderm that surrounds the pronephric anlage.
The displayed sequence corresponds to the ortholog of the mammalian isoform B sequences. There is currently no X.laevis ortholog sequence for isoform A.
Catalytic component of the RAG complex, a multiprotein complex that mediates the DNA cleavage phase during V(D)J recombination. V(D)J recombination assembles a diverse repertoire of immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor genes in developing B and T-lymphocytes through rearrangement of different V (variable), in some cases D (diversity), and J (joining) gene segments. In the RAG complex, RAG1 mediates the DNA-binding to the conserved recombination signal sequences (RSS) and catalyzes the DNA cleavage activities by introducing a double-strand break between the RSS and the adjacent coding segment. RAG2 is not a catalytic component but is required for all known catalytic activities. DNA cleavage occurs in 2 steps: a first nick is introduced in the top strand immediately upstream of the heptamer, generating a 3'-hydroxyl group that can attack the phosphodiester bond on the opposite strand in a direct transesterification reaction, thereby creating 4 DNA ends: 2 hairpin coding ends and 2 blunt, 5'-phosphorylated ends.
5'->3' double-stranded DNA exonuclease which may also contain a cryptic 3'->5' double-stranded DNA exonuclease activity. Also exhibits endonuclease activity against 5'-overhanging flap structures similar to those generated by displacement synthesis when DNA polymerase encounters the 5'-end of a downstream Okazaki fragment. Required for DNA mismatch repair (MMR) (By similarity).
Belongs to the XPG/RAD2 endonuclease family. EXO1 subfamily.
Autophosphorylated on tyrosine residues. Phosphorylated tyrosine residues are important for interaction with specific binding partners (By similarity).
During embryogenesis, maternal transcripts levels are very low through cleavage and blastula stages. Zygotic transcripts are first detected in the early gastrula at stage 10. Transcripts levels increase through tailbud and tadpole stages. At stages 31/32, expression is seen at the surface of the embryo in a line ventral to the posterior edge of the optic cup. At stages 33/34, two short lines of cells exist running ventrally from the anterior edge of the otic vesicle. At stages 35/36, expression is seen in cells near the cement gland and in a patch of cells located posterior to the gill arches, and just beneath or within the inner layer of the epidermis. At stages 37/38, expression forms a ribbon on either side of the embryo. At stages 40, a second line runs caudally along the flank of the embryo. By stage 42, extension occurs and a line is observed ventro-caudally around the anus.
Expressed in a migratory stem cell population.
Tyrosine-protein kinase that acts as cell-surface receptor for the cytokine kitlg/scf and plays an essential role in the regulation of cell survival and proliferation, hematopoiesis, stem cell maintenance, gametogenesis, mast cell development, migration and function, and in melanogenesis.
Ubiquitinated. Rapidly ubiquitinated after autophosphorylation induced by kitlg/scf binding, leading to internalization and degradation.
Belongs to the 5'-3' exonuclease family.
By chrd/chordin, zic1, zic2, zic3 and zic5. Suppressed by bmp signaling.
During early gastrula stages, widely expressed in the dorsal ectoderm. At mid-gastrula, expressed throughout the presumptive neural plate and at late gastrula, expression gradually diminishes in the dorsal midline and increases in the anterior folds. By early neurula stage, expression becomes restricted to the lateral edges of the neural plate, corresponding to the presumptive dorsal neural plate and neural crest, and in flanking ectoderm. In early tailbud stages (stages 22-23), expressed in the dorsal forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain. Subsequently expressed in the telencephalon and at the diencephalon/mesencephalon boundary. In the spinal cord, expression is restricted to the dorsal most region including the roof plate. Also expressed in the somites but not in eye vesicles. At larval stages, expressed mainly in the dorsal neural tube throughout its anteroposterior axis.
Expressed zygotically from the blastula stage (stage 8) and peaks in the gastrula with lower expression persisting into tailbud stages.
The C2H2-type 3, 4 and 5 zinc finger domains are necessary for transcription activation (By similarity). Removal of the C-terminal regulatory domain increases activity.
Transcriptional activator that induces expression of multiple genes including pax3, en2, snai2/slug, feb and a subset of wnt genes. Has multiple key roles in the regulation of neural induction and neurogenesis: acts as a neural competence factor, sensitizing the presumptive neuroectoderm to respond to subsequent neuralizing signals. Promotes both preplacodal cell fates and neural crest cell fates, two of the cell populations that arise from the neural plate border. Cooperates with pax3 in concert with wnt signaling to determine neural crest fate. Synergizes with the bmp-inhibitor noggin/nog and acts through the wnt pathway to induce expression of en2. May bind to the minimal GLI-consensus sequence 5'-TGGGTGGTC-3'.
By FGF-signaling. Inhibited by bmp-signaling.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Maternal expression levels are low and become further reduced after fertilization. Zygotic expression begins at the mid-blastula transition and peaks during the gastrula/neurula stages before declining again by stage 34.
Expression is initiated at the late blastula stage in the presumptive dorsal marginal zone, prior to blastopore lip formation. At the onset of gastrulation, expressed in the superficial layer of cells in the dorsal blastopore lip (Spemann organizer). In the open neural plate, expressed dynamically in a row of cells along the dorsal midline that are destined to become the floor plate of the neural tube. Only weakly expressed in the posterior region of the newly forming notochord. After neural tube closure, expression is detected only in the tailtip and a small area located at the midbrain/hindbrain boundary.
Transcriptional repressor (By similarity). Controls the convergence and extension movements of medial neural plate precursors during gastrulation.
This coatomer complex protein, essential for Golgi budding and vesicular trafficking, is a selective binding protein (RACK) for protein kinase C, epsilon type. It binds to Golgi membranes in a GTP-dependent manner.
By low levels of the dorsalizing factor LiCl. Inhibited by high doses of LiCl. In order to temporally control hematopoiesis, fgf-signaling inhibits expression in posterior regions of the embryo by antagonizing bmp-signaling.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Shows a small amount of maternal expression. Zygotic expression begins at stage 8 and steadily increases after this point.
Heterodimer with cbfb. runx1 binds DNA as a monomer and through the Runt domain. DNA-binding is increased by heterodimerization (By similarity).
Involved in primitive hematopoiesis in the embryo.
Shows a complex and dynamic expression pattern. In stage 14-24 embryos, expressed in a subset of neuroblasts in the lateral stripe of the neural plate. In late neurula stages, expression begins in the olfactory placodes. Also expressed in structures that play a role in blood formation: at stage 14, expressed on the anterior ventral side of the embryo in the anterior endomesoderm. As the embryo elongates, expression shifts gradually to a V-shaped expression pattern in the presumptive ventral blood island.
Belongs to the cyclophilin-type PPIase family. PPIL2 subfamily.
Belongs to the XPG/RAD2 endonuclease family. XPG subfamily.
Associates with MYD88 and IRAK2 to form a ternary complex called the Myddosome.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. TKL Ser/Thr protein kinase family. Pelle subfamily.
Serine/threonine-protein kinase that plays a critical role in initiating innate immune response against foreign pathogens.
Belongs to the SIMIBI class G3E GTPase family. ArgK/MeaB subfamily.
Expressed in ovarian somatic cells, heart, leg muscle, liver and eye but not in brain.
Maternal protein whose levels decrease in late stages of oocyte maturation.
Belongs to the ELO family. ELOVL1 subfamily.
Catalyzes the first and rate-limiting reaction of the four reactions that constitute the long-chain fatty acids elongation cycle. This endoplasmic reticulum-bound enzymatic process allows the addition of 2 carbons to the chain of long- and very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) per cycle. Condensing enzyme that exhibits activity toward saturated C18 to C26 acyl-CoA substrates, with the highest activity towards C22:0 acyl-CoA. May participate to the production of both saturated and monounsaturated VLCFAs of different chain lengths that are involved in multiple biological processes as precursors of membrane lipids and lipid mediators.
May be involved in regulating transcriptional activation of cardiac genes during the aging process. May play a role in biosynthesis and/or processing of SLC2A4 in adipose cells.
Belongs to the eukaryotic/archaeal RNase P protein component 1 family.
Component of nuclear RNase P and RNase MRP.
Component of ribonuclease P, a ribonucleoprotein complex that generates mature tRNA molecules by cleaving their 5'-ends.
During gastrulation, broadly expressed throughout the marginal zone and animal cap region. From the neurula stages, expression becomes concentrated in neural tissues, in the neural plate and neural tube.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically throughout early development, with expression peaking at the neurula stage.
Has a role in non-canonical Wnt/planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling; can recruit dvl/dsh and prickle from the cytoplasm to the plasma membrane. Acts in a PCP complex to regulate the polarized assembly of fibronectrin on the surface of the mesoderm during gastrulation. Regulates convergent extension cell movements in both dorsal mesoderm and neural tissue during gastrulation, without affecting cell fate. Regulates neural fold closure during neurulation (PubMed:11867525, PubMed:11780127, PubMed:12421719). May be required for cell surface localization of fzd3 and fzd6 in the inner ear (By similarity).
Interacts with dvl/dsh (PubMed:11780127). Interacts with prickle3 (PubMed:27658614, PubMed:26079437).
Inhibited competitively by AMP and IMP and non-competitively by fructose 1,6-bisphosphate.
Plays an important role in the de novo pathway and in the salvage pathway of purine nucleotide biosynthesis. Catalyzes the first committed step in the biosynthesis of AMP from IMP.
Involved in peroxisome biosynthesis and integrity. Assembles membrane vesicles before the matrix proteins are translocated. As a docking factor for PEX19, is necessary for the import of peroxisomal membrane proteins in the peroxisomes.
Component of numerous DCX (DDB1-CUL4-X-box) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complexes which consist of a core of DDB1, cullin-4 (CUL4A or CUL4B), DDA1 and RBX1.
Functions as a component of numerous distinct DCX (DDB1-CUL4-X-box) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complexes which mediate the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins. In the DCX complexes, acts as a scaffolding subunit required to stabilize the complex.
Expressed throughout the developing central nervous system, including the olfactory placodes, with strongest expression at the boundary between the midbrain and hindbrain.
Expressed zygotically from stage 10 (early gastrula) to all subsequent embryonic stages.
Associates with GIRK2, GIRK3 or GIRK4 to form a G-protein activated heteromultimer pore-forming unit. The resulting inward current is much larger.
Belongs to the inward rectifier-type potassium channel (TC 1.A.2.1) family. KCNJ3 subfamily.
This potassium channel is controlled by G proteins. Inward rectifier potassium channels are characterized by a greater tendency to allow potassium to flow into the cell rather than out of it. Their voltage dependence is regulated by the concentration of extracellular potassium; as external potassium is raised, the voltage range of the channel opening shifts to more positive voltages. The inward rectification is mainly due to the blockage of outward current by internal magnesium. This receptor plays a crucial role in regulating the heartbeat.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. RNA M5U methyltransferase family.
Detected in embryonic trigeminal ganglion and spinal cord.
Expression increases continuously throughout embryonic development. First detected in embryos at day 12.
Citrate synthase is found in nearly all cells capable of oxidative metabolism.
Transcriptional repressor that plays a central role for embryogenesis and the pluripotency of embryonic stem (ES) cells. Sequence-specific DNA-binding factor that represses gene expression in pluripotent ES cells by directly binding to key genetic loci and recruiting epigenetic modifiers (By similarity).
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the purine/pyrimidine phosphoribosyltransferase family.
Detected in embryonic posterior neural plate, embryonic neural tube, sulcus limitans and embryonic kidney.
Three calcium ions are usually bound at the interface of each cadherin domain and rigidify the connections, imparting a strong curvature to the full-length ectodomain.
Endoplasmic reticulum chaperone that plays a key role in protein folding and quality control in the endoplasmic reticulum lumen (By similarity). Involved in the correct folding of proteins and degradation of misfolded proteins via its interaction with dnajc10/ERdj5, probably to facilitate the release of dnajc10/ERdj5 from its substrate (By similarity). Acts as a key repressor of the ERN1/IRE1-mediated unfolded protein response (UPR). In the unstressed endoplasmic reticulum, recruited by dnajb9/ERdj4 to the luminal region of ern1/ire1, leading to disrupt the dimerization of ern1/ire1, thereby inactivating ern1/ire1. Accumulation of misfolded protein in the endoplasmic reticulum causes release of hspa5/BiP from ern1/ire1, allowing homodimerization and subsequent activation of ern1/ire1 (By similarity).
Monomer and homooligomer; homooligomerization via the interdomain linker inactivates the chaperone activity and acts as a storage of hspa5/BiP molecules (By similarity). Interacts with DNAJC10 (By similarity). Interacts with dnajb9/ERdj4; leading to recruit hspa5/BiP to ern1/ire1. Interacts with ern1/ire1; interaction takes place following interaction with dnajb9/ERdj4 and leads to inactivate ern1/IRE1 (By similarity).
The chaperone activity is regulated by ATP-induced allosteric coupling of the nucleotide-binding (NBD) and substrate-binding (SBD) domains (By similarity). In the ADP-bound and nucleotide-free (apo) states, the two domains have little interaction (By similarity). In contrast, in the ATP-bound state the two domains are tightly coupled, which results in drastically accelerated kinetics in both binding and release of polypeptide substrates (By similarity). J domain-containing co-chaperones (dnajb9/ERdj4 or dnajc10/ERdj5) stimulate the ATPase activity and are required for efficient substrate recognition by hspa5/BiP. Homooligomerization inactivates participating hspa5/BiP protomers and probably act as reservoirs to store hspa5/BiP molecules when they are not needed by the cell (By similarity).
The interdomain linker regulates the chaperone activity by mediating the formation of homooligomers. Homooligomers are formed by engagement of the interdomain linker of one hspa5/BiP molecule as a typical substrate of an adjacent hspa5/BiP molecule. hspa5/BiP oligomerization inactivates participating hspa5/BiP protomers. hspa5/BiP oligomers probably act as reservoirs to store hspa5/BiP molecules when they are not needed by the cell. When the levels of unfolded proteins rise, cells can rapidly break up these oligomers to make active monomers.
Transcription factor playing important roles in primary neurulation and in the differentiation of stratified epithelia of both ectodermal and endodermal origin. Binds directly to the consensus DNA sequence 5'-AACCGGTT-3' acting as an activator and repressor on distinct target genes.
Homodimer; mediated via the coiled-coil region.
Proteolytically cleaved by caspase-3 during apoptosis at Asp-326 resulting in a 37 kDa form. Proteolytic cleavage results in kinase activation and nuclear translocation of the truncated form (MST1/N) (By similarity).
Stress-activated, pro-apoptotic kinase which, following caspase-cleavage, enters the nucleus and induces chromatin condensation followed by internucleosomal DNA fragmentation. Key component of the Hippo signaling pathway which plays a pivotal role in organ size control and tumor suppression by restricting proliferation and promoting apoptosis. The core of this pathway is composed of a kinase cascade wherein stk3/mst2 and stk4/mst1, in complex with its regulatory protein sav1, phosphorylates and activates lats1/2 in complex with its regulatory protein mob1, which in turn phosphorylates and inactivates yap1 oncoprotein and wwtr1/taz. Phosphorylation of yap1 by lats2 inhibits its translocation into the nucleus to regulate cellular genes important for cell proliferation, cell death, and cell migration. Phosphorylates 'Ser-14' of histone H2B (H2BS14ph) during apoptosis.
The C-terminal non-catalytic region inhibits the kinase activity, the enzyme is activated by caspase-cleavage. Homodimerization and autophosphorylation of Thr-183 is also required for full activation (By similarity).
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 29 family.
Copper metallochaperone essential for the synthesis and maturation of cytochrome c oxidase subunit II (MT-CO2/COX2). Involved in transporting copper to the Cu(A) site on MT-CO2/COX2. Also acts as a thiol-disulfide oxidoreductase to regulate the redox state of the cysteines in SCO1 during maturation of MT-CO2/COX2.
May be involved in the regulation of cellular senescence through a positive feedback loop with TP53.
Expressed after gastrulation (post stage 13).
In embryos, expressed in the neural tube, dorsal somite, mesenchymal cells within the dorsal fin, branchial arches and heart muscle, becoming expressed throughout the myocardium by the tadpole stage (stage 45). Prior to neural crest cell migration, expressed in a domain flanking the neural crest on the medial or neural (the opposite side to wnt11b). Weakly expressed in the developing pronephros from stage 25, with expression increasing from stages 30 to 35.
Ligand for members of the frizzled family of seven transmembrane receptors (By similarity). Shares much functionality with wnt11b. Signals through a non-canonical Wnt pathway to activate Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) to regulate gastrulation movements. Acts in a non-cell-autonomous manner to control neural crest migration, probably acting as an extracellular signal from surrounding tissue, but is not required for neural crest induction. Acts redundantly with wnt11b during pronephros induction. Regulates cardiac morphogenesis through the activation of JNK, but is not required for cardiac differentiation. Essential for dorsal fin development; required for an epithelial to mesenchymal transformation event prior to migration of cells into the fin, and ultimately for maintenance of fin structure. Mediates dorsal fin development through a non-canonical pathway mediated by Ca(2+).
Xenopus and other lower vertebrates contain duplicated wnt11 genes resulting from an ancient gene duplication event, but the second copy has since been lost in mammals. This gene was originally called wnt11r (PubMed:8306880). but was renamed to wnt11 to reflect its orthology (PubMed:17436276).
Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily. SLC46A family.
Proton-coupled folate symporter that mediates folate absorption using an H(+) gradient as a driving force (By similarity). Involved in the intestinal absorption of folates at the brush-border membrane of the proximal jejunum, and the transport from blood to cerebrospinal fluid across the choroid plexus (By similarity). Functions at acidic pH via alternate outward- and inward-open conformation states (By similarity). Protonation of residues in the outward open state primes the protein for transport (By similarity). Binding of folate promotes breaking of salt bridge network and subsequent closure of the extracellular gate, leading to the inward-open state and release of protons and folate (By similarity). Also able to transport antifolate drugs, such as methotrexate and pemetrexed (By similarity). Also acts as a lower-affinity, pH-independent heme carrier protein and constitutes the main importer of heme in the intestine (PubMed:16143108). Imports heme in the retina and retinal pigment epithelium, in neurons of the hippocampus, in hepatocytes and in the renal epithelial cells (By similarity).
Functions as component of the Arp2/3 complex which is involved in regulation of actin polymerization and together with an activating nucleation-promoting factor (NPF) mediates the formation of branched actin networks. Arp2/3 complex plays a critical role in the control of cell morphogenesis via the modulation of cell polarity development.
Dephosphorylation may promote translocation to the nucleus where the protein induces transcription of target genes and triggers apoptosis.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Maternal expression decreases during early cleavage stages becoming absent during gastrulation (PubMed:15567714). Zygotic expression begins during neurulation and expression levels decrease rapidly through the early tadpole stages before becoming enhanced again up till stage 39 (PubMed:15567714).
Localized to the animal hemisphere during early cleavage stages. At the late neurula, localized in the anterior neural plate, neural crest cells and in the hatching gland (PubMed:15567714). As development progresses, expression becomes less localized, being observed in a variety of organs and tissues including the head, branchial arches and somites by stage 32 (PubMed:15567714).
Transcriptional activator that recognizes and binds to the DNA sequence 5'-[AG]TAAA[TC]A-3' and regulates different processes, such as apoptosis and autophagy. Acts as a positive regulator of autophagy in skeletal muscle: in starved cells, enters the nucleus following dephosphorylation and binds the promoters of autophagy genes, thereby activating their expression, resulting in proteolysis of skeletal muscle proteins (By similarity). Triggers apoptosis in the absence of survival factors, including neuronal cell death upon oxidative stress (By similarity). In response to metabolic stress, translocates into the mitochondria where it promotes mtDNA transcription. Also acts as a key regulator of chondrogenic commitment of skeletal progenitor cells in response to lipid availability: when lipids levels are low, translocates to the nucleus and promotes expression of sox9, which induces chondrogenic commitment and suppresses fatty acid oxidation (By similarity). Also acts as a key regulator of regulatory T-cells (Treg) differentiation (By similarity).
Component of the BCR(KLHL40) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex.
Substrate-specific adapter of a BCR (BTB-CUL3-RBX1) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex that acts as a key regulator of skeletal muscle development.
Microtubule-associated protein involved in the stabilization of microtubules along the axis of migration during radial intercalation. Promotes the establishment and stabilization of an axis of microtubules required for the active migration of cells into the outer epithelium (PubMed:25070955). Microtubule-associated protein that promotes microtubule bundling and stabilizes microtubules against depolymerization in response to cold shock (By similarity). Essential for ciliary central apparatus formation which requires both its microtubule-binding and bundling activities (By similarity). Regulates planar cell polarity signaling pathway and asymmetric microtubule accumulation in ciliated epithelia (PubMed:29514918).
Morpholino knockdown of the protein at the four cell stage results in loss of planar cell polarity protein asymmetry, defects in cilia polarity and affects microtubule asymmetry.
Radial intercalation is a developmentally reiterated form of migration by which cells move in a direction orthogonal to the plane of the tissue from an inner layer to an outer layer.
The Calponin-homology domain mediates its binding to microtubules.
Interacts with cpeb1-a; interacts with unphosphorylated cpeb1-a but not phosphorylated (PubMed:12963108). Component of a complex with papd4, sympk, tacc3, parn, dazl and cpeb1 (PubMed:21098481).
Phosphorylated. Phosphorylation takes place at the time of dissociation of cpeb1-a from pum1 and the translational activation of ccnb1 mRNA.
Sequence-specific RNA-binding protein that acts as a post-transcriptional repressor by binding the 3'-UTR of mRNA targets. Binds to an RNA consensus sequence, the Pumilio Response Element (PRE), 5'-UGUANAUA-3', that is related to the Nanos Response Element (NRE). Mediates post-transcriptional repression of transcripts via different mechanisms: acts via direct recruitment of deadenylase complexes leading to translational inhibition and mRNA degradation (PubMed:12963108, PubMed:21098481). Also mediates deadenylation-independent repression by promoting accessibility of miRNAs (By similarity). Acts as a post-transcriptional repressor of ccnb1 mRNA during oocyte maturation (PubMed:12963108).
The pumilio repeats mediate the association with RNA by packing together to form a right-handed superhelix that approximates a half donut. RNA-binding occurs on the concave side of the surface. Pum1 is composed of 8 pumilio repeats of 36 residues; each repeat binds a single nucleotide in its RNA target. Residues at positions 12 and 16 of the pumilio repeat bind each RNA base via hydrogen bonding or van der Waals contacts with the Watson-Crick edge, while the amino acid at position 13 makes a stacking interaction. The recognition of RNA by pumilio repeats is base specific: cysteine and glutamine at position 12 and 16, respectively, bind adenine; asparagine and glutamine bind uracil; and serine and glutamate bind guanine.
Interacts with the APC/C complex (By similarity). Interacts with the chromatin-bound cohesin complex; the interaction is indirect, occurs after DNA replication and requires acetylation of the cohesin component smc3. Interacts (via the FGF motif) with pds5a and pds5b; the interaction is direct and prevents the interaction of pds5a with wapl (Probable).
Accepts the ubiquitin-like protein NEDD8 from the UBA3-NAE1 E1 complex and catalyzes its covalent attachment to other proteins. The specific interaction with the E3 ubiquitin ligase rbx1, but not rbx2, suggests that the rbx1-ube2m complex neddylates specific target proteins, such as cul1, cul2, cul3 and cul4. Involved in cell proliferation.
Belongs to the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family. UBC12 subfamily.
Both the N-terminal docking peptide and the catalytic core domain must bind the uba3-nae1 complex simultaneously for optimal transfer of nedd8.
The acetylation of Met-1 increases affinity for DCUN1D1 by about 2 orders of magnitude and is crucial for NEDD8 transfer to cullins.
Serine/threonine-protein kinase that acts as a regulator of the p38/MAPK14 stress-activated MAPK cascade and of the MAPK8/JNK cascade. Acts as an activator of the p38/MAPK14 stress-activated MAPK cascade. In response to DNA damage, involved in the G2/M transition DNA damage checkpoint by activating the p38/MAPK14 stress-activated MAPK cascade, probably by mediating phosphorylation of upstream MAP kinase kinases. Inhibits basal activity of MAPK8/JNK cascade (By similarity).
Phosphorylates Ins(1,3,4,5,6)P5 at position 2 to form Ins(1,2,3,4,5,6)P6 (InsP6 or phytate).
The EXKPK motif is conserved in inositol-pentakisphosphate 2-kinases of both family 1 and 2.
This promotes the activity of RNA polymerase II.
Expressed in the embryonic ectoderm and is specifically repressed in the CNS. High level of expression in adult skin.
May have a regulatory function in the initial formation of the epidermis.
Cell adhesion molecule involved in the establishment and/or maintenance of cell integrity. Plays a role in vamp3-mediated vesicular transport and recycling of different receptor molecules. May be involved in the formation and regulation of the tight junction (TJ) paracellular permeability barrier in epithelial cells. May induce primordial adhesive contact and aggregation of epithelial cells in a Ca(2+)-independent manner. May be involved in epithelial movement during corneal sheet formation and regeneration. May play a role in the regulation of cell shape and movement by modulating the Rho-GTPase activity. May also be involved in striated muscle regeneration and in the regulation of cell spreading.
Expressed in epithelia cells during gastrulation (at protein level). Expressed in oocyte, cleavage, gastrulation, and neurulation stage embryos. Expression decreases by the end of gastrulation at stage 12. Weakly expressed during neurula at stage 16. Strongly expressed at stage 31 and remains at a robust level through early tadpole stages. Expressed in heart, somites, cement gland and eyes at stage 35. Expressed in the embryonic heart from stage 31 through 41 in the outer curvature of the ventricle and atrial regions.
May play a role in the structure and strength of both muscle and bone.
Involved in cytokinesis and spindle organization. May play a role in actin cytoskeleton organization and microtubule stabilization and hence required for proper cell adhesion and migration.
May interact with both microtubules and actin cytoskeleton.
Oxidizes L-tryptophan to 5-hydroxy-l-tryptophan in the rate-determining step of serotonin biosynthesis.
Phosphorylation at Thr-176 is required for enzymatic activity.
Phosphorylation of Ser-170 during mitosis inactivates the enzyme. Phosphorylation of Thr-176 is required for activity. Phosphorylated at Ser-170 and Thr-176 by CDK2 (By similarity).
Probably associates with cyclin-H (ccnh) and mat1 to form a multimeric active enzyme.
Serine/threonine kinase involved in cell cycle control and in RNA polymerase II-mediated RNA transcription. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are activated by the binding to a cyclin and mediate the progression through the cell cycle. Each different complex controls a specific transition between 2 subsequent phases in the cell cycle. Required for both activation and complex formation of cdk1/cyclin-B during G2-M transition, and for activation of cdk2/cyclins during G1-S transition (but not complex formation). cdk7 is the catalytic subunit of the CDK-activating kinase (CAK) complex. CAK activates the cyclin-associated kinases cdk1, cdk2, cdk4 and cdk6 by threonine phosphorylation, thus regulating cell cycle progression. CAK complexed to the core-TFIIH basal transcription factor activates RNA polymerase II by serine phosphorylation of the repetitive C-terminal domain (CTD) of its large subunit (polr2a), allowing its escape from the promoter and elongation of the transcripts (By similarity). Involved in negative regulation of the meiotic maturation of Xenopus oocytes.
Necessary for the survival of cerebellar neurons. Induces neuritogenesis by activating the Ras-MAP kinase pathway. May play a role in the maintenance of a critical intracellular glycosylation level and homeostasis.
Belongs to the acetyltransferase ATAT1 family.
Specifically acetylates 'Lys-40' in alpha-tubulin on the lumenal side of microtubules. Promotes microtubule destabilization and accelerates microtubule dynamics; this activity may be independent of acetylation activity. Acetylates alpha-tubulin with a slow enzymatic rate, due to a catalytic site that is not optimized for acetyl transfer. Enters the microtubule through each end and diffuses quickly throughout the lumen of microtubules. Acetylates only long/old microtubules because of its slow acetylation rate since it does not have time to act on dynamically unstable microtubules before the enzyme is released. May be involved in neuron development.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CAMK Ser/Thr protein kinase family. LKB1 subfamily.
Catalytic component of a trimeric complex composed of STK11/LKB1, STRAD (STRADA or STRADB) and CAB39/MO25 (CAB39/MO25alpha or CAB39L/MO25beta).
Its expression peaks in the oocyte and unfertilized egg, begins to decrease gradually after fertilization, and disappears during the gastrulation stage.
Phosphorylated by a cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Autophosphorylated in a reaction that prefers Mn(2+) to Mg(2+).
Tumor suppressor serine/threonine-protein kinase that controls the activity of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) family members, thereby playing a role in various processes such as cell metabolism, cell polarity, apoptosis and DNA damage response. Acts by phosphorylating the T-loop of AMPK family proteins, leading to promote their activity (By similarity).
Highly expressed in oocytes and embryo. Also expressed in liver. Detected in ovary, testis and heart and to a lesser extent in liver (at protein level).
Implicated in ras-dependent oocyte maturation induced by insulin/IGF-1.
By growth factors such as FGF and TFG-beta. By Wnt-signaling and BMP-signaling.
Expressed ubiquitously throughout the embryo at early stages. By mid-gastrula (stage 11), expression is concentrated in the mesoderm and ectoderm surrounding the yolk plug, being strongest in posterior dorsal mesoderm. At stage 13, also expressed at a low level in the pre-cement gland. At mid to late tailbud stages, highly localized in mesoderm and ectoderm derivatives in the extreme posterior of the tail.
Expressed zygotically shortly after the midblastula transition (MBT). Expression remains constant till gastrulation then rapidly and transiently increases to peak during neurulation. Expression disappears by tailbud stages.
This protein is expressed exclusively in posterior mesoderm and ectoderm of early embryos suggesting a possible role in organization of anteroposterior axis.
May play a role in promoting megakaryocyte differentiation by up-regulating RUNX1 expression.
Hydrolase highly specific for thiamine triphosphate (ThTP).
Belongs to the phage and mitochondrial RNA polymerase family.
Transcription factor that can both act as an activator or a repressor depending on the context. Involved in BMP signaling and in the regulation of the immature compartment of the hematopoietic system (By similarity).
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 85 family.
Belongs to the SWEET sugar transporter family.
Mediates sugar transport across membranes.
Required for biogenesis of the 60S ribosomal subunit.
Belongs to the SOS response-associated peptidase family.
Glu-129 is involved in sensing abasic sites in single-stranded DNA (ssDNA). His-203 stabilizes the abasic sites by forming a hydrogen bond with the O4' hydroxyl group.
Sensor of abasic sites in single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) required to preserve genome integrity by promoting error-free repair of abasic sites. Acts as an enzyme that recognizes and binds abasic sites in ssDNA at replication forks and chemically modifies the lesion by forming a covalent cross-link with DNA: forms a stable thiazolidine linkage between a ring-opened abasic site and the alpha-amino and sulfhydryl substituents of its N-terminal catalytic cysteine residue. The HMCES DNA-protein cross-link is then degraded by the proteasome. Promotes error-free repair of abasic sites by acting as a 'suicide' enzyme that is degraded, thereby protecting abasic sites from translesion synthesis (TLS) polymerases and endonucleases that are error-prone and would generate mutations and double-strand breaks. Has preference for ssDNA, but can also accommodate double-stranded DNA with 3' or 5' overhang (dsDNA), and dsDNA-ssDNA 3' junction (By similarity). Acts as a protease: mediates autocatalytic processing of its N-terminal methionine in order to expose the catalytic cysteine (By similarity).
Sensor of abasic sites in single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) required to preserve genome integrity by promoting error-free repair of abasic sites. Acts as an enzyme that recognizes and binds abasic sites in ssDNA at replication forks and chemically modifies the lesion by forming a covalent cross-link with DNA: forms a stable thiazolidine linkage between a ring-opened abasic site and the alpha-amino and sulfhydryl substituents of its N-terminal catalytic cysteine residue. The HMCES DNA-protein cross-link is then degraded by the proteasome. Promotes error-free repair of abasic sites by acting as a 'suicide' enzyme that is degraded, thereby protecting abasic sites from translesion synthesis (TLS) polymerases and endonucleases that are error-prone and would generate mutations and double-strand breaks. Has preference for ssDNA, but can also accommodate double-stranded DNA with 3' or 5' overhang (dsDNA), and dsDNA-ssDNA 3' junction.
Phosphorylates uridine and cytidine to uridine monophosphate and cytidine monophosphate. Does not phosphorylate deoxyribonucleosides or purine ribonucleosides. Can use ATP or GTP as a phosphate donor.
Cilium- and flagellum-specific protein that plays a role in axonemal structure organization and motility. May play a role in outer and inner dynein arm assembly.
Ligand for members of the frizzled family of seven transmembrane receptors (Probable). Acts in the canonical Wnt signaling pathway by promoting beta-catenin-dependent transcriptional activation (By similarity). Plays an important role in patterning during embryonic development (PubMed:2673541). Plays an essential role in the development of the embryonic brain and central nervous system (CNS) (By similarity). Has a role in osteoblast function, bone development and bone homeostasis (By similarity).
Palmitoleoylation is required for efficient binding to frizzled receptors. Palmitoleoylation is necessary for proper trafficking to cell surface (By similarity). Depalmitoleoylated by NOTUM, leading to inhibit Wnt signaling pathway (By similarity).
Belongs to the dihydrofolate reductase family.
Has apparently no steroid dehydrogenase activity.
Functions as a calcium- and DAG-regulated nucleotide exchange factor specifically activating Rap through the exchange of bound GDP for GTP. May function in cell aggregation and adhesion.
Transcriptional repressor that contribute to growth arrest during terminal macrophage differentiation by repressing target genes involved in Ras-dependent proliferation. Represses MMP1 promoter activity.
Autophosphorylated. Binding of FGF family members together with heparan sulfate proteoglycan or heparin promotes receptor dimerization and autophosphorylation on tyrosine residues. Autophosphorylation occurs in trans between the two FGFR molecules present in the dimer and proceeds in a highly ordered manner. Phosphotyrosine residues provide docking sites for interacting proteins and so are crucial for FGFR1 function and its regulation (By similarity).
Monomer. Homodimer after ligand binding (By similarity). Interacts with il17rd.
N-glycosylated in the endoplasmic reticulum. The N-glycan chains undergo further maturation to an Endo H-resistant form in the Golgi apparatus (By similarity).
Present in an inactive conformation in the absence of bound ligand. Ligand binding leads to dimerization and activation by sequential autophosphorylation on tyrosine residues (By similarity).
The second and third Ig-like domains directly interact with fibroblast growth factors (FGF) and heparan sulfate proteoglycans. Isoforms lacking the first Ig-like domain have higher affinity for fibroblast growth factors (FGF) and heparan sulfate proteoglycans than isoforms with all three Ig-like domains (By similarity).
Tyrosine-protein kinase that acts as cell-surface receptor for fibroblast growth factors and plays an essential role in the regulation of embryonic development, cell proliferation, differentiation and migration. Required for normal mesoderm patterning and normal skeletogenesis. Phosphorylates PLCG1, FRS2, GAB1 and SHB. Ligand binding leads to the activation of several signaling cascades. Activation of PLCG1 leads to the production of the cellular signaling molecules diacylglycerol and inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate. Phosphorylation of FRS2 triggers recruitment of GRB2, GAB1, PIK3R1 and SOS1, and mediates activation of RAS, MAPK1/ERK2, MAPK3/ERK1 and the MAP kinase signaling pathway, as well as of the AKT1 signaling pathway. Promotes phosphorylation of SHC1, STAT1 and PTPN11/SHP2. In the nucleus, enhances RPS6KA1 and CREB1 activity and contributes to the regulation of transcription. FGFR1 signaling is down-regulated by ubiquitination, internalization and degradation (By similarity).
Ubiquitinated. FGFR1 is rapidly ubiquitinated after autophosphorylation, leading to internalization and degradation (By similarity).
Expressed in the differentiating tissues during early embryogenesis.
Expressed in the unfertilized egg and throughout the early embryonic stages. Expressed in the neural plate at stage 13. Expressed throughout the eye primordia and cranial ganglia at stage 25. Highly expressed in the differentiated retinal ganglion cell layer at stage 40.
Phosphorylated. Activated by phosphorylation at Tyr-216.
Plays a role in the organization of the formation of the main body axis of developing embryo. Acts as an inhibitor of differentiation of primary neurons. Inhibits the ability of ectopically expressed NEUROD1 and other bHLH factors to promote early retinal cell differentiation. May participate in the Wnt signaling pathway. May regulate the circadian clock via phosphorylation of the major clock components.
Belongs to the WD repeat PRL1/PRL2 family.
Belongs to the AspA/AstE family. Aspartoacylase subfamily.
Plays an important role in deacetylating mercapturic acids in kidney proximal tubules.
Magnesium-independent phospholipid phosphatase with broad substrate specificity. Preferentially catalyzes the conversion of diacylglycerol pyrophosphate into phosphatidate but can also act on phosphatidate and lysophosphatidate. Phospholipid phosphatases are involved in both the synthesis of lipids and the generation or degradation of lipid-signaling molecules.
Magnesium-independent phospholipid phosphatase. Inhibited by N-ethylmaleimide.
Binds 2 divalent metal cations per subunit with RNAase activity being higher in presence of Mn(2+) than of Mg(2+) or Co(2+).
Has 3'-5' poly(A) exoribonuclease activity for synthetic poly(A) RNA substrate. Catalytic component of the CCR4-NOT complex which is one of the major cellular mRNA deadenylases and is linked to various cellular processes including bulk mRNA degradation, miRNA-mediated repression, translational repression during translational initiation and general transcription regulation. During miRNA-mediated repression the complex seems also to act as translational repressor during translational initiation. Additional complex functions may be a consequence of its influence on mRNA expression.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 14 family.
Glycosyltransferase that can synthesize all known mucin beta 6 N-acetylglucosaminides. Mediates core 2 and core 4 O-glycan branching, 2 important steps in mucin-type biosynthesis. Has also I-branching enzyme activity by converting linear into branched poly-N-acetyllactosaminoglycans.
At the late gastrula stage, expressed in the presumptive ventrolateral mesoderm. During neurulation and tailbud stages, expressed in the lateral plate mesoderm and in the neural crest-derived structures of the head and branchial arches. During tailbud stages, expressed in the pronephros and pronephros ducts and in cells that migrate from the dorsolateral plate to the ventral region of the embryo (with the notable exception of the heart). These cells may represent hematopoietic or endothelial progenitor cells.
By bmp4, probably acting indirectly via t/bra. Also induced to a lower extent by fgf and activin.
Probable transcription factor. Required for smooth muscle (visceral mesoderm) differentiation during gut development. Also required for normal proliferation of the lateral plate mesoderm. Acts as a downstream mediator of bmp4-signaling.
Belongs to the sodium:neurotransmitter symporter (SNF) (TC 2.A.22) family. SLC6A4 subfamily.
Serotonin transporter whose primary function in the central nervous system involves the regulation of serotonergic signaling via transport of serotonin molecules from the synaptic cleft back into the pre-synaptic terminal for re-utilization. Plays a key role in mediating regulation of the availability of serotonin to other receptors of serotonergic systems. Terminates the action of serotonin and recycles it in a sodium-dependent manner.
Binds oxysterols in a pocket within their transmembrane domains and interacts with SCAP via transmembrane domains 3 and 4.
Interacts with scap; interaction is direct and only takes place in the presence of sterols; it prevents interaction between scap and the coat protein complex II (COPII). Associates with the SCAP-SREBP complex; association is mediated via its interaction with scap and only takes place in the presence of sterols.
Oxysterol-binding protein that mediates feedback control of cholesterol synthesis by controlling both endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi transport of scap and degradation of hmgcr. Acts as a negative regulator of cholesterol biosynthesis by mediating the retention of the SCAP-SREBP complex in the endoplasmic reticulum, thereby blocking the processing of sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs). Binds oxysterol, including 25-hydroxycholesterol, regulating interaction with scap and retention of the SCAP-SREBP complex in the endoplasmic reticulum. In presence of oxysterol, interacts with scap, retaining the SCAP-SREBP complex in the endoplasmic reticulum, thereby preventing scap from escorting SREBPs to the Golgi. Sterol deprivation reduces oxysterol-binding, disrupting the interaction between insig1 and scap, thereby promoting Golgi transport of the SCAP-SREBP complex, followed by processing and nuclear translocation of SREBPs. Also regulates cholesterol synthesis by regulating degradation of hmgcr.
The KxHxx motif mediates association with the coatomer complex.
Calretinin is a calcium-binding protein which is abundant in auditory neurons.
Activates the Jnk signaling pathway. Dephosphorylates and deactivates p38 and stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun N-terminal kinase (SAPK/JNK) (By similarity).
Serves as substrate adapter subunit in an E3 ubiquitin ligase complex zyg11-cul2-elongin BC. Targets substrates bearing N-terminal glycine degrons for proteasomal degradation.
B-type lamins undergo a series of modifications, such as farnesylation and phosphorylation. Increased phosphorylation of the lamins occurs before envelope disintegration and probably plays a role in regulating lamin associations.
The structural integrity of the lamina is strictly controlled by the cell cycle, as seen by the disintegration and formation of the nuclear envelope in prophase and telophase, respectively.
Component of NMDA receptor complexes that function as heterotetrameric, ligand-gated ion channels with high calcium permeability and voltage-dependent sensitivity to magnesium. Channel activation requires binding of the neurotransmitter glutamate to the epsilon subunit, glycine binding to the zeta subunit, plus membrane depolarization to eliminate channel inhibition by Mg(2+) (PubMed:28232581). Sensitivity to glutamate and channel kinetics depend on the subunit composition (Probable). Plays a role in dendritic branching in brain neurons and in synaptic plasticity (PubMed:18216193).
Contains an N-terminal domain, a ligand-binding domain and a transmembrane domain. Agonist binding to the extracellular ligand-binding domains triggers channel gating.
Heterotetramer. Forms heterotetrameric channels composed of two zeta subunits (grin1), and two epsilon subunits (grin2a, grin2b, grin2c or grin2d) (in vitro) (PubMed:28232581). In vivo, the subunit composition may depend on the expression levels of the different subunits (Probable).
Sumoylated. Lys-364 is the major site of sumoylation, although sumoylation at Lys-61 also occurs. Sumoylation plays a key role in regulating formation of the neural crest and otic placode (By similarity).
Transcription factor that plays a key role in chondrocytes differentiation and skeletal development. Specifically binds the 5'-ACAAAG-3' DNA motif present in enhancers and super-enhancers and promotes expression of genes important for chondrogenesis, including COL2A1. Plays a central role in successive steps of chondrocyte differentiation. Absolutely required for precartilaginous condensation, the first step in chondrogenesis during which skeletal progenitors differentiate into prechondrocytes. Together with SOX5 and SOX6, required for overt chondrogenesis when condensed prechondrocytes differentiate into early stage chondrocytes, the second step in chondrogenesis. Later, required to direct hypertrophic maturation and block osteoblast differentiation of growth plate chondrocytes: maintains chondrocyte columnar proliferation, delays prehypertrophy and then prevents osteoblastic differentiation of chondrocytes. Also required for chondrocyte hypertrophy, both indirectly, by keeping the lineage fate of chondrocytes, and directly, by remaining present in upper hypertrophic cells. Low lipid levels are the main nutritional determinant for chondrogenic commitment of skeletal progenitor cells: when lipids levels are low, FOXO transcription factors promote expression of SOX9, which induces chondrogenic commitment and suppresses fatty acid oxidation. In addition to cartilage development, also acts as a regulator of proliferation and differentiation in epithelial stem/progenitor cells.
Belongs to the SOSS-B family. SOSS-B1 subfamily.
Component of the SOSS complex, a multiprotein complex that functions downstream of the MRN complex to promote DNA repair and G2/M checkpoint. In the SOSS complex, acts as a sensor of single-stranded DNA that binds to single-stranded DNA. The SOSS complex associates with DNA lesions and influences diverse endpoints in the cellular DNA damage response including cell-cycle checkpoint activation, recombinational repair and maintenance of genomic stability. Required for efficient homologous recombination-dependent repair of double-strand breaks (DSBs) (By similarity).
Component of the SOSS complex, composed of soss-b (soss-b1/nabp2 or soss-b2/nabp1), soss-a/ints3 and soss-c/inip. SOSS complexes containing soss-b1/nabp2 are more abundant than complexes containing soss-b2/nabp1 (By similarity).
Interacts with PPIF; the interaction is impaired by CsA.
Mesodermal transcription factor that plays a key role in somitogenesis and somitogenesis and limb muscle differentiation. Required during limb development for normal appendicular muscle formation and for the normal regulation of myogenic genes. Also acts as a negative regulator of angiogenesis.
The polyhistidine repeat may act as a targeting signal to nuclear speckles.
Substrate recognition component of the SCF(CCNF) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex which mediates the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins (By similarity). The SCF(CCNF) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex is an integral component of the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) and links proteasome degradation to the cell cycle (By similarity). Mediates the substrate recognition and the proteasomal degradation of various target proteins during G2 phase involved in the regulation of cell cycle progression and in the maintenance of genome stability (By similarity).
The D box motifs (amino acid sequence RxxL) are involved in substrate binding, and may be ubiquitinated.
The nuclear localization signals mediate the localization to the nucleus.
After the mid-blastula transition, expressed in the dorsolateral mesoderm but not within the dorsal blastopore lip. During gastrulation and neurulation, expressed within the dorsal mesoderm and the lateral border of the neural plate but not within the dorsal midline. In neurula stage embryos, expressed throughout the entire somite-forming mesoderm, at the border between mesoderm and ectoderm but not within the notochord, neuroectoderm or lateral plate mesoderm. From stage 25 to stage 32, expressed in branchial arches, head mesenchyme, neural crest cells, tail tip and in two segmented lines of cells bordering the somites. Tail tip expression persists throughout later development. From stage 32, expressed in the ventral abdominal muscle and around the spinal cord. Only weakly expressed in the pronephric tubules. At hatching, expressed within the heart, foregut, hindbrain and pharyngeal pouches.
Expression begins after the mid-blastula transition (stage 8-8.5) becoming most abundant during gastrulation, then decreasing as development progresses. Expression remains at a very low level during the tailbud and tadpole stages.
Transcriptional activator (By similarity). May be involved in the dorso-ventral patterning of the mesoderm.
Localized to the dorsal lip of the blastopore (Spemann organizer) during early gastrulation, after which expression continues in tissues derived from the organizer. Expressed in the notochord during mid-gastrulation, the chordoneural hinge, notochord and ventral spinal cord of the tailbud at stage 22, and finally the tip of the tail in the tadpole (stage 35).
Transcriptional repressor (By similarity). Plays a fundamental role in notochord formation, acting within the mesodermal region. Acts downstream of gsc and upstream of chrd and foxa4-A/pintallavis.
Belongs to the eukaryotic RPC3/POLR3C RNA polymerase subunit family.
Component of the RNA polymerase III (Pol III) complex consisting of 17 subunits.
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Specific core component of RNA polymerase III which synthesizes small RNAs, such as 5S rRNA and tRNAs.
Homodimer and heterodimer with SSTR3 and SSTR5. Heterodimerization with SSTR3 inactivates SSTR3 receptor function. Heterodimerization with SSTR5 is enhanced by agonist stimulation of SSTR2 and increases SSTR2 cell growth inhibition activity. Following agonist stimulation, homodimers dissociate into monomers which is required for receptor internalization. Interacts with beta-arrestin; this interaction is necessary for receptor internalization and is destabilized by heterodimerization with SSTR5 which results in increased recycling of SSTR2 to the cell surface. Interacts (via C-terminus) with SHANK1 (via PDZ domain).
Receptor for somatostatin-14 and -28. This receptor is coupled via pertussis toxin sensitive G proteins to inhibition of adenylyl cyclase. In addition it stimulates phosphotyrosine phosphatase and PLC via pertussis toxin insensitive as well as sensitive G proteins. Inhibits calcium entry by suppressing voltage-dependent calcium channels. Acts as the functionally dominant somatostatin receptor in pancreatic alpha- and beta-cells where it mediates the inhibitory effect of somatostatin-14 on hormone secretion. Inhibits cell growth through enhancement of MAPK1 and MAPK2 phosphorylation and subsequent up-regulation of CDKN1B. Stimulates neuronal migration and axon outgrowth and may participate in neuron development and maturation during brain development. Mediates negative regulation of insulin receptor signaling through PTPN6. Inactivates SSTR3 receptor function following heterodimerization.
May regulate a number of protein-protein interactions by competing for PDZ domain binding sites.
May be involved in DNA double-strand break (DBS) repair via homologous recombination (HR). May regulate osteoblast proliferation and differentiation (By similarity).
The N-terminus is necessary for its recruitment to DNA damage sites.
Endoribonuclease that cleaves single-stranded RNAs at 5' of uridylates and releases a product with a 2',3'-cyclic phosphate at the 3'-end.
Belongs to the aminoglycoside phosphotransferase family.
Catalyzes the GTP-dependent phosphorylation of 5-hydroxy-L-lysine.
Belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily. BTN/MOG family.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL20 family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic-type primase large subunit family.
Regulatory subunit of the DNA primase complex and component of the DNA polymerase alpha complex (also known as the alpha DNA polymerase-primase complex) which play an essential role in the initiation of DNA synthesis. The primase subunit of the polymerase alpha complex initiates DNA synthesis by oligomerising short RNA primers on both leading and lagging strands.
Expression begins at the end of gastrulation within the anterior ectoderm and by the end of neurulation is located within the cement gland placode. At stage 32 (tailbud), expressed in the cells surrounding the cement gland and in the otic vesicle. In addition, at the end of neurulation and afterwards, expressed within the notochord.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Expressed in the dorsal midline during gastrulation and neurulation.
The insulin-like growth factors, isolated from plasma, are structurally and functionally related to insulin but have a much higher growth-promoting activity. Promotes anterior neural development (PubMed:11709186). Acts as a ligand for integrin which is required for IGF2 signaling (By similarity).
Multifunctional protein that may be involved in endocytosis, multivesicular body biogenesis, membrane repair, cytokinesis, apoptosis and maintenance of tight junction integrity. Class E VPS protein involved in concentration and sorting of cargo proteins of the multivesicular body (MVB) for incorporation into intralumenal vesicles that are generated by invagination and scission from the limiting membrane of the endosome (By similarity). Binds to the phospholipid lysobisphosphatidic acid (LBPA) which is abundant in MVBs internal membranes. May play a role in the regulation of both apoptosis and cell proliferation. Regulates exosome biogenesis in concert with SDC1/4 and SDCBP. Ensures the proper assembly and positioning of actomyosin-tight junction complex at the apical sides of adjacent epithelial cells that defines a spatial membrane domain essential for the maintenance of epithelial cell polarity and barrier (By similarity).
Required for the activation of aurka at the onset of mitosis.
Belongs to the ETF beta-subunit/FixA family.
Methylated on arginine residues by PRMT5 and PRMT7; probable asymmetric dimethylation which is required for assembly and biogenesis of snRNPs.
Plays a role in pre-mRNA splicing as a core component of the spliceosomal U1, U2, U4 and U5 small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs), the building blocks of the spliceosome. Component of both the pre-catalytic spliceosome B complex and activated spliceosome C complexes. Is also a component of the minor U12 spliceosome (By similarity). As part of the U7 snRNP it is involved in histone pre-mRNA 3'-end processing (By similarity).
Plasma membrane reductase that uses cytoplasmic ascorbate as an electron donor to reduce extracellular Fe(3+) into Fe(2+). It is also able to reduce extracellular monodehydro-L-ascorbate and may be involved in extracellular ascorbate regeneration (By similarity). May also function as a cupric transmembrane reductase (By similarity).
Component of the outer dynein arm-docking complex (ODA-DC) that mediates outer dynein arms (ODA) binding onto the doublet microtubule. Plays an essential role for the assembly of ODA-DC and in the docking of ODA in ciliary axoneme.
Component of the outer dynein arm-docking complex.
Expressed in the ventral midline of the developing neural plate during neural tube closure.
In the mucociliary epithelium, specifically expressed in ciliated cells.
Morpholino knockdown of the protein causes disruption of the neural tube closure (PubMed:17961536). Morphants show defects in ciliogenesis at early stages of embryonic development (PubMed:17961536, PubMed:27486780). More mature multiciliated cells display normal cilium length, but exhibit severe defects in ciliary beating, retaining only a twitching motility, but no organized beating. Outer dynein arms are absent in morphant axonemes (PubMed:27486780).
Required for the docking of the outer dynein arm to cilia, hence plays an essential role in cilia motility.
Growth factor that plays an essential role in the regulation of embryonic development, cell proliferation, cell migration, survival and chemotaxis. Potent mitogen for cells of mesenchymal origin. Signaling is modulated by the formation of heterodimers with PDGFB (By similarity).
Homodimer; antiparallel disulfide-linked dimer. Heterodimer with PDGFB; antiparallel disulfide-linked dimer. The PDGFA homodimer interacts with PDGFRA homodimers, and with heterodimers formed by PDGFRA and PDGFRB. The heterodimer composed of PDGFA and PDGFB interacts with PDGFRA homodimers, and with heterodimers formed by PDGFRA and PDGFRB (By similarity).
The long form contains a basic insert which acts as a cell retention signal.
Expressed at high levels in heart, small intestine, stomach, ovary, and liver. Found at much lower levels in lung, spleen, pancreas and skin.
Expressed in cardiac progenitors during embryogenesis and up-regulated during gastrulation.
Transcriptional activator that binds to the consensus sequence 5'-AGATAG-3'. Associated with cardiac specification and can regulate cardiac-specific transcription during embryogenesis. Activates the expression of cardiac MHC-alpha in vivo.
Associates with the intermediate 315 kDa subcomplex of incompletely assembled complex I.
Chaperone protein involved in the assembly of the mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase complex (complex I). Participates in constructing the membrane arm of complex I (By similarity).
Expression restricted to anterior ectodermal derivatives, namely the ventral forebrain, the cranial neural crest and the cement gland. Also expressed in the developing eye.
Involved in the Notch signaling pathway as Notch ligand. Activates NOTCH1 and NOTCH4. Involved in angiogenesis; negatively regulates endothelial cell proliferation and migration and angiogenic sprouting. Essential for retinal progenitor proliferation is required for suppressing rod fates in late retinal progenitors as well as for proper generation of other retinal cell types. During spinal cord neurogenesis, inhibits V2a interneuron fate (By similarity).
May function as a thiol-disulfide oxidoreductase that participates in disulfide bond formation.
Component of the nuclear pore complex (NPC), which plays a key role in de novo assembly and insertion of NPC in the nuclear envelope. Required for NPC and nuclear envelope assembly, possibly by forming a link between the nuclear envelope membrane and soluble nucleoporins, thereby anchoring the NPC in the membrane.
Expressed in the animal half of oocytes and remains localized to the animal cap and marginal zone of blastula embryos. Expressed in the adult ovary and at a very low level in the adult kidney. Absent from primordial germ cells (PGCs).
Expressed maternally. Most abundant in oocytes and fertilized eggs, with expression maintained through the cleavage stages of development until early gastrulation. Expression levels drop abruptly during gastrulation (stage 11) but remain at very low levels through larval stages.
Transcription factor that binds to the octamer motif (5'-ATTTGCAT-3'). Antagonizes the activity of nodal/activin signaling during gastrulation to suppress mesendoderm formation. Acts maternally to inhibit vegt and beta-catenin-activated gene transcription, probably by forming a transcriptional repression complex on the promoters of target genes. Binds to an octamer motif in interspersed RNA.
Belongs to the ABC transporter superfamily. ABCB family. Heavy Metal importer (TC 3.A.1.210) subfamily.
Transcription elongation factor implicated in the maintenance of proper chromatin structure in actively transcribed regions.
Has no ubiquitin ligase activity on its own. The ube2v2/ube2n heterodimer catalyzes the synthesis of non-canonical poly-ubiquitin chains that are linked through 'Lys-63'. This type of poly-ubiquitination does not lead to protein degradation by the proteasome. Mediates transcriptional activation of target genes. Plays a role in the control of progress through the cell cycle and differentiation. Plays a role in the error-free DNA repair pathway and contributes to the survival of cells after DNA damage (By similarity).
Atypical Ras-like protein that acts as a potent regulator of NF-kappa-B activity by preventing the degradation of NF-kappa-B inhibitor beta (NFKBIB) by most signals, explaining why NFKBIB is more resistant to degradation.
In contrast to other members of the Ras family, the members of the KappaB-Ras subfamily do not contain the conserved Gly and Gln residues in positions 13 and 65, which are replaced by His and Leu residues, respectively, and are therefore similar to the constitutively active forms of oncogenic forms of Ras. This suggests that members of this family are clearly different from other small GTPases proteins.
As part of the spliceosome, plays a role in pre-mRNA splicing. Probable inactive PPIase with no peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase activity.
Despite the fact that it belongs to the cyclophilin-type PPIase family, it has probably no peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase activity.
Part of the activated spliceosome B/catalytic step 1 spliceosome, one of the forms of the spliceosome which has a well-formed active site but still cannot catalyze the branching reaction and is composed at least of 52 proteins, the U2, U5 and U6 snRNAs and the pre-mRNA. Recruited during early steps of activated spliceosome B maturation, it is probably one of the first proteins released from this complex as he matures to the spliceosome C complex.
Component of the DREAM complex (By similarity). Binds directly to histone H4, probably via helix 1 of the histone fold, a region that is not accessible when histone H4 is in chromatin (PubMed:10454532). Probably forms a large corepressor complex that contains ncor1, sin3a, hdac1-A and/or hdac1-B, hdac2, rbbp4-A and/or rbbp4-B and possibly rbbp7 (PubMed:11254656).
Acetylation of alpha chains at Lys-40 is located inside the microtubule lumen. This modification has been correlated with increased microtubule stability, intracellular transport and ciliary assembly.
Detyrosination is involved in metaphase plate congression by guiding chromosomes during mitosis (By similarity). Detyrosination increases microtubules-dependent mechanotransduction in dystrophic cardiac and skeletal muscle. In cardiomyocytes, detyrosinated microtubules are required to resist to contractile compression during contraction (By similarity).
The MREC motif may be critical for tubulin autoregulation.
Tyrosination promotes microtubule interaction with CAP-Gly microtubule plus-end tracking proteins. Tyrosinated tubulins regulate the initiation of dynein-driven motility.
Undergoes a tyrosination/detyrosination cycle, the cyclic removal and re-addition of a C-terminal tyrosine residue by the enzymes tubulin tyrosine carboxypeptidase (MATCAP, VASH1 or VASH2) and tubulin tyrosine ligase (TTL), respectively.
May play an important role in centriole assembly and/or stability and ciliogenesis.
Mediates feedback control of cholesterol synthesis.
Belongs to the cholesterol 7-desaturase family.
May be involved in copper-dependent atp7a trafficking between the trans-Golgi network and vesicles in the cell periphery.
Belongs to the damage-control phosphatase family. Sugar phosphate phosphatase III subfamily.
Human C6orf211 has been reportedly associated with a protein carboxyl methyltransferase activity, but whether this protein indeed has such an activity remains to be determined (By similarity). It has been later shown to belong to a family of metal-dependent phosphatases implicated in metabolite damage-control (By similarity).
Metal-dependent phosphatase that shows phosphatase activity against several substrates, including fructose-1-phosphate and fructose-6-phosphate (By similarity). Its preference for fructose-1-phosphate, a strong glycating agent that causes DNA damage rather than a canonical yeast metabolite, suggests a damage-control function in hexose phosphate metabolism (By similarity). Has also been shown to have O-methyltransferase activity that methylates glutamate residues of target proteins to form gamma-glutamyl methyl ester residues (By similarity). Possibly methylates PCNA, suggesting it is involved in the DNA damage response (By similarity).
Subfamily III proteins have a conserved RTxK motif about 40-50 residues from the C-terminus; the threonine may be replaced by serine or cysteine.
Exoglycosidase that cleaves the single beta-linked mannose residue from the non-reducing end of all N-linked glycoprotein oligosaccharides.
Catalyzes the hydrolysis of the free cytosolic methylated adenosine nucleotide N(6)-methyl-AMP (N6-mAMP) to produce inositol monophosphate (IMP) and methylamine. Is required for the catabolism of cytosolic N6-mAMP, which is derived from the degradation of mRNA containing N6-methylated adenine (m6A).
Plays a role in cytokinesis. Displays serine/threonine protein kinase activity.
Atypical E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase which ubiquitinates TLR2 at 'Lys-754' leading to its degradation by the proteasome. Inhibitor of protein phosphatase 1.
Component of the swi5-sfr1 complex, a complex required for double-strand break repair via homologous recombination.
Cell surface proteoglycan that bears heparan sulfate. Regulates non-canonical Wnt signaling, being necessary and sufficient for fibronectrin-mediated translocation of dvl2/dsh to the plasma membrane. Required for proper convergent extension movements during gastrulation, which shape the neural plate, and for subsequent neural tube closure.
Expressed in the animal hemisphere from the 4-cell to the blastula stage. During gastrulation, expressed in the involuting dorsal mesoderm and ectoderm. After involution, localized mainly to the anterior neuroectoderm. At later stages, expressed in the brain, branchial arches, pronephros, tailbud, and at low levels in the somites.
Interacts with the Wnt receptor fzd7 and its signal transducer dvl2/dsh.
Transcription elongation factor that enhances transcription elongation by RNA polymerase II (RNAPII).
Catalyzes the oxidation of sulfhydryl groups in peptide and protein thiols to disulfides with the reduction of oxygen to hydrogen peroxide. May contribute to disulfide bond formation in a variety of secreted proteins (By similarity).
Acts as a central player within a network of stress response pathways promoting cellular adaptability. Functions as a negative regulator of TP53/P53 in the cellular response to telomere erosion and probably also DNA damage.
Belongs to the FMN-dependent alpha-hydroxy acid dehydrogenase family.
Esterifies acyl-group from acyl-ACP to the sn-1 position of glycerol-3-phosphate, an essential step in glycerolipids biosynthesis such as triglycerides, phosphatidic acids and lysophosphatidic acids.
Essential component of the TORC2 complex, which plays a critical role in akt1 'Ser-473' phosphorylation, and may modulate the phosphorylation of pkca and regulate actin cytoskeleton organization. May interact with a MAP kinase. May act on Ras-regulated pathways (By similarity).
Part of the target of rapamycin 2 complex (TORC2).
Expression begins soon after the mid-blastula transition.
Starting from late neurula stage, weakly expressed in midline neural cells, where expression is restricted to the superficial layer of the prospective floorplate. Expressed in the posterior somitic mesoderm (PSM) at tailbud stage. During early tailbud stages, broadly expressed within the pronephric mesoderm both around and inside the developing pronephros. During late tailbud to early tadpole stages, expressed more ventrally in the pronephros, and although initially expressed in both the lateral and medial layers, by these later stages expression is predominantly in the lateral layer. Pronephric expression is no longer detectable in late tadpoles (stage 35).
The bHLH, as well as cooperation between the central Orange domain and the C-terminal WRPW motif, is required for transcriptional repressor activity.
Transcription repression requires formation of a complex with a corepressor protein of the Groucho/TLE family (By similarity). Interacts with the bHLH protein hes2, and binds DNA in the form of a heterodimer with the bHLH protein hey1/hrt1. Interacts with the bHLH protein hes6; this interaction may inhibit the transcriptional repressor activity.
Transcriptional repressor of a subset of early mesodermal genes including myod1 and t/bra. Binds DNA on N-box motifs: 5'-CACNAG-3'. Acts as a negative regulator of myogenesis, mediating Notch signaling to repress expression of myod1.
Accumulates before mitosis with levels increasing in S phase and decreasing in M phase (PubMed:11389834). Weakly detected in cycling egg at the stage just before entry into M phase, but not detected in immature (stage VI), metaphase-I and metaphase-II oocytes, and cycling egg that has entered in M phase. Destroyed at every M phase during both meiotic cycles and during cleavage cycles (PubMed:15314241). Decreases at metaphase and completely disappears as cells exited mitosis. First observed at 4 h (S phase) reaching a peak at 7 h (G2 phase), and then a subsequent decrease from 9 to 10 h corresponding to early and late M phases, respectively (PubMed:17159919).
Expression is first activated after the gastrula stage of development.
Part of a SCF (SKP1-cullin-F-box) protein ligase complex (By similarity). Interacts with btrc (PubMed:17159919). Interacts with skp1 (PubMed:11389834). Interacts with cdc20 (PubMed:11976684, PubMed:11389834). Interacts with pin1; stabilizes fbxo5 by preventing its association with btrc in an isomerization-dependent pathway; this interaction is present during G2 phase and prevents fbxo5 degradation (PubMed:17159919). Interacts with plk1 (PubMed:17159919).
Regulates progression through early mitosis by inhibiting the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC) (PubMed:15314241). Binds to the APC activator cdc20 to prevent APC activation (PubMed:11389834). Can also bind directly to the APC to inhibit substrate-binding (PubMed:11751633). Required to arrest unfertilized eggs at metaphase of meiosis II, by preventing their release from metaphase of meiosis II, through inhibition of APC-dependent cyclin B destruction leading to stabilization of cyclin B-cdk1 complex activity (PubMed:11976684).
As part of the NSL complex it is involved in acetylation of nucleosomal histone H4 on several lysine residues and therefore may be involved in the regulation of transcription.
Component of the NSL complex at least composed of MOF/KAT8, KANSL1, KANSL2, KANSL3, MCRS1, PHF20, OGT1/OGT, WDR5 and HCFC1.
Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) function as transducers downstream of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) in numerous signaling cascades. The alpha chain contains the guanine nucleotide binding site and alternates between an active, GTP-bound state and an inactive, GDP-bound state. Signaling by an activated GPCR promotes GDP release and GTP binding. The alpha subunit has a low GTPase activity that converts bound GTP to GDP, thereby terminating the signal. Both GDP release and GTP hydrolysis are modulated by numerous regulatory proteins (By similarity). Signaling is mediated via effector proteins, such as adenylate cyclase. Inhibits adenylate cyclase activity, leading to decreased intracellular cAMP levels (By similarity). Required for cortical dynein-dynactin complex recruitment during metaphase (By similarity).
Heterotrimeric G proteins are composed of 3 units; alpha, beta and gamma. The alpha chain contains the guanine nucleotide binding site. Part of a spindle orientation complex. Identified in complex with the beta subunit GNB1 and the gamma subunit GNG1. Identified in complex with the beta subunit GNB1 and the gamma subunit GNG2. GTP binding causes dissociation of the heterotrimer, liberating the individual subunits so that they can interact with downstream effector proteins (By similarity).
Myristoylation at Gly-2 is required for membrane anchoring before palmitoylation.
Palmitoylation at Cys-3 varies with membrane lipid composition.
Involved in autophagic vesicle formation. Conjugation with ATG12, through a ubiquitin-like conjugating system involving ATG7 as an E1-like activating enzyme and ATG10 as an E2-like conjugating enzyme, is essential for its function. The ATG12-ATG5 conjugate acts as an E3-like enzyme which is required for lipidation of ATG8 family proteins and their association to the vesicle membranes. Involved in mitochondrial quality control after oxidative damage, and in subsequent cellular longevity. Plays a critical role in multiple aspects of lymphocyte development and is essential for both B and T lymphocyte survival and proliferation. Required for optimal processing and presentation of antigens for MHC II. Involved in the maintenance of axon morphology and membrane structures, as well as in normal adipocyte differentiation. Promotes primary ciliogenesis through removal of OFD1 from centriolar satellites and degradation of IFT20 via the autophagic pathway.
May play an important role in the apoptotic process, possibly within the modified cytoskeleton. Its expression is a relatively late event in the apoptotic process, occurring downstream of caspase activity. Plays a crucial role in IFN-gamma-induced autophagic cell death by interacting with FADD.
Plays role in pre-mRNA splicing as component of the U4/U6-U5 tri-snRNP complex that is involved in spliceosome assembly, and as component of the precatalytic spliceosome (spliceosome B complex).
Component of the chromosomal passenger complex (CPC).
Kinase activity is stimulated by cell-cycle specific phosphorylation.
May play a role in angiogenesis, synapse formation, cellular migration and adhesion.
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mL49 family.
Regulates the activity of L-type calcium channels that contain CACNA1C as pore-forming subunit (By similarity). Regulates the trafficking and gating properties of AMPA-selective glutamate receptors (AMPARs). Promotes their targeting to the cell membrane and synapses and modulates their gating properties by slowing their rates of activation, deactivation and desensitization and by mediating their resensitization. Shows specificity only for GRIA1 and GRIA2.
May be involved in podosome and invadosome formation.
Functions as a chaperone necessary for a stable expression of the CYBA and CYBB subunits of the cytochrome b-245 heterodimer.
Belongs to the proteasome inhibitor PI31 family.
Expression level remains constant during early development. First localized during gastrulation to the dorsal presumptive neuroectoderm. At the end of gastrulation, detected in the dorso-anterior neuroectoderm. During neurulation, expressed as a band on both sides of the forebrain, and in the trunk lateral plate mesoderm. As development proceeds, expression in the trunk lateral plate mesoderm decreases but persists in the forebrain. Also expressed in the posterior unsegmented somitic mesoderm from late tail-bud stage onward.
Interacts (via FZ domain) with tsku; tsku competes with wnt2b for binding to fzd4, inhibiting Wnt signaling and repressing peripheral eye development.
Receptor for Wnt proteins. Most frizzled receptors are coupled to the beta-catenin canonical signaling pathway, which leads to the activation of disheveled proteins, inhibition of GSK-3 kinase, nuclear accumulation of beta-catenin and activation of Wnt target genes. A second signaling pathway involving PKC and calcium fluxes has been seen for some family members, but it is not yet clear if it represents a distinct pathway or if it can be integrated in the canonical pathway, as PKC seems to be required for Wnt-mediated inactivation of GSK-3 kinase. Both pathways seem to involve interactions with G-proteins. May be involved in transduction and intercellular transmission of polarity information during tissue morphogenesis and/or in differentiated tissues. Activated by Wnt5A.
The BBSome complex is thought to function as a coat complex required for sorting of specific membrane proteins to the primary cilia. The BBSome complex is required for ciliogenesis but is dispensable for centriolar satellite function.
Regulates the activity of the neutrophil proteases.
Converts proline to delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate.
Dehydrogenase that converts trans-4-L-hydroxyproline to delta-1-pyrroline-3-hydroxy-5-carboxylate (Hyp) using a quinone as the terminal electron acceptor. Can also use proline as a substrate but with a very much lower efficiency. Does not react with other diastereomers of Hyp: trans-4-D-hydroxyproline and cis-4-L-hydroxyproline.
Expressed mainly in adipose tissue and kidney.
Receptor that binds peroxisome proliferators such as hypolipidemic drugs and fatty acids. Once activated by a ligand, the receptor binds to a promoter element in the gene for acyl-CoA oxidase and activates its transcription. It therefore controls the peroxisomal beta-oxidation pathway of fatty acids. Key regulator of adipocyte differentiation and glucose homeostasis. May play a role in the regulation of circadian rhythm (By similarity).
Required for mRNA export from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Acts as an adapter that uses the ddx39b/uap56-nfx1 pathway to ensure efficient mRNA export and delivering to the nuclear pore (By similarity).
Transmembrane component of the tectonic-like complex, a complex localized at the transition zone of primary cilia and acting as a barrier that prevents diffusion of transmembrane proteins between the cilia and plasma membranes. Required for ciliogenesis and sonic hedgehog/SHH signaling.
Acts as component of the mcm2-7 complex (mcm complex) which is the putative replicative helicase essential for 'once per cell cycle' DNA replication initiation and elongation in eukaryotic cells. The active ATPase sites in the mcm2-7 ring are formed through the interaction surfaces of two neighboring subunits such that a critical structure of a conserved arginine finger motif is provided in trans relative to the ATP-binding site of the Walker A box of the adjacent subunit. The six ATPase active sites, however, are likely to contribute differentially to the complex helicase activity. The existence of maternal and zygotic forms of mcm3 and mcm6 suggests that specific forms of mcm2-7 complexes may be used during different stages of development (By similarity).
Component of the mcm2-7 complex (RLF-M) (By similarity). The complex forms a toroidal hexameric ring with the proposed subunit order mcm2-mcm6-mcm4-mcm7-mcm3-mcm5 (By similarity). The heterodimer of mmcm3/mcm5 interacts with mcm4, mmcm6, mcm7 and weakly with mcm2 (By similarity). The N-terminus is required for interaction with mmcm3, though this interaction may not be direct, and remains in a complex with mmcm3 throughout the cell cycle (By similarity). Begins to associate with zmcm6 at the neurula stage (By similarity). Component of the replisome complex (By similarity). Component of the CMG helicase complex, composed of the mcm2-7 complex, the GINS complex and cdc45 (By similarity).
Ubiquitinated by traip when forks converge following formation of DNA interstrand cross-links (By similarity). Short ubiquitin chains on mcm7 promote recruitment of DNA glycosylase neil3 (By similarity). If the interstrand cross-link cannot be cleaved by neil3, the ubiquitin chains continue to grow on mcm7, promoting the unloading of the CMG helicase complex by the vcp/p97 ATPase (By similarity).
Component of the NoRC complex, at least composed of SMARCA5/SNF2H and BAZ2A/TIP5.
Essential component of the NoRC (nucleolar remodeling complex) complex, a complex that mediates silencing of a fraction of rDNA by recruiting histone-modifying enzymes and DNA methyltransferases, leading to heterochromatin formation and transcriptional silencing. In the complex, it plays a central role by being recruited to rDNA and by targeting chromatin modifying enzymes such as HDAC1, leading to repress RNA polymerase I transcription. Recruited to rDNA via its interaction with TTF1 and its ability to recognize and bind histone H4 acetylated on 'Lys-16' (H4K16ac), leading to deacetylation of H4K5ac, H4K8ac, H4K12ac but not H4K16ac. Specifically binds pRNAs, 150-250 nucleotide RNAs that are complementary in sequence to the rDNA promoter; pRNA-binding is required for heterochromatin formation and rDNA silencing (By similarity).
The MBD (methyl-CpG-binding) domain, also named TAM domain, specifically recognizes and binds a conserved stem-loop structure the association within pRNA.
Transcriptional coactivator for nuclear receptors which may play an important role in regulating cell growth and apoptosis.
Plays a role in neuronal plasticity and the proteolytic action may subserve structural reorganizations associated with learning and memory operations.
Catalyzes the ATP-dependent amination of UTP to CTP with either L-glutamine or ammonia as the source of nitrogen.
May regulate phosphatase activity of protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) complexes.
May play a role in organ morphogenesis. Promotes matrix assembly (By similarity).
Expression begins at a low level shortly after the mid-blastula transition. Expression then increases during early and mid-gastrulation.
Transcriptional repressor. Acts in a ventral signaling pathway downstream of bmp4 to antagonize the Spemann organizer and ventrally pattern the embryonic mesoderm. Represses transcription of the dorsal genes gsc and otx2.
Widely expressed in the embryo prior to gastrulation. Becomes restricted to the ventral marginal zone by mid/late gastrulation. Ventral localization persists during gastrulation and neurulation in the ventral region of the closed blastopore and in the proctodeum during tail bud stages.
Belongs to the cytokine receptor-like factor 3 family.
May play a role in the negative regulation of cell cycle progression.
Belongs to the FAD-dependent oxidoreductase 2 family. FRD/SDH subfamily.
Component of complex II composed of four subunits: a flavoprotein (FP), an iron-sulfur protein (IP), and a cytochrome b composed of a large and a small subunit.
Flavoprotein (FP) subunit of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) that is involved in complex II of the mitochondrial electron transport chain and is responsible for transferring electrons from succinate to ubiquinone (coenzyme Q).
May be involved in ciliary biogenesis or function.
Component of a ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex, at least composed of lsm14a/rap55a, ybx2/frgy2, ddx6/Xp54 and eif4enif1/4E-T. Also forms a complex with prmt1 independently of ybx2/frgy2. Interacts with ddx6/Xp54 but does not appear to directly bind ybx2/frgy2. Different translationally-repressed mRNP complexes probably exist that contain either lsm14a/rap55a or lsm14b/rap55b depending on the developmental stage.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Expression increases during oocyte growth and continues at a constant level until the tailbud stage (at protein level).
In contrast to PubMed:17074753, PubMed:9851867 show a strictly maternal expression that decreases progressively during oocyte maturation and early cleavage stages. This is more similar to the expression pattern of lsm14b/rap55b.
RNA-binding component of messenger ribonucleoprotein complexes (mRNPs), storage particles that mask maternal mRNAs from the translational apparatus during oocyte maturation (PubMed:17074753). Acts as a repressor of mRNA translation (PubMed:17074753). Probably involved in the storage of translationally inactive mRNAs in the cytoplasm in order to prevent their degradation (PubMed:17074753).
The RGG repeats are required for interaction with ddx6/Xp54 and accumulation in ribonucleoprotein complexes.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL6 family.
Functions as a negative regulator of the TORC1 signaling pathway.
Belongs to the class-II aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family. Type 2 subfamily.
Catalyzes the specific attachment of an amino acid to its cognate tRNA in a 2 step reaction: the amino acid (AA) is first activated by ATP to form AA-AMP and then transferred to the acceptor end of the tRNA.
Pulmonary surfactant associated proteins promote alveolar stability by lowering the surface tension at the air-liquid interface in the peripheral air spaces.
Autoubiquitinated. Ubiquitinated by SH3RF2, leading to proteasome-mediated degradation.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically throughout early development. Becomes visible in the animal hemisphere of the embryo during the cleavage and blastula stages. At the gastrula stages, expressed broadly throughout the marginal zone and animal pole tissues. At the neurula stages, it shows the restricted expression in dorsal tissue. At later stages, expressed in the cement gland, brain, somite, notochord and pronephros.
Has E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity. In the absence of an external substrate, it can catalyze self-ubiquitination. Acts as a scaffold protein that contributes to the effective activation of the JNK signaling pathway (By similarity). Plays an essential role in the anterior neural development.
The RING finger domain is required for ubiquitin ligase activity and autoubiquitination.
Belongs to the acetyltransferase family. NAA60 subfamily.
Catalyzes the conversion of (3S)-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) to mevalonic acid, the rate-limiting step in the synthesis of cholesterol and other isoprenoids, thus plays a critical role in cellular cholesterol homeostasis.
Belongs to the AAA ATPase family. Katanin p60 subunit A1 subfamily.
May be involved in the regulation of the cytoskeletal dynamics, plays a role in actin stress fiber formation.
May be involved in gene regulation within neural lineage cells potentially by direct DNA binding or by binding to other transcription factors.
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-shaping membrane protein that plays a role in determining ER morphology. Involved in the stabilization of nascent three-way ER tubular junctions within the ER network (PubMed:27619977). May also play a role as a curvature-stabilizing protein within three-way ER tubular junction network (By similarity).
Homodimer; homodimerization requires the C4-type zinc finger motif and decreases during mitosis in a phosphorylation-dependent manner (PubMed:27619977).
Phosphorylated. Phosphorylation at Thr-159 and Ser-325 occurs during interphase (PubMed:27619977). Phosphorylation at Ser-177, Ser-179, Ser-188, Ser-192, Thr-198, Ser-206, Ser-215, Thr-219, Ser-222 and Ser-231 occurs during mitosis; these phosphorylations reduce both its homodimerization and the ER three-way tubular junction formation (PubMed:27619977).
The transmembrane domain 1 and 2 function as a signal-anchor and stop-transfer sequence, respectively, generating a double-spanning integral membrane protein with a N- and C-terminal cytoplasmic orientation. Transmembrane domain 1 and 2 are probably sufficient to mediate membrane translocation and topology formation in a N-myristoylation-independent manner. Transmembrane domain 2 is sufficient to block the protein secretion pathway. The two coiled-coil domains are necessary for its endoplasmic reticulum (ER) three-way tubular junction localization. The C4-type zinc finger motif is necessary both for its ER three-way tubular junction localization and formation.
Expressed in neurons, especially in the olfactory bulbs, telencephalic pallium, and hypothalamus and also in the midbrain and hindbrain (in the mesencephalic tegmentum and dorsolateral rhombencephalon). Expressed also in the spinal cord.
G-protein coupled receptor for cannabinoids (By similarity). Mediates many cannabinoid-induced effects in the central nervous system (CNS), as well as in peripheral tissues (By similarity). Regulates cellular respiration and energy production in response to cannabinoids (By similarity). Signaling typically involves reduction in cyclic AMP (By similarity).
Palmitoylation at Cys-415 is important for recruitment at both plasma membrane and lipid rafts and association with G protein alpha subunits.
Functions as a regulator of the biosynthesis of TSH in the anterior pituitary gland and as a neurotransmitter/ neuromodulator in the central and peripheral nervous systems.
Acts as a positive cofactor of GATA transcription factors to establish the identity of the ventral mesoderm during gastrulation. Down-regulation in the dorsal mesoderm is necessary for the proper formation of this territory since, when present, lmo4 may bind ldb1 and restrict the availability of this cofactor for Spemman organizer transcription factors. At neurula stages, suppresses primary neuron differentiation and modulates gene expression at the Isthmic Organizer of the midbrain-hindbrain boundary.
At the start of gastrulation (stage 10), expressed in the mesodermal marginal zone. Shortly after (stage 11), expression is down-regulated in the dorsal most region. During neurulation, expressed in the neural plate and ventral epidermis. At late neurula stages, also expressed more rostrally, and then in the brain, migrating neural crests and ventral epidermis.
By irx1 in the neural plate. By bmp4-signaling in the ventral mesoderm. Down-regulated in the dorsal mesoderm at stage 11 by Spemann Organizer repressors including gsc.
Belongs to the proteasome subunit S1 family.
Acts as a transcriptional activator. Plays a role as a differentiation factor during neurogenesis. Required for the conversion of cells within the neural plate and ventral ectoderm into differentiated neurons. Promotes the differentiation of late-born retinal amacrine cells, but not early-born retinal ganglion cells. Its function is inhibited at early stages of retinal cells differentiation.
Expressed in differentiating neurons of both the central and peripheral nervous systems.
Expressed in the neural plate at stage 14 and expression continues throughout embryonic development. Expressed in the developing retina.
Phosphorylation on Ser-266 and Ser-274 reduces protein accumulation and inhibits ectopic neurogenic activity.
Binds long-chain acyl-coenzyme A molecules with a strong preference for unsaturated C18:1-CoA. Does not bind fatty acids (By similarity).
Transcriptional repressor. Required for pronephric kidney development (By similarity).
Belongs to the eukaryotic/archaeal RNase P protein component 3 family.
Histone binding is mediated by the concave surface of the LRR region.
Multifunctional protein working as a cell cycle progression factor as well as a cell survival factor. Required for the progression from the G1 to the S phase. Anti-apoptotic protein which functions as a caspase-3 inhibitor. Has no phosphatase 2A (PP2A) inhibitor activity. Exhibits histone chaperone properties, stimulating core histones to assemble into a nucleosome (By similarity).
Regulates localization of phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase (PI4K) to the plasma membrane.
Crucial regulator of the mitotic cell cycle and development. At prophase, required for dynein anchoring to the nuclear envelope important for proper centrosome-nucleus coupling (By similarity). At G2/M phase, may be required for proper spindle formation and execution of cytokinesis (By similarity). Probable component of the Integrator (INT) complex, a complex involved in the small nuclear RNAs (snRNA) U1 and U2 transcription and in their 3'-box-dependent processing (By similarity). Plays a role in gastrulation and early embryogenesis (PubMed:15737938).
Component of multiple BCR (BTB-CUL3-RBX1) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complexes formed of cul3, rbx1 and a variable BTB domain-containing protein acting as both, adapter to cullin and substrate recognition subunit (By similarity). Interacts with btbd6 (PubMed:18855900).
Neddylated. Attachment of NEDD8 is required for the E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity of the SCF-like complex.
Probable core component of cullin-based SCF-like E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complexes which mediate the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins (By similarity). The E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity of the complex is dependent on the neddylation of the cullin subunit (By similarity). Involved in ER-Golgi transport by regulating the size of COPII coats, thereby playing a key role in collagen export, which is required for embryonic stem (ES) cells division (By similarity). May play a role in the regulation of mittotic entry via ubiquitination of aurka (By similarity).
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that mediates ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins. E3 ubiquitin ligases accept ubiquitin from an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme in the form of a thioester and then directly transfers the ubiquitin to targeted substrates. Involved in eye morphogenesis, probably triggers the ubiquitin-mediated degradation of different substrates (PubMed:11335112). May play a role in the regulation of the cellular clock function (By similarity).
The SBD domain (substrate-binding domain) mediates the homodimerization and the interaction with substrate proteins. It is related to the TRAF family.
Widely expressed in early embryos until stage 40. It is then expressed in brain, spinal cord and in the developing and mature eye.
Component of the SKA1 complex, a microtubule-binding subcomplex of the outer kinetochore that is essential for proper chromosome segregation. The SKA1 complex is a direct component of the kinetochore-microtubule interface and directly associates with microtubules as oligomeric assemblies. The complex facilitates the processive movement of microspheres along a microtubule in a depolymerization-coupled manner. In the complex, it mediates the microtubule-stimulated oligomerization. Affinity for microtubules is synergistically enhanced in the presence of the ndc-80 complex and may allow the ndc-80 complex to track depolymerizing microtubules.
Component of the SKA1 complex, composed of ska1, ska2 and ska3.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS6 family.
Component of the 40S small ribosomal subunit (By similarity). Plays an important role in controlling cell growth and proliferation through the selective translation of particular classes of mRNA (By similarity).
Ribosomal protein S6 is the major substrate of protein kinases in eukaryote ribosomes. The phosphorylation is stimulated by growth factors, tumor promoting agents, and mitogens. It is dephosphorylated at growth arrest.
Required for 60S pre-ribosomal subunits export to the cytoplasm.
Autocatalytically cleaved in response to double-stranded DNA-binding: autocatalytic cleavage takes place in trans and leads to inactivation.
DNA-binding activates the protease activity: single-stranded DNA-binding specifically activates ability to cleave covalent DNA-protein cross-links (DPCs) (By similarity). In contrast, double-stranded DNA-binding specifically activates autocatalytic cleavage, and subsequent inactivation (By similarity).
DNA-dependent metalloendopeptidase that mediates the proteolytic cleavage of covalent DNA-protein cross-links (DPCs) during DNA synthesis, thereby playing a key role in maintaining genomic integrity (PubMed:30595436). DPCs are highly toxic DNA lesions that interfere with essential chromatin transactions, such as replication and transcription, and which are induced by reactive agents, such as UV light or formaldehyde (By similarity). Associates with the DNA replication machinery and specifically removes DPCs during DNA synthesis (By similarity). Acts as a pleiotropic protease for DNA-binding proteins cross-linked with DNA, such as top1, top2a, histones H3 and H4 (By similarity). Mediates degradation of DPCs that are not ubiquitinated, while it is not able to degrade ubiquitinated DPCs (PubMed:30595436). SPRTN activation requires polymerase collision with DPCs followed by helicase bypass of DPCs (PubMed:30595436). May also act as a 'reader' of ubiquitinated pcna: facilitates chromatin association of rad18 and is required for efficient pcna monoubiquitination, promoting a feed-forward loop to enhance pcna ubiquitination and translesion DNA synthesis (By similarity). Acts as a regulator of translesion DNA synthesis by recruiting vcp/p97 to sites of DNA damage (By similarity).
The UBZ4-type zinc fingers mediate binding to 'Lys-48'- and 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitin.
Plays a role in androgen-induced proliferative arrest. Required for maintenance of sister chromatid cohesion during mitosis (By similarity).
Receptor specific to the heptapeptide core common to adrenocorticotropic hormone and alpha-, beta-, and gamma-MSH. Plays a central role in energy homeostasis and somatic growth. This receptor is mediated by G proteins that stimulate adenylate cyclase (cAMP).
Identified in the CTLH complex that contains at least MAEA, RMND5A (or alternatively its paralog RMND5B), GID8, WDR26, and RANBP9 and/or RANBP10.
May act as scaffolding protein, and as adapter protein to couple membrane receptors to intracellular signaling pathways. Acts as a mediator of cell spreading and actin cytoskeleton rearrangement. Core component of the CTLH E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex that mediates ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins.
Heterooligomeric complex of about 850 to 900 kDa that forms two stacked rings, 12 to 16 nm in diameter.
Molecular chaperone; assists the folding of proteins upon ATP hydrolysis. Known to play a role, in vitro, in the folding of actin and tubulin.
Belongs to the thiolase-like superfamily. HMG-CoA synthase family.
Catalyzes the condensation of acetyl-CoA with acetoacetyl-CoA to form HMG-CoA.
Plays a role in cytoskeletal rearrangements during the late wrapping and/or compaction phases of myelinogenesis as well as in maintenance and stability of myelin sheath in the adult. May play an important role in late-stage oligodendroglia maturation, myelin/Ranvier node formation during CNS development, and in the maintenance and plasticity of related structures in the mature CNS.
Belongs to the fatty acyl-CoA reductase family.
Catalyzes the reduction of fatty acyl-CoA to fatty alcohols.
Catalyzes the reduction of saturated and unsaturated C16 or C18 fatty acyl-CoA to fatty alcohols. It plays an essential role in the production of ether lipids/plasmalogens which synthesis requires fatty alcohols. In parallel, it is also required for wax monoesters production since fatty alcohols also constitute a substrate for their synthesis.
After fertilization, expressed at the animal pole in embryo, blastomeres and blastula stage (at protein level).
Expressed uniformly in growing oocytes (stage I to IV) and distributed at the animal pole in fully-grown oocytes (stages V and VI) (at protein level). During early oocyte maturation its expression remains constant and then declines drastically during late oocyte maturation between 4 hours and 6 hours after the germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) (at protein level). Expressed during early oogenesis until stage III, remains constant through stage V oocytes, decreases slightly in stage VI oocytes, and then remains constant throughout oocyte maturation.
Found in a complex with cpeb1, tacc3/maskin and eif4e; dissolution of this complex results in the binding of eif4e to eif4g and the translational activation of CPE-containing mRNAs. Found in a complex with cpeb1, cpsf1, the cytoplasmic poly(A) polymerase papd4/gld2 and sympk. Found in a mRNP complex with cpeb1, a guanine exchange factor xgef and mos mRNA. Interacts with cpsf1, papd4/gld2, tacc3/maskin, microtubules, sympk and xgef. Component of a ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex, at least composed of cpeb1, lsm14b/rap55b, ddx6/Xp54, ybx2/frgy2, pat1/P100, eif4enif1/4E-T and eif4e1b. Interaction with ybx2/frgy2 is RNA-dependent. May interact with aplp1. Interaction with cpsf1 increases during meiotic maturation and is not mediated through RNA. Interaction with xgef is necessary for its early activating phosphorylation status.
Sequence-specific RNA-binding protein that regulates mRNA cytoplasmic polyadenylation and translation initiation during oocyte maturation and early development. Binds to the cytoplasmic polyadenylation element (CPE), an uridine-rich sequence element (consensus sequence 5'-UUUUUAU-3') within the mRNA 3'-UTR. In the absence of phosphorylation and in association with tacc3/maskin, also acts as a repressor of translation of CPE-containing mRNA; a repression that is relieved by phosphorylation or degradation. Requires zinc for RNA binding. Involved in the cell cycle progression from S phase into M phase.
Ser-174 phosphorylation by aurka in immature oocytes is essential to trigger CPE-containing mRNA cytoplasmic polyadenylation and translation activation and the subsequent signaling events that result in meiotic progression. Ser-174 phosphorylation recruits the cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor (cpsf1) into an active cytoplasmic polyadenylation complex. Ser-174 phosphorylation increases its affinity for cpsf1 and papd4/gld2. Heavily phosphorylated by CDK1 on serines late during oocyte maturation. Ser-210 phosphorylation is sufficient to target cpeb1 for degradation. Ser-174 phosphorylation oscillates with the cell cycle (phosphorylated at M phase, but not at S phase) and is necessary for S phase to M phase progression. Phosphorylation at Ser-174 may be promoted by aplp1.
Ubiquitinated. Requires a PEST box and the proteasome pathway for destruction during oocyte maturation. Ser-210 phosphorylation triggers its destruction, an event important to allow the transition from metaphase I to metaphase II and cytokinesis in the early embryo.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Expressed in unfertilized eggs and at blastula stages. Expression remains relatively high until late gastrula stage (stage 11) but becomes weaker at early neurula stages (stages 12 to 15). Expressed strongly at stages 18, 20 and 30.
Expressed in the animal hemisphere at early cleavage stages and in the presumptive ectoderm in the late blastula embryo. At gastrula stage (stage 10.5), expressed weakly in the anterior ectoderm distant from the blastopore. At neural plate stages (stage 13), expression appears in the anterior neural plate. At neural fold stage (stage 20), strongly expressed in the anterior of the neural tube. At stages 23 and 25, expression increases in the presumptive brain and appears in the optic vesicle. At tail bud stages, strongly expressed in the brain, eye and weakly in the spinal cord. In the tail bud brain, strongly expressed in the dorsal region. In the eye, expressed in strong in the dorsal roof of the brain vesicles.
Transcriptional activator (By similarity). Participates in neural induction.
Unlike Ref.2, PubMed:17056008 doesn't detect maternal expression.
Appears in the embryonic ectoderm during gastrulation when epidermal differentiation commences and it disappears from the neural plate aera upon neural induction.
Cadherins are calcium-dependent cell adhesion proteins. They preferentially interact with themselves in a homophilic manner in connecting cells; cadherins may thus contribute to the sorting of heterogeneous cell types. E-cadherin is a ligand for integrin alpha-E/beta-7.
Transcription factor involved in epidermis differentiation.
May play a role in microtubule-mediated transport or vesicle function.
Acts as component of the retromer cargo-selective complex (CSC). The CSC is believed to be the core functional component of retromer or respective retromer complex variants acting to prevent missorting of selected transmembrane cargo proteins into the lysosomal degradation pathway.
Belongs to the uracil-DNA glycosylase (UDG) superfamily. SMUG1 family.
Recognizes base lesions in the genome and initiates base excision DNA repair. Acts as a monofunctional DNA glycosylase specific for uracil (U) residues in DNA with a preference for single-stranded DNA substrates. Does not exhibit any enzymatic activity towards G/T mismatches.
Interacts with actin and this stimulates phosphatase activity.
Maternally expressed in the early blastomere. Expressed in the involuting mesodermal cells and ectodermal cells of early gastrula stage embryos. Expression increases from stage 10.5, when the gastrulation movement occurs. Expression is concentrated at blastopore lips and the dorsal site of stage 11 embryos. Present in head structures and the trunk at the neurula and tailbud stages.
Protein phosphatase which regulates actin filament dynamics. Dephosphorylates and activates the actin binding/depolymerizing factor cofilin, which subsequently binds to actin filaments and stimulates their disassembly. Required for completion of the gastrulation movement and for cytokinesis.
Tyrosine phosphatase activity has not been demonstrated for this protein to date.
Essential for selective protein import into nucleus. Promotes signal-dependent binding of karyophilic proteins to the nuclear envelope.
Forms a complex with importin subunit beta-1.
The importin beta binding domain (IBB domain), which is sufficient for binding importin beta and essential for nuclear protein import confers import only, but not re-export out of the nucleus.
Adds a GMP to the 5'-end of tRNA(His) after transcription and RNase P cleavage.
Belongs to the tRNA(His) guanylyltransferase family.
Plays a role in promoting cell proliferation in response to pro-inflammatory stimuli.
Catalyzes the hydrolysis of membrane sphingomyelin to form phosphorylcholine and ceramide. It has a relevant role in the homeostasis of membrane sphingolipids, thereby influencing membrane integrity, and endoplasmic reticulum organization and function. May sensitize cells to DNA damage-induced apoptosis.
By bmp-antagonism. Fgf is required for maintenance of expression, but not for induction.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Most abundant in stage I oocytes. Expression fades away at stage 7 and then is elevated at the late blastula stage (stage 9), which continues during neurulation. From stage 25 onwards, expression levels decrease.
Expression is restricted to the animal hemisphere of the uncleaved egg and early cleavage embryos. In late blastula and gastrula stages, expressed in the dorsal animal and marginal zone. In neurula stages, expressed in the developing central nervous system including the otic vesicles, branchial arches and the lens epithelium of the developing eye. At stage 23 (early tail bud), expressed in the neural tube and around the anterior neural plate. Throughout tail bud stages, expressed in the brain, and in the otic vesicle and branchial arches. Weakly expressed in the eye lens at stage 30 (late tailbud). In adults, mainly expressed in the ovary, with faint expression in the brain, testis, muscle and skin.
Transcription factor with sequence-specific DNA binding activity. Binds to the consensus sequence 5'-[AT][AT]CAA[AT]G-3', showing a preference for 5'-AACAAT-3' and 5'-AACAAAG-3'. Inhibits beta-catenin-mediated dorsal axis specification by binding to sites within the promoter of the beta-catenin-regulated gene nodal5. Acts maternally as a transcriptional repressor of nodal5 and nodal6 to restrict their expression to the vegetal hemisphere of early embryos and thus establish germ layer formation. Acts at multiple points to inhibit nodal signaling, repressing the expression of the other mesoderm-inducing nodal genes nodal, nodal2 and nodal4, and also acting downstream to induce expression of genes including trim33/ectodermin, ema and coco, whose products repress nodal signaling.
May act as a general inhibitor of transcription.
Belongs to the AAA ATPase family. Katanin p60 subunit A1 subfamily. A-like 2 sub-subfamily.
Severs microtubules in vitro in an ATP-dependent manner. This activity may promote rapid reorganization of cellular microtubule arrays.
Expressed at a low level in neurula stage embryos.
Phosphorylated during oocyte maturation and dephosphorylated following egg activation. Dephosphorylation is calcium dependent and correlates with the increase in the activity of EDEN-dependent deadenylation (By similarity).
RNA-binding protein implicated in the regulation of several post-transcriptional events. May be involved in pre-mRNA alternative splicing, mRNA translation activation and stability (By similarity). Mediates the rapid and sequence-specific cytoplasmic deadenylation of EDEN-containing maternal mRNAs following fertilization. Binds to AU-rich sequences (AREs) of jun mRNA. Binds to the embryonic deadenylation element (EDEN) motif localized in the 3'-UTR of maternal mRNAs. Binds to RNA containing several repeats of the consensus sequence 5'-UGU-3'. EDEN-dependent deadenylation is enhanced by the presence of an additional cis element composed of three AUU repeats (By similarity).
Key player in the regulation of energy balance and body weight control. Once released into the circulation, has central and peripheral effects by binding LEPR, found in many tissues, which results in the activation of several major signaling pathways.
By dvr1/vg1, activin and t/bra in the mesoderm. By heteromeric AP-1 (fos/jun) during activin signaling. By increases in Ca(2+) in the dorsal ectoderm, triggered by planar signals from the mesoderm. Suppressed by bmp-signaling. By pbx1 and meis1. By zic1, zic2 and zic3 but not zic5.
Expressed zygotically. First expressed from the late blastula.
First detected at early gastrula (stage 10.25) in the dorsal lip and prospective neural plate. Also expressed in the mesoderm at early gastrulation, with expression strongest on the dorsal side. Mesodermal expression continues at stage 12 but is hardly detectable after stage 14. As gastrulation proceeds, expression decreases in the dorsal lip and increases in the prospective neural plate. At the neural plate stage (stage 14), expressed strongly in the prospective mesencephalon and anterior rhombencephalon, after which expression becomes stronger in the anterior neural folds. At early tailbud stage (stage 20), expression becomes restricted to the dorsal region of forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain, and weakly to the dorsal trunk. After mid-tailbud stage, expression decreases in the diencephalon, appears in the lateral mesoderm of the tailbud region and becomes restricted in the dorsal part of the neural tube.
Probably acts as a transcriptional activator. May bind to the minimal GLI-consensus sequence 5'-GGGTGGTC-3'. Can determine the ectodermal cell fate and promote the earliest step of neural and neural crest development. Involved in establishing left-right asymmetry in the embryo.
The C2H2-type 3, 4 and 5 zinc finger domains are necessary for transcription activation (By similarity). The zinc fingers and the N-terminus are independently important for establishing the L/R axis.
Homodimer. Heterodimer; with a rar molecule. Binds DNA preferentially as a rar/rxr heterodimer (By similarity). Interacts with coactivator ncoa3 and with senp6 (PubMed:16912044, PubMed:9658407).
It is synthesized during oogenesis and persists during early cleavage, levels drop before gastrulation and remain low until the tailbud stage, and then increase in the later stages.
Receptor for retinoic acid that acts as a transcription factor. Forms homo- or heterodimers with retinoic acid receptors (rars) and binds to target response elements in response to their ligands, all-trans or 9-cis retinoic acid, to regulate gene expression in various biological processes. The rar/rxr heterodimers bind to the retinoic acid response elements (RARE) composed of tandem 5'-AGGTCA-3' sites known as DR1-DR5 to regulate transcription. The high affinity ligand for rxrs is 9-cis retinoic acid. In the absence of ligand, the rar/rxr heterodimers associate with a multiprotein complex containing transcription corepressors that induce histone deacetylation, chromatin condensation and transcriptional suppression. On ligand binding, the corepressors dissociate from the receptors and coactivators are recruited leading to transcriptional activation.
Sumoylated on Lys-134; which negatively regulates transcriptional activity. Desumoylated specifically by SENP6 (By similarity).
Expressed throughout the oocyte development from stages I to VI (at protein level). Levels begin to increase in the developing nervous system at stage 12 (at protein level). At the neural tube stage, expression is detected throughout the developing neural epithelium and in the cells migrating out of the mesencephalon and rhombencephalon, eye, neural tube, otic vesicle, pronephros, branchial arches and blood islands (at protein level). Detected in low levels throughout early embryogenesis.
Homodimer and multimer (PubMed:12403469). Associates with microtubules (PubMed:9620847, PubMed:7588639). Interaction with a translocation machinery protein TRAPA of the endoplasmic reticulum (PubMed:9148809). Component of a mRNP complex, at least composed of DAZAP1, IGF2BP3, STAU and VgRBP60 (PubMed:15096527). The mRNP complex with DAZAP1, IGF2BP3, STAU and VgRBP60 is only found in the cytoplasm (PubMed:15096527). Interacts with a hnRNP 1 related RNA transport protein VgRBP60 both in the nucleus (in a RNA-independent manner) and the cytoplasm (in a RNA-dependent manner) (PubMed:15096527). Found in a B3 activator complex (By similarity).
RNA-binding protein that acts as a regulator of mRNA transport and localization. Binds to the RNA sequence motif 5'-UUCAC-3'. Preferentially binds to N6-methyladenosine (m6A)-containing mRNAs and increases their stability (By similarity). Mediates the specific association of Vg1 RNA to microtubules. Binds specifically to the vegetal localization elements (VLE or VgLE) in the 3'-UTR of Vg1 and VegT mRNAs. Binds to the Vg1 and VegT mRNAs in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm. May regulate mRNA translation (By similarity). Acts as a transcription regulator (By similarity). Binds to the 5'-[TA]GGTTACT-3' motif within element 3 of the TFIIIA gene promoter (By similarity).
The third and fourth KH domains are involved in RNA binding and self-association. Stable self-association requires RNA.
May regulate the bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) pathway.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. First expressed at stage II of oogenesis. Maternal expression levels are low and become further reduced after fertilization. Zygotic expression begins at the mid-blastula transition and peaks during the gastrula/neurula stages. A lower level of expression is then maintained during tailbud and later stages.
Maternal expression is localized to the animal hemisphere of the cleavage embryo. In pre-gastrula embryos, zygotic expression begins in the presumptive neural ectoderm. During gastrulation, expression is confined to the superficial layer of cells in the dorsal blastopore lip (Spemann organizer). Also expressed at a lower level in the paraxial mesoderm but not in the notochord. Expression is subsequently lost until after neural tube closure when expression re-initiates in the tailtip within the entire neural tube and paraxial mesoderm, but not in the notochord.
Strongly by siamois, moderately by cer1 and weakly by wnt8 and nog.
Transcriptional repressor with a role in dorsal axis formation and neural plate expansion; maintains an undifferentiated neural ectoderm after neural induction.
Interacts with ribonucleoprotein complex components.
Only starts to be expressed in late oogenesis (stage IV) and is relatively abundant in eggs and embryos, peaking at embryonic stages 12-20, corresponding to gastrula and neural fold stages. At stage 42, which corresponds to the tadpole-like stage, present in neuron-rich tissues such as eye and brain (at protein level).
RNA-binding protein involved in deadenylation-dependent decapping of mRNAs, leading to the degradation of mRNAs. Acts as a scaffold protein that connects deadenylation and decapping machinery. Required for cytoplasmic mRNA processing body (P-body) assembly (By similarity). When tethered to a reporter mRNA, able to repress translation (PubMed:20826699).
Expressed in most tissues. Enriched in proliferating cells from skin and gut.
Highly phosphorylated by cdk2; stimulates initiation of DNA replication.
Interacts with topbp1. Interacts with Cdc45l and the kinase cdk2-cyclin-E (the interaction is direct).
Regulator of DNA replication. Promotes initiation of chromosomal DNA replication by mediating topbp1- and cdk2-dependent recruitment of cdc45l onto replication origins.
Belongs to the phosphoglycerate kinase family.
Coactivator of estrogen receptor-mediated transcription and a corepressor of other nuclear hormone receptors and sequence-specific transcription factors. Regulates oocyte maturation. Enhances androgen receptor (AR)-mediated transcription in a SRC-dependent manner.
Component of some MLL1/MLL complex (By similarity). Forms a signaling complex with SRC and estrogen receptors.
The Glu-rich region mediates histones interaction.
The Leu-Xaa-Xaa-Leu-Leu (LXXLL) motifs are required for the association with nuclear receptor ESR1.
Lipid-binding protein involved in the biosynthesis of coenzyme Q, also named ubiquinone, an essential lipid-soluble electron transporter for aerobic cellular respiration.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 28 family.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the AIR carboxylase family. Class II subfamily.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the SAICAR synthetase family.
Catalyzes the oxidative ring opening of 3-hydroxyanthranilate to 2-amino-3-carboxymuconate semialdehyde, which spontaneously cyclizes to quinolinate.
Monoubiquitinated. Deubiquitinated (By similarity).
Belongs to the TRAFAC class dynamin-like GTPase superfamily. GB1/RHD3 GTPase family. GB1 subfamily.
GTPase tethering membranes through formation of trans-homooligomers and mediating homotypic fusion of endoplasmic reticulum membranes (PubMed:19665976). Functions in endoplasmic reticulum tubular network biogenesis (PubMed:19665976, PubMed:27619977).
Component of the RZZ complex composed of kntc1/rod, zw10 and zwilch.
Essential component of the mitotic checkpoint, which prevents cells from prematurely exiting mitosis. Required for the assembly of the dynein-dynactin and mad1-mad2 complexes onto kinetochores (By similarity).
Transfers mannosyl residues to the hydroxyl group of serine or threonine residues.
Belongs to the complex I 49 kDa subunit family.
Belongs to the Sp1 C2H2-type zinc-finger protein family.
Transcription factor which plays a key role in limb development. Positively regulates FGF8 expression in the apical ectodermal ridge (AER) and contributes to limb outgrowth in embryos (By similarity).
Belongs to the transcriptional coactivator PC4 family.
General coactivator that functions cooperatively with TAFs and mediates functional interactions between upstream activators and the general transcriptional machinery. May be involved in stabilizing the multiprotein transcription complex. Binds single-stranded DNA. Also binds, in vitro, non-specifically to double-stranded DNA (ds DNA).
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 99 family.
Belongs to the inner dynein arm light chain family.
May play a dynamic role in flagellar motility.
Catalytic subunit of the SLX1-SLX4 structure-specific endonuclease that resolves DNA secondary structures generated during DNA repair and recombination. Has endonuclease activity towards branched DNA substrates, introducing single-strand cuts in duplex DNA close to junctions with ss-DNA.
Contaminating sequence. Potential poly-A sequence starting in position 426.
May act as a 'capping' or 'branching' protein for keratin filaments in the cell periphery. May regulate K8/K18 filament and desmosome organization mainly at the apical or peripheral regions of simple epithelial cells (By similarity).
Component of the coding region determinant (CRD)-mediated complex. Identified in mRNP granule complexes containing untranslated mRNAs. Associates with the RISC complex. Associates with the SMN complex. Associates with polysomes.
DRBM domains cooperate for the binding to nucleic acid but not for unwinding helicase activity. The helicase-associated domain-2 (HA2) region is essential for the duplex RNA unwinding helicase activity. The minimal transactivation region (MTAD) mediates interaction with the RNA polymerase II holoenzyme and stimulates transcriptional activation. The oligonucleotide- or oligosaccharide-binding (OB-fold) and the repeated arginine and glycine-glycine (RGG) regions are dispensable for both RNA-binding and unwinding helicase activities. The RGG region contains both nuclear localization signal (NLS) and nuclear export signal (NES) and is necessary and sufficient for nucleocytoplasmic shuttling in a RNA-independent manner.
Multifunctional ATP-dependent nucleic acid helicase that unwinds DNA and RNA in a 3' to 5' direction and that plays important roles in many processes, such as DNA replication, transcriptional activation, post-transcriptional RNA regulation, mRNA translation and RNA-mediated gene silencing. Requires a 3'-single-stranded tail as entry site for acid nuclei unwinding activities as well as the binding and hydrolyzing of any of the four ribo- or deoxyribo-nucleotide triphosphates (NTPs). Binds to DNA, RNA and small interfering siRNA. Plays a role in DNA replication at origins of replication and cell cycle progression. Plays a role as a transcriptional coactivator acting as a bridging factor between polymerase II holoenzyme and transcription factors or cofactors. Plays several roles in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. Promotes pre-mRNA alternative splicing activities of a subset of genes. As component of a large PER complex, is involved in the negative regulation of 3' transcriptional termination of circadian target genes. Component of the coding region determinant (CRD)-mediated complex that promotes cytoplasmic MYC mRNA stability. Plays a role in mRNA translation. Also plays a role in the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) loading complex (RLC) assembly, and hence functions in the RISC-mediated gene silencing process. Mediates the attachment of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs) to actin filaments in the nucleus.
Belongs to the ligand-gated ion channel (TC 1.A.9) family. Acetylcholine receptor (TC 1.A.9.1) subfamily. Epsilon/CHRNE sub-subfamily.
Could also function as a primary ATP-dependent active transporter for glutathione conjugates of electrophiles. May also actively catalyze the efflux of a wide range of substrates including xenobiotics like doxorubicin (DOX) contributing to cell multidrug resistance.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically during oogenesis and early development.
Interacts with the active, GTP-bound form of ralB and ralA.
Multifunctional protein that functions as a downstream effector of ralA and ralB (PubMed:15511640). As a GTPase-activating protein/GAP can inactivate CDC42 and RAC1 by stimulating their GTPase activity. As part of the Ral signaling pathway, may also regulate ligand-dependent EGF and insulin receptors-mediated endocytosis. During mitosis, may act as a scaffold protein in the phosphorylation of EPSIN/EPN1 by the mitotic kinase cyclin B-CDK1, preventing endocytosis during that phase of the cell cycle. During mitosis, also controls mitochondrial fission as an effector of ralA. Recruited to mitochondrion by ralA, acts as a scaffold to foster the mitotic kinase cyclin B-CDK1-mediated phosphorylation and activation of DNM1L (By similarity). Acts on the cytoskeleton, to regulate pigment distribution and to regulate gastrulation (PubMed:15511640).
The Rho-GAP domain mediates the GTPase activator activity toward CDC42.
Involved in the regulation of homocysteine metabolism. Converts betaine and homocysteine to dimethylglycine and methionine, respectively. This reaction is also required for the irreversible oxidation of choline (By similarity).
Inhibits signal transduction by increasing the GTPase activity of G protein alpha subunits thereby driving them into their inactive GDP-bound form. Binds to G(i)-alpha and G(o)-alpha, but not to G(s)-alpha.
Required for the assembly of the V0 complex of the vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase) in the endoplasmic reticulum.
Component of a mRNP complex, at least composed of DAZAP1, IGF2BP3-A, STAU and VgRBP60. Binds to the 3'-UTR of Vg1 mRNA. Interacts with profilin, a protein involved in actin assembly. Interacts with VgRBP71.
Expressed gradually during oogenesis. First expressed in stage I-II oocytes at a low level. Strongly expressed during stage III-IV, and thereafter for the remainder of oogenesis.
RNA-binding protein, which is required during gametogenesis. May be involved in the actin-dependent anchoring of Vg1 mRNA in the vegetal cortex of the oocyte.
Endo/exonuclease with nicking activity towards supercoiled DNA, a preference for single-stranded DNA and 5'-3' exonuclease activity.
The active site contains 1 hydrated divalent metal cation that has only 1 direct interaction with the protein; all other interactions are via water molecules.
Belongs to the CND3 (condensin subunit 3) family.
Phosphorylated by cdk1. Its phosphorylation, as well as that of XCAP-D2 and XCAP-H subunits, activates the condensin complex and is required for chromosome condensation.
AP-1 family transcription factor that controls the differentiation of lineage-specific cells in the immune system: specifically mediates the differentiation of T-helper 17 cells (Th17), follicular T-helper cells (TfH), CD8(+) dendritic cells and class-switch recombination (CSR) in B-cells.
The beta subunit of voltage-dependent calcium channels contributes to the function of the calcium channel by increasing peak calcium current, shifting the voltage dependencies of activation and inactivation, modulating G protein inhibition and controlling the alpha-1 subunit membrane targeting.
AMPK is a heterotrimer of an alpha catalytic subunit (PRKAA1 or PRKAA2), a beta (PRKAB1 or PRKAB2) and a gamma non-catalytic subunits (PRKAG1, PRKAG2 or PRKAG3). Interacts with FNIP1 and FNIP2.
Belongs to the 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase gamma subunit family.
The twin CX3C motif contains 4 conserved Cys residues that form 2 disulfide bonds in the mitochondrial intermembrane space. However, during the transit of timm13-B from cytoplasm into mitochondrion, the Cys residues probably coordinate zinc, thereby preventing folding and allowing its transfer across mitochondrial outer membrane (By similarity).
May function as a linker between cadherin adhesion receptors and the cytoskeleton to regulate cell-cell adhesion and differentiation in the nervous system.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the GART family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the GARS family.
In the central section; belongs to the AIR synthase family.
High-affinity transporter for the intake of thiamine.
By bmp4. Suppressed by gsc, acting in a negative cross-regulatory loop.
Expressed in the ventral marginal zone of gastrulae. At stage 11.5, also expressed in the ventral region of the animal cap (ectoderm). At the end of gastrulation, predominantly localized to the ventral and lateral regions of the closing slit blastopore. At early tail bud stage, expression is maintained only in the forming proctodeum.
Expression begins in the late blastula, peaks at state 11 (early gastrula) and decreases thereafter.
The N-terminal region is required for repressor function.
Transcriptional repressor. Cooperates with vent2 in a ventral signaling pathway downstream of bmp4, which antagonizes the Spemann organizer and dorsal mesoderm formation, and leads to ventral mesoderm formation. Acts downstream of bmp4 to repress transcription of foxa4-B/XFD-1'. Binds to DNA with preference for the target sequence 5'-CTATT[T/C]G-3'. Also binds 5'-TGCATTTTG-3' at a lower frequency, and occasionally 5'-TTGATC-3'. Binds to the homeobox 2 (HBX2) repressor element in the promoter of the myf5 gene and represses myf5 transcription in the ventral domain.
May be involved in mitochondrial RNA maturation and mitochondrial respiratory chain function.
Interacts with topbp1 (via BRCT domains); interaction is cdk2-dependent (PubMed:20116089). Component of the replisome complex (By similarity).
Phosphorylated during interphase. Cdk2 promotes both phosphorylation and formation of a ticrr-topbp1 complex.
Regulator of DNA replication and S/M and G2/M checkpoints. Regulates the triggering of DNA replication initiation via its interaction with topbp1 by participating in cdk2-mediated loading of cdc45l onto replication origins. Required for the transition from pre-replication complex (pre-RC) to pre-initiation complex (pre-IC). Required to prevent mitotic entry after treatment with ionizing radiation.
Essential regulatory subunit of the mitochondrial calcium uniporter complex (uniplex), a complex that mediates calcium uptake into mitochondria.
ARF2 contains 2 smad2s, 1 smad4 and 1 fast3 protein. Interacts with the MH2 domain of smad2. The ARF1 and ARF2 complexes are activated by distinct TGFbeta family members; formation of ARF2 is promoted by derriere and vegt.
Transcriptional activator. Upon TGF-beta induction, forms a transcriptionally active complex with smad2 and smad4 called activin-responsive factor 2 (ARF2), which binds a site on the mix-B/mix.2 promoter called the activin response element (ARE). Binds to activated smads and the ARE with much higher affinity than foxh1/fast-1. Acts with foxh1/fast-1 to control the convergent extension movements of gastrulation.
Heterotetramer that consists of two anti-parallel arranged heterodimers, each one formed by a 17 kDa (p17) and a 12 kDa (p12) subunit.
Important mediator of apoptosis. At the onset of apoptosis, it proteolytically cleaves poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase PARP1 at a '216-Asp-|-Gly-217' bond (By similarity).
The subunits are derived from the precursor sequence by a probable autocatalytic mechanism and probably by other caspases.
Strongly expressed in the eye, branchial arches and telencephalon of stage 26-33 embryos.
Expressed maternally. Zygotic expression is observed at neurula and tailbud stages. Widely expressed in the presumptive ectoderm during blastula, and in the dorsal structures during neurula and tailbud stages. At tailbud stages, strongly expressed in the ventral region of neural tube. Isoform 1 is expressed weakly at neurula and strongly at tailbud stage. Isoform 2 and isoform 3 are strongly expressed at the tailbud stage.
Microtubule-binding protein which directly binds tubulin and is involved in both polymerization and stabilization of microtubules (By similarity). Through its action on microtubules, may participate in the refinement of axons by negatively regulating axonal and leading processes branching (By similarity). Plays a crucial role in neuron polarization and migration (By similarity). Regulates voltage-gated sodium channels transport and function (By similarity). Required for proper head development, it is involved in neural differentiation through regulation of the mek5-erk5 pathway (PubMed:17584734).
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. EFM4 family.
Protein-lysine methyltransferase that selectively catalyzes the trimethylation of EEF1A at 'Lys-318'.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 11 family.
Histone demethylase that can demethylate both 'Lys-4' (H3K4me) and 'Lys-9' (H3K9me) of histone H3, thereby acting as a coactivator or a corepressor, depending on the context. Acts by oxidizing the substrate by FAD to generate the corresponding imine that is subsequently hydrolyzed. Acts as a corepressor by mediating demethylation of H3K4me, a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional activation. Demethylates both mono- (H3K4me1) and di-methylated (H3K4me2) H3K4me. May play a role in the repression of neuronal genes. Alone, it is unable to demethylate H3K4me on nucleosomes and requires the presence of RCOR1/CoREST to achieve such activity.
The SWIRM domain may act as an anchor site for a histone tail.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that promotes the ubiquitination of different substrates.
Belongs to the RING-Cys relay (RCR) family.
Component of the Golgi-associated retrograde protein (GARP) complex Component of the endosome-associated retrograde protein (EARP) complex.
Involved in retrograde transport from early and late endosomes to the late Golgi. The GARP complex is required for the maintenance of protein retrieval from endosomes to the TGN, acid hydrolase sorting, lysosome function, endosomal cholesterol traffic and autophagy. Acts as component of the EARP complex that is involved in endocytic recycling.
Belongs to the Integrator subunit 12 family.
Belongs to the chloride channel (TC 2.A.49) family. ClC-2/CLCN2 subfamily.
Belongs to the complex I 30 kDa subunit family.
Associates with the organic matrix of bone and cartilage. Thought to act as an inhibitor of bone formation.
Requires vitamin K-dependent gamma-carboxylation for its function.
Component of the Wnt-Fzd-LRP5-LRP6 complex that triggers beta-catenin signaling through inducing aggregation of receptor-ligand complexes into ribosome-sized signalsomes.
Homodimer; disulfide-linked. Forms phosphorylated oligomer aggregates on Wnt-signaling.
Interacts with axin1; leading to promote the tankyrase-mediated degradation of axin. Interacts with axin2; leading to promote the tankyrase-mediated degradation of axin.
Key maternal determinant of the dorsal organizer and body axis formation in vertebrates that acts by promoting stabilization of beta-catenin (ctnnb1) (PubMed:30467143). Localizes on the plasma membrane of the future dorsal blastomeres in early blastulas and binds to and promotes the tankyrase-mediated degradation of axin (axin1 and axin2). Axin degradation results in stabilization and nuclear translocation of beta-catenin (ctnnb1) for activating organizer-specific target gene expression (By similarity).
Morpholino knockdown of the protein results in embryos lacking the body axis and dorsal tissues (PubMed:30467143). Reduced dorsal marker expression but enhanced ventral marker expression (PubMed:30467143).
Transcripts are present in granules at the vegetal cortex of oocytes andmove dorsally along with cortical rotation after fertilization.
Glycosylated. Glycosylation is necessary for proper targeting of the transporter to the plasma membrane (By similarity).
Involved in the renal elimination of endogenous and exogenous organic anions. Mediates the sodium-independent uptake of p-aminohippurate (PAH), 2,3-dimercapto-1-propanesulfonic acid (DMPS), cidofovir, adefovir, 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl) guanine (PMEG), 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl) diaminopurine (PMEDAP), ochratoxin (OTA), acyclovir (ACV), 3'-azido-3-'deoxythymidine (AZT), cimetidine (CMD), 2,4-dichloro-phenoxyacetate (2,4-D), hippurate (HA), indoleacetate (IA), indoxyl sulfate (IS) and 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropionate (CMPF) and edaravone sulfate. PAH uptake is inhibited by p-chloromercuribenzenesulphonate (PCMBS), diethyl pyrocarbonate (DEPC), indomethacin, sulindac, diclofenac, carprofen, okadaic acid, benzothiazolylcysteine (BTC), S-chlorotrifluoroethylcysteine (CTFC), cysteine S-conjugates S-dichlorovinylcysteine (DCVC), furosemide, steviol, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), calcium ionophore A23187, benzylpenicillin, bumetamide, losartan, probenecid, phenol red, urate, glutarate and alpha-ketoglutarate (By similarity).
Multiple cysteine residues are necessary for proper targeting to the plasma membrane.
May play a role in the organization of actin filament arrays within muscle cells.
Arginine methyltransferase involved in the assembly or stability of mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase complex (complex I). Acts by mediating symmetric dimethylation of 'Arg-118' of ndufs2 after it assembles into the complex I, stabilizing the early intermediate complex.
Binds GSK-3 and prevents GSK-3-dependent phosphorylation. Regulates the stability of beta-catenin in embryos. Maternal GBP is required for dorsal-ventral axis formation.
Expressed at constant levels in the oocyte and early embryo.
Component of some SAGA transcription coactivator-HAT complexes. Within the SAGA complex, participates to a subcomplex of SAGA called the DUB module (deubiquitination module).
Component of the transcription regulatory histone acetylation (HAT) complex SAGA, a multiprotein complex that activates transcription by remodeling chromatin and mediating histone acetylation and deubiquitination. Within the SAGA complex, participates in a subcomplex that specifically deubiquitinates histone H2B. The SAGA complex is recruited to specific gene promoters by activators, where it is required for transcription.
The C-terminal SGF11-type zinc-finger domain forms part of the 'catalytic lobe' of the SAGA deubiquitination module.
The long N-terminal helix forms part of the 'assembly lobe' of the SAGA deubiquitination module.
Expressed maternally in an animal to vegetal gradient, and later on was restricted to the animal region of the embryo. Expressed in the posterior paraxial mesoderm, adjacent to the notochord, from stages 13 to 24. Expression declined rapidly following gastrulation.
Plays an important role in regulating the left-right axis by blocking a tgfb1 cascade in the right posterior paraxial mesoderm. Functions as an inhibitor of bmp, tgfb1, nodal, activin and wnt signaling in the ectoderm. May inhibit mesodermal signals, probably through an inhibition of nodal/activin pathways. Seems to regulates cell fate specification and competence before the onset of neural induction. Expression in the entire ectodermal region prior to gastrulation might act to prevent fate specification in the ectoderm and ensure the maintenance of the stem-cell-like properties exhibited by ectodermal cells.
Involved in postimplantation and gastrulation stages of development. Binds to DNA and RNA (By similarity).
Acts as component of the retromer cargo-selective complex (CSC). The CSC is believed to be the core functional component of retromer or respective retromer complex variants acting to prevent missorting of selected transmembrane cargo proteins into the lysosomal degradation pathway. Retromer mediates retrograde transport of cargo proteins from endosomes to the trans-Golgi network (TGN) (By similarity). Acts also as component of the retriever complex. The retriever complex is an heterotrimeric complex related to retromer cargo-selective complex (CSC) and essential for retromer-independent retrieval and recycling of numerous cargos such as integrins. In the endosomes, retriever complex drives the retrieval and recycling of NxxY-motif-containing cargo proteins by coupling to SNX17, a cargo essential for the homeostatic maintenance of numerous cell surface proteins associated with processes that include cell migration, cell adhesion, nutrient supply and cell signaling (By similarity).
Component of the heterotrimeric retromer cargo-selective complex (CSC) which is believed to associate with variable sorting nexins to form functionally distinct retromer complex variants (By similarity). Component of the heterotrimeric retriever complex (By similarity).
Histone methyltransferase that specifically methylates monomethylated 'Lys-20' (H4K20me1) and dimethylated 'Lys-20' (H4K20me2) of histone H4 to produce respectively dimethylated 'Lys-20' (H4K20me2) and trimethylated 'Lys-20' (H4K20me3) and thus regulates transcription and maintenance of genome integrity. In vitro also methylates unmodified 'Lys-20' (H4K20me0) of histone H4 and nucleosomes (By similarity). H4 'Lys-20' trimethylation represents a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional repression. Mainly functions in pericentric heterochromatin regions, thereby playing a central role in the establishment of constitutive heterochromatin in these regions. KMT5C is targeted to histone H3 via its interaction with RB1 family proteins (RB1, RBL1 and RBL2) (By similarity). Facilitates TP53BP1 foci formation upon DNA damage and proficient non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ)-directed DNA repair by catalyzing the di- and trimethylation of 'Lys-20' of histone H4 (By similarity). May play a role in class switch reconbination by catalyzing the di- and trimethylation of 'Lys-20' of histone H4 (By similarity).
Acts as a nucleation-promoting factor at the surface of endosomes, where it recruits and activates the Arp2/3 complex to induce actin polymerization, playing a key role in the fission of tubules that serve as transport intermediates during endosome sorting.
The VCA (verprolin, cofilin, acidic) domain promotes actin polymerization by the Arp2/3 complex in vitro.
Belongs to the radical SAM superfamily. Lipoyl synthase family.
Binds 2 [4Fe-4S] clusters per subunit. One cluster is coordinated with 3 cysteines and an exchangeable S-adenosyl-L-methionine.
Catalyzes the radical-mediated insertion of two sulfur atoms into the C-6 and C-8 positions of the octanoyl moiety bound to the lipoyl domains of lipoate-dependent enzymes, thereby converting the octanoylated domains into lipoylated derivatives.
As a component of the GATOR1 complex functions as an inhibitor of the amino acid-sensing branch of the TORC1 pathway.
Carbohydrate-binding protein with a strong ligand preference for Glc2-N-glycan. May play a role in the early steps of protein N-glycosylation. Can bind di- or higher oligomers but not monomers of glucose, including maltose, maltotriose, maltotetraose, maltoheptaose, nigerose, kojibose, cellobiose and isomaltose, although based on their subcellular locations, these are unlikely to all be physiological ligands.
Widely expressed throughout development including the anterior neuroectoderm and neural crest at stages 18 and 20, and the retina, hatching gland, otic vesicle, epibranchial placodes, pronephros and tail tip of later states. At stage 41, expressed in the liver, pancreas, branchial arches and proctodeum. Expressed broadly in adults in fat, intestine, gall bladder, eye, muscle, kidney, stomach, liver, heart, pancreas and lung.
Component of the cleavage factor Im (CFIm) complex that functions as an activator of the pre-mRNA 3'-end cleavage and polyadenylation processing required for the maturation of pre-mRNA into functional mRNAs. CFIm contributes to the recruitment of multiprotein complexes on specific sequences on the pre-mRNA 3'-end, so called cleavage and polyadenylation signals (pA signals). Most pre-mRNAs contain multiple pA signals, resulting in alternative cleavage and polyadenylation (APA) producing mRNAs with variable 3'-end formation. The CFIm complex acts as a key regulator of cleavage and polyadenylation site choice during APA through its binding to 5'-UGUA-3' elements localized in the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) for a huge number of pre-mRNAs. Plays a role in mRNA export.
Component of the cleavage factor Im (CFIm) complex.
Adaptor protein complex 2 (AP-2) is a heterotetramer composed of two large adaptins (alpha-type subunit and beta-type subunit), a medium adaptin (mu-type subunit) and a small adaptin (sigma-type subunit).
Component of the adaptor complexes which link clathrin to receptors in coated vesicles. Clathrin-associated protein complexes are believed to interact with the cytoplasmic tails of membrane proteins, leading to their selection and concentration. AP50 is a subunit of the plasma membrane adaptor. The complex binds polyphosphoinositide-containing lipids.
Belongs to the PIGG/PIGN/PIGO family. PIGG subfamily.
Tachykinins are active peptides which excite neurons, evoke behavioral responses, are potent vasodilators and secretagogues, and contract (directly or indirectly) many smooth muscles.
Homomultimers may associate with EGR1 bound to DNA.
Involved in nucleolar processing of pre-18S ribosomal RNA. Has a role in the nuclear export of 40S pre-ribosomal subunit to the cytoplasm.
Component of the multiprotein chromatin-remodeling complexes SWI/SNF. Component of neural progenitors-specific chromatin remodeling complex (npBAF complex) and the neuron-specific chromatin remodeling complex (nBAF complex) (By similarity). Component of the BAF (SWI/SNF) chromatin remodeling complex. Component of the SWI/SNF-B (PBAF) chromatin remodeling complex. Binds to double-stranded DNA (By similarity).
Involved in chromatin-remodeling. Core component of the BAF (SWI/SNF) complex. This ATP-dependent chromatin-remodeling complex plays important roles in cell proliferation and differentiation, in cellular antiviral activities and inhibition of tumor formation. Belongs to the neural progenitors-specific chromatin remodeling complex (npBAF complex) and the neuron-specific chromatin remodeling complex (nBAF complex) and may play a role in neural development (By similarity).
The N-terminal DNA-binding region is structurally similar to winged helix domains.
Belongs to the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase family.
Catalyzes the rate-limiting step of the oxidative pentose-phosphate pathway, which represents a route for the dissimilation of carbohydrates besides glycolysis.
Single-stranded DNA-dependent ATP-dependent helicase.
Component of the coenzyme Q biosynthetic pathway. May play a role in organizing a multi-subunit COQ enzyme complex required for coenzyme Q biosynthesis. Required for steady-state levels of other COQ polypeptides.
Component of chromatin-associated Polycomb (PcG) complexes. Component of a PRC1-like complex. Component of some MLL1/MLL complex (By similarity).
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that mediates monoubiquitination of 'Lys-119' of histone H2A (H2AK119Ub), thereby playing a central role in histone code and gene regulation. H2AK119Ub gives a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional repression. Essential component of a Polycomb group (PcG) multiprotein PRC1-like complex, a complex class required to maintain the transcriptionally repressive state of many genes, including Hox genes, throughout development. PcG PRC1 complex acts via chromatin remodeling and modification of histones, rendering chromatin heritably changed in its expressibility.
Transcriptional repressor that inhibits neurogenesis and induces neural and neural crest differentiation. Regulates anteroposterior patterning in early development by inhibiting expression of the nodal genes through the inhibition of vegt. Required for gastrulation movements and for proper anterior neural and axial development. May also act as a transcriptional activator. May bind to the minimal GLI-consensus sequence 5'-TGGGTGGTC-3' (By similarity).
Phosphorylated by lats1 and lats2; leading to cytoplasmic translocation and inactivation.
Transcriptional regulator which can act both as a coactivator and a corepressor and is the critical downstream regulatory target in the Hippo signaling pathway that plays a pivotal role in organ size control and tumor suppression by restricting proliferation and promoting apoptosis (By similarity). Plays a key role in tissue tension and 3D tissue shape by regulating cortical actomyosin network formation (By similarity).
May be a transcription factor which play a regulatory role in the development of the embryo.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Expressed on the dorsal side during gastrulation. Becomes confined to the floor plate, notochord and dorsal endoderm during neurulation. Expressed in additional domains at the tailbud stage in cranial nerves, ear vesicle, dorsal fin and somites. Dorsal midline expression becomes restricted to the floor plate and hypochord.
IGF-binding proteins prolong the half-life of the IGFs and have been shown to either inhibit or stimulate the growth promoting effects of the IGFs on cell culture. They alter the interaction of IGFs with their cell surface receptors. Promotes anterior neural development by stimulating insulin growth factor (IGF) signaling via IGF receptors.
Interacts with one or more paralogs of nipbl to form the cohesin loading complex.
Plays an important role in the loading of the cohesin complex on to DNA. Plays a role in sister chromatid cohesion and normal progression through prometaphase.
Adopts an immunoglobulin-like beta-sandwich fold forming a hydrophobic cavity that captures N-terminally myristoylated target peptides. Phe residues within the hydrophobic beta sandwich are required for myristate binding (By similarity).
Belongs to the GHMP kinase family. Mevalonate kinase subfamily.
Catalyzes the phosphorylation of mevalonate to mevalonate 5-phosphate, a key step in isoprenoid and cholesterol biosynthesis.
The C2H2-type zinc finger 5 is required for nuclear localization.
Transcriptional repressor which binds neuron-restrictive silencer element (NRSE) and represses neuronal gene transcription in non-neuronal cells (By similarity). Plays a role in the early development of the nervous system and is required for proper patterning of the neuroectoderm during gastrulation. This involves the correct speciation of the neuroepithelial domain and adequate development of the non-neural ectoderm (By similarity).
Dephosphorylates 26S nuclear proteasomes, thereby decreasing their proteolytic activity. The dephosphorylation may prevent assembly of the core and regulatory particles (CP and RP) into mature 26S proteasome (By similarity).
The Ubiquitin-like domain mediates interaction with proteasomes.
Belongs to the thymidylate synthase family.
Decarboxylates ethylmalonyl-CoA, a potentially toxic metabolite, to form butyryl-CoA, suggesting it might be involved in metabolite proofreading. Also has methylmalonyl-CoA decarboxylase activity at lower level.
Heterodimer of SAE1 and UBA2/SAE2. The heterodimer corresponds to the two domains that are encoded on a single polypeptide chain in ubiquitin-activating enzyme E1. Interacts with UBE2I.
The heterodimer acts as an E1 ligase for SUMO1, SUMO2, SUMO3, and probably SUMO4. It mediates ATP-dependent activation of SUMO proteins followed by formation of a thioester bond between a SUMO protein and a conserved active site cysteine residue on UBA2/SAE2.
Belongs to the transient receptor (TC 1.A.4) family. LTrpC subfamily. TRPM2 sub-subfamily.
Required to anchor microtubules to the centrosome (By similarity). Required for centrosome assembly and function. Essential for the correct localization of several centrosomal proteins including cetn3 and pcnt (PubMed:12403812). Probably involved in the biogenesis of cilia (By similarity).
Probably involved in transcriptional regulation.
Expressed from egg to stage 35. Expression is restricted to the neural region as gastrulation proceeds, and is subsequently localized to neural tissues, branchial arches and pronephroi at the tail-bud stages.
Interacts with bmpr1a, bmpr1b and bmpr2.
Serine/threonine protein phosphatase that may dephosphorylate and activate lipins. Lipins are phosphatidate phosphatases that catalyze the conversion of phosphatidic acid to diacylglycerol and control the metabolism of fatty acids at different levels. May indirectly modulate the lipid composition of nuclear and/or endoplasmic reticulum membranes and be required for proper nuclear membrane morphology and/or dynamics. May also indirectly regulate the production of lipid droplets and triacylglycerol (By similarity). Induces neuronal differentiation by antagonizing BMP signaling. Acts both by dephosphorylating BMPR1A and by promoting BMPR2 proteasomal degradation.
Expressed in oocytes (at protein level).
Belongs to the CMP-Neu5Ac hydroxylase family.
Sialic acids are components of carbohydrate chains of glycoconjugates and are involved in cell-cell recognition and cell-pathogen interactions. Catalyzes the conversion of CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid (CMP-Neu5Ac) into its hydroxylated derivative CMP-N-glycolylneuraminic acid (CMP-Neu5Gc), a sialic acid abundantly expressed at the surface of many cells.
Belongs to the proteasome subunit S5B/HSM3 family.
In the process of mRNA degradation, seems to play a role in mRNA decapping.
Belongs to the folylpolyglutamate synthase family.
Catalyzes conversion of folates to polyglutamate derivatives allowing concentration of folate compounds in the cell and the intracellular retention of these cofactors, which are important substrates for most of the folate-dependent enzymes that are involved in one-carbon transfer reactions involved in purine, pyrimidine and amino acid synthesis.
Functions in trans to edit the amino acid moiety from incorrectly charged tRNA(Ala).
Probable transcription factor. Binds to the consensus DNA sequence 5'-AACAAT-3'. Also binds 5'-CACAAT-3' and 5'-AATAAT-3' with similar affinity.
Acts early in neural crest formation, functioning redundantly with the other group E Sox factors sox8 and sox9 to induce neural crest progenitors. Acts downstream of wnt-signaling at the neural plate border. Involved in the specification of neural crest progenitors fated to form the pigment cell lineage.
Although PubMed:12812785 report induction by snai2/slug, PubMed:12885557 report that sox10 lies in between snai1/snail and snai2/slug in the complex sequence of inductive events required for neural crest formation.
By sox8, sox9 and snai1/snail, wnt-signaling and fgf-signaling in the neural crest-forming region.
First expressed at stages 13/14 at the lateral edges of the neural plate, in the neural crest forming region. By stage 22, neural crest cells migrate in the cranial region and strong expression is seen in the crest cells that populate the branchial arches as well as those migrating in the frontonasal region. Also strongly expressed in the trunk neural crest. Expression in the otic vesicle begins around stage 25 and persists until at least stage 40. At stage 30, expression is down-regulated in the cranial neural crest of the pharyngeal arches but persists in the trunk neural crest, in the otic vesicle and in discrete domains adjacent to the hindbrain. At stage 40, expression is restricted to the otic vesicle, differentiated pigment cells, and in several cranial ganglia.
Loss of neural crest precursors. Also an increase in apoptosis and a decrease in cell proliferation in the neural fold.
High affinity receptor for melatonin. Likely to mediate the potent effects of melatonin on pigment aggregation in melanophores. The activity of this receptor is mediated by pertussis toxin sensitive G proteins that inhibit adenylate cyclase activity.
Moderately expressed in dermal melanophores.
Heterodimer with IL12A; disulfide-linked. The heterodimer is known as interleukin IL-12.
May be involved in membrane trafficking in the early secretory pathway.
Component of the ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase, a multisubunit transmembrane complex that is part of the mitochondrial electron transport chain which drives oxidative phosphorylation.
Homodimer (Probable). Binds microtubules. Interacts with kif2c, aurkb, incenp and SKP1. Probably part of a SCF (SKP1-CUL1-F-box) protein ligase complex.
Regulates microtubule dynamics during mitosis by stimulating kif2c. Probably recognizes and binds to some phosphorylated proteins and promotes their ubiquitination and degradation.
Heterodimer with IL12B; disulfide-linked. The heterodimer is known as interleukin IL-12.
May act as a nuclear transcription factor that negatively regulates the expression of cardiac genes.
Serine peptidase whose precise substrate specificity remains unclear (By similarity). Does not cleave peptides after a arginine or lysine residue (By similarity). Regulates trans-Golgi network morphology and sorting by regulating the membrane binding of the AP-1 complex (By similarity). May play a role in the regulation of synaptic vesicle exocytosis (By similarity).
Belongs to the squalene monooxygenase family.
Catalyzes the stereospecific oxidation of squalene to (S)-2,3-epoxysqualene, and is considered to be a rate-limiting enzyme in steroid biosynthesis.
Component of the HAUS augmin-like complex. The complex interacts with the gamma-tubulin ring complex and this interaction is required for spindle assembly (By similarity).
Belongs to the argininosuccinate synthase family.
One of the enzymes of the urea cycle, the metabolic pathway transforming neurotoxic amonia produced by protein catabolism into inocuous urea in the liver of ureotelic animals. Catalyzes the formation of arginosuccinate from aspartate, citrulline and ATP and together with ASL it is responsible for the biosynthesis of arginine in most body tissues.
Enhances Ca(2+)-mediated inhibition of inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor (ITPR) Ca(2+) release.
Required for KRAS signaling regulation and modulation of cell proliferation (By similarity). Regulator of KRAS prenylation, and probably prenylation of other small GTPases (By similarity). Required for lymphocyte development and function (By similarity). Not required for myeloid cell development (By similarity).
Expressed in the presumptive midbrain-hindbrain boundary (MHB) as early as the early gastrula stage (stage 10.5). Expression in the MHB continues through to tailbud stage. Also transiently expressed in the eye anlage at late neurula stage.
Has a particular type of basic domain which includes a helix-interrupting proline.
Transcriptional repressor. Represses transcription from both N box- and E box-containing promoters (By similarity). Demarcates the prospective midbrain-hindbrain boundary (MHB) region in the neuroectoderm in early gastrulae embryos by repressing transcription of a number of target genes.
Belongs to the purine nucleoside phosphorylase YfiH/LACC1 family.
Heterotetramer; dimer of heterodimer with prmt5. Interacts with histone h2a and h4 and with nucleoplasmin.
Non-catalytic component of the 20S prmt5-containing methyltransferase complex, which modifies specific arginines to dimethylarginines in several spliceosomal Sm proteins and histones. Required for normal prmt5 methyltransferase activity.
Component of the signaling pathway of IL-1 and Toll-like receptors. Inhibits cell activation by microbial products. Connects the ubiquitin pathway to autophagy by functioning as a ubiquitin-ATG8 family adapter and thus mediating autophagic clearance of ubiquitin conjugates. The TOLLIP-dependent selective autophagy pathway plays an important role in clearance of cytotoxic polyQ proteins aggregates (By similarity).
Interacts with ATG8 family proteins (via AIM motifs), and ubiquitin (via CUE domain).
Putative regulator of protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) activity. May play a role in the endosomal sorting process or in endosome maturation pathway.
Acts as component of the MCM2-7 complex (MCM complex) which is the replicative helicase essential for 'once per cell cycle' DNA replication initiation and elongation in eukaryotic cells. Core component of CDC45-MCM-GINS (CMG) helicase, the molecular machine that unwinds template DNA during replication, and around which the replisome is built. The active ATPase sites in the MCM2-7 ring are formed through the interaction surfaces of two neighboring subunits such that a critical structure of a conserved arginine finger motif is provided in trans relative to the ATP-binding site of the Walker A box of the adjacent subunit. The six ATPase active sites, however, are likely to contribute differentially to the complex helicase activity. Required for the entry in S phase and for cell division.
Component of the mcm2-7 complex (RLF-M) (PubMed:16369567, PubMed:8917078, PubMed:9214646, PubMed:9214647, PubMed:9851868). The complex forms a toroidal hexameric ring with the proposed subunit order mcm2-mcm6-mcm4-mcm7-mcm3-mcm5 (PubMed:16369567, PubMed:8917078, PubMed:9214646, PubMed:9214647, PubMed:9851868). Component of the replisome complex (By similarity). Component of the CMG helicase complex, composed of the mcm2-7 complex, the GINS complex and cdc45 (PubMed:30979826, PubMed:30842657).
May be in a phosphorylated state in the mitotic mcm complex. Phosphorylated in the interphase mcm complex. Phosphorylated by the cdc7-dbf4 and cdc7-dbf4b complexes.
RNA-binding protein involved in pre-mRNA splicing. Interacts with the PRP19C/Prp19 complex/NTC/Nineteen complex which is part of the spliceosome. Involved in regulating splice site selection. Binds preferentially RNA with A/C rich sequences and poly-C stretches.
The C-terminal part is necessary for the interaction with the PRP19C/Prp19 complex/NTC/Nineteen complex.
Functions in endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi vesicle-mediated transport and regulates the proper organization of the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi (By similarity). Plays a key role in targeting to neuronal dendrites receptors such as HTR1A (By similarity). Plays also a role in primary cilium and sperm flagellum assembly probably through protein transport to these compartments (By similarity).
Maintains stem cell potency. Increases STAT3 phosphorylation and controls ERK phosphorylation. May act as a scaffold, increasing STAT3 recruitment onto endosomes.
The OCIA domain is necessary and sufficient for endosomal localization.
Belongs to the type II (or gamma) interferon family.
Belongs to the ELO family. ELOVL6 subfamily.
Catalyzes the first and rate-limiting reaction of the four reactions that constitute the long-chain fatty acids elongation cycle. This endoplasmic reticulum-bound enzymatic process allows the addition of 2 carbons to the chain of long- and very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) per cycle. Condensing enzyme that elongates fatty acids with 12, 14 and 16 carbons with higher activity toward C16:0 acyl-CoAs. Catalyzes the synthesis of unsaturated C16 long chain fatty acids and, to a lesser extent, C18:0 and those with low desaturation degree. May participate to the production of saturated and monounsaturated VLCFAs of different chain lengths that are involved in multiple biological processes as precursors of membrane lipids and lipid mediators.
Affects the rate of fibrils formation. May have a primary role in collagen fibrillogenesis.
May be a regulator of microtubule physiology.
Belongs to the Integrator subunit 2 family.
Belongs to the histone-like Alba family.
Component of ribonuclease P, a ribonucleoprotein complex that generates mature tRNA molecules by cleaving their 5'-ends. Also a component of the MRP ribonuclease complex, which cleaves pre-rRNA sequences.
Component of the prc2/eed-ezh2 complex (By similarity). Interacts with yy1 (By similarity). Can interact with ezh2, hdac1 and taf9.
Maternally and zygotically expressed. Expression declines at the mid-blastula transition.
Polycomb group (PcG) protein. Component of the prc2/eed-ezh2 complex, which methylates 'Lys-9' and 'Lys-27' of histone H3, leading to transcriptional repression of the affected target gene (By similarity).
Plays a role in the recruitment of the exosome to pre-rRNA to mediate the 3'-5' end processing of the 5.8S rRNA.
Belongs to the vitamin-B12 dependent methionine synthase family.
Catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group from methylcob(III)alamin (MeCbl) to homocysteine, yielding enzyme-bound cob(I)alamin and methionine in the cytosol. MeCbl is an active form of cobalamin (vitamin B12) used as a cofactor for methionine biosynthesis. Cob(I)alamin form is regenerated to MeCbl by a transfer of a methyl group from 5-methyltetrahydrofolate. The processing of cobalamin in the cytosol occurs in a multiprotein complex composed of at least MMACHC, MMADHC, MTRR (methionine synthase reductase) and MTR which may contribute to shuttle safely and efficiently cobalamin towards MTR in order to produce methionine.
Modular enzyme with four functionally distinct domains. The isolated Hcy-binding domain catalyzes methyl transfer from free methylcobalamin to homocysteine. The Hcy-binding domain in association with the pterin-binding domain catalyzes the methylation of cob(I)alamin by methyltetrahydrofolate and the methylation of homocysteine. The B12-binding domain binds the cofactor. The AdoMet activation domain binds S-adenosyl-L-methionine. Under aerobic conditions cob(I)alamin can be converted to inactive cob(II)alamin. Reductive methylation by S-adenosyl-L-methionine and flavodoxin regenerates methylcobalamin.
Component of the cytosolic iron-sulfur (Fe-S) protein assembly (CIA) machinery required for the maturation of extramitochondrial Fe-S proteins. Part of an electron transfer chain functioning in an early step of cytosolic Fe-S biogenesis, facilitating the de novo assembly of a [4Fe-4S] cluster on the scaffold complex NUBP1-NUBP2. Electrons are transferred to CIAPIN1 from NADPH via the FAD- and FMN-containing protein NDOR1. NDOR1-CIAPIN1 are also required for the assembly of the diferric tyrosyl radical cofactor of ribonucleotide reductase (RNR), probably by providing electrons for reduction during radical cofactor maturation in the catalytic small subunit. Has anti-apoptotic effects in the cell. Involved in negative control of cell death upon cytokine withdrawal. Promotes development of hematopoietic cells.
Monomer. Interacts with ndor1. Interacts with chchd4.
The C-terminal domain binds 2 Fe-S clusters but is otherwise mostly in an intrinsically disordered conformation.
The N-terminal domain has structural similarity with S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyltransferases, but does not bind S-adenosyl-L-methionine. It is required for correct assembly of the 2 Fe-S clusters.
The twin Cx2C motifs are involved in the recognition by the mitochondrial CHCHD4/MIA40-GFER/ERV1 disulfide relay system. The formation of 2 disulfide bonds in the Cx2C motifs through dithiol/disulfide exchange reactions effectively traps the protein in the mitochondrial intermembrane space.
Belongs to the helicase family. Dicer subfamily.
Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) endoribonuclease playing a central role in short dsRNA-mediated post-transcriptional gene silencing. Cleaves naturally occurring long dsRNAs and short hairpin pre-microRNAs (miRNA) into fragments of twenty-one to twenty-three nucleotides with 3' overhang of two nucleotides, producing respectively short interfering RNAs (siRNA) and mature microRNAs. SiRNAs and miRNAs serve as guide to direct the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) to complementary RNAs to degrade them or prevent their translation. Gene silencing mediated by siRNAs, also called RNA interference, controls the elimination of transcripts from mobile and repetitive DNA elements of the genome but also the degradation of exogenous RNA of viral origin for instance. The miRNA pathway on the other side is a mean to specifically regulate the expression of target genes.
Belongs to the glutamate-gated ion channel (TC 1.A.10.1) family. NR1/GRIN1 subfamily.
Channel activity is modulated by zinc ions. The activity of the heterotetramer with grin2b is stimulated by micromolar levels of Zn(2+) (PubMed:19524674). The activity of the heterotetramer with grin2a is inhibited by nanomolar levels of Zn(2+) (Ref.11).
Component of NMDA receptor complexes that function as heterotetrameric, ligand-gated ion channels with high calcium permeability and voltage-dependent sensitivity to magnesium. Channel activation requires binding of the neurotransmitter glutamate to the epsilon subunit, glycine binding to the zeta subunit, plus membrane depolarization to eliminate channel inhibition by Mg(2+) (PubMed:16214956, PubMed:19524674, PubMed:21677647, PubMed:25008524, PubMed:26912815, PubMed:27135925, Ref.11, PubMed:28232581). Sensitivity to glutamate and channel kinetics depend on the subunit composition (Probable).
Heterotetramer (PubMed:27062927). Forms heterotetrameric channels composed of two zeta subunits (grin1), and two epsilon subunits (grin2a, grin2b, grin2c or grin2d) (in vitro) (PubMed:16214956, PubMed:19524674, PubMed:21677647, PubMed:25008524, PubMed:26912815, PubMed:27135925, Ref.11, PubMed:28232581). Does not form functional channels by itself (PubMed:16214956). In vivo, the subunit composition may depend on the expression levels of the different subunits (Probable).
Factor IX is a vitamin K-dependent plasma protein that participates in the intrinsic pathway of blood coagulation by converting factor X to its active form in the presence of Ca(2+) ions, phospholipids, and factor VIIIa.
Endoplasmic reticulum disulfide reductase involved both in the correct folding of proteins and degradation of misfolded proteins.
Endoplasmic reticulum disulfide reductase involved both in the correct folding of proteins and degradation of misfolded proteins. Required for efficient folding of proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum by catalyzing the removal of non-native disulfide bonds formed during the folding of proteins. Also involved in endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) by reducing incorrect disulfide bonds in misfolded glycoproteins (By similarity).
The thioredoxin-like regions Trxb 1 and 2 lack a redox-active CXXC motif.
Thioredoxin domains 3 and 4 are the primary reductase domains.
Belongs to the XRCC4-XLF family. XRCC4 subfamily.
Belongs to the ferroportin (FP) (TC 2.A.100) family. SLC40A subfamily.
May be involved in iron transport and iron homeostasis.
Detected at constant levels throughout embryonic development (at protein level). Detected at high levels at the four cell stage of embryogenesis, followed by a steady decline until gastrulation. Detected at low levels throughout further stages of embryo development. Primarily expressed in the head region during gastrulation, and in the neuroectoderm during neurulation.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase component of the CTLH complex.
Identified in the CTLH complex that contains at least RANBP9, MKLN1, MAEA, RMND5A, GID8 and ARMC8.
Morpholino knockdown of the protein disrupts normal development of the mesencephalon, the prosencephalon and the eyes.
Actins are highly conserved proteins that are involved in various types of cell motility and are ubiquitously expressed in all eukaryotic cells.
Oxidation of Met-45 and Met-48 by MICALs (mical1, mical2 or mical3) to form methionine sulfoxide promotes actin filament depolymerization. Mical1 and mical2 produce the (R)-S-oxide form. The (R)-S-oxide form is reverted by msrb1 and msrb2, which promote actin repolymerization (By similarity).
Binds pre-mRNA and nucleates the assembly of 40S hnRNP particles. Interacts with poly-U tracts in the 3'-UTR or 5'-UTR of mRNA and modulates the stability and the level of translation of bound mRNA molecules. Single HNRNPC tetramers bind 230-240 nucleotides. Trimers of HNRNPC tetramers bind 700 nucleotides. May play a role in the early steps of spliceosome assembly and pre-mRNA splicing. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) has been shown to alter the local structure in mRNAs and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) via a mechanism named 'm(6)A-switch', facilitating binding of HNRNPC, leading to regulation of mRNA splicing.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase family.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. At the early gastrula stage, expressed mainly in the entire animal hemisphere. During neurulation, its expression becomes restricted to the anterior neuroectoderm. At the tailbud stage, expressed in various anterior regions including the anterior central nervous system (CNS), otic vesicles, and branchial arches.
Interacts with banf1-a and banf1-b. Interacts with ran-gtp.
Morpholino knockdown results in defects in eye development, reduced expression of early eye marker genes rax, tbx3, six3 and pax6 and reduction of cell density at the neurula stage. Co-knockdown of nemp1b and ran elicits reduction of cell density and eye defects more significantly than the individual knockdown of either one.
At stage 15, detectable in the anterior and ventral mesoderm near the heart primordia. At stage 22, the central band of expression in the lateral plate mesoderm is confined to the mid-embryo. By stages 28-30 (late tailbud stages), the region of expression in the lateral plate mesoderm has expanded into a symmetrical arc of ventral and lateral expression, which fuses in the midline where the straight heart tube has formed. At stage 33 (beginning of heart looping), expressed in the heart, lateral mesoderm and branchial arches. At stage 37, uniform expression in the myocardium and cardiac outflow. Most abundant in the heart and outflow tract at stage 47 (tadpole stage).
By bone morphogenetic proteins BMP-2 and BMP-4.
Highly expressed in the adult heart and expressed at lower levels in the intestine and gall bladder.
Plays an essential role in cardiac morphogenesis.
Belongs to the calcineurin regulatory subunit family. CHP subfamily.
Binds calcium via its EF-hands. Calcium-binding mediates a conformational change. Can also bind magnesium (By similarity).
Functions as an integral cofactor in cell pH regulation by controlling plasma membrane-type Na(+)/H(+) exchange activity. Promotes the induction of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation toward megakaryocytic lineage. Essential for the coupling of ERK cascade activation with the expression of ETS family genes in megakaryocytic differentiation. Also involved in granulocytic differentiation in a ERK-dependent manner. Inhibits the phosphatase activity of calcineurin (By similarity).
Monomer (By similarity). Homodimer (By similarity).
Chromatin reader component of the NuA4 histone acetyltransferase complex, a multiprotein complex involved in transcriptional activation of select genes principally by acetylation of nucleosomal histones H4 and H2A. The NuA4 complex plays a direct role in repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) by promoting homologous recombination (HR). MBTD1 specifically recognizes and binds monomethylated and dimethylated 'Lys-20' on histone H4 (H4K20me1 and H4K20me2, respectively). In the NuA4 complex, MBTD1 promotes recruitment of the complex to H4K20me marks by competing with TP53BP1 for binding to H4K20me. Following recruitment to H4K20me at DNA breaks, the NuA4 complex catalyzes acetylation of 'Lys-15' on histone H2A (H2AK15), blocking the ubiquitination mark required for TP53BP1 localization at DNA breaks, thereby promoting homologous recombination (HR).
Monomer. Component of the NuA4 histone acetyltransferase complex.
Belongs to the arylamine N-acetyltransferase family.
Poly(U)-specific endoribonuclease involved in the processing of intron-encoded box C/D snoRNAs, such as U16 and U86. Releases products that have 2',3'-cyclic phosphate termini at the 3'-end.
Core component of the DBIRD complex, a multiprotein complex that acts at the interface between core mRNP particles and RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) and integrates transcript elongation with the regulation of alternative splicing.
Belongs to the queuine tRNA-ribosyltransferase family.
Catalytic subunit of the queuine tRNA-ribosyltransferase (TGT) that catalyzes the base-exchange of a guanine (G) residue with queuine (Q) at position 34 (anticodon wobble position) in tRNAs with GU(N) anticodons (tRNA-Asp, -Asn, -His and -Tyr), resulting in the hypermodified nucleoside queuosine (7-(((4,5-cis-dihydroxy-2-cyclopenten-1-yl)amino)methyl)-7-deazaguanosine). Catalysis occurs through a double-displacement mechanism. The nucleophile active site attacks the C1' of nucleotide 34 to detach the guanine base from the RNA, forming a covalent enzyme-RNA intermediate. The proton acceptor active site deprotonates the incoming queuine, allowing a nucleophilic attack on the C1' of the ribose to form the product.
Belongs to the SMC family. SMC2 subfamily.
Central component of the condensin complex, a complex required for conversion of interphase chromatin into mitotic-like condense chromosomes. The condensin complex probably introduces positive supercoils into relaxed DNA in the presence of type I topoisomerases and converts nicked DNA into positive knotted forms in the presence of type II topoisomerases.
Forms a heterodimer with XCAP-C/SMC4. Component of the condensin complex, which contains the XCAP-E/SMC2 and XCAP-C/SMC4 heterodimer, and three non SMC subunits that probably regulate the complex: XCAP-H/BRRN1, XCAP-D2/CNAP1 and XCAP-G/CAPG.
The SMC hinge domain, which separates the large intramolecular coiled coil regions, allows the heterodimerization with XCAP-C, forming a V-shaped heterodimer.
Belongs to the cyclin family. Cyclin-like FAM58 subfamily.
May be an activating cyclin for the cyclin-associated kinase CDK10.
Belongs to the cytidine and deoxycytidylate deaminase family. ADAT2 subfamily.
Probably participates in deamination of adenosine-34 to inosine in many tRNAs.
Belongs to the tubulin polyglutamylase family.
Belongs to the AAA ATPase family. RarA/MGS1/WRNIP1 subfamily.
ATP-dependent DNA helicase implicated in telomere-length regulation, DNA repair and the maintenance of genomic stability. Acts as an anti-recombinase to counteract toxic recombination and limit crossover during meiosis. Regulates meiotic recombination and crossover homeostasis by physically dissociating strand invasion events and thereby promotes noncrossover repair by meiotic synthesis dependent strand annealing (SDSA) as well as disassembly of D loop recombination intermediates. Also disassembles T loops and prevents telomere fragility by counteracting telomeric G4-DNA structures, which together ensure the dynamics and stability of the telomere.
Inhibits programmed -1 ribosomal frameshifting (-1PRF) of a variety of mRNAs from viruses and cellular genes. Interacts with the -1PRF signal of target mRNA and translating ribosomes and causes premature translation termination at the frameshifting site. May exhibit antiviral activity.
Interacts with UBC9, RAN, RBM8A, eIF-1A and PAX6.
May play a central role in the initial events of axis formation and in particular in specifying anterior head regions and their spatial relationship with trunk structures. Activates the head organizer gene cer1 by acting synergistically with siamois and mix-A/mix.1 through the 5'-TAATCT-3' element of the cer1 promoter. Also binds as a complex with lhx1/lim1 and ldb1 to the gsc promoter to stimulate expression (By similarity).
Allosterically activated by various compounds including ATP, 2,3-BPG/2,3-Bisphosphoglyceric acid and Ap4A/P1,P4-bis(5'-adenosyl) tetraphosphate. Binding of an allosteric activator is a prerequisiste to magnesium and substrate binding. Inhibited by inorganic phosphate.
Broad specificity cytosolic 5'-nucleotidase that catalyzes the dephosphorylation of 6-hydroxypurine nucleoside 5'-monophosphates. In addition, possesses a phosphotransferase activity by which it can transfer a phosphate from a donor nucleoside monophosphate to an acceptor nucleoside, preferably inosine, deoxyinosine and guanosine. Has the highest activities for IMP and GMP followed by dIMP, dGMP and XMP. Could also catalyze the transfer of phosphates from pyrimidine monophosphates but with lower efficiency. Through these activities regulates the purine nucleoside/nucleotide pools within the cell.
Interacts (via C-terminus) with ARHGEF5.
Tooth-associated epithelia protein that probably plays a role in odontogenesis, the complex process that results in the initiation and generation of the tooth. May be incorporated in the enamel matrix at the end of mineralization process. Involved in the induction of RHOA activity via interaction with ARHGEF and expression of downstream factors such as ROCK. Plays a role in attachment of the junctional epithelium to the tooth surface.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. TRM5/TYW2 family.
Specifically methylates the N1 position of guanosine-37 in various cytoplasmic and mitochondrial tRNAs. Methylation is not dependent on the nature of the nucleoside 5' of the target nucleoside. This is the first step in the biosynthesis of wybutosine (yW), a modified base adjacent to the anticodon of tRNAs and required for accurate decoding.
Expressed in sensory regions of the brain including the visual, auditory and olfactory systems. Within the retina, only expressed in the retinal ganglion cells. Concentrated in axon tracts including retinal axons.
First detected in the developing spinal cord and becomes widespread as development proceeds.
Binding to PtdIns(3,5)P2 is not required for localization.
Required for normal morphology of late endosomes and/or lysosomes in neurons. Binds phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(3,5)P2) (By similarity).
The CRAL-TRIO domain is required for targeting to the membrane and for binding PtdIns(3,5)P2.
Component of a complex required to localize phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase (PI4K) to the plasma membrane. The complex acts as a regulator of phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PtdIns(4)P) synthesis. In the complex, efr3a probably acts as the membrane-anchoring component.
Component of a phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase (PI4K) complex.
Palmitoylated at its N-terminus, anchoring the protein to the plasma membrane.
Lipid phosphatase which dephosphorylates phosphatidylinositol 3-monophosphate (PI3P) and phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate (PI(3,5)P2).
The GRAM domain mediates binding to PI(3,5)P2 and, with lower affinity, to other phosphoinositides.
Expressed in the dorsal mesoderm of gastrulating embryos. Expressed in the midline and in a punctate pattern in the ciliates epidermis of stage 18 embryos. Expressed in otic vesicle, nephrostome and ventral neural tube of stage 34 embryos.
Interacts with sept2-a (PubMed:20671153). Interacts with intu and fuz; fuz, intu and wdpcp probably form the core CPLANE (ciliogenesis and planar polarity effectors) complex (By similarity).
Probable effector of the planar cell polarity signaling pathway which regulates the septin cytoskeleton in both ciliogenesis and collective cell movements including covergent extension during gastrulation. Controls cell shape but not polarization during convergent extension (PubMed:20671153). Proposed to function as core component of the CPLANE (ciliogenesis and planar polarity effectors) complex involved in the recruitment of peripheral IFT-A proteins to basal bodies.
Belongs to the amiloride-sensitive sodium channel (TC 1.A.6) family. SCNN1B subfamily.
Required for a subset of Wnt-dependent developmental processes, in particular, eye and pronephros development. Regulates the secretion of wnt4, which is required for eye development (By similarity).
Binds to the receptor tyrosine kinases EPHA2, EPHA4, EPHA5, EPHA6 and EPHA7. Also binds with low affinity to EPHA1 (By similarity).
Cell surface GPI-bound ligand for Eph receptors, a family of receptor tyrosine kinases which are crucial for migration, repulsion and adhesion during neuronal, vascular and epithelial development. Binds promiscuously Eph receptors residing on adjacent cells, leading to contact-dependent bidirectional signaling into neighboring cells.
Accessory subunit that is involved in the functional assembly of the mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I. Complex I has an NADH dehydrogenase activity with ubiquinone as an immediate electron acceptor and mediates the transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFB10 subunit family.
Binds preferentially and cooperatively to pyrimidine rich single-stranded DNA (ss-DNA). Required to maintain the copy number of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and plays crucial roles during mtDNA replication that stimulate activity of the DNA polymerase at the replication fork. May also function in mtDNA repair.
In oogenesis, expression is higher in previtellogenic oocytes.
Belongs to the RNA cytidine acetyltransferase family. NAT10 subfamily.
RNA cytidine acetyltransferase with specificity toward both 18S rRNA and tRNAs. Catalyzes the formation of N(4)-acetylcytidine (ac4C) in 18S rRNA. Required for early nucleolar cleavages of precursor rRNA at sites A0, A1 and A2 during 18S rRNA synthesis. Catalyzes the formation of ac4C in serine and leucine tRNAs. Requires the tRNA-binding adapter protein THUMPD1 for full tRNA acetyltransferase activity but not for 18S rRNA acetylation.
NF-kappa-B is a pleiotropic transcription factor present in almost all cell types and is the endpoint of a series of signal transduction events that are initiated by a vast array of stimuli related to many biological processes such as inflammation, immunity, differentiation, cell growth, tumorigenesis and apoptosis. NF-kappa-B is a homo- or heterodimeric complex formed by the Rel-like domain-containing proteins. The dimers bind at kappa-B sites in the DNA of their target genes and the individual dimers have distinct preferences for different kappa-B sites that they can bind with distinguishable affinity and specificity. Different dimer combinations act as transcriptional activators or repressors, respectively. NF-kappa-B is controlled by various mechanisms of post-translational modification and subcellular compartmentalization as well as by interactions with other cofactors or corepressors. NF-kappa-B complexes are held in the cytoplasm in an inactive state complexed with members of the NF-kappa-B inhibitor (I-kappa-B) family. In a conventional activation pathway, I-kappa-B is phosphorylated by I-kappa-B kinases (IKKs) in response to different activators, subsequently degraded thus liberating the active NF-kappa-B complex which translocates to the nucleus. RELA shows a weak DNA-binding site which could contribute directly to DNA binding in the NF-kappa-B complex.
Predominantly in the animal hemisphere of the oocyte; all tissues of early embryo.
The transcriptional activation domain 1/TA1 and the transcriptional activation domain 2/TA2 have direct transcriptional activation properties (By similarity). The 9aaTAD motif found within the transcriptional activation domain 2 is a conserved motif present in a large number of transcription factors that is required for their transcriptional transactivation activity (By similarity).
Serves as the first electron transfer protein in all the mitochondrial P450 systems including cholesterol side chain cleavage in all steroidogenic tissues, steroid 11-beta hydroxylation in the adrenal cortex, 25-OH-vitamin D3-24 hydroxylation in the kidney, and sterol C-27 hydroxylation in the liver.
Promotes hydrolysis of glycogen and lipids, and raises the blood sugar level.
Deletion of C-terminal sequence resulting in a frameshift at position 667.
Expressed in migrating myoblasts during ventral body wall formation.
Transcription factor involved in chondrocytes differentiation and cartilage formation. Specifically binds the 5'-AACAAT-3' DNA motif present in enhancers and super-enhancers and promotes expression of genes important for chondrogenesis. Required for overt chondrogenesis when condensed prechondrocytes differentiate into early stage chondrocytes: sox5 and sox6 cooperatively bind with sox9 on active enhancers and super-enhancers associated with cartilage-specific genes, and thereby potentiate sox9's ability to transactivate. Not involved in precartilaginous condensation, the first step in chondrogenesis, during which skeletal progenitors differentiate into prechondrocytes.
Acts as an adapter for the XPO1/CRM1-mediated export of the 60S ribosomal subunit.
Associates with pre-60S ribosomal particles.
Accessory subunit of the DNA polymerase alpha complex (also known as the alpha DNA polymerase-primase complex) which plays an essential role in the initiation of DNA synthesis.
Belongs to the DNA polymerase alpha subunit B family.
The C-terminal part of the hedgehog protein precursor displays an autoproteolysis activity that results in the cleavage of the full-length protein into two parts (N-product and C-product). In addition, the C-terminal part displays a cholesterol transferase activity that results by the covalent attachment of a cholesterol moiety to the C-terminal of the newly generated N-product.
The dually lipidated hedgehog protein N-product is a morphogen which is essential for a variety of patterning events during development.
By cold stress in adult brain. Cold-induction may be adult-specific since cold-induction is not observed during embryonic development. Induced by tcf7l1/tcf-3.
Cold-inducible mRNA binding protein. Acts cooperatively with elavl1/elrA to stabilize AU-rich sequence (ARE)-containing mRNAs by binding to them and inhibiting their deadenylation (By similarity). Essential for embryonic gastrulation and neural development, acting to maintain the expression of a set of adhesion molecules and cell movement during embryogenesis. Plays a role in the specification and migration of pronephros cells during embryonic kidney development.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Expressed at a low level in the mature oocyte, with expression increasing rapidly during gastrulation, and is maintained throughout organogenesis.
Initially localizes to the animal half of the late blastula embryo, then to the neural crest and neural tube from late neurula stage through to larval stages, and finally in the neural tissues and developing pronephros of tailbud stages. Expressed in a range of adult tissues including kidney, brain, lung, liver, heart, muslce, stomach, small and large intestine, and skin.
Interacts with prmt1. Interacts with elavl1/elrA (via RRM3). Associates with ribosomes (By similarity).
Methylated on arginine residues within RGG motifs. Methylation by prmt1 promotes cytoplasmic accumulation (By similarity).
Required for the formation of cilia. May also have pro-apoptotic function (By similarity).
Can act either as a transcription repressor or as a transcription activator, depending on the cell context. May be involved in neuron differentiation.
In neural plate stage embryos, expressed in precursors of primary sensory and motor neurons. At tailbud stages, expression persists in neural tube and is up-regulated in anterior structures such as eye and brain, and in branchial arches.
The C2H2-type zinc finger 1 has a major repressor function.
Comprised of 3 domains; an N-terminal DNA-binding domain, a centrally located transcriptional activation domain and a C-terminal domain involved in transcriptional repression.
Transcriptional activator; DNA-binding protein that specifically recognize the sequence 5'-YAAC[GT]G-3'. Plays an important role in the control of proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic progenitor cells.
Probably involved in the patterning of the nervous system, in particular in the early specification of the diencephalon.
Belongs to the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6B.
Homooligomer (By similarity). Interacts with MARVELD2 and OCLN; the interaction is required to recruit MARVELD2 to tricellular contacts (By similarity).
Maintains epithelial barrier function by recruiting MARVELD2/tricellulin to tricellular tight junctions (tTJs).
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Expressed in all embryonic stages, with expression increasing during development.
In adults, expressed at varying levels in different organs including the liver and brain, with highest expression in the testis.
Interacts (via C-terminus) with hey1/bc8 (via Orange domain).
Transcriptional activator. Activates the gene for selenocysteine tRNA (tRNAsec). Binds to the activator element (AE) motif of the selenocysteine tRNA gene promoter.
Component of the Golgi-associated retrograde protein (GARP) complex. Component of the endosome-associated retrograde protein (EARP) complex.
By mesoderm inducing factors and TGF-beta family members including nodal/nr-1 acting in an autoregulatory loop, nodal2/nr-2 derriere, bFGF and activin B.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Maternally expressed from early oogenesis. Zygotic expression occurs from late blastula and reaches maximum levels during gastrulation (stages 10.5-12). Levels decline at the time of blastopore closure (stage 13).
Forms a repression complex on the promoters of the nodal/nr1 and siamois genes with the maternal factors tcf7l1/tcf3 and pouf5.1/oct-25. Interacts (via C-terminus) with tcf7l1/tcf3 (via N-terminus). Also interacts with the other POU-domain transcription factors pou5f1.2/oct-91 and pou5f1.3/oct-60.
Uniformly distributed in stage I oocytes but becomes localized to the vegetal hemisphere by stage II and remains so thereafter throughout oogenesis and the early embryonic cleavage stages. Zygotic expression parallels blastopore formation and shifts from dorsal expression in the marginal zone of late blastula and early gastrula stages to a ventral/lateral expression at the posterior end of later stage embryos. Expression is excluded from the notochord. In tailbud and tadpole stages, expressed exclusively in a subset of posterior Rohon-Beard neurons.
Was named Antipodean by PubMed:9012537 because of its localization to the vegetal hemisphere of the egg.
Anchored to the endoplasmic reticulum membrane by a transmembrane hairpin structure; both N-terminus and C-terminus are cytoplasmic.
Detected throughout embryonic development. In late gastrula and neurula stages, mainly expressed in head and dorsolateral mesoderm, and in eye, cranial neural crest and somites at later stages.
Interacts with fgfr1 that has been activated by fgf1 binding. Interacts (via C2 domains) with the AP-2 complex (via an alpha subunit). Identified in a complex with the AP-2 complex and fgfr1.
Morpholino-mediated knock-down causes severe trunk shortening, disruption of somatic muscle formation and impairs the expression of the mesodermal marker t/xBRA, similar to the effects of inhibition of fgf signaling.
Tethers the endoplasmic reticulum to the cell membrane and promotes the formation of appositions between the endoplasmic reticulum and the cell membrane. Binds glycerophospholipids in a barrel-like domain and may play a role in cellular lipid transport (By similarity). Plays a role in the rapid internalization of fgfr1 that has been activated by fgf1 binding; this occurs most likely via the AP-2 complex. Required for normal fgf signaling and the activation of downstream signaling cascades via its role in the internalization of activated fgfr1. Required for normal embryonic development via its role in fgf signaling and the downstream regulation of t/xBRA expression.
The C2 domains mediate lipid and calcium binding. The N-terminal C2 domain binds calcium ions and is important for calcium-dependent lipid binding and interaction with membranes. Two calcium ions are bound at a high-affinity site and a third calcium ion is bound with lower affinity. May bind up to four calcium ions. In contrast, the second C2 domain apparently does not bind calcium (By similarity). The third C2 domain mediates interaction with membranes enriched in phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate and is required for location at the cell membrane.
The SMP-LTD domain is a barrel-like domain that binds glycerophospholipids in its interior; can bind two lipid molecules simultaneously. Binds a variety of lipids, including phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol (By similarity).
Mitochondrial GTPase that catalyzes the GTP-dependent ribosomal translocation step during translation elongation. During this step, the ribosome changes from the pre-translocational (PRE) to the post-translocational (POST) state as the newly formed A-site-bound peptidyl-tRNA and P-site-bound deacylated tRNA move to the P and E sites, respectively. Catalyzes the coordinated movement of the two tRNA molecules, the mRNA and conformational changes in the ribosome. Does not mediate the disassembly of ribosomes from messenger RNA at the termination of mitochondrial protein biosynthesis.
Belongs to the gluconokinase GntK/GntV family.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX3/DED1 subfamily.
Morpholino knockdown of the protein causes anteriorization of embryos, that exhibit enlarged heads and eyes, shortened tails and defective melanocyte and eye pigmentation.
Multifunctional ATP-dependent RNA helicase. The ATPase activity can be stimulated by various ribo-and deoxynucleic acids indicative for a relaxed substrate specificity. In vitro can unwind partially double-stranded DNA with a preference for 5'-single-stranded DNA overhangs. Involved in many cellular processes, which do not necessarily require its ATPase/helicase catalytic activities. Involved in the regulation of transcription and translation initiation. Involved in innate immunity (By similarity). Involved in both stress and inflammatory responses (By similarity). May negatively regulate extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway via death domain receptors. May be involved in mitotic chromosome segregation (By similarity). Required for canonical Wnt signaling involved in anteroposterior neural patterning (PubMed:23413191).
Widely expressed throughout embryogenesis. At gastrula stage (st. 10.5), equal expression in ventral and dorsal marginal zones. At neurula stage (st. 18), highest expression levels in ectodermal cells.
Belongs to the tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase family.
Transcription repressor that specifically binds the 5'-GGAG[GA]A[GA]A-3' consensus sequence. Represses transcription by recruiting the chromatin multiprotein complex NuRD to target promoters. Negatively regulates expression of EGFR, a gene involved in cell proliferation, survival and migration (By similarity).
Receptor for the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or thyrotropin. Also acts as a receptor for the heterodimeric glycoprotein hormone (GPHA2:GPHB5) or thyrostimulin. The activity of this receptor is mediated by G proteins which activate adenylate cyclase. Plays a central role in controlling thyroid cell metabolism.
May act as a positive regulator of ERK phosphorylation downstream of fibroblast growth factor-receptor activation. May induce both caspase-dependent apoptosis and caspase-independent cell death. May play a role in the embryonic development.
Catalyzes the addition of GlcNAc or GlcUA monosaccharides to the nascent hyaluronan polymer. Therefore, it is essential to hyaluronan synthesis a major component of most extracellular matrices that has a structural role in tissues architectures and regulates cell adhesion, migration and differentiation. Also able to catalyze the synthesis of chito-oligosaccharide depending on the substrate.
Expressed during a short window of embryogenesis. Expression of mRNA begins just after mid-blastula, peaks at late gastrula, and declines by the end of neurulation. Protein expression follows that of the mRNA with a time lag of approximately 2 hours: accumulates through gastrula and early neurula stages and peaks at about stage 18 (mid-neurula), then decays in a non-uniform manner, persisting about 12 to 18 hr longer than the RNA (at protein level).
Expression moves as a gradient through the embryo. The mRNA is first expressed in the animal region of the blastula, and by early gastrula is found everywhere except in the outer layer of the dorsal blastopore lip. By mid-gastrula, protein is present in the inner ectodermal layer and the endoderm, then disappears from dorsal ectoderm as the neural plate is induced and later decays in a dorsoventral direction. Last expressed in ventral regions of the gut at the tailbud stage (at protein level).
Protease which deconjugates SUMO1, SUMO2 and SUMO3 from some substrate proteins (By similarity). Has isopeptidase but not SUMO-processing activity (By similarity). Collaborates with ubqln4 in the export of ubiquitinated proteins from the nucleus to the cytoplasm (By similarity).
F-actin regulator involved in anterograde Golgi to endosome transport: upon ubiquitination via 'Lys-33'-linked ubiquitin chains by the BCR(KLHL20) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, interacts with EPS15 and localizes to the trans-Golgi network, where it promotes actin polymerization, thereby facilitating post-Golgi trafficking. May play a role in the maintenance of the Golgi apparatus morphology.
Chemoattractant (PubMed:11859124). Activates the C-X-C chemokine receptor cxcr4 to induce a rapid and transient rise in the level of intracellular calcium ions, and chemotaxis (PubMed:11859124). Signaling with cxcr4 mediates the directional movement of mesodermal cells during gastrulation (Ref.2). Binds to the allosteric site (site 2) of integrins and activates them in a cxcr4-independent manner (By similarity).
Isoform alpha is expressed from the gastrula stage, whereas isoform beta is not expressed until the tailbud stage.
Isoform alpha is expressed throughout the inner deep cells of the blastocoel roof during gastrula stage embryos. Isoform beta is expressed in the developing central nervous system (CNS) of embryos; at stages 21-23, up-regulated in the anterior of the embryo where neural tube segregation occurs. At stages 32-34, expressed in the mid- and hindbrain, otic vesicles and eye, and the dorsal fin, and the embryonic heart at stage 32. At stages 39-40, isoform beta is highly expressed in the proctodeum in the posterior embryo. In the adult, isoform beta is highly expressed in the spleen, kidney, lung, stomach, testis and skeletal muscle. Lower levels are expressed in adult liver and heart. Expression is present at a very low level in adult brain and skin.
Monomer or homodimer; in equilibrium. Dimer formation is induced by non acidic pH and the presence of multivalent anions, and by binding to cxcr4 or heparin (By similarity).
Component of the mcm2-7 complex (RLF-M) (By similarity). The complex forms a toroidal hexameric ring with the proposed subunit order mcm2-mcm6-mcm4-mcm7-mcm3-mcm5 (By similarity). Begins to associate with zmcm6 into mcm complexes at the neurula stage (PubMed:9512418). Component of the CMG helicase complex, composed of the mcm2-7 complex, the GINS complex and cdc45 (By similarity).
LSm subunits form a heteromer with a donut shape.
Probably involved with other LSm subunits in the general process of degradation of mRNAs.
Catalyzes the oxidation of methanethiol, an organosulfur compound known to be produced in substantial amounts by gut bacteria. Selenium-binding protein which may be involved in the sensing of reactive xenobiotics in the cytoplasm. May be involved in intra-Golgi protein transport.
Axonemal dynein assembly factor required for ciliary motility.
Expression begins during primary neurogenesis at the neural plate stage (stage 12) and accumulates at the tailbud stage. Expressed after neurog2/X-ngnr-1 and before neurod1. Also expressed in adults.
In embryos, expressed in precursors of primary neurons. In adults, expressed at high levels in the brain, and at low levels in the somatic muscles, testis, and possibly the spleen.
May play a pivotal role in the transcriptional cascade that specifies primary neurons in embryos. Stabilizes the higher neural potential of selected progenitor cells that express neurog2/X-ngnr-1 by maintaining Delta-Notch signaling. Thus ensures the transition between neural competence and irreversible commitment to a neural fate. Also promotes neuronal differentiation by activating neurod1 expression, directly or indirectly.
Mediates the voltage-dependent proton permeability of excitable membranes. Forms a proton-selective channel through which protons may pass in accordance with their electrochemical gradient (By similarity).
The C-terminal coiled coil region mediates homodimerization. It is essential for normal subcellular localization (By similarity).
The segment S4 is probably the voltage-sensor and is characterized by a series of positively charged amino acids at every third position. Unlike other voltage-gated ion channels it lacks the pore domain (By similarity).
Casein kinases are operationally defined by their preferential utilization of acidic proteins such as caseins as substrates. It can phosphorylate a large number of proteins. Participates in Wnt signaling (By similarity).
Belongs to the G-alpha family. G(12) subfamily.
Belongs to the Gfo/Idh/MocA family. Biliverdin reductase subfamily.
Reduces the gamma-methene bridge of the open tetrapyrrole, biliverdin IX alpha, to bilirubin with the concomitant oxidation of a NADH or NADPH cofactor.
Component of neural progenitors-specific chromatin remodeling complex (npBAF complex), a subfamily of ATP-dependent SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complexes.
Involved in transcription activity regulation by chromatin remodeling in the context of the neural progenitors-specific chromatin remodeling complex (npBAF complex). May play a role in the proliferation of neural progenitors (By similarity).
It is uncertain whether Met-1 or Met-90 is the initiator.
Involved in the renal elimination of endogenous and exogenous organic anions. Mediates the sodium-independent uptake of p-aminohippurate (PAH), cidofovir, adefovir, 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl) guanine (PMEG), 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl) diaminopurine (PMEDAP) and edaravone sulfate. PAH uptake is inhibited by furosemide, steviol, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), calcium ionophore A23187, benzylpenicillin, furosemide, indomethacin, bumetamide, losartan, probenecid, phenol red, urate, and alpha-ketoglutarate (By similarity).
'Pegasus' was the winged horse in Greek mythology.
Belongs to the Ikaros C2H2-type zinc-finger protein family.
Transcriptional repressor that binds the core 5'GNNTGTNG-3' DNA consensus sequence.
Stabilizes the cyclin H-CDK7 complex to form a functional CDK-activating kinase (CAK) enzymatic complex.
Interacts with the cdk4 and cdk6 protein kinases to form a serine/threonine kinase holoenzyme complex. The cyclin subunit imparts substrate specificity to the complex.
Phosphorylation at Thr-282 by MAP kinases is required for ubiquitination and degradation by the DCX(AMBRA1) complex.
Regulatory component of the cyclin D2-CDK4 (DC) complex that phosphorylates and inhibits members of the retinoblastoma (RB) protein family including RB1 and regulates the cell-cycle during G(1)/S transition. Phosphorylation of RB1 allows dissociation of the transcription factor E2F from the RB/E2F complex and the subsequent transcription of E2F target genes which are responsible for the progression through the G(1) phase. Hypophosphorylates RB1 in early G(1) phase. Cyclin D-CDK4 complexes are major integrators of various mitogenenic and antimitogenic signals.
Ubiquitinated by the DCX(AMBRA1) complex during the transition from G1 to S cell phase, leading to its degradation: ubiquitination is dependent on Thr-282 phosphorylation. The DCX(AMBRA1) complex represents the major regulator of CCND2 stability during the G1/S transition.
Component of specific cytoplasmic RNA granules involved in post-transcriptional regulation of specific genes: probably acts by binding to specific mRNAs and regulating their translation. Probably required during spermatogenesis (By similarity).
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that mediates ubiquitination of several tyrosine-phosphorylated Src substrates. Associated component of the WMM complex, a complex that mediates N6-methyladenosine (m6A) methylation of RNAs, a modification that plays a role in the efficiency of mRNA splicing and RNA processing.
Homodimer (By similarity). Interacts with tyrosine-phosphorylated SRC substrates (By similarity). Component of the WMM complex, a N6-methyltransferase complex composed of a catalytic subcomplex, named MAC, and of an associated subcomplex, named MACOM. Component of the MACOM subcomplex (By similarity).
The HYB domain forms a phosphotyrosine-binding pocket upon dimerization, and mediates as well the recognition of its flanking acidic amino acids.
Belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily. HEN1 family.
Component of the Mediator complex, a coactivator involved in the regulated transcription of nearly all RNA polymerase II-dependent genes. Mediator functions as a bridge to convey information from gene-specific regulatory proteins to the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery.
May play a role in the trafficking of a subset of G-protein coupled receptors.
Belongs to the apolipoprotein C1 family.
Voltage-sensitive calcium channels (VSCC) mediate the entry of calcium ions into excitable cells and are also involved in a variety of calcium-dependent processes, including muscle contraction, hormone or neurotransmitter release, gene expression, cell motility, cell division and cell death. The isoform alpha-1E gives rise to R-type calcium currents.
Component of the RMI complex, containing at least TOP3A, RMI1 and RMI2.
Essential component of the RMI complex, a complex that plays an important role in the processing of homologous recombination intermediates to limit DNA crossover formation in cells. Promotes TOP3A binding to double Holliday junctions (DHJ) and hence stimulates TOP3A-mediated dissolution. Required for BLM phosphorylation during mitosis. Within the BLM complex, required for BLM and TOP3A stability (By similarity).
Binds preferentially to dsRNA, but also to RNA-DNA hybrids.
The zinc-finger domains are required for binding to dsRNA, and also for nuclear localization.
Binds DNA as a dimer (By similarity). Interacts with dscr6/ripply3 (PubMed:19247927).
First detected shortly after the mid-blastula transition and is localized to the presumptive mesoderm at mid-gastrula stages. Expression persists in the lateral plate mesoderm at neurula stages and is found in the pharyngeal arches and otic vesicles from early tail bud stages onward. Expressed in the pre-placodal ectoderm domain at stage 18.
Probable transcriptional regulator involved in developmental processes (By similarity). Binds to the palindromic T site 5'-TTCACACCTAGGTGTGAA-3' DNA sequence (By similarity). Induces pre-placodal ectoderm (PPE) gene expression in regions where RIPPLY3 is absent. Plays a role in the formation of the anteroposterior (AP) axis during embryonic development; required to establish the posterolateral border of the pre-placodal ectoderm (PPE) acting downstream of the retinoic acid receptor (RAR) signaling.
Up-regulated by retinoc acid (RA) in the pre-placodal ectoderm (PPE) during post-gastrulation development. Up-regulated by retinoc acid (RA) before, but inhibited after, neurogenesis development.
Transcriptional corepressor which does not bind directly to DNA and may regulate transcription through recruitment of histone deacetylases to gene promoters. Regulates cell adhesion, migration and proliferation (By similarity). Involved in specification of the lateral neural plate border (NPB) (PubMed:28716930). May be required for segmental gene expression during hindbrain development (By similarity).
May act as a transcriptional factor participating in nerve development and Schawnn cell differentiation.
May be required for proper functioning of the nervous system.
Expressed in liver, lung, brain, testis, stomach, kidney, eye, skeletal muscle and skin.
Involved in the biogenesis of the 60S ribosomal subunit in the nucleus.
Recognizes and binds the 7-methylguanosine-containing mRNA cap during an early step in the initiation of protein synthesis and facilitates ribosome binding by inducing the unwinding of the mRNAs secondary structures (PubMed:10635326). In addition to its role in translation initiation, also acts as a regulator of translation and stability in the cytoplasm (By similarity). Maternal RNA in oocytes remain in a dormant state as tacc3/maskin outcompetes eif4g to bind eif4e, thereby preventing translation (PubMed:10635326). During oocyte maturation this complex dissolves and eif4g binds eif4e to allow translation of maternal RNAs (PubMed:10635326).
eIF4F is a multi-subunit complex, the composition of which varies with external and internal environmental conditions. It is composed of at least eif4a, eif4e and eif4g. eif4e is also known to interact with other partners (By similarity). tacc3/maskin competes with eif4g for binding to eif4e (PubMed:10635326).
Interacts directly with the RPA1 subunit of RPA complex. Interacts with importin beta, but not with importin alpha. Forms a complex with the RPA complex and importin beta, which is dissociated by Ran-GTP (By similarity).
Belongs to the methylthiotransferase family. CDKAL1 subfamily.
Binds 2 [4Fe-4S] clusters. One cluster is coordinated with 3 cysteines and an exchangeable S-adenosyl-L-methionine.
Catalyzes the methylthiolation of N6-threonylcarbamoyladenosine (t(6)A), leading to the formation of 2-methylthio-N6-threonylcarbamoyladenosine (ms(2)t(6)A) at position 37 in tRNAs that read codons beginning with adenine.
Belongs to the myo-inositol oxygenase family.
May play a role in protection against oxidative stress.
Expressed in stage VI primed oocytes (at protein level).
Interacts with the NPXY motif of tyrosine-phosphorylated igf1r and insr via the PTB domain (By similarity). Binds to phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase p85 subunit at a low level in vitro prior to phosphorylation. Binding is greatly enhanced following tyrosine phosphorylation by insr and probably occurs via the phosphorylated YXXM motifs.
May mediate the control of various cellular processes by insulin. When phosphorylated by the insulin receptor binds specifically to various cellular proteins containing SH2 domains such as phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase p85 subunit or grb2. Activates phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase when bound to the regulatory p85 subunit (By similarity).
Phosphorylation of Tyr-582 is required for grb2-binding.
During gastrulation, broadly expressed in the dorsal region in both mesodermal and neural tissues. From the neurula stages, expressed throughout the neural tube. In tailbud stages, expression declines in the anterior notochord but remains strong in the posterior notochord and in the neural tube. Also weakly expressed in the prenephritic region of late tailbud embryos.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically throughout early development. Maternal expression declines gradually by the early gastrula stage (stage 10). Zygotic expression increases by late gastrula stage (stage 12) with strong expression from the midneurula stage (stage 15) onward.
Has a role in non-canonical Wnt/planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling; can recruit dvl/dsh and prickle from the cytoplasm to the plasma membrane. Acts in a PCP complex to regulate the polarized assembly of fibronectrin on the surface of the mesoderm during gastrulation. Regulates convergent extension in both dorsal mesoderm and neural tissue without affecting cell fate. Regulates neural fold closure during neurulation (PubMed:12074560, PubMed:15854914). May be required for cell surface localization of fzd3 and fzd6 in the inner ear (By similarity).
Interacts with dvl/dsh (By similarity). Interacts with prickle3 (PubMed:27658614, PubMed:26079437).
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Abundant in the animal hemisphere of the blastula embryo and during early embryogenesis. Expressed in ectodermal and mesodermal cell lineages where expression becomes spatially restricted to the developing nervous system as development progresses (at protein level). Expressed in the neural plate at late neurula stage (stage 17). At early tailbud stage (stage 25), expression continues in the neural tube and begins in the eyes. At late tailbud stages (stage 30), expressed broadly in the CNS (PubMed:7542467, PubMed:18241856).
Expressed in oocytes (at protein level) (PubMed:2017364). Expressed in the tadpole brain (at protein level) (PubMed:7542467, PubMed:18241856).
The POU domain controls nuclear translocation.
Transcription factor that binds to the octamer motif (5'-ATTTGCAT-3') and activates the promoters of the genes of some small nuclear RNAs (snRNA) and histone H2B (PubMed:2017364). In vitro does not bind to variant octamer sequences, such as the H2B octamer 5'-GTTTGCAT-3', although binding has been observed in vivo during early embryogenesis, suggesting that interactions between pou2f1 and other factors might be required for octamer-dependent H2B transcription (PubMed:1990276, PubMed:2017364, PubMed:1406629). Acts downstream of Notch signaling during radial glia formation (PubMed:18241856). May be important for gastrulation, possibly through the regulation of an FGF-type signaling pathway (PubMed:7542467).
Belongs to the metallo-beta-lactamase superfamily. RNA-metabolizing metallo-beta-lactamase-like family. INTS11 subfamily.
Belongs to the TAF9 family. CENP-S/MHF1 subfamily.
DNA-binding component of the Fanconi anemia (FA) core complex. Required for the normal activation of the FA pathway, leading to monoubiquitination of the FANCI-FANCD2 complex in response to DNA damage, cellular resistance to DNA cross-linking drugs, and prevention of chromosomal breakage. In complex with CENPX (MHF heterodimer), crucial cofactor for FANCM in both binding and ATP-dependent remodeling of DNA. Stabilizes FANCM. In complex with CENPX and FANCM (but not other FANC proteins), rapidly recruited to blocked forks and promotes gene conversion at blocked replication forks. In complex with CENPT, CENPW and CENPX (CENP-T-W-S-X heterotetramer), involved in the formation of a functional kinetochore outer plate, which is essential for kinetochore-microtubule attachment and faithful mitotic progression. As a component of MHF and CENP-T-W-S-X complexes, binds DNA and bends it to form a nucleosome-like structure. DNA-binding function is fulfilled in the presence of CENPX, with the following preference for DNA substates: Holliday junction > double-stranded > splay arm > single-stranded. Does not bind DNA on its own.
Heterodimer with CENPX, sometimes called MHF; this interaction stabilizes both partners. MHF heterodimers can assemble to form tetrameric structures. MHF also coassemble with CENPT-CENPW heterodimers at centromeres to form the tetrameric CENP-T-W-S-X complex. Forms a discrete complex with FANCM and CENPX, called FANCM-MHF; this interaction, probably mediated by direct binding between CENPS and FANCM, leads to synergistic activation of double-stranded DNA binding and strongly stimulates FANCM-mediated DNA remodeling. Recruited by FANCM to the Fanconi anemia (FA) core complex, which consists of CENPS, CENPX, FANCA, FANCB, FANCC, FANCE, FANCF, FANCG, FANCL, FANCM, FAAP24 and FAAP100. The FA core complex associates with Bloom syndrome (BLM) complex, which consists of at least BLM, DNA topoisomerase 3-alpha (TOP3A), RMI1/BLAP75, RPA1/RPA70 and RPA2/RPA32. The super complex between FA and BLM is called BRAFT. Component of the CENPA-CAD complex, composed of CENPI, CENPK, CENPL, CENPO, CENPP, CENPQ, CENPR and CENPS. The CENPA-CAD complex is probably recruited on centromeres by the CENPA-NAC complex, at least composed of CENPA, CENPC, CENPH, CENPM, CENPN, CENPT and CENPU.
Belongs to the potassium channel family. V (TC 1.A.1.2) subfamily. Kv8.1/KCNV1 sub-subfamily.
Heteromultimer with KCNB1 and KCNB2. Interacts with KCNC4 and KCND1.
Potassium channel subunit that does not form functional channels by itself. Modulates KCNB1 and KCNB2 channel activity by shifting the threshold for inactivation to more negative values and by slowing the rate of inactivation. Can down-regulate the channel activity of KCNB1, KCNB2, KCNC4 and KCND1, possibly by trapping them in intracellular membranes.
Belongs to the nucleoporin Nup85 family.
Component of the nuclear pore complex (NPC) that seems to be required for NPC assembly and maintenance (By similarity). Involved in nephrogenesis (By similarity).
Component of the nuclear pore complex (NPC).
Belongs to the aerobic coproporphyrinogen-III oxidase family.
Negatively regulates class switch recombination or isotype switching in splenic B-cells.
The BTB domain is important for homodimerization and for its function in negative regulation of class switch recombination.
Component of the origin recognition complex (ORC) that binds origins of replication. DNA-binding is ATP-dependent, however specific DNA sequences that define origins of replication have not been identified so far. ORC is required to assemble the pre-replication complex necessary to initiate DNA replication.
Necessary for protein translocation in the endoplasmic reticulum.
Core component of the splicing-dependent multiprotein exon junction complex (EJC) deposited at splice junctions on mRNAs. The EJC is a dynamic structure consisting of core proteins and several peripheral nuclear and cytoplasmic associated factors that join the complex only transiently either during EJC assembly or during subsequent mRNA metabolism. The EJC marks the position of the exon-exon junction in the mature mRNA for the gene expression machinery and the core components remain bound to spliced mRNAs throughout all stages of mRNA metabolism thereby influencing downstream processes including nuclear mRNA export, subcellular mRNA localization, translation efficiency and nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) (By similarity).
Part of the EJC core complex that contains casc3, eif4a3, magoh and rbm8a.
Downstream effector of Notch signaling. Transcriptional repressor which binds preferentially to the canonical E box sequence 5'-CACGTG-3'. Acts as a suppressor of neurogenesis by antagonizing proneural gene function. Functions during floorplate development. Plays a role in pronephros formation in the inhibition of distal tubule and duct cell fates and the promotion of glomus and proximal tubule formation.
Efficient DNA binding requires dimerization with another bHLH protein. Binds DNA in the form of homodimer or more strongly as a heterodimer with hes1/hairy1 or hes4-B/hairy2b. Also weakly interacts with the bHLH proteins hes2, neurod1 and neurod4/ath3. Interacts (via Orange domain) with ccdc89/boip (via C-terminus).
Expressed throughout embryogenesis, with expression rising after neurulation.
Expression in late gastrula and early neurula embryos is restricted to dorsal endodermal cells and the medial neural plate and in dorsal endodermal cells. Expression fills exactly the gap in between the two rows of motor neurons in the ventral neural tube. At later stages, expressed in the floor plate, in hypochord cells and in the somitogenic and anterior presomitic mesoderm. By tailbud stage, also highly expressed in the dorsal hindbrain, telencephalon and eye vesicles, olfactory placodes, branchial arches, tail fin and somites. Expression in the somite, eye, head and branchial arches persists throughout organogenesis. In addition, despite being absent in the early heart field, expression begins within the linear heart tube at stages 32-35. Also expressed from the early-tailbud stage in the dorsoanterior region of the developing pronephros. During early tailbud stages, localized to the most dorsoanterior portion of the pronephric anlagen. During late tailbud to early tadpole stages, expression marks the most dorsoanterior portion of the pronephros with expression becoming progressively restricted to the tip of the forming tubules. Pronephric expression is no longer detectable at late tadpole stages (stage 35). In adults, strongest expression is observed in the brain, eye, heart, lung, muscle, ovary, skin, spleen and testis.
The C-terminal YRPW motif is not required for transcriptional repressor activity and is unable to recruit groucho.
The Orange domain, downstream sequence and the bHLH are required for efficient heterodimerization with hes/hairy proteins, and for transcriptional repressor activity.
Required for Ca(2+) flux in immune cells and plays a role in T-cell proliferation and in T-cell and neutrophil migration (By similarity). Involved in endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) of soluble glycosylated proteins (By similarity). Required for cell surface expression of CD36 and involved in macrophage uptake of low-density lipoprotein and in foam cell formation (By similarity). Required for palmitoylation (By similarity).
Can form homo- and heteropolymers with other CLDN. Homopolymers interact with CLDN1 and CLDN2 homopolymers. Directly interacts with TJP1/ZO-1, TJP2/ZO-2 and TJP3/ZO-3.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS28 family.
Autophosphorylated on tyrosine residues.
Dual-specificity kinase which possesses both serine/threonine and tyrosine kinase activities. Exhibits a substrate preference for proline at position P+1 and arginine at position P-3. Plays an important role in double-strand breaks (DSBs) repair following DNA damage. Mechanistically, phosphorylates RNF169 and increases its ability to block accumulation of TP53BP1 at the DSB sites thereby promoting homologous recombination repair (HRR). Also acts as a positive regulator of transcription by acting as a CTD kinase that mediates phosphorylation of the CTD (C-terminal domain) of the large subunit of RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) POLR2A (By similarity). Modulates alternative splicing by phosphorylating the splice factor SRSF6 (By similarity). Phosphorylates SEPTIN4, SEPTIN5 and SF3B1 (By similarity).
The histidine-rich domain (HRD) region is intrinsically disordered and promotes the formation of phase-separated liquid droplets that enhance its ability to phosphorylate the CTD (C-terminal domain) of the large subunit of RNA polymerase II (RNA Pol II).
Catalyzes the specific attachment of an amino acid to its cognate tRNA in a 2 step reaction: the amino acid (AA) is first activated by ATP to form AA-AMP and then transferred to the acceptor end of the tRNA. Plays a role in the synthesis of ribosomal RNA in the nucleolus.
Monomer. Part of a multisubunit complex that groups tRNA ligases for Arg (RARS1), Asp (DARS1), Gln (QARS1), Ile (IARS1), Leu (LARS1), Lys (KARS1), Met (MARS1) the bifunctional ligase for Glu and Pro (EPRS1) and the auxiliary subunits AIMP1/p43, AIMP2/p38 and EEF1E1/p18.
Involved in the control of the cell cycle. Interacts with cyclins A, B, D, or E. Activity of CDK2 is maximal during S phase and G2.
Phosphorylation at Thr-14 or Tyr-15 inactivates the enzyme, while phosphorylation at Thr-160 activates it (By similarity). Activated by spdya.
Synthesized in unfertilized egg, but no longer made in the early embryo.
May bind and stabilize microtubules during myotubes formation.
Expressed at high level during oogenesis and embryogenesis. Found at low level in the adult liver and spleen. Found at very low level in testis and heart. Not found in the oocyte vegetal cortex.
Interacts (via PID domain) with ldlr (via NPXY motif) (PubMed:12591597). Binds to soluble clathrin trimers and to the adapter protein complex 2 (AP-2, beta 2 subunit). Binds to phosphoinositides, which regulate clathrin bud assembly at the cell surface. Interacts with the VLDL receptor (vldlr) (By similarity). Interacts with the vitellogenin receptor (PubMed:12591597).
Hydrolyzes deoxynucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs) to the corresponding nucleoside monophosphates. Has a strong preference for dCTP and its analogs including 5-iodo-dCTP and 5-methyl-dCTP for which it may even have a higher efficiency. May protect DNA or RNA against the incorporation of these genotoxic nucleotide analogs through their catabolism.
Catalyzes the ferrous insertion into protoporphyrin IX.
Probable adenosyl-L-methionine (AdoMet)-dependent tRNA (uracil-O(2)-)-methyltransferase.
Component of the DCX(DTL) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, at least composed of cul4 (cul4a or cul4b), ddb1, dtl/cdt2 and rbx1.
Substrate-specific adapter of a DCX (DDB1-CUL4-X-box) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex required for cell cycle control, DNA damage response and translesion DNA synthesis. The DCX(DTL) complex, also named CRL4(CDT2) complex, mediates the polyubiquitination and subsequent degradation of CDT1, CDKN1A/p21(CIP1), KMT5A and SDE2. CDT1 degradation in response to DNA damage is necessary to ensure proper cell cycle regulation of DNA replication. CDKN1A/p21(CIP1) degradation during S phase or following UV irradiation is essential to control replication licensing. KMT5A degradation is also important for a proper regulation of mechanisms such as TGF-beta signaling, cell cycle progression, DNA repair and cell migration. Most substrates require their interaction with PCNA for their polyubiquitination: substrates interact with PCNA via their PIP-box, and those containing the 'K+4' motif in the PIP box, recruit the DCX(DTL) complex, leading to their degradation. In undamaged proliferating cells, the DCX(DTL) complex also promotes the 'Lys-164' monoubiquitination of PCNA, thereby being involved in PCNA-dependent translesion DNA synthesis. May play a role in the regulation of the circadian clock (By similarity).
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 3 family.
Transfers the glycosyl residue from UDP-Glc to the non-reducing end of alpha-1,4-glucan.
Has a two-domain beta-structure, folded into four very similar Greek key motifs.
Expressed in the marginal zone of mid-gastrulae, and in ventral and lateral sectors. At neurula stages, strongly expressed around the blastopore and in the pharyngeal endoderm, and more weakly expressed throughout the ventral half of the embryo. Transcripts are detected in the nervous system, particularly the hindbrain and spinal cord, and tailbud of tailbud stage embryos, with weaker expression in the anterior nervous system, otic vesicle, heart, and pronephric duct. Transcription is increased by BMP4 and decreased by Noggin and tBR, indicating that it is regulated by BMP signaling.
Protease which processes procollagen C-propeptides, such as chordin. Required for the embryonic development. Predominant protease, which in the development, influences dorsal-ventral patterning and skeletogenesis.
Catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of 6-phosphogluconate to ribulose 5-phosphate and CO(2), with concomitant reduction of NADP to NADPH.
Belongs to the phospholipase D family. MitoPLD/Zucchini subfamily.
In contrast to other members of the phospholipase D family, contains only one PLD phosphodiesterase domain, suggesting that it has a single half-catalytic and requires homodimerization to form a complete active site.
Presents phospholipase and nuclease activities, depending on the different physiological conditions. Plays a key role in mitochondrial fusion and fission via its phospholipase activity. In its phospholipase role, it uses the mitochondrial lipid cardiolipin as substrate to generate phosphatidate (PA or 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate), a second messenger signaling lipid. Production of PA facilitates Mitofusin-mediated fusion, whereas the cleavage of PA by the Lipin family of phosphatases produces diacylgycerol (DAG) which promotes mitochondrial fission. Regulates mitochondrial shape through facilitating mitochondrial fusion. During spermatogenesis, plays a critical role in PIWI-interacting RNA (piRNA) biogenesis (By similarity). piRNAs provide essential protection against the activity of mobile genetic elements. piRNA-mediated transposon silencing is thus critical for maintaining genome stability, in particular in germline cells when transposons are mobilized as a consequence of wide-spread genomic demethylation. Has been shown to be a backbone-non-specific, single strand-specific nuclease, cleaving either RNA or DNA substrates with similar affinity (By similarity). Produces 5' phosphate and 3' hydroxyl termini, suggesting it could directly participate in the processing of primary piRNA transcripts (By similarity). Has been proposed to act as a cardiolipin hydrolase to generate phosphatidic acid at mitochondrial surface. Although it cannot be excluded that it can act as a phospholipase in some circumstances, this activity could not be confirmed (By similarity).
Acts as a translational repressor. Can mediate repression affecting different steps in the translation process: cap-driven, IRES-driven, polyadenylated RNAs or nonpolyadenylated RNAs. Essential for the development of primordial germ cells (PGCs) by ensuring their proper migration and survival.
The Nanos-type zinc finger is composed of two C2HC motifs, each motif binding one molecule of zinc. It is essential for the translation repression activity of the protein.
Very abundant in the oocyte and early embryo and reduced to very low levels by gastrulation.
Belongs to the heme-copper respiratory oxidase family.
Binds 2 heme A groups non-covalently per subunit.
Component of the cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV, CIV), a multisubunit enzyme composed of 14 subunits. The complex is composed of a catalytic core of 3 subunits MT-CO1, MT-CO2 and MT-CO3, encoded in the mitochondrial DNA, and 11 supernumerary subunits COX4I, COX5A, COX5B, COX6A, COX6B, COX6C, COX7A, COX7B, COX7C, COX8 and NDUFA4, which are encoded in the nuclear genome. The complex exists as a monomer or a dimer and forms supercomplexes (SCs) in the inner mitochondrial membrane with NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I, CI) and ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase (cytochrome b-c1 complex, complex III, CIII), resulting in different assemblies (supercomplex SCI(1)III(2)IV(1) and megacomplex MCI(2)III(2)IV(2)) (By similarity). As a newly synthesized protein, rapidly incorporates into a multi-subunit assembly intermediate in the inner membrane, called MITRAC (mitochondrial translation regulation assembly intermediate of cytochrome c oxidase) complex, whose core components are COA3/MITRAC12 and COX14. Within the MITRAC complex, interacts with COA3 and with SMIM20/MITRAC7; the interaction with SMIM20 stabilizes the newly synthesized MT-CO1 and prevents its premature turnover. Interacts with TMEM177 in a COX20-dependent manner (By similarity).
DNA-binding protein which may repress cyclin D1 transcription by recruiting HDAC1 to its promoter, thereby diminishing H3K9ac, H3S10ph and H4K8ac levels. Promotes TP53 activation, which causes cell cycle arrest.
The MFD (multi-functional domain) domain is involved in transcription transactivation, nuclear body targeting and dimerization.
Transcriptional activator which may be required for calcium-dependent dendritic growth and branching in cortical neurons.
Plays a role in the regulation of cell shape and polarity. Plays a role in cellular protein transport, including protein transport away from primary cilia. Neuroprotective protein (By similarity).
Required for the export of mRNAs containing poly(A) tails from the nucleus into the cytoplasm. May be involved in the terminal step of the mRNA transport through the nuclear pore complex (NPC).
Tetrahedron-shaped homododecamer built from six homodimers.
Belongs to the aspartate/ornithine carbamoyltransferase superfamily.
AP-4 forms a non clathrin-associated coat on vesicles departing the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and may be involved in the targeting of proteins from the trans-Golgi network (TGN) to the endosomal-lysosomal system.
Adaptor protein complex 4 (AP-4) is a heterotetramer composed of two large adaptins, a medium adaptin and a small adaptin.
Belongs to the FAD-dependent oxidoreductase family.
Binds calmodulin with a greater affinity in the absence of Ca(2+) than in its presence.
Palmitoylated (By similarity). Palmitoylation is essential for plasma membrane association (By similarity).
This protein is associated with nerve growth. It is a major component of the motile 'growth cones' that form the tips of elongating axons. Plays a role in axonal and dendritic filopodia induction (By similarity).
The TFIID basal transcription factor complex plays a major role in the initiation of RNA polymerase II (Pol II)-dependent transcription. TFIID recognizes and binds promoters with or without a TATA box via its subunit tbp, a TATA-box-binding protein, and promotes assembly of the pre-initiation complex (PIC). The TFIID complex consists of tbp and TBP-associated factors (TAFs). Mediates both basal and activator-dependent transcription.
Interacts with the Nup107-160 subcomplex of the NPC.
Required for the assembly of a functional nuclear pore complex (NPC) on the surface of chromosomes as nuclei form at the end of mitosis. May initiate NPC assembly by binding to chromatin and recruiting the Nup107-160 subcomplex, which may in turn recruit membrane vesicles containing pom121 and tmem48/ndc1. Association with chromatin may require the presence of the mcm2-mcm7 complex, suggesting a mechanism for coordination of nuclear assembly and the inactivation of replication licensing.
The N-terminus forms a highly conserved seven-bladed beta propeller decorated with long loops and mediates anchorage to the Nup107-160 subcomplex of the nuclear pore, synergistically with the central alpha domain. The disordered C-terminus is responsible for the interactions with chromatin (By similarity).
Oxidation of Met-46 and Met-49 by MICALs (mical1, mical2 or mical3) to form methionine sulfoxide promotes actin filament depolymerization. Mical1 and mical2 produce the (R)-S-oxide form. The (R)-S-oxide form is reverted by msrb1 and msrb2, which promote actin repolymerization (By similarity).
Shows overlapping but distinct expression patterns with other Xenopus laevis actins. In tailbud embryos, expressed in embryonic muscle (myotomes). In tadpoles, abundant in muscle from the tadpole tail with minor expression in the heart and limb buds. In adults, expressed mainly in skeletal muscle.
Acts as an inhibitor of BTK tyrosine kinase activity, thereby playing a role in B-cell development.
Centrosomal protein involved in regulation of centriole duplication. Required to limit centriole duplication to once per cell cycle by preventing centriole reduplication (By similarity).
Phosphorylates phosphatidylinositol (PI) in the first committed step in the production of the second messenger inositol-1,4,5,-trisphosphate (PIP).
The B box-type and RING-type zinc fingers although degenerate play a central role in function of the protein.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that acts as a negative regulator of the Wnt signaling pathway by mediating the ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of Wnt receptor complex components (PubMed:22575959). Along with RSPO2 and RNF43, constitutes a master switch that governs limb specification (By similarity).
Cys-89 or Cys-223 or Cys-236 could be involved in interchain disulfide linkage.
Displays several functions associated with host defense: it promotes agglutination, bacterial capsular swelling, phagocytosis, and complement fixation through its calcium-dependent binding to phosphorylcholine.
Homodimer; disulfide-linked. It is not known if it assembles into a pentraxin (or pentaxin) structure. Pentaxins have a discoid arrangement of 5 non-covalently bound subunits.
Is initially detected at the late tail bud stage when the liver appears.
Central component of a redox-sensitive mitochondrial intermembrane space import machinery which is required for the biogenesis of respiratory chain complexes (By similarity). Functions as chaperone and catalyzes the formation of disulfide bonds in substrate proteins, such as COX17 or MICU1. Required for the import and folding of small cysteine-containing proteins (small Tim) in the mitochondrial intermembrane space (IMS). Precursor proteins to be imported into the IMS are translocated in their reduced form into the mitochondria.
The CHCH domain contains a conserved twin Cys-X(9)-Cys motif which is required for import and stability of MIA40 in mitochondria.
Maintains high levels of reduced glutathione in the cytosol.
Stimulates the secretion of gonadotropins.
Probably involved in the organization of the actin cytoskeleton.
Acts as a catabolic phospho-lyase on both gamma- and beta-phosphorylated substrates. Degrades O-phospho-threonine (PThr) to alpha-ketobutyrate, ammonia and phosphate (By similarity).
Possible role in maturation and transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the plasma membrane of functional dual oxidase.
Allosterically activated by ADP, AMP, or fructose 2,6-bisphosphate, and allosterically inhibited by ATP or citrate.
Belongs to the phosphofructokinase type A (PFKA) family. ATP-dependent PFK group I subfamily. Eukaryotic two domain clade "E" sub-subfamily.
Belongs to the phosphofructokinase type A (PFKA) family. ATP-dependent PFK group I subfamily. Eukaryotic two domain clade 'E' sub-subfamily.
Catalyzes the phosphorylation of D-fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate by ATP, the first committing step of glycolysis.
May act as a component of endosomal retrieval machinery that is involved in protein transport from early endosomes to either recycling endosomes or the trans-Golgi network.
Oxysterol-binding protein that mediates feedback control of cholesterol synthesis by controlling both endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi transport of scap and degradation of hmgcr. Acts as a negative regulator of cholesterol biosynthesis by mediating the retention of the SCAP-SREBP complex in the endoplasmic reticulum, thereby blocking the processing of sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs). Binds oxysterol, including 22-hydroxycholesterol, 24-hydroxycholesterol, 25-hydroxycholesterol and 27-hydroxycholesterol, regulating interaction with scap and retention of the SCAP-SREBP complex in the endoplasmic reticulum. In presence of oxysterol, interacts with scap, retaining the SCAP-SREBP complex in the endoplasmic reticulum, thereby preventing scap from escorting SREBPs to the Golgi. Sterol deprivation reduce oxysterol-binding, disrupting the interaction between insig2 and scap, thereby promoting Golgi transport of the SCAP-SREBP complex, followed by processing and nuclear translocation of SREBPs. Also regulates cholesterol synthesis by regulating degradation of hmgcr.
Expressed in the anterior of the dorsal ectoderm from late gastrula stages onwards. Becomes restricted to the cement gland anlage at the onset of neurulation (stages 13 to 14) and expressed exclusively in the cement gland from stage 18 onwards, with transient expression in the hatching gland during tailbud stages.
In response to organizer-secreted signals and neural inducers.
Involved in cement gland formation; probably specifies dorsal ectoderm to acquire an anterior fate such as cement gland and forebrain. Signals via the FGF pathway.
Homodimer and heterodimer; forms heterodimers with miga1.
Regulator of mitochondrial fusion: acts by forming homo- and heterodimers at the mitochondrial outer membrane and facilitating the formation of pld6/MitoPLD dimers. May act by regulating phospholipid metabolism via pld6/MitoPLD.
Expressed in neuron and in presumptive neural tissue.
The mRNA encoding this LD-NCAM is the major transcript present in both maternal RNA and in the embryo during early neural development.
Component of TFIIIB complexes. Interacts with TBP and forms a ternary complex with TBp and target DNA sequences.
General activator of RNA polymerase III transcription. Factor exclusively required for RNA polymerase III transcription of genes with promoter elements upstream of the initiation sites. Contributes to the regulation of gene expression; functions as activator in the absence of oxidative stress. Down-regulates expression of target genes in response to oxidative stress. Overexpression protects cells against apoptosis in response to oxidative stress.
In response to oxidative stress, a Cys-residue is reversibly oxidized to cysteine sulfenic acid. This impairs formation of a ternary complex with TBP and DNA and down-regulates expression of target genes in response to oxidative stress.
Catalyzes the first step in the biosynthesis of NAD from nicotinic acid, the ATP-dependent synthesis of beta-nicotinate D-ribonucleotide from nicotinate and 5-phospho-D-ribose 1-phosphate.
Transiently phosphorylated on a His residue during the reaction cycle. Phosphorylation strongly increases the affinity for substrates and increases the rate of nicotinate D-ribonucleotide production. Dephosphorylation regenerates the low-affinity form of the enzyme, leading to product release.
Belongs to the reverse transcriptase family. Telomerase subfamily.
Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein enzyme essential for the replication of chromosome termini in most eukaryotes. It elongates telomeres. It is a reverse transcriptase that adds simple sequence repeats to chromosome ends by copying a template sequence within the RNA component of the enzyme.
Rab9 effector required for endosome to trans-Golgi network (TGN) transport.
Catalyzes the hydrolysis of pseudosubstrates such as p-nitrocatechol sulfate and p-nitrophenyl sulfate (By similarity). Catalyzes the hydrolysis of the 2-sulfate groups of the 2-O-sulfo-D-glucuronate residues of chondroitin sulfate, heparin and heparitin sulfate (By similarity). Acts selectively on 2-sulfoglucuronate and lacks activity against 2-sulfoiduronate (By similarity).
Associates with the pre-60S ribosomal particle. Interacts (via WD repeats) with uL18 (By similarity). Interacts (via UBL domain) with MDN1 (via VWFA/MIDAS domain) (By similarity).
Maternally transcribed, with constant expression during early stages of embryogenesis. Levels increase at the end of gastrulation and are maintained during neurulation and organogenesis. During later stages expressed in somites, segmental plate, brain, branchial arches, eyes and ventral bood islands.
Plays a role in regulating the expression of CDKN1A and several members of the Wnt pathway, probably via its effects on Notch activity. Required for normal embryogenesis (By similarity). Plays a role in regulating Notch activity.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Accumulates in previtellogenic oocytes and is maintained at constant level throughout oogenesis and into early embryogenesis. Declines through gastrula to neurula. Not detectable between neurula and tailbud, nor in adult tissues other than ovary.
Histone deacetylase that catalyzes the deacetylation of lysine residues on the N-terminal part of the core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4). Histone deacetylation gives a tag for epigenetic repression and plays an important role in transcriptional regulation, cell cycle progression and developmental events. Histone deacetylases act via the formation of large multiprotein complexes. Also functions as deacetylase for non-histone proteins. In addition to protein deacetylase activity, also has protein-lysine deacylase activity: acts as a protein decrotonylase by mediating decrotonylation ((2E)-butenoyl) of histones.
Part of a large multiprotein complex that also contains RBBP4.
Belongs to the peptidase C19 family. USP14/UBP6 subfamily.
Homodimer (Potential). Associates with the 26S proteasome. Interacts with FANCC, CXCR4 and ERN1. Interacts with TRIM14; this interaction recruits USP14 to cleave ubiquitin chains of CGAS.
Belongs to the ELO family. ELOVL4 subfamily.
Catalyzes the first and rate-limiting reaction of the four reactions that constitute the long-chain fatty acids elongation cycle. This endoplasmic reticulum-bound enzymatic process allows the addition of 2 carbons to the chain of long- and very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) per cycle. Condensing enzyme that specifically elongates C24:0 and C26:0 acyl-CoAs. May participate to the production of saturated and monounsaturated VLCFAs of different chain lengths that are involved in multiple biological processes as precursors of membrane lipids and lipid mediators.
Component of the general transcription and DNA repair factor IIH (TFIIH) core complex, which is involved in general and transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair (NER) of damaged DNA and, when complexed to CAK, in RNA transcription by RNA polymerase II. In NER, TFIIH acts by opening DNA around the lesion to allow the excision of the damaged oligonucleotide and its replacement by a new DNA fragment. In transcription, TFIIH has an essential role in transcription initiation. When the pre-initiation complex (PIC) has been established, TFIIH is required for promoter opening and promoter escape. Phosphorylation of the C-terminal tail (CTD) of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II by the kinase module CAK controls the initiation of transcription.
Part of a TFIID-containing RNA polymerase II pre-initiation complex that is composed of TBP and at least GTF2A1, GTF2A2, GTF2E1, GTF2E2, GTF2F1, GTF2H2, GTF2H3, GTF2H4, GTF2H5, GTF2B, TCEA1, ERCC2, ERCC3, TAF1, TAF2, TAF3, TAF4, TAF5, TAF6, TAF7, TAF8, TAF9, TAF10, TAF11, TAF12 and TAF13. Component of the 7-subunit TFIIH core complex composed of XPB/ERCC3, XPD/ERCC2, GTF2H1, GTF2H2, GTF2H3, GTF2H4 and GTF2H5, which is active in NER. The core complex associates with the 3-subunit CDK-activating kinase (CAK) module composed of CCNH/cyclin H, CDK7 and MNAT1 to form the 10-subunit holoenzyme (holo-TFIIH) active in transcription. Interacts with RARA; the interaction requires prior phosphorylation of RARA on 'Ser-369' which then enhances interaction of RARA with CDK7.
By mesoderm-inducing factors including activin, basic fibroblast growth factor, nodal2/nr-2, dvr1/vg1, vegt and t/bra. Autoinduced by derriere itself.
First detected at late blastula (stage 8.5-9). Expression then increases with levels peaking during gastrulation before tapering off by neurulation (stage 13).
Homodimer; disulfide-linked. Also forms heterodimers with other TGF-beta family members including nodal2/nr-2 and bmp4.
Initially expressed throughout the presumptive embryonic mesendoderm with subsequent localization to the posterior mesoderm.
Required for posterior mesoderm formation during embryogenesis. Acts indirectly to suppress head formation by altering mesodermal patterning. Also involved in the establishment of left-right axis asymmetry, acting upstream of nodal/nr-1. Can exert long-range effects in the embryo.
Synthesized as large precursor molecule that undergo proteolytic cleavage, releasing the pro-domain from the active, receptor binding, C-terminal region of the molecule.
Probably involved in signal transduction, in the nervous system. Required for the spatial learning process. May also be involved in neurite outgrowth (By similarity).
Expressed in oocytes, kidney and pancreas (at protein level). Expressed in oocytes, kidney and pancreas.
Homodimer and multimer (By similarity). Associates with microtubules (By similarity). Interaction with a translocation machinery protein TRAPA of the endoplasmic reticulum (By similarity). Component of a mRNP complex, at least composed of DAZAP1, IGF2BP3, STAU and VgRBP60 (By similarity). The mRNP complex with DAZAP1, IGF2BP3, STAU and VgRBP60 is only found in the cytoplasm (By similarity). Interacts with a hnRNP 1 related RNA transport protein VgRBP60 both in the nucleus (in an RNA-independent manner) and the cytoplasm (in an RNA-dependent manner) (By similarity). Found in a B3 activator complex.
RNA-binding protein that acts as a regulator of mRNA transport and localization. Binds to the RNA sequence motif 5'-UUCAC-3'. Preferentially binds to N6-methyladenosine (m6A)-containing mRNAs and increases their stability (By similarity). Mediates the specific association of Vg1 RNA to microtubules. May regulate mRNA translation (By similarity). Binds specifically to the vegetal localization elements (VLE or VgLE) in the 3'-UTR of Vg1 and VegT mRNAs. Binds to the Vg1 and VegT mRNAs in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm. May regulate mRNA translation (By similarity). Acts as a transcription regulator (PubMed:1577195, PubMed:12957389). Binds to the 5'-[TA]GGTTACT-3' motif within element 3 of the TFIIIA gene promoter (PubMed:1577195, PubMed:12957389).
The third and fourth KH domains are involved in RNA binding and self-association. Stable self-association requires RNA (By similarity).
Component of the pre-catalytic and post-catalytic spliceosome complexes.
Required for pre-mRNA splicing as component of the spliceosome (By similarity). Binds double-stranded RNA (By similarity).
Ribosome biogenesis factor. Involved in nucleolar processing of pre-18S ribosomal RNA. Required for optimal pre-ribosomal RNA transcription by RNA polymerase I.
Abundant in oocytes. At the neurula stage, low expression in dorsal embryo region including neural folds and somites.
Aminocarboxypropyltransferase that catalyzes the aminocarboxypropyl transfer on pseudouridine at position 1248 (Psi1248) in 18S rRNA. It constitutes the last step in biosynthesis of the hypermodified N1-methyl-N3-(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl) pseudouridine (m1acp3-Psi) conserved in eukaryotic 18S rRNA.
Belongs to the TDD superfamily. TSR3 family.
Involved in the assembly of C/D box small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein (snoRNP) particles (By similarity). Recruits the SWI/SNF complex to the core promoter of rRNA genes and enhances pre-rRNA transcription (By similarity). Mediates interaction of TELO2 with the R2TP complex which is necessary for the stability of MTOR and SMG1 (By similarity). Positively regulates the assembly and activity of the mTORC1 complex (By similarity).
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. RNA methyltransferase RlmE family.
Regulates the trafficking and gating properties of AMPA-selective glutamate receptors (AMPARs).
Component of a retrotranslocation channel required for peroxisome organization by mediating export of the PEX5 receptor from peroxisomes to the cytosol, thereby promoting PEX5 recycling (PubMed:35931083). The retrotranslocation channel is composed of PEX2, PEX10 and PEX12; each subunit contributing transmembrane segments that coassemble into an open channel that specifically allows the passage of PEX5 through the peroxisomal membrane (By similarity). PEX12 also regulates PEX5 recycling by activating the E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity of PEX10 (By similarity). When PEX5 recycling is compromised, PEX12 stimulates PEX10-mediated polyubiquitination of PEX5, leading to its subsequent degradation (By similarity).
The RING-type zinc-finger is degenerated and only coordinates one zinc ions, preventing E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity.
Acts as a transcriptional activator or repressor. Implicated in the regulation of cell-type specific gene expression and play a role in inductive events during lens development.
Expressed in the anterior neuroectoderm at stage 14. Expressed during the formation of the neural tube in rhombomeres (r) 5 and 6, in the derivative neural crest cells and then in the dorsal half of neural tube of r5 and r6 at stage 24. Expressed in the presumptive blood islands at stages 22 and 24. By stage 28 its expression in r5 disappears, but becomes detectable in r4 at stages 29 and 30. Its expression in r6 persists until stages 33 and 34. Expressed through r4 in two bilaterally symmetrical columns of cells in the dorsolateral spinal cord at stage 32. Expressed in developing somites at stages 33 and 34. Expressed in myotomal cells at stage 32. Expressed in the pronephros at stage 28. Expressed in the presumptive lens-forming ectoderm (PLE) at stage 22 and during lens formation. Expressed in the inner (sensorial) layer of PLE, developing lens placode and lens epithelium. Expressed in the anterior part of lens vesicle at stages 32 to 34.
Homodimer or heterodimer with other bHLH-Zip transcription factors. Binds DNA as a homodimer or a heterodimer (By similarity).
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS1 family.
Component of the small ribosomal subunit. Mature ribosomes consist of a small (40S) and a large (60S) subunit. The 40S subunit contains about 33 different proteins and 1 molecule of RNA (18S). The 60S subunit contains about 49 different proteins and 3 molecules of RNA (28S, 5.8S and 5S).
Functions as a specific ammonium transporter.
Absent in stage VI oocytes and is expressed from meiosis II until gastrulation.
Oocyte and early embryo-specific protein tyrosine kinase that phosphorylates and inhibits cdk1 and acts as a regulator of meiosis in oocytes. Required to ensure the meiotic cell cycle in oocytes by phosphorylating cdk1 at 'Tyr-15', leading to inhibit cdk1 activity and prevent meiosis.
Phosphorylated during M and G1 phases. Interacts with cdca3 when phosphorylated at Ser-38.
Ubiquitinated and degraded at the onset of G2/M phase.
Was initially assigned as wee1 (PubMed:9486797). However, it corresponds to the meiosis-specific protein WEE2 in mammals.
First transcribed in the neurula at stage 15 and is maintained throughout later stages, reaching a peak around stage 42.
Initially transcribed but not translated in early neural (stage 15) retinal progenitors. Translation occurs during late retinogenesis and requires cell cycle progression with the timing of translation paralleling that of the generation of bipolar cells. Also expressed in the ciliary marginal zone (CMZ) with translation beginning in early postmitotic cells. Also transcribed in early neurulae in the presumptive spinal cord, with expression expanding anteriorly to the midbrain-hindbrain boundary during the tail bud stage.
Involved in the differentiation of bipolar cells, the last neurons of the retina to form. Together with other retinal homeobox proteins, acts as an effector of a cellular clock which, depending on cell cycle progression, establishes the generation of distinct retinal neuronal cell types.
Histone chaperone that facilitates histone deposition and histone exchange and removal during nucleosome assembly and disassembly (By similarity). Not critical for histone deposition during nucleosome assembly (PubMed:17576589).
Interacts with histone H3 (including both histone H3.1 and H3.3) and histone H4 (By similarity). Interacts with hira and p60 (PubMed:17576589).
Deoxyribonuclease which catalyzes (in vitro) the decatenation of kinetoplast DNA, which are circular DNA catenated to each other, producing linear DNA molecules (By similarity). Plays an important role in chromosomal segregation and cell cycle progression during eye development probably via its DNA decatenation activity (By similarity).
Accelerates the intermembrane transfer of various glycolipids. Catalyzes the transfer of various glycosphingolipids between membranes but does not catalyze the transfer of phospholipids. May be involved in the intracellular translocation of glucosylceramides (By similarity).
Belongs to the homogentisate dioxygenase family.
Soluble frizzled-related proteins (sFRPS) function as modulators of Wnt signaling through direct interaction with Wnts. They have a role in regulating cell growth and differentiation in specific cell types. SFRP3/FRZB appears to be involved in limb skeletogenesis. Antagonist of Wnt8 signaling. Regulates chondrocyte maturation and long bone development.
Belongs to the metallophosphoesterase superfamily. MPPE1 family.
Metallophosphoesterase required for transport of GPI-anchor proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi. Acts in lipid remodeling steps of GPI-anchor maturation by mediating the removal of a side-chain ethanolamine-phosphate (EtNP) from the second Man (Man2) of the GPI intermediate, an essential step for efficient transport of GPI-anchor proteins (By similarity).
Metallophosphoesterase required for transport of GPI-anchor proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi. Acts in lipid remodeling steps of GPI-anchor maturation by mediating the removal of a side-chain ethanolamine-phosphate (EtNP) from the second Man (Man2) of the GPI intermediate, an essential step for efficient transport of GPI-anchor proteins.
Proline-directed serine/threonine-protein kinase essential for neuronal cell cycle arrest and differentiation and may be involved in apoptotic cell death in neuronal diseases by triggering abortive cell cycle re-entry. Interacts with D1 and D3-type G1 cyclins. Regulates several neuronal development and physiological processes including neuronal survival, migration and differentiation, axonal and neurite growth, synaptogenesis, oligodendrocyte differentiation, synaptic plasticity and neurotransmission, by phosphorylating key proteins. In the mature central nervous system (CNS), regulates neurotransmitter movements by phosphorylating substrates associated with neurotransmitter release and synapse plasticity; synaptic vesicle exocytosis, vesicles fusion with the presynaptic membrane, and endocytosis. May regulate endothelial cell migration and angiogenesis via the modulation of lamellipodia formation. The complex p35/CDK5 may participate in the regulation of the circadian clock.
Component of the NuA4 histone acetyltransferase complex.
ATP-dependent serine protease that mediates the selective degradation of misfolded, unassembled or oxidatively damaged polypeptides as well as certain short-lived regulatory proteins in the mitochondrial matrix. May also have a chaperone function in the assembly of inner membrane protein complexes. Participates in the regulation of mitochondrial gene expression and in the maintenance of the integrity of the mitochondrial genome. Binds to mitochondrial DNA in a site-specific manner.
Homohexamer or homoheptamer. Organized in a ring with a central cavity.
A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase that catalyzes the side-chain hydroxylation and cleavage of cholesterol to pregnenolone, the precursor of most steroid hormones. Catalyzes three sequential oxidation reactions of cholesterol, namely the hydroxylation at C22 followed with the hydroxylation at C20 to yield 20R,22R-hydroxycholesterol that is further cleaved between C20 and C22 to yield the C21-steroid pregnenolone and 4-methylpentanal. Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate and reducing the second into a water molecule. Two electrons are provided by NADPH via a two-protein mitochondrial transfer system comprising flavoprotein FDXR (adrenodoxin/ferredoxin reductase) and nonheme iron-sulfur protein FDX1 or FDX2 (adrenodoxin/ferredoxin).
Induces rhoa activation and activates nppa transcription and myofibrillar organization through the rho/rock signaling pathway.
Electron carrier protein. The oxidized form of the cytochrome c heme group can accept an electron from the heme group of the cytochrome c1 subunit of cytochrome reductase. Cytochrome c then transfers this electron to the cytochrome oxidase complex, the final protein carrier in the mitochondrial electron-transport chain.
Although related to the peptidase M24 family, this protein lacks conserved active site residues suggesting that it may lack peptidase activity.
Component of the FACT complex (also called the DUF complex), a stable heterodimer of ssrp1 and supt16h. May also be a component of a ck2-spt16-ssrp1 complex composed of ssrp1, supt16h, csnk2a1, csnk2a2 and csnk2b. The FACT complex may also interact with vcp.
The Glu-rich acidic region in C-terminus is essential for FACT activity.
Interacts with the components of the replication complex (By similarity). Regulates checkpoint signaling (By similarity). Also involved in the cytoplasmic maturation steps of pre-60S ribosomal particles by promoting the release of shuttling protein RSL24D1/RLP24 from the pre-ribosomal particles (By similarity).
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mL52 family.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class myosin-kinesin ATPase superfamily. Kinesin family. NCD subfamily.
Composed of three structural domains; a small globular N-terminal, a central alpha-helical coiled coil and a large globular C-terminal which is responsible for the motor activity (it hydrolyzes ATP and binds microtubules).
Component of the mcm2-7 complex (RLF-M) (PubMed:16369567, PubMed:8816774, PubMed:9214646, PubMed:9214647, PubMed:9851868). The complex forms a toroidal hexameric ring with the proposed subunit order mcm2-mcm6-mcm4-mcm7-mcm3-mcm5 (PubMed:16369567, PubMed:8816774, PubMed:9214646, PubMed:9214647, PubMed:9851868). The heterodimer of mmcm3/mcm5 interacts with mcm4, mmcm6, mcm7 and weakly with mcm2 (PubMed:16369567, PubMed:8816774, PubMed:9214646, PubMed:9214647, PubMed:9851868). The N-terminus is required for interaction with mmcm3, though this interaction may not be direct, and remains in a complex with mmcm3 throughout the cell cycle (PubMed:16369567, PubMed:8816774, PubMed:9214646, PubMed:9214647, PubMed:9851868). Begins to associate with zmcm6 at the neurula stage (PubMed:9512418). Component of the replisome complex (By similarity). Component of the CMG helicase complex, composed of the mcm2-7 complex, the GINS complex and cdc45 (PubMed:30979826, PubMed:30842657).
Present at constant levels throughout development.
Ubiquitinated by traip when forks converge following formation of DNA interstrand cross-links (PubMed:30979826, PubMed:30842657). Ubiquitinated via 'Lys-6'- and 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitination by traip (PubMed:30979826). Short ubiquitin chains on mcm7 promote recruitment of DNA glycosylase neil3 (PubMed:30979826, PubMed:30842657). If the interstrand cross-link cannot be cleaved by neil3, the ubiquitin chains continue to grow on mcm7, promoting the unloading of the CMG helicase complex by the vcp/p97 ATPase (PubMed:30979826, PubMed:30842657).
May act as a zinc transporter involved in intracellular zinc homeostasis. May play a role as nuclear receptor coactivator.
Because S100A10 induces the dimerization of ANXA2/p36, it may function as a regulator of protein phosphorylation in that the ANXA2 monomer is the preferred target (in vitro) of tyrosine-specific kinase.
Because p10 induces the dimerization of annexin II (p36), it may function as a regulator of protein phosphorylation in that the p36 monomer is the preferred target (in vitro) of tyrosine-specific kinase.
Does not appear to bind calcium. Contains 2 ancestral calcium site related to EF-hand domains that have lost their ability to bind calcium.
Tetramer of 2 light chains (p10) and 2 heavy chains (annexin II).
Belongs to the peptidase M67A family. MYSM1 subfamily.
Binds double-stranded DNA via the SANT domain. The SWIRM domain does not bind double-stranded DNA (By similarity).
Metalloprotease that specifically deubiquitinates monoubiquitinated histone H2A, a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional repression, thereby acting as a coactivator. Preferentially deubiquitinates monoubiquitinated H2A in hyperacetylated nucleosomes. Deubiquitination of histone H2A leads to facilitate the phosphorylation and dissociation of histone H1 from the nucleosome. Acts as a coactivator by participating in the initiation and elongation steps of androgen receptor (AR)-induced gene activation (By similarity).
Protein kinase that may play an important role in cellular stress response (By similarity). Plays an important role in activating certain potassium, sodium, and chloride channels, suggesting an involvement in the regulation of processes such as cell survival, neuronal excitability, and renal sodium excretion.
Up-regulated by aldosterone and glucocorticoids.
Component of a ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex, at least composed of cpeb1, lsm14b/rap55b, ddx6/Xp54, ybx2/frgy2, pat1/P100, eif4enif1/4E-T and eif4e1b. Different translationally-repressed mRNP complexes probably exist that contain either lsm14a/rap55a or lsm14b/rap55b depending on the developmental stage (By similarity). Component of a ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex, composed at least of elavl1/elrA and/or elavl2/elrB, igf2bp3/vg1RBP, ddx6/Xp54, ybx2/frgy2, lsm14b/rap55b and, in a subset of RNP complexes, stau1/staufen.
May be involved in the storage of translationally inactive mRNAs and protect them from degradation (By similarity). Plays a role in control of mRNA translation (By similarity).
Cysteine protease that plays a key role in autophagy by mediating both proteolytic activation and delipidation of ATG8 family proteins. Required for canonical autophagy (macroautophagy), non-canonical autophagy as well as for mitophagy. The protease activity is required for proteolytic activation of ATG8 family proteins: cleaves the C-terminal amino acid of ATG8 proteins to reveal a C-terminal glycine. Exposure of the glycine at the C-terminus is essential for ATG8 proteins conjugation to phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and insertion to membranes, which is necessary for autophagy. Protease activity is also required to counteract formation of high-molecular weight conjugates of ATG8 proteins (ATG8ylation): acts as a deubiquitinating-like enzyme that removes ATG8 conjugated to other proteins, such as ATG3. In addition to the protease activity, also mediates delipidation of ATG8 family proteins. Catalyzes delipidation of PE-conjugated forms of ATG8 proteins during macroautophagy. Also involved in non-canonical autophagy, a parallel pathway involving conjugation of ATG8 proteins to single membranes at endolysosomal compartments, by catalyzing delipidation of ATG8 proteins conjugated to phosphatidylserine (PS).
The LIR motif (LC3-interacting region) is required for the interaction with ATG8 family proteins. Required for proteolytic activation and delipidation of ATG8 proteins.
Belongs to the pyridoxal phosphate-binding protein YggS/PROSC family.
Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP)-binding protein, which may be involved in intracellular homeostatic regulation of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP), the active form of vitamin B6.
Oligomer of 24 subunits. The functional molecule is roughly spherical and contains a central cavity into which the polymeric mineral iron core is deposited (By similarity).
Stores iron in a soluble, non-toxic, readily available form. Important for iron homeostasis. Has ferroxidase activity. Iron is taken up in the ferrous form and deposited as ferric hydroxides after oxidation (By similarity).
There are three types of ferritin subunits in amphibia: L, M and H chains. M and H chains are fast mineralizing; the L chain is very slow mineralizing (By similarity).
DNA-binding protein involved in single-strand DNA break repair, double-strand DNA break repair and base excision repair. Resolves abortive DNA ligation intermediates formed either at base excision sites, or when DNA ligases attempt to repair non-ligatable breaks induced by reactive oxygen species. Catalyzes the release of adenylate groups covalently linked to 5'-phosphate termini, resulting in the production of 5'-phosphate termini that can be efficiently rejoined. Also able to hydrolyze adenosine 5'-monophosphoramidate (AMP-NH(2)) and diadenosine tetraphosphate (AppppA), but with lower catalytic activity (By similarity). Likewise, catalyzes the release of 3'-linked guanosine (DNAppG) and inosine (DNAppI) from DNA, but has higher specific activity with 5'-linked adenosine (AppDNA) (By similarity).
The C2H2-type zinc finger mediates DNA-binding.
The HIT domain is required for enzymatic activity.
The histidine triad, also called HIT motif, forms part of the binding loop for the alpha-phosphate of purine mononucleotide.
Belongs to the chloride channel (TC 2.A.49) family. ClC-5/CLCN5 subfamily.
Has a dual function as a transcriptional activator and a repressor of the sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathway, and may play a role in limb development. May bind to the minimal GLI-consensus sequence 5'-GGGTGGTC-3' (By similarity). Has an essential role in the early embryonic patterning of mesoderm and neuroectoderm.
Phosphorylation is essential for its proteolytic processing.
The repressor form (GLI3R), a C-terminally truncated form is generated from the full-length GLI3 protein (GLI3FL) through proteolytic processing.
Thiol-dependent isopeptidase that recognizes and hydrolyzes the peptide bond at the C-terminal Gly of UFM1, a ubiquitin-like modifier protein bound to a number of target proteins. Does not hydrolyze SUMO1 or ISG15 ubiquitin-like proteins.
Belongs to the complex I LYR family. SDHAF3 subfamily.
Interacts with the iron-sulfur protein subunit within the SDH catalytic dimer.
Plays an essential role in the assembly of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), an enzyme complex (also referred to as respiratory complex II) that is a component of both the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and the mitochondrial electron transport chain, and which couples the oxidation of succinate to fumarate with the reduction of ubiquinone (coenzyme Q) to ubiquinol. Promotes maturation of the iron-sulfur protein subunit of the SDH catalytic dimer, protecting it from the deleterious effects of oxidants. May act together with SDHAF1.
Belongs to the polyribonucleotide nucleotidyltransferase family.
Involved in vitamin D transport and storage, scavenging of extracellular G-actin, enhancement of the chemotactic activity of C5 alpha for neutrophils in inflammation and macrophage activation.
Catalyzes the biosynthesis of guanidinoacetate, the immediate precursor of creatine. Creatine plays a vital role in energy metabolism in muscle tissues. May play a role in embryonic and central nervous system development (By similarity).
Expressed during embryonic development from the mid-gastrula stage onwards.
Ubiquitously expressed in adult tissues, with highest levels in muscle and intermediate levels in eye, heart, liver, stomach and testis. In stage 28 embryos, expression is higher in the dorsal and ventral parts of the trunk than in the head. In middle gastrulae, expression is highest around the yolk plug, while in stage 15 and tailbud stage embryos, expression is largely restricted to the region around the presumptive notochord and gut.
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mL43 family.
Plays a central role during spermatogenesis by repressing transposable elements and preventing their mobilization, which is essential for the germline integrity. Acts via the piRNA metabolic process, which mediates the repression of transposable elements during meiosis by forming complexes composed of piRNAs and Piwi proteins and governs the methylation and subsequent repression of transposons. Its association with piP-bodies suggests a participation in the secondary piRNAs metabolic process. Required for the localization of germ-cell factors to the meiotic nuage.
Predominantly expressed during the initial cleavage and blastula stage. Little expression in the further development.
Transcriptional repressor regulating the expression of a number of genes. Probably functions through recruitment of histone deacetylases involved in chromatin silencing (By similarity).
Converts the glycoprotein envelope surrounding the egg from an unfertilizable to a fertilizable form during its transit through the pars recta portion of the oviduct by selectively hydrolyzing the envelope glycoprotein gp43. The egg envelope is converted to a sperm-penetrable form, via an increase in sperm binding.
Specifically expressed in the pars recta oviduct.
The catalytically inactive 110 kDa form is processed both N- and C-terminally to give rise to the 66 kDa catalytically active form.
Required for the assembly of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I). Involved in mid-late stages of complex I assembly.
Endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria-associated protein that probably functions as a regulator of cellular redox state and thereby regulates protein post-translational modification, protein folding and mitochondrial activity.
Monomer (By similarity). Homodimer; disulfide-linked (By similarity). Occurs in both reduced and oxidized monomeric form (By similarity). Oxidative conditions increase homodimerization (By similarity).
The thioredoxin domain lacks the 2 redox-active cysteines, suggesting that it lacks thioredoxin activity.
At mid-gastrula stage (stage 11.5), weakly expressed in the prospective neural fold. Expressed in the neural plate border region at early neurula stage (stage 15) with strongest expression in the prospective regions of the hyoid and branchial crests. Expression in the dorsal central nervous system (CNS) continues through late neurula stage and early tail bud stages with expression strongest in the olfactory placode and expression levels increasing as development progresses. Becomes expressed in somites.
Expressed zygotically. First detected at mid-gastrula stage.
May bind to DNA (By similarity). Induces neural and neural crest differentiation. Does not induce anterior neural tissue.
Expressed maternally. Expression levels decrease from gastrulation until the onset of neurulation (stage 15), when expression is absent.
Ubiquitously expressed in early cleavage stage and gastrula stage embryos.
Binds to various kinds of negatively charged substances such as heparin, phospholipids, and dextran sulfate. May prevent activation of the intrinsic blood coagulation cascade by binding to phospholipids on the surface of damaged cells.
Consists of at least two heavy chains and a number of intermediate and light chains (By similarity). Interacts with DNAAF2 (By similarity). Interacts with DNAAF6/PIH1D3. Interacts with HEATR2; probably involved in outer arm dynein assembly (By similarity). Interacts with C16ORF71/DAAP1 (PubMed:33263282).
Part of the dynein complex of multiciliated cell cilia.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bS16 family.
Expressed in the brain and floor plate. In the developing pronephros, expressed in the proximal tubules and nephrostomes but absent from the pronephric duct.
Expression during the neurula through tadpole stages of development.
Ligand for members of the frizzled family of seven transmembrane receptors. Plays an important role in embryonic kidney development. Acts downstream of Notch signaling during pronephric kidney development. During early pronephros development, patterns the proximal pronephric anlagen to promote glomus and nephrostome formation. Also required later in pronephros development for tubulogenesis.
Regulates actin polymerization by inhibiting the actin-nucleating activity of the Arp2/3 complex; the function is competitive with nucleation promoting factors. Involved in steering cell migration by controlling its directional persistence (By similarity).
The acidic C-terminus is necessary and sufficient to inhibit ARP2/3 complex activity.
Cholesterol bound to SSD domain of SCAP or oxysterol bound to INSIG (insig1 or insig2) leads to masking of an ER export signal (also named MELADL motif) on scap possibly by moving the signal further away from the ER membrane.
Escort protein required for cholesterol as well as lipid homeostasis. Regulates export of the SCAP-SREBP complex from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi upon low cholesterol, thereby regulating the processing of sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs) srebf1/srebp1 and srebf2/srebp2. At high sterol concentrations, formation of a ternary complex with insig (insig1 or insig2) leads to mask the ER export signal in SCAP, promoting retention of the complex in the endoplasmic reticulum. Low sterol concentrations trigger release of insig, a conformational change in the SSD domain of scap, unmasking of the ER export signal, promoting recruitment into COPII-coated vesicles and transport of the SCAP-SREBP to the Golgi: in the Golgi, SREBPs are then processed, releasing the transcription factor fragment of SREBPs from the membrane, its import into the nucleus. Binds cholesterol via its SSD domain.
Loop-1 binds to loop-7, enabling interaction with COPII-coated vesicles. When levels of cholesterol in the endoplasmic reticulum increase, Loop-1 binds to cholesterol instead, thereby disrupting direct binding between the two loops and preventing the SCAP-SREBP complex from exiting the endoplasmic reticulum.
Membrane region forms a homotetramer. Component of the SCAP-SREBP complex (composed of SCAP and srebf1/srebp1 or srebf2/srebp2). Forms a ternary complex with insig1 or insig2 through its transmembrane domains at high sterol concentrations. Interacts with the SEC23-SEC24 complex.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. TRM11 methyltransferase family.
Catalytic subunit of an S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent tRNA methyltransferase complex that mediates the methylation of the guanosine nucleotide at position 10 (m2G10) in tRNAs.
Belongs to the tigger transposable element derived protein family.
Component of the tectonic-like complex, a complex localized at the transition zone of primary cilia and acting as a barrier that prevents diffusion of transmembrane proteins between the cilia and plasma membranes.
First detected at the late neurula stage in retinal primordia. Throughout the tailbud stage, expressed exclusively in the neural retina within the optic vesicles. During tadpole stage, expression becomes restricted to the ciliary marginal zone.
Receptor for Wnt proteins. Functions in the canonical Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway. The canonical Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway leads to the activation of disheveled proteins, inhibition of GSK-3 kinase, nuclear accumulation of beta-catenin and activation of Wnt target genes (By similarity). A second signaling pathway involving PKC and calcium fluxes has been seen for some family members, but it is not yet clear if it represents a distinct pathway or if it can be integrated in the canonical pathway, as PKC seems to be required for Wnt-mediated inactivation of GSK-3 kinase. Both pathways seem to involve interactions with G-proteins. May be involved in transduction and intercellular transmission of polarity information during tissue morphogenesis and/or in differentiated tissues (Probable).
Scaffolding subunit of the trimeric nuclear exosome targeting (NEXT) complex that is involved in the surveillance and turnover of aberrant transcripts and non-coding RNAs. NEXT functions as an RNA exosome cofactor that directs a subset of non-coding short-lived RNAs for exosomal degradation. May be involved in pre-mRNA splicing. It is required for 3'-end maturation of telomerase RNA component (TERC), TERC 3'-end targeting to the nuclear RNA exosome, and for telomerase function.
Belongs to the RNase HII family. Eukaryotic subfamily.
Catalytic subunit of RNase HII, an endonuclease that specifically degrades the RNA of RNA:DNA hybrids. Participates in DNA replication, possibly by mediating the removal of lagging-strand Okazaki fragment RNA primers during DNA replication. Mediates the excision of single ribonucleotides from DNA:RNA duplexes.
Manganese or magnesium. Binds 1 divalent metal ion per monomer in the absence of substrate. May bind a second metal ion after substrate binding.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. RsmB/NOP family. TRM4 subfamily.
RNA cytosine C(5)-methyltransferase that methylates cytosine to 5-methylcytosine (m5C) in various RNAs, such as tRNAs, mRNAs and some long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). Involved in various processes, such as epidermal stem cell differentiation, testis differentiation and maternal to zygotic transition during early development: acts by increasing protein synthesis; cytosine C(5)-methylation promoting tRNA stability and preventing mRNA decay. Methylates cytosine to 5-methylcytosine (m5C) at positions 34 and 48 of intron-containing tRNA(Leu)(CAA) precursors, and at positions 48, 49 and 50 of tRNA(Gly)(GCC) precursors. tRNA methylation is required generation of RNA fragments derived from tRNAs (tRFs). Also mediates C(5)-methylation of mitochondrial tRNAs. Catalyzes cytosine C(5)-methylation of mRNAs, leading to stabilize them and prevent mRNA decay. Cytosine C(5)-methylation of mRNAs also regulates mRNA export. Also mediates cytosine C(5)-methylation of non-coding RNAs, such as vault RNAs (vtRNAs), promoting their processing into regulatory small RNAs. Required for proper spindle assembly and chromosome segregation, independently of its methyltransferase activity.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS17 family.
Binds two Mg(2+) per subunit. Required for catalysis and for stabilizing the dimer.
Belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily. METTL23 family.
Histone methyltransferase that dimethylates histone H3 at 'Arg-17', forming asymmetric dimethylarginine (H3R17me2a), leading to activate transcription via chromatin remodeling.
Belongs to the proteasome subunit p27 family.
Belongs to the MoaE family. MOCS2B subfamily.
Catalytic subunit of the molybdopterin synthase complex, a complex that catalyzes the conversion of precursor Z into molybdopterin. Acts by mediating the incorporation of 2 sulfur atoms from thiocarboxylated MOCS2A into precursor Z to generate a dithiolene group.
Heterotetramer; composed of 2 small (MOCS2A) and 2 large (MOCS2B) subunits.
This protein is produced by a bicistronic gene which also produces the large subunit (MOCS2A).
Belongs to the calcium channel alpha-1 subunit (TC 1.A.1.11) family. CACNA1B subfamily.
Voltage-sensitive calcium channels (VSCC) mediate the entry of calcium ions into excitable cells and are also involved in a variety of calcium-dependent processes, including muscle contraction, hormone or neurotransmitter release, gene expression, cell motility, cell division and cell death. This alpha-1B subunit gives rise to N-type calcium currents. N-type calcium channels belong to the 'high-voltage activated' (HVA) group. They are involved in pain signaling. Calcium channels containing alpha-1B subunit may play a role in directed migration of immature neurons.
Mutarotase that catalyzes the interconversion of beta-D-galactose and alpha-D-galactose during galactose metabolism.
Interacts (via N-terminus) with magoh and rbm8a; the interaction is direct. Associates (eIF2A-like region) with the 40S ribosomal subunit and the 48S preinitiation complex (By similarity).
Key regulator of the exon junction complex (EJC), a multiprotein complex that associates immediately upstream of the exon-exon junction on mRNAs and serves as a positional landmark for the intron exon structure of genes and directs post-transcriptional processes in the cytoplasm such as mRNA export, nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) or translation. Acts as an EJC disassembly factor, allowing translation-dependent EJC removal and recycling by disrupting mature EJC from spliced mRNAs. Its association with the 40S ribosomal subunit probably prevents a translation-independent disassembly of the EJC from spliced mRNAs, by restricting its activity to mRNAs that have been translated. Interferes with NMD and enhances translation of spliced mRNAs, probably by antagonizing EJC functions (By similarity).
GTP-binding protein involved in protein trafficking; regulates endocytic recycling and cytoskeleton remodeling. May modulate vesicle budding and uncoating within the Golgi apparatus. May contribute to the regulation of dendritic branching, filopodia extension and dendritic spine development (By similarity).
Antimicrobial peptides that inhibit the growth of numerous species of bacteria and fungi and induce osmotic lysis of protozoa. Rapidly inactivates channel catfish herpesvirus (ED(50)=48 uM) over a wide temperature range (PubMed:15193922). Magainins are membrane lytic agents.
Synthesized in the stomach and stored in a novel granular multinucleated cell in the gastric mucosa. It is stored as active, processed peptides in large granules within the granular gland secretions of the skin.
Calcium-dependent mitochondrial solute carrier.
Belongs to the ERCC1/RAD10/SWI10 family.
By Notch-signaling. Acts in a complex regulatory loop with other transcription factors and neural crest inducing signals at the neural plate border.
Dynamically expressed in the borders of several tissue territories. Expressed in the pre-placodal ectoderm (PPE) from gastrula stage. During gastrulation, expressed in the deep layer of the dorsal lip, the Spemann organizer and three distinct regions in the prospective neuroectoderm: neural plate border, presumptive floor plate/notoplate and anterior neural plate. At later stages, expression is localized to the anterior of the prechordal plate, the presomitic mesoderm, neural tube, neural crest derivatives and several tissues of the central nervous system, with expression in the developing floor plate continues to at least the tadpole stage. From the early tailbud stage, expressed in the dorsoanterior region of the developing pronephros. During early tailbud stages, broadly expressed within the pronephric mesoderm. and in the sensorial layer of the ectoderm covering the pronephros anlagen. During late tailbud to early tadpole stages, expressed in the ventral region of the pronephros. Expression remains in the proximal and distal tubules at late tadpole stages (stage 35).
Expressed zygotically. Shows higher zygotic expression than hes4-A/hairy2a.
PubMed:17724611 reports that the probe used in PubMed:12774230 cross-hybridizes with hes4-A/hairy2a, so the maternal expression reported in PubMed:12774230 is in fact due to hes4-A/hairy2a and not hes4-B/hairy2b.
The C-terminal WRPW motif is a transcriptional repression domain necessary for the interaction with Groucho/TLE family members, transcriptional corepressors recruited to specific target DNA by Hairy-related proteins (By similarity). The WPRW motif is also required for the inductive function, independent of a transcription regulation activity.
Transcription repression requires formation of a complex with a corepressor protein of the Groucho/TLE family. Interacts with the bHLH protein hes6; this interaction may inhibit the transcriptional repressor activity (By similarity). Binds DNA in the form of a heterodimer with the bHLH protein hey1/hrt1. Interacts (via Orange domain) with id3 (via HLH domain).
Transcriptional repressor. Binds DNA on N-box motifs: 5'-CACNAG-3'. Promotes floor plate development and prechordal plate development. Required for lens development as early as the stage of lens field formation, partly through regulation of gene expression of the cell cycle inhibitor cdknx/p27(xic1). Required for formation of the neural crest downstream of multiple signaling pathways, and acts at the neural plate border via both DNA-binding dependent and independent mechanisms; acts in a DNA-binding dependent manner to repress pro-apoptotic and neural crest differentiation genes, including id3, delta1, and cdknx/p27(xic1), and thus promote the cell survival of neural plate border cells and maintain them in an undifferentiated state. Represses transcription of id3, at least in part through the repression of bmp4. On the other hand, acts in a DNA-independent manner separate from the transcriptional repressor function, to stimulate cell proliferation and promote neural crest formation. Via this DNA-independent route, acts in neurulae upstream of stat3 to transiently up-regulate the notch ligand dll1/delta1, which in turn up-regulates id3 expression. Then interacts directly with id3, which blocks the transcriptional repressor function of hes4-B/hairy2b to allow the progression of neural crest progenitors through specification and differentiation. Also acts via repressor-dependent and repressor-independent mechanisms in early gastrulae to establish the prospective anterior prechordal mesoderm identity in the Spemann organizer; induces specific genes independently from direct transcriptional regulation, and represses the genes specific for neighboring tissues through direct transcriptional repression. Modulates lateral inhibition during notch signaling and regulates the cell context dependent effects of notch (which can have inhibitory, permissive or enhancing roles in muscle or neural differentiation). Inhibits myogenesis.
Inhibited by the C-terminal non-catalytic region. Activated by caspase-cleavage. Full activation also requires homodimerization and autophosphorylation of Thr-179 (By similarity).
Stress-activated, pro-apoptotic kinase which, following caspase-cleavage, enters the nucleus and induces chromatin condensation followed by internucleosomal DNA fragmentation. Key component of the Hippo signaling pathway which plays a pivotal role in organ size control and tumor suppression by restricting proliferation and promoting apoptosis. The core of this pathway is composed of a kinase cascade wherein stk3/mst2 and stk4/mst1, in complex with its regulatory protein sav1, phosphorylates and activates lats1/2 in complex with its regulatory protein mob1, which in turn phosphorylates and inactivates yap1 oncoprotein and wwtr1/taz. Phosphorylation of yap1 by lats2 inhibits its translocation into the nucleus to regulate cellular genes important for cell proliferation, cell death, and cell migration.
Palmitoylated. Palmitoylation is essential for plasma membrane association.
This protein is associated with nerve growth. It is a major component of the motile 'growth cones' that form the tips of elongating axons. Plays a role in axonal and dendritic filopodia induction.
Acts as a sulfur carrier required for molybdopterin biosynthesis. Component of the molybdopterin synthase complex that catalyzes the conversion of precursor Z into molybdopterin by mediating the incorporation of 2 sulfur atoms into precursor Z to generate a dithiolene group. In the complex, serves as sulfur donor by being thiocarboxylated (-COSH) at its C-terminus by MOCS3. After interaction with MOCS2B, the sulfur is then transferred to precursor Z to form molybdopterin.
Belongs to the MoaD family. MOCS2A subfamily.
This protein is produced by a bicistronic gene which also produces the large subunit (MOCS2B).
Component of the 7-subunit TFIIH core complex.
In NER, TFIIH acts by opening DNA around the lesion to allow the excision of the damaged oligonucleotide and its replacement by a new DNA fragment. In transcription, TFIIH has an essential role in transcription initiation. When the pre-initiation complex (PIC) has been established, TFIIH is required for promoter opening and promoter escape.
Acts as a ligand for FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3 and FGFR4 (By similarity). Also acts as an integrin ligand which is required for FGF2 signaling (By similarity). Plays an important role in the regulation of cell survival, cell division, cell differentiation and cell migration (By similarity). Functions as a potent mitogen in vitro. Can induce angiogenesis (By similarity).
Forms either a homodimer or a heterodimer with a related family member.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Maternal expression is weak but still detectable at the blastula stage. Zygotic expression starts during gastrulation and progresses to strong expression at stages 30 and 45.
First expressed in the anterior neural field of stage 15 embryos. At stage 18, localized in three domains of the brain (rostral forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain) and in the eye anlage. Cerebral and retinal expression persists at later stages with additional expression in the branchial arches, at the base of the hatching gland, and in the pancreas.
Belongs to the AB hydrolase superfamily. LDAH family.
Belongs to the calycin superfamily. Lipocalin family. Highly divergent.
Interacts with LRP2; LRP2 mediates APOM renal uptake and subsequent lysosomal degradation.
Probably involved in lipid transport. Can bind sphingosine-1-phosphate, myristic acid, palmitic acid and stearic acid, retinol, all-trans-retinoic acid and 9-cis-retinoic acid.
By the natural signal and in response to the mesoderm-inducing factors activin A, basic FGF/bFGF, derriere, nodal/nr-1, nodal2/nr-2 and nodal4/nr-4.
During gastrula and neurula stages in involuting mesoderm and in the notochord.
Expressed in presumptive mesodermal cells around the blastopore, and then in the notochord.
Involved in the transcriptional regulation of genes required for mesoderm formation and differentiation (PubMed:11869292). Binds to the palindromic T site 5'-TTCACACCTAGGTGTGAA-3' DNA sequence (PubMed:11111039). Causes dorsal mesodermal differentiation of animal cap ectoderm when co-expressed with wnt8 and noggin (PubMed:7906224). None of these molecules causes dorsal mesoderm formation when expressed alone (PubMed:7906224). Establishes the left/right axis at early gastrula stage by directly up-regulating mesodermal expression of zic3 (PubMed:11869292).
When not bound to DNA, exists as a monomer (PubMed:9349824). Binds DNA as a dimer (PubMed:9349824).
Catalyzes the hydrolytic deamination of adenosine and 2-deoxyadenosine. Plays an important role in purine metabolism and in adenosine homeostasis. Modulates signaling by extracellular adenosine, and so contributes indirectly to cellular signaling events. May act as a positive regulator of T-cell coactivation (By similarity).
Belongs to the succinate/malate CoA ligase beta subunit family. GTP-specific subunit beta subfamily.
GTP-specific succinyl-CoA synthetase functions in the citric acid cycle (TCA), coupling the hydrolysis of succinyl-CoA to the synthesis of GTP and thus represents the only step of substrate-level phosphorylation in the TCA. The beta subunit provides nucleotide specificity of the enzyme and binds the substrate succinate, while the binding sites for coenzyme A and phosphate are found in the alpha subunit.
Heterodimer of an alpha and a beta subunit. The beta subunit determines specificity for GTP.
First detectable at early gastrula stages. Expressed in the anterior-most region of the open neural plate and midanterior and midlateral anterior ridge. By late neurula stages, expressed in the derivatives of these regions namely, in the anterior and rostral ventrolateral part of the forebrain neuroepithelium, primordium striatum, optic stalk, chiasmatic ridge and the anterior hypothalamus. At tailbud stages the expression extends laterally and caudally with the enlargement of the forebrain ventricle. Expression in the tadpole stage embryos is specific to the optic disk, optic stalk and anterior hypothalamus.
May play a role in the specification and maintenance of basal forebrain identity.
Belongs to the peptidase C19 family. USP16 subfamily.
Specifically deubiquitinates 'Lys-120' of histone H2A (H2AK119Ub), a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional repression, thereby acting as a coactivator. Deubiquitination of histone H2A is a prerequisite for subsequent phosphorylation at 'Ser-11' of histone H3 (H3S10ph), and is required for chromosome segregation when cells enter into mitosis. Regulates Hox gene expression via histone H2A deubiquitination. Prefers nucleosomal substrates. Does not deubiquitinate histone H2B.
The UBP-type zinc finger binds 3 zinc ions that form a pair of cross-braced ring fingers encapsulated within a third zinc finger in the primary structure. It recognizes the C-terminal tail of free ubiquitin.
Mediates the vitamin K-dependent carboxylation of glutamate residues to calcium-binding gamma-carboxyglutamate (Gla) residues with the concomitant conversion of the reduced hydroquinone form of vitamin K to vitamin K epoxide.
Belongs to the amidase family. GatA subfamily.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Expression in maintained in the ZW and ZZ gonads.
Expressed throughout the embryo during early development, becoming restricted to the primordial gonads in stage 52 tadpoles. Expressed exclusively in the primordial gonads of both ZW and ZZ tadpoles. Specifically expressed in the somatic cells surrounding primordial germ cells in gonad at stage 50 during sex determination in ZZ and ZW tadpoles (at protein level).
Transcription factor that plays a key role in male sex determination and differentiation by controlling testis development and germ cell proliferation. Acts both as a transcription repressor and activator.
Belongs to the DNA polymerase epsilon subunit B family.
Participates in DNA repair and in chromosomal DNA replication.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically from oogenesis through to late embryogenesis at a constant level.
Interacts with ralB (PubMed:9753634). Probably interacts with the post-translationally isoprenylated (geranyl-geranylation) forms of ral proteins. Interacts with both GDP-bound and GTP-bound forms of ralA, but interaction is much stronger with ralA-GDP (PubMed:9753634).
Weakly expressed in adult tissues with highest levels found in spleen, kidney, skin and A6 cells.
Histones H1 are necessary for the condensation of nucleosome chains into higher-order structures. The histones H1.0 are found in cells that are in terminal stages of differentiation or that have low rates of cell division (By similarity).
Binds and promotes bundling of vimentin filaments originating from the Golgi.
Folate-dependent enzyme, that displays both transferase and deaminase activity. Serves to channel one-carbon units from formiminoglutamate to the folate pool.
Homooctamer, including four polyglutamate binding sites. The subunits are arranged as a tetramer of dimers, and form a planar ring-shaped structure.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the cyclodeaminase/cyclohydrolase family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the formiminotransferase family.
Acts as a replication initiation factor that brings together the MCM2-7 helicase and the DNA polymerase alpha/primase complex in order to initiate DNA replication. Additionally, plays a role in preventing DNA damage during replication (By similarity).
Each zinc finger-like domain binds a zinc ion and is involved in both ssDNA and dsDNA binding, as is the OB-fold domain.
The N-terminal domain mediates homodimerization.
Acts as a zygotic negative regulator of entry into mitosis (G2 to M transition) by protecting the nucleus from cytoplasmically activated cyclin B1-complexed cdk1 before the onset of mitosis by mediating phosphorylation of cdk1 on 'Tyr-15'. Specifically phosphorylates and inactivates cyclin B1-complexed cdk1 reaching a maximum during G2 phase and a minimum as cells enter M phase. Phosphorylation of cyclin B1-cdk1 occurs exclusively on 'Tyr-15' and phosphorylation of monomeric cdk1 does not occur.
Interacts (when phosphorylated at Thr-186) with pin1.
Phosphorylation at Thr-186 during M-phase by cdk1 inhibits the kinase activity and leads to interaction with pin1.
Zygotically expressed. Present in oocytes and postgastrula embryos (at least until the tailbud stage). Expression begins at the midblastula stage and increases after the early gastrula stage.
May function as a sodium-dependent glucose transporter. Potential channels for urea in the inner medulla of kidney.
All isoforms show similar spatial expression. Localized to the animal hemisphere of early cleavage stage embryos. At tailbud stages, expressed in regions of the brain, eye and the splanchnic mesodermal layer of the lateral plate mesoderm surrounding the gut. At stage 35, expressed within the lens of the eye, in distinct regions of the head mesenchyme and in the area anterior to the gut. In the brain the anterior-most expression is restricted to the outer region of the mesencephalon. With ongoing development, additional expression is found in the curling gut.
Dimerization is required for DNA-binding (By similarity). Isoform a, but not isoform b, interacts with ctbp1.
Isoform a and isoform b are expressed both maternally and zygotically. Maternal expression disappears before gastrulation and zygotic expression begins after stage 20 and continues throughout embryogenesis. In contrast, isoform c is only detected from stage 30.
Morpholino knockdown of both gas2l2.L and gas2l2.s resulted in mosiac embryos and impacted the number and distribution of basal bodies on the surface of ciliated cells (PubMed:30665704). As a result, ciliary orientation was significantly reduced (PubMed:30665704).
Together with gas2l2.L, regulates ciliary orientation and performance.
Belongs to the Integrator subunit 6 family.
Beta-galactosyltransferase that transfers beta-galactose to hydroxylysine residues of type I collagen. By acting on collagen glycosylation, facilitates the formation of collagen triple helix.
Kinase that can phosphorylate various inositol polyphosphate such as Ins(3,4,5,6)P4 or Ins(1,3,4)P3. Phosphorylates Ins(3,4,5,6)P4 at position 1 to form Ins(1,3,4,5,6)P5. This reaction is thought to have regulatory importance, since Ins(3,4,5,6)P4 is an inhibitor of plasma membrane Ca(2+)-activated Cl(-) channels, while Ins(1,3,4,5,6)P5 is not. Also phosphorylates Ins(1,3,4)P3 on O-5 and O-6 to form Ins(1,3,4,6)P4, an essential molecule in the hexakisphosphate (InsP6) pathway. Also acts as an inositol polyphosphate phosphatase that dephosphorylates Ins(1,3,4,5)P4 and Ins(1,3,4,6)P4 to Ins(1,3,4)P3, and Ins(1,3,4,5,6)P5 to Ins(3,4,5,6)P4. May also act as an isomerase that interconverts the inositol tetrakisphosphate isomers Ins(1,3,4,5)P4 and Ins(1,3,4,6)P4 in the presence of ADP and magnesium. Probably acts as the rate-limiting enzyme of the InsP6 pathway. Modifies TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis by interfering with the activation of TNFRSF1A-associated death domain. Plays an important role in MLKL-mediated necroptosis. Produces highly phosphorylated inositol phosphates such as inositolhexakisphosphate (InsP6) which bind to MLKL mediating the release of an N-terminal auto-inhibitory region leading to its activation. Essential for activated phospho-MLKL to oligomerize and localize to the cell membrane during necroptosis.
Acts as a regulator of cilium basal body docking and positioning in mono- and multiciliated cells.
May act as a negative regulator of osteoclast differentiation.
By bmp-signaling. Inhibition by fgf regulates the timing of hematopoiesis.
Expression becomes restricted to the ventral blood island (VBI) as the embryo develops. In late neurula and early tailbud embryos, also expressed in the dorsal lateral plate (DLP), the site of definitive hematopoiesis in the tadpole. Expression in the DLP diminishes during tailbud stages. Expressed in circulating blood cells of tadpoles. Also expressed in non-hematopoietic sites, including the tailbud region and the central nervous system of early neurula embryos.
Transcription factor that acts synergistically with tal1/scl and gata1 to specify embryonic dorsal mesoderm to a hematopoietic fate. Induces globin gene expression together with fgf.
Zygotic expression begins after gastrulation at stage 12.5.
At stage 22, expressed in blood islands, somites, eyes, trunk neural crest, mandibular crest segment, hyoid crest segment and branchial crest segment. At stage 32, expressed in otic vesicle, pronephros, forebraiin, midbrain, hindbrain, branchial arch, eyes, lens, spinal cord and notochord.
Catalyzes the conversion of GTP to GDP through hydrolysis of the gamma-phosphate bond in GTP (By similarity). Binds to microtubules and promotes microtubule polymerization and bundling. GTPase activity is not necessary for these microtubule-related functions (PubMed:28855639).
Expressed in many adult amd embryonic tissues. In adults, highest levels in ovaries and testes, followed by skeletal muscle, stomach, brain, kidney and liver. Weak expression in heart and brain.
RING-type zinc finger-containing E3 ubiquitin ligase that assembles with melanoma antigen protein (MAGE) to catalyze the direct transfer of ubiquitin from E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme to a specific substrate. Within MAGE-RING ubiquitin ligase complex, MAGE stimulates and specifies ubiquitin ligase activity likely through recruitment and/or stabilization of the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme at the E3:substrate complex. Involved in maintenance of genome integrity, DNA damage response and DNA repair.
Nucleolar protein that acts as a modulator of rRNA synthesis. Plays a central role during organogenesis.
Belongs to the NFYA/HAP2 subunit family.
Component of the sequence-specific heterotrimeric transcription factor (NF-Y) which specifically recognizes a 5'-CCAAT-3' box motif found in the promoters of its target genes.
Probable substrate-specific adapter of an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex which mediates the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins.
Belongs to the Antp homeobox family. Deformed subfamily.
May act as a regulator of myogenesis (By similarity). Promotes the repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) through the homologous recombination pathway by facilitating the recruitment of the DNA endonuclease RBBP8 to the DSBs (By similarity).
Expressed in the animal hemisphere (presumptive neural ectoderm) of blastula and gastrula stage embryos, and along the anterior neural border, in the panplacodal primordium, and in the dorsolateral side of archenteron roof of late neurula embryos. At the tailbud stage, expression localizes to the central nervous system, including the spinal cord, prosencephalon, mesencephalon and rhombencephalon, as well as the lateral line placode, otic vesicle and pronephros.
This sequence corresponds to isoform C of rtn1-B.
Cytosolic 10-formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase that catalyzes the NADP(+)-dependent conversion of 10-formyltetrahydrofolate to tetrahydrofolate and carbon dioxide. May also have an NADP(+)-dependent aldehyde dehydrogenase activity towards formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, and benzaldehyde.
Phosphopantetheinylation at Ser-354 by AASDHPPT is required for the formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase activity.
The C-terminal aldehyde dehydrogenase domain has an NADP-dependent dehydrogenase activity. It catalyzes the oxidation of formate, released by the hydrolysis of formyltetrahydrofolate, into CO2.
The N-terminal hydrolase domain has an NADP-independent formyltetrahydrofolate hydrolase activity, releasing formate and tetrahydrofolate.
The carrier domain is phosphopantetheinylated and uses the 4'-phosphopantetheine/4'-PP swinging arm to transfer the formyl group released by the N-terminal formyltetrahydrofolate hydrolase activity to the C-terminal aldehyde dehydrogenase domain that catalyzes its NADP-dependent oxidation into CO2. The overall NADP-dependent physiological reaction requires the 3 domains (N-terminal hydrolase, C-terminal aldehyde dehydrogenase and carrier domains) to convert formyltetrahydrofolate into tetrahydrofolate and CO2.
Transcription repression requires formation of a complex with a corepressor protein of the Groucho/TLE family. Interacts with the bHLH protein hes2, and binds DNA in the form of a heterodimer with the bHLH protein hey1/hrt1. Interacts with the bHLH protein hes6; this interaction may inhibit the transcriptional repressor activity (By similarity).
Transcriptional repressor of a subset of early mesodermal genes including myod1 and t/bra. Binds DNA on N-box motifs: 5'-CACNAG-3'. Acts as a negative regulator of myogenesis, mediating Notch signaling to repress expression of myod1 (By similarity).
Accepts ubiquitin from the E1 complex and catalyzes its covalent attachment to other proteins. Catalyzes monoubiquitination. Involved in DNA repair.
Component of the NuA4 histone acetyltransferase complex which is involved in transcriptional activation of select genes principally by acetylation of nucleosomal histone H4 and H2A. This modification may both alter nucleosome - DNA interactions and promote interaction of the modified histones with other proteins which positively regulate transcription. Component of HBO1 complexes, which specifically mediate acetylation of histone H3 at 'Lys-14' (H3K14ac), and have reduced activity toward histone H4. Component of the MOZ/MORF complex which has a histone H3 acetyltransferase activity (By similarity).
Component of the NuA4 histone acetyltransferase complex. Component of the hbo1 complex. Component of the moz/morf complex (By similarity).
Part of TORC1 complex. Part of the TORC2 complex.
Subunit of TORC1 and TORC2, which regulate cell growth and survival in response to nutrient and hormonal signals.
May control cell migration by relaying extracellular chemotactic signals to the microtubule cytoskeleton. Mediator of ERBB2 signaling (By similarity).
Hydrolyzes extracellular Ap3A into AMP and ADP, and Ap4A into AMP and ATP. Ap3A and Ap4A are diadenosine polyphosphates thought to induce proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. Acts as a procoagulant, mediating platelet aggregation at the site of nascent thrombus via release of ADP from Ap3A and activation of ADP receptors (By similarity).
DNA glycosylase which prefers single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), or partially ssDNA structures such as bubble and fork structures, to double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) (PubMed:30842657). Mediates interstrand cross-link repair in response to replication stress: recruited to replication stress sites via interaction with ubiquitinated CMG helicase and acts by mediating DNA glycosylase activity (PubMed:30842657). Cleaves one of the two N-glycosyl bonds comprising the interstrand cross-link, which avoids the formation of a double-strand break but generates an abasic site that is bypassed by translesion synthesis polymerases (PubMed:30842657).
The RanBP2-type zinc-finger, also named NZF zinc finger, recognizes and binds ubiquitinated CMG helicase complex (PubMed:30842657). The GRF-type zinc-fingers recognize single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), possibly on the lagging strand template (PubMed:30842657).
Core component of the CTLH E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex that selectively accepts ubiquitin from UBE2H and mediates ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of the transcription factor HBP1. MAEA and RMND5A are both required for catalytic activity of the CTLH E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex. MAEA is required for normal cell proliferation. The CTLH E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex is not required for the degradation of enzymes involved in gluconeogenesis, such as FBP1 (By similarity). Plays a role in erythroblast maturation and in the development of mature macrophages (By similarity). Mediates the attachment of erythroid cell to mature macrophages; this MAEA-mediated contact inhibits erythroid cell apoptosis (By similarity). Participates in erythroblastic island formation, which is the functional unit of definitive erythropoiesis. Associates with F-actin to regulate actin distribution in erythroblasts and macrophages (By similarity). May contribute to nuclear architecture and cells division events (By similarity).
Identified in the CTLH complex that contains at least MAEA, RMND5A, GID8, WDR26, and RANBP9 and/or RANBP10 as the catalytic core. Interacts with F-actin.
The expected RING-type zinc finger domain is highly divergent and most of the expected Cys residues are not conserved. Still, the protein is required for CTLH complex E3 ubiquitin-protein transferase activity. In addition, the conserved Cys-314 in this highly divergent region is required for ubiquitination by the yeast GID complex, suggesting a direct role in catalyzing ubiquitination.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 24 family.
Regulator of endoplasmic reticulum secretion that acts as a key determinant of brain size. Required for secretion of extracellular matrix proteins. Required for correct brain development by depositing sufficient extracellular matrix proteins for tissue integrity and the proliferation of neural progenitors (By similarity). Acts as a regulator of the unfolded protein response (UPR) (By similarity).
Binds 1 divalent metal cation per subunit. Most active with Zn(2+) and Mn(2+) ions. The physiological cofactor is most likely Ca(2+) or Mg(2+).
Expressed in the liver, and in the pronephros from the late tadpole stage.
Gluconolactonase with low activity towards other sugar lactones, including gulonolactone and galactonolactone. Catalyzes a key step in ascorbic acid (vitamin C) biosynthesis. Can also hydrolyze diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate and phenylacetate (in vitro). Calcium-binding protein. Modulates Ca(2+) signaling, and Ca(2+)-dependent cellular processes and enzyme activities (By similarity).
Sequence-specific DNA-binding transcription factor.
Hydrolyzes 3-hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA (HIBYL-CoA), a saline catabolite. Has high activity toward isobutyryl-CoA. Could be an isobutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase that functions in valine catabolism. Also hydrolyzes 3-hydroxypropanoyl-CoA.
Binds acetylated histones H3 and H4. Binds butyrylated histone H4.
Plays a role in chromatin remodeling and regulation of transcription. Acts as a chromatin reader that recognizes and binds acylated histones: binds histones that are acetylated and/or butyrylated.
The Bromo domain mediates interaction with histones that have acetylated lysine residues at specific positions. Also recognizes and binds histones that are butyrylated.
Brain, intestine, and ovaries and early embryos (stages 2 and 10).
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Expressed in the unfertilized egg, with expression increasing from embryonic stage 12 up to the tadpole stage.
Remains unlocalized in the egg and early embryo. From stage 21 (late neurula), expressed around the pronephros in the anterior crests, pharyngeal arch, hindbrain, mesodermal tissues around the pronephros and tail-bud. This expression pattern is maintained up to the tadpole stage.
Zinc-finger RNA-binding protein that destabilizes several cytoplasmic AU-rich element (ARE)-containing mRNA transcripts by promoting their poly(A) tail removal or deadenylation, and hence provide a mechanism for attenuating protein synthesis (PubMed:10751406). Acts as a 3'-untranslated region (UTR) ARE mRNA-binding adapter protein to communicate signaling events to the mRNA decay machinery (By similarity). Functions by recruiting the CCR4-NOT deadenylase complex and probably other components of the cytoplasmic RNA decay machinery to the bound ARE-containing mRNAs, and hence promotes ARE-mediated mRNA deadenylation and decay processes (By similarity). Binds to 3'-UTR ARE of numerous mRNAs (PubMed:12914788). Induces also the degradation of ARE-containing mRNAs even in absence of poly(A) tail (By similarity). Required for tubulogenesis during pronephros development (PubMed:12914788).
Belongs to the TRAFAC class OBG-HflX-like GTPase superfamily. HflX GTPase family.
Autophosphorylation of CAMK2 plays an important role in the regulation of the kinase activity.
CAMK2 is composed of four different chains: alpha, beta, gamma, and delta. The different isoforms assemble into homo- or heteromultimeric holoenzymes composed of 8 to 12 subunits (By similarity).
CaM-kinase II (CAMK2) is a prominent kinase in the central nervous system.
Belongs to the complex I LYR family. SDHAF1 subfamily.
ATP-specific succinyl-CoA synthetase functions in the citric acid cycle (TCA), coupling the hydrolysis of succinyl-CoA to the synthesis of ATP and thus represents the only step of substrate-level phosphorylation in the TCA. The beta subunit provides nucleotide specificity of the enzyme and binds the substrate succinate, while the binding sites for coenzyme A and phosphate are found in the alpha subunit.
Belongs to the succinate/malate CoA ligase beta subunit family. ATP-specific subunit beta subfamily.
Heterodimer of an alpha and a beta subunit. The beta subunit determines specificity for ATP.
Catalyzes the addition of sialic acid in alpha 2,8-linkage to the sialic acid moiety of the ganglioside GM3 to form ganglioside GD3; gangliosides are a subfamily of complex glycosphinglolipds that contain one or more residues of sialic acid (PubMed:17333390, PubMed:18095347). Glycosphingolipids are required for convergence extension movements during early development (PubMed:18095347). Can catalyze the addition of a second alpha-2,8- sialic acid to GD3 to form GT3 (By similarity). Can use GM1b, GD1a and GT1b as acceptor substrates to synthesize GD1c, GT1a and GQ1b respectively (By similarity).
Expressed in the dorsal blastopore lip and in the presumptive neuroectoderm in stage 11 embryos. During gastrulation, strongly expressed in the involuting mesoderm. At stages 13 and 16, expressed in the neural plate and neural fold, paraxial mesoderm and notochord. At stages 19 and 22 (neural tube and early tailbud), strongly expressed in the neural tube and notochord. At the tadpole stage, expressed in the head region, branchial arches and otic and optic primordia. Also localized in the notochord and weakly expressed in the somites. In adults, expressed in the brain and ovary. Isoform 2 (short) is expressed at a low level in the adult testis and muscle, and at a high level in the skin. Isoform 1 (long) is expressed at a high level in the adult lung and kidney. Both isoforms 1 and 2 are expressed in the gut and liver.
Expressed zygotically from the beginning of gastrulation, with expression increasing at stage 12. Expression then persists until stage 35 and declines afterwards.
PubMed:18095347 report an endoplasmic reticulum localization and a lack of enzymatic activity, which could be a result of impaired N-glycosylation.
Belongs to the dynein light chain LC1-type family.
Interacts with DNAH5, a outer arm dynein heavy chain. Interacts with tubulin located within the A-tubule of the outer doublets in a ATP-independent manner.
Outer (ODAs) and inner (IDAs) dynein arms contain the molecular motors that generate the force to move cilia by ATP-dependent reactions. There are two mechanosensory systems that monitor and respond to the mechanical state (curvature) of the axoneme. One system involves the central pair microtubule complex and radial spokes and the second system involves the outer dynein arms.
Part of the multisubunit axonemal ATPase complexes that generate the force for cilia motility and govern beat frequency (By similarity). Component of the outer arm dynein (ODA). May be involved in a mechanosensory feedback mechanism controlling ODA activity based on external conformational cues by tethering the outer arm dynein heavy chain (DNAH5) to the microtubule within the axoneme (By similarity).
During interphase, required for microtubule organizing and anchoring activities. During mitosis, required for the organization and stabilization of the spindle pole. May promote cell cycle arrest and DNA repair.
Mannosyltransferase involved in glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchor biosynthesis. Transfers the first alpha-1,4-mannose to GlcN-acyl-PI during GPI precursor assembly.
Detected in egg (at protein level). Oocyte-specific maternally supplied protein. Present in immature and mature oocytes and in early (pregastrula) embryos, but not in post-gastrula embryos.
Expressed only after meiosis I. Not detected in full-grown stage VI immature oocytes (arrested at prophase I) and in oocytes undergoing germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) or meiosis I, while it is present in oocytes from 1-1.5 hour after GVBD, or from the onset of meiosis II.
Interacts with prmt5; this promotes protesomal degradation of wee2-a in the nucleus. The interaction with prmt5 is disrupted upon activation of the DNA replication checkpoint.
Oocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase that phosphorylates and inhibits cdk1 and acts as a key regulator of meiosis. Required to maintain meiotic arrest in oocytes by phosphorylating cdk1 at 'Tyr-15', which inhibits cdk1 activity and prevents meiotic reentry. Negative regulator of mitosis. Involved in the mitotic DNA replication checkpoint.
Subject to proteasomal degradation in the nucleus.
Was initially assigned as wee1 (PubMed:7749193). However, it corresponds to the meiosis-specific protein WEE2 in mammals.
Belongs to the class IV-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily.
Belongs to the methylthiotransferase family. MiaB subfamily.
Required for the post-translational delivery of tail-anchored (TA) proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum. Together with GET1/WRB, acts as a membrane receptor for soluble GET3/TRC40, which recognizes and selectively binds the transmembrane domain of TA proteins in the cytosol. Required for the stability of GET1. Stimulates calcium signaling in T cells through its involvement in elevation of intracellular calcium. Essential for the survival of peripheral follicular B cells.
Orphan receptor that binds DNA as a monomer to hormone response elements (HRE) containing an extended core motif half-site sequence 5'-AAGTCA-3' in which the 5' flanking nucleotides participate in determining receptor specificity (By similarity). Involved in the regulation of early eye development.
Prominent expression in the embryonal optic stalk and the distal tip of the forming vesicle. In tadpole-stage embryos predominantly found in the ciliary margin of the optic cup.
Expressed at high levels in notochord and low levels in adult liver.
Expression is concentrated in the notochord with strongest expression in the embryo at stages 17 to 27, and slightly less in the endoderm. It is present in the oocyte and expression increases from late gastrula. Accumulation peaks by late neurula and is greatly reduced by the tadpole stage.
Heterotetramer of two type I and two type II keratins. Keratin-18 associates with keratin-8.
Belongs to the methylmalonyl-CoA epimerase family.
May act as a p53/TP53-apoptotic effector.
The LITAF domain is stabilized by a bound zinc ion. The LITAF domain contains an amphipathic helix that mediates interaction with lipid membranes.
Mitochondrial solute carriers shuttle metabolites, nucleotides, and cofactors through the mitochondrial inner membrane. Specifically mediates the transport of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) into the mitochondria (By similarity).
Component of the biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles complex-2 (or BLOC2) composed of HPS3, HPS5 and HPS6.
May regulate the synthesis and function of lysosomes and of highly specialized organelles, such as melanosomes and platelet dense granules.
Endoribonuclease; cleaves preferentially 3' to purine-pyrimidine dinucleotide motifs in single-stranded RNA. The cleavage product contains a free 3' -OH group. Has no activity with double-stranded RNA or DNA. Required for normal mitochondrial function and cell viability.
May be involved in regulation of NF-kappa-B signaling. May be involved in copper-dependent atp7a trafficking between the trans-Golgi network and vesicles in the cell periphery (By similarity).
Belongs to the P-Pant transferase superfamily. AcpS family.
Catalyzes the post-translational modification of target proteins by phosphopantetheine. Can transfer the 4'-phosphopantetheine moiety from coenzyme A, regardless of whether the CoA is presented in the free thiol form or as an acetyl thioester, to a serine residue of a broad range of acceptors.
Accepts electrons from ETF and reduces ubiquinone.
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mS26 family.
Involved in muscle differentiation (myogenic factor). Induces fibroblasts to differentiate into myoblasts. Probable sequence specific DNA-binding protein (By similarity).
Belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily. RsmH family.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX59 subfamily.
Binds DNA as a dimer. Can form homodimers or heterodimers with other AP-2 family members (By similarity).
Sequence-specific DNA-binding protein that interacts with inducible viral and cellular enhancer elements to regulate transcription of selected genes. AP-2 factors bind to the consensus sequence 5'-GCCNNNGGC-3' and activate genes involved in a large spectrum of important biological functions (By similarity).
Tube-forming lipid transport protein which mediates the transfer of lipids between membranes at organelle contact sites. Required for retrograde traffic of vesicle clusters in the early endocytic pathway to the Golgi complex.
Component of a ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex, at least composed of lsm14a/rap55a, ybx2/frgy2, ddx6/Xp54 and eif4enif1/4E-T. Also forms a complex with prmt1 independently of ybx2/frgy2. Interacts with ddx6/Xp54 but does not appear to directly bind ybx2/frgy2. Different translationally-repressed mRNP complexes probably exist that contain either lsm14a/rap55a or lsm14b/rap55b depending on the developmental stage (By similarity).
RNA-binding component of messenger ribonucleoprotein complexes (mRNPs), storage particles that mask maternal mRNAs from the translational apparatus during oocyte maturation. Acts as a repressor of mRNA translation. Probably involved in the storage of translationally inactive mRNAs in the cytoplasm in order to prevent their degradation.
Component of a transcriptional repressor complex together with MAX (By similarity). In complex with MAX binds to the core DNA sequence 5'-CAC[GA]TG-3' (By similarity). Antagonizes MYC transcriptional activity by competing with MYC for MAX binding (By similarity). Binds to the TERT promoter and represses telomerase expression, possibly by interfering with MYC binding (By similarity).
Expressed primarily in cells that have undergone terminal differentiation including notochord, floor plate and cement gland.
Heterodimer with MAX; the interaction is required for DNA-binding (By similarity). DNA binding requires dimerization with another bHLH protein; does not form homodimers, and does not bind to DNA in the absence of MAX in vitro (By similarity).
Localized throughout the animal hemisphere of early cleavage stage embryos and becomes localized above the dorsal blastopore lip during early gastrulation. As gastrulation proceeds, the expression extends along the dorsal midline. In stage 17 embryos, expressed in the notochord and floor plate. At this stage, also detected in the cement gland, where they are maintained in later developmental stages. Additional expression is also detected in the pineal gland, as well as the trigeminal and geniculate ganglia. In stage 27 embryos, expressed in the floor plate and in addition, present in the hypochord and the marginal zone of the ventral neural tube where postmitotic neurons are located.
Component of the SSP (stage selector protein) complex, which appears to be a heteromer of TFCP2 and 2 copies of NFE4.
Binds directly to activin and functions as an activin antagonist which plays a role in neural induction. The short isoform is a more potent inhibitor of activin than the long isoform. Specific inhibitor of the biosynthesis and secretion of pituitary follicle stimulating hormone (FSH).
The short isoform is present maternally while the long isoform is expressed at gastrula stages. Detected in a few cells of the Spemann organizer at the onset of gastrulation. During gastrulation expression continues in the prechordal plate and the anterior portion of the notochord anlage. Beginning at early neurula stages, expression is initiated at new sites in the head mesoderm; hypochord; pronephros; eyes; fore-, mid-, and hindbrain; and the midbrain-hindbrain junction.
Could function in transport of proteins into the mitochondrion.
Part of a large protein complex spanning both mitochondrial membranes termed the mitochondrial intermembrane space bridging (MIB) complex.
Belongs to the FKBP-type PPIase family. FKBP1 subfamily.
Keeps in an inactive conformation TGFBR1, the TGF-beta type I serine/threonine kinase receptor, preventing TGF-beta receptor activation in absence of ligand. May modulate the RYR1 calcium channel activity. PPIases accelerate the folding of proteins. It catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptides.
Dynein-attachment factor required for cilia motility.
Component of the nuclear pore complex (NPC)-associated TREX-2 complex (transcription and export complex 2). Component of the SAGA transcription coactivator-HAT complex. Within the SAGA complex, participates to a subcomplex of SAGA called the DUB module (deubiquitination module).
Involved in mRNA export coupled transcription activation by association with both the TREX-2 and the SAGA complexes. The transcription regulatory histone acetylation (HAT) complex SAGA is a multiprotein complex that activates transcription by remodeling chromatin and mediating histone acetylation and deubiquitination. Within the SAGA complex, participates to a subcomplex that specifically deubiquitinates histones. The SAGA complex is recruited to specific gene promoters by activators, where it is required for transcription. The TREX-2 complex functions in docking export-competent ribonucleoprotein particles (mRNPs) to the nuclear entrance of the nuclear pore complex (nuclear basket). TREX-2 participates in mRNA export and accurate chromatin positioning in the nucleus by tethering genes to the nuclear periphery.
Expressed in fibroblast cells that are activated by thyroid hormone. High levels in resorbing tail.
May be involved in the modification of the extracellular matrix during metamorphic apoptosis.
Component of the Arp2/3 complex, a multiprotein complex that mediates actin polymerization upon stimulation by nucleation-promoting factor (NPF) (PubMed:17178911). The Arp2/3 complex mediates the formation of branched actin networks in the cytoplasm, providing the force for cell motility (PubMed:17178911). In addition to its role in the cytoplasmic cytoskeleton, the Arp2/3 complex also promotes actin polymerization in the nucleus, thereby regulating gene transcription and repair of damaged DNA (By similarity). The Arp2/3 complex promotes homologous recombination (HR) repair in response to DNA damage by promoting nuclear actin polymerization, leading to drive motility of double-strand breaks (DSBs) (By similarity).
Activated by ascorbate. Inhibited by N-oxalylglycine, fumarate and succinate.
RNA demethylase that mediates oxidative demethylation of different RNA species, such as mRNAs, tRNAs and snRNAs, and acts as a regulator of fat mass, adipogenesis and energy homeostasis. Specifically demethylates N(6)-methyladenosine (m6A) RNA, the most prevalent internal modification of messenger RNA (mRNA) in higher eukaryotes. M6A demethylation by FTO affects mRNA expression and stability. Also able to demethylate m6A in U6 small nuclear RNA (snRNA). Mediates demethylation of N(6),2'-O-dimethyladenosine cap (m6A(m)), by demethylating the N(6)-methyladenosine at the second transcribed position of mRNAs and U6 snRNA. Demethylation of m6A(m) in the 5'-cap by FTO affects mRNA stability by promoting susceptibility to decapping. Also acts as a tRNA demethylase by removing N(1)-methyladenine from various tRNAs.
The 3D-structure of the Fe2OG dioxygenase domain is similar to that of the Fe2OG dioxygenase domain found in the bacterial DNA repair dioxygenase alkB and its mammalian orthologs, but sequence similarity is very low. As a consequence, the domain is not detected by protein signature databases.
Atypical MAPK protein that regulates ciliogenesis by phosphorylating rcsd1 through its binding with dvl2.
Expressed in the hemisphere. Highly expressed in ciliated tissues. At stage 12 (late gastrula), detected in the dorsal involuting marginal zone. Expressed in the gastrocoel roof plate (GRP) at stage 16 (neurula stage;). At stage 25 (early tailbud stage) and stage 33/34 (late tailbud stage), expressed in the floor plate, cloaca and ear vesicle. At stage 33/34 (late tailbud stage), detected in nephrostomes. Expressed in the epidermis at stage 13 and thereafter. Specifically expressed in multiciliated cells (MCCs) on the epidermis.
Morpholino knockdown results in reduced head structures, close-set eyes and dorsal curvature. and loss of fin. At higher dose Morpholino knockdown results in the inhibition of antero-posterior axis elongation and breakdown of the epidermis, which resulted in exposure of the inner tissues to the outer environment and causes a loss of epidermal cells such as small secretory cells.
Interacts with RAC1. Interacts with CORO1C.
Multifunctional protein that may affect its functions by regulating the activity of small GTPases, such as RAC1 and RALA. Required for normal progress through the cell cycle, both during interphase and during mitosis. Required for normal attachment of kinetochores to mitotic spindles. Required for normal organization of the microtubule cytoskeleton in interphase cells. Interferes with the activation of RAC1 by guanine nucleotide exchange factors. Prevents accumulation of active, GTP-bound RAC1, and suppresses RAC1-mediated reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and formation of membrane protrusions. Required for normal cellular responses to contacts with the extracellular matrix of adjacent cells, and for directional cell migration.
Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as modulators or transducers in various transmembrane signaling systems. Acts as an activator of phospholipase C.
Component of the cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor (CPSF) complex that play a key role in pre-mRNA 3'-end formation, recognizing the AAUAAA signal sequence and interacting with poly(A) polymerase and other factors to bring about cleavage and poly(A) addition. Cpsf4 binds RNA polymers with a preference for poly(U) (By similarity).
Component of the cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor (CPSF) complex, composed of cpsf1, cpsf2, cpsf3, cpsf4 and fip1l1.
Belongs to the acireductone dioxygenase (ARD) family.
Binds either 1 Fe or Ni cation per monomer. Iron-binding promotes an acireductone dioxygenase reaction producing 2-keto-4-methylthiobutyrate, while nickel-binding promotes an acireductone dioxygenase reaction producing 3-(methylsulfanyl)propanoate.
Catalyzes 2 different reactions between oxygen and the acireductone 1,2-dihydroxy-3-keto-5-methylthiopentene (DHK-MTPene) depending upon the metal bound in the active site. Fe-containing acireductone dioxygenase (Fe-ARD) produces formate and 2-keto-4-methylthiobutyrate (KMTB), the alpha-ketoacid precursor of methionine in the methionine recycle pathway. Ni-containing acireductone dioxygenase (Ni-ARD) produces methylthiopropionate, carbon monoxide and formate, and does not lie on the methionine recycle pathway.
May play a role in the regulation of centrosome and Golgi apparatus positioning.
ATPase required for the post-translational delivery of tail-anchored (TA) proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum. Recognizes and selectively binds the transmembrane domain of TA proteins in the cytosol. This complex then targets to the endoplasmic reticulum by membrane-bound receptors GET1/WRB and CAMLG/GET2, where the tail-anchored protein is released for insertion. This process is regulated by ATP binding and hydrolysis. ATP binding drives the homodimer towards the closed dimer state, facilitating recognition of newly synthesized TA membrane proteins. ATP hydrolysis is required for insertion. Subsequently, the homodimer reverts towards the open dimer state, lowering its affinity for the GET1-CAMLG receptor, and returning it to the cytosol to initiate a new round of targeting.
Homodimer. Component of the Golgi to ER traffic (GET) complex, which is composed of GET1/WRB, CAMLG/GET2 and GET3/TRC40. Within the complex, CAMLG and GET1 form a heterotetramer which is stabilized by phosphatidylinositol binding and which binds to the GET3 homodimer.
May act as an important regulator of the cell cycle that participates in the maintenance of genome integrity.
Belongs to the N-acylglucosamine 2-epimerase family.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. CLNMT methyltransferase family.
Catalyzes the trimethylation of 'Lys-116' in calmodulin.
Component of the Arp2/3 complex, a multiprotein complex that mediates actin polymerization upon stimulation by nucleation-promoting factor (NPF). The Arp2/3 complex mediates the formation of branched actin networks in the cytoplasm, providing the force for cell motility (By similarity). In addition to its role in the cytoplasmic cytoskeleton, the Arp2/3 complex also promotes actin polymerization in the nucleus, thereby regulating gene transcription and repair of damaged DNA. The Arp2/3 complex promotes homologous recombination (HR) repair in response to DNA damage by promoting nuclear actin polymerization, leading to drive motility of double-strand breaks (DSBs) (By similarity).
Component of the PAF1 complex (PAF1C) which has multiple functions during transcription by RNA polymerase II (By similarity). PAF1C associates with RNA polymerase II, is involved in transcriptional elongation and in histone modifications including methylation on histone H3 'Lys-4' (H3K4me3) (By similarity).
Component of the FACT complex (also known as the DUF complex), a stable heterodimer of ssrp1 and supt16h. May also be a component of a ck2-spt16-ssrp1 complex which forms following UV irradiation, composed of ssrp1, supt16h, csnk2a1, csnk2a2 and csnk2b. The FACT complex may also interact with vcp.
Component of the FACT complex, a general chromatin factor that acts to reorganize nucleosomes. The FACT complex is involved in multiple processes that require DNA as a template such as mRNA elongation, DNA replication and DNA repair. During transcription elongation the FACT complex acts as a histone chaperone that both destabilizes and restores nucleosomal structure. It facilitates the passage of RNA polymerase II and transcription by promoting the dissociation of one histone H2A-H2B dimer from the nucleosome, then subsequently promotes the reestablishment of the nucleosome following the passage of RNA polymerase II. Binds specifically to double-stranded DNA.
A NAD(P)H-dependent oxidoreductase that acts as a key inhibitor of ferroptosis. At the plasma membrane, catalyzes reduction of coenzyme Q/ubiquinone-10 to ubiquinol-10, a lipophilic radical-trapping antioxidant that prevents lipid oxidative damage and consequently ferroptosis. Acts in parallel to GPX4 to suppress phospholipid peroxidation and ferroptosis. This anti-ferroptotic function is independent of cellular glutathione levels. Also acts as a potent radical-trapping antioxidant by mediating warfarin-resistant vitamin K reduction in the canonical vitamin K cycle: catalyzes NAD(P)H-dependent reduction of vitamin K (phylloquinone, menaquinone-4 and menadione) to hydroquinone forms. Hydroquinones act as potent radical-trapping antioxidants inhibitor of phospholipid peroxidation and ferroptosis. May play a role in mitochondrial stress signaling. Upon oxidative stress, associates with the lipid peroxidation end product 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) forming a lipid adduct devoid of oxidoreductase activity, which then translocates from mitochondria into the nucleus triggering DNA damage and cell death.
N-myristoylation at Gly-2 mediates the recruitment to lipid droplets and plasma membrane.
The modification by 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) adduction in mitochondria results in loss of the oxidoreductase activity and activation of a novel function in mitochondrial oxidative stress signaling.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL19 family.
Cleaved into an alpha and beta chain by autocatalysis; this activates the enzyme. The N-terminal residue of the beta subunit is responsible for the nucleophile hydrolase activity.
Has both L-asparaginase and beta-aspartyl peptidase activity. Does not have aspartylglucosaminidase activity and is inactive toward GlcNAc-L-Asn. Likewise, has no activity toward glutamine.
Heterodimer of an alpha and beta chain produced by autocleavage.
Belongs to the alpha/beta interferon family.
Expressed maternally and throughout development. Expressed in the animal hemisphere of eggs and cleavage stage embryos. Expressed in the ectodermal region of blastula and gastrula stage embryos and in the anterior and dorsal regions of neurula stage embryos. Expressed in the brain, ear, eye, branchial arches and spinal cord of tailbud stage embryos.
Self associates. Interacts with tcf7l1-A, leading to repression of tcf7l1-A target genes. Interacts with ctnnd1, and this interaction may inhibit DNA-binding. Interacts with ncor1.
Transcriptional regulator with bimodal DNA-binding specificity. Binds to methylated CpG dinucleotides in the consensus sequence 5'-CGCG-3' and also binds to the non-methylated consensus sequence 5'-CTGCNA-3'. May recruit the N-CoR repressor complex to promote histone deacetylation and the formation of repressive chromatin structures in target gene promoters. Contributes to the repression of target genes of the Wnt signaling pathway and to the methylation-dependent repression of zygotic transcription prior to the mid-blastula transition (MBT). Also required for gastrulation movements.
Interconverts simultaneously and stereospecifically pyruvate and lactate with concomitant interconversion of NADH and NAD(+).
Component of the ESCRT-I complex (endosomal sorting complex required for transport I).
Component of the ESCRT-I complex, a regulator of vesicular trafficking process. Required for the sorting of endocytic ubiquitinated cargos into multivesicular bodies (By similarity).
DIDS- and thiosulfate- sensitive anion exchanger mediating chloride, sulfate and oxalate transport.
Tubulin-folding protein; involved in the second step of the tubulin folding pathway.
Expressed in the marginal zone at early gastrulation. In the neurula, expression is restricted to anterior structures, encompassing both neural plate and endodermal cells. Expressed on the inner surface of the pharynx at the early tadpole stage.
First expressed during early gastrulation. Expression peaks during neural induction and early organogenesis.
Transcription factor with sequence-specific DNA binding activity. Binds to the consensus sequence 5'-[AT][AT]CAA[AT]G-3', showing a preference for 5'-AACAAT-3' and 5'-AACAAAG-3'. Inhibits beta-catenin-mediated dorsal axis specification by binding to sites within the promoter of the beta-catenin-regulated gene nodal5. Acts maternally as a transcriptional repressor of nodal5 and nodal6 to restrict their expression to the vegetal hemisphere of early embryos and thus establish germ layer formation. Acts at multiple points to inhibit nodal signaling, repressing the expression of the other mesoderm-inducing nodal genes nodal, nodal2 and nodal4, and also acting downstream to induce expression of genes including trim33/ectodermin, ema and coco, whose products repress nodal signaling (By similarity).
Both the conserved triple repeat of the QXXK/R motif and the hydrophobic region are essential for its activity. The hydrophobic region contributes to the endoplasmic reticulum membrane localization.
Expressed from oocyte to tadpole stages. Expressed in all animal, marginal and vegetal parts of blastula embryos. Expressed broadly in the head, trunk and tail region of tadpoles. Expressed in the midline at the neurula stage; the signal is detected in the notochord, neuroal tube and cement gland.
Plays a role in cell growth and maintenance of cell morphology.
Activity is regulated by phosphorylation at Ser-49 and Ser-52, which stabilizes the eIF-2/GDP/eIF-2B complex and prevents the eIF-2B-mediated exchange of GDP for GTP, thereby preventing the formation of the 43S pre-initiation complex (PIC). This results in the global attenuation of 5' cap-dependent protein synthesis and concomitant translation of ISR-specific mRNAs that contain a short upstream open reading frame (uORF) in their 5' UTR.
Functions in the early steps of protein synthesis by forming a ternary complex with GTP and initiator tRNA. This complex binds to a 40S ribosomal subunit, followed by mRNA binding to form a 43S pre-initiation complex. Junction of the 60S ribosomal subunit to form the 80S initiation complex is preceded by hydrolysis of the GTP bound to eIF-2 and release of an eIF-2-GDP binary complex. In order for eIF-2 to recycle and catalyze another round of initiation, the GDP bound to eIF-2 must exchange with GTP by way of a reaction catalyzed by eIF-2B. EIF2S1/eIF-2-alpha is a key component of the integrated stress response (ISR), required for adaptation to various stress: phosphorylation by metabolic-stress sensing protein kinases in response to stress converts EIF2S1/eIF-2-alpha in a global protein synthesis inhibitor, leading to a attenuation of cap-dependent translation, while concomitantly initiating the preferential translation of ISR-specific mRNAs, such as the transcriptional activators ATF4 and QRICH1.
Heterotrimer composed of an alpha, a beta and a gamma chain.
Phosphorylation at Ser-49 and Ser-52 stabilizes the eIF-2/GDP/eIF-2B complex and prevents GDP/GTP exchange reaction, thus impairing the recycling of eIF-2 between successive rounds of initiation and leading to global inhibition of translation, while concomitantly initiating the preferential translation of integrated stress response (ISR)-specific mRNAs.
Involved in maintaining Golgi structure. Stimulates the formation of Golgi stacks and ribbons. Involved in intra-Golgi retrograde transport (By similarity).
At early gastrula stage, expressed in the involuting mesoderm and endoderm. At the end of gastrulation, expressed in the intermediate mesoderm. During neurulation, expressed in the pronephric primordium, preceding expression of osr1. During tailbud (stage 35), expressed broadly in both the kidney ducts and tubules.
Channel-forming protein essential for import of protein precursors into mitochondria.
Forms part of the preprotein translocase complex of the outer mitochondrial membrane (TOM complex). Interacts with mitochondrial targeting sequences (By similarity).
Regulatory subunit of protein phosphatase 1 (PP1c) that acts as a M-Ras/MRAS effector and participates in MAPK pathway activation. Upon M-Ras/MRAS activation, targets PP1c to specifically dephosphorylate the 'Ser-259' inhibitory site of RAF1 kinase and stimulate RAF1 activity at specialized signaling complexes.
Homodimer in cis. Does not appear to form trans-homodimers.
Transmembrane protein which can modulate activity of various signaling pathways, probably via binding to integrin ITGAV:ITGB3. Mediates heterophilic cell-cell interactions in vitro.
Component of the THO subcomplex of the transcription/export (TREX) complex which seems to have a dynamic structure involving ATP-dependent remodeling.
Molecular adapter which is involved in cilium biogenesis. Part of a functional complex including OFD1 a centriolar protein involved in cilium assembly. Could regulate the cAMP-dependent phosphorylation of OFD1, and its subsequent ubiquitination by PJA2 which ultimately leads to its proteasomal degradation.
May play a role in an as yet undefined retina-specific signal transduction. Could bind to photoactivated-phosphorylated red/green opsins.
Expressed in both oocytes and somatic cells.
The atypical Tudor domain at the C-terminus contains two large unstructured loops, and doesn't bind methylated residues.
Expressed in the retinal ganglion cell layer.
As part of the MCIA complex, involved in the assembly of the mitochondrial complex I.
Mitochondrial carrier mediating the transport of coenzyme A (CoA) in mitochondria in exchange for intramitochondrial (deoxy)adenine nucleotides and adenosine 3',5'-diphosphate.
Pro-inflammatory cytokine. Involved in the innate immune response to bacterial pathogens. The expression of MIF at sites of inflammation suggests a role as mediator in regulating the function of macrophages in host defense (By similarity). Has phenylpyruvate tautomerase and dopachrome tautomerase activity (in vitro), but the physiological substrate is not known. It is not clear whether the tautomerase activity has any physiological relevance, and whether it is important for cytokine activity. Required for normal neural development during embryogenesis.
Ubiquitous. Detected throughout embryogenesis. Detected in adult spleen, liver, kidney, heart, brain, intestine, testis and lung.
GTPase activator for the Rho-type GTPases by converting them to an inactive GDP-bound state.
In the embryo, displays a broad expression pattern with high levels observed in tissues of neural cell fate such as midbrain, hindbrain, dorsal portion of the neural tube, and neural crest-derived branchial arches. Widely expressed in the adult with highest levels in brain and spleen.
Induces expression of a number of neural crest marker genes as part of a heterodimer with isoform b of pbx1, to specify neural crest cell fate. Binds to a highly conserved region in the promoter of the neural crest marker gene zic3.
Levels of isoform 1 decrease slightly during gastrulation but show a marked increase during neurulation and throughout embryogenesis. Expression of isoform 2 is low during early embryogenesis but increases after tailbud stages.
Catalytic subunit of the Rab3 GTPase-activating (Rab3GAP) complex composed of rab3gap1 and rab3gap2, which has GTPase-activating protein (GAP) activity towards various Rab3 subfamily members (RAB3A, RAB3B, RAB3C and RAB3D), RAB5A and RAB43, and guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) activity towards RAB18 (By similarity). As part of the Rab3GAP complex, acts as a GAP for Rab3 proteins by converting active RAB3-GTP to the inactive form RAB3-GDP (By similarity). Rab3 proteins are involved in regulated exocytosis of neurotransmitters and hormones (By similarity). The Rab3GAP complex, acts as a GEF for RAB18 by promoting the conversion of inactive RAB18-GDP to the active form RAB18-GTP (By similarity). Required for recruiting and activating RAB18 at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane where it maintains proper ER structure (By similarity). Required for normal eye and brain development (By similarity). May participate in neurodevelopmental processes such as proliferation, migration and differentiation before synapse formation, and non-synaptic vesicular release of neurotransmitters (By similarity).
The Rab3 GTPase-activating complex is a heterodimer composed of rab3gap1 and rab3gap2 (By similarity). The Rab3 GTPase-activating complex interacts with DMXL2 (By similarity). Interacts with LMAN1 (By similarity).
As a component of the trimeric and tetrameric DNA polymerase delta complexes (Pol-delta3 and Pol-delta4, respectively), plays a role in high fidelity genome replication, including in lagging strand synthesis, and repair. Pol-delta3 and Pol-delta4 are characterized by the absence or the presence of POLD4. They exhibit differences in catalytic activity. Most notably, Pol-delta3 shows higher proofreading activity than Pol-delta4. Although both Pol-delta3 and Pol-delta4 process Okazaki fragments in vitro, Pol-delta3 may also be better suited to fulfill this task, exhibiting near-absence of strand displacement activity compared to Pol-delta4 and stalling on encounter with the 5'-blocking oligonucleotides. Pol-delta3 idling process may avoid the formation of a gap, while maintaining a nick that can be readily ligated. Along with DNA polymerase kappa, DNA polymerase delta carries out approximately half of nucleotide excision repair (NER) synthesis following UV irradiation. Under conditions of DNA replication stress, required for the repair of broken replication forks through break-induced replication (BIR). Involved in the translesion synthesis (TLS) of templates carrying O6-methylguanine or abasic sites performed by Pol-delta4, independently of DNA polymerase zeta (REV3L) or eta (POLH). Facilitates abasic site bypass by DNA polymerase delta by promoting extension from the nucleotide inserted opposite the lesion. Also involved in TLS as a component of the POLZ complex. Along with POLD3, dramatically increases the efficiency and processivity of DNA synthesis of the minimal DNA polymerase zeta complex, consisting of only REV3L and REV7.
Belongs to the DNA polymerase delta/II small subunit family.
Component of the tetrameric DNA polymerase delta complex (Pol-delta4), which consists of POLD1/p125, POLD2/p50, POLD3/p66/p68 and POLD4/p12, with POLD1 bearing DNA polymerase and 3' to 5' proofreading exonuclease activities. Following stress caused by DNA damaging agents or by replication stress, POLD4 is degraded and Pol-delta4 is converted into a trimeric form of the complex (Pol-delta3), which consists of POLD1, POLD2 and POLD3. Pol-delta3 is the major form occurring at S phase replication sites, as well as DNA damage sites. Also observed as a dimeric complex with POLD2 (Pol-delta2 complex). Component of the DNA polymerase zeta complex (POLZ), which consists of REV3L, MAD2L2, POLD2 and POLD3, with REV3L bearing DNA polymerase catalytic activity.
May be involved in forming the receptor site for cardiac glycoside binding or may modulate the transport function of the sodium ATPase.
Regulatory subunit of the sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase which is composed of a catalytic alpha subunit, an auxiliary non-catalytic beta subunit and an additional regulatory subunit.
Associates with the 60S ribosomal subunit of the 80S translational complex.
Binds 2 divalent metal cations per subunit. Has a high-affinity and a low affinity metal-binding site. The true nature of the physiological cofactor is under debate. The enzyme is active with zinc, cobalt, manganese or divalent iron ions. Has high activity with zinc; zinc cofactor is transferred into the active site region by the ZNG1 zinc chaperone.
Thrombomodulin is a specific endothelial cell receptor that forms a 1:1 stoichiometric complex with thrombin. This complex is responsible for the conversion of protein C to the activated protein C (protein Ca). Once evolved, protein Ca scissions the activated cofactors of the coagulation mechanism, factor Va and factor VIIIa, and thereby reduces the amount of thrombin generated.
Plays a role in the control of cell shape and motility in the trabecular meshwork.
Interacts with abl, c3g, sos, map4k1, mapk8 and dock1 via its first SH3 domain. Interacts with bcar1, cbl, pxn and gab1 via its SH2 domain upon stimulus-induced tyrosine phosphorylation. Interacts with several tyrosine-phosphorylated growth factor receptors such as egfr, pdgfr and insr via its SH2 domain (By similarity).
Phosphorylated on Tyr-214 upon cell adhesion. Results in the negative regulation of the association with SH2- and SH3-binding partners, possibly by the formation of an intramolecular interaction of phosphorylated Tyr-214 with the SH2 domain. This leads finally to the down-regulation of the Crk signaling pathway (By similarity).
Proline isomerization at Pro-230 by PPIA acts as a switch between two conformations: an autoinhibitory conformation in the cis form, where the tandem SH3 domains interact intramolecularly, and an activated conformation in the trans form.
Required for apoptosis in Xenopus egg extracts (PubMed:9029144). Involved in cell branching and adhesion (By similarity). May mediate attachment-induced mapk8 activation, membrane ruffling and cell motility in a Rac-dependent manner. May regulate the efna5-epha3 signaling (By similarity).
Putative Rab GTPase-activating protein which plays a role in vesicular trafficking. Involved in endosome-to-Golgi trafficking. Acts as a bridging protein by binding simultaneously to golgins, located at the trans-Golgi, and to the WASH complex, located on endosome-derived vesicles (By similarity). Plays a role in brain development (By similarity). May act as a general inhibitor of innate immunity signaling (By similarity).
Belongs to the metallophosphoesterase superfamily. CPPED1 family.
Autoubiquitinated by the APC/C complex, leading to its degradation by the proteasome.
Catalyzes the covalent attachment of ubiquitin to other proteins. Acts as an essential factor of the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), a cell cycle-regulated ubiquitin ligase that controls progression through mitosis. Acts by initiating 'Lys-11'-linked polyubiquitin chains on APC/C substrates, leading to the degradation of APC/C substrates by the proteasome and promoting mitotic exit.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. BUD23/WBSCR22 family.
Steroid hormone receptor involved in the regulation of eukaryotic gene expression which affects cellular proliferation and differentiation in target tissues.
Component of a complex at least composed of cpeb1, cpsf1, tent2/gld2, pabpc1/ePAB, parn and sympk. Following oocyte maturation, parn is expelled from the complex. Interacts with rbfox2 and sympk.
Cytoplasmic poly(A) RNA polymerase that adds successive AMP monomers to the 3'-end of specific RNAs, forming a poly(A) tail. In contrast to the canonical nuclear poly(A) RNA polymerase, it only adds poly(A) to selected cytoplasmic mRNAs during oocyte maturation. Plays a central role during oocyte maturation by mediating polyadenylation of dormant mRNAs, which contain 5'AAUAAA-3' sequence in their 3'UTR. In immature oocytes, polyadenylation of poly(A) tails is counteracted by the ribonuclease parn. During maturation parn is excluded from the ribonucleoprotein complex, allowing poly(A) elongation and activation of mRNAs. May not play a role in replication-dependent histone mRNA degradation (By similarity).
Required for progression through the G1 and S phases of the cell cycle and for S phase entry. Activates transcription of the histone H2A, histone H2B, histone H3 and histone H4 genes (By similarity).
The LisH domain is required for the activation of histone gene transcription.
May be required for male fertility and normal male germ cell differentiation (By similarity). May play a role in spermatogenesis. Binds to RNA but not to DNA (By similarity).
Expressed at low level from stage 1 to stage 9, when expression levels increase.
Initially expressed in the Spemann organizer region of early gastrula embryos. Expression then becomes localized to the anterior region; confined to the cement gland anlage at stages 19-25 and localized to the forebrain, optic vesicle and otocyst at stage 28.
Transcription factor involved in anterior and eye development. Promotes the differentiation of both rod and cone photoreceptors cells in the retina. Together with other retinal homeobox proteins, acts as an effector of a cellular clock which, depending on cell cycle progression, establishes the generation of distinct retinal neuronal cell types. Acts synergistically with nrl to activate the rhodopsin promoter (By similarity). Promotes the formation of anterior regions and represses the formation of posterior structures during development.
Specific and highly efficient GDP-D-glucose phosphorylase regulating the levels of GDP-D-glucose in cells.
The ortholog in A.thaliana catalyzes the first reaction of the Smirnoff-Wheeler pathway, the major route to ascorbate biosynthesis in plants.
Catalyzes the decomposition of L-selenocysteine to L-alanine and elemental selenium.
By activin in the presence of de novo protein synthesis, and by gsc and not2.
Cleaved by bmp1; cleavage participates in dorsoventral patterning during early development. Cleavage by bmp1 is enhanced by the interaction with olfml3/ont1.
First expressed at stage 9.5 in the dorsal marginal zone. Localized to the dorsal lip of the blastopore (Spemann organizer) during early gastrulation, after which expression continues in tissues derived from the organizer. Expressed in the prechordal plate (head mesoderm) and notochord during early neurulation (stage 13), transiently in the forebrain, tailbud hinge and posterior notochord in the early tailbud (stage 26), the chordoneural hinge in the late tailbud (stage 33) and finally the tip of the tail in the tadpole (stage 42).
Interacts with twsg1 and/or bmp4. Interacts with olfml3/ont1.
Potent dorsalizing factor. Has potent axis-forming activities including the ability to recruit neighboring cells into secondary axes. Regulates cell-cell interactions in the organizing centers of head, trunk and tail development.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 17 family.
Regulates NF-kappa-B transcription factor activity. Promotes growth of cardiomyocytes, but not cardiomyocyte proliferation. Promotes cardiac muscle hypertrophy. Plays a role in the regulation of the growth of actin filaments. Inhibits the activity of the F-actin-capping protein complex (By similarity).
Binds the B box promoter element of genes transcribed by RNA polymerase III and is probably involved in the regulation of class III genes.
E3 ubiquitin ligase catalyzing the covalent attachment of ubiquitin moieties onto substrate proteins.
At stages 16 and 32, expressed in the neural groove, rhombomeres, forebrain and branchial arches.
Cell surface transmembrane ligand for Eph receptors, a family of receptor tyrosine kinases which are crucial for migration, repulsion and adhesion during neuronal, vascular and epithelial development. Binds promiscuously Eph receptors residing on adjacent cells, leading to contact-dependent bidirectional signaling into neighboring cells. The signaling pathway downstream of the receptor is referred to as forward signaling while the signaling pathway downstream of the ephrin ligand is referred to as reverse signaling (By similarity). May have a role in the developing mesenchymal and nervous tissue.
Expressed at low levels in most tissues with highest levels in the kidney, oocytes, ovary and testis.
Inducible phosphorylation of tyrosine residues in the cytoplasmic domain. Tyrosine phosphorylation inhibits TLE4-binding.
Interacts with TLE4 through the PDZ-binding motif.
The PDZ-binding motif is required for TLE4-binding.
Substrate-recognition component of a Cul2-RING (CRL2) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex of the DesCEND (destruction via C-end degrons) pathway, which recognizes a C-degron located at the extreme C terminus of target proteins, leading to their ubiquitination and degradation. The C-degron recognized by the DesCEND pathway is usually a motif of less than ten residues and can be present in full-length proteins, truncated proteins or proteolytically cleaved forms. The CRL2(FEM1C) complex specifically recognizes proteins with an arginine at the C-terminus: recognizes and binds proteins ending with -Lys/Arg-Xaa-Arg and -Lys/Arg-Xaa-Xaa-Arg C-degrons, leading to their ubiquitination and degradation.
The first seven ANK repeats at the N-terminus (1-242) are essnetial for recognition of Lys/Arg-Xaa-Arg and -Lys/Arg-Xaa-Xaa-Arg C-degrons.
Plays a role in alternative splicing of pre-mRNAs, possibly by contributing to the selection of non-consensus donor sites.
Associates with NCBP1/CBP80 to form an alternative cap-binding complex (CBC) which plays a key role in mRNA export. NCBP3 serves as adapter protein linking the capped RNAs (m7GpppG-capped RNA) to NCBP1/CBP80. Unlike the conventional CBC with NCBP2 which binds both small nuclear RNA (snRNA) and messenger (mRNA) and is involved in their export from the nucleus, the alternative CBC with NCBP3 does not bind snRNA and associates only with mRNA thereby playing a role in only mRNA export.
Component of an alternative cap-binding complex (CBC) composed of NCBP1/CBP80 and NCBP3.
IGF-binding proteins prolong the half-life of the IGFs and have been shown to either inhibit or stimulate the growth promoting effects of the IGFs on cell culture. They alter the interaction of IGFs with their cell surface receptors (By similarity).
Monoubiquitination of Lys-120 (H2AXK119ub) by ring1 and rnf2/ring2 complex gives a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional repression. Following DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), it is ubiquitinated through 'Lys-63' linkage of ubiquitin moieties by the E2 ligase ube2n and the E3 ligases rnf8 and rnf168, leading to the recruitment of repair proteins to sites of DNA damage. Ubiquitination at Lys-14 and Lys-16 (H2AK13Ub and H2AK15Ub, respectively) in response to DNA damage is initiated by rnf168 that mediates monoubiquitination at these 2 sites, and 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitin are then conjugated to monoubiquitin; rnf8 is able to extend 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitin chains in vitro. H2AK119Ub and ionizing radiation-induced 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitination (H2AK13Ub and H2AK15Ub) are distinct events (By similarity).
Phosphorylated. Phosphorylation of Ser-136 (H2AX139ph) occurs in response to DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) generated by exogenous genotoxic agents, by stalled replication forks and by meiotic recombination events. Phosphorylation is dependent on the DNA damage checkpoint kinases ATR and ATM, spreads on either side of a detected DSB site and may mark the surrounding chromatin for recruitment of proteins required for DNA damage signaling and repair. Widespread phosphorylation may also serve to amplify the damage signal or aid repair of persistent lesions. Dephosphorylation of Ser-136 is required for DNA DSB repair. Phosphorylation at Tyr-139 (H2AXY142ph) by baz1b/wstf determines the relative recruitment of either DNA repair or pro-apoptotic factors. Phosphorylation at Tyr-139 (H2AXY142ph) favors the recruitment of pro-apoptosis factors. In contrast, dephosphorylation of Tyr-139 by EYA proteins (eya1, eya2, eya3 or eya4) favors the recruitment of MDC1-containing DNA repair complexes to the tail of phosphorylated Ser-136 (H2AX139ph).
The [ST]-Q motif constitutes a recognition sequence for kinases from the PI3/PI4-kinase family.
The nucleosome is a histone octamer containing two molecules each of H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assembled in one H3-H4 heterotetramer and two H2A-H2B heterodimers. The octamer wraps approximately 147 bp of DNA. Interacts with numerous proteins required for DNA damage signaling and repair when phosphorylated on Ser-136 (By similarity).
Variant histone H2A which replaces conventional H2A in a subset of nucleosomes. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling. Required for checkpoint-mediated arrest of cell cycle progression in response to low doses of ionizing radiation and for efficient repair of DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) specifically when modified by C-terminal phosphorylation (By similarity).
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 22 family. PIGB subfamily.
Mannosyltransferase involved in glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchor biosynthesis. Transfers the third alpha-1,2-mannose to Man2-GlcN-acyl-PI during GPI precursor assembly (By similarity).
Despite its name it is related to the unc-93 family and not to the major facilitator superfamily.
Adenylyl cyclase that catalyzes the formation of the signaling molecule cAMP in response to activation of G protein-coupled receptors.
The protein contains two modules with six transmembrane helices each; both are required for catalytic activity. Isolated N-terminal or C-terminal guanylate cyclase domains have no catalytic activity, but when they are brought together, enzyme activity is restored. The active site is at the interface of the two domains. Both contribute substrate-binding residues, but the catalytic metal ions are bound exclusively via the N-terminal guanylate cyclase domain.
Expressed predominantly in the larval foregut and the anterior and posterior adult stomach.
Expression levels are high in surface mucous cells and manicotto gland cells of the foregut epithelium of pro-metamorphic tadpoles. During metamorphosis, expression levels decrease markedly in larval epithelial cells but are high in proliferating adult epithelial primordia. In the adult stomach, expression was strongest in oxynticopeptic cells, but was also detected at a lower level in surface mucose cells.
Glycosylated. Contains high mannose-type oligosaccharide.
Mitochondrial protein-lysine N-methyltransferase that promotes chronic pain. Involved in persistent inflammatory and neuropathic pain: methyltransferase activity in the mitochondria of sensory neurons promotes chronic pain via a pathway that depends on the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and on the engagement of spinal cord microglia. Protein-lysine N-methyltransferase activity is dependent on S-adenosyl-L-methionine.
Detected at stage 14 (late gastrula) in a horseshoe-shaped ring surrounding the neural plate. In neurula stage embryos, expressed in the neuroectoderm and pre-somitogenic mesoderm with expression in the outer rim of the neural crest and neural plate at stage 17. Subsequently expressed at different levels in a subset of placodes, excluding the otic and posterior lateral line placodes. In tailbud stages, expressed in neural crest cells that originate from the rhombencephalon and migrate to the ventral part to form the hyoid and anterior branchial arches. At stage 41 (tadpole), expressed in a region of the body wall lateral and posterior to the gills, which is probably the primordium of the ventral trunk.
Expression doesn't begin until the late gastrula stage. Levels then accumulate continuously, peaking during tailbud stages (stage 31) before decreasing during the tadpole stages.
The foxi1-C gene is not pseudo-allelic to foxi1-A and foxi1-B.
Belongs to the non-repetitive/WGA-negative nucleoporin family.
Binds to the IL-1 type I receptor following IL-1 engagement, triggering intracellular signaling cascades leading to transcriptional up-regulation and mRNA stabilization.
Interacts with MYD88. IL-1 stimulation leads to the formation of a signaling complex which dissociates from the IL-1 receptor following the binding of PELI1.
Component of a Polycomb group (PcG) multiprotein PRC1-like complex, a complex class required to maintain the transcriptionally repressive state of many genes, including Hox genes, throughout development. PcG PRC1 complex acts via chromatin remodeling and modification of histones; it mediates monoubiquitination of histone H2A 'Lys-119', rendering chromatin heritably changed in its expressibility.
Conversely, when cellular iron levels are high, binds a 4Fe-4S cluster which precludes RNA binding activity and promotes the aconitase activity, the isomerization of citrate to isocitrate via cis-aconitate.
Scaffolding protein that specifically recognizes and binds dimethylarginine-containing proteins. In nucleus, acts as a coactivator: recognizes and binds asymmetric dimethylation on the core histone tails associated with transcriptional activation (H3R17me2a and H4R3me2a) and recruits proteins at these arginine-methylated loci. In cytoplasm, may play a role in the assembly and/or disassembly of mRNA stress granules and in the regulation of translation of target mRNAs by binding Arg/Gly-rich motifs (GAR) in dimethylarginine-containing proteins.
Centriole-enriched microtubule-binding protein involved in centriole biogenesis. In collaboration with CEP295 and POC1B, is required for the centriole-to-centrosome conversion by ensuring the formation of bona fide centriole wall. Functions as a linker component that maintains centrosome cohesion. Associates with CROCC and regulates its stability and localization to the centrosome.
Catalyzes the transfer of sulfate to position 4 of the N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) residue of chondroitin and desulfated dermatan sulfate. Chondroitin sulfate constitutes the predominant proteoglycan present in cartilage and is distributed on the surfaces of many cells and extracellular matrices (By similarity).
C1 is a calcium-dependent trimolecular complex of C1q, C1r and C1s in the molar ration of 1:2:2. C1r is a dimer of identical chains, each of which is activated by cleavage into two chains, A and B, connected by disulfide bonds.
C1r B chain is a serine protease that combines with C1q and C1s to form C1, the first component of the classical pathway of the complement system.
Homodimer (By similarity). Component of the PET complex (By similarity).
RNA-binding component of the PET complex, a multiprotein complex required for the processing of piRNAs during spermatogenesis. The piRNA metabolic process mediates the repression of transposable elements during meiosis by forming complexes composed of piRNAs and Piwi proteins and governs the methylation and subsequent repression of transposable elements, preventing their mobilization, which is essential for the germline integrity. The PET complex is required during the secondary piRNAs metabolic process for the piwil2 slicing-triggered loading of piwil4 piRNAs. In the PET complex, exd1 probably acts as an RNA adapter. Exd1 is an inactive exonuclease.
The 3'-5' exonuclease domain lacks the conserved Asp-Glu-Asp-Asp (DEDD) residues that coordinates divalent ions essential for exonuclease activity.
Associated component of the proteasome that specifically recognizes acetylated histones and promotes ATP- and ubiquitin-independent degradation of core histones during DNA damage response. Recognizes and binds acetylated histones via its bromodomain-like (BRDL) region and activates the proteasome by opening the gated channel for substrate entry. Binds to the core proteasome via its C-terminus, which occupies the same binding sites as the proteasomal ATPases, opening the closed structure of the proteasome via an active gating mechanism. involved in DNA damage response in somatic cells: binds to acetylated histones and promotes degradation of histones (By similarity).
Homodimer. Interacts with the 20S and 26S proteasomes (By similarity).
The bromodomain-like (BRDL) region specifically recognizes and binds acetylated histones.
First detected at stage 17 as two symmetric patches in the region of the presumptive olfactory placode. Expressed in the pineal at stage 23, and in the eye starting from stage 24. By stage 27, strongly expressed in retina, olfactory placodes and pineal. At stage 32, expression strongly decreases in olfactory placodes and pineal but is maintained in the neuroretina. At stage 41, expression is restricted to the ciliary marginal zone of the retina.
Plays a role in cell division and in the dynamic organization of the actin skeleton as a stabilizer of actin filaments by association with F-actin through Kelch repeats.
Expressed exclusively in the posterior mesoderm and ectoderm of early Xenopus embryos.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL17 family.
Ca(2+) release-activated Ca(2+)-like (CRAC-like) channel subunit which mediates Ca(2+) influx and increase in Ca(2+)-selective current by synergy with the Ca(2+) sensor, stim1.
Component of the tectonic-like complex, a complex localized at the transition zone of primary cilia and acting as a barrier that prevents diffusion of transmembrane proteins between the cilia and plasma membranes. Required for ciliogenesis and sonic hedgehog/SHH signaling (By similarity).
Expression restricted to the early nervous system.
Low expression from cleavage stages to the end of gastrulation; increases from neurulation onward. During neurulation, first localized to the anterior neural folds. As neurulation proceeds, the expression extends to the trunk neural fold, with low levels in the posterior neural fold. At the end of neurulation, strongly expressed as a large band in the midbrain. After neural tube closure, also detected in the optic lobes and otic vesicles. During the late development, expression remains restricted to the nervous system. Detected until at least the larval stages.
Receptor for Wnt proteins. Most of frizzled receptors are coupled to the beta-catenin canonical signaling pathway, which leads to the activation of disheveled proteins, inhibition of GSK-3 kinase, nuclear accumulation of beta-catenin and activation of Wnt target genes. A second signaling pathway involving PKC and calcium fluxes has been seen for some family members, but it is not yet clear if it represents a distinct pathway or if it can be integrated in the canonical pathway, as PKC seems to be required for Wnt-mediated inactivation of GSK-3 kinase. Both pathways seem to involve interactions with G-proteins. Activated by Wnt8. Involved in transduction and intercellular transmission of polarity information during tissue morphogenesis and/or in differentiated tissues. Plays a role in controlling early axon growth and guidance processes necessary for the formation of a subset of central and peripheral major fiber tracts. Involved in the migration of cranial neural crest cells. May also be implicated in the transmission of sensory information from the trunk and limbs to the brain. Controls commissural sensory axons guidance after midline crossing along the anterior-posterior axis in the developing spinal cord in a Wnt-dependent signaling pathway. Together with FZD6, is involved in the neural tube closure and plays a role in the regulation of the establishment of planar cell polarity (PCP). Promotes neurogenesis by maintaining sympathetic neuroblasts within the cell cycle in a beta-catenin-dependent manner (By similarity).
Expressed in the embryonic brain and in the ciliated cells of the otic and lateral line placodes. Also expressed in precursors of the epidermal ciliated cells. Expressed early in the anterior neural plate starts early.
Transcription factor involved in specification of neuronal cell types and which is required for inner ear and hypothalamus development. Binds to the 5'-CAAGTG-3' core sequence (By similarity). May act as a stage-specific inhibitor of anf1 in the anterior neural plate during the development.
Binds 5 Ca(2+) ions per subunit. Two of the Ca(2+) ions are bound to the C2 domain.
Hydrolyzes the phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) to generate 2 second messenger molecules diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3). DAG mediates the activation of protein kinase C (PKC), while IP3 releases Ca(2+) from intracellular stores (By similarity).
The GBA (G-alpha binding and activating) motif mediates binding to the alpha subunits of guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins).
Plays a role in protein ubiquitination, sorting and degradation through its association with VCP. Involved in ubiquitin-mediated membrane proteins trafficking to late endosomes in an ESCRT-dependent manner, and hence plays a role in synaptic vesicle recycling. May play a role in macroautophagy, regulating for instance the clearance of damaged lysosomes. Plays a role in cerebellar Purkinje cell development. Positively regulates cytosolic and calcium-independent phospholipase A2 activities in a tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha)- or lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-dependent manner, and hence prostaglandin E2 biosynthesis.
The PFU domain mediates interaction with ubiquitin.
The PUL domain is composed of 6 armadillo-like repeats and mediates the interaction with VCP C-terminus.
Acts as an electrogenic sodium (Na(+)) and chloride (Cl-)-dependent sodium-coupled solute transporter, including transport of monocarboxylates (short-chain fatty acids including L-lactate, D-lactate, pyruvate, acetate, propionate, valerate and butyrate), lactate, mocarboxylate drugs (nicotinate, benzoate, salicylate and 5-aminosalicylate) and ketone bodies (beta-D-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate and alpha-ketoisocaproate), with a Na(+):substrate stoichiometry of between 4:1 and 2:1. Catalyzes passive carrier mediated diffusion of iodide. Mediates iodide transport from the thyrocyte into the colloid lumen through the apical membrane (By similarity).
In the gastrula and neurula stages, expressed in the gastrula anterior endoderm and in the entire circumference of the blastopore lip superficial endoderm. At tailbud stages, abundant expression observed in the ventral midgut region. As development proceeds expression becomes restricted to the liver diverticulum and ultimately to the presumptive gallbladder, by tadpole stage 35. Also present in pronephros and the tip of the tail.
Binds CRF and inactivates it. May prevent inappropriate pituitary-adrenal stimulation in pregnancy (By similarity).
At the beginning of gastrulation, expressed in deep cells of the presumptive mesoderm. At later gastrulation stages, expressed at the interface between already involuted and preinvoluted mesoderm. At late neurula and tailbud stages, expressed in the deep mass of cells lying ventrally and laterally to the closed blastopore.
Expression is first detected after midblastula transition, reaches its maximum at stages 12-15 and continues to be expressed until at least stage 27.
Plays a role in regulation of gastrulation, possibly by controlled reduction of cell adhesion which is necessary for optimal cell motility.
Endonuclease that cooperates with the MRE11-RAD50-NBN (MRN) complex in DNA-end resection, the first step of double-strand break (DSB) repair through the homologous recombination (HR) pathway. Functions downstream of the MRN complex and ATM, promotes ATR activation and its recruitment to DSBs in the S/G2 phase facilitating the generation of ssDNA.
Homodimer; dimerizes via the coiled coil domain. Interacts with the MRN complex; the interaction links DNA sensing to resection (By similarity). Interacts with samhd1 (PubMed:29670289).
The PXDLS motif binds to a cleft in CtBP proteins.
The damage-recruitment motif is required for DNA binding and translocation to sites of DNA damage.
Belongs to the complex I 24 kDa subunit family.
A caudalizing protein which is required to pattern the anterior/posterior (A/P) axis during central nervous system (CNS) formation. Inhibits anterior neural expression and acts as a transcriptional activator to induce posterior neural gene expression. Maintains a proper A/P balance required for hindbrain formation by activating the FGF/MAPK pathway, which modulates the planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway. Interacts with retinoid signaling during hindbrain patterning (By similarity).
Microtubule plus-end tracking protein that promotes the stabilization of dynamic microtubules during anaphase. Plays a crucial role in chromatin-induced microtubule formation. May also act at microtubule minus ends. May be involved in the nucleation of noncentrosomal microtubules originating from the trans-Golgi network (TGN) (By similarity).
Belongs to the eukaryotic RPC9 RNA polymerase subunit family.
May be involved in N-linked oligosaccharide assembly.
Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 5 family.
Cysteine protease that plays a key role in autophagy by mediating both proteolytic activation and delipidation of ATG8 family proteins. The protease activity is required for proteolytic activation of ATG8 family proteins: cleaves the C-terminal amino acid of ATG8 proteins to reveal a C-terminal glycine (By similarity). Exposure of the glycine at the C-terminus is essential for ATG8 proteins conjugation to phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and insertion to membranes, which is necessary for autophagy (By similarity). In addition to the protease activity, also mediates delipidation of ATG8 family proteins. Catalyzes delipidation of PE-conjugated forms of ATG8 proteins during macroautophagy (By similarity).
Expressed zygotically from the mid-gastrula stage.
Expression at the mid-gastrula stage begins in the neural anlage, and becomes increasingly prominent in the central nervous system and head mesenchyme during neurula stages. Although the mRNA is localized to the developing central nervous system (CNS), the protein is deposited at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). In the tailbud stage embryo, expressed in the head and tail regions as well as in the CNS. In adults, expression is highest in the brain, eye and bone, with lower expression in the heart and lung. Not expressed in the ovary.
Secreted protein that functions as cytokine and growth factor and mediates its signal through cell-surface proteoglycan and non-proteoglycan receptors. Binds cell-surface proteoglycan receptors via their chondroitin sulfate (CS) groups. Thereby regulates many processes like inflammatory response, cell proliferation, cell adhesion, cell growth, cell survival, tissue regeneration, cell differentiation and cell migration (By similarity). Inhibits mesoderm formation and promotes neural formation during development (PubMed:9538212). Plays a role in development of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) (PubMed:9361288). Has antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria (PubMed:20308059).
May have an important role in presynaptic function. May be involved in calcium-dependent neurotransmitter release at nerve endings.
Palmitoylated. Palmitoylation occurs probably in the cysteine-rich domain and regulates DNAJC5 stable membrane attachment.
RNA-binding protein that regulates alternative splicing events by binding to 5'-UGCAUGU-3' elements. Regulates alternative splicing of tissue-specific exons (By similarity).
Transposase-derived protein that may have nuclease activity (Potential). Does not have transposase activity (By similarity).
Glycoprotein which is a component of the gelatinous extracellular matrix in the cupulae of the vestibular organ.
Proteolytically cleaved before the transmembrane segment to yield the secreted form found in the extracellular matrix of the cupula.
Export receptor for importin alpha. Mediates importin-alpha re-export from the nucleus to the cytoplasm after import substrates have been released into the nucleoplasm (By similarity).
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX55/SPB4 subfamily.
The Q motif is unique to and characteristic of the DEAD box family of RNA helicases and controls ATP binding and hydrolysis.
Composed of two subunits: alpha (catalytic) and beta (accessory).
Expressed in skeletal muscle, liver, lung, kidney, heart, brain and skin.
Its function as a Na,K-ATPase beta-subunit will be lost in placental mammals.
Acts as a glycogen-targeting subunit for PP1 and regulates its activity. Activates glycogen synthase, reduces glycogen phosphorylase activity and limits glycogen breakdown.
Interacts with PPP1CC catalytic subunit of PP1 and associates with glycogen. Forms complexes with glycogen phosphorylase, glycogen synthase and phosphorylase kinase which is necessary for its regulation of PP1 activity.
The N-terminal region is required for binding to PP1, the central region is required for binding to glycogen and the C-terminal region is required for binding to glycogen phosphorylase glycogen synthase and phosphorylase kinase.
Belongs to the nuclear hormone receptor family. NR6 subfamily.
Isoform Oo is expressed both maternally and zygotically, being predominantly expressed in oocytes and embryos before the midblastula transition but present at later stages at very low levels. Isoform Em is expressed zygotically between late gastrula stage and late tailbud stage 30, being predominant during tailbud stages.
Probable orphan nuclear receptor. Binds to a response element containing repeats of the motif 5'-AGGTCA-3'. Required for anterior-posterior patterning during organogenesis. Acts with chordin to play a role in patterning the midbrain-hindbrain. Isoform Em is required for integrin-mediated cell matrix interaction during neurulation and for the morphogenetic movements leading to formation of the neural tube. Also mediates the effect of retinoic acid on primary neurogenesis.
Transiently expressed in differentiating cells of all embryonic germ layers. Expressed in an anterior to posterior concentration gradient from late gastrula to midneurula stages. Shows a complicated spatio-temporal pattern of expression during neurulation, being predominant in the neural plate and neural crest in midneurula embryos. At late tailbud (stage 30), mainly expressed in the head mesenchyme, gill arches and tail tip. Expression persists in the epidermis, somites and endoderm, and in the central nervous system, expression is restricted to the midbrain, hindbrain and part of the spinal cord. Isoforms Oo and Em are both expressed in the brain and isoform Oo is expressed in the germ cells of both the adult testis and ovary.
Conjugation of reduced glutathione to a wide number of exogenous and endogenous hydrophobic electrophiles. Highly active towards 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene and organic isothiocyanates, but shows no detectable activity towards 1,2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene, p-nitrobenzylchloride, trans-4-phenyl-3-buten-2-one (tPBO) and ethacrynic acid. May be associated with cellular proliferation.
Detected in embryos at stages 11-15, but not detected in unfertilized eggs.
Expressed only in embryos. Not expressed in liver, lung, heart, kidney and ovary.
May play a role in Golgi structure maintenance.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the calycin superfamily. Lipocalin family.
Component of the ctf18-RFC complex which consists of ctf18, ctf8, dscc1 and the RFC complex.
Loads pcna onto primed templates regulating velocity, spacing and restart activity of replication forks. May couple DNA replication to sister chromatid cohesion (By similarity).
Forms a complex with an importin alpha subunit.
Required for nuclear protein import and mediates docking of import substrate to distinct nucleoporins.
Belongs to the Rab3-GAP regulatory subunit family.
Alternates between an inactive GDP-bound form and an active GTP-bound form (By similarity). Activated by a guanine nucleotide-exchange factor (GEF) and inactivated by GTPase-activating protein (GAP) (By similarity).
Small GTPase involved in protein trafficking between different compartments (By similarity). Modulates vesicle budding and uncoating within the Golgi complex (By similarity). In its GTP-bound form, triggers the recruitment of coatomer proteins to the Golgi membrane (By similarity). The hydrolysis of ARF1-bound GTP, which is mediated by ARFGAPs proteins, is required for dissociation of coat proteins from Golgi membranes and vesicles (By similarity).
Although it belongs to the non-receptor class myotubularin subfamily, lacks the conserved active site cysteine residue at position 391 in the dsPTPase catalytic loop, suggesting that it has no phosphatase activity.
Probable disulfide isomerase, which participates in the folding of proteins containing disulfide bonds.
Heterodimer with gpn1. Binds to RNA polymerase II (RNAPII).
Small GTPase required for proper localization of RNA polymerase II (RNAPII). May act at an RNAP assembly step prior to nuclear import.
Small GTPase required for proper nuclear import of RNA polymerase II and III (RNAPII and RNAPIII). May act at an RNAP assembly step prior to nuclear import.
Interacts with fgfr1 that has been activated by fgf1 binding. Interacts (via C2 domains) with the AP-2 complex (via an alpha subunit). Identified in a complex with the AP-2 complex and fgfr1 (By similarity).
Tethers the endoplasmic reticulum to the cell membrane and promotes the formation of appositions between the endoplasmic reticulum and the cell membrane. Binds glycerophospholipids in a barrel-like domain and may play a role in cellular lipid transport (By similarity). Plays a role in the rapid internalization of fgfr1 that has been activated by fgf1 binding; this occurs most likely via the AP-2 complex. Required for normal fgf signaling and the activation of downstream signaling cascades via its role in the internalization of activated fgfr1. Required for normal embryonic development via its role in fgf signaling and the downstream regulation of t/xBRA expression (By similarity).
The C2 domains mediate lipid and calcium binding. The N-terminal C2 domain binds calcium ions and is important for calcium-dependent lipid binding and interaction with membranes. Two calcium ions are bound at a high-affinity site and a third calcium ion is bound with lower affinity. May bind up to four calcium ions. In contrast, the second C2 domain apparently does not bind calcium. The third C2 domain mediates interaction with membranes enriched in phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate and is required for location at the cell membrane (By similarity).
Belongs to the HAD-like hydrolase superfamily. MasA/MtnC family.
Bifunctional enzyme that catalyzes the enolization of 2,3-diketo-5-methylthiopentyl-1-phosphate (DK-MTP-1-P) into the intermediate 2-hydroxy-3-keto-5-methylthiopentenyl-1-phosphate (HK-MTPenyl-1-P), which is then dephosphorylated to form the acireductone 1,2-dihydroxy-3-keto-5-methylthiopentene (DHK-MTPene).
May play a role in erythroid cell differentiation.
By notch signaling. By tbx6 together with thy1 and tcf3.
Expressed in the presomitic mesoderm (PSM) in the anterior halves of somitomeres S-0, S-I and S-II and in the newly formed somites.
Required during somitogenesis to regulate somite differentiation and the positioning of the presomitic mesoderm-front. Represses the expression of genes involved in somite segmentation by acting with the corepressor tle4 to down-regulate the transcriptional activity of tbx6. Also regulates retinoic acid signaling during somitogenesis and is necessary for the expression of aldh1a2/raldh2.
Associates with microtubules. Interacts with aurka and plk1. Interacts with kif15 (By similarity).
Phosphorylated during mitosis. Hyperphosphorylated upon assembly of microtubules (By similarity).
Expressed in the developing epithelial stem cells of the intestine.
Expressed in the limb, tail and intestine by T3 during metamorphosis.
Receptor for R-spondins that potentiates the canonical Wnt signaling pathway and acts as a stem cell marker of the intestinal epithelium and the hair follicle. Upon binding to R-spondins (RSPO1, RSPO2, RSPO3 or RSPO4), associates with phosphorylated LRP6 and frizzled receptors that are activated by extracellular Wnt receptors, triggering the canonical Wnt signaling pathway to increase expression of target genes. In contrast to classical G-protein coupled receptors, does not activate heterotrimeric G-proteins to transduce the signal. Involved in the development and/or maintenance of the adult intestinal stem cells during postembryonic development (By similarity).
May function as a co-chaperone towards HSPA9/mortalin which, by itself, is prone to self-aggregation.
Interacts with clip1, mis12, ndc80 and zwint. Interacts with gamma-tubulin.
Required for spindle microtubule attachment to both kinetochores and centrosomes. Also functions to tether minus-ends of spindle microtubules to centrosomes. May act by forming ring-like structures around microtubules, or by serving as a cross-linker or scaffold at the attachment site.
Converts guanidinoacetate to creatine, using S-adenosylmethionine as the methyl donor.
May play a role in axonemal outer row dynein assembly.
Barely detectable at stage 52 in the ZW gonads.
Expressed exclusively in the primordial gonads of ZW tadpoles. Specifically expressed in the somatic cells surrounding primordial germ cells in a ZW gonad at stage 50 during sex determination (at protein level).
Transcription factor that plays a key role in female sex determination and primary ovary development. Acts as a sex-determining protein by antagonizing the transcriptional activity of male-determination protein dmrt1-a, acting as a dominant-negative type protein.
Implicated in a number of cellular processes, including proliferation, differentiation, caspase-dependent and caspase-independent apoptosis, suppression of transformation (tumor suppressor), inhibition of protein phosphatase 2A, regulation of mRNA trafficking and stability, and inhibition of acetyltransferases as part of the INHAT (inhibitor of histone acetyltransferases) complex.
Belongs to the OHCU decarboxylase family.
Catalyzes the stereoselective decarboxylation of 2-oxo-4-hydroxy-4-carboxy-5-ureidoimidazoline (OHCU) to (S)-allantoin.
Plays a role in the reorganization of the cytoskeleton, endocytosis and cellular vesicle trafficking, both during interphase and at the end of mitotic cell divisions. Required for efficient progress through mitosis and cytokinesis. Required for normal formation of the cleavage furrow at the end of mitosis. Modulates endocytosis of cell-surface proteins. Promotes membrane tubulation (in vitro). May promote the formation of macropinosomes (By similarity).
The PX and BAR domains mediate association with membranes and are required for membrane tubulation.
3'-5' RNA exonuclease that trims the 3' end of oligo(U) and oligo(A) tracts of the pre-U6 small nuclear RNA (snRNA) molecule, leading to the formation of a mature U6 snRNA 3' end-terminated with a 2',3'-cyclic phosphate. Participates in the U6 snRNA 3' end processing that prevents U6 snRNA degradation. In addition also removes uridines from the 3' end of U6atac snRNA and possibly the vault RNA VTRNA1-1.
Belongs to the 2H phosphoesterase superfamily. USB1 family.
Phosphodiesterase responsible for the U6 snRNA 3' end processing. Acts as an exoribonuclease (RNase) responsible for trimming the poly(U) tract of the last nucleotides in the pre-U6 snRNA molecule, leading to the formation of mature U6 snRNA.
Belongs to the GTP cyclohydrolase I type 2/NIF3 family.
Homodimer. Interacts with COPS2. Interacts with THOC7.
May function as a transcriptional corepressor through its interaction with COPS2, negatively regulating the expression of genes involved in neuronal differentiation.
DNA-binding transcriptional factor that plays a role in a broad range of cellular and developmental processes such as eye, bones, cardiovascular, kidney and skin development. Acts either as a transcriptional activator or repressor. Binds to the consensus binding site 5'-[G/C][A/T]AAA[T/C]AA[A/C]-3' in promoter of target genes. Upon DNA-binding, promotes DNA bending. Required for cell viability and resistance to oxidative stress in the eye. Promotes cell growth inhibition by stopping the cell cycle in the G1 phase through TGFB1-mediated signals. Involved in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) induction by increasing cell proliferation, migration and invasion. Involved in chemokine-induced endothelial cell migration. Plays a role in epidermal keratinocyte terminal differentiation. Essential developmental transcriptional factor required for mesoderm-derived tissues formation, such as the somites, skin, bone and cartilage. Plays a role in the development and maintenance of mesenchymal niches for haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPC). Plays a role in corneal transparency by preventing both blood vessel and lymphatic vessel growth during embryonic development in a VEGF-dependent manner. Plays a role at the gastrula stage for expression of several mesodermal and endodermal genes. At the late neurula stage, regulates expression of adhesion genes to maintain cell adhesion in the mesodermal germ layer.
Expressed in the animal hemisphere at the four-cell stage. During gastrulation, expression becomes restricted to the prospective neuroectoderm. At the early tail bud stage, expressed in the head structure. At the tadpole stage, expressed in head and neural tissues including the otic vesicle and optic nerve.
Belongs to the DNA polymerase type-A family.
Involved in the replication of mitochondrial DNA. Associates with mitochondrial DNA (By similarity).
Involved in the replication of mitochondrial DNA. Associates with mitochondrial DNA.
A shorter isoform, which probably corresponds to isoform 2, is expressed both maternally and zygotically throughout early development. Isoform 1 is expressed only after the mid-blastula transition (MBT), becoming readily detectable after stage 14.
May function as activator of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway upstream of ctnnb1/beta-catenin. Might be required for dorsal axis formation.
Although it belongs to the non-receptor class myotubularin subfamily, lacks the conserved active site cysteine residue at position 1439 in the dsPTPase catalytic loop, suggesting that it has no phosphatase activity.
Guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) which may activate Rab small GTPases (By similarity). Promotes the exchange of GDP to GTP, converting inactive GDP-bound Rab proteins into their active GTP-bound form (By similarity). Acts as an adapter for the phosphatase mtmr2 (By similarity).
Interacts with the spliceosome. Part of a complex containing U4/U6 snRNPs (By similarity).
Participates in the second step of pre-mRNA splicing.
Belongs to the ABC transporter superfamily. ABCD family. Peroxisomal fatty acyl CoA transporter (TC 3.A.1.203) subfamily.
Enriched in the mitochondrial cloud of stage I oocytes, before becoming concentrated at the tip of the vegetal cortex in stage II oocytes. Expression becomes localized to the germ plasm of stage III-IV oocytes and early cleavage stages. At the tailbud stage, localizes to the migrating primordial germ cells (PGCs) until PGC migration is complete (stage 40), at which point expression disappears. In the adult, expressed in the brain, ovary, eye, muscle, spinal cord and very weakly in adipocytes.
Expressed maternally. Prominent in the egg and during early cleavage stages. Expression decreases slightly between neurula and late tailbud stage before elevating again at the tadpole stages.
Plays an important role in primordial germ cell (PGC) maintenance and efficiency of PGC migration.
Putative sodium-dependent amino acid/proton antiporter.
As a member of the cohesin complex, involved in sister chromatid cohesion from the time of DNA replication in S phase to their segregation in mitosis, a function that is essential for proper chromosome segregation, post-replicative DNA repair, and the prevention of inappropriate recombination between repetitive regions. The cohesin complex may also play a role in spindle pole assembly during mitosis (By similarity). In interphase, cohesins may function in the control of gene expression by binding to numerous sites within the genome (By similarity). May play a role in embryonic gut development, possibly through the regulation of enteric neuron development (By similarity).
Cleaved by separase/ESPL1 at the onset of anaphase; this cleavage is required for sister chromatid separation and cytokinesis (By similarity). Cleaved by caspases at the beginning of apoptosis (By similarity).
Component of the cohesin complex, which consists of an SMC1 and SMC3 heterodimer core and 2 non-Smc subunits RAD21 and STAG1/SA1, STAG2/SA2 or STAG3/SA3.
Phosphorylated; becomes hyperphosphorylated in M phase of cell cycle. The large dissociation of cohesin from chromosome arms during prophase may be partly due to phosphorylation by PLK1/PLX1.
The C-terminal part associates with the head of smc1a, while the N-terminal part binds to the head of smc3.
May play a role in mdm2-dependent p53/TP53 homeostasis in unstressed cells. Inhibits autoubiquitination of mdm2, thereby enhancing mdm2 stability. This promotes mdm2-mediated ubiquitination of p53/TP53 and its subsequent degradation (By similarity).
Binds to poly-G sequences in RNA. May function in post-translational regulation processes.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically throughout oogenesis and embryogenesis through to at least the tadpole stage. Also expressed in adults.
Expressed in oocytes, and in specialized cell types such as neural retina cones in adults.
Phosphorylated. Phosphorylation enhances RNA binding.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the OMP decarboxylase family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the purine/pyrimidine phosphoribosyltransferase family.
Expressed at the 4-cell stage embryo. Expressed at gastrula stage in the ventral blastopore lip and the anterior end of the notochord. Expressed at early neurula stage throughout the notochord, the posterior paraxial mesoderm, cranial neural crest, anterior edge of the neural plate and at the prospective midbrain-hindbrain boundary (MHB) or isthmus organizer. Expressed at late neurula stage in the posterior neural fold. Expressed at early tailbud stage at the MHB until tadpole stage. Expressed at tailbud stage in the branchial arches, ear placode and ventral mesoderm.
The C-terminal AMOP domain plays an important role in the anti-angiogenic function of ISM1.
May be involved in protection from oxidative damage.
First detected at the neurula (stages 16-17). First peak of expression around tadpole hatching (stages 33-40). High expression observed in intestine at the climax of morphogenesis (stages 60-62) when intestine epithelial undergoes morphogenesis.
Interacts with HHATL/GUP1 which negatively regulates HHAT-mediated palmitoylation of the SHH N-terminus (By similarity). Interacts with BOC and CDON (By similarity). Interacts with HHIP (By similarity). Interacts with DISP1 via its cholesterol anchor (By similarity). Interacts with SCUBE2 (By similarity).
N-palmitoylation by HHAT of ShhN is required for sonic hedgehog protein N-product multimerization and full activity (By similarity). It is a prerequisite for the membrane-proximal positioning and the subsequent shedding of this N-terminal peptide (By similarity).
Strongly expressed in notochord and neural floor plate during embryogenesis. In tadpole, high expression is observed in pancreas/stomach, moderate expression in tail, and low expression in intestine, brain, and hind limb.
The C-terminal domain displays an autoproteolysis activity and a cholesterol transferase activity (By similarity). Both activities result in the cleavage of the full-length protein and covalent attachment of a cholesterol moiety to the C-terminal of the newly generated N-terminal fragment (ShhN) (By similarity). Cholesterylation is required for the sonic hedgehog protein N-product targeting to lipid rafts and multimerization (By similarity). ShhN is the active species in both local and long-range signaling, whereas the C-product (ShhC) is degraded in the reticulum endoplasmic (By similarity).
The C-terminal part of the sonic hedgehog protein precursor displays an autoproteolysis and a cholesterol transferase activity (By similarity). Both activities result in the cleavage of the full-length protein into two parts (ShhN and ShhC) followed by the covalent attachment of a cholesterol moiety to the C-terminal of the newly generated ShhN (By similarity). Both activities occur in the reticulum endoplasmic (By similarity). Once cleaved, ShhC is degraded in the endoplasmic reticulum (By similarity).
The Cardin-Weintraub (CW) motif is required for heparan sulfate binding of the solubilized ShhNp (By similarity). The N-terminal palmitoylated peptide is cleaved at the Heparan sulfate-binding Cardin-Weintraub (CW) motif site (By similarity). The cleavage reduced the interactions with heparan sulfate. The cleavage is enhanced by SCUBE2 (By similarity).
The dually lipidated sonic hedgehog protein N-product (ShhNp) is a morphogen which is essential for a variety of patterning events during development. Induces ventral cell fate in the neural tube and somites (By similarity). Involved in the patterning of the anterior-posterior axis of the developing limb bud (By similarity). Essential for axon guidance (By similarity). Binds to the patched (PTCH1) receptor, which functions in association with smoothened (SMO), to activate the transcription of target genes (By similarity). In the absence of SHH, PTCH1 represses the constitutive signaling activity of SMO (By similarity).
The lipidated N- and C-terminal peptides of ShhNp can be cleaved (shedding) (By similarity). The N-terminal palmitoylated peptide is cleaved at the Cardin-Weintraub (CW) motif site (By similarity). The cleavage reduced the interactions with heparan sulfate (By similarity). The cleavage is enhanced by SCUBE2 (By similarity).
The several steps and mechanisms that permit controlled Shh dispersion and gradient formation remain controversial. The ShhNC C-terminal domain displays an autoproteolysis activity and a cholesterol transferase activity resulting in the cleavage and covalent attachment of a cholesterol moiety to the C-terminal of the newly generated N-terminal fragment (ShhN). The protein is further modified by covalent addition of palmitate at the N-terminal of ShhN, resulting to the dual-lipidated Shh (ShhNp). ShhNp is firmly tethered to the cell membrane where it forms multimers. Further solubilization and release from the cell surface seem to be achieved through different mechanisms, including the interaction with DISP1 and SCUBE2, movement by lipoprotein particles, transport by cellular extensions called cytonemes or by proteolytic removal of both terminal lipidated peptides. Once released, the fully processed Shh can signal within embryonic tissues both at short and long-range.
Plays a role as an effector of the ADP-ribosylation factor-like protein 2, ARL2.
Belongs to the diphthine synthase family.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyltransferase that catalyzes four methylations of the modified target histidine residue in translation elongation factor 2 (EF-2), to form an intermediate called diphthine methyl ester. The four successive methylation reactions represent the second step of diphthamide biosynthesis.
Plays an essential role in early embryonic development. Plays an important role in the regulation of centriole duplication.
Arginine methyltransferase that methylates (mono and asymmetric dimethylation) the guanidino nitrogens of arginyl residues present in target proteins. Constitutes the main enzyme that mediates monomethylation and asymmetric dimethylation of histone H4 'Arg-4' (H4R3me1 and H4R3me2a, respectively), a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional activation (By similarity). Methylates ilf3 to regulate its DNA-binding activity (PubMed:18636753). Required for neural induction, playing a key role in the control of epidermal versus neural cell fate choice (PubMed:16214893).
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Expressed throughout all embryonic stages.
From the onset of gastrulation, expressed in dorsal mesoderm, and in dorsal and ventral ectoderm. At the neurula and tail bud stages, expression is restricted to the neuroectoderm, with highest expression in the anterior neural plate.
Homodimer. Homooctamer; individual homodimers associates to form a homooctamer and homooligomerization is required for proper localization to the cell membrane. Individual homodimers can associate to form a homohexamer (By similarity). Component of a complex with lsm14a/rap55a. Interacts with cirbp (By similarity).
Component of the cap-binding complex (CBC), which binds co-transcriptionally to the 5' cap of pre-mRNAs and is involved in various processes such as pre-mRNA splicing, translation regulation, nonsense-mediated mRNA decay, RNA-mediated gene silencing (RNAi) by microRNAs (miRNAs) and mRNA export. The CBC complex is involved in mRNA export from the nucleus, leading to the recruitment of the mRNA export machinery to the 5' end of mRNA and to mRNA export in a 5' to 3' direction through the nuclear pore. The CBC complex is also involved in mediating U snRNA and intronless mRNAs export from the nucleus. The CBC complex is essential for a pioneer round of mRNA translation, before steady state translation when the CBC complex is replaced by cytoplasmic cap-binding protein eIF4E. The pioneer round of mRNA translation mediated by the CBC complex plays a central role in nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD), NMD only taking place in mRNAs bound to the CBC complex, but not on eIF4E-bound mRNAs. The CBC complex enhances NMD in mRNAs containing at least one exon-junction complex (EJC), promoting the interaction between upf1 and upf2. The CBC complex is also involved in 'failsafe' NMD, which is independent of the EJC complex, while it does not participate in Staufen-mediated mRNA decay (SMD). During cell proliferation, the CBC complex is also involved in microRNAs (miRNAs) biogenesis via its interaction with srrt/ars2, thereby being required for miRNA-mediated RNA interference. The CBC complex also acts as a negative regulator of parn, thereby acting as an inhibitor of mRNA deadenylation. In the CBC complex, ncbp2/cbp20 recognizes and binds capped RNAs (m7GpppG-capped RNA) but requires ncbp1/cbp80 to stabilize the movement of its N-terminal loop and lock the CBC into a high affinity cap-binding state with the cap structure. The conventional cap-binding complex with NCBP2 binds both small nuclear RNA (snRNA) and messenger (mRNA) and is involved in their export from the nucleus (By similarity).
Component of the nuclear cap-binding complex (CBC), a heterodimer composed of ncbp1/cbp80 and ncbp2/cbp20 that interacts with m7GpppG-capped RNA.
Belongs to the proton-activated chloride channel family.
Belongs to the dTDP-4-dehydrorhamnose reductase family. MAT2B subfamily.
Heterotrimer; composed of a catalytic mat2a homodimer that binds one regulatory mat2b chain. Heterohexamer; composed of a central, catalytic mat2a homotetramer flanked on either side by a regulatory mat2b chain. NADP binding increases the affinity for mat2a.
Regulatory subunit of S-adenosylmethionine synthetase 2, an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of S-adenosylmethionine from methionine and ATP. Regulates MAT2A catalytic activity by changing its kinetic properties, increasing its affinity for L-methionine. Can bind NADP (in vitro).
Belongs to the GMC oxidoreductase family.
Serine protease inhibitor which displays weak inhibitory activity against trypsin (By similarity). May be involved in facial patterning during embryonic development (By similarity).
Plays a role in mitochondrial and peroxisomal fission. Promotes the recruitment and association of the fission mediator dynamin-related protein 1 (DNM1L) to the mitochondrial surface (By similarity).
DNA ligase that seals nicks in double-stranded during DNA repair. Also involved in DNA replication and DNA recombination.
Homodimer. May form heterodimers with other family members.
Cadherins are calcium-dependent cell adhesion proteins. They preferentially interact with themselves in a homophilic manner in connecting cells; cadherins may thus contribute to the sorting of heterogeneous cell types. Probably contributes in early embryos to cell-type non-specific cell adhesion, but in post-neurula embryos may be responsible for the development and/or maintenance of anterior neural tissues, and may be used in adult frog for the development and/or maintenance of neural, endodermal and reproductive organs.
Expressed strongly in ovary, testis, brain, eye and kidney, and weakly in stomach and intestine.
In the egg, the mRNA occurred as a maternal mRNA at a relatively high level, and its level became very low by the neurula stage, then increased steadily thereafter.
Component of the BLOC-1 complex, a complex that is required for normal biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles (LRO), such as platelet dense granules and melanosomes. Plays a role in intracellular vesicle trafficking (By similarity).
Component of the biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles complex 1 (BLOC-1).
Belongs to the Integrator subunit 8 family.
Alternates between an inactive form bound to GDP and an active form bound to GTP. Activated by a guanine nucleotide-exchange factor (GEF) and inactivated by a GTPase-activating protein (GAP).
Palmitoylated by the ZDHHC9-GOLGA7 complex. Depalmitoylated by abhd17a, abhd17b and abhd17c. A continuous cycle of de- and re-palmitoylation regulates rapid exchange between plasma membrane and Golgi.
Present in fully grown and progesterone-matured oocytes. The level change vera little even after zygotic gene transcription begins following the mid-blastula transition. Do not increase in abundance in the gastrula, neurula, tailbud, or tadpole embryo.
Ras proteins bind GDP/GTP and possess intrinsic GTPase activity.
Belongs to the DHHC palmitoyltransferase family. AKR/ZDHHC17 subfamily.
Glycosyltransferase that generates the core 1 O-glycan Gal-beta1-3GalNAc-alpha1-Ser/Thr (T antigen), which is a precursor for many extended O-glycans in glycoproteins.
Has a role in transport between endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi.
Component of a Polycomb group (PcG) multiprotein PRC1-like complex, a complex class required to maintain the transcriptionally repressive state of many genes, including Hox genes, throughout development. PcG PRC1 complex acts via chromatin remodeling and modification of histones; it mediates monoubiquitination of histone H2A 'Lys-119', rendering chromatin heritably changed in its expressibility (By similarity).
Subunit of the oligosaccharyl transferase (OST) complex that catalyzes the initial transfer of a defined glycan (Glc(3)Man(9)GlcNAc(2) in eukaryotes) from the lipid carrier dolichol-pyrophosphate to an asparagine residue within an Asn-X-Ser/Thr consensus motif in nascent polypeptide chains, the first step in protein N-glycosylation. N-glycosylation occurs cotranslationally and the complex associates with the Sec61 complex at the channel-forming translocon complex that mediates protein translocation across the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
Belongs to the CND1 (condensin subunit 1) family.
Phosphorylated by CDK1. Its phosphorylation, as well as that of XCAP-H and XCAP-G subunits, activates the condensin complex and is required for chromosome condensation.
Regulatory subunit of the condensin complex, a complex required for conversion of interphase chromatin into mitotic-like condense chromosomes. The condensin complex probably introduces positive supercoils into relaxed DNA in the presence of type I topoisomerases and converts nicked DNA into positive knotted forms in the presence of type II topoisomerases.
Regulatory subunit of the condensin complex, a complex required for conversion of interphase chromatin into mitotic-like condense chromosomes. The condensin complex probably introduces positive supercoils into relaxed DNA in the presence of type I topoisomerases and converts nicked DNA into positive knotted forms in the presence of type II topoisomerases. May target the condensin complex to DNA via its C-terminal domain.
The C-terminal domain interacts with histones H1 and H3, and may be responsible for condensin complex targeting to mitotic chromosomes. This domain is independent from the bipartite nuclear localization signal, although they are contained within the same region (By similarity).
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily.
Phosphorylates D-xylulose to produce D-xylulose 5-phosphate, a molecule that may play an important role in the regulation of glucose metabolism and lipogenesis.
Plays a role in the translocation of terminally misfolded proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum lumen to the cytoplasm and their degradation by the proteasome (By similarity). Plays a role in lipid droplet formation (By similarity). Induces lipid droplet clustering (By similarity).
Associated component of the WMM complex, a complex that mediates N6-methyladenosine (m6A) methylation of RNAs, a modification that plays a role in the efficiency of mRNA splicing and RNA processing.
Component of the WMM complex, a N6-methyltransferase complex composed of a catalytic subcomplex, named MAC, and of an associated subcomplex, named MACOM. Component of the MACOM subcomplex.