Expressed at the comma stage and throughout larval stages and in adult.
Expressed in AIM, RIC, AIZ, ADF, ADL, ASK, AWA, AUA, AIN, RIH (or RIR) and RIF head neurons and, in PVP, PVQ and DVA (or DVC) tail neurons, some intestinal cells, somatic gonad and vulva.
May act as transcription activator (By similarity). Plays a role in neurogenesis by regulating neurite pruning between left and right AIM neurons and left and right RIF neurons during larval development (PubMed:16139210, PubMed:19561603). Regulates olfactory plasticity (PubMed:19561603).
The left and right AIM neurons and the left and right RIF neurons are connected by abnormal neurites in 40% and 80% of adults respectively (PubMed:16139210, PubMed:19561603). Fails to reduce chemotaxis to benzaldehyde after pre-exposure to benzaldehyde (PubMed:19561603). In mbr-1 and cam-1 double mutants, normal neurite pruning between left and right AIM neurons is restored (PubMed:19561603).
Belongs to the metallo-dependent hydrolases superfamily. TatD-type hydrolase family.
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
The nucleosome is a histone octamer containing two molecules each of H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assembled in one H3-H4 heterotetramer and two H2A-H2B heterodimers. The octamer wraps approximately 147 bp of DNA.
Belongs to the nuclear hormone receptor family.
Belongs to the SLC26A/SulP transporter (TC 2.A.53) family.
Belongs to the BPI/LBP/Plunc superfamily. BPI/LBP family.
Component of the TFIID basal transcription factor complex, composed of TATA-box-binding protein tbp-1, and a number of TBP-associated factors (TAFs).
Expressed from the 4-cell stage through late gastrulation (at protein level) (PubMed:11566890). May be maternally expressed (PubMed:11566890).
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes arrested development at 90-100 cells and inhibits differentiation (PubMed:11566890). The two E cell daughters (E2 cells), which form the endoderm, divide abnormally early, immediately after the MS2 cells (PubMed:11566890). Phosphorylation of the RNA Pol II large subunit C-terminal domain (CTD) is reduced slightly in embryos (PubMed:11566890). Abolishes expression of taf-10, perhaps as a result of altered protein stability (PubMed:11566890). Reduces expression of a range of genes, including let-858, rps-5, hsp16.2, and pes-10, but has little or no effect on expression of cki-2 and sur-5 (PubMed:11566890).
The TFIID basal transcription factor complex plays a major role in the initiation of RNA polymerase II (Pol II)-dependent transcription (By similarity). TFIID recognizes and binds promoters via its subunit tbp-1, a TATA-box-binding protein, and promotes assembly of the pre-initiation complex (PIC) (By similarity). The TFIID complex consists of tbp-1 and TBP-associated factors (TAFs), including taf-9 (By similarity). Essential for early embryonic development, but not required for transcription of some genes; probably acts via activating transcription initiation by RNA Pol II, as part of the TFIID complex (PubMed:11566890).
Throughout PMID:11566890, the gene name taf-10 is used instead of taf-9, based on an earlier nomenclature; readers should be aware to avoid confusion.
Belongs to the copper transporter (Ctr) (TC 1.A.56) family. SLC31A subfamily.
Belongs to the ATPase alpha/beta chains family.
Expressed in embryos, larvae and adults (PubMed:22426883). In embryos, expression begins at the end of gastrulation after the first cell cleavage (PubMed:22426883).
Expressed ubiquitously (PubMed:22426883). Highly expressed in the H-shaped excretory cell, the excretory pore, the intestine, and hypodermal cells (PubMed:22426883). Expressed in the nervous system (PubMed:22426883). Expressed at low levels in muscles (PubMed:22426883).
Non-catalytic subunit of the V1 complex of vacuolar(H+)-ATPase (V-ATPase), a multisubunit enzyme composed of a peripheral complex (V1) that hydrolyzes ATP and a membrane integral complex (V0) that translocates protons (By similarity). V-ATPase is responsible for acidifying and maintaining the pH of intracellular compartments and in some cell types, is targeted to the plasma membrane, where it is responsible for acidifying the extracellular environment (Probable). Essential for the proper assembly and activity of V-ATPase (By similarity). Required maternally for early embryogenesis and zygotically during morphogenesis (PubMed:22426883). Specifically, involved in the clearance of apoptotic cell corpses in embryos (PubMed:22426883). Also, during embryonic development, the V-ATPase is required to repress fusion of epidermal cells probably by negatively regulating eff-1-mediated cell fusion (PubMed:15866168). In neurons, required for necrotic cell death by promoting intracellular acidification (PubMed:16005300). Required for cell death induced by hypoxia (PubMed:16005300). Required for acidification of synaptic vesicles and the release of neurotransmitters from adult neurons (PubMed:22426883).
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes hyperfusion of embryonic epidermal cells (PubMed:15866168). RNAi-mediated knockdown suppresses hypoxia-induced cell death, and, in a mec-4 (u231) mutant background, neurodegeneration of touch-receptor neurons (PubMed:16005300).
V-ATPase is a heteromultimeric enzyme made up of two complexes: the ATP-hydrolytic V1 complex and the proton translocation V0 complex (By similarity). The V1 complex consists of three catalytic AB heterodimers that form a heterohexamer, three peripheral stalks each consisting of EG heterodimers, one central rotor including subunits D and F, and the regulatory subunits C and H (By similarity). The proton translocation complex V0 consists of the proton transport subunit a, a ring of proteolipid subunits c9c'', rotary subunit d, subunits e and f, and the accessory subunits vah-19/Ac45 and vah-20/PRR (By similarity).
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. TKL Ser/Thr protein kinase family. ROCO subfamily.
Determines polarized sorting of synaptic vesicle (SV) proteins to the axons by excluding SV proteins from the dendrite-specific transport machinery in the Golgi. Role in stress response. Appears to antagonize the effects of pink-1 both in the regulation of axon guidance and stress response.
Expressed in cell bodies, but not in dendritic or axonal processes, of adult head neurons. Also present in non-neuronal tissues, such as the body wall musculature and the epithelial cells of the nematode vulva.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class myosin-kinesin ATPase superfamily. Kinesin family.
Lacks conserved residue(s) required for the propagation of feature annotation.
Belongs to the eukaryotic NMN adenylyltransferase family.
Component of the RZZ complex composed of rod-1, czw-1 and zwl-1 (PubMed:18765790). Interacts with the spindly-like protein spdl-1 (PubMed:18765790). Interacts with NDC80 complex component ndc-80 (PubMed:24231804).
Essential component of the mitotic checkpoint, which prevents cells from prematurely exiting mitosis (PubMed:18765790). Required for chromosome segregation, the assembly of the dynein-dynactin and mdf-1-mdf-2 complexes onto kinetochores and spindle pole separation (PubMed:18765790). Its function related to the spindle assembly machinery and kinetochore-microtubule attachments likely depends on its association in the mitotic RZZ complex (PubMed:18765790). The RZZ complex recruits the spindly-like protein spdl-1 to kinetochores (PubMed:18765790). To prevent irregular chromosome segregation, the complex also inhibits the attachment of the kinetochore-associated NDC80 complex to microtubules (PubMed:24231804). The recruitment of spdl-1 to kinetochores relieves this inhibition (PubMed:24231804). Required for embryonic development (PubMed:18765790, PubMed:19109417).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in embryonic lethality (PubMed:18765790, PubMed:19109417). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in defective chromosome segregation, premature spindle pole separation and incorrectly attached kinetochores (PubMed:18765790). In addition, knl-1 localization to the spindle-associated rod-shaped structures but not to kinetochores is lost during anaphase of meiosis I (PubMed:20729837). RNAi-mediated knockdown also results in abolished targeting of the spindly-like protein spdl-1 to the kinetochore (PubMed:18765790).
Arrest at the 1-cell stage embryo due to a cytokinesis defect characterized by a failure to form a contractile ring.
Expressed during embryogenesis in seam cells as well as in the dorsal and ventral hypodermal cells where it co-localizes with actin bundles.
Myosin is a hexamer of 2 heavy chains and 4 light chains (two regulatory light chains and two essential light chains).
Required for cytokinesis and embryo elongation. May regulate myosin II complex formation and/or the association of myosin with actin. May be involved in the organization of mlc-4 and nmy-2 into bundles.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically throughout development and in adult hermaphrodites and males (at protein level).
Expressed in the germline (at protein level). In adult hermaphrodites, first detected in the transition zone (TZ), weakly expressed in the early mitotic region and in pachytene germ cells, and becomes more abundantly expressed as germ cells enter diakinesis (at protein level). Expressed in primary spermatocytes, but not in secondary spermatocytes or adult sperm (at protein level).
Interacts (via its KH1 domain) with gld-2. Isoform A but not isoform B interacts specifically with fbf-1 and fbf-2 in an RNA-independent manner. Isoform A interacts with gls-1 isoform C.
Loss of both maternal and zygotic expression causes variable lethality, ranging from arrest during embryonic development to soon after hatching, and sterility due to early germline defects. In these animals the germline precursor cells Z2 and Z3 are smaller, divide more slowly and their descendants remain small and indistinct compared to their wild-type counterparts. In addition, some of these animals show somatic defects, including a protruding vulva, multiple vulvae or a reduction in animal size. In zygotic mutant adult hermaphrodites, most spermatogenic cells are blocked as primary spermatocytes, the number of spermatocytes appears lower than normal and spermatogenesis is delayed by several hours. Zygotic mutant homozygous adult males produce some spermatogenic cells, although these sperm are less well defined morphologically than normal. In addition, loss of maternal and zygotic expression results in adult males that produce enlarged granular cells that appear oocyte-like and show chromosomal bivalents typical of oocytes. In zygotic mutants the mitotic region is longer and has more nuclei than normal, the mitotic region/TZ boundary is shifted from 20 to an average of 27 or 28 nuclei and the boundaries between mitotic region and TZ and TZ and pachytene region are not sharp as in wild-type.
Required maternally for germline survival and embryogenesis. Forms a complex with gls-1 which promotes the oogenic cell fate by freeing the translational repressor fbf to repress sperm promoting factors. Promotes maturation of primary spermatocytes to mature sperm. Required during hermaphrodite development to promote sperm fate, which is critical for determining the normal number of sperm. Promotion of sperm fate is at the expense of oogenesis, possibly through the negative regulation of fbf. Required during male development for the continued production of sperm and inhibition of oogenesis. Together with gld-2, promotes the transition from mitosis to meiosis.
The deletion mutant gld-3 (q730) makes no detectable GLD-3; it is predicted to generate an mRNA with a premature stop codon, which should be subject to NMD. The deletion mutant gld-3 (q741) removes the fbf-binding site from isoform A, but leaves the gld-2-binding site intact. Animals homozygous for gld-3 (7q41) enter meiosis, but are feminized. In addition, gld-3 protein that retains its gld-2-binding region, does not have the dramatic mitosis/meiosis delay seen in gld-3 null mutants. By contrast, sex determination was not normal; gld-3 (q741) males produced oocytes. Therefore, promotes meiosis primarily via its interaction with gld-2 whereas the sperm/oocyte decision relies on its interaction with fbf.
The 26S proteasome consists of a 20S proteasome core and two 19S regulatory subunits. The 20S proteasome core is composed of 28 subunits that are arranged in four stacked rings, resulting in a barrel-shaped structure. The two end rings are each formed by seven alpha subunits, and the two central rings are each formed by seven beta subunits. The catalytic chamber with the active sites is on the inside of the barrel (By similarity).
The proteasome is a multicatalytic proteinase complex which is characterized by its ability to cleave peptides with Arg, Phe, Tyr, Leu, and Glu adjacent to the leaving group at neutral or slightly basic pH. The proteasome has an ATP-dependent proteolytic activity.
Belongs to the xanthine dehydrogenase family.
Binds 1 Mo-molybdopterin (Mo-MPT) cofactor per subunit.
Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily. Proton-dependent oligopeptide transporter (POT/PTR) (TC 2.A.17) family.
Expression is detected as early as the larval L1 stage and continues into the adult stage.
Neuron-specific, H(+)-coupled oligopeptide transporter with broad specificity towards di- and tripeptides in a Na(+) and Cl(-)-independent manner. Shows H(+) channel activity in the absence of peptide substrates.
Contains two rhodanese domains with different primary structures but with near identical secondary structure conformations suggesting a common evolutionary origin. Only the C-terminal rhodanese domain contains the catalytic cysteine residue.
Expression increased by knockdown of mpst-1.
Heterodimer of 2 subunits, IMMPL1 and IMMPL2.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Tyr protein kinase family.
Belongs to the glutamate-gated ion channel (TC 1.A.10.1) family.
Command interneurons of the locomotory control circuit (AIB, AVA, AVB, AVD, AVE and PVC) and motor neurons (RMD, RIM, SMD, AVG, PVQ and URY).
Decreased frequency of reversals, suppression of hyperreversal phenotype of cni-1 mutants, decreased tactile response and increased osmotic avoidance (PubMed:24094107). Overall, display increased omega turn frequency following reversals, however deletion in AIB interneurons specifically results in decreased omega turn frequency (PubMed:27223098). Decreased nose touch responses (PubMed:27223098).
Interacts with sol-1 (PubMed:14749834). Interacts with cni-1; the interaction negatively regulates export of glr-1 from the endoplasmic reticulum to synapses (PubMed:24094107). Interacts with usp-46; the interaction results in deubiquitination of glr-1 (PubMed:24356955).
Non-NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) ionotropic glutamate receptor (PubMed:7477293). L-glutamate acts as an excitatory neurotransmitter at many synapses in the central nervous system (PubMed:7477293). The postsynaptic actions of glutamate are mediated by a variety of receptors that are named according to their selective agonists (PubMed:7477293). May contribute to a sensory discrimination between mechanical and chemical stimuli (PubMed:7477293). Plays a role in controlling movement in response to environmental cues such as food availability and mechanosensory stimulation such as the nose touch response (PubMed:27223098). In AIB interneurons, promotes omega turns, a movement that frequently follows backwards locomotion or 'reversals' in response to environmental cues while possibly playing an inhibitory role in alternative neurons to inhibit omega turns (PubMed:27223098).
Ubiquitinated. Deubiquitinated by usp-46 which prevents its degradation.
Belongs to the cation transport ATPase (P-type) (TC 3.A.3) family. Type IV subfamily.
Plays a role in regulating membrane trafficking of cargo proteins during embryogenesis (PubMed:22100064, PubMed:30213940). Regulates snx-3 retromer-mediated endosomal sorting of mig-14, a transporter of Wnt egl-20 morphogen (PubMed:30213940). Together with mon-2 and pad-1, may participate in the formation of endosomal carriers that direct mig-14 trafficking back to Golgi, away from lysosomal degradation. Required for Wnt egl-20 gradient formation along the anteroposterior body axis and migration of QL neuroblast descendants toward the posterior part (PubMed:30213940). Maintains phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) asymmetry at the plasma membrane and prevents the budding of ectosome vesicles that affect intercellular communication and morphogenesis (PubMed:22100064).
Produced by alternative promoter usage and alternative splicing.
Acts as a transcriptional regulator (By similarity). Regulates expression of various genes, including homeobox protein unc-42 and helix-loop-helix protein hlh-34 (PubMed:32273286). Required for embryonic viability, neuromuscular development, organization of the nerve ring and neuronal cell body location (PubMed:32273286). Regulates AIY neuron axon morphology and cell fate (PubMed:32273286). Plays a role in cell autonomously establishing a neuronal left-right asymmetry (PubMed:21041366). Involved in regulating glial specification (PubMed:32665354).
Expressed in the early embryo in ABpra/p and MSpa/p cells, with weaker expression in ABar descendants (PubMed:32273286). Expressed left-right asymmetrically in the embryo, in the mother cell to the MI pharyngeal motorneuron but not the mother cell of the e3D epithelial cell (PubMed:21041366).
Interacts with hlh-2; the interaction is direct.
Belongs to the cation diffusion facilitator (CDF) transporter (TC 2.A.4) family. SLC30A subfamily.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 92 family.
Belongs to the cytidine and deoxycytidylate deaminase family.
Supplies the nucleotide substrate for thymidylate synthetase.
Transcription factor (PubMed:17021039). Involved in negatively modulating apoptosis in germline and somatic cells, acting in partial redundancy with transcription factor egl-38/PAX5, probably by directly regulating transcription of apoptosis regulator ced-9 (PubMed:17021039). May bind to the DNA sequence motif 5'-GTAACG-3' in regulatory elements (PubMed:17021039).
Defective ALM, BDU and QR neuroblast migration and irregular HSN and CP axon growth and guidance (PubMed:16109397). Double knockout with cwn-2 results in ALM and CAN migration defects (PubMed:16109397). Double knockout with either cwn-2 or egl-20 results in HSN migration defects (PubMed:16516839). Triple knockout with cwn-2 and cfz-2 results in enhanced neuronal cell migratory defects (PubMed:16109397).
Detected in all larval forms and adults, but is most abundant in the embryonic stage (PubMed:8510930). First expressed in the embryonic tail at the comma stage of embryogenesis (PubMed:16516839). In newly hatched larvae, it is expressed in four stripes of cells lining the dorsal and ventral posterior quadrants of the body (PubMed:16516839). Expression spreads anteriorly becoming restricted to the ventral side of the body as development progresses (PubMed:16516839).
Expressed in intestine, some head neurons and ventral nerve cord and pharyngeal neurons (PubMed:19561603). Expressed in the tail and weakly expressed in the vulva and body wall muscles (PubMed:20711352). Expressed highly in posterior dorsal and ventral muscle cells (PubMed:22022276).
Ligand for members of the frizzled family of seven transmembrane receptors. Probable developmental protein. May be a signaling molecule which affects the development of discrete regions of tissues. Is likely to signal over only few cell diameters. Binds receptor tyrosine kinase cam-1 (PubMed:17942487). Together with Wnt ligand cwn-2, regulates the migration of CAN, ALM, BDU and HSN neurons during embryogenesis, the migration of QL and QR neuroblast descendants during larval development, and polarity of ALM neurons (PubMed:16109397, PubMed:16516839, PubMed:18622031, PubMed:25917219). Also acts with the Wnt ligand egl-20 to direct HSN neuron migration (PubMed:16516839). Acts through the Wnt receptor cfz-2 to direct ALM migration (PubMed:16109397). Also plays a role in axon growth and guidance in HSN and male CP neurons (PubMed:16109397). In addition, together with Wnt ligand cwn-2, negatively regulates developmental neurite pruning of AIM neurons probably by acting as a ligand for receptor tyrosine kinase cam-1 (PubMed:19561603). Probably by activating the Wnt/Frizzled pathway, may regulate vulva development (PubMed:17942487). May act redundantly with other Wnt ligands such as cwn-2 and mom-2 to control seam cell polarity (PubMed:22022276).
Palmitoleoylation is required for efficient binding to frizzled receptors. Depalmitoleoylation leads to Wnt signaling pathway inhibition.
Expressed in ASE and AWC chemosensory neurons (PubMed:14536063, PubMed:15095973). Expressed left-right asymmetrically in the embryo, in the grandmother cell and the mother cell to the MI pharyngeal motorneuron but in neither analogous precursors of the e3D neuron (PubMed:21041366).
Probable transcription factor, acting as a progenitor identity factor regulating the development of lineally-related embryonic cells including glial, excretory and neuronal cells (PubMed:25738873, PubMed:21041366). Mediates chemosensory function of ASE and AWC neurons (PubMed:14536063, PubMed:15095973). In ASE neurons, required to diversify the fate of the ASEL neurons from the ASER neurons (PubMed:14536063, PubMed:15095973). Acts cell-autonomously to establish a neuronal left right asymmetry, possibly promoting asymmetric expression of the helix-loop-helix proteins ngn-1 and hlh-2 (PubMed:21041366). In cooperation with the transcription factor sox-2, required for the differentiation of AWC olfactory neurons (PubMed:26341465, PubMed:15095973). May regulate the expression of sox-2 in AWC olfactory neurons (PubMed:26341465).
Up to the comma stage, expressed in six lineages that produce diverse cell types including pharyngeal cells, muscles, neurons and glia.
Belongs to the paired homeobox family. Bicoid subfamily.
Expressed in the bilateral AFD neurons as well as in the nine pharyngeal marginal cells (PubMed:11580895). Expressed in amphid sheath AMsh and phasmid sheath PHsh glia (PubMed:21350017).
Probable transcription factor (PubMed:21350017, PubMed:25614239). Binds to a motif including the sequence 5'-TAA[TG]-3' in regulatory promoter elements (PubMed:21350017, PubMed:25614239). Modulates expression of its own, and of various other, genes in the AFD thermosensory neurons or AMsh amphid sheath glia, incuding the nuclear hormone receptor nhr-38, the LIM homeobox ceh-14, cyclic nucleotide-gated channel tax-2, receptor-type guanylyl cyclase gcy-8 and VEGF-related protein ver-1 (PubMed:11580895, PubMed:21350017, PubMed:25614239). Required for the development and cell fate of AFD neurons (PubMed:11580895, PubMed:21350017, PubMed:22298710). In concert with ceh-14, perhaps as components in a complex, specifies identity of AFD neurons, acting by synergistically regulating gcy-8, gcy-18 and other genes (PubMed:25614239). Involved in thermosensory behavior, thereby regulating entry and exit into the dauer larval stage of development (PubMed:11580895). Required in amphid sheath AMsh glia remodeling during entry into dauer stage, acting by positively regulating the expression of ver-1 in AMsh of amphid sensory neurons (PubMed:21350017, PubMed:22298710). May be essential for early development (PubMed:22298710).
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 43 family.
Expressed from the comma stage to adulthood in the nervous system, including sensory neurons and interneurons posterior to the nerve ring, dorsal and ventral nerve cords, tail ganglia and, CEP, HSN, ASK, ADL, ASH and ASJ neurons.
Involved in several behavioral responses including chemotaxis towards lysine and adaptation to repeated osmotic stress. In addition, plays a role in resuming egg-laying and locomotion after starvation.
Phosphorylated. Dephosphorylated by tax-6 in vitro.
Viable. Shows defects in several behavioral responses, including abnormal avoidance response to the chemoattractant lysine and impaired adaptability induced by prior exposure to high concentration of fructose. Delay in egg-laying upon refeeding after starvation. Slight decrease in brood size.
Belongs to the protein-tyrosine phosphatase family. Non-receptor class 2 subfamily.
Expressed in embryonic cells, developing vulva, body wall muscles, head neurons and gonadal sheath cells.
Involved in embryonic and larval development (PubMed:9472025, PubMed:20380830). Plays a role in oogenesis by regulating mpk-1 phosphorylation and oocyte maturation in response to major sperm protein (MSP) (PubMed:9472025, PubMed:20380830). During the formation of neuromuscular junctions at the larval stage, negatively regulates membrane protrusion from body wall muscles probably downstream of receptor egl-15 (PubMed:16495308). Plays a role in fluid homeostasis probably downstream of receptor egl-15 and adapter soc-1 (PubMed:11689700). Promotes vulva induction and negatively regulates fertility probably downstream of receptor let-23 (PubMed:9472025, PubMed:16547100). Negatively regulates daf-2-mediated repression of dauer formation (PubMed:16547100).
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes an increase in ectopic formation of membrane extensions from body wall muscles and a reduction in life span caused by early stage mortality (PubMed:16495308, PubMed:16547100). Prevents constitutive dauer formation in a daf-2 e1370 mutant background (PubMed:16547100).
May have a role in the negative regulation of lin-12 and glp-1 transport to the cell surface (PubMed:10366590). May also have a role in a quality control mechanism for endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi transport; the budding of coatomer-coated and other species of coated vesicles, could bind cargo molecules to collect them into budding vesicles (PubMed:10366590). Involved in regulating the expression of proteasomal subunits such as rpt-3 in order to confer resistance to proteasomal dysfunction (PubMed:27528192).
Activity is strongly inhibited by riboflavin analogs, such as lumiflavin and lumichrome.
Belongs to the riboflavin transporter family.
Down-regulated by high levels of riboflavin.
Highly expressed at L1 larval stage and to a lesser extent in adults.
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes a severe reduction in the number of laid eggs; the few laid eggs fail to hatch.
Riboflavin transporter. Riboflavin transport is Na(+)-independent but pH-sensitive.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 2 family.
Plays an important role in the degradation of dermatan and keratan sulfates.
Belongs to the adaptor complexes medium subunit family.
Belongs to the cytochrome b5 family. MAPR subfamily.
The cytochrome b5 heme-binding domain was proven to bind heme, although it lacks the conserved iron-binding His residues at position 136 and 169.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL30 family.
Belongs to the nematode transthyretin-like family.
Accessory subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I), that is believed not to be involved in catalysis. Complex I functions in the transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme is believed to be ubiquinone.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFB4 subunit family.
Complex I is composed of 45 different subunits.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. AGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. PKC subfamily.
Belongs to the DDOST 48 kDa subunit family.
Component of the oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) complex.
RNAi-mediated knock-down is mostly embryonic lethal. Embryogenesis proceeds more slowly and embryos are osmo-sensitive.
Subunit of the oligosaccharyl transferase (OST) complex that catalyzes the initial transfer of a defined glycan (Glc(3)Man(9)GlcNAc(2) in eukaryotes) from the lipid carrier dolichol-pyrophosphate to an asparagine residue within an Asn-X-Ser/Thr consensus motif in nascent polypeptide chains, the first step in protein N-glycosylation. N-glycosylation occurs cotranslationally and the complex associates with the Sec61 complex at the channel-forming translocon complex that mediates protein translocation across the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). All subunits are required for a maximal enzyme activity (By similarity). Required for the assembly of both SST3A- and SS3B-containing OST complexes (By similarity).
Belongs to the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6c family.
Exclusively expressed in the hermaphrodite gonad (PubMed:11702779, PubMed:12296824, PubMed:16611242). Expressed prior to oocyte division (PubMed:11702779). Widely distributed throughout gonadal oocytes from the mitotic stage to the developing diakinesis stage (PubMed:12296824). Expressed in sperm (PubMed:25261697).
Expressed in newly fertilized embryos, but is rapidly degraded after initiation of the first mitotic division (PubMed:12781695, PubMed:16611242, PubMed:18417623). Highly expressed in one-cell embryos (PubMed:18854162). Expressed in P-granules in blastula-stage embryos (PubMed:16611242). Weak, if any, expression during larval stages (PubMed:11702779).
Interacts with taf-4 (via C-terminus) (PubMed:18854162). Interacts with ifet-1 (PubMed:19786575). Component of a ribonucleoprotein particle complex that interacts with cgh-1 and car-1 in an RNA-dependent manner (PubMed:25261697). Association with many proteins is dependent on the presence of RNA (PubMed:25261697).
No visible phenotype (PubMed:12296824, PubMed:12781695). Double knockout with oma-2 results in sterility due to an oocyte maturation defect (PubMed:11702779). The oocyte maturation defect is due to a meiotic defect in oocytes in which the maturation process is initiated, but there is no progression beyond the prophase stage of meiosis and therefore the cell division process is not completed (PubMed:11702779). Animals also have a larger number of oocytes which are larger in size, but the oocytes cannot be fertilized and accumulate within the gonad (PubMed:11702779). Double RNAi-mediated knockdown with oma-2 in embryos results in more widely distributed P-granules compared to wild-type embryos, and an irregular distribution of germline proteins including pgl-1, mex-1 and pie-1 (PubMed:16611242). Double RNAi-mediated knockdown with oma-2 in larva at the L4 stage of development results in 93% embryonic lethality following the first mitotic cleavage in offspring (PubMed:16611242). Double RNAi-mediated knockdown with oma-2 in adults results in a 60% reduction in number of eggs laid (PubMed:12296824). These animals also have an expanded proximal gonad arm which contains larger number of proximal oocytes which in turn contain a larger number of germinal vesicles and higher expression of maternal mRNAs including nos-2 (PubMed:12296824, PubMed:18417623). Furthermore, after the diakinesis stage following meiosis I, the germinal vesicles have dispersed chromosomes and an abnormal distribution of P-granules (PubMed:12296824). Embryos also display cell division (PubMed:19786575, PubMed:20826530). In addition, there is increased expression of target transcripts such as taf-4 and mei-1 which also exhibit an altered localization in oocytes and embryos (PubMed:18854162, PubMed:19786575, PubMed:25261697). Reduced expression of the maternal transcriptional repressor protein pie-1 (PubMed:20826530). Double RNAi-mediated knockdown with moe-3 results in a 20% reduction in number of eggs laid (PubMed:12296824). Triple RNAi-mediated knockdown with oma-2 and moe-3 results in an 85% reduction in number of eggs laid (PubMed:12296824).
Phosphorylation by mbk-2 and by gsk-3 are required for its rapid degradation following meiosis II.
Zinc-finger RNA-binding protein that binds to 5'-UA[AU]-3' motifs in the 3'-UTR of maternal mRNAs to suppress translation in oocytes and embryos (PubMed:18854162, PubMed:18417623, PubMed:19786575, PubMed:20826530, PubMed:24014033). Acts as a ribonucleoprotein particle component that may exert part of its function within cytoplasmic foci of unfertilized oocytes (PubMed:25261697). Acts redundantly with oma-2 to control the temporal expression and distribution of maternal proteins and thereby promote meiotic progression, oocyte maturation, fertilization and embryonic development (PubMed:11702779, PubMed:12296824, PubMed:12781695, PubMed:16289132, PubMed:16611242, PubMed:19786575, PubMed:20826530, PubMed:25261697). Recruits the translational repressor ifet-1 to the 3'-UTR of mei-1 and zif-1 to negatively regulate their translation (PubMed:19786575, PubMed:20826530). By suppressing the translation of the E3 ligase zif-1, may in turn play a role in the stabilization of zif-1 targets such as the maternal transcriptional repressor protein pie-1 (PubMed:16343905, PubMed:20826530). Following fertilization, sequesters the transcription initiation factor, taf-4, in the cytoplasm, which prevents its nuclear localization and thus allows for transcriptional suppression in early embryos, but not in oocytes (PubMed:18854162). Also, together with oma-2, is involved in P-granule distribution during embryonic development (PubMed:16611242).
Belongs to the alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase family.
The 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex catalyzes the overall conversion of 2-oxoglutarate to succinyl-CoA and CO(2). It contains multiple copies of three enzymatic components: 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (E1), dihydrolipoamide succinyltransferase (E2) and lipoamide dehydrogenase (E3) (By similarity).
Has antibacterial activity against a variety of bacteria including S.aureus, P.aeruginosa and M.tuberculosis. Acts by inducing bacterial membrane breakage.
Induces production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which are necessary for cell proliferation. May play a role in inducing oxidative DNA damage and replicative senescence. May play a role in the coordination of mitochondrial morphology and cell proliferation.
76% embryonic lethal, 24% larval arrest.
Derived from a bicistronic mRNA produced by trans-splicing that also produces excitatory amino acid transporter (glt-1).
Mitochondrial membrane ATP synthase (F(1)F(0) ATP synthase or Complex V) produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane which is generated by electron transport complexes of the respiratory chain. F-type ATPases consist of two structural domains, F(1) - containing the extramembraneous catalytic core and F(0) - containing the membrane proton channel, linked together by a central stalk and a peripheral stalk. During catalysis, ATP synthesis in the catalytic domain of F(1) is coupled via a rotary mechanism of the central stalk subunits to proton translocation. Part of the complex F(0) domain. Forms an homomeric c-ring of several subunits which is part of the complex rotary complex (Probable).
Subunit of the F-type ATPase which has 2 components, CF(1) - the catalytic core - and CF(0) - the membrane proton channel.
Trimethylated by ATPSCKMT at Lys-84. Methylation may be required for proper incorporation of the C subunit into the ATP synthase complex and mitochondrial respiration.
Belongs to the class I fructose-bisphosphate aldolase family.
May be involved in the metabolism of fructose-bisphosphate (beta-D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate) and of fructose 1-phosphate.
Has been shown to interact (via PDZ domain) with atad-3 (via C-terminus) (PubMed:22245785). The physiological significance of this interaction is uncertain; the atad-3 C-terminus is expected to be within the mitochondrial matrix.
Plays a role in the regulation of lifespan in a partially daf-16-mediated manner, and may be involved in regulating the levels of reactive oxygen species production in response to heat stress.
RNAi-mediated knockdown in young adults results in an increased adult lifespan. At 37 degrees Celsius, levels of reactive oxygen species are reduced compared to wild-type animals. Double knockout with atad-3 RNAi results in an enhanced increase in adult lifespan as compared to the single mutants and wild-type animals.
Cell surface protein which plays a role in the plasticity of cholinergic synapses at neuromuscular junctions and in the polarity of the mechanosensory neuron ALM, possibly by antagonizing Wnt signaling.
Expressed in the cholinergic motor neurons AS, VA and DA in the ventral nerve cord and in the mechanosensory ALM neurons in the midbody.
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in hypersensitivity to the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor aldicarb, indicating increased cholinergic transmission in mutant animals.
Belongs to the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase family.
Cytosolic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase that catalyzes the first and rate-limiting step of the oxidative branch within the pentose phosphate pathway/shunt, an alternative route to glycolysis for the dissimilation of carbohydrates and a major source of reducing power and metabolic intermediates for fatty acid and nucleic acid biosynthetic processes.
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes arrested development at 90-100 cells and inhibits differentiation (PubMed:11566890). The two E cell daughters (E2 cells), which form the endoderm, divide abnormally early, immediately after the MS2 cells (PubMed:11566890). Phosphorylation of the RNA Pol II large subunit C-terminal domain (CTD) is reduced slightly in embryos (PubMed:11566890). Abolishes expression of taf-9, perhaps as a result of altered protein stability (PubMed:11566890). Reduces expression of a range of genes, including let-858, rps-5, hsp16.2, and pes-10, but has little or no effect on expression of cki-2 and sur-5 (PubMed:11566890).
The TFIID basal transcription factor complex plays a major role in the initiation of RNA polymerase II (Pol II)-dependent transcription (By similarity). TFIID recognizes and binds promoters via its subunit tbp-1, a TATA-box-binding protein, and promotes assembly of the pre-initiation complex (PIC) (By similarity). The TFIID complex consists of tbp-1 and TBP-associated factors (TAFs), including taf-10 (By similarity). Essential for early embryonic development, but not required for transcription of some genes; probably acts via activating transcription initiation by RNA Pol II, as part of the TFIID complex (PubMed:11566890).
The TFIID basal transcription factor complex plays a major role in the initiation of RNA polymerase II (Pol II)-dependent transcription.
Throughout PMID:11566890, the gene name taf-11 is used instead of taf-10, based on an earlier nomenclature; readers should be aware to avoid confusion.
Expressed throughout development (at protein level) (PubMed:22269071). Highly expressed in embryos and L1 stage larvae (at protein level) (PubMed:22269071).
No visible phenotype, with no change in growth rate at 20 or 26 degrees Celsius, general morphology or lifespan compared to wild-type (PubMed:22269071). Does not affect brood size, embryonic development or defecation rates of itr-1 (sa73) mutants (PubMed:22269071). No change in development or survival compared to wild-type animals following exposure to ER stress inducing agents such as tunicamycin and dithiothreitol (PubMed:22269071).
Unlike mammalian homologs, does not play an essential role in the endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) of inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptors (IP3Rs).
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the peroxidase family.
Belongs to the cyclophilin-type PPIase family.
Belongs to the cyclophilin-type PPIase family. PPIase E subfamily.
Catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in proteins.
PPIases accelerate the folding of proteins. It catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptides.
Belongs to the nematode receptor-like protein sre family.
Component of the unc-83-unc-84 LINC complex which contains at least unc-83 and unc-84 (PubMed:11748140, PubMed:16481402). Within the unc-83-unc-84 LINC complex interacts (via C-terminus) with unc-83; the interaction is probably required to recruit unc-83 to the nuclear membrane (PubMed:11748140, PubMed:16481402). Most likely interacts with anc-1; the interaction is probably required to recruit anc-1 to the nuclear envelope (PubMed:12169658). Interacts (via C-terminus) with zyg-12 (via C-terminus); the interaction is direct (PubMed:27956467). May interact with lmn-1; this interaction may be required to complete the connection between the nuclear lamina and the cytoskeleton (PubMed:25057012).
Expressed in all cells of embryos from the 26-cell stage (PubMed:10375507, PubMed:11907270). Then, it is ubiquitously expressed throughout the development (PubMed:10375507, PubMed:11907270). Not expressed between fertilization and the 26-cell stage (PubMed:11907270).
Expressed in all somatic cells (PubMed:11907270, PubMed:27956467). Not expressed in germ cells in the mitotic and transition zones of the gonad (PubMed:11907270). One study shows expression at the beginning of the late pachytene stage in the proximal gonad, but there is no expression in the male germline, suggesting expression is specific to oogenesis in hermaphrodites (PubMed:27956467).
Involved in nuclear migration and anchoring in hypodermal precursor cells (PubMed:10375507, PubMed:11748140, PubMed:12169658, PubMed:11907270, PubMed:16481402, PubMed:20921138, PubMed:21411627, PubMed:23150597, PubMed:25023515, PubMed:25057012). Most likely recruits anc-1 to the nuclear envelope where anc-1 functions to tether the nucleus to the actin cytoskeleton (PubMed:12169658). Component of the unc-83-unc-84 LINC (LInker of Nucleoskeleton and Cytoskeleton) complex where it recruits and interacts with unc-83 to form a bridge connecting the nuclear envelope to the cytoskeleton which allows for nuclear transport along microtubules (PubMed:11748140, PubMed:16481402). Its role in nuclear migration may be in association with lamin, lmn-1 (PubMed:25057012). Regulates nuclear migrations in one-cell embryos, controlling the posterior migration of the male pronucleus following fertilization (PubMed:21798253). Not required for centrosome attachment to the nucleus (PubMed:10375507, PubMed:11907270). Plays a role in the maintenance of the nuclear envelope architecture in body wall muscle cells (PubMed:25023515). May be involved in DNA damage repair through an association with zyg-12 (PubMed:27956467). Potentially has roles in homologous recombination, double strand break repair and meiotic recombination (PubMed:27956467). Specifically, may in part inhibit non-homologous end joining repair, most likely through recruiting fan-1 to the nucleoplasm, to facilitate the repair of DNA cross-links (PubMed:27956467).
The SUN domain probably plays a role in the nuclear anchoring and/or migration. Required for the localization of unc-83 and anc-1 at the nuclear membrane.
Involved in the degradation of chromosomal DNA. Contributes to cell killing.
Belongs to the fatty acid desaturase CarF family.
Probable acetyltransferase, which acetylates the inositol ring of phosphatidylinositol during biosynthesis of GPI-anchor.
Central component in molecular interactions underlying sperm crawling. Forms an extensive filament system that extends from sperm villipoda, along the leading edge of the pseudopod.
Endonuclease that specifically degrades the RNA of RNA-DNA hybrids.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. AGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. DMPK subfamily.
Expressed in embryonic and L4 larval seam cells and in embryonic dorsal and ventral epidermal cells. Also expressed in the pharynx throughout development and in sublateral nerve cords in the L4 larva.
Normal adult development, but progeny arrest at either the L1 stage or during embryogenesis (PubMed:19675126). RNAi-mediated knockdown causes excretory canal truncation, abnormal lumen and cyst formation. In addition, causes a reduced distribution of Golgi and ER components along the excretory canal length and a decrease in cdc-42 activation (PubMed:25743393).
Serine/threonine-protein kinase that may phosphorylate and inactivate the phosphatase mel-11, and thereby contribute to the regulation of myosin II contractility during embryonic elongation (PubMed:19675126). Involved in controlling canal length and Golgi/ER integrity during excretory canal elongation (PubMed:25743393).
Belongs to the eukaryotic-type N-acetylglucosamine kinase family.
Clp cleaves peptides in various proteins in a process that requires ATP hydrolysis. Clp may be responsible for a fairly general and central housekeeping function rather than for the degradation of specific substrates.
Tetradecamer that assembles into a two heptameric rings with a central cavity.
Belongs to the C/M/P thioester hydrolase family.
Although it belongs to the non-receptor class myotubularin subfamily, lacks the conserved active site cysteine residue at position 346 in the dsPTPase catalytic loop, suggesting that it has no phosphatase activity.
Belongs to the protein-tyrosine phosphatase family. Non-receptor class myotubularin subfamily.
Expressed in the intestine and in head and tail neurons including CAN neuron at L1 stage larva. Expressed in the postdeirid neuron, in the developing vulva and in rectal epithelial cells at L2 stage larva. Expressed in lateral hypodermal (seam) cells and the hypodermal syncytium (hyp7) at L3 stage larva.
Heterodimer with lipid phosphatase mtm-6.
May act as a regulatory subunit for mtm-6. In association with phosphatase mtm-6, plays a role in endosome trafficking probably by regulating phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate levels (PubMed:14565969). Regulates fluid phase endocytosis in coelomocytes (PubMed:14565969). Regulates posterior migration of QL neuroblast descendants and the anterior migration of QR neuroblast descendants and HSN neurons during larval development probably by controlling Wnt ligand secretion through the regulation of sorting receptor mig-14 trafficking (PubMed:21076391). Involved in the formation of correct synapse number in DA9 motor neurons (PubMed:25479419).
Acts as an E4 ubiquitin ligase mediating the assembly of polyubiquitin chains on substrates ubiquitinated by another E3 ubiquitin ligase (PubMed:27669035). The elongation of preexisting ubiquitin chains preferentially targets ubiquitin 'Lys-29' and 'Lys-48' residues (PubMed:27669035). Also functions as an E3 ligase in conjunction with specific E1 and E2 ligases (PubMed:15294159, PubMed:27669035, PubMed:29396393). Probably by regulating protein ubiquitination at DNA damage repair sites, coordinates DNA double-strand-break repair and apoptosis in the germline (PubMed:27669035). Required for germline apoptosis in response to DNA damage downstream of cep-1 (PubMed:27669035). Involved in the resolution of DNA-repair sites by promoting the release of rad-51 from DNA damage foci (PubMed:27669035). In association with protein-ligase chn-1, acts as an E3/E4 ligase to poly-ubiquitinate lysine residues in the UCS domain of myosin chaperone unc-45 (PubMed:15294159, PubMed:29396393). By targeting myosin chaperone unc-45 for proteasomal degradation, regulates myosin assembly in body wall muscles in association with cdc-48.1 and chn-1 (PubMed:15294159, PubMed:17369820). However, in a contrasting study, acts as an E3 ligase, independently of chn-1, to poly-ubiquitinate unc-45 without promoting unc-45 proteasomal degradation (PubMed:29396393). Instead, uses unc-45 as an adapter protein to recruit and poly-ubiquitinate unfolded myosin heavy chain B unc-54 (PubMed:29396393).
Belongs to the ubiquitin conjugation factor E4 family.
Expressed in the germline (at protein level).
Expressed in young adults but not in larvae (PubMed:17369820). Expressed in pharyngeal muscles and in body wall muscles in L2 and L4 larvae, respectively (PubMed:15294159).
Forms a complex composed of deubiquitinating enzyme atx-3, E4 ubiquitin-protein ligase ufd-2 and cdc-48.1; within the complex interacts with atx-3 and cdc-48.1 (via DDDLYN motif) (PubMed:21317884, PubMed:27669035). Forms a complex composed of cdc-48.1, myosin chaperone unc-45, ubiquitin-protein ligases ufd-2 and chn-1; the complex targets myosin chaperone unc-45 for proteasomal degradation; within the complex interacts with cdc-48.1 (via DDDLYN motif), chn-1 and unc-45 (PubMed:17369820, PubMed:15294159, PubMed:27669035). Forms a complex composed of unc-45 and myosin heavy chain B unc-54; the complex targets unfolded unc-54 for proteasomal degradation; within the complex interacts with unc-45 (via TPR domain) and unc-54 (PubMed:29396393). Interacts with cdc-48.2 (via DDDLYN motif) (PubMed:21317884, PubMed:17369820).
Number of germline apoptotic corpses is decreased in response to ionizing radiation-mediated DNA damage but not following UV-induced DNA damage (PubMed:27669035). Delay in the dissociation of rad-51 from DNA damage foci (PubMed:27669035). In a hecd-1 (tm2371) mutant background, the decrease in the number of germline apoptotic corpses is more severe (PubMed:27669035). In an atx-3 (gk193) mutant background, prevents the increase in the number of germline apoptotic corpses (PubMed:27669035). RNAi-mediated knockdown in an unc-45 (m94) mutant background restores motility (PubMed:17369820).
The U-box domain is required for the ubiquitin protein ligase activity.
The role of chn-1 in ufd-2-mediated unc-45 ubiquitination is controversial. While two studies showed that unc-45 ubiquitination by ufd-2 requires ubiquitin-protein ligase chn-1, one study showed that ufd-2 ubiquitinates unc-45 independently of chn-1.
Dephosphorylates phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PI3P) and phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate (PI(3,5)P2). Negatively regulates accumulation of PI3P on intracellular vesicles (PubMed:19816564, PubMed:21490059). Negatively regulates phagocytosis of apoptotic cells probably by limiting the recruitment and/or the activation of ced-5, ced-2 and ced-12 complex (PubMed:19816564, PubMed:21490059). In addition, may positively regulate phagosome maturation by promoting recycling of apoptotic receptor ced-1 back to the plasma membrane (PubMed:21490059). Essential for embryonic and larval development (PubMed:19816564). May promote migration of distal tip cells (PubMed:19816564).
Expressed in embryo, larva and in adults (PubMed:19816564, PubMed:21490059). Expressed in a few head and tail neurons (PubMed:12788949). Expressed in hypodermis, body wall and pharyngeal muscles, sheath cells, vulva, distal tip cells and coelomocytes (PubMed:19816564, PubMed:21490059).
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes an increase in PI3P levels in intracellular vesicles. Also causes an increase in germline cell corpse engulfment, although corpses fail to be cleared. RNAi-mediated knockdown in ced-1, ced-6, ced-2, ced-10 or ced-7 mutant background partially restores cell corpses engulfment.
The GRAM domain is required for localization to the plasma membrane.
The myotubularin phosphatase domain is required for localization to the plasma membrane.
Belongs to the 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase family.
Belongs to the V-ATPase proteolipid subunit family.
Expressed in the H-shaped excretory cell, rectum, and a pair of cells posterior to the anus.
Proton-conducting pore forming of the V0 complex of vacuolar(H+)-ATPase (V-ATPase), a multisubunit enzyme composed of a peripheral complex (V1) that hydrolyzes ATP and a membrane integral complex (V0) that translocates protons (By similarity). V-ATPase is responsible for acidifying and maintaining the pH of intracellular compartments and in some cell types, is targeted to the plasma membrane, where it is responsible for acidifying the extracellular environment (By similarity). The V-ATPase is required for the function of the excretory canal (PubMed:16785323). Involved in receptor-mediated endocytosis (PubMed:16785323).
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes embryonic lethality (PubMed:16785323). Causes defects in alae formation in the few surviving larvae and impairs yolk uptake by the oocytes from the pseudoceolomic cavities (PubMed:16785323). Causes an increase in the section of the excretory canal, which often has multiple lumens and abnormal whorls (PubMed:16785323).
Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 1 family.
Belongs to the small GTPase superfamily. Rab family.
The small GTPases Rab are key regulators in vesicle trafficking.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class dynamin-like GTPase superfamily. GB1/RHD3 GTPase family.
Belongs to the TALE/PBX homeobox family.
Expressed in QR and QL neuroblasts, P and V cells and all their respective descendents, M cells, BDU interneurons, ALM and HSM neurons, body wall muscles, I4, all ventral cord neurons and in a few unidentified neurons in the head behind the posterior bulb of the pharynx during the L1 stage of larval development (PubMed:15750187). Expressed in V cell descendents from the larval stage of development to adulthood (PubMed:15750187). Expressed in the midbody dopaminergic PDE neurons throughout life (PubMed:23788625).
Interacts with Meis protein psa-3 (PubMed:16824957). Interacts with homeobox protein nob-1 (PubMed:16824957).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in egg laying defects, abnormal migration of QR neuroblast lineage cells and vulval protrusions due to ectopic induction and defective morphogenesis of vulval precursors cells (PubMed:15750187). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in the absence of the transcription factor, mls-2, in the M lineage (PubMed:18316179).
Transcription factor that binds to the 5'-TGATNNAT(G/T)(G/A)-3' PBC/Hox lineage enhancer region of sem-2 to promote cell fate specification in the postembryonic mesoderm (also known as the M lineage) (PubMed:21307099). Required for the M lineage-specific expression of the transcription factor, mls-2 (PubMed:18316179). Required for asymmetric division of the T hypodermal cell, probably acting via the regulation of asymmetric expression of Meis protein psa-3 in concert with homeobox protein nob-1 and the Wnt-MAPK pathway (PubMed:16824957). Has a role in the mig-13 pathway to promote the guidance, migration and positioning of Q neuroblasts and their descendants along the anteroposterior body axis and the anterior migration of BDU interneurons (PubMed:15750187). Also required for normal vulval formation (PubMed:15750187). Plays a role in regulating gene expression in dopaminergic neurons, acting in midbody PDE neurons, and acting redundantly with ceh-40 in head neurons (PubMed:23788625). May activate dopamine pathway genes in concert with ETS domain-containing protein ast-1, and homeobox proteins ceh-43 and ceh-40 (PubMed:23788625).
Belongs to the TRAFAC class myosin-kinesin ATPase superfamily. Myosin family.
Found exclusively in the pharyngeal muscle.
Limited proteolysis of myosin heavy chain produces 1 light meromyosin (LMM) and 1 heavy meromyosin (HMM). HMM can be further cleaved into 2 globular subfragments (S1) and 1 rod-shaped subfragment (S2).
Muscle myosin is a hexameric protein that consists of 2 heavy chain subunits (MHC), 2 alkali light chain subunits (MLC) and 2 regulatory light chain subunits (MLC-2). Interacts with itr-1.
The rodlike tail sequence is highly repetitive, showing cycles of a 28-residue repeat pattern composed of 4 heptapeptides, characteristic for alpha-helical coiled coils.
There are four different myosin heavy chains in C.elegans.
No obvious phenotype at 20 degrees Celsius or 25 degrees Celsius. At 20 and 25 degrees Celsius, double knockdown mutants with wdr-5.1 have increased fog-3 expression. At 25 degrees Celsius, these mutants have increased fog-1 expression, reduced brood size accompanied by 42% embryonic lethality with 100% of the surviving progeny being sterile. Surviving progeny display defective spermatogenesis to oogenesis transition with 88% of the gonads only containing sperm. The remaining germ cells in the gonads switch to oogenesis, but the oocytes display either an endoreplication or endomitotic phenotype. Germ cells also have increased expression of the sex determining factor tra-1 in the cytoplasm and as a result there is reduced binding of tra-1 to the fog-3 promoter. No detectable defects in histone H3 'Lys-4' di- or tri-methylation in embryos or adults germ cells at 20 or 25 degrees Celsius.
Sex determining protein required in the germline to promote the spermatogenesis to oogenesis switch during the late larval stages of development. Acts with the sex determining factor tra-1, and redundantly with wdr-5.1, to regulate fog-3 expression, which in turn determines germ cell fate. Not required for methylation of histone H3 'Lys-4'.
Belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily. METL family.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyltransferase.
Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily. Spinster (TC 2.A.1.49) family.
Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily. Sodium/anion cotransporter family. VGLUT subfamily.
Belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily. RRP8 family.
Probable methyltransferase required to silence rDNA.
Belongs to the tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase family.
DNA repair enzyme that can remove a variety of covalent adducts from DNA through hydrolysis of a 3'-phosphodiester bond, giving rise to DNA with a free 3' phosphate. Catalyzes the hydrolysis of dead-end complexes between DNA and the topoisomerase I active site tyrosine residue. Hydrolyzes 3'-phosphoglycolates on protruding 3' ends on DNA double-strand breaks due to DNA damage by radiation and free radicals. Acts on blunt-ended double-strand DNA breaks and on single-stranded DNA. May have low 3'exonuclease activity and may be able to remove a single nucleoside from the 3'end of DNA and RNA molecules with 3'hydroxyl groups. Has no exonuclease activity towards DNA or RNA with a 3'phosphate (By similarity).
Activated by ATP (PubMed:27551084). ATP binding leads to a conformational change that promotes FAD cofactor binding and enzyme activity (PubMed:27551084). ATP binding likely occurs during acox-1.2 folding and/or dimer formation (PubMed:27551084). The preference for processing substrates with shorter fatty acid chains is likely due to the closed conformation of the active site (PubMed:27551084).
Homodimer (Probable) (PubMed:27551084). Forms a heterodimer with acox-1.1 (PubMed:25775534).
Induced by high temperatures (25 degrees Celsius) (PubMed:25775534). Down-regulated in dauer conditions (PubMed:25775534).
Involved in the first step of peroxisomal beta-oxidation by catalyzing the desaturation of fatty acid-derived side chains of ascaroside pheromones, which regulates development and behavior (PubMed:25775534, PubMed:27551084). Specifically, shortens ascarosides with 5-carbon omega side chain (asc-omega-C5) (PubMed:25775534, PubMed:27551084). Does not shorten indol-3-carbonyl(IC)-ascaroside with 7-carbon or 9-carbon side chains (PubMed:29863473). Does not catalyze the desaturation of fatty acids or hydroxylated fatty acids (PubMed:25775534, PubMed:27551084).
Expressed in the intestinal muscle, anal depressor, AVL and DVB GABAergic neurons, enteric muscles, the nerve ring, the ventral nerve cord and head mesodermal cells.
G-protein coupled receptor for the nlp-40 neuropeptide (PubMed:23583549). The activity of this receptor is mediated by G proteins which activate adenylyl cyclase (PubMed:23583549). Plays a role in the defecation motor program, which is a coordinated series of three muscle contractions that occurs every 45 seconds (PubMed:18852466, PubMed:23583549). Specifically, acts in GABAergic neurons, such as AVL and DVB, to control the expulsion step of defecation (PubMed:18852466, PubMed:23583549). Required for fatty acid uptake and metabolism by intestinal cells and therefore regulates the levels of triglycerides in the intestine (PubMed:25849533).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in a mild defecation defect.
Regulates the formation or stabilization of cell-cell contacts at several stages of epithelial morphogenesis (PubMed:10648234, PubMed:12403719, PubMed:17761667). In early embryonic development, required for proper ventral closure of the epidermis (PubMed:12403719). During male tail morphogenesis, regulates precursor cell sorting and allows the formation of distinct sensory rays (PubMed:12679110). Seems to control cell-cell contact formation through 2 parallel pathways, one involving efn-4 and one involving plx-2 and unc-129 (PubMed:15030761). Involved in follower axon guidance (PubMed:25358863, PubMed:28846083). In particular, it is required for the guidance of axons from neurons, including SubL neurons and AIY interneurons, into the nerve ring (PubMed:28846083). Probably by binding receptor plx-2, regulates fln-1-mediated remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton and thus axon guidance and/or fasciculation of DD/VD neurons (PubMed:25358863).
Required for the guidance of axons from neurons, including AIY interneurons, into the nerve ring.
Worms have defects both in early embryonic morphogenesis and in postembryonic male tail morphogenesis.
Positive regulator of amino acid starvation-induced autophagy.
Belongs to the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC) (TC 2.A.105) family.
May mediate the uptake of pyruvate into mitochondria.
Belongs to the D-isomer specific 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase family.
Belongs to the class V-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily.
Contrary to other SET-domain containing methyltransferases, set-9 does not have the residues usually involved in cofactor binding: instead of the highly conserved XGXG, Y and NH motifs, set-9 displays AVEA (Ala-940-Ala-943), V (Val-959) and F (Phe-1055) and RR (Arg-1016-Arg-1017) motifs.
Histone methyltransferase (By similarity). Might play a role in transcriptional regulation (PubMed:29714684). Together with set-26, negatively regulates lifespan in a germline-independent, partially daf-16-dependent fashion (PubMed:22212395, PubMed:29714684). Together with set-26, plays a role in germline development and maintenance and might play a role in the restriction of the trimethylation mark on histone H3 'Lys-4'(H3K4me3) to target genes specifically in the germline (PubMed:29714684).
Predominantly expressed in the germline (at protein level).
Simultaneous RNAi-mediated knockdown of set-9 and set-26 results in extended lifespan.
The PHD-type domain binds histone H3 when trimethylated at 'Lys-4' (H3K4me3) in combination with a nearby acetylation (K9ac, K14ac and/or K18ac), but not H3K4me3 alone.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. STE Ser/Thr protein kinase family. MAP kinase kinase subfamily.
Dual specificity protein kinase which acts as an essential component of the JNK signal transduction pathway. May phosphorylate jnk-1 (PubMed:10393177, PubMed:15767565, PubMed:17894411). Plays a role in coordinating locomotion via D-type GABAergic motoneurons and in regulating synaptic vesicle transport downstream of adapter protein unc-16 and probably by activating jnk-1 (PubMed:10393177, PubMed:11738026). Positively regulates lifespan (PubMed:15767565). Upon environmental stress such as heat stress regulates daf-16 nuclear translocation probably by activating jnk-1 (PubMed:15767565). Regulates germline cell apoptosis in response to heavy metals such as Cu(2+) and to arsenite (PubMed:18597494, PubMed:19497412).
Expressed in most neurons, including nerve ring, head ganglions, dorsal and ventral nerve cords and tail ganglions.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 18 family.
Catalyzes the addition of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) in beta 1-6 linkage to the alpha-linked mannose of biantennary N-linked oligosaccharides.
Expressed in a complex subset of neurons in larvae and in the spermathecal and pharyngeal-intestinal valves and certain vulval cells of adults.
In embryos, expressed from the late comma stage.
Belongs to the proteasome subunit S11 family.
Component of the 19S proteasome regulatory particle complex. The 26S proteasome consists of a 20S core particle (CP) and two 19S regulatory subunits (RP). The regulatory particle is made of a lid composed of 9 subunits including PSMD13, a base containing 6 ATPases and few additional components.
Component of the 26S proteasome, a multiprotein complex involved in the ATP-dependent degradation of ubiquitinated proteins. This complex plays a key role in the maintenance of protein homeostasis by removing misfolded or damaged proteins, which could impair cellular functions, and by removing proteins whose functions are no longer required. Therefore, the proteasome participates in numerous cellular processes, including cell cycle progression, apoptosis, or DNA damage repair.
Belongs to the nematode receptor-like protein srd family.
Belongs to the short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDR) family.
Embryos stop elongation at the 2-fold stage and have defects in the organization of the myofibril lattice. pat-3, deb-1, pat-4 and pat-6 are slightly mislocalized in the post 1.5-fold stage. At the 1.5-fold stage, unc-89 and myo-3 localization is normal. However, at the 1.75- and 2-fold stages, unc-89 and myo-3 are mislocalized into large foci within muscle cells.
Expressed in body wall muscles (at protein level).
Involved in the assembly of dense bodies and M lines during body wall muscle development. Acts by recruiting downstream of integrin-associated protein pat-6/actopaxin several dense bodies and M line components including unc-89, lim-9, scpl-1 and unc-96 to integrin-mediated attachment sites.
May interact (via VWFA domain) with unc-89 (via Ig-like C2-type 1-3) and unc-96 (via C-terminus); cpna-1 binding sites for unc-89 and unc-96 are different. May interact with pat-6. May interact with lim-9 (via LIM domains) and with scpl-1 (via FCP1 homology domain).
Belongs to the ATP synthase subunit s family.
Homotetramer. Associates with ATP synthase.
Involved in regulation of mitochondrial membrane ATP synthase. Necessary for H(+) conduction of ATP synthase. Facilitates energy-driven catalysis of ATP synthesis by blocking a proton leak through an alternative proton exit pathway.
Belongs to the protein-tyrosine phosphatase family. Receptor class 2A subfamily.
Expressed in muscles, hypodermis and a subset of neurons (PubMed:9585503, PubMed:26968353). Expressed in the AVA neurons, with high expression in the anterior half of the preanal ganglion where AVA neurons contact the PHB neurons (PubMed:29742100).
Mutants have a reduced size and a loss of both motility and fertility. In addition the pharynx and the intestine appear to float within the pseudocoelom resulting from the accumulation of fluid. The majority die during larval development with hypodermal ruptures. Simultaneous knockdown of clr-1 and egl-15 rescues the thin body morphology of egl-15 mutants.
Possesses an intrinsic protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTPase) activity (PubMed:9585503). Regulates egl-15 activity which is required for hypodermis-mediated fluid homeostasis and protein degradation in muscle (PubMed:9585503). During the formation of neuromuscular junctions at the larval stage, negatively regulates membrane protrusion from body wall muscles (PubMed:16495308). Plays a role in nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR)-mediated sensitivity to nicotine (PubMed:15990870). Regulates synaptic levels of nAchR subunit lev-1 in the nerve cord (PubMed:15990870). Promotes the outgrowth of the quaternary dendritic branches of the PVD sensory neurons (PubMed:26968353). In parallel to the sax-7/mnr-1 pathway, also controls the extension of the PVD primary branches (PubMed:26968353). Acts in the netrin/DCC pathway to mediate the formation of synapses between the AVA interneurons and the PHB sensory neurons (PubMed:29742100). Also required for the formation of synapses between the AVA interneurons and the VA10 motor neurons (PubMed:29742100).
The extracellular domain is required for the formation of synapses between the AVA interneurons and the PHB sensory neurons.
Tyrosine-protein phosphatase 1 domain has enzymatic activity which is required for the negative regulation of egl-15 (PubMed:9585503). Tyrosine-protein phosphatase 1 domain is required for correct PVD dendrite formation (PubMed:26968353). The second tyrosine-protein phosphatase domain has no phosphatase activity and appears to be dispensable for clr-1 function (PubMed:9585503). Isoform c lacks both tyrosine-protein phosphatase domains and is likely to have no catalytic activity (PubMed:9585503).
Causes adjacent vulval precursor cells (VPCs) to adopt altered cell fate; phenotype exacerbated when combined with simultaneous RNAi-mediated knockdown of apx-1 and lag-2, and further worsened on lin-15 mutant background (PubMed:14960273). Severe vulval precursor cell (VPC) fate abnormalities, vulval defects and failure to up-regulate lip-1 expression, on an osm-11 mutant background (PubMed:18700817).
May interact with lin-12/Notch receptor.
Probable secreted Notch ligand involved in the mediation of Notch signaling (PubMed:14960273, PubMed:18700817). Involved in the lin-12/Notch pathway-mediated signaling of cell fate in vulval precursor cells (VPCs), acting redundantly with lag-2, apx-1 and osm-11 (PubMed:14960273, PubMed:18700817). May also be involved in glp-1/Notch signaling (PubMed:14960273).
Attenuated response to nose touch stimulation. Defects in salt attraction. Disrupted chemotaxis. Hyperactivation of AFD thermosensory neurons but inactivation of the ASH neurons. Reduced dauer formation. Protection from hemiasterlin toxicity by carbonyl cyanide p-[trifluoromethoxy]-phenyl-hydrazone (FCCP) greatly reduced. Reduced neuropeptide secretion.
Expressed selectively in neurons that receive, transmit and process environmental signals.
PKC is activated by diacylglycerol which in turn phosphorylates a range of cellular proteins. PKC also serves as the receptor for phorbol esters, a class of tumor promoters. Involved in neuropeptide secretion in motor axons. Likely to act via the extracellular signal-regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK/MAPK) pathway in the signaling response to various sensory neurons; temperature, odor, taste, and osmolality. Its role in regulation differs depending on the neuron in which it is acting; thermosensation in AFD neurons, osmolality in ASH neurons, olfactory perception in AWA and AWC neurons. Promotes dauer formation mediated by the insulin/IGF pathway. Required for resistance to antimitotic toxins.
Component of the BCR(kel-8) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, at least composed of cul-3, kel-8 and rbx-1. Interacts with rpy-1.
Substrate-specific adapter of a BCR (BTB-CUL3-RBX1) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex that regulates degradation of glutamate receptors in neurons. The BCR(kel-8) ubiquitin ligase complex mediates ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of rpy-1. Indirectly regulates the protein turnover of glr-1, possibly via ubiquitination and degradation of rpy-1.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 2 family.
Catalyzes the first glycosylation step in glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, the transfer of glucose to ceramide to produce glucosylceramides (GlcCer). GlcCer are known to contribute to the physical properties and physiological functions of membranes and may regulate signal transduction (PubMed:19240113, PubMed:21325339). Only branched-chain sphingoid bases like 15-methylhexadecasphing-4-enine are used for generating complex sphingolipids in Caenorhabditis elegans (PubMed:7651085). Together with cgt-3, plays a role in the trafficking of proteins such as mig-14 to the cell membrane in intestinal cells (PubMed:26115433).
Expressed in excretory canals, pharyngeal intestinal valve, intestine and intestinal rectal valve.
Knockdown of cgt-1 alone reduces brood size, while simultaneous knockdown of cgt-3 and cgt-1 results in a larval stage death (L1 lethal) phenotype (PubMed:19240113, PubMed:21325339). Double RNAi-mediated knockdown together with cgt-3 reduces the rate of development and restores the basolateral cell membrane localization of mig-14 in intestinal cells in a sgk-1 ok538 mutant background (PubMed:26115433).
The D1, D2, D3, (Q/R)XXRW motif is a critical part of the GCS active site, involved in catalysis and UDP-sugar binding.
Belongs to the glutamine synthetase family.
Belongs to the chondroitin N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase family.
Expressed in distal tip cells of the growing gonad arms from L3 to the young adult stage (at protein level).
Expressed in seam cells, the vulval epithelium and in oocytes (at protein level).
Has both beta-1,3-glucuronic acid and beta-1,4-N-acetylgalactosamine transferase activity. Transfers glucuronic acid (GlcUA) from UDP-GlcUA and N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) from UDP-GalNAc to the non-reducing end of the elongating chondroitin polymer (By similarity). Required together with sqv-5 for the biosynthesis of chondroitin (PubMed:15485872). Chondroitin is involved in organogenesis of the vulva, maturation of the gonad, and neural development (PubMed:15485872, PubMed:16982046). May have a specific role in unc-6/netrin-mediated dorsal guidance of gonadal distal tip cells (PubMed:16982046). Glycosyltransferase activity is weak (PubMed:15485872).
Viable but sterile, with reversion of cytokinesis during early embryogenesis.
Although strongly related to metalloprotease proteins, it lacks the JAMM motif that probably constitutes the catalytic center. Its function as protease is therefore unsure.
Belongs to the peptidase M67A family. CSN6 subfamily.
Component of the COP9 signalosome complex (CSN), a complex involved in various cellular and developmental processes. The CSN complex is an essential regulator of the ubiquitin (Ubl) conjugation pathway by mediating the deneddylation of the cullin subunits of the SCF-type E3 ligase complexes, leading to decrease the Ubl ligase activity of SCF. The CSN complex plays an essential role in embryogenesis and oogenesis and is required to regulate microtubule stability in the early embryo. Mediates mei-3/katanin targeting for degradation at the meiosis to mitosis transition via deneddylation of cul-3.
Component of the CSN complex, probably composed of csn-1, csn-2, csn-3, csn-4, csn-5, csn-6 and csn-7. Within the complex it probably interacts directly with csn-2 and csn-4. Interacts with rbx-1.
tRNA nucleus export receptor which facilitates tRNA translocation across the nuclear pore complex.
Belongs to the nematode receptor-like protein sra family.
Belongs to the GST superfamily. Kappa family.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 13 family. GlgB subfamily.
Belongs to the class-I aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family.
Forms part of a macromolecular complex that catalyzes the attachment of specific amino acids to cognate tRNAs during protein synthesis.
Belongs to the UDP-glycosyltransferase family.
Interacts with cmd-1 in the presence of Ca(2+).
Belongs to the class V-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. Histone-lysine methyltransferase family. Suvar3-9 subfamily.
In the pre-SET domain, Cys residues bind 3 zinc ions that are arranged in a triangular cluster; some of these Cys residues contribute to the binding of two zinc ions within the cluster.
Probable histone methyltransferase (By similarity). Required for embryonic development.
First expressed at the onset of gastrulation, approximately 100 minutes after cleavage of the zygote (at protein level) (PubMed:8951066). Expressed in both Q.a and Q.p neuroblasts as well as in their neighboring cells (PubMed:23946438).
Probable transcription factor (PubMed:23946438). Required for asymmetric cell division in neuroblasts, perhaps acting by regulating spindle positioning and myosin polarization, and thus the position of the cleavage plane (PubMed:3200316, PubMed:18505863, PubMed:8951066, PubMed:26703426, PubMed:15979607, PubMed:23946438). Required to produce daughter cell size asymmetry in neuroblasts undergoing asymmetric cell division, usually giving rise to one precursor cell and one apoptotic cell (PubMed:29668718, PubMed:15979607, PubMed:23946438). Positively modulates expression of the serine/threonine kinase pig-1/MELK during asymmetric division of the Q.a neuroblast (PubMed:23946438). Plays a role in neural fate specification in several dopaminergic lineages, including the hermaphrodite-specific neuron (HSN)/phasmid neuron (PHB), acting in concert with the kinase, ham-1, and the T-box protein tbx-2 and the homeobox protein egl-5 (PubMed:3200316, PubMed:18505863, PubMed:8951066, PubMed:28659600, PubMed:23946438).
Component of the SIN3S complex, which contains at least sin-3, hda-1, athp-1 and mrg-1 (PubMed:31602465). Interacts with cfp-1, a component of the SET2 complex (PubMed:31602465). Interacts with rfp-1 (PubMed:25564623).
Expressed in embryos, L1 larvae and adult hermaphrodites and decreases drastically between the L2 and L4 larval stages (at protein level) (PubMed:12175490, PubMed:17215300). In late embryos and young larvae, expressed at higher levels in the two primordial germ cells (PGCs), Z2 and Z3, than in somatic blastomeres (PubMed:17215300, PubMed:30929290). Expressed at a relatively constant level throughout the distal end of the gonad at the L1 stage, with no decrease as cells enter into meiotic prophase (PubMed:25564623).
Expressed in oocytes (at protein level) (PubMed:12175490). Expressed mainly in germ cells, but also at lower levels in several somatic cell types, including intestinal cells (PubMed:17215300).
Maternal-effect lethality and sterility (PubMed:17215300). Primordial germ cells (PGCs) do not proliferate normally and death of germ cells may be as a result of necrosis or increased apoptosis (PubMed:17215300, PubMed:22212480). Increased proportion of oocytes with fragmented chromosomes as a result of irradiation (PubMed:22212480). Tumorous germline phenotype that is suppressed on a rfp-1;glp-1 double mutant background (PubMed:25564623). Germline progression from leptotene/zygotene to pachytene is defective (PubMed:22212480). Perinuclear anchoring of heterochromatin in intestinal or hypodermal cells is disrupted and exacerbated on a cec-4 mutant background, but is partially blocked by RNAi-mediated knockdown of cbp-1 or atf-8 (PubMed:31118512). RNAi-mediated knockdown causes defective homologous chromosome pairing, complete absence of the germline in almost all adult F1 progeny and slight underdevelopment of the somatic gonad (PubMed:12175490, PubMed:22172672). RNAi-mediated knockdown strongly blocks mitosis of PGCs at early larval stages, and the arrested PGCs may degenerate during late larval stages (PubMed:12175490). RNAi-mediated knockdown induces germ cells to undergo conversion into neuron-like cells (PubMed:30425042). RNAi-mediated knockdown causes a slight increase in levels of the constitutive heterochromatin mark, trimethylated histone H3 'Lys-9' (H3K9me3), and an increase of acetylated histone H3 'Lys-14' (H3K14ac) (PubMed:30425042). Simultaneous RNAi-mediated knockdown of mep-1 suppresses the ectopic expression of pgl-1 protein and the overexpression of pgl-1 mRNA in larvae (PubMed:17215300). RNAi-mediated knockdown induces germ cell apoptosis; however, on clk-2 or cep-1 mutant backgrounds apoptosis is reduced substantially (PubMed:22212480).
Protein involved in the remodeling of chromatin thereby regulating various processes including transcription, chromosome synapsis and genome integrity (PubMed:22172672, PubMed:22212480, PubMed:17215300, PubMed:30929290). Mainly binds genomic loci carrying trimethylated histone H3 'Lys-36' (H3K36me3) or 'Lys-4' (H3K4me3), and acetylated histone H3 'Lys-9' (H3K9ac), 'Lys-27' (H3K27ac) (PubMed:30425042, PubMed:31118512). During meiosis, required for the presynaptic pairing of homologous chromosomal regions outside of the pairing center and for the progression of chromosome synapsis (PubMed:22172672, PubMed:22212480). Essential maternal factor required in postembryonic germline development and in maintaining germ cell identity (PubMed:12175490, PubMed:30425042). Plays an important role in maintaining genomic integrity in primordial germ cells (PGCs) during meiosis by regulating DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair and synapsis (PubMed:22212480, PubMed:30929290). Also, required for chromatin-based transcriptional silencing in PGCs and for silencing of X-linked genes in the maternal germ line (PubMed:17215300, PubMed:30929290). By retaining histone acetyltransferase, cbp-1, in euchromatin, promotes the anchoring of heterochromatin at the inner nuclear membrane in intestinal and hypodermal cells (PubMed:31118512).
Belongs to the Rab3-GAP catalytic subunit family.
Probable catalytic subunit of a GTPase activating protein that has specificity for Rab3 subfamily. Rab3 proteins are involved in regulated exocytosis of neurotransmitters and hormones. Specifically converts active Rab3-GTP to the inactive form Rab3-GDP (By similarity).
The Rab3 GTPase-activating complex is a heterodimer composed of rbg-1 and rbg-2.
Mutant animals generate fewer progeny and slower larval development.
Phospholipase that plays a critical role during oogenesis, ovulation, and/or embryogenesis.
Interacts with hyls-1; leading to hyls-1 localization into newly forming centrioles.
Localizes to centrosomes both in sperm and in the syncytial part of the gonad. Staining in the gonad disappears as the meiotic nuclei cellularizes to form oocytes, presumably marking the point at which the centrioles are lost during oogenesis. In newly fertilized embryos, it is localized to a discrete spot near the sperm-derived pronucleus. Then, it remains attached to the centrosome throughout the rest of development.
Required for centrosome duplication. Plays a central role in determining centrosome size.
Belongs to the LDH/MDH superfamily. LDH family.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. TKL Ser/Thr protein kinase family.
Embryonic lethality due to 1.5 fold stage-onset paralysis. Mutant embryos have defects in maintaining polarization of several components involved in the assembly of dense bodies and M lines, such as integrin pat-3, unc-89 and unc-112 to muscle attachment sites (PubMed:12015115). RNAi-mediated knockdown causes sterility resulting from oocyte accumulation in the proximal gonad and distal tip cell (DTC) migration defects (33 percent of animals). Actin cytoskeleton in the proximal gonad appears disorganized (PubMed:16476426). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in impaired mobility, mitochondrial fragmentation and disrupted integrin attachment complexes in muscle (PubMed:22253611). This leads to degradation of muscle proteins in the cytosol, myofibrillar defects and disruption of sarcomere organization (PubMed:22253611). RNAi-mediated knockdown in hatched embryos but not in adults causes adult-onset paralysis characterized by the collapse of myosin filaments in body wall muscles and a decrease in pharyngeal pumping (PubMed:24314125). In L1 larval stage, results in the formation of large myosin aggregates in body wall muscle cells (PubMed:22761445). In L4 larval stage, causes ectopic membrane extensions from body wall muscles (PubMed:16495308). In adults, causes an increase in lifespan, resistance to heat stress and increased expression of stress response factors hsf-1, sod-3, hsp-16.2 and gst-4 (PubMed:24314125).
Expression starts in body wall muscles at the 1.5-fold embryonic stage.
Interacts (via protein kinase domain) with unc-112 (via N-terminus) (PubMed:12015115, PubMed:24692564). Interacts (via ANK repeats) with unc-97 (via first LIM domain) (PubMed:12015115, PubMed:17662976). Interacts (via protein kinase domain) with pat-6 (via C-terminus CH domain) (PubMed:12781130). May form a complex with unc-112, unc-97 and pat-6 (PubMed:12781130, PubMed:17662976, PubMed:24692564). Does not interact with integrin pat-3 (PubMed:12015115). Component of an integrin containing attachment complex, composed of at least pat-2, pat-3, pat-4, pat-6, unc-52, unc-97 and unc-112 (PubMed:22253611).
Probable pseudokinase that acts as an adapter protein (PubMed:12015115, PubMed:23283987). Component of an integrin containing attachment complex, which is required for muscle development and maintenance (PubMed:22253611). Involved in the assembly of dense bodies and M lines during body wall muscle development by recruiting several of their components including integrin pat-3, cpna-1, unc-89 and unc-112 to integrin-mediated attachment sites (PubMed:12015115, PubMed:23283987). Plays a role in distal tip cell (DTC) migration and in oocyte development probably by regulating the actin cytoskeleton (PubMed:16476426). During the formation of neuromuscular junctions at the larval stage, negatively regulates membrane protrusion from body wall muscles (PubMed:16495308). May be involved in thermotolerance and lifespan (PubMed:24314125).
The protein kinase domain is predicted to be catalytically inactive.
Animals are sterile and display a protruding vulva phenotype (PubMed:17942488). Animals have uterine defects lacking both a uterine lumen and a utse-like process; subsequently fail to develop a differentiated uterus. Furthermore, uterine seam cell genes egl-13 and lin-11 are not expressed during late larval development (PubMed:17942488). At the L3 developmental stage, AC display either failed or delayed invasion leading to the defective removal of the gonadal basement-membrane (PubMed:15960981, PubMed:17488621). AC do not fuse (PubMed:17488621). AC specific expression of lin-3 is increased, but zmp-1, him-4 and aff-1 expression is undetectable and cdh-3 expression is reduced (PubMed:15960981, PubMed:17488621). RNAi-mediated knockdown of both isoforms results in sterility, a protruding vulva and exploded through the vulva phenotypes (PubMed:17942488, PubMed:19570917). Animals have an undifferentiated uterus and lack uterine egl-13 expression (PubMed:17942488). Animals also display an endomitotic oocytes phenotype, which is due to improper distal spermathecal valve dilation and reduced plc-1 expression in the spermatheca (PubMed:19570917). Animals have no mig-10b expression in AC (PubMed:24553288). RNAi-mediated knockdown of isoform b results in an everted/protruded vulval phenotype in adults (PubMed:23437011).
Belongs to the bZIP family. Fos subfamily.
Detected before the L2 molt stage (PubMed:15960981). Expressed throughout ventral uterine intermediate precursor cells (PubMed:17942488).
Developmentally regulated transcription factor which binds and recognizes the enhancer DNA sequence 5'-TGA[CG]TCA-3' (PubMed:23437011).
Expressed in anchor cells (PubMed:15960981). Isoform a is expressed in somatic gonad cells that neighbor anchor cells (PubMed:15960981, PubMed:19570917). Isoform b is expressed in vulval cells, the uterine cells that neighbor anchor cells and the spermatheca (PubMed:15960981, PubMed:19570917).
Homodimer (PubMed:23437011). Heterodimer; with jun-1 (PubMed:17942488). Interacts with kgb-1 and hda-1 (PubMed:23437011).
May be phosphorylated by kgb-1. Phosphorylation at Thr-440 increases sensitivity to heavy metal stress. Phosphorylation inhibits homodimer formation, and promotes association with target promoters.
Plays a role the development of the reproductive system, controlling events including anchor cell (AC) fusion and invasion (PubMed:15960981, PubMed:17488621). Regulates downstream transcriptional targets, including zmp-1, cdh-3, him-4 and mig10b, to promote the removal of the gonadal basement membrane during AC invasion (PubMed:15960981, PubMed:24553288). Regulates aff-1 expression to promote AC fusion (PubMed:17488621). With jun-1 regulates egl-1 and lin-12 expression to allow uterine cell specification and development (PubMed:17942488).
Required for ovulation (PubMed:19570917). Controls plc-1 expression in the spermatheca to regulate spermathecal valve dilation (PubMed:19570917). Acts with hda-1 as a downstream repressor of the kgb-1 mediated stress response pathway that transcriptionally represses genes involved in the response to heavy metals, such as kreg-1 (PubMed:23437011).
Atypical kinase involved in the biosynthesis of coenzyme Q, also named ubiquinone, an essential lipid-soluble electron transporter for aerobic cellular respiration. Its substrate specificity is unclear: either acts as protein kinase that phosphorylates other proteins in the CoQ complex to stabilize their interactions or acts as a small molecule kinase that phosphorylates a prenyl lipid in the ubiquinone biosynthesis pathway.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. ADCK protein kinase family.
Belongs to the nematode receptor-like protein srg family.
Belongs to the group II decarboxylase family.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 30 family.
Expressed in males and hermaphrodites throughout development (PubMed:17923701, PubMed:9927456). Expressed in early embryos before morphogenesis (PubMed:17923701). In hermaphrodite embryos, first expressed at the 8-16 cell stage of development with expression peaking by the 100-cell stage (PubMed:9217163). Not expressed at the 550-cell stage of embryogenesis (PubMed:9217163).
In males and hermaphrodites expressed in a subset of cells in the head and tail (PubMed:9927456). Expressed in the pharynx, intestine and in muscles from the vulva and body wall.
Males and hermaphrodites are viable and there is no change in brood size (PubMed:9217163, PubMed:17720939, PubMed:33372658). In a sex-1(y263) mutant background or a sex-1 RNAi mutant background, males are viable, but hermaphrodites have highly reduced viability due to failure of the dosage compensation complex to assemble on X chromosomes, and the surviving animals show a reduction in brood size (PubMed:17720939, PubMed:16139225, PubMed:33372658). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in a 63% reduction in the number of eggs produced (PubMed:11303786). RNAi-mediated knockdown together with sex-1 results in hermaphrodite embryonic lethality (PubMed:21471153). This hermaphrodite-specific lethality is suppressed in a sea-2 bp283 mutant or sea-1 gk799 mutant background (PubMed:21471153).
RNA-binding protein that regulates tissue-specific alternative splicing events by binding to 5'-UGCAUG-3' and 5'-GCACG-3' elements (PubMed:17060915, PubMed:17923701, PubMed:23468662, PubMed:33372658). Also binds to poly(A), poly(G), poly(C), or poly(U) stretches of RNA (PubMed:9927456). Plays a role in the sex determination pathway and X chromosome dosage compensation, and together with sex-1 is involved in making the distinction between one and two X-chromosomes (PubMed:7821230, PubMed:21471153, PubMed:23666922, PubMed:9217163, PubMed:9927456, PubMed:16139225, PubMed:17720939, PubMed:33372658). Binds to 5'-GCAUG-3' and 5'-GCACG-3' elements in intron 6 of the pre-mRNA of the sex-determining factor xol-1 to promote its alternative splicing and together with sex-1 negatively regulates the expression of xol-1 to promote hermaphrodite development (PubMed:9217163, PubMed:33372658). Negatively regulates the expression of the active isoform of xol-1 (isoform b) by promoting intron 6 retention and the deletion of exon 7 coding sequences in hermaphrodite embryos (PubMed:33372658). Furthermore, binding to the pre-mRNA of xol-1 can also direct the use of an alternative 3' splice site enabling the xol-1 transcript to be trans-spliced to unrelated genes on chromosome 2, which also leads to xol-1 exon 7 deletion (PubMed:33372658). Does not seem to regulate the retention of introns 1 to 5 of xol-1 pre-mRNA (PubMed:33372658). Plays a role in the association of the dosage compensation complex proteins dpy-27 and sdc-3 with the hermaphrodite X chromosomes (PubMed:16139225, PubMed:17720939). Binds to 5'-UGCAUG-3' elements in intron 7 of the pre-mRNA of unc-32 to promote its alternative splicing in neuronal tissues (PubMed:23468662). Binds to 5'-UGCAUG-3' elements in intron 4 of the pre-mRNA of egl-15 to promote its alternative splicing in body wall muscle tissues (PubMed:17060915). Promotes binding of RNA-binding protein sup-12 to target RNA (PubMed:17923701). Plays a role in male mating behavior (PubMed:9927456).
Belongs to the queuine tRNA-ribosyltransferase family. QTRT2 subfamily.
Heterodimer of a catalytic subunit and an accessory subunit.
Non-catalytic subunit of the queuine tRNA-ribosyltransferase (TGT) that catalyzes the base-exchange of a guanine (G) residue with queuine (Q) at position 34 (anticodon wobble position) in tRNAs with GU(N) anticodons (tRNA-Asp, -Asn, -His and -Tyr), resulting in the hypermodified nucleoside queuosine (7-(((4,5-cis-dihydroxy-2-cyclopenten-1-yl)amino)methyl)-7-deazaguanosine).
Belongs to the cuticular collagen family.
Collagen polypeptide chains are complexed within the cuticle by disulfide bonds and other types of covalent cross-links.
Nematode cuticles are composed largely of collagen-like proteins. The cuticle functions both as an exoskeleton and as a barrier to protect the worm from its environment (By similarity).
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DEAH subfamily.
Component of the coding region determinant (CRD)-mediated complex. Identified in mRNP granule complexes containing untranslated mRNAs. Associates with the RISC complex. Associates with the SMN complex. Associates with polysomes.
DRBM domains cooperate for the binding to nucleic acid but not for unwinding helicase activity. The helicase-associated domain-2 (HA2) region is essential for the duplex RNA unwinding helicase activity. The minimal transactivation region (MTAD) mediates interaction with the RNA polymerase II holoenzyme and stimulates transcriptional activation. The oligonucleotide- or oligosaccharide-binding (OB-fold) and the repeated arginine and glycine-glycine (RGG) regions are dispensable for both RNA-binding and unwinding helicase activities. The RGG region contains both nuclear localization signal (NLS) and nuclear export signal (NES) and is necessary and sufficient for nucleocytoplasmic shuttling in a RNA-independent manner.
Expressed in the pachytene region of the gonad and in the oocytes.
Multifunctional ATP-dependent nucleic acid helicase that unwinds DNA and RNA in a 3' to 5' direction and that plays important roles in many processes, such as DNA replication, transcriptional activation, post-transcriptional RNA regulation, mRNA translation and RNA-mediated gene silencing. Requires a 3'-single-stranded tail as entry site for acid nuclei unwinding activities as well as the binding and hydrolyzing of any of the four ribo- or deoxyribo-nucleotide triphosphates (NTPs). Binds to DNA, RNA and small interfering siRNA. Plays a role in DNA replication at origins of replication and cell cycle progression (By similarity). Plays a role as a transcriptional coactivator acting as a bridging factor between polymerase II holoenzyme and transcription factors or cofactors (PubMed:15817227). Plays several roles in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. Promotes pre-mRNA alternative splicing activities of a subset of genes. As component of a large PER complex, is involved in the negative regulation of 3' transcriptional termination of circadian target genes. Component of the coding region determinant (CRD)-mediated complex that promotes cytoplasmic MYC mRNA stability. Plays a role in mRNA translation. Also plays a role in the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) loading complex (RLC) assembly, and hence functions in the RISC-mediated gene silencing process. Mediates the attachment of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs) to actin filaments in the nucleus (By similarity).
Promotes the biosynthesis of heme as well as the assembly and repair of iron-sulfur clusters by delivering Fe(2+) to proteins involved in these pathways. May play a role in the protection against iron-catalyzed oxidative stress through its ability to catalyze the oxidation of Fe(2+) to Fe(3+). May be able to store large amounts of the metal in the form of a ferrihydrite mineral by oligomerization.
Belongs to the carnitine/choline acetyltransferase family.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CMGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. Lammer subfamily.
Expressed from embryogenesis to adulthood.
Expressed in body wall, vulval and anal depressor muscles.
Probable dual specificity kinase acting on both serine/threonine and tyrosine-containing substrates. Negatively regulates p38 MAPK signaling to allow for the plasma membrane of body wall muscle cells to form projections, also called muscle arms, that extend and connect the body wall muscles to target motor neurons. Negative regulation of p38 MAPK signaling may in turn modulate the trafficking of the muscle specific receptor eva-1 to the lysosome, to ensure proper display of the eva-1 receptor on the plasma membrane of muscle cells and allow for muscle arm extension towards guidance cues.
Viable, but sterile. Defective extension of body wall muscle connections or arms towards the ventral nerve cord. Reduced expression of the late endosome marker rab-7, and the eva-1 and unc-40 receptors, which are expressed in muscles, and impaired recruitment of madd-4 to the muscle membrane. Double knockout with cup-5 results in increased expression of the eva-1 receptor and rab-7 positive endosomes. Double knockout with eva-1, gex-2, madd-2, madd-4, mkk-4, unc-15, unc-60, unc-93 or unc-98 results in severe muscle arm extension defects as compared to the single knockouts. Double knockout with proteins involved in the p38 MAPK signaling pathway including cebp-1, mak-2, pmk-3 or sek-3 suppress the muscle arm extension defects and eva-1 expression defects in the madd-3 single knockout. Double knockout with dlk-1 also suppresses the eva-1 expression defect, but does not suppress the muscle arm extension defects in the madd-3 single knockout. Double knockout with cebp-1, mak-2 or pmk-3 restores the defect in the recruitment of madd-4 to the muscle membrane in the madd-3 single knockout. Furthermore, double knockout with pmk-3 restores the reduced rab-7 expression level defect in the madd-3 single knockout. Double knockout with unc-54 results in lethality. Triple knockout with unc-54, and either cebp-1, dlk-1, mak-2, pmk-3 or sek-3 results in paralysis (as in the unc-54 single knockout), and suppresses the lethality phenotype in the double madd-3 and unc-54 mutant.
Belongs to the prefoldin subunit beta family.
Binds specifically to cytosolic chaperonin (c-CPN) and transfers target proteins to it. Binds to nascent polypeptide chain and promotes folding in an environment in which there are many competing pathways for nonnative proteins (By similarity). Has a role in gonadogenesis.
Expressed in the distal cell tip of developing embryos.
Heterohexamer of two PFD-alpha type and four PFD-beta type subunits.
Worms exhibit defects in distal cell tip migration during gonadogenesis, reduced microtubule growth rate in embryos, and larvae arrest and lethality.
Expressed in most cells of the cleavage stage embryo, apart from a few cells at the posterior pole, from the 20 cell stage to the 200 cell stage (PubMed:12568714). Expressed in a few neurons in the head of young larvae (PubMed:12568714).
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes significant reduction in the expression of 21U-RNAs, upon simultaneous knockdown of fkh-3 and fkh-4.
Transcription factor (By similarity). Binds to DNA sequence motif 5'-CTGTTTCA-3' (PubMed:22819322). Regulates expression of a class of small RNAs, known as 21U-RNAs, perhaps acting redundantly with fkh-4 and fkh-3 (PubMed:22819322).
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. TKL Ser/Thr protein kinase family. TGFB receptor subfamily.
Head and ventral nerve cord from embryos to adults. Expressed in many sensory neurons. Subset of head neurons show coexpression with daf-4 when dauer/nondauer decision is made. Also expressed in non-neuronal cells: membraneous sheath surrounding the distal end of the intestine and in the distal tip cell of the gonad.
May interact with daf-4 to regulate dauer larva development.
Probably involved in a TGF-beta pathway (PubMed:10887089). May be a receptor for TGF-beta-like ligand daf-7 (PubMed:10887089). Controls the decision of whether or not larvae enter a developmentally arrested state, known as dauer, in response to environmental conditions (PubMed:10887089). Involved in regulating entry into quiescence triggered by satiety (PubMed:18316030). Involved in sensitivity to CO2 levels (PubMed:18524955). In AWC neurons, acts to promote expression of srsx-3, a member of the GPCR family (PubMed:20713521).
Belongs to the fatty-acid and retinol-binding protein (FARBP) family.
Inhibits signal transduction by increasing the GTPase activity of G protein alpha subunit egl-30 (G-alpha(q)), thereby driving it into its inactive GDP-bound form. May organize egl-30 into a stable multiprotein signaling complex, and thereby persistently inhibit egl-30 when triggered by calcium or phospholipids.
The C2 and the RGS domains are both required for its inhibitory effect on G-protein signaling.
Belongs to the methylmalonyl-CoA epimerase family.
Belongs to the steroid 5-alpha reductase family.
Converts testosterone into 5-alpha-dihydrotestosterone and progesterone or corticosterone into their corresponding 5-alpha-3-oxosteroids. It plays a central role in sexual differentiation and androgen physiology.
Expressed in the spermatheca, vulva, intestine and excretory cells (PubMed:15355798). Expressed in sensory neurons AWC, AFD, ASE, ASG and BAG, interneurons, ventral nerve cord neurons and tail neurons (PubMed:15355798, PubMed:23887678). Expressed in body muscles (PubMed:23887678).
Interacts (via Ras-associating domain 1) with let-60 (in GTP-bound form).
Only Ras-associating 1 domain is involved in the binding to let-60.
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in 52 percent of animals arrested at the embryonic stage (PubMed:18369461). RNAi-mediated knockdown in larvae causes a severe decrease in brood size (PubMed:15194811). In 20 percent of animals, spermatheca dilatation is impaired causing oocyte retention in the gonad and persistent triggering of ovulatory contractions (PubMed:15194811). In L4 larvae, results in a shortened lifespan (PubMed:27184844). Prevents transcription factor hlh-30 nuclear translocation and increases lifespan in response to S.aureus infection (PubMed:27184844).
The production of the second messenger molecules diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) is mediated by activated phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C enzymes (PubMed:9497345). plc-1 is a bifunctional enzyme which also regulates small GTPases of the Ras superfamily through its Ras guanine-exchange factor (RasGEF) activity (By similarity). By activating IP3 receptor itr-1-mediated intracellular Ca(2+) release via the production of IP3, regulates ovulation by controlling contraction and/or dilation of the distal spermatheca valve during oocyte entry and the timing of the dilation of the spermatheca-uterine valve during oocyte exit (PubMed:23671426, PubMed:15355798, PubMed:18369461, PubMed:15194811). In a similar manner, plays an essential role in epidermal morphogenesis by regulating migration of epidermal cells during ventral closure and to a lesser extent by regulating epidermal cell dorsal intercalation (PubMed:18369461). Involved in the immune response to S.aureus bacterium by activating kinase dkf-1 via the production of DAG which in turn activates transcription factor hlh-30 (PubMed:27184844). In ASER neurons, required for adjusting the orientation behavior in salt gradients based on the memory of previous salt concentration encountered (PubMed:23887678).
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS31 family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the ubiquitin family.
Belongs to the histidine acid phosphatase family.
Belongs to the ligand-gated ion channel (TC 1.A.9) family. Acetylcholine receptor (TC 1.A.9.1) subfamily.
Expressed in the posterior body muscles.
Forms a proton-gated ion channel with pbo-5 that is activated by acidification of the posterior coelomic space, leading to posterior body wall muscle contraction (pBoc) during the defecation cycle. Not necessary for stimulation of posterior body contraction (pBoc). Does not bind neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, glycine, serotonin, glutamate or choline.
No visible phenotype. Mutants exhibit normal posterior body contractions.
The functional channel is a hetero-oligomer of pbo-5 and pbo-6.
Interacts (via histone-fold domain) with taf-4 (via the histone-fold domain) (PubMed:18854162). Interaction may facilitate the nuclear localization of taf-4 (PubMed:18854162).
Part of the general transcription factor complex TFIID (By similarity). Plays a role in recruiting taf-4 to the nucleus and thereby activating transcription initiation by RNA polymerase II, as part of the TFIID complex (PubMed:18854162).
RNAi-mediated knockdown reduces nuclear localization of taf-4.
The histone-fold domain mediates hetero-dimer protein-protein interactions.
Around 30 MSP isoforms may exist in C.elegans.
Helical subfilaments are built from MSP dimers; filaments are formed from two subfilaments coiling round one another; and filaments themselves supercoil to produce bundles.
Belongs to the snRNP Sm proteins family.
LSm subunits form a heteromer with a donut shape.
Probably involved with other LSm subunits in the general process of degradation of mRNAs.
Expressed in the seam cells, and in the hyp7 syncytial hypodermis in the mid-L4 larval stage (PubMed:24569038). Not expressed in the cells of the developing vulva (PubMed:24569038).
Probably acts downstream of the Wnt signaling pathway.
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes dumpy body shape (PubMed:24569038). Defects in cuticle integrity (PubMed:24569038).
Belongs to the two pore domain potassium channel (TC 1.A.1.8) family.
Belongs to the archaeal Rpo3/eukaryotic RPB3 RNA polymerase subunit family.
Expressed in neurons of the ventral cord, retrovesicular and preanal ganglia and nerve ring, intestinal cells, seam and hypodermal cells, body wall, head muscle and pharynx.
The JNK-interacting protein (JIP) group of scaffold proteins selectively mediates JNK signaling by aggregating specific components of the MAPK cascade to form a functional JNK signaling module. May function as a regulator of synaptic vesicle transport, through interactions with the JNK-signaling components and motor proteins. Binds specific components of the JNK signaling pathway namely jnk-1, jkk-1 and sek-1. Associates with components of the motor protein, kinesin-1. Pre-assembled unc-16 scaffolding complexes are then transported as a cargo of kinesin, to the required subcellular location. Regulates the retrograde transport of autophagosomes from the neurites to the cell body of AIY interneurons (PubMed:30880001).
Belongs to the nucleoporin Nup85 family.
Component of the nuclear pore complex (NPC).
Functions as a component of the nuclear pore complex (NPC).
Abundantly expressed during embryogenesis and to a lesser extent in larvae and adults (PubMed:1286611). Expression starts at the 100-cell stage and persists through embryogenesis (at protein level) (PubMed:9027313). Not expressed in larvae and adults (at protein level) (PubMed:9027313).
Associates as an asymmetric homodimer with ced-9 (PubMed:16208361, PubMed:9027313, PubMed:15383288). Upon release from ced-9, forms an octamer, known as the apoptosome, and interacts with ced-3; the interaction results in ced-3 autoproteolytic cleavage and activation (PubMed:20434985, PubMed:24065769). The octamer (a tetramer of an asymmetric dimer) also interacts with two processed ced-3 to form a stable holoenzyme (PubMed:20434985). Interacts with sex-determining protein fem-1 (PubMed:10764728). May form a complex composed of ced-3, ced-4 and mac-1 or of ced-9, ced-4 and mac-1 (PubMed:10101135). Within the complex, interacts with ced-4 (PubMed:10101135).
Component of the egl-1, ced-9, ced-4 and ced-3 apoptotic signaling cascade required for the initiation of programmed cell death in cells fated to die during embryonic and postembryonic development (PubMed:3955651). During oogenesis, required for germline apoptosis downstream of ced-9 and upstream of ced-3 but independently of egl-1 (PubMed:9927601). May regulate germline apoptosis in response to DNA damage, probably downstream of let-60/ras and mpk-1 pathway (PubMed:21901106). Regulates CEP neuron apoptosis in response to high Al(3+) levels (PubMed:23106139). During male tail morphogenesis, promotes apoptosis of the tail-spike cell upstream of ced-3 but independently of egl-1 and ced-9 (PubMed:17329362). May play a role in sex-specific cell apoptosis, probably by promoting ced-3-mediated cleavage of sex-determining protein fem-1 (PubMed:10764728). During larval development, required for the elimination of transient presynaptic components downstream of egl-1 and ced-9 and upstream of ced-3 apoptotic pathway (PubMed:26074078). Downstream of calreticulin crt-1 and upstream of ced-3 and independently of egl-1 and ced-9, plays a role in the initial steps of axonal regrowth following axotomy (PubMed:22629231). Together with ain-1, a component of the miRNA-induced-silencing complex (miRISC), and probably upstream of ced-3, regulates temporal cell fate patterning during larval development (PubMed:25432023). May play a role in resistance to S.typhimurium-mediated infection (PubMed:11226309).
Mutants exhibit a block in almost all programmed cell deaths that normally occur during development (PubMed:1286611). RNAi-mediated knockdown causes a defect in egg laying in a small proportion of animals (PubMed:25432023). Also causes a moderate increase in CEP neuron survival in response to high Al(3+) levels (PubMed:23106139). In an ain-1 mutant background, enhances the proportion of animals arrested at the larval stage, with egg-laying defects and with a ruptured vulva (PubMed:25432023).
Plays a major role in programmed cell death (PubMed:1286611, PubMed:8706125). egl-1 binds to and directly inhibits the activity of ced-9, releasing the cell death activator ced-4 from a ced-9/ced-4 containing protein complex and allowing ced-4 to induce caspase ced-3 autoproteolytic cleavage and activation (PubMed:15383288, PubMed:16208361, PubMed:20434985, PubMed:24065769). Also forms a holoenzyme with processed ced-3 enhancing ced-3 activity (PubMed:20434985).
Catalyzes the cleavage of L-kynurenine (L-Kyn) and L-3-hydroxykynurenine (L-3OHKyn) into anthranilic acid (AA) and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (3-OHAA), respectively.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the peptidase M41 family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the AAA ATPase family.
Interacts with doxa-1 and tsp-15 (PubMed:23028364). Interacts with rho-1 (PubMed:28085666).
Peroxidase activity is inhibited by aminobenzohydrazide.
Plays a role in cuticle biogenesis (PubMed:11514595, PubMed:19406744, PubMed:23028364, PubMed:25480962, PubMed:18460651). In complex with doxa-1 and tsp-15, produces reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are probably used by mlt-7 for tyrosine cross-linking, thus stabilizing cuticular extracellular matrix (PubMed:11514595, PubMed:19406744, PubMed:23028364). May regulate the production of ROS by playing a role in modulating proline catabolism (PubMed:27974198). Required in combination with mlt-7 for correct formation of cross-links in cuticle collagens (PubMed:19406744). Association with the GTPase rho-1 promotes ROS production and this interaction may be modulated by memo-1, in order to control the oxidative stress response and longevity (PubMed:28085666).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in a blistered cuticle phenotype (PubMed:23028364, PubMed:25480962). Resistant to iodide toxicity (PubMed:25480962). RNAi-mediated knockdown in combination with proline supplementation suppresses the effects of exogenous proline alone and increases reactive oxygen species production and reduces the expression of skn-1 transcriptional targets including gst-4 following infection by P.aeruginosa (PubMed:27974198). RNAi-mediated knockdown rescues the enhanced longevity and increased reactive oxygen species production defects in memo-1 mutants (PubMed:28085666). RNAi-mediated knockdown suppresses the nuclear localization of transcription factor skn-1 in memo-1 RNAi mutants (PubMed:28085666).
Belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily. Trimethylguanosine synthase family.
Endonuclease which binds to the 3'UTR of target mRNAs and induces degradation of the transcript (PubMed:27746047). Negatively regulates the expression of the transcription factor ets-4, which probably controls the expression of lipid metabolism genes (PubMed:27746047). May play a role in the clearance of apoptotic cell corpses (PubMed:18425118).
Expressed in the intestinal cells adjacent to the pharynx.
Viable, but exhibit slower development and have reduced body fat (PubMed:27746047). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in increased sensitivity and reduced survival in response to lower temperatures (PubMed:27746047). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in increased expression of the transcription factor ets-4 in the nuclei of intestinal cells, which may further result in changes in the expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism (PubMed:27746047). RNAi-mediated knockdown also causes a defect in the clearance of apoptotic cell corpses in hermaphrodite gonads (PubMed:18425118).
Belongs to the glycerophosphoryl diester phosphodiesterase family.
Belongs to the proteasome subunit S9 family.
Component of the lid subcomplex of the 19S proteasome regulatory particle complex (also named PA700 complex). The 26S proteasome consists of a 20S proteasome core and two 19S regulatory subunits (By similarity).
Component of the lid subcomplex of the 26S proteasome, a multiprotein complex involved in the ATP-dependent degradation of ubiquitinated proteins. In the complex, rpn-6.2 is required for proteasome assembly (By similarity).
ATP-dependent annealing helicase that catalyzes the rewinding of the stably unwound DNA.
Belongs to the SNF2/RAD54 helicase family. SMARCAL1 subfamily.
Belongs to the Glu/Leu/Phe/Val dehydrogenases family.
Belongs to the ligand-gated ion channel (TC 1.A.9) family. Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor (TC 1.A.9.5) subfamily.
GABA, an inhibitory neurotransmitter, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA receptor and opening an integral chloride channel.
Expressed in pharyngeal muscle and in AWC, ASG, ASE, ASI and ASJ sensory neurons.
Probable receptor for neuropeptide ligand nlp-8 that plays a role in octopamine signaling and specifically, the octopamine inhibition of aversion responses in olfactory sensory neurons.
RNAi-mediated knockdown in AWC sensory neurons results in reduced octopamine inhibition of the aversive response to 100% 1-octanol.
Belongs to the isocitrate and isopropylmalate dehydrogenases family.
Binds 1 Mg(2+) or Mn(2+) ion per subunit.
Heterooligomer of subunits alpha, beta, and gamma in the apparent ratio of 2:1:1.
Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 1 family. B0244 subfamily.
Belongs to the adenylyl cyclase class-4/guanylyl cyclase family.
Expressed asymmetrically in ASE right (ASER) sensory neuron and bilaterally in ASI sensory neurons. Expressed in PVT interneuron.
Guanylate cyclase involved in the production of the second messenger cGMP (By similarity).
Acts as one of several non-catalytic accessory components of the cytoplasmic dynein 1 complex that are thought to be involved in linking dynein to cargos and to adapter proteins that regulate dynein function. Cytoplasmic dynein 1 acts as a motor for the intracellular retrograde motility of vesicles and organelles along microtubules.
Component of the dystrophin glycoprotein complex (DGC) (PubMed:10996789). Interacts with zyx-1 (PubMed:18094057).
Expressed in muscles of the head, body wall and vulva (PubMed:10996789, PubMed:18094057). In some animals, weaker expression is observed in the intestinal muscles (at protein level) (PubMed:10996789). Isoform a is expressed in lateral neurons SDQL and SDQR (PubMed:18094057).
Mutants synergistically exhibit progressive myopathy. Overexpression of dyc-1 in dys-1 and hlh-1 double mutants, delays but does not prevent the progression of myopathy due to reduction in the proportion of abnormal muscles (PubMed:10996789). Also, reduces the locomotion and egg laying defects (PubMed:10996789). RNAi-mediated knock-down of isoform b induces a dys-1-like behavioral phenotype consisting of hyperactivity, exagerated head bending and a tendency to hypercontract (PubMed:18094057).
Together with dys-1 and hlh-1, participates in a common muscular function.
Expressed throughout the germline and in oocytes (at protein level).
RNA-binding protein which binds to its own mRNA and target mRNAs to negatively regulate gene expression to modulate apoptosis and differentiation in the germline (PubMed:30728462). Negatively regulates the expression of the argonaute protein wago-4, and may thus play a role in RNA-mediated gene silencing (RNAi) in the germline (PubMed:30728462).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in increased apoptosis and increased sensitivity to DNA damage-induced apoptosis in response to ionizing radiation in the germline.
The KH-like 3 domain is required for binding to RNA.
Belongs to the ABC transporter superfamily. ABCC family. Conjugate transporter (TC 3.A.1.208) subfamily.
Heme transporter required for the export of intestinal heme to different tissues and subcellular compartments (PubMed:24836561, PubMed:28581477). Also, required for the export of vitamin B12 from the intestine of the mother to the embryo to support embryonic development (PubMed:29562169).
Highly expressed in the intestine and pharynx (PubMed:24836561, PubMed:29562169). Expressed at low levels in the hypodermis and in some neurons (PubMed:24836561).
RNAi-mediated knockdown in larvae does not result in any obvious developmental defects and animals are able to reach the adult gravid stage and lay eggs (PubMed:24836561). However, 80% of the eggs laid fail to hatch, and the animals that hatch do not survive beyond the L1 larval stage (PubMed:24836561). RNAi-mediated knockdown in larvae results in the heme accumulation in the intestine under low heme conditions (PubMed:28581477). RNAi-mediated knockdown in larvae results in an accumulation of vitamin B12 in the intestine and defective vitamin B12 transport from mother to dead embryos (PubMed:29562169). Furthermore, embryos of RNAi-treated mothers also have defects in vitamin B12 metabolism and have reduced levels of methionine and S-adenosylmethionine (PubMed:29562169). Double RNAi-mediated knockdown with hrg-7 in larvae results in defective heme sensing (PubMed:28581477).
Interacts with zhp-3; the interaction is required for their localization along paired chromosomes and stability, and for the formation of chiasma during meiotic recombination.
Recruited co-dependently with zhp-3 to the synaptonemal complex between homologous chromosome pairs to regulate the formation and number of crossover events between homologs during meiotic recombination (PubMed:29521627, PubMed:30379819). In the early stages of pachytene, in complex with zhp-4, recruited by the zhp-1-zhp-2 heterodimer to designated crossover sites along the recombination intermediate to stabilize other pro-crossover factors such as rmh-1, msh-5 and cosa-1 (PubMed:29521627, PubMed:30379819). This in turn facilitates crossover and promotes the formation of chiasma in each meiotic nucleus at the late pachytene stage of meiosis (PubMed:29521627, PubMed:30379819). Negatively regulates double strand break formation to promote formation of the crossover intermediate (PubMed:30379819).
Exclusively expressed in the hermaphrodite gonad (PubMed:11702779, PubMed:12296824). Expression only in cellulized oocytes (PubMed:11702779). Widely distributed throughout gonadal oocytes from the mitotic stage to the developing diakinesis stage (PubMed:12296824).
Expressed in newly fertilized embryos, but is rapidly degraded after initiation of the first mitotic division (PubMed:12296824, PubMed:12781695, PubMed:16611242). Weak, if any, expression during larval stages (PubMed:11702779).
No visible phenotype (PubMed:12296824). Double knockout with oma-1 results in sterility due to an oocyte maturation defect (PubMed:11702779). The oocyte maturation defect is due to a meiotic defect in oocytes in which the maturation process is initiated, but there is no progression beyond the prophase stage of meiosis and therefore the cell division process is not completed (PubMed:11702779). Animals also have a larger number of oocytes which are larger in size, but the oocytes cannot be fertilized and accumulate within the gonad (PubMed:11702779). Double RNAi-mediated knockdown with oma-1 in embryos results in more widely distributed P-granules compared to wild-type embryos, and an irregular distribution of germline proteins including pgl-1, mex-1 and pie-1 (PubMed:16611242). Double RNAi-mediated knockdown with oma-1 in larva at the L4 stage of development results in 93% embryonic lethality following the first mitotic cleavage in offspring (PubMed:16611242). Double RNAi-mediated knockdown with oma-1 in adults results in a 60% reduction in number of eggs laid (PubMed:12296824). These animals also have an expanded proximal gonad arm which contains larger number of proximal oocytes which in turn contain a larger number of germinal vesicles and higher expression of maternal mRNAs including nos-2 (PubMed:12296824, PubMed:18417623). Furthermore, after the diakinesis stage following meiosis I, the germinal vesicles have dispersed chromosomes and an abnormal distribution of P-granules (PubMed:12296824). Embryos also display cell division (PubMed:19786575, PubMed:20826530). In addition, there is increased expression of target transcripts such as taf-4 and mei-1 which also exhibit an altered localization in oocytes and embryos (PubMed:18854162, PubMed:19786575, PubMed:25261697). Reduced expression of the maternal transcriptional repressor protein pie-1 (PubMed:20826530). Triple RNAi-mediated knockdown with oma-1 and moe-3 results in a 85% reduction in number of eggs laid (PubMed:12296824).
Zinc-finger RNA-binding protein that binds to 5'-UA[AU]-3' motifs in the 3'-UTR of maternal mRNAs to suppress translation in oocytes and embryos (PubMed:18417623). Acts redundantly with oma-1 to control the temporal expression and distribution of maternal proteins and thereby promote meiotic progression, oocyte maturation, fertilization and embryonic development (PubMed:11702779, PubMed:12296824, PubMed:12781695, PubMed:16289132, PubMed:16611242, PubMed:18854162, PubMed:18417623, PubMed:19786575, PubMed:20826530, PubMed:25261697). Also, together with oma-1, is involved in P-granule distribution during embryonic development (PubMed:16611242).
Acts as a dual-specificity protein phosphatase, dephosphorylating tyrosine-, serine- and threonine-phosphorylated proteins (By similarity). Also acts as a lipid phosphatase, removing the phosphate in the D3 position of the inositol ring from phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PubMed:15637588). By dephosphorylating PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 antagonizes PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 production by age-1/PI3K and thus, negatively regulates daf-2-mediated processes including dauer formation, longevity, fat metabolism, chemotaxis towards salt, thermotolerance and axon guidance (PubMed:9885576, PubMed:10209098, PubMed:10377431, PubMed:16950159, PubMed:19249087, PubMed:23995781, PubMed:10077613, PubMed:20207731). Similarly, promotes apoptosis during embryonic development by suppressing the recruitment of the prosurvival kinases akt-1/2 to the plasma membrane (PubMed:25383666). In addition, regulates Z2/Z3 germline precursor cell cycle by maintaining them arrested at the G2 stage and by controlling their growth during L1 diapause (PubMed:16631584). After sperm depletion in larvae and adult hermaphrodites, promotes germline stem cell quiescence and oocyte accumulation (PubMed:26552888). By dephosphorylating ephrin-like receptor vab-1 on tyrosine residues, negatively regulates oocyte maturation downstream of vab-1 and upstream of mpk-1, independently of daf-2 (PubMed:19853560). Plays a role in postembryonic muscle arm extensions (PubMed:18436204). Required for neurite outgrowth during AIY interneuron embryonic development (PubMed:22069193). Mainly independently of daf-2, negatively regulates vulva induction probably by inhibiting mpk-1 phosphorylation (PubMed:22916028). Both lipid and protein phosphatase activities are required for the regulation of vulva induction (PubMed:22916028).
Belongs to the PTEN phosphatase protein family.
Expressed in embryo, larvae and in adult germline (at protein level) (PubMed:16481471, PubMed:22916028, PubMed:19853560). Expressed at equal levels in the 6 vulva precursor cells (VPCs) of L2 larvae and in the descendant cells of the induced VPCs (at protein level) (PubMed:22916028). Expressed in the uterus (at protein level) (PubMed:22916028). Expressed in the Z2/Z3 germline precursors, oocytes, several amphid neurons and weakly in the nerve cord (at protein level) (PubMed:19853560).
Interacts (via C-terminus) with vab-1 (via kinase domain); the interaction is independent of vab-1 kinase activity (PubMed:19853560). Interacts with arr-1 and mpz-1; the interaction may inhibit daf-18 (PubMed:20207731). Interacts (via C-terminus) with daf-2 (via kinase domain) (PubMed:23995781).
Mutants are viable but with a shorter lifespan. They also fail to enter dauer stage under starvation conditions and 17 percent of mutants display vulval bursting (PubMed:10209098, PubMed:10377431, PubMed:20207731). Unlike in wild-type animals, germline stem cell proliferation continues following sperm depletion and Z2/Z3 germline precursors continue to proliferate during L1 diapause (PubMed:16631584, PubMed:26552888). The number of unfertilized eggs laid after sperm depletion is also increased (PubMed:26552888). Prevents constitutive dauer entry and pharynx remodeling and restores normal brood size in a daf-2 mutant background (PubMed:10209098, PubMed:10377431). Prevents increase in lifespan in an arr-1 (ok401) mutant background or in mpz-1 RNAi-mediated knockdown animals (PubMed:20207731). Suppresses the increase in ovulation rate and mpk-1 phosphorylation in distal oocytes in a vab-1 (dx31) mutant background. Restores normal axon extension of PLM neurons in a daf-2 (e1370) mutant background (PubMed:23995781). RNAi-mediated knockdown prevents arrest at the dauer larval stage in a daf-2 or age-1 mutant background (PubMed:9885576, PubMed:10077613). In addition, suppresses increased thermotolerance and fat storage and reduces daf-16 nuclear localization in a daf-2 mutant background (PubMed:19249087).
Phosphorylated by vab-1 on tyrosine residues which may promote daf-18 degradation.
Belongs to the dynein light chain Tctex-type family.
Belongs to the protein-tyrosine phosphatase family. Receptor class subfamily.
Heterooligomeric complex of about 850 to 900 kDa that forms two stacked rings, 12 to 16 nm in diameter.
Molecular chaperone; assists the folding of proteins upon ATP hydrolysis. Known to play a role, in vitro, in the folding of actin and tubulin.
Belongs to the proteasome subunit S5A family.
Binds and presumably selects ubiquitin-conjugates for destruction (By similarity). Required for protein degradation and ubiquitin-proteasome system (UBS) function and regulates proteasomal subunit expression (PubMed:20453865, PubMed:22105480, PubMed:26828939). Involvement in UBS might be cell type specific (PubMed:20453865). Regulator of the autophagy-lysosome pathway that may confer resistance to autophagy by regulating the expression of autophagy-related proteins such as lgg-1, and by regulating lysosome formation, possibly by modulating elt-2 activity (PubMed:26828939). Required for fertility, sperm production, and sex determination through regulation of tra-2 protein (PubMed:17050737). Plays a role in the elimination of paternal mitochondria in fertilized eggs (PubMed:22105480).
Broadly expressed with high expression in the pharynx, intestine, hypodermis and spermatheca and weak expression in the excretory cell, body wall muscle, vulva and somatic gonad.
Temperature-dependent increase in lifespan with a modest increase at 20 degrees Celsius and a 30% increase in mean lifespan at 25 degrees Celsius compared to wild-type animals (PubMed:26828939). Reduced fertility with no sperm produced in the spermatheca, accumulation of a sex-determination protein tra-2 in the intestine, no embryos in the uterus, and an increase in the development time to adulthood as evidenced by an expansion of the proximal oocytes at a young adult stage (PubMed:17050737, PubMed:26828939). Reduced ubiquitin-proteasome system function (UBS), particularly in dorsorectal neurons (PubMed:20453865, PubMed:26828939). Enhanced protein stability and increased resistance to protostasis in response to thermal stress and oxidative stress induced by tert-butyl hydroperoxide (PubMed:26828939). Irregular autophagy-lysosome pathway function with increased autophagy coupled with fewer intestinal lysosomes and reduced lysosomal function (PubMed:26828939). RNAi-mediated knockdown of skn-1 or elt-2 in the null mutant results in animals which are smaller and that developmentally arrest before adulthood (PubMed:26828939). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in reduced egg laying, abnormal gonad morphology with expansion of the proximal gonad greater than that of wild-type animals, and defective degradation of polyubiquitinated proteins and leads to an accumulation of these proteins (PubMed:17050737). Also results in delayed removal of paternal mitochondria until 4-fold stage of embryonic development (PubMed:22105480).
The 26S proteasome is composed of a core protease, known as the 20S proteasome, capped at one or both ends by the 19S regulatory complex (RC). The RC is composed of at least 18 different subunits in two subcomplexes, the base and the lid, which form the portions proximal and distal to the 20S proteolytic core, respectively.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family.
Belongs to the phosphatidylserine decarboxylase family. PSD-B subfamily. Eukaryotic type I sub-subfamily.
Binds 1 pyruvoyl group covalently per subunit.
Catalyzes the formation of phosphatidylethanolamine (PtdEtn) from phosphatidylserine (PtdSer). Plays a central role in phospholipid metabolism and in the interorganelle trafficking of phosphatidylserine.
Heterodimer of a large membrane-associated beta subunit and a small pyruvoyl-containing alpha subunit.
Is synthesized initially as an inactive proenzyme. Formation of the active enzyme involves a self-maturation process in which the active site pyruvoyl group is generated from an internal serine residue via an autocatalytic post-translational modification. Two non-identical subunits are generated from the proenzyme in this reaction, and the pyruvate is formed at the N-terminus of the alpha chain, which is derived from the carboxyl end of the proenzyme. The autoendoproteolytic cleavage occurs by a canonical serine protease mechanism, in which the side chain hydroxyl group of the serine supplies its oxygen atom to form the C-terminus of the beta chain, while the remainder of the serine residue undergoes an oxidative deamination to produce ammonia and the pyruvoyl prosthetic group on the alpha chain. During this reaction, the Ser that is part of the protease active site of the proenzyme becomes the pyruvoyl prosthetic group, which constitutes an essential element of the active site of the mature decarboxylase.
Belongs to the queuine tRNA-ribosyltransferase family.
Catalytic subunit of the queuine tRNA-ribosyltransferase (TGT) that catalyzes the base-exchange of a guanine (G) residue with queuine (Q) at position 34 (anticodon wobble position) in tRNAs with GU(N) anticodons (tRNA-Asp, -Asn, -His and -Tyr), resulting in the hypermodified nucleoside queuosine (7-(((4,5-cis-dihydroxy-2-cyclopenten-1-yl)amino)methyl)-7-deazaguanosine). Catalysis occurs through a double-displacement mechanism. The nucleophile active site attacks the C1' of nucleotide 34 to detach the guanine base from the RNA, forming a covalent enzyme-RNA intermediate. The proton acceptor active site deprotonates the incoming queuine, allowing a nucleophilic attack on the C1' of the ribose to form the product.
Belongs to the ligand-gated ion channel (TC 1.A.9) family.
Belongs to the PUR DNA-binding protein family.
First expressed in blastomeres at the two cell stage of embryogenesis (PubMed:19084000). Also expressed in germline-specific P granules of early embryos (PubMed:19084000).
Probable transcription activator (PubMed:19084000). Binds telomeric DNA containing repeats of the sequence, 5'-TTAGGC-3' (PubMed:16267406). Binds to end-1 promoter, activating end-1 expression, which is required for endoderm specification during embryonic development (PubMed:19084000).
Sterile due to lack of oocytes (PubMed:25439098). Defective locomotion, marked by a 3-fold reduction in speed (PubMed:25439098). RNAi-mediated knockdown causes embryonic lethality (PubMed:19084000). RNAi-mediated knockdown substantially reduces expression of end-1 (PubMed:19084000). RNAi-mediated knockdown abolishes formation of endoderm in 3% of embryos and in 35% of embryos on a mom-5 mutant background (PubMed:19084000).
Plays a role in regulating gene expression in dopaminergic neurons, acting redundantly with homeobox protein ceh-20 in head neurons (PubMed:23788625). May activate dopamine pathway genes in concert with ETS domain-containing protein ast-1, and homeobox proteins ceh-43 and ceh-20 (PubMed:23788625).
Worms show no phenotype but, when also lacking ceh-20, incompletely penetrant embryonic lethality is observed.
DNA-dependent metalloendopeptidase that mediates the proteolytic cleavage of covalent DNA-protein cross-links (DPCs) during DNA synthesis, thereby playing a key role in maintaining genomic integrity (PubMed:27871365). DPCs are highly toxic DNA lesions that interfere with essential chromatin transactions, such as replication and transcription, and which are induced by reactive agents, such as UV light or formaldehyde (PubMed:27871365). Associates with the DNA replication machinery and specifically removes DPCs during DNA synthesis (PubMed:27871365). Regulator of UV-induced DNA damage response: required to protect genome stability during DNA replication, possibly via recruitment of vcp/p97 (cdc-48.1 or cdc-48.2) recruitment (PubMed:23042605).
In normal conditions, no obvious developmental or behavioral defects are observed, except that but the brood size is smaller. Upon exposure of L1 larvae to hydroxyurea, replication stress sensitivity is observed, resulting in increased sterility.
Interacts with vcp/p97 (cdc-48.1 or cdc-48.2).
Acetylation is generally linked to gene activation.
Methylation at Lys-5 is linked to gene activation and is absent from male inactive X chromosome chromatin. Methylation at Lys-10 is linked to gene repression and is enriched in male inactive X chromosome chromatin. Methylation at Lys-37 occurs on the entire length of autosomes during meiotic prophase. Trimethylation at Lys-10 and Lys-37 is specifically antagonized by jmjd-2. Dimethylation and trimethylation at Lys-28 occurs in all nuclei. The mes-2-mes-3-mes-6 complex may be responsible for Lys-28 methylation in most of the germline and in the early embryo.
Phosphorylated at Ser-11 and Ser-29 during M phase. Phosphorylation of Ser-11 requires air-2 but not air-1. Dephosphorylated by gsp-1 and/or gsp-2 during chromosome segregation.
Expressed in pharyngeal muscles and mc cells.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase which accepts ubiquitin from an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme in the form of a thioester and then directly transfers the ubiquitin to targeted substrates (PubMed:24805825, PubMed:19553937). Ubiquitinates klf-1 (PubMed:24805825). Required for diet restriction-mediated lifespan extension, acting in concert with Kruppel-like factor klf-1 in the intestine to perhaps modulate genes involved in lipid metabolism (PubMed:24805825, PubMed:19553937). Probably acting downstream of the Insulin/IGF-1-like signaling (IIS) mediated pathway, plays a role in the immune response to infection by the Gram-negative bacterium P.aeruginosa, at least partly in response to bacterial pore-forming toxins (PubMed:20209166).
Expressed in neurons localized in the head and tail of adults.
Interacts (via WW domains) with Kruppel-like factor klf-1 (PubMed:24805825). Interacts with ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 ubc-18 (PubMed:19553937).
RNAi-mediated knockdown increases sensitivity to paraquat, and reduces lifespan at 25 degrees Celsius, but not at 20 degrees Celsius (PubMed:19553937). Causes reduced ability of dietary restriction to extend lifespan (PubMed:24805825, PubMed:19553937). Abolishes lifespan extension completely on an eat-2 mutant background, independent of whether knockdown is ubiquitous, or targeted only to the intestine (PubMed:24805825, PubMed:19553937). Does not suppress extended lifespans of isp-1 or daf-2 mutants (PubMed:19553937). Hypersensitive to bacterial pore-forming toxin (PubMed:20209166).
Component of the proteolytic cascade acting downstream of the 26S proteasome in the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway (By similarity). Has a role in regulation of fat storage.
Expressed in intestinal fat-storing cells and some head neurons.
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes reduced fat storage but does not affect feeding behavior.
Coexpressed with orai-1 in spermatheca, gonad sheath cells and intestine. Also detected in neurons in the head and in the uterine epithelial cells. Heterogeneously expressed in the intestine with strong presence in the anterior and posterior intestine and weaker in the midsection.
Plays a role in mediating store-operated Ca(2+) entry (SOCE), a Ca(2+) influx following depletion of intracellular Ca(2+) stores. Acts as Ca(2+) sensor which upon Ca(2+) depletion, activates the Ca(2+) release-activated Ca(2+) (CRAC) channel subunit, orai-1. Essential for Ca (2+) and IP3-dependent contractile activity of gonad sheath cells and spermatheca. Essential for fertility. Does not play a role in posterior body wall muscle contraction (pBoc) rhythmicity, intestinal cell oscillatory Ca(2+) signaling or intestinal ER Ca(2+) hemostasis.
Sterility due to dysfunction of somatic cells. Affects the store-operated Ca(2+) (SOC) activity.
Aberrant synaptic connectivity of dorsal and ventral D-type motor neurons onto ventral and dorsal muscle.
Expressed in D-type GABAergic motor neurons at high levels in young larvae, in which the motor circuitry is formed, and at low levels in older animals (PubMed:7997265). Also present in six non-GABAergic motor neurons and is absent from the seven non-D-type GABAergic neurons (PubMed:7997265). Expressed in DD GABAergic motor neurons and VD GABAergic motor neurons (PubMed:15882588, PubMed:26083757, PubMed:29033363).
Transcriptional regulator within D-type neurons that controls terminal differentiation (PubMed:7997265). Required for the development and function of the 19 inhibitory GABAergic (gamma-aminobutyric-acid-secreting) D-type motor neurons, which control locomotion (PubMed:7997265). Plays a role in regulating synapse formation in dorsal D (DD) and ventral D (VD) GABAergic motor neurons, possibly in part by regulating the expression of the neural regulator oig-1 (PubMed:26083757). Also required for expression of flp-13 in DD motor neurons (PubMed:15882588). Plays a role in respecification of DD motor neurons through regulation of genes involved in the modulation of cellular cAMP including pde-4 which hydrolyzes cAMP and acy-1 which catalyzes cAMP formation (PubMed:29033363).
Belongs to the acetyltransferase ATAT1 family.
Expressed in touch receptors from late embryos to adults.
Expressed solely in touch receptor neurons.
Mutants are partially insensitive to body touch.
Specifically acetylates 'Lys-40' in alpha-tubulin/mec-12 on the lumenal side of microtubules. Promotes microtubule destabilization and accelerates microtubule dynamics; this activity may be independent of acetylation activity. Acetylates alpha-tubulin with a slow enzymatic rate, due to a catalytic site that is not optimized for acetyl transfer. Enters the microtubule through each end and diffuses quickly throughout the lumen of microtubules. Acetylates only long/old microtubules because of its slow acetylation rate since it does not have time to act on dynamically unstable microtubules before the enzyme is released. Required for the maintenance of touch receptor neurons and possibly other type of neurons involved in locomotion.
Transcription up-regulated in response to intestinal colonization by probiotic Lactobacillus fermentum strain JDFM216.
Transcriptional regulator (By similarity). Plays a role in modulation of lifespan and immunity (PubMed:29748542).
Belongs to the SLC41A transporter family.
Putative Notch ligand involved in the mediation of Notch signaling.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL6 family.
Involved in transport of proteins from the cis/medial-Golgi to the trans-Golgi network.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyltransferase that mediates mRNA cap1 2'-O-ribose methylation to the 5'-cap structure of mRNAs. Methylates the ribose of the first nucleotide of a m(7)GpppG-capped mRNA to produce m(7)GpppNmp (cap1). Cap1 modification is linked to higher levels of translation.
Belongs to the eIF-2B gamma/epsilon subunits family.
Catalyzes the exchange of eukaryotic initiation factor 2-bound GDP for GTP.
Complex of five different subunits; alpha, beta, gamma, delta and epsilon.
Belongs to the folylpolyglutamate synthase family.
Catalyzes conversion of folates to polyglutamate derivatives allowing concentration of folate compounds in the cell and the intracellular retention of these cofactors, which are important substrates for most of the folate-dependent enzymes that are involved in one-carbon transfer reactions involved in purine, pyrimidine and amino acid synthesis.
Produced by alternative initiation at Met-27 of isoform a.
Belongs to the mitochondrial carrier (TC 2.A.29) family.
Calcium-dependent mitochondrial solute carrier.
Expressed in embryos, larvae and adults.
Probably acts synergistically with sop-2 to maintain the transcriptionally repressive state of homeotic genes in order to regulate various neurogenic identities. Specification of some neuronal identities also involves expression of non-Hox genes. Specifies dopaminergic and serotonergic neuronal cell fate, and regulates neurotransmitter choice and axon pathfinding.
Worms exhibit ectopic expression of Hox genes and homeotic transformations. Mutants are also long and exhibit defects in distal tip cell migration.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically.
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase homolog that regulates longevity and diapause (PubMed:8700226, PubMed:21750263). Promotes cell survival during embryonic development by recruiting akt-1/2 to the plasma membrane through the production of PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 (PubMed:25383666). Could function in the development or neuroendocrine signaling of the dauer pathway (PubMed:8700226). Mediates susceptibility to enteropathogenic E.coli infection (PubMed:16091039). May negatively regulate AYI interneuron neurite outgrowth (PubMed:22069193). Plays a role in aversive olfactory learning when an odor is associated with food deprivation (PubMed:27383131). Regulates this process by promoting the nuclear relocalization of egl-4 in AWC olfactory neurons after odor conditioning (PubMed:27383131).
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL14 family.
Belongs to the pterin-4-alpha-carbinolamine dehydratase family.
Belongs to the SSU72 phosphatase family.
Expressed in epidermis, intestine and nervous system.
May interact with synd-1 (via C-terminus); the interaction may prevent ssup-72 binding to RNA polymerase II ama-1 (PubMed:26588990). May interact with RNA polymerase II ama-1 (Probable).
Protein phosphatase that dephosphorylates 'Ser-5' of the heptad repeats YSPTSPS in the C-terminal domain of the large RNA polymerase II subunit ama-1 (PubMed:26588990). By regulating the phosphorylation status of ama-1 and thus ama-1 binding to specific polyadenylation sites, regulates alternative polyadenylation of pre-mRNAs, including unc-44 and dlk-1 mRNAs (PubMed:26588990, PubMed:28087624). This results in the tissue-specific expression of unc-44 isoforms (PubMed:28087624).
Belongs to the heat shock protein 70 family.
Binds 1 or 2 heme groups per heterodimer.
Heterodimer; with other soluble guanylate cyclases.
May be regulated by molecular oxygen. Probably not activated by nitric oxide (NO) (By similarity).
Synthesizes cyclic GMP (cGMP) from GTP (By similarity). May be involved in sensitivity to quinine by regulating egl-4 activity through the production of cGMP (PubMed:23874221).
There are two types of guanylate cyclases: soluble forms and membrane-associated receptor forms.
Present from early embryonic stages through adulthood.
Belongs to the class-II aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family.
Catalyzes the attachment of alanine to tRNA(Ala) in a two-step reaction: alanine is first activated by ATP to form Ala-AMP and then transferred to the acceptor end of tRNA(Ala). Also edits incorrectly charged tRNA(Ala) via its editing domain.
Consists of three domains; the N-terminal catalytic domain, the editing domain and the C-terminal C-Ala domain. The editing domain removes incorrectly charged amino acids, while the C-Ala domain, along with tRNA(Ala), serves as a bridge to cooperatively bring together the editing and aminoacylation centers thus stimulating deacylation of misacylated tRNAs.
Expressed from the twofold embryo stage through to L4 larval stage (PubMed:11333230). Expressed in the embryonic mother cell of Q and V5 neuroblasts, AB.p(lr)apapaa, and abolished in V5 neuroblasts after division but maintained in Q cells until they divide (PubMed:28716930). Expressed in P-neuroblasts before hatching, maintained while P nuclei migrate into the ventral midline in early L1-stage larvae, and declines after P-neuroblasts divide (PubMed:28716930).
Expressed in the ectodermal cells of embryos and seam cells and ventral cord motor neurons of young larvae.
Probable transcription factor needed for the proper production of touch cell precursors (PubMed:11333230). Involved in specification of lateral neuroblasts (PubMed:28716930). Essential for embryonic morphogenesis (PubMed:11333230).
Worms exhibit the absence of AVM, PVM, and PLM touch cells, defective egg laying, embryonic or larval lethality, cell degeneration, malformation of the posterior body, and uncoordinated movement.
Amino acid transporter that mediates the uptake of the L-enantiomers of various amino acids, including L-glutamate (Probable). May play a role in promoting fertility (PubMed:30560135).
Belongs to the amino acid-polyamine-organocation (APC) superfamily.
Expressed at the apical cell membrane of intestinal cells.
Interacts (via PDZ-binding motif) with nfrl-1 (via PDZ 2 domain); the interaction with nrfl-1 is required to sequester aat-6 to the apical cell membrane of intestinal cells.
Abundantly expressed in the early larval stages with lower levels at later larval and adult stages.
Belongs to the cyclophilin-type PPIase family. PPIL2 subfamily.
Exclusively in the larval body wall striated muscle cells.
May catalyze the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptides thereby assisting the folding of proteins. May also function as a chaperone, playing a role in intracellular transport of proteins. May also have a protein ubiquitin ligase activity acting as an E3 ubiquitin protein ligase or as a ubiquitin-ubiquitin ligase promoting elongation of ubiquitin chains on proteins. Influences the hermaphrodite switch from spermatogenesis to oogenesis. Required for body wall muscle cell development.
Expressed in intestine, body wall muscles and some amphid neurons.
Involved in retrograde signaling from post-synaptic cells to pre-synaptic neurons, probably by regulating vesicle exocytosis in post-synaptic cells (PubMed:11804572, PubMed:2323555, PubMed:19028454). Acts in muscles, to regulate the localization of synaptic vesicle fusion protein unc-13 likely during vesicle exocytosis and thus regulate retrograde signaling at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) (PubMed:11804572). Regulates anterior body muscle contractions (aBOC) and the expulsion steps during the defecation motor program (DMP) (PubMed:11804572, PubMed:2323555, PubMed:19028454). Probably by regulating DMP, plays a homeostatic role in the uptake of triglycerides (PubMed:25849533). Regulates locomotion (PubMed:11804572).
Severely constipated due to absent or weak anterior body muscle (aBOC) and intestinal contractions during the defecation cycle (PubMed:11804572, PubMed:2323555). Reduced uptake and accumulation of triglycerides (PubMed:25849533). Locomotion defects characterized by mild body thrashing (PubMed:11804572). Partially resistant to paralysis induced by acetylcholine esterase inhibitor aldicarb (PubMed:2323555, PubMed:19028454). Reduced enrichment of unc-13 at presynaptic active sites of neuromuscular junctions (PubMed:11804572).
In the 1-cell embryo, probably together with gpr-1, controls nuclear rotation and spindle elongation during mitosis (PubMed:14534135). Complex of gpr-1 and gpr-2, in association with lin-5, activates G-protein signaling to affect mitotic spindle force (PubMed:12730122). Polarity determinants (par genes) may regulate lin-5/gpr-1/gpr-2/goa-1 locally to create the asymmetric forces that drive spindle movement (PubMed:12730122).
Interacts with gpr-1; gpr-1 forms a complex with lin-5 and GDP-bound goa-1.
Simultaneous RNAi-mediated knockdown of both gpr-1 and gpr-2 causes, in the 1-cell embryo, a decrease in nuclear and spindle movements during prophase, reduced asymmetric spindle elongation during anaphase and mispositioning of nuclei after cell division.
Belongs to the helicase family. SKI2 subfamily.
Single-stranded 3'-5' DNA helicase that plays a key role in homology-driven double-strand break (DSB) repair (PubMed:18472307, PubMed:34880204). Involved in different DSB repair mechanisms that are guided by annealing of extensive stretches of complementary bases at break ends, such as microhomology-mediated end-joining (MMEJ), single-strand annealing (SSA) or synthesis-dependent strand annealing (SDSA) (PubMed:34880204).
Belongs to the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family.
Has no ubiquitin ligase activity on its own; may require ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme, ubc-13.
Interacts with the E3 ubiquitin ligase nhl-1 and the E2 ubiquitin ligase ubc-1 (PubMed:15530417). Heterodimer with uev-1 (PubMed:15530417, PubMed:21179194).
Involved in protein ubiquitination, but has no ubiquitin ligase activity on its own (PubMed:15530417). The uev-1-ubc-13 heterodimers catalyze the synthesis of non-canonical 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitin chains (PubMed:15530417, PubMed:24595290). Involved in sorting Lys-63-linked polyubiquitinated maternal membrane proteins for degradation by targeting to multivesicular bodies (PubMed:24595290). May be involved in the ubiquitination and growth of intracellular polyglutamine protein aggregates (PubMed:17663792, PubMed:22494772). May have a role in AMPA-type glutamate receptor trafficking in neurons (PubMed:21179194).
Temperature sensitive with partial embryonic lethality at 25 degrees Celsius (PubMed:24595290). Inhibited degradation of maternal membrane proteins, cav-1, chs-1 and rme-2, and ubiquitination of cav-1 with accumulation of these proteins on the maternal plasma membrane and endosome-like vesicles in later-stage embryos (PubMed:24595290). RNAi-mediated knockdown prevents localization of ubiquitin and proteasomes to polyglutamine protein aggregates (PubMed:17663792). Reduced growth of polyglutamine protein aggregates (PubMed:17663792, PubMed:22494772). Inhibited degradation of maternal membrane protein, cav-1 in embryos (PubMed:24595290).
Belongs to the dicarboxylate/amino acid:cation symporter (DAACS) (TC 2.A.23) family.
EF-1 is composed of four subunits: alpha, beta, delta, and gamma.
Probably plays a role in anchoring the complex to other cellular components.
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in 100% sterility at 25 degrees Celsius.
Belongs to the protein disulfide isomerase family.
Expressed in oscillating waves in hypodermal cells during the 4 larval stages and in adults.
Heterotetramer of two alpha chains and two beta chains. Exist either as a phy-1(2)/pdi-2(2) tetramer, a phy-2(2)/pdi-2(2) tetramer or as a phy-1/phy-2/pdi-2(2) tetramer.
Involved in cuticle formation (PubMed:10805750). May play a role in the unfolded protein response (PubMed:21199936).
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes embryonic lethality characterized by a retraction of the fully elongated embryo, a progressive disorganization of the embryo and a failure to hatch (PubMed:10805750). Also causes increased expression of the unfolded protein response (UPR) marker hsp-4 (PubMed:21199936).
Belongs to the ribose-phosphate pyrophosphokinase family.
Catalyzes the synthesis of phosphoribosylpyrophosphate (PRPP) that is essential for nucleotide synthesis.
Homodimer. The active form is probably a hexamer composed of 3 homodimers.
Belongs to the GST superfamily. Omega family.
Exhibits glutathione-dependent thiol transferase activity. Has dehydroascorbate reductase activity and may contribute to the recycling of ascorbic acid. Participates in the biotransformation of inorganic arsenic and reduces monomethylarsonic acid (MMA) (By similarity).
Belongs to the WD repeat WDR5/wds family.
Component of the SET2 complex (also known as the SET1/COMPASS complex), which contains at least set-2, swd-2.1, cfp-1, rbbp-5, wdr-5.1, dpy-30 and ash-2 (PubMed:31602465). Within the complex, interacts with cfp-1, ash-2, dpy-30 and hda-1 (PubMed:31602465). Interacts with histone H3 both unmethylated and methylated at 'Lys-4' (PubMed:21455483). Interacts with jmjd-3.1, ceh-6, sox-2, sem-4 and egl-27 (PubMed:25124442). Interacts with set-2 (PubMed:21527717).
Contributes to histone modification (PubMed:16710447, PubMed:17967446, PubMed:20188723, PubMed:20555324, PubMed:21455483, PubMed:22012258). May position the N-terminus of histone H3 for efficient trimethylation at 'Lys-4' (PubMed:21455483). Required for di- and trimethylation, particularly for the trimethylation at 'Lys-4' of histone H3 (PubMed:20555324, PubMed:21455483, PubMed:24682813, PubMed:21527717). Not required for demethylation of histone H3 'Lys-27' (PubMed:21455483). H3 'Lys-4' methylation represents a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional activation, germline establishment, maintenance and function (PubMed:21455483). Implicated in the epigenetic inheritance of lifespan over several generations (PubMed:22012258). Acts in the germline to limit the longevity of the soma, probably by regulating a lipid metabolism pathway that signals from the germline to the intestine, thereby preventing accumulation of mono-unsaturated fatty acids (PubMed:17967446, PubMed:20555324, PubMed:28379943). Required for RNA interference with probable antagonistic role against hpl-2 function (PubMed:17967446). Plays a role in vulval cell fate specification by acting in the synthetic multivulva pathway independent of set-2 (PubMed:17967446). Sex determining protein required in the germline to promote the spermatogenesis to oogenesis switch during the late larval stages of development (PubMed:24682813). Acts with the sex determining factor tra-1, and redundantly with wdr-5.2, to regulate fog-3 expression, which in turn determines germ cell fate (PubMed:24682813). Cooperates with jmjd-3.1, egl-27 and unc-3 to ensure robust transdifferentiation of the Y rectal cell to the PDA motor neuron during larval development (PubMed:25124442).
Detected from the 20 cell embryo stage and continues through to adult, although in a restricted manner.
Enriched in the germline (PubMed:17967446, PubMed:24682813). Detected in all nuclei of the embryo (PubMed:17967446). In larvae, expression is detected in the nuclei of seam cells, somatic gonad precursor cells Z1 and Z4, vulval precursor cells, distal tip cells, hypodermal cells, intestinal and muscle cells (PubMed:17967446). Also detected in the neurons from the ventral nerve cord, head and tail region (PubMed:17967446). Expressed in the head and tail region, intestinal cells, muscle cells, cells of the vulva, spermatheca and sheath cells in adults (PubMed:17967446).
Increase in life span (PubMed:17967446). Longer time span to reach adulthood and reduced brood size resulting in sterility between generations F3 and F4 (PubMed:17967446). Associated embryonic lethality and additional somatic defects at elevated temperatures (PubMed:17967446). Defects in germ cells including defective sperm development and endomitotic oocytes (PubMed:17967446, PubMed:24682813). Significantly reduced H3 'Lys-4' trimethylation in both embryonic and adult germ cells in a sex-independent manner (PubMed:17967446). Increased fog-3 expression at 20 degrees Celsius (PubMed:24682813). At 20 and 25 degrees Celsius, double knockdown mutants with wdr-5.2 have increased fog-3 expression (PubMed:24682813). At 25 degrees Celsius, these mutants have increased wdr-5.2 and fog-1 expression, reduced brood size accompanied by 42% embryonic lethality with 100% of the surviving progeny being sterile (PubMed:24682813). Surviving progeny display enhanced defects in the spermatogenesis to oogenesis transition compared to the single wdr-5.1 knockout with 88% of the gonads only containing sperm (PubMed:24682813). The remaining germ cells in the gonads switch to oogenesis, but the oocytes display either an endoreplication or endomitotic phenotype (PubMed:24682813). Germ cells also have increased expression of the sex determining factor tra-1 in the cytoplasm and as a result there is reduced binding of tra-1 to the fog-3 promoter (PubMed:24682813). RNAi-mediated knockdown leads to an enrichment of mono-unsaturated fatty acids (PubMed:28379943).
DNA- and RNA-binding protein, involved in several nuclear processes such as pre-mRNA splicing, apoptosis and transcription regulation (Probable). Ensures the correct splicing of genes involved in immunity to promote longevity in response to infection by pathogenic bacteria such as S.aureus (PubMed:32538777).
RNAi-mediated knockdown increases survival following infection by pathogenic bacteria S.aureus (PubMed:32538777). RNAi-mediated knockdown impairs the splicing of genes such as prg-2 and tos-1 following infection by S.aureus (PubMed:32538777). RNAi-mediated knockdown induces the expression of nlp-34, lys-3, irg-2, irg-1, M01G12.9, fmo-2 and cyp-37B1 under non-infected conditions (PubMed:32538777). RNAi-mediated knockdown increases the phosphorylation of pmk-1 (PubMed:32538777).
The third RNA recognition motif, called PUMP domain, is atypical and may rather mediate homodimerization and/or protein-protein interactions.
Belongs to the reduced folate carrier (RFC) transporter (TC 2.A.48) family.
Expressed in the male tail HOB and RnB neurons but not in male-specific CEM head neurons or other ciliated neurons.
Expressed in the male-specific ciliated sensory neurons, including the two hook neurons, and the 36 ray neurons at the L4 larval stage.
Involved in male mating behavior; may play a role in functional specialization of PKD ciliated sensory neurons.
Probable transcription factor (PubMed:10882127, PubMed:12954713). May regulate some genes of ciliated sensory neurons (PubMed:10882127, PubMed:12954713). May activate the expression of the shared components of sensory cilia, but not the cell-type-specific expression (PubMed:10882127, PubMed:12954713). Together with transcription factor atf-7, involved in regulation of the serotonergic response of ADF neurons to pathogenic food (PubMed:23505381).
Belongs to the peptidase S9B family. DPPIV subfamily.
Removes N-terminal dipeptides sequentially from polypeptides (By similarity). Essential for control of distal tip cell migration.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. RsmB/NOP family.
Expression increases during the larval stages to adulthood.
Mitochondrial methyltransferase which methylates cytosine to 5-methylcytosine (m5C) in rRNAs and tRNAs at multiple sites (PubMed:33283887). May play a role in the translation of leucine and proline codons (Probable).
RNAi-mediated knockdown does not result in fertility defects.
Belongs to the transglutaminase-like superfamily. PNGase family.
Although related to histidine acid phosphatases, it lacks the conserved active sites, suggesting that it has no phosphatase activity.
Belongs to the histidine acid phosphatase family. VIP1 subfamily.
Bifunctional inositol kinase that acts in concert with the IP6K kinases to synthesize the diphosphate group-containing inositol pyrophosphates diphosphoinositol pentakisphosphate, PP-InsP5, and bis-diphosphoinositol tetrakisphosphate, (PP)2-InsP4. PP-InsP5 and (PP)2-InsP4, also respectively called InsP7 and InsP8, may regulate a variety of cellular processes, including apoptosis, vesicle trafficking, cytoskeletal dynamics, and exocytosis. Phosphorylates inositol hexakisphosphate (InsP6) at position 1 to produce PP-InsP5 which is in turn phosphorylated by IP6Ks to produce (PP)2-InsP4. Alternatively, phosphorylates PP-InsP5 at position 1, produced by IP6Ks from InsP6, to produce (PP)2-InsP4.
The N-terminal kinase domain produces inositol polyphosphates. The C-terminal acid phosphatase-like domain binds inositol polyphosphates and negatively regulates their accumulation. The C-terminal domain reduces the amount of inositol pyrophosphates in a dose-dependent manner in vitro.
Belongs to the complex I 49 kDa subunit family.
Structural component of the gap junctions.
Potentially involved in docking of synaptic vesicles at presynaptic active zones.
Probable substrate-specific adapter of an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex which mediates the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins.
Belongs to the GLI C2H2-type zinc-finger protein family.
Expressed in intestine and gonads (at protein level).
Interacts with the MX regulatory domain of tra-2.
Isoform b is expressed abundantly in second larval (L2) stage. Isoform a is more abundant in embryos.
Only isoform a (Tra-1L), is thought to bind DNA. Zinc fingers 3, 4 and 5 are the most important for DNA binding; removal of finger 5 almost abolishes DNA binding and prevents the selection of binding sites.
Plays a major role in controlling sexual phenotype (PubMed:1339311). Terminal global regulator in a well-characterized cascade of sex-determining genes (PubMed:8367286). Promotes female development (PubMed:11124807). Interacts with tra-2 to promote spermatogenesis (PubMed:11250902). Promotes spermatogenesis through the Tip60 HAT complex and by regulating the expression of genes, such as fog-3, required for male development (By similarity). Association with chromatin and at the fog-3 promoter requires wdr-5.1, and may also require wdr-5.2 (PubMed:24682813). With trr-1, activates the fog-3 gene to determine sperm/oocyte cell fate (By similarity). In hermaphrodites, binds to an intronic regulatory site in the ceh-30 gene, preventing ceh-30 transcription and thereby preventing survival of the CEM (cephalic male) sensory neurons (PubMed:18056428). Represses the expression of the transcription factor dmd-3 in hermaphrodites to govern the timing and extent of male tail tip morphogenesis (PubMed:18550714). Plays a role in controlling the sex-specific differentiation of PHC sensory neurons and represses the development of male-specific morphological features (PubMed:28065609).
Expressed in embryos, larvae and adults (PubMed:21596899). Expression begins in multiple cells in embryos, reaching a maximum in the L1-L2 larval stages (PubMed:21596899). Expressed in the ventral nerve cord VA and VB neurons, but not in the VC neurons (PubMed:21596899).
Probable transcription factor which represses gene expression in a subset of ventral nerve cord neurons (PubMed:21596899). Involved in regulating programmed cell death and determining cell fate during development, acting in a partially redundant manner with lin-39 to repress the BH3 domain-encoding gene egl-1 in the VA and VB motor neurons (PubMed:21596899).
RNAi-mediated knockdown on a ced-3 mutant background results in ectopic egl-1 expression in posterior ventral nerve cord neurons (PubMed:21596899). RNAi-mediated knockdown on a simultaneous lin-39; ced-3 mutant background results in ectopic egl-1 expression in midbody and posterior ventral nerve cord neurons (PubMed:21596899).
Belongs to the GST superfamily. Sigma family.
Conjugation of reduced glutathione to a wide number of exogenous and endogenous hydrophobic electrophiles (By similarity). May play a role in the detoxification of reactive oxygen species produced during pathogenic bacterial infection (PubMed:22216003).
Belongs to the cation transport ATPase (P-type) (TC 3.A.3) family. Type V subfamily.
Disrupts the polyamine uptake and/or transport of the polyamine conjugate Ant-4,4 and norspermidine, a toxic structural analog of the polyamine spermidine. Intracellular levels of the natural polyamines spermidine and putrescine are as wild-type. Double knockout with either odc-1 or smd-1 (two enzymes involved in polyamine synthesis) results in a reduced brood size, delayed postembryonic development and reduced intracellular levels of spermidine. Double knockout with odc-1 results in reduced levels of the polyamine putrescine, while double knockout with smd-1 results in increased accumulation of putrescine.
Expressed in the 20 intestinal cells and in the excretory cell.
Involved in the uptake and/or transport of polyamines, probably through ATP hydrolysis. This contributes to the maintenance of intracellular polyamine levels. Polyamines are essential for cell proliferation and are implicated in cellular processes, ranging from DNA replication to apoptosis.
Not expressed in embryos, but expressed at all larval stages of development and in adults.
Component of the SET2 complex (also known as the SET1/COMPASS complex), which contains at least set-2, swd-2.1, cfp-1, rbbp-5, wdr-5.1, dpy-30 and ash-2.
Expressed in all cells of embryo. In L1 larva, it is predominantly expressed in Z2 and Z3 primordial germ cells. In adults, it is predominantly expressed in the germline.
Histone methyltransferase that specifically di- and trimethylates 'Lys-4' of histone H3 at all developmental stages and in adult germ cells (PubMed:21527717, PubMed:20555324). H3 'Lys-4' methylation represents a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional activation (PubMed:21527717). Implicated in the epigenetic inheritance of lifespan over several generations (PubMed:22012258). Acts in the germline to limit the longevity of the soma, probably by regulating a lipid metabolism pathway that signals from the germline to the intestine, thereby preventing accumulation of mono-unsaturated fatty acids (PubMed:20555324, PubMed:28379943). Methylation in the germline is required for germline development and fertility, possibly by ensuring genome stability (PubMed:21527717, PubMed:12242227). May act redundantly with mes-3 and mes-4 proteins in the development of a fertile germline (PubMed:11729150). Required for RNAi (PubMed:17967446). Functions as an antagonist of hpl-1 and hpl-2 activity in growth and somatic gonad development (PubMed:17967446). Cooperates with jmjd-3.1 and egl-27 to ensure robust transdifferentiation of the Y rectal cell to the PDA motor neuron during larval development (PubMed:25124442).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in disruption of invariant Y-to-PDA transdifferentiation (PubMed:25124442). Results in decreased trimethylation at 'Lys-4' of histone H3 (PubMed:20555324). Leads to an extension of lifespan (PubMed:20555324). Leads to a deregulation of fat metabolism and to an enrichment of mono-unsaturated fatty acids (PubMed:28379943).
Belongs to the AB hydrolase superfamily. Lipase family.
Lipase that, together with lipl-3, plays a role in the response to nutrient deprivation by controlling lipid metabolism (PubMed:23604316). Specifically, involved in the breakdown of lipids during lipophagy, a process during which lipids contained in lipid droplets that have been delivered to lysosomes by autophagy are degraded (PubMed:23604316).
Up-regulated in the intestine by fasting (PubMed:23604316). Down-regulated in response to a high-glucose diet (PubMed:29113111).
Can substitute for ems in D.melanogaster ems mutants, partially rescuing the mutant phenotype.
Earliest expression is detected in late gastrulation (at protein level). Expression is strongest in elongated embryos and early larvae.
In the anterior pharynx, expressed in the I3 interneuron, the NSM and M3 motor neuron pairs, the three m2 muscle cells and the three e2 epithelial cells (at protein level).
Mutants lacking the homeobox domain are viable and fertile but proliferate slightly more slowly than wild-type due to retarded larval development and reduced brood size. About 20% appear starved as they are shorter, thinner and paler at all stages with severely affected adults bearing only a few eggs. M3 neuron activity is decreased.
Required for activity of the M3 pharyngeal motor neuron.
Belongs to the archaeal Rpo6/eukaryotic RPB6 RNA polymerase subunit family.
Component of the RNA polymerase I (Pol I), RNA polymerase II (Pol II) and RNA polymerase III (Pol III) complexes consisting of at least 13, 12 and 17 subunits, respectively.
DNA-dependent RNA polymerases catalyze the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Common component of RNA polymerases I, II and III which synthesize ribosomal RNA precursors, mRNA precursors and many functional non-coding RNAs, and small RNAs, such as 5S rRNA and tRNAs, respectively. Pol II is the central component of the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. Pols are composed of mobile elements that move relative to each other. In Pol II, RPB6 is part of the clamp element and together with parts of RPB1 and RPB2 forms a pocket to which the RPB4-RPB7 subcomplex binds (By similarity).
Core component of the spliceosomal U1, U2, U4 and U5 small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs), the building blocks of the spliceosome.
Plays a role in pre-mRNA splicing as a core component of the spliceosomal U1, U2, U4 and U5 small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs), the building blocks of the spliceosome (By similarity).
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CMGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. CDC2/CDKX subfamily.
Interacts with cye-1 (By similarity); the interaction likely regulates cdk-2 activity and is probably required for gld-1 phosphorylation.
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes arrest at various developmental stages. The few animals reaching adulthood are sterile and have a protruding vulva (PubMed:10207147). Gonads have an abnormal mitotic zone characterized by an enlargement of the distal germ cell nuclei, a reduction in the number of mitotic germ cells, a reduction in the mitotic region length and abnormal expression of gld-1 (PubMed:21455289). Embryos have persistent ruffling throughout the cortex and mislocalization of par-2, which remains cytoplasmic, and par-6, which remains distributed throughout the cortex. In 33 percent of embryos the first division is symmetric (PubMed:17115027). Production of 2 additional distal tip cells (DTC) during larval development (PubMed:17476329). RNAi-mediated knockdown in embryos causes a slight delay in cell cycle progression (PubMed:17115027).
Serine/threonine-protein kinase which, in association with cye-1, regulates proliferation, quiescent state and cell fate during the development of several cell lineages (PubMed:17115027. PubMed:17476329). In the embryo, initiates the establishment of cell polarity through the recruitment of the centrosomal proteins spd-2 and spd-5 during prophase (PubMed:17115027). Phosphorylation and inhibition of the translational repressor gld-1 by the cdk-2/cye-1 complex regulates the pool of germline stem cells and the size of the mitotic zone in the gonads by preventing entry into meiosis (PubMed:21455289).
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. STE Ser/Thr protein kinase family. MAP kinase kinase kinase subfamily.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL22 family.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class myosin-kinesin ATPase superfamily. Kinesin family. Kinesin subfamily.
Composed of three structural domains: a large globular N-terminal domain which is responsible for the motor activity of kinesin (it hydrolyzes ATP and binds microtubule), a central alpha-helical coiled coil domain that mediates the heavy chain dimerization; and a small globular C-terminal domain which interacts with other proteins (such as the kinesin light chains), vesicles and membranous organelles.
Conditional knockout in PVD neuron results in a complete microtubule polarity reversal in the anterior dendrite (PubMed:30254025). Conditional knockout in motor neuron reduces the number of mitochondria in the axon (PubMed:30254025). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in reduced dendritic branch formation in PVD sensory neurons (PubMed:21205795). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in an altered distribution of recycling and late endosomes (PubMed:22634595). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in defects in nuclear migration in hyp7 hypodermal precursor cells (PubMed:27697906). RNAi-mediated knockdown in a dhc-1 (js319) mutant background results in defective nuclei migrations in larval hypodermal P-cells (PubMed:27697906).
Microtubule-dependent motor protein required for organelle transport (PubMed:22634595, PubMed:30254025). Plays a role in endosome transport (PubMed:22634595). Required for the transport of mitochondria along the axon of motor neurons (PubMed:30254025). Involved in the nuclear migration of hyp7 hypodermal precursor cells (PubMed:19605495, PubMed:27697906). Required for the formation of dendritic branches of PVD sensory neurons (PubMed:21205795). In non-ciliated neurons such as the PVD and PHC neurons, required for the organization of minus-end out microtubules in dendrites (PubMed:30254025). Involved in the localization of unc-33 to neurites (PubMed:16236031).
Oligomer composed of two heavy chains and two light chains.
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mL51 family.
Component of the mitochondrial ribosome large subunit (39S) which comprises a 16S rRNA and about 50 distinct proteins (By similarity).
Component of a complex consisting of at least a lin-12/Notch intracellular domain (NICD), lag-1, and lag-3 (PubMed:10830967, PubMed:16530045). Interacts with a NICD of lin-12/Notch or glp-1/Notch; the interactions are direct (PubMed:10830967, PubMed:16530045).
Expressed in the progenitor zone and the early pachytene region of the hermaphrodite gonad.
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes multiple defects, including large vulval protrusions in hermaphrodites, premature differentiation of germ cells as sperm, and embryonic arrest around the onset of morphogenesis (PubMed:10884418). RNAi-mediated knockdown causes a partial decrease in apoptosis in germ line cells, in the F1 generation, induced by gamma-irradiation (PubMed:17317671). RNAi-mediated knockdown, during treatment by gamma-irradiation, reduces the expression of the p53 target genes, ced-13 and egl-1 (PubMed:17317671).
glp-1/Notch and lin-12/Notch proteins promote signaling by recruiting lag-3 to target promoters, where it functions as a transcriptional activator, probably as part of a complex with a Notch intracellular domain (NICD) and the transcription regulator lag-1 (PubMed:10830967, PubMed:10884418, PubMed:16530045). Involved in the p53-mediated germ-cell apoptotic response to DNA damage, perhaps acting as a transcriptional activator (PubMed:17317671). May regulate phosphatase lip-1 mRNA transcription downstream of glp-1 (PubMed:16319922).
Belongs to the eIF-2B alpha/beta/delta subunits family.
Belongs to the ATP-dependent AMP-binding enzyme family.
Belongs to the mannose-6-phosphate isomerase type 1 family.
Involved in the synthesis of the GDP-mannose and dolichol-phosphate-mannose required for a number of critical mannosyl transfer reactions.
Receptor for thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). Upon ligand binding, this G-protein-coupled receptor triggers activation of the phosphatidylinositol (IP3)-calcium-protein kinase C (PKC) pathway.
Belongs to the TFIIE beta subunit family.
Recruits TFIIH to the initiation complex and stimulates the RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain kinase and DNA-dependent ATPase activities of TFIIH. Both TFIIH and TFIIE are required for promoter clearance by RNA polymerase.
Tetramer of two alpha and two beta chains.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 47 family.
Belongs to the ABC transporter superfamily. ABCA family.
Functions in the engulfment of cell corpses during embryonic programmed cell death to translocate molecules that mediate homotypic adhesion between cell surfaces of the dying and engulfing cells.
Multifunctional polypeptide with two homologous halves, each containing a hydrophobic membrane-anchoring domain and an ATP binding cassette (ABC) domain.
Ubiquitous in embryos. Expressed in larval germline precursors. Expression in larvae and adults is seen in amphid sheath cells, pharyngeal-intestinal valve and phasmid sheath cells. Low levels of expression are also seen in gonadal sheath cells.
Expressed from late embryonic stage onwards (PubMed:10550049, PubMed:16300753). Shows oscillating expression levels during larval stages, with peak levels in intermolt periods and minimal levels during ecdysis (PubMed:16300753, PubMed:20843862, PubMed:22137474, PubMed:29880558). Expressed in hypodermis, vulva, intestine, muscle, neurons and somatic gonad throughout larval development, in an oscillating pattern (PubMed:16300753, PubMed:22137474). Expressed in sex myoblasts during larval stages L1, L2 and L3, in an oscillating pattern (PubMed:16300753). Expressed in gonad distal tip cells (DTC) during the L2 and L3 stages, in an oscillating pattern (PubMed:16300753).
Expressed in the pharyngeal myoepithelium, the major body hypodermal syncytium and lateral seam cells from the mid L1 stage. Expression in the hypodermis rises and falls at the start and end of every molt, respectively.
Mutants exhibit a delay in development characterized by a strong molting defect, resulting in a prolonged L1 stage followed by an arrest in development in the L2 stage in most animals (PubMed:25319259). There is increased expression of the heterochronic miRNAs, lin-4 and miR-48, in late L1 (PubMed:25319259). In addition, there is increased expression of the heterochronic miRNA let-7 at the L3 and L4 larval stages (PubMed:29880558). Seam cell shape and connectivity is severely abnormal during the molt stages (PubMed:22137474). Animals display a precocious alae phenotype, with the early formation of either full or partial alae in the adult cuticle (PubMed:25319259, PubMed:29880558). The precocious alae phenotype is suppressed in the double lin-42 and let-7 mutant and lin-42 and miR-48 mutant (PubMed:25319259). The quadruple lin-42, miR-48, miR-241 and let-7 mutant has a retarded phenotype at L4, with many animals having few full and partial alae or none (PubMed:25319259). The number of animals displaying a squat body statue, referred to as a dumpy phenotype, is increased, the incomplete alae formation defect is rescued and increased let-7 levels are reduced in a kin-20 RNAi-mediated knockdown mutant background (PubMed:29880558). RNAi-mediated knockdown leads to a severe hypodermal phenotype, premature execution of developmental events in vulval precursor cells, DTC and sex myoblasts (PubMed:16300753). Furthermore, seam cell terminal differentiation is only partially initiated at the L4 larval stage (PubMed:15691769). RNAi-mediated knockdown increases the survival rate and partially restores alae formation of let-7 n2853 mutants at 20 degrees Celsius (PubMed:15691769).
Specifically required for maintaining the timing of larval development and molting cycle rhythms.
Transcriptional repressor which interacts with the promoter region of target genes (PubMed:25032706). Has a specific role in developmental timing where it regulates temporal expression of a number of miRNAs and mRNAs (PubMed:16300753, PubMed:25032706, PubMed:25319259, PubMed:15691769, PubMed:29880558). Controls temporal cell fate transition during embryonic and early larval development by restricting the expression of specific miRNAs, including let-7, miR-48, lin-4, miR-35 and miR-58 (PubMed:24699545, PubMed:25032706, PubMed:25319259, PubMed:15691769, PubMed:29880558). Restricts the accumulation of lin-29 in the hypodermis to the larval L4 stage, thus controlling terminal differentiation of seam cells (PubMed:10550049, PubMed:21471153). Has a role in the miRNA-mediated specification of asymmetric gene expression patterns in gustatory neurons (PubMed:25032706). May also regulate genes involved in other biological processes including transport, small molecule metabolism, and growth (PubMed:25032706). Inhibits dauer formation, by antagonizing daf-12 (PubMed:20843862).
Could be the product of a pseudogene. This sequence seems to be incomplete in both termini.
Monoubiquitination of Lys-121 gives a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional repression.
Phosphorylation on Ser-2 is enhanced during mitosis. Phosphorylation on Ser-2 directly represses transcription (By similarity).
Participates in various redox reactions through the reversible oxidation of its active center dithiol to a disulfide and catalyzes dithiol-disulfide exchange reactions.
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. They oxidize a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics.
mRNA-binding protein involved in proper cytoplasmic distribution of mitochondria.
Catalyzes the covalent attachment of ubiquitin to other proteins (By similarity). Mediates the selective degradation of short-lived and abnormal proteins (PubMed:16628214). Plays a role in the DNA damage response (PubMed:16628214). In particular, in response to ionizing radiation, associates with the E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase brc-1-brd-1 heterodimer on chromatin to activate E3-ubiquitin ligase activity of the heterodimer, and thus its DNA damage repair mechanisms (PubMed:16628214). Required, cell autonomously, for death of the linker cell, a male-specific cell which guides the elongation of the gonad; perhaps acting as part of the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) and modulated by heat shock transcription factor hsf-1 (PubMed:26952214).
Expressed at all stages of development (PubMed:8441382, PubMed:8670823). Expressed in most embryonic tissues and larval tissues at the early stages (PubMed:8670823). Highly expressed in neurons, pharynx, the hyperdermis and body muscles in L1, L2, L3 and dauer larvae (PubMed:8670823). From the L4 stage of larval development and in adults, expression is mainly restricted to the nervous system, but is also expressed in the pharynx and hyperdermis (PubMed:8670823). Expressed in the linker cell, a male-specific cell which guides the elongation of the gonad, about 1-2 hours before induction of linker cell death (PubMed:26952214).
Interacts with the brc-1-brd-1 heterodimer following ionizing irradiation.
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in reduced ubiquitination at DNA damage sites (PubMed:16628214). Inappropriate survival of male gonadal linker cell (PubMed:26952214).
Non-catalytic component of the proteasome, a multicatalytic proteinase complex which is characterized by its ability to cleave peptides with Arg, Phe, Tyr, Leu, and Glu adjacent to the leaving group at neutral or slightly basic pH. The proteasome has an ATP-dependent proteolytic activity (By similarity).
Belongs to the krueppel C2H2-type zinc-finger protein family.
Expressed in intestinal cells from larval through to adult stages (PubMed:23911329). Expressed in neurons during L1 larval stage (PubMed:29949773).
Induced by paraquat, a chemical causing production of reactive oxygen species (ROS).
RNAi-mediated knockdown on a daf-2 mutant background shortens lifespan substantially, by up to 45%, but does not alter lifespan on a daf-16 mutant or wild-type background (PubMed:23911329). Knockdown activates vitellogenesis on either lin-29, rict-1 or sgk-1 mutant backgrounds, but not on daf-2 mutants (PubMed:27401555). Reduced expression of metal transporter smf-3 on an nhr-14 mutant background (PubMed:27401555). Enhanced sensitivity to P.aeruginosa infection on an nhr-14 mutant background (PubMed:31532389).
Zinc finger transcription factor which acts as both a transcriptional activator and repressor (PubMed:23911329, PubMed:30956009). Binds to the promoters of genes that contain the 5'-CTTATCA-3' DNA consensus sequence in their regulatory region (PubMed:23911329, PubMed:31532389). Functions downstream of the Insulin/IGF-1-like signaling (IIS) mediated pathway (PubMed:23911329, PubMed:27401555). Involved in normal development, lifespan, stress response, lipid metabolism, innate immunity and exit from the developmentally arrested larval state known as dauer (PubMed:23911329, PubMed:27401555, PubMed:29949773, PubMed:31532389, PubMed:33009389). Required for stress-induced expression of hsp-90 and resistance to heat stress, perhaps as part of a systemic stress signaling pathway (PubMed:29949773). Involved in maintenance of proteostasis (PubMed:29949773). Under hypoxic stress increases lipid levels by positively regulating fatty acid synthesis via fat-7 expression (PubMed:33009389). Associates with homeobox protein ceh-60 at the promoters of some stress-responsive genes to regulate expression; may require phosphorylation for transcriptional repression activity (PubMed:30956009). Acts downstream of nhr-14 to activate transcription of intestinal metal transporter smf-3, modulating innate immunity and iron uptake (PubMed:31532389). May act downstream of the mTORC2 signaling mediated pathway (PubMed:27401555). May act in a mutually exclusive manner with the FOXO transcription factor daf-16 (PubMed:23911329, PubMed:27401555).
The branched-chain alpha-keto dehydrogenase complex catalyzes the overall conversion of alpha-keto acids to acyl-CoA and CO(2). It contains multiple copies of three enzymatic components: branched-chain alpha-keto acid decarboxylase (E1), lipoamide acyltransferase (E2) and lipoamide dehydrogenase (E3) (By similarity). Required for the production of the monomethyl branched-chain fatty acids (mmBCFAs) isopentadecanoate (C15iso) and isoheptadecanoate (C17iso) (PubMed:15340492).
The branched-chain alpha-keto dehydrogenase complex catalyzes the overall conversion of alpha-keto acids to acyl-CoA and CO(2). It contains multiple copies of three enzymatic components: branched-chain alpha-keto acid decarboxylase (E1), lipoamide acyltransferase (E2) and lipoamide dehydrogenase (E3).
JanA and janB regulate somatic sex differentiation.
Serine hydrolase involved in the detoxification of formaldehyde.
Forms a nucleosome-like histone octamer containing two molecules each of H2A, H2B, hcp-3 and H4 assembled in one hcp-3-H4 heterotetramer and two H2A-H2B heterodimers. The hcp-3-H4 heterotetramer is more compact and structurally more rigid than corresponding H3-H4 heterotetramers (By similarity). Interacts with knl-2 (PubMed:17339379). Interacts with lin-53 (PubMed:26904949).
Histone H3-like variant which exclusively replaces conventional H3 in the nucleosome core of centromeric chromatin at the inner plate of the kinetochore (PubMed:10524621). Required for recruitment and assembly of kinetochore proteins, mitotic progression and chromosome segregation (PubMed:11402065, PubMed:14522947, PubMed:16273096, PubMed:16950114, PubMed:16950115, PubMed:12080088, PubMed:15767665). May serve as an epigenetic mark that propagates centromere identity through replication and cell division (By similarity). Might promote cleavage furrow stability during cytokinesis (PubMed:23684975). Not required for chromosome segregation during meiosis (PubMed:16273096).
Present at higher lower (>95%) level than cpar-1 (at protein level).
RNAi-mediated knockdown impacts chromosome segregation leading to abnormal chromatin distribution (PubMed:16950114, PubMed:17339379). Disrupts mel-28 localization to kinetochores (PubMed:16950115). Leads to cleavage furrow regression and failed cytokinesis during the second embryonic division (PubMed:23684975). RNAi-mediated knockdown abolishes the localization of hcp-6 at the centromeres of mitotic chromosomes (PubMed:12080088).
Belongs to the TFIIE alpha subunit family.
Divalent metal cations. Prefers magnesium or manganese.
Belongs to the vinculin/alpha-catenin family.
Expressed in gonadal sheath cells and the spermatheca (PubMed:17326220). Expressed in body wall muscles (PubMed:20385102).
Involved in cell adhesion (PubMed:20385102). May be involved in the attachment of the actin-based microfilaments to the plasma membrane (PubMed:17326220, PubMed:31411810). Involved in ovulation (PubMed:17326220).
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes an accumulation in the proximal gonad of endomitotic mature oocytes in 30 percent of animals (PubMed:17326220). RNAi-mediated knockdown disrupts the assembly of actin into myofibrils, and furthermore reduces the co-localization of ketn-1 and actin in early embryos (PubMed:31411810).
Calcium-selective channel required to prevent calcium stores from overfilling.
Acts as a negative regulator of cortical contractions during early embryonic cell division, possibly by regulating rho-1-dependent actomyosin contractility (PubMed:23064028). Plays a role in polarity establishment in early embryos by regulating the size of the anterior and posterior cortex in the first asymmetric cell division (PubMed:23064028). Might play a role in cell cycle progression (PubMed:23064028). In the germline, involved in the regulation of meiotic progression during oogenesis, possibly by modulating the timing of mpk-1 activation (PubMed:26510792). Plays a role in meiotic recombination events (PubMed:26510792). Involved in pharyngeal pumping (PubMed:11733138).
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family. STE20 subfamily.
Expressed during embryogenesis (PubMed:23064028). Expressed in adults (PubMed:11733138).
Expressed in the pharynx, including the pharyngeal muscle of the metacorpus, the isthmus, and the terminal bulb; in the intestine, including the pharyngeointestinal valve between the pharynx and the intestine, a structure near the anus likely to be the anal sphincter and the excretory cell and in several ring neurons.
RNAi-mediated knockdown leads to embryonic lethality (PubMed:23064028). Increased and prolonged cortical contractility leading to a more persistent pseudocleavage in surviving embryos (PubMed:23064028). Decrease in rho-1 anterior cortex localization and increase in posterior cortex localization, leading to a loss of asymmetric rho-1 cortex localization during early embryonic cell division (PubMed:23064028). Increased cortical nmy-2 network between the foci, suggesting that the enhanced contractions are due to increased actomyosin contractility (PubMed:23064028). Reduction in the size of the anterior cortex and increase in the size of the posterior cortex during polarity establishment in the early embryo (PubMed:23064028). Leads to a delay in embryonic cell cycle progression (PubMed:23064028). Double RNAi-mediated knockdown with rho-1 results in loss of cortical contractility (PubMed:23064028).
Belongs to the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase family.
There are four nearly identical glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenases in Caenorhabditis elegans.
Alpha-N-methyltransferase that methylates the N-terminus of target proteins containing the N-terminal motif [Ala/Pro/Ser]-Pro-Lys when the initiator Met is cleaved. Specifically catalyzes mono-, di- or tri-methylation of exposed alpha-amino group of Ala or Ser residue in the [Ala/Ser]-Pro-Lys motif and mono- or di-methylation of Pro in the Pro-Pro-Lys motif.
Belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily. NTM1 family.
Expressed in uterine cells and PVT neurons of the tail.
Belongs to the amino acid-polyamine-organocation (APC) superfamily. Cationic amino acid transporter (CAT) (TC 2.A.3.3) family.
Component of a multi-subunit COQ enzyme complex.
FAD-dependent monooxygenase required for the C5-ring hydroxylation during ubiquinone biosynthesis. Catalyzes the hydroxylation of 3-polyprenyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid to 3-polyprenyl-4,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid. The electrons required for the hydroxylation reaction may be funneled indirectly from NADPH via a ferredoxin/ferredoxin reductase system to COQ6.
This protein may be expected to contain an N-terminal transit peptide but none has been predicted.
Decreased response to nose touch, but normal motor and sensory behaviors and normal levels of glutamate receptor glr-1 (PubMed:33665029). Small but significant decrease in response to high osmolarity (PubMed:33665029). Decreased reversal responses to direct stimulation of the polymodal sensory neuron ASH as compared to wild type (PubMed:33665029). Defects in male mating behavior; reduced efficiency in locating vulva of partner (PubMed:27144354). Alterations in AVG interneuron synaptic wiring in a dmd-5 mutant background (PubMed:27144354).
Dimorphically expressed in the dimorphically connected interneuron AVG; expression is observed in the AVG in males, but not in hermaphrodites.
Transcription factor (By similarity). Plays a role in neuronal signaling in polymodal sensory neuron ASH, downstream of sensory receptor activation (PubMed:33665029). Required for maintenance of AVG synapses (PubMed:27144354).
Activated by phosphorylation on threonine and tyrosine. Inhibited by pyridinyl-imidazole related compounds.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CMGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. MAP kinase subfamily.
Dually phosphorylated on Thr-222 and Tyr-224, which activates the enzyme.
Responds to activation by environmental stress and pro-inflammatory cytokines by phosphorylating downstream targets.
The TXY motif contains the threonine and tyrosine residues whose phosphorylation activates the MAP kinases.
Component of the DRM complex, at least composed of lin-9, lin-35, lin-37, lin-52, lin-53, lin-54- dpl-1 and efl-1 (PubMed:17075059). Interacts with zft-11; the interaction is required to suppress the activation of non-neuronal genes in neurons (PubMed:31386623).
Decreased protein levels of DRM complex components including lin-37, lin-52 and lin-54 (PubMed:17075059). Double knockout with the programmed cell death regulator mcd-1 results in 100% lethality during the L1 stage of larval development (PubMed:17237514). RNAi-mediated knockdown in a ced-1 mutant background results in reduced somatic cell apoptosis (PubMed:27650246).
Synthetic multivulva class B (synMuvB) protein (PubMed:16678779, PubMed:17075059). SynMuvB proteins are required to repress the induction of vulval development by Ras signaling and probably act by forming the multiprotein DRM complex that represses transcription (PubMed:17075059). Required for the development of sheath cells in the hermaphrodite gonad and for the development of the male spicule, rays and gonad (PubMed:10974557). In association with the zinc finger protein ztf-11, negatively regulates the expression of non-neuronal genes during neurogenesis (PubMed:31386623).
Belongs to the peptidase S8 family. Furin subfamily.
Probable serine endoprotease which cleaves preproteins at paired basic amino acids (PubMed:16945111). May process FMRFamide-like (flp) and neuropeptide-like protein (nlp) neuropeptides (PubMed:16945111). In muscles, involved in neuronal retrograde signaling by regulating presynaptic activity and localization of synaptic vesicle fusion protein unc-13 at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) (PubMed:11804572). Acts in the intestine to regulate anterior body muscle contractions (aBOC) and the expulsion steps during the defecation motor program (DMP) (PubMed:2323555, PubMed:11804572, PubMed:18852466, PubMed:25849533). Probably by regulating DMP, required for fatty acid uptake by intestinal cells and therefore regulates the levels of triglycerides in the intestine (PubMed:25849533). Plays a role in locomotion (PubMed:11804572).
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes a reduction in fatty acid uptake (PubMed:25849533). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the intestine causes a severe defect in the expulsion step of the defecation cycle (PubMed:18852466).
Expressed in migrating distal tip cells throughout larval development (at protein level).
Expressed in pharynx, intestine, vulva and spermatheca (at protein level).
Plays a role in pre-mRNA splicing by facilitating excision of a subset of introns (By similarity). Plays a role during early embryonic development (PubMed:20188721). Required for the distal tip cell migration at the end of larval development and for gonad morphogenesis (PubMed:20188721).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in reduced fertility and in high levels of embryonic lethality with none of the unhatched embryos reaching the comma stage of development (PubMed:10571178). Among the 40% of embryos that hatch, 98% reach adulthood, but have a reduced brood size, and the remaining 2% do not survive beyond the L1 larval stage (PubMed:10571178). Surviving adults have defects in vulval development, whereby 3-5% have a protruding vulva (Pvl) phenotype and 1% have a multivulva (Mvl) phenotype (PubMed:10571178). Occasionally, some adults have one missing gonadal arm, but many adults have defects in the organization of the proximal arm of the gonad, which are filled with smaller cells instead of full sized oocytes (PubMed:10571178). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in reduced plasma membrane localization and increased intracellular accumulation of let-23 in vulval precursor cells P6.p and their descendants (PubMed:32053105). RNAi-mediated knockdown does not affect the membrane localization of lin-12, lin-18 or pat-3 (PubMed:32053105). RNAi-mediated knockdown in vulval precursor cells results in the intracellular accumulation of let-23 in 31% of cases (PubMed:32053105).
Regulates centrosome duplication (By similarity). Controls the secretion of the tyrosine kinase receptor let-23/EGFR from the endoplasmic reticulum and is required for the localization of let-23/EGFR to the plasma membrane of vulval precursor cells (PubMed:32053105). It thus plays a role in positively regulating let/EGFR signaling, and anchor cell and vulval precursor cell alignment (PubMed:32053105). Plays a role in vulval development and morphogenesis (PubMed:10571178, PubMed:32053105).
Expressed highly during embryogenesis. Expressed in the endoderm in cells of the gut lineage beginning at the 2E cell stage (endodermal cell stage) of embryogenesis through to adulthood.
No obvious phenotype (PubMed:20807527). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in no obvious phenotype (PubMed:18448117). Following infection with P.aeruginosa, RNAi-mediated knockdown results in reduced survival and slight intestinal distension (PubMed:21168435). Double mutation with elt-2 results in arrest at the L1 stage of larval development, reduced expression of gut-specific genes and a severe disruption to normal gut differentiation with the absence of birefringent and rhabditin granules, which are characteristic of normal gut differentiation, largely at the regions of the cell that interface with the pharyngeal and rectal valves (PubMed:20807527). These mutants also have essentially no gut lumen, with only infrequent patches of lumen and brush border in few animals, and reduced gut epithelialization as indicated by reduced expression of epithelial markers erm-1b, itx-1 and ajm-1 (PubMed:20807527).
Transcriptional activator that binds to the consensus sequence 5'-[AT]GATA[AG]-3' (PubMed:26700680). Required for gut-specific differentiation, specifically acting with the GATA region-binding transcription factor elt-2 to control normal gene expression and promote normal formation of the intestine (PubMed:20807527, PubMed:24257624). May have a protective role in response to infection by Gram-negative bacteria such as P.aeruginosa (PubMed:21168435).
Belongs to the FARP (FMRFamide related peptide) family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS1 family.
Component of the small ribosomal subunit. Mature ribosomes consist of a small (40S) and a large (60S) subunit. The 40S subunit contains about 33 different proteins and 1 molecule of RNA (18S). The 60S subunit contains about 49 different proteins and 3 molecules of RNA (28S, 5.8S and 5S).
Belongs to the eukaryotic ATPase epsilon family.
F-type ATPases have 2 components, CF(1) - the catalytic core - and CF(0) - the membrane proton channel. CF(1) has five subunits: alpha(3), beta(3), gamma(1), delta(1), epsilon(1). CF(0) seems to have nine subunits: a, b, c, d, e, f, g, F6 and 8 (or A6L) (By similarity).
Mitochondrial membrane ATP synthase (F(1)F(0) ATP synthase or Complex V) produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane which is generated by electron transport complexes of the respiratory chain. F-type ATPases consist of two structural domains, F(1) - containing the extramembraneous catalytic core, and F(0) - containing the membrane proton channel, linked together by a central stalk and a peripheral stalk. During catalysis, ATP synthesis in the catalytic domain of F(1) is coupled via a rotary mechanism of the central stalk subunits to proton translocation. Part of the complex F(1) domain and of the central stalk which is part of the complex rotary element. Rotation of the central stalk against the surrounding alpha(3)beta(3) subunits leads to hydrolysis of ATP in three separate catalytic sites on the beta subunits.
Defects in nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD).
Involved in nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) of mRNAs containing premature stop codons.
Involved in nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) of mRNAs containing premature stop codons. Probable component of kinase complex containing smg-1 and recruited to stalled ribosomes.
Puf-6 and puf-7 are >98% identical on both nucleotide and protein sequence level. Experimental approaches often do not distinguish between the two genes, which are collectively referred to as puf6/7 and are considered to be functionally redundant.
RNA-binding protein that binds to the consensus sequence 5'-CUCUGUAUCUUGU-3' in mRNA 3'-UTRs and modulates mRNA expression and stability. Functions redundantly with puf-5 and puf-6 in oocyte formation and organization, early embryonic cell divisions, and repression of expression of glp-1 and other maternal mRNAs in late oogenesis.
Simultaneous knockdown of puf-6 and puf-7 results in ectopic primordial germ cells (PGCs) outside the somatic gonads, premature PGC proliferation in L1 larvae and germ cell death. Does not affect germline development in adult hermaphrodites. Disruption with puf-5 and puf-6 results in abnormally small oocytes, disorganization of oocyte nuclei and cells, inefficient yolk uptake by oocytes, embryonic arrest with impaired eggshell formation and cytokinesis defects, impaired repression of glp-1 in late oogenesis, and mislocalization of rme-2 to the cytoplasm instead of the plasma membrane.
Protein of the nuclear speckles that regulates RNA exosomal degradation (By similarity). Involved in short interfering RNAs-mediated silencing in nuclei (PubMed:20543824). Functions with nrde-3 in the nuclear RNA-mediated gene silencing (RNAi) pathway to regulate gene expression via inhibition of RNA polymerase II during the elongation phase of transcription (PubMed:20543824). Required for exogenous RNAi-induced H3K27 methylation (PubMed:26365259).
Probable essential component of SCF (SKP1-CUL1-F-box protein) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complexes, which mediate the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins. Regulates cell proliferation during embryonic and larval development.
Defects in nonsense-mediated decay (NMD).
In hermaphrodites, expressed in all premotor and motor neurons, and in tail neurons (PubMed:26156999). In males, expressed in the anal depressor, gubernacular erector, gubernacular retractor and anterior oblique muscles, SPC, PCA, PCB, HOA, ray, head ganglion and ventral cord neurons (PubMed:26156999).
Present in all developmental stages but most abundant in L1-L3 larvae.
Restores pharyngeal pumping but not impaired locomotion in 33 percent of animals overexpressing lin-3.
Structural component of the gap junctions (By similarity). Required for coordinated locomotion (PubMed:7681023). Probably by regulating neuronal transmission downstream of lin-3 and receptor lin-23 and phospholipase plc-3 in ALA neurons, involved in the decrease in pharyngeal pumping during the quiescent state that precedes each larval molt (PubMed:17891142). Plays a role in regulating male mating behavior by positively regulating inhibitory neuronal signaling transduction between chemosensory and mechanosensory neurons, and thus ensuring spicule insertion attempts are confined to the hermaphrodite vulva during copulation (PubMed:26156999).
Deletion of several nucleotides that changes the frame.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 63 family.
Cleaves the distal alpha 1,2-linked glucose residue from the Glc(3)Man(9)GlcNAc(2) oligosaccharide precursor highly specifically.
RNAi-mediated knockdown reduces lifespan to less than half of that of controls. Reduced paucimannose and complex-type glycans and increased glucosylated oligomannose glycans and fucosylated N-glycans. Chronic endoplasmic reticulum stress response is believed to be due to the accumulation of triglucosylated free oligosaccharides as a result of impaired glycan processing.
Belongs to the calycin superfamily. Fatty-acid binding protein (FABP) family.
Forms a beta-barrel structure that accommodates hydrophobic ligands in its interior.
May play a role in sequestering potentially toxic fatty acids and their peroxidation products, or it may be involved in the maintenance of the impermeable lipid layer of the eggshell.
Abnormal localization of synaptic vesicle components and active zone proteins in the cell body and in the dentrite of DA9 motor neuron (PubMed:20510931). In L4 mutants, incomplete elimination of ventral rab-3-positive synaptic vesicles and small reduction in the formation of dorsal rab-3-positive synaptic vesicles in DD motor neurons, although formation of ventral synapses at the L1 stage is normal (PubMed:21609829). No other phenotype except a slightly smaller progeny size (PubMed:20510931).
In association with pct-1, regulates the trafficking of synaptic vesicle precursors in DA motor neurons by promoting anterograde trafficking to the axon and preventing dynein-dependent trafficking to the dendrite. May also regulate synaptic vesicle trafficking in DD motor neurons and in RIA interneurons (PubMed:20510931). Involved in synapse formation during DD motor neuron remodeling by disassembling ventral presynaptic structures (PubMed:21609829). May activate cdk-5 (PubMed:20510931).
Interacts with pct-1; the interaction is required to activate pct-1.
Activated by threonine and tyrosine phosphorylation.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family. MAP kinase subfamily.
Involved in cuticle formation and ensures cuticle shedding during larval development (PubMed:19357781). Plays a role in maintaining the hypodermis (PubMed:19357781). In association with vps-39, may play a role in vesicle tethering (PubMed:19357781).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in a squat body statue referred to as a dumpy phenotype, uncoordinated movements, and while animals can move in a sinusoidal manner, they cannot progress forward or backward, (referred to as a skiddy phenotype) (PubMed:19357781). Animals also display cuticle formation defects where the cuticle blisters at the point where the outer layers dissociate from the body, and furthermore the cuticle fails to shed and wraps tightly around the body (PubMed:19357781). In 10% of animals, the cuticle tapers in the posterior region of the body (PubMed:19357781). RNAi-mediated knockdown also results the formation of vesicle-like structures in the hypodermis, thickening of the hypodermis and in its degeneration, and as a consequence as hermaphrodites reach gravidity, the vulva protrudes and eventually ruptures, leading to death (PubMed:19357781). In addition, animals display seam cell fusion and function defects resulting from bifurcation of alae (PubMed:19357781). RNAi-mediated knockdown in males results in sensory ray defects where the rays fail to fully extend, and a reduced sized cuticular fan (PubMed:19357781).
Temporally expressed in embryos and larvae (PubMed:19357781). Expression peaks prior to each larval molt (PubMed:19357781). In L4 larvae, expressed in the hypodermis, in the vulval and anal epithelium, in the excretory pore, the seam cells and at the seam cell boundary (PubMed:19357781). Not expressed in adults (PubMed:19357781).
Expressed in the intestine of adult hermaphrodites.
High sequence similarity with other vitellogenin genes means that assigning functions to individual proteins is difficult; authors sometimes refer to VITs or vitellogenins.
Precursor of the egg-yolk proteins that are sources of nutrients during embryonic development (Probable). Together with other vitellogenins, may play a role in modulating life-span, acting via induction of autophagy and lysosomal lipolysis (PubMed:26671266).
Simultaneous RNAi-mediated knockdown of vitellogenins vit-1, vit-2, vit-3, vit-4 and vit-5 increases life span, causes accumulation of neutral lipid and an increase in lgg-1 foci in the proximal intestine; however, does not affect fertility or pharyngeal pumping rates (PubMed:26671266). Expression of transcription factors pha-4 and daf-16 are increased (PubMed:26671266).
Belongs to the SWEET sugar transporter family.
Mediates both low-affinity uptake and efflux of sugar across the membrane.
In the 1-cell embryo, probably together with gpr-2, controls nuclear rotation and spindle elongation during mitosis (PubMed:14534135). Complex of gpr-1 and gpr-2, in association with lin-5, activates G-protein signaling to affect mitotic spindle force (PubMed:12730122). Polarity determinants (par genes) may regulate lin-5/gpr-1/gpr-2/goa-1 locally to create the asymmetric forces that drive spindle movement (PubMed:12730122).
Interacts with gpr-1, lin-5 and GDP-bound goa-1.
Putative variant histone H3 which may replace conventional H3 in a subset of nucleosomes. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling (By similarity).
The nucleosome is a histone octamer containing two molecules each of H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assembled in one H3-H4 heterotetramer and two H2A-H2B heterodimers. The octamer wraps approximately 147 bp of DNA (By similarity).
Worms exhibit slow postembryonic growth.
Expressed in head and body wall muscles, IL2, ASG, ASI, ASJ, PHA and PHB sensory neurons, and spermatheca.
Pore-forming subunit of a voltage-gated ion channel. Permeable to monovalent cations, divalent cations and anions with selectivity Ca(2+) > Mg(2+) > Na(+) = K(+) > Cl(-). Acts both as a voltage-gated and calcium-activated ion channel. Required for normal locomotion.
Uncoordinated locomotion with mutants showing reduced forward velocity, muscle force and power production.
Involved in nucleolar processing of pre-18S ribosomal RNA.
Belongs to the carotenoid oxygenase family.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 25 family.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL27 family.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DEAH subfamily. DDX15/PRP43 sub-subfamily.
Pre-mRNA processing factor involved in disassembly of spliceosomes after the release of mature mRNA.
Expressed from the 3-fold embryonic stage to young adult and at the larval stage in hypodermal and intestinal cells.
May play a role in processing or organization of cuticle collagen proteins, including rol-6 and col-19.
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in a slightly shorter and stouter body.
The ShKT and Thr-rich domains are required for body morphogenesis.
Belongs to the acid sphingomyelinase family.
Preferentially expressed in postembryonic development.
Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase (sphingomyelinase) that converts sphingomyelin (N-acyl-sphingoid-1-phosphocholine) to ceramide (N-acyl-sphingoid base) and phosphocholine at acidic pH. Displays its enzymatic activity when secreted. May play distinct roles in signaling.
There are two types of sphingomyelinases: asm (acid), and nsm (neutral). Only acid sphingomyelinases have been found in worms.
Belongs to the DHHC palmitoyltransferase family.
The DHHC domain is required for palmitoyltransferase activity.
Belongs to the strictosidine synthase family.
Belongs to the carbon-nitrogen hydrolase superfamily. Nitrilase family.
Catalyzes the exchange of ADP and ATP across the membrane.
Although it shares weak sequence similarity with GTF2B/TFIIB, displays a similar subdomain organization as GTF2B/TFIIB, with a N-terminal zinc finger, a connecting region (composed of B-reader and B-linker regions), followed by 2 cyclin folds.
Component of RNA polymerase I core factor complex that acts as a GTF2B/TFIIB-like factor and plays a key role in multiple steps during transcription initiation such as pre-initiation complex (PIC) assembly and postpolymerase recruitment events in polymerase I (Pol I) transcription. Binds rDNA promoters and plays a role in Pol I recruitment (By similarity).
Component of the DRM complex, at least composed of lin-9, lin-35, lin-37, lin-52, lin-53, lin-54- dpl-1 and efl-1.
Decreased protein levels of DRM complex components including lin-9 and lin-52 (PubMed:17075059). Double knockout with the programmed cell death regulator mcd-1 results in 100% lethality during the L1 stage of larval development (PubMed:17237514). RNAi-mediated knockdown in a ced-1 mutant background results in reduced somatic cell apoptosis (PubMed:27650246).
Synthetic multivulva class B (synMuvB) protein. SynMuvB proteins are required to repress the induction of vulval development by Ras signaling and probably act by forming the multiprotein DRM complex that repress transcription.
The CRC domain mediates DNA-binding. It contains two CXC subdomains (joined by a flexible linker) which are both required for efficient association with target DNA. Each CXC subdomain coordinates three Zn(2+) ions.
Widely expressed. Present in most cells from the embryo through the adulthood.
Cystine/H(+) symporter that mediates export of cystine, the oxidized dimer of cysteine, from lysosomes (By similarity). May play a role in the degradation of engulfed apoptotic cells (PubMed:18351800).
Belongs to the bZIP family. C/EBP subfamily.
RNAi-mediated knockdown decreases survival upon infection with P.aeruginosa.
Transcription factor that binds to the promoter and the enhancer regions of target genes (By similarity). Involved in responding to mitochondrial damage (PubMed:28662060). Has a protective role in response to infection by the Gram-negative bacterium P.aeruginosa (PubMed:28662060).
Part of the SNAPc complex composed of 5 subunits: SNAPC1, SNAPC2, SNAPC3, SNAPC4 and SNAPC5. SNAPC3 interacts with SNAPC1.
Part of the SNAPc complex required for the transcription of both RNA polymerase II and III small-nuclear RNA genes. Binds to the proximal sequence element (PSE), a non-TATA-box basal promoter element common to these 2 types of genes. Recruits TBP and BRF2 to the U6 snRNA TATA box.
May associate with G-protein coupled receptors and regulate downstream signaling pathways.
Component of a non-voltage-gated amiloride-sensitive cation channel complex (also called the degenerin channel complex) composed of at least the mec-2, mec-4, mec-6 and mec-10 subunits; the complex mediates mechanotransduction in touch cells (PubMed:12478294). Interacts with mec-2, mec-4 and mec-10 (PubMed:12478294).
Expressed in neurons including the six touch receptors, ventral cord motor neurons, HSN, PVD, PVC, IL1, and several neurons near the nerve ring, in the anal ganglion and in the male tail sensory rays, in muscles including the body wall, vulval, intestinal, anal depressor and sphincter muscles, and in the excretory canal.
Subunit of an amiloride-sensitive cation channel (degenerin channel complex) permeable for sodium, potassium, lithium and N-methylglucamine, and required for mechanosensory transduction (touch sensitivity) (PubMed:12478294). Interacts with degenerin channel proteins and stabilizes the channel (PubMed:12478294). Plays a role in mechanosensory transduction (touch sensitivity) (PubMed:12478294, PubMed:12385749).
Delay in the timing of the reproductive peak of egg-laying.
Expressed in the interneurons BDUL/R, AVG, AIML/R, RIS, AVD and PVT, the chemosensory neuron pairs PHA and PHB, the motor neurons RID and RIML/R, the sensory neurons AQR and PQR, and in the PVPL/R interneurons (PubMed:19686386). Also expressed in rectal gland cells rectD and rectVL/R, the intestino-rectal valve cells virL/R and three posterior arcade cells in the head (PubMed:19686386).
Probable ligand of isoforms a and b of the calcitonin receptor-like protein, pdfr-1, a G-protein coupled receptor (PubMed:18390545). May not signal through isoform c of pdfr-1 (PubMed:18390545). Involved in locomotion; may play a role in circadian rhythms of locomotor activity (PubMed:18390545, PubMed:22579613, PubMed:26113231). Modulator of egg-laying (PubMed:22579613).
Expressed from embryo to adult in the pharynx and intestine.
Orphan nuclear hormone receptor (PubMed:23935515). Required for metabolic and physiologic responses associated with dietary-restriction-induced longevity (PubMed:23935515). Modulates triglyceride and lipid metabolism and autophagy, associated with dietary-restriction, probably acting via regulation of transcription of target genes (PubMed:23935515).
RNAi-mediated knockdown suppresses the longevity caused by an eat-2 mutant background.
Widely expressed at a low level in many tissues including the pharynx, sensory neurons, intestine, spermatheca, hypodermis, and excretory cell.
Belongs to the tetraspanin (TM4SF) family.
Belongs to the adenylosuccinate synthetase family.
Plays an important role in the de novo pathway and in the salvage pathway of purine nucleotide biosynthesis. Catalyzes the first committed step in the biosynthesis of AMP from IMP.
Enriched in embryos, where it localizes predominantly to cortical regions and the cytokinetic furrow in telophase.
RNAi-mediated knockdown of the protein causes 100% embryonic lethality. Abnormal polar body extrusion with large and unstable polar bodies that often fuse with the oocyte. Failure of contractile ring to transform from a disk to a tube during meiosis. Ventral enclosure defects and failure of neuroblasts to complete cytokinesis. Aberrant microtubule-directed cortical myosin polarization.
Required for contractile events in embryos that occur prior to mitosis, such as cortical ruffling and pseudocleavage. Promotes membrane ruffling by organizing cortical patches of septins and myosin II. Not generally required for cytokinesis in mitotic cells. Required for the asymmetric cleavage events that extrude the two polar bodies during oocyte meiosis. Not required for meiotic contractile ring assembly, initiation or closure but is required for the transformation of the contractile ring from a disk above the spindle to a tube around the spindle midzone. Promotes astral microtubule-directed cortical myosin polarization and cleavage furrow ingression. Regulates neuroblast cytokinesis during mid- to late-embryogenesis and is required for ventral enclosure.
Strongly expressed in dividing neuroblasts under the ventral epidermal cells during ventral enclosure.
Component of the conserved oligomeric Golgi complex which is composed of eight different subunits and is required for normal Golgi morphology and localization.
Double knockout with rpt-5 RNAi results in failed expression of the proteasomal subunit rpt-3.
Inhibited by Zn(2+) and z-VAD-fmk (caspase inhibitor) but unaffected by EDTA.
Specifically deglycosylates the denatured form of N-linked glycoproteins in the cytoplasm and assists their proteasome-mediated degradation (PubMed:17509531, PubMed:17522090). Cleaves the beta-aspartyl-glucosamine (GlcNAc) of the glycan and the amide side chain of Asn, converting Asn to Asp (PubMed:17522090). Prefers proteins containing high-mannose over those bearing complex type oligosaccharides (PubMed:17522090). Can recognize misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum that are exported to the cytosol to be destroyed and deglycosylate them, while it has no activity toward native proteins (PubMed:17509531). Deglycosylation is a prerequisite for subsequent proteasome-mediated degradation of some, but not all, misfolded glycoproteins (PubMed:17509531). Also displays oxidoreductase (thioredoxin) activity (PubMed:17509531, PubMed:17522090). Involved in regulating the expression of proteasomal subunits such as rpt-3 in order to confer resistance to proteasomal dysfunction (PubMed:27528192).
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the phosphoglycerate mutase family.
Belongs to the GST superfamily. Pi family.
Conjugation of reduced glutathione to a wide number of exogenous and endogenous hydrophobic electrophiles.
Low level expression from embryos at comma stage to adult; maximal level in dauer larvae.
Nematode cuticles are composed largely of collagen-like proteins. The cuticle functions both as an exoskeleton and as a barrier to protect the worm from its environment.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 31 family.
Catalyzes the conversion of inosine 5'-phosphate (IMP) to xanthosine 5'-phosphate (XMP), the first committed and rate-limiting step in the de novo synthesis of guanine nucleotides, and therefore plays an important role in the regulation of cell growth.
Mycophenolic acid (MPA) is a non-competitive inhibitor that prevents formation of the closed enzyme conformation by binding to the same site as the amobile flap. In contrast, mizoribine monophosphate (MZP) is a competitive inhibitor that induces the closed conformation. MPA is a potent inhibitor of mammalian IMPDHs but a poor inhibitor of the bacterial enzymes. MZP is a more potent inhibitor of bacterial IMPDH.
Belongs to the flavoprotein pyridine nucleotide cytochrome reductase family.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class TrmE-Era-EngA-EngB-Septin-like GTPase superfamily. Septin GTPase family.
Component of the ribosome quality control complex (RQC), composed of at least the E3 ubiquitin ligase ltn1 and nemf. The complex probably also contains tcf25 as well as vcp/p97 and its ubiquitin-binding cofactors. RQC forms a stable complex with 60S ribosomal subunits.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase. Component of the ribosome quality control complex (RQC), a ribosome-associated complex that mediates ubiquitination and extraction of incompletely synthesized nascent chains for proteasomal degradation. Ubiquitination leads to vcp/p97 recruitment for extraction and degradation of the incomplete translation product.
Component of the IFT complex B composed of at least che-2, che-13, dyf-1, dyf-3, dyf-6, dyf-11, dyf-13, ift-20, ift-74, ift-81, ifta-2, osm-1, osm-5 and osm-6.
Component of the intraflagellar transport (IFT) complex B required for transport of proteins in the motile cilium (PubMed:28479320). May be required for ciliary entrance and transport of specific ciliary cargo proteins such as che-3 which are related to motility (PubMed:28479320). Required for the maintenance and formation of chemosensory cilia that detect chemosensory cues (PubMed:10545497).
Expressed in amphid and phasmid chemosensory neurons, where it appears to concentrate at the base of the transition zones, which correspond to the basal bodies of motile and sensory cilia. Moves in the retrograde direction along cilia and dendrites, suggesting that it is retrieved from the distal endings of the cilia by a retrograde transport pathway that moves it along cilia and then dendrites, back to the neuronal cell body.
Worms display defects in ciliary structure resulting in defects in ability and osmotic avoidance behavior.
Belongs to the Ca(2+):cation antiporter (CaCA) (TC 2.A.19) family. SLC8 subfamily.
GlcNAcylation at Ser-110 promotes monoubiquitination of Lys-118. It fluctuates in response to extracellular glucose, and associates with transcribed genes (By similarity).
Monoubiquitination of Lys-118 gives a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional activation and is also prerequisite for histone H3 'Lys-4' and 'Lys-79' methylation.
Functions as an E3-type smo-1 ligase (PubMed:15654100, PubMed:16701625, PubMed:16549501, PubMed:25475837). Mediates smo-1 conjugation to air-2 in vitro and is required for proper chromosome alignment (PubMed:25475837). In the early embryo, specifically suppresses checkpoint activation in response to DNA damage, maybe by promoting mus-101 sumoylation (PubMed:15654100). In embryos, plays a role in determining telomere localization in the nucleus (PubMed:24297748).
RNAi-mediated knockdown abolishes metaphase and spindle midzone-specific smo-1 conjugation during the first embryonic mitotic division. RNAi-mediated knockdown disrupts the anchoring of telomeres to the nuclear envelope in embryos, but not in muscle nuclei (PubMed:24297748). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in ectopic tbx-2 expression in seam cells, the gut and in the syncytial hypodermis (PubMed:25873636).
Autophosphorylated on tyrosine residues.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Tyr protein kinase family. Insulin receptor subfamily.
Expressed in some neurons in head and tail, some motoneurons in ventral nerve cord, in PVP interneurons, seam cells, rectal gland cells, vulva cells and some non-neuronal cells in the tail (PubMed:23147028). Expressed in D-type motor neurons (PubMed:27984580).
Expression begins during late gastrulation in seam cells and in few head neurons.
N-glycosylation at Asn-141 is required for axon regeneration after injury but is dispensable for kinase activity and axon localization.
Tyrosine-protein kinase receptor which, together with ddr-1, is involved in axon guidance to establish the tracts for the ventral and dorsal nerve cords during nervous system development (PubMed:23147028). Acts upstream of the adapter shc-1, and the tyrosine kinase receptors svh-1 and svh-2 to regulate axon regeneration following injury in D-type motor neurons (PubMed:27984580, PubMed:31371405). May mediate axon regeneration in association with the collagen emb-9 (PubMed:27984580).
Viable. Normal morphology of D-type motor neurons, but 24 hours following injury of D-type motor neurons there is reduced axon regeneration. Double knockout with ddr-1 results in a more enhanced axon regeneration defect of D-type motor neurons as compared to the svh-4 and ddr-1 single mutants.
Component of the biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles complex-1 (BLOC-1) composed at least of blos-1, blos-2, blos-4, dsbn-1, glo-2, mutd-1 and snpn-1. Interacts with dsbn-1.
Component of the biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles complex-1 (BLOC-1) involved in gut granule biogenesis.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CAMK Ser/Thr protein kinase family.
Expressed in body-wall, pharyngeal muscles and a few muscle cells of the tail (at protein level) (PubMed:8603916, PubMed:18337465, PubMed:19244614, PubMed:22621901, PubMed:22768340, PubMed:23283987, PubMed:27009202). Expressed in gonadal myoepithelial sheath cells (at protein level) (PubMed:17326220). Isoform c: Expressed in body wall and vulval muscles but not in pharyngeal muscles (PubMed:15313609). Isoform d: Specifically expressed in vulval, intestinal, anal depressor and anal sphincter muscles (PubMed:15313609).
Expressed in embryos (PubMed:23283987). Isoform a: Expressed in embryo, throughout larval development and in adults (PubMed:15313609). Isoform b: Expressed in embryo, throughout larval development and in adults and is one of the most abundant (PubMed:15313609). Isoform c: Expressed in embryo, throughout larval development and in adults and is one of the most abundant (PubMed:15313609). Isoform d: Expressed in embryo, throughout larval development and in adults (PubMed:15313609).
In contrast to obscurins in other species, unlikely to have serine/threonine kinase activity as both protein kinase domains are predicted to be catalytically inactive. The Lys residue involved in ATP binding is not conserved in both kinase domains.
May interact (via fibronectin type-III domain 1, Ig-like C2-type domain 48/49 and protein kinase domain 1 or C-terminus of the interkinase region) with lim-9 (via LIM zinc-binding domain) (PubMed:19244614). May interact (via fibronectin type-III domain 1, Ig-like C2-type domain 48/49 and kinase protein domain 1 or Ig-like C2-type domain 50, fibronectin type-III domain 2 and kinase protein domain 2) with scpl-1 isoforms a and b (via FCP1 homology domain); the interaction may act as a molecular bridge to bring two unc-89 molecules together or to stabilize a loop between the 2 kinase domains (PubMed:18337465, PubMed:19244614). May interact (via SH3 domain) with unc-15 (PubMed:27009202). May interact (via Ig-like C2-type domain 1-3) with cpna-1 (via VWFA domain) (PubMed:23283987). May interact (via Ig-like C2-type domain 2/3 and, Ig-like C2-type domain 50 and fibronectin type-III domain 2) with mel-26 (via MATH domain) (PubMed:22621901). May interact (via DH and PH domains) with rho-1, ced-10, mig-2 and cdc-42 (PubMed:18801371).
Mutants lacking isoform a, isoform b, isoform e and isoform f have an abnormal organization of the myofilament lattice of body wall and pharyngeal muscles (PubMed:16453163, PubMed:18801371, PubMed:22621901, PubMed:27009202). In body wall muscles, unc-15/paramyosin accumulates in large foci outside thick filaments and myosin heavy chains unc-54 and myo-3 fail to assemble into parallel myofibrils (PubMed:27009202). In addition, myosin thick filaments are disorganized with the formation of abnormal myosin heavy chain myo-3 aggregates and V-shaped crossing of A bands (PubMed:18801371, PubMed:22621901). In mutants lacking isoform b, isoform c, isoform d and isoform f, myo-3 fails to assemble into parallel myofibrils whereas unc-54 and unc-15 localization is normal (PubMed:27009202). Mutants lacking isoform b, isoform c, isoform d and isoform f have defects only in body wall muscle structure (PubMed:16453163). RNAi-mediated knockdown of isoform a or isoform b, isoform c and isoform d causes similar defects in the organization although RNAi-mediated knockdown of isoform c causes a less severe defect in myofilament organization (PubMed:15313609). In mutants lacking isoform a, isoform b, isoform e and isoform f, mei-1 protein levels are decreased by 20 percent (PubMed:22621901). RNAi-mediated knockdown of isoform a, isoform b, isoform e and isoform f but not of isoforms c and d disrupts sca-1 localization to linear punctate structures along in the M line in body wall muscles (PubMed:22768340). RNAi-mediated knockdown has no effect on ovulation (PubMed:17326220).
Protein kinase domains 1 and 2 are predicted to be catalytically inactive (PubMed:16453163). The two kinase domains are required for the organization of thick filament component myosin heavy chain myo-3 but not of myosin heavy chain unc-54 and unc-15/paramyosin (PubMed:27009202).
Structural component of the muscle M line which is involved in assembly and organization of sarcomere myofilaments (PubMed:15313609, PubMed:16453163, PubMed:18801371, PubMed:22621901, PubMed:23283987, PubMed:27009202). The large isoform a, isoform b, isoform d and isoform f play an essential role in maintaining the organization of sarcomeres but not myofilament alignment during body wall muscle development whereas the small isoform c and isoform d appear to have a minor role (PubMed:15313609, PubMed:16453163, PubMed:22768340). Isoform b and isoform f are required for the organization of unc-15/paramyosin into sarcomere thick filaments in body wall muscles (PubMed:27009202). By binding mel-26, a substrate adapter of the cul-3 E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex, regulates the organization of myosin thick filaments, likely by preventing the degradation of microtubule severing protein mei-1 (PubMed:22621901). Acts as guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for Rho GTPase rho-1 but not ced-10, mig-2 and cdc-42 (PubMed:18801371). The large isoforms regulate Ca(2+) signaling during muscle contraction by ensuring the correct localization of sarco-endoplamic reticulum Ca(2+) ATPase sca-1 and ryanodine receptor unc-68 (PubMed:22768340). By controlling the contraction and/or organization of pharyngeal muscles, plays a role in the formation of pharyngeal gland cell extension (PubMed:21868609).
The PH domain does not bind inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate. The PH domain has an unusual closed conformation of the lipid binding site which is lined by negative charged amino acids which probably prevents binding to membrane lipids.
The SH3 domain is required for the organization of thick filament components myosin heavy chain unc-54 and myo-3 and unc-15/paramyosin.
Coenzyme A diphosphatase which mediates the cleavage of CoA into 3',5'-ADP and 4'-phosphopantetheine.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL18 family.
Component of the mitochondrial ribosome large subunit (39S) which comprises a 16S rRNA and about 50 distinct proteins.
Expressed in the germline from the L2 stage larva.
Germline specific. More strongly expressed during oogenesis than during spermatogenesis. During the larval stages, it is more abundant at the distal region than the proximal region of the gonad. In young adult hermaphrodites, it is expressed at a very low level in the distal mitotic region of the gonad, and begins to accumulate in the meiotic transition zone. Highly expressed in the proximal pachytene region. Not expressed in mature oocytes. Not expressed in the spermatheca. Weakly or not expressed in the germline of adult males.
It is uncertain whether Met-1 or Met-2 is the initiator.
RNA-binding protein that plays a central role in oogenesis, but not for spermatogenesis. Required for meiotic entry and germline differentiation, at the pachytene stage of meiosis I of female germline regardless of the sex of the soma. May act by regulating translation of specific mRNAs, possibly by binding to their 3'-UTR.
Adds the first glucose residue to the lipid-linked oligosaccharide precursor for N-linked glycosylation (By similarity). Transfers glucose from dolichyl phosphate glucose (Dol-P-Glc) onto the lipid-linked oligosaccharide Man(9)GlcNAc(2)-PP-Dol (By similarity).
Belongs to the ALG6/ALG8 glucosyltransferase family.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 28 family.
Belongs to the type IB topoisomerase family.
Eukaryotic topoisomerase I and II can relax both negative and positive supercoils, whereas prokaryotic enzymes relax only negative supercoils.
Expressed in male germ cells and in mature sperm.
Isoform a: only expressed in embryos (PubMed:9540836). Isoform b: present at all developmental stages (PubMed:9540836). Not expressed during spermatocyte meiosis (PubMed:16943775).
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes abnormal gonad morphology, enlarged sperm nuclei and aberrant progression through meiosis. Oocytes appear to have undergone endomitotic reduplication.
Releases the supercoiling and torsional tension of DNA introduced during the DNA replication and transcription by transiently cleaving and rejoining one strand of the DNA duplex. Introduces a single-strand break via transesterification at a target site in duplex DNA. The scissile phosphodiester is attacked by the catalytic tyrosine of the enzyme, resulting in the formation of a DNA-(3'-phosphotyrosyl)-enzyme intermediate and the expulsion of a 5'-OH DNA strand. The free DNA strand then rotates around the intact phosphodiester bond on the opposing strand, thus removing DNA supercoils. Finally, in the religation step, the DNA 5'-OH attacks the covalent intermediate to expel the active-site tyrosine and restore the DNA phosphodiester backbone (By similarity). Required for normal spermatogenesis and oogenesis (PubMed:16943775).
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mL46 family.
Activated by threonine and tyrosine phosphorylation by either of the dual specificity kinases, jkk-1 and mek-1.
Binds to the scaffolding protein, unc-16. Unc-16 also binds other components of the JNK signaling pathway (PubMed:11738026). Interacts with daf-16 (PubMed:15767565).
Dually phosphorylated on Thr-276 and Tyr-278, which activates the enzyme.
Expressed in most neurons, including nerve ring, head ganglions, dorsal and ventral nerve cords and tail ganglions (PubMed:10393177). The Thr-276/Tyr-278 phosphorylated form is present in the nerve ring upon heat exposure (PubMed:17894411).
Isoform a and isoform b are expressed in embryo and in all larval stages.
RNAi-mediated knockdown prevents Mn(2+)-induced dopaminergic CEP neuron degeneration (PubMed:23721876). RNAi-mediated knockdown targeted to neurons results in increased total time in sleep bouts (PubMed:29523076).
Serine/threonine-protein kinase which responds to activation by environmental stress by phosphorylating a number of transcription factors such as daf-16, and thus regulates transcriptional activity. By phosphorylating daf-16, plays a role in daf-16 nuclear translocation in intestinal cells in response to environmental stresses such as heat and oxidative stresses (PubMed:17894411). Downstream of jkk-1, may coordinate locomotion via type-D GABAergic motoneurons and regulates synaptic vesicle transport in conjunction with unc-16. Independently of jkk-1, may regulate some mechanosensory responses, such as response to touch (PubMed:11566876). Independently of jkk-1 and downstream of mek-1, plays a role in resistance to heavy metals, such as Cu(2+) or Cd(2+) (PubMed:11566876). Regulates germline cell apoptosis in response to heavy metals such as Cu(2+) and arsenite (PubMed:18597494, PubMed:19497412). Required for dopaminergic CEP neuron degeneration in response to Mn(2+) (PubMed:23721876). Required for normal sleep bout quantity and arousal thresholds during the transition from the last larval stage to adulthood in well-fed animals (PubMed:29523076). Downstream of jkk-1 but independently of mek-1, positively regulates lifespan (PubMed:15767565).
Belongs to the archaeal rpoM/eukaryotic RPA12/RPB9/RPC11 RNA polymerase family.
Component of the RNA polymerase I (Pol I) complex consisting of at least 13 subunits.
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Component of RNA polymerase I which synthesizes ribosomal RNA precursors.
Component of the SET2 complex (also known as the SET1/COMPASS complex), which contains at least set-2, swd-2.1, cfp-1, rbbp-5, wdr-5.1, dpy-30 and ash-2 (Probable) (PubMed:31602465). Within the complex, interacts with cfp-1 and wdr-5.1 (PubMed:31602465).
Component of the set-2/ash-2 histone methyltransferase (HMT) complex (Probable). Required for the di- and trimethylation at 'Lys-4' of histone H3, a mark associated with epigenetic transcriptional activation (PubMed:21527717, PubMed:20555324). Implicated in the epigenetic inheritance of lifespan over several generations (PubMed:22012258). Functions as transcriptional regulator (PubMed:28379943). Acts in the germline to limit the longevity of the soma, probably by regulating a lipid metabolism pathway that signals from the germline to the intestine, thereby preventing accumulation of mono-unsaturated fatty acids (PubMed:20555324, PubMed:22012258, PubMed:28379943).
Decreased levels of tri- and dimethylated 'Lys-4' of histone H3 in the somatic cells in embryos and young adult animals (PubMed:21527717, PubMed:20555324). Increased dimethylated 'Lys-4' of histone H3 in primordial germ cells (PubMed:21527717). Decreased dimethylated 'Lys-4' of histone H3 in the distal region of the germline (PubMed:21527717). Reduced fertility (PubMed:21527717). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in the extension of lifespan (PubMed:20555324). Decreased levels of trimethylated 'Lys-4' of histone H3 in L3 stage larvae (PubMed:20555324). Leads to a deregulation of fat metabolism and to an accumulation of mono-unsaturated fatty acids in the intestine (PubMed:28379943).
Expressed in somatic and germline tissues (at protein level).
Expressed throughout development and in adult animals.
Expressed in embryos, L4 larvae and adults. Expressed to a lesser extent between L1 and L3 larval stages.
Induced upon ER stress (PubMed:19822669, PubMed:17498661). Down-regulated upon heat stress (PubMed:17498661).
Interacts with cdc-48.1 (via N-terminus) and cdc-48.2 (via N-terminus).
Probably acts as an adapter for ATPase cdc-48.1 and/or cdc-48.2, conferring substrate specificity. May play a role in the ER-associated protein degradation pathway (ERAD) possibly acting as a platform to recruit both ubql-1 and cdc-48.1 and/or cdc-48.2 to the ER during ERAD.
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes a reduction in lifespan. Induces ER stress characterized by the expression of hsp-4, the accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins and an increase in ubql-1 expression.
The intramembrane domain also contains the signal for ER targeting.
Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily. Feline leukemia virus subgroup C receptor (TC 2.A.1.28.1) family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS26 family.
Component of the 40S small ribosomal subunit.
Methyltransferase which methylates the carbon-5 position of cytosine 2982 to 5-methylcytosine (m5C2982) in 26S rRNA (PubMed:33289480, PubMed:33283887). May play a role in the translation of leucine and proline codons (Probable). May be required for the translation of specific mRNAs such as mRNAs involved in gonad development, collagen production and cuticle integrity (PubMed:33289480). Plays a role in ensuring the correct localization of the germline-specific protein gld-1 during development (PubMed:33289480). Not required for pre-rRNA processing, the production of mature 5S, 5.8S, 18S or 26S rRNAs or global translation (PubMed:33289480). Plays a role in positively regulating fertility (PubMed:33283887).
RNAi-mediated knockdown in L1 larvae results in sterility (PubMed:33283887). RNAi-mediated knockdown in adults results in reduced egg-laying (PubMed:33289480). RNAi-mediated knockdown from day 0 of adulthood or in the germline does not affect lifespan (PubMed:33289480). RNAi-mediated knockdown in somatic tissues reduces lifespan by 10% and reduces body length and results in morphological defects in the gonad leading to the production of no oocytes (PubMed:33289480). RNAi-mediated knockdown increases resistance to heat stress and increases the speed of locomotion (PubMed:33289480). RNAi-mediated knockdown disrupts the localization of the germline-specific protein gld-1, results in collagen deposition and increases cuticle permeability (PubMed:33289480). RNAi-mediated knockdown reduces the methylation of cytosine to 5-methylcytosine (m5C) in 26S rRNA (PubMed:33289480). RNAi-mediated knockdown does not affect the methylation of cytosine 2381 to 5-methylcytosine (m5C2381) in 26S rRNA (PubMed:33289480).
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL21 family.
Belongs to the cysteine synthase/cystathionine beta-synthase family.
Catalyzes the formation of cysteine and acetate from O-acetylserine and hydrogen sulfide (PubMed:24100226, PubMed:22405203). By metabolizing hydrogen sulfide produced by cysl-2-mediated cyanide assimilation, mediates resistance to P.aeruginosa infection (PubMed:21840852). Mediates survival in high levels of hydrogen sulfide (PubMed:22405203). By sequestering egl-9, which in turn promotes hif-1-mediated transcription, regulates behavioral responses to hypoxia (PubMed:22405203).
Expressed in AVM sensory neuron, BDU interneurons, pharyngeal I1 interneurons and M2 motor neurons.
Homodimer (PubMed:24100226). Interacts with egl-9 (via C-terminus); the interaction is enhanced by hydrogen disulfide and activates hif-1-mediated transcription (PubMed:22405203).
Hydrolyzes the ester bond at the sn-1 position of glycerophospholipids and produces 2-acyl lysophospholipids, being phosphatidylinositol (PI) its major substrate. PI is a versatile lipid that not only serves as a structural component of cellular membranes, but also plays important roles in signal transduction through distinct phosphorylated derivatives of the inositol head group (PubMed:20668164). Catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine at sn-2 position in vitro (PubMed:23007400). Regulates asymmetric division, an important property of stem cells in C.elegans, by controlling the subcellular localizations of beta-catenin (PubMed:18497747, PubMed:20668164).
Inhibited by E-6-bromomethylene-3-1-naphthalenyl-2H-tetrahydropyran-2-one (BEL) in vitro.
Expressed in the posterior body muscles. Also detected in the RIFL, RIFR and RIS head neurons.
Forms a proton-gated ion channel with pbo-6 that is activated by acidification of the posterior coelomic space, leading to posterior body wall muscle contraction (pBoc) during the defecation cycle (PubMed:18191228). Probably by regulating the defecation motor program, required for fatty acid uptake by intestinal cells (PubMed:25849533). Does not bind neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, glycine, serotonin, glutamate or choline (PubMed:18191228).
Loss of posterior body wall muscle contractions (pBoc).
The functional channel is a heterooligomer of pbo-5 and pbo-6. May self-associate to form homooligomers with negligible ion channel activity.
Expressed throughout development but appears to be up-regulated in adults.
Required for polar body extrusion during cytokinesis in embryo development. Affects cortical granule size. Has roles in meiotic chromosome segregation, osmotic barrier function and polarization in conjunction with cpg-2. Binds chitin.
Worms lacking cpg-1 and cpg-2 exhibit defects in cytokinesis during embryo development, more specifically meiotic chromosome segregation, polar-body extrusion, osmotic barrier function and polarization. Embryos lacking cpg-1 and cpg-2 proteins have multiple nuclei lacking plasma membranes and may also have weak egg shells. Oocytes lacking cpg-1 and cpg-2 show cortical granules that are reduced in size.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. NEK Ser/Thr protein kinase family. NIMA subfamily.
Expressed in hypodermal cells including in hyp7 syncytium but not in seam cells. May be expressed in vulva, uterus and some neurons.
Expressed in the hypodermis at the beginning of embryonic morphogenesis and throughout larval and adult stages.
Probable serine/threonine-protein kinase required for the completion of molting.
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in a failure to shed the cuticle in the middle part of the body at the end of the first molt.
Belongs to the N-CoR nuclear receptor corepressors family.
Expressed throughout the developmental stages with a 2-fold increase in late larval (L4) stage.
In larvae, expressed in pharyngeal neurons, ventral and dorsal nerve cords, tail neurons, egg-laying neurons and egg-laying muscles. Detected in the neurons of the pharyngeal nerve ring, head neurons, tail neurons and egg-laying muscles in adults. Detected in male-specific tail ganglia and rays in males.
Interacts with gex-3. Interacts (via C-terminus) with nhr-60.
Mediates transcriptional repression by certain nuclear receptors. Plays a role in development and neuronal function. May play a role in muscle-specific oxidative mitochondrial metabolism.
Mutant animals display a progressive defect in locomotion starting at the L2 stage, showing delayed response to prodding, irregular thrashing movements and a low pharyngeal pumping rate. Worms have shorter body length, convoluted intestine and develop gonadogenesis defects including loss of spermathecae, sterility and larval arrest at L4 stage. They also show abnormal cholinergic signaling leading to early onset of paralysis in the presence of aldicarb, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. RNAi-mediated knockdown results in enlargement of mitochondria in the body wall muscle. Muscle-specific knockdown shows an increased level of oxygen consumption.
Plays an important role in membrane trafficking through the secretory apparatus.
Acts as a component of the m-AAA protease complex which is an ATP-dependent metalloprotease mediating degradation of non-assembled mitochondrial inner membrane proteins (By similarity). The complex is necessary for the assembly of mitochondrial respiratory chain and ATPase complexes (By similarity). Functions both in post-translational assembly and in the turnover of mistranslated or misfolded polypeptides (PubMed:22700657, PubMed:25274306, PubMed:25773600). Plays a role in male tail tip morphogenesis (PubMed:21408209).
Despite its gene name, this protein is an ortholog of human AFG3L2 and yeast AFG3 and not of human SPG7 and yeast YTA12 (C.elegans ortholog is actually ppgn-1).
RNAi-mediated knockdown disrupts tail tip morphogenesis resulting in retention of the pointed larval tail tip in adult males (also known as the Lep phenotype) (PubMed:21408209). RNAi-mediated knockdown induces nuclear and mitochondrial transcription of mitochondrial protective genes including chaperone hsp-60 as part of the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (PubMed:25773600, PubMed:25274306, PubMed:22700657). RNAi-mediated knockdown causes nuclear accumulation of transcription factor atfs-1 in intestinal cells (PubMed:22700657). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in mitochondria in intestinal cells which are abnormally elongated (PubMed:25274306). RNAi-mediated knockdown reduces oxygen consumption (PubMed:25773600). RNAi-mediated knockdown also induces the transcription of innate immunity-related genes such as lys-2, abf-2, clec-65 and clec-4 which results in resistance to P.aeruginosa-mediated infection (PubMed:25274306). RNAi-mediated knockdown abolishes transcription up-regulation in an atfs-1 (tm4919) mutant background (PubMed:22700657, PubMed:25274306, PubMed:25773600).
Belongs to the ferroportin (FP) (TC 2.A.100) family. SLC40A subfamily.
May be involved in iron transport and iron homeostasis.
Belongs to the protease inhibitor I33 family.
Hydrolyzes UDP and to a lesser extent GDP. By preventing the accumulation of NDP, may promote the reglucosylation of incompletely folded glycoproteins in the endoplasmic reticulum following the unfolded protein response.
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes a 50% reduction of progeny numbers and a slower growth. RNAi-mediated knockdown at the L4 larval stage results in a reduced lifespan and in the lysosomal accumulation of lipofuscin in the intestine with age. Motility is decreased and muscle sarcomeres are often patched or wrinkled. Moderate decrease in pharyngeal pumping associated with an abnormal pharynx morphology characterized by irregular and discontinued cell junction protein ajm-1 localization at the beginning and at the end of the procorpus and in the isthmus and a loss of one of the three loops forming the lumen. In addition, causes the up-regulation of ER stress marker hsp-4 which is prevented in an ire-1 mutant background. UDPase and to a lesser extent GDPase activities are reduced.
Required for cell specification of the PVN neuron.
Defective preference between different food odors.
In AWC olfactory sensory neurons, required for the detection of preferred food sources.
Decreased levels of glr-1 in the ventral nerve cord and corresponding defects in glr-1-dependent behaviors including reduced spontaneous reversal frequency and reduced responsiveness to the nose touch assay which normally induces backward locomotion. Increased levels of ubiquitinated glr-1.
Expressed in a number of tissues including the nervous system, pharynx, body wall muscle, vulva muscle and intestine and is detected in many head and ventral cord neurons.
Interacts with wdr-20 and wdr-48; the catalytic activity of usp-46 is increased in the presence of both wdr-20 and wdr-48. Interacts with glr-1; the interaction results in deubiquitination of glr-1.
Regulates the abundance of the glr-1 glutamate receptor in the ventral nerve cord by promoting its deubiquitination and preventing its degradation in the lysosome. Contributes to the regulation of embryonic polarity.
Expressed in the hypodermis and gland cells of the pharynx (PubMed:30695063). Specifically, there is low and transient expression from the distal bulb of the pharynx to the anterior of the buccal cavity (PubMed:30695063). Whole body expression levels increase upon entry into the dauer phase (PubMed:30695063).
Peroxidase which is involved in maintaining the cuticle integrity in the hypodermis and pharynx (PubMed:30695063). It thus plays a role in conferring resistance against Gram-positive bacteria such as E.faecalis, S.aureus and C.diphtheriae, and yeast such as C.albicans (PubMed:24621828, PubMed:30695063).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in reduced survival in response to infection by E.faecalis.
Belongs to the chloride channel MCLC family.
Belongs to the peptidase M67A family. PSMD14 subfamily.
Component of the 19S regulatory cap of the 26S proteasome.
Metalloprotease component of the 26S proteasome that specifically cleaves 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitin chains. The 26S proteasome is involved in the ATP-dependent degradation of ubiquitinated proteins. The function of the 'Lys-63'-specific deubiquitination of the proteasome is unclear (By similarity).
Putative RNA polymerase II subunit B1 C-terminal domain (CTD) phosphatase involved in RNA polymerase II transcription regulation.
Belongs to the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase type II family.
Dephosphorylates a number of phosphatidylinositols. Controls the cellular levels and subcellular distribution of phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate and phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate. Has a role in sperm activation and motility. Influences the localization of the transient receptor potential polycystin (TRPP) complex proteins lov-1 and pkd-2.
Expressed in tail, cilia, dendrites, axon and male head.
Reduced mating efficiency. Defective sperm. Abnormal distribution of pkd-2.
Belongs to the protein prenyltransferase subunit beta family.
Component of a dynein-regulating complex composed of at least bicd-1, dlc-1 and egal-1. Interacts with egal-1 and unc-83.
Expressed in the excretory cell, body wall muscles, vulval muscle cells, PVD and FLP sensory neurons and AVF interneurons.
Part of a complex with dlc-1 and egal-1, which is recruited to the nuclear envelope by unc-83, where in turn, it recruits dynein to the nuclear surface and regulates nuclear migration in hypodermal precursor cells (PubMed:20005871) (Probable). Required for the formation of dendritic branches of PVD sensory neurons (PubMed:21205795).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in increased dendritic branch formation in PVD sensory neurons (PubMed:21205795). RNAi-mediated knockdown in a bicd-1 (ok949) mutant background results in failed nuclei migrations in larval hypodermal P-cells (PubMed:27697906).
Belongs to the PIGG/PIGN/PIGO family. PIGO subfamily.
Belongs to the cysteine synthase/cystathionine beta-synthase family. Highly divergent.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS3 family.
Component of the mitochondrial ribosome small subunit (28S) which comprises a 12S rRNA and about 30 distinct proteins.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL33 family.
Belongs to the sal C2H2-type zinc-finger protein family.
Expressed throughout the mesodermal (M) lineage from the 1-M stage to the 18-M stage, and in the sex myoblast (SM) sub-lineage from the 2-SM stage to the 16-SM stage, before the cells differentiate (PubMed:28614700). Expression declines significantly in the differentiated coelomocytes (CC) and vulval muscles, but remains in the differentiated body-wall muscles (BWM) (PubMed:28614700). Expressed in the vulval precursor cells (VPC) during larval development (PubMed:10926783).
Transcription factor, involved in positive and negative modulation of transcription (PubMed:12835398, PubMed:28614700). Binds to multiple DNA sequence motifs in the regulatory elements of target genes, including homeobox selector egl-5 and LIM homeobox mec-3 (PubMed:12835398). Involved in cell-fate regulation in multiple lineages, including neuronal, mesodermal and vulval (PubMed:8756352, PubMed:28614700, PubMed:12835398, PubMed:10926783). Required to regulate the fate of PLM touch receptor neurons, acting via negative modulation of transcription of egl-5 and mec-3 (PubMed:12835398). May modulate gene expression by interacting with different transcription factors during neuronal and mesodermal cell development (PubMed:8756352). Promotes the proliferative sex myoblast (SM) fate, in a cell autonomous manner, acting via the SoxC transcription factor sem-2 (PubMed:28614700). Involved in vulval cell-fate determination, acting by regulating expression of homeobox protein lin-39, and may link lin-39 to incoming signaling pathways (PubMed:10926783). Plays a role in detoxification of reactive oxygen species (ROS), by regulating expression of transcription factor skn-1 and the phase II detoxification genes (PubMed:32718932).
Belongs to the inositol monophosphatase superfamily.
Inhibited by Li(+), Ca(2+) and Mn(2+), but also by Mg(2+) at concentrations above 3 mM.
Isoform 1 is strongly expressed in the AFD and RIA neurons of the head, in the tail and in coelomocytes. Isoform 1 is weakly expressed in nerve cord motor neurons, intestine, and the somatic gonad.
Responsible for the provision of inositol required for synthesis of phosphatidylinositol and polyphosphoinositides. Has broad substrate specificity and can use myo-inositol monophosphates, myo-inositol 1,3-diphosphate, myo-inositol 1,4-diphosphate, scyllo-inositol-phosphate, D-galactose 1-phosphate, glucose-1-phosphate, glucose-6-phosphate, fructose-1-phosphate, beta-glycerophosphate, and 2'-AMP as substrates (By similarity). Required in central interneurons of the mature nervous system for correct localization of synaptic components. Required for thermotaxis.
Worms lacking ttx-7 display defects in thermotaxis behavior and localization of synaptic proteins in RIA neurons yet appear morphologically normal.
Interacts with the receptor complex composed of ilcr-1 and ilcr-2. Also interacts with pik-1.
May act as an adapter to facilitate downstream signaling for the receptor complex composed of ilcr-1 and ilcr-2, which is a signaling complex that modulates neuronal activity and animal behavior in response to sensory neuron input.
Expressed in pharyngeal, anal depressor, intestinal and vulva muscles, head neurons and head mesodermal cell.
Belongs to the 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase family.
Expressed in developing embryos from the pre-comma stage through to hatching (PubMed:20081192). Most highly expressed in larval stage L1 and gradually decreases into adulthood (PubMed:20081192). In larval stages, expressed throughout development in the ventral nerve cord, intestine, gonadal distal tip cells (DTCs) and subsets of head and tail neurons, most strongly in head neurons ASI and ADL (PubMed:20081192).
Expressed in the excretory cell and gonadal distal tip cells (DTCs).
Homodimer (Probable). Interacts with R-SMAD daf-14 and co-SMAD daf-3 (PubMed:20081192). Interacts with orphan nuclear receptor nhr-69 (PubMed:22359515).
Probably a receptor-regulated SMAD (R-SMAD) that is an intracellular signal transducer and transcriptional modulator activated by TGF-beta-like daf-7 signaling (PubMed:10625546, PubMed:20081192). Plays a role in TGF-beta-like daf-7 signaling in regulating entry into a developmentally arrested larval state known as dauer, in response to harsh environmental conditions; partially redundant with R-SMAD daf-14 (PubMed:10625546, PubMed:20081192). Plays a role in inhibiting mitosis and promoting a switch to meiosis in the germ line, perhaps by down-regulating lag-2 transcription in the gonadal distal tip cells (DTCs) (PubMed:20081192). In cooperation with orphan nuclear receptor nhr-69 modulates the Insulin/IGF-1-like signaling (IIS) pathway, perhaps by regulating expression of the potassium channel exp-2, which in turn modulates the secretion of the insulin-like peptide daf-28 (PubMed:22359515).
Belongs to the CWC16 family. YJU2 subfamily.
Component of the spliceosome. Present in the activated B complex, the catalytically activated B* complex which catalyzes the branching, the catalytic step 1 C complex catalyzing the exon ligation, and the postcatalytic P complex containing the ligated exons (mRNA) and the excised lariat intron.
Part of the spliceosome which catalyzes two sequential transesterification reactions, first the excision of the non-coding intron from pre-mRNA and then the ligation of the coding exons to form the mature mRNA. Plays a role in stabilizing the structure of the spliceosome catalytic core and docking of the branch helix into the active site, producing 5'-exon and lariat intron-3'-intermediates.
Belongs to the P-Pant transferase superfamily. AcpS family.
Expressed during hypodermal development.
May be specifically involved in cell-cell interactions regulating cell fusions that generate the hypodermis during postembryonic development. It has a role in the development of the HYP7 hypodermal syncytium.
Belongs to the PI3/PI4-kinase family. ATM subfamily.
Increased sensitivity to ionizing radiation with reduced survival compared to wild-type animals. Loss of induction of apoptosis following UV-C or ionizing radiation treatment but no effect on apoptotic response induced by X-ray exposure. Low brood size, reduced viability and sterility, appearance of a high-incidence-of-males (Him) phenotype, and reduced chromosome number due to chromosome fusions.
Serine/threonine protein kinase which activates checkpoint signaling in the presence of DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) and other forms of DNA damage induced by ionizing radiation and other genotoxic stresses such as UV. Plays a role in maintaining genome stability.
Component of the DRM complex, at least composed of lin-9, lin-35, lin-37, lin-52, lin-53, lin-54- dpl-1 and efl-1 (PubMed:17075059). Interacts (via N-terminus) with efl-1 (PubMed:11463372). Interacts (via C-terminus) with lin-35 (via C-terminus) (PubMed:11463372).
Expressed throughout development. Highly expressed in somatic nuclei, as well as in immature germ cell and oocyte nuclei.
Synthetic multivulva class B (synMuvB) protein (PubMed:11463372, PubMed:17075059). SynMuvB proteins are required to repress the induction of vulval development by Ras signaling and probably act by forming the multiprotein DRM complex that represses transcription (PubMed:11463372, PubMed:17075059). May also negatively regulate vulval development in association with other SynMuv class B proteins such as lin-15A (PubMed:11463372). Can stimulate E2F-dependent transcription (PubMed:17075059). Plays a role in negatively regulating the progression through the G1 phase of the cell cycle during postembryonic development, most likely by acting as a transcriptional repressor in association with the cell cycle regulatory factor efl-1 and the transcriptional repressor lin-35, but may also act as a positive regulator of cell cycle entry (PubMed:12062054). Involved in the regulation of intestinal cell division during postembryonic development, most likely in complex with efl-1 and lin-35 (PubMed:17466069). Promotes germ cell programmed cell death, probably together with efl-1, by positively regulating the expression of the apoptosis proteins ced-3 and ced-4 (PubMed:17881492, PubMed:24752899). In particular, positively regulates the expression of ced-4 in response to starvation (PubMed:24752899). Its role in programmed cell death may be in conjunction with cell cycle regulatory factor efl-1 and the synthetic multivulva class B proteins lin-35, lin-37 and lin-52, and is independent of the ced-1, ced-8 and ced-9 pathways (PubMed:17237514).
Uncoordinated movements, also known as an Unc phenotype, most likely due to defective cell cycle progression defects in the Pn.a neuroblast lineage (PubMed:11463372). No obvious vulval development defects (PubMed:11463372). Programmed cell death defect in a ced-3 n2427 mutant background (PubMed:17237514). Double knockout with the n433 mutant of the synthetic multivulva class A protein lin-15A results in a multiple vulva (Muv) phenotype (PubMed:11463372). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in reduced postembryonic intestinal cell divisions (PubMed:12062054).
Belongs to the small heat shock protein (HSP20) family.
Belongs to the zinc-containing alcohol dehydrogenase family.
Belongs to the transient receptor (TC 1.A.4) family.
Expressed in many sensory neurons, including OLQ and IL1 neurons.
Receptor-activated non-selective cation channel involved in the nose-touch response and foraging behavior. Contributes to the neural responses of sensory neurons to touch, particularly after repeated mechanical stimulation. Has no apparent role in thermosensory or chemosensory behaviors.
Worms exhibit specific defects in mechanosensory behaviors: abnormal head withdrawal reflex, defective reversal behavior in response to nose-touch and foraging behaviors.
Belongs to the organo anion transporter (TC 2.A.60) family.
No visible phenotype (PubMed:19737747, PubMed:22829780). No defect in the positioning of ASI and ASH neuron cell bodies (PubMed:22829780). No defect in the positioning of PQV, PVP, RMEV, HSN adn AVK axons in the ventral nerve cord (PubMed:19737747).
Probably not involved in maintaining the position of ASI and ASH head neuron cell bodies and ventral nerve cord axons of PVQ, PVP, RMEV, AVK and HSN neurons.
Adults show increased sensitivity to cisplatin, sodium arsenite and zinc. RNAi-mediated knockdown results in induction of the unfolded protein response.
Belongs to the heat shock protein 90 family.
Molecular chaperone that functions in the processing and transport of secreted proteins.
Expressed in amphid and phasmid ciliated neurons.
Acts synergistically with sop-2 to maintain the transcriptionally repressive state of homeotic genes throughout development. Not required to initiate repression, but to maintain it during later stages of development. Also required to repress expression of other genes. Binds RNA in a sequence-independent manner.
Binds through its N-terminal region to the N-terminal region of sop-2.
Expressed at all developmental stages with levels declining as development proceeds.
Worms exhibit early larval lethality and anterior to posterior cell fate transformation in a Hox gene-dependent manner. Hermaphrodites show vulva defects, partial hermaphrodite-to-male sexual transformation and are sterile.
Each flp gene is expressed in a distinct set of neurons.
FMRFamides and FMRFamide-like peptides are neuropeptides. AQTFVRF-amide inhibits the activity of dissected pharyngeal myogenic muscle system.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the FGAMS family.
Phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthase involved in the purines biosynthetic pathway. Catalyzes the ATP-dependent conversion of formylglycinamide ribonucleotide (FGAR) and glutamine to yield formylglycinamidine ribonucleotide (FGAM) and glutamate (By similarity).
Component of the exocyst complex involved in the docking of exocytic vesicles with fusion sites on the plasma membrane.
The exocyst complex is composed of sec-3/exoc1, sec-5/exoc2, sec-6/exoc3, sec-8/exoc4, sec-10/exoc5, sec-15/exoc6, exo-70/exoc7 and exo-84/exoc8.
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mL42 family.
Belongs to the Prospero homeodomain family.
Expressed in the excretory cell at the 1.5-fold embryonic stage and throughout larval development.
Lethality at larval stage, L1. Surviving animals do not develop into fertile adults. Animals have abnormal sensory function with their bodies harboring lesions and signs of progressive degradation. Defective excretory canal formation with down-regulation of genes, including exc-5, ifb-1, gck-3 and aqp-8, involved in this process. Seventy percent of L1 larvae do not form excretory canals, but have a large vacuole around the excretory cell body. The remaining larvae form impaired excretory canals that rarely extend beyond the pharyngeal-intestinal valve and do not extend to the somatic gonad. Furthermore, some animals develop a cyst in the lumen of the excretory canal. RNAi-mediated knockdown in larvae largely results in arrest at the L1 larval stage. Surviving worms have altered excretory canal growth with a large vacuole and cyst in the excretory cell body and lumen, respectively, and the formation of a thin canal extension.
The Prospero-type homeodomain and the adjacent Prospero domain act as a single structural unit, the Homeo-Prospero domain.
Transcription factor involved in developmental processes (By similarity). Controls the transcription of genes required for excretory canal formation (PubMed:23334499).
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CMGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family.
Has a role in pre-mRNA splicing. Phosphorylates SF2/ASF.
Required for normal Golgi morphology and function.
Belongs to the enoyl-CoA hydratase/isomerase family.
Belongs to the amino acid/polyamine transporter 2 family.
Expressed in the head, tail, body and ventral nerve cord neurons, muscles of the vulva, and intestine.
Plays a role in the accumulation of vital dyes and endogenous fluorescent compounds in lysosome related organelles. Has an effect on lysosome related organelle (LRO) function, in a pathway with serotonin.
May play a role in chromosome segregation through establishment of sister chromatid cohesion.
Detected in muscle cells from body, pharynx and vulva, in neurons from head and tail, in pharyngeal gland and in tail hypodermal cells.
Detected in oocyte, embryo, larval stage 1 to 4, and in adult.
Identified in the spliceosome C complex (By similarity). Can assemble into large rod-like polymers.
May be involved in pre-mRNA splicing (By similarity). Required for embryonic development and survival.
Component of a retrotranslocation channel required for peroxisome organization by mediating export of the PEX5/prx-5 receptor from peroxisomes to the cytosol, thereby promoting PEX5/prx-5 recycling (By similarity). The retrotranslocation channel is composed of PEX2/prx-2, PEX10/prx-10 and PEX12/prx-12; each subunit contributing transmembrane segments that coassemble into an open channel that specifically allows the passage of PEX5/prx-5 through the peroxisomal membrane (By similarity). PEX12/prx-12 also regulates PEX5/prx-5 recycling by activating the E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity of PEX10/prx-10 (By similarity). When PEX5 recycling is compromised, PEX12/prx-12 stimulates PEX10-mediated polyubiquitination of PEX5/prx-5, leading to its subsequent degradation (By similarity).
Component of the PEX2-PEX10-PEX12 retrotranslocation channel.
The RING-type zinc-finger is degenerated and only coordinates one zinc ions, preventing E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity.
The three subunits of the retrotranslocation channel (PEX2/prx-2, PEX10/prx-10 and PEX12/prx-12) coassemble in the membrane into a channel with an open 10 Angstrom pore. The RING-type zinc-fingers that catalyze PEX5/prx-5 receptor ubiquitination are positioned above the pore on the cytosolic side of the complex.
Belongs to the eukaryotic initiation factor 4E family.
Defects can cause a delay in spermatogenesis, temperature-sensitive sterility and defective sperm.
EIF4F is a multi-subunit complex, the composition of which varies with external and internal environmental conditions. It is composed of at least EIF4A, EIF4E and EIF4G. EIF4E is also known to interact with other partners, including pgl-1 (PubMed:11641215). Interacts with ifet-1 (PubMed:19786575).
Enriched in the germline from L3 larvae to adults; regions of the gonad undergoing spermatogenesis. Expressed in germ granules (P granules); when associated with pgl-1.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Ubiquitous embryonic expression until the 100-200 cell stage then disappears by the 300-400 cell stage. Expressed again in L3 larvae through to adulthood.
Recognizes and binds the 7-methylguanosine-containing mRNA cap during an early step in the initiation of protein synthesis and facilitates ribosome binding by inducing the unwinding of the mRNAs secondary structures. All 5 eIF4E proteins bind monomethyl cap structures. Only ife-1, ife-2 and ife-5 bind trimethyl cap structures which result from trans-splicing. Translation of trimethyl cap structure mRNAs may be regulated by intracellular redox state; disulfide bonds change the width and depth of the cap-binding cavity determining selectivity to mRNA caps. Required for progression through meiotic divisions during spermatogenesis and for the production of viable sperm. It is not required during oogenesis.
Belongs to the V-ATPase F subunit family.
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in increased protein aggregation in the oocytes of sperm-deficient young adult females which is not eliminated by mating.
Subunit of the V1 complex of vacuolar(H+)-ATPase (V-ATPase), a multisubunit enzyme composed of a peripheral complex (V1) that hydrolyzes ATP and a membrane integral complex (V0) that translocates protons (By similarity). V-ATPase is responsible for acidifying and maintaining the pH of intracellular compartments and in some cell types, is targeted to the plasma membrane, where it is responsible for acidifying the extracellular environment (By similarity). Required along with other vacuolar ATPase components for the removal of protein aggregates which form in immature oocytes in the distal gonad (PubMed:29168500). This removal occurs as the oocytes mature and move to the proximal gonad, is triggered by the introduction of sperm through mating and occurs before fertilization (PubMed:29168500). The introduction of sperm triggers V-ATPase accumulation in proximal oocytes and induces lysosomal acidification which leads to engulfing of protein aggregates by lysosomes and subsequent clearance of the aggregates (PubMed:29168500). Lysosomal acidification also leads to changes in mitochondrial morphology and function (PubMed:29168500). Mitochondria in distal immature oocytes are fragmented, produce high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and have high membrane potential, indicative of metabolic inactivity (PubMed:29168500). In contrast, mitochondria in proximal mature oocytes are tubular with lower ROS levels and membrane potential, indicative of an active metabolic state required for aggregate mobilization before clearance (PubMed:29168500).
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. UbiG/COQ3 family.
O-methyltransferase that catalyzes the 2 O-methylation steps in the ubiquinone biosynthetic pathway.
Acts coordinately with phospholipase atgl-1 within the lipolytic cascade to distribute stored energy to tissues to maintain energy levels during the dauer phase. Localizes atgl-1 to lipid droplets, possibly to facilitate triglyceride hydrolysis. Regulates lipid droplet size, lipid content, the exchange of lipids between lipid droplets and fusion of lipid droplets during the dauer phase.
Belongs to the peptidase S33 family. ABHD4/ABHD5 subfamily.
Expressed in the hypodermis and intestine.
Increased survival of dauer larvae and reduced lipase activity in a daf-2 constitutive dauer phase mutant background.
Interacts with atgl-1; the interaction tethers atgl-1 to lipid droplets.
Catalyzes the phosphorylation of ceramide to form ceramide 1-phosphate.
Asymmetrically localized to the anterior of the zygote before mitotic division, then differentially distributed to the somatic blastomere precursor cells.
Functions with mex-6 to affect embryonic viability, establish soma germline asymmetry in embryos and establish plk-1, pie-1, mex-1, and pos-1 asymmetry in embryos (PubMed:10882103, PubMed:18199581, PubMed:18842813, PubMed:30279189). Also affects formation of intestinal cells (PubMed:10882103). Binds to mRNA in vitro, and inhibits pgl-3-mediated P-granule formation, probably by competing with pgl-3 for binding to mRNA (PubMed:27594427).
Interacts (when phosphorylated on Thr-186) with plk-1 (via POLO box domain) and plk-2 (via POLO box domain).
Phosphorylation on Ser-458 by par-1 promotes localization of the protein to the anterior cytoplasm of the zygote (PubMed:18842813). Phosphorylation by mbk-1 appears to be required for subsequent phosphorylation by plk-1 (PubMed:18199581).
RNAi-mediated knockdown reduces the expression of pie-1 in P2 blastomeres (PubMed:30279189). RNAi-mediated knockdown in mex-6 pk440 mutant background causes a loss in plk-1 asymmetric distribution during the first embryonic cell divisions.
Catalytic component of the tRNA-splicing ligase complex.
Catalytic subunit of the tRNA-splicing ligase complex that acts by directly joining spliced tRNA halves to mature-sized tRNAs (PubMed:25366321). Required for the ligation of mRNAs and specifically, regulates xbp-1 mRNA splicing during the endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced unfolded protein response (PubMed:25366321, PubMed:25429148). Has a neuroprotective role in the age-dependent degeneration of dopamine neurons, which is mediated by xbp-1 (PubMed:25429148).
Ligation probably proceeds through 3 nucleotidyl transfer steps, with 2',3'-cyclic phosphate termini being hydrolyzed to 3'-P termini in a step that precedes 3'-P activation with GMP. In the first nucleotidyl transfer step, RTCB reacts with GTP to form a covalent RTCB-histidine-GMP intermediate with release of PPi; in the second step, the GMP moiety is transferred to the RNA 3'-P; in the third step, the 5'-OH from the opposite RNA strand attacks the activated 3'-P to form a 3',5'-phosphodiester bond and release GMP.
Mutants are sterile and few are viable (PubMed:25366321, PubMed:25429148). Mutants have a slower growth rate, reduced lifespan and have defective vulval development displaying a severe protruding vulva phenotype (PubMed:25366321, PubMed:25429148). Mutants have disrupted RNA ligase activity which results in the presence of unligated tRNAs and defective tRNA processing (PubMed:25366321). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in reduced sensitivity to tunicamycin-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and significantly reduced levels of spliced xbp-1 mRNA under tunicamycin-induced ER stress and non-stressed conditions (PubMed:25429148). RNAi-mediated knockdown in dopamine neurons enhances degenerative effects induced by alpha-synuclein and the neurotoxin, 6-OHDA (PubMed:25429148).
Belongs to the dynein heavy chain family.
Changed locomotion behavior with mutants displaying decreased reversal frequencies consistent with decreased glutamergic signaling.
Expressed in several head neurons and cells in the tail including the anal depressor cell.
Interacts with usp-46; the interaction increases the catalytic activity of usp-46 in the presence of wdr-20.
Together with wdr-20, binds to and stimulates the activity of the deubiquitinating enzyme usp-46, leading to deubiquitination and stabilization of the glr-1 glutamate receptor.
Belongs to the thioesterase PaaI family.
Cotransporter which plays a role in lipoprotein, vitamin and iron metabolism, by facilitating their uptake.
Belongs to the clathrin heavy chain family.
Clathrin is the major protein of the polyhedral coat of coated pits and vesicles (By similarity). May play a role in yolk protein clatherin-mediated endocytosis by oocytes during oogenesis (PubMed:19798448).
Clathrin triskelions, composed of 3 heavy chains and 3 light chains, are the basic subunits of the clathrin coat (By similarity). May interact with beta arrestin arr-1 (PubMed:15878875).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in defective endocytosis by oocytes characterized by an accumulation of aggregated yolk protein in the pseudocoelomatic space.
The C-terminal third of the heavy chains forms the hub of the triskelion. This region contains the trimerization domain and the light-chain binding domain involved in the assembly of the clathrin lattice.
The N-terminal seven-bladed beta-propeller is formed by WD40-like repeats, and projects inward from the polyhedral outer clathrin coat. It constitutes a major protein-protein interaction node (By similarity).
Histone chaperone that facilitates histone deposition and histone exchange and removal during nucleosome assembly and disassembly.
Interacts with histone H3 and histone H4.
Belongs to the eukaryotic RPC7 RNA polymerase subunit family.
A G protein-coupled receptor required for olfactory imprinting a requisite in ordorant response such as benzaldehyde and isoamylalcohol.
Expressed in interneurons AIY and AVB in L1 larvae. In adults, strong expression is seen in AIY and AIA but only weak expression in AVB.
Worms exhibit olfactory imprinting to benzaldehyde and isoamylalcohol.
Expressed in the hypodermis, rectum and to a lesser extent in pharyngeal muscles and intestine.
Expressed in the ALA neuron in L4 stage larvae.
Neuropeptide-like protein (PubMed:30229400). Plays a role in behaviors associated with a sleep-like state induced by stress (SIS), acting in concert with the FARP (FMRFamide related) peptides, flp-13 and flp-24 (PubMed:27546573).
Interacts with the cullin cul-3. Interacts with ubiquitin via its UBA-like domain. Interacts with ned-8/nedd8.
Required for neddylation of cullin components of SCF-type E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes. Neddylation of cullins play an essential role in the regulation of SCF-type complexes activity. Does not act by preventing deneddylation, but rather facilitates neddylation, possibly by acting with rbx-1 to recruit the Nedd8-charged E2 enzyme to the cullin component of SCF-type complexes.
Binds specifically and directly to substrates containing either a simple or bipartite NLS motif. Promotes docking of import substrates to the nuclear envelope. Seems to act as a cytosolic receptor for both simple and bipartite NLS motifs (By similarity).
Does not contain ARM repeats, but instead Ser charged repeats. May have specificity for cargos distinct from that of other importin alpha subunits.
Expressed very weakly in early larvae, levels of expression increase in L4 and adult stages when germ cells are continually proliferating.
Forms a complex with an importin beta subunit.
Belongs to the FAD-binding oxidoreductase/transferase type 4 family.
Catalyzes the covalent attachment of ubiquitin to other proteins.
Interacts with ubr-1 and rfp-1 (PubMed:14732404). Interacts with ubc-13 (PubMed:15530417).
Worms are viable, fertile, and do not show any obvious anomaly.
Binds 2 magnesium or manganese ions per subunit.
Component of a complex containing fem-1, fem-2 and fem-3 (PubMed:23760267). Interacts (via N-terminus) with fem-1 and fem-3 (PubMed:17609115, PubMed:23760267, PubMed:8824590). Component of the CBC(fem-1) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex, at least composed of cul-2, elc-1, tra-1, fem-1, fem-2 and fem-3; mediates the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of tra-1 (PubMed:17609115). Interacts with tra-1 (PubMed:17609115). Interacts with sel-10 (PubMed:15306688).
Dephosphorylates auto-phosphorylated Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase unc-43/CAMKII in vitro (PubMed:11559703, PubMed:23760267). Involved in the regulation of sex determination (PubMed:8824590). Together with fem-3, required for male sexual development by promoting the proteasomal-mediated degradation of tra-1, a transcription repressor of male-specific genes (PubMed:17609115). Promotes apoptosis (PubMed:11559703).
Expressed in L4 larval stage primarily in neurons, including ventral cord neurons DA, DB, VA and VB; the lateral excretory canal associated CAN cells; and anterior neurons AVK, DVA, I5, M1, M2, M4 and M5.
Expressed in embryos just prior to hatching and remains constant in most cells throughout the larval and adult stages (PubMed:9847238). Expressed by AVA command interneurons (PubMed:23019581).
Homodimer; disulfide-linked (By similarity). Interacts with drag-1 (PubMed:24004951).
Ligand for the serine/threonine-protein kinase receptor type-1 sma-6 which activates a TGF-beta-like signaling pathway (PubMed:24004951). Multifunctional protein that is involved in body size, male ectodermal patterning, innate immunity, lipid metabolism and neural plasticity (PubMed:10021351, PubMed:9847238, PubMed:12176330, PubMed:29162682, PubMed:23019581). Dose-dependent regulator of body size, probably influencing the sizes of some or all cells rather than their number (PubMed:10021351, PubMed:9847238, PubMed:22189608). Plays a role in patterning of male-specific genital sensilla (simple sense organs), known as rays, and mating-associated structures, spicules (PubMed:10021351, PubMed:9847238). Plays a protective role in response to infection by the Gram-negative bacterium S.marcescens, by activating expression of genes involved in innate immunity (PubMed:12176330). Regulator of lipid homeostasis, acting non cell-autonomously in the hypodermis; partly dependent on the Insulin/IGF-1-like signaling (IIS) mediated pathway (PubMed:29162682). Required for aversive olfactory learning of pathogenic bacteria in adults (PubMed:23019581). Involved in gland cell morphology, possibly via activation of a Smad-independent TGF-beta signaling pathway (PubMed:24690231). Required to oppose the autoregulation of expression of Runt-related transcription factor rnt-1.
Reduced body size (PubMed:10021351). Abnormalities in the male tail (PubMed:10021351). Disrupted aversive learning (PubMed:23019581).
Calcium-regulated, actin-modulating protein that binds to the plus (or barbed) ends of actin monomers or filaments, preventing monomer exchange (end-blocking or capping) (PubMed:18640981, PubMed:20392036). Binds actin but does not nucleate actin polymerization, albeit slows down elongation by blocking the barbed ends (PubMed:18640981, PubMed:20392036). By promoting actin depolymerization, required for the elimination of presynaptic components downstream of the egl-1, ced-4 and ced-3 apoptotic pathway during larval development (PubMed:26074078).
Cleavage by caspase ced-3 activates its actin-severing function and is required for the elimination of presynaptic components during development.
Monomer. Binds to actin monomers and filaments.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS4 family.
ATP-dependent serine protease that mediates the selective degradation of misfolded, unassembled or oxidatively damaged polypeptides as well as certain short-lived regulatory proteins in the mitochondrial matrix. May also have a chaperone function in the assembly of inner membrane protein complexes. Participates in the regulation of mitochondrial gene expression and in the maintenance of the integrity of the mitochondrial genome. Binds to mitochondrial DNA in a site-specific manner. Involved in the degradation of transcription factor atfs-1 in the mitochondrion (PubMed:22700657).
Homohexamer or homoheptamer. Organized in a ring with a central cavity.
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes transcription factor atfs-1 accumulation in mitochondria.
Expressed in seam cells with temporal changes in expression level; undetectable in L1 and L2 larval stages, then expressed at the L3 stage, declining at the late L4 stage and expressed only weakly in young adults (PubMed:19500563). Expressed in the vulval precursor cells (VPCs) (PubMed:15020414).
Multimer (PubMed:15020414). May interact with mediator complex subunit mdt-29 (PubMed:15020414).
Putative transcription factor (PubMed:19500563). Positive regulator of the lin-12/Notch signaling pathway (PubMed:15020414). Binds to specific DNA sequences in regulatory elements (PubMed:19500563). Involved in cell fate decisions that require cell-cell interactions, such as the anchor cell (AC) / ventral uterine (VU) precursor cell fate decision (PubMed:15020414). Heterochronic protein which controls the choice of stage specific cell fates, including the larval L3 stage-specific fate of seam cells (PubMed:19500563). Involved in regulating the temporal expression pattern of hunchback-like protein hbl-1, thereby playing a role in the progression between larval stages L2 and L3 (PubMed:19500563).
RNAi-mediated knockdown suppresses the hermaphrodite gonadal development and egg-laying defects in a lin-12 mutant background.
Widely expressed, including in pharyngeal muscle cells and body wall muscle cells.
Nematode cuticles are composed largely of collagen-like proteins. The cuticle functions both as an exoskeleton and as a barrier to protect the worm from its environment. Dose-dependent regulator of body length and shape.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS7 family.
Belongs to the dynactin subunits 5/6 family. Dynactin subunit 6 subfamily.
Member of the pointed-end complex of the dynactin shoulder complex.
Cadherins are calcium-dependent cell adhesion proteins (PubMed:25938815, PubMed:25850673). They preferentially interact with themselves in a homophilic manner in connecting cells; cadherins may thus contribute to the sorting of heterogeneous cell types (PubMed:25938815, PubMed:25850673). Required for adherens junction assembly and connecting adherens junctions to the cytoskeleton (PubMed:26412237).
Embryonic lethal (PubMed:20689042, PubMed:25850673). Hammerhead phenotype characterized by morphogenetic defects before the start of body elongation, due to improper closure of hypodermis (PubMed:9531567, PubMed:25850673). Humpback phenotype with embryos containing dorsal humps (PubMed:20689042). Embryos also exhibit defective actin structures including loss of actin at cell-cell junctions and detached thick actin bundles called circumferential filament bundles that insert at right angles to junctional actin (PubMed:20689042). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in ingression defects in primordial germ cells (PubMed:22675206).
Isoform a is present in all embryonic blastomeres at early stages of development (PubMed:9531567, PubMed:25938815). Expressed throughout gastrulation and in primordial germ cells (PubMed:22675206).
Isoform a is required for cell migration during body enclosure and cell shape changes during body elongation (PubMed:9531567, PubMed:12847081). Required for proper localization of other junctional components, such as hmp-1, hmp-2, jac-1 and pac-1 (PubMed:9531567, PubMed:25938815). Recruitment of pac-1 is required to establish cell polarity, independent of its role in cell adhesion (PubMed:25938815). Required for primodial germ cell ingression and adherence to endodermal cells during gastrulation (PubMed:20515680, PubMed:22675206).
Isoform b is involved in axonal guidance in a subset of motor neurons.
Isoform b is neuron-specific (PubMed:11790304). Isoform a is located in epidermal cells (at protein level) (PubMed:9531567).
Monomer in solution (PubMed:20689042). Isoform a is a component of a core catenin-cadherin complex consisting of hmr-1, hmp-1 and hmp-2; the complex localizes to adherens junctions (PubMed:20689042, PubMed:25850673). Isoform a interacts with hmp-2; the interaction is direct (PubMed:10952315, PubMed:20689042, PubMed:25850673, PubMed:26412237). Isoform a interacts (via intracellular domain) with jac-1 (PubMed:12847081, PubMed:25938815).
Phosphorylation at T-2912 increases the binding affinity for hmp-2.
Sumoylated. Sumoylation prevents accumulation at adherens junctions and decreases the binding affinity for hmp-2.
The cytoplasmic domain is necessary for binding to jac-1.
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in the production of additional AVM/PVM neuronal precursors.
Regulates asymmetric cell division in Q.p neuroblast lineage (PubMed:23267054). Plays a role in cell shedding during embryogenesis (PubMed:22801495).
Belongs to the Ca(2+):cation antiporter (CaCA) (TC 2.A.19) family.
Belongs to the CDP-alcohol phosphatidyltransferase class-I family.
Catalyzes the synthesis of cardiolipin (CL) (diphosphatidylglycerol) by specifically transferring a phosphatidyl group from CDP-diacylglycerol to phosphatidylglycerol (PG). CL is a key phospholipid in mitochondrial membranes and plays important roles in maintaining the functional integrity and dynamics of mitochondria under both optimal and stress conditions.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 2 family. GalNAc-T subfamily.
Probable glycopeptide transferase involved in O-linked oligosaccharide biosynthesis. Glycopeptide transferases catalyze the transfer of an N-acetyl-D-galactosamine residue to an already glycosylated peptide (By similarity). In contrast to other members of the family, it does not act as a peptide transferase that transfers GalNAc onto serine or threonine residue on peptides that have been tested. Some peptide transferase activity is however not excluded, considering that its appropriate peptide substrate may remain unidentified.
The ricin B-type lectin domain binds to GalNAc and contributes to the glycopeptide specificity.
There are two conserved domains in the glycosyltransferase region: the N-terminal domain (domain A, also called GT1 motif), which is probably involved in manganese coordination and substrate binding and the C-terminal domain (domain B, also called Gal/GalNAc-T motif), which is probably involved in catalytic reaction and UDP-Gal binding.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL3 family.
The L3 protein is a component of the large subunit of cytoplasmic ribosomes.
Belongs to the HAD-like hydrolase superfamily.
Belongs to the succinate/malate CoA ligase alpha subunit family.
Heterodimer of an alpha and a beta subunit. Different beta subunits determine nucleotide specificity. Together with an ATP-specific beta subunit, forms an ADP-forming succinyl-CoA synthetase (A-SCS). Together with a GTP-specific beta subunit forms a GDP-forming succinyl-CoA synthetase (G-SCS).
Succinyl-CoA synthetase functions in the citric acid cycle (TCA), coupling the hydrolysis of succinyl-CoA to the synthesis of either ATP or GTP and thus represents the only step of substrate-level phosphorylation in the TCA. The alpha subunit of the enzyme binds the substrates coenzyme A and phosphate, while succinate binding and specificity for either ATP or GTP is provided by different beta subunits.
Accumulation of cell corpses (PubMed:26598553). Appears immunocompromised resulting in susceptibility to bacterial infection (PubMed:6857247, PubMed:1936965, PubMed:18606143). Reduced or lack of association of ppk-3 and rab-7 with the phagosomal surface (PubMed:18351800). Defective in the recruitment of lysosomes to phagosomes (PubMed:16740477). Double knockout with the P-granule component pgl-1 results in an increased number of cell corpses in the gonad as compared to the ced-1 single mutant (PubMed:26598553). Conversely, double knockout with pgl-1 or pgl-3 results in reduced somatic cell apoptosis (PubMed:27650246). Double knockout with the synthetic multivulva class B protein hpl-2 results in reduced somatic cell apoptosis at 25 degrees Celsius (PubMed:27650246). Triple knockout with hpl-2 and pgl-1 partially recovers the reduced somatic cell apoptotic cell defect in the ced-1 and hpl-2 double knockout (PubMed:27650246). Triple knockout with hpl-2 and pgl-1 and knockdown with either ced-3 or ced-4 reduces the somatic cell apoptosis defect in the ced-1, hpl-2 and pgl-1 triple knockout (PubMed:27650246). Double knockout with hpl-2 and knockdown with either pgl-1, pgl-3, glh-1 or glh-4 RNAi rescues the reduced somatic cell apoptotic cell defect in the ced-1 and hpl-2 double knockout (PubMed:27650246). Knockout with RNAi-mediated knockdown of synthetic multivulva class B proteins lin-9, lin-35, lin-37 or lin-54 results in reduced somatic cell apoptosis (PubMed:27650246).
Expressed in engulfing cells and syncytium hypodermal cells. Ced-7 is necessary for clustering around cell corpses prior to engulfment.
Interacts (via C-terminus) with ced-6 (via PTB domain).
Involved in programmed cell death, also called apoptosis, in both somatic and germ cells (PubMed:11163239, PubMed:6857247, PubMed:1936965, PubMed:15744306, PubMed:16740477, PubMed:18351800, PubMed:26598553, PubMed:27650246, PubMed:12944970). Acts by recruiting ced-6 to phagosomes which enables actin-dependent cytoskeletal reorganization and subsequent engulfment of the apoptotic cell corpse (PubMed:15744306). Has a role in the association of ppk-3 and rab-7 with the phagosomal surface which is necessary for the incorporation of lysosomes to phagosomes during phagosome maturation (PubMed:16740477, PubMed:18351800). Activates the expression of unfolded protein response genes, which are involved in the immune response to live bacteria (PubMed:18606143).
NPXY motif thought to be involved in signal transduction that activates the cell corpse internalization process.
Phosphorylation of Tyr-1019, within the YXXL motif, is thought to initiate phagosomal formation.
Belongs to the protease inhibitor I35 (TIMP) family.
Complexes with metalloproteinases and irreversibly inactivates them by binding to their catalytic zinc cofactor.
Component of the signal recognition particle (SRP) complex, a ribonucleoprotein complex that mediates the cotranslational targeting of secretory and membrane proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) (By similarity). The SRP complex interacts with the signal sequence in nascent secretory and membrane proteins and directs them to the membrane of the ER (By similarity). The SRP complex targets the ribosome-nascent chain complex to the SRP receptor (SR), which is anchored in the ER, where SR compaction and GTPase rearrangement drive cotranslational protein translocation into the ER (By similarity). Binds the signal recognition particle RNA (7SL RNA), srpa-72 binds to this complex subsequently (By similarity). The SRP complex possibly participates in the elongation arrest function (By similarity).
Heterodimer with srpa-72 (By similarity). Srpa-68/srpa-72 heterodimer formation is stabilized by the presence of 7SL RNA (By similarity). Component of a signal recognition particle (SRP) complex that consists of a 7SL RNA molecule of 300 nucleotides and six protein subunits: srpa-72, srpa-68, SRP54, F37F2.2/SRP19, F25G6.8/SRP14 and ZK512.4/SRP9 (By similarity). Within the SRP complex, interacts (via C-terminus) with srpa-72 (via N-terminus) (By similarity).
The N-terminus is required for RNA-binding.
Component of the coenzyme Q biosynthetic pathway. May play a role in organizing a multi-subunit COQ enzyme complex required for coenzyme Q biosynthesis. Required for steady-state levels of other COQ polypeptides.
No visible phenotype. Quintuple knockout with cnnm-1, cnnm-2, cnnm-3 and cnnm-5 results in a reduced lifespan and 100% sterility.
Probable metal transporter. Probably acts redundantly with the other metal transport proteins cnnm-1, cnnm-2, cnnm-3 and cnnm-5 to regulate Mg(2+) homeostasis.
Belongs to the zinc-containing alcohol dehydrogenase family. Quinone oxidoreductase subfamily.
Catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of trans-2-enoyl thioesters in mitochondrial fatty acid synthesis (fatty acid synthesis type II). Fatty acid chain elongation in mitochondria uses acyl carrier protein (ACP) as an acyl group carrier, but the enzyme accepts both ACP and CoA thioesters as substrates in vitro.
Belongs to the FAD-dependent oxidoreductase family.
Hydrolyzes the sphingolipid ceramide into sphingosine and free fatty acid.
Belongs to the class-III pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family.
Component of the signal peptidase complex (SPC) composed of a catalytic subunit sec-11 and three accessory subunits spcs-1, spcs-2 and spcs-3. The complex induces a local thinning of the ER membrane which is used to measure the length of the signal peptide (SP) h-region of protein substrates. This ensures the selectivity of the complex towards h-regions shorter than 18-20 amino acids.
Essential component of the signal peptidase complex (SPC) which catalyzes the cleavage of N-terminal signal sequences from nascent proteins as they are translocated into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (By similarity). Essential for the SPC catalytic activity, possibly by stabilizing and positioning the active center of the complex close to the lumenal surface (By similarity).
Amino acid transport is sodium-dependent (By similarity). Transport of leucine, tyrosine and phenylalanine is increased by arginine binding (By similarity).
Belongs to the amino acid/polyamine transporter 2 family. SLC38A9 subfamily.
Lysosomal amino acid transporter involved in the activation of mTORC1 in response to amino acid levels. Probably acts as an amino acid sensor of the Rag GTPases and Ragulator complexes, 2 complexes involved in amino acid sensing and activation of mTORC1, a signaling complex promoting cell growth in response to growth factors, energy levels, and amino acids.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CAMK Ser/Thr protein kinase family. SNF1 subfamily.
Expressed in neurons. Colocalizes with strd-1 along the dorsal nerve cord.
Pre-synaptic vesicle and active zone proteins fail to be restricted to the axons of motor and sensory neurons. Synaptic vesicles fail to form tight clusters implying aberrant synaptic organization in addition to defects in neuronal polarity. Overexpression causes mislocalization of vesicle proteins to dendrites.
Regulates both neuronal polarity and synaptic organization when bound to strd-1. Kinase activity is required for the establishment, but not the maintenance, of both processes. Binding to nab-1 is essential for role in restricting axonal fate during neuronal polarization but is not required for regulating synapse morphology.
Expressed in AQR, PQR and URX sensory neurons.
Belongs to the Nudix hydrolase family. NudC subfamily.
Divalent metal cations. Binds 3 Mg(2+) or Mn(2+) ions per subunit.
mRNA decapping enzyme that specifically removes the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) cap from a subset of mRNAs by hydrolyzing the diphosphate linkage to produce nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) and 5' monophosphate mRNA. The NAD-cap is present at the 5'-end of some RNAs; in contrast to the canonical N7 methylguanosine (m7G) cap, the NAD cap promotes mRNA decay (By similarity). Mediates the hydrolysis of some nucleoside diphosphate derivatives (PubMed:10873676).
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 8 family.
Associates with the mitochondrial contact site and cristae organizing system (MICOS) complex (also known as MINOS or MitOS complex).
Its C-terminal part seems to contain many membrane-spanning sided beta-sheets, that have the potential to adopt a transmembrane beta-barrel type structure.
May play a role in the maintenance of the structure of mitochondrial cristae.
Catalyzes the dephosphorylation of the nucleoside 5'-monophosphates deoxyadenosine monophosphate (dAMP), deoxycytidine monophosphate (dCMP), deoxyguanosine monophosphate (dGMP) and deoxythymidine monophosphate (dTMP).
Expression is first detected is intestinal primordium at the embryonic stage 16 dpc followed by expression in future head neurons and head muscle cells at the comma and 1.5-fold stages (PubMed:20805556). Expressed in larvae and adults (PubMed:19297413, PubMed:20805556).
Involved in pharynx morphogenesis probably by remodeling the basement membrane.
Localizes to the basement membranes of the gonad primordium, pharynx and intestine (at protein level) (PubMed:19297413). Expressed in head and CAN neurons, coelomocytes, body-wall muscles and anal depressor and sphincter and stomatointestinal muscles (PubMed:19297413, PubMed:20805556). Expressed Isoform a: is expressed in body wall muscles and distal cell tips (PubMed:19297413). Isoform b: expressed in embryonic muscles (PubMed:19297413).
Plays a role in embryogenesis, the second phase of distal cell tip migration and is required for distribution of the metalloproteinase, mig-17, during organogenesis.
Plays a role in post embryonic distal cell tip migration (PubMed:19297413). Essential extracellular matrix (ECM) protein required for hypodermal enclosure in the embryo (PubMed:11076767).
Required to maintain the structure of the rachis, the central cytoplasmic core of the syncytial adult gonad. Failure to maintain the rachis leads to premature dissociation of oocytes and thereby impedes oogenesis.
Cysteine protease inhibitor which inhibits members of the peptidase C1 family (PubMed:12704112, PubMed:15664654). Does not inhibit asparaginyl endopeptidase (PubMed:15664654). May play a protective role against exogenous cysteine proteases derived from soil bacteria or fungi, or rotting fruits and vegetation (PubMed:24001183).
Expressed in embryos, larvae and adults (at protein level). Expression transiently increases prior to the larval L2/L3, L3/L4 and L4/adult molts.
Belongs to the inward rectifier-type potassium channel (TC 1.A.2.1) family.
RNAi-mediated knockdown in a sod-1 mutant background results in increased aggregation of denatured proteins in neurons.
Associates with the cohesin complex (PubMed:12827206). Interacts with smc-1, smc-3, scc-1 and scc-3 (PubMed:12827206).
Expression is increased during late postembryonic development (PubMed:10550049). In embryos, there is diffuse nuclear expression at interphase, but this reduces by the metaphase-anaphase transition (PubMed:12827206). There is diffuse expression in pre-meiotic germline nuclei as the nuclei enter meiotic prophase and later in the diplotene and diakinesis phases of prophase (PubMed:12827206).
Plays an important role in chromosome cohesion during both mitosis and meiosis (PubMed:12827206). In prophase of meiosis, it is involved in the formation of the synaptonemal complex (SC) and specifically, in the diplotene and diakinesis phases of prophase, it stabilizes the association of homologous chromosomes during synapsis and sister chromatid cohesion (PubMed:12827206). It regulates cohesin subunits to promote meiotic chromosome cohesion and localizes non-SMC (structural maintenance of chromosome) cohesin subunits to chromatin prior to or during pre-meiotic S phase (PubMed:12827206). Implicated in influencing either the stability or loading of meiotic-specific cohesin subunit, rec8 (PubMed:12827206). Controls cell cycle exit and cell fusion to prevent the premature differentiation into adult cells (PubMed:15691769). Specifically, regulates hypodermal seam cell identity (PubMed:15691769).
RNAi-mediated knockdown is embryonic lethal (PubMed:12827206). In germline cells, aberrant segregation of chromosomes is observed during both mitosis and meiosis, resulting in aneuploidy (PubMed:12827206). There is a weaker mitosis phenotype in somatic tissues (PubMed:12827206). Weak seam cell differentiation capacity during the L4 larval development stage, including 30% increased seam cell fusion and reduced cell cycle exit (PubMed:15691769). RNAi-mediated knockdown increases the survival rate and partially restores alae formation of let-7 n2853 mutants at 20 dgrees Celsius (PubMed:15691769).
Expressed in excretory cell and in amphid and phasmid sheath glia.
Hydrolase that deubiquitinates target proteins. May play a role in regulating the levels of endogenous siRNA biogenesis (PubMed:32338603).
Belongs to the NAD-dependent glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase family.
Exhibits carboxy-monopeptidase as well as carboxy-dipeptidase activity (By similarity). Plays an essential role in molting, a process during larval stages in which a new cuticle is formed and the old cuticle is shed (PubMed:14630920). Probably, required for the degradation of the old cuticle (PubMed:14630920).
Expressed in embryos, larvae and adults (at protein level) (PubMed:14630920, PubMed:16857685). In larvae, only expressed in hypodermis and cuticle (at protein level) (PubMed:14630920, PubMed:16857685). Expressed in the ecdysed cuticle during molting (at protein level) (PubMed:16857685). Expression transiently increases during early embryonic stages and prior to the larval L2/L3, L3/L4 and L4/adult molts (PubMed:14630920, PubMed:16857685).
Expressed in hypodermis, cuticle and pharynx (at protein level) (PubMed:14630920, PubMed:16857685). Expressed in germ cells, developing oocytes, sheath cells surrounding germ cells and oocytes, and in the eggshell (at protein level) (PubMed:16857685). Not expressed in sperm (PubMed:16857685).
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes an arrest at the 50-cell embryonic stage. The few surviving animals are arrested at the larval L2 to L3 molt with their cuticle remaining attached to the mid-portion of the body. RNAi-mediated knockdown at various larval stages causes severe defects in molting.
The disulfide bridge formed between Cys-38 in the propeptide and the active site residue Cys-95 may prevent activation of the zymogen through formation of a reversible covalent bond with the active site residue.
Belongs to the acireductone dioxygenase (ARD) family.
Probable inactive acireductone dioxygenase.
This enzyme lacks one or more conserved metal-binding sites. It may be non-functional.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS15 family.
Expressed from 1.5 stage embryos, mostly within the muscle cells (PubMed:12781130, PubMed:23283987). In adult hermaphrodites, expressed in the attachments of other muscles, including the uterine, anal depressor, anal sphincter, and vulval muscles, as well as in the spermatheca and the distal tip cells (PubMed:12781130). Expressed in mechanosensory receptor neurons ALML/R, PLML/R, AVM, and PVM (PubMed:12781130). Localizes at body wall muscle attachments (PubMed:12781130, PubMed:23283987).
In mutant embryos, abnormal accumulation of cpna-1 into large foci in body wall muscle cells (PubMed:23283987). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in impaired mobility, mitochondrial fragmentation and disrupted integrin attachment complexes in muscle (PubMed:22253611). This leads to degradation of muscle proteins in the cytosol, myofibrillar defects and disruption of sarcomere organization (PubMed:22253611). RNAi-mediated knockdown in L4 larval stage, causes ectopic membrane extensions from body wall muscles (PubMed:16495308).
Involved in the regulation of cell adhesion and cytoskeleton organization. Component of an integrin containing attachment complex, which is required for muscle development and maintenance (PubMed:22253611). During embryonic development, required to recruit cpna-1, unc-89 and myofilaments to newly forming integrin attachments composed of integrins pat-2/pat-3, pat-4 and unc-112 (PubMed:12781130, PubMed:23283987). Also required to reposition the integrin-based attachments so that they form the highly ordered array of dense body and M-line attachments that are characteristic of mature muscle cells (PubMed:12781130, PubMed:23283987). During the formation of neuromuscular junctions at the larval stage, negatively regulates membrane protrusion from body wall muscles (PubMed:16495308).
May interact (via calponin-homology (CH) 2 domain) with pat-4 (via kinase domain) (PubMed:12781130). May form a complex with unc-112 and pat-4 (PubMed:12781130). Component of an integrin containing attachment complex, composed of at least pat-2, pat-3, pat-4, pat-6, unc-52, unc-97 and unc-112 (PubMed:22253611).
The calponin-homology (CH) domains are essential for its function during attachment assembly and the interaction with pat-4.
UTP--glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase catalyzing the conversion of glucose-1-phosphate into UDP-glucose, a crucial precursor for the production of glycogen.
Atypical Ras-like protein that may act as a regulator of NF-kappa-B activity.
Belongs to the small GTPase superfamily. Ras family. KappaB-Ras subfamily.
In contrast to other members of the Ras family, the members of the KappaB-Ras subfamily do not contain the conserved Gly and Gln residues in positions 13 and 65, which are replaced by Lys and Val residues, respectively, and are therefore similar to the constitutively active forms of oncogenic forms of Ras. This suggests that members of this family are clearly different from other small GTPases proteins.
Cleavage by caspase ced-3 during larval development probably induces lin-28 degradation.
Component of a complex at least containing lep-2, lin-28 and the long non-coding RNA lep-5, which mediates the degradation of lin-28.
Expressed at the first larval stage (L1) in several cell types including hypodermis, muscle, neurons and seam cells (PubMed:9054503, PubMed:11884032, PubMed:16122423, PubMed:16139228, PubMed:26811380, PubMed:31264582, PubMed:30956008, PubMed:21471153). Also expressed in the tail tip and pharynx at the L1 stage (PubMed:26811380). Down-regulated at L2, and absent from L3 and L4 (PubMed:9054503, PubMed:11884032, PubMed:16122423, PubMed:16139228, PubMed:26811380, PubMed:31264582, PubMed:30956008, PubMed:21471153).
Heterochronic protein which controls the choice of stage specific cell fates (PubMed:9054503, PubMed:6494891, PubMed:2702689, PubMed:2628162, PubMed:1916265, PubMed:7671811, PubMed:8625405, PubMed:8756295, PubMed:8756296, PubMed:9477318, PubMed:9649524, PubMed:10706289, PubMed:12871707, PubMed:15073154, PubMed:16139228). Regulates the timing of the second larval stage events (L2 events) in the hypodermis (PubMed:2702689, PubMed:2628162). May negatively regulate the larval to adult transition via the suppression of the microRNA (miRNA) let-7 during L3 (PubMed:10706289, PubMed:12871707, PubMed:16139228). Through this regulatory role, controls the timing of the sexual maturation of the nervous system (PubMed:31264582). Also has a role in the fox-1-sex-1-mediated determination of sexual fate (PubMed:21471153). Plays a role in governing the developmental timing of male tail tip morphogenesis (PubMed:26811380, PubMed:30956008). Plays a role in controlling the seam cell number during larval stages (PubMed:21471153, PubMed:28602583). Plays a role in vulval development (PubMed:28602583).
Negatively regulated by the miRNA lin-4 which causes degradation of the mRNA encoding this protein. This requires a lin-4 complementary element (LCE) in the 3'-UTR of the mRNA encoding this protein. Also negatively regulated independent of lin-4 and this is counteracted by the action of lin-14. Positively regulated by TGF-beta signaling.
RNAi-mediated knockdown in a ced-3 and ain-1 double mutant background reduces the percentage of animals with developmental defects including impaired egg-laying and production of ectopic seam cells. RNAi-mediated knockdown results in the precocious onset of tail tip retraction at the L3 larval stage resulting in over-retracted and shortened adult male tails (also known as the Ore phenotype) (PubMed:26811380, PubMed:30956008). RNAi-mediated knockdown suppresses the male tail tip morphogenesis defects of mutants for the long non-coding RNA lep-5 (PubMed:30956008).
Belongs to the small GTPase superfamily. Rho family. CDC42 subfamily.
Expressed in the intestine and seam cells.
Highest levels at the embryonic stage, decreasing progressively during development, except for an increase at the L3 stage (PubMed:8514766). Expressed in hypodermal cells during elongation throughout the second phase of embryogenesis (PubMed:8824291).
Plays an essential role in spindle orientation and organizing cellular and embryonic polarity by controlling the localization and activity of PAR (partitioning-defective) proteins. Required for maintaining the asymmetric cortical localization of the anterior complex proteins par-3 and par-6, the posterior cortical protein par-2, and pkc-3 (PubMed:11412996, PubMed:11412997). Involved in hypodermal cell fusion, together with pak-1 and ced-10, leading to embryonic body elongation, which involves dramatic cytoskeletal reorganization (PubMed:8824291). During gonad morphogenesis, plays a role in distal tip cell (DTC)-mediated guidance of gonad elongation, probably by activating max-2 (PubMed:19797046, PubMed:19023419). May play a role in controlling canal length and in maintaining Golgi and ER stability during excretory canal elongation, probably downstream of ccm-3, which may regulate its activity and expression levels (PubMed:25743393). May play a role in yolk protein clatherin-mediated endocytosis by oocytes during oogenesis (PubMed:19798448). Involved in toca-1 and toca-2-mediated protein trafficking controlling the recycling of endocytic cargo protein mig-14 to the Golgi apparatus (PubMed:25775511). Plays a role in male tail tip morphogenesis (PubMed:21408209). Together with kpc-1 and chin-1, plays a role in guiding axons from neurons, including AIY interneurons, into the nerve ring (PubMed:28846083).
RNAi-mediated knockdown disrupts tail tip morphogenesis resulting in retention of the pointed larval tail tip in adult males (also known as the Lep phenotype) (PubMed:21408209). RNAi-mediated knockdown in distal tip cells (DTC) causes additional turns during their migration (PubMed:19023419). RNAi-mediated knockdown in addition, causes a truncation of excretory canals associated with the formation of cysts and a reduced distribution of Golgi and ER components along the excretory canal length (PubMed:25743393). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in defective endocytosis by oocytes characterized by an accumulation of aggregated yolk protein in the pseudocoelomatic space, and accumulation of endocytic cargo protein mig-14 in late endosomes and expansion of recycling endosomes that express toca-1 and toca-2 (PubMed:19798448, PubMed:25775511). RNAi-mediated knockdown enhances the axon guidance defects in glia and sublateral neurons of the kpc-1 gk mutant, in which non-commissural interneurons AIY fail to extend dorsally and enter the nerve ring (PubMed:28846083).
The GTP-bound, but not the GDP-bound, form binds to the p21-activated kinase (pak-1) (PubMed:8824291). Interaction with par-6 required for activation of the par-3/par-6/pkc-3 complex (PubMed:11412997). Interacts with toca-1 and toca-2 (PubMed:25775511). May interact with unc-89 (via DH and PH domains); the interaction does not stimulate GTPase activity in vitro (PubMed:18801371).
May form with the serine/threonine protein phosphatase scpl-2 an active complex dephosphorylating and activating lipin-like phosphatases. Lipins are phosphatidate phosphatases that catalyze the conversion of phosphatidic acid to diacylglycerol and control the metabolism of fatty acids at different levels. May play a role in nuclear membrane dynamics being crucial for early development of the embryo.
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in the formation of two nuclei in each daughter cell following the first embryonic division.
64% of embryos arrest in between late gastrulation and epidermal morphogenesis with failures in embryogenesis occurring during late gastrulation, epidermal enclosure and elongation. RNAi-mediated knockdown results in arrest in 29% of embryos which display a range of embryonic abnormalities including increased bulge formation (humpback phenotype), epidermal enclosure defects where the ventral cleft fails to close during embryogenesis, impeded or inhibited ventral neuroblast cell migration and irregular cell shape and positioning. Knockdown also results in failure of the catenin-cadherin complex, specifically the cadherin protein, hmr-1 to localize to adherens junctions, but to accumulate along the basolateral membrane of the cell.
First expressed mid-gastrulation, at the 200-cell stage of embryogenesis with expression increasing during epidermal morphogenesis. Also expressed in epidermal cells and also in the underlying neuroblasts during embryonic development.
Protease that catalyzes two essential functions in the smo-1 pathway: processing of full-length smo-1 to their mature forms and deconjugation of smo-1 from targeted proteins (By similarity). May deconjugate smo-1 from the cadherin protein hmr-1 and plays a role in its recruitment to and the maintenance of adherens junctions (PubMed:26412237). Required for epidermal morphogenesis during embryonic development (PubMed:26412237).
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL43 family.
Belongs to the selenophosphate synthase 1 family. Class I subfamily.
Synthesizes selenophosphate from selenide and ATP.
In unfertilized oocytes, maintains egg-1 and egg-2 at the plasma membrane together with chitin synthase chs-1 and kinase mbk-2. Essential for the formation of a continuous and cohesive chitin layer following fertilization.
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes the zygote to exit the spermatheca with a pinched morphology and to leave a trailing section behind. Zygotes have a fragmented chitin eggshell with an accumulation of chitin at one end of the embryo, causing polyspermy. In unfertilized oocytes, disrupts the homogenous distribution of cortical chitin synthase chs-1, pseudophosphatase egg-3 and kinase mbk-2 and causes the loss of egg-1 and egg-2 cell membrane localization resulting in their premature accumulation in cytoplasmic puncta.
Belongs to the cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase family.
Binds 2 divalent metal cations per subunit. Site 1 may preferentially bind zinc ions, while site 2 has a preference for magnesium and/or manganese ions.
Redundantly with pde-1, plays a role in the AFD thermosensory neurons to regulate microvilli receptive ending morphology, possibly by regulating cGMP levels.
Belongs to the TtcA family. CTU1/NCS6/ATPBD3 subfamily.
Plays a central role in 2-thiolation of mcm(5)S(2)U at tRNA wobble positions of tRNA(Lys), tRNA(Glu) and tRNA(Gln). Directly binds tRNAs and probably acts by catalyzing adenylation of tRNAs, an intermediate required for 2-thiolation. It is unclear whether it acts as a sulfurtransferase that transfers sulfur from thiocarboxylated URM1 onto the uridine of tRNAs at wobble position.
Required for normal germline maturation and for viability. Viable at 20 degrees Celsius. At a higher temperature (25 degrees Celsius), the hatched eggs progress through the L1-L4 larval stages with kinetics similar to those of wild type but present an important delay in germline maturation. Whereas gravid wild-type worms are present 53 hours after hatching, germline maturation are still ongoing in the mutant after 66 hours, and the first adults containing eggs are observed 75 hours after hatching, when a large number of new L1 are already present in the wild type. Strikingly, the eggs that finally appeared in the mutant display aberrant morphology and size resulting in both low progeny and high mortality.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 22 family.
Mannosyltransferase involved in glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchor biosynthesis. Transfers the third alpha-1,2-mannose to Man2-GlcN-acyl-PI during GPI precursor assembly.
Belongs to the amiloride-sensitive sodium channel (TC 1.A.6) family.
Beginning in the L3 stage, animals display striking and progressive defects in morphology of the epidermis and cuticle in several body regions, particularly in the nose, tail, vulva, and the dorsal midline in the region of the posterior pharyngeal bulb (PubMed:19164535, PubMed:27661253). The cuticle in these regions becomes up to 5-10 times thicker than the wild-type, at the expense of underlying epidermis (PubMed:19164535, PubMed:27661253). Up-regulates innate immune responses to damage (PubMed:19164535). Decreases starvation-induced autophagy (PubMed:17785524). Disorganization and hyper-stabilization of epidermal microtubules and reduced microtubule growth rates (PubMed:27661253). Treatment with a microtubule stabilizing drug, paclitaxel, results in enhanced epidermal morphology defects (PubMed:27661253). In a ptrn-1 mutant background, suppression of the epidermal morphology defects (PubMed:27661253).
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CAMK Ser/Thr protein kinase family. DAP kinase subfamily.
Expressed in epidermis, muscles and neurons.
Negative regulator of epidermal barrier repair and innate immune responses to wounding (PubMed:19164535, PubMed:27661253). The role in epidermal tissue integrity and wound healing is established through the inhibition of epidermal microtubule stability, possibly via the negative regulation of the microtubule minus-end binding protein ptrn-1 (PubMed:27661253). In epidermis, prevents expression of specific unc-44 isoforms probably by promoting nuclear localization of pinn-1, which in turn may affect sydn-1-ssup-72-mediated regulation of alternative polyadenylation of unc-44 mRNA (PubMed:28087624). Appears to act downstream of or in parallel to muscarinic signaling in the regulation of autophagy (PubMed:17785524).
Present from late embryogenesis onwards.
Component of the RZZ complex composed of rod-1, czw-1 and zwl-1 (PubMed:18765790). Interacts (via N-terminus) with NDC80 complex component ndc-80 (PubMed:24231804).
Essential component of the mitotic checkpoint, which prevents cells from prematurely exiting mitosis (PubMed:11590237, PubMed:18765790). Required for chromosome segregation, the assembly of the dynein-dynactin and mdf-1-mdf-2 complexes onto kinetochores and spindle pole separation (PubMed:18765790, PubMed:19109417). Plays a role in nuclear envelope breakdown (PubMed:19109417). Its function related to the spindle assembly machinery and kinetochore-microtubule attachments likely depends on its association in the mitotic RZZ complex (PubMed:18765790, PubMed:24231804). The RZZ complex recruits the spindly-like protein spdl-1 to kinetochores (PubMed:18765790, PubMed:24231804). To prevent irregular chromosome segregation, the complex also inhibits the attachment of the kinetochore-associated NDC80 complex to microtubules (PubMed:24231804). The recruitment of spdl-1 to kinetochores relieves this inhibition (PubMed:24231804). Required for embryonic development (PubMed:11590237, PubMed:18765790, PubMed:19109417).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in embryonic lethality (PubMed:11590237, PubMed:18765790, PubMed:19109417). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in defects in mitosis which include the formation of chromatin bridges in between sister chromatids during anaphase (PubMed:11590237). There is also defective chromosome segregation, premature spindle pole separation and incorrectly attached kinetochores (PubMed:18765790). In addition, localization of the spindly-like protein spdl-1 and the other Rzz complex components czw-1 and zwl-1 to the kinetochore is abolished (PubMed:18765790).
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL13 family.
Expressed in the intestinal cells, hypodermis and in unidentified cells in the head in adult hermaphrodites.
Expression detected in the intestinal cells from 3-fold stage embryo to adult stages, and also in the hypodermis and in unidentified cells in the head from larval to adult stages.
Mutant worms have decreased egg-laying capacity at 20 degrees Celsius and decreased hatching rate and smaller brood size at 25 degrees Celsius. Mutant worms have high D-Asp and D-Glu content at both egg and young adult stage but do not show any change in physical appearance. Mutant worms also exhibit decreased fertilization rates.
Selectively catalyzes the oxidative deamination of D-aspartate and its N-methylated derivative, N-methyl D-aspartate. Highest catalytic efficiency for D-Glu followed by D-Asp and NMDA. May play a role in the egg-laying events and early development of the worm, in addition to quality control of the germ cells.
Auxiliary enzyme of beta-oxidation. It participates in the metabolism of unsaturated fatty enoyl-CoA esters having double bonds in both even- and odd-numbered positions. Catalyzes the NADP-dependent reduction of 2,4-dienoyl-CoA to yield trans-3-enoyl-CoA.
Belongs to the short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDR) family. 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase subfamily.
Necessary for protein translocation in the endoplasmic reticulum.
Belongs to the ribose 5-phosphate isomerase family.
Expressed from embryogenesis onwards with high expression during the larval stages of development, peaking at the L3 stage and decreasing at the L4 stage of larval development. Ubiquitously expressed, but expression in seam cells begins in embryonic precursors soon after fertilization and is most prominent in larval stages of development. Expression is also prominent in the germ line during the L1 stage of larval development. Also expressed in pharyngeal gland cells, VC4 and VC5 neurons, and in the hermaphrodite uterine vulval uv1 cells.
Orphan nuclear receptor (Potential). Required for embryonic and larval morphogenesis and probably for seam cell positioning and migration.
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in arrest at the two-fold stage of embryogenesis in the majority of embryos. These embryos have incomplete ventral closure and morphological defects including elongation defects, and either absent or irregularly placed seam cells in the head and tail regions. Surviving larvae also exhibit morphological defects and contain vacuoles.
Belongs to the sirtuin family. Class II subfamily.
Expression starts at the 100 cell stage during embryogenesis and is expressed throughout development until adulthood.
Interacts with pyc-1, pcca-1 and mccc-1.
NAD-dependent protein deacylase. Catalyzes the NAD-dependent hydrolysis of acyl groups from lysine residues. Plays a role in oxidative stress resistance (PubMed:23438705). Might promote neuronal cell death under ischemic conditions and cell death in touch neurons induced by mec-4 channel hyperactivation, possibly downstream of the insulin-like receptor daf-2 (PubMed:28820880). Might attenuate the reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging system, that eliminates ROS in ischemic conditions, under dietary deprivation and when glycolysis is blocked (PubMed:28820880).
Ubiquitously expressed with high expression in the pharynx, body wall muscles and gonad. Strong expression in a subset of non-neuronal cells in the head.
Expressed in pharyngeal muscles, body wall muscles and in most neurons.
Interacts with the deg-3/des-2 acetylcholine receptor.
Required for maturation and cell surface expression of acetylcholine receptors.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL15 family.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family.
Specifically expressed in head and tail ciliated sensory neurons.
Belongs to the replication factor A protein 1 family.
Involved in the uptake of GABA into the synaptic vesicles.
Belongs to the monovalent cation:proton antiporter 1 (CPA1) transporter (TC 2.A.36) family.
Catalyzes the electroneutral exchange or flux of physiologically important metabolites such as dicarboxylates (malonate, malate, succinate), inorganic sulfur-containing anions, and phosphate, across mitochondrial inner membrane (PubMed:9733776). Plays an important role in gluconeogenesis, fatty acid metabolism, urea synthesis, and sulfur metabolism, by supplying the substrates for the different metabolic processes (By similarity).
Expressed in the gland cells of the pharynx and weakly in the pharyngeal neuron.
Transcription factor that regulates the development of the g2 pharyngeal gland cells and pharyngeal gland function and thereby is required for feeding (PubMed:18927627). Required for the expression of a number of genes in the pharyngeal gland, possibly by binding to the E box motif (5'-CANNTG-3') in the promoter region of these genes (PubMed:18927627). Positively regulates the expression of genes encoding mucin-like proteins, which lubricate the pharyngeal tract to ensure efficient passage of the bacterial food source (PubMed:18927627). Exhibits pharyngeal gland-specific positive autoregulation activity (PubMed:17049341).
Expressed in all larval and adult stages but not in pre-hatching embryos.
Expressed in the pharynx and body wall muscle.
Abundant in embryos, fourth larval stages and adults.
Belongs to the DNA polymerase type-B-like family. GLD2 subfamily.
Cytoplasmic poly(A) RNA polymerase that adds successive AMP monomers to the 3'-end of specific RNAs, forming a poly(A) tail. Acts as a regulator of mitosis/meiosis required for progression through meiotic prophase during oogenesis and spermatogenesis and for promotion of the entry into meiosis from the mitotic cell cycle. May act by regulating and activating gld-1 mRNA activity in germline.
In contrast to other poly(A) RNA polymerases, lacks any RNA-binding domain. RNA-binding is mediated through its interaction with gld-3.
Partially edited. RNA editing takes place in most germline-specific transcripts.
Belongs to the helicase family. RLR subfamily.
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes embryonic arrest at the 100-cell stage, premature cell division of E2 cells, Ea and Ep, severe loss of polymerase II large subunit ama-1 phosphorylation and reduction in the transcription of several embryonic genes.
The TFIID basal transcription factor complex plays a major role in the initiation of RNA polymerase II (Pol II)-dependent transcription (By similarity). TFIID recognizes and binds promoters via its subunit tbp-1, a TATA-box-binding protein, and promotes assembly of the pre-initiation complex (PIC) (By similarity). The TFIID complex consists of tbp-1 and TBP-associated factors (TAFs), including taf-1 (By similarity). May regulate RNA polymerase II activity and thereby may control transcription initiation by RNA polymerase II (PubMed:14726532). Required for early embryonic development (PubMed:14726532). Essential for embryonic transcription of several genes (PubMed:14726532).
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. STE Ser/Thr protein kinase family. STE20 subfamily.
Despite the gene name, this is not the ortholog of vertebrate PAK2.
Divalent cations such as magnesium or manganese.
Expressed in pharynx, vulva and spermatheca. Unlike other p21-activated kinases, expression is not detected in neurons.
Low level of embryonic lethality (< 15 percent) which is suppressed by simultaneous RNAi-mediated knockdown of max-2 (PubMed:19797046). In pak-1 and pak-2 double mutants, defects in embryogenesis and L1 stage lethality. The few animals reaching adulthood are smaller but have normal ventral cord commissural motoneuron axonal guidance and are relatively coordinated (PubMed:17050621, PubMed:19797046).
Serine/threonine-protein kinase which plays a redundant role with pak-1 in embryogenesis but, in contrast to pak-1, is not involved in commissural axon guidance of ventral cord motoneurons or in distal tip cell (DTC) migration.
Belongs to the biopterin-dependent aromatic amino acid hydroxylase family.
Catalyzes the hydroxylation of L-phenylalanine to L-tyrosine (PubMed:18460651, PubMed:10928216). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of tryptophan to 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan (PubMed:10928216). Plays a role in the biosynthesis of a melanin-like cuticle pigment (PubMed:18460651).
Expressed during all larval stages and in adult animals (at protein level).
Expressed in the seam cells of the lateral hypodermis, in the ventral hypodermis and in the hyp7 hypodermal syncytium, in hypodermal cells in the tail and in body wall muscle cells (at protein level).
Inhibited by tetrahydrobiopterin. Unlike its mammalian orthologs, pah-1 does not exhibit allosteric binding behavior for phenylalanine.
Reduced L-phenylalanine hydroxylation. Lack of a yellow-orange pheomelanine-like pigment in the cuticle. Higher cuticle resistance to physical or chemical disintegration factors or oxidizing environments. Increase in superoxide dismutase activity. Increased life span. In a bli-3(e767) mutant background, growth arrest in early larval development, severe cuticle abnormalities with large blisters and increased superoxide dismutase activity. RNAi-mediated knockdown together with fah-1 RNAi partially rescues the impaired growth and fertility defects in the single fah-1 RNAi mutant (PubMed:18227072).
Belongs to the acetyltransferase family. GNA1 subfamily.
Belongs to the fatty acid desaturase type 1 family. DEGS subfamily.
Bifunctional enzyme which acts as both a sphingolipid delta(4)-desaturase and a sphingolipid C4-monooxygenase.
Belongs to the ZIP transporter (TC 2.A.5) family. KE4/Catsup subfamily.
Highly expressed in developing spermatids (at the protein level) (PubMed:29879108). Expressed in the germline (PubMed:29879108).
Reduced brood size, but the majority of hermaphrodites are sterile and lay a large number of unfertilized oocytes (PubMed:29879108). Defective spermatid activation (PubMed:29879108). Double knockout with spe-4 results in failed spermatocyte division (PubMed:29879108). Double knockout with spe-6 results in suppression of the premature spermatid activation phenotype of the single spe-6 (hc163) mutant (PubMed:29879108).
Zinc transporter which regulates intracellular zinc levels (PubMed:29879108). Required for spermatogenesis in both hermaphrodites and males where it resides in an inactive form in immature sperm, spermatids, but is likely activated in response to reduced spe-4 and spe-6 function (PubMed:29879108). Upon activation, mediates the release of zinc from internal stores in spermatids into the cytoplasm (PubMed:29879108). The resulting increase in cytoplasmic zinc levels promotes spermatid activation and subsequent differentiation into mature motile sperm that are capable of fertilization (PubMed:29879108).
Belongs to the SLC29A/ENT transporter (TC 2.A.57) family.
Defective cessation of distal tip cell migration from the dorsal muscle towards the mid-body during gonadal development. RNAi-mediated knockdown of cacn-1 in mig-39 null animals results in a strong overshoot phenotype in which anterior and posterior distal tip cells. RNAi-mediated knockdown of Rac GTPase, Rac-2, in double mig-39 and either ced-10 or mig-2 (which are also Rac GTPases) null animals, suppresses the overshoot phenotype in mig-39 null animals.
Expressed in distal tip cells and in germline cells.
Expressed in the nucleus of distal tip cells until larval stage L4 when expression decreases onwards to late adulthood.
Regulates the timing and orientation of distal tip cell migration during gonadal development. May act in parallel to cacn-1 and Rac GTPases to control the anterior and posterior migration of distal tip cells.
Component of the 19S proteasome regulatory particle complex (Probable). The 26S proteasome consists of a 20S core particle (CP) and two 19S regulatory subunits (RP) (By similarity). Interacts with elt-2 (PubMed:30265660).
Component of the 26S proteasome, a multiprotein complex involved in the ATP-dependent degradation of ubiquitinated proteins (PubMed:30265660). This complex plays a key role in the maintenance of protein homeostasis by removing misfolded or damaged proteins, which could impair cellular functions, and by removing proteins whose functions are no longer required (PubMed:30265660). Therefore, the proteasome participates in numerous cellular processes, including cell cycle progression, apoptosis, or DNA damage repair (By similarity). Belongs to the heterohexameric ring of AAA (ATPases associated with diverse cellular activities) proteins that unfolds ubiquitinated target proteins that are concurrently translocated into a proteolytic chamber and degraded into peptides (By similarity). In addition, regulates gene expression in response to bacterial infection (PubMed:30265660). Binds to the GATA transcription factor elt-2 to control its transcriptional activity and thus the expression of elt-2-dependent genes in response to infection by Gram-negative bacteria such as P.aeruginosa (PubMed:30265660).
RNAi-mediated knockdown at the L4 stage of larval development inhibits activity of the proteasome (PubMed:30265660). RNAi-mediated knockdown at the L4 larval stage also results in increased mortality and transcription of immune genes containing the elt-2 binding motif when exposed to Gram-negative bacteria such as P.aeruginosa (PubMed:30265660). RNAi-mediated knockdown at this stage, furthermore, prevents the recovery of P.aeruginosa infected animals treated with the antibiotic streptomycin (PubMed:30265660).
Belongs to the type-B carboxylesterase/lipase family.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Tyr protein kinase family. FAK subfamily.
Expressed in body wall muscles and some neurons in the head.
Has apparently no tyrosine kinase activity in vitro when expressed in mammalian cells.
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes no obvious phenotype.
Factor involved in transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair (TC-NER) in response to UV damage (PubMed:27043179). TC-NER allows RNA polymerase II-blocking lesions to be rapidly removed from the transcribed strand of active genes (By similarity).
Belongs to the metallo-dependent hydrolases superfamily. Adenosine and AMP deaminases family.
May play a role in membrane trafficking, specifically in membrane budding reactions.
Expressed in spermatocytes and spermatids (at protein level).
Interacts with vps-33.1 and vps-33.2 (PubMed:19109425). Associates with the homotypic fusion and vacuole protein sorting (HOPS) complex, impaired by vps-33.2 (By similarity).
Mutants produce spermatocytes that complete meiosis but do not usually form functional. Show defective vesicular biogenesis during spermatogenesis with morphogenesis failure of the specialized Golgi-derived fibrous body-membranous organelle (FB-MO) complexes. Show disrupted processing of endocytosed proteins in oocytes and coelomocytes.
Proposed to be involved in endosomal maturation implicating in part vps-33.2. May play a role in epithelial polarization through stabilization of apical membrane protein content. May play a role in transcriptional regulation (By similarity). Plays a role in lysosomal trafficking, probably via association with the core HOPS complex in a discrete population of endosomes. Essential for vesicular trafficking during spermatogenesis; required during spermiogenesis or sperm activation for the morphogenesis of specialized Golgi-derived fibrous body-membranous organelle (FB-MO) complexes. Required for the processing of internalized proteins in oocytes and coelomocytes.
Acts as a regulatory subunit of the 26 proteasome which is involved in the ATP-dependent degradation of ubiquitinated proteins.
Belongs to the proteasome subunit S3 family.
The 26S proteasome is composed of a core protease, known as the 20S proteasome, capped at one or both ends by the 19S regulatory complex (RC). The RC is composed of at least 18 different subunits in two subcomplexes, the base and the lid, which form the portions proximal and distal to the 20S proteolytic core, respectively (By similarity).
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL18 family.
Belongs to the major facilitator (TC 2.A.1) superfamily. Organic cation transporter (TC 2.A.1.19) family.
Transports organic cations such as tetraethylammonium (TEA). Displays a broad substrate specificity.
Belongs to the syndecan proteoglycan family.
Cell surface proteoglycan that bears heparan sulfate (By similarity). Required for correct mitotic spindle orientation of the ABar blastomere division plane and this may be through modulation of astral microtubule array, and in association with the wnt-signaling proteins mig-5 and dsh-2 (PubMed:25344071). Involved in the migration of AQR and PQR neurons, which descend from the Q neuroblasts (PubMed:26022293). Promotes the axon guidance of D-type motor neurons (PubMed:24066155).
Disrupted mitotic spindle orientation of the ABar blastomere division axis, orientating parallel rather than orthogonally to the division axis of AB derived cells ABpr and ABal (PubMed:25344071). Reduced mig-5 accumulation at the cell contact sites between the ABar and C blastomere cells (PubMed:25344071). Irregular positioning of the AQR and PQR neurons in larva at the L4 stage (PubMed:26022293).
Expressed from the one-cell stage of embryogenesis onwards.
The cytoplasmic domain is required for correct mitotic spindle orientation and internalization of sdn-1.
Catalyzes the initial reaction in O-linked oligosaccharide biosynthesis, the transfer of an N-acetyl-D-galactosamine residue to a serine or threonine residue on the protein receptor.
Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 3 family.
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mS26 family.
Belongs to the TRAPP small subunits family. BET3 subfamily.
Homodimer. Part of the multisubunit TRAPP (transport protein particle) complex (By similarity).
May play a role in vesicular transport from endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi (By similarity). Required for the systemic spread of the RNAi response (PubMed:16862146).
Acts as component of the GARP complex that is involved in retrograde transport from early and late endosomes to the trans-Golgi network (TGN) (PubMed:21613545). The GARP complex facilitates tethering as well as SNARE complex assembly at the Golgi (PubMed:21613545). Plays a role in the trafficking of cargo to dense-core vesicles, probably through association with the EARP-interacting protein eipr-1 (PubMed:27191843). Important for neuronal function (PubMed:27191843).
Component of the Golgi-associated retrograde protein (GARP) complex, also called VFT (VPS fifty-three) complex, composed of vps-51, vps-52, vps-53 and vps-54. Within the complex interacts with vps-51, vps-52 and vps-54 (PubMed:21613545).
Mutants are viable but display reduced brood size and enlarged lysosomes (PubMed:21613545). Egg-laying defect, slow, but coordinated locomotion, and reduced levels of unprocessed and processed cargo in the motor neuron axon of the dorsal nerve cord (PubMed:27191843).
Ubiquitously expressed, with particularly strong expression in neuronal cells (PubMed:21613545). Specifically expressed in head and tail neurons and in the pharynx and ventral cord motor neurons (PubMed:27191843).
Belongs to the UPL family. K-HECT subfamily.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase which accepts ubiquitin from an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme in the form of a thioester and then directly transfers the ubiquitin to targeted substrates (By similarity). Involved in the ubiquitination and proteasomal-mediated degradation of cytoplasmic and mitochondrial proteins (PubMed:24703696, PubMed:21673654). Positively regulates lin-12 activity in the anchor cell (AC)/vulval precursor (VU) cell fate decision (PubMed:25552605). Negatively regulates glp-1 activity in germline proliferation (PubMed:25552605). May play a role in the formation of fibrous organelles, a hemidesmosome-like structure attaching muscles to the epidermis (PubMed:20153198). Regulates germline DNA double-strand-break repair and apoptosis in response to DNA damage by recruiting E4 ubiquitin-protein ligase ufd-2 to DNA repair foci (PubMed:27669035).
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase which accepts ubiquitin from an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme in the form of a thioester and then directly transfers the ubiquitin to targeted substrates.
Expressed in most tissues, including hypodermis, muscle, intestine, vulva, and neurons.
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes no visible phenotype (PubMed:20153198). RNAi-mediated knockdown in a glp-1(ar202) mutant background causes an increase in the number of sterile animals (PubMed:25552605). RNAi-mediated knockdown in a vab-10(e698) mutant background causes 50 percent larval lethality associated with the detachment of muscles from the epidermis (PubMed:20153198).
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Expressed in all developmental stages; highest in embryos, decreasing during early larval development (L1-L3) until the fourth larval stage (L4) where it increases. Expression in hermaphrodite adults is mostly contained to the germline.
Expressed in somatic cells of embryos, the head, hypodermis and tail of larvae and the germline of adults, including oocytes but not mature sperm and spermatocytes.
Has a broad role in development, specifically in the genetic pathway SynMuvB that negatively regulates specification of the vulval cell fate. Required for fem-3 3'-UTR-mediated repression in the regulation of the sperm/oocyte switch. Acts by regulating the translation of fem-3 mRNA, by binding to its 3'-UTR.
Interacts with hda-1, let-418, lin-1, mog-1, mog-4, mog-5, mog-6, pie-1 and unc-98.
Worms exhibit temperature-dependent arrested elongation of gonadal arms. Mutants raised at 25 degrees C show reduced numbers of descendants of the gonadal precursors Z1 and Z4, while mutants raised at 15 degrees C show wild type gonadal development. Vulval defects are also temperature sensitive. Mutants grown at 20 degrees C showed protruding vulva (80%) and some had pseudovulvae (15%). At 15 degrees C, fewer mutants exhibited everted (36%) or additional small vulvae (7%).
Belongs to the AB hydrolase superfamily. ABHD17 family.
Expressed in a subset of neurons including AIY, HSN, ADF, AFD, AWC, AWB and NSM, hypodermis, pharyngeal muscle and intestine.
Hydrolyzes fatty acids from S-acylated cysteine residues in proteins (By similarity). Acts in sensory neurons including AWC to regulate starvation-induced thermotaxis plasticity and salt learning behavior.
Palmitoylated on cysteine residues located in a cysteine cluster at the N-terminus which promotes membrane localization and localization to sensory neuron endings.
Lethal at the early stages of larval development. Arrested larvae are small and display molting defects. RNAi-mediated knockdown results in reduced fecundity, and in induction of the unfolded protein response.
May function as a chaperone that inhibits aggregation of misfolded proteins (By similarity). May negatively regulate the unfolded protein response (UPR) through binding to UPR sensors (PubMed:24508390).
Required for 60S pre-ribosomal subunits export to the cytoplasm (Probable). Required for normal somatic gonad development and for regulation of germline development and proliferation.
Worms exhibit defects in hermaphrodite gonadogenesis and germline proliferation which are associated with a reduction in sheath cell number.
Belongs to the aldehyde dehydrogenase family.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFA12 subunit family.
As a likely component of a histone deacetylase complex, together with saeg-1 and hda-2, functions downstream of the cAMP-dependent kinase egl-4 to regulate the expression of genes required for egg-laying and foraging (PubMed:21573134).
Interacts with phosphorylated egl-4. May interact with itself. May be a component of a histone deacetylase complex containing saeg-2, saeg-1 and hda-2.
Plays a central role in 2-thiolation of mcm(5)S(2)U at tRNA wobble positions of tRNA(Lys), tRNA(Glu) and tRNA(Gln). May act by forming a heterodimer with tut-1/ctu-1 that ligates sulfur from thiocarboxylated urm-1 onto the uridine of tRNAs at wobble position.
Argonaute protein required for gene silencing in the endogenous RNA interference (RNAi) pathway (PubMed:17110334, PubMed:20133583). Involved in the 26G RNAi pathway and associates with both unmethylated and methylated 26G small interfering RNAs (26G-siRNAs), which are a class of 26 nucleotide siRNAs that possess a guanine residue at the 5'-end (PubMed:22102828, PubMed:22548001). Associated 26G-siRNAs are methylated by the methyltransferase henn-1, which stabilizes the siRNAs (PubMed:22548001). Association with 26G-siRNAs is required for the biogenesis of secondary 22G-siRNAs (a class of 22 nucleotide siRNAs that possess a triphosphorylated guanine residue at the 5'-end) (PubMed:22102828). May be involved in passenger strand cleavage of target 26G-siRNAs (PubMed:22102828).
Belongs to the argonaute family. Piwi subfamily.
Expressed in embryos and during larval development up to larval stage L2 (PubMed:20133583). Highly expressed in embryos (PubMed:22548001).
Highly expressed in the germline in hermaphrodites.
Interacts with rde-12 (PubMed:24684931). Interacts with rde-10 (PubMed:22542102).
Belongs to the phospholipid scramblase family.
May mediate accelerated ATP-independent bidirectional transbilayer migration of phospholipids upon binding calcium ions that results in a loss of phospholipid asymmetry in the plasma membrane.
Expressed in both ASEL and ASER neurons during early embryonic stages and becomes specifically expressed in ASER neuron in early larval stage.
Guanylate cyclase involved in the production of the second messenger cGMP (By similarity). Unlike other guanylate cyclases expressed in ASE neurons, may not play a role in chemotaxis responses to salt ions mediated by ASE sensory neurons (PubMed:19523832).
Component of an histone acetyltransferase complex.
Component of an histone acetyltransferase complex. Interacts with H3K4me3 and to a lesser extent with H3K4me2.
The PHD-type zinc finger mediates the binding to H3K4me3.
May be involved in the intracellular transport of sterols or other lipids. May bind cholesterol or other sterols.
Belongs to the alpha-carbonic anhydrase family.
Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 2 family. LN-TM7 subfamily.
During ventral cord development, required for axon fasciculation and navigation, mediating both pioneer and follower axon extension, guidance and track formation (PubMed:20876647, PubMed:22442082, PubMed:23376536, PubMed:28846083). Acts in CEPsh glia and SubL neurons to guide follower axons into the nerve ring (PubMed:28846083). Promotes motorneuron development by positively regulating the extension of the anterior neurite of ventral D-type GABAergic motorneurons along the anterior-posterior axis of the ventral nerve cord (PubMed:23376536). Plays a role in synaptogenesis by regulating synaptic vesicle accumulation at GABAergic and cholinergic neuromuscular junctions (PubMed:22442082).
Expressed in a region of neuropil around the nerve ring and the ventral cord (at protein level) (PubMed:22442082). Expressed in the head, tail, ventral cord, nerve ring and neurons including HSN neurons (PubMed:20876647). Expressed in DA, VA, and VB and weakly in the DB cholinergic neurons (PubMed:22442082). Not expressed in ventral D-type GABAergic motorneurons (PubMed:22442082).
Expressed throughout development (PubMed:20876647). In embryos, first expressed in neuronal precursor cells during gastrulation (PubMed:20876647). At the comma and 1.5-fold embryonic stage, expressed in neurons in the head, the tail and along the ventral cord (PubMed:20876647). In 1.5-fold stage embryos, expressed in the nerve ring bundle (PubMed:28846083). At the L1 larval stage, expressed in the ventral nerve cord and in a subset of dorsal D-type GABAergic motorneurons (PubMed:22442082, PubMed:23376536). At the L2 larval stage, expressed along the ventral nerve cord (PubMed:23376536). Not expressed in ventral D-type GABAergic motorneurons at the L2 larval stage (PubMed:23376536).
Induced in response to Gram-positive bacterium P.aeruginosa infection and to mitochondrial stress in the intestine (PubMed:25274306). Induced in response to Gram-positive bacterium B.thuringiensis (B-18247) infection (PubMed:21931778).
Involved in resistance to Gram-positive bacteria P.aeruginosa or B.thuringiensis infection.
Lacks conserved active site residues, suggesting it has no catalytic activity.
Reduced survival following bacterium B.thuringiensis (B-18247) infection (PubMed:21931778). RNAi-mediated knockdown causes a reduction in survival following bacterium P.aeruginosa infection (PubMed:25274306).
Plays a role in the regulation of neuronal activity. In AWA and AWC neurons, plays a role in regulating olfactory adaptation by controlling the forgetting sensory responses to odorants such as diacetyl and isoamyl alcohol (PubMed:28924007). May play a role in regulating daf-7 expression in ASI neurons in response to bacterial small RNAs (PubMed:32908307). In ASI neurons, promotes dauer formation in response to pheromones such as the ascarosides ascr#2 and ascr#3 (PubMed:26976437).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in defective avoidance behavior in response to P.aeruginosa.
Strong expression in many neurons, very weak expression is also detected in others tissues.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 20 family.
Serine/threonine-protein kinase which positively regulates Ras-mediated signaling probably acting at the level of let-60/ras or/and lin-45/raf. Involved in sex myoblast migration (PubMed:8521513, PubMed:11882296). Plays a role in responses to M.nematophilum-mediated bacterial infection by promoting tail swelling and preventing constipation (PubMed:15268855). Functions redundantly with ksr-2 in the Ras-mediated regulation of larval survival, the development of excretory canal and in mpk-1 phosphorylation in somatic cells (PubMed:8521513, PubMed:11882296). In addition, involved in determining vulval precursor cell fate during vulval induction independently of its kinase activity (PubMed:8521514, PubMed:8521513, PubMed:10409742, PubMed:11882296). Plays a role in egg-laying (PubMed:23900546).
The kinase may be catalytically inactive.
Belongs to the GHMP kinase family. GalK subfamily.
Belongs to the DNA mismatch repair MutS family.
Required during the pachytene stage of meiotic prophase for the formation of crossovers between homologous chromosomes. Together with msh-5 and zhp-3 plays a role in the activation of DNA damage-dependent apoptosis at the DNA damage checkpoint in pachytene cells (PubMed:23832114). Not needed for pairing or synapsis. May promote crossing over by interfering with Holliday junction branch migration. Has no apparent role in DNA mismatch repair.
Worms show maternal effect lethality producing 95% inviable progeny from hermaphrodites. A high proportion of those that survive are male. Mutants display severely reduced crossing over, resulting in lack of chiasmata between homologous chromosomes and consequent missegregation.
Belongs to the ATP-dependent DNA ligase family.
DNA ligase that seals nicks in double-stranded DNA during DNA replication, DNA recombination and DNA repair.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. BUD32 family.
Belongs to the aldolase class II family. MtnB subfamily.
Catalyzes the dehydration of methylthioribulose-1-phosphate (MTRu-1-P) into 2,3-diketo-5-methylthiopentyl-1-phosphate (DK-MTP-1-P).
AADGAPLIRF-amide: Inhibits muscle tension in somatic muscle (PubMed:11527423). Acts as a ligand for the npr-22 receptor in vitro (PubMed:16377032). Acts as a ligand for isoform a of the dmsr-1 G-protein coupled receptor in vitro (PubMed:28094002).
APEASPFIRF-amide: Inhibits muscle tension in somatic muscle (PubMed:9070852). Potent inhibitor of the activity of the dissected pharyngeal myogenic muscle system (PubMed:16187307). Acts as a ligand for isoform a of the dmsr-1 G-protein coupled receptor in vitro (PubMed:28094002).
Acts as a ligand for isoform a of the dmsr-1 G-protein coupled receptor in vitro.
Acts as a ligand for the npr-22 receptor in vitro. Acts as a ligand for isoform a of the dmsr-1 G-protein coupled receptor in vitro (PubMed:28094002).
Expressed from the comma stage of embryogenesis, during all larval stages, and in low levels in adults (PubMed:9685599, PubMed:15236235). Expressed in the ALA neuron in L4 stage larvae (PubMed:27546573).
Expressed in the ASE sensory neurons, the DD motor neurons, the 15, M3 and M5 cholinergic pharyngeal motoneurons, and the ASG, ASK and BAG neurons.
Probable FMRFamide-like neuropeptides (PubMed:28094002, PubMed:16377032). Binds to neuronal receptors such as dmsr-1 to promote sleep in response to cellular stress also known as stress-induced sleep (SIS) (PubMed:28094002). Plays a role in behaviors associated with SIS, acting in concert with the FMRFamide related peptide, flp-24 and neuropeptide-like protein nlp-8 (PubMed:27546573).
Belongs to the small GTPase superfamily. Rho family.
Highest expression during larval development with a peak at L3 and lower levels in the embryo and adult (at protein level).
In larvae and adults, enriched at the tip of the head where the anterior sensory organ is located and in the pharyngeal nerve ring (at protein level). In embryos, enriched at the boundaries of dorsal cells undergoing intercalation, ventral enclosure and elongation.
May interact with unc-89 (via DN and PH domains) (PubMed:18801371). Interacts with bli-3 and memo-1 (PubMed:28085666).
RNAi-mediated knockdown predominantly results in embryonic arrest with surviving embryos developing elongation-defective uncoordinated kinky larvae (PubMed:24016757, PubMed:11687661). Defective ventral migration of P cells leading to defective gonad development (PubMed:11687661). Defective establishment of anterior-posterior cell polarity in one-cell embryos (PubMed:16921365). Abolished cortical contractility in early embryos (PubMed:23064028). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in disorganized myosin thick filaments in the body wall muscles of the few surviving adults, which is characterized by the formation of abnormal myosin heavy chain myo-3 aggregates, V-shaped crossing of A-bands and areas in which the myosin heavy chain is missing (PubMed:18801371). RNAi-mediated knockdown suppresses reactive oxygen species induction and longevity in the memo-1 mutant (PubMed:28085666). Double RNAi-mediated knockdown with memo-1 eliminates the resistance to oxidative stress in the memo-1 single mutant (PubMed:28085666).
Required for ventral migration of epidermal cells during ventral enclosure in the embryo and for cell elongation (PubMed:24016757). Also required for ventral migration of P cells during larval development (PubMed:11687661). Involved in asymmetric spindle positioning during anaphase and establishment of cell polarity during embryo development (PubMed:16921365). In adults, involved in regulation of multiple processes including locomotion, pharyngeal pumping, fecundity, ovulation, defecation and body morphology (PubMed:21387015). In body wall muscles, regulates organization of myosin thick filaments downstream of unc-89 (PubMed:18801371). Association with the oxidase bli-3 promotes ROS production and this interaction may be modulated by memo-1, in order to control the oxidative stress response and longevity (PubMed:28085666).
Hydrolyzes 3-hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA (HIBYL-CoA), a saline catabolite. Has high activity toward isobutyryl-CoA. Could be an isobutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase that functions in valine catabolism. Also hydrolyzes 3-hydroxypropanoyl-CoA.
Increased numbers of germ cell corpses (PubMed:18425118, PubMed:18923146). Reduced number of gut granules in the adult intestine (PubMed:24501423). Endosome/lysosome fusion defects in coelomocytes (PubMed:26783301). Double knockout with either sorf-1 or sorf-2 results in larger endosomes and larger lysosomes and thus suppresses the endosome/lysosome fusion defects in coelomocytes in the vps-11 single mutant (PubMed:26783301). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in a reduced number of gut granules in embryonic intestinal cells (PubMed:24501423). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in defective endosome maturation with the accumulation of small vesicles near the gut lumen and large endosomes/lysosomes on the basal side of the cell (PubMed:25273556).
Plays a role in vesicle-mediated protein trafficking to lysosomal compartments including the endocytic membrane transport pathways (PubMed:26783301). Believed to act as a core component of the putative HOPS and CORVET endosomal tethering complexes which are proposed to be involved in the rab-5-to-rab-7 endosome conversion probably implicating sand-1, and via binding SNAREs and SNARE complexes to mediate tethering and docking events during SNARE-mediated membrane fusion (By similarity). The HOPS complex is proposed to be recruited to Rab7 on the late endosomal membrane and to regulate late endocytic, phagocytic and autophagic traffic towards lysosomes (By similarity). Within the HOPS complex, contributes to the normal development of gut granules in embryonic and adult intestinal cells (PubMed:24501423, PubMed:25273556). The CORVET complex is proposed to function as a Rab5 effector to mediate early endosome fusion probably in specific endosome subpopulations (By similarity). Required for fusion of endosomes and autophagosomes with lysosomes (PubMed:25273556). Involved in cargo transport from early to late endosomes and required for the transition from early to late endosomes (By similarity). Possibly has a role in clearance of apoptotic cells during programmed cell death (PubMed:18425118, PubMed:18923146).
Probable core component of at least two putative endosomal tethering complexes, the homotypic fusion and vacuole protein sorting (HOPS) complex and the class C core vacuole/endosome tethering (CORVET) complex. Their common core is composed of the class C Vps proteins vps-11, vps-16 and vps-18, which in HOPS further associates with vps-33.1, vps-39 and vps-41 and in CORVET with vps-8 and vps-33.2.
Not required for methylation of histone H3 'Lys-4'.
RNAi-mediated knockdown does not result in detectable defects in histone H3 'Lys-4' di- or tri-methylation in embryos or adults germ cells at 20 or 25 degrees Celsius.
Probable transcription factor, involved in posterior embryonic patterning, morphogenetic movements of the posterior hypodermis, and cell fate specification (PubMed:10781051, PubMed:21408209). May regulate expression of transcription factor dmd-3 (PubMed:21408209).
RNAi-mediated knockdown in adults has no effect on their F1 progeny, but increases the frequency of posterior morphological abnormalities on a homeobox nob-1 mutant background (PubMed:10781051). However, RNAi-mediated knockdown in L1 larvae causes defects in tail tip morphogenesis, which are exacerbated on a nob-1 mutant background (PubMed:21408209).
After binding acetylcholine, the AChR responds by an extensive change in conformation that affects all subunits and leads to opening of an ion-conducting channel across the plasma membrane.
Forms a homooligomeric channel blocked by alpha-bungarotoxin. The structure is probably pentameric (By similarity).
In L1 larvae, expressed in vulval precursor cells (VPCs) and Pn.a-derived neurons. In L2 larvae, uniformly expressed in all VPCs. In L3 larvae, expression decreases in all VPCs except P6.p. In L4 larvae, expression decreases in descendants of P5.p, P6.p and P7.p while expression remains high in descendants of P3.p, P4.p and P8.p. In L4 larvae, expressed in the anchor cell and other cells in the somatic gonad.
RNAi-mediated knockdown does not affect vulva development. Partially suppresses ectopic vulva formation in a let-60 (n1046) gain-of-function mutant background.
Serine protease which activates lin-3 isoform a in the proximal vulva precursor cells (VPC) during vulva development to transmit the inductive anchor cell signal to the distal VPCs.
Component of the SCF (SKP1-CUL1-F-box protein) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, which mediates the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins. Through the RING-type zinc finger, seems to recruit the E2 ubiquitination enzyme to the complex and brings it into close proximity to the substrate (By similarity). Essential for meiosis, mitotic chromosomal condensation and cytokinesis. Involved in histone H3 phosphorylation.
Expressed at high levels in eggs and adults, and at low levels in larva.
It is uncertain whether Met-1 or Met-10 is the initiator.
Part of SCF complexes, which consist of a SKP1 or a SKP1-related protein, a cullin protein, and a F-box protein (By similarity). Interacts with csn-1 and csn-6.
Strongly expressed in the gonads of hermaphrodite animals.
The RING-type zinc finger domain is essential for ubiquitin ligase activity. It coordinates an additional third zinc ion.
Acts on tyrosine phosphorylated proteins, low-MW aryl phosphates and natural and synthetic acyl phosphates.
Belongs to the low molecular weight phosphotyrosine protein phosphatase family.
Acts as one of several non-catalytic accessory components of a dynein complex.
Belongs to the dynein light chain family.
Both RNAi-mediated knockdown of isoform a and of isoform b decreases egg laying triggered by serotonin treatment (PubMed:18337465). Causes no visible defects in unc-89 and cpna-1 localization in body wall muscles (PubMed:19244614, PubMed:23283987).
Expressed in pharyngeal, vulval and body wall muscles.
Inhibited by beryllium trifluoride (BeF(3-)) and tetrafluoroaluminate (AlF(4-)) but not by sodium fluoride (NaF) or sodium orthovanadate (Na3VO4).
May interact (via phosphatase domain) with cpna-1 (PubMed:23283987). Isoform a and isoform b may interact with lim-9 (via LIM zinc-binding domain) (PubMed:19244614). Isoform a and isoform b may interact (via FCP1 homology domain) with unc-89 (via fibronectin type-III domain 1, Ig-like C2-type domain 48/49 and protein kinase domain 1 or Ig-like C2-type domain 50, fibronectin type-III domain 2 and protein kinase domain 2); the interaction may act as a molecular bridge to bring two unc-89 molecules together or to stabilize a loop between the 2 protein kinase domains (PubMed:18337465, PubMed:19244614).
Phosphatase which may play a role in the egg laying muscles.
May be a component of the 9-1-1 cell-cycle checkpoint response complex that plays a major role in DNA repair.
Putative component of the toroidal 9-1-1 (RAD9-RAD1-HUS1) complex, composed of hpr-9, mrt-2 and hus-1 (Probable).
RNAi-mediated knockdown disrupts hus-1 localization to the nucleus.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 22 family. Type-I lysozyme subfamily.
Expressed in pharyngeal muscle cell pm3, nerve ring and intestine.
Has bacteriolytic activity against Gram-positive bacteria (By similarity). May play a role in resistance to Gram-positive bacterium S.aureus infection (PubMed:24882217).
Induced by Gram-positive bacterium M.nematophilum CBX102 infection but not by Gram-negative bacterium P.aeruginosa PAO1 infection (PubMed:27525822). Induced by Gram-positive bacterium S.aureus infection (PubMed:24882217).
Simultaneous RNAi-mediated knockdown of lys-5 results in a reduction in survival following S.aureus infection.
Belongs to the complex I subunit 1 family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic GSH synthase family.
Antimicrobial peptides that have antifungal activity against D.coniospora. Has weak antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria M.luteus and Gram-negative E.coli.
Belongs to the YARP (YGGW-amide related peptide) family.
Strongly up-regulated upon D.coniospora infection.
Belongs to the splicing factor SR family.
Extensively phosphorylated on serine residues in the RS domain.
Plays a functionally redundant role in shifting germ cell sexual differentiation in hermaphrodites.
RNA-mediated interference (RNAi) of rsp-5/rsp-6 resulted in fertile animals that exhibit excessive sperm and delayed oocyte production, and sterile animals that develop morphological abnormalities of somatic gonads.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family. CDC5/Polo subfamily.
Expressed in the early stages of embryogenesis.
Interacts (via POLO box domain) with mex-5 and mex-6 (PubMed:18199581, PubMed:22018922). Interacts (via POLO box domain) with him-8 (via N-terminus); the interaction mediates plk-2 recruitment to the pairing region of X chromosomes during meiosis (PubMed:22018922). Interacts with sun-1 (PubMed:22018921). May interact with nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (PubMed:15990870).
Mutants are viable and fertile but about 30-percent of the progeny die at the embryonic stage. Surviving adults are mostly male (PubMed:22018922). Impaired chromosome pairing and synapsis during meiotic prophase. Asymmetric disassembly of the synaptonemal complex fails at the diplotene stage. Partial mis-segregation of chromosomes. Increased germline apoptosis (PubMed:22018922). Simultaneous knockdown of plk-1 and plk-2 causes a loss in pie-1 polarization in the 1-cell embryo, an increased association with the oocyte pronuclei and a decrease in pie-1 degradation in embryonic somatic cells (PubMed:18199581).
Serine/threonine-protein kinase which plays a role, during oogenesis, in chromosome pairing and synapsis, by facilitating the recruitment and attachment of meiotic chromosomes to the nuclear envelope during prophase (PubMed:22018922, PubMed:22018921). Promotes the localization of brc-1 to the short arm of homologous chromosomes during meiotic prophase I (PubMed:30383754). Regulates the formation of sun-1 patches along the nuclear envelope (PubMed:22018922, PubMed:22018921). Promotes meiotic nuclei apoptosis in response to chromosomal asynapsis (PubMed:22018922). Plays a redundant role with plk-1 in the establishment of cell polarity downstream of mex-5 and mex-6 during the first embryonic cell divisions (PubMed:18199581). Plays a role in nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-mediated sensitivity to nicotine but not levamisole (PubMed:15990870). Regulates motility (PubMed:15990870).
Belongs to the ligand-gated ion channel (TC 1.A.9) family. Glycine receptor (TC 1.A.9.3) subfamily.
Glycine receptors are ligand-gated chloride channels. Channel opening is triggered by extracellular glycine. Contributes to the generation of inhibitory postsynaptic currents.
Expressed in pharynx grinder muscle pm7, isthmus marginal cell mc2 and pharyngeal muscle cell pm5, intestinal cells and at lower levels in coelomocytes and epidermis (PubMed:27525822). Expressed at low levels in intestine (PubMed:20617181).
Expression levels are low throughout larval stages and then increase in adults. Intestinal expression starts at the L1 larval stage, declines at the L2 larval stage and increases again in L4 larvae and adults. Highly expressed in the intestinal lumen of dauer larvae and, old and no longer self-fertile adults.
Has bacteriolytic activity against Gram-positive bacteria. Plays a role in defense against bacterial pathogens. Involved in pharyngeal grinder function by enabling proper lysis of ingested bacteria.
Induced in the intestine by Gram-positive bacteria M.nematophilum CBX102 and UV336 and M.luteus DMS20030 infection but not by Gram-negative bacterium P.aeruginosa PAO1 infection (PubMed:27525822). Induced in the intestine, pharynx and vulva by Gram-positive bacterium S.aureus infection (PubMed:20617181). Induced by Gram-positive bacterium B.subtilis (PubMed:20617181). Induced by starvation (PubMed:27525822).
Slight reduction in brood size. 24 percent reduction in lifespan which is further reduced upon M.nematophilum CBX102 bacterial infection. Impaired food digestion characterized by the accumulation of unlysed E.coli in the intestine. Accumulation of unlysed bacteria is stronger upon M.nematophilum CBX102 infection.
Acts as a synthetic multivulva class A (synMuvA) protein and redundantly inhibits lin-3/EGF expression to prevent inappropriate vulva induction.
Temperature-sensitive multivulva phenotype in a lin-15B n2245 or lin-52 n771 mutant background.
Widely expressed throughout development, with particularly prominent expression in the germline and in neuronal nuclei of the head (at protein level).
Expressed in neurons and body wall muscle (PubMed:18094057, PubMed:23427270, PubMed:25252943). Expressed in pharyngeal, enteric and uterine muscles and in spermatheca (PubMed:25252943).
Expressed in neurons and muscle throughout development.
Functions as both a mechanical stabilizer (via LIM domains) of focal adhesions and as a sensor component for muscle cell damage (via N-terminus) (PubMed:23427270). Regulates, stabilizes and maintains posterior lateral mechanosensory (PLM) synaptic branch extension and new synapse formation and growth during larval development (PubMed:25252943).
Interacts with dyc-1 (PubMed:18094057, PubMed:23427270). Interacts with glh-1 and glh-3 (PubMed:12435362).
Produced by alternative splicing of isoform a.
RNAi-mediated knock-down of isoform a in a dys-1/hlh-1 double mutant background reduces muscle degeneration.
The LIM domains are sufficient for the role in PLM synaptogenesis.
Belongs to the calcium channel alpha-1 subunit (TC 1.A.1.11) family.
Voltage-sensitive calcium channels (VSCC) mediate the entry of calcium ions into excitable cells and are also involved in a variety of calcium-dependent processes, including muscle contraction, hormone or neurotransmitter release, gene expression, cell motility, cell division and cell death.
FMRFamides and FMRFamide-like peptides are neuropeptides.
Belongs to the ABC transporter superfamily. ABCB family. MHC peptide exporter (TC 3.A.1.209) subfamily.
Expressed in cell bodies along the ventral cord around the pharynx and the tail both in larvae and adults. Also expressed in muscles and hypodermal cells.
Plays a role in tubular endoplasmic reticulum network formation and maintenance (By similarity). May be involved in central nervous system development. Has a presynaptic role in neurotransmission. Likely to operate in synaptogenesis by regulating vesicular transport or localization. Required for correct localization of rab-3 and snb-1.
Worms exhibit increased resistance to aldicarb indicative of an affect on neurotransmission but equal sensitivity to levamisole which specifically inhibits the postsynapse. Mutants also show mislocalized rab-3 and snb-1 proteins.
Belongs to the tRNA pseudouridine synthase TruA family.
Formation of pseudouridine at position 38 and 39 in the anticodon stem and loop of transfer RNAs.
Belongs to the V-ATPase 116 kDa subunit family.
Expressed in hypodermal cells in L1 larvae (PubMed:11441002). No expressed in embryos (PubMed:11441002).
RNAi-mediated knockdown does not affect embryonic or larval development.
Subunit of the V0 complex of vacuolar(H+)-ATPase (V-ATPase), a multisubunit enzyme composed of a peripheral complex (V1) that hydrolyzes ATP and a membrane integral complex (V0) that translocates protons (By similarity). V-ATPase is responsible for acidifying and maintaining the pH of intracellular compartments and in some cell types, is targeted to the plasma membrane, where it is responsible for acidifying the extracellular environment (By similarity).
Mitochondrial membrane ATP synthase (F(1)F(0) ATP synthase or Complex V) produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane which is generated by electron transport complexes of the respiratory chain. F-type ATPases consist of two structural domains, F(1) - containing the extramembraneous catalytic core, and F(0) - containing the membrane proton channel, linked together by a central stalk and a peripheral stalk. During catalysis, ATP synthesis in the catalytic domain of F(1) is coupled via a rotary mechanism of the central stalk subunits to proton translocation. Part of the complex F(0) domain. Minor subunit located with subunit a in the membrane (By similarity).
Component of a core catenin-cadherin complex consisting of hmr-1, hmp-1 and hmp-2; the complex localizes to adherens junctions (PubMed:25850673). Interacts with hmr-1; the interaction is direct (PubMed:10952315, PubMed:25850673, PubMed:26412237). May interact with hmp-1 (PubMed:11560894). Interacts with frk-1 (PubMed:20805471).
Present in all embryonic blastomeres at early stages of development (at protein level).
Required for cell migration during body enclosure and cell shape changes during body elongation (PubMed:9531567). Plays a role in recruitment of the cadherin protein hmr-1 to adherens junctions (PubMed:26412237).
Worms have strong elongation defects (PubMed:9531567). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in failure of cadherin protein hmr-1 to localize to adherens junctions, but results in its accumulation along the basolateral membrane of the cell (PubMed:26412237).
Expressed in the URX sensory neuron, the ALA interneuron and in additional interneurons, pharyngeal neurons and muscle.
At the threefold embryonic stage, expressed asymmetrically in one of the two AWC neurons (PubMed:19204119). A subset of embryos show bilateral expression in AWC neurons, but this declines after larval stage L1 (PubMed:19204119).
Expressed widely, including gut, the amphid sheath glial cells, and head and tail neurons including AWC, ASE, and ASH (PubMed:19204119). Expressed in AWC (ON) olfactory neuron but not AWC (OFF) (PubMed:19204119, PubMed:31767767).
RNAi-mediated knockdown leads to misexpression of markers of the asymmetric state of AWC neurons.
Transcriptional regulator which binds DNA consensus sequence 5'-CCTTAAC-3' (PubMed:19204119, PubMed:31767767). Plays a role in establishing and maintaining asymmetric cell fates in chemosensory AWC neurons during larval neuronal development (PubMed:19204119, PubMed:20713521, PubMed:31767767). This is achieved by repressing the expression of multiple AWC (OFF) genes, including srsx-3 and hlh-11 in the AWC (ON) neuron (PubMed:19204119). Activates expression of sox-2 in the AWC (ON) neuron (PubMed:31767767).
Belongs to the DNA polymerase delta/II small subunit family.
Heterodimer with subunits of 125 kDa and 50 kDa.
The function of the small subunit is not yet clear.
Endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment membrane
SNARE involved in targeting and fusion of ER-derived transport vesicles with the Golgi complex as well as Golgi-derived retrograde transport vesicles with the ER.
Loss of function results in a suppression of sel-12 mutant phenotypes, possibly by up-regulating hop-1 expression (PubMed:12411496). Double knockout with lin-35 results in defects in growth, vulval morphogenesis, somatic gonad development and fertility (PubMed:17070797).
Probable corepressor protein, which probably participates in the transcriptional repression of the presenilin protein hop-1 (PubMed:12381669). Probably acts via the formation of a multiprotein complex that deacetylates and demethylates specific sites on histones (PubMed:12381669). Acts redundantly with the transcriptional repressor lin-35 to play a role in vulval morphogenesis and promote germline proliferation (PubMed:17070797).
Probably part of a large repressor complex. Interacts with histone demethylase spr-5/lsd-1.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. RNA methyltransferase RlmE family. TRM7 subfamily.
Methylates the 2'-O-ribose of nucleotides at positions 32 and 34 of the tRNA anticodon loop of substrate tRNAs.
Belongs to the DNA polymerase type-B family.
DNA polymerase II participates in chromosomal DNA replication.
Belongs to the AB hydrolase superfamily. LDAH family.
May be involved in maintaining Golgi structure and in intra-Golgi transport.
Component of the CCR4-NOT complex at least composed of ccf-1, ccr-4 and let-711, which is required for germ cell development in hermaphrodites (PubMed:23843623). Within the complex interacts with ccf-1 and ccr-4; the interactions are direct (PubMed:23843623).
Contains Leu-Xaa-Xaa-Leu-Leu (LXXLL) motifs, a motif known to be important for the association with nuclear receptors.
Highly expressed in the germline of hermaphrodites.
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in sterility and the production of inviable embryos which are osmotically sensitive, exhibit nuclear rotation defects and irregular positioning of the mitotic spindle which is located towards the posterior or lateral cortex during anaphase (PubMed:23843623, PubMed:16971515). RNAi-mediated knockdown may also result in a reduced brood size and larval lethality (PubMed:23843623). RNAi-mediated knockdown disrupts the arrangement and differentiation of oocytes in the proximal region and as a result small oocyte-like cells arrange in several rows in the germline (PubMed:23843623). RNAi-mediated knockdown reduces the levels of ccf-1, but does not alter ccr-4 levels (PubMed:23843623). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in reduced global poly(A) tail deadenylation (PubMed:23843623). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in reduces degradation of nos-2 mRNA, impairs the recruitment of lsm-1 and decreases the number of patr-1-positive granules in somatic blastomeres (PubMed:18692039).
Scaffolding component of the CCR4-NOT complex which is one of the major cellular mRNA deadenylases and is linked to various cellular processes including bulk mRNA degradation, miRNA-mediated repression, translational repression during translational initiation and general transcription regulation (PubMed:23843623, PubMed:28204614). Positively regulates the accumulation of the CCR4-NOT complex component ccr-1 (PubMed:23843623). Within the complex promotes germ cell development and fertility in hermaphrodites (PubMed:23843623). Additional complex functions may be a consequence of its influence on mRNA expression (By similarity). Its scaffolding function implies its interaction with the catalytic complex module and diverse RNA-binding proteins mediating the complex recruitment to selected mRNA 3'UTRs (By similarity). Mediates the recruitment of the CCR4-NOT complex to miRNA targets and to the RISC complex (Probable). Acts as a transcriptional repressor (By similarity). Represses the ligand-dependent transcriptional activation by nuclear receptors (By similarity). In embryos, plays a role in female pronucleus and mitotic spindle positioning during the first cleavage divisions after fertilization (PubMed:16971515). This may partly be through negatively regulating the accumulation of zyg-9 at the centrosome (PubMed:16971515). Negatively regulates the formation of long astral microtubules in developing embryos (PubMed:16971515). Required for the stabilization and degradation of maternal mRNAs such as nos-2 in somatic blastomeres (PubMed:18692039).
During gonad morphogenesis, plays a role in distal tip cell (DTC)-mediated guidance of gonad elongation (PubMed:19023419).
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes distal tip cells (DTC) to make extra turns in approximately 20 percent of animals during the last phase of gonad morphogenesis.
Component of the multiprotein chromatin-remodeling complexes SWI/SNF: SWI/SNF-A (BAF), SWI/SNF-B (PBAF) and related complexes (Probable). The canonical complex contains a catalytic subunit swsn-4, core subunits swsn-1 and swsn-5, and accessory subunits swsn-3, swsn-6, phf-10, dpff-1, swsn-9 and either ham-3/swsn-2.1 or swsn-2.2 (Probable).
Expression begins at the gastrulation stage (PubMed:23457234). Expressed broadly at L1 larval stage except in the intestine (PubMed:23457234). Expression decreases in the subsequent larval stages and is absent in adults (PubMed:23457234).
Involved in transcriptional activation and repression of select genes by chromatin remodeling (alteration of DNA-nucleosome topology). Component of SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complexes that carry out key enzymatic activities, changing chromatin structure by altering DNA-histone contacts within a nucleosome in an ATP-dependent manner (By similarity). Probably regulates vulva development through the let-60/Ras pathway (PubMed:26739451). Involved in nuclear reassembly after mitosis and recruitment of nuclear envelope protein, mel-28, to the nuclear periphery in the early embryo and in the adult germline (PubMed:26739451). Involved in gonadogenesis (PubMed:26739451, PubMed:24402584).
Some knockouts exhibit maternal-effect embryonic or larval lethality (PubMed:24402584). Germ lines are smaller (PubMed:26739451). RNAi-mediated knockdown reduces brood size (PubMed:26739451). Simultaneous knockouts of ham-3 do not survive beyond the L2 larval stage (PubMed:24402584). Simultaneous RNAi-mediated knockdown of ham-3 at the L1 larval stage causes sterility, while at the L3 larval stage, causes embryonic lethality for the progeny (PubMed:26739451). The sterile animals resulting from simultaneous RNAi-mediated knockdown of ham-3 at the L1 larval stage develop smaller germ lines (PubMed:26739451). Simultaneous RNAi-mediated knockdown of ham-3 also results in vulva protrusion and ectopic expression of egl-17 in cells derived from the vulval precursor cells P5.p and P7.p (PubMed:26739451).
Fumarylacetoacetase involved in the tyrosine degradation pathway.
Highly expressed in the intestine and the hypodermis.
RNAi-mediated knockdown from hatching results in stunted growth, reduced fertility, progressive destruction of the intestine by adulthood characterized by the thinning of the intestinal wall and loss of intracellular lipid droplets, which eventually culminates in lethality (PubMed:18227072). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in activation of cellular stress pathways, and thus the intestinal damage is most likely due to activation of oxidative stress responses and ER stress responses in the intestine (PubMed:18227072). The reduced fertility phenotype is enhanced in response to exogenous tyrosine or homogentisic acid (PubMed:18227072). RNAi-mediated knockdown together with tatn-1 RNAi, hpd-1 RNAi or hgo-1 RNAi rescues the impaired growth and fertility defects in the single fah-1 RNAi mutant (PubMed:18227072).
Belongs to the cation transport ATPase (P-type) (TC 3.A.3) family.
Catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the transport of calcium.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class translation factor GTPase superfamily. Classic translation factor GTPase family. EF-Tu/EF-1A subfamily.
Belongs to the metallo-dependent hydrolases superfamily. Hydantoinase/dihydropyrimidinase family.
During neurogenesis, plays an essential role in axonal guidance and outgrowth by regulating the polarization of both microtubule and actin cytoskeletons (PubMed:1468626, PubMed:11493519, PubMed:16236031, PubMed:22101643, PubMed:25358863, PubMed:30045855). Establishes the asymmetry of axonal and dendrite microtubules and the polarized sorting of neuronal proteins (PubMed:22101643). This is achieved in part by regulating the localization of kinesin-like protein unc-104 (PubMed:22101643). In neurons without a distal microtubule-organizing center (MTOC), also controls the organization of microtubules in dendrites (PubMed:30254025). During the dorso-ventral axonal guidance and outgrowth of VD neurons, required downstream of Rac GTPases ced-10 and mig-2 to inhibit growth cone filopodial protrusion mediated by the unc-6/netrin receptor unc-40-unc-5 (PubMed:25371370). Specifically, regulates growth cone filopodial protrusion polarity, and thus migration, by promoting F-actin polarization and by restricting plus-end microtubule accumulation in the growth cone (PubMed:30045855). Probably downstream of mab-20/Sema2a and mab-20 receptor plx-2, regulates the guidance of DD/VD neuron axons by modulating fln-1 interaction with F-actin which results in the remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton (PubMed:25358863). In hermaphrodites, involved in sex myoblast (SM) migration by regulating the gonad-dependent repulsion of SMs (PubMed:10993679).
Expressed in L1 larval stage and in adults (at protein level) (PubMed:16236031). Isoform a: Expressed in L1 larval stage and in adults (at protein level) (PubMed:16236031).
Expressed in ventral cord and nerve ring (at protein level) (PubMed:16236031). Isoform a: Expressed in nerve ring (at protein level) (PubMed:16236031, PubMed:22101643). Expressed in the nervous system, two amphid socket cells and weakly in non-neuronal pharyngeal cells (PubMed:11493519).
In PLM neuron, regulates innexin unc-9 gap junction turnover by suppressing unc-9 transport out of gap junctions.
In neurons, required for the polarized sorting of axonal proteins (PubMed:22101643). In PLM neuron, regulates innexin unc-9 gap junction turnover by suppressing unc-9 transport out of gap junctions (PubMed:27015090). Plays a role in locomotion and egg-laying (PubMed:22101643).
Isoform a: Probable monomer (PubMed:16236031). Isoform b: Probable homodimer (PubMed:16236031). Isoform c: Probable homodimer (PubMed:16236031). Probable heterodimer composed of isoform b and isoform c (PubMed:16236031). Interacts with unc-14 and kinesin-1 motor complex light chain klc-1; both interactions regulate unc-33 neurite localization (PubMed:16236031). Interacts with fln-1 (via calponin-homology (CH) domains and filamin repeat 18-19) (PubMed:25358863). Isoform c: Interacts with vab-8 isoform a (PubMed:27015090).
Lacks most of the conserved residues that are essential for binding the metal cofactor and hence for dihydropyrimidinase activity. Its enzyme activity is therefore unsure.
Belongs to the PI3/PI4-kinase family. Type III PI4K subfamily.
By microRNA let-7; probably by direct interaction.
RNAi-mediated knockdown suppresses lethality and sterility caused by let-7 mutant background.
Belongs to the SRP receptor beta subunit family.
Animals deficient in HYL-2 show inability to adapt to oxygen deprivation as a result from the loss of ceramide synthase function.
Belongs to the sphingosine N-acyltransferase family.
Catalyzes the acylation of sphingoid bases to form ceramides. Sphingolipids from Caenorhabditis elegans contain exclusively isosphingoid bases. Exhibits substrate preference for fatty acyl-coA chains containing 20 to 22 carbons. Required for adaptation of the nematode to anoxia. Anoxia tolerance may require one or more of the ceramide species that are either specifically or preferentially synthesized by HYL-2, and seems to be affected by a pathway that is parallel to that involving daf-2.
Strong expression in the gut, the posterior bulb of the pharynx, the hypoderm, and unidentified cells of the head and the tail.
Component of the ESCRT-I complex (endosomal sorting complex required for transport I).
Component of the ESCRT-I complex, a regulator of vesicular trafficking process.
Expressed in the epidermis of larvae and adults and in vulval and rectal cells.
Pseudokinase which plays a role in resistance to fungal infection by promoting expression of antimicrobial peptides (nlp-29, nlp-31, nlp-34, cnc-1, cnc-2 and cnc-4) in the epidermis. In addition, up-regulates nlp-29 expression upon physical wounding and in response to phorbol ester PMA treatment.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bS21 family.
Belongs to the damage-control phosphatase family. Sugar phosphate phosphatase III subfamily.
Metal-dependent phosphatase that shows phosphatase activity against several substrates, including fructose-1-phosphate and fructose-6-phosphate. Its preference for fructose-1-phosphate, a strong glycating agent that causes DNA damage rather than a canonical yeast metabolite, suggests a damage-control function in hexose phosphate metabolism. Has also been shown to have O-methyltransferase activity that methylates glutamate residues of target proteins to form gamma-glutamyl methyl ester residues. Possibly methylates PCNA, suggesting it is involved in the DNA damage response.
Subfamily III proteins have a conserved RTxK motif about 40-50 residues from the C-terminus; the threonine may be replaced by serine or cysteine.
Acts as a modulator of condensin function, possibly by binding to the condensin SMC subunits and thereby inhibiting their function. Negatively regulates the condensin I complex in mitotic chromosome segregation. Negatively regulates the condensin I-like dosage compensation complex, which functions in the regulation of X chromosome-linked gene transcription, by limiting the association of the complex with the X chromosomes.
Interacts with dpy-27, mix-1, dpy-28, dpy-26, capg-1 and smc-4.
Belongs to the peptidase M67A family. CSN5 subfamily.
Component of the CSN complex, probably composed of csn-1, csn-2, csn-3, csn-4, csn-5, csn-6 and csn-7. Within the complex it probably interacts directly with csn-1 (PubMed:12781129). Interacts with glh-1 and glh-3 (PubMed:12435362). Interacts with lag-1 (PubMed:10615043). Interacts with kgb-1 (PubMed:17699606).
Probable protease subunit of the COP9 signalosome complex (CSN), a complex involved in various cellular and developmental processes. The CSN complex is an essential regulator of the ubiquitin (Ubl) conjugation pathway by mediating the deneddylation of the cullin subunits of the SCF-type E3 ligase complexes, leading to decrease the Ubl ligase activity of SCF. In the complex, it probably acts as the catalytic center that mediates the cleavage of Nedd8 from cullins. It however has no metalloprotease activity by itself and requires the other subunits of the CSN complex (By similarity). The CSN complex plays an essential role in embryogenesis and oogenesis and is required to regulate microtubule stability in the early embryo. Mediates mei-3/katanin targeting for degradation at the meiosis to mitosis transition via deneddylation of cul-3. May stabilize glh-1 protein levels by antagonizing kgb-1 (PubMed:17699606).
The JAMM motif is essential for the protease activity of the CSN complex resulting in deneddylation of cullins. It constitutes the catalytic center of the complex (By similarity).
Expression begins around the ventral closure stage of embryogenesis, continues throughout larval development and decreases in adulthood.
Highly lethal at L1 larval stage due to excretory defects. A small percentage of mutants die as embryos and a very small number survive to adulthood and are fertile but have defects in locomotion and egg-laying. There is no maternal effect on lethality.
In L1 larvae, expressed in a subset of epithelial cells including epidermal, vulval and rectal cells and the excretory duct and pore. Absent from internal epithelia such as the gut and pharyngeal tubes. Transiently expressed in the excretory canal cell at the 1.5-fold embryonic stage but no longer visible in this cell at hatching.
Required for apical extracellular matrix organization and epithelial junction maintenance.
Belongs to the calcineurin regulatory subunit family.
Expressed in sperm, spermatids, spermatheca, male gonads, intestine, nerve cord, hypodermal seam cells, cuticle and excretory canal.
Forms a complex composed of a calmodulin-dependent catalytic subunit tax-6 (also known as calcineurin A) and a regulatory Ca(2+)-binding subunit cnb-1 (also known as calcineurin B) which confers calcium sensitivity.
Mutants grow slowly and show uncoordinated or lethargic movements (PubMed:12221132, PubMed:12684004). Increased lifespan (PubMed:19279398). Body is small and slender with a transparent appearance resulting from a thinner cuticle (PubMed:12221132, PubMed:12684004). Reduced number of progeny associated with a retention of late stage embryos in the uterus, a reduced sperm count which appears smaller and smoother and with smaller pseudopods (PubMed:12221132, PubMed:12684004). In addition, serotonin-induced egg laying is delayed (PubMed:12221132, PubMed:12684004). Increased susceptibility to nicotine-mediated paralysis (PubMed:15990870). Impaired CO2 avoidance (PubMed:18524955). Increased number of puncta positive for autophagy marker LGG-1 (PubMed:19279398). Impaired coelomocyte endocytosis, intestinal apical endocytosis and recycling of synaptic vesicles at synapses (PubMed:20803083, PubMed:21345307).
Regulatory subunit of tax-6/calcineurin A, a calcium-dependent, calmodulin-stimulated protein phosphatase (PubMed:12221132). Confers calcium sensitivity (PubMed:12221132). Plays a role in egg-laying, fertility, growth, movement and cuticle development (PubMed:12221132, PubMed:12684004). Plays a role in sensitivity to CO2 levels (PubMed:18524955). Regulates expression of tax-6 inhibitor rcn-1 (PubMed:12684004). Negatively regulates nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) sensitivity to nicotine (PubMed:15990870). Negatively regulates lifespan (PubMed:19279398). Involved in endocytic processes including coelomocyte endocytosis, intestine apical endocytosis and synaptic vesicle recycling (PubMed:20803083, PubMed:21345307). May negatively regulate autophagy (PubMed:19279398).
Interacts with bar-1, dsh-2, gsk-3, and mig-5.
Reporter transgenes fail to show detectable expression indicating that axl-1 may be expressed at low levels.
Works in parallel with pry-1 in negatively regulating bar-1 signaling in vulval precursor cells and Q neuroblasts. Shown to have a role in excretory cell development.
Worms exhibit defects in excretory cell development and axonal migration.
Belongs to the RBR family. Parkin subfamily.
Functions within a multiprotein E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, catalyzing the covalent attachment of ubiquitin moieties onto substrate proteins.
May be required for traffic between late Golgi and early endosomes.
Expressed in 8 dpc intestinal precursor cells in developing embryos, and in intestine throughout development into adulthood.
Expressed in the ASI neurons, hypodermis, and in tail neurons.
On a temperature-sensitive daf-7 mutant background, enhances entry of larvae into the developmentally arrested state known as dauer, and also suppresses exit from dauer (PubMed:22359515). Up-regulates expression of the potassium channel exp-2 (PubMed:22359515).
Orphan nuclear receptor which, in cooperation with R-SMAD daf-8, modulates the Insulin/IGF-1-like signaling (IIS) pathway, perhaps by regulating expression of the potassium channel exp-2, which in turn modulates the secretion of insulin-like peptide daf-28.
Highly expressed in the terminal bulb muscles, pharyngeal muscle, in intestine and vulva.
May interact with rab-6.2 (in GTP-bound form).
Rab GTPase activating protein for the small GTPase rab-6.2 (PubMed:23792950). Required for grinder formation, which is the feeding organ that breaks down food (PubMed:23792950).
Expressed at the comma, 1.5-fold and 3-fold embryonic stages in multiple cells including muscle and somatic gonad cells. In L1 larvae, predominantly expressed in specific muscles and somatic gonad cells, in L2 larvae predominantly expressed in muscles cells and in L4 larvae expressed predominantly in the developing spermatheca and more weakly in vulva muscle cells. Expression increases in the hypodermis in dauer stage larvae prior molting to L4 larval stage.
Expressed in spermatheca and spermathecal-uterine valve, weakly in vulva and anal muscles and in two cells in the head (probably RMEV and RMED motor neurons).
Inhibited by human TIMP1 and TIMP2 and the broad MMP inhibitors BB94 (Batimastat) and CT543.
Metalloprotease involved in molting, a process during larval stages in which a new cuticle is formed and the old cuticle is shed (PubMed:24957743). Plays a role in thermotolerance probably by preventing the accumulation of oxidized lipoproteins and cholesterol (PubMed:20600277, PubMed:24957743).
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes a delay in larval to adult development with reduced motility and feeding (PubMed:20600277). Also reduces fecundity in adults (PubMed:20600277). Larvae have molting defects characterized by incomplete cuticle shedding leaving a constriction ring in the larvae anterior part (PubMed:20600277). Reduces survival upon Gram-negative bacterium P.luminescense infection or heat stress (PubMed:20600277, PubMed:24957743). Production of extra- and intra-cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and protein oxidation are increased whereas vit-6 transcription and dehydroergosterol (DHE) uptake are reduced (PubMed:24957743). Moreover, causes constitutive daf-16 nuclear localization (PubMed:24957743). Simultaneous RNAi-mediated knockdown of vit-6, rme-2, daf-16 or daf-16 coactivators sir2.1, ftt-2 and par-2 restores normal thermotolerance (PubMed:24957743). RNAi-mediated knockdown in a daf-9 or daf-12 mutant background reduces survival further upon heat stress.
The conserved cysteine present in the cysteine-switch motif binds the catalytic zinc ion, thus inhibiting the enzyme. The dissociation of the cysteine from the zinc ion upon the activation-peptide release activates the enzyme.
Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor Fz/Smo family.
Embryonic lethal with severely defective embryonic morphogenesis (PubMed:9288749, PubMed:9288750, PubMed:15620652). Embryos have defective mitotic spindle orientation in the 8-cell stage ABar blastomere (PubMed:9288749, PubMed:9288750, PubMed:20126385). Furthermore, there is disrupted asymmetric distribution of the transcription factor pop-1 and the disheveled homolog dsh-2, which are required for cell fate decisions in 8-cell stage ABar blastomeres and their descendants (PubMed:12810601, PubMed:15990090). There is also abnormal distal tip cell migration along the anterior-posterior axis of the body and defective clearance of apoptotic cell corpses in embryos (PubMed:20126385, PubMed:26292279). Both double knockout with unc-5 RNAi and knockdown by RNAi in an unc-40 mutant background suppresses the migratory defect of distal tip cells in the mom-5 and unc-40 single mutants (PubMed:26292279). Double knockout with Wnt receptor cfz-2 results in enhanced CAN neuron migration defects and also rescues the ALM migration defects in the single cfz-2 knockout (PubMed:16109397). Double knockout with Wnt receptor mig-1 results in enhanced HSN neuron migration defects and also in anterior-posterior axon guidance defects of PVM and AVM touch neurons (PubMed:16516839). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in embryonic lethality, but surviving animals display morphogenesis defects and PHA phasmid neuron duplication (PubMed:15990090).
Expressed in the 32-cell stage ABar blastomere and onwards into late embryogenesis (PubMed:15620652, PubMed:24401370). In late embryogenesis, enriched at the leading edges of postmitotic epidermal cells during ventral enclosure (PubMed:15620652). Asymmetrically expressed during the larval stages of development in cells of the gonad, vulva, tail, nervous system and hypodermis (PubMed:15620652). Expressed predominantly in QR neuroblast descendants and to a lesser extent in QL neuroblast descendants during the larval stages of development (PubMed:25373777). Expressed highly in anterior P-cells during larval development (PubMed:23295860). Post-embryonically, it is up-regulated at the transition phase after dorsal-ventral migration of distal tip cells and at the beginning of their anterior-posterior migration (PubMed:26292279).
Receptor for Wnt proteins (PubMed:16930586, PubMed:22022276, PubMed:23295860, PubMed:24401370, PubMed:26292279). Most frizzled receptors are coupled to the beta-catenin canonical signaling pathway, which leads to the activation of disheveled proteins, inhibition of gsk-3 kinase, nuclear accumulation of beta-catenin and activation of Wnt target genes (Probable). A second signaling pathway involving PKC and calcium fluxes has been seen for some family members, but it is not yet clear if it represents a distinct pathway or if it can be integrated in the canonical pathway, as pkc seems to be required for Wnt-mediated inactivation of gsk-3 kinase (Probable). Both pathways seem to involve interactions with G-proteins (Probable). Required in embryonic development for the correct positioning and orientation of the mitotic spindles and division planes in blastomere cells (PubMed:9288749, PubMed:9288750, PubMed:20126385). During early embryonic cell divisions, directs the asymmetric positioning of transcription factors such as pop-1 and dsh-2 in daughter cells in order to determine cell fate specification (PubMed:12810601, PubMed:15620652, PubMed:15990090). Acts redundantly with other Wnt receptors such as lin-17 to control vulval precursor cell specification and also the polarity of different cell types including distal tip cells, seam cells, AVG interneurons and P-cells and their descendants (PubMed:16930586, PubMed:20126385, PubMed:22022276, PubMed:23295860, PubMed:24401370, PubMed:26292279). Plays a role in the migration of cell types including distal tip cells and the QR neuroblast descendants, QR.p and QR.pa during larval development (PubMed:20126385, PubMed:25373777, PubMed:26292279). Negatively regulates the unc-6/Netrin receptors unc-5 and unc-40 to control distal tip cell polarity and migration (PubMed:26292279). Acts through ced-5/DOCK180 and ced-10/Rac to control both distal tip cell migration and the phagocytic clearance of apoptotic cell corpses (PubMed:20126385). Furthermore, it is also required for the migration and axon guidance of the different neuronal cell types including CAN, ALM, HSN and the two mechanosensory neurons AVM and PVM (PubMed:16109397, PubMed:16516839, PubMed:25917219). Mediates Wnt receptor cfz-2 in directing ALM migration, but may also act redundantly with the Wnt receptors cfz-2 and mig-1 to direct the migration of other neuronal cell types including CAN and HSN (PubMed:16109397, PubMed:16516839). Mediates Wnt ligand egl-20 in the control of the anterior-posterior axon guidance of AVM and PVM neurons (PubMed:16516839).
The FZ domain is involved in binding with Wnt ligands.
Belongs to the thiolase-like superfamily. HMG-CoA synthase family.
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in sterility, slow development, reduced body size, severe paralysis and reduced pharyngeal pumping.
This enzyme condenses acetyl-CoA with acetoacetyl-CoA to form HMG-CoA, which is the substrate for HMG-CoA reductase.
Acts as a component of the essential kinetochore-associated NDC80 complex, which is required for chromosome segregation in mitosis and meiosis and spindle checkpoint activity (PubMed:11402066, PubMed:14522947, PubMed:15371539). The ndc-80 complex synergistically enhances the affinity of the ska-1 complex for microtubules and may allow the ndc-80 complex to track depolymerizing microtubules (PubMed:23085020).
Component of the NDC80 complex, which is composed of at least ndc-80 and him-10. The NDC80 complex interacts with knl-1.
Expressed by ASI and ASJ sensory neurons and weakly by ventral cord motor neurons.
Probable insulin-like peptide which negatively regulates synapse development at the neuromuscular junctions (PubMed:23665919). Probably acts as a daf-2/InsR agonist ligand to prevent dauer formation under optimal environmental conditions (PubMed:24671950).
Expressed at all developmental stages from embryos undergoing morphogenesis to gravid adults (PubMed:23682709). Broadly expressed in embryos and early larvae, but expression decreases in late larvae and adults (PubMed:33950834). Expressed in seam cells during larval development (PubMed:33950834). Expressed in DD GABAergic motor neurons in L1 and L2 stage larva (PubMed:33950834). During larval stage L1, expressed in the pharynx and in intestinal cells (PubMed:22342905). Expressed most strongly during mid-to-late intermolt periods (at protein level) (PubMed:23682709).
Expressed in germline cells (PubMed:22342905).
Expressed in the germline and somatic cells (PubMed:22342905).
Expressed in the germline and somatic cells (PubMed:22342905). Expressed at higher levels in germline cells relative to somatic cells (PubMed:22342905).
Highly expressed in the pharynx and at lower levels in the intestine, but not detected in other tissues (PubMed:22342905). Other studies suggest a broader expression pattern in somatic tissues: from embryogenesis to adult stages, expressed strongly in body wall muscle, vulva, somatic gonad and pharynx, at lower levels in the nerve ring, hypodermis, and rectal epithelia, and very weakly in the intestine (PubMed:23682709).
Interacts with glh-1 (PubMed:22342905). Interacts (via LRR regions) with myrf-1 (via C-terminus); the interaction promotes the role of myrf-1 in the synaptic remodeling of DD GABAergic motor neurons at the cell membrane (PubMed:33950834).
Larval lethal. Animals developmentally arrest prior to the first larval molt and subsequent growth is slow, although larvae survive for up to 8 days at 20 degrees Celsius. Animals also display uncoordinated locomotion, a shortened cuticle, pharyngeal defects, stunted gonad development, and abnormal vulval morphogenesis. Heterozygous worms have reduced brood sizes. Knockout in DD GABAergic motor neurons results in defective synaptic remodeling of DD GABAergic motor neurons (PubMed:33950834). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the germline, results in sterility and gametogenesis phenotypes including complete absence of oocytes, endomitotically replicating oocytes, and failure to lay eggs. Animals surviving to the L4 stage have hypodermal defects including lack of lateral alae and incomplete seam cell fusion, and fail to express col-19 and mlt-10. RNAi-mediated knockdown in lin-29 null mutants results in partial suppression of the molting and vulval RNAi phenotypes in L4 stage larvae.
Promotes the localization of myrf-1 and myrf-2 to the cell membrane (PubMed:33950834). In association with myrf-1, promotes the synaptic remodeling of DD GABAergic motor neurons whereby new synapses form in the dorsal processes of DD neurons (PubMed:33950834).
Regulates diverse developmental processes including larval molting and gonad maturation.
Expressed widely during larval and adult stages.
May be involved in fusion of ER-derived transport vesicles with the Golgi complex (By similarity). Involved in regulating AMsh glial cell size, acting by modulating the E3 ubiquitin ligase rnf-145/RNF145, probably by mediating the translocation of rnf-145 from the cis-Golgi to the trans-Golgi during development (PubMed:33370778).
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes embryonic lethality, but about 10% of animals survive to early adulthood (PubMed:33370778). Significantly enlarged AMsh glial cells (PubMed:33370778).
Hydrolyzes DNA under acidic conditions with a preference for double-stranded DNA. Implicated in apoptosis.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ATPase B chain family.
Mitochondrial membrane ATP synthase (F(1)F(0) ATP synthase or Complex V) produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane which is generated by electron transport complexes of the respiratory chain. F-type ATPases consist of two structural domains, F(1) - containing the extramembraneous catalytic core, and F(0) - containing the membrane proton channel, linked together by a central stalk and a peripheral stalk. During catalysis, ATP synthesis in the catalytic domain of F(1) is coupled via a rotary mechanism of the central stalk subunits to proton translocation. Part of the complex F(0) domain and the peripheric stalk, which acts as a stator to hold the subunits of the catalytic subcomplexes relative to the rotary elements (Probable). Plays a role in germline development (PubMed:17223323).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in sterility (PubMed:17223323). RNAi-mediated knockdown does not affect the timing of hypodermal and vulval development (PubMed:17223323).
Specifically expressed in the germline from the L1 larval stage.
Conjugation of reduced glutathione to a wide number of exogenous and endogenous hydrophobic electrophiles (By similarity). Prevents dopaminergic CEP neuron degeneration in response to Mn(2+) (PubMed:23721876).
Expressed in dopaminergic (DA) neuron (at protein levels).
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes an increase in Mn(2+)-mediated dopaminergic CEP neuron degeneration.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. NNMT/PNMT/TEMT family.
Membrane proteins Patch and Smoothened form a receptor complex that binds Hedgehog morphogens. Despite the lack of Hh and Smo homologs, ptc-1 is still found to be functional. Absence of ptc-1 leads to the formation of multinucleate germ cells and sterility.
Required but not essential for cytokinesis of mitotically proliferating germ cells.
Component of a complex containing fem-1, fem-2 and fem-3 (PubMed:23760267). Interacts with fem-1 and fem-2 (via N-terminus) (PubMed:23760267, PubMed:17609115). Part of a E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex, at least composed of cul-2, elc-1, tra-1, fem-1, fem-2 and fem-3; mediates the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of tra-1 (PubMed:17609115). Interacts with tra-1 (PubMed:17609115). Interacts with sel-10 (PubMed:15306688). Interacts with tra-2 (PubMed:10364161, PubMed:12477393).
Required for male development. In XO (male) animals, fem-3 directs male differentiation in all tissues. In XX (hermaphrodite) animals, it specifies the first 80 or so germ cells to be sperm. Negatively regulates male development when bound to tra-2. Together with fem-2 associates with the CBC(fem-1) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex which mediates the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of tra-1.
Belongs to the cyclin family. Cyclin C subfamily.
Component of the Mediator complex, a coactivator involved in regulated gene transcription of nearly all RNA polymerase II-dependent genes. Mediator functions as a bridge to convey information from gene-specific regulatory proteins to the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. Mediator is recruited to promoters by direct interactions with regulatory proteins and serves as a scaffold for the assembly of a functional preinitiation complex with RNA polymerase II and the general transcription factors. Binds to and activates cyclin-dependent kinase cdk-8 that phosphorylates the CTD (C-terminal domain) of the large subunit of RNA polymerase II (RNAp II), which may inhibit the formation of a transcription initiation complex (By similarity).
Displays very low catalytic activity compared to zmp-2 towards synthetic substrate Mca-Pro-Leu-Gly-Leu-Gly-Leu-Dpa-Ala-Arg-NH2 in vitro.
Expressed in the anchor cell (PubMed:11060231, PubMed:15960981). Expressed in the anchor cell throughout the L3 and the early L4 stage, but not in vulva precursor cells P6.p, P6.px, or P6.pxx (PubMed:11060231). Expression in P6.pxxx cells begins in late-L4 stage. During L4 lethargus, expressed in all four vulE cells, but not in vulF cells (PubMed:11060231). The expression in vulE cells persists in adulthood (PubMed:11060231). In males, expressed in the linker cell (LC) from the early L4 stage until LC death during the L4-to-adult molt (PubMed:19906858).
Metalloprotease which, together with cadherin cdh-3 and hemicentin him-4, plays a role in anchor cell (AC) invasion during postembryonic vulval development probably by promoting the degradation of the basement membrane separating the gonad from the vulva epithelium.
No defect in anchor cell invasion. In 7 percent of cdh-3 and zmp-1 double mutants and in 25 percent of cdh-3, him-4 and zmp-1 triple mutants, anchor cell invasion is delayed.
Belongs to the F-actin-capping protein beta subunit family.
F-actin-capping proteins bind in a Ca(2+)-independent manner to the fast growing ends of actin filaments (barbed end) thereby blocking the exchange of subunits at these ends. Unlike other capping proteins (such as gelsolin and severin), these proteins do not sever actin filaments.
Heterodimer of an alpha and a beta subunit.
Key component of the cytosolic iron-sulfur protein assembly (CIA) complex, a multiprotein complex that mediates the incorporation of iron-sulfur cluster into apoproteins specifically involved in DNA metabolism and genomic integrity. In the CIA complex, MMS19 acts as an adapter between early-acting CIA components and a subset of cellular target iron-sulfur proteins.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFA8 subunit family.
Acts as a component of the WASH core complex that functions as a nucleation-promoting factor (NPF) at the surface of endosomes, where it recruits and activates the Arp2/3 complex to induce actin polymerization, playing a key role in the fission of tubules that serve as transport intermediates during endosome sorting (By similarity). Acts as a component of the DHIC (ddl-1-containing hsf-1 inhibitory complex) which modulates lifespan by sequestering the heat shock transcription factor hsf-1 to negatively regulate its binding to DNA and its transcriptional activity (PubMed:22265419).
Component of the WASH core complex (By similarity). Component of the DHIC (ddl-1-containing hsf-1 inhibitory) complex, which contains at least ddl-1, ddl-2, hsb-1 and hsf-1 (PubMed:22265419). Within the complex, interacts with ddl-1 (PubMed:22265419). Formation of the DHIC may be dependent upon the Insulin/IGF-1-like signaling (IIS) mediated pathway (PubMed:22265419).
Expressed in several neurons located throughout the body.
RNAi-mediated knockdown positively modulates lifespan; effect abolished in hsf-1 mutant background (PubMed:22265419). Increases resistance to both heat and oxidative stresses (PubMed:22265419). Increases localization to the nucleus and also DNA binding activity of heat-shock transcription factor hsf-1 after heat shock (PubMed:22265419). Increases in transcript levels of heat shock protein genes sim-1, hsp-70, hsp-16.2 and F44E5.5 after heat shock, but not in unstressed conditions (PubMed:22265419). May also moderately decrease levels of post-translationally modified hsf-1 under heat stressed conditions (PubMed:22265419).
Cytoplasmic poly(A) RNA polymerase that adds successive AMP monomers to the 3'-end of specific RNAs, forming a poly(A) tail. The enzymatic activity is enhanced by its interaction with gls-1. Required, together with gld-2, for early meiotic progression in male and female germ cells and for gld-1 protein accumulation in the hermaphrodite germline. In the germline, forms a complex with gls-1 which directly binds to gld-1 mRNA and prevents its degradation.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically throughout embryonic development and in adult hermaphrodites.
High embryonic lethality. Hermaphrodite animals are partially fertile and those that produce sperm and oocytes have reduced brood sizes and display smaller germlines. Hermaphrodite gld-4 and gld-2 double mutants are fully sterile and display either an earlier meiotic arrest than gld-2 single mutant or a failure to commit to meiotic progression and a return to mitosis.
In contrast to other poly(A) RNA polymerases, lacks any RNA-binding domain.
The gld-4 locus produces a single transcript that is SL-1 trans-spliced.
Involved in centrosome attachment to the nucleus. Required for zyg-12 localization to the nuclear envelope. Together with pot-1, it is required to anchor telomeres to the nuclear envelope in embryos (PubMed:24297748).
RNAi-mediated knockdown disrupts both the localization of pot-1 and the anchoring of telomeres to the nuclear envelope in early embryos.
The SUN domain may play a role in nuclear anchoring.
Abundantly expressed in the anterior and posterior pharyngeal bulbs, the pharyngeal-intestinal valve, vulval cells, and a region at the posterior end of the intestine that corresponds to site of co-assembly of the intestinal-rectal valve and anal sphincter, and depressor muscles. Modest expression apparent in four hypodermal cells that provide cuticle and muscle anchorage in the tail. Strong expression observed in discrete patches and spots in vulval cells and in somatic cells of the spermatheca. Transiently coexpressed and colocalized with par-6 and par-3, asymmetrically in the developing somatic gonad, including the spermathecal precursor cells of L4 larvae.
Expressed throughout development, at highest level in the L1 stage and lowest in L3. Peripheral staining pattern in early embryos. The staining in 1-cell embryos is weak and uniform just after the completion of meiosis, but increases in intensity and becomes concentrated at the anterior periphery during pronuclear migration. The peripheral staining becomes restricted to about 50% embryo length during the pronuclear meeting and pronuclear fusion stage. By early anaphase, the staining extends posteriorly beyond the midline of the zygote and covers about 60% of the total length of embryos. In 2- and 4-cell stages, staining is uniform at the periphery of the AB cell, its daughters and the EMS cell, but peripheral staining in P1 and P2 is restricted to the boundaries with other blastomeres.
Interaction with par-3 required for the peripheral localization of par-6 and to form a par-3/par-6/pkc-3 complex, which is activated when cdc-42 interacts with par-6. Binds avidly to the phosphotyrosine interaction domain (PID) of a novel pkc-3 adapter protein num-1, which enables tethering and targeting of pkc-3 to the cell periphery.
Required for the normal progression of embryogenesis and viability of the organism (PubMed:9422779). Plays an indispensable role in establishing embryonic polarity and in recruiting and maintaining par-6 to the periphery, through interaction with par-3 (PubMed:9716526, PubMed:9834192). Required for epithelial cell polarity in the distal spermatheca (PubMed:15151982). Phosphorylates serine residues of num-1 (PubMed:11134025). Required for the expression of antimicrobial peptide nlp-29 in response in response to fungal infection or physical injury (PubMed:19380113).
Residues 212-224 are capable of binding the PID domain of num-1 isoform a and isoform c.
Worms show defects in embryogenesis. Mutant embryos show defects in their polarity and cleavage patterns which disrupt hatching (PubMed:9716526). RNAi-mediated knockdown causes a complete loss of nlp-29 expression following fungal infection by D.coniospora or physical injury (PubMed:19380113).
Expressed in the hypodermis, specifically in seam cells, the terminal bulb of the pharynx, the distal region of the gonadal arm, vulva, spermatheca and uterus.
Plays a role in cuticle biogenesis (PubMed:23028364, PubMed:25480962). In complex with tsp-15 and the dual oxidase bli-3, promotes the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and tyrosine cross-linking of collagen, thus stabilizing cuticular extracellular matrix (PubMed:23028364).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in a blistered cuticle phenotype and resistance to iodide toxicity.
Expressed in the nerve ring and hypodermal tissues (PubMed:24722283). Expressed in the intestine (PubMed:20405020, PubMed:24722283). Expressed in the germline (PubMed:20405020).
Expressed throughout embryonic development and in adults (PubMed:22768349). During embryogenesis, expressed from the 2-cell stage and persists throughout development in transcriptionally active cells (PubMed:22768349). Expression is higher in dauer larvae than in adults (PubMed:11743719).
May form dimers (PubMed:20405020). Interacts with RNA polymerase I (PubMed:24722283).
Nucleolar protein which binds to RNA polymerase I and rDNA and is required for efficient RNA polymerase I-mediated rDNA transcription (PubMed:24722283). Maintains the epigenetically active status of rDNA chromatin which facilitates rDNA transcription and sustains germline development, ensuring fertility (PubMed:24722283). Plays a role in the modulation of nucleolus size (PubMed:27003693). May play a role in the regulation of lifespan (PubMed:11743719).
Acts as a transcription regulator (PubMed:20713707). Binds to the sequence motif 5'-TCAGGTT-3' (PubMed:20335356). Binds to the cis-regulatory element of proapoptotic factor egl-1 gene and together with eya-1 activates egl-1 expression to promote motor neuron M4 sister cell apoptosis (PubMed:20713707). Also promotes apoptosis of I1 pharyngeal neuron sister cell (PubMed:20713707). Together with eya-1, required to specify the coelomocyte fate in embryonic and postembryonic precursors (PubMed:19427847, PubMed:20335356).
Belongs to the SIX/Sine oculis homeobox family.
Expression starts at the embryonic bean stage and continues throughout larval and adult stages in few anterior body wall muscle cells and in unidentified cells in the head (PubMed:19427847). Expressed predominantly in pharyngeal cells during embryogenesis and throughout larval and adult stages (PubMed:20713707). In L1 larvae, expressed in all pharyngeal neurons (M4, I1, MI, I3, M3, NSM, MC, I2, I4, I5, I6, M1, M2, and M5), some pharyngeal muscle cells (pm1 and pm2) and pharyngeal epithelial cells (e1 and e3), and some body wall muscles around the anterior pharynx (PubMed:20713707). Expressed transiently in the M lineage-derived coelomocyte precursor cells M.dlpa and M.drpa before their differentiation into coelomocytes (PubMed:19427847, PubMed:20335356). Expressed in the M4 motor neuron sister cell (PubMed:20713707).
Interacts (via N-terminus) with eya-1 (via C-terminus).
RNAi-mediated knockdown in embryos causes lethal arrest at the embryonic 3-fold stage or at the L1 larval stage with abnormal anterior morphology (PubMed:19427847). The few surviving animals lack 1 or both pairs of embryonic MS lineage-derived coelomocytes as well as the 2 post embryonic M lineage-derived coelomocytes (PubMed:19427847). RNAi-mediated knockdown in L1 larvae causes the loss of the M lineage-derived coelomocytes due to the abnormal differentiation of coelomocyte precursors M.drpa and M.dlpa into body wall muscle cells (PubMed:19427847). In 38 percent of animals, the motor neuron M4 sister survived (PubMed:20713707).
Expressed in body wall muscle cells, the pharynx and structures in the tail.
Forms part of the preprotein translocase complex of the outer mitochondrial membrane (TOM complex).
Receptor that accelerates the import of all mitochondrial precursor proteins.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 14 family.
Component of the Mediator complex, a coactivator involved in the regulated transcription of nearly all RNA polymerase II-dependent genes. Mediator functions as a bridge to convey information from gene-specific regulatory proteins to the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. Mediator is recruited to promoters by direct interactions with regulatory proteins and serves as a scaffold for the assembly of a functional preinitiation complex with RNA polymerase II and the general transcription factors (By similarity). Required for transcription in the embryo and for phosphorylation of the RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain repeat.
Component of the signal recognition particle (SRP) complex, a ribonucleoprotein complex that mediates the cotranslational targeting of secretory and membrane proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) (By similarity). SRP9 together with SRP14 and the Alu portion of the SRP RNA, constitutes the elongation arrest domain of SRP (By similarity). The complex of SRP9 and SRP14 is required for SRP RNA binding (By similarity).
Heterodimer with SRP14; binds RNA as heterodimer (By similarity). Component of a signal recognition particle complex that consists of a 7SL RNA molecule of 300 nucleotides and six protein subunits: srpa-72, srpa-68, SRP54, F37F2.2/SRP19, F25G6.8/SRP14 and ZK512.4/SRP9 (By similarity).
Expressed in all somatic tissues including neurons, pharynx, intestine, body wall muscles and vulva muscles.
Expressed in the embryo and throughout all stages of development to adulthood.
Homodimer; via transmembrane domain (PubMed:11114722, PubMed:9824163). Interacts with ced-3 and ced-9 (PubMed:9824163).
Initiates apoptosis in a BH3-independent mechanism possibly by recruiting ced-3 to mitochondria and other cytoplasmic membranes (PubMed:11114722). Has a role in lifespan and tumor growth (PubMed:16380712, PubMed:17934462). Required for the induction of mitophagy under stress conditions (PubMed:25896323).
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes an increased sensitivity to stress and inhibits mitophagy which leads to an accumulation of defective mitochondria that have increased mass, altered network morphology, decreased ATP levels, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, membrane depolarization, increased oxygen consumption and increased cytoplasmic Ca(2+) that intensifies under stress conditions. RNAi-mediated knockdown in daf-2, isp-1, or clk-1 mutant backgrounds suppresses their increased lifespan phenotype.
Ubiquitinated and degraded by the proteasome (PubMed:11114722). Under oxidative stress conditions, ubiquitinated at Lys-26 in a pink-1 dependent manner. Colocalizes with pdr-1 and may be ubiquitinated by it (PubMed:25896323).
Nucleolar protein that acts as a modulator of rRNA synthesis. Plays a central role during organogenesis.
Belongs to the membrane-bound acyltransferase family. Sterol o-acyltransferase subfamily.
Adaptor protein complex 2 (AP-2) is a heterotetramer composed of two large adaptins (alpha-type subunit and beta-type subunits), a medium adaptin (mu-type subunit AP50) and a small adaptin (sigma-type subunit AP17).
Brain, heart, lung, liver, testis and spleen.
Component of the adaptor complexes which link clathrin to receptors in coated vesicles (By similarity). Clathrin-associated protein complexes are believed to interact with the cytoplasmic tails of membrane proteins, leading to their selection and concentration (By similarity). AP50 is a subunit of the plasma membrane adaptor (By similarity). Essential wnt/egl-20 signaling protein that functions in wnt/egl-20-producing cells (PubMed:18160346, PubMed:18160347). Required for the AP-2 complex-mediated endocytosis of membrane proteins including wntless homolog mig-14 in egl-20-producing cells (PubMed:18160346, PubMed:18160347). During development, regulates the migration of HSN neurons and the left and right Q neuroblasts (QL and QR, respectively) and their descendants, possibly through hox gene and wnt/egl-20 gene target mab-5, and plays a role in establishing ALM and PLM neuronal cell polarity (PubMed:18160346). Required for the asymmetric divisions of V5 cells (PubMed:18160346).
Mutants display a squat body statue referred to as a dumpy phenotype and have defective HSN neuronal cell migration (PubMed:18160346). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in impaired function of the AP-2 complex and accumulation of the wntless homolog mig-14 at the cell membrane (PubMed:18160347).
Isoform d is widely expressed: detected in the hypodermis, seam cells, intestine, somatic gonad, neurons, vulval precursors, body wall muscle and pharynx.
Isoforms b and d are widely expressed from embryogenesis to adulthood. Isoform d is highly expressed in late L1 and L2 larval stages in XXX neuroendocrine cells. Isoform b is expressed more highly in the embryo and the L1 larval stage.
Knockout of isoform d results in defective dauer formation. Eighteen percent of temperature sensitive mutants are embryonic lethal. The surviving animals are small (Sma), clear (Clr), uncoordinated, constipated and sterile. They display variable morphological defects in the main body and pharynx.
Probable transcriptional corepressor which modulates activity of the nuclear hormone receptor daf-12 to regulate the dauer diapause.
Highly expressed in intestine and to a lesser extent in other tissues including muscles and neurons.
Interacts with proteasome 19S subunit rpn-13.
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes a slight decrease in lifespan and in brood size. Enhanced proteasome activity, specifically in the intestine.
Ubiquitin-protein hydrolase involved both in the processing of ubiquitin precursors and of ubiquitinated proteins. This enzyme is a thiol protease that recognizes and hydrolyzes a peptide bond at the C-terminal glycine of ubiquitin.
Binds 1 [4Fe-4S] cluster. The cluster is coordinated with 3 cysteines and an exchangeable S-adenosyl-L-methionine.
Catalytic tRNA acetyltransferase subunit of the elongator complex which is required for multiple tRNA modifications, including mcm5U (5-methoxycarbonylmethyl uridine), mcm5s2U (5-methoxycarbonylmethyl-2-thiouridine), and ncm5U (5-carbamoylmethyl uridine) (By similarity). In the elongator complex, acts as a tRNA uridine(34) acetyltransferase by mediating formation of carboxymethyluridine in the wobble base at position 34 in tRNAs (By similarity).
The elongator complex was originally thought to play a role in transcription elongation. However, it is no longer thought to play a direct role in this process and its primary function is thought to be in tRNA modification.
Belongs to the serine/threonine dehydratase family.
Belongs to the inorganic phosphate transporter (PiT) (TC 2.A.20) family.
Sodium-phosphate symporter which plays a fundamental housekeeping role in phosphate transport.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Tyr protein kinase family. ABL subfamily.
Functions downstream of migratory protein mig-13 and is involved in Q neuroblast migration during larval development (PubMed:27780040). Recruited by mig-13 to the leading edge of Q neuroblasts and their descendents to signal downstream, likely to the wve-1 pathway, and direct migration along the anteroposterior body axis (PubMed:27780040). Promotes germline cell apoptosis in response to oxidative, osmotic and heat shock stresses (PubMed:16729024).
Interacts (via SH2 and SH3 domains) with mig-13; the interaction is direct. May interact with soem-1.
Belongs to the phosphohexose mutase family.
Catalyzes the conversion of GlcNAc-6-P into GlcNAc-1-P during the synthesis of uridine diphosphate/UDP-GlcNAc, a sugar nucleotide critical to multiple glycosylation pathways including protein N- and O-glycosylation.
Inhibited by N-(6-oxo-5,6-dihydrophenanthridin-2-yl)-N,N-dimethylacetamide HCl (PJ34), 1,5-dihydroxyisoquinoline (DHQ) and 3-aminobenzamide (3AB).
Poly[ADP-ribose] polymerase modifies various nuclear proteins by poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation, a post-translational modification synthesized after DNA damage that appears as an obligatory step in a detection/signaling pathway leading to the reparation of DNA strand breaks and programmed cell death (PubMed:15923155). Involved in protection of the genome against mutations (PubMed:12600937).
Predominantly expressed at early embryonic stages and later in L4 and adult stages.
Belongs to the dihydroorotate dehydrogenase family. Type 2 subfamily.
Expressed in the P lineage during embryogenesis (PubMed:18202375). Expressed at the 4- to 8-cell stage, and expression remains throughout the remaining P cell divisions in P2, P3 and P4 cells, and subsequently in primordial germ cells Z2 and Z3 (PubMed:18202375).
P granule component, which acts redundantly with P granule component meg-1 to promote P granule segregation during embryogenesis, and germ cell proliferation and differentiation in larval stages (PubMed:18202375, PubMed:21305687, PubMed:25535836). Together with phosphorylated meg-1, promotes the disassembly of zygotic P granules in the anterior cytoplasm of pre-gastrulation embryos (PubMed:25535836). Together with dephosphorylated meg-1, promotes the assembly and accumulation of zygotic P granules in the posterior cytoplasm of pre-gastrulation embryos (PubMed:25535836). Required for fertility (PubMed:18202375, PubMed:21305687).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in sterility, and in P granule segregation defects (PubMed:18202375). RNAi-mediated knockdown increases the sterility phenotype of meg-1 vr10 and meg-1 vr11 mutants from 15 to 100% and from 4 to 93%, respectively, and results in a larger proportion of under-proliferated gonads than in the single meg-1 mutants (PubMed:18202375, PubMed:21305687, PubMed:25535836). Simultaneous RNAi-mediated knockdown of meg-1 and meg-2 results in defects in P granule disassembly in the anterior cytoplasm of the P1 blastomere causing some P granules to be mis-segregated to somatic blastomeres (PubMed:25535836).
Almost ubiquitously expressed. Expressed in intestine, hypodermis, seam cells, body-wall muscles, many neurons, oviduct sheath cell, spermatheca, coelomocytes and pharyngeal and nerve ring.
Interacts (GTP-bound form) with ehbp-1 (via C-terminal coiled coil) (PubMed:20573983, PubMed:22869721). Interacts (GTP-bound form) with cnt-1 (via C-terminal ankyrin repeat) (PubMed:22869721). Interacts (GTP-bound form) with rab-5 GAP, tbc-2 (via putative coiled coil domain) (PubMed:23100538, PubMed:26393361). Interacts (GTP-bound form) with amph-1 (PubMed:26393361).
Intestinal cells exhibit abnormally abundant rab-5 and rab-7 positive enlarged early endosomes, which accumulate basolaterally recycling transmembrane cargo molecules and fluid indicating a block in basolateral transport (PubMed:16394106, PubMed:20573983). On the other hand, rme-1 positive recycling endosomes are missing. No endocytic trafficking defects in oocytes or coelomocytes (PubMed:16394106). Almost complete loss of cnt-1 endosomal localization in the intestinal epithelium. Overaccumulation of endosomal phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PubMed:22869721). Nearly complete loss of basolateral endosomal tubule extensions of the intestine (PubMed:25301900). The endosomal localization of tbc-2 is strongly reduced leading to increased rab-5 association with membranes in the intestinal epithelia (PubMed:26393361). Cholesterol-dependent accumulation of glr-1 in large accretions running along the length of the ventral cord neurite bundle while synapses don't have general formation defects. Animals display a decreased frequency of locomotional reversals and significantly reduced response to nose-touch suggesting reduced glr-1 signaling (PubMed:17761527, PubMed:20573983). Rab-10 lin-10 double mutant displays additive glr-1 trafficking defects indicating that they both regulate endocytic recycling of AMPA receptors to synapses, but most probably along distinct regulatory pathways (PubMed:17761527). Complete loss of dense core vesicles (DCVs) secretion of neuropeptides from DA/DB motoneurons, while synaptic ultrastructure and synaptic vesicles (SV) exocytosis as well as coelomocyte function are unaffected (PubMed:23100538). Severely reduced proximal dendritic arborization in multi-dendritic PVD sensory neurons, but minimal effect on dendritic branching and growth on the distal area of the PVD. The growth of PVD axon is normal. Reduced dendritic growth of the multi-dendritic FLP neurons, but no effect on the dendritic growth of unbranched dendrites of the OLL, AWB and AWC neurons. Accumulates dendritic membrane proteins dma-1 and hpo-30 within intracellular vesicles within the growing PVD dendrites and have decreased dendrite membrane localization of these proteins. Rab-10 rab-8 double deletion mutant has enhanced dendritic arborization defects than rab-10 deletion alone in PVD neurons (PubMed:26394140). PVD dendritic branches are reduced in the posterior region of the cell, but are excessive in the distal anterior region of the cell. Dma-1 fails to localize to the plasma membrane in the posterior dendrite (PubMed:26633194). Rab-10 rab-8 double deletion mutant has disrupted transport of membrane proteins to the plasma membrane of the nonpolarized germline cells (PubMed:20573983).
Rab activation is generally mediated by a guanine exchange factor (GEF), while inactivation through hydrolysis of bound GTP is catalyzed by a GTPase activating protein (GAP) (By similarity). Tbc-4 is a likely GAP of this rab (PubMed:23100538). Denn-4 is a putative GEF of this rab (PubMed:26633194).
The small GTPases Rab are key regulators of intracellular membrane trafficking, from the formation of transport vesicles to their fusion with membranes. Rabs cycle between an inactive GDP-bound form and an active GTP-bound form that is able to recruit to membranes different set of downstream effectors directly responsible for vesicle formation, movement, tethering and fusion (PubMed:23100538, PubMed:26394140, PubMed:26633194). Required for basolateral endocytic recycling, the return of macromolecules and fluid from endosomes to the plasma membrane, in polarized epithelial cells of the intestine upstream of rme-1 (PubMed:16394106). Involved in the formation of the endosomal tubular network that is required for basolateral recycling of clathrin-independent endocytic cargo such as daf-4 in the intestine (PubMed:25301900). Required for the recruitment of cnt-1 effector to endosomal membranes in the intestinal epithelium, which is important for the regulation of levels of endosomal phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate, a key phosphoinositide in membrane traffic, and for the recruitment of endosomal membrane-bending proteins, rme-1 and sdpn-1 (PubMed:22869721). Recruits the rab-5 GTPase-activating protein tbc-2 to endosomes where it then inactivates rab-5 resulting in removal of rab-5 from membranes, which is necessary for cargo transport from early endosomes to recycling endosomes in the basolateral intestine (PubMed:26393361). Regulates recycling of synaptic membrane AMPA glutamate receptor, glr-1, from intracellular endosomal compartments back to synapses in a cholesterol-dependent endocytosis pathway functioning after clathrin-independent endocytosis in command interneurons (PubMed:17761527). Regulates neuropeptide release from dense core vesicles (DCVs) of cholinergic motoneurons in cooperation with rab-5. They reciprocally recruit each other's inactivating GAP molecule leading to local exclusion of one or the other rab protein at the Golgi-endosomal interphase at an essential stage during DCV sorting (PubMed:23100538). Regulates membrane trafficking of membranes and dendrite proteins from the Golgi and/or endosomal compartments to plasma membrane during dendrite morphogenesis together with the exocyst complex in the multi-dendritic PVD sensory neurons acting in a cell-autonomous manner and requiring its GTPase activity (PubMed:26394140). Functions cell-autonomously together with the exocyst complex to regulate dendrite morphogenesis and anterior-posterior patterning of the PVD neurons dendritic arbor by balancing the anterograde and retrograde transport via molecular motors unc-116 (kinesin heavy chain) and dhc-1 (dynein heavy chain) to appropriately transport branching factors, such as dma-1, to the specific subcellular regions of the developing dendrite in its GTPase activity-dependent manner (PubMed:26633194).
Component of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF-3) complex.
RNA-binding component of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF-3) complex, which is involved in protein synthesis of a specialized repertoire of mRNAs and, together with other initiation factors, stimulates binding of mRNA and methionyl-tRNAi to the 40S ribosome. The eIF-3 complex specifically targets and initiates translation of a subset of mRNAs involved in cell proliferation.
Required for biogenesis of the 60S ribosomal subunit.
Belongs to the STXBP/unc-18/SEC1 family.
Plays a role in vesicle-mediated protein trafficking to lysosomal compartments including the endocytic membrane transport pathways (PubMed:25273556, PubMed:26783301, PubMed:27558849). Believed to act as a component of the putative HOPS endosomal tethering complex which is proposed to be involved in the rab-5-to-rab-7 endosome conversion probably implicating sand-1, and via binding SNAREs and SNARE complexes to mediate tethering and docking events during SNARE-mediated membrane fusion (PubMed:25273556). The HOPS complex is proposed to be recruited to rab-7 on the late endosomal membrane and to regulate late endocytic, phagocytic and autophagic traffic towards lysosomes (By similarity). Within the HOPS complex, contributes to the normal development of gut granules in embryonic and adult intestinal cells (PubMed:24501423, PubMed:25273556). Required for endosome/lysosome fusion (PubMed:26783301, PubMed:27558849). Required for early embryonic development (PubMed:27558849).
Probable component of the homotypic fusion and vacuole protein sorting (HOPS) complex consisting of the core class C Vps proteins vps-11, vps-16, vps-18, and which further associates with vps-33.1, vps-39 and vps-41 (PubMed:24501423, PubMed:25273556). Interacts with spe-39 (PubMed:19109425).
Ubiquitously expressed at high levels in somatic tissues including the pharynx, muscles, hypodermis, neurons, coelomocytes and spermatheca (PubMed:27558849). Expressed in the intestine (PubMed:25273556, PubMed:27558849).
Viable, and develop into fertile adults, but their progeny arrest before embryonic morphogenesis (PubMed:27558849). Defective endosome/lysosome size and fusion, and delayed endocytic trafficking to lysosomes in coelomocytes (PubMed:26783301, PubMed:27558849). Reduced number of gut granules in the adult intestine (PubMed:24501423, PubMed:27558849). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in a reduced number of gut granules in embryonic intestinal cells (PubMed:24501423). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in the accumulation of lysosomal proteins such as lmp-1 in early endocytic compartments, and the formation of large late endosomes/lysosomes, but with simultaneous expression of rab-5- and rab-7-positive vesicles on the basal side of gut cells (PubMed:25273556). Double RNAi-mediated knockdown together with vsp-33.2 results in defective protein trafficking to lysosomal compartments, and an irregular distribution of vesicles of various sizes throughout the gut cells. RNAi-mediated knockdown in a sand-1 mutant background results in no viable offspring (PubMed:25273556). Double RNAi-mediated knockdown together with vsp-33.1 in a sand-1 mutant background rescues the large endosome phenotype and the defective protein trafficking to lysosomal compartments in the sand-1 single mutant, but still results in lethality (PubMed:25273556). Double knockout with tbc-2 or single knockout in a constitutively active rab-5 mutant background, rescues the large endosome formation defect in coelomocytes in the individual tbc-2 single and constitutively active rab-5 mutants (PubMed:27558849).
May play a structural role in the induction of the vulva. May be required for the localization of signal transduction molecules (such as let-23 receptor) to either the basal membrane domain or the cell junctions.
Autoinhibited by the ariadne domain, which masks the second RING-type zinc finger that contains the active site and inhibits the E3 activity.
Belongs to the RBR family. Ariadne subfamily.
E3 ubiquitin-protein transferase, which catalyzes ubiquitination of target proteins together with ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 ubc-18 (By similarity). Acts with ubc-18 to regulate pharyngeal development (PubMed:16457801, PubMed:19521497).
Expression is dynamic during early embryonic development, with ubiquitous somatic expression occurring between the 50- and 200-cell stage (PubMed:16457801). By the late proliferative phase of embryogenesis, expression is reduced, but maintained at high levels in muscle precursors (PubMed:16457801). Later in embryogenesis, moderate expression occurs in the lateral ectoderm (PubMed:16457801). Pharyngeal expression is very low at both the comma and 1.5-fold embryonic stages (PubMed:16457801). Expression is highest in muscle and neuronal cells in larvae and adults, including many of the amphid neurons that are proximal to the posterior bulb of the pharynx (PubMed:16457801). Consistent expression in cells of the somatic gonad including distal tip, sheath, and spermathecal cells, as well as in vulval cells undergoing morphogenesis (PubMed:16457801). Neuronal expression in the midbody includes the CAN, HSN, and ALM cells; neurons of the ventral and dorsal cords; and a number of posterior deirid neurons (PubMed:16457801). Expressed in all pairs of coelomocytes (PubMed:16457801).
Interacts with ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 ubc-18.
Members of the RBR family are atypical E3 ligases. They interact with an E2 conjugating enzyme and function like HECT-type E3 enzymes: they bind E2s via the first RING-type zinc finger, but require an obligate trans-thiolation step during the ubiquitin transfer, requiring a conserved active site Cys residue in the second RING-type zinc finger. The active site probably forms a thioester intermediate with ubiquitin taken from the active-site cysteine of the E2 before ultimately transferring it to a Lys residue on the substrate.
RNAi-mediated knockdown on a pha-1 or on a lin-35;ubc-18 mutant background produces a high percentage of animals with the Pun (pharyngeal unattached) phenotype, whereby the pharynx fails to elongate and form an attachment to the anterior alimentary opening or buccal cavity.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 15 family.
Component of the Mediator complex (By similarity). Interacts with nhr-49, nhr-64 and sbp-1.
Component of the Mediator complex, a coactivator involved in regulated gene transcription of nearly all RNA polymerase II-dependent genes. Mediator functions as a bridge to convey information from gene-specific regulatory proteins to the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. Mediator is recruited to promoters by direct interactions with regulatory proteins and serves as a scaffold for the assembly of a functional preinitiation complex with RNA polymerase II and the general transcription factors (By similarity). Required for regulated expression of genes controlling fatty acid desaturation by transcription factors including sbp-1 and nhr-49 (PubMed:16799563, PubMed:16651656). Involved in the response to simulated microgravity, in concert with sbp-1, probably acting in the intestine (PubMed:32448509).
Expressed in the intestine and head neurons.
Expression increased by simulated microgravity.
2 percent of mutants have a delay in anchor cell invasion. In 7 percent of zmp-1 and cdh-3 double mutants and in 25 percent of cdh-3, him-4 and zmp-1 triple mutants, anchor cell invasion is delayed.
Cell adhesion protein involved in the control of epithelial morphogenesis (PubMed:9012534). Together with metalloproteinase zmp-1 and hemicentin him-4, plays a role in anchor cell (AC) invasion during postembryonic vulval development (PubMed:15960981).
Three calcium ions are usually bound at the interface of each cadherin domain and rigidify the connections, imparting a strong curvature to the full-length ectodomain.
Belongs to the RNA cytidine acetyltransferase family. NAT10 subfamily.
RNA cytidine acetyltransferase with specificity toward both 18S rRNA and tRNAs. Catalyzes the formation of N(4)-acetylcytidine (ac4C) in 18S rRNA. Required for early nucleolar cleavages of precursor rRNA at sites A0, A1 and A2 during 18S rRNA synthesis. Catalyzes the formation of ac4C in serine and leucine tRNAs. Requires a tRNA-binding adapter protein for full tRNA acetyltransferase activity but not for 18S rRNA acetylation.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CK1 Ser/Thr protein kinase family.
Serine/threonine-protein kinase which is involved in spermatogenesis (PubMed:12019230, PubMed:8417991, PubMed:29879108). In spermatocytes, regulates meiosis and the localization and assembly of major sperm protein (MSP) into fibrous bodies (PubMed:12019230, PubMed:8417991). In addition, may suppress the initiation of spermiogenesis downstream of spe-8, spe-12, spe-27 and spe-29 (PubMed:12019230).
Component of a non-voltage-gated amiloride-sensitive cation channel complex (also called the degenerin channel complex) composed of at least the mec-2, mec-4, mec-6 and mec-10 subunits; the complex mediates mechanotransduction in touch cells (PubMed:12478294). Interacts with mec-2, mec-6 and mec-10 (PubMed:12478294).
Expressed in AVM, ALM, PVM and PLM touch neurons.
Mutations in mec-4 results in the degeneration of a small set of neurons which typically swell to several times their normal diameter before they disappear, presumably due to lysis.
Subunit of an amiloride-sensitive cation channel (degenerin channel complex) permeable for sodium, potassium, lithium and N-methylglucamine, and required for mechanosensory transduction (touch sensitivity) (PubMed:8655580, PubMed:12478294). Negatively regulates the turning step of male mating behavior (PubMed:17611271).
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL11 family.
Belongs to the WD repeat neurobeachin family.
Binds to type II regulatory subunits of protein kinase A and anchors/targets them to the membrane. May anchor the kinase to cytoskeletal and/or organelle-associated proteins (By similarity). Regulates endosomal traffic in polarized epithelial cells such as the vulval precursor cells and intestinal cells. Thought to act as a negative regulator of lin-12 activity in vulval precursor cells. May have a role in the internalization process from basolateral surface of polarized epithelial cells.
Expressed in vulval precursor cells and rectal epithelia in L2 and L3 larvae. In L4 larvae, expression is seen in intestinal epithelial cells.
Worms lacking sel-2 exhibit a multivulva phenotype when combined with loss of lin-12.
May catalyze the initial reaction in O-linked oligosaccharide biosynthesis, the transfer of an N-acetyl-D-galactosamine residue to a serine or threonine residue on the protein receptor.
Golgi serine/threonine protein kinase that phosphorylates secretory pathway proteins within Ser-x-Glu/pSer motifs.
Expressed ubiquitously. Higher levels of vha-2 are found in adult H-shaped excretory cell and rectum. Higher levels of vha-3 are found in gastrointestinal and hypodermal cells, as well as H-shaped excretory cell.
High levels during embryogenesis, moderate levels during L1, L4 and adult stages and very low levels during L2 and L3 stages.
Proton-conducting pore forming of the V0 complex of vacuolar(H+)-ATPase (V-ATPase), a multisubunit enzyme composed of a peripheral complex (V1) that hydrolyzes ATP and a membrane integral complex (V0) that translocates protons (By similarity). V-ATPase is responsible for acidifying and maintaining the pH of intracellular compartments and in some cell types, is targeted to the plasma membrane, where it is responsible for acidifying the extracellular environment (By similarity). Involved in necrotic cell death (PubMed:22157748). Required along with other vacuolar ATPase components for the removal of protein aggregates which form in immature oocytes in the distal gonad (PubMed:29168500). This removal occurs as the oocytes mature and move to the proximal gonad, is triggered by the introduction of sperm through mating and occurs before fertilization (PubMed:29168500). The introduction of sperm triggers V-ATPase accumulation in proximal oocytes and induces lysosomal acidification which leads to engulfing of protein aggregates by lysosomes and subsequent clearance of the aggregates (PubMed:29168500). Lysosomal acidification also leads to changes in mitochondrial morphology and function (PubMed:29168500). Mitochondria in distal immature oocytes are fragmented, produce high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and have high membrane potential, indicative of metabolic inactivity (PubMed:29168500). In contrast, mitochondria in proximal mature oocytes are tubular with lower ROS levels and membrane potential, indicative of an active metabolic state required for aggregate mobilization before clearance (PubMed:29168500).
Proton-conducting pore forming of the V0 complex of vacuolar(H+)-ATPase (V-ATPase), a multisubunit enzyme composed of a peripheral complex (V1) that hydrolyzes ATP and a membrane integral complex (V0) that translocates protons. V-ATPase is responsible for acidifying and maintaining the pH of intracellular compartments and in some cell types, is targeted to the plasma membrane, where it is responsible for acidifying the extracellular environment (By similarity). Involved in necrotic cell death. Required along with other vacuolar ATPase components for the removal of protein aggregates which form in immature oocytes in the distal gonad. This removal occurs as the oocytes mature and move to the proximal gonad, is triggered by the introduction of sperm through mating and occurs before fertilization. The introduction of sperm triggers V-ATPase accumulation in proximal oocytes and induces lysosomal acidification which leads to engulfing of protein aggregates by lysosomes and subsequent clearance of the aggregates. Lysosomal acidification also leads to changes in mitochondrial morphology and function. Mitochondria in distal immature oocytes are fragmented, produce high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and have high membrane potential, indicative of metabolic inactivity. In contrast, mitochondria in proximal mature oocytes are tubular with lower ROS levels and membrane potential, indicative of an active metabolic state required for aggregate mobilization before clearance (By similarity).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in increased protein aggregation in the oocytes of sperm-deficient young adult females which is not eliminated by mating (PubMed:29168500). RNAi-mediated knockdown causes a reduction in the formation of neuron cell corpses in a hyperactive mec-4 mutant background (PubMed:22157748).
Vha-11 and vha-3 are transcribed on a dicistronic transcript where vha-3 is the upstream transcript and vha-11 the downstream.
Expressed at higher level in embryos than in L1 larvae.
Worms lacking both symn-2 and mec-8 die during late embryogenesis. Lethality is probably due to defects in alternative splicing regulation.
mRNA splicing factor that regulates alternative splicing of many genes in embryo. Probably plays a role in the formation of embryo-specific isoforms.
By hyperosmotic, oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress (at protein level).
Increased lifespan, slower growth rate, reduced egg-laying and reduced fertility (PubMed:22232551, PubMed:22792076). Defective locomotion and chemotaxis (PubMed:22232551, PubMed:25391662). Increased sensitivity to osmotic and oxidative stress (PubMed:22792076). Increased intronic A-to-I RNA editing and splicing abnormalities, which may contribute to the increased accumulation of double-stranded RNA observed in the nucleus of multiple tissues including gut, muscle and the anterior head region (PubMed:25391662).
Interacts with chromobox protein homolog hpl-2; interaction may maintain localization of hpl-2 to gene bodies.
RNA-binding protein which regulates transcription, splicing and RNA-editing (PubMed:25391662). Limits the accumulation of double-stranded RNA by maintaining the abundance of the mature RNA transcripts that are formed from double-stranded precursor RNAs (PubMed:25391662). Stress response protein that acts downstream of daf-16 in the insulin/IGF pathway to regulate longevity and the cellular stress response to osmotic, oxidative, proteotoxic and endoplasmic reticulum stress (PubMed:22232551, PubMed:22792076). Involved in the regulation of physiological processes including aging, fertility, growth and locomotion (PubMed:22232551, PubMed:29760282). Plays a role in maintaining localization of chromobox protein homolog hpl-2 to gene bodies, perhaps acting via binding to nascent RNA transcripts (PubMed:29760282).
Widely expressed in a range of tissues including body wall muscles, pharynx and neurons of the midbody in adults and larvae (PubMed:22232551, PubMed:22792076).
Belongs to the protein-tyrosine phosphatase family. Non-receptor class dual specificity subfamily.
Expressed at low level in the proximal mitotic region and transition zone of germline cells and at the pachytene stage of meiotic prophase I.
Expressed in vulva cell precursors. Expression is increased in P5.p and P7.p and their descendants during vulva induction. Expressed in syncytium hyp7 (PubMed:11161219). Expressed in germline cells (PubMed:12169634, PubMed:16319922).
Pachytene exit and oocyte development are accelerated (PubMed:12169634, PubMed:21901106). These are associated with the accumulation of smaller oocytes in the proximal gonadal arm, the misalignment of oocytes in multiple rows, a premature nucleolus breakdown and an abnormal mpk-1 phosphorylation after pachytene exit and in diakinesis oocytes (PubMed:12169634, PubMed:21901106). 53 percent of mutants have endomitotic oocytes (PubMed:12169634). Embryo development is arrested before morphogenesis resulting in 50 percent embryonic lethality (PubMed:12169634). In adults, but not in larvae, reduced number of germ cells in the mitotic region of the gonad (PubMed:16319922). Moderate increase in the number of apoptotic corpses in the germline which is further enhanced following gamma irradiation (PubMed:21901106). Increased egl-1 mRNA expression in response to gamma irradiation (PubMed:21901106). Increased cep-1 expression in early pachytene germ cells (PubMed:21901106). Increased life span (PubMed:20624915). Increased MAP kinase activity (PubMed:11161219). Reduced levels of mpk-1 isoform b associated with an increase in mpk-1 isoform b phosphorylation (PubMed:21901106). In lip-1 and let-23, lip-1 and sem-5, and lip-1 and mpk-1 double mutants, normal vulva induction is restored (PubMed:11161219). In lip-1 and mpk-1 double mutants, normal oocyte development and fertility are restored (PubMed:12169634). lip-1 and puf-8 double mutant produces only sperm and has abnormal mpk-1 phosphorylation in the transition zone at the permissive temperature of 20 degrees Celsius. At the restrictive temperature of 25 degrees Celsius, has proximal germline tumors with high levels of mpk-1 phosphorylation (PubMed:22820175).
The KIM (kinase interacting motif) region may be involved in the binding to MAP kinases.
Expression begins in the embryo and diminishes in larvae (PubMed:16310763). Expressed in the excretory duct cell, as well as other cells, at larval L3 stage (PubMed:16310763).
Interacts with NFIL3 transcription factor homolog atf-2.
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes morphological defects in excretory duct cells. Reduces expression of transcription factor lin-48.
Transcription factor (PubMed:8700229, PubMed:16310763). Required to activate programmed cell death in the sister cells of the serotoninergic neurosecretory motor (NSM) neurons (PubMed:8700229). Negatively regulates the activity of ces-1 which in turn negatively regulates the activities of cell-killing genes (PubMed:8700229). Binds to the DNA sequence 5'-RTTACGTAAY-3' (PubMed:8700229). Involved in the development of the excretory duct cell, by positively modulating embryonic transcription of putative transcription factor lin-48, acting in concert with NFIL3 transcription factor homolog atf-2 (PubMed:16310763, PubMed:12231624). Positively modulates expression of neuropeptide pigment dispersing factor homologs pdf-1 and pdf-2 (PubMed:19686386).
Belongs to the WD repeat LIS1/nudF family.
Component of a dynein-regulating complex composed of at least lis-1 and nud-2 (PubMed:20005871). Interacts with nud-2; the interaction is direct (PubMed:16996038).
Defects lead to convulsions mimicking epilepsy, possibly due to altered neurotransmitter function (PubMed:15254012). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in arrest at the 50-100 cell stage, whereby egg and sperm pronuclei fails to migrate (PubMed:11685578). RNAi-mediated knockdown prevents the sperm-donated centrosome from leaving the posterior cortex in 1-cell embryos (PubMed:20599902). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in an abnormal distribution of GABAergic synaptic vesicles at synaptic termini of the ventral nerve cord (PubMed:16996038). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in nuclear migration defects in hyp7 hypodermal precursor cells, but only in a small number of animals (PubMed:20005871). RNAi-mediated knockdown in a pam-1 mutant background restores anterior-posterior polarity (PubMed:20599902).
Dimerization mediated by the LisH domain may be required to activate dynein.
Expressed in all classes of neurons in the ventral cord (PubMed:11685578, PubMed:16996038). Expressed in the multinucleate spermathecal valves and adult seam cells (PubMed:11685578).
Positively regulates the activity of the minus-end directed microtubule motor protein dynein. May enhance dynein-mediated microtubule sliding by targeting dynein to the microtubule plus end. Required for several dynein- and microtubule-dependent processes such as nuclear migration during cell division (PubMed:11685578, PubMed:15331665). Part of a complex with nud-2, which is recruited to the nuclear envelope by unc-83, where, in turn, it recruits dynein to the nuclear surface and regulates nuclear migration in hypodermal precursor cells (PubMed:20005871). Plays a role in GABAergic synaptic vesicle localization in the ventral nerve cord (PubMed:16996038). Required for neuronal cell differentiation (PubMed:15254012).
Belongs to the TRAFAC class myosin-kinesin ATPase superfamily. Kinesin family. Kinesin II subfamily.
Component of the kinesin II motor complex (composed of kap-1 and the heterodimeric motor proteins klp-11 and klp-20) which is required for intraflagellar transport (IFT) (PubMed:20833139, PubMed:20498083). Heterodimerizes with klp-11 to form a 'processive' molecular motor upon IFT cargo binding, which, within the kinesin II motor complex, binds to and moves along microtubules in a unidirectional manner (without dissociation of the heterodimer), and in turn, is responsible for the IFT of cargo (PubMed:20498083). Specifically, the kinesin II motor complex, together with the kinesin motor protein osm-3 moves along microtubules and is required for anterograde IFT along the middle segment of the sensory neuron cilia (PubMed:17000880, PubMed:20833139, PubMed:28479320). In particular, the kinesin II motor complex delivers specific ciliary cargo proteins such as che-3 which are related to motility to ciliary tips (PubMed:28479320). This is likely mediated by IFT complexes A and B (PubMed:28479320).
Component of the kinesin II motor complex, a heterotrimeric complex composed of kap-1, klp-11 and klp-20 (PubMed:17000880, PubMed:20833139, PubMed:20498083, PubMed:28479320). Interacts (via C-terminus) with klp-11 (via C-terminus) to form a heterodimer (PubMed:20498083, PubMed:21917588). Furthermore, within the heterodimer, the C-termini of klp-20 and klp-11 interact to form a coiled coil (stalk) or tail domain, and this is necessary for association with kap-1, and kinesin II motor complex activity upon IFT cargo binding (PubMed:20498083, PubMed:21917588). Prior to cargo binding, the klp-11/klp-20 heterodimer is autoinhibited by the tail domain of the heterodimer, which folds onto the kinesin motor domain (PubMed:20498083). Cargo binding to the heterodimer relieves the autoinhibition, and allows for an extended conformation of the tail domain, and function of the heterodimer (PubMed:20498083).
Belongs to the class-I pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family.
In eukaryotes there are cytoplasmic, mitochondrial and chloroplastic isozymes.
Belongs to the Tim17/Tim22/Tim23 family.
Essential component of the TIM23 complex, a complex that mediates the translocation of transit peptide-containing proteins across the mitochondrial inner membrane.
Component of the TIM22 complex, whose core is composed of tim-22, associated with the 70 kDa heterohexamer. In most cases, the 70 kDa complex is composed of tim-9/tin-9.1 and tim-10/tin-10 (By similarity).
Essential core component of the TIM22 complex, a complex that mediates the import and insertion of multi-pass transmembrane proteins into the mitochondrial inner membrane. In the TIM22 complex, it constitutes the voltage-activated and signal-gated channel. Forms a twin-pore translocase that uses the membrane potential as external driving force in 2 voltage-dependent steps (By similarity).
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family. Aurora subfamily.
Component of the CPC complex which consists of icp-1; csc-1; bir-1 and air-2 (PubMed:12707312). Within the complex, interacts with icp-1; csc-1 and bir-1 (PubMed:12707312, PubMed:11050385). Interacts with zen-4 (PubMed:11050384). Interacts with tlk-1 and bmk-1 (PubMed:15548597, PubMed:15916946).
Phosphorylated. Increased phosphorylation upon chromatin obstructions at anaphase.
Present during gametogenesis and throughout embryogenesis (at protein level).
RNAi-mediated knockdown disrupts the localization of the condensin subunit smc-4 to mitotic chromosomes (PubMed:11914278). RNAi-mediated knockdown causes failure in mitotic chromosome segregation and cytokinesis, leading to aneuploidy (PubMed:11914278, PubMed:12213836).
Serine/threonine-protein kinase component of the chromosomal passenger complex (CPC), a complex that acts as a key regulator of chromosome segregation and cytokinesis (PubMed:12707312, PubMed:11050385, PubMed:10983970, PubMed:9852156, PubMed:10354474, PubMed:10975519, PubMed:11050384). The CPC complex has essential functions at the centromere in ensuring correct chromosome alignment and segregation (PubMed:12707312, PubMed:10983970). Required for histone H3 phosphorylation during segregation of homologous chromosomes in meiosis and mitosis (PubMed:18923084). Required for histone H3 'Ser-10' phosphorylation (PubMed:9852156, PubMed:10354474, PubMed:10975519, PubMed:11050384, PubMed:11050385, PubMed:10983970, PubMed:12015116, PubMed:11940606). Phosphorylates tlk-1 at 'Ser-634', which enhances its activity (PubMed:15916946). Phosphorylates zen-4 at 'Ser-680'(PubMed:15854913). Required for the recruitment of bub-1 to the ring-shaped domain between chromosomes during meiotic anaphase I (PubMed:20729837). Also required for the localization of the condensin I complex subunit smc-4 to mitotic chromosomes (PubMed:11914278). Acts at the spindle midzone and the midbody to prevent cleavage furrow regression upon chromatin obstructions during cytokinesis (PubMed:12213836, PubMed:23684975).
Expressed in intestine (at protein level).
Plays a role in protein ubiquitination, sorting and degradation through its association with cdc-48.1 and/or cdc-48.2.
The PFU domain mediates interaction with ubiquitin.
The PUL domain mediates the interaction with cdc-48.1 and/or cdc-48.2 C-terminus.
Expressed in body wall muscles from 3.5-fold stage of embryogenesis with highest levels in late embryos and L1 stage larvae. Lower levels persist to adulthood.
Low levels along surface of body-wall muscle cells, in vulval and intestinal muscles and, more weakly, in anal depressor and sphincter muscles. Also expressed in a subset of head neurons.
May form a complex with the regulatory subunits unc-93 and sup-10.
Potassium channel involved in coordination of muscle contraction (PubMed:14534247). Activity is regulated by sup-18 (PubMed:24586202).
Uncoordinated rubber band response is phenocopied by exposure to the unc-49 agonist muscimol.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Tyr protein kinase family. SYK/ZAP-70 subfamily.
Defective in transport of silencing RNAs but not defective in execution of RNAi. Marginal enhancement of cell-autonomous RNAi. Mildly defective in silencing the intestine-expressed gene, act-5.
Expressed throughout all developmental stages.
The kinase domain is required for import of dsRNA into cells.
Tyrosine-protein kinase which plays a role in RNA-mediated gene silencing by mediating import of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) into cells. Not required for import of ingested dsRNA into intestinal cells but involved in subsequent export from intestinal cells to internal tissues.
Ubiquitously present in all tissues tested. Expressed in the somatic cells of gut, pharynx, body wall muscle, neurons, skin and excretory canal cells.
Component of the small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein particle containing H/ACA-type snoRNAs (H/ACA snoRNPs).
Required for ribosome biogenesis. Part of a complex which catalyzes pseudouridylation of rRNA. This involves the isomerization of uridine such that the ribose is subsequently attached to C5, instead of the normal N1. Pseudouridine ('psi') residues may serve to stabilize the conformation of rRNAs (By similarity).
Belongs to the eukaryotic diacylglycerol kinase family.
Belongs to the fatty acid desaturase type 1 family.
Can function as a Delta(5) fatty acid desaturase and behaves as a (8-3) desaturase. Introduces a double bond in the fatty acid chain 5 carbons away from carboxy terminal to biosynthesize polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) endogenously (PUFAs are essential for membrane structure and many cellular and physiological processes). Acts on a variety of substrates such as dihomo-gamma-linoleoyl-CoA ((8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatrienoyl-CoA, 20:3n-6) to generate arachidonoyl-CoA ((5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoyl-CoA, 20:4n-6). Also acts on a number of other substrates, including fatty acids that do not contain a double bond at the 8 position like (11Z,14Z,17Z)-eicosatrienoyl-CoA (20:3n-3) to produce (5Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-eicosatetraenoyl-CoA (20:4n-3) (PubMed:9845325, PubMed:9917342, PubMed:11972048, PubMed:26806391). Unlike plants, Caenorhabditis elegans desaturases seem to use fatty acyl-CoAs as substrates (By similarity).
HPO-19 and T05H4.4 are cytochrome b5 reductases required for PUFA desaturation in Caenorhabditis elegans. HPO-19 knockdown or mutation alters FAT-4 desaturase activity.
The fat-4 mutants lack detectable Delta(5)-unsaturated fatty acids.
Component of the peroxisomal translocation machinery.
Component of the GINS complex which is a heterotetramer of gins1, gins2, gins3 and gins4.
Required for correct functioning of the GINS complex, a complex that plays an essential role in the initiation of DNA replication, and progression of DNA replication forks. GINS complex is a core component of CDC45-MCM-GINS (CMG) helicase, the molecular machine that unwinds template DNA during replication, and around which the replisome is built.
Mediates manganese transport into the endoplasmic reticulum. The ATPase activity is required for cellular manganese homeostasis.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. AGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. cAMP subfamily.
Binding of cAMP to kin-2 regulatory subunits induces dissociation of the heterotetramer. The released catalytic subunits are active and able to phosphorylate their substrates.
Essential for larval development (PubMed:22887816). Controls the rhythmic contraction of enteric muscles probably by regulating G-protein coupled receptor aex-2-mediated calcium influx in GABAergic DVB neurons (PubMed:24086161). Plays a role in the control of oocyte meiotic maturation by gonadal sheath cells (PubMed:22887816).
Expressed at low levels in the embryo. Expression increases after hatching and during larval stages and, despite a decrease, remains high in adults (at protein level).
Heterotetramer composed of two regulatory subunits and two catalytic subunits.
Isoform h and isoform j are myristoylated.
Isoforms a and b: May play a role in the regulation of neuromuscular junctions.
RNAi-mediated knockdown of isoforms a and b in neurons shows a temperature-sensitive adult onset paralysis of the distal part of the body resulting in the loss of backward movements and an inability to lay eggs. RNAi-mediated knockdown of isoforms f and k results in no obvious phenotype.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family. cAMP subfamily.
No obvious expression before embryo hatching but is expressed at later stages (at protein level).
Cysteine protease which plays an essential role in the degradation of proteins in lysosomes (PubMed:15456850, PubMed:24829385). During early embryogenesis, maternally required for the proteolytic processing of yolk proteins in platelets, a lysosome-like structure where a slow and controlled degradation of yolk proteins occurs (PubMed:15456850, PubMed:24829385). In the gonad, required for the clearance of apoptotic germ cells in the engulfing cell phagolysosomes (PubMed:24829385). In embryos, required for the degradation of endocytic and autophagic cargos (PubMed:24829385). In embryos, may play a role in the degradation of lipid-containing droplets (PubMed:26773047). Required for larval development (PubMed:11707440, PubMed:15456850).
Expressed in embryos, larvae and adults (at protein level) (PubMed:11707440, PubMed:15456850, PubMed:16857685, PubMed:24829385). Expression transiently increases during early embryonic stages and prior to the larval L1/L2, L2/L3, L3/L4 and L4/adult molts (PubMed:11707440, PubMed:16857685). Highest expression in adults (PubMed:11707440). In embryos, expressed in gut cells (PubMed:11707440). In larvae, expressed in the hypodermis, intestine and pharyngeal lining (PubMed:11707440). In molting larvae, expressed in the old and new cuticle (PubMed:11707440).
Expressed in intestine, pharynx posterior bulb, hypodermis and cuticle (at protein level) (PubMed:11707440, PubMed:24829385). Expressed in germ cells, developing oocytes, sheath cells surrounding germ cells and oocytes, and in the eggshell (at protein level) (PubMed:11707440, PubMed:16857685).
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes early embryonic lethality with embryos arrested at the 100-200 cell stage (PubMed:11707440). The few larvae which survive have incomplete gut development and die at the L1 stage (PubMed:11707440). RNAi-mediated knockdown at the L3 larval stage causes a growth delay, adults are shorter and thinner, and lay fewer eggs (PubMed:11707440).
By B.thuringiensis pore-forming toxin Cry5B (PubMed:15256590). Isoform a: Not induced by zinc. Isoform b: Induced by zinc specifically in intestinal cells (PubMed:23717214).
Isoform a: Expressed in the hypodermis and the intestine. Isoform b: Expressed in the intestine, head neurons, seam cells, hypodermis, and the vulva.
Promotes excretion of zinc from intestinal cells into the intestinal lumen in response to increased dietary zinc (PubMed:23717214). Involved in cadmium resistance, possibly by promoting its transport from cells (PubMed:15256590). Involved in resistance to B.thuringiensis pore-forming toxin Cry5B downstream of the sek-1 and pmk-1 MAPK kinase pathway (PubMed:15256590).
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes hypersensitivity to low, chronic doses of the B.thuringiensis pore-forming toxin Cry5B and heavy metal Cd(2+) exposure.
Isoform a and isoform d are expressed in body wall muscles, vulva, anus muscles and male tail muscles (PubMed:7666414). Located to the myofibrils of thin actin filaments (PubMed:11901171, PubMed:17684058).
Isoform e is expressed in the pharyngeal muscles, germline tissue and intestinal cells. Isoform c is expressed in the pharyngeal and intestinal cells.
The molecule is in a coiled coil structure that is formed by 2 polypeptide chains. The sequence exhibits a prominent seven-residues periodicity.
Tropomyosin, in association with the troponin complex, plays a central role in the calcium dependent regulation of muscle contraction (PubMed:9113409, PubMed:11901171). Involved in muscle actin filament organization and muscle arm extension and morphology (PubMed:15930100). Protects actin filaments from depolymerization by unc-60 in vitro (PubMed:17684058). Also has a role in male mating behavior by regulating the copulatory spicules (PubMed:16399684). Binds to F-actin (PubMed:11901171).
Tropomyosin, in association with the troponin complex, plays a central role in the calcium dependent regulation of muscle contraction. Involved in muscle actin filament organization and muscle arm extension and morphology. Also has a role in male mating behavior by regulating the copulatory spicules. Binds to F-actin.
Worms have 50-75% embryonic lethality (PubMed:15930100). Those that survive body wall interference have abnormal body morphology and uncoordinated movements, and those that survive pharynx interference have deformed pharynges and gut regions (PubMed:15930100). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in a wavy appearance of the actin filaments in adult body wall muscles (PubMed:17684058).
Worms have 50-75% embryonic lethality. Those that survive body wall interference have abnormal body morphology and uncoordinated movements, and those that survive pharynx interference have deformed pharynges and gut regions.
Expressed in vulva cell precursors (VPC) P5.p, P6.p and P7.p, and their descendants during L3 and L4 larval stages.
Has no detectable kinase activity in vitro and is unlikely to function as a tyrosine kinase in vivo (By similarity). Receptor which may act as a receptor for Wnt ligand mom-2. Plays a role in controlling P7.p vulva precursor cell lineage orientation during vulva development (PubMed:15369677, PubMed:15649465). Regulates pop-1 asymmetric distribution in P7.p and its daughter cells (PubMed:15649465). Plays a role in the migration of ALM neurons during embryogenesis (PubMed:18622031).
May lack kinase activity. The human ortholog has been shown to have impaired catalytic activity with an inability to undergo autophosphorylation or to phosphorylate substrates.
Belongs to the anion exchanger (TC 2.A.31) family.
Belongs to the protein-tyrosine phosphatase family. Non-receptor class CDC14 subfamily.
Belongs to the dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase family.
Binds 4 [4Fe-4S] clusters. Contains approximately 16 iron atoms per subunit.
Involved in pyrimidine base degradation. Catalyzes the reduction of uracil and thymine (By similarity). Involved in the degradation of the chemotherapeutic drug 5-fluorouracil.
Worms lacking dpyd-1 exhibit increased sensitivity (decreased survival) to the chemotherapeutic drug 5-fluorouracil.
Plays a role in apical endocytosis/recycling (PubMed:24843160). May be implicated in transport between the plasma membrane and early endosomes (By similarity). Plays a role in the shedding of pathogen spores from intestinal cells (PubMed:24843160).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in disrupted clearance of intracellular pathogen N.parisii from intestinal cells.
Belongs to the class-I pyridine nucleotide-disulfide oxidoreductase family.
The active site is a redox-active disulfide bond.
Belongs to the Odd C2H2-type zinc-finger protein family.
Expressed in the gut during embryogenesis (PubMed:14648222, Ref.3). Expressed in presumptive intestinal cells and in unidentified cells in the head prior to embryonic elongation (PubMed:14648222). Highly expressed in the most anterior intestinal cell from 1.25-fold stage to 2.5-fold stage (elongating) embryos, but weakly expressed in the remaining intestine in embryos at the 1.25-fold stage (PubMed:14648222). Expressed in additional unidentified cells in the head in 2-fold stage embryos (PubMed:14648222).
May function as transcription regulator (Probable). Essential for larval development (PubMed:14648222, Ref.3). Required for morphogenesis and function of the digestive tract (PubMed:14648222).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in defects in feeding, and failed growth and development eventually leading to lethality at the larval stage of development. Morphological and functional defects around the pharyngeal intestinal valve and intestine boundary with multiple cavities surrounding the isthmus of the pharynx in 1 to 2 day old larvae, and accumulation of ingested bacteria in the anterior intestine.
Belongs to the cytidylyltransferase family.
Belongs to the sirtuin family. Class I subfamily.
Expressed in neurons of the head and tail from embryo to adult. Expressed in the hypodermis from the three-fold stage of embryogenesis; expression in the hypodermis subsequently decreases at L3 and is undetectable in adults.
Interacts with ftt-2 and par-5 (PubMed:16777605). Interacts with daf-16 following heat-shock, which causes daf-16 to accumulate in the nucleus (PubMed:16777605). Interaction with daf-16 is promoted by ftt-2 (PubMed:16777605). Interacts with transcriptional coregulator hcf-1 (PubMed:21909281).
NAD-dependent deacetylase (By similarity). Involved in metabolism, apoptosis, response to oxidative stress, response to DNA damage, and determination of lifespan (PubMed:16777605, PubMed:16280150, PubMed:16256736, PubMed:21909281, PubMed:23509272, PubMed:24077178, PubMed:27514077, PubMed:26598553, PubMed:27650246). Required for a reduction of the 'Lys-16' acetylation of histone H4 (H4K16ac) on dosage-compensated X chromosomes in hermaphrodites (PubMed:22393255). Plays a role in germ cell and somatic cell apoptosis in response to DNA damage (PubMed:26598553, PubMed:27650246). Functions upstream of daf-16/Forkhead box protein O in the Insulin/IGF-1-like signaling (IIS) mediated pathway, promoting daf-16 mediated transcriptional activation and increased lifespan (PubMed:16777605, PubMed:16280150). May also regulate lifespan independently of daf-16 by modulating the transcription of genes involved in the stress response of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) (PubMed:16256736, PubMed:16280150). Functions upstream of transcriptional coregulator hcf-1, perhaps acting independently of the IIS mediated pathway, to modulate lifespan and oxidative stress response (PubMed:21909281). Acts upstream of the nicotinic acid metabolism pathway, which may be linked to the regulation of longevity (PubMed:24077178). Plays a role in ascaroside-mediated longevity and stress resistance (PubMed:23509272).
Reduces the longevity-extending effects of nicotinic acid when exposed to 1 mM nicotinic acid (PubMed:24077178). Defective ascaroside-mediated responses with neither ascr#2 nor ascr#3 inducing lifespan extension or conferring thermotolerance (PubMed:23509272). Reduced germ cell apoptosis in the gonadal arms following DNA damage induced by UV-irradiation (PubMed:26598553). RNAi-mediated depletion results in an increase of 'Lys-16' acetylation of histone H4 (H4K16ac) on dosage-compensated X chromosomes in hermaphrodites (PubMed:22393255).
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 1 family.
Component of the Mediator complex, a coactivator involved in the regulated transcription of nearly all RNA polymerase II-dependent genes. Mediator functions as a bridge to convey information from gene-specific regulatory proteins to the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. Mediator is recruited to promoters by direct interactions with regulatory proteins and serves as a scaffold for the assembly of a functional preinitiation complex with RNA polymerase II and the general transcription factors (By similarity).
Component of the intraflagellar transport (IFT) complex B required for transport of proteins in the motile cilium (PubMed:12651157, PubMed:28479320). May be required for ciliary entrance and transport of specific ciliary cargo proteins such as che-3 which are related to motility (PubMed:28479320). Required for the formation of chemosensory cilia that detect chemosensory cues (PubMed:12651157).
Regulated by the RFX-type transcription factor daf-19.
Worms display defects in ciliary structure resulting in defects in ability and osmotic avoidance behavior. It also affects the localization of IFT complex B proteins, osm-5 and osm-6. Shortened axonemes of all classes of sensory cilia in the head. Required for mating.
Interacts with mom-4; the interaction enhances mom-4 kinase activity.
Involved in the Wnt signaling pathway by regulating mom-4 kinase activity.
Lacks several key residues involved in metal-binding and catalytic activity, therefore has lost phosphatase activity.
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes no obvious phenotype. Results in a 3-fold increase in the number of animals lacking a gut in a mom-4 (or11) mutant background.
Unlike folt-1, does not appear to act as a folate transporter.
Belongs to the adenylate kinase family. AK1 subfamily.
Catalyzes the reversible transfer of the terminal phosphate group between ATP and AMP. Plays an important role in cellular energy homeostasis and in adenine nucleotide metabolism.
Consists of three domains, a large central CORE domain and two small peripheral domains, NMPbind and LID, which undergo movements during catalysis. The LID domain closes over the site of phosphoryl transfer upon ATP binding. Assembling and dissambling the active center during each catalytic cycle provides an effective means to prevent ATP hydrolysis.
Interacts with R-SMADs daf-8 and daf-14 (PubMed:20081192). Interacts with daf-14 in a daf-8 dependent manner (PubMed:20081192). May interact with daf-5 (PubMed:14681186).
Transcriptional regulator and common SMAD (co-SMAD), required to regulate entry into a developmentally arrested larval state known as dauer, in response to harsh environmental conditions (PubMed:9334330). Probable component of transcriptional regulatory complex with SMAD protein daf-5 (PubMed:14681186). Acts antagonistically to SMAD signaling downstream of TGF-beta-like daf-7 signaling (PubMed:20081192). Binds to the 5'-GTCTG-3' motif found in regulatory regions and may modulate the expression of genes involved in TGF-beta-like daf-7 and Notch lag-2 signaling (PubMed:20081192, PubMed:9834189, PubMed:28811311). May regulate gene expression outside the dauer pathway (PubMed:9834189).
Expressed in the muscle (PubMed:18227072). Expressed in the hypodermis and intestine (PubMed:18227072, PubMed:24385923).
RNAi-mediated knockdown increases lifespan by 17.8%, and reduces tyrosine aminotransferase activity by 75% thus increasing tyrosine levels (PubMed:24385923, PubMed:31043480). RNAi-mediated knockdown delays reproductive adult development in response to oxidative stress induced by the superoxide paraquat (PubMed:31043480). RNAi-mediated knockdown increases dauer formation in eak-4 mg348, eak-3 mg344, eak-5 mg337, eak-2 mg433, or eak-7 tm3188 mutant backgrounds at 25 degrees Celsius (PubMed:24385923). RNAi-mediated knockdown increases aak-2 phosphorylation, but does not impair energy production in a eak-4 mg348 mutant background (PubMed:24385923). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in a reduced lifespan in an aak-2 gt33 mutant background (PubMed:24385923). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in reduced dauer formation in an eak-4 mg348 and aak-2 gt33 mutant background (PubMed:24385923). RNAi-mediated knockdown extends the lifespan of eak-7 tm3188 mutants (PubMed:24385923). RNAi-mediated knockdown together with fah-1 RNAi rescues the impaired growth and fertility defects in the single fah-1 RNAi mutant (PubMed:18227072).
Transaminase involved in tyrosine breakdown (PubMed:24385923, PubMed:31043480). Converts tyrosine to p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate (PubMed:31043480). Has no transaminase activity towards phenylalanine (PubMed:31043480). Plays protective role against oxidative stress, metabolizing meta-tyrosine and negatively regulating its accumulation (PubMed:31043480). Plays a role in modulating the daf-2/insulin receptor-like transduction pathway through regulating tyrosine levels (PubMed:24385923). Negatively regulates dauer formation (PubMed:24385923). Plays a role in longevity (PubMed:24385923, PubMed:31043480).
Up-regulated in response to oxidative stress.
Abundant expression is seen in embryos and adults (PubMed:7907274). Expressed in embryos prior to elongation, at comma stage, at 1.5-fold stage and in adult gonad (PubMed:17021039).
Interacts with asymmetric homodimer ced-4; the interaction sequesters ced-4 (PubMed:9024666, PubMed:9027313, PubMed:15383288, PubMed:16208361). Interacts with egl-1; the interaction results in ced-4 release (PubMed:9604928, PubMed:12894216, PubMed:15383288). Interacts with dre-1; the interaction inhibits ced-9 activity, either directly or indirectly (PubMed:23431138). Interacts with dct-1 (PubMed:11114722). May form a complex composed of ced-9, ced-4 and mac-1 (PubMed:10101135).
Plays a major role in programmed cell death (PCD, apoptosis) (PubMed:7907274, PubMed:10688797). egl-1 binds to and directly inhibits the activity of ced-9, releasing the cell death activator ced-4 from a ced-9/ced-4 containing protein complex and allowing ced-4 to activate the cell-killing caspase ced-3 (PubMed:9024666, PubMed:9027313, PubMed:9604928, PubMed:12894216, PubMed:15383288, PubMed:16208361). During larval development, required for the elimination of transient presynaptic components downstream of egl-1 and upstream of ced-4 and ced-3 apoptotic pathway (PubMed:26074078).
Belongs to the choline/ethanolamine kinase family.
Catalyzes the first step in phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis. May contribute to phosphatidylethanolamine biosynthesis. Phosphorylates choline and ethanolamine but the activity is much higher with choline.
Homodimer (PubMed:12791258, PubMed:12758145). A small proportion exists as higher oligomers (PubMed:12758145).
Inhibited by Ca(2+). Mild inhibition by high levels of Mg(2+)(>10 mM) (PubMed:14960577).
Mn(2+) is a poor substitute (PubMed:12758145).
Embryonic lethal with embryos displaying a fluid-filled appearance and dying at hatching. RNAi-mediated knockdown results in high levels of embryonic and larval lethality. Dead and dying mutants do not respond to touch, display extensive vacuolation, molting defects which include unshed cuticles and in particular male specific molting defects that prevent unfurling of the mature tail rays. Surviving mutants are shorter in length and display defective egg-laying and abnormal vulval morphogenesis.
Expressed in the hypodermis of embryos prior to hatching and expression is enhanced in the hypodermis before each molt. Expressed during larval development in the excretory duct at the L1 stage, and during morphogenesis of the somatic gonad and vulva during the L3 and L4 stages with prominent expression in the uterine seam cell and toroidal vulE and vulD cells.
In males, expressed in the precursor and mature sensory rays, the cloaca, and pre-anal ganglia and cephalic neurons. Also expressed in five cells in the valve region between the seminal vesicle and vas deferens of the somatic gonad.
Regulates osmosis during embryonic development. Required for larval development and in particular is involved in larval molting.
Belongs to the ligand-gated ion channel (TC 1.A.9) family. Glutamate-gated chloride channel (TC 1.A.9.4) subfamily.
Glutamate-gated chloride channel subunit; channel properties depend on the subunit composition. Glutamate binding triggers a rapidly reversible current in heteromeric channels formed by glc-1 and glc-2, while the anti-helmintic drug ivermectin and other avermectins trigger a permanently open channel configuration. Channels containing only glc-2 are activated by glutamate, but not by ivermectin (in vitro). The heteromeric channel formed by glc-1 and glc-2 is also activated by ibotenate, and it is blocked by picrotoxin and flufenamic acid (PubMed:7935817).
Pentamer (By similarity). Homooligomer that can form functional heterooligomers with glc-1 (PubMed:7935817).
Belongs to the 'GDXG' lipolytic enzyme family.
Component of the signal peptidase complex (SPC) which catalyzes the cleavage of N-terminal signal sequences from nascent proteins as they are translocated into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (By similarity). Dispensable for SPC enzymatic activity (By similarity).
Approximately 15 percent of mutants have an overextension of the axon of ALM neurons which terminates with a small hook. Approximately 30 percent of mutants have an overextension of the axon of PLM neurons. Approximately 10 percent of mutants lack synaptic branch extension in PLM neurons.
Expressed in neurons of the nerve ring and motor neurons of the ventral nerve cord.
Probable phosphatase which regulates axon termination in ALM and PLM neurons, and synaptic branch extension and/or stabilization in PLM neurons. Plays a role in synapse formation in GABAergic DD motor neurons probably by dephosphorylating pmk-3 thereby negatively regulating a MAP kinase pathway that includes dlk-1, mkk-4 and pmk-3.
Double knockout with par-2 mutant (it5ts) partially suppresses the lethality phenotype of the par-2 mutant (it5ts) at 25 degrees Celsius.
RNAi-mediated knockdown increases lifespan and stress resistance (PubMed:25635753). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in a higher frequency of gene products that arise as a consequence of increased ribosomal frameshifting in response to osmotic stress induced by high salt concentrations in adults (PubMed:30977983). RNAi-mediated knockdown does not result in fertility defects (PubMed:33283887).
S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyltransferase which methylates the carbon-5 position of cytosine 2381 to 5-methylcytosine (m5C2381) in 26S rRNA (PubMed:25635753, PubMed:33289480, PubMed:33283887). Plays a role in the production of mature 5S, 5.8S, 18S and 26S rRNAs and promotes the processing of the internally transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2), which separates the 5.8S and 26S rRNAs on large pre-rRNA precursors (PubMed:33289480). May play a role in the translation of leucine and proline codons (Probable). May play a role in maintaining ribosomal frameshifting in response to osmotic stress (PubMed:30977983). Not required for global translation (PubMed:33289480).
Early autophagic structures and lgg-1 puncta form an irregular shape and clump together (PubMed:20550938). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in increased lgg-2-positive autophagosomes following fertilization and at later embryonic stages (PubMed:24374177).
Expressed in pharyngeal and body wall muscles and intestine cells.
Involved in autophagy (PubMed:20550938, PubMed:24374177). Thought to act in autophagasome and omegasome formation (PubMed:20550938).
Ubiquitously expressed during embrygogenesis.
Receptor tyrosine kinase which may be involved, downstream of pvf-1, in the positioning of ray 1, the most anterior ray sensillum in the male tail.
Plays a role in mitochondrial and peroxisomal fission. Promotes the recruitment and association of the fission mediator dynamin-related protein 1 (DNM1L) to the mitochondrial surface.
Belongs to the transient receptor (TC 1.A.4) family. LTrpC subfamily.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically during embryonic development. Zygotic expression starts during early embryonic cleavage.
Required for initiation and continuation of postembryonic mitotic cell divisions of gonadal cells Z1 and Z4. Zygotic expression is necessary for hermaphrodite fertility. May be a cation channel.
Belongs to the bZIP family. Jun subfamily.
Expressed in all cells of the developing spermatheca and in the spermatheca-uterine junction core cells at larval stage L4.
Isoform a, isoform b, isoform c and isoform d are expressed in the spermatheca (PubMed:19570917, PubMed:24178943).
Sixty percent of animals display an egg laying defective phenotype. Animals display numerous defects in the reproductive system and have a reduced brood size.
Transcription factor that recognizes and binds to the AP-1 non-canonical enhancer heptamer motif 5'-TTAGTCA-3' (PubMed:17942488). Required for ovulation (PubMed:19570917). Controls plc-1 expression in the spermatheca to regulate spermathecal valve dilation (PubMed:19570917).
Catalyzes two steps in the biosynthesis of the molybdenum cofactor. In the first step, molybdopterin is adenylated. Subsequently, molybdate is inserted into adenylated molybdopterin and AMP is released.
Belongs to the adenylate kinase family. UMP-CMP kinase subfamily.
Catalyzes the phosphorylation of pyrimidine nucleoside monophosphates at the expense of ATP. Plays an important role in de novo pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis. Has preference for UMP and CMP as phosphate acceptors.
Consists of three domains, a large central CORE domain and two small peripheral domains, NMPbind and LID, which undergo movements during catalysis. The LID domain closes over the site of phosphoryl transfer upon ATP binding. Assembling and disassembling the active center during each catalytic cycle provides an effective means to prevent ATP hydrolysis (By similarity).
Expressed in the hypodermis, intestine, and pharynx.
Expressed early in the larval L3 stage, in both P6.px daughters and all four P6.pxx granddaughters following the first and second divisions of the vulval precursor cells (VPCs) (PubMed:31398431). After final VPC divisions, expressed in vulF and vulE cells (derived from P6.p) and persists into mid-L4 larval stage (PubMed:31398431, PubMed:17020758). Expression in vulF and vulE diminishes during mid-L4 so that by the transition to late L4, only uterine ventral (uv1) cell expression remains (PubMed:31398431, PubMed:17020758). Expression in uvl continues through the adult molt into adulthood (PubMed:31398431).
Transcription factor (PubMed:17021039). Binds to specific DNA sequence motifs in regulatory elements, for example in the genes encoding transcription factor lin-48, apoptosis regulator ced-9 and neuropeptide-like protein nlp-2 (PubMed:17021039, PubMed:15923112, PubMed:11532910, PubMed:31398431). Specifies cell fate, playing an essential role in embryonic and larval development (PubMed:9374390, PubMed:10511553, PubMed:31398431, PubMed:17020758). Involved in morphogenesis of the vulva and uterus in hermaphrodites and of the rectal epithelium of the tail in males (PubMed:9374390, PubMed:15923112, PubMed:31398431, PubMed:17020758). Plays multiple roles in the development of the egg-laying system, acting in both lin-3/EGF-pathway-dependent and -independent processes (PubMed:31398431, PubMed:17020758). Positively regulates expression of neuropeptide-like proteins nlp-2 and nlp-7 in uvl cells in an EGF-pathway-dependent manner (PubMed:31398431). Involved in negatively modulating apoptosis in germline and somatic cells, acting in partial redundancy with transcription factor pax-2, probably by directly regulating transcription of ced-9 (PubMed:17021039). Positively regulates transcription of lin-48 in hindgut cells and functions in the development of the hindgut (PubMed:11532910, PubMed:15923112, PubMed:10511553).
Expressed from the gastrula stage throughout adulthood.
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in no obvious phenotype.
Belongs to the diphosphomevalonate decarboxylase family.
Catalyzes the ATP dependent decarboxylation of (R)-5-diphosphomevalonate to form isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP). Functions in the mevalonate (MVA) pathway leading to isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP), a key precursor for the biosynthesis of isoprenoids and sterol synthesis.
Belongs to the DeoC/FbaB aldolase family. DeoC type 2 subfamily.
Catalyzes a reversible aldol reaction between acetaldehyde and D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to generate 2-deoxy-D-ribose 5-phosphate.
Belongs to the metallo-dependent hydrolases superfamily. ACMSD family.
Converts alpha-amino-beta-carboxymuconate-epsilon-semialdehyde (ACMS) to alpha-aminomuconate semialdehyde (AMS).
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS24 family.
Component of the 20S core proteasome complex involved in the proteolytic degradation of most intracellular proteins (PubMed:27528192). This complex plays numerous essential roles within the cell by associating with different regulatory particles (By similarity). Associated with two 19S regulatory particles, forms the 26S proteasome and thus participates in the ATP-dependent degradation of ubiquitinated proteins (By similarity). The 26S proteasome plays a key role in the maintenance of protein homeostasis by removing misfolded or damaged proteins that could impair cellular functions, and by removing proteins whose functions are no longer required (By similarity).
No visible phenotype. Constitutive skn-1-dependent expression of the proteasomal subunit rpt-3. Double knockout with ddi-1, sel-1, sel-9, png-1 or skn-1a results in failed expression of the proteasomal subunit rpt-3.
The 26S proteasome consists of a 20S proteasome core and two 19S regulatory subunits. The 20S proteasome core is composed of 28 subunits that are arranged in four stacked rings, resulting in a barrel-shaped structure. The two end rings are each formed by seven alpha subunits, and the two central rings are each formed by seven beta subunits. The catalytic chamber with the active sites is on the inside of the barrel.
RNA-binding protein that binds to misfolded non-coding RNAs, pre-5S rRNA, and several small cytoplasmic RNA molecules known as Y RNAs.
The MIDAS-like motif in the VWFA-like domain binds divalent metal cations.
The horseshoe-shaped TROVE domain is built with 7 helical HEAT-like repeats, and is closed by the VWFA-like domain giving rise to a ring-shaped monomer. Single-stranded RNA is bound in the positively charged central cavity (By similarity).
Has a role in nuclear-cytoplasmic transport of proteins and mRNAs.
Stimulator of protein export for NES-containing proteins. Also plays a role in the nuclear export of U1 snRNA, tRNA, and mRNA (By similarity).
Acts as component of the MCM2-7 complex (MCM complex) which is the replicative helicase essential for 'once per cell cycle' DNA replication initiation and elongation in eukaryotic cells. The active ATPase sites in the MCM2-7 ring are formed through the interaction surfaces of two neighboring subunits such that a critical structure of a conserved arginine finger motif is provided in trans relative to the ATP-binding site of the Walker A box of the adjacent subunit. The six ATPase active sites, however, are likely to contribute differentially to the complex helicase activity.
Core component of the splicing-dependent multiprotein exon junction complex (EJC) deposited at splice junctions on mRNAs (Probable). Positively regulates the nuclear export of spliced mRNAs including the sex determination gene tra-2 (PubMed:23149939). Promotes oogenesis and represses germline masculinization and spermatogenesis (PubMed:10656761, PubMed:14706697, PubMed:23149939). Required for embryonic development, possibly through positively regulating the expression of pie-1 (PubMed:30279189). Not required for the spatial patterning of pie-1 in embryos (PubMed:30279189).
Expressed at all stages of development in hermaphrodites (PubMed:10656761). More abundant in embryos than in larvae and adults (PubMed:10656761). First expressed in embryos prior to morphogenesis, and after morphogenesis begins, primarily expressed in the head and tail regions (PubMed:10656761).
Expressed in the soma and germline of hermaphrodites.
Heterodimer with rnp-4/RBM8A (PubMed:14706697). Part of the mRNA splicing-dependent exon junction complex (EJC) complex; the core complex contains CASC3, EIF4A3, mag-1/MAGOH and rnp-4/RBM8A (Probable).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in embryonic lethality due to developmental arrest during morphogenesis (PubMed:30279189). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the syncytial gonads of adult hermaphrodites results in some inviable embryos and then eventually no egg laying (PubMed:10656761). RNAi-mediated knockdown at the L1 larval stage results in the accumulation of unspliced mRNAs including ama-1 and ife-4 in the cytoplasm, and specifically in the production of an irregular unspliced form of the sex determining protein tra-2, which accumulates in the cytoplasm and inhibits the regular tra-2 isoforms a and c reducing their expression and disrupting their nuclear localization (PubMed:23149939). RNAi-mediated knockdown in L4 hermaphrodite larvae, results in no viable embryos and egg laying ceases due to masculinization of the germline (also called a mog phenotype) with animals producing undifferentiated germ cells and sperm instead of oocytes (PubMed:10656761, PubMed:14706697). In these animals, sperm are distributed throughout the germline, including the distal tip region (PubMed:10656761). RNAi-mediated knockdown does not result in masculinization of the germline in some animals, but these animals still do not produce oocytes with germlines appearing disorganized (PubMed:10656761). RNAi-mediated knockdown reduces the expression of pie-1 in P2 blastomeres (PubMed:30279189).
Expressed in hypodermal cells. Also detected in the hypodermal seam cells in L4 larvae and young adults. In old adult hermaphrodites, it localizes to the vulva (at protein level).
Metalloprotease (By similarity). Involved in molting, a process during larval stages in which a new cuticle is formed and the old cuticle is shed (PubMed:15255192).
Worms exhibit a trail of old cuticle that remains attached to the posterior part of the body.
Belongs to the heparin-binding growth factors family.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the succinate/malate CoA ligase alpha subunit family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the succinate/malate CoA ligase beta subunit family.
Conditional knockdown in AVB, PVP, and SIAV neurons reduces exploratory roaming behavior.
Expressed throughout postembryonic life (PubMed:19686386). Expressed in hermaphrodites in the interneurons ADAL/R and PVT, the chemosensory neuron pairs ASI, ASK, PHA and PHB, the RMED, RMEV and RID motor neurons, the sensory neuron pair ADE, the PQR mechanosensory neuron and in the PVPL/R interneurons (PubMed:19686386, PubMed:23764289). Also expressed in rectal gland cells rectD and rectVL/R, and the intestino-rectal valve cells virL/R (PubMed:19686386). Expressed in both sexes in the head interneurons SAAV, SAAD, SIAV, AVB, AIM, RMG, and in the tail in the interneurons PVN, LUA, PVT, and the pair PVS and PVU (referred to as PVP left and right in the hermaphrodite) (PubMed:23143519, PubMed:23764289, PubMed:23972393). Expressed in male-specific ventral cord neurons CP7 and CP8, and PDC (PubMed:23143519). Expression from the AIM interneurons in males is involved in mate searching behavior (PubMed:23143519).
Probable ligand of isoforms a and b of the calcitonin receptor-like protein, pdfr-1, a G-protein coupled receptor (PubMed:18390545). May not signal through isoform c of pdfr-1 (PubMed:18390545). Involved in locomotion; more specifically mate searching behavior of males, independent of nutritional status (PubMed:18390545, PubMed:22579613, PubMed:23143519, PubMed:30024377). Involved in regulating the male-specific expression of TGFbeta-like daf-7 in the ASJ chemosensory neurons (PubMed:30024377). Plays a role in circadian rhythms of locomotor activity (PubMed:26113231). Involved in mediating arousal from the sleep-like state called lethargus, which occurs during molting between larval and adult stages, in part by regulating touch sensitivity, and working in concert with neuropeptide flp-2 (PubMed:23764289, PubMed:27585848). In the presence of food, plays a role in initiating and extending exploratory roaming behavior, in opposition to 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) signaling.
Belongs to the chloride channel (TC 2.A.49) family.
Catalyzes the reduction of isatin, 4-oxonon-2-enal, 9,10-phenanthrenequinone, menadione, 2,3-hexaenadione, 3,4-hexanedione and 2,3-heptanedione.
Cleaved into an alpha and beta chain by autocatalysis; this activates the enzyme. The N-terminal residue of the beta subunit is responsible for the nucleophile hydrolase activity (By similarity).
Cleaves the GlcNAc-Asn bond which joins oligosaccharides to the peptide of asparagine-linked glycoproteins.
Heterotetramer of two alpha and two beta chains arranged as a dimer of alpha/beta heterodimers.
Belongs to the peptidase M24A family. Methionine aminopeptidase type 1 subfamily.
Binds 2 divalent metal cations per subunit. Has a high-affinity and a low affinity metal-binding site. The true nature of the physiological cofactor is under debate. The enzyme is active with cobalt, zinc, manganese or divalent iron ions. Most likely, methionine aminopeptidases function as mononuclear Fe(2+)-metalloproteases under physiological conditions, and the catalytically relevant metal-binding site has been assigned to the histidine-containing high-affinity site.
Cotranslationally removes the N-terminal methionine from nascent proteins. The N-terminal methionine is often cleaved when the second residue in the primary sequence is small and uncharged (Met-Ala-, Cys, Gly, Pro, Ser, Thr, or Val).
Belongs to the actin family. ARP6 subfamily.
Differences in the regulation of lin-48 expression may explain, at least in part, differences in excretory duct morphology and function between C.elegans and the related species C.briggsae.
Expressed in late embryogenesis and into adulthood (PubMed:11532910, PubMed:16310763). Expression in the excretory duct cell begins in the majority of embryos by comma stage and persists throughout larval development into adulthood (PubMed:16310763). Expressed in L1 stage larvae in the excretory duct cell, neuronal support cells of the phasmid and labial sensory structures and a small number of additional unidentified cells in the head (PubMed:11532910, PubMed:12231624).
Transcription factor (By similarity). Involved in development of the hindgut, the male tail, and the excretory duct cell (PubMed:10511553, PubMed:11532910, PubMed:12231624). Involved in modulating function of excretory duct cells (PubMed:14758362). Plays a role in left/right patterning of cell fates in the hindgut (PubMed:10511553, PubMed:11532910).
Belongs to the adenylate kinase family. AK2 subfamily.
Catalyzes the reversible transfer of the terminal phosphate group between ATP and AMP. Plays an important role in cellular energy homeostasis and in adenine nucleotide metabolism. Adenylate kinase activity is critical for regulation of the phosphate utilization and the AMP de novo biosynthesis pathways.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 8 family. Glycogenin subfamily.
Divalent metal ions. Required for self-glucosylation. Manganese is the most effective.
Forms a heterooctamer with one molecule of gyg-1 bound to each protomer of the gys-1 homotetramer. The N-terminus of gys-1 is involved in interprotomer contacts with gyg-1. The interaction with gys-1 is required for glycogen production but is not required for gys-1 intrinsic activity.
Self-glucosylates, via an inter-subunit mechanism, to form an oligosaccharide primer that serves as substrate for gsy-1.
Self-glycosylated by the transfer of glucose residues from UDP-glucose to itself, forming an alpha-1,4-glycan of around 10 residues attached to Tyr-194.
The length of the linker region between residues 387-394 which separates two alpha-helices regulates the size of the glycogen particles synthesized but plays no role in the interaction with gsy-1.
Acetyltransferase enzyme (By similarity). Acetylates histones, giving a specific tag for transcriptional activation (By similarity). May prevent DNA damage-induced apoptosis by inhibiting cep-1-dependent transcription activation of the programmed cell death activator egl-1 (PubMed:19521535). In differentiated cells, negatively regulates localization of heterochromatin to the nuclear periphery (PubMed:31118512). Plays a role in migration of gonadal distal tip cells, where it probably modulates expression of genes involved in integrin-mediated adhesion (PubMed:24811939).
Expressed in the gonadal distal tip cells (DTC) during larval stages L2, L3 and L4.
Interacts (via N-terminus domain and HAT domain) with prmt-5; the interaction results in methylation of cbp-1 (PubMed:19521535). Interacts (via HAT domain) with cep-1; cep-1 transcriptional activity may be inhibited by interaction with methylated cbp-1 (PubMed:19521535). Component of a complex that contains prmt-5 and cbp-1 (PubMed:19521535).
Methylation by prmt-5 may repress the capacity of cbp-1 to enhance cep-1-dependent transcription of egl-1.
RNAi-mediated knockdown targeted to the gonadal distal tip cells (DTC) causes DTC migration defects (PubMed:24811939). Significant reduction in expression of src-1, tln-1 and nmy-2 in DTCs (PubMed:24811939). RNAi-mediated knockdown on an mrg-1;cec-4 double mutant background restores positioning of heterochromatin to the nuclear periphery (PubMed:31118512).
Disrupts blastomere cell fate. Excessive pharyngeal cells produced during embryogenesis. Reduced expression of nos-2 in P4 germline blastomeres and absence of nos-2 protein.
Expressed in 1, 2 and 4-cell embryos (at protein level) (PubMed:10983990, PubMed:30279189). Expression increases between P0 (the zygote) and P2 blastomeres due to its asymmetric segregation in P1 and P2 blastomeres, its degradation in somatic cells and its translation in the P lineage (at protein level) (PubMed:30279189).
Interacts with hda-1, let-418 and mep-1. Interacts (via C terminus) with cit-1.1 (via C terminus).
Maternally provided PIE-1 is required for germline cell fate determination. Functions as a repressor of RNA polymerase II-dependent gene expression in the developing germline. Required for expression of nos-2 in P4 germline blastomere cells. Inhibits the histone deacetylase activity of hda-1. Represses transcriptional activation of cdk-9 and cit-1.1, which are members of the P-TEFb complex.
The C3H1-type 1 domain is required for degradation in somatic blastomeres.
The C3H1-type 2 domain targets the protein to P granules, is involved in germ cell positioning in embryos and is required for default nos-2 expression.
Dioxygenase that can both act as a histone arginine demethylase and a lysyl-hydroxylase.
Was initially thought to constitute the phosphatidylserine receptor, a receptor that mediates recognition of phosphatidylserine, a specific marker only present at the surface of apoptotic cells, and participates in apoptotic cell phagocytosis. However, some results strongly suggest that it does not constitute the receptor for phosphatidylserine and is not involved in apoptotic cell removal.
Worms lacking psr-1 display more cell corpses than in wild-type animals.
The di-lysine motif confers endoplasmic reticulum localization for type I membrane proteins.
Causes a delay in cell death during embryogenesis characterized by a decrease in the number of cell corpses at the comma and 1,5 fold stage and an increase in the number of cell corpses between the 2-fold and the 3-fold stages.
Cleaved by caspase ced-3 after Asp-382 and Asp-609. Cleavage at Asp-382 is required for subsequent cleavage at Asp-609.
GTPase-activating protein for the ADP ribosylation factor family (Probable). Regulates endosome recycling downstream of rab-10 and upstream of arf-6 (PubMed:22869721).
Interacts (via C-terminal ankyrin repeat) with rab-10 (GTP-bound form); the interaction is required for cnt-1 recruitment to endosomes. Interacts (via C-terminal ankyrin repeat) with rab-8 (GTP-bound form) and rab-35 (GTP-bound form).
The PH domain binds phosphatidylinositol phosphate (PIP), phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) and phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3), and to a lesser extent phosphatidic acid and cardiolipin.
Truncated cnt-1: Promotes apoptosis during embryonic development. Produced by caspase ced-3-mediated cleavage, and translocates to the plasma membrane where it prevents the activation of the prosurvival Akt-1/2 and sgk-1 signaling pathway by competing with Akt-1/2 for the binding to PtdIns(3,4,5)P3.
Expressed in the head of adult hermaphrodites but not within pharynx cells (PubMed:14653817). Expressed in pharyngeal muscles, mc cells, intestine, hypodermal seam cells, arcade cells, spermatheca, vulva and rectal epithelial cells (PubMed:20109220).
In the embryo, expression is detected just before hatching.
No visible phenotype. In a nas-6 (hd108) mutant background, enhances slow growth of nas-6 single mutant.
Belongs to the calcium channel flower family.
Contains eight transmembrane regions plus two helical hairpins that dip into the membrane. These helical hairpin structures play an important role in the transport process. The first enters the membrane from the cytoplasmic side, the second one from the extracellular side. During the transport cycle, the regions involved in amino acid transport, and especially the helical hairpins, move vertically by about 15-18 Angstroms, alternating between exposure to the aqueous phase and reinsertion in the lipid bilayer. In contrast, the regions involved in trimerization do not move.
Sodium-dependent, high-affinity amino acid transporter that mediates the uptake of L-glutamate and also L-aspartate and D-aspartate. Functions as a symporter that transports one amino acid molecule together with two or three Na(+) ions and one proton, in parallel with the counter-transport of one K(+) ion. Mediates Cl(-) flux that is not coupled to amino acid transport; this avoids the accumulation of negative charges due to aspartate and Na(+) symport.
66% do not survive embryogenesis when cultured in hypoxic conditions of 1% oxygen. Able to survive anoxic conditions (PubMed:11427734, PubMed:12006646). Inefficient translocation of aha-1 to the nucleus (PubMed:11427734). Inability to acclimate to heat (PubMed:12686697). Partial resistance to paralysis and killing by enteropathogenic E.coli and P.aeruginosa (PubMed:16091039, PubMed:20865124). Extends lifespan in a temperature dependent manner but not when grown with a restricted diet (PubMed:19461873, PubMed:21093262). At lower temperatures impairs lifespan because of a vulval integrity defect (PubMed:21241450). Unable to survive in even relatively low concentrations of hydrogen sulfide (PubMed:19889840). Reduced body levels of Mn(2+) and iron (PubMed:22194696). In low iron conditions, only 20% of animals reach the L4 larval stage (PubMed:22194696). RNAi-mediated knockdown causes an increase in ftn-1 and ftn-2 mRNA levels in normal conditions and prevents the repression of smf-3, ftn-1 and to a lesser extent ftn-2 mRNA transcription in response to low iron levels (PubMed:22194696).
A transcription factor which is a key regulator in various cellular processes; including environment stress resistance (oxygen levels, hydrogen sulfide and cyanide levels and heat), negative regulation of cell apoptosis in ASJ neurons by inhibition of cep-1 via transcriptional activation of tyr-2, resistance/susceptibility to pathogenic bacteria, lifespan and brood size (PubMed:11427734, PubMed:12006646, PubMed:12686697, PubMed:15781453, PubMed:18477695, PubMed:19461873, PubMed:21093262, PubMed:19889840, PubMed:20520707, PubMed:20400959). Involved in mediating susceptibility to enteropathogenic E.coli (PubMed:16091039). Increased levels of hif-1 activity confer resistance to P.aeruginosa-mediated death but also confer susceptibility to S.aureus infection (PubMed:20865124, PubMed:22792069). Required for aha-1 nuclear localization (PubMed:11427734). Following hypoxic stress, up-regulates serotonin levels through activation of tph-1 expression (PubMed:20400959). Role in life span extension is dependent of temperature (PubMed:21241450). Not required for survival in anoxic conditions (PubMed:11427734). Involved in iron homeostasis by repressing transcription of ferritin ftn-1 and ftn-2, and divalent metal transporter smf-3 (PubMed:22396654, PubMed:22194696). May be involved in manganese homeostasis by repressing divalent metal transporter smf-3 (PubMed:22194696).
Binds to aha-1 (PubMed:11427734). Interacts (hydroxylated on Pro-621) with vhl-1; the interaction induces hif-1 degradation (PubMed:11595184).
By heat acclimation, hypoxia and addition of 50 ppm hydrogen sulfide (PubMed:11427734, PubMed:12686697, PubMed:19889840). By low iron levels (PubMed:22194696).
Hydroxylation on Pro-621 by egl-9 during normoxia conditions is required for vhl-1-mediated proteasomal degradation.
Expressed in a subset of head, ventral nerve cord and tail neurons, the excretory canal and tail epidermis.
First expressed during the late gastrulation stage of embryogenesis with high expression in the tail region (PubMed:25448694). In the comma stage of embryogenesis, expression is prominent in the body wall muscle cells (PubMed:25448694). In early larval development, expressed in hypodermal cells, muscle, the pharynx, intestine and in anal depressor and stomatointestinal muscle (PubMed:25448694). In the nervous system, transiently expressed in late embryogenesis and early larval development in AVG unpaired interneurons and during larval development, expressed in neurons in the head and tail ganglia and ventral cord motor neurons (PubMed:24401370, PubMed:25448694). In the late stages of larval development, expressed in the distal tip cell, the vulva, uterine muscle cells and the VC4 and VC5 neurons that flank the vulva (PubMed:25448694).
Mutants exhibit cell migration and axon guidance defects in HSN, AVK, CAN and AVG neurons, and also display excretory canal elongation defects with premature termination of the canal. Double knockout with either unc-53 or vab-8 results in premature termination of the AVG axon and AVG polarity defects.
Probable E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that acts as a negative regulator of the Wnt signaling pathway by mediating the ubiquitination, endocytosis and subsequent degradation of Wnt receptor complex components Frizzled (By similarity). Acts on both canonical and non-canonical Wnt signaling pathway (By similarity). Plays a role in the migration and axon guidance of different neuronal cell types including CAN, HSN, AVK and AVG (PubMed:24401370, PubMed:25448694). Promotes the differentiation and regulates the anteroposterior polarity of AVG unpaired interneurons by sequestering the Wnt signaling proteins cfz-2, mig-1 and mom-5 to endosomes which thereby reduces their cell surface expression and negatively regulates Wnt signaling (PubMed:24401370). May also regulate AVG polarity and axon guidance through Wnt-independent mechanisms involving unc-53/Nav2, unc-73/Trio and cytosolic protein vab-8 (PubMed:25448694).
The RING finger region is required to block Wnt signaling and is also required for endosomal localization.
Belongs to the DNA repair enzymes AP/ExoA family.
Probably binds two magnesium or manganese ions per subunit.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. Cation-dependent O-methyltransferase family.
As a component of the GATOR complex may function in the amino acid-sensing branch of the TORC1 signaling pathway.
Component of the nuclear pore complex (NPC). Probably part of the GATOR complex.
Probable component of the nuclear pore complex (NPC) which is involved in the trafficking of macromolecules between the cytoplasm and nucleus.
Belongs to the membrane-bound acyltransferase family. Porcupine subfamily.
Embryonic lethal with severely defective embryonic morphogenesis with no endoderm and excess mesoderm. In addition, embryos have defective mitotic spindle orientation in the 8-cell stage ABar blastomere.
Key regulator of the Wnt signaling pathway that mediates lipid modification of Wnt proteins (PubMed:10444600, PubMed:15020416, PubMed:9288750). Acts as a protein-serine O-palmitoleoyltransferase that catalyzes the attachment of palmitoleate, a 16-carbon monounsaturated fatty acid (C16:1(9Z)), to Wnt proteins (By similarity). Serine palmitoleoylation of WNT proteins is required for efficient binding to frizzled receptors (By similarity). Has a role in cell specification, specifically in blastomere signaling (PubMed:10444600, PubMed:15020416, PubMed:9288750). Involved in cytosketetal polarity (PubMed:10444600, PubMed:15020416, PubMed:9288750). Required for the orientation of mitotic spindle axis (PubMed:9288749, PubMed:10444600, PubMed:15020416, PubMed:9288750).
Catalyzes the conversion of long-chain fatty acids to their active form acyl-CoAs for both synthesis of cellular lipids, and degradation via beta-oxidation.
Histones H1 are necessary for the condensation of nucleosome chains into higher-order structures (Probable) (PubMed:23028351). Probably does not act as global transcriptional repressor (PubMed:23028351). Acting in concert with chromobox protein homologs hpl-1 and hpl-2, involved in reproduction, somatic gonad development, male tail development, and vulval cell fate decisions; perhaps as a result of modulating expression of Hox genes mab-5 and egl-5 (PubMed:23028351). Plays a role in linking epigenetic regulation with the innate immune response (PubMed:22083954).
Interacts with nmad-1 (PubMed:31283754). Interacts (when monomethylated at Lys-14) with chromobox protein homolog hpl-1; the interaction is direct (PubMed:23028351). Interacts (when monomethylated at Lys-14) with histone H3 (when trimethylated on 'Lys-27'); the interaction is direct (PubMed:23028351).
Methylation at lysine 14 is necessary to regulate male tail development.
Activated by multiple phosphorylations on threonine and serine residues.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. AGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. S6 kinase subfamily.
Enzyme activity requires the presence of both kinase domains.
Serine/threonine kinase that may play a role in mediating the mitogen- and stress-induced effects on transcription. May repress transcription via phosphorylation of 'Ser-1' of histone H2A. May phosphorylate histone H3 (By similarity).
Endoplasmic reticulum cargo receptor that mediates the export of the yolk proteins from intestinal cells by recruiting cargos into COPII vesicles to facilitate their secretion (PubMed:29643117). Required for the endoplasmic reticulum export of the yolk protein vit-2, which is synthesized as a lipoprotein complex, from intestinal cells (PubMed:29643117). Involved in endoplasmic reticulum exit sites (ERES) organization (PubMed:29643117).
High rate of embryonic and larval lethality (PubMed:29643117). Some mutants reach adulthood but display severe accumulation of vit-2 in large granule-like structures in intestinal cells (PubMed:29643117).
Cell fate decisions disrupted, protein localization altered and neuron translocation disrupted. Defective tail development in males. Defective in egg laying in hermaphrodites. Nuclear localization of wrm-1 and lit-1 appears disrupted. Similar to tau-induced unc phenotype. Deviations in vulval precursor cell fate are observed when knocked down in conjunction with cwn-1 and egl-20. Bivulval phenotype when accompanied by mom-2 and/or cwn-2 knockdowns. Increase in ectopic synaptic vesicle puncta.
Expressed during embryogenesis and larval development (PubMed:17719547, PubMed:7553861, PubMed:8026318). Mainly expressed in the tail during larval stages (PubMed:20711352).
Ligand for members of the frizzled family of seven transmembrane receptors (By similarity). Affects male tail development, vulval precursor cell specification and egg laying. Involved in morphogenesis by influencing polarity of asymmetric cell divisions of the B, U, and F cells in the male, and the T cell in males and hermaphrodites. Controls spindle orientation in B-gamma cell division during male copulatory spicule development. Involved in specification of the P7.p lineage during vulval development. Has a role in providing polarity and default lin-17 localization in axon development and positioning of neuromuscular synapses in DA9 regions by negatively regulating synaptogenesis. Plays a role in motorneuron development by promoting the extension of the anterior neurite of ventral D-type GABAergic motorneurons along the anterior-posterior axis of the ventral nerve cord (PubMed:23376536).
Has a role in spindle assembly which acts in the progression through mitosis during embryogenesis. Required for fertility.
Sterility owing to depletion of germ cells.
Expressed in hypodermal cells of the main body syncytium, ut1 cells of the vulva and the spermathecal junction cell.
Plays a role in epithelial membrane transport processes.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 31 family.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. AGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family.
Expressed in the lateral hypodermal seam cells at the onset of the elongation phase of morphogenesis (at protein level).
Loss of both zygotic and maternal expression causes defects in embryonic elongation and P-cell migration, loss of only maternal expression results in abnormal early cleavages, loss of only zygotic expression results in sterility.
Negatively regulates mel-11 to relieve the inhibition of mlc-4, allowing contraction of the circumferentially oriented microfilaments in epidermal cells and thereby regulating myosin II contractility during spermathecal contraction, cleavage furrow contraction in early embryos, and embryonic elongation and morphogenesis. Required for P-cell migration. May also play a role in oocyte cellularization.
Mg(2+) is required for catalysis and for stabilizing the dimer.
ATP-binding RNA helicase involved in pre-mRNA splicing (Probable). Operates during embryogenesis.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DEAH subfamily. DDX16/PRP8 sub-subfamily.
Embryonic lethal. Defects in oocytogenesis and spermatogenesis. Approximately 80% of mutants have an abnormal somatic gonad and no vulva.
Expressed throughout development but most strongly in embryos and the L4 larvae stage.
Expressed broadly in somatic tissues including the intestine.
Interacts with transcription factor zip-11.
RNAi-mediated knockdown reduces overall fat content (PubMed:26505800). Decreases survival upon infection with P.aeruginosa (PubMed:26876169, PubMed:28662060). Reduces induction of expression of infection response gene, irg-1, in response to P.aeruginosa (PubMed:26876169). The decrease in survival upon P.aeruginosa infection on a zip-11 mutant background is abolished by RNAi-mediated knockdown of cebp-2.
Transcription factor that binds to the promoter and the enhancer regions of target genes (By similarity). Regulates expression of genes involved in fat metabolism, including ech-1.1 and fat-5 (PubMed:26505800). Has a protective role in response to infection by the Gram-negative bacterium P.aeruginosa (PubMed:26876169, PubMed:28662060, PubMed:34804026). Required for the activation of infection response gene irg-1 following P.aeruginosa infection (PubMed:26876169). Required to prevent P.aeruginosa ToxA-mediated lethality (PubMed:26876169). May also function in concert with transcription factor zip-11 to mediate immune responses, independently of the pmk-1/p38 MAPK pathway (PubMed:34804026). May act together with the bZIP transcription factor, zip-2 (PubMed:26876169).
Plays a role in ascaroside pheromones biosynthesis, which regulates development and behavior (PubMed:29863473, PubMed:28371259, PubMed:32702987). Specifically, activates the side chain of medium-chain indol-3-carbonyl (IC)-ascarosides for shortening through beta-oxidation (PubMed:29863473, PubMed:32702987). Converts IC-asc-C7 and IC-asc-C9 into IC-asc-C7-CoA and IC-asc-C9-CoA, respectively (PubMed:29863473, PubMed:32702987). May play a role in fatty-acid metabolism by activating and converting nonanoate (C9) into nonanoyl-CoA (C9-CoA) (PubMed:29863473).
Attenuated response to heat shock stress and reduced survival after heat shock and oxidative stress.
Belongs to the ROX family. NO66 subfamily.
Oxygenase that can act as both a histone lysine demethylase and a ribosomal histidine hydroxylase. Specifically demethylates 'Lys-4' (H3K4me) and 'Lys-36' (H3K36me) of histone H3, thereby playing a central role in histone code (By similarity). Mediates response to multiple stress stimuli, including heat shock and osmotic, oxidative, and ethanol stress.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CMGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. MNB/DYRK subfamily.
First observed during early cell morphogenesis in the embryo, levels increase during later embryonic development and remain at comparable levels throughout larval and adult stages.
Possible role in the function of olfactory neurons.
Converts lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) into phosphatidic acid by incorporating an acyl moiety at the sn-2 position of the glycerol backbone.
The HXXXXD motif is essential for acyltransferase activity and may constitute the binding site for the phosphate moiety of the glycerol-3-phosphate.
By hydrogen sulfide or cyanide (PubMed:21840852). By morpholin-4-ium 4-methoxyphenyl (morpholino) phosphinodithioate (GYY4137) (PubMed:24260346).
Primarily catalyzes the formation of cyanoalanine and hydrogen sulfide from cysteine and hydrogen cyanide. Can also catalyze, although less efficiently, the formation of cyanoalanine and hydrogen sulfide from either S-sulfocysteine or O-acetylserine and hydrogen cyanide and the formation of cysteine from either S-sulfocysteine or O-acetylserine and hydrogen sulfide (PubMed:24100226). By catalyzing the assimilation of cyanide produced by P.aeruginosa, mediates resistance to infection (PubMed:21840852). Involved in fertility, growth and aging (PubMed:24260346). Does not mediate survival in high levels of hydrogen sulfide (PubMed:21840852).
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mL45 family.
In contrast to uda-1, expression is not induced by stress.
Seems to be able to hydrolyze CTP, ATP and UTP.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 38 family.
Belongs to the SNF2/RAD54 helicase family.
DNA helicase that possesses intrinsic ATP-dependent nucleosome-remodeling activity and is both required for DNA repair and heterochromatin organization. Promotes DNA end resection of double-strand breaks (DSBs) following DNA damage: probably acts by weakening histone DNA interactions in nucleosomes flanking DSBs (By similarity).
Expressed by body wall and sex muscle cells. Probable association with basement membranes.
First expressed in unhatched larvae; continuous throughout subsequent larval stages and in adults.
Has a high affinity for collagen. Affects nematode body morphology and mobility. Essential for C.elegans development and muscle function. The cysteine-rich region could have protease inhibitory activity or may provide the framework for a protein binding module. Probable role in skeletal morphogenesis.
Expressed in both AWC neurons (PubMed:20713521). Also expressed in the FLP mechanosensory neurons (PubMed:20713521).
RNAi-mediated knockdown has little effect on srsx-3 expression in the AWC neuron.
Transcriptional repressor which maintains cell fate asymmetry of AWC neurons in adults by repressing the expression of multiple AWC (OFF) genes, including srsx-3 in the AWC (ON) neuron.
Expressed throughout muscles of the pharynx (PubMed:11072073). Expressed in epidermal seam cells, the vulva, head neurons, mature spermatheca, uterus and intestine (PubMed:10859169, PubMed:23990780).
Nuclear receptor which binds directly to response elements in target gene promoters (PubMed:9477318, PubMed:10859169, PubMed:15314028, PubMed:15489294, PubMed:15383841, PubMed:15611047, PubMed:16626392, PubMed:19828440, PubMed:21814518). Activity is modulated by binding of steroid hormone ligands that include dafachronic acids (PubMed:16529801). Regulates expression of genes involved in postembryonic development and the dauer diapause, in response to environmental cues (PubMed:9477318, PubMed:10859169, PubMed:15489294, PubMed:15383841, PubMed:16626392, PubMed:19828440, PubMed:21814518). Inhibits the expression of let-7 family members when bound to corepressor din-1s which is an isoform of din-1 (PubMed:19828440). Plays a role in controlling the timing of seam cell development during the larval stages (PubMed:21471153). Has a role in the immune response to bacterial infection, via regulation of let-7 miRNAs (PubMed:23990780). Controls expression of genes that promote the aerobic catabolism of fatty acids for reproductive growth (PubMed:25774872). May be involved in thermotolerance (PubMed:24957743).
Produced by alternative initiation at Met-487 of isoform a.
Produced by alternative initiation at Met-60 of isoform a.
Reduced lifespan associated with accelerated aging and increased tissue deterioration (PubMed:16626392). Defective dauer formation (PubMed:9477318, PubMed:10859169). In the absence of cholesterol, arrest with abnormal cuticle formation (PubMed:15383841). Increased resistance to P.aeruginosa infection possibly due to elevated expression of antimicrobial genes (PubMed:23990780). Prevents increase in the number of muscle arm extension in a daf-2 (e1375) background (PubMed:18436204). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in reduced lifespan, but increased resistance to bacterial infection (PubMed:23990780).
Widely expressed from embryo through to adult stages; peak expression levels seem to occur during larval stage L2.
Belongs to the acyl-CoA dehydrogenase family.
May regulate a number of protein-protein interactions by competing for PDZ domain binding sites.
Belongs to the peroxisomal membrane protein PXMP2/4 family.
Belongs to the cyclin family. Cyclin AB subfamily.
Could be involved at the G2/M (mitosis) transition (Probable). Interacts with the CDK1 and CDK2 protein kinases (Probable). G2/M cyclins accumulate steadily during G2 and are abruptly destroyed at mitosis (Probable). Plays a role during oocyte meiosis II (PubMed:20599902).
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes a longer meiosis II in 1-cell embryos without affecting meiotic exit timing. In a pam-1 (or282) mutant background, restores normal timing for meiotic exit.
Nematode cuticles are composed largely of collagen-like proteins. The cuticle functions both as an exoskeleton and as a barrier to protect the worm from its environment. Mutations in dpy-7 affects the body shape.
Responds to activation by environmental stress and pro-inflammatory cytokines by phosphorylating a number of transcription factors, and thus regulates transcriptional activity.
Belongs to the Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase family.
Destroys radicals which are normally produced within the cells and which are toxic to biological systems.
Acts in transcription repression. Involved in the tethering of the SIN3 complex to core histone proteins (By similarity).
Interacts with SIN3 and histone deacetylase.
Forms a stable but non-covalent complex with a regulatory subunit and with a cyclin. Interacts with cks-1.
Phosphorylation both activates and inactivates the enzyme depending on the site of phosphorylation.
Plays a key role in the control of the eukaryotic cell cycle. It is required in higher cells for entry into S-phase and mitosis. p34 is a component of the kinase complex that phosphorylates the repetitive C-terminus of RNA polymerase II (By similarity).
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL33 family.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. AGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. GPRK subfamily.
Defective egg-laying with mutants retaining 35 eggs compared to 13-14 eggs in wild-type worms (PubMed:28213524, PubMed:28968387). Reduced serotonin levels, increased levels of the serotonin metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, increased levels of amine oxidase amx-2 in early adult stages and reduced levels of phosphorylated amx-2 (PubMed:28213524). Defective locomotion and reduced body length (PubMed:28968387).
Expressed in many neurons in the adult including the ASH neurons and other sensory neurons, many interneurons, and motor neurons of the ventral nerve cord (PubMed:15157420). Expressed broadly in head neurons and is detected in several head acetylcholine neurons including the AVA, AVB, AVD and AVE premotor interneurons, the SMD and RMD head motor neurons, and the AIN, AIY, SIA, SIB and SAA interneurons (PubMed:28968387). Expressed in HSN motor neurons and VC4/VC5 motor neurons (PubMed:28213524). Also expressed in vulval muscle cells (PubMed:15157420, PubMed:28213524).
Expression is observed in embryos as early as the 20-30 cell stage and persists throughout development and into adulthood.
Interacts with amx-2; the interaction promotes phosphorylation of amx-2.
Specifically phosphorylates the activated forms of G protein-coupled receptors (By similarity). Required in adult sensory neurons for chemotaxis (PubMed:15157420). Plays a role in the ASH sensory neurons in the chemotaxis response to NaCl where it is likely to modulate the strength of the NaCl avoidance response which occurs at high NaCl concentrations (PubMed:16407969). Required in the HSN motor neurons for normal egg laying by promoting phosphorylation of amine oxidase amx-2 which inhibits amx-2 activity, preventing metabolism of serotonin (PubMed:28213524). Acts in head acetylcholine neurons to positively regulate locomotion (PubMed:28968387). Inactivates dopamine receptor dop-3 which leads to inactivation of guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(o) subunit goa-1 and activation of the unc-77/nca-1 and nca-2 ion channel proteins (PubMed:28968387).
The kinase domain is required for chemotaxis activity.
Expressed in the pharynx, body wall muscle cells, vulval epithelia, distal tip cell, intestine, tail, head neurons and ventral cord motorneurons.
Involved in protein ubiquitination, but has no ubiquitin ligase activity on its own (PubMed:15530417). The uev-1-ubc-13 heterodimer catalyzes the synthesis of non-canonical poly-ubiquitin chains that are linked through Lys-63 (PubMed:15530417, PubMed:24595290). Involved in sorting Lys-63-linked polyubiquitinated maternal membrane proteins for degradation by targeting to multivesicular bodies (PubMed:24595290). Required for glr-1-containing glutamate receptor trafficking in neurons (PubMed:21179194). May have a role in synaptic transmission at motorneurons (PubMed:21179194). May be involved in the ubiquitination and growth of intracellular polyglutamine protein aggregates (PubMed:17663792, PubMed:22494772).
Temperature sensitive with partial embryonic lethality at 25 degrees Celsius (PubMed:24595290). Inhibited degradation of maternal membrane proteins, cav-1, chs-1 and rme-2, and ubiquitination of cav-1 with accumulation of these proteins on the maternal plasma membrane and endosome-like vesicles in later-stage embryos (PubMed:24595290). Locomotion defect with animals displaying increased body flexing (PubMed:21179194). Mis-localized glr-1-containing glutamate receptor with increased glr-1 accumulation in the ventral nerve cord (PubMed:21179194). Reduced and irregular snb-1 accumulation at neuromuscular junctions (PubMed:21179194). RNAi-mediated knockdown prevents localization of ubiquitin and proteasomes to polyglutamine protein aggregates (PubMed:17663792). Reduced size of polyglutamine protein aggregates (PubMed:17663792). Inhibited degradation of the maternal membrane protein, cav-1 in embryos (PubMed:24595290).
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL5 family.
Component of the large ribosomal subunit.
Component of the ribosome, a large ribonucleoprotein complex responsible for the synthesis of proteins in the cell. The small ribosomal subunit (SSU) binds messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and translates the encoded message by selecting cognate aminoacyl-transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules. The large subunit (LSU) contains the ribosomal catalytic site termed the peptidyl transferase center (PTC), which catalyzes the formation of peptide bonds, thereby polymerizing the amino acids delivered by tRNAs into a polypeptide chain. The nascent polypeptides leave the ribosome through a tunnel in the LSU and interact with protein factors that function in enzymatic processing, targeting, and the membrane insertion of nascent chains at the exit of the ribosomal tunnel.
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in a growth defect.
There's a functional difference between the two L11-encoding proteins in C.elegans. rpl-11.1 plays a role in the germline whereas rpl-11.2 has a somatic function.
Belongs to the MPDU1 (TC 2.A.43.3) family.
Anterior displacement of the nerve ring in L1 stage mutant animals (PubMed:19855022). Defective ALM, BDU, CAN and QR neuroblast migration and irregular CP and CAN axon growth and guidance (PubMed:16109397). Double knockout with cfz-2 results in enhanced CAN migration defects, but the same QR neuroblast migration defects as the single cfz-2 knockout alone (PubMed:16109397). Double knockout with cwn-1 results in ALM, CAN and HSN migration defects (PubMed:16109397, PubMed:16516839). Triple knockout with cwn-1 and cfz-2 results in enhanced neuronal cell migratory defects (PubMed:16109397).
Expressed at the comma stage in pharyngeal muscles and the developing intestine (PubMed:19855022). Detected in all larval forms and adults, but is most abundant in the embryonic stage (PubMed:8510930). At the two-fold stage of embryogenesis, mainly it is expressed in the intestine (PubMed:20711352). During late embryogenesis, before hatching, it is expressed in the posterior pharyngeal bulb and the pharyngeal-intestine (PubMed:20711352). After the L1 stage of larval development it is expressed in the anterior part of the animal in tissues including the pharynx, body wall muscle and ventral cord neurons (PubMed:20711352).
Expressed in intestine, pharynx, anterior body wall muscle, vulva, some pharyngeal neurons and SMD head neurons (PubMed:19855022, PubMed:19561603, PubMed:22022276). Expressed along the boundary between the intestine and muscle or hypodermis, but is also expressed in the hypodermis in cells including seam cells (PubMed:22022276).
Ligand for members of the frizzled family of seven transmembrane receptors. Probable developmental protein. May be a signaling molecule which affects the development of discrete regions of tissues. Is likely to signal over only few cell diameters. Involved in the correct positioning of the developing nerve ring and in axon guidance of SIA and SIB neurons, probably by binding to tyrosine kinase receptor cam-1 (PubMed:19855022). In addition, regulates the positioning of some head neuronal cells, muscle arms associated with the nerve ring and the excretory pore (PubMed:19855022). Together with Wnt ligand cwn-1, regulates the migration of CAN, ALM, BDU and HSN neurons during embryogenesis, the migration of QL and QR neuroblast descendants during larval development, and polarity of ALM neurons (PubMed:16109397, PubMed:16516839, PubMed:18622031, PubMed:25917219). May act through the wnt receptor cfz-2 to regulate QR neuroblast descendant migration, and to direct ALM migration (PubMed:16109397). Also plays a role in axon growth and guidance in HSN and male CP neurons (PubMed:16109397). In addition, together with wnt ligand cwn-1, negatively regulates developmental neurite pruning of AIM neurons probably by acting as a ligand for receptor tyrosine kinase cam-1 (PubMed:19561603). Through the cam-1 receptor also probably regulates the outgrowth of neurites from RME GABAergic motor neurons (PubMed:20711352). May act redundantly with other Wnt ligands such as cwn-1 and mom-2 to control seam cell polarity (PubMed:22022276).
Belongs to the TRAFAC class dynamin-like GTPase superfamily. IRG family.
Belongs to the kinesin light chain family.
Kinesin is a microtubule-associated force-producing protein that play a role in organelle transport.
Oligomeric complex composed of two heavy chains and two light chains.
Belongs to the WD repeat BOP1/ERB1 family.
Required for maturation of ribosomal RNAs and formation of the large ribosomal subunit.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL17 family.
G proteins are composed of 3 units; alpha, beta and gamma. The alpha chain contains the guanine nucleotide binding site.
Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as modulators or transducers in various transmembrane signaling systems. Mediates the transduction of food and serotonin signals, which modulates the avoidance response to the odorant octanol. Has a role in lifespan to promote longevity.
Expressed in the posterior cells of the intestine in L4 larva.
Plays a role in innate immunity, probably via the atf-7 pathway, to confer resistance to pathogenic bacteria. May also play a role in the regulation of longevity.
RNAi-mediated knockdown in larvae results in reduced survival following infection with the pathogenic bacterium P.luminescens. RNAi-mediated knockdown in a glp-1 e2141 mutant background (in which germ cells are deleted) rescues the increased lifespan phenotype of the glp-1 mutant.
Up-regulated following infection with P.luminescens subsp Hb and E.faecalis bacteria.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase group 1 family.
Mannosylates Man(2)GlcNAc(2)-dolichol diphosphate and Man(1)GlcNAc(2)-dolichol diphosphate to form Man(3)GlcNAc(2)-dolichol diphosphate.
Expression is first apparent in bean-stage embryos, peaks in late embryogenesis, reduces in L1 larvae and is negligible in later larval stages and adults.
In the embryo, expressed in the excretory cell and, during dendrite formation, in the non-neuronal cells surrounding the sensory neurons, including hypodermal cells.
Monomer under reducing conditions. Homodimer under non-reducing conditions. May also form higher order oligomers.
Proteolytically cleaved and secreted in vitro.
Required for permeability of amphid and phasmid neurons to external dyes, chemotaxis to ammonium chloride, avoidance of high osmotic stimuli, male mating and dauer formation (PubMed:7705621). Along with dex-1, enables neurite growth and maintenance by anchoring amphid dendritic tips during neuron cell body migration in embryonic and larval development (PubMed:19344940, PubMed:34115759).
Belongs to the WD repeat CDC20/Fizzy family.
Expressed in oocytes at the prometaphase and metaphase of meiosis I (at protein level). Expressed in early embryo at the prometaphase and metaphase of mitosis (at protein level).
Plays a role in metaphase-anaphase transition during meiosis I (PubMed:12498686). Required for embryonic anterior-posterior axis formation (PubMed:11832245).
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes embryonic lethality (PubMed:12498686). Embryos are arrested at the metaphase-anaphase transition of meiosis I and lack formation of polar bodies (PubMed:12498686). In addition, causes a loss of asymmetric cell division and par-2 mislocalization in the one-cell embryo followed by an arrest at the one-cell stage (PubMed:11832245).
Probable inactive protein kinase which positively regulates Ras-mediated signaling probably acting at the level of let-60/ras or/and lin-45/raf (PubMed:23900546, PubMed:11882296). In the germline, regulates meiotic progression during oogenesis and mpk-1 (isoform b) phosphorylation (PubMed:11882296, PubMed:26510792). Plays a role in meiotic recombination events (PubMed:26510792). Functions redundantly with ksr-1 in the Ras-mediated regulation of larval survival, the development of excretory canal, in determining vulval precursor cell fate during vulval induction and in mpk-1 phosphorylation in somatic cells (PubMed:11882296).
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes sterility characterized by a lack of oocytes. In a ksr-1 n2526 mutant background, causes larval lethality.
Defective touch receptor neuron synaptic transmission with reduced levels of rab-3 at synapses, conferring touch insensitivity. Irregular touch receptor neuron shape. The heterozygous mutant, but not the null mutant, rescues the touch sensitivity defect in the mec-15 single mutant.
Dimer of alpha and beta chains. A typical microtubule is a hollow water-filled tube with an outer diameter of 25 nm and an inner diameter of 15 nM. Alpha-beta heterodimers associate head-to-tail to form protofilaments running lengthwise along the microtubule wall with the beta-tubulin subunit facing the microtubule plus end conferring a structural polarity. Microtubules usually have 13 protofilaments but different protofilament numbers can be found in some organisms and specialized cells.
Expressed primarily in touch receptor neurons.
Mec-7 beta-tubulin is required for the production of 15-protofilament microtubules.
TTubulin is the major constituent of microtubules, a cylinder consisting of laterally associated linear protofilaments composed of alpha- and beta-tubulin heterodimers. Microtubules grow by the addition of GTP-tubulin dimers to the microtubule end, where a stabilizing cap forms. Below the cap, tubulin dimers are in GDP-bound state, owing to GTPase activity of alpha-tubulin. Plays a role in mechanosensory transduction (touch sensitivity) (PubMed:19652181).
Although it contains a putative aminopeptidase domain, the critical residues for Zn(2+) binding and thus for catalytic activity are not conserved suggesting that nra-2 lacks peptidase activity.
Expressed in body wall, pharyngeal, and vulval muscles, excretory canal cell, head and motor neurons, and vulval epithelium.
Involved in the recognition and selection of protein complexes to exit the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) (PubMed:19609303, PubMed:24567339). In muscles, regulates levamisole-sensitive nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (L-AChR) subunit composition, possibly by allowing only specific L-AChR subunit combinations to exit the ER (PubMed:19609303). Specifically, may promote the inclusion of alpha subunits unc-38 and unc-29 into L-AChR (PubMed:19609303). Regulates L-AChR sensitivity to agonists such as nicotine and levamisole at neuro-muscular junctions (PubMed:15990870, PubMed:19609303). In touch neurons, may prevent ER exit of incorrectly folded mec-4-mec-10 ion channel (PubMed:24567339).
May interact with the levamisole-sensitive nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (L-AChR) (PubMed:15990870). May interact with nra-4 in the ER (PubMed:19609303).
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes a moderate resistance to nicotine-induced paralysis (PubMed:15990870). RNAi-mediated knockdown in neurons in a hyperactive mec-10 (A673V) mutant background increases touch neuron (TRN) cell death (PubMed:24567339).
Belongs to the DPH1/DPH2 family. DPH1 subfamily.
Binds 1 [4Fe-4S] cluster per subunit. The cluster is coordinated with 3 cysteines and an exchangeable S-adenosyl-L-methionine.
Catalyzes the first step of diphthamide biosynthesis, a post-translational modification of histidine which occurs in elongation factor 2 (By similarity). Dph-1 and dph-2 transfer a 3-amino-3-carboxypropyl (ACP) group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) to a histidine residue, the reaction is assisted by a reduction system comprising dph-3 and a NADH-dependent reductase (By similarity).
Component of the 2-(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)histidine synthase complex composed of dph-1, dph-2, dph-3 and a NADH-dependent reductase.
Catalyzes the covalent attachment of ubiquitin to other proteins (Potential). Required for the maintenance of neuromuscular function (PubMed:12763049).
Expression begins during gastrulation and continues during all subsequent stages.
In males and hermaphrodites, late-onset paralysis of muscular functions required for locomotion and defecation. In addition, hermaphrodites show a progressive egg-laying defect, resulting in intrauterine hatching and premature death. Vulva protrusion is often observed with occasional rupture resulting in the projection of internal organs.
In the embryo, expressed in precursor neuron and muscle cells and in other cells such as hypodermal cells. After hatching of L1 larvae and in all subsequent stages, strongest expression in pharyngeal muscle and anal muscle cells. In L4 larvae and adolescent hermaphrodites, also expressed in the vulval muscles. Expression also detected in all four nerve cords and in neurons with weaker levels in all body wall muscles.
At the L1 larval stage, display defects in the positioning of the ventral nerve cord (VNC) axons characterized by axons of PVQ and PVP neurons, but not of RMEV, HSN and AVK neurons, drifting into the opposite VNC side (axon flip-over) (PubMed:19737747). These defects are not enhanced in a zig-4 (gk34) mutant background or in zig-4 (gk34) dig-1 (ky188), zig-4 (gk34) sax-7 (nj48) or zig-4 (gk34) egl-15 (n484) mutant background (PubMed:19737747). In a zig-1, zig-2, zig-4 or zig-5 or zig-8 mutant background, cell body positioning of ASI and ASH head neurons is normal (PubMed:22829780).
Expressed in PVT, AIM and ASI neurons, in vulva and weakly in body wall muscles.
Expression begins at the late L1 larval stage.
Required for maintaining axon position of PVQ and PVP neurons postembryonically in the ventral nerve cord (VNC) by preventing axons drifting into the opposite side of the VNC that could occur during body growth and movement.
Acts as a chaperone during the assembly of the 26S proteasome, specifically of the base subcomplex of the 19S regulatory complex (RC).
Belongs to the proteasome subunit p27 family.
Belongs to the tubulin--tyrosine ligase family.
Expressed in many sensory neurons in amphid.
Monoglutamylase which modifies tubulin, adding a single glutamate on the gamma-carboxyl group of specific glutamate residues of target proteins (PubMed:32747782). Involved in the side-chain initiation step of the polyglutamylation reaction but not in the elongation step. Preferentially modifies beta-tail tubulin over the alpha-tubulin (PubMed:32747782). Involved in side-chain glutamylation of tubulin in sensory cilia (PubMed:20519502, PubMed:27635036, PubMed:29849065). Together with ttll-5 and ttll-11, required for male mating (PubMed:27635036).
RNAi-mediated knockdown at the L1 or L4 larval stages causes a defect in egg-laying.
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes embryonic lethality and morphological defects in larva (PubMed:27176626). Embryonic lethality is exacerbated on the transcription factor aptf-2 mutant background (PubMed:27176626).
Sequence-specific DNA-binding protein that interacts with enhancer elements to regulate transcription of selected genes (By similarity). Required for neuroblast and epidermal morphogenesis, perhaps acting in cooperation with transcription factor aptf-2 (PubMed:27176626).
Critical regulator of endosomal recycling of numerous receptors, channels, and other transmembrane proteins. Interacts with membranes containing phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PtdIns(3P)).
The PX domain mediates specific binding to phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PtdIns(P3)).
Expressed during late stages of embryogenesis and larval L1 stage.
Probable transcription factor (PubMed:18794349). May bind to the promoters of target genes, including micro-RNA genes, in order to repress expression, and acting redundantly with flh-2 (PubMed:18794349).
Central receptor component of the translocase of the outer membrane of mitochondria (TOM complex) responsible for the recognition and translocation of cytosolically synthesized mitochondrial preproteins (By similarity). Together with the peripheral receptor tomm-20 functions as the transit peptide receptor and facilitates the movement of preproteins into the translocation pore (PubMed:21264209).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in impaired mitochondrial homeostasis with the up-regulation of the mitochondrial unfolded protein chaperone hsp-6 and impaired daf-28/insulin secretion.
Expressed in cells of the ABa lineage at the 24-cell stage of embryogenesis.
Transcription factor (By similarity). Required for mesodermal induction, acting redundantly with transcription factor tbx-38 (PubMed:15056620). Together with tbx-38, acts by inducing cell fates in the AB lineage, thereby playing a role in development of the anterior pharynx (PubMed:15056620).
Expressed during morphogenesis in the hypodermis, body-wall muscle, intestine and dorsal, lateral and ventral hypodermal cells (PubMed:15066124, PubMed:15102704). First detected in the E cell at the 8 cell stage and its daughter Ea and Ep cells until the 24 cell stage (PubMed:15066124, PubMed:15102704). At the 24 cell stage detected in 5 cells including AB descendant cells and also the Ca and Cp cells (PubMed:15066124). At the 200 cell stage, detected in two pairs of MS descendant cells (PubMed:15066124). Thereafter detected in a subset of cells at each stage up to approximately the 400 cell stage, becoming undetectable just before morphogenesis (PubMed:15066124). During morphogenesis detected in the hypodermis, body-wall muscle, intestine and dorsal, lateral and ventral hypodermal cells up until early L1 larval stage (PubMed:15066124, PubMed:15102704).
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes about 5% embryonic lethality with 1-10% of hatching larvae displaying posterior morphological defects (PubMed:15892873, PubMed:15102704). Defective intercalation of dorsal hypodermis (PubMed:15102704). Simultaneous RNAi-mediated knockdown of tbx-8 causes at least 48% of embryos to fail to hatch and those that do display severe morphological defects and die as larvae (PubMed:15892873, PubMed:15102704). Simultaneous RNAi-mediated knockdown of tbx-8 abolishes muscle expression of vab-7 (PubMed:15102704). RNAi-mediated knockdown at the larval L1 stage causes a decrease in expression of lin-39 at the larval L3 stage (PubMed:24885717). Knockdown in L1 stage larvae, in a lin-39 mutant background, causes abnormal fusion of vulval precursor cells at larval stage L2 (PubMed:24885717).
Transcription factor (By similarity). Involved in the control of early morphogenesis of the intestine, hypodermis and body-wall muscle (PubMed:15066124, PubMed:15102704). Involved in regulating expression of vab-7 (PubMed:15102704). Appears to have partially redundant function to tbx-8 (PubMed:15066124). Positively modulates expression of homeobox protein lin-39, perhaps by binding to regulatory regions of the lin-39 gene, acting in the vulval lineage.
Acts preferentially on the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 MAPKs. Plays an important role in the heavy metal stress response and in axon regeneration by negatively regulating the kgb-1 (JNK-like) and the pmk-1 (p38-type) MAPK signaling pathways.
Expressed in the pharynx, intestine, neurons and vulval hypodermal cells.
Expressed in spermatids, during spermogenesis expression is primarily localized to the pseudopod.
Modifying each EGF repeat by changing a central cysteine residue to a tyrosine disrupts the secondary structure as the specific disulfide bridges responsible for this overall structure are not formed. The cysteine to tyrosine mutation when located in EGF-like domains 1,3,4 and 5, causes a complete loss of function. The same mutation in additional EGF-like domains leads to a temperature sensitive sterile phenotype.
Removing the EGF-like repeats in any combination completely abolishes fertilization.
Required for fertilization. May be required for cell adhesion and/or function as a signaling molecule.
Greatly reduced nuclear accumulation of lin-56 protein and increased mRNA levels (PubMed:21196525). No obvious vulval development defects (PubMed:8054684, PubMed:11463372). Double knockout with the synthetic multivulva class B protein lin-15B, dpl-1, efl-1 or lin-35 results in a multiple vulva (Muv) phenotype (PubMed:8054684, PubMed:11463372, PubMed:16624904).
Synthetic multivulva (synMuv) class A protein (PubMed:7982579, PubMed:8054684). SynMuv proteins are required to repress the induction of vulval development (PubMed:7982579, PubMed:8054684). Acts redundantly with SynMuv class B protein lin-15B, and lin-35 to negatively regulate vulval development, most likely through antagonization of the Ras-signaling pathway (PubMed:8054684, PubMed:16624904). May also negatively regulate vulval development in association with other SynMuv class B proteins such as dpl-1 and efl-1 (PubMed:11463372). Regulates let-23 basal activity (PubMed:8054684). Required for the correct expression and/or stability of lin-56 (PubMed:21196525).
The proteins lin-15A and lin-15B are produced from a single precursor mRNA with non-overlapping transcripts where lin-15B is the upstream transcript and lin-15A is the downstream one. The precursor mRNA is cleaved at the polyadenylation site and a 22-nucleotide SL2 leader sequence is trans-spliced to the 5'-end of lin-15A to allow its translation.
Acts as a chaperone and as an inhibitor for separase sep-1 (PubMed:27249343, PubMed:28263324). Plays an essential role in maintaining chromosome cohesion prior to meiotic and mitotic anaphase, in cytokinesis and in organizing the spindle and the centrosome (PubMed:12498686). Ubiquitination-dependent degradation at the onset of anaphase is likely to activate sep-1 resulting in the proteolysis of the cohesin complex and the subsequent segregation of the chromosomes (PubMed:12498686, PubMed:23578927). Also required for cortical granule exocytosis (PubMed:17913784).
Expressed in germ cells including oocytes.
Forms a complex (via C-terminus) with separase sep-1 (PubMed:12498686, PubMed:23578927, PubMed:27249343, PubMed:28263324). Interaction with ify-1 stabilizes sep-1 (PubMed:27249343, PubMed:28263324). Also maintains the complex in the cytoplasm during interphase and recruits it to chromosomes during the first meiotic division (PubMed:23578927). Interacts with E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase etc-1 (PubMed:23578927).
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes embryonic lethality (PubMed:12498686). Embryos are arrested at the one-cell stage (PubMed:12498686). During the first mitotic division, embryos have defects in mitotic spindle formation, and centrosome duplication and positioning (PubMed:12498686). Chromosomes are decondensed, disorganized and accumulate due to a lack of cytokinesis (PubMed:12498686). RNAi-mediated knockdown at the larval stage causes in F1 embryos a loss of chromosome separation during meiosis I and no formation of polar bodies (PubMed:12498686). During meiosis, impaired cortical granule exocytosis (PubMed:17913784). Immediately after fertilization causes a reduction in cyclin cyb-1 protein levels (PubMed:23578927).
Ubiquitinated by etc-1 likely at the onset of anaphase, resulting in its degradation.
Accessory subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I), that is believed not to be involved in catalysis. Complex I functions in the transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme is believed to be ubiquinone (By similarity).
Belongs to the complex I NDUFB7 subunit family.
Contains two C-X9-C motifs that are predicted to form a helix-coil-helix structure, permitting the formation of intramolecular disulfide bonds.
Plays a role in meiosis, germline development and oocyte morphogenesis (PubMed:28696027). May play a role in DNA replication (PubMed:28696027). In the germline, involved in the maintenance of transition zone nuclei and in chromosome structure and organization, but not required for mitotic proliferation (PubMed:28696027).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in embryonic lethality in 10% of animals (PubMed:28696027). Surviving animals have a reduced brood size and abnormal diakinetic oocyte morphology (PubMed:28696027).
Predominantly coexpressed with rsp-3 in adult hermaphrodite germlines.
Required for embryogenesis and germline development in both adult hermaphrodites and males. SR-protein kinase (SRPK) that binds directly to and phosphorylates the RS domain of rsp-3/CeSF2 in vitro.
Detected in a few nuclei in the embryonic head as the embryo reaches morphogenesis stage. Expressed in an increasing number of nuclei as embryonic development progresses such that by the 1.5-fold stage it is detected in a large number of neuronal cells in the head and a few cells in the pharynx. At the 1.5-fold stage, expression is also prominent in motorneurons in the ventral cord and in neurons in tail ganglia. This expression is maintained during the 3-fold stage, but is reduced to undetectable levels in most cells before hatching. By the L1/L2 stage, expression is detected transiently in postembryonic motorneurons.
Expressed in the six touch receptor neurons (TRNs) but not in the FLP and PVD neurons (PubMed:30291162). Expressed in the M4 cholinergic motor neuron (PubMed:25474681).
Transcription factor (PubMed:12835394, PubMed:12835395, PubMed:25474681, PubMed:30291162). Down-regulates expression of genes involved in either the synthesis or reuptake of serotonin, dopamine and GABA (PubMed:12835394). Acts as a transcriptional repressor to regulate multiple, discrete, neuron-specific aspects of terminal differentiation, including cell migration, axonal development and gene expression (PubMed:12835394, PubMed:12835395, PubMed:25474681, PubMed:30291162). Promotes touch receptor neuron differentiation by repressing the expression of egl-44 and egl-46 (PubMed:30291162). As egl-44 and egl-46, probably acting as a heterodimer, repress expression of zag-1 in FLP neurons, together these proteins form a bistable, negative-feedback loop that regulates the choice between neuronal fates (PubMed:30291162). Required for axon guidance (PubMed:12835395). Involved in the proper development of the pharynx (PubMed:12835395). Required for pharynx isthmus peristalsis, probably via a role in the differentiation of the M4 cholinergic motor neuron (PubMed:25474681). Directly represses its own transcription by interacting with conserved E-box sequence motifs 5'-CACCTG-3' in its own promoter (PubMed:12835394, PubMed:12835395). May also act as a transcriptional activator of the homeodomain ceh-28 (PubMed:25474681).
Worms exhibit a starved appearance, are unable to swallow food and die at the L1 larval stage (PubMed:12835395). RNAi-mediated knockdown causes significant reduction in expression of mec-17 (PubMed:30291162).
First expressed during embryogenesis at the 1.5-fold stage, and in very few cells throughout development (PubMed:10716947). Expressed in L1 larvae in the posterior hindgut cells B and F and in later L1 stage in the B daughter cells B.a and B.p (PubMed:10716947). Also expressed in two posterior hypodermal nuclei of the large syncytial cell hyp7 and in the nervous system in two neurons of the lumbar ganglion (PubMed:10716947).
RNAi-mediated knockdown by injection into the gonad results in male progeny with grossly abnormal tails with no spicules (PubMed:10716947). Hermaphrodite progeny are constipated and show backward uncoordination (PubMed:10716947).
Transcription factor (PubMed:28056346). Involved in cell fate determination; required to pattern the posterior hindgut (PubMed:10716947). Involved in motor neuron fate determination and maintenance, acting as a transcriptional repressor to counteract gene activation by transcription factor unc-3 in a subset of motor neurons (PubMed:28056346). Required throughout development to repress transcription by unc-3, probably acting by binding to specific promoter elements (PubMed:28056346). Represses expression of VA and VB motor neuron-specific effector genes, such as DEG/ENaC channel del-1 and the innexin inx-12, in DA and DB motor neurons (PubMed:28056346). Represses expression of transcription factor bnc-1, perhaps acting directly, in DA and DB motor neurons (PubMed:28056346).
Shown to have a role in viability and embryogenesis.
Component of the cul4-rbx1-ddb1-dcaf1 E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex, dcaf1 may function as the substrate recognition module within this complex.
Component of the cul4-rbx1-ddb1-dcaf1 E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex.
The DWD boxes are required for interaction with ddb1.
Acts with sax-2 to restrict the growth of both primary and secondary neurites. Regulates mechanosensory tiling by controlling the termination point of sensory dendrites.
Expanded cell bodies and ectopic neurites in many classes of neurons. Overlap of anterior lateral microtubule (ALM) and posterior lateral microtubule (PLM) neurites along the anteroposterior axis.
Widely expressed in embryonic and larval neurons that contribute axons to the nerve ring and in hypodermal cells, including lateral seam cells. Also displays a punctate localization in muscle.
Expressed in neuronal, but not in GABA-ergic neurons, intestinal, hypodermal and excretory tissues.
RNAi-mediated knockdown prevents neuronal degeneration in a mec-4(u231), deg-1(u38) or gsa-1 gain-of-function mutant background.
Required for the correct female sexual development of the soma and germline in hermaphrodite animals, while being fully dispensable in males. Has calcium-dependent proteolytic activity and is involved in the cleavage of tra-2, for which it acts as a potentiator. Capable of calcium-dependent autolysis (PubMed:10783162). Part of the necrosis cell death pathway (PubMed:12410314). Required for necrosis of intestinal cells induced by B.thuringiensis endotoxin Cry6Aa (PubMed:26795495).
The C2 domain associated with the domain III is primarily responsible for calcium binding.
The calpain catalytic domain is essential for in vivo function to promote female sexual development.
Belongs to the protein sulfotransferase family.
Catalyzes the O-sulfation of tyrosine residues within acidic motifs of polypeptides, using 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate (PAPS) as cosubstrate.
May regulate lifespan in response to food availability and oxidative stress.
Reduced lifespan when diet is restricted, and in the presence of the oxidative stress inducer paraquat (PubMed:19783783). Increased pha-4 and cup-4 expression when diet is restricted (PubMed:19783783). RNAi-mediated knockdown reduces lifespan and resistance to the oxidative stress inducer paraquat (PubMed:19627265, PubMed:19783783). RNAi-mediated knockdown in an eat-2 mutant background rescues lifespan, but lifespan remains greater than in wild-type (PubMed:19783783).
Expressed in the early embryo, in the mesodermal lineage derived from the MS blastomere.
RNAi-mediated knockdown on an hlh-1 mutant background causes embryos to become paralyzed and arrested at the 2-fold stage.
Required for mesoderm development, including specification of muscle and coelomocyte precursors.
Contains a metallopeptidase domain, but the active site is not conserved, so the protein is not expected to have protease activity.
Defective sex myoblast migration (PubMed:9073451). Motor neuron axon guidance defects with aberrant axon branching in type D motor neurons (PubMed:12783787).
Expressed throughout development (PubMed:8970152, PubMed:12783787, PubMed:22293500). First expressed in several posterior cells of comma stage embryos (PubMed:12783787). Expressed in the excretory cell and in some head neurons in threefold stage embryos (PubMed:12783787). At the L1 stage of larval development expressed in the syncytial hypodermis (PubMed:8970152). From the L1 stage of larval development to adulthood, expressed in head neurons, the excretory cell, excretory gland cells and in the sphincter muscle (PubMed:12783787, PubMed:22293500). From the L4 stage of larval development to adulthood, expressed in hypodermal cells surrounding the vulva (PubMed:12783787).
Involved in the migration of sex myoblasts (progenitors of egg-laying muscles), Q neuroblasts and BDU interneurons during development (PubMed:9073451, PubMed:12783787, PubMed:22293500). Involved in axon branching and guidance of neurons including GABAergic type D motor neurons (PubMed:12783787). Promotes sex myoblast migration and positioning independently of gonad attraction cues (PubMed:9073451, PubMed:12783787). May act downstream of mig-13 in order to promote the guidance, migration and positioning of Q neuroblasts and their descendants along the anteroposterior body axis (PubMed:22293500). Required for coordinated movements (PubMed:12783787).
Belongs to the short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDR) family. 17-beta-HSD 3 subfamily.
Expressed from first larval stage to adult.
Expressed in the gut of larva and adult.
Required for branched-chain fatty acid synthesis (such as (omega-1)-methyl-fatty acids) (PubMed:18390550). Catalyzes the reduction of the 3-keto-fatty acyl-CoA intermediate that is formed in each cycle of fatty acid elongation (PubMed:18390550). Very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) serve as precursors for ceramide and sphingolipids (PubMed:12905072, PubMed:18390550, PubMed:21926990). Involved in hormone production as it metabolizes 4-androstendione (androst-4-ene-3,17-dione) into testosterone and estrone into estradiol (17beta-estradiol) in vitro, but the physiological steroid substrate is unknown (PubMed:17951538).
Worms exhibit slow and retarded growth, reproductive and molting defects, defects in embryogenesis, and hypersensitivity to cholesterol limitation (PubMed:12905072). Increased polarity and tubulogenesis defects in an allelic series of let-767 (PubMed:21926990).
Early larval arrest, continued gonad expansion and shortened lifespan. RNAi-mediated knockdown results in continuous distal tip cell migration past the midline during adulthood. In a rnf-5(tm794) mutant background, increased severity of the distal tip cell migration defects.
Expressed in the intestine, nervous system and head neurons in both larvae and adults (PubMed:17850180). Expressed in the distal tip cell (PubMed:22285439).
Required for the cessation of distal tip cell migration at the end of larval morphogenesis.
Belongs to the distal-less homeobox family.
Probable transcription factor (PubMed:11493519). Required for differentiation of AIY interneurons, acting downstream of LIM/homeobox protein ttx-3 (PubMed:11493519). Modulates gene expression, acting downstream of AMP kinase aak-2/AMPK signaling (PubMed:28560849). Modulates lifespan (PubMed:28560849, PubMed:21713031).
Viable and display no obvious neuroanatomical, morphological or locomotory abnormalities (PubMed:11493519). Lifespan reduced in an isp-1 or nuo-6 mutant background and extends lifespan in the short-lived gas-1 and mev-1 mutants (PubMed:28560849, PubMed:21713031). Expression of the G protein-coupled receptor sra-11 is normal in AIY neurons at the larval L1 stage, but drastically reduced in adults (PubMed:11493519). RNAi-mediated knockdown reduces lifespan in various mitochondrial mutant backgrounds, including isp-1;ctb-1, or clk-1 (PubMed:21713031).
Accessory component of the multisubunit proton-transporting vacuolar (V)-ATPase protein pump.
Accessory subunit of the proton-transporting vacuolar (V)-ATPase protein pump, which is required for luminal acidification of secretory vesicles (By similarity). In the germline, required for the trafficking of the receptor RME-2 to the oocyte cell membrane where it regulates the uptake of yolk proteins (PubMed:22768351). Also, plays an essential role in osmoregulation in the embryo, probably by regulating the proper formation of the eggshell (PubMed:22768351).
Belongs to the vacuolar ATPase subunit S1 family.
Expressed in pharynx, hypodermis, intestine, vulval hypodermis and the H-shape excretory cell.
RNAi-mediated knockdown at the L1 larval stage causes arrest followed by death at the L3/L4 larval stages (PubMed:22768351). RNAi-mediated knockdown at the L4 larval stage does not affect development into adults (PubMed:22768351). However, only 26% of the progeny hatched into larvae which die at the L3 larval stage. RNAi-mediated knockdown at the L4 larval stage or in the germline causes egg compression in their uterus (PubMed:22768351). Fewer oocytes are produced in the oviduct and are endomitotic (PubMed:22768351). This results in a reduced rate of ovulation over time (PubMed:22768351). Oocytes fail to endocytose vitellogenin due to a failure to traffic receptor rme-2 to the cell membrane (PubMed:22768351). Also, embryos display osmotic sensitivity and defect in osmoregulation and cytokinesis probably due to an abnormal eggshell (PubMed:22768351).
Required for vesicular transport between the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus.
Belongs to the inositol phosphokinase (IPK) family.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family. APG1/unc-51/ULK1 subfamily.
During embryonic development unc-51 is expressed extensively, particularly in the head region of late embryos. In the larval stages, expression appears to be restricted to neurons.
Interacts with unc-14 and vab-8 (PubMed:15539493). Interacts (via C-terminus) with atg-13 (PubMed:19377305). Interacts (via the LIR motif) with lgg-1; the interaction is direct (PubMed:26687600).
Protein kinase important for axonal elongation and axonal guidance (PubMed:7958904, PubMed:15539493). Functions in the CAN axons to direct both anterior and posterior migrations (PubMed:15539493). Phosphorylates both unc-14 and vab-8 (PubMed:15539493). Component of the unc-51/atg-13 complex that is probably recruited by lgg-1 to preautophagosomes and is required for autophagosome formation (PubMed:12958363, PubMed:17890369, PubMed:19377305, PubMed:26687600). Interaction with autophagy related proteins such as atg-13 links it to the autophagy machinery to in turn promote P-granule degradation in somatic cells (PubMed:19377305). Plays a role in mitophagy during limited food availability (PubMed:30133321). Regulates cell size (PubMed:17890369). Plays a role in male tail ray pattern formation (PubMed:17890369). May be required for normal dauer morphogenesis (PubMed:12958363).
The LIR motif (LC3-interacting region) is required for its interaction with lgg-1.
Worms exhibit various abnormalities in axonal elongation and axonal structures (PubMed:7958904). RNAi-mediated knockdown causes abnormalities in constitutive dauer formation in daf-2 e1370 mutant including a lack of autophagosome formation (PubMed:12958363).
No obvious vulval development defects (PubMed:8054684, PubMed:11463372). Double knockout with the synthetic multivulva class A protein lin-15A results in a multiple vulva (Muv) phenotype (PubMed:8054684). Double knockout with the programmed cell death regulator mcd-1 results in 100% lethality during the L1 stage of larval development (PubMed:17237514).
Synthetic multivulva (synMuv) class B protein (PubMed:7982579, PubMed:8054684). SynMuv proteins are required to repress the induction of vulval development (PubMed:7982579, PubMed:8054684, PubMed:11463372). Acts redundantly with SynMuv class A protein lin-15A to negatively regulate vulval development (PubMed:8054684). Regulates let-23 basal activity (PubMed:8054684).
May be a general transcription factor that can form a stable complex with RNA polymerase II (By similarity). May prevent inappropriate targeting of non-secretory polypeptides to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) (By similarity). In response to heat stress, plays a role in modulating the unfolded protein response by negatively regulating the accumulation of proteins such as the chaperone protein hsp-4 in the endoplasmic reticulum (PubMed:22957041). Required to suppress apoptosis in neuronal and intestinal cells to promote development (PubMed:12944970).
May be part of the nascent polypeptide-associated complex (NAC), which is a heterodimer of icd-2 and icd-1 (via NAC-A/B domains).
RNAi-mediated knockdown mostly results in embryonic lethality, but embryos that do hatch produce larvae with a large number of apoptotic cell corpses, which are first present at the comma stage of development (PubMed:12944970). Surviving animals are uncoordinated (PubMed:12944970). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in increased neuronal and intestinal cell death and a reduced number of male tail rays in larvae (PubMed:12944970). RNAi-mediated knockdown in larvae results in increased survival and mobility in response to a constant temperature of 36 degrees Celsius, when compared to wild-type (PubMed:22957041). RNAi-mediated knockdown in adults results in embryos with severe morphological defects and high numbers of enlarged bi-refringent lipofuscin glo-1-positive granules in their gut cells, and increased cell death and degeneration (PubMed:22957041). These embryos also have increased expression of the endoplasmic reticulum-specific chaperone protein hsp-4 in regions of the embryo that contain gut and epithelial cells (PubMed:22957041).
Expressed in the dorsal nerve cord of L1 larva and on the dorsal side only of L4 larva and adults.
Expressed in the nervous system, with high expression in cholinergic motor neurons and weak expression in GABAergic motor neurons.
Probable component of a ligand-gated anion channel. Negatively regulates synaptic transmission and synaptic vesicle release in response to acetylcholine in cholinergic motor neurons. Role in synaptic vesicle release kinetics may be in association with the ligand-gated ion channel protein acc-4.
Viable, with normal growth, reproduction and locomotion. Increased sensitivity to the acetylcholine esterase inhibitor aldicarb, but normal sensitivity to levamisole, an agonist for postsynaptic acetylcholine receptors on muscles. In response to induced acetylcholine release, the amplitude and rise phase of excitatory postsynaptic currents (eEPSCs) during synaptic transmission is as wild-type, but there is prolonged and slow decay of eEPSCs during the late phase of synaptic transmission, which results in increased release of synaptic vesicles in cholinergic motor neurons.
Required for normal progression of S-phase. Important for cell survival after DNA damage or replication stress.
Interacts with epg-6; the interaction is direct.
Lipid transfer protein involved in autophagosome assembly and in the distribution of atg-9 and atg-13 during the autophagy-mediated degradation of protein aggregates (PubMed:21802374, PubMed:25124690). Tethers the edge of the isolation membrane (IM) to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mediates direct lipid transfer from ER to IM for IM expansion (By similarity). Binds to the ER exit site (ERES), which is the membrane source for autophagosome formation, and extracts phospholipids from the membrane source to the IM for membrane expansion (By similarity). Involved in autophagy-mediated degradation of ribosomal RNA and ribosomal proteins in lysosomes, which is essential for maintaining nucleotide homeostasis (PubMed:30102152).
May be phosphorylated and activated by egl-4.
Modulates chemotaxis responses by regulating positively the sensitivity to CO2 levels in BAG neurons and by regulating negatively the sensitivity to quinine in ASH sensory neurons.
RNAi-mediated knockdown in ASH sensory neurons results in hypersensitivity to dilute quinine.
Belongs to the glutathione peroxidase family.
Highly expressed in the intestine and in neurons, but it is also expressed in a variety of tissues including the pharynx, hypodermis, rectum and in muscles.
No visible phenotype. Double knockout with cnnm-3 results in increased levels of intestinal Mg(2+) and reduced levels in other tissues. This Mg(2+) deficiency in tissues leads to a reduced lifespan, 100% sterility, and smaller animals that exhibit a developmental delay with defective gonad development and which therefore do not produce oocytes or form vulva. In addition, the gonad development defect in the cnnm-1 and cnnm-3 double knockout is rescued when the AMPK alpha subunit aak-2 is also knocked out. Quintuple knockout with cnnm-2, cnnm-3, cnnm-4 and cnnm-5 results in a reduced lifespan and 100% sterility.
Probable metal transporter. Probably acts redundantly with the other metal transport proteins cnnm-2, cnnm-3, cnnm-4 and cnnm-5 to regulate Mg(2+) homeostasis. Promotes postembryonic gonad development by regulating Mg(2+) levels, probably via AMPK signaling.
May function as a negative feedback regulator of TOR function.
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in decreased lifespan.
Mediates the side-chain deamidation of N-terminal glutamine residues to glutamate, an important step in N-end rule pathway of protein degradation. Conversion of the resulting N-terminal glutamine to glutamate renders the protein susceptible to arginylation, polyubiquitination and degradation as specified by the N-end rule. Does not act on substrates with internal or C-terminal glutamine and does not act on non-glutamine residues in any position.
Influences the activity of genes involved in vulval development.
Protein phosphatase inhibitor that specifically inhibits protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) during mitosis.
Expressed in hypodermal, vulval, intestinal and distal tip cells.
Gonadal migration defects with premature dorsal turning of distal tip cells in the hermaphrodite gonad (PubMed:24613396, PubMed:24968003). Defective dauer formation, shortened lifespan and retarded terminal differentiation of seam cells with incomplete adult alae synthesis (PubMed:24613396). Suppresses the precocious seam cell terminal differentiation and gonadal migration defects seen in dre-1 mutants (PubMed:24613396). Weak dumpy phenotype and partially penetrant embryonic lethality (PubMed:24968003). Reduced expression of the transcription factor bed-3 which is involved in vulval development and failed division of vulval precursor cell descendents (PubMed:26234645). RNAi-mediated knockdown impairs the expression of several hypodermis-specific genes; reduces levels of clo-124 mRNA and increases levels of lin-29 mRNA (PubMed:32417234). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in the precocious onset of tail tip retraction resulting in over-retracted and shortened adult male tails (also known as the Ore phenotype) (PubMed:21408209).
In distal tip cells, expressed from mid-L2 when gonadal outgrowth initiates (PubMed:24613396). By mid-L3, just prior to the dorsal gonadal turn, levels drop dramatically (PubMed:24968003). In seam and hypodermal cells, levels are largely constant throughout larval development except for a transient peak early in L4 (PubMed:24613396).
Interacts with dre-1; the interaction targets blmp-1 for proteasomal degradation (PubMed:24613396, PubMed:24968003). Interacts with ldb-1 and ham-3 (PubMed:32417234).
Transcription factor which binds to enhancer elements in the promoter region of genes (PubMed:26234645). Regulates the expression of the transcription factor bed-3 to control vulval development (PubMed:26234645, PubMed:32417234). Promotes terminal differentiation in the hypodermis and is involved in regulation of gonadal outgrowth and entry into the dauer stage (PubMed:24613396). Regulates the timing of dorsalward migration of the distal tip cells of the hermaphrodite gonad by inhibiting precocious unc-5 and lin-29 expression which in turn prevents early dorsalward turning (PubMed:24968003). Plays a role in male tail tip morphogenesis (PubMed:21408209).
Ubiquitinated by the SCF(dre-1) complex, leading to its degradation by the proteasome.
Broadly expressed in tissues at the L1 larval stage (PubMed:29702639). In the male germline, first expressed in primary spermatocytes at the L4 larval stage and expression increases as spermatocyte differentiation progresses (PubMed:29702639).
Expressed in the germline (PubMed:29702639). Predominantly expressed in primary spermatocytes (PubMed:29702639). Also expressed in the oocyte-producing germline of hermaphrodites (PubMed:29702639).
Histone methyltransferase that specifically mono- and di-methylates 'Lys-4' of histone H3 in vitro (PubMed:24685137). Does not tri-methylate 'Lys-4' of histone H3 in vitro (PubMed:24685137). Promotes spermatid development and fertility by positively regulating the transcription of spermatocyte-specific genes in primary spermatocytes (PubMed:29702639). Together with spr-5, required for transgenerational fertility (PubMed:24685137).
RNAi-mediated knockdown partially suppresses the sterility of spr-5 mutants (by101) and results in a slightly increased number of eggs laid as compared to the spr-5 single mutant.
Homooligomer containing 14-16 monomers per oligomer.
May act as a scaffolding protein within caveolar membranes. Interacts directly with G-protein alpha subunits and can functionally regulate their activity.
Ion channel which is permeable to small monovalent cations. Shown not to be H+-ion gated. May be mechanosensitive and is required for growth and muscle development.
Expressed in larvae and adults in neurons in the anterior ganglia (PubMed:10421632). Expressed in the precursor of serotonergic ADF neurons (PubMed:16168406). Expressed in the SMB sensory/inter/motor neurons at larval stage L1 (PubMed:26305787).
Expressed in the AWB sensory neurons and in one RME motor neuron (RMEV), two RMD motor neurons (RMDL and RMDR), the RID, RIV, SAA and SIA interneurons and the SMB sensory/inter/motor neurons.
Interacts with transcription factor sox-2.
It has been reported that lim-4 is expressed in the SIA interneurons (PubMed:10421632). However, a subsequent report suggests that this was a mis-identification, instead indicating that the correct cell type is the SMB sensory/inter/motor neuron (PubMed:26305787).
Transcription factor that binds to the promoter of target genes (PubMed:26305787, PubMed:16168406, PubMed:26341465). Regulates genes involved in serotonin synthesis and release in serotonergic ADF neurons (PubMed:26305787, PubMed:16168406). Involved in specification of neuron cell fate, olfactory receptor expression, locomotion, and foraging behavior (PubMed:10421632, PubMed:26305787). Required in AWB olfactory neurons to repress AWC cell fate and promote the AWB cell fate during early development (PubMed:10421632). Cooperates with additional factors to direct the differentiation of the olfactory neurons, functioning with the transcription factor sox-2 to suppress AWC terminal differentiation and promote AWB neuron differentiation (PubMed:26341465). Involved in regulating terminal specification and maintenance of the SMB sensory/inter/motor neurons (PubMed:26305787). Plays a role in regulation of RID motor neuron differentiation, but is dispensable for motor axon outgrowth in the dorsal nerve cord (PubMed:14568548). May regulate its own expression (PubMed:10421632, PubMed:26305787).
Plays a role in pre-mRNA splicing as a core component of the spliceosomal U1, U2, U4 and U5 small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs), the building blocks of the spliceosome.
Belongs to the ATPase gamma chain family.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS5 family.
Belongs to the G-alpha family. G(q) subfamily.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL38 family.
Belongs to the small GTPase superfamily. Arf family.
GTP-binding protein that may be involved in protein trafficking; may modulate vesicle budding and uncoating within the Golgi apparatus (By similarity). Plays a role in the shedding of pathogen spores from intestinal cells (PubMed:24843160).
Belongs to the SMC family. SMC4 subfamily.
Central component of the condensin I-like dosage compensation complex that associates specifically with hermaphrodite X chromosomes to reduce their gene transcription throughout development (PubMed:7954812, PubMed:3779843, PubMed:26641248, PubMed:8939870, PubMed:14660541, PubMed:22393255, PubMed:19119011). Its strong similarity with the condensin subunit smc4 suggests that it may reduce the X-chromosome transcript level by condensing the chromatin structure during interphase (PubMed:8939870). Involved in the recruitment of the dosage compensation proteins mix-1 and dpy-21 to the X chromosome (PubMed:14660541, PubMed:9458050). Might be involved in the reduction of histone H4 lysine 16 acetylation (H4K16ac) on dosage compensated X chromosomes (PubMed:22393255). As a member of the dosage compensation complex, also binds to regulatory regions of the autosomal her-1 gene, required for male development, possibly contributing to its repression in hermaphrodites (PubMed:11937488). Also plays a role in the regulation of growth and body fat metabolism downstream of the TOR complex 2 pathway (PubMed:23884442).
Component of the dosage compensation complex, which contains the mix-1/SMC2 and dpy-27/SMC4 heterodimer, and three non SMC subunits that probably regulate the complex: dpy-26, capg-1 and dpy-28 (PubMed:8939870, PubMed:15557118, PubMed:18198337, PubMed:19781752, PubMed:19119011). Within the complex, interacts with dpy-28, mix-1, dpy-26 and capg-1 (PubMed:15557118, PubMed:18198337, PubMed:19781752, PubMed:19119011, PubMed:9458050, PubMed:28301465). Interacts with dpy-21 (PubMed:14660541). Interacts with dpy-28; the interaction is required for dpy-28 protein stability and dpy-28 association with the X chromosome (PubMed:18198337). Interacts with smcl-1 (PubMed:28301465).
Consists of two putative central coiled-coil regions flanked by putative globular regions at the N- and C-termini.
Expressed in embryos and early-staged larvae (PubMed:7954812). Also expressed in adult gut nuclei (PubMed:14660541).
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes derepression of X chromosome linked genes in embryos and in larval stages L1 and L3 (PubMed:26641248). Leads to an increase of 'Lys-16' acetylation of histone H4 (H4K16ac) on hermaphrodite X chromosomes (PubMed:22393255). In the TOR complex 2 mutant background rict-1, suppresses the growth delay and elevated body fat index (PubMed:23884442). In a sex-1 mutant background, leads to high XX-specific embryonic lethality (PubMed:19119011).
Precursor of the egg-yolk proteins that are sources of nutrients during embryonic development (Probable). May play a role in cholesterol uptake. May be involved in thermotolerance (PubMed:24957743).
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes a reduction in the uptake of cholesterol analog dehydroergosterol (DHE). Simultaneous RNAi-mediated knockdown of zmp-2 prevents a reduction in survival upon heat stress.
Synthesized in Caenorhabditis only by 32 cells building the intestine of adult hermaphroditic individuals; they are cotranslationally secreted into the body cavity and subsequently taken up by the gonad.
Heterohexamer; composed of 3 copies of tim-9/tin-9.1 and 3 copies of tim-10/tin-10, named soluble 70 kDa complex. The complex associates with the tim-22 component of the TIM22 complex. Interacts with multi-pass transmembrane proteins in transit (By similarity).
Mitochondrial intermembrane chaperone that participates in the import and insertion of multi-pass transmembrane proteins into the mitochondrial inner membrane. May also be required for the transfer of beta-barrel precursors from the TOM complex to the sorting and assembly machinery (SAM complex) of the outer membrane. Acts as a chaperone-like protein that protects the hydrophobic precursors from aggregation and guide them through the mitochondrial intermembrane space (Probable).
The twin CX3C motif contains 4 conserved Cys residues that form 2 disulfide bonds in the mitochondrial intermembrane space. However, during the transit of tim-10/tin-10 from cytoplasm into mitochondrion, the Cys residues probably coordinate zinc, thereby preventing folding and allowing its transfer across mitochondrial outer membrane (By similarity).
Worms a small body size, reduced number of progeny produced and partial embryonic lethality due to defects in import of proteins into mitochondria.
Required for normal somatic gonad development and for regulation of germline development and proliferation.
Worms exhibit slow growth and sterility caused by germline proliferation defective phenotype (Glp) or proximal germ cell proliferation abnormal phenotype (Pro).
Belongs to the MIP/aquaporin (TC 1.A.8) family.
Belongs to the acetyltransferase family. GCN5 subfamily.
Belongs to the transferase hexapeptide repeat family.
Expressed in the pharyngeal neurons, MCL/R and NSML/R and the AS group of amphidial sensory neurons, ASEL/R, AGSL/R, ASHL/R and ASIL/R.
G-protein coupled receptor for tyramine, a known neurotransmitter and neuromodulator and direct precursor of octopamine. Expression in amphidial sensory neurons suggests a role in chemosensation.
Stabilizer subunit of the dolichol-phosphate-mannose synthase complex.
Expressed in the linker cell just before it dies.
In males, promotes linker cell survival.
In males, required for non-apoptotic death of the linker cell once it has finished guiding gonad elongation at the end of larval development. May be involved in nuclear envelope crenellation in the linker cell.
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes the survival of the linker cell in 16 percent of animals.
The coiled-coil domains in isoform d are important for linker cell death.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. rRNA adenine N(6)-methyltransferase family.
Specifically dimethylates two adjacent adenosines in the loop of a conserved hairpin near the 3'-end of 18S rRNA in the 40S particle.
Belongs to the metallo-dependent hydrolases superfamily. HutI family.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. TKL Ser/Thr protein kinase family. RAF subfamily.
Gld-1 binds to the 3'-UTR of lin-45 mRNA and is able to protect nonsense-containing lin-45 mRNA from nonsense mediated decay (NMD).
Interacts with cdf-1 in a zinc-dependent manner which promotes its activity.
Protein kinase that participates in the induction of vulva and has roles in fertility and viability. Acts downstream of the Ras protein let-60 (PubMed:8483497, PubMed:11861555, PubMed:14724126). Required for progression of developing oocytes through the pachytene stage (PubMed:19826475). Plays a role in responses to M.nematophilum-mediated bacterial infection by promoting tail swelling and preventing constipation (PubMed:15268855). Positively regulates lifespan upstream of mek-2 and mpk-1 (PubMed:20624915).
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes a defect in pachytene progression resulting in a proximal gonad devoid of nuclei. The phenotype is more severe in gck-1 (km15) mutant (PubMed:19826475). RNAi-mediated knockdown in adults decreases lifespan (PubMed:20624915).
Belongs to the peroxiredoxin family. AhpC/Prx1 subfamily.
Homodimer; disulfide-linked, upon oxidation.
The active site is a conserved redox-active cysteine residue, the peroxidatic cysteine (C(P)), which makes the nucleophilic attack on the peroxide substrate. The peroxide oxidizes the C(P)-SH to cysteine sulfenic acid (C(P)-SOH), which then reacts with another cysteine residue, the resolving cysteine (C(R)), to form a disulfide bridge. The disulfide is subsequently reduced by an appropriate electron donor to complete the catalytic cycle. In this typical 2-Cys peroxiredoxin, C(R) is provided by the other dimeric subunit to form an intersubunit disulfide. The disulfide is subsequently reduced by thioredoxin.
Thiol-specific peroxidase that catalyzes the reduction of hydrogen peroxide and organic hydroperoxides to water and alcohols, respectively. Plays a role in cell protection against oxidative stress by detoxifying peroxides and as sensor of hydrogen peroxide-mediated signaling events.
Belongs to the GST superfamily. Zeta family.
Component of the ribosomal small subunit (SSU) processome.
Required for 40S ribosome biogenesis. Involved in nucleolar processing of pre-18S ribosomal RNA and ribosome assembly.
Expressed at steady levels during development and aging.
Positively modulated by global suppression of translation activated via integrated stress response.
RNAi-mediated knockdown abrogates an increase in hydrogen-sulfide production in an mTORC2 subunit rict-1 mutant background.
Transcription factor (By similarity). Involved in positively modulating longevity and stress tolerance, probably acting by positively regulating expression of transsulfuration enzyme cth-2, leading to increased hydrogen sulfide production and therefore increased protein persulfidation, a protective modification of redox-reactive cysteines (PubMed:35181679). May mediate longevity and increased stress resistance induced by mTORC1 suppression (PubMed:35181679).
Heterohexamer; composed of 3 copies of ddp-1/tim-8 and 3 copies of tin-13/tim-13, named soluble 70 kDa complex. Associates with the TIM22 complex, whose core is composed of tim-22.
Mitochondrial intermembrane chaperone that participates in the import and insertion of some multi-pass transmembrane proteins into the mitochondrial inner membrane (By similarity). Also required for the transfer of beta-barrel precursors from the TOM complex to the sorting and assembly machinery (SAM complex) of the outer membrane (By similarity). Acts as a chaperone-like protein that protects the hydrophobic precursors from aggregation and guide them through the mitochondrial intermembrane space (By similarity). The ddp-1/tim-8-tim-13 complex mediates the import of some proteins while the predominant tim-9/tin-9.1-tim-10/tin-10 70 kDa complex mediates the import of much more proteins (PubMed:15485840).
The twin CX3C motif contains 4 conserved Cys residues that form 2 disulfide bonds in the mitochondrial intermembrane space. However, during the transit of ddp-1/tim-8 from cytoplasm into mitochondrion, the Cys residues probably coordinate zinc, thereby preventing folding and allowing its transfer across mitochondrial outer membrane.
Worms display mitochondria with an interconnected morphology, presumably due to defects in the assembly of outer membrane fission/fusion components.
This protein is a component of ribonucleosomes. Overexpression gradually increases telomere length, leading to increase lifespan.
Required for the directional control of distal tip cell migration during gonadogenesis, probably by recruiting fibulin fbl-1 to the gonad basement membrane.
Embryonic lethality with cells differentiating, but failing to become organized (PubMed:11877381). External hypodermal cells fail to spread over and enclose the embryo, but instead cluster on the dorsal side (PubMed:11877381). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in reduced egg laying and in defective endocytosis by oocytes characterized by an accumulation of aggregated yolk protein in the pseudocoelomatic space (PubMed:19798448). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in abherrent inx-3-positive gap junction formation along the adjoining membranes of EA and EP endodermal precursor cells at the 16-24 cell stage of embryogenesis (PubMed:33238150).
Rac effector required for tissue morphogenesis, cell migrations and egg laying (PubMed:11877381). May play a role in egg laying and in yolk protein clatherin-mediated endocytosis by oocytes during oogenesis (PubMed:19798448). Plays a role in the formation of gap junctions between EA and EP endodermal precursor cells in embryos (PubMed:33238150).
Subunit of the non-synaptic neuronal acetylcholine receptor, which may play a role in chemotaxis towards choline. After binding choline or acetylcholine, the AChR responds by an extensive change in conformation that affects all subunits and leads to opening of an ion-conducting channel across the plasma membrane (PubMed:9860996, PubMed:11273652).
The functional receptor is a heteromer of deg-3 and des-2. Interacts with ric-3; which is required for proper receptor folding.
This locus is redundant or nonessential as suppression of deg-3 function results in wild-type revertants.
Catalyzes the production of trehalose from glucose-6-phosphate and UDP-alpha-D-glucose in a 2 step process.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the gob-1 trehalose phosphatase family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the glycosyltransferase 20 family.
Belongs to the 2-oxoacid dehydrogenase family.
Conjugated to lgg-3/ATG12; which is essential for autophagy.
Involved in autophagic vesicle formation (By similarity). Conjugation with lgg-3/ATG12, through a ubiquitin-like conjugating system involving atg-7 as an E1-like activating enzyme and atg-10 as an E2-like conjugating enzyme, is essential for its function (By similarity). Most likely a component of an atg-5-lgg-3-atg-16 complex that promotes autophagosome formation by associating with lgg-2, but not lgg-1, at the preautophagosomal membrane (PubMed:24185444). Probably, as part of an atg-5-lgg-3-atg-16 complex, required for lgg-1 lipidation; the complex acts as an E3-like enzyme promoting atg-3-mediated lgg-1 lipidation (Probable). Furthermore, association with atg-16.2 is required for the nucleation of lgg-1 positive autophagic vesicles (PubMed:24185444).
Most likely a component of a complex at least containing atg-5, lgg-3/ATG12, atg-16.1 and/or atg-16.2 (Probable). Interacts with lgg-3/ATG12 (By similarity). Interacts with atg-16.1 (via N-terminus) and atg-16.2 (via N-terminus) (PubMed:24185444).
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 18 family.
Belongs to the ATP:guanido phosphotransferase family.
Component of a heterotertrameric COPII coat complex composed of npp-20 and sec-31 (Probable). Probably part of the GATOR complex.
Functions as a component of the nuclear pore complex (NPC) and the COPII coat (By similarity). Required for the nuclear import of hcp-4 during mitotic prophase, this step is essential for centrosome assembly and resolution (PubMed:28122936).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in embryonic lethality (PubMed:12937276, PubMed:28122936). Causes severe defects in mitosis (PubMed:28122936). Cytokinesis is blocked and nucleus formation is impaired after the first embryonic mitosis (PubMed:12937276). Centrosome assembly during prophase and prometaphase and their subsequent resolution are impaired which results from impaired nuclear import of hcp-4 (PubMed:28122936). Impaired sister chromatin segregation (PubMed:28122936).
Displaced anterior nerve ring and neuronal cell migration defects including irregular localization of canal-associated neurons (CAN), hermaphrodite-specific neurons (HSN), anterior lateral microtubule neurons (ALM), and the right (but not the left) Q neuroblast (QR) and its descendants (PubMed:16109397, PubMed:9851916). Axon growth and guidance defects whereby some HSN, male CP neurons and CAN extend ectopic axons or branches, and furthermore some HSN irregularly route towards the ventral midline of the body (PubMed:16109397). Disorganized cells of the anterior ganglion which are normally compacted together when they form the head ganglion in wild-type animals (PubMed:16109397). Double knockout with mom-5 or cwn-2 results in enhanced CAN migration defects (PubMed:16109397). Double knockout with Wnt ligands cwn-1, cwn-2, egl-20 or frizzled protein mom-5 rescues the ALM migration defects in the single cfz-2 knockout (PubMed:16109397). Triple knockout with cwn-1 and cwn-2 results in enhanced neuronal cell migratory defects (PubMed:16109397).
Expressed in two pairs of head neurons and throughout the pharynx.
First expressed at the 100-cell stage of embryogenesis. During embryonic elongation, expressed in anterior, posterior and midbody cells of the embryo and in cellular projections. At hatching, expression is restricted to a few cells in the head and a pair of cells in the tail.
Lys-Thr-X-X-X-Trp motif interacts with the PDZ domain of Dvl (Disheveled) family members and is involved in the activation of the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway.
Receptor for Wnt proteins (PubMed:19855022, PubMed:20711352). Most frizzled receptors are coupled to the beta-catenin canonical signaling pathway, which leads to the activation of disheveled proteins, inhibition of gsk-3 kinase, nuclear accumulation of beta-catenin and activation of Wnt target genes. A second signaling pathway involving PKC and calcium fluxes has been seen for some family members, but it is not yet clear if it represents a distinct pathway or if it can be integrated in the canonical pathway, as PKC seems to be required for Wnt-mediated inactivation of gsk-3 kinase. Both pathways seem to involve interactions with G-proteins (Probable). Required for the migration and axon formation and guidance of different neuronal cell types including canal-associated neurons (CAN), hermaphrodite-specific neurons (HSN), anterior lateral microtubule neurons (ALM), and the right Q neuroblast (QR) and its descendants (PubMed:16109397). Directs ALM migration through frizzled protein mom-5 and Wnt ligands cwn-1, cwn-2 and egl-20 (PubMed:16109397). May act redundantly with mom-5 to direct CAN migration (PubMed:16109397). Plays a role in the organization of head ganglion cells (PubMed:16109397). Probably by acting as a receptor for Wnt ligand cwn-2, plays a role in the positioning of the nerve ring and may in addition positively regulate the neurite outgrowth of RME GABAergic motor neurons along the anterior-posterior axis of the body (PubMed:19855022, PubMed:20711352).
Expressed in somatic cells throughout development (at protein level) (PubMed:23263989). Isoform a: Predominantly expressed in embryos and adults (at protein level) (PubMed:23263989). Isoform c: Abundant at larval stages (at protein level) (PubMed:23263989).
Isoform a: Expressed at high levels in maturing oocytes, but at low levels in the rest of the germ line (at protein level) (PubMed:23263989). Isoform a: Not expressed in the pharynx, germ line and tail (PubMed:27039057). Isoform c: Not expressed in the germ line (at protein level) (PubMed:23263989). Isoform c: Uniformly expressed (PubMed:27039057).
Multimer; in vitro (PubMed:23806335). Interacts (via C-terminus) with dot-1.1 to form a heterodimer known as the zfp-1-dot-1.1 complex or DotCom complex (PubMed:23806335).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in developmental defects such as slow growth, protruding vulva, and a reduced brood size (PubMed:16710447). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in germ line defects, resulting in no embryos or impaired oogenesis (PubMed:23263989). RNAi-mediated knockdown suppresses the multivulval phenotype of the lin-15A-lin15B n765 mutant (PubMed:16507136, PubMed:16710447). RNAi-mediated knockdown shortens the lifespan of daf-2 e1370 mutants (PubMed:27039057).
Recruits the histone methyltransferase dot-1.1 to chromatin to methylate 'Lys-79' of histone H3 and activate transcription (PubMed:23806335). Recognizes and binds histone H3 methylated at 'Lys-4' (H3K4me) at the promoters of target genes (PubMed:23263989). During stress, the zfp-1-dot-1.1 complex also plays a role in the deubiquitination of histone H2B sites, which negatively modulates the RNA polymerase II-induced transcription of highly expressed genes (PubMed:23806335). In response to stress, binds to the pdk-1 promoter to negatively regulate pdk-1 expression, which negatively modulates daf-16/FOXO-mediated gene expression (PubMed:21980302). Thus, most likely via this mechanism, in response to stress, it confers a protective role against neuronal necrosis (PubMed:25422944). Plays a role in Insulin/IGF-1-like signaling (IIS)- and diet restriction-mediated lifespan extension by controlling daf-16/FOXO and pha-4/FOXA recruitment to target promoters (PubMed:27039057). May negatively regulate the expression of genes required for vulval development (PubMed:16507136, PubMed:16710447). May play a role in axon guidance in D-type motor neurons (PubMed:24066155). May suppress sensitivity to RNAi (PubMed:16507136).
Required for migration of HSN motor neurons during embryogenesis.
The PHD-type zinc finger 1 most likely mediates nuclear localization.
The ePHD2 domain folds as an integrated structural module comprizing the C2HC pre-PHD-type 2 zinc finger and the PHD-type 2 zinc finger. It mediates non-specific binding to dsDNA, but does not bind histones in contrast to many PHD-type zinc fingers.
Highly expressed in the pharynx, circumpharyngeal cells, pharyngeal-intestinal valve and a subset of neurons in larval and embryonic stages. Also moderately expressed in the lining of the intestine, coelomocytes, labial process bundles and some hypodermal cells. In adults, it is predominantly expressed in the pharynx, the pharyngeal-intenstinal valve, some circumpharyngeal cells, m3, m4 and m6 pharyngeal muscles, and IL1, OLQ, BAG and ALN neurons. Weaker expression is observed in labial process bundles, coelomocytes, the ventral hypodermal ridge, the vulval hypodermis and the sensory rays of the adult male tail.
Regulates pharyngeal pumping during feeding.
Worms display a reduction in pharyngeal pumping rates, body length and intestine size, as well as a prolonged egg laying period and smaller brood size.
GlcNAcylation at Ser-109 promotes monoubiquitination of Lys-117. It fluctuates in response to extracellular glucose, and associates with transcribed genes (By similarity).
Monoubiquitination of Lys-117 gives a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional activation and is also prerequisite for histone H3 'Lys-4' and 'Lys-79' methylation.
Expressed throughout development from the 1.5 stage of embryogenesis in bodywall muscles.
Stabilizes the attachment of the myofilament lattice to the muscle cell membrane. Isoform b is sufficient for wild-type function.
The initiator methionine of isoform b is removed.
Animals are viable, fertile, egg-laying proficient and coordinated. Abnormal synaptic vesicle clustering in the HSNL motor neuron from larval stage L3 through to adulthood. Reduced accumulation of synaptic vesicle proteins snb-1 and cat-1 in HSNL motor neuron. Defective synapse specificity due to altered distribution of synapses. syg-1 is mis-localized and diffusely distributed on the axon of the HSNL neuron.
Cell adhesion protein (PubMed:15035988). Determines synapse formation (PubMed:15035988, PubMed:21858180, PubMed:24485456). Required for correct localization of syg-1 at synaptic sites (PubMed:15035988).
Expressed in head neurons and body wall muscles during embryogenesis (PubMed:15035988). Expressed in head and body wall muscles and in punctate structures near the ventral nerve cord during larval stages L1 and L2 (PubMed:15035988). Expressed in primary vulval epithelial cells from larval stage L3, with expression increasing upon entry into L4 and diminished within six hours of adulthood (PubMed:15035988, PubMed:18675916).
The cytoplasmic domain is necessary for syg-2 subcellular localization.
The first five extracellular Ig-like domains are required for correct localization of syg-1.
Catalyzes the dehydration of the S-form of NAD(P)HX at the expense of ATP, which is converted to ADP. Together with NAD(P)HX epimerase, which catalyzes the epimerization of the S- and R-forms, the enzyme allows the repair of both epimers of NAD(P)HX, a damaged form of NAD(P)H that is a result of enzymatic or heat-dependent hydration.
Belongs to the sterol desaturase family. SCS7 subfamily.
Binds 2 Zn(2+) ions per subunit that likely form a catalytic dimetal center.
Catalyzes stereospecific hydroxylation of free fatty acids at the C-2 position to produce (R)-2-hydroxy fatty acids, which are building blocks of sphingolipids and glycosphingolipids common in neural tissue and epidermis. Plays an essential role in the synthesis of galactosphingolipids of the myelin sheath. Responsible for the synthesis of sphingolipids and glycosphingolipids involved in the formation of epidermal lamellar bodies critical for skin permeability barrier. Participates in the synthesis of glycosphingolipids and a fraction of type II wax diesters in sebaceous gland, specifically regulating hair follicle homeostasis. Involved in the synthesis of sphingolipids of plasma membrane rafts, controlling lipid raft mobility and trafficking of raft-associated proteins.
Expressed in the nervous system from the three-fold stage of embryonic development.
Required for synapse development in the active zone of presynaptic terminals of specific neurons including serotonergic NSM neurons (PubMed:29160205). The active zone is a protein-dense neuronal region within the presynaptic bouton, from which synaptic vesicles send neurotransmitter signals across the synapse (PubMed:29160205). Plays a role in the recruitment and clustering of synaptic vesicles in the active zone of presynaptic terminals in serotonergic NSM neurons, and coordinates the release of synaptic vesicles at presynaptic terminals to regulate neurotransmission at neuromuscular junctions (PubMed:29160205). Regulates synapse number in inhibitory motor neurons and plays a role in spontaneous postsynaptic synaptic vesicle release in muscle cells (PubMed:29160205).
Expressed in all developmental stages, increasing gradually from embryo to larval L4 stage, decreasing and stabilizing in adult stage (PubMed:18680432). Expressed in intestine in all larval and adult stages, and in a few neuronal and hypodermal cells (PubMed:18680432).
Expressed in intestine, hypodermis and a few neurons.
Induced by treatment with high levels of paraquat, a chemical causing production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), but not by other exogenous stressors, such as heat shock or osmotic stress.
Interacts with E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase wwp-1 (via WW domains).
RNAi-mediated knockown leads to increased cell death, perhaps by apoptosis, in the germline and uterus of hermaphrodites (PubMed:18680432). Lipid contents in the intestine increase (PubMed:18680432). RNAi-mediated knockdown causes reduced ability of dietary restriction to extend lifespan (PubMed:24805825). Abolishes lifespan extension completely on an eat-2 mutant background, independent of whether knockdown is ubiquitous, or targeted only to the intestine (PubMed:24805825). Abolishes lifespan extension on either isp-1;ctb-1 double mutant, or isp-1, gas-1 or mev-1 single mutant backgrounds; knockdown is most effective when applied in early adulthood, rather than during early development (PubMed:31346165). Further decreases the lower movement rates of isp-1;ctb-1 double mutants (PubMed:31346165).
Transcription factor which modulates genes involved in lipid metabolism and the phase I detoxification pathway, including cytochrome P450 oxidases (PubMed:18680432, PubMed:24805825, PubMed:31346165). Required for diet restriction- and mitochondrial dysfunction-mediated lifespan extension, perhaps acting in a ubiquitination-dependent manner (PubMed:24805825, PubMed:31346165). Involved in the response to oxidative stress (PubMed:31346165). Plays a role in cell death (PubMed:18680432).
Ubiquitinated; probably preferentially monoubiquitinated by wwp-1.
Catalyzes the reversible isomerization between hydroxypyruvate and 2-hydroxy-3-oxopropanoate (also termed tartronate semialdehyde).
Acts downstream of the receptor complex composed of ilcr-1 and ilcr-2, which is a signaling complex that modulates neuronal activity and animal behavior in response to sensory neuron input. Mediates signaling of the complex.
Belongs to the nematode receptor-like protein srb family.
Belongs to the cation transport ATPase (P-type) (TC 3.A.3) family. Type IIC subfamily.
Required for the processing of the 27S pre-rRNA.
Expressed in the ADL, ADF and ASH chemosensory neurons in the head and in the PHA and PHB chemosensory neurons in the tail. Low expression also observed in the egg-laying structures in the mid-body region.
Mediates recognition and avoidance of Streptomyces species by detecting dodecanoic acid secreted by the bacteria. Also mediates avoidance of decanoic acid which is not secreted by Streptomyces species but this may represent an additional important avoidance response in the environment.
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in defective head and tail avoidance responses to Streptomyces and to dodecanoic acid. It also results in severely reduced calcium influx into ASH neurons in response to both S.avermitilis and dodecanoic acid.
Belongs to the complex I LYR family. SDHAF3 subfamily.
Interacts with the iron-sulfur protein subunit within the SDH catalytic dimer.
Plays an essential role in the assembly of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), an enzyme complex (also referred to as respiratory complex II) that is a component of both the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and the mitochondrial electron transport chain, and which couples the oxidation of succinate to fumarate with the reduction of ubiquinone (coenzyme Q) to ubiquinol. Promotes maturation of the iron-sulfur protein subunit of the SDH catalytic dimer, protecting it from the deleterious effects of oxidants. May act together with SDHAF1.
Guanylate cyclase involved in the production of the second messenger cGMP (By similarity). Involved in the sensing of CO2 levels and acidity by the BAG neurons. May act as a direct receptor for CO2 and H+ (PubMed:21173231, PubMed:24240097).
Belongs to the snRNP core protein family.
Belongs to the metallo-beta-lactamase superfamily. Glyoxalase II family.
Broadly expressed in neuronal, intestinal and in hypodermal cells, including hyp7 cells, throughout the larval stages and persisting into adulthood.
Nuclear factor that influences the activity of genes involved in vulval development.
The GINS complex plays an essential role in the initiation of DNA replication.
Interacts with phosphatase regulatory subunit rsa-1 and tpxl-1 (PubMed:17218259). May interact with spd-5 (PubMed:17218259). May interact with sys-1 (PubMed:25819561).
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes defects in spindle assembly characterized by kinetochore microtubule instability, a reduction in centrosomal microtubules and a decrease in outgrowth of microtubule plus ends from centrosomes (PubMed:17218259). Also causes a reduction of sys-1/beta-catenin enrichment at centrosomes throughout early embryonic cleavages (PubMed:25819561). Increases sys-1 nuclear accumulation without affecting sys-1 asymmetric distribution in E and MS blastomers (PubMed:25819561).
Recruits rsa-1 and, thereby, phosphatase let-92/paa-1 complex to the centrosomes (PubMed:17218259). Recruits sys-1/beta-catenin to mitotic centrosomes during the first embryonic cell divisions (PubMed:25819561).
Transcription elongation factor implicated in the maintenance of proper chromatin structure in actively transcribed regions.
Belongs to the iron/manganese superoxide dismutase family.
Destroys superoxide anion radicals which are normally produced within the cells and which are toxic to biological systems.
Expressed in gut cells and mature sperm stored in the spermatheca.
Expressed in the developing germ line and throughout embryogenesis and the L1-L4 larval stages.
Probable component of the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), a cell cycle-regulated E3 ubiquitin ligase that controls progression through mitosis and the G1 phase of the cell cycle. The APC/C complex acts by mediating ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of target proteins. Required for the metaphase to anaphase transition in meiosis.
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in both viable and inviable embryos, but eventually animals display germline maintenance defects and become sterile (PubMed:11861581). Double RNAi-mediated knockdown and/or mutagenesis with such-1 results in increased embryonic lethality and the production of one-cell arrested embryos (PubMed:20944012).
The APC/C complex is probably composed of at least 12 subunits: apc-2, apc-10, apc-11, cdc-26, emb-1, emb-27, emb-30, mat-1, mat-2, mat-3, such-1 and gfi-3.
Plasma membrane transporter mediating the uptake by cells of the water soluble vitamin B2/riboflavin that plays a key role in biochemical oxidation-reduction reactions of the carbohydrate, lipid, and amino acid metabolism.
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes a severe reduction in the number of laid eggs.
Defective P granule organization and degradation (PubMed:20550938). Early autophagic structures and lgg-1 puncta form an irregular shape and clump together (PubMed:20550938). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in increased lgg-2-positive autophagosomes following fertilization and at later embryonic stages (PubMed:24374177).
Ubiquitously expressed during embryogenesis.
Downstream effector molecule involved in the transmission of signals from tyrosine kinase receptors and small GTPases to the actin cytoskeleton. Promotes formation of actin filaments. Part of the WAVE complex that regulates lamellipodia formation. The WAVE complex regulates actin filament reorganization via its interaction with the Arp2/3 complex.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFS6 subunit family.
Complex I is composed of 45 different subunits. This is a component of the iron-sulfur (IP) fragment of the enzyme (By similarity).
Belongs to the complex I subunit 6 family.
Core subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I) that is believed to belong to the minimal assembly required for catalysis. Complex I functions in the transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme is believed to be ubiquinone (By similarity).
Belongs to the gob-1 trehalose phosphatase family.
Catalyzes the hydrolysis of trehalose 6-phosphate to trehalose and phosphate; prevents the accumulation of toxic levels of trehalose 6-phosphate.
Expression first seen at the 8E cell stage in the embryonic intestine. Expression continues to and includes adulthood. Beginning at the comma stage, additional expression is seen in the head and possibly in the hypodermis. By the twofold stage and continuing into adulthood, expression becomes increasingly widespread, with strong staining in the intestine, pharynx, hypodermis, body wall muscle, tail, and unidentified head neurons.
Lethal at early larval stage. Mutant larvae show intestinal defects, and a high proportion exhibit gut obstruction (gob). No visible phenotype when gob-1 is down-regulated together with the trehalose phosphate synthases tps-1 and tps-2.
Ubiquitously expressed. Strong expression in intestine.
Expressed in amphid sensory neurons (PubMed:20519502, PubMed:29129530). Weakly expressed in body wall muscles (PubMed:20519502). Isoform a: Specifically expressed in ciliated sensory neurons in the head, including the IL1s, OLQ, head CEP, and amphid neurons. In the male tail, expressed in HOA, RnA, and phasmid neurons (PubMed:29129530). Isoform b: Specifically expressed in male and hermaphrodite IL2 ciliated sensory neurons, and in male-specific CEM, HOB and RnB ciliated sensory neurons (PubMed:29129530).
Polyglutamylase which preferentially modifies tubulin (PubMed:29129530, PubMed:27635036). Involved in the side-chain initiation step of the polyglutamylation reaction (PubMed:29129530, PubMed:27635036). By controlling tubulin glutamylation, regulates ciliary specialization and motor-based transport. Promotes the formation of A and B tubule singlets by splaying microtubule doublets in cilia (PubMed:29129530). Together with ttll-4 and 5, required for male mating (PubMed:27635036).
Specifically promotes tubulin glutamylation in a subset of ciliated neurons including amphid, phasmid, CEP and RnA neurons.
Specifically promotes tubulin glutamylation in male ciliated CEM, HOB and RnB neurons that release bioactive extracellular vesicles (PubMed:29129530). Regulates the localization of TRP channel pdk-2 in male CEM, HOB and RnB neurons (PubMed:29129530). Regulates the environmental release of bioactive extracellular vesicles in cilia (PubMed:29129530).
Belongs to the adaptor complexes large subunit family.
Probable adenosyl-L-methionine (AdoMet)-dependent tRNA (uracil-O(2)-)-methyltransferase.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 27 family.
Belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily. Contactin family.
Expressed in neurons including the I1 and I3 pharyngeal interneurons, NSM and VNC motor neurons, HSN and CAN neurons, the ALM and PLM touch receptor neurons and other unidentified head neurons (PubMed:23123963). Expressed in AVG interneurons (PubMed:28901288). Also expressed in somatic muscles, the excretory canal, the excretory cell and the hypodermis (PubMed:23123963).
Expressed throughout embryonic development and adulthood.
Interacts with sax-7; the interaction establishes synaptic connections between neurons.
Probable cell adhesion protein involved in patterning of the nervous system, playing a role in ALM and PLM touch receptor axon growth and VNC axon navigation (PubMed:23123963). By associating with the transmembrane protein sax-7, mediates axonal interactions to establish synaptic connections between the AVG interneuron and the two PHC sensory neurons (PubMed:28901288). Also required for non-neuronal cell migration in the excretory canal, regulating excretory canal elongation and excretory cell morphogenesis (PubMed:23123963). Plays a role in regulating male mating behavior (PubMed:28901288).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in truncated or shorter excretory canals, and also truncated ALM axons that fail to extend above the nerve ring, truncated PLM processes and abnormal VNC axon patterning.
During gonad development, involved in distal tip cell (DTC) migration from the dorsal side of the hermaphrodite body to the midbody which allows for the formation of gonad arms. Role in gonad DTC migration may be in association with integrin related proteins ina-1 and mig-15.
Embryonic lethal. RNAi-mediated knockdown results in gonad distal tip cell (DTC) migration defects whereby DTCs do not migrate to the midbody of the hermaphrodite and as a consequence this leads to abnormal gonadal arm formation during gonad morphogenesis. RNAi-mediated knockdown specifically in gonad DTCs also result in a DTC migration defect in which DTCs migrate away from the hermaphrodite midbody on the dorsal basement membrane. RNAi-mediated knockdown in a unc-6 mutant background results in failed gonad DTC migration to the midbody of the hermaphrodite. RNAi-mediated knockdown with ina-1, mig-15 or talin in an rrf-3 mutant background results in enhanced gonad DTC migration.
Expressed in gonad distal tip cells and gonad sheath cells.
Expressed in somatic gonad precursors Z1 and Z4 in the gonad primordium and later in distal tip cells during the larval stages.
Belongs to the peroxiredoxin family. Prx6 subfamily.
Thiol-specific peroxidase that catalyzes the reduction of hydrogen peroxide and organic hydroperoxides to water and alcohols, respectively.
In the male gonad, probably maintained inactive by swm-1.
Serine protease which, in males, acts as a promoting signal during mating to activate sperm.
Specifically expressed in the male gonad including the seminal vesicle, the valve region and the vas deferens.
Component of the biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles complex-1 (BLOC-1) composed at least of blos-1, blos-2, blos-4, dsbn-1, glo-2, mutd-1 and snpn-1. Interacts with glo-2.
Component of the biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles complex-1 (BLOC-1), a complex involved in gut granule biogenesis. May negatively regulate aerobic respiration through mitochondrial protein lysine-acetylation.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 23 family.
Catalyzes the addition of fucose in alpha 1-6 linkage to the first GlcNAc residue, next to the peptide chains in N-glycans (PubMed:15604090). The addition is prevented if the GlcNAc residue is already fucosylated (PubMed:15604090). Involved in susceptibility to the nematotoxic C.cinerea galectin Cgl2, likely by contributing to the synthesis of core alpha-1,6-fucosylated N-glycans to which Cgl2 binds (PubMed:20062796).
May also use Ca(2+). The enzyme has substantial activity without divalent cations.
Component of an integrin containing attachment complex, which is required for muscle development and maintenance (PubMed:22253611). Probable regulator of cell-extracellular matrix adhesion (PubMed:10893272). Required during initial muscle assembly to form dense bodies and M-lines (PubMed:10893272).
Interacts with pat-4/ILK (PubMed:12015115, PubMed:12781130). Probably forms a complex with pat-4 and pat-6 (PubMed:12781130). Component of an integrin containing attachment complex, composed of at least pat-2, pat-3, pat-4, pat-6, unc-52, unc-97 and unc-112 (PubMed:22253611).
Mainly expressed in muscle cells in both embryos and adults.
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in impaired mobility, mitochondrial fragmentation and disrupted integrin attachment complexes in muscle. This leads to degradation of muscle proteins in the cytosol, myofibrillar defects and disruption of sarcomere organization.
The FERM domain is not correctly detected by PROSITE or Pfam techniques because it contains the insertion of a PH domain.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 37 family.
Component of the spliceosome B complex (By similarity). Homodimer (via LisH domain) (PubMed:27150041). The homodimer interacts (via the N-terminal region including the LisH and CTLH domains) with smu-2, giving rise to a heterotetramer (PubMed:15254247, PubMed:27150041).
Involved in pre-mRNA splicing as a component of the spliceosome (By similarity). Selectively regulates alternative splicing of unc-52 exon 17 (PubMed:11438655, PubMed:15254247). Thus, smu-1 mutants selectively suppress the effects of unc-52 nonsense mutations in exon 17 by promoting the accumulation of unc-52 isoforms that lack exon 17 and enhance the effects of unc-52 mutations that affect the exon 16 splice donor site (PubMed:11438655, PubMed:15254247). In contrast, smu-1 mutants do not suppress unc-52 nonsense mutations in exon 18 (PubMed:11438655).
The WD repeats assemble into a seven-bladed WD propeller.
Ubiquitous. Detected in the intestine and germline in adult hermaphrodites.
Ubiquitous. Detected throughout embryonic and larval development and in adult hermaphrodites.
Expressed in proximal and distal oocytes in female worms but is eliminated from proximal oocytes following mating.
Phosphorylated by cdk-2 which may negatively regulate its expression in distal mitotic germline cells.
RNA-binding protein which recognizes the 5'-UACUCAU-3' RNA consensus sequence (PubMed:24838563). Binds sequences in both the 5'coding and the 3'-UTR region of rme-2 mRNA (PubMed:11562350). Binds sequences in the 3'-UTR region of cye-1 mRNA. Binds to cyb-2.1, cyb-2.2 and cyb-3 mRNA (PubMed:19758560). Binds sequences in the 3'-UTR region of tra-2 mRNA (PubMed:24838563). Germ line-specific tumor suppressor essential for oogenesis (PubMed:7601353). Controls the spatial pattern of translation of multiple oogenesis specific mRNAs (e.g. yolk receptor rme-2) by repression of translation during early meiotic prophase (leptotene to pachytene) and then derepression of translation during diplotene/ diakinesis, following its degradation. Also functions to promote the male sexual fate in the hermaphrodite germline but not the male germline (PubMed:7601353, PubMed:11562350, PubMed:24838563). Represses translation of the vacuolar ATPase component vha-13 in the distal gonad (PubMed:29168500). Functions redundantly with gld-2 to promote the initiation of meiotic development and/or inhibit stem cell proliferation (PubMed:11562350). By regulating cye-1 expression, prevents entry into mitosis in meiotic germline cells (PubMed:19758560, PubMed:21455289).
The KH domain and the Qua2 region are involved in RNA binding.
Undergoes proteasomal degradation in proximal oocytes following mating.
Belongs to the complex I 30 kDa subunit family.
Belongs to the diacylglycerol acyltransferase family.
Belongs to the thiolase-like superfamily. Thiolase family.
Catalyzes the thiolytic cleavage of 3-ketoacyl-CoA with 8-16 carbon residues in the acyl group using a ping-pong mechanism whereby binding to 3-ketooctanoyl-CoA results in the release of acetyl-CoA and the subsequent addition of CoA produces 3-ketohexanohyl-CoA (PubMed:9151950). Involved in the biosynthesis of the dauer pheromone by providing short chains of fatty acid that are attached to the ascarylose sugars of the pheromone (PubMed:19496754, PubMed:19174521).
Expressed in all larval stages with levels peaking at the L3 larval stage and decreasing in the adult.
Expressed in intestine, hypodermis and body-wall muscle.
In short-term culture, loss of the capacity to enter the dauer stage which is associated with a loss in the production of the dauer pheromone. In long-term culture, the capacity to induce the dauer stage is restored and is associated with the accumulation of long fatty acid chain ascarosides (PubMed:19174521). Intestinal expression of daf-22 restores the production of the pheromone (PubMed:19174521). Partial dauer phenotype in only half of mutants when the dauer pheromone is added exogenously (PubMed:19496754). In addition, mutants accumulate large fat granules in the intestine, have a decreased growth rate resulting in smaller adults and have a substantial reduction in brood size (PubMed:19496754).
Belongs to the complex I 51 kDa subunit family.
Core subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I) which catalyzes electron transfer from NADH through the respiratory chain, using ubiquinone as an electron acceptor. Essential for the catalytic activity and assembly of complex I.
Stabilizes the cyclin H-CDK7 complex to form a functional CDK-activating kinase (CAK) enzymatic complex.
Expressed in all larval stages, increasing in level from L1 to L4 and then diminishing in younger and older adults (PubMed:7671813). Expressed in hermaphrodite lateral hypodermal seam cells during the larval L3- to L4-molt stage and into adulthood (at protein level) (PubMed:8756296). Expressed in the hypodermal cells of the head (hyp1-hyp6), tail (hyp8-hyp12), and the large hypodermal syncytium covering most of the animal (hyp7) (at protein level) (PubMed:8756296, PubMed:27401555). Also expressed in some non-hypodermal cells during stages L2 to L4 (at protein level) (PubMed:8756296, PubMed:9334281). Expressed in the anchor cell beginning at the L2 molt or early L3 stage (PubMed:9334281). Male-specific expression in the linker cell (LC), positioned at the tip of the growing end of the gonad at stage L3 (at protein level). Male-specific expression in ventral cord neurons from late L3 stage (at protein level) (PubMed:9986728).
Expressed in all larval stages, increasing in level from L2 to L4 and then diminishing in younger and older adults (PubMed:7671813). Expressed at low level in lateral seam cells in larval L3 stage and up-regulated during L4, including in the major hypodermal syncytium hyp7 (PubMed:32223899).
Expressed in lateral hypodermal seam cells (at protein level).
Interacts (via C-terminus) with transcription cofactor mab-10.
RNAi-mediated knockdown abolished expression of collagen col-38 at mid-to-late larval stage L4 (PubMed:29604168). Knockdown, whether untargeted, or hypodermis-specific, represses intestinal genes involved in fatty acid metabolism and beta-oxidation in the L4 larval stage (PubMed:31974205). Drastically reduces expression of the vitellogenin genes (PubMed:27401555). Knockdown causes transcription factor pqm-1 to accumulate in the intestinal nuclei at adulthood, but has no effect on daf-16 localization (PubMed:27401555).
Transcription factor which regulates the expression of various genes, including those involved in cuticle synthesis and maintenance, such as collagens, and in lipid metabolism (PubMed:7671813, PubMed:29604168, PubMed:31974205, PubMed:27401555). Binds to promoter regions of genes, at 5'-[(T/G)TTTTTT(A/T/C/G)]-3' consensus sequences (PubMed:29604168, PubMed:25905672). Heterochronic protein which controls the choice of stage specific cell fates, including at the juvenile to adult transition (PubMed:7671813, PubMed:32223899). Promotes differentiation, together with transcriptional cofactor mab-10, perhaps as part of a transcriptional complex (PubMed:21862562). Required for vulval morphogenesis and egg laying; perhaps by acting in a subset of the lateral seam cells (PubMed:9334281). Involved in the exit of seam cells from the cell cycle (PubMed:32223899). Required for specification of uterine pi-cell fate, acting upstream of lin-12 Notch signaling, perhaps via maintenance of lag-2 expression in the anchor cell (AC) (PubMed:11114514). Involved in morphogenesis of the specialized male tail used in mating (PubMed:9986728). Acts cell non-autonomously from the hypodermis to regulate expression of genes in the intestine, including genes involved in lipid metabolism (PubMed:31974205, PubMed:27401555). May regulate vitellogenesis via the mTORC2 signaling mediated pathway, independently of daf-16 (PubMed:27401555). May promote nuclear accumulation of mab-10 in seam cells post-transcriptionally (PubMed:21862562). Dispensable for seam cell fusion (PubMed:32223899).
Component of the general transcription and DNA repair factor IIH (TFIIH) core complex, which is involved in general and transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair (NER) of damaged DNA and, when complexed to CAK, in RNA transcription by RNA polymerase II. In NER, TFIIH acts by opening DNA around the lesion to allow the excision of the damaged oligonucleotide and its replacement by a new DNA fragment. In transcription, TFIIH has an essential role in transcription initiation. When the pre-initiation complex (PIC) has been established, TFIIH is required for promoter opening and promoter escape. Phosphorylation of the C-terminal tail (CTD) of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II by the kinase module CAK controls the initiation of transcription.
Part of a TFIID-containing RNA polymerase II pre-initiation complex that is composed of TBP and at least GTF2A1, GTF2A2, GTF2E1, GTF2E2, GTF2F1, GTF2H2, GTF2H3, GTF2H4, GTF2H5, GTF2B, TCEA1, ERCC2, ERCC3, TAF1, TAF2, TAF3, TAF4, TAF5, TAF6, TAF7, TAF8, TAF9, TAF10, TAF11, TAF12 and TAF13. Component of the 7-subunit TFIIH core complex composed of XPB/ERCC3, XPD/ERCC2, GTF2H1, GTF2H2, GTF2H3, GTF2H4 and GTF2H5, which is active in NER. The core complex associates with the 3-subunit CDK-activating kinase (CAK) module composed of CCNH/cyclin H, CDK7 and MNAT1 to form the 10-subunit holoenzyme (holo-TFIIH) active in transcription. Interacts with RARA; the interaction requires prior phosphorylation of RARA on 'Ser-369' which then enhances interaction of RARA with CDK7.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. TRM5/TYW2 family.
Specifically methylates the N1 position of guanosine-37 in various cytoplasmic and mitochondrial tRNAs. Methylation is not dependent on the nature of the nucleoside 5' of the target nucleoside. This is the first step in the biosynthesis of wybutosine (yW), a modified base adjacent to the anticodon of tRNAs and required for accurate decoding.
Expressed in most cells of the early embryo. From the two-cell stage until late embryogenesis, expression is restricted to pharyngeal cells. Detected in two intestinal cells during the larval stage.
Forms homohexameric rings. May form a dodecamer with ruvb-2 made of two stacked hexameric rings.
Possesses single-stranded DNA-stimulated ATPase and ATP dependent DNA helicase (3' to 5') activity suggesting a role in nuclear processes such as recombination and transcription (By similarity). May participate in several chromatin remodeling complexes that mediate the ATP-dependent exchange of histones and remodel chromatin by shifting nucleosomes (By similarity). Involvement in these complexes is likely required for transcriptional activation of selected genes and DNA repair in response to DNA damage (By similarity). Involved in the Ce-Tor signaling pathway whereby it is required for the accumulation and localization of box C/D snoRNP to nucleoli to regulate ribosomal maturation and thus protein synthesis (PubMed:18804378). Antagonizes the transcriptional activity of transcription factor pha-4, to control postembryonic development and adult longevity (PubMed:17720918, PubMed:18804378). Has a role in pharyngeal development (PubMed:17720918). Has a role in gonadal development (PubMed:25437307).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in arrest at larval stage L3, with less than 40% forming a mature vulva, lipid accumulation, epidermal granule formation and reduced protein synthesis (PubMed:17720918, PubMed:18804378). There is also gonadal detachment during gonad migration (PubMed:25437307).
Required for the proper orientation of spindles after the establishment of polarity (PubMed:9477332, PubMed:14534135). May play a role in interactions between the astral microtubules and the cortical cytoskeleton (PubMed:9477332). Required for asymmetric forces on nuclei and spindles (PubMed:9477332). Acts downstream of the PAR signaling as an intermediate that transduces polarity information to the machinery that positions the mitotic spindle, possibly by regulating force generation (PubMed:12223405). Regulates gpr-1/2 asymmetric cortical localization during the first embryonic cell divisions (PubMed:14534135). Acts antagonistically to the gpr-1/2 signaling pathway (PubMed:14534135). Regulates mes-1 expression and/or localization pattern during early embryogenesis (PubMed:11003841).
Accumulation of fat, pigmented intestine, increased lifespan, increased dauer formation and increased resistance to pathogens. Severe loss of function mutants display recessive early embryonic lethality (PubMed:9252323, PubMed:9790527, PubMed:11274053, PubMed:18782349, PubMed:18245374). RNAi-mediated knockdown in germline, hypodermis, intestine or in muscles causes increased lifespan (PubMed:24332851, PubMed:28853436). RNAi-mediated knockdown in a ncl-1 mutant (e1942) background reduces the increased longevity of the daf-2 single mutant, and reduces the increased ribosomal protein synthesis in the ncl-1 single mutant (e1942) (PubMed:28853436). RNAi-mediated knockdown in adults causes an increase in lgg-1 positive autophagic vesicles (PubMed:22560223). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in an increase in the number of muscle arm extensions (PubMed:18436204). RNAi-mediated knockdown together with tatn-1 RNAi extends the lifespan of the single daf-2 RNAi mutant (PubMed:24385923).
Autophosphorylation activates the kinase activity (By similarity). Interaction with shc-1 may inhibit its activity (PubMed:18832074).
Insulin receptor-like tyrosine kinase which regulates metabolism, controls longevity and prevents developmental arrest at the dauer stage (PubMed:9252323, PubMed:9790527, PubMed:11743719, PubMed:24332851, PubMed:28853436, PubMed:21334311, PubMed:29500338, PubMed:24385923). Binding of INS family members may either stimulate, or antagonize, association of the receptor with downstream mediators such as pdk-1 and age-1 (PubMed:11274053). Required for germline progenitor proliferation during larval development (PubMed:22278922). Required for the response to environmental stimuli such as light, food, pheromone, and temperature (PubMed:24332851, PubMed:29500338). Negatively regulates resistance to UV and oxidative stress (PubMed:24332851). In a daf-16/FOXO-dependent manner, plays a role in regulating the response to white light (PubMed:29500338). Role in immune function and pathogen resistance (PubMed:18782349). Negatively regulates autophagy (PubMed:22560223). Regulates daf-18/PTEN protein levels (PubMed:23995781). Plays a role in controlling seam cell development during the larval stages (PubMed:21471153).
Tetramer of 2 alpha and 2 beta chains linked by disulfide bonds. The alpha chains contribute to the formation of the ligand-binding domain, while the beta chains carry the kinase domain (By similarity). Interacts (via cytoplasmic domain) with shc-1 (PID domain) (PubMed:18832074). Interacts (via kinase domain) with daf-18 (via C-terminus) (PubMed:23995781).
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL16 family.
Component of the large ribosomal subunit. Mature ribosomes consist of a small (40S) and a large (60S) subunit. The 40S subunit contains about 33 different proteins and 1 molecule of RNA (18S). The 60S subunit contains about 49 different proteins and 3 molecules of RNA (28S, 5.8S and 5S) (By similarity).
Expressed in neurons, including neurons in the head, the ventral nerve cord, and the preanal ganglion.
G-protein coupled receptor for FARP(FMRFamide related peptide) neuropeptides (PubMed:12821653, PubMed:14555955). Activated by FARP neuropeptides flp-18 and flp-21 (PubMed:12821653, PubMed:14555955). Plays a role in modulating social and feeding behavior (PubMed:9741632). Required to modulate locomotion quiescence during the sleep-like state called lethargus, which occurs during molting between larval and adult stages, in part by regulating touch sensitivity (PubMed:23764289, PubMed:27585848).
It has been reported that many phenotypes associated with the Bristol N2 reference allele of npr-1 may reflect a neomorphic gain-of-function sensitivity of the receptor to flp-18 in addition to sensitivity to flp-21.
F-type ATPases have 2 components, CF(1) - the catalytic core - and CF(0) - the membrane proton channel.
Mitochondrial membrane ATP synthase (F(1)F(0) ATP synthase or Complex V) produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane which is generated by electron transport complexes of the respiratory chain. F-type ATPases consist of two structural domains, F(1) - containing the extramembraneous catalytic core, and F(0) - containing the membrane proton channel, linked together by a central stalk and a peripheral stalk. During catalysis, ATP synthesis in the catalytic domain of F(1) is coupled via a rotary mechanism of the central stalk subunits to proton translocation. Part of the complex F(0) domain. Minor subunit located with subunit a in the membrane.
In the central section; belongs to the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase family.
Probable inositol 5-phosphatase which regulates synaptic vesicle recycling in neurons by regulating clathrin-mediated endocytosis.
The Pro-rich domain is dispensable for endocytosis during the synaptic vesicle recycling, locomotion and for endogenous and evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSC) at neuromuscular junctions (PubMed:21029864, PubMed:25918845). May play a role together with the SAC domain in targeting unc-26 to synapses (PubMed:25918845).
The SAC domain, but not is catalytic activity, is required for targeting unc-26 to synapses, for locomotion and for normal endogenous and evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSC) at neuromuscular junctions.
Viable but small with slow grow and uncoordinated movements (PubMed:10931870, PubMed:21029864). Synaptic vesicles at neuromuscular synapses are reduced, arranged linearly and are dissociated from the synaptic active zone (PubMed:10931870). Several defects in vesicle recycling including accumulation of endocytic pits at the neuromuscular junctions and accumulation of coated vesicles predominantly at synapses of neurons but also near the Golgi in cell bodies of neurons, muscles, hypodermis and gonadal sheath cells (PubMed:10931870). Accumulation of endosome-like compartments in cholinergic and GABA neurons and diffused snb-1/synaptobrevin distribution along the ventral nerve cord (PubMed:10931870). Neurotransmission defects characterized by reduced endogenous frequency of synaptic vesicle fusion, a reduced evoked current amplitude after one stimulation and a faster decline in evoked response caused by multiple responses (PubMed:14622579). Resistant to paralysis induced by Aldicar, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor which causes acetylcholine accumulation (PubMed:14622579).
The proteasome is a multicatalytic proteinase complex which is characterized by its ability to cleave peptides with Arg, Phe, Tyr, Leu, and Glu adjacent to the leaving group at neutral or slightly basic pH. The proteasome has an ATP-dependent proteolytic activity (By similarity).
Homodimer or homotetramer; both forms have similar enzymatic activities.
Expressed in pharyngeal muscles, pharyngeal-intestinal valve, rectal gland cells and arcade cells.
Acetylation of alpha chains at Lys-40 stabilizes microtubules and affects affinity and processivity of microtubule motors. This modification has a role in multiple cellular functions, ranging from cell motility, cell cycle progression or cell differentiation to intracellular trafficking and signaling.
Touch insensitive phenotype, which may be due to defective touch receptor neuron synaptic transmission.
Tubulin is the major constituent of microtubules, a cylinder consisting of laterally associated linear protofilaments composed of alpha- and beta-tubulin heterodimers. Microtubules grow by the addition of GTP-tubulin dimers to the microtubule end, where a stabilizing cap forms. Below the cap, tubulin dimers are in GDP-bound state, owing to GTPase activity of alpha-tubulin. Component of the large-diameter neuronal microtubules which contains 15 protofilaments (PubMed:9885292). Plays a role in mechanosensory transduction (touch sensitivity) (PubMed:9885292, PubMed:19652181).
Undergoes a tyrosination/detyrosination cycle, the cyclic removal and re-addition of a C-terminal tyrosine residue by the enzymes tubulin tyrosine carboxypeptidase (TTCP) and tubulin tyrosine ligase (TTL), respectively.
Dauer defective phenotype in larvae and a reduced stress phenotype in adults (PubMed:9360933). Increased carbonyl accumulation and increased sensitivity to starvation (PubMed:18025456). Increased expression of the srh-234 chemoreceptor during starvation (PubMed:25357003). Increased sensitivity to physical injury and more susceptible to death by nematophagous fungal infection (PubMed:24146615). Increased lifespan (PubMed:23805378). Causes a delay in apoptosis during embryonic development (PubMed:25383666). Defective gustatory associative learning in response to salt cues (PubMed:30779740). RNAi-mediated knock-down reduces expression of daf-16 target genes and genes up-regulated in response to nematophagous fungal infection such as sod-3 (PubMed:24146615). RNAi-mediated knockdown causes reduced ability of dietary restriction to extend lifespan (PubMed:17900900). Simultaneous RNAi-mediated knockdown of metalloproteinase zmp-2 restores normal survival upon heat stress and prevents increased susceptibility to heat stress in a daf-9 or daf-12 mutant background (PubMed:24957743). RNAi-mediated knockdown in a daf-2 (e1370) mutant background restores expression of deubiquitinase ubh-4 in the intestine (PubMed:23770237). RNAi-mediated knockdown suppresses the decreased number of mitotic nuclei in the germline of developing larvae in an atg-18 (gk378) or atg-16.2 (ok3224) mutant background. Suppresses associative memory, axon regeneration and fkh-9 transcript levels, in a daf-2 mutant background. RNAi-mediated knockdown in the first generation offspring (F1) of adults fed a high-fat diet prevents lipid accumulation (PubMed:35140229).
Expressed in embryos, larvae, dauer larvae and adults.
Expression increases substantially with age.
Expression throughout the body increases slightly with age.
Forkhead-type transcription factor (PubMed:9360933). Binds to the promoters of genes that contain the daf-16/FOXO binding element (DBE), TTGTTTAC, in their regulatory region (PubMed:10880363, PubMed:23770237, PubMed:26675724). Functions in the Insulin/IGF-1-like signaling (IIS) mediated pathway which affects lipogenesis, lifespan, starvation survival, heat shock and oxidative stress responses, sleep, associative memory, and dauer formation (PubMed:9360933, PubMed:8247153, PubMed:11747821, PubMed:11747825, PubMed:11381260, PubMed:14622602, PubMed:12750521, PubMed:17900900, PubMed:18358814, PubMed:18762027, PubMed:18832074, PubMed:19103192, PubMed:21531333, PubMed:22081913, PubMed:29523076, PubMed:26675724). Longevity signaling predominantly arises from expression in the intestine (PubMed:14622602). Transcriptional activity of daf-16/FOXO is negatively regulated by interaction with host cell factor homolog hcf-1; and by cytoplasmic sequestration by association with ftt-2 (PubMed:11381260, PubMed:21531333, PubMed:18828672). Inhibition is required for the carbon dioxide (CO2) avoidance response (PubMed:18524954). Upon loss of inhibition, daf-16 translocates to the nucleus to regulate genes that result in delayed reproduction and growth while increasing stress resistance starvation tolerance and longevity (PubMed:11747825, PubMed:21531333). Association with arginine methyltransferase prmt-1 prevents phosphorylation and allows for translocation to the nucleus and the subsequent transcription of longevity-related genes (PubMed:21531333). Modulation of its activity by cGMP levels in sensory neurons regulates lifespan (PubMed:19489741). Has a protective role against muscle dystrophy (PubMed:18397876). Involved in mediating protection against aberrant protein aggregation proteotoxicity (PubMed:16902091). Influences transcription of genes that code for proteins involved in immunity as part of a general stress response (PubMed:17096597, PubMed:18245330). Targets genes that inhibit and stimulate tumor growth (PubMed:17934462). Targets kinases, phosphatases and transcription factors that are primarily involved in signaling and gene regulation (PubMed:24516399). Thought to regulate ins-7 in FOXO-to-FOXO signaling, which coordinates daf-16 expression (PubMed:18025456). Activity is positively regulated by shc-1-mediated inhibition of daf-2 and activation of JNK pathway (PubMed:18832074). Functions by indirect interaction with jnk-1 of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway (PubMed:17894411). Involved in increased proteasome activity by activating expression of rpn-6.1 in response to proteotoxic stress, leading to enhanced assembly of the 26S proteasome, followed by higher proteasome activity (PubMed:22922647). Also regulates proteasome activity in the intestine by preventing expression of deubiquitinase ubh-4 (PubMed:23770237). Represses transcription of natc-1 (PubMed:25330323). Involved in regulation of srh-234 expression (PubMed:25357003). Binds to the promoter of the AMPK-gamma regulatory subunit, aakg-4, and activates its transcription (PubMed:24516399). Also activates transcription of AMPK-gamma regulatory subunit, aakg-1 (PubMed:24516399). Maintains endoplasmic reticulum (ER) function by inducing protein degradation and elimination to remove misfolded secretory proteins from the ER independently of the ire-1/xbp-1 unfolded protein response pathway (PubMed:25448701). Regulates epidermal innate immunity to nematophagous fungal infection and physical wounding which trigger bli-3 induced ROS release, leading to daf-16 activation independently of daf-2 signaling (PubMed:24146615). May negatively regulate resistance to stress caused by oxidized cholesterol adducts by preventing the activation of daf-9 and nuclear hormone receptor daf-12, two members of the steroid signaling pathway (PubMed:24957743). Promotes apoptosis during embryonic development (PubMed:25383666). Probably through the regulation of the autophagy genes atg-18 and atg-16.2, plays a role in regulating stem cell number in the germline during larval development (PubMed:28285998). Plays a role in learning and memory; including associative memory, and aversive gustatory associated learning known as salt avoidance learning (PubMed:26675724, PubMed:30779740). Plays a role in regulating gene transcription in response to white light exposure (PubMed:29500338). Binds to the promoter of dex-1 to positively regulate its expression in seam cells during the dauer phase (PubMed:30409788). Plays a role in transgenerational lipid accumulation in response to a high-fat diet (PubMed:35140229).
Functions in the Insulin/IGF-1-like signaling (IIS) mediated pathway (PubMed:24834345). May play a role in lifespan modulation, but less significant than that played by isoforms d and f (PubMed:24834345).
Functions in the Insulin/IGF-1-like signaling (IIS) mediated pathway (PubMed:24834345). Transcript level in the early adult may play a role in lifespan modulation, but effect is more significant than that played by isoform a (PubMed:24834345).
Interacts with rle-1 (PubMed:17276341). Interacts with unc-43 and tax-6 (PubMed:23805378). Interacts with jnk-1 (PubMed:15767565). Interacts with ftt-2 (PubMed:16777605, PubMed:21531333). Interacts with prmt-1 (PubMed:21531333). Interacts with hcf-1.
Isoform b and isoform c are expressed in ectoderm, muscles, intestine and neurons (PubMed:9353126, PubMed:11747825, PubMed:14622602, PubMed:17894411). Isoform b is also expressed in the pharynx (PubMed:11747821). The intestine appears to be the primary site of longevity function (PubMed:14622602).
Methylation by prmt-1 prevents phosphorylation and promotes translocation to the nucleus to allow for daf-16-dependent transcription.
Phosphorylated by akt-1 and/or akt-2 (PubMed:18358814, PubMed:21531333). Phosphorylated by sgk-1 (PubMed:18358814). Phosphorylated by unc-43 (PubMed:23805378). Phosphorylated by jnk-1 (PubMed:15767565). Dephosphorylated by tax-6 in vitro (PubMed:23805378).
Ubiquitinated. Ubiquitination by rle-1 leads to proteasome-mediated degradation.
The PH domain is required for membrane targeting.
Both zinc fingers are required for DNA binding in vitro.
Expressed from the 28 cell stage of embryogenesis in hypodermal and muscle precursor cells (at protein level) (PubMed:9224715). Expressed from the 20-30 cell stage of embryogenesis onwards (PubMed:16303852). At the beginning of the comma stage, expression decreases in the dorsal and ventral hypodermis, but remains high in the seam cells until the pretzel stage of embryogenesis (PubMed:16303852). Expressed in neuronal cells of the retrovesicular ganglion during the threefold stage of embryogenesis (PubMed:16303852). Expressed highly in seam cells and retrovesicular ganglion and ventral cord neuronal cells from the L1 stage of larval development to adult (PubMed:16303852). Expressed in the sperm-producing germ line in spermatogenesis during the L4 stage of larval development (PubMed:19591818).
Expressed in ventral cord and retrovesicular ganglion neurons. Expressed in vulval muscles of hermaphrodites and lateral seam and tail seam cells of males. Expressed in spermatozoa within the spermatheca of hermaphrodites.
Mainly embryonic lethal (PubMed:9224715). Mutants have defective body morphogenesis (PubMed:9224715). Embryos have few or no hypodermal cells, but more neuronal and muscle cells due to defective cell divisions and cell fate specification of ABarp- and ABpla-derived and C blastomere hypodermal precursor cells of the blastomere (PubMed:9224715). Defective alae formation and bursting vulva phenotype at the L4 stage of larval development (PubMed:25816370). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in a reduced brood size, complete or half-sterility and male tail defects (PubMed:19591818). Sterility may be due to sperm infertility and sperm morphological and mobility defects (PubMed:19591818). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in flaccidity, locomotion defects, herniating gonad and gross cuticle abnormalities which may be attributed to seam cell loss, and abnormal tail morphology and reduced tail seam cells in males (PubMed:16303852). Ninety percent of embryos produced by animals fed RNAi for more than 10 hours arrest early in development (PubMed:16303852). Embryos laid 6-10 hours after RNAi administration develop to the L1 stage of larval development, but display a lumpy dumpy phenotype with reduced elt-3 expression in dorsal and ventral hypodermal cells and greatly reduced seam cells with disorganised alignment and abnormal fusion of present seam cells (PubMed:16303852). RNAi-mediated knockdown at the L1, L2 or L3 larval stages results in a general loss of structural integrity 2-4 hours following the L4 larval stage to adult molt transition (PubMed:16303852). RNAi-mediated knockdown in temperature sensitive mutants leads to abnormal dauer formation with the majority of larvae arresting and appearing dauer-like following 30-35 hours after RNAi feeding (PubMed:16303852). Surviving larvae are wider in diameter than wild-type, have reduced motility, no pharyngeal pumping, granular appearance of the hypodermal and gut cytoplasm and dauer-like gonad morphology (PubMed:16303852). 40 and 60 hours post RNAi feeding, animals demonstrate seam cell defects that manifest as cuticle abnormalities (PubMed:16303852). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in fewer seam cells and seam cell defects including cell division, proliferation and fusion abnormalities and cell fate switching (PubMed:21829390).
Transcriptional activator that binds to the consensus sequence 5'-[AT]GATA[AG]-3' and variations thereof (PubMed:19591818, PubMed:21829390). During embryonic development, required for specification of cell fate of major hypodermal (epidermal) cells at the blastomere stage (PubMed:9224715, PubMed:16303852, PubMed:11259601). The requirement is true for all four lineages derived from ABarp, ABpra and C blastomeres (PubMed:9224715). Required for seam cell maintenance in late embryogenesis, for proper formation of dauer larvae and locomotion (PubMed:16303852). Regulates expression of bro-1, a regulator of seam cell proliferation, via a GATA-like binding motif (PubMed:21829390). Probably represses expression of eff-1 to prevent fusion of seam cells with the hypodermal syncytium (PubMed:21829390). Involved in regulating expression of elt-3, a probable downstream target in hypodermal development pathways, in dorsal and ventral hypodermal cells (PubMed:16303852, PubMed:11259601). During postembryonic development, has a role in sperm development (PubMed:19591818, PubMed:29702639). Specifically, binds the bipartite consensus sequence 5'-AGATCTx(8)GATAA-3' found in genes with sperm-specific expression (PubMed:19591818). Furthermore, regulates timing of developmental steps, possibly in parallel with daf-12, by controlling the expression of the let-7 family of miRNAs which in turn determines the transcription of heterochronic genes such as lin-41 (PubMed:25816370).
Although involved in the same pathway as gon-1 and mig-17, it is probably not cleaved by these metalloproteases.
Expressed from late embryonic stage onwards.
Expressed in head muscle cells, anterior and posterior intestinal cells (PubMed:15556862). Isoform a: Expressed in male and hermaphrodite gonad, anterior and posterior intestine and pharyngeal basement membranes, body-wall muscle, GLR cells, uterine attachment and mechanosensory neurons (PubMed:15556863, PubMed:16120639, PubMed:17043142). Isoform c: Expressed on ALM/PLM mechanosensory neuron attachments, in flexible tracks connecting the pharyngeal, body-wall-muscle basement membranes and in uterine attachments (PubMed:16120639).
Gonads have short and swollen arms. Pharyngeal defects. Movement is lethargic.
Homomultimerizes and interacts with various extracellular matrix components.
Incorporated into fibronectin-containing matrix fibers. Plays a role in cell adhesion and migration along protein fibers within the extracellular matrix (ECM). Important for certain developmental processes and contributes to the supramolecular organization of ECM architecture, in particular to those of basement membranes.
Involved in regulating the shape and adhesion of cells in the developing pharynx, intestine, body-wall muscle and gonadal tissue (PubMed:16120639). During gonadogenesis, regulates the width of gonads and the migration of distal tip cells (DTC) (PubMed:15556862, PubMed:17043142, PubMed:22298704). Together with type IV collagen let-2 and downstream of metalloprotease mig-17, recruits nidogen nid-1 to the gonad basement membrane thereby inducing basement membrane remodeling required for the directional migration of DTCs (PubMed:15556863, PubMed:19104038). Acts antagonistically with metalloprotease gon-1 to maintain optimal levels of type IV collagen emb-9 in the gonad basement membrane during gonadogenesis (PubMed:15556862, PubMed:17043142, PubMed:22298704). Required for larval development (PubMed:17043142).
Involved in the assembly of the flexible hemicentin-containing tracks found joining the pharynx and body-wall-muscle basement membranes.
Belongs to the type II topoisomerase family.
Binds two Mg(2+) per subunit. The magnesium ions form salt bridges with both the protein and the DNA. Can also accept other divalent metal cations, such as Mn(2+) or Ca(2+).
Control of topological states of DNA by transient breakage and subsequent rejoining of DNA strands. Topoisomerase II makes double-strand breaks (By similarity).
Expressed both maternally and zygotically throughout development and in adult hermaphrodites (at protein level).
Expressed in the germline (at protein level). In the early embryo is expressed in all cells, then becomes gradually restricted to the germ cell lineage and enriches in P granules (at protein level). In adult hermaphrodites, is expressed in the mitotic region, accumulates during early stages of meiotic prophase I and is slightly less abundant in maturing oocytes (at protein level).
Isoform C interacts (via C-terminus) with gld-3 isoform A (via C-terminus) in an RNA-independent manner. Isoform C interacts with gld-4.
Loss of maternal and zygotic expression causes germline survival defects. Zygotic mutants show a masculinized hermaphrodite germline. At 25 degress Celsius, hermaphrodite zygotic mutants show small oogenic cells that are either arrested in pachytene or have undergone abnormal meiotic prophase progression and failed to arrest in diakinesis, often resulting in endoreduplicating oocyte nuclei.
Required maternally for germline survival by forming a maternal complex with gld-3. During hermaphrodite development forms a complex with gld-3 which promotes the sperm/oocyte switch freeing the translational repressor fbf to turn off sperm promoting factors. Required for proper oocyte differentiation and oogenic meiotic arrest. Stimulates the enzymatic activity of gld-4 and together they prevent gld-1 mRNA degradation.
Trans-spliced exclusively to SL2, suggesting a transcriptional coregulation with the upstream gene dhfr-1.
Expressed in eggs and larvae, but not in adults.
KPSFVRF-amide: Has no effect on somatic body wall muscle, inhibits contraction of vaginal vera muscle, and inhibits the activity of the dissected pharyngeal myogenic muscle system (PubMed:9920762, PubMed:16187307). Acts as a ligand for the npr-22 receptor in vitro (PubMed:16377032).
Belongs to the MICU1 family. MICU1 subfamily.
Expressed at low levels in PLM touch receptor neurons, germ cells, epidermis, and muscles.
Key regulator of mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU). Modulates the activity of the mitochondrial calcium uniporter protein mcu-1 depending on the level of intracellular calcium in PLM touch receptor neurons following axonal injury (PubMed:31983639).
Contains an active site 4-methylidene-imidazol-5-one (MIO), which is formed autocatalytically by cyclization and dehydration of residues Cys-Ser-Gly.
Defective histidine metabolism resulting in elevated histidine levels and resistance to nickel and zinc toxicity. Additionally, slightly resistant to copper, slightly sensitive to cobalt and iron and substantially sensitive to manganese.
Belongs to the intermediate filament family.
Cytoplasmic intermediate filaments provide mechanical strength to cells. Non-essential protein.
Expressed in the larva in the pharyngeal-intestinal valve, the rectum and some neurons of the tail. Highly expressed in the intestine of the newly formed dauer larva. Colocalizes with ifb-1. Not expressed in the intestine of normal developmental stages.
Probably forms some heteromeric filaments with ifb-1.
Belongs to the enhancer of polycomb family.
Belongs to the ADP-dependent glucokinase family.
Catalyzes the phosphorylation of D-glucose to D-glucose 6-phosphate using ADP as the phosphate donor. GDP and CDP can replace ADP, but with reduced efficiency (By similarity).
Abundant at the early larval stage, decreased amounts seen at the fourth larval and the adult stages.
May participate in the axonal transport system and influences the acetylcholine flow in motor neurons (PubMed:1347782, PubMed:8398155). Probably by regulating neuronal transmission downstream of lin-3 and receptor lin-23 and phospholipase plc-3 and upstream of innexin unc-7 and egl-4/PKG in ALA neurons, involved in the decrease in pharyngeal pumping during the quiescent state that precedes each larval molt (PubMed:17891142).
Motor neurons and a limited number of neurons constituting nerve ganglia.
Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as modulators or transducers in various transmembrane signaling systems.
Component of the CSN complex, probably composed of csn-1, csn-2, csn-3, csn-4, csn-5, csn-6 and csn-7. Within the complex it probably interacts directly with csn-1, csn-3 and csn-4.
Essential component of the COP9 signalosome complex (CSN), a complex involved in various cellular and developmental processes. The CSN complex is an essential regulator of the ubiquitin (Ubl) conjugation pathway by mediating the deneddylation of the cullin subunits of the SCF-type E3 ligase complexes, leading to decrease the Ubl ligase activity of SCF. The CSN complex plays an essential role in embryogenesis and oogenesis and is required to regulate microtubule stability in the early embryo. Mediates mei-3/katanin targeting for degradation at the meiosis to mitosis transition via deneddylation of cul-3.
Component of the ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase (cytochrome b-c1 complex, complex III, CIII), a multisubunit enzyme composed of 11 subunits. The complex is composed of 3 respiratory subunits cytochrome b, cytochrome c1 and Rieske protein UQCRFS1, 2 core protein subunits UQCRC1/QCR1 and UQCRC2/QCR2, and 6 low-molecular weight protein subunits UQCRH/QCR6, UQCRB/QCR7, UQCRQ/QCR8, UQCR10/QCR9, UQCR11/QCR10 and subunit 9, the cleavage product of Rieske protein UQCRFS1. The complex exists as an obligatory dimer and forms supercomplexes (SCs) in the inner mitochondrial membrane with NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I, CI) and cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV, CIV), resulting in different assemblies (supercomplex SCI(1)III(2)IV(1) and megacomplex MCI(2)III(2)IV(2)). Interacts with BRAWNIN.
Component of the ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase, a multisubunit transmembrane complex that is part of the mitochondrial electron transport chain which drives oxidative phosphorylation. The respiratory chain contains 3 multisubunit complexes succinate dehydrogenase (complex II, CII), ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase (cytochrome b-c1 complex, complex III, CIII) and cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV, CIV), that cooperate to transfer electrons derived from NADH and succinate to molecular oxygen, creating an electrochemical gradient over the inner membrane that drives transmembrane transport and the ATP synthase. The cytochrome b-c1 complex catalyzes electron transfer from ubiquinol to cytochrome c, linking this redox reaction to translocation of protons across the mitochondrial inner membrane, with protons being carried across the membrane as hydrogens on the quinol. In the process called Q cycle, 2 protons are consumed from the matrix, 4 protons are released into the intermembrane space and 2 electrons are passed to cytochrome c.
Results in abnormal formation of intestinal vacuoles.
Transports phosphatidylserine from the outer to the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane, thereby maintaining the enrichment of this phospholipid in the inner leaflet (PubMed:18436785, PubMed:21170358, PubMed:23427264). Ectopic exposure of phosphatidylserine on the cell surface may result in removal of living cells by neighboring phagocytes (PubMed:18436785). Regulation of the phosphatidylserine distribution in plasma membranes is likely to help in the maintenance and control of the membrane surface charge (PubMed:23427264). Plays a role in the formation of the tubular membrane structure and in membrane trafficking and is specifically involved in the recycling and degradation of endocytic cargo, likely with its chaperone protein chat-1 (PubMed:21170358, PubMed:23427264).
Adds the eighth mannose residue in an alpha-1,6 linkage onto the dolichol-PP-oligosaccharide precursor (dolichol-PP-Man(7)GlcNAc(2)) required for protein glycosylation.
Belongs to the RNA polymerase beta chain family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic RPC3/POLR3C RNA polymerase subunit family.
Component of the RNA polymerase III (Pol III) complex consisting of 17 subunits.
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Specific core component of RNA polymerase III which synthesizes small RNAs, such as 5S rRNA and tRNAs.
Belongs to the purine/pyrimidine phosphoribosyltransferase family.
Associates with cyclin-T (cit-1.1 or cit-1.2) to form P-TEFb.
Essential member of the cyclin-dependent kinase pair (CDK9/cyclin-T) complex, also called positive transcription elongation factor B (P-TEFb), which is proposed to facilitate the transition from abortive to production elongation by phosphorylating the CTD (C-terminal domain) of the large subunit of RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) and spt-5.
Belongs to the gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase family.
Has a role in transport between endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi.
Decapping enzyme for NAD-capped RNAs: specifically hydrolyzes the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) cap from a subset of RNAs by removing the entire NAD moiety from the 5'-end of an NAD-capped RNA.
During the larval stage of development, expressed in uterine muscle progenitors and their descendants in the sex myoblast lineage, but only expressed in type 2 vulval muscle precursor cells of the vulval muscle lineage (PubMed:11799068). In larvae, it is also expressed in a subset of enteric muscle cells including the left and right intestinal muscles and the anal depressor muscle (PubMed:11799068, PubMed:21852953).
Non-striated muscle cell fate specification defects whereby the number of vulval cells is doubled and the number of uterine cells is reduced due to the transformation of uterine cells into vulval cells.
Probable transcription factor required for the cell fate specification of non-striated uterine muscle precursor cells (PubMed:11799068, PubMed:21852953). Furthermore, may function with the transcriptional corepressor unc-37 (PubMed:21852953).
Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 1 family. Vasopressin/oxytocin receptor subfamily.
Detected in the ADL sensory neurons, the RMED and RMEV motor neurons, and the PQR tail neuron (PubMed:23112336). In males, detected in SPC tail neurons involved in spicule penetration and sperm transfer, and male-specific oblique muscles involved in vulval contact (PubMed:23112335).
Not directly activated by nematocin (PubMed:23112336, PubMed:23112335). May modulate activity of the nematocin receptor ntr-1, leading to reduced intracellular cAMP production (PubMed:23112335). Plays a role in male mating behavior (PubMed:23112335).
Viable and fertile. Males have reduced reproductive success, due to a range of aberrant mating behaviors. Double knockouts with ntr-1 partially rescue the reproductive phenotypes.
Component of the IFT complex A (IFT-A) composed of at least che-11, daf-10, dyf-2, ift-139, ift-43 and ifta-1.
Component of the IFT complex A (IFT-A), a complex required for retrograde ciliary transport and entry into cilia of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) (PubMed:28479320). Plays a role in chemotaxis and sensory perception (PubMed:7240452, PubMed:7705621). Required for entry into and exit from the dauer larval stage and this may be mediated by daf-12, daf-16 and daf-41 (PubMed:7240452, PubMed:23284299, PubMed:25830239). Controls the behavioral response, namely the avoidance response, and pathogen-responsive gene expression in the response to pathogenic bacteria such as E.coli and P. aeruginosa (PubMed:23284299).
Sterile. Defective chemotaxis with 86% of mutants exhibiting reduced tracking to the chemoattractant ammonium chloride.
Does not seem to possess aminotransferase activity.
Belongs to the plant self-incompatibility (S1) protein family.
Acetylcholine-gated chloride channel subunit. Currents in channels are triggered in response to acetylcholine. Channel properties may be modulated by the formation of homomeric and heteromeric channels.
Expressed in RIA, RIG, PHA and AIZ glutamatergic neurons, URX and RIH cholinergic neurons, and in male-specific MCM neurons.
Homopentamer (in vitro). May interact with either acc-3 or acc-4; the interactions do not result in significant heteropentameric ion channel activity.
Belongs to the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase [GTP] family.
Constitutively active protein required for microtubule and F-actin growth, structural maintenance and organization during excretory cell tubulogenesis.
Defective cytoskeleton organization characterized by disrupted F-actin and microtubule dynamics leading to abnormal excretory cell tubulogenesis. Specifically, F-actin structure and organization in excretory cell canals throughout life is disrupted and microtubule organizing centers accumulate at the tips of excretory cell canals, with a strong reduction along the canals, and the direction of microtubule growth is altered.
Expressed in the excretory cell and mostly accumulates at the tip of the excretory cell canals.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX47/RRP3 subfamily.
Probable ATP-dependent RNA helicase which may be involved in ribosome biogenesis.
Binding to mppa-1 is required for catalytic activity (PubMed:16788047). Inhibited by metal chelator ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) (PubMed:16788047).
Catalytic subunit of the essential mitochondrial processing protease (MPP), which cleaves the mitochondrial sequence off newly imported precursors proteins (Probable). Preferentially, cleaves after an arginine at position P2 (Probable).
Heterodimer of mppa-1 (alpha) and mppb-1 (beta) subunits, forming the mitochondrial processing protease (MPP) in which mppa-1 is involved in substrate recognition and binding and mppb-1 is the catalytic subunit.
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes 54 percent embryonic lethality (PubMed:16788047). Embryonic lethality is further increased in simultaneous RNAi-mediated knockdown of mmpa-1 and mmpb-1 or ucr-1 and mppb-1 (PubMed:16788047).
Highly expressed in pharynx and posterior part of the intestine. Expressed at lower levels in the body wall muscles, head muscles, and vulva muscles. Highly expressed in the intestine of the early larva, levels decrease in the later stages of development.
Worms display defects in folate uptake, reproduction and movement.
Expressed in body wall muscles, pharyngeal muscles and most neurons at all stages from late embryogenesis until adulthood. Expressed in hypodermal seam cells until the L4 stage.
Heterochronic protein which acts downstream of let-7 in temporal patterning (PubMed:10882102, PubMed:30910805). Plays a role in the developmental timing of postembryonic hypodermal seam cell division and fusion events and adult alae production (PubMed:28933985). Represses lin-29 during late larval stages, which prevents terminal differentiation of hypodermal seam cells and promotes their division (PubMed:10882102). Involved in post-transcriptional gene regulation, uses two independent pathways (PubMed:28157501). Has direct and specific RNA-binding activity and, depending on the location (5'UTR or 3'UTR) of the target site, triggers either mRNA decay or repression of translation (PubMed:28111013, PubMed:30910805). Degrades the mRNA of transcription factor dmd-3 to govern the timing and extent of male tail tip morphogenesis (PubMed:16806150, PubMed:18550714, PubMed:28111013, PubMed:30910805, PubMed:26811380, PubMed:30956008). Plays a role in the sexual maturation of the nervous system (PubMed:31264582).
Negatively regulated by the microRNA (miRNA) let-7 which causes degradation of the mRNA encoding this protein. This requires a let-7 complementary site (LCS) in the 3'-UTR of the mRNA encoding this protein.
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in the precocious onset of tail tip retraction resulting in over-retracted and shortened adult male tails (also known as the Ore phenotype) (PubMed:26811380, PubMed:30956008). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in increased expression of dmd-3.
The NHL domain, containing the 6 NHL repeats, is necessary and sufficient to target RNA but not to repress mRNA. The minimal region needed to execute repression consists of the coiled coil domain and the Filamin repeat. The RING-type domain is dispensable for mRNA repression.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Tyr protein kinase family. SRC subfamily.
Expressed in vulva, cells around anus and pharyngeal muscles.
May be inhibited by csk-1-mediated phosphorylation at Tyr-500.
May be phosphorylated on Tyr-500 by csk-1.
Non-receptor tyrosine-protein kinase which may play a role in larval and pharynx development. Unlike src-1, does not play a role in embryonic development.
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes no obvious effect on embryonic development (PubMed:12527374). Animals have a slight decrease in unc-5 tyrosine phosphorylation (PubMed:16024786).
Belongs to the FAD-dependent glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase family.
Central component of the receptor complex responsible for the recognition and translocation of cytosolically synthesized mitochondrial preproteins (By similarity). Together with tomm-22 functions as the transit peptide receptor at the surface of the mitochondrion outer membrane and facilitates the movement of preproteins into the translocation pore (PubMed:21264209).
Broadly expressed in the nervous system, including head, body and tail neurons.
Chromatin reader protein, involved in positively modulating the rate of age-related behavioral deterioration (PubMed:32103178). Positively modulates the level of global trimethylated 'Lys-9' of histone H3 (H3K9me3), but not of H3K9me2 or H3K9me1 (PubMed:32103178). May repress the expression of mitochondrial function-related genes by occupying their promoter regions, working in concert with histone methyltransferase, set-6 (PubMed:32103178). Involved in modulation of the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPR) (PubMed:32103178). Negatively regulates expression of bas-1, a serotonin (5-HT) and dopamine synthesizing enzyme (DOPA decarboxylase), with aging (PubMed:32103178). Negatively modulates levels of endogenous 5-HT and dopamine with aging (PubMed:32103178). Involved in modulating longevity, probably as a result of enhanced stress resistance via mechanisms related to dietary restriction and mitochondrial function (PubMed:32103178).
RNAi-mediated knockdown prevents age-related decline in the expression of bas-1, a serotonin (5-HT) and dopamine synthesizing enzyme (DOPA decarboxylase) (PubMed:32103178). RNAi-mediated knockdown improves behavioral performance in pharyngeal pumping in aged worms (PubMed:32103178).
Belongs to the helicase family. PIF1 subfamily.
DNA-dependent ATPase and 5'-3' DNA helicase required for the maintenance of both mitochondrial and nuclear genome stability.
Expressed throughout embryogenesis and early larval development, predominantly in hypodermal cells, especially ventral P cells and their descendants.
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes embryonic lethality, vulval and gonad migration defects, and animals that survive have mild to severe body morphology defects (PubMed:26953187). A marker of the lateral hypodermal (seam cell) fate, scm, is expressed ectopically in some P cell nuclei during the early larval L1 stage (PubMed:26953187).
Transcriptional activator (By similarity). Regulates the lateral/ventral epidermal cell fate decision (PubMed:26953187).
Belongs to the non-lysosomal glucosylceramidase family.
Non-lysosomal glucosylceramidase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of glucosylceramide (GlcCer) to free glucose and ceramide.
Belongs to the small GTPase superfamily. Ran family.
Found in a nuclear export complex with RanGTP, exportin and pre-miRNA (By similarity).
Loss of ran-1 results in failure of correct attachment of kinetochore microtubules to mitotic chromosomes and the resultant loss of correct chromosome segregation. The number and the location of centrosomes are normal, and astral mictrotubules also seem unaffected. Nuclear envelope is not reestablished at the end of each cell division.
Ran GTPase system comprises ran-1, ran-2 and ran-3 and is essential in nucleocytoplasmic transport. Ran-1 is a GTP-binding protein that mediates the interaction between mitotic chromosomes and kinetochore microtubules. Plays a crucial role in nuclear envelope assembly at the end of each cell division. Required for the import of protein into the nucleus and also for RNA export. RCC1 (ran-3)/Ran (ran-1) complex (together with other proteins) acts as a component of a signal transmission pathway that detects unreplicated DNA.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class OBG-HflX-like GTPase superfamily. OBG GTPase family. YchF/OLA1 subfamily.
Expressed in the nervous system, pharyngeal muscles and intestine (at protein level).
Hydrolyzes ATP, and can also hydrolyze GTP with lower efficiency. Has lower affinity for GTP. Plays a role in regulating starvation-induced thermotaxis responses in AFD thermosensory neurons (PubMed:35675262).
Belongs to the DNA polymerase type-Y family.
DNA polymerase specifically involved in DNA repair. Plays an important role in translesion synthesis, where the normal high-fidelity DNA polymerases cannot proceed and DNA synthesis stalls. Depending on the context, it inserts the correct base, but causes frequent base transitions, transversions and frameshifts. Lacks 3'-5' proofreading exonuclease activity. Forms a Schiff base with 5'-deoxyribose phosphate at abasic sites, but does not have lyase activity (By similarity).
Divalent metal cations. Prefers Mg(2+), but can also use Mn(2+).
The catalytic core consists of fingers, palm and thumb subdomains, but the fingers and thumb subdomains are much smaller than in high-fidelity polymerases; residues from five sequence motifs of the Y-family cluster around an active site cleft that can accommodate DNA and nucleotide substrates with relaxed geometric constraints, with consequently higher rates of misincorporation and low processivity.
Mainly expressed in all hypodermal cells (hyp1 to hyp11) from the tip of the head to the tip of the tail from late embryogenesis to adulthood, and expressed in the excretory duct and pore cells from the 3-fold stage of embryogenesis to adulthood. Expressed in intestinal and rectal cells, sensilla support cells, and transiently in the P lineage during the L1 stage of larval development. Temporal expression during the molt phases from larval development stage L2 to L4 with high expression prior to and during the L2 and L3 molt, but low expression between the molting phases, and low expression after the L4 molt.
Required for cuticle shedding and normal alae morphology and localization, and subsequently larval development.
Catalyzes the ATP-dependent ligation of glycine to the 3'-end of its cognate tRNA, via the formation of an aminoacyl-adenylate intermediate (Gly-AMP). Also produces diadenosine tetraphosphate (Ap4A), a universal pleiotropic signaling molecule needed for cell regulation pathways, by direct condensation of 2 ATPs. Thereby, may play a special role in Ap4A homeostasis.
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in larval lethality. RNAi-mediated knockdown in the germline results in 100% sterility at 25 degrees Celsius.
Aberrant localization of odr-10, str-2, str-112 and str-113. Reduced response to odorants mediated by AWA and AWC olfactory neurons. Increased aggregation and response to O2 levels when knocked down with npr-1.
Expressed in head and tail neurons (PubMed:24603482). Expressed in the amphid head neurons ADL, ASI, ASH, ASJ, ASG, ADF, ASK, AWA, AWB, AWC, and in two tail neurons, the phasmid tail neurons PHA and PHB (PubMed:23449979).
Thiol protease which recognizes and hydrolyzes the peptide bond at the C-terminal Gly of ufm-1, a ubiquitin-like modifier protein bound to a number of target proteins (PubMed:29251776, PubMed:24603482). Required, with oct-4, for the localization of a subset of 7 transmembrane domain odorant receptors, including odr-10, to the cilia of olfactory neurons AWA and AWC (PubMed:9590179). Operates in aggregation behavior, and responses to oxygen levels (PubMed:12410303).
Catalyzes the exchange of an acyl for a long-chain alkyl group and the formation of the ether bond in the biosynthesis of ether phospholipids.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class dynamin-like GTPase superfamily. Dynamin/Fzo/YdjA family. Mitofusin subfamily.
Probable transmembrane GTPase (By similarity). Mediates mitochondrial fusion (PubMed:21248201, PubMed:25190516). Fusion of mitochondria occurs in many cell types and constitutes an important step in mitochondria morphology, which is balanced between fusion and fission (By similarity).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in fragmented mitochondria, most likely due to lack of fusion activity (PubMed:25190516). RNAi-mediated knockdown in a moma-1 mutant background results in mitochondrial fragmentation.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 6 family.
Component of the Mediator complex (By similarity). Interacts with let-19/mdt-13 (PubMed:15790964). Interacts with RNA polymerase II (PubMed:10611325). Interacts with mdt-28 (PubMed:28603670).
Component of the Mediator complex, a coactivator involved in the regulated transcription of nearly all RNA polymerase II-dependent genes. Mediator functions as a bridge to convey information from gene-specific regulatory proteins to the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. Mediator is recruited to promoters by direct interactions with regulatory proteins and serves as a scaffold for the assembly of a functional preinitiation complex with RNA polymerase II and the general transcription factors (By similarity). Acts to repress beta-catenin target genes. Required for asymmetric division of T-cells and for gonad and germ cell development.
Acts as the pointed end capping protein which maintains the length and dynamics of the actin filament. Blocks the elongation and depolymerization of the actin filaments at the pointed end (By similarity).
Belongs to the class-II pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family.
Component of the serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT) that catalyzes the first committed step in sphingolipid biosynthesis, which is the condensation of an acyl-CoA species and L-serine. The catalytic core is composed of a heterodimer of sptl-1 and sptl-2 or sptl-1 and sptl-3 (By similarity). Required for the specification of abicobasal polarity and development of the gut lumen.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 22 family.
Involved in protein synthesis (PubMed:23076791). Catalyzes the specific attachment of an amino acid to its cognate tRNA in a 2 step reaction: the amino acid (AA) is first activated by ATP to form AA-AMP and then transferred to the acceptor end of the tRNA.
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in an increase in the expression of gpdh-1 independent of hypertonic stress.
Autophagy receptor, which is required for allophagy, an autophagic process in which paternal organelles, including mitochondria and membranous organelles, are degraded in early embryos. After fertilization, recruited to ubiquitin-modified paternal organelles and is required for the formation of autophagosomes around the paternal organelles. Also plays a role in the regulation of autophagy in germ cells.
Expressed in oocytes, but not in spermatozoa.
Phosphorylation on Thr-74 by ikke-1 is required for allophagic function.
Self-associates. Interacts (via N-terminus) with ikke-1; the interaction is direct. Interacts (via the LIR motif) with lgg-1. Interacts (via C-terminus) with ubiquitinated proteins.
The C-terminal region is required for localization to paternal organelles.
Interacts with zhp-1; the interaction is required for their chromosome association and stability.
Recruited co-dependently with zhp-1 to the synaptonemal complex between homologous chromosome pairs to regulate the formation and number of crossover events between homologs during meiotic recombination (PubMed:29521627). Together with zhp-1, promotes the accumulation of pro-crossover proteins, including zhp-3 and zhp-4, at a designated crossover site along the recombination intermediate (PubMed:29521627). Limits the number of crossover sites along a recombination intermediate by restricting the association of these pro-crossover proteins with other recombination sites during late prophase (PubMed:29521627). Also, together with zhp-1, plays a role in chromosome remodeling following crossover formation to promote two successive rounds of chromosome segregation during meiosis (PubMed:29521627).
Component of the small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein particles containing H/ACA-type snoRNAs (H/ACA snoRNPs).
Binds specifically to the 3'-terminal U-tract of U6 snRNA.
LSm subunits form a heteromer with a doughnut shape.
Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as modulators or transducers in various transmembrane signaling systems. Involved in behavioral responses to P.aeruginosa by controlling the expression of daf-7, a member of the TGF-beta family, in ASJ sensory neurons (PubMed:25303524).
Required for proper 34S pre-rRNA processing and 60S ribosome subunit assembly.
Belongs to the DNA polymerase alpha subunit B family.
DNA polymerase alpha:primase is a four subunit enzyme complex, which is assembled throughout the cell cycle, and consists of the two DNA polymerase subunits A and B, and the DNA primase large and small subunits. Subunit B binds to subunit A (By similarity).
Delayed cell divisions/cytokinesis. Dysfunctional development of intestinal and pharyngeal cells. Mislocalization of p-granules to the nuclei at the 4- and 12-cell embryonic growth stages. Loss of cell polarity during cell divisions.
May play an essential role at the early stage of chromosomal DNA replication by coupling the polymerase alpha/primase complex to the cellular replication machinery. Required for the distribution of pie-1 in cell divsion.
May play a role in the response to environmental stress. Appears to act upstream of the JUN N-terminal pathway.
Heterodimer with GPN3. Binds to RNA polymerase II (RNAPII).
Small GTPase required for proper nuclear import of RNA polymerase II (RNAPII). May act at an RNAP assembly step prior to nuclear import.
Heterodimer; heterodimerizes with gcy-35, and possibly with other soluble guanylate cyclases.
Plays a central role in social feeding behavior by synthesizing 3',5'-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) from GTP. Oxygen, which probably binds to its heme-binding sites, may regulate social behavior by modulating its activity. cGMP is a common second messenger in sensory transduction and is implicated in oxygen sensation. Indeed, C.elegans exhibits a strong behavioral preference for 5-12% oxygen, avoiding higher and lower oxygen levels; a higher level of oxygen inducing a naturally polymorphic social feeding behavior. Involved in avoidance of hyperoxia and for oxygen-induced aggregation and bordering, probably by mediating oxygen sensing in URX, AQR and PQR sensory neurons.
Regulated by molecular oxygen, which binds to the heme binding site. Probably not activated by nitric oxide (NO) (By similarity).
Belongs to the dus family. Dus3 subfamily.
May prevent inappropriate targeting of non-secretory polypeptides to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) (By similarity). Plays a role in the response to heat stress (PubMed:22957041).
RNAi-mediated knockdown in larvae results in increased survival and mobility in response to a constant temperature of 36 degrees Celsius, when compared to wild-type.
Belongs to the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family. UFC1 subfamily.
E2-like enzyme which forms an intermediate with ufm-1 (PubMed:23449979). The intermediate is formed via a thioester linkage (By similarity).
Mitochondrial NAD(+) kinase that phosphorylates NAD(+) to yield NADP(+). Can use both ATP or inorganic polyphosphate as the phosphoryl donor.
Belongs to the ABC transporter superfamily. ABCG family. Eye pigment precursor importer (TC 3.A.1.204) subfamily.
Belongs to the actin family. ARP3 subfamily.
Functions as ATP-binding component of the Arp2/3 complex which is involved in regulation of actin polymerization and together with an activating nucleation-promoting factor (NPF) mediates the formation of branched actin networks. Seems to contact the pointed end of the daughter actin filament (By similarity).
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 18 family. Chitinase class II subfamily.
Expressed in the head, pharynx, spermatheca, uterus, vulva, tail and ventral neurons (PubMed:18262516). Specifically expressed in nerve ring interneurons, the ventral cord, socket and amphids in the head, with strong expression in junctional cells, including the pharyngeal intestinal valve and uterine seam junction, and the excretory cell and weak expression in epidermal epithelial cells, including hyp7 cells, vulval cells, rectal valve cells, pharyngeal arcade cells and the tail hypodermis (PubMed:20862215).
Extracellular region is proteolytically cleaved.
Interacts (via cytoplasmic domain) with feh-1 (via PID 2 domain).
Lacks conserved metal-binding sites and has only weak affinity for copper in vitro.
Larval lethality during the L1 stage, with the formation of vacuoles in syncytial hypoderm, organ morphology defects, and molting defects (PubMed:17267616, PubMed:20862215). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in a reduced body size, transparent appearance, sluggish movement and insensitivity to touch (PubMed:18262516, PubMed:20862215). Delayed development and a molting defect that begins at the L3 to L4 larval stage transition and continues through to transition from the L4 larval stage to the young adult stage (PubMed:20862215). Increased sensitivity to acetylcholine inhibition (PubMed:20862215). Increased pharyngeal pumping (PubMed:11896189). In a let-7 mutant background, partial suppression of the let-7 bursting vulva phenotype (PubMed:28933985). Double RNAi-mediated knockdown with acn-1 in a let-7 mutant background leads to complete suppression of the heterochronic seam cell defects (PubMed:28933985).
Required for normal developmental progression throughout all life stages (PubMed:18262516, PubMed:22466039). Specifically required for the molt stage during all larval transitions and morphogenesis (PubMed:18262516, PubMed:17267616, PubMed:22466039). Acts with heterochronic genes, including members of the let-7 family, to regulate larval stage to adult transition (PubMed:18262516, PubMed:28933985). Acts synergistically with acn-1 in let-7 regulated postembryonic cell division of hypodermal seam cells (PubMed:28933985). Acts in multiple pathways to influence daf-12 and daf-16 activity to in turn regulate physiological and reproductive processes such as body size and egg-laying (PubMed:22466039). May play a role in neurotransmission (PubMed:20862215).
Similar expression pattern in larval and adult cells with expression in neuronal, muscle, hypodermal and supporting cells (PubMed:17267616). Temporally expressed in seam cells from the middle of larval stage L4 and throughout adult stages (PubMed:18262516, PubMed:28933985).
The NPXY motif mediates the interaction with clathrin.
Expressed in seam cells in three-fold stage embryos and during dauer larvae formation (PubMed:15936343). Not expressed in adults (PubMed:15936343).
Plays a role in alae formation in L1 and dauer stage larvae.
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in disrupted alae formation in L1 and dauer stage larvae with alae often present on only one side of the larvae.
Belongs to the nematode receptor-like protein sru family.
A short conserved N-terminal region is necessary for the function of this protein (PubMed:21943602, PubMed:26339988). Transient relocalization to microtubule minus ends after neuronal injury also requires this region (PubMed:26339988).
Abnormally long and dense microtubules at the cellular cortex of early embryonic cells and growing microtubule plus ends reside at the cortex for up to five times longer. Causes excess centrosome separation and displacement towards the cellular cortex early in mitosis and subsequently a loss of anaphase spindle-pole oscillations and increased rates of spindle elongation. The centrosome separation phenotype is dependent on the motor protein dynein. Weakly delayed nuclear envelope breakdown (PubMed:21076413). Displays mild posterior lateral microtubule (PLM) axon overshooting in development and enhanced PLM regrowth following neuronal injury acting early in regrowth (PubMed:21943602). Axons display elevated numbers of growing microtubules in the steady (uninjured) state and display impenetrant developmental overgrowth in the absence of injury (PubMed:26339988).
Guanine nucleotide exchange factor for arf-6 (By similarity). Involved in response to injury in mechanosensory neurons. Inhibits axon regrowth via microtubule dynamics, possibly by inducing axonal microtubule catastrophes (PubMed:21943602, PubMed:26339988). Limits microtubule growth near the cellular cortex of early embryonic cells (PubMed:21076413).
Interacts (via short N-terminal region) with microtubule-associated proteins tac-1 and zyg-8.
Isoform b: Enriched cortically both in the anterior portion of the one-cell zygote and at the blastomere boundary in two-cell embryos. Isoform c: Localizes to nonpolarized cellular cortex in oocytes and early one-cell zygotes and anterior cellular cortex in one-cell embryos subsequent to pseudocleavage. Present at the interface of the AB and P1 cells. Undetectable by the four-cell stage.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 13 family.
Component of the Mediator complex (By similarity). Interacts with sur-2/mdt-23 and let-425/mdt-6.
Component of the Mediator complex, a coactivator involved in regulated gene transcription of nearly all RNA polymerase II-dependent genes. Mediator functions as a bridge to convey information from gene-specific regulatory proteins to the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. Mediator is recruited to promoters by direct interactions with regulatory proteins and serves as a scaffold for the assembly of a functional preinitiation complex with RNA polymerase II and the general transcription factors (By similarity). Required for asymmetric division of T-cells and for hypodermal development.
Ubiquitously expressed in larvae and embryos.
Widely expressed in most adult tissues including the vulva, tail neurons, skeletal muscle, hypodermal cells, the excretory canal and pharynx.
Belongs to the ubiquitin-activating E1 family. UBA5 subfamily.
E1-like enzyme which activates ufm-1. Required for interaction between ufm-1 and ufc-1.
Reduced egg laying and lifespan. Delayed larval development. Enhanced resistance to pathogens, heat and oxidative stress. Reduced survival in the presence of cadmium. Inactivation of the ufm-1 cascade.
Expressed in many ciliated sensory neurons.
Fails to localize guanylate cyclase gcy-12 to sensory cilia.
May be involved in the trafficking and dendritic transport of signaling proteins, such as the receptor-type guanylate cyclases gcy-12 and daf-11, to the cilia. In ciliated sensory neurons, required for the calcium flux to the cytoplasm in response to onset and removal of a nitric oxide (NO) stimulus and is thereby required for the behavioral avoidance response to NO-producing organisms like P.aeruginosa (PubMed:30014846).
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 11 family.
Central scaffolding component of the centrioles ensuring their 9-fold symmetry (PubMed:15572125). Required for centrosome biogenesis and duplication (PubMed:15665853, PubMed:19081077).
Nine homodimers form a cartwheel structure with an internal diameter of 23 nM and radial spokes connecting to the microtubule triplets. Interacts with sas-5.
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in failed centrosome duplication in embryos.
Recruited to centrioles at the onset of the centrosome duplication cycle, then associates with the emerging daughter centriole.
The 35 nM long coiled-coil domain mediates homodimerization while the globular N-terminus links the dimers at an angle of 40 degrees to form the inner ring.
The coiled coil domain is necessary and sufficient for interaction with sas-5.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 31 family.
Belongs to the sodium:solute symporter (SSF) (TC 2.A.21) family.
Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily. Sugar transporter (TC 2.A.1.1) family.
Addition of nucleotide-activated sugars directly onto the polypeptide through O-glycosidic linkage with the hydroxyl of serine or threonine.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 41 family. O-GlcNAc transferase subfamily.
Cells lack O-GlcNAc post-translational modification and brood size decreases with increasing ambient temperature.
The TPR repeat domain mediates recognition of protein substrates.
Earliest expression in 4-8 cells of the pharyngeal primordium at around 280-300 min of embryonic development (PubMed:15282157). Expressed just before the comma stage (approximately 350 min) in two groups of pharyngeal primordium cells, persisting until the 3-fold stage (PubMed:15282157). At the 3-fold stage, expressed in several cells of the tail; expression continues in larvae and adults in several cells of the head, including at least two amphid neurons, intestinal cells, three rectal gland cells and 1-2 other unidentified rectal cells (PubMed:15282157).
Transcriptional repressor (By similarity). Involved in pharyngeal development and required for the formation of the pharyngeal isthmus (PubMed:15282157, PubMed:16806153). Plays a role in modulating cytoskeleton in the muscle cells of the isthmus (PubMed:16806153). Regulates expression of the acetylcholinesterase genes ace-1 and ace-2 (PubMed:16806153). May regulate its own expression (PubMed:15282157).
Glutamate binding is mediated by the extracellular domain. In contrast, the allosteric modulator ivermectin binds between subunits at the periphery of the transmembrane domain, proximal to the extracellular side.
Glutamate-gated chloride channel subunit; channel properties depend on the subunit composition. Glutamate binding triggers a rapidly reversible current in heteromeric channels formed by glc-1 and glc-2, while the anti-helmintic drug ivermectin and other avermectins trigger a permanently open channel configuration. Channels containing only glc-1 are activated by ivermectin, but not by glutamate alone (in vitro). The heteromeric channel formed by glc-1 and glc-2 is also activated by ibotenate, and it is blocked by picrotoxin and flufenamic acid (PubMed:7935817). Plays a role in the regulation of locomotor behavior (PubMed:16527366).
Pentamer (PubMed:21572436 and PubMed:25143115). Homooligomer, forms functional heterooligomers with glc-2 (PubMed:7935817).
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes a decrease in the duration of forward locomotion in the absence of food, and an increase in the frequency of turns.
Conjugation of reduced glutathione to a wide number of exogenous and endogenous hydrophobic electrophiles. Responsible for approximately one-third of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal conjugation (Ref.1, PubMed:16164425, PubMed:16300482). May play a role in the detoxification of reactive oxygen species produced during pathogenic bacterial infection (PubMed:22216003).
Expressed in cells at the mouth and adjacent to the pharyngeal bulbs of the head and also in the tail.
Increase in susceptibility to 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, paraquat and heat shock and a reduced lifespan.
Deletion results in slower embryonic development, mutants that are 5% shorter than their wild-type conterparts, and also leads to the prevention of nuclear migration in the embryonic epidermis (PubMed:26371552, PubMed:26586219). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in fragmentation of the cadherin-based junctional complex in embryos and intermediate filaments display a diffuse pattern in older embryos (PubMed:26586219). RNAi-mediated knockdown of isoform h results in disrupted germline architecture and sterility (PubMed:26371552).
Directs the assembly of non-centrosomal microtubule arrays that determine the position of nuclei within intracellular compartments in the epidermis and this is independent of ptrn-1 activity.
First expressed in between seam cells at the lima-bean stage of embryogenesis (PubMed:26586219). Expressed in the embryonic epidermis and in puncta in the epidermal syncytium and also in between the epidermal body syncytium and the seam cells of larvae (PubMed:26371552).
Plays a role in the assembly of microtubule arrays in the germline acting redundantly with ptrn-1 to control circumferential microtubule assembly along the body which is necessary for larval development, viability, and morphology and integrity of the epidermis (PubMed:26371552). Required for microtubule stability and anchorage by binding to microtubule minus ends (PubMed:26371552). Recruited to hemidesomosomes in early embryonic elongation to direct the nucleation and growth of non-centrosomal microtubules (PubMed:26586219).
Required for normal nuclear migration in the embryonic epidermis.
Channel-forming protein essential for import of protein precursors into mitochondria. Specifically required for nnt-1 accumulation in the mitochondria and may be involved in the secretion of daf-28/insulin from the mitochondria. Required for embryonic and larval development.
Forms part of the preprotein translocase complex of the outer mitochondrial membrane (TOM complex). Interacts with mitochondrial targeting sequences.
Mutants arrest during the larval developmental stage. Impaired mitochondrial homeostasis with the up-regulation of the mitochondrial unfolded protein chaperone hsp-6. RNAi-mediated knockdown results in embryonic lethality or larval lethality between the L1 and L3 stage of larval development. Surviving progeny are growth retarded. No localization of the mitochondrial targeted protein nnt-1 to the mitochondria of intestinal cells.
Ubiquitously expressed, but highly expressed in the pharyngeal muscles, the nerve ring, the intestine, gonadal sheath and in the tail hypodermis.
Belongs to the potassium channel family. H (Eag) (TC 1.A.1.20) subfamily. Kv11.1/KCNH2 sub-subfamily.
Pore-forming (alpha) subunit of voltage-gated inwardly rectifying potassium channel. Channel properties are modulated by cAMP and subunit assembly (By similarity). Regulates the movements of the male's copulatory spicules before and during male mating behavior (PubMed:12684455).
The potassium channel is composed of a homo- or heterotetrameric complex (PubMed:27916661). Interacts with dnj-1; dnj-1 chaperone promotes tetramerization (PubMed:27916661).
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family. CK2 subfamily.
Casein kinases are operationally defined by their preferential utilization of acidic proteins such as caseins as substrates. The alpha chain contains the catalytic site. May participate in Wnt signaling. Modulates two aspects of male mating behavior; response to hermaphrodite contact and vulval location, acting in the same pathway as lov-1 and pkd-2.
Expressed in a subset of the adult male sensory neurons: CEM head neurons, ray RnB neurons, and hook HOB tail neurons.
Probably does not act as a sensor that couples lifespan to information about energy levels and insulin-like signals (PubMed:15574588). Together with aak-2, involved in the establishment of germline stem cell (GSC) quiescence during dauer development (PubMed:20110331). Plays a role in the maintenance of glycogen stores which are necessary for resistance to hyperosmotic stress (PubMed:26439621).
Reduced survival as a result of hyperosmotic stress induced by NaCl. Double knockout with aak-2 results in reduced glycogen accumulation.
Belongs to the CoA-transferase III family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic RPB7/RPC8 RNA polymerase subunit family.
Component of the RNA polymerase II (Pol II) complex consisting of 12 subunits. RPB4 and RPB7 form a subcomplex that protrudes from the 10-subunit Pol II core complex.
Although strongly related to peptidase C1 family, it lacks the conserved active Cys in position 210, which is replaced by a Ser residue, suggesting that it has no protease activity.
Component of the decapping complex necessary for the degradation of mRNAs, both in normal mRNA turnover and in nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (By similarity). In contrast to orthologs, does not possess decapping activity and does not remove the 7-methyl guanine cap structure from mRNA molecules (PubMed:16199859). In the nervous system, negatively regulates the expression of insulin-like peptide ins-7, which in turn promotes longevity (PubMed:32366357). This may in part be through promoting the activity of daf-16 in distal tissues (PubMed:32366357). Required for the developmental axon guidance and regrowth of PLM touch receptor neurons (PubMed:31983639). In ADL sensory neurons, plays a role in ciliary shape formation (PubMed:28887031). Acts in neurons to promote larval survival at high temperatures by negatively regulating lin-14 expression (PubMed:28250105) (Probable).
Double RNAi-mediated knockdown with dcap-2 reduces survival at 20 degrees Celsius.
Expressed in embryos (at protein level).
Expressed in neurons including touch receptor neurons and motor neurons.
May be a component of the decapping complex composed of dcap-1 and dcap-2.
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mS25 family.
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mS23 family.
Belongs to the arthropod CHH/MIH/GIH/VIH hormone family.
Expressed in excretory cell, 4 anterior epithelial cells of the intestine, hermaphrodite-specific neurons and enteric muscles (PubMed:11078724, PubMed:10567397). Expressed also in vulva and uterus (PubMed:10567397). Isoform a is expressed in oocytes (at protein level) (PubMed:11231150).
Isoform a interacts (via RFLI motif) with gck-3 (via C-terminus).
Phosphorylated by gck-3; phosphorylation at both Ser-742 and Ser-747 is required to inhibit channel activity (PubMed:19088383). Dephosphorylated by gsp-1/2 during cell swelling and oocyte meiotic maturation, which results in channel activation (PubMed:12163466).
RNAi-mediated knockdown in oocytes results in inhibition of hyperpolarization-induced or swelling-induced current and in premature ovulatory contractions of gonadal sheath cells. Normal adaptive response to hypotonic swelling.
The CBS domains, the R-helix linker (543-562) and the C-terminal domain (833-1001) regulate channel sensitivity to voltage, pH and extracellular chloride concentrations, probably by altering the outer pore structure (PubMed:16500974, PubMed:20581474). The region (738-751) between the CBS domains is essential for channel activation (PubMed:23083714).
Voltage-gated chloride channel (PubMed:10567397, PubMed:11078724, PubMed:11231150). Sensitive to depolarizing conditioning voltages, requires stronger voltages for activation and activation is slower, is inhibited by low concentrations of chloride and is activated by low pH. Channel gating properties are conferred by the cytoplasmic C-terminus (PubMed:14565992, PubMed:16500974).
Voltage-gated chloride channel (PubMed:10567397, PubMed:11078724, PubMed:11231150, PubMed:12163466, PubMed:15684092). Insensitive to depolarizing conditioning voltages, requires low voltages for activation, insensitive to chloride levels and has a mild sensitivity to low pH. Channel gating properties are conferred by the cytoplasmic C-terminus (PubMed:14565992, PubMed:16500974). Plays a role in egg laying by modulating hermaphrodite-specific neurons (HSN) excitability and the ovulatory contractions of gap-junction-coupled gonadal sheath cells (PubMed:11231150, PubMed:24431435). When active, may prevent tubular formation of the excretory canals (PubMed:18049475). Activated during oocyte meiotic maturation and by membrane hyperpolarization and cell swelling (PubMed:11231150, PubMed:14565992). Inhibited by Zn(2+) and to a lesser extent by Cd(2+)(PubMed:11231150).
Belongs to the V-ATPase H subunit family.
Subunit of the V1 complex of vacuolar(H+)-ATPase (V-ATPase), a multisubunit enzyme composed of a peripheral complex (V1) that hydrolyzes ATP and a membrane integral complex (V0) that translocates protons (By similarity). V-ATPase is responsible for acidifying and maintaining the pH of intracellular compartments and in some cell types, is targeted to the plasma membrane, where it is responsible for acidifying the extracellular environment (By similarity). Subunit H is essential for V-ATPase activity, but not for the assembly of the complex (By similarity).
Expressed on chromosomes from early prophase until late anaphase.
Interacts with hcp-3 and hcp-4 to form a complex (PubMed:14522947). Interacts with hcp-4, him-10, kbp-3, kbp-4, kbp-5, knl-3, and ndc-80 (PubMed:15371340). Interacts with kbp-1, kbp-2 and mis-12; which make up the MIS12 complex (PubMed:17129783).
Perturbed spindle-kinetochore interactions, segregation defects and premature spindle elongation (PubMed:14522947, PubMed:15767665, PubMed:18070910). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in reduced localization of the spindly-like protein spdl-1 and the RZZ complex component zwl-1 to kinetochores (PubMed:18765790, PubMed:18936247). Does not affect spdl-1 localization to microtubules (PubMed:18936247).
Proposed to be part of the KMN network incorporating the MIS12 complex and NDC80 complex that is required for establishing the kinetochore-microtubule interface that aids in chromosome segregation during meiotic and mitotic cell division (PubMed:14522947, PubMed:15371340, PubMed:17129783, PubMed:18070910). Appears to function downstream of hcp-3 (CENP-A) and hcp-4 (CENP-C) in the kinetochore assembly hierarchy (PubMed:15767665, PubMed:16273096). Has a role in the correct localization of the spindly-like protein spdl-1 and the RZZ complex that is composed of rod-1, czw-1 and zwl-1 to kinetochores (PubMed:18765790, PubMed:18936247). Required for the recruitment of spindle-assembly checkpoint components bub-1 and mdf-1/2 to unattached kinetochores (PubMed:19109417, PubMed:20729837, PubMed:24567362).
The N-terminus contains a number of repeats which contribute additively to bub-1 recruitment to unattached kinetochores. The repeats are not required for localization to kinetochores.
Component of the BBSome complex (By similarity). The BBSome complex is thought to function as a coat complex required for sorting of specific membrane proteins to the primary cilia (By similarity). The BBSome complex is required for ciliogenesis but is dispensable for centriolar satellite function (By similarity). Required for proper BBSome complex assembly and its ciliary localization (PubMed:22922713). Required for cilia biogenesis and both the assembly and movement of intraflagellar transport proteins along the ciliary axoneme (PubMed:15231740, PubMed:17000880, PubMed:22022287, PubMed:22922713, PubMed:27930654). Plays a role in guanylyl cyclase localization in the ring-like structures at the base of the finger compartment in AFD sensory neurons (PubMed:25335890).
Expressed from the embryonic stage to adulthood. Expressed in embryos from the 1.5-fold stage, with expression increasing to the 3-fold stage. Expressed in ciliated cells including amphid and both inner and outer labial neurons of the head at larval stages L1 and L2. Expressed in both phasmid neurons PHA and PHB in the tail and in the PDE sensory neuron in the mid-body at larval stage L3 and L4.
Expressed in head and tail neurons (PubMed:15231740). Expressed in ciliated male tail-neurons (PubMed:14520415). Expressed in thermosensory and CO(2) sensory AFD neurons (PubMed:25335890).
Mutants have normal body morphology, but with reduced body length and width, delayed larval development and decreased roaming movements (PubMed:22022287). May exhibit defective chemotaxis tendencies (PubMed:15231740). Defective sensory cilia structure and function (PubMed:15231740, PubMed:22022287). This is characterized by increased accumulation and mislocalization of intraflagellar transport proteins and impaired movement of intraflagellar transport proteins such as rab-28 along the ciliary axoneme (PubMed:15231740, PubMed:27930654). Disrupted assembly of the BBSome complex at the base of the cilia (PubMed:22922713). Impaired localization of the guanylyl cyclase proteins, gcy-8, gcy-18 and gcy-23, within AFD sensory neurons, with accumulation along the dendrite as well as in the finger compartment of AFD neurons (PubMed:25335890). Thermotaxis defects and impaired tendencies to migrate to a food source (PubMed:25335890).
Part of BBSome complex, that contains at least bbs-1, bbs-2, bbs-4, bbs-5, osm-12, bbs-8/ttc-8 and bbs-9.
Embryos do not show centriole duplication defects, are viable, and develop into fertile adults, but only 10% of the normal number of ciliated neurons are observed.
Interacts with sas-4; leading to its localization into newly forming centrioles.
Plays an important role in ciliogenesis (PubMed:19656802).
Belongs to the PA-phosphatase related phosphoesterase family.
Mediates ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of target proteins, most likely in complex with cul-3 (PubMed:16740475). May promote the degradation of bromodomain-containing proteins such as bet-1 (PubMed:34593637).
RNAi-mediated knockdown suppresses the age-dependent paralysis and growth arrest induced by exogenous dipeptide repeat proteins PR50 and GR50.
The BTB (POZ) domain mediates dimerization and interaction with a cullin.
The MATH domain mediates interaction with protein-ubiquitin ligase substrates.
Component of the 19S proteasome regulatory particle complex. The 26S proteasome consists of a 20S core particle (CP) and two 19S regulatory subunits (RP). The regulatory particle is made of a lid composed of 9 subunits, a base containing 6 ATPases including the PSMC3 homolog rpt-5 and few additional components.
Component of the 26S proteasome, a multiprotein complex involved in the ATP-dependent degradation of ubiquitinated proteins (PubMed:27528192). This complex plays a key role in the maintenance of protein homeostasis by removing misfolded or damaged proteins, which could impair cellular functions, and by removing proteins whose functions are no longer required (By similarity). Therefore, the proteasome participates in numerous cellular processes, including cell cycle progression, apoptosis, or DNA damage repair (By similarity). Belongs to the heterohexameric ring of AAA (ATPases associated with diverse cellular activities) proteins that unfolds ubiquitinated target proteins that are concurrently translocated into a proteolytic chamber and degraded into peptides (By similarity).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in larval arrest and up-regulation of the aspartic protease ddi-1, indicative of proteasomal dysfunction. RNAi-mediated knockdown in a ddi-1, png-1, sel-11 or sel-1 mutant background results in reduced or failed expression of the proteasomal subunit rpt-3.
Belongs to the IMPDH/GMPR family. GuaC type 1 subfamily.
Catalyzes the irreversible NADPH-dependent deamination of GMP to IMP. It functions in the conversion of nucleobase, nucleoside and nucleotide derivatives of G to A nucleotides, and in maintaining the intracellular balance of A and G nucleotides.
Belongs to the tRNA nucleotidyltransferase/poly(A) polymerase family.
Belongs to the WD repeat PROPPIN family.
Component of the autophagy machinery that is recruited to phosphatidylinositols on preautophagosomal structures, which are early autophagic structures, to promote autophagosome formation, and the subsequent degradation and clearance of engulfed apoptotic cells and P-granules in somatic cells (PubMed:12958363, PubMed:19167332, PubMed:21183797, PubMed:21802374, PubMed:22451698, PubMed:25124690, PubMed:28557996). In particular, binds with high affinity to phosphatidylinositols including phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PtdIns(3)P), phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PtdIns(4)P), and phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate (PtdIns(5)P), and more weakly to phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(3,5)P2) (PubMed:21802374, PubMed:22451698). Plays a role in mitophagy, which is the autophagic consumption of mitochondria, in response to dietary restriction (PubMed:30133321). Involved in xenophagy, the autophagy-mediated degradation of pathogens and pathogen products, such as toxins (PubMed:27875098). Also plays a role in membrane-pore repair (PubMed:27875098). In a daf-18/PTEN- and daf-16/FOXO-dependent manner, required for the proliferation of germ stem cell progenitors in the gonad during the late phases of larval development (PubMed:28285998). By regulating the release of neurotransmitters and neuropeptides, involved in the control of lifespan in response to dietary restriction and daf-2 signaling (PubMed:28557996). Probably through its involvement in autophagy, required for dauer formation (PubMed:12958363).
Expressed in neurons and intestinal cells.
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in defective clearance of engulfed apoptotic cells (PubMed:21183797). RNAi-mediated knockdown reduces autophagic degradation of membrane pore-forming toxin Cry5B (PubMed:27875098). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in reduced germ stem cell proliferation during larval development (PubMed:28285998). RNAi-mediated knockdown causes abnormalities in constitutive dauer formation in daf-2 e1370 mutant including a lack of autophagosome formation (PubMed:12958363).
The L/FRRG motif is required for recruitment to phosphatidylinositols including phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PtdIns(3)P), phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PtdIns(4)P), phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate (PtdIns(5)P), and phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(3,5)P2).
Belongs to the WD repeat G protein beta family. Ribosomal protein RACK1 subfamily.
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes a complete loss of nlp-29 expression following fungal infection by D.coniospora and a partial reduction following physical injury.
Required for the expression of antimicrobial peptide nlp-29 in response to fungal infection or physical injury.
Knockout causes abnormal development of the pharynx, when cultured at the restrictive temperature of 23 degrees Celsius, which is exacerbated on a ceh-51 mutant background (PubMed:19605496). Embryonic arrest occurs on a ceh-51 mutant background (PubMed:19605496). Expression of homeodomain protein ceh-51 in embryo is reduced; abolished by simultaneous RNAi-mediated knockdown of pop-1 (PubMed:19605496).
Transcription factor which plays a role in mesoderm development, probably by regulating expression of target genes, such as homeobox protein ceh-51 (PubMed:19605496). Binds to DNA consensus motif 5'-[AG]T[GC][GT]CACC[TC][AGCT][AGCT][CT][CT]-3' in promoter elements (PubMed:19605496).
Atypical E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase which specifically mediates ubiquitination of threonine and serine residues on target proteins, instead of ubiquitinating lysine residues (By similarity). Shows esterification activity towards both threonine and serine, with a preference for threonine, and acts via two essential catalytic cysteine residues that relay ubiquitin to its substrate via thioester intermediates (By similarity). Mediates ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins, including dlk-1 (PubMed:10839353, PubMed:15707898). Negatively regulates a p38 MAP kinase pathway composed of dlk-1, mkk-4, and pmk-3 that functions presynaptically to regulate synaptic architecture (PubMed:15707898). Has a role during synaptogenesis; regulates neuronal morphology, specifically presynaptic differentiation. May regulate the spatial arrangement of presynaptic terminals or restrict their development (PubMed:10839354, PubMed:15208641, PubMed:15707898, PubMed:21968191). By targeting both dlk-1 and mlk-1 for degradation, may negatively regulate mlk-1/mek-1/kgb-1 and dlk-1/mkk-4/pmk-3 pathways which are involved in axon regeneration after injury (PubMed:21670305). Regulates axon termination in PLM and ALM neurons (PubMed:21968191). May play a role in the formation of muscle connections between the body wall and the motor axons in the dorsal and ventral cord (PubMed:27123983).
Belongs to the RING-Cys relay (RCR) family.
Expression is seen in the pharynx, coelomocytes and distal tip cell. Most abundant expression is in axons of the nerve ring neuropil. Expression is not seen in body wall muscle, hypodermis or intestine.
First expressed in comma stage embryos and persists through to adulthood.
In mutants, mechanosensory neurons fail to accumulate tagged vesicles, retract synaptic branches and ectopically extend axons (PubMed:10839354). Some motor neurons branch and overgrow, others show altered synaptic organization (PubMed:10839354). Fewer body wall muscle connections to target motor neurons (PubMed:27123983).
Interacts with rae-1 (PubMed:22357847). Component of an SCF (SKP1-CUL1-F-box protein) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex composed of cul-1, fsn-1, rpm-1 and skr-1 (PubMed:15208641).
The PHR domains are compact beta-sandwich folds composed of 11 antiparallel strands and decorated with conserved apical loops. They are likely to play a structural role and mediate interactions with substrates or partners (By similarity).
The tandem cysteine domain region confers threonine specificity and contains the two essential catalytic cysteine residues that relay ubiquitin. It binds four zinc ions in a C5HC7HC2 configuration.
Expressed in hypodermal cells and seam cells, in the larval L4 stage, and in the young adult (PubMed:24569038). Not expressed in the cells of the developing vulva (PubMed:24569038).
Probable cuticular collagen-like protein (Probable). Nematode cuticles are composed largely of collagen-like proteins (Probable). The cuticle functions both as an exoskeleton and as a barrier to protect the worm from its environment (Probable). Acts downstream of the Wnt signaling pathway, perhaps in the formation of the adult cuticle (PubMed:24569038).
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes hypodermal or cuticular rupture, typically in the anterior body region (PubMed:24569038). Dumpy body shape (PubMed:24569038). Defects in cuticle integrity (PubMed:24569038).
Belongs to the ABC transporter superfamily. ABCB family. Multidrug resistance exporter (TC 3.A.1.201) subfamily.
Energy-dependent efflux pump responsible for decreased drug accumulation in multidrug-resistant cells.
Belongs to the eukaryotic-type primase large subunit family.
DNA primase is the polymerase that synthesizes small RNA primers for the Okazaki fragments made during discontinuous DNA replication.
Heterodimer of a small subunit and a large subunit.
Component of cullin-based E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complexes which mediate the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins. The functional specificity of the E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex depends on the variable substrate recognition component. In association with ddb-1 directs ubiquitination of cdt-1 during S phase and is required for restraining DNA rereplication. Probably is involved in ubiquitination of cki-1.
Highest levels in embryos and lower levels in larvae and adults.
Neddylated. Deneddylated via its interaction with the COP9 signalosome (CSN) complex.
Part of an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex including cul-4 and ddb-1.
Protects against mitochondrial dysfunction during cellular stress, potentially by phosphorylating mitochondrial proteins (By similarity). Plays a role in mitophagy (PubMed:25896323).
RNAi-mediated knockdown in daf-2, isp-1, or clk-1 mutant backgrounds suppresses their increased lifespan phenotype.
Belongs to the chloride channel CLIC family.
Expressed in the secretory system, hypodermis, vulva, pharyngeal muscle, rectal gland, tubular rectal epithelium cells, and tubular neuronal support cells in the head and tail.
May insert into membranes and form chloride ion channels. Involved in the formation of the excretory canal. Required to prevent cystic lumenal expansions in the excretory cell. Not required for formation of the initial tube, but is required for regulating the size of the tube lumen as it grows.
Members of this family may change from a globular, soluble state to a state where the N-terminal domain is inserted into the membrane and functions as chloride channel. A conformation change of the N-terminal domain is thought to expose hydrophobic surfaces that trigger membrane insertion (By similarity).
The N-terminal part (1-55) is necessary and sufficient for translocation from the cytosol to the membrane.
Has peptide-independent ATPase activity.
Expressed in intestine and head neurons in young adults.
Orphan nuclear receptor (PubMed:10022975). Transcriptional repressor of intestinal metal transporter smf-3 and genes of the innate immune response (PubMed:31532389). Inhibits nuclear localization of transcription factor pqm-1; in response to pathogen stress, may facilitate translocation of pqm-1, leading to transcriptional activation of genes involved in innate immunity and iron uptake (PubMed:31532389).
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes enhanced resistance to infection with the Gram-negative bacterium P.aeruginosa (PubMed:31532389). Knockdown suppresses the developmental delay phenotype of hif-1 mutants when grown under iron limiting conditions (PubMed:31532389).
Expressed maternally. Present at high level in early embryos. In adult hermaphrodites, expression is restricted to the germline.
Required for initiation of gastrulation.
Required for the assembly of the V0 complex of the vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase) in the endoplasmic reticulum.
Expressed in body wall muscle from first larval stage to adult. In adults expression is predominantly in vulval and anal muscles, body wall muscle expression is weaker. Also expressed in vulval muscles of hermaphrodites and the sex muscles of males.
Troponin I is the inhibitory subunit of troponin, the thin filament regulatory complex which confers calcium-sensitivity to muscle actomyosin ATPase activity.
Worms exhibit abnormal muscle morphology, egg laying defects and constipation.
Interacts with lev-1 (PubMed:15990870). Component of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor composed of 2 non-alpha subunits lev-1 and unc-29, and 3 alpha subunits unc-38, unc-63 and lev-8 (PubMed:15990870). Interacts with oig-4 (PubMed:21252855). Interacts with crld-1 (PubMed:30407909).
Non-alpha subunit of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR). Involved in nAChR sensitivity to nicotine and levasimole.
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes a resistance to nicotine-mediated paralysis and small impairment in mobility.
Belongs to the complex I subunit 5 family.
Component of the large ribosomal subunit (LSU).
Thought to form a complex that enhances transcription from repetitive DNA sequences by modulating chromatin structure.
Belongs to the very long-chain fatty acids dehydratase HACD family.
Catalyzes the third of the four reactions of the long-chain fatty acids elongation cycle. This endoplasmic reticulum-bound enzymatic process, allows the addition of two carbons to the chain of long- and very long-chain fatty acids/VLCFAs per cycle. This enzyme catalyzes the dehydration of the 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA intermediate into trans-2,3-enoyl-CoA, within each cycle of fatty acid elongation. Thereby, it participates to the production of VLCFAs of different chain lengths that are involved in multiple biological processes as precursors of membrane lipids and lipid mediators.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that specifically binds poly-ADP-ribosylated proteins and mediates their ubiquitination and subsequent degradation.
The WWE domain mediates non-covalent poly(ADP-ribose)-binding.
Could be a receptor for neuropeptide Y and peptide YY.
Heterotrimer composed of an alpha, a beta and a gamma chain.
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in a reduced body length (PubMed:18635357). This phenotype in suppressed in a ced-4 n1162 mutant background (PubMed:18635357).
eIF-2 functions in the early steps of protein synthesis by forming a ternary complex with GTP and initiator tRNA. This complex binds to a 40S ribosomal subunit, followed by mRNA binding to form a 43S preinitiation complex. Junction of the 60S ribosomal subunit to form the 80S initiation complex is preceded by hydrolysis of the GTP bound to eIF-2 and release of an eIF-2-GDP binary complex. In order for eIF-2 to recycle and catalyze another round of initiation, the GDP bound to eIF-2 must exchange with GTP by way of a reaction catalyzed by eIF-2B (By similarity).
Belongs to the WD repeat PRL1/PRL2 family.
Down-regulated by microRNA mir-1 (PubMed:18510933). Up-regulated in many head neurons during prolonged starvation (PubMed:27487365).
Expressed broadly throughout most of development.
Interacts with histone deacetylase hda-4 isoform b.
Transcription regulator (PubMed:17170704, PubMed:27487365). Binds specifically to the MEF2 element, 5'-[TC]TA[AT][AT][AT][AT]TA[AG]-3' in the regulatory elements of target genes, such as chemoreceptors str-1 and srh-234 (PubMed:10882527, PubMed:17170704, PubMed:27487365). Involved in transduction of sensory signals, together with egl-4, kin-29 and hda-4; binding to histone deacetylase hda-4 enables negative modulation of chemoreceptor gene expression in chemosensory neurons (PubMed:17170704, PubMed:18832350). In response to starvation, negatively modulates expression of chemoreceptor srh-234 in ADL sensory neurons, acting in concert with basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors (PubMed:27487365). Plays a role in regulating muscle sensitivity to acetylcholine (ACh) and the magnitude of presynaptic ACh release via a retrograde signal, perhaps by indirectly decreasing Ras-related protein Rab-3 activity (PubMed:18510933).
Belongs to the acetyl-CoA hydrolase/transferase family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL20 family.
Mediator of sterol homeostasis involved in sterol uptake, trafficking and distribution into membranes.
Abnormal distribution of male-derived sperm in the hermaphrodite uterus following mating, with sperm accumulating at the spermathecal-uterine valve 1 hour following mating.
G-protein coupled receptor (Probable). Plays a role in the navigational capacity of sperm and promotes the targeting of sperm derived from males to the fertilization site in the uterus of hermaphrodites (PubMed:28662030).
In the L3 stage, expressed in syncytial hypodermal cell 7, body wall muscles, intestinal cells, distal tip cells and many neurons.
Interacts (via PLVPV motif) with chromobox protein homolog hpl-2 (via chromo (shadow subtype) domain); the interaction is direct and influences localization of hpl-2 to nuclear foci.
Involved in repression of vulval fate, possibly by a tumor suppressor protein Rb-mediated mechanism (PubMed:10880475, PubMed:16890929). May act in a common pathway with retinoblastoma-like protein homolog lin-35 and hpl-2 to influence the ER stress response in the intestine (PubMed:24715729). Plays a role in recruiting chromobox protein homolog hpl-2 to specific chromatin sites (PubMed:16890929).
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes various defects, including sterility, multiple vulvae, protruding vulva and arrested larvae (PubMed:10880475). Abolishes many hpl-2 nuclear foci (PubMed:16890929). Causes ectopic up-regulation of transcription of specific genes, such as lin-39 and lag-2 (PubMed:16890929).
Embryonic lethal in 10 percent of animals and slight increase in the number of males produced (PubMed:19087961). In oocytes, slight increase in metaphase and anaphase meiotic spindle length, persistence of microtubules around chromatids during anaphase and delay in spindle assembly in meiosis II (PubMed:19087961, PubMed:23918937). However, localization of spindle pole marker aspm-1 and the shape of the meiotic spindle are normal (PubMed:23918937). The second polar body has a larger size and in 16 percent of animals its extrusion fails resulting in aneuploidy (PubMed:19087961). The size of the polar body is further increased in a mei-1 (or646) mutant background (PubMed:23918937). Increases mei-1 phosphorylation in a gain of function mei-1 (ct46) and tbb-2 (sb26) mutant background (PubMed:23918937). In gain of function mei-1 (ct46) mutant background, RNAi-mediated knockdown partially rescues embryonic lethality and improves embryonic mitotic spindle morphology in terms of length and orientation (PubMed:19087961).
Probable regulatory subunit of serine/threonine-protein phosphatase PP4 which may play a role in meiosis and embryonic mitosis. Probably in association with catalytic subunit pph-4.1, regulates microtubule severing during oocyte meiosis II by dephosphorylating and likely activating mei-1, a component of the katanin microtubule severing complex.
Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 4 (PP4) occurs in different assemblies of the catalytic and one or more regulatory subunits (By similarity). The catalytic subunit is likely to be pph-4.1 (PubMed:19087961). Interacts (via C-terminus) with mel-26 (probably via MATH domain); the interaction targets ppfr-1 for ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis (PubMed:23918937).
Belongs to the vitamin-B12 dependent methionine synthase family.
Catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group from methyl-cobalamin to homocysteine, yielding enzyme-bound cob(I)alamin and methionine. Subsequently, remethylates the cofactor using methyltetrahydrofolate (By similarity).
L-homocysteine is bound via the zinc atom.
Modular enzyme with four functionally distinct domains. The isolated Hcy-binding domain catalyzes methyl transfer from free methylcobalamin to homocysteine. The Hcy-binding domain in association with the pterin-binding domain catalyzes the methylation of cob(I)alamin by methyltetrahydrofolate and the methylation of homocysteine. The B12-binding domain binds the cofactor. The AdoMet activation domain binds S-adenosyl-L-methionine. Under aerobic conditions cob(I)alamin can be converted to inactive cob(II)alamin. Reductive methylation by S-adenosyl-L-methionine and flavodoxin regenerates methylcobalamin (By similarity).
Belongs to the Antp homeobox family. Deformed subfamily.
Expressed in Q neuroblasts during larval development with higher expression in migrating QR.ap neuroblast descendents than in QL.ap neuroblast descendents.
Lin-39 and mab-5 double mutants have reduced sex myoblast specification-specific expression of sem-2 in the developing mesoderm.
Transcription factor that binds to the consensus 5'-TGATNNAT(G/T)(G/A)-3' PBC/Hox motif of target genes to regulate gene expression (PubMed:21307099, PubMed:23784779). Binds to the consensus PBC/Hox motif lineage enhancer region of sem-2 to promote cell fate specification in the postembryonic mesoderm (also known as the M lineage) (PubMed:21307099). Regulates the expression of mig-13 which controls the asymmetric distribution of actin cytoskeleton-binding protein cor-1 in Q neuroblasts (PubMed:23784779). This in turn controls the polarity migration of Q neuroblasts and the subsequent mid-body region-specific development (PubMed:8101475, PubMed:23784779). Regulates vulval precursor cell (VPC) differentiation, in concert with orphan nuclear receptor nhr-25.
Component of the dolichol-phosphate mannose (DPM) synthase complex.
Transfers mannose from GDP-mannose to dolichol monophosphate to form dolichol phosphate mannose (Dol-P-Man) which is the mannosyl donor in pathways leading to N-glycosylation, glycosyl phosphatidylinositol membrane anchoring, and O-mannosylation of proteins.
Expressed in the germline (at protein level) (PubMed:17498661, PubMed:20977550). Expressed in spermatocytes but not in mature sperm (at protein level) (PubMed:20977550). Ubiquitously expressed (PubMed:17498661). Predominantly expressed in the spermatheca (PubMed:17498661).
Interacts with cdc-48.1 (via N-terminus) and cdc-48.2 (via N-terminus) in vitro; the interaction with cdc-48.1 is not detected in vivo.
RNAi-mediated knockdown does not cause any visible phenotype. Simultaneous RNAi-mediated knockdown of ubxn-2 and ubxn-3, causes 50 percent embryonic lethality. The surviving hermaphrodite progeny are sterile due to a lack of sperm. Abnormal accumulation of sex determination terminal factor tra-1. Germline development is normal. In males, sperm production is normal.
Ubiquitin-binding protein which acts as an adapter for ATPase cdc-48.1 and/or cdc-48.2, conferring substrate specificity (PubMed:20977550). Together with ubxn-2 and ubxn-3, plays a role in hermaphrodite spermatogenesis probably by promoting the degradation of sex determination terminal factor tra-1.
Belongs to the TAF9 family. CENP-S/MHF1 subfamily.
Apparent discrepancy in expression data: a transgenic promoter based on about 4 kb from the 5' flank of the gene, drives reporter gene expression in larval L1-L4 stages, but endogenous transcripts are not detected in L1 larvae using in-situ hybridisation.
Defects in locomotion, pharyngeal pumping rate, egg-laying, and reduced life-span.
Expressed in muscles, neurons and intestinal cells.
Expressed maternally in 2-cell embryos, zygotically in early and mid-embryogenesis; expression decreases after gastrulation and is abolished in L1 larvae, but re-expressed in the adult gonad.
Probable transcription factor which recognizes and binds the palindromic sequence 5'-TTGGCANNNTGCCAA-3' present in promoters (PubMed:16242019, PubMed:19584245). Plays a role in locomotion, pharyngeal pumping, egg-laying, and life span (PubMed:16242019, PubMed:18651662, PubMed:19584245).
Expressed in the intestine and at lower levels in other tissues, including the spermatheca and the vulva.
Expressed throughout development (PubMed:24882217). In L4 larvae and young adults, expression is highest in the intestine, rectal epithelial cells, vulval epithelial cells, spermathecae, and pharynx and absent from the gonads (PubMed:24882217).
RNAi-mediated knockdown in adults reduces lifespan on eat-2, daf-2 and rsks-1 mutant backgrounds (PubMed:23925298). RNAi-mediated knockdown during the fourth larval stage reduces lifespan on a clk-1 mutant background (PubMed:23925298). RNAi-mediated knockdown reduces the expression of mml-1 on a glp-1 mutant background (PubMed:27001890). RNAi-mediated knockdown increases expression of lmp-1 and sqst-1 (PubMed:23925298).
Transcription factor which regulates the expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism and autophagy in response to nutrient availability, bacterial pore-forming toxins or heat shock (PubMed:23604316, PubMed:23925298, PubMed:27001890, PubMed:27875098, PubMed:28198373). Binds to the E-box motif 5'-CACGTG-3' (PubMed:19632181). Under fasting conditions, binds to the promoter and activates the expression of lipase genes lipl-2, lipl-3 and lipl-5, and to a lesser extent, lipl-1, thereby regulating lipolysis (PubMed:23604316). Involved in modulating longevity in response to TOR signaling, dietary restriction, germline signaling, heat shock and the insulin-like signaling pathway (PubMed:23925298, PubMed:27001890, PubMed:24882217, PubMed:28198373). Involved in the immune response to infection by the S.aureus bacterium, probably acting downstream of the protein kinase dkf-1, leading to the transcriptional activation of host defense genes (PubMed:24882217, PubMed:27184844). May also play a role in lysosomal biogenesis in response to nutrient availability (PubMed:23604316).
Acts as a negative regulator of entry into mitosis (G2 to M transition) by phosphorylation of the CDK1 kinase during oocyte maturation (PubMed:16338136, PubMed:16421191, PubMed:16466390). Required for oocyte maturation, embryonic development, germline proliferation and initiation of meiosis during spermatogenesis (PubMed:11702779, PubMed:12397109, PubMed:27104746). Required for chromosome structure during mitosis and negative regulation of nuclear envelope breakdown (PubMed:16421191).
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family. WEE1 subfamily.
Expressed during both germline and early embryonic development. In larvae, it is expressed in the distal region, germline, and in some neurons and hypodermal cells. Not expressed in distal region of the adult.
Worms exhibit oocytes that mature prematurely (also known as the Emo phenotype) and chromosomes that appear condensed (PubMed:16421191). Subcellular defects include irregular perinuclear foci in oocytes (PubMed:16421191). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in an accumulation of damaged, compressed, polyploid oocytes in the uterus (PubMed:11702779). RNAi-mediated knockdown in a double oma-1 and oma-2 knockout background allows for the progression of meiosis beyond the prophase stage and oocyte maturation, but these oocytes cannot be fertilized (PubMed:11702779). RNAi-mediated knockdown in a cdc-25.2 mutant background suppresses the defect in intestinal cell divisions in the cdc-25.2 single mutant (PubMed:27104746).
Component of a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) complex.
Probable component of a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) that may be required for efficient fusion of endosome-derived vesicles with the Golgi.
Stores iron in a soluble, non-toxic, readily available form. Important for iron homeostasis. Iron is taken up in the ferrous form and deposited as ferric hydroxides after oxidation.
Negatively regulated by the microRNA mir-60 (PubMed:27623524, PubMed:29664006). Induced in response to thermal stress in conditions where severe cold temperatures are followed by warmer temperatures (PubMed:29664006).
RNAi-mediated knockdown reduces the lifespan extension phenotype of the mir-60 loss of function mutant.
Transcription factor that regulates the expression of genes in response to changes in temperature. In particular, binds to the promoter region of genes such as asp-17 in response to severe cold to warm temperature transitions to promote gene expression. Promotes stress-induced death, particularly in older animals, following cold shock followed by warming and this may have evolved as a form of kin survival under thermal stress conditions, favoring the survival of younger animals.
Belongs to the pICln (TC 1.A.47) family.
Guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Rab GTPase Rab-11.1. Spatially and temporally regulates the distribution of Rab-11.1 to target membranes during embryogenesis. Plays a role in cytokinesis, probably by targeting rab-11.1 to the cleavage furrows.
Homodimer, tetramer and multimer. Interacts with rab-11.1. Binds preferentially to the GDP-bound form of rab-11.1.
Viable. Disrupted localization of rab-11.1 and prolonged cytokinesis in embryos. Double knockout with rei-2 results in a smaller brood size, weak embryonic lethality, enhanced mislocalization of rab-11.1 and prolonged cytokinesis in embryos.
Belongs to the borealin family. Highly divergent.
Component of the CPC complex which consists of icp-1; csc-1; bir-1 and air-2. Within the complex interacts with Aurora B/air-2, bir-1 and icp-1.
Component of the chromosomal passenger complex (CPC), a complex that acts as a key regulator of chromosome segregation and cytokinesis during mitosis. The CPC complex has essential functions at the centromere in ensuring correct chromosome alignment and segregation. In the complex, it may be required to direct the Aurora B/air-2 to centromeric DNA.
Component of an SCF (SKP1-CUL1-F-box protein) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex composed of cul-1, fsn-1, rpm-1 and skr-1 (PubMed:15208641). Interacts with Skp1-related proteins skr-1, skr-2, skr-3, skr-4, skr-7, skr-8, skr-9 and skr-10 (PubMed:11864566).
Neddylated; which enhances the ubiquitination activity of SCF.
Probable core component of multiple cullin-RING-based SCF (SKP1-CUL1-F-box) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complexes which mediate the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins. As a scaffold protein may contribute to catalysis through positioning of the substrate and the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme. Required for developmentally programmed transitions from the G1 phase of the cell cycle to the G0 phase or the apoptotic pathway.
Tubulin is the major constituent of microtubules, a cylinder consisting of laterally associated linear protofilaments composed of alpha- and beta-tubulin heterodimers. Microtubules grow by the addition of GTP-tubulin dimers to the microtubule end, where a stabilizing cap forms. Below the cap, tubulin dimers are in GDP-bound state, owing to GTPase activity of alpha-tubulin.
Highly expressed in hypodermis. Localizes to postsynaptic regions of axons.
Homodimer (PubMed:15048112, PubMed:27671644). Interacts with rab-1, pal-1 and unc-43 (PubMed:15048112, PubMed:15625192).
NAD(+) hydrolase, which plays a key role in non-apoptotic cell death by regulating NAD(+) metabolism (PubMed:27671644). In response to stress, homooligomerizes and catalyzes cleavage of NAD(+) into ADP-D-ribose (ADPR) and nicotinamide; NAD(+) cleavage promoting non-apoptotic neuronal cell death (PubMed:31439792). In males, involved in non-apoptotic death of the linker cell which guides gonad elongation during larval development (PubMed:22363008). Required for both innate immune response and specification of AWC(OFF) neuron (PubMed:15048112, PubMed:15123841, PubMed:15625192). During late embryogenesis, it acts downstream of CAMKII (unc-43) to regulate specification of asymmetric odorant receptors in AWC(OFF) neuron via the nsy-1/ASK1 pmk-1/p38 MAP kinase signaling cascade. Required to localize nsy-1 to postsynaptic regions of AWC neuron, suggesting that it may act by assembling a signaling complex that regulate odorant receptor expression (PubMed:15625192). Also plays a central role in resistance to infection to a broad range of bacterial and fungi pathogens, possibly by activating pmk-1, independently of the NF-kappa-B pathway. Required for expression of antimicrobial peptides nlp-29 and nlp-31 (PubMed:15048112, PubMed:15123841). Its role in immune response and neuron specification may be mediated by the same nsy-1/ASK1 pmk-1/p38 MAP kinase cascade signaling pathway (PubMed:15048112, PubMed:15123841, PubMed:15625192). Involved in the response to anoxic conditions probably by activating the p38 pathway composed of nsy-1/sek-1/pmk-1 (PubMed:21212236). Involved in regulation of the serotonergic response of ADF neurons to pathogenic food (PubMed:23505381). In addition, plays a role in the up-regulation of gcs-1 upon arsenite treatment, most likely through activation of pmk-1, to confer protection against toxicity induced by heavy metals (PubMed:25204677).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in reduced survival and reduced pmk-1 phosphorylation in response to the heavy metal arsenite.
Regulates expression of antimicrobial peptide nlp-29 in response to fungal infection or physical injury.
The SAM domains mediate the localization to postsynaptic regions of neurons.
The TIR domain mediates NAD(+) hydrolase (NADase) activity. Self-association of TIR domains is required for NADase activity.
Component of the condensin I complex, which contains the mix-1/SMC2 and smc-4/SMC4 heterodimer, and three non SMC subunits that probably regulate the complex: dpy-26, capg-1 and dpy-28 (PubMed:19119011, PubMed:19781752). Within the complex, interacts with dpy-28, mix-1, smc-4 and capg-1 (PubMed:15557118, PubMed:18198337, PubMed:19781752, PubMed:19119011, PubMed:28301465). Component of the dosage compensation complex, which consists of the condensin I-like components mix-1/SMC2 and dpy-27/SMC4, and the three non SMC subunits dpy-26, capg-1 and dpy-28 (PubMed:19119011, PubMed:19781752). Within the complex, interacts with dpy-27, dpy-28, mix-1 and capg-1 (PubMed:8939870, PubMed:15557118, PubMed:18198337, PubMed:19781752, PubMed:19119011, PubMed:9458050, PubMed:28301465). The interaction with dpy-27 is required for dpy-27 protein stability (PubMed:8939870). Interacts with smcl-1 (PubMed:28301465).
Expressed in embryos and in somatic and germline tissues in L4 stage larvae (at protein level).
Required for both chromosome condensation and segregation and for X-chromosome dosage compensation depending on its binding partners (PubMed:8939869, PubMed:8939870, PubMed:19119011, PubMed:2917714, PubMed:19781752). Member of the condensin I complex, a complex required for conversion of interphase chromatin into mitotic-like condense chromosomes and for proper chromosome segregation in mitosis and meiosis (PubMed:19119011, PubMed:19781752). As a member of the condensin I complex, further controls the crossover number and distribution in meiosis by restricting double strand break formation, probably by influencing higher-order chromosome structure (PubMed:19781752, PubMed:18198337). Plays a role in robust cytokinesis upon presence of chromatin obstructions (PubMed:23684975). Also a member of the condensin I-like dosage compensation complex that associates specifically with hermaphrodite X chromosomes to reduce their gene transcription during interphase, possibly through chromatin reorganization (PubMed:19119011, PubMed:8939870, PubMed:2917714, PubMed:19781752). As a member of the dosage compensation complex, also binds to regulatory regions of the autosomal her-1 gene, required for male development, possibly contributing to its repression in hermaphrodites (PubMed:11937488).
Results in larval lethality in XX hermaphrodites; survivors exhibit shorter and stouter body morphology and are egg-laying defective (PubMed:2917714). Male animals are viable (PubMed:2917714). Higher percentage of spontaneous males through X chromosome non-disjunction (PubMed:2917714). Disrupts protein stability of dpy-27 (PubMed:8939870). Disrupts localization of dpy-28 and of capg-1 to the hermaphrodite X-chromosome (PubMed:18198337, PubMed:19119011). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in chromosome segregation defects in mitosis and meiosis (PubMed:19119011). In a sex-1 mutant background, leads to high embryonic lethality (PubMed:19119011).
PKC is activated by diacylglycerol which in turn phosphorylates a range of cellular proteins. PKC also serves as the receptor for phorbol esters, a class of tumor promoters.
Expressed in intestinal cells (PubMed:12015965, PubMed:23717214). Expressed in the vulva (PubMed:12015965).
Interacts with lin-45 in a zinc-dependent manner.
Involved in the regulation of Pn.p cell fate determination (PubMed:12015965). Involved in zinc metabolism and the decrease of the cytosolic zinc concentration which is thought to modulate Ras signaling (PubMed:12015965). Involved in zinc transport from the intestinal lumen to the pseudocoelum (PubMed:23717214).
Probable histone acetyltransferase (Probable). Required to initiate and then maintain lateralized gene expression in the ASE sensory neurons (PubMed:20923973). Involved in determining cell fate in the ASE neurons (PubMed:20923973).
Expressed in VPCs and hypodermal cells during larval development (PubMed:18700817). Expressed in VPCs of L3 stage larvae prior to and during cell fate specification and in the seam cells of L1 stage larvae and adult animals (at protein level) (PubMed:18700817). Expressed in developing uterus of L4 stage larvae and in the spermatheca (at protein level) (PubMed:18700817).
Expressed in coelomocytes (at protein level).
Probable secreted lin-12/Notch ligand or co-ligand involved in the mediation of Notch signaling (PubMed:18700817, PubMed:21549604). Involved in the lin-12/Notch pathway signaling of cell fate in vulval precursor cells (VPCs), acting redundantly with dsl-1 and lag-2 (PubMed:18700817). Required for normal octanol avoidance response, acting via both lin-12/Notch and glp-1/Notch signaling pathways in neurons, in concert with lag-2 (PubMed:21549604). Involved in regulation of sleep-like quiescence during the larval to adult transition, acting via Notch receptor activation and in parallel with EGF signaling (PubMed:21549604).
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes moderately abnormal vulval development (PubMed:18700817). RNAi-mediated knockdown causes defects in octanol response (PubMed:21549604).
Expressed in late embryos (PubMed:12921736). At the L1 larval stage and during the dauer stages, it is expressed adjacent to the lateral edges of the alae (at protein level) (PubMed:12921736). In the L2 pre-dauer stage, expressed in the head hypodermal cells hyp3, hyp4, hyp5, hyp6 and hyp7, along the main body and in tail hyp8, hyp9, hyp10 and hyp11 (PubMed:12921736). Not expressed at adult stages (at protein level) (PubMed:12921736).
Plays a role in alae formation in dauer larvae probably by regulating cuticle assembly.
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in shorter and fatter dauer phase animals (dumpy phenotype) (PubMed:12921736, PubMed:15936343). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in a folded pharynx in some animals (PubMed:12921736). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in no alae formation (PubMed:12921736). However, other studies indicate that RNAi-mediated knockdown results in partially formed alae (PubMed:15936343).
Involved in the maintenance of the Golgi structure. May play a role in hematopoiesis.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. AGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. cGMP subfamily.
Binding of cGMP results in enzyme activation.
Expressed in AWC sensory neurons (at protein level) (PubMed:20220099). Mainly expressed in head neurons, hypodermis, intestine and body wall muscles. L2 and L3 larvae show extensive expression, lower levels are observed in L4 larvae, later embryos and adults. Isoform c is expressed in a subset of neurons in the head, nerve ring, and ventral nerve cord including some motor neurons, also in several neurons in the tail, the pharyngeal marginal cells, body muscle, intestine, vulval muscles, and spermatheca (PubMed:11181837, PubMed:12571101, PubMed:15330854).
Increased size and extended lifespan (PubMed:11181837, PubMed:12571101, PubMed:18832350, PubMed:26434723). Defects in chemosensory behavior, egg-laying, synaptic transmission, and dauer formation (PubMed:11181837, PubMed:12571101, PubMed:18832350, PubMed:26434723). Impaired movement of adult animals in response to sensory stimuli (PubMed:10978280). Loss of adaptive behavior to long lasting exposure to attractive odorants (PubMed:20220099). Normal initial chemotaxis response during a first and short exposure to attractive odorants (PubMed:20220099). Loss of chemotaxis response to the repellent odor 2-nonanone (PubMed:23954825). Defective chemotaxis in response to diacetyl and isoamylalcohol (PubMed:26434723). High sensitivity to benzaldehyde, which is retained following pre-exposure in contrast to wild-type animals (PubMed:26434723). Increased basal cGMP levels (PubMed:24015261).
Promotes chemoreceptor gene expression in response to increased cGMP levels by antagonizing the gene repression functions of the class II HDAC hda-4 and the mef-2 transcription factor (PubMed:18832350). Regulates gene expression via recruitment of a histone deacetylase complex containing hda-2, saeg-1 and saeg-2 (PubMed:21573134). Represses body size and lifespan through the dbl-1 and insulin pathways, respectively (PubMed:12571101, PubMed:15330854, PubMed:26434723). May also signal through daf-3 and/or daf-5. Role in egg-laying, dauer formation and motility (PubMed:12571101, PubMed:11181837, PubMed:21573134). Regulates behavioral responses to various chemosensory stimuli in sensory neurons (PubMed:10978280, PubMed:22319638, PubMed:23874221, PubMed:26434723). Required for the initiation of long term adaptation to prolonged odor exposure which results in a decrease in odor seeking behavior (PubMed:12495623, PubMed:20220099, PubMed:26434723). May regulate this process by phosphorylating tax-2, a subunit of cyclic nucleotide-gated channel tax-2/tax-4 (PubMed:12495623). In ASH sensory neurons, negatively regulates avoidance behavior to some bitter tastants, such as quinine, probably by phosphorylating rgs-2 and rgs-3 which are 2 regulator of G-protein signaling proteins (PubMed:23874221). In AWB sensory neurons, involved in avoidance behavior to some repellent odors (PubMed:23954825). In ASE left (ASEL) sensory neuron, involved in the sensing of environmental alkalinity downstream of receptor-type guanylate cyclase gcy-14 (PubMed:23664973). In sensory neurons, involved in the signaling pathway downstream of insulin, TGF-beta and receptor-type guanylate cyclase responsible for inducing quiescence after food intake (PubMed:18316030). Might play a role in aversive olfactory learning in AWC neurons when an odor is associated with food deprivation, depending on the ins-1/age-1 signal from the AIA to the AWC neurons (PubMed:27383131). Probably by regulating neuronal transmission downstream of lin-3 and receptor lin-23 and phospholipase plc-3 in ALA neurons, involved in the decrease in locomotion during the quiescent state that precedes each larval molt (PubMed:17891142).
When phosphorylated, interacts with saeg-2. May interact with saeg-1.
F1 adults accumulate eggs in the uterus. Embryos are predominantly arrested at the bean/comma embryonic stage.
Glycosyltransferase required for the biosynthesis of the tetrasaccharide (GlcA-Gal-Gal-Xyl-)Ser core linker of heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate (PubMed:11005858). May be involved in the biosynthesis of the HNK-1 carbohydrate epitope on glycoproteins (PubMed:11005858). Required for embryonic development (PubMed:9927677). Involved in the elongation of the pharyngeal isthmus during the later stages of embryonic development (PubMed:16828468). Involved in vulval epithelium invagination (PubMed:9927677).
Has lost two of the three potential zinc-binding residues and therefore may not be active.
Defects in PLM neuron synaptic differentiation characterized by a misalignment of active zones and synaptic vesicles, branch point anterior to the vulva and overextension of synaptic branch. DD motoneurons display similar pre-synaptic defects. Increased expression of prk-2. In addition, mutants display a moderate uncoordinated movement, a small decrease in body size, a defect in egg laying and a slower growth.
Expression begins at the 1.5-fold embryonic stage and is retained in the adult.
Involved cell autonomously in PLM neuron pre-synaptic differentiation by negatively regulating prk-2 expression and in neurite branch positioning.
Ubiquitously expressed with higher expression in the head and tail ganglia, the vulva and PLM neurons.
Expressed in a subset of neurons and in body wall muscles. In the nervous system, expressed specifically in cholinergic motor neurons of the ventral nerve cord, a subset of cholinergic head neurons, anterior sublateral neurons, and body sublateral neurons (at protein level).
First detected in the embryo and persists throughout development (at protein level).
May be involved in trafficking or stabilization of the vesicular acetylcholine transporter unc-17.
Mild decrease in swimming behavior but otherwise no apparent phenotype.
Belongs to the 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase family.
Catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of 6-phosphogluconate to ribulose 5-phosphate and CO(2), with concomitant reduction of NADP to NADPH.
Expressed in dorsal D (DD) motor neurons and several other neurons at the L1 stage. Expression in DD neurons decreases gradually beginning in the late L1 stage. Highly expressed in adult ventral D (VD) motor neurons, but diminished in adult DD motor neurons.
Hydrolyzes the second messenger cAMP, which is a key regulator of many important physiological processes (By similarity). Antagonizes dorsal D (DD) motor neuron respecification by reducing levels of cAMP (PubMed:29033363).
In association with mitochondrial contact site and cristae organizing system (MICOS) complex components and mitochondrial outer membrane sorting assembly machinery (SAM) complex components may regulate mitochondrial dynamics playing a role in determining mitochondrial length, distribution and motility.
Acts as component of the GARP complex that is involved in retrograde transport from early and late endosomes to the trans-Golgi network (TGN). The GARP complex facilitates tethering as well as SNARE complex assembly at the Golgi.
Component of the Golgi-associated retrograde protein (GARP) complex, also called VFT (VPS fifty-three) complex, composed of vps-51, vps-52, vps-53 and vps-54. Within the complex interacts with vps-52 and vps-53 (PubMed:21613545).
Mutants are viable but display reduced brood size and enlarged lysosomes.
Activated by a monovalent cation that binds near, but not in, the active site. The most likely occupant of the site in vivo is potassium. Ion binding induces a conformational change that may alter substrate affinity.
Belongs to the carbohydrate kinase PfkB family. Ribokinase subfamily.
Catalyzes the phosphorylation of ribose at O-5 in a reaction requiring ATP and magnesium. The resulting D-ribose-5-phosphate can then be used either for sythesis of nucleotides, histidine, and tryptophan, or as a component of the pentose phosphate pathway.
Requires a divalent cation, most likely magnesium in vivo, as an electrophilic catalyst to aid phosphoryl group transfer. It is the chelate of the metal and the nucleotide that is the actual substrate.
First expressed prior to myogenic differentiation, expression continues throughout embryonic and larval development and is most abundant in embryos. It is present in decreasing amounts throughout development and a low level is found in the adults (PubMed:7925019). Expressed in distal tip cells (DTC) until L4 larval stage (PubMed:24346701).
Involved in combinatorial activation of gene expression in pharyngeal muscle. Specifically binds a site necessary for activity of the B subelement of myo-2 enhancer.
RNAi-mediated knockdown in a bet-1 mutant background prevents the formation of extra distal tip cells (DTC) during gonad development.
The homeobox domain is required for the induction of distal tip cell fate.
Expressed from late embryogenesis to adulthood.
Expressed in lateral hypodermal cells, marginal cells of the pharynx, vulva epithelial cells, ventral and dorsal nerve cords and commissures and various neurons in the anterior and posterior regions (PubMed:12684004, PubMed:27871170). Expressed in male tail structures including the diagonal muscles, sensory rays and spicules (PubMed:12684004, PubMed:27871170). Expressed in PHC neurons and most tail neurons and support cells of the phasmid neurons (PubMed:21408209). Also expressed in pharyngeal muscle, head neurons, excretory canal cells and hypodermal seam cells (PubMed:27871170).
Inhibits tax-6/calcineurin A phosphatase activity and thereby negatively regulates calcineurin-mediated functions (PubMed:12684004, PubMed:26232604, PubMed:27871170). Plays a role in modulating temperature-dependent calcium responses in AFD neurons and in addition, also negatively regulates thermotaxis in a tax-6-dependent manner in AFD neurons (PubMed:26232604). In response to changes in intracellular calcium levels may also regulate nuclear translocation of transcriptional regulators such as crtc-1 (PubMed:26232604). May play a role in regulating body size (PubMed:27871170). Plays a role in male tail tip morphogenesis (PubMed:21408209).
Interacts with tax-6 (via catalytic domain); the interaction is calcium-dependent.
Slightly shorter body length as compared to wild-type (PubMed:27871170). Reduced calcium responses in AFD neurons upon a temperature increase from 16 to 20 degrees Celsius as compared to wild-type (PubMed:26232604). At 17 and 20 degrees Celsius displays cryophilic behavior, preferentially migrating towards colder regions (PubMed:26232604). RNAi-mediated knockdown disrupts tail tip morphogenesis resulting in retention of the pointed larval tail tip in adult males (also known as the Lep phenotype) (PubMed:21408209).
Belongs to the GTP-binding SRP family. SRP54 subfamily.
Component of a signal recognition particle (SRP) complex that consists of a 7SL RNA molecule of 300 nucleotides and six protein subunits: SRP72, SRP68, SRP54, SRP19, SRP14 and SRP9.
Component of the signal recognition particle (SRP) complex, a ribonucleoprotein complex that mediates the cotranslational targeting of secretory and membrane proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Binds to the signal sequence of presecretory proteins when they emerge from the ribosomes.
Has a two domain structure: the G-domain binds GTP; the M-domain binds the 7S RNA in presence of SRP19 and also binds the signal sequence.
Signal recognition particle consists of a 7S RNA molecule and at least six protein subunits.
Acts as component of the mcm2-7 complex (mcm complex) which is the putative replicative helicase essential for 'once per cell cycle' DNA replication initiation and elongation in eukaryotic cells. The active ATPase sites in the mcm2-7 ring are formed through the interaction surfaces of two neighboring subunits such that a critical structure of a conserved arginine finger motif is provided in trans relative to the ATP-binding site of the Walker A box of the adjacent subunit. The six ATPase active sites, however, are likely to contribute differentially to the complex helicase activity (By similarity).
Component of the mcm2-7 complex. The complex forms a toroidal hexameric ring with the proposed subunit order mcm2-mcm6-mcm4-mcm7-mcm3-mcm5 (By simililarity).
Early fractionation of eukaryotic MCM proteins yielded a variety of dimeric, trimeric and tetrameric complexes with unclear biological significance. Specifically a MCM467 subcomplex is shown to have in vitro helicase activity which is inhibited by the MCM2 subunit. The MCM2-7 hexamer is the proposed physiological active complex.
In hermaphrodites, expressed in coelomocytes and gonadal sheath cells.
Plays a role in vesicle-mediated protein trafficking to lysosomal compartments including the endocytic membrane transport and autophagic pathways (PubMed:25273556, PubMed:26783301). Believed to act as a core component of the putative HOPS and CORVET endosomal tethering complexes which are proposed to be involved in the rab-5-to-rab-7 endosome conversion probably implicating sand-1, and via binding SNAREs and SNARE complexes to mediate tethering and docking events during SNARE-mediated membrane fusion (By similarity). The HOPS complex is proposed to be recruited to rab-7 on the late endosomal membrane and to regulate late endocytic, phagocytic and autophagic traffic towards lysosomes (By similarity). Within the HOPS complex, contributes to the normal development of gut granules in intestinal cells of the embryo, and also promotes the trafficking of embryonic intestinal gut granules away from lysosomes (PubMed:24501423, PubMed:25273556). The CORVET complex is proposed to function as a rab-5 effector to mediate early endosome fusion probably in specific endosome subpopulations (By similarity). Required for fusion of endosomes and autophagosomes with lysosomes (PubMed:18923146, PubMed:26783301). Plays a role in the degradation of apoptotic cells during programmed cell death (PubMed:18923146).
Temperature-sensitive defects in the formation of gut granules during embryogenesis (PubMed:24501423). At 15 degrees Celsius, pretzel-stage embryos have a reduced number of gut granules in intestinal cells, and at 22 degrees Celsius, pretzel-stage embryos completely lack gut granules in intestinal cells (PubMed:24501423). At 25 degrees Celsius, many embryos arrest by the pre-bean stage before elongation, and 76% of these embryos contain gut granules irregularly distributed throughout the embryo (PubMed:24501423). Defective apoptotic germ cell corpse digestion with delayed degradation of chromatin in late germ cell corpses (PubMed:18923146). This results in increased numbers of germ cell corpses at 20 degrees Celsius during embryogenesis and post the L4 stage of larval development, and furthermore the retention of cell corpses for a longer duration of time (PubMed:18923146). Impaired formation of endosomes and lysosomes in coelomocytes, in particular there is impaired formation of recycling endosomes (PubMed:18923146). In addition, there are endosome/lysosome fusion defects in coelomocytes (PubMed:18923146, PubMed:26783301). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in defective endosome maturation with the accumulation of small vesicles near the gut lumen and large endosomes/lysosomes on the basal side of the cell (PubMed:25273556). Double knockout with either sorf-1 or sorf-2, results in larger endosomes and larger lysosomes and thus suppresses the endosome/lysosome fusion defect in the vps-18 single mutant (PubMed:26783301).
Ubiquitously expressed in embryos. In early larvae, expressed in hypodermal cells, seam cells and body wall muscle cells.
Cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding protein that binds to and regulates the translation of specific mRNAs (By similarity). May not be required for oogenesis.
Although it belongs to the non-receptor class myotubularin subfamily, lacks the conserved active site cysteine residue at position 1284 in the dsPTPase catalytic loop and does not have phosphatase activity (By similarity). The pocket is however sufficiently preserved to bind phosphorylated substrates, and maybe protect them from phosphatases.
Probably acts as an adapter for other myotubularin-like phosphatases (Probable).
Adapter protein which modulates signaling mediated by several receptor tyrosine kinases. Plays a role in fluid homeostasis, probably downstream of receptor egl-15 and upstream of let-60/Ras (PubMed:11689700). Involved in nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR)-mediated sensitivity to nicotine and levamisole and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)receptor-mediated sensitivity to muscimol (PubMed:15990870). Regulates synaptic levels of nAchR receptor subunit lev-1 and unc-38, and GABA receptor subunit unc-49 in the nerve cord, probably downstream of egl-15 (PubMed:15990870). Regulates motility (PubMed:15990870). During the formation of neuromuscular junctions at the larval stage, down-regulates membrane protrusion from body wall muscles, probably downstream of egl-15 (PubMed:16495308). Promotes vulva induction and down-regulates fertility, probably downstream of receptor let-23 (PubMed:16547100). Down-regulates daf-2-mediated repression of dauer formation and positively regulates daf-2-mediated aging (PubMed:16547100). May be involved in the recruitment of phosphatase ptp-2 to egl-15 (PubMed:11689700).
Causes a decrease in synaptic levels of lev-1, unc-38 and unc-49, a moderate resistance to paralysis induced by nicotine and levamisole (PubMed:15990870) and a mild increase in uncoordinated movements. In addition, forms ectopic muscle membrane extension during larval stage (PubMed:16495308). Rescues fluid accumulation in clr-1 e1745ts mutant (PubMed:11689700). Partially suppresses multi-vulva formation and partially restores fertility in let-60 1046gf mutant (PubMed:16547100). Prevents constitutive dauer formation in daf-2 m577 mutant (PubMed:16547100).
Interacts (via C-terminus) with sem-5 (probably via SH3 domain 2) (PubMed:16547100). Interacts with nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (PubMed:15990870).
The C-terminal domain is required for fluid homeostasis.
The PH domain is required for fluid homeostasis.
Belongs to the nucleosome assembly protein (NAP) family.
Involved in a TGF-beta pathway (PubMed:8413626). May be a receptor for TGF-beta-like ligand daf-7 (PubMed:8413626). Controls the decision of whether or not larvae enter a developmentally arrested state, known as dauer, in response to environmental conditions (PubMed:8413626). Regulates body size and male tail patterning (PubMed:10887089, PubMed:21408209). Involved in regulating entry into quiescence triggered by satiety (PubMed:18316030). Involved in sensitivity to CO2 levels (PubMed:18524955).
May interact with daf-1 to regulate dauer larva development (PubMed:10887089). Interacts with sma-10 (PubMed:20502686).
Pharynx, intestine, hypodermis and body wall muscles in L1 through to adult stages. Also expressed in head neurons, ventral cord and tail neurons. Subset of head neurons show coexpression with daf-1 when dauer/nondauer decision is made.
RNAi-mediated knockdown disrupts tail tip morphogenesis resulting in retention of the pointed larval tail tip in adult males (also known as the Lep phenotype).
Belongs to the complex I subunit 3 family.
Core subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I) which catalyzes electron transfer from NADH through the respiratory chain, using ubiquinone as an electron acceptor. Essential for the catalytic activity of complex I.
Component of a complex consisting of at least a lin-12/Notch intracellular domain (NICD), lag-1, and lag-3 (PubMed:16530045, PubMed:10830967, PubMed:18381292). An NICD product of lin-12/Notch, including the RBP-j associated molecule (RAM) and ankyrin repeat (ANK) domains, interacts directly with lag-1 (PubMed:16530045, PubMed:10830967, PubMed:18381292, PubMed:9003776).
Expressed in the precursor anchor cell and ventral uterine precursor cell (Z1.ppp, Z1.ppa, Z4.aaa, and Z4.aap) before cell specification, at early larval stage L2 (PubMed:23615264). Expressed in the ventral uterine cell (VU), but not in the anchor cell (AC), after specification, at late larval stage L2 (PubMed:23615264). Expressed in a dynamic pattern in the vulval precursor cells (VPCs) during vulval induction in larval stage L3 (PubMed:32839181). Expressed in somatic gonad cells, the distal tip cell (DTC), and all sheath and spermathecal cells, as well as in polyploid intestinal cells, in both the larval L4 and adult stages.
In young adults, expressed in germ cells in the distal most ~10 cell diameters of the progenitor zone (PZ), and also in late pachytene, diplotene and diakinesis of oogenesis.
RNAi-mediated knockdown ectopically up-regulates expression of hlh-6 outside pharyngeal gland cells.
Transcriptional regulator that plays a central role in lin-12/Notch and glp-1/Notch signaling pathways, involved in cell-cell communication that regulate a broad spectrum of cell-fate determinations (PubMed:8625826). Binds directly to the 5'-[A/G]TGGGAA-3' DNA consensus sequence, which is present in the regulatory region of several genes (PubMed:8625826, PubMed:18706403, PubMed:23615264, PubMed:15297877, PubMed:32196486, PubMed:21737278). Acts as a transcriptional repressor when it is not associated with Notch proteins (By similarity). When in a complex with a Notch intracellular domain (NICD) product of lin-12/Notch or glp-1/Notch, and transcription regulator lag-3, it may act as a transcriptional activator that activates transcription of target genes(PubMed:18381292, PubMed:10830967, PubMed:32196486, PubMed:9003776). Probably represses or activates transcription via the recruitment of chromatin remodeling complexes containing histone deacetylase or histone acetylase proteins, respectively (By similarity). Autonomously required in the germline for the stem cell fate, acting in the glp-1-dependent transcriptional activation of genes, including lst-1 and sygl-1 (PubMed:32196486). Involved in cell-fate specification during reproductive system development, by positively autoregulating its own expression, in response to lin-12/Notch signaling (PubMed:23615264, PubMed:32839181). Plays a role in Notch-dependent induction of left-right asymmetry in interneurons and motoneurons (PubMed:21737278). May repress expression of hlh-6, in a lin-12/Notch-independent manner (PubMed:18706403).
Homotrimer. Forms a complex with activator 1 heteropentamer in the presence of ATP (By similarity).
This protein is an auxiliary protein of DNA polymerase delta and is involved in the control of eukaryotic DNA replication by increasing the polymerase's processibility during elongation of the leading strand.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 29 family.
Component of the Mediator complex (By similarity). May interact with sel-7 and sel-8 (PubMed:15020414).
Component of the Mediator complex, a coactivator involved in the regulated transcription of nearly all RNA polymerase II-dependent genes (By similarity). Mediator functions as a bridge to convey information from gene-specific regulatory proteins to the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery (By similarity). Mediator is recruited to promoters by direct interactions with regulatory proteins and serves as a scaffold for the assembly of a functional pre-initiation complex with RNA polymerase II and the general transcription factors (By similarity). Involved in development of gonad and seam cells (PubMed:19500563, PubMed:15020414). Plays a role in temporal regulation of seam cell division, probably acting as a part of the Mediator complex (PubMed:19500563).
RNAi-mediated knockdown has no effect on seam cell division or differentiation, but in a sel-7 mutant background decreases number of seam cells (PubMed:19500563). Partially suppresses the hermaphrodite gonadal development defect in a lin-12 mutant background (PubMed:15020414).
Arrested cell division in the G1 phase during larval development (PubMed:25562820). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in L4 stage arrest which is associated with uncoordinated movements and a protruding vulva (PubMed:10518501). Impaired cell division of P blast cells, somatic gonad precursors Z1 and Z4 and intestinal cells (PubMed:10518501). Severe defect in the proliferation of P blast cells, intestinal cells, vulva cell precursors and somatic gonad precursors (PubMed:10518501). Mesoblast M cell division is normal (PubMed:10518501). Double knockout with lin-35 rescues the cell cycle progression defect in the single cdk-4 mutants (PubMed:11684669, PubMed:25562820).
Expression initiates during mid-embryogenesis primarily in post-proliferative hypodermal cells and neurons in the head, ventral cord and tail, then declines until hatching where it is mainly seen in seam cells. Expressed throughout larval development in several blast cell linages. In the P lineage, expression is restricted to proliferating cells, whereas it persists in somatic gonads and seam cells. Expressed in uterus and intestine and to a lesser extent in spermatheca.
Interacts with cyd-1; the interaction is likely involved in regulating cdk-4 activity.
Serine/threonine-protein kinase which, in association with cyclin D-like protein cyd-1, is required for the progression through the G1 phase of the cell cycle during postembryonic development by phosphorylating and inhibiting lin-35 and fzr-1 (PubMed:10518501, PubMed:11684669, PubMed:25562820). In complex with cyd-1, involved in sex determination during gonadogenesis by regulating the asymmetric division of the somatic gonadal precursor cell (SGP) (PubMed:16198291).
Expressed during embryogenesis, in larvae and in adult animals.
Expressed in the body wall muscles, vulval muscles and the anal muscles (PubMed:15210732, PubMed:20385102). Expressed in the muscle arms of the head muscle cells that form neuromuscular junctions and in the anal depressor muscle (PubMed:15210732).
RNAi-mediated knockdown leads to disorganized actin-containing I band filaments, disorganized dense bodies in the muscles and reduced motility.
Required for the assembly and integrity of muscle dense bodies, which establish the adhesion sites of the muscle cells to the extracellular matrix (PubMed:15210732, PubMed:20385102). Decreased localization of unc-95 to dense bodies and their subsequent dissociation plays an important role in ecdysis during molting (PubMed:20385102). Involved in the organization of the muscle sarcomeric structure and thereby required for locomotion (PubMed:15210732).
Ubiquitinated. Ubiquitination by rnf-5 leads to dissociation from muscle dense bodies during molting and is required for ecdysis.
By UV irradiation, high temperatures, starvation and old age.
Increased life span and resistance to UV irradiation and high temperatures.
Receptor tyrosine kinase which plays a role in promoting longevity and resistance to stresses including UV irradiation and high temperatures, probably downstream of daf-16.
Belongs to the diphthine synthase family.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyltransferase that catalyzes four methylations of the modified target histidine residue in translation elongation factor 2 (EF-2), to form an intermediate called diphthine methyl ester. The four successive methylation reactions represent the second step of diphthamide biosynthesis.
Splice factor that binds to the single-stranded 3'AG at the exon/intron border and promotes its utilization in the second catalytic step. Involved in the regulation of alternative splicing and the utilization of cryptic splice sites.
Belongs to the 5'-3' exonuclease family. XRN2/RAT1 subfamily.
Expressed in the pharyngeal myoepithelium and intestine. Also expressed in several anterior neurons including the sensory neurons, as well as the interneuron PVT and the pharyngeal motorneuron M5.
Expressed throughout all developmental stages. Detected in the M5 pharyngeal neuron only in larvae. Also persistently expressed in the intestine of adults past the molting stage.
Interacts with paxt-1 (via N-terminus); the interaction is direct and results in stabilization of xrn-2 in the complex.
Possesses 5'->3' exoribonuclease activity (PubMed:19734881, PubMed:21397849). Plays a role in maintenance of steady-state concentration and turnover of microRNAs (miRNA) by degradation of mature miRNA (PubMed:19734881, PubMed:21397849, PubMed:26779609). Degradation role is enhanced when in complex with paxt-1 (PubMed:24462208, PubMed:26779609). Partially redundant to xrn-1 in miRNA guide strand degradation (PubMed:19734881, PubMed:21397849). Implicated in differential regulation of mRNAs such as let-7 by controlling the accumulation of mature miRNA (PubMed:19734881, PubMed:21397849). Positively regulates molting of the pharyngeal cuticle (PubMed:16122351, PubMed:19734881).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in impaired miRNA degradation leading to accumulation of mature miRNA passenger (miR*) strands (PubMed:19734881, PubMed:21397849). Defective molting owing to failure to shed cuticle from the pharynx in the late L4-stage larvae (PubMed:16122351). Suppresses the vulval bursting phenotype of let-7 mutant (PubMed:19734881). Reduced paxt-1 expression (PubMed:24462208).
Belongs to the selenoprotein M/F family.
Probable FMRFamide-like neuropeptides (PubMed:27546573). Plays a role in behaviors associated with a sleep-like state induced by stress (SIS), acting in concert with the FMRFamide related peptide flp-13 and neuropeptide-like protein nlp-8 (PubMed:27546573).
Belongs to the DNA mismatch repair MutL/HexB family.
Acts as a sulfur carrier required for 2-thiolation of mcm(5)S(2)U at tRNA wobble positions of cytosolic tRNA(Lys), tRNA(Glu) and tRNA(Gln). Serves as sulfur donor in tRNA 2-thiolation reaction by being thiocarboxylated (-COSH) at its C-terminus by MOCS3. The sulfur is then transferred to tRNA to form 2-thiolation of mcm(5)S(2)U. Also acts as a ubiquitin-like protein (UBL) that is covalently conjugated via an isopeptide bond to lysine residues of target proteins. The thiocarboxylated form serves as substrate for conjugation and oxidative stress specifically induces the formation of UBL-protein conjugates.
C-terminal thiocarboxylation occurs in 2 steps, it is first acyl-adenylated (-COAMP) via the hesA/moeB/thiF part of the MOCS3 homolog, then thiocarboxylated (-COSH) via the rhodanese domain of the MOCS3 homolog.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS4 family.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class myosin-kinesin ATPase superfamily. Kinesin family. Unc-104 subfamily.
Expressed in nerve ring, amphid commissure and ventral nerve cord (at protein level).
Motor protein involved in microtubule-associated anterograde transport (PubMed:1846075). Regulates the transport of synaptic vesicle precursors in the axon of DA motor neurons (PubMed:20510931). Regulates the polarized sorting of axonal proteins (PubMed:22101643). Essential for the transport of synaptic components during the synaptic remodeling of the DD motor neuron, probably downstream of cdk-5 and/or pct-1/cyy-1 complex (PubMed:21609829). Required for the anterograde transport of neuropeptide-containing dense core vesicles along axons (PubMed:12657671). Involved in necrotic cell death (PubMed:22157748).
Worms exhibit uncoordinated and slow movement.
Belongs to the L-aspartate dehydrogenase family.
Expressed in neuronal cell bodies in the ventral cord and HSN neurons.
Expressed in the lateral hypodermal (seam) cells and occasionally in the hyp7 hypodermal cell during the larval stages of development with increased expression during the molting phase between the L3 and L4 stages of larval development. Also expressed in the vulval precursor cell desecendents of P5.p, P6.p and P7.p cells.
Probable transcription factor (PubMed:20005870, PubMed:24885717). Involved in vulval organogenesis (PubMed:20005870, PubMed:24885717). During vulval development, may play a role in the regulation of cell cycle regulators such as cul-1 (PubMed:20005870). Positively modulates expression of homeobox protein lin-39, perhaps by binding to regulatory regions of the lin-39 gene, acting in the vulval lineage (PubMed:24885717). Plays a role in larval molting (PubMed:20005870).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in an egg-laying defect and vulval cell-lineage defects including failed division of vulval precursor cell descendents (PubMed:20005870). RNAi-mediated knockdown causes a decrease in expression of lin-39 at the larval L3 stage (PubMed:24885717). Knockdown in L1 stage larvae, in a lin-39 mutant background, causes abnormal fusion of vulval precursor cells at larval stage L2 (PubMed:24885717).
Involved in pre-mRNA splicing (By similarity). Functions in association with cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) (By similarity). Involved in induction of expression of heat shock protein hsp-16.2 in response to heat shock (PubMed:15611166). Plays a role in male tail development, perhaps acting together with cell cycle regulators cdc-25.2, cdk-1, cyb-3, and cyd-1 (PubMed:27923661).
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes abnormal male tail morphology.
The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex catalyzes the overall conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA and CO(2). It contains multiple copies of three enzymatic components: pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1), dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase (E2) and lipoamide dehydrogenase (E3).
Component of the gamma-secretase complex, a complex probably composed of the presenilin homodimer (sel-12, hop-1 or spe-4), nicastrin (aph-2), aph-1 and pen-2.
Essential subunit of the gamma-secretase complex, an endoprotease complex that catalyzes the intramembrane cleavage of integral membrane proteins such as Notch (glp-1 or lin-12). It may represent a stabilizing cofactor for the presenilin homodimer that promotes the formation of a stable complex.
Expressed from 100-cell stage in most somatic tissues, including neurons, muscle, intestine and developing vulva. Little or not expressed in early embryos.
Expressed specifically in AFD sensory neurons.
Guanylate cyclase involved in the production of the second messenger cGMP (By similarity). Regulates thermotaxis responses in AFD sensory neurons. May regulate AFD neuronal activity such as calcium responses to temperature gradients (PubMed:16415369).
Arrested cell division in the G1 phase during larval development (PubMed:25562820). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in an arrest at L2 stage which is associated with uncoordinated movements, a slightly shorter and stouter body morphology, growth arrest and premature death (PubMed:10518501). In addition, during larval development, cell division is impaired in P blast cells and mesoblast M cells due to an arrest prior to S phase (PubMed:10518501). Lack of cell division in somatic gonad precursors Z1 and Z4 which is associated with a failure to maintain germline proliferation resulting in an abnormal gonad development (PubMed:10518501). At the late embryonic stage, intestinal cells fail to divide without affecting endoreduplication which results in 4n DNA cellular content (PubMed:11684669). Mutants show slightly stronger defects including the development of only two enlarged embryonic coelomocytes (PubMed:11684669, PubMed:15708572). Double knockout with lin-35 rescues the cell cycle progression defect in the single cyd-1 mutant (PubMed:11684669, PubMed:25562820).
Belongs to the cyclin family. Cyclin D subfamily.
Expression initiates during mid-embryogenesis primarily in post-proliferative hypodermal cells and neurons in the head, ventral cord and tail, then declines until hatching where it is mainly seen in seam cells. Expressed throughout larval development in several blast cell linages. In the P lineage, expression is restricted to proliferating cells, whereas it persists in somatic gonads and seam cells. In somatic gonads, expression is restricted to the spermathecal cells and their precursors. Not expressed in the intestine.
In association with cdk-4, regulates the progression through the G1 phase of the cell cycle during postembryonic development (PubMed:10518501, PubMed:11684669, PubMed:25562820). Regulates proliferation of the coelomocyte lineage and intestinal cells during late embryogenesis (PubMed:15708572, PubMed:11684669). In complex with cdk-4, involved in sex determination during gonadogenesis by regulating the asymmetric division of the somatic gonadal precursor cell (SGP) (PubMed:16198291).
Interacts with cdk-4; the interaction is likely involved in regulating cdk-4 activity (PubMed:10518501).
Component of the intraflagellar transport (IFT) complex B required for transport of proteins in the motile cilium. Required for ciliary entrance and transport of specific ciliary cargo proteins such as che-3 which are related to motility.
Belongs to the ammonia transporter channel (TC 1.A.11.2) family.
Expressed in the anterior part of the intestine, CEP neurons and to a lesser extent in hypodermis.
During the L3 larval stage, transiently expressed in the anchor cell, in rectal epithelial cells D, VL, and VR, in B and in Y, and in several neuronal cells (PubMed:11784109). During the L4 larval stage, expressed near the vulva and the uterus, with expression lining the lumen of the uterus and portions of the vulval lumen including the vulval toroid cells vulB and vulE (PubMed:11784109). During the L4 larval stage, not expressed in the vulval toroid vulF (PubMed:11784109).
Highly expressed in the cells of the spermatheca, the mouth, and the lining of the pharynx, the rectum, and the excretory canal (PubMed:11784109). Also expressed in the pharyngeal intestinal junction cell (PubMed:11784109).
Putative acyltransferase (Probable). Plays a role in the morphogenesis of a vulval toroid cell, vulF, which is located where the vulva and the uterus connect (PubMed:11784109, PubMed:17560977). Not required for specifying vulval cell fate (PubMed:17560977).
Expressed from early embryogenesis to adulthood in various cell types.
Probable chaperone protein for the phospholipid-transporting ATPase tat-1. Regulates cell membrane structure and function. Plays a role in maintaining the membrane phosphatidylserine asymmetry and the formation of the tubular membrane structure. Involved in membrane trafficking and is specifically involved in the recycling and degradation of endocytic cargo and this is likely with the phospholipid-transporting ATPase tat-1.
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in the appearance of abnormal vacuoles in the intestines and defective recycling of endocytic cargo with the accumulation of cargo within abnormal early endosomes.
Component of the SDC complex that functions in sex determination and in X chromosome dosage compensation specifically in hermaphrodite (XX) animals (PubMed:8431944, PubMed:11937488). Plays a central role in the recruitment of the condensin I-like dosage compensation complex to the male sex-determining autosomal gene her-1, thereby contributing to its repression and initiating hermaphrodite sexual development (PubMed:11937488, PubMed:14660541). Involved in the recruitment and assembly of the dosage compensation complex and the dosage compensation protein dpy-21 onto the X chromosomes in hermaphrodites, which leads to a reduction of X-linked gene transcription and an equalization of X-linked gene expression between the sexes (PubMed:14660541, PubMed:9458050, PubMed:8939870, PubMed:9056777, PubMed:8939869).
Component of the SDC complex, which consists of sdc-1, sdc-2 and sdc-3 (PubMed:11937488). Within the complex, interacts with sdc-1 and sdc-2 (PubMed:11937488). Interacts with dpy-21 (PubMed:14660541).
Disrupts the X-chromosome specific localization of dpy-26, mix-1 and dpy-21.
Expressed in embryonic and early larval stages and in adult animals.
Expressed in somatic and in germline tissues in hermaphrodites (XX). In males (XO), only present in embryos younger than the 100-cell stage (at protein level).
Sumoylated. Sumoylation is important for assembly of the dosage compensation complex and its robust binding to the X chromosome.
Directly phosphorylated by spk-1 in vitro on serine residues of the RS domain.
Plays an essential role in embryogenesis.
Predominantly coexpressed with spk-1 in adult hermaphrodite germlines.
Expressed bilaterally in ASK, ASI and ASJ sensory neurons.
Guanylate cyclase involved in the production of the second messenger cGMP (By similarity). May be involved in sensitivity to quinine by regulating egl-4 activity through the production of cGMP (PubMed:23874221). Promotes the calcium flux to the cytoplasm in ASJ sensory neurons upon removal of a nitric oxide (NO) stimulus and is thereby involved in the behavioral avoidance response to NO-producing organisms like P.aeruginosa (PubMed:30014846).
Acts as a sphingolipid delta(4)-desaturase.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CMGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. GSK-3 subfamily.
Auxiliary spliceosomal protein that regulates selection of alternative splice sites in a small set of target pre-mRNA species (Probable). Selectively regulates alternative splicing of unc-52 exon 17. Thus, smu-2 mutants selectively suppress the effects of unc-52 nonsense mutations in exon 17 by promoting the accumulation of unc-52 isoforms that lack exon 17. In contrast, smu-2 mutants do not suppress the effects of an unc-52 mutation that affects the 5' splice site of exon 16. Required for normal accumulation of smu-1 (PubMed:15254247).
Detected at all stages of development, during early embryogenesis and in oocytes, in larvae and adults.
Intrinsically disordered protein (Probable).
Probable component of the spliceosome (By similarity). Heterotetramer with smu-1 (PubMed:27150041). The smu-1 homodimer interacts (via the N-terminal region including the LisH and CTLH domains) with smu-2, giving rise to a heterotetramer (PubMed:15254247, PubMed:27150041).
RNAi-mediated knockdown gives rise to no visible phenotype in wild-type, but suppresses the effects of unc-52 mutations.
Expressed in embryos and during larval development (PubMed:16014321). Expressed strongly in cephalic sheath (CEPsh) glia at all developmental stages and in some motoneurons of the ventral cord in larvae (PubMed:18508862).
Expressed in neuronal tissues of the head, including sheath cells of the cephalic sensilla (CEPsh) glia.
Expression in ventral CEPsh glia is normal in knockout, but significantly reduced on a vab-3(ns157) mutant background (PubMed:18508862). RNAi-mediated knockdown causes egg-laying defects (PubMed:16014321).
Probable transcription factor that regulates the expression of dopamine receptors dop-1, dop-2 and dop-3 and thus dopamine-dependent behaviors (PubMed:18508862, PubMed:21688290). May act redundantly with hlh-31 and hlh-32 to regulate ventral CEPsh glia functions (PubMed:18508862). May play a role in chemotactic responses in larvae (PubMed:16014321, PubMed:21688290).
Expressed at all larval stages and is expressed at higher level in the adult.
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in DNA damage repair defects following ionizing radiation with reduced ubiquitination at DNA damage sites.
Serine/threonine protein kinase which activates checkpoint signaling upon genotoxic stresses such as ionizing radiation (IR), ultraviolet light (UV), or DNA replication stalling, thereby acting as a DNA damage sensor (By similarity). Recognizes the substrate consensus sequence [ST]-Q (By similarity). Phosphorylates various proteins, which collectively inhibits DNA replication and mitosis and promotes DNA repair and recombination (By similarity). Prevents mitotic catastrophe by functioning in the S-phase checkpoint and cooperating with atm-1 in the checkpoint response to double-strand breaks (DSBs) after ionizing radiation (IR) to induce cell cycle arrest or apoptosis via the cep-1/p53 pathway (PubMed:12747829, PubMed:16319925). In response to ionizing radiation, probably required for the association between the brc-1-brd-1 heterodimer and rad-51 and let-70 in order to activate E3-ubiquitin ligase activity of the heterodimer and induce ubiquitination at DNA damage sites (PubMed:16628214).
Belongs to the ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase large chain family.
Heterodimer of a large and a small subunit.
Provides the precursors necessary for DNA synthesis. Catalyzes the biosynthesis of deoxyribonucleotides from the corresponding ribonucleotides.
Under complex allosteric control mediated by deoxynucleoside triphosphates and ATP binding to separate specificity and activation sites on the large subunit. The type of nucleotide bound at the specificity site determines substrate preference. It seems probable that ATP makes the enzyme reduce CDP and UDP, dGTP favors ADP reduction and dTTP favors GDP reduction. Stimulated by ATP and inhibited by dATP binding to the activity site (By similarity).
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 8 family.
Probably involved in the biogenesis of the COX complex.
Defects lead to embryonic lethality in 6% of population.
Expressed in hypodermis, uterus and spermatheca.
Catalyzes the acylation of sphingoid bases to form ceramides. Sphingolipids from Caenorhabditis elegans contain exclusively isosphingoid bases. Exhibits substrate preference for fatty acyl-coA chains containing 24 and 26 carbons.
Catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns-4,5-P2) to phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate (PtdIns-4-P).
Belongs to the sphingomyelin synthase family.
Embryonic lethal with severely defective embryonic morphogenesis with no endoderm and excess mesoderm.
Interacts with, and is activated by, tap-1.
Part of the Wnt signaling pathway essential for the specification of the mesodermal cell fate in early embryos. Stimulates the wrm-1/lit-1-dependent phosphorylation of pop-1 and plays a role in the initial nuclear accumulation of wrm-1.
ATPase and DNA/RNA helicase able to unwind DNA/DNA, DNA/RNA and RNA/RNA duplexes in the 5'-3' direction.
Belongs to the RNA 3'-terminal cyclase family. Type 2 subfamily.
Does not have cyclase activity. Plays a role in 40S-ribosomal-subunit biogenesis in the early pre-rRNA processing steps at sites A0, A1 and A2 that are required for proper maturation of the 18S RNA (By similarity).
Synthesis and degradation of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate.
Converts protoheme IX and farnesyl diphosphate to heme O.
Animals develop with normal speed and go normally through the molt. They stop feeding for a normal time before each molt, but average nose speed is reduced by only about 10% and unlike wild-type, they are never immobile. The command interneurons AVA and AVE, which control backward movement, are not shut down during sleep-like behavior. Optogenetic channelrhodopsin activation of AIBs, RIBs and RIS interneurons during wake-like behavior using blue light does not trigger acute immobility and cessation of pumping in L1 larvae, instead it causes an increase in mobility (PubMed:24184105). No change in GABAergic function of neurons as unc-25 and the vesicular GABA transporter gene unc-47 are expressed normally. The expression of a neuropeptide gene flp-11 is strongly down-regulated in pretzel-stage embryos and in sleeping L4 larvae (PubMed:26949257).
Expressed in five interneurons AIB, RIB and RIS.
Expressed strongly during late embryogenesis and early larval development in three types of interneurons, the paired neurons AIB and RIB and the unpaired neuron RIS in the head, with the strongest expression in RIS. Expression after embryonic development decreases until the adult stage.
Regulates its own expression during larval development (PubMed:24184105). Transcriptionally regulated by transcription factor lim-6 in RIS interneuron in all developmental stages (PubMed:26949257).
Transcription factor, which is required in the single sleep-active ring interneuron RIS for sleep-like behavioral quiescence induced by neuropeptide signaling in larvae (PubMed:24184105, PubMed:26949257). Regulates gene expression of sleep-inducing FMRFamide-like neuropeptide flp-11 in RIS (PubMed:26949257).
Highly expressed in nearly all larval and adult nuclei. Expressed only at low levels in intestine. Expressed throughout all stages of gametogenesis.
Methylation at Lys-5 is linked to gene activation. Methylation at Lys-10 is linked to gene repression (By similarity).
Present at all embryonic stages (at protein level).
Variant histone H3 which replaces conventional H3 in a wide range of nucleosomes in active genes. Constitutes the predominant form of histone H3 in non-dividing cells and is incorporated into chromatin independently of DNA synthesis. Deposited at sites of nucleosomal displacement throughout transcribed genes, suggesting that it represents an epigenetic imprint of transcriptionally active chromatin. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
May function as E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that catalyzes the transfer of ubiquitin onto target proteins. May play a role in DNA repair via its role in the synthesis of 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitin chains that recruit proteins involved in repair to sites of DNA damage by alkylating agents.
Belongs to the PIGG/PIGN/PIGO family. PIGG subfamily.
Belongs to the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6A family.
Component of the cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV, CIV), a multisubunit enzyme composed of a catalytic core of 3 subunits and several supernumerary subunits. The complex exists as a monomer or a dimer and forms supercomplexes (SCs) in the inner mitochondrial membrane with ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase (cytochrome b-c1 complex, complex III, CIII).
Component of the cytochrome c oxidase, the last enzyme in the mitochondrial electron transport chain which drives oxidative phosphorylation. The respiratory chain contains 3 multisubunit complexes succinate dehydrogenase (complex II, CII), ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase (cytochrome b-c1 complex, complex III, CIII) and cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV, CIV), that cooperate to transfer electrons derived from NADH and succinate to molecular oxygen, creating an electrochemical gradient over the inner membrane that drives transmembrane transport and the ATP synthase. Cytochrome c oxidase is the component of the respiratory chain that catalyzes the reduction of oxygen to water. Electrons originating from reduced cytochrome c in the intermembrane space (IMS) are transferred via the dinuclear copper A center (CU(A)) of subunit 2 and heme A of subunit 1 to the active site in subunit 1, a binuclear center (BNC) formed by heme A3 and copper B (CU(B)). The BNC reduces molecular oxygen to 2 water molecules unsing 4 electrons from cytochrome c in the IMS and 4 protons from the mitochondrial matrix.
Belongs to the transcription factor STAT family.
Carries out a dual function: signal transduction and activation of transcription (By similarity). By regulating the up-regulation in the epidermis of antimicrobial peptides nlp-29, plays a role in resistance to fungal infection and in the response to physical wounding and phorbol ester PMA treatment (PubMed:22470487).
Acts as intramembrane protease (Probable). In larvae, required for the complete shedding of the cuticle during molting, possibly by regulating cholesterol uptake via lrp-1 (PubMed:15469912). Involved in embryonic and larval development (PubMed:15469912, PubMed:29137240).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in late stage embryonic and larval lethality, slow growth and pharyngeal pumping, uncoordinated movement, reduced brood size, middle body constriction, and muscle detachment (PubMed:15469912, PubMed:29137240). RNAi-mediated knockdown in L1 larvae causes incomplete cuticle shedding during molting (PubMed:15469912).
The PAL motif is required for normal active site conformation.
Belongs to the V-ATPase E subunit family.
Expressed in embryos, larvae and adults (at protein level) (PubMed:12853134, PubMed:16684534). Expressed in the excretory cell, intestine and hypodermis throughout all developmental stages and in adults (at protein level) (PubMed:12853134, PubMed:16684534).
Expressed in the excretory cell and syncytial hypodermal cells (at protein level) (PubMed:12853134, PubMed:16684534, PubMed:16785323). Expressed in the intestine (at protein level) (PubMed:16684534).
Larvae are arrested at the L1 stage (PubMed:16684534). Larvae exhibit swollen vacuoles in the hypodermis of the head region, gradually spreading throughout the whole body (PubMed:16684534). Pharyngeal pumping ceases at L2 larval stage with many vacuoles covering the entire body (PubMed:16684534). Causes necrotic cell death in intestine and hypodermis (PubMed:16684534). RNAi-mediated knockdown causes sterility, formation of endomitotic oocytes in the proximal gonads, and impaired ovulation (PubMed:12853134). Diakinesis stage oocytes are displaced toward distal gonads (PubMed:12853134). Impaired yolk uptake by the oocytes from the pseudoceolomic cavities (PubMed:12853134, PubMed:16785323). Impaired acidification and food digestion of the intestine (PubMed:16684534). Causes an increase in the section of the excretory canal, which often has multiple lumens and abnormal whorls (PubMed:16785323). Does not affect alae formation in larvae (PubMed:16785323). Progeny is arrested at the embryonic stage or at the L1 larval stage (PubMed:12853134, PubMed:16785323). RNAi-mediated knockdown in embryos causes arrest at the one-cell stage (PubMed:12853134).
Subunit of the V1 complex of vacuolar(H+)-ATPase (V-ATPase), a multisubunit enzyme composed of a peripheral complex (V1) that hydrolyzes ATP and a membrane integral complex (V0) that translocates protons (By similarity). V-ATPase is responsible for acidifying and maintaining the pH of intracellular compartments and in some cell types, is targeted to the plasma membrane, where it is responsible for acidifying the extracellular environment (By similarity). Regulates pH homeostasis in the intestine (PubMed:16684534). Probably by regulating cytoplasmic pH, required for cell survival in the intestine and hypodermis (PubMed:16684534). Involved in receptor-mediated endocytosis (PubMed:12853134, PubMed:16785323). Involved in embryogenesis and larval development (PubMed:12853134, PubMed:16785323).
V-ATPase is a heteromultimeric enzyme made up of two complexes: the ATP-hydrolytic V1 complex and the proton translocation V0 complex. The V1 complex consists of three catalytic AB heterodimers that form a heterohexamer, three peripheral stalks each consisting of EG heterodimers, one central rotor including subunits D and F, and the regulatory subunits C and H. The proton translocation complex V0 consists of the proton transport subunit a, a ring of proteolipid subunits c9c'', rotary subunit d, subunits e and f, and the accessory subunits vah-19/Ac45 and vah-20/PRR.
May constitute a glutathione peroxidase-like protective system against oxidative stresses.
Cytoplasmic intermediate filaments provide mechanical strength to cells. Not essential protein. Component of the terminal web (organelle-depleted, intermediate filament-rich layer of cytoplasm that underlies the apical microvilli of polarized epithelial cells) in embryonic through to adult gut cells. Correct localization of filaments requires let-413.
Expression is restricted to a discrete circumferential subapical layer within the intestinal terminal web (known as the 'endotube'); this layer joins directly to the apical junction complexes that connect adjacent gut cells.
Lima bean stage of embryogenesis into adulthood.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL14 family.
Allows the formation of correctly charged Gln-tRNA(Gln) through the transamidation of misacylated Glu-tRNA(Gln) in the mitochondria. The reaction takes place in the presence of glutamine and ATP through an activated gamma-phospho-Glu-tRNA(Gln).
Belongs to the GatB/GatE family. GatB subfamily.
Subunit of the heterotrimeric GatCAB amidotransferase (AdT) complex, composed of A, B and C subunits.
Expressed throughout development (PubMed:16920335). First expressed in embryos from the 1.5-fold stage (PubMed:16920335). Highly expressed during the L2 stage of larval development (PubMed:16920335).
Isoform b: Expressed in body wall muscle cells, pharyngeal muscles, rectal gland cells, vulval and uterine muscles and neurons in the head and ventral nerve cord (PubMed:16920335). Isoform c: Expressed in body wall muscle cells, neurons in the head, nerve ring, ventral and dorsal nerve cords and epidermal cells in the tail (PubMed:16920335).
Orphan nuclear receptor (Probable). Plays a role in morphogenesis and elongation during embryonic and larval development (PubMed:16920335). Plays a role in muscle formation and motility (PubMed:16920335, PubMed:18616929).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in arrest due to elongation and morphogenesis defects at the embryonic or larval stages in 30% of offspring (PubMed:16920335). Furthermore, embryos have highly disorganized epithelial cells (PubMed:16920335). RNAi-mediated knockdown in adults results in mis-localized or missing body wall muscle cells (PubMed:16920335).
Expressed in all adult and larval stages. Expression is cyclical and coincides with each of the larval molts, peaking at 12, 18, 24, and 30 hours post-hatching.
Expressed in the hypodermal cells, specifically the head and seam/body.
Gross morphological abnormalities causing larval arrest with associated molt defects and low levels of embryonic lethality. Cuticle function and integrity are also impaired.
Plays an essential role in cuticle biogenesis. Required in combination with bli-3 for correct formation of cross-links in cuticle collagens.
May play a role in vesicular transport from endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi.
Part of the multisubunit TRAPP (transport protein particle) complex.
Expressed throughout all embryonic and post-embryonic stages.
Probable transcription factor, involved in meiosis and stress protection.
RNAi-mediated knockdown reduces expression of sod-3 (PubMed:28940692). RNAi-mediated knockdown on a cep-1 mutant background increases germ cell apoptosis (PubMed:28940692).
Cysteine protease, which plays a central role in homologous chromosome separation during meiosis I and in sister chromatid separation during embryonic mitosis (PubMed:11728305, PubMed:12498686, PubMed:20116245, PubMed:21878498). Promotes chromosome/sister chromatid segregation by cleaving the scc-1 (mitosis) and rec-8 (meiosis) subunits of the cohesin complex at the onset of anaphase (Probable). May cleave histone H3-like protein cpar-1 during meiosis I metaphase-anaphase transition (PubMed:25919583). Promotes cortical granule exocytosis after oocyte fertilization during the first meiotic anaphase (PubMed:17913784, PubMed:21878498). Essential for embryonic cytokinesis by regulating rab-11-positive vesicle trafficking at the plasma membrane at the cleavage furrow and midbody (PubMed:20116245). Regulates centriole segregation during spermatocyte meiosis (PubMed:23401519). Required for embryonic anterior-posterior axis formation (PubMed:11832245).
Expressed in oocytes (PubMed:17913784). Expressed in male germline (PubMed:23401519). Expressed in spermatocytes but undetectable in spermatids (at protein level) (PubMed:23401519).
Forms a complex with securin-like protein ify-1 (via C-terminus) (PubMed:12498686, PubMed:23578927, PubMed:27249343, PubMed:28263324). Interaction with ify-1 stabilizes sep-1 (PubMed:27249343, PubMed:28263324). Also maintains the complex in the cytoplasm during interphase and recruits it to chromosomes during the first meiotic division (PubMed:23578927).
Probably maintained in an inactive state via its interaction with securin ify-1 which acts as a pseudosubstrate thereby blocking access to the catalytic site. Upon ify-1 degradation at the onset of anaphase, sep-1 is likely to become active. In addition, interaction with ify-1 stabilizes sep-1.
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes embryonic lethality where embryos are arrested at the onset of meiotic anaphase I (PubMed:11728305, PubMed:12498686, PubMed:23578927). During the first meiotic cell division, homologous chromosome segregation and formation of polar bodies are impaired, and multiple centrosomes accumulate resulting from a failure to undergo cytokinesis (PubMed:11728305, PubMed:12498686, PubMed:17913784, PubMed:20116245, PubMed:21878498). During meiotic anaphase I, impaired cortical granules exocytosis resulting in the formation of a one-layered eggshell instead of the normal three-layered eggshell (PubMed:11728305, PubMed:17913784, PubMed:21878498). In oocytes, ify-1 prematurely enters the nucleus prior to the nuclear envelope breakdown and fails to associate with chromosomes during meiosis I without affecting its spindle association (PubMed:23578927). Prevents histone H3-like cpar-1 cleavage at the onset of meiotic anaphase I and during embryonic mitosis (PubMed:25919583). In addition, in the one-cell embryo, causes defects in embryonic anterior-posterior polarization characterized by a failure of cortical association and posterior positioning of the paternal pronucleus and the mislocalization of par-2 and pie-1 (PubMed:11832245). During the first embryonic mitosis, abnormal accumulation of rab-11 at the cleavage furrow and midbody and furrow regression resulting in a failure to complete cytokinesis (PubMed:20116245).
Belongs to the TRAFAC class translation factor GTPase superfamily. Classic translation factor GTPase family. EF-G/EF-2 subfamily.
Expressed in the embryo (at protein level) (PubMed:18794349). Expressed in most embryonic cells starting at gastrulation and also in head and tail cells during the larval and adult stages (PubMed:18794349).
Knockout causes a nearly wild-type phenotype, but a few young larvae have morphological abnormalities (PubMed:18794349). In a flh-1 mutant background, L1 larvae have severe morphological abnormalities and/or appear necrotic, and 100% die before reaching the L2 larval stage (PubMed:18794349). Embryos exhibit significantly lower expression of lin-14, and overexpression of micro-RNAs, including lin-4, mir-48, mir-241, and mir-34 (PubMed:18794349). In a flh-3 mutant background, embryos exhibit significant overexpression of micro-RNAs, including lin-4, mir-48, mir-230, and mir-65 (PubMed:18794349). RNAi-mediated knockdown has no obvious phenotype, but causes precocious embryonic expression of micro-RNA lin-4, when combined with simultaneous RNAi-mediated knockdown of flh-1 (PubMed:18794349).
Probable transcription factor (PubMed:18794349). May bind to the promoters of target genes, including micro-RNA genes, in order to repress expression, and acting redundantly with flh-1 and flh-3 (PubMed:18794349).
Binds 1 divalent metal cation per subunit; can use either Mg(2+) or Mn(2+).
Pyrophosphatase that hydrolyzes non-canonical purine nucleotides such as inosine triphosphate (ITP), deoxyinosine triphosphate (dITP) or xanthosine 5'-triphosphate (XTP) to their respective monophosphate derivatives. The enzyme does not distinguish between the deoxy- and ribose forms. Probably excludes non-canonical purines from RNA and DNA precursor pools, thus preventing their incorporation into RNA and DNA and avoiding chromosomal lesions.
Belongs to the complexin/synaphin family.
Positively regulates a late step in synaptic vesicle exocytosis.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 23 family.
Component of the Mediator complex (By similarity). Interacts with let-19/mdt-13.
Component of the Mediator complex, a coactivator involved in regulated gene transcription of nearly all RNA polymerase II-dependent genes. Mediator functions as a bridge to convey information from gene-specific regulatory proteins to the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. Mediator is recruited to promoters by direct interactions with regulatory proteins and serves as a scaffold for the assembly of a functional pre-initiation complex with RNA polymerase II and the general transcription factors (By similarity). Functions downstream of receptor let-23 and let-60/Ras during vulval induction likely by down-regulating the expression of phosphatase dep-1 and lin-12/Notch in vulva precursor cell descendants with a primary cell fate (PubMed:7557379, PubMed:15901674). Acts to repress beta-catenin target genes (PubMed:12130541). Required for asymmetric division of T-cells (PubMed:15790964). Plays a role in responses to M.nematophilum-mediated bacterial infection by promoting tail swelling and preventing constipation (PubMed:15268855).
Highest levels in embryos and larvae. Expressed in vulval precursor cells at the time of vulval determination.
Belongs to the ClpA/ClpB family. Torsin subfamily.
Belongs to the dystrophin family. Dystrobrevin subfamily.
Component of the dystrophin glycoprotein complex (DGC). Interacts with dys-1 and syntrophin (stn-1) to form the DGC.
From late embryogenesis to adulthood, expressed in neurons and muscles; particularly strong in the ventral nerve cord and in muscles of the body wall, head pharyngeal, and vulva; weaker in the intestinal muscle (at protein level).
Mutants synergistically exhibit progressive myopathy. In dyb-1 and hlh-1 double mutants, there is an uncoordinated phenotype associated with some muscle degeneration. Overexpression of dyb-1 in dys-1 and hlh-1 double mutants delays, but does not prevent the onset and progression of myopathy.
Plays a role in cholinergic transmission and as a functional partner of dystrophin (dys-1), necessary for muscle maintenance.
The coiled-coil domain mediates the specific interaction with dys-1.
Endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment
Interacts with tfg-1 (via N-terminus); the interaction is direct and is required for both the localization of tfg-1 and to maintain the distribution of sec-16A.1 at endoplasmic reticulum exit sites (ERES).
Plays a role in the organization of the endoplasmic reticulum exit sites (ERES), also known as transitional endoplasmic reticulum (tER) (PubMed:21478858). In association with tfg-1, accumulates at ERES to positively regulate secretory cargo trafficking from the endoplasmic reticulum to the endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC) and Golgi apparatus (PubMed:21478858).
RNAi-mediated knockdown abolishes localization of tfg-1 to endoplasmic reticulum exit sites (ERES).
Belongs to the PNP/UDP phosphorylase family.
Catalyzes the reversible phosphorylytic cleavage of uridine and thymidine to uracil and ribose-phosphate or thymine and deoxyribose-1-phosphate (PubMed:19645718). The produced molecules are then utilized as carbon and energy sources or in the rescue of pyrimidine bases for nucleotide synthesis (Probable). Required for normal lifespan (PubMed:19645718).
Expressed in hypodermis, pharynx, spermatheca and gonad.
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes resistance to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-mediated toxicity.
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes arrested development at 90-100 cells and inhibits differentiation (PubMed:12458202). The two E cell daughters (E2 cells), which form the endoderm, divide abnormally early (PubMed:12458202). Phosphorylation of the RNA Pol II large subunit C-terminal domain (CTD) is reduced significantly in embryos (PubMed:12458202). Reduces expression of a range of genes, including let-858, rps-5, hsp16.2, and pes-10, but has little or no effect on expression of cki-2 and sur-5 (PubMed:12458202). Has little or no effect on levels of the TFIID subunits taf-10 and taf-4 (PubMed:12458202).
The TFIID basal transcription factor complex plays a major role in the initiation of RNA polymerase II (Pol II)-dependent transcription (By similarity). TFIID recognizes and binds promoters via its subunit tbp-1, a TATA-box-binding protein, and promotes assembly of the pre-initiation complex (PIC) (By similarity). The TFIID complex consists of tbp-1 and TBP-associated factors (TAFs), including taf-5 (By similarity). Essential for early embryonic development, but not required for transcription of some genes; probably acts via activating transcription initiation by RNA Pol II, as part of the TFIID complex (PubMed:12458202).
The gene name for this protein was previously taf-4 (PubMed:11963920). The nomenclature was changed in PMID:11963920 and so readers should take care to avoid confusion (PubMed:11963920).
Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily. Sodium/anion cotransporter family.
Specifically required for the degradation process of misfolded endoplasmic reticulum (ER) luminal proteins. Participates in the transfer of misfolded proteins from the ER to the cytosol, where they are destroyed by the proteasome in a ubiquitin-dependent manner.
Worms exhibit coelomocyte uptake defective (cup) phenotypes. Coelomocytes are scavenger cells that continuously and non-specifically endocytose fluid from the pseudocoelom (body cavity). Endocytosis by coelomocytes is not essential for growth or survival.
Acetylcholine-gated chloride channel subunit. Forms functional homopentameric (in vitro) and functional heteropentameric ion channels with acc-3 and acc-4 ion channel subunits. Currents in channels are triggered in response to acetylcholine, but not in response to GABA, glutamate, glycine, histamine or dopamine.
Expressed in a subset of cholinergic motor neurons including cholinergic motor neurons in the ventral cord, the retrovesicular ganglion and in head neurons such as the SMD, RMD motor neurons, the AVA and AVE command interneurons and the SAA neurons. Also expressed in a small number of glutamatergic neurons including the pharyngeal neurons MI and M3, the PLM neurons and a pair of neurons in the lateral ganglion.
Homopentamer (in vitro). Forms heteropentamers composed of acc-1 and acc-4 or acc-1 and acc-3. Both homopentamers and heteropentamers form functional ion channels.
Activated by nsy-1-mediated phosphorylation.
By B.thuringiensis pore-forming toxin Cry5B.
Dual specificity protein kinase which acts as an essential component of the p38 signal transduction pathway which is also composed of upstream effector nsy-1 and downstream effector pmk-1 (PubMed:11751572). May phosphorylate pmk-1 (PubMed:12142542, PubMed:16166371). Downstream of CaMKII unc-43 and adapter protein tir-1, plays a role in determining asymmetric cell fates in olfactory AWC neurons during neuronal development. Activation results in the repression of odorant receptor str-2 expression in one of the 2 AWC neurons (PubMed:11751572, PubMed:12142542). Involved in resistance to pathogenic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial and fungal infection (PubMed:12142542, PubMed:18394898, PubMed:22216003). Involved in resistance to the nematotoxic C.cinerea galectin Cgl2 (PubMed:20062796). Probably by promoting pmk-1-mediated activation of skn-1, involved in the up-regulation of gcs-1 and glutathione-S-transferase gst-4 expression upon bacterial infection (PubMed:22216003). Probably downstream of tir-1, required for the expression of antimicrobial peptide nlp-29 in the epidermis in response to fungal infection or physical injury (PubMed:18394898, PubMed:22308034). Regulates susceptibility of B.thuringiensis pore-forming toxin Cry5B and Cry21A (PubMed:15256590). Involved in the response to oxidative stress (PubMed:15888317, PubMed:22308034). May regulate transcription factor daf-16 localization during oxidative stress (PubMed:15888317). By phosphorylating pmk-1, regulates skn-1 localization during oxidative stress (PubMed:16166371). By phosphorylating and activating pmk-1, plays a role in the stabilization of transcription factor rnt-1 in the intestine during oxidative stress (PubMed:22308034). Up-regulates expression of gcs-1 in intestine upon arsenite treatment (PubMed:16166371). Regulates germline proliferation in response to osmotic stress, starvation and germline apoptosis induced by heavy metals, such as Cu(2+) (PubMed:16729024, PubMed:19497412). In association with mek-1, regulates germline cell apoptosis in response to oxidative, osmotic and heat shock stresses (PubMed:16729024). Plays a role downstream of tir-1/nsy-1 in regulating susceptibility to anoxia (PubMed:21212236). In males, by regulating pqn-41 expression, involved in non-apoptotic death of the linker cell which guides gonad elongation during larval development (PubMed:22363008). Involved in egg laying (PubMed:12142542).
Interacts with nsy-1 (PubMed:11751572). Interacts with unc-16 (PubMed:11738026).
Upon infection by P.aeruginosa and E.faecalis, RNAi-mediated knockdown results in a reduced up-regulation of gst-4 and gcs-1 expression (PubMed:22216003). Causes a severe reduction in rnt-1 accumulation in the intestine during oxidative stress mediated by paraquat (PubMed:22308034). RNAi-mediated knockdown in a ced-1 mutant background causes a moderate reduction in germline cell apoptosis during oogenesis in response to oxidative and heat shock stresses. The phenotype is more severe and also affects the response to osmotic stress in a mek-1 and ced-1 mutant background (PubMed:16729024).
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS28 family.
Belongs to the PhyH family. PHYHD1 subfamily.
Has alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase activity. Does not show detectable activity towards fatty acid CoA thioesters. Is not expected to be active with phytanoyl CoA (By similarity).
Expressed in seam cells in embryos from around 260 minutes post fertilization and in all subsequent developmental stages (PubMed:16236764, PubMed:16226243). Also expressed at the comma stage, at about 400 min, in the body wall muscle cells (PubMed:16226243). Expressed in males, in the descendant cells of the V5, V6, and T lineages, which include all the A-type neuron, the B-type neuron, and the structural cells of the male-specific sense organs, known as rays, from the mid-L3 larval stage to L4 stage (PubMed:15385167). Expressed in dopaminergic neurons at larval stage L4 (PubMed:31083672).
Interacts with CBFbeta homolog bro-1; acts to increase the affinity and specificity of interaction of rnt-1 with DNA (PubMed:17933794). Interacts with TGF-beta pathway protein sma-4 (PubMed:15385167).
May be phosphorylated by members of the p38 MAP kinase pathway.
May be ubiquitinated in order to be targeted for proteasome-mediated degradation in intestinal cells.
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes embryonic lethality and missing male-specific sense organs, known as rays (PubMed:16236764). In hermaphrodites, RNAi-mediated knockdown causes a slight (5%) reduction in body length at adulthood (PubMed:16236764).
Transcription factor (By similarity). Binds to regulatory DNA sequences in order to modulate transcription; negatively autoregulates its own expression, perhaps dependent upon CBF beta homolog bro-1 (PubMed:18158917). Promotes proliferation, and prevents differentiation, of seam cells, a stem cell-like lineage, acting in concert with bro-1 (PubMed:31740621). Required for controlling cell proliferation in the seam cells, perhaps by repressing expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor cki-1 (PubMed:16236764, PubMed:17933794). Inhibition of seam cell differentiation is regulated by rnt-1 and bro-1, perhaps acting upstream of pop-1, by antagonizing pop-1 repressor function (PubMed:31740621). Required for asymmetrical cell divisions in the lineage derived from a posterior embryonic seam cell, the T blast cell, and for asymmetric expression of zinc finger protein tlp-1 (PubMed:16226243). Regulates growth and male tail development (PubMed:15385167, PubMed:16236764, PubMed:16226243, PubMed:31083672). Involved in the oxidative stress response, perhaps downstream of the p38 MAP kinase pathway, and acting as part of a negative feedback loop via a transcriptional target gene, tyrosine-protein phosphatase vhp-1 (PubMed:22308034). Positively modulates dopaminergic signaling in a non-cell autonomous manner (PubMed:31083672). May be involved in TGF-beta signaling (PubMed:15385167).
Belongs to the reverse transcriptase family. Telomerase subfamily.
Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein enzyme essential for the replication of chromosome termini in most eukaryotes. It elongates telomeres. It is a reverse transcriptase that adds simple sequence repeats to chromosome ends by copying a template sequence within the RNA component of the enzyme.
Component of several multiprotein Golgi SNARE complexes.
Expressed in two-fold stage embryos in the lateral epithelial cells (seam cells) and continues throughout all larval stages. In adults, expression becomes faint in seam cells and strong in intestinal cells. Also weakly expressed in epithelial cells of the vulva. Overall, expression appears to be restricted to certain types of epithelial cells and changes with developmental stages.
Involved in transport from the ER to the Golgi apparatus as well as in intra-Golgi transport. It belongs to a super-family of proteins called t-SNAREs or soluble NSF (N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor) attachment protein receptor. Cooperates with ykt-6 for proper expression of Golgi-resident proteins. Required along with ykt-6 for normal embryonic development, seam cell division or differentiation, and ray formation.
Reduction in brood size at adulthood. Abnormal tail structure, and loss of the T-cell derived rays, R7-R9, of the male-specific sensory rays, but ray sensory function remains intact. Combined with ykt-6 knock-down causes reduced seam cell leading to loss of ray phenotype. At cellular level, reduced expression of Golgi-resident proteins like mannosidase II, and more so in combination with ykt-6 knock-down.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 65 family.
Catalyzes the reaction that attaches fucose through an O-glycosidic linkage to a conserved serine or threonine residue found in the consensus sequence C2-X(4,5)-[S/T]-C3 of EGF domains, where C2 and C3 are the second and third conserved cysteines (PubMed:21966509). Specifically uses GDP-fucose as donor substrate and proper disulfide pairing of the substrate EGF domains is required for fucose transfer (By similarity).
Manganese is bound to the substrate GDP-fucose, but is not required for enzyme activity.
Belongs to the aconitase/IPM isomerase family.
Catalyzes the isomerization of citrate to isocitrate via cis-aconitate (PubMed:12438312). Has probably no RNA-binding activity (PubMed:12438312).
Betaine receptor that functions as a ligand-gated non-selective monovalent cation channel in mechanosensory neurons to maintain basal levels of locomotion. The channel is permeable to Na(+) and K(+) but not to Ba(2+) or Ca(2+) ions. Elicits current in response to betaine, very weak current in response to choline, virtually no current in response to acetylcholine and nicotine, and no current in response to glycine and GABA.
Expressed in the body wall muscles that are arranged into four longitudinal bundles, some mechanosensory neurons, the head muscles and multiple interneurons. Not expressed in motor neurons (at protein level).
Mutant worms are morphologically similar to the wild-type but exhibit mild swimming defects and are lethargic with their movement being interrupted by frequent pauses when crawling on a food-free environment (PubMed:24212673). On the same environment, in other occasions they display decreased rates of spontaneous reversal and steering, and slightly increased average speed (PubMed:23950710). Homozygotes are fully resistant to monepantel but heterozygotes are partially affected by the drug with reduced fertility and slightly impaired movement.
Not expressed in embryos and L1 stage but expressed from L2 stage to adulthood in the body wall muscles (at protein level).
Suppresses snf-3 mutant phenotype growth defects. Elicits no current in response to the broad-spectrum antiparasitic medicine ivermectin. This channel is allosterically sensitive to monepantel, an anthelmintic of the amino-acetonitrile derivatives (AADs) class, leading to muscle paralysis upon treatment with monepantel.
Cholesterol-binding protein which is involved in dietary cholesterol uptake from the environment (PubMed:22479487). Does not play a role in double-stranded RNA transport in contrast to other SID1 family members (PubMed:29025917, PubMed:18201385).
Expressed in the embryo, larva and adult with no difference in expression level across larval stages and adult.
Highly expressed along the intestine with expression also detected in the pharynx, especially at the terminal bulb, and in the excretory gland cells.
Hypersensitivity to cholesterol availability and decreased cholesterol uptake (PubMed:22479487). When grown in low cholesterol conditions, 72% reduction in offspring number compared to 25% reduction in wild-type worms, 60% reduction in oocyte number, altered oocyte distribution in 47% of mutants, and 5-fold increase in embryonic lethality (PubMed:22479487). In addition, in low cholesterol conditions, growth of mutants ceases by day 3, resulting in a 63% reduction in adult size at day 5, there is a 22% reduction in the number of L1 larvae that reach adulthood and a 4-5 hour delay in the L4-to-adult transition (PubMed:22479487). 78% reduction in dauer formation, increased sensitivity of adult hermaphrodites to heat exposure and reduced speed of movement independent of cholesterol availability (PubMed:22479487). Mutants show a twitching phenotype upon administration of unc-22 feeding RNAi, indicating a lack of involvement in the systemic RNAi response (PubMed:18201385). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in decreased cholesterol uptake and, when grown in low-cholesterol conditions, altered oocyte distribution in 42% of mutants, reduced oocyte numbers and reduced speed (PubMed:22479487).
First expressed at the beginning of gastrulation at about 100 minutes; reduces in the anterior of the embryo at about 260 minutes, but persists and increases in the posterior embryo (PubMed:11880358). Expressed in comma-stage embryo in P neuroblasts and the mother cells of V5 and Q neuroblasts (PubMed:28716930). During larval development, expressed in the tail tip cells in hermaphrodites and males, and asymmetrically in descendants of the T cell lineage (PubMed:11880358).
Probable transcription factor that regulates development of the tail phasmid sensory organs (PubMed:11880358). Involved in migration and differentiation of lateral neuroblasts (PubMed:28716930). Involved in control of cell fate in the T cell lineage (PubMed:11880358).
Expressed during larval development and strongly down-regulated in adults.
Expressed in the hypodermal syncitium but not in hypodermal seam cells.
Negative regulator of the osmotic stress response. Acts via the transmembrane protein ptr-23.
Normal physiological responses to hypertonic stress, such as accumulation of organic osmolytes and activation of osmoresponsive genes, are constitutively activated with mutants exhibiting resistance to normally lethal levels of hypertonic stress.
Binds either 1 Fe or Ni cation per monomer. Iron-binding promotes an acireductone dioxygenase reaction producing 2-keto-4-methylthiobutyrate, while nickel-binding promotes an acireductone dioxygenase reaction producing 3-(methylsulfanyl)propanoate.
Catalyzes 2 different reactions between oxygen and the acireductone 1,2-dihydroxy-3-keto-5-methylthiopentene (DHK-MTPene) depending upon the metal bound in the active site. Fe-containing acireductone dioxygenase (Fe-ARD) produces formate and 2-keto-4-methylthiobutyrate (KMTB), the alpha-ketoacid precursor of methionine in the methionine recycle pathway. Ni-containing acireductone dioxygenase (Ni-ARD) produces methylthiopropionate, carbon monoxide and formate, and does not lie on the methionine recycle pathway.
Heterodimer of a B chain and an A chain linked by two disulfide bonds.
Binds to ife-3 using a bipartite interface in the C-terminal domain which comprises a canonical helix which engages the ife-3 dorsal surface and a non-canonical helix which engages the ife-3 lateral surface.
Interacts with eukaryotic translation initiation factor ife-3.
Belongs to the small GTPase superfamily. SAR1 family.
Involved in transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus (By similarity). Also plays a role in transporting the tyrosine kinase receptor let-23 from the endoplasmic reticulum to the plasma membrane of vulval precursor cells (PubMed:32053105).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in the reduced plasma membrane localization and intracellular accumulation of the tyrosine kinase receptor let-23 in vulval precursor cells.
Component of the signal recognition particle (SRP) complex, a ribonucleoprotein complex that mediates the cotranslational targeting of secretory and membrane proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) (By similarity). The SRP complex interacts with the signal sequence in nascent secretory and membrane proteins and directs them to the membrane of the ER (By similarity). The SRP complex targets the ribosome-nascent chain complex to the SRP receptor (SR), which is anchored in the ER, where SR compaction and GTPase rearrangement drive cotranslational protein translocation into the ER (By similarity). Binds the signal recognition particle RNA (7SL RNA) in presence of srpa-68 (By similarity). Can bind 7SL RNA with low affinity (By similarity). The SRP complex possibly participates in the elongation arrest function (By similarity).
Heterodimer with srpa-68 (By similarity). Srpa-68-srpa-72 heterodimer formation is stabilized by the presence of 7SL RNA (By similarity). Component of a signal recognition particle (SRP) complex that consists of a 7SL RNA molecule of 300 nucleotides and six protein subunits: srpa-72, srpa-68, SRP54, F37F2.2/SRP19, F25G6.8/SRP14 and ZK512.4/SRP9 (By similarity). Within the SRP complex, interacts (via N-terminus) with srpa-68 (via C-terminus) (By similarity).
Catalyzes the specific attachment of an amino acid to its cognate tRNA in a 2 step reaction: the amino acid (AA) is first activated by ATP to form AA-AMP and then transferred to the acceptor end of the tRNA.
It is likely that the same gene provides both this cytoplasmic isoform and an additional mitochondrial isoform.
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in an arrest at an early larval stage. In adults, causes a 80 percent reduction in progeny size and a 50 percent increase in eIF2alpha phosphorylation.
Asymmetrically localized to the posterior of the zygote before mitotic division, then differentially distributed to the germline precursor cells (at protein level).
Maternal effect lethality. Blastomeres cleave synchronously until the fourth or fifth round, when synchrony breaks down. Cells also fail to segregate P granules. Terminal stage embryos fail to produce intestinal cells. Disruption post-hatching results in a protruding vulva, the two mirror-symmetric halves of the vulva fail to join into a single, coherent organ.
Phosphorylated at Thr-325 probably by par-4.
Required for cytoplasmic partitioning and asymmetric cell division in early embryogenesis (PubMed:7758115). Phosphorylates and restricts the asymmetry effector mex-5 (and possibly also mex-6) to the anterior cytoplasm of the zygote (PubMed:18842813). Regulates mes-1 expression during early embryogenesis (PubMed:11003841). Critical role in postembryonic vulval morphogenesis (PubMed:12490197). Involved in the establishment of neuronal polarity (PubMed:20023164).
Belongs to the DPH1/DPH2 family. DPH2 subfamily.
Binds 1 [4Fe-4S] cluster per subunit. The cluster facilitates the reduction of the catalytic iron-sulfur cluster in the dph-1 subunit.
Required for the first step of diphthamide biosynthesis, a post-translational modification of histidine which occurs in elongation factor 2 (By similarity). Dph-1 and dph-2 transfer a 3-amino-3-carboxypropyl (ACP) group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) to a histidine residue, the reaction is assisted by a reduction system comprising dph-3 and a NADH-dependent reductase (By similarity). Facilitates the reduction of the catalytic iron-sulfur cluster found in the dph-1 subunit (By similarity).
Belongs to the eukaryotic mitochondrial porin family.
Consists mainly of membrane-spanning sided beta-sheets.
Forms a channel through the cell membrane that allows diffusion of small hydrophilic molecules (By similarity). Plays a role in maintaining mitochondrial morphology (PubMed:25190516).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in a hyper-connected mitochondrial network in body wall muscle cells.
Defective egg-laying and slow, but coordinated locomotion when stimulated. Reduced levels of both unprocessed and processed luminal and transmembrane cargo in the motor neuron axons of the dorsal nerve cord. Double knockout with either rab-2, rund-1 or vps-50 results in reduced levels of both unprocessed and processed luminal and transmembrane cargo in the motor neuron axons of the dorsal nerve cord.
Expressed in the hypodermis and the pharynx.
Plays a role in the trafficking of cargo to dense-core vesicles, probably through association with the endosome-associated recycling protein (EARP) complex. Important for neuronal function.
The subcellular location of endogenous eipr-1 could not be identified; diffuse expression of a eipr-1 construct in the cytoplasm may be an artifact due to over-expression of the construct.
Mitochondrial membrane ATP synthase (F(1)F(0) ATP synthase or Complex V) produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane which is generated by electron transport complexes of the respiratory chain. F-type ATPases consist of two structural domains, F(1) - containing the extramembraneous catalytic core and F(0) - containing the membrane proton channel, linked together by a central stalk and a peripheral stalk. During catalysis, ATP synthesis in the catalytic domain of F(1) is coupled via a rotary mechanism of the central stalk subunits to proton translocation. Part of the complex F(0) domain. Minor subunit located with subunit a in the membrane (By similarity).
Belongs to the transient receptor (TC 1.A.4) family. STrpC subfamily.
Could mediate calcium entry and form a calcium permeant channel.
Abundant at hypodermal cell-matrix junctions overlying muscle of threefold embryos. Expression continues in body wall muscle in larvae and adults and is also detected in other regions where cells show mechanical attachment to the hypodermis including the inner surface of the pharynx, overlying anal and intestinal muscles, overlying vulval and uterine sex muscles, male tail muscle attachment zones and the six mechanosensory neurons (at protein level).
Arrested embryonic development either at bean or twofold stages with failure of hypodermis to enclose the embryo or at threefold stage with defects in hypodermal cell organization and muscle cell positioning. When disrupted in larvae, causes paralysis and displacement of muscles.
Expression detected in embryo, larva and adult.
Required for junctional attachments between hypodermis and muscle, and between the apical epithelial surface and the cuticular matrix. Essential for enclosure of the embryo by the hypodermis, hypodermal integrity, embryo elongation, and maintenance of hypodermal morphology in fully elongated embryos.
Belongs to the PPP phosphatase family. PP-6 (PP-V) subfamily.
Catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase 6 (PP6) (By similarity). In complex with saps-1, promotes actomyosin contractility during cytokinesis by regulating the organization of cortical non-muscle myosin II nmy-2 and thus contributing to correct spindle positioning (PubMed:20040490). Also required for the proper generation of pulling forces on spindle poles during anaphase by regulating the cortical localization of gpr-1, gpr-2 and lin-5 (PubMed:20040490).
Forms a complex composed of catalytic subunit pph-6 and regulatory subunit saps-1; the interaction increases pph-6 and saps-1 protein stability.
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes lethality in 17 percent of animals. In the 1-cell embryo, cortical contractions are severely reduced and the pseudocleavage furrow is absent. Positioning of the spindle is abnormal due to reduced pulling forces that prevent oscillatory movements of the posterior spindle pole during anaphase. In 15 percent of animals, causes defects in chromosome segregation resulting in daughter cells with multiple nuclei.
Expressed throughout embryonic development, but rarely expressed in lineages that do not produce neurons (PubMed:31386623). First expressed in neural precursors at the mid-gastrula stage of embryogenesis (PubMed:31386623). Highly expressed during the late gastrula to lima-bean embryonic stages, but weakly expressed in subsequent embryonic stages (PubMed:31386623). Post hatching, expressed in few neuronal nuclei and transiently expressed in postembryonic neuroectoblasts (PubMed:31386623). Not expressed in postmitotic neurons (PubMed:31386623). In L1 larvae, expressed in neurons and glia, but not in non-neuronal precursors (PubMed:31386623). In L2 stage larvae, expressed in the rectal epithelial Y cell (PubMed:31386623).
Interacts with MuvB corepressor complex components lin-9, lin-52 and rba-1; the interaction is required to suppress the activation of non-neuronal genes in neurons (PubMed:31386623). Interacts with sin-3; the interaction is weak (PubMed:31386623).
Knockout in the rectal epithelial Y cell results in impaired formation of the PDA motor neuron (PubMed:31386623). Knockout in Pn lineages (the precursor cells of the ventral epidermis of newly hatched animals) results in the defective formation of ventral cord motor neurons (PubMed:31386623).
Transcriptional repressor which promotes neuronal differentiation during embryonic and postembryonic neurogenesis (PubMed:31386623). Together with components of the MuvB corepressor complex, negatively regulates the expression of non-neuronal genes during neurogenesis (PubMed:31386623). Required for the generation of postembryonic neurons from epidermal cells (PubMed:31386623).
Enhances the cell death defect of ced-3(n2427) mutants. Double knockout with the synthetic multivulva (synMuv) class B proteins lin-9, lin-15B, lin-35 or lin-54 results in 100% lethality during the L1 stage of larval development. Double knockout with the synMuv class B protein lin-53 results in slow larval growth.
Promotes programmed cell death. Its role in programmed cell death may be in conjunction with cell cycle regulatory factor efl-1 and the synthetic multivulva class B proteins dpl-1 and lin-35, and is independent of the ced-1, ced-8 and ced-9 pathways.
Expressed in the neurons of the head, ventral cord and tail with weak expression observed in body wall muscles and PVD neurons (PubMed:15378064). In the ventral cord, expressed strongly in GABAergic neurons with weaker expression in cholinergic motor neurons (PubMed:15378064). Expressed in cholinergic SIA neurons and octopaminergic RIC neurons (PubMed:19609300). In males, expressed in the dorsal and ventral spicule protractor and retractor muscles, and the sensory post-cloacal sensilla B (PCB) neuron (PubMed:23166505).
G-protein coupled receptor which binds to the neurotransmitter dopamine with high affinity leading to the activation of an associated G-protein and downstream signaling pathways (PubMed:15378064, PubMed:16001968). Couples to G-proteins to inhibit adenylate cyclase (AC) activity and cAMP production (PubMed:15378064, PubMed:16001968). Antagonizes the D1-like dopamine receptor dop-1 to negatively regulate the rate of locomotion (PubMed:15378064). In GABAergic, RIC, and SIA neurons, antagonizes the function of dop-1 to play a role in behavioral plasticity and regulate the decision-making process when conflicting alternatives are present (PubMed:25536037). Antagonizes octopamine signaling in response to food by promoting the dopamine-mediated suppression of crh-1/CREB1 transcription factor activation in cholinergic SIA neurons (PubMed:19609300). This is most likely in association with the G(o)-alpha G-protein subunit goa-1 (PubMed:19609300). Promotes male mating behavior by antagonizing acetylcholine signaling to control the protrusion of copulatory spicules from the tail of males during hermaphrodite vulval location (PubMed:23166505).
Expressed in neurons, pharyngeal muscles, body wall muscle cells and intestinal cells.
Homodimer (via N-terminus) (PubMed:24185444). Most likely a component of a complex at least containing atg-5, lgg-3, atg-16.1 and/or atg-16.2 (Probable). Interacts (via N-terminus) with atg-16.1 (via N-terminus) (PubMed:24185444). Interacts (via N-terminus) with atg-5 (PubMed:24185444). Interacts (via WD 5-6 repeats) with lgg-2; the interaction is direct (PubMed:26687600).
Most likely a component of the atg-5-atg-12-atg-16.1/atg-16.2 complex, which is recruited to the preautophagosomal membrane and associates with lgg-2 to promote autophagosome formation (PubMed:24185444, PubMed:26687600). Plays a role in the recruitment of lipidated lgg-1 probably to the autophagosome membrane to promote autophagosome formation (PubMed:24185444). Furthermore, association with atg-5 is required for the nucleation of lgg-1 positive autophagosomes (PubMed:24185444). Although its role in autophagosome formation may be distinct to the role of atg-16.2, it functions in a partially redundant manner with atg-16.1 to regulate autophagic processes (PubMed:24185444, PubMed:28285998). In a daf-18/PTEN- and daf-16/FOXO-dependent manner, required for maintaining the numbers of germ stem cell progenitors in the gonad during the late phases of larval development (PubMed:28285998).
Belongs to the class IV-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. RNA methyltransferase NEP1 family.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent pseudouridine N(1)-methyltransferase that methylates a pseudouridine in 18S rRNA. Involved the biosynthesis of the hypermodified N1-methyl-N3-(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl) pseudouridine (m1acp3-Psi) conserved in eukaryotic 18S rRNA. Has also an essential role in 40S ribosomal subunit biogenesis independent on its methyltransferase activity, facilitating the incorporation of ribosomal protein S19 during the formation of pre-ribosomes.
Interacts with cep-1/p53; the interaction inhibits pro-apoptotic activity of cep-1.
Negetively regulates apoptosis via its interaction with cep-1.
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in an increase in number of apoptotic germ cells (PubMed:12524540). Double RNAi-mediated knockdown together with cep-1 abrogates this increased number of apoptotic germ cells (PubMed:12524540).
Belongs to the Clp1 family. Clp1 subfamily.
Required for endonucleolytic cleavage during polyadenylation-dependent pre-mRNA 3'-end formation.
Key component of the Ran GTPase system, which comprises ran-1, ran-2 and ran-3 and is essential in nucleocytoplasmic transport. Promotes the exchange of Ran-bound GDP by GTP and regulates the onset of chromosome condensation in the S phase. Binds to the chromatin. RCC1 (ran-3)/RAN (ran-1) complex (together with other proteins) acts as a component of a signal transmission pathway that detects unreplicated DNA.
Loss of ran-3 causes low levels of chromosomes to misalign on the metaphase plate and segregate incorrectly in early embryonic cell divisions.
Interacts (via BTB domain) with cul-3 (PubMed:13679922, PubMed:14528312, PubMed:22621901). Seems to be a component of a E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex containing cul-3 (PubMed:13679922, PubMed:14528312). Interacts (probably via MATH domain) with mei-1, which targets mei-1 for ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis (PubMed:14528312, PubMed:22621901, PubMed:23918937). Interacts (probably via MATH domain) with ppfr-1, the regulatory subunit of the PP4 complex; targets ppfr-1 for ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis (PubMed:23918937). May interact (via MATH domain) with unc-89 (via Ig-like C2-type domain 2/3 and, Ig-like C2-type domain 50 and fibronectin type-III domain 2) (PubMed:22621901).
Probable substrate-specific adapter of an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex which mediates the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins (PubMed:14528312, PubMed:13679922, PubMed:23918937). Controls degradation of microtubule severing protein mei-1 after meiosis (PubMed:14528312). Controls degradation of ppfr-1, the regulatory subunit of PP4 complex, after meiosis (PubMed:23918937). In body wall muscles, involved in the organization of myosin thick filaments, likely by regulating the degradation of mei-1 downstream of unc-89 (PubMed:22621901). May also activate the TORC1 pathway (PubMed:29769719).
RNAi-mediated knockdown at L1 larval stage results in the disorganization of myosin thick filaments in adult body wall muscles characterized by the formation of abnormal myosin heavy chain myo-3 aggregates and V-shaped crossing of A-bands (PubMed:22621901). RNAi-mediated knockdown of mel-26 also results in increased lifespan (PubMed:29769719).
Expressed at larval L1 and L3 stages and in adulthood.
Expressed from larval stage L1 to adult stages but not during embryonic development.
Expressed in the ventral nerve cord (VNC), pharynx, intestine and seam cells (at protein level).
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes a reduction in acetylcholine (ACh) content, altered sensitivity to Aldicarb, a potent acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor, reduced expression of vesicular acetylcholine transporter unc-17 and elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (PubMed:25407930). Knockdown inhibits nuclear localization of transcription factor daf-16 (PubMed:25407930).
Transcription factor, probably acting as a transcriptional activator (PubMed:17397820). Required for patterning of male-specific genital sensilla (simple sense organs), known as rays (PubMed:20565799). Dispensable for regulation of body size (PubMed:20565799).
Transcription factor, probably acting as a transcriptional activator and repressor, involved in the TGF-beta-like dbl-1 signaling pathway (PubMed:14627718, PubMed:17397820). Plays a role in regulation of body size, and patterning of male-specific genital sensilla (simple sense organs), known as rays, and mating-associated structures, spicules (PubMed:14627718). Required for the dorsoventral patterning of the postembryonic mesodermal lineage (M lineage), acting by antagonizing the TGF-beta-like dbl-1 signaling pathway, in part by repressing expression of transcription factor unc-130 (PubMed:16790477, PubMed:18036582, PubMed:29155044). Involved in egg-laying, perhaps via modulation of cholinergic neurotransmission (PubMed:25407930). May play a role in modulating lifespan and in responses to proteotoxic stress (PubMed:25407930).
Belongs to the phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein family.
Activated during oocyte maturation by phosphorylation on Ser-362 by cdk-1. The pseudotyrosine phosphatases egg-4 and egg-5 sequester activated mbk-2 until the meiotic divisions and inhibit mbk-2 kinase activity directly, using a mixed-inhibition mechanism that does not involve tyrosine dephosphorylation.
In L1 larvae, expressed widely in the nervous system, including head neurons and the ventral nerve cord. In adult animals, continues to be expressed in the nervous system and is also expressed in body wall muscle.
Maternal-effect embryonic lethality due to defects in spindle positioning and cytokinesis in the early embryo (PubMed:12618396, PubMed:14697358). Microtubules are fragmented and disordered (PubMed:14697358). Abolishes phosphorylation of RNA-binding protein oma-1 in embryos (PubMed:16289132). RNAi-mediated knockdown causes an increase in taf-4 nuclear localization in the one-cell embryo (PubMed:18854162). RNAi-mediated knockdown causes a loss in plk-1 asymmetric localization in 2-cell stage embryo without affecting mex-5 polarization (PubMed:18199581). RNAi-mediated knockdown disrupts P granule distribution in zygotes after meiosis whereby zygotic P granules fail to disassemble in the anterior cytoplasm during zygote polarization, however new P granules assemble and accumulate in the posterior cytoplasm as in wild-type (PubMed:25535836).
Part of a complex, consisting of pseudophosphatases egg-3, egg-4, egg-5 and kinase mbk-2; this complex is required for the oocyte-to-zygote transition (PubMed:19879842). Interacts (via Tyr-619 and Tyr-621) with egg-4 (via tyrosine-protein phosphatase domain) and egg-5 (via tyrosine-protein phosphatase domain); mbk-2 tyrosine phosphorylation enhances the interaction (PubMed:19879842). The interaction inhibits mbk-2 kinase activity and is required for mbk-2 oocyte cortex localization. Interacts (via N-terminus) with egg-3 (via tyrosine-protein phosphatase domain); the interaction does not affect mbk-2 kinase activity, is enhanced by mbk-2 tyrosine phosphorylation status and requires prior binding of mbk-2 to egg-4 and egg-5 (PubMed:17869113, PubMed:19879842).
Required for oocyte-to-zygote transition in which it phosphorylates oocyte proteins, including mei-1, oma-1, oma-2, mex-5, and mex-6, modifying their activity and/or stability following meiosis (PubMed:16289132, PubMed:16338136, PubMed:17869113, PubMed:18854162, PubMed:18199581, PubMed:19879842). Through phosphorylation of P granule components including meg-1, promotes the disassembly of zygotic P granules in the anterior cytoplasm during zygote polarization, and thus plays a role in P granule distribution and segregation in early stage embryos following meiosis (PubMed:25535836). Functions in both spindle positioning and in the posterior localization of cytoplasmic determinants, including pie-1, pos-1, and pgl-1, in early embryos (PubMed:14697358). Involved in the asymmetric distribution of plk-1 at the 2-cell embryonic stage (PubMed:18199581).
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mL52 family.
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in embryos that undergo early mitotic divisions as in wild-type, but which later then display aberrant patterns of nuclei and arrest before morphogenesis (PubMed:15452142). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in chromosome segregation defects in mitotic embryos whereby chromosomes form a disordered metaphase plate and multiple chromosomes exhibit delays in segregation resulting in the formation of bridges during anaphase (PubMed:15452142). The chromosome bridges stretch, break and sometimes form micronuclei (PubMed:15452142). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in kinetochore orientation defects in anaphase spindles in embryos in which kinetochores do not align on the spindle and some kinetochores stretch across the spindle interzone, parallel to the pole-pole axis (PubMed:15452142). RNAi-mediated knockdown does not cause defects in spindle architecture or cytokinesis in embryos (PubMed:15452142).
Required for chromosome movement and orientation on spindle poles in mitosis and meiosis (PubMed:15452142). May play a role in early anterior-posterior chromosome movement in mitotic embryos (PubMed:15452142).
RNAi-mediated knockdown significantly reduces protein levels of ATP-dependent chaperones cdc-48.1 and cdc-48.2 in embryos.
Transcriptional regulator (PubMed:18430416). Binds to specific sequence motifs in regulatory elements (PubMed:18430416). May recruit transcription factors, or may induce structural changes in chromatin, to thereby modulate embryonic expression of ATP-dependent chaperone cdc-48.1 (PubMed:18430416).
In early embryos, expressed in all cells. Expression is higher during early stages and is reduced in late-stage embryos. Present in the one-cell stage zygote, indicating it is provided as a maternal product by the hermaphrodite parent. During larval stages, expressed in proliferative cell lineages, including the seam cells, intestine, P-lineage cells, somatic gonad, and germline. Also observed in a subset of non-proliferative tissues, including hypodermal cells (at protein level).
Interacts with cul-1, cul-2, cul-3, cul-4, cul-5 and cul-6.
Key assembly factor of SCF (SKP1-CUL1-F-box protein) E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes that promotes the exchange of the substrate-recognition F-box subunit in SCF complexes, thereby playing a key role in the cellular repertoire of SCF complexes. Acts as a F-box protein exchange factor (Probable).
Worms show impenetrant phenotypes, including developmental arrest, morphological defects of the vulva and tail and reduced fecundity. Worms also display supernumerary seam cell divisions, defective alae formation, and the accumulation of the SCF(lin-23) target, the glutamate receptor glr-1. Increased levels of the neddylated isoforms of Cul-2 and cul-4.
Acts as a scaffolding protein for phosphatase let-92 and its regulatory subunits (Probable). Probably together with let-92 and regulatory subunit sur-6, regulates centriole duplication, microtubule outgrowth and mitotic spindle stability during early embryonic cell division by preventing the degradation of sas-5 and kinase zyg-1 (PubMed:23336080, PubMed:17218259). During vulva development, may play a role with phosphatase let-92 and regulatory subunit sur-6 in the induction of vulva cell precursors by positively regulating let-60/Ras-MAP kinase signaling, probably by promoting lin-45 activation (PubMed:10521400). Plays a positive role in axon guidance probably by inhibiting phosphatase let-92 (PubMed:20392746).
Belongs to the phosphatase 2A regulatory subunit A family.
Each HEAT repeat appears to consist of two alpha helices joined by a hydrophilic region, the intrarepeat loop. The repeat units may be arranged laterally to form a rod-like structure.
Part of a complex consisting of a common heterodimeric core enzyme, composed of catalytic subunit let-92 and constant regulatory subunit paa-1, that associates with a variety of regulatory subunits which confer distinct properties to the holoenzyme (PubMed:17218259, PubMed:21497766). Interacts with rsa-1 (PubMed:17218259).
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes severe embryonic lethality (PubMed:10521400, PubMed:23336080). Causes a failure to duplicate centrioles resulting in the formation of monopolar spindles at the 2-cell embryonic stage (PubMed:21497766, PubMed:23336080). sas-5 protein levels are reduced in embryos (PubMed:21497766). The few surviving animals lack a vulva resulting from defects in vulva cell induction, vulva precursor cell (VPC) generation and in vulval execution linage (PubMed:10521400). Partially suppresses multivulva formation in a let-60 n1046 mutant background (PubMed:10521400).
Belongs to the nucleoporin Nup133 family.
Important for early nematode development.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. TKL Ser/Thr protein kinase family. Pelle subfamily.
Through association with the adapter actl-1, may act downstream of the receptor complex composed of ilcr-1 and ilcr-2, which is a signaling complex that modulates neuronal activity and animal behavior in response to sensory neuron input.
Belongs to the threonine aldolase family.
Component of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF-3) complex, which is involved in protein synthesis of a specialized repertoire of mRNAs and, together with other initiation factors, stimulates binding of mRNA and methionyl-tRNAi to the 40S ribosome. The eIF-3 complex specifically targets and initiates translation of a subset of mRNAs involved in cell proliferation.
Belongs to the PPP phosphatase family. PP-4 (PP-X) subfamily.
Protein phosphatase which seems to be involved in larval development but not essential for embryogenesis.
Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 4 (PP4) occurs in different assemblies of the catalytic and one or more regulatory subunits.
Belongs to the sarcoglycan beta/delta/gamma/zeta family.
Embryonic lethality or larval arrest (PubMed:11896189, PubMed:15355315). Heterozygous animals are viable and display increased pharyngeal pumping rates associated with reduced acetylcholinesterase activity (PubMed:11896189, PubMed:15355315).
Expressed in the pharynx (including pharyngeal muscle and nerve cells), ventral nerve cord and tail neurons.
Expressed in the pharynx from three-fold stage embryos to adulthood.
Interacts (via PID 2 domain) with apl-1 (via cytoplasmic domain).
Modulates pharyngeal pumping activity, at least in part by regulating expression of the acetylcholinesterase genes ace-1 and ace-2 (PubMed:11896189, PubMed:15355315).
Alters embryonic vab-7 expression pattern.
Involved in the regulatory network to control embryonic patterning and morphogenesis. Implicated in negatively regulating vab-7 expression at the anterior of embryos.
Component of the ska-1 complex, a microtubule-binding subcomplex of the outer kinetochore that is essential for proper chromosome segregation (PubMed:23085020). Required for timely anaphase onset during mitosis, when chromosomes undergo bipolar attachment on spindle microtubules leading to silencing of the spindle checkpoint (By similarity). The ska-1 complex is a direct component of the kinetochore-microtubule interface and directly associates with microtubules as oligomeric assemblies (By similarity). The complex facilitates the processive movement of microspheres along a microtubule in a depolymerization-coupled manner (By similarity). Affinity for microtubules is synergistically enhanced in the presence of the ndc-80 complex and may allow the ndc-80 complex to track depolymerizing microtubules (PubMed:23085020). In the complex, it mediates the interaction with microtubules (PubMed:23085020).
Component of the ska-1 complex, composed of two copies of ska-1 and a single copy of ska-3. The core complex associates with microtubules and may form dimeric assemblies. Interacts with ska-3 and microtubules.
Component of the intraflagellar transport (IFT) complex B required for transport of proteins in the motile cilium (PubMed:28479320). May be required for ciliary entrance and transport of specific ciliary cargo proteins such as che-3 which are related to motility (PubMed:28479320). Regulates specific signaling activities in the cilia, such as the daf-2/insulin receptor-like transduction pathway (PubMed:16968739).
In contrast to other members of the family, does not contain a prenylation domain.
Worms have an extended lifespan phenotype and are defective in dauer formation.
Excess of internal nuclear membranes in oocyte-derived pronuclei that are nearly or completely bisecting the nucleus in embryos during nuclear closure (PubMed:32271860). Increased phosphatidylinositol (PI) production and ectopic ER sheets (PubMed:32271860). Nuclei contain openings through which imported proteins passively diffuse (PubMed:32271860). Twinned nuclei after mitosis (PubMed:32271860). Simultaneous knockdown of chmp-7 or lem-2 leads to enhanced nuclear sealing defects (PubMed:32271860).
Serine/threonine protein phosphatase that may dephosphorylate and activate lipin-like phosphatases (PubMed:22134922). Lipins are phosphatidate phosphatases that catalyze the conversion of phosphatidic acid to diacylglycerol and control the metabolism of fatty acids at different levels (PubMed:22134922). May indirectly modulate the lipid composition of nuclear and/or endoplasmic reticulum membranes and be required for proper nuclear membrane morphology and/or dynamics (PubMed:22134922). Contributes to closure of nuclear envelope (NE) holes and prevents excess nuclear membranes after meiosis and mitosis, possibly through spatial regulation of lipin (PubMed:32271860). May limit the production of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) sheets proximal to the NE to prevent the ER membranes that feed into NE openings from invading the nuclear interior and thereby restrict nuclear transport to nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) (PubMed:32271860). May also indirectly regulate the production of lipid droplets and triacylglycerol (PubMed:22134922).
Belongs to the glycerate kinase type-2 family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic-type primase small subunit family.
Belongs to the bile acid:sodium symporter (BASS) (TC 2.A.28) family.
In male, expressed in the vas deferens cuboidal cells and, in posterior body wall and male-specific diagonal muscles (PubMed:30470702). In hermaphrodites, expressed in posterior body wall muscles and spermatheca (PubMed:30470702).
In males, expression begins at late larval stage and continues in adults.
Serine protease inhibitor (Probable) (PubMed:22125495). Probably by inhibiting serine protease tyr-5 in males, prevents the maturation of spermatids into mature motile spermatozoa until their transfer into a hermaphrodite (PubMed:16461278, PubMed:22125495, PubMed:30470702). Also required for efficient sperm transfer and thus for male fertility (PubMed:16461278).
Defects strongly increase lifespan, the mean lifetime being of 25 days instead of 10 days, suggesting that it may be involved in aging process (PubMed:14668850). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in increased longevity and a reduced nucleoli size (PubMed:28853436). RNAi-mediated knockdown in a ncl-1 mutant background (e1942) reduces the increased longevity and suppresses the reduced nucleoli size of the let-363 single mutant, and reduces the increased ribosomal protein synthesis in the ncl-1 single mutant (e1942) (PubMed:28853436). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the germline causes sterility, a severe reduction in the number of germline progenitors and a delay in G2 phase of the cell cycle (PubMed:22278922). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in no sepa-1 containing aggregates at the comma stage of embryonic development indicative of no germ cell specific P-granules at this stage (PubMed:19377305). RNAi-mediated knockdown enhances the loss of touch receptor neurons in a mec-4 u231 mutant (PubMed:17327275).
Serine/threonine-protein kinase that regulates the mRNA translation machinery, probably by modulating the activity of translation factors such as eIF-4G and eIF-2 (PubMed:12225660). It may have some protein kinase activity instead of lipid kinase activity (PubMed:12225660). May play a role in P-granule degradation by autophagy in somatic cells during embryogenesis (PubMed:19377305). Required, during larval development, for the establishment of the proper number of germline progenitors, probably upstream of rsks-1 and ife-1 (PubMed:22278922). Required for larval development (PubMed:22278922). May act as a mediator of lifespan regulation by insulin signaling and nutrient sensing (PubMed:14668850, PubMed:28853436).
Ubiquitous. Expressed in all major tissues and organs, including the intestine, gonads and hypodermal cells (PubMed:12225660). Expressed in neurons (PubMed:17327275).
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL2 family.
Belongs to the 3-oxoacid CoA-transferase family.
Key enzyme for ketone body catabolism. Transfers the CoA moiety from succinate to acetoacetate. Formation of the enzyme-CoA intermediate proceeds via an unstable anhydride species formed between the carboxylate groups of the enzyme and substrate.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL41 family.
Component of the IFT complex A (IFT-A), a complex required for retrograde ciliary transport (PubMed:28479320). Moves along the ciliary axoneme and is involved in the assembly, localization and the movement of other intraflagellar transport (IFT) proteins along the cilia axoneme (PubMed:16957054, PubMed:22922713). May also associate with the BBSome complex in order to mediate ciliary transport (PubMed:22922713). Regulates cilia biogenesis, morphology and sensitivity to environmental cues (PubMed:16957054, PubMed:22922713).
Defects in cilium morphology and mislocalization of intraflagellar transport proteins. Specifically, phasmid cilia are shorter compared to wild-type, ciliary IFT A complex proteins such as che-11, osm-5 are mislocalized, and the transport and accumulation of the ciliary IFT B complex protein che-13 is impaired. Mutants also display a strong osmosensory (osm) phenotype with an aversion to high osmolarity, and they exhibit impaired chemotaxis in response to volatile odorants such as pyrazine and iso-amyl alcohol.
Belongs to the TPT transporter family. SLC35C subfamily.
Involved in GDP-fucose import from the cytoplasm into the Golgi lumen.
Induced in response to thermal stress in conditions where severe cold temperatures are followed by warmer temperatures (PubMed:29664006). In particular, induced in the warming phase (10 to 22 degrees Celsius) during the cold (4 degrees Celsius) to warm (22 degrees Celsius) temperature transition (PubMed:29664006).
Expression increased by citrate dietary supplementation.
Interacts with dve-1; the interaction occurs in a mitochondrial stress-dependent manner.
Involved in the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (mtUPR) (PubMed:17925224). Plays a role in modulation of lipid metabolism in response to the citrate-induced mtUPR, acting upstream of transcription factor nhr-80 (PubMed:35021096).
RNAi-mediated knockdown inhibits expression of hsp-60 when adults are exposed to conditions causing mitochondrial unfolded protein stress.
Belongs to the SEC23/SEC24 family. SEC24 subfamily.
Expressed in the ASI and ASK chemosensory neurons and in the IL-2 interneurons, but weakly expressed in other head neurons in hermaphrodites.
G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) that forms a heterodimer with daf-37 to control dauer formation and behavior. Required for the response to dauer inducing pheromones such as the ascarosides ascr#2, ascr#3 and ascr#5.
Directs RNA polymerase II nuclear import.
Although dif-1 activity is required only during embryogenesis, it is expressed at all stages of development.
Seems to play a role in the maintenance of tissue differentiation in the developing embryo, but not for its initiation.
Allosterically activated by ADP, AMP, or fructose 2,6-bisphosphate, and allosterically inhibited by ATP or citrate.
Belongs to the phosphofructokinase type A (PFKA) family. ATP-dependent PFK group I subfamily. Eukaryotic two domain clade 'E' sub-subfamily.
Catalyzes the phosphorylation of D-fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate by ATP, the first committing step of glycolysis.
Belongs to the GPI inositol-deacylase family.
Involved in inositol deacylation of GPI-anchored proteins which plays important roles in the quality control and ER-associated degradation of GPI-anchored proteins.
Molecular scaffold for [Fe-S] cluster assembly of mitochondrial iron-sulfur proteins.
Belongs to the tRNA-intron endonuclease family.
By heat. Two-fold induction at 25 degrees Celsius compared with 15 degrees Celsius.
Promotes adaption to elevated temperatures by regulating expression of the lipid desaturase, fat-7. Binds selectively and with high affinity to fatty acids with chain lengths from C10 to C12 and prevents them from activating fat-7 expression mediated by the nuclear hormone receptor nhr-49, leading to low levels of membrane lipid desaturation and membrane fluidity for adaption to heat.
Temperature-sensitive mutants in which embryos develop to adulthood at 15 and 20 degrees Celsius, but have a poor survival incidence at 25 degrees Celsius. Mutants have increased membrane fluidity and abnormal compositions of fatty acid species.
Regulates body size morphogenesis, but does not affect male tail development.
Exhibits glutathione-dependent thiol transferase activity (By similarity). Has dehydroascorbate reductase activity and may contribute to the recycling of ascorbic acid (By similarity). Participates in the biotransformation of inorganic arsenic and reduces monomethylarsonic acid (MMA) (By similarity). Protects against environmental stress and oxidative stress (PubMed:17901115).
Expressed in late embryos, during the L1 to L4 stages of larval development and in adult hermaphrodites.
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in increased sensitivity and reduced survival in response to oxidative stress inducers cumene hydroperoxide, jugalone, paraquat and arsenite, and to heat shock treatment.
Insulin-like peptide which plays a role in ageing as a consequence of daf-16 activity.
RNAi-mediated knockdown extends lifespan.
Belongs to the class V-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. Histone-lysine methyltransferase family. EZ subfamily.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Expressed in all cells of early embryos. In late embryos and L1 larva, it is weakly expressed, while it is expressed at intermediate levels in the germline of L4 larvae.
In adults, it is predominantly expressed in the germline, and weakly expressed in intestinal cells (PubMed:9609829, PubMed:29702639). Expressed in the hypoderm (PubMed:29702639).
Interacts directly with mes-6 via its N-terminal domain (PubMed:11320248). Forms a heterotrimeric complex with mes-3 and mes-6 (PubMed:11320248, PubMed:15380065). Does not interact with mes-4 (PubMed:11320248).
Polycomb group (PcG) protein. Catalytic subunit of a the mes-2/mes-3/mes-6 complex, which methylates 'Lys-27' of histone H3, leading to transcriptional repression of the affected target genes. PcG proteins act by forming multiprotein complexes, which are required to maintain the transcriptionally repressive state of homeotic genes throughout development. In association with the nfya-1-NF-Y complex, may play a role in repressing the expression of the homeobox protein egl-5 in tissues such as the head (PubMed:17574230). PcG proteins are not required to initiate repression, but to maintain it during later stages of development. The mes-2/mes-3/mes-6 complex may participate in the global inactivation of the X chromosomes in germline cells. This complex is required to exclude mes-4 from the inactivated X-chromosomes in germline cells (PubMed:12077420, PubMed:15380065). Required for small-RNA-induced H3K27 trimethylation (PubMed:26365259). Involved in the negative regulation of lifespan in a germline-independent fashion (PubMed:22212395).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in extended lifespan in wild type worms and in a glp-1(e2141) mutant background which lacks a germline (PubMed:22212395). Also leads to reduced H3K27me3 levels on metaphase chromosomes (PubMed:26904949). Double RNAi-mediated knockdown together with mes-6 RNAi results in ectopic expression of the homeobox protein egl-5 in the head region (PubMed:17574230). This ectopic expression of egl-5 in the head region is enhanced in a nfya-1 bp4 mutant background (PubMed:17574230). In addition in this background in males, there is ectopic expression of egl-5 in the mid-body region including in seam cells and hypodermal nuclei, and there is ectopic ray formation (PubMed:17574230).
ATP-dependent serine protease that mediates the selective degradation of misfolded and unassembled polypeptides in the peroxisomal matrix. Necessary for type 2 peroxisome targeting signal (PTS2)-containing protein processing and facilitates peroxisome matrix protein import.
33% reduction in the larval diapause in the presence of dauer pheromone compared to wild-type.
Expressed during larval and adult stages with the highest expression during the L2 stage of larval development (PubMed:14730154). Expressed in head neurons at pre-dauer, dauer and post-dauer larval stages (PubMed:23132577). During the dauer stage, also expressed in tail neurons, amphid neurons, the ventral nerve cord and AVG interneurons (PubMed:23132577).
Expressed in head neurons and the uterus.
Involved in the regulation of the larval diapause.
Belongs to the pyrimidine 5'-nucleotidase family.
Required for replication-independent chromatin assembly and for the periodic repression of histone gene transcription during the cell cycle.
Animals are viable, fertile and coordinated (PubMed:12628183). Defective HSN axon branching at the vulva (PubMed:12628183). Abnormal synaptic vesicle clustering in HSNL motor neuron (PubMed:12628183, PubMed:15035988). Synapses in the secondary synapse region, anterior to the vulva, are not eliminated during synapse development and persist into adulthood (PubMed:17626846).
Belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily.
Cell adhesion protein (PubMed:15035988). Involved in synapse formation in the HSNL egg-laying motor neuron (PubMed:12628183, PubMed:15035988, PubMed:21858180, PubMed:24485456). Inhibits assembly of the SCF(sel-10) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex at synapses, and protects them from elimination (PubMed:17626846). Also required for F-actin assembly at the synaptic region and for axon branch formation (PubMed:24439377).
Expression in head motor neurons, occasionally in HSN neurons and weakly in other cells in the vulval region (PubMed:12628183). Expressed in the primary synapse region of HSNL motor neuron (PubMed:18675916, PubMed:21858180).
Interacts with skr-1 (PubMed:17626846). Interacts with syg-2 (PubMed:21858180, PubMed:24485456). Interacts with the WAVE regulatory complex; the interaction leads to formation of a synaptic F-actin network that is required for synapse formation and axon branching (PubMed:24439377).
Localized to the primary synapse region in the vulva from early larval stage L4 to young adult stage.
The first Ig-like domain is necessary for localization to the primary synapse region of HSNL motor neurons.
Expressed widely throughout development (at protein level) (PubMed:11203704). Earliest expression at the embryonic comma stage; expressed in the developing pharynx, hypodermal cells, hindgut lining, and also in several cells near the rectum and in the tail (at protein level) (PubMed:11203704, PubMed:15581870). Expressed in pharynx until adulthood, when it becomes undetectable (at protein level) (PubMed:11203704). Expression in adult hermaphrodites may be highest in the germ line (PubMed:11203704).
May not bind metals in vitro (PubMed:15165844). It is possible that some phenotypes due to mutant cu9 allele are due to deletion of predicted flanking non-coding RNA genes.
Putative transcription factor (PubMed:11203704). Binds to specific sequence motif 5'-[TC][AGT]TGCC[GA][AT]-3' in regulatory elements of target genes such as myosin myo-2 (PubMed:11203704, PubMed:15165844). May modulate gene expression, perhaps acting in opposition to transcription factor pha-4 (PubMed:11203704, PubMed:12095247). Involved in morphogenesis, perhaps especially in formation of the pharynx (PubMed:11203704, PubMed:15581870). Plays roles in molting, feeding and morphology (PubMed:15581870).
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes multiple defects, including embryonic lethality, slow larval growth, abnormal tail morphology, constipation, abnormal vulva, and abnormal pharynx.
Component of the origin recognition complex (ORC) that binds origins of replication. DNA-binding is ATP-dependent, however specific DNA sequences that define origins of replication have not been identified so far. ORC is required to assemble the pre-replication complex necessary to initiate DNA replication (By similarity).
Colocalized with par-3 at all stages in early embryos, at the anterior cortex of the embryo. Patchy expression observed at the periphery after completion of meiosis I and in meiosis II, which on completion of metaphase II, is restricted to the anterior 85% of embryo length; this decreases to 55% in embryos between prophase and telophase of the first mitosis. During the first cleavage, expression is detected in the advancing furrow. Along with pkc-3, is unable to associate with the apical cortex of cells that lack par-3. Transiently coexpressed and colocalized with par-3 and pkc-3, asymmetrically in the developing somatic gonad, including the spermathecal precursor cells of L4 larvae.
Interacts with par-3, required for its peripheral localization, and with cdc-42, required for the activation of a par-3/par-6/pkc-3 complex.
Necessary for apicobasal and anterior-posterior asymmetries associated with cell adhesion and gastrulation during the first few cell cycles of embryogenesis (PubMed:8898226). Required for localizing/ maintaining par-3 at the cell periphery (PubMed:9834192, PubMed:8898226). Regulates mes-1 expression and/or localization pattern during early embryogenesis (PubMed:11003841). Acts together with par-3 and pkc-3 in maintaining epithelial cell polarity in the distal spermatheca (PubMed:13129846, PubMed:15151982). Plays a role in endosome and Golgi body positioning (PubMed:22634595).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in a diffuse distribution of early, recycling and late endosomes and Golgi bodies and reduced intensities of markers for these organelles.
Although the active site residues Cys and His are conserved, appears to lack catalytic activity in vitro. This is probably due to the active site pentapeptide VCCRG being highly divergent from the canonical active site pentapeptide QAC[RQG]G present in catalytically active caspases.
Cleavage by csp-1 isoform b or ced-3 removes the propeptide and generates subunit p31 in vitro. An additional cleavage at Asp-149 generates the 2 subunits p17 and p14 but this cleavage appears to be less efficient.
Interacts with ced-3 (via large subunit p17 or small subunit p13); the interaction inhibits ced-3 autoactivation.
Putative inactive caspase (PubMed:9857046). Dispensable for the inhibition of germline apoptosis (PubMed:19575016).
Putative inactive caspase (PubMed:9857046). In the germline, binds caspase ced-3 zymogen and prevents ced-3 autoactivation. Does not affect the caspase activity of mature ced-3 and ced-4-mediated mature ced-3 activation (PubMed:19575016). Negatively regulates germline apoptosis by inhibiting autocleavage of caspase ced-3 (PubMed:19575016). Involved in fertility (PubMed:19575016).
Specifically expressed in the hermaphrodite germline.
Survival of touch neurons and several pharyngeal cells is not affected during development. In a ced-3 n2427 or ced-3 n2427 and cps-3 n4872 mutant background, no extra pharyngeal cells caused by impaired apoptosis are produced. In a csp-3 n4872, csp-1 n4967 and ced-3 n3692 mutant background, pharyngeal cells, that are normally fated to die, survive and 16 percent of animals have still 1 or more cell corpses that are morphologically apoptotic and are internalized by engulfing cells. In addition, apoptosis of the male linker cell occurs normally.
Although thought to contribute to D(4)-dafrachronic acid biosynthesis, the latter may not be present at physiologically relevant concentrations in C.elegans and comparative metabolomics would indicate 7-dehydrogenase activity and participation in D(7)-dafrachronic acid biosynthesis instead.
Expressed exclusively in the neuron-like XXX(L/R) cells through all four larval stages and becomes fainter in adults.
Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase involved in the biosynthesis of dafrachonic acids (PubMed:18495818, PubMed:20178781, PubMed:24411940). Catalyzes the dehydrogenation of cholesterol or its derivatives and the isomerization of the double carbon bond on the sterol ring. Modifies sterols into a Delta(4)-3-keto-sterols such as cholest-4-en-3-one, precursor of Delta(4)-dafachronic acid (PubMed:18495818). Contributes to the production of Delta(7)-dafachronic acid in the XXX cells (PubMed:24411940). Dafachronic acids act as ligands and bind directly to the nuclear hormone receptor (NHR) daf-12 suppressing dauer formation and inducing reproductive growth (PubMed:18495818, PubMed:24411940). Acts in parallel to AKT-1 to promote reproductive development via DAF-16/FoxO and DAF-12 (PubMed:20178781).
Mutants are hypersensitive to pheromone induction and form dauers more readily than the wild-type.
Forms a complex composed of sart-3, terminal uridylyltransferase usip-1 and U6 snRNA; complex formation is mediated by usip-1 and sart-3 binding to U6 snRNA (PubMed:25753661). Associates with U4 and U6 snRNP complexes, probably by interacting with U4 and U6 snRNAs (PubMed:25753661).
Lethal at the young adult stage due to a ruptured vulva (PubMed:25753661). RNAi-mediated knockdown causes a partial reduction in the number of hatched embryos (PubMed:25753661). RNAi-mediated knockdown in a usip-1 (tm1897) mutant background causes complete embryonic lethality (PubMed:25753661).
U6 snRNP-binding protein that functions as a recycling factor of the splicing machinery (PubMed:25753661). Promotes the initial reassembly of U4 and U6 snRNPs following their ejection from the spliceosome during its maturation (PubMed:25753661).
Detected in the head mesodermal cell. In the tail region, detected in the stomatointestinal and anal depressor muscle cells.
Expressed at all developmental stages, but expression relative to adult is decreased in the L3 and dauer stages.
Homodimer. Occurs in an equilibrium of monomeric and dimeric forms in solution.
Plays a role in electron transport. Utilizes the bis-histidyl hexacoordinated complex with iron to transfer electrons to cytochrome c and molecular oxygen. Plays a regulatory role in the periodicity of the defecation cycle under oxidative stress conditions. Not involved in imparting protection against general conditions of oxidative stress. May participate in redox reactions under anaerobic conditions.
Up-regulated by anoxia but not affected by hypoxia.
Belongs to the V-ATPase C subunit family.
Expressed ubiquitously; higher levels are found in gastrointestinal and hypodermal cells, as well as H-shaped excretory cell.
Subunit of the V1 complex of vacuolar(H+)-ATPase (V-ATPase), a multisubunit enzyme composed of a peripheral complex (V1) that hydrolyzes ATP and a membrane integral complex (V0) that translocates protons (Probable). V-ATPase is responsible for acidifying and maintaining the pH of intracellular compartments and in some cell types, is targeted to the plasma membrane, where it is responsible for acidifying the extracellular environment (By similarity). Subunit C is necessary for the assembly of the catalytic sector of the enzyme and is likely to have a specific function in its catalytic activity (By similarity). Has roles in embryogenesis and ovulation (PubMed:10846178).
V-ATPase is a heteromultimeric enzyme made up of two complexes: the ATP-hydrolytic V1 complex and the proton translocation V0 complex (By similarity). The V1 complex consists of three catalytic AB heterodimers that form a heterohexamer, three peripheral stalks each consisting of EG heterodimers, one central rotor including subunits D and F, and the regulatory subunits C and H (By similarity). The proton translocation complex V0 consists of the proton transport subunit a, a ring of proteolipid subunits c9c'', rotary subunit d, subunits e and f, and the accessory subunits vah-19/Ac45 and vah-20/PRR (By similarity). Interacts with V-type proton ATPase subunits a1 unc-32, a2 vha-5 and a3 vha-6 (PubMed:11441002).
Worms display embryonic lethality. When vha-11 is silenced in adults, they are able to produce eggs but egg numbers gradually decrease and worms become sterile after 24 hours. This sterility continues for about 4 days and then viable eggs are produced again.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL1 family.
Acts as a specific terminal uridylyltransferase for U6 snRNA. Responsible for the addition of UTP at the 3' end of U6 snRNA which stabilizes U6 snRNA (PubMed:25753661). Does not have activity towards modified uridine containing 3'-monophosphorylation or 2'-O-methylation (PubMed:25753661).
Belongs to the DNA polymerase type-B-like family.
Forms a complex composed of sart-3, terminal uridylyltransferase usip-1 and U6 snRNA; complex formation is mediated by usip-1 and sart-3 binding to U6 snRNA.
Acts as a ligand for the npr-22 receptor in vitro.
Expressed in eggs, all larval stages and in adult (PubMed:9685599). Expressed in the ALA neuron in L4 stage larvae (PubMed:27546573).
Expressed in the ASI sensory neurons, the ALA interneuron and the AVG interneuron from where secretion occurs. Expression in the ASI neurons is necessary and sufficient to maintain serotonin-induced fat loss.
FMRFamide-like neuropeptides (PubMed:16377032, PubMed:28128367). Stimulates serotonin-induced fat loss by binding to and activating the npr-22 receptor which leads to induction of the atgl-1 lipase and subsequent fat loss (PubMed:33078707). Together with atfs-1, negatively regulates the expression of the transcription regulator hlh-11, to promote expression of atgl-1, and thus atgl-1-dependent fat oxidation in response to mitochondrial stress (PubMed:33078707).
Retention of a significantly greater proportion of body fat compared to wild-type following treatment with serotonin, almost complete suppression of the transcriptional induction of the atgl-1 lipase, reduced egg-laying and suppression of octopamine-induced fat loss. No effect on serotonin-induced food intake, reproduction or the enhanced slowing response which is a satiety-like locomotor response to food availability.
SPMQRSSMVRF-amide: Acts as a ligand for the npr-22 receptor in vitro.
TPMQRSSMVRF-amide: Acts as a ligand for the npr-22 receptor in vitro.
Although it belongs to the tubulin--tyrosine ligase family, the TTL domain lacks some of the ATP binding sites predicted to be essential for TTL activity (By similarity). Lacks tyrosine ligase activity in vitro (By similarity). Lacks glutamylation activity in vitro (By similarity).
RNAi-mediated knockdown at the L1 larval stage causes a reduction in egg-laying, likely due to a defect in the egg-laying apparatus muscles and in hermaphrodite specific neurons.
Regulates microtubule dynamics in uterine muscle cells.
Expressed at L4 larval stage and in adults. Expressed at low levels in embryos and between the L1 and L3 larval stages.
Expressed in the pharynx and some head neurons.
Probably acts as an adapter for ATPase cdc-48.1 and/or cdc-48.2, conferring substrate specificity. Involved in the lysosomal clearance of cellular material in diet restricted conditions (PubMed:30595383).
Reduced lifespan (PubMed:30595383). Prolonged expression of the lysosomal protein glo-1 12 hours after starvation (PubMed:30595383).
Up-regulated in response to starvation (at protein level).
Involved in cell migration and signal transduction (PubMed:11967148, PubMed:22732572). Important in several developmental processes including epidermal development, Q neuroblast migrations and muscle arm targeting. Required with ina-1/pat-3 to stabilize the commissural axons growth cone along a precise direction and are required for the cell to respond appropriately when signaling in the growth cone must change (PubMed:11967148). During gonad morphogenesis, involved in distal tip cell (DTC) migration from the dorsal side of the hermaphrodite body to the midbody to allow for formation of gonad arms (PubMed:22732572).
Mutants exhibit premature branching of commissures (PubMed:11967148). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in gonad distal tip cell (DTC) migration defects whereby DTCs do not migrate to the midbody of the hermaphrodite and as a consequence this leads to abnormal gonadal arm formation during gonad morphogenesis (PubMed:22732572). Double knockdown with mig-38 results in enhanced gonad DTC migration defects (PubMed:22732572).
Acts as a transcription factor required for formation of the pharyngeal primordium (PubMed:7607089, PubMed:18448117). Binds to the consensus sequence 5'-T[AG]TT[TG][AG][TC]-3' with variations of the sequence affecting onset of target gene expression (PubMed:18448117). Becomes associated with pharyngeal target promoters by the 8E cell stage, playing a role in inducing large-scale chromatin decompaction, prior to the activation of transcription (PubMed:20714352). Binding with target sequences in pharyngeal cells may be repressed by the nuclear lamina protein emr-1 (PubMed:20714352). Activates a wide array of pharyngeal genes including ceh-22, pax-1 and myo-2 and represses ectodermal genes lin-26 and elt-3, ensuring pharyngeal cell fate (PubMed:11823633, PubMed:20714352, PubMed:9584117, PubMed:14738885). Required for recruitment of htz-1 to a subset of pharyngeal promoters to ensure gene activation and also acts synergistically with tbx-2 in pharyngeal development. Acts in the regulation of diet-restriction-mediated longevity by increasing expression of sod-1, sod-2, sod-4 and sod-5 but not sod-3 (PubMed:17476212). Positively regulates the expression of the transcription factor hlh-6 in the pharyngeal gland (PubMed:17049341). May regulate gene expression in the intestine (PubMed:18448117).
Expression first seen at the 8E cell stage in the embryonic gut. After hatching, expression is almost diminished in the pharynx and gut. Expressed in L3/L4 larvae in cells of the developing gonad. At the 8-12E stage, expression is seen for the first time in the rectal precursors. Intestinal expression is down-regulated during the larval to adult transition.
Strongly expressed in the embryonic pharynx, particularly pharyngeal primordium precursor cells. Expression less strong in the embryonic gut. Expressed in adult intestine (PubMed:17113066).
Worms are unable to form the pharyngeal primordium with the pharyngeal precursor cells, ABaraapapaa and ABaraapppaa showing arrested development prior to terminal cell division. Some mutants exhibit malformed rectal tissues and fail to undergo proper embryonic elongation. RNAi-mediated knockdown at the L1 larval stage reduces survival (PubMed:30965033).
Converts proline to delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate (By similarity). Through proline catabolism, promotes reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and the transcription of skn-1 target genes in response to bacterial infection by P.aeruginosa (PubMed:27974198).
RNAi-mediated knockdown reduces the survival incidence, results in increased bacterial load and reduces ROS production following infection by P.aeruginosa (PubMed:27974198). RNAi-mediated knockdown inhibits the nuclear accumulation of the transcription factor skn-1 and reduces the expression of skn-1 transcriptional targets including gst-4 following infection by P.aeruginosa (PubMed:27974198). RNAi-mediated knockdown suppresses the pro-survival effects of the addition of exogenous proline following infection by P.aeruginosa (PubMed:27974198).
Up-regulated by infection with P.aeruginosa.
Belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily. ETFBKMT family.
The 26S proteasome is involved in the ATP-dependent degradation of ubiquitinated proteins. The regulatory (or ATPase) complex confers ATP dependency and substrate specificity to the 26S complex (By similarity).
Constitutes a precursor of the transcription factor (PubMed:28441531). Mediates the autocatalytic cleavage that releases the Myelin regulatory factor homolog 1, N-terminal component that specifically activates transcription of genes involved in synaptic rewiring during nervous system maturation (PubMed:28441531).
Homotrimer (By similarity). Interacts with myrf-2 (PubMed:28441531). Interacts (via C-terminus) with pan-1 (via LRR regions); the interaction promotes the role of myrf-1 in the synaptic remodeling of DD GABAergic motor neurons at the cell membrane (PubMed:33950834).
In early L1 larvae, expressed in the pharynx, epidermis, and neurons.
Membrane-bound part that has no transcription factor activity and remains attached to the endoplasmic reticulum membrane following cleavage.
Myelin regulatory factor: Follows autocatalytic cleavage via the peptidase S74 domain. Autoprocessing is apparently constitutive and is essential for transcriptional activity.
Myelin regulatory factor: The peptidase S74 domain, also named Intramolecular Chaperone Auto-processed (ICA) domain or Intramolecular Chaperone Domain (ICD), has protease activity and mediates autocatalytic processing of the protein to generate the Myelin regulatory factor, N-terminal active transcription factor and the Myelin regulatory factor, C-terminal components.
Transcription factor that specifically activates expression of genes involved in synaptic rewiring during nervous system maturation (PubMed:28441531). Specifically required for dorsal D (DD) GABAergic motor neurons synaptic rewiring (PubMed:28441531, PubMed:33950834). Acts in complex with myrf-2 paralog (PubMed:28441531).
Widely expressed in many tissues, including neuronal, muscle and epidermal stem cells (PubMed:21989027). In neurons, expressed in dorsal D (DD) GABAergic motor neurons (PubMed:28441531).
Worms show normal dorsal D (DD) GABAergic motor neurons rewiring but show larval lethality. Worms lacking both myrf-1 and myrf-2 display defective DD neurons rewiring.
Expressed predominantly in sensory neurons. Expressed asymmetrically in the right ASE (ASER) neuron and bilaterally in ASI and URX neurons. Expressed in PVT and bilaterally in AIY non-sensory neurons. Expressed in intestine.
Guanylate cyclase involved in the production of the second messenger cGMP (By similarity). Involved in the sensing of K+ gradient by the ASE right (ASER) sensory neuron (PubMed:19523832).
Component of the general transcription and DNA repair factor IIH (TFIIH) core complex which is involved in general and transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair (NER) of damaged DNA.
Forms a complex composed of ubxn-3, ufd-1, npl-4.1 and cdc-48.1; within the complex interacts with cdc-48.1 (PubMed:20977550, PubMed:16647269). Interacts with cdc-48.2 (PubMed:16647269). Interacts with npl-4.1 and/or npl-4.2 (PubMed:16647269).
Functions at a post-ubiquitination step in the ubiquitin fusion degradation (UFD) pathway (By similarity). In association with npl-4.1 and/or npl-4.2 and ATPase cdc-48.1 and/or cdc-48.2, involved in the cytoplasmic elimination of misfolded proteins exported from the ER (PubMed:16647269, PubMed:22768338). This pathway, known as ERAD, prevents the activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) caused by the accumulation of misfolded proteins in the ER (PubMed:16647269, PubMed:22768338). During S phase and in association with npl-4.1 and/or npl-4.2, cdc-48.1 and/or cdc-48.2 and ubxn-3, ensures the degradation of DNA licensing factor cdt-1 after the initiation of DNA replication and thus the disassembly of the DNA replication CMG helicase complex by promoting the dissociation from chromatin of several of its components including cdc-45 and sld-5 (PubMed:18728180, PubMed:21981920, PubMed:26842564). Regulates ubxn-3 nuclear localization during S phase (PubMed:26842564).
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes embryonic lethality (PubMed:16647269, PubMed:18728180). In embryos, DNA replication is partially impaired causing a delay in S phase progression in P0, AB and P1 cells; simultaneous RNAi-mediated knockdown of DNA replication checkpoint kinases chk-1 or atl-1 suppresses the delay in S phase (PubMed:18728180). Prevents DNA replication licensing factor cdt-1 down-regulation and causes cdt-1 accumulation on mitotic chromosomes (PubMed:21981920). Impairs dissociation from the chromatin of components of the DNA replication machinery, including cdc-45 and GINS complex component sld-5, resulting in their persistent association with chromatin throughout embryonic mitosis (PubMed:21981920, PubMed:26842564, PubMed:18728180). Abnormal ubxn-3 localization into punctate structures in the nucleus (PubMed:26842564). Reduces npl-4 expression in embryos (PubMed:21981920, PubMed:26842564). RNAi-mediated knockdown in adults causes defects in germline development, induces the unfolded protein response, and causes the accumulation of misfolded protein cpl-1 in the ER (PubMed:16647269, PubMed:20977550, PubMed:22768338).
Expressed in pre-comma stage embryos, and in particular in hyp7 hypodermal precursor cells.
Nuclear migration defects in hyp7 hypodermal precursor cells.
Plays a role in nuclear migration in hypodermal cells.
Belongs to the metallo-beta-lactamase superfamily. RNA-metabolizing metallo-beta-lactamase-like family. INTS11 subfamily.
Acts as target recruitment subunit in the E3 ubiquitin ligase complex zyg-11-cul-2-elc-1. Required for metaphase to anaphase transition and M phase exit at meiosis II. Regulates polarity establishment.
Interacts with elc-1. Part of an E3 ubiquitin ligase complex including zyg-11, cul-2 and elc-1.
Maternally expressed but its transcription is not limited to the female germline.
Involved in the lipid remodeling steps of GPI-anchor maturation. Required for stable expression of GPI-anchored proteins at the cell surface (By similarity).
Expressed in external cuticle-producing epithelial cells including the epidermis, vulva, rectum, excretory duct and excretory pore.
Lethal at the larval stage of development. Defects in the development of the excretory system during embryogenesis and the early stages of larval development. Dilated lumens of both the excretory canal cell and excretory duct which become apparent between the early and mid 3-fold stages of embryogenesis and increases in severity as development progresses. Lumen dialation may be as a result of fluid accumulation due to blockage of the lumen. At around the time of hatching, the autocellular junction, which usually seals the excretory pore tube, is absent. Detached excretory duct and pore cells, which usually connects the excretory canal cell to the outside environment for excretion. Irregular morphology of the epidermis and vulva in larvae at the L1 stage of larval development.
Required for epithelial tube development and shaping (PubMed:27482894, PubMed:33141826). Involved in the morphogenesis and function of the three unicellular tubes of the excretory system, the canal cell, the duct cell and the pore cell (PubMed:7476875, PubMed:27482894, PubMed:33141826). Also plays a role in cuticle development, alae formation and shaping of the vulval lumen (PubMed:27482894). Required for larval development (PubMed:7476875, PubMed:27482894, PubMed:33141826).
Secreted in the region between the embryo and inner layer of the eggshell. Expressed in excretory canal cells of embryos and at the 1.5-fold stage of embryonic development accumulates in the lumen of the excretory duct and pore. Expression ceases in the lumen of the excretory duct and pore prior to cuticle secretion. Thereafter expressed transiently in the lumen of the excretory duct and pore in the latter phase of each subsequent larval developmental stage. During the molt phase of larval development, accumulates in the space in between the new and old cuticles. During the L4 stage of larval development, accumulates in the vulval lumen.
The ZP domain is required for localization at the apical cell membrane, secretion and excretory tube and vulval lumen expansion.
Catalyzes the N-methylation of nicotinamide and other pyridines to form pyridinium ions (By similarity). Involved in regulation of lifespan extension downstream of the sirtuin sir-2.1, probably through its role in nicotinic acid metabolism (PubMed:24077178).
Suppressed lifespan extension when exposed to nicotinic acid and nicotinamide. Reduced reactive oxygen species levels when exposed to nicotinic acid.
Involved in calcium binding and microtubule stabilization.
Expressed in the ventral and dorsal nerve cords and ventral nerve cord motor neurons (PubMed:30779740). Also expressed in tail neurons and head neurons including SAB and DBI motor neurons (PubMed:30779740).
Neuropeptide ligand for the G-protein coupled receptor sprr-2.
Plays a role in several types of aversive gustatory associative learning including gustatory plasticity and salt avoidance learning.
Belongs to the helicase family. RecQ subfamily.
Acts as component of the MCM2-7 complex (MCM complex) which is the replicative helicase essential for 'once per cell cycle' DNA replication initiation and elongation in eukaryotic cells. Core component of CDC45-MCM-GINS (CMG) helicase, the molecular machine that unwinds template DNA during replication, and around which the replisome is built. The active ATPase sites in the MCM2-7 ring are formed through the interaction surfaces of two neighboring subunits such that a critical structure of a conserved arginine finger motif is provided in trans relative to the ATP-binding site of the Walker A box of the adjacent subunit. The six ATPase active sites, however, are likely to contribute differentially to the complex helicase activity.
Exacerbates bordering behavior, where animals accumulate at the edges of culture media (PubMed:14555955). Enhances clumping/aggregation behavior in a G-protein coupled receptor npr-1 mutant background (PubMed:14555955). Decreases locomotion quiescence, in an npr-1 mutant background, during the sleep-like state called lethargus which occurs during molting between larval and adult stages (PubMed:23764289).
Expressed in the ADL, ASE and ASH sensory neurons, the URA motor neurons and the MC, M2 and M4 pharyngeal neurons.
FMRFamide-like neuropeptide (PubMed:12821653, PubMed:14555955). Involved in modulating locomotion quiescence during the sleep-like state called lethargus which occurs during molting between larval and adult stages, acting via the G-protein coupled receptor npr-1 (PubMed:23764289). Plays a role in modulating social and feeding behavior (PubMed:14555955).
It has been reported that many phenotypes associated with the Bristol N2 reference allele of the receptor npr-1 may reflect a neomorphic gain-of-function sensitivity of the receptor to flp-18 in addition to sensitivity to flp-21.
Ligand to G-protein coupled receptor npr-1.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the AIR carboxylase family. Class II subfamily.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the SAICAR synthetase family.
Subunit of the oligosaccharyl transferase (OST) complex that catalyzes the initial transfer of a defined glycan (Glc(3)Man(9)GlcNAc(2) in eukaryotes) from the lipid carrier dolichol-pyrophosphate to an asparagine residue within an Asn-X-Ser/Thr consensus motif in nascent polypeptide chains, the first step in protein N-glycosylation. N-glycosylation occurs cotranslationally and the complex associates with the Sec61 complex at the channel-forming translocon complex that mediates protein translocation across the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). All subunits are required for a maximal enzyme activity.
Belongs to the D-glucuronyl C5-epimerase family.
Converts D-glucuronic acid residues adjacent to N-sulfate sugar residues to L-iduronic acids (By similarity). Plays a role in the early migration of AQR and PQR neurons, which descend from the Q neuroblasts (PubMed:26022293).
Expression in comma stage embryos is strong in the hypodermis and intestine and weaker in the head region. In late embryos, larval, and adult stages, expressed primarily in hypodermis and intestine.
Irregular positioning of the AQR and PQR neurons in larva at the L4 stage.
Gain of function uncoordinated rubber band response is phenocopied by exposure to the unc-49 agonist muscimol.
Low levels in body-wall muscles, eight vulval muscles, intestinal muscles and anal depressor muscle.
May contribute to coordination of muscle contraction as regulatory subunit of a nonessential potassium channel complex.
May form a complex with sup-9 and unc-93 where sup-10 and unc-93 act as regulatory subunits of the two pore potassium channel sup-9. Sup-10 may regulate sup-9 via sup-18.
Activity is not affected by 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate.
Belongs to the BPG-independent phosphoglycerate mutase family.
Binds 2 manganese or magnesium ions per subunit (By similarity). Cobalt and nickel are less efficient (PubMed:17897734).
Catalyzes the interconversion of 2-phosphoglycerate and 3-phosphoglycerate.
Expressed ubiquitously. High expression levels in the nerve ring region, intestine and body wall muscles.
RNAi knockdown results in embryonic lethality. The few surviving larvae have sluggish movements, abnormal body morphology, developmental arrest and impaired survival.
Cytoplasmic intermediate filaments provide mechanical strength to cells. Not essential protein.
First expressed in comma stage embryos, continuing into young adult hermaphrodites (PubMed:22207033). Expressed in the single interneuron DVC, in the tail ganglion, from larval L3 stage and throughout lifetime (PubMed:22207033). Expressed in the ut2 and ut3 cells in the uterus in young adults (PubMed:22207033).
May interact with homeobox protein ceh-14.
Probable transcription factor, modulating expression of helix-loop-helix protein mbr-1, perhaps acting in concert with homeobox protein ceh-14 (PubMed:22207033). May play a minor role in axon guidance in the DVC interneuron (PubMed:22207033).
Belongs to the sterol desaturase family.
Belongs to the SLC35F solute transporter family.
Belongs to the UTP23/FCF1 family. FCF1 subfamily.
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in the aberrant secretion and processing of the aspartic protease hrg-7 with accumulation of hrg-7 in its immature uncleaved form and in the intestine.
SNAREs, soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor-attachment protein receptors, are essential proteins for fusion of cellular membranes. SNAREs localized on opposing membranes assemble to form a trans-SNARE complex, an extended, parallel four alpha-helical bundle that drives membrane fusion. Plays a role in the processing and secretion of the aspartic protease hrg-7 from the intestine (PubMed:28581477).
Assembly protein recruiting clathrin and adaptor protein complex 2 (AP2) to cell membranes at sites of coated-pit formation and clathrin-vesicle assembly. May be required to determine the amount of membrane to be recycled, possibly by regulating the size of the clathrin cage. Involved in AP2-dependent clathrin-mediated endocytosis at the neuromuscular junction. Required for the efficient targeting of the synaptic vesicle protein synaptobrevin.
Binds clathrin and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate.
High levels in the nervous system and at lower levels in other tissues. In neurons, enriched at presynaptic terminals and is also present in cell bodies.
Mutants are resistant to levamisole, an agonist of nAChRs.
Postsynaptic protein required for clustering of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) at the neuromuscular junction.
Ubiquitinated by the BCR(kel-8) complex in the absence of unc-29, leading to its degradation.
Cleavage by ced-3 activates ced-8 function in promoting phosphatidylserine exposure at the surface of apoptotic cells.
Phospholipid scramblase that acts downstream of ced-9 and caspase ced-3 to promote phosphatidylserine exposure on apoptotic cell surface (PubMed:24225442, PubMed:23845944). Phosphatidylserine is a specific marker only present at the surface of apoptotic cells and acts as a specific signal for engulfment (PubMed:24225442, PubMed:23845944). Regulates apoptosis kinetics during embryonic development (PubMed:10882128, PubMed:1936965, PubMed:24225442, PubMed:23845944). Not required for engulfment of germ cell corpses (PubMed:9927601).
Belongs to the CND3 (condensin subunit 3) family.
Component of the condensin I complex, which contains the mix-1/SMC2 and smc-4/SMC4 heterodimer, and three non-SMC subunits that probably regulate the complex: dpy-26, capg-1 and dpy-28 (PubMed:19781752, PubMed:19119011). Within the complex, interacts with dpy-26, mix-1, smc-4 and dpy-28 (PubMed:19781752, PubMed:19119011, PubMed:28301465). Component of the dosage compensation complex, which consists of the condensin I-like components mix-1/SMC2 and dpy-27/SMC4, and the three non-SMC subunits dpy-26, capg-1 and dpy-28 (PubMed:19119011). Within the complex, interacts with mix-1, dpy-27, dpy-26 and dpy-28 (PubMed:19119011, PubMed:28301465). Interacts with smcl-1 (PubMed:28301465).
Expressed in embryos and in somatic and germline tissues in adult animals (at protein level).
Member of two distinct condensin I complexes, the condensin I complex and the condensin I-like dosage compensation complex (PubMed:19781752, PubMed:19119011). The condensin I complex is required for conversion of interphase chromatin into mitotic-like condensed chromosomes and for chromosome segregation in meiosis and mitosis (PubMed:19781752, PubMed:19119011). As a member of the condensin I complex, further controls crossover number and distribution in meiosis by restricting double strand break formation, probably by influencing higher-order chromosome structure (PubMed:19781752). Regulatory subunit of the condensin I-like dosage compensation complex that associates specifically with hermaphrodite X chromosomes to reduce their gene transcription during interphase, possibly through chromatin reorganization (PubMed:19119011).
RNAi-mediated knockdown disrupts X-chromosome localization of dpy-27, mix-1, dpy-26 and sdc-3. Results in chromosome segregation defects in mitosis leading to aneuploidy. In a sex-1 mutant background, leads to high embryonic lethality.
Belongs to the EF-1-beta/EF-1-delta family.
EF-1 is composed of 4 subunits: alpha, beta, delta, and gamma.
EF-1-beta and EF-1-delta stimulate the exchange of GDP bound to EF-1-alpha to GTP.
Expressed in head neurons, including the dopamine (DA) motor neuron, and other cells in the body.
Negatively regulates cellular toxicity by mediating the export of environmental toxicants such as methylmercury out of the cell (PubMed:24266639). Plays a role in inhibiting methylmercury-induced dopamine (DA) motor neuron degeneration (PubMed:24266639). Not involved in Mn(2+)- or Al(3+)-associated toxicity (PubMed:24266639).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in increased death in response to the environmental toxicant methylmercury (PubMed:24266639). Furthermore, in response to methylmercury, RNAi-mediated knockdown results in the accumulation of the methylmercury in cells, the subsequent increase of gst-1, hsp-4, hsp-6, and hsp-16.1 gene expression, and in dopamine (DA) motor neuron degeneration (PubMed:24266639).
Up-regulated in response to environmental toxicants such as methylmercury.
Expressed in between seam cells at the lima-bean, 1.5-fold and 3-fold stages of embryonic development.
Tubulin is the major constituent of microtubules. The gamma chain is found at microtubule organizing centers (MTOC) such as the spindle poles or the centrosome, suggesting that it is involved in the minus-end nucleation of microtubule assembly.
Involved in the early part of the secretory pathway.
May be a component of the 9-1-1 cell-cycle checkpoint response complex that plays a major role in DNA repair (PubMed:12445383, PubMed:16951081). Promotes DNA double strand break-induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, thereby playing a role in genome stability (PubMed:10882129, PubMed:10646593, PubMed:16951081). Also required for telomere length maintenance and germline immortality (PubMed:10646593, PubMed:16951081, PubMed:22547822). May possess 3'->5' double stranded DNA exonuclease activity (By similarity).
Probable component of the toroidal 9-1-1 (RAD9-RAD1-HUS1) complex, composed of hpr-9, mrt-2 and hus-1 (PubMed:12445383). Interacts with hus-1 (PubMed:12445383). Might associate with hpr-9 (Probable).
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 10 family.
Involved in the fucosylation of N-glycans (PubMed:15364955, PubMed:17369288, PubMed:23754284, PubMed:26538210, PubMed:26002521). Preferentially catalyzes the addition of fucose in alpha 1-3 linkage to the distal GlcNAc residue in N-glycans (PubMed:23754284). Catalyzes the transfer of fucose to Gal-beta-1-4-GlcNAc-alpha-pNP (LN-pNP) and Gal-beta-1-4-GlcNAc-beta-1-3-Gal-beta-1-4-Glc (LNnT) (PubMed:17369288). Unlike alpha-(1,3)-fucosyltransferase fut-1, does not transfer fucose to Man-alpha-1-3-(Man-alpha-1-6)-Man-beta-1-4-GlcNAc-beta-1-4-GlcNAc-beta-1-Asn (M3), Man-alpha-1-3-(Man-alpha-1-6)-Man-beta-1-4-GlcNAc-beta-1-4-(Fuc-alpha-1-6)-GlcNAc-beta-1-Asn (M3F6) and GlcNAc-beta-1-2-Man-alpha-1-3-(GlcNAc-beta-1-2-Man-alpha-1-6)-Man-beta-1-4-GlcNAc-beta-1-4(Fuc-alpha-1-6)-GlcNAc-beta-1-Asn (GnM3F6) (PubMed:17369288).
No visible phenotype (PubMed:17369288). Loss of several tetra-fucosylated N-glycans (PubMed:15364955). Loss of tetra- and tri-fucosylated N-glycans in a fut-8 or fut-1 mutant background (PubMed:26538210). fut-1, fut-6 and fut-8 triple mutants lack all N-glycan core fucose with only one fucose present in the bisecting galactose, thus resulting in the loss of tetra-, tri- and bi-fucosylated N-glycans (PubMed:26002521).
Unlike other alpha-(1,3)-fucosyltransferases, appears not to require a divalent metal cation as cofactor.
In complex with rde-11, required in the endogenous and exogenous siRNA pathway for biogenesis and accumulation of secondary small interfering RNA (siRNA) intermediates, such as 22G-siRNAs derived from ergo-1 targets.
Insensitive to RNAi-mediated gene silencing.
Interacts with rde-11 (via RING-type zinc finger domain) (PubMed:22508728, PubMed:22542102). Interacts with ergo-1 (PubMed:22542102).
Belongs to the ubiquitin-activating E1 family. UBA3 subfamily.
Catalytic subunit of the dimeric rfl-1 (uba-3)-ula-1 E1 enzyme. E1 activates NEDD8 by first adenylating its C-terminal glycine residue with ATP, thereafter linking this residue to the side chain of the catalytic cysteine, yielding a NEDD8-uba-3 thioester and free AMP. E1 finally transfers NEDD8 to the catalytic cysteine of ubc-12 (By similarity). Required for cytokinesis and mitotic spindle orientation during early embryogenesis (PubMed:11847342, PubMed:19528325).
Expressed in intestine, vulva epithelium and head and tail neurons.
Heterodimer of uba-3 and ula-1. Interacts with NEDD8 and ubc-12 (By similarity).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in temperature-sensitive embryonic lethality.
Catalyzes the first and rate-limiting reaction of the four reactions that constitute the long-chain fatty acids elongation cycle. Uses malonyl-CoA to add 2 carbons per cycle to the chain of long-chain fatty acids. Condensing enzyme that catalyzes the elongation of monounsaturated (MUFA) and polyunsaturated (PUFA) fatty acids that are involved in multiple biological processes as precursors of membrane lipids and lipid mediators.
Expressed at low levels in hyp8-11 tail tip cells during the early L4 larval stage (PubMed:21408209). Occassionally, expression is high in hyp10 tail top cells during this time (PubMed:21408209).
Expressed in neuronal cells (PubMed:21408209). Expression in hypodermal tissues is absent (PubMed:21408209).
GTP-binding protein that may be involved in protein trafficking; may modulate vesicle budding and uncoating within the Golgi apparatus. Plays a role in male tail tip morphogenesis (PubMed:21408209).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in male tail tip defects.
Mannosyltransferase involved in glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchor biosynthesis. Transfers the first alpha-1,4-mannose to GlcN-acyl-PI during GPI precursor assembly.
Detected in the nervous system, including the nerve ring and cholinergic motor neurons of the ventral nerve cord.
Imports choline from the extracellular space to the neuron with high affinity. Choline uptake is the rate-limiting step in acetylcholine synthesis. Sodium ion and chloride ion dependent.
Expressed in vulval precursor P(3-8).p cells and their descendants, neurons of the head, tail and ventral cord, hypodermal and intestinal cells and germline cells.
Required to negatively regulate vulval development. Antagonizes Ras-mediated vulval induction. Acts cell autonomously.
Oligomeric complex that consists of at least the alpha, beta, beta', gamma, delta, epsilon and zeta subunits.
The coatomer is a cytosolic protein complex that binds to dilysine motifs and reversibly associates with Golgi non-clathrin-coated vesicles, which further mediate biosynthetic protein transport from the ER, via the Golgi up to the trans Golgi network. The coatomer complex is required for budding from Golgi membranes, and is essential for the retrograde Golgi-to-ER transport of dilysine-tagged proteins (By similarity).
Broadly expressed, including many cells in the head (PubMed:33370778). Expressed in the intestine (PubMed:12530969).
Expression increased by oxygen deprivation (PubMed:19187779). Expression increased by glucose or fructose supplementation (PubMed:19936816, PubMed:29113111). Expression increased by simulated microgravity (PubMed:32448509).
Key transcription factor that regulates expression of genes involved in sterol biosynthesis and lipid homeostasis.
Precursor of the transcription factor form, which is embedded in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane (By similarity). Processing of this form allows release of the transcription factor form that translocates into the nucleus and activates transcription of genes involved in sterol biosynthesis and lipid homeostasis (By similarity).
Processed in the Golgi apparatus, releasing the protein from the membrane.
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes early larval arrest and a pale, skinny appearance; paleness due to absence of dark, lipid-laden fat granules from the intestine (PubMed:12530969, PubMed:19936816). Decrease in body size, delayed growth, fewer eggs laid and 5-6 days after being laid, many eggs hatch inside the body (PubMed:19936816). Exposure to oleic or linoleic acid returns body size almost to normal and also increases number of eggs laid (PubMed:19936816). In normoxic conditions, reduces total fat levels, but has no effect in anoxia (PubMed:19187779). Reduces the increase in body width/length ratio caused by anoxia (PubMed:19187779). Alters fatty-acid composition, including of monomethyl branched-chain fatty acids (mmBCFAs) (PubMed:15340492). Exacerbates induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and decrease in locomotion behavior caused by simulated microgravity (PubMed:32448509). Knockdown in the first generation offspring (F1) of adults fed a high-fat diet prevents lipid accumulation (PubMed:35140229). Tissue-specific knockdown in any of several different tissues abolishes elevated levels of H3K4me3 modification (PubMed:35140229).
Transcription factor involved in maintaining normal fat levels (PubMed:19187779). Regulates the expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism in response to nutrient availability, such as the fatty-acid desaturases fat-5, fat-6 and fat-7 (PubMed:12530969, PubMed:19936816). In response to a high-glucose diet, promotes fatty acid synthesis, elongation and desaturation, acting in concert with transcription factor mxl-3 (PubMed:29113111). Plays a role in synthesis of monomethyl branched-chain fatty acids (mmBCFAs) as well as other very-long-chain fatty acids (PubMed:15340492). Downstream of the cis-Golgi membrane protein eas-1/GOLT1B and the E3 ubiquitin ligase rnf-145/RNF145, plays a role in the regulation of glial size, perhaps by modulating synthesis of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty-acids (LC-PUFA) (PubMed:33370778). Modulates expression of genes in the one-carbon cycle, which produces the methyl donor S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) (PubMed:22035958). Probably involved in a feedback loop in which decreased levels of SAM lead to increased transcriptional activity of sbp-1, thereby causing lipid accumulation (PubMed:22035958). Involved in the negative regulation of zinc homeostasis (PubMed:28710073). Involved in the response to simulated microgravity, in concert with Mediator complex subunit mdt-15, probably acting in the intestine (PubMed:32448509). Plays a role in transgenerational lipid accumulation in response to a high-fat diet, probably acting by upregulating wdr-5.1 expression to increase the level of trimethylated 'Lys-4' histone H3 (H3K4me3), which may then induce the expression of fat-5, fat-6 and fat-7 (PubMed:35140229). May act as an oxygen sensor for lipid metabolism (PubMed:19187779).
Ubiquitinated; the nuclear form has a rapid turnover and is rapidly ubiquitinated and degraded by the proteasome in the nucleus.
Binds medium- and long-chain acyl-CoA esters with very high affinity and may function as an intracellular carrier of acyl-CoA esters.
Activated by mek-1 mediated phosphorylation. No differences in basal activation between larvae and adults (PubMed:22554143). Inhibited by phosphatase vhp-1 (PubMed:15116070).
Expressed in somatic and germline tissues.
Interacts with glh-1, glh-2 (via C-terminus), glh-3 (via C-terminus) and glh-4 (via C-terminus) (PubMed:12435362, PubMed:17699606). Interacts with csn-5; the interaction may prevent glh-1 degradation induced by kgb-1 (PubMed:17699606). Interacts with fos-1 (PubMed:23437011).
May be phosphorylated by mek-1 on Ser-198 and/or Tyr-200 (PubMed:15116070). Phosphorylation is induced upon Cu(2+) and arsenite-mediated cell stimulation and by fasting (PubMed:15116070, PubMed:23352664).
Mitogen-activated protein kinase which is an essential component of the JNK pathway composed of mlk-1, mek-1 and kgb-1 (PubMed:15116070, PubMed:22554143, PubMed:23352664). Phosphorylates the transcription factor fos-1 which prevents fos-1 dimerization and promoter binding and results in activation of target genes including F53A9.2/kreg-1 and lys-3/kreg-2 (PubMed:23437011). Phosphorylates jun-1 and activates the AP-1 transcription factor which is a heterodimer of jun-1 and fos-1 (PubMed:23352664). Phosphorylates glh-1 in vitro which may play a role in controlling glh-1 protein levels in the germline by targeting it for degradation by the proteasome (PubMed:17699606). Required for oogenesis and probably also for spermatogenesis (PubMed:12435362). Involved in the response to environmental stress such as heavy metals, infection and protein folding stress in an age-dependent manner (PubMed:15116070, PubMed:22554143). In larvae, has a protective role which becomes detrimental in adults (PubMed:22554143). May control susceptibility to infection, heavy metal stress and premature lethality by regulating daf-16 cellular localization (PubMed:22554143). Involved in the transcriptional response to bacterial pore-forming toxins and to fasting (PubMed:15256590, PubMed:21408619, PubMed:23352664). Required for fasting-induced longevity (PubMed:23352664). Involved in axon regeneration after injury downstream of tyrosine receptor svh-2 (PubMed:21670305, PubMed:22388962).
Temperature-sensitive sterility in both hermaphrodites and males which, in hermaphrodites, is associated with disorganized gonads and with impaired production of endomitotic oocytes, likely due to a defect in oocyte maturation which often results in vulva protrusion (PubMed:12435362). Both hermaphrodites and males produce sperm but it is defective (PubMed:12435362). In addition, the formation of P granules is disrupted in later stage of oogenesis and the protein levels of glh-1, a component of the P granules, are increased (PubMed:12435362, PubMed:17699606). Old adults are bloated and move more slowly (PubMed:17699606). Hypersensitivity and impaired up-regulation of several genes in response to heavy metals (Cu(2+) and Cd(2+)) and to bacterial pore-forming toxins exposure (PubMed:15256590, PubMed:15116070, PubMed:21408619, PubMed:23437011). RNAi knockdown at different developmental stages shows age-dependent defects: larvae are hypersensitive to cadmium and protein folding stress and have a reduced survival capacity but these effects are not observed in adults (PubMed:22554143). Impaired fasting-induced longevity (PubMed:23352664). RNAi knockdown in adults results in increased daf-16 nuclear localization in intestinal cells but not in response to fasting (PubMed:22554143, PubMed:23352664). Mutants have impaired axon regeneration (PubMed:21670305).
Interacts with spt-4 to form DSIF. DSIF interacts with RNA polymerase II and with the positive transcription elongation factor b complex (P-TEFb complex), which is composed of cdk-9 and cyclin-T (cit-1.1 or cit-1.2) (By similarity).
May function as a component of the DRB sensitivity-inducing factor complex (DSIF complex), which regulates transcription elongation by RNA polymerase II. DSIF may enhance transcriptional pausing at sites proximal to the promoter, which may in turn facilitate the assembly of an elongation competent RNA polymerase II complex.
Phosphorylated. Phosphorylation by P-TEFb alleviates transcriptional pausing (By similarity).
Belongs to the eukaryotic RPB8 RNA polymerase subunit family.
Component of the RNA polymerase I (Pol I), RNA polymerase II (Pol II) and RNA polymerase III (Pol III) complexes consisting of at least 13, 12 and 17 subunits, respectively. Directly interacts with POLR2A (By similarity).
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Common component of RNA polymerases I, II and III which synthesize ribosomal RNA precursors, mRNA precursors and many functional non-coding RNAs, and small RNAs, such as 5S rRNA and tRNAs, respectively (By similarity).
Belongs to the zinc-containing alcohol dehydrogenase family. Class-III subfamily.
Class-III ADH is remarkably ineffective in oxidizing ethanol, but it readily catalyzes the oxidation of long-chain primary alcohols and the oxidation of S-(hydroxymethyl) glutathione (By similarity). Plays a role in the calcium flux to the cytoplasm in the ASJ sensory neurons upon removal of a nitric oxide stimulus (PubMed:30014846).
Binds 2 zinc divalent cations per subunit.
D-type phospholipase that hydrolyzes N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamines (NAPEs) to produce bioactive N-acylethanolamines/fatty acid ethanolamides (NAEs/FAEs) and phosphatidic acid (PubMed:25423491). NAEs are bioactive lipids that are involved in diverse physiological processes such as growth and lifespan (PubMed:21562563, PubMed:25423491).
Expressed in interneurons that are in close proximity to the primary sensory neurons (PubMed:21562563). Predominantly expressed in the pharynx but can also be found in cell bodies of the dorsal and ventral nerve cords (PubMed:25423491).
No strong phenotype in the nape-1 deletion mutant, however its overexpression alters growth and lifespan when grown at 25 degrees Celsius compared to 15 degrees Celsius.
Autophosphorylated on Ser-422, as part of the activation process.
RNAi-mediated knockdown in lip-1 and puf-8 double mutant causes a decrease in number of germline tumors and restores normal microtubule organization in spermatocytes.
Serine/threonine kinase that may play a role in mediating the growth-factor and stress induced activation of transcription (By similarity). Suppresses germline tumor formation by preventing the dedifferentiation of secondary spermatocytes probably downstream of mpk-1 (PubMed:22820175).
Structural component of the gap junctions (By similarity). Required for signals downstream of defecation clock (Ref.2).
May have antifungic activity against D.coniospora.
Belongs to the MICOS complex subunit Mic13 family.
Component of the MICOS complex, a large protein complex of the mitochondrial inner membrane that plays crucial roles in the maintenance of crista junctions, inner membrane architecture, and formation of contact sites to the outer membrane.
Component of the mitochondrial contact site and cristae organizing system (MICOS) complex.
Bifunctional mRNA-capping enzyme exhibiting RNA 5'-triphosphate monophosphatase activity in the N-terminal part and mRNA guanylyltransferase activity in the C-terminal part. Catalyzes the first two steps of cap formation: by removing the gamma-phosphate from the 5'-triphosphate end of nascent mRNA to yield a diphosphate end, and by transferring the GMP moiety of GTP to the 5'-diphosphate terminus of RNA via a covalent enzyme-GMP reaction intermediate.
Bifunctional mRNA-capping enzyme exhibiting RNA 5'-triphosphate monophosphatase activity in the N-terminal part and mRNA guanylyltransferase activity in the C-terminal part. Catalyzes the first two steps of cap formation: by removing the gamma-phosphate from the 5'-triphosphate end of nascent mRNA to yield a diphosphate end, and by transferring the GMP moiety of GTP to the 5'-diphosphate terminus via a covalent enzyme-GMP reaction intermediate.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the eukaryotic GTase family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the non-receptor class of the protein-tyrosine phosphatase family.
RNA triphosphatase activity is inhibited by magnesium.
Appears in mid-proliferation phase when the developing gut has four to eight cells.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL19 family.
Binds to the promoter regions of RNA polymerase II and III small-nuclear RNA genes, type 3 RNA polymerase III non-coding RNA genes, small nucleolar RNAs and transfer RNA genes. Required for expression of mature 21U-RNAs.
Broadly expressed in all tissues, including head, vulva and tail.
RNAi-mediated knockdown from larval stage L1 results in decreased 21U-RNA expression and disrupted distribution of prde-1 foci within the nuclei of germ cells.
May play a functionally redundant role in embryogenesis.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase which is a component of the N-end rule pathway (By similarity). Recognizes and binds to proteins bearing specific N-terminal residues that are destabilizing according to the N-end rule, leading to their ubiquitination and subsequent degradation (By similarity). In complex with ced-3, required for the ced-3-mediated cleavage and subsequent degradation of the heterochronic protein lin-28 to regulate seam cell fate patterning during larval development (PubMed:28602583). Negatively regulates glutamate metabolism through the aspartate aminotransferase got-1.2 (PubMed:29649217). Modulation of glutamate levels most likely controls locomotory behavior, in particular backwards locomotion or 'reversals' (PubMed:29649217).
Expressed in pharyngeal muscles, body wall muscles and a subset of neurons throughout postembryonic development (PubMed:29649217). Prominently expressed in premotor interneurons, but not expressed in ventral cord motor neurons (PubMed:29649217). Weakly expressed in hypodermal seam cells (PubMed:29649217).
Interacts with ubc-1 (Probable). Component of a complex containing at least ced-3, ubr-1 and possibly ate-1 (PubMed:28602583). Within complex interacts with ced-3 (via the p17 subunit); this interaction is required for the ced-3-mediated cleavage and subsequent degradation of the heterochronic protein lin-28 (PubMed:28602583).
RNAi-mediated knockdown enhances the excessive seam cell proliferation phenotype of the ain-1 ku322 mutant.
The RING-H2 zinc finger is an atypical RING finger with a His ligand in place of the fourth Cys of the classical motif.
Component of the biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles complex-1 (BLOC-1) composed at least of blos-1, blos-2, blos-4, dsbn-1, glo-2, mutd-1 and snpn-1.
Expressed in the 4 descendants of the D blastomere in embryos at about the 185 cells stage and in many other unidentified cells located more anteriorly.
RNAi-mediated knockdown by injection into adults causes slow and spatially restricted movement of about 30% of their L1 larval progeny, which nonetheless grow normally and do not display any obvious phenotype as late larvae or adults (PubMed:11044397). However, simultaneous knockdown of forkhead gene pes-1 causes 12% of eggs produced by hermaphrodites to arrest development at late stages of embryogenesis and 81% arrest after hatching as L1 stage larvae (PubMed:11044397).
Transcription factor (By similarity). Plays a role in embryogenesis and later development, perhaps acting redundantly with forkhead protein pes-1 (PubMed:11044397).
Heterotetramer of TRAP-alpha, TRAP-beta, TRAP-delta and TRAP-gamma.
TRAP proteins are part of a complex whose function is to bind calcium to the ER membrane and thereby regulate the retention of ER resident proteins.
Component of the transition zone in primary cilia. Required for ciliogenesis.
Expressed in P2 cell of 4-cell stage embryo (at protein level) (PubMed:11441002). At the comma stage, expressed in cells in the lateral sides (at protein level) (PubMed:11441002). Specifically expressed in intestine from the 2-fold embryonic stage onwards including in the larval and adult stages (at protein level) (PubMed:11441002, PubMed:19741196).
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes larval lethality at the L1 stage (PubMed:11441002). RNAi-mediated knockdown at the L1 larval stage causes reduced growth rate (PubMed:19741196). The progeny of the few that reach adulthood is arrested at the L1 larval stage (PubMed:19741196). Rhythmic defecation behavior is altered; the defecation cycle period is extended and animals have a slight arrhythmia (PubMed:19741196). In the intestinal epithelium, pH oscillates once per cycle as in the wild-type, but the oscillations are diminished in amplitude and cells are relatively acidic (PubMed:19741196). Also, luminal pH oscillations are reduced (PubMed:19741196). RNAi-mediated knockdown at the L2 larval stage causes a reduction of whole body fat mass in young adults (PubMed:19741196). In some animals, the lumen appears swollen, with a reduction of the cytoplasmic contents of intestinal cells (PubMed:19741196). Defect in nutrient absorption (PubMed:19741196).
Subunit of the V0 complex of vacuolar(H+)-ATPase (V-ATPase), a multisubunit enzyme composed of a peripheral complex (V1) that hydrolyzes ATP and a membrane integral complex (V0) that translocates protons (By similarity). V-ATPase is responsible for acidifying and maintaining the pH of intracellular compartments and in some cell types, is targeted to the plasma membrane, where it is responsible for acidifying the extracellular environment (PubMed:19741196). In the intestine, required for the rhythmic defecation behavior by promoting acidification in the gut lumen following defecation (PubMed:19741196). Also, luminal acidification is required for nutrient uptake (PubMed:19741196).
V-ATPase is a heteromultimeric enzyme made up of two complexes: the ATP-hydrolytic V1 complex and the proton translocation V0 complex (By similarity). The V1 complex consists of three catalytic AB heterodimers that form a heterohexamer, three peripheral stalks each consisting of EG heterodimers, one central rotor including subunits D and F, and the regulatory subunits C and H (By similarity). The proton translocation complex V0 consists of the proton transport subunit a, a ring of proteolipid subunits c9c'', rotary subunit d, subunits e and f, and the accessory subunits vah-19/Ac45 and vah-20/PRR (By similarity). Interacts with V-type proton ATPase subunit C vha-11 (PubMed:11441002).
Belongs to the prefoldin subunit alpha family.
Binds specifically to cytosolic chaperonin (c-CPN) and transfers target proteins to it. Binds to nascent polypeptide chain and promotes folding in an environment in which there are many competing pathways for nonnative proteins (By similarity).
Component of the THO complex, which is composed of THOC1, THOC2, THOC3, THOC5, THOC6 and THOC7; together with at least ALYREF/THOC4, DDX39B, SARNP/CIP29 and CHTOP, THO forms the transcription/export (TREX) complex which seems to have a dynamic structure involving ATP-dependent remodeling. Interacts with THOC1, POLDIP3 and ZC3H11A.
Acts as a ligand to FMRFamide peptide receptor frpr-18 in vitro.
FMRFamide-like neuropeptides (PubMed:15809090, PubMed:24533288). Involved in mediating arousal from the sleep-like state called lethargus, which occurs during molting between larval and adult stages, in part by regulating touch sensitivity, and working in concert with neuropeptide pdf-1 (PubMed:27585848). Involved in neural modulation of systemic mitochondrial unfolded protein response (PubMed:27767096).
Knockouts generated by CRISPR-Cas9-mediated gene editing strongly inhibited the peripheral induction of the mitochondrial unfolded protein response.
Each flp gene is expressed in a distinct set of neurons. Flp-6 is expressed in the ASE sensory neurons, AFD, ASG, PVT and I1 neurons.
Expressed from the comma stage of embryogenesis, during all larval stages, and in adults.
FMRFamides and FMRFamide-like peptides are neuropeptides. KSAYMRF-amide has an excitatory effect on dissected pharyngeal myogenic muscle system.
Chaperone protein involved in the assembly of the mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase complex (complex I). Required for normal growth and reproduction.
RNAi-mediated knockdown impairs mitochondrial complex I assembly. Reduced body size, reduced fat content, fewer embryos and an extended egg laying period. These phenotypes are exacerbated when nuaf-3 is simultaneously knocked down.
Appears to have no transport activity for glucose.
Expressed in seam cells from the early embryonic stage through the L2 stage (at protein level).
Expressed in seam cells, excretory cell, reproductive system, pharynx, pharyngeal-intestinal valve cells, neurons and neuronal support cells.
Expressed in the seam cells of 1.2-fold embryos.
Intercellular signal essential for a variety of patterning events during development.
Worms either die at embryonic or larval stages (43%), or exhibit variable abnormal morphology.
Belongs to the HIBADH-related family. 3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase subfamily.
Expressed from the one-cell embryo to the adult (at protein level).
Interacts preferentially with histone H3 that is dimethylated or trimethylated at 'Lys-9'.
Multivulva phenotype in combination with loss of function of class A synMuv genes lin-8, lin-38, lin-56 and lin15A and with the class B synMuv gene hpl-2. Reduction of brood size and defects in the development of germ cells. Loss of function results in suppression of mat-3(ku233) mutant vulval phenotype.
Synthetic multivulva class B (synMuvB) protein required to repress the induction of vulval development by Ras signaling. Unlike other synMuv proteins it does not associate with the multiprotein DRM complex and the NuRD-like complex. Interaction with methylated histone H3 is essential for vulva development. It has a role in maintaining genome stability.
The MBT repeats specifically recognize and bind histone H3 di- and tri-methylated at 'Lys-9' (H3K9me2/3).
Exhibits antimicrobial activity against the Gram-positive bacteria B.subtilis IFO 3134, K.varians MAFF 118076 and S.aureus ATCC 6538P, the Gram-negative bacteria A.tumefaciens MAFF 1001, B.bacteriovorus MAFF 106101 and K.pneumoniae MAFF 519002, and the yeasts C.krusei MAFF 114085, K.thermotolerans MAFF 113848 and T.delbrueckii MAFF 113811.
Expressed in all larval and adult stages but not in pre-hatching embryos (at protein level).
Expressed in the pharynx (at protein level). Detected in pharyngeal neurons and secretory cells.
Belongs to the peroxiredoxin-like PRXL2 family. PRXL2A subfamily.
Alpha-helical parts of the C-terminal intracellular region may mediate heterodimeric interaction with gbb-2.
Component of a heterodimeric G-protein coupled receptor for GABA, formed by gbb-1 and gbb-2 (By similarity). Within the heterodimeric GABA receptor, only gbb-1 seems to bind agonists, while gbb-2 mediates coupling to G proteins (By similarity). Ligand binding causes a conformation change that triggers signaling via guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) and modulates the activity of down-stream effectors, such as adenylate cyclase (By similarity). Signaling inhibits adenylate cyclase, stimulates phospholipase A2, activates potassium channels, inactivates voltage-dependent calcium-channels and modulates inositol phospholipid hydrolysis (By similarity). Calcium is required for high affinity binding to GABA (By similarity). Plays a critical role in the fine-tuning of inhibitory synaptic transmission (By similarity). Pre-synaptic GABA receptor inhibits neurotransmitter release by down-regulating high-voltage activated calcium channels, whereas postsynaptic GABA receptor decreases neuronal excitability by activating a prominent inwardly rectifying potassium (Kir) conductance that underlies the late inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (By similarity). Along with gbb-2, may couple to the G(o)-alpha G-protein goa-1 to negatively regulate cholinergic receptor activity in the presence of high levels of acetylcholine in ventral cord motor neurons (PubMed:18614679). As acetylcholine depolarizes body wall muscles, modulation of acetylcholine levels most likely results in the control of locomotory behavior (PubMed:18614679). Acts in neurons to regulate lifespan, and this may be through G-protein-egl-8/PLC-beta signaling to the transcription factor daf-16/FOXO (PubMed:26537867).
Expressed in the nervous system, including cholinergic motor neurons, but not in GABAergic motor neurons or muscle.
Increased lifespan (PubMed:26537867). Increased sensitivity to the acetylcholine esterase inhibitor Aldicarb, which results in accelerated paralysis likely due to enhanced acetylcholine release by ventral cord neurons and enhanced depolarization of muscles on one side of the body (PubMed:18614679). Double knockout with gbb-2 also results in increased sensitivity to Aldicarb and accelerated paralysis, but in addition results in irregular locomotory behavior characterized by increased speed of locomotion, decreased turning frequency, reduced rate of reversals, and an increased maximal distance covered in a 40 second interval (PubMed:18614679). Double knockout with the GABA(A) receptor unc-49 results in body elongation defects in response to induced GABA release of GABAergic motor neurons (PubMed:21613582).
Aminopeptidase (PubMed:12930831). Required for the exit from meiosis, probably upstream of cyclin cyb-3 (PubMed:17021038). Involved in the establishment of the anterior-posterior polarity at the embryonic 1-cell stage by regulating the dynamics of sperm-donated centrosomes (PubMed:17021038, PubMed:20599902, PubMed:28065742). Plays a role in oocyte maturation (PubMed:24663498). Required for embryonic development (PubMed:12930831).
Binds 1 zinc ion per subunit. Can also use Ni(2+) and Co(2+) (PubMed:12930831).
Expressed in the 1-cell embryos (at protein level) (PubMed:20599902). Expressed during gastrulation and throughout the larval stage and in adults (PubMed:12930831).
Expressed mainly in intestinal cells in the posterior part of the intestine and in amphid sensory neurons and nerve ring neurons (PubMed:12930831). Expressed in neurons in the male tail (PubMed:12930831). Expressed in mature spermatids (at protein level) (PubMed:20599902).
Inhibited by chelating agent 1,10-phenanthroline, aminopeptidase inhibitors actinonin, amastatin, and leuhistin, and to a lesser extent by puromycin.
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes an arrest at the gastrulation stage in 30 percent of embryos (PubMed:12930831). The surviving adults lay a substantial number of unfertilized oocytes (PubMed:12930831). However, brood size is only slightly reduced (PubMed:24663498). In the gonads, the pachytene zone is expanded in 15 percent of animals and oocyte nucleolus disassembly is delayed (PubMed:24663498). Mutant 1-cell embryos have a delay in meiotic exit during which chromosomes fail to decondense after polar body extrusion and oocyte and sperm pronuclear envelope formation is delayed (PubMed:17021038). In addition, 33 percent of 1-cell embryos have impaired chromosome segregation at meiotic anaphase II (PubMed:17021038). During meiotic exit delay, sperm pronucleus/centrosome complex (SPCC) dissociates prematurely from the posterior cortex resulting in a failure to establish anterior-posterior polarity subsequently leading to a symmetric division in half of the 1-cell embryos (PubMed:17021038, PubMed:20599902, PubMed:28065742). Premature microtubule nucleation prior to the sperm pronuclear appearance occurs (PubMed:17021038, PubMed:20599902). Cortical flows, pseudocleavage and asymmetric localization of par-1, par-2, par-3 and par-6 are absent, and cytoplasmic P granules and pie-1 are mislocalized prior to the first mitotic division (PubMed:17021038, PubMed:20599902, PubMed:28065742). In addition, non-muscle myosin nmy-2 foci fails to clear from the posterior part during polarization in half of the 1-cell embryos (PubMed:28065742). Simultaneous RNAi-mediated knockdown of cyclin cyb-3, causes a failure to extrude the second polar body and prevents anaphase entry in some of the 1-cel embryos (PubMed:17021038). Also restores normal timing for meiotic exit but not the establishment of AP axis polarity (PubMed:17021038). Simultaneous RNAi-mediated knockdown of dynein heavy chain dhc-1, restores anterior-posterior polarity, par-1, par2 and par-6 asymmetric localization and pseudocleavage formation (PubMed:20599902).
Component of the PAF1 complex which consists of at least cdc-73, ctr-9, leo-1, pafo-1 and rtfo-1.
Component of the PAF1 complex which is a multifunctional complex involved in transcription initiation via genetic interactions with TATA-binding proteins, elongation and transcription-coupled histone modification.
Expressed in somatic cells, but not in germ cells, after the 30 cell stage.
RNAi-mediated knock-down is mostly embryonic lethal. Embryogenesis proceeds more slowly, with embryos displaying defects in the positioning and shape of epidermal cells.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL22 family.
Polyglutamylase that forms polyglutamate side chains on tubulin (By similarity). Acts when complexed with other proteins (Probable). Appears to be dispensable for polar spindle formation in dividing embryonic cells, for cilia-dependent osmotic avoidance and for male mating behavior (PubMed:27635036). Probably by regulating microtubule stability via the glutamylation of tubulin, regulates PLM axon developmental growth (PubMed:23000142).
Belongs to the purine/pyrimidine phosphoribosyltransferase family. PyrE subfamily.
Expressed in body wall muscles, spermatheca and vulva muscles.
Phosphoribosyltransferase which catalyzes the formation of UMP from uracil in vitro and thus may be involved in UMP biosynthesis via the salvage pathway. May also participate in the first step of UMP synthesis by catalyzing the formation of orotidine 5'-phosphate, a UMP precursor, from orotate.
Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily.
May play a role in transgenerational epigenetic inheritance.
Mortal germline (Mrt) phenotype in which there is a progressive decline in fertility with each generation at 25 degrees Celsius.
Expressed during spermatogenesis in budding and budded spermatids.
Involved in spermatogenesis, specifically in the morphogenesis of fibrous body-membranous organelles (FB-MO), which are Golgi-derived organelles used for transporting sperm-specific components, in spermatocytes and in their localization into budding spermatids (PubMed:16143610, PubMed:2744235). Required for the proper formation of spermatids and spermatozoa (PubMed:2744235).
Only expressed during spermatogenesis in adult males and in hermaphrodites in the larval stage 4.
Self-sterile phenotype which is slightly temperature sensitive (PubMed:16143610). In hermaphrodites the temperature sensitivity is restricted to the larval stage 4 when spermatogenesis takes place (PubMed:16143610). Premature disassembly of FB-MO before or while spermatids are budding from spermatocytes (PubMed:2744235). FB remain in spermatocytes whereas MO localize to spermatids but often fail to fuse with plasma membrane (PubMed:2744235). Resulting spermatids are usually smaller than normal and contain several or mislocalized nuclei (PubMed:16143610, PubMed:2744235). Fewer spermatozoa are generated and those that are have abnormally short pseudopods and are immotile (PubMed:2744235). The size of spermatocytes is unaffected (PubMed:2744235). Increased life span and resistance to UV and heat but not to oxidative stress induced by paraquat (PubMed:10638523). Normal production of fertile oocytes (PubMed:10638523).
Probable component of the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), a cell cycle-regulated E3 ubiquitin ligase that controls progression through mitosis and the G1 phase of the cell cycle (By similarity). The APC/C complex acts by mediating ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of target proteins (By similarity). Developmental role in early embryogenesis and the metaphase to anaphase transition in oocyte and spermatocyte meiosis and mitosis in germ cells (PubMed:12620985, PubMed:11134076). Required for embryonic anterior-posterior axis formation (PubMed:11832245). Plays a role in regulating the abundance of glr-1 receptors in postmitotic neurons, which may in turn control animal locomotion (PubMed:15556870).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in defective metaphase to anaphase transition (Mat phenotype) and embryos that arrest at the one-cell stage.
Functions as an U snRNP-specific nuclear import adapter. Involved in the trimethylguanosine (m3G)-cap-dependent nuclear import of U snRNPs. Binds specifically to the terminal m3G-cap U snRNAs.
Subunit of the non-synaptic neuronal acetylcholine receptor (AChR), which may play a role in chemotaxis towards choline. After binding choline or acetylcholine, the AChR responds by an extensive change in conformation that affects all subunits and leads to opening of an ion-conducting channel across the plasma membrane.
Necessary for the splicing of pre-mRNA. Has a role in the recognition of the branch site (5'-UACUAAC-3'), the pyrimidine tract and the 3'-splice site at the 3'-end of introns.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL42 family.
Component of P-granules which is required for P-granule formation and integrity in adult germ cells (PubMed:18234720). Promotes the accumulation of glh-1 mRNA and localization of pgl-1 to P-granules (PubMed:18234720). Involved in RNA-mediated gene silencing (RNAi) in the germline (PubMed:18234720, PubMed:32843637). In particular, it is required for piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA) gene silencing and positively regulates the formation of secondary 22G-RNAs, which are RNA-dependent RNA polymerase-derived endo-siRNAs, typically 22 nucleotides in length with a 5'guanosine residue (PubMed:32843637). Its role in RNAi may also be through positively regulating the expression of the dsRNA-binding protein rde-4 (PubMed:18234720). Plays a role in small RNA-directed transgenerational epigenetic inheritance (PubMed:27015309, PubMed:29769721).
Expressed at all stages of development from embryogenesis to adulthood (PubMed:18234720). Expressed at all embryonic stages (PubMed:18234720).
Interacts (via N-terminus) with prg-1; the interaction is direct (PubMed:32843637). May interact with edg-1 (PubMed:32843637).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in sterility and disrupts the localization of pgl-1 to P-granules at 24.5 degrees Celsius.
Associated with the catenin-cadherin complex consisting of hmr-1, hmp-1 and hmp-2 (PubMed:25938815). Interacts with hmr-1 (PubMed:12847081, PubMed:25938815). Interacts with picc-1 (PubMed:25938815).
Embryos are viable, but display a partial loss of junctional component, pac-1, from adherens junctions.
May act as a positive modulator of hmr-1 function during epidermal morphogenesis (PubMed:12847081). Required for proper localization of other junctional components, such as pac-1 (PubMed:25938815).
Aminopeptidase with specificity towards an acidic amino acid at the N-terminus. Plays a role in membrane trafficking and is specifically involved in the recycling and degradation of endocytic cargo.
Animals are viable. Suppresses the abnormal formation of intestinal vacuoles phenotype in mutants lacking the phospholipid-transporting ATPase tat-1 or its chaperone chat-1.
Expressed from the embryonic stage to adulthood.
Expressed in various cell types and tissues including the pharynx, neurons, body wall muscle, intestine and vulva.
Tetrahedron-shaped homododecamer built from six homodimers.
Belongs to the centaurin gamma-like family.
During neurogenesis, involved in cell autonomous neuroblast asymmetric divisions that generate one precursor cell and one apoptotic cell probably by controlling endocytosis.
GTPase-activating protein for the ADP ribosylation factor family (Probable). During neurogenesis, involved in cell autonomous neuroblast asymmetric divisions that generate one precursor cell and one apoptotic cell probably by controlling endocytosis. In oocytes, involved in vitellogenin vit-2 uptake by regulating receptor rme-2 endocytosis.
RNAi-mediated knockdown in a ced-3 n2436 mutant background results in the production of extra A/PVM neurons; the precursor Q.pp, which is normally fated to die, acquires the fate of its sister Q.pa.
The N-terminal domain is required for the positive control of neuroblast asymmetric divisions.
Component of the ESCRT-I complex, a regulator of vesicular trafficking process. Required for the sorting of endocytic ubiquitinated cargos into multivesicular bodies. May be involved in cell growth and differentiation.
Belongs to the JARID1 histone demethylase family.
Histone demethylase that specifically demethylates 'Lys-4' of histone H3, thereby playing a central role in histone code (PubMed:17320161). Does not demethylate histone H3 'Lys-9', H3 'Lys-27', H3 'Lys-36', H3 'Lys-79' or H4 'Lys-20' (PubMed:17320161). Demethylates trimethylated and dimethylated but not monomethylated H3 'Lys-4' (PubMed:17320161). Required for normal longevity of the soma in a germline-dependent manner (PubMed:20555324, PubMed:22212395). Implicated in the epigenetic inheritance of lifespan over several generations (PubMed:22012258). Involved in larval development and vulva formation (PubMed:17320161).
RNAi-mediated knockdown decreases lifespan in wild type worms with an intact germline (PubMed:20555324). Results in extended lifespan when egg production is inhibited by the addition of floxuridine (FUDR) or in a glp-1 mutant background which lacks a germline (PubMed:22212395, PubMed:20555324).
Expressed during embryogenesis (at protein level) (PubMed:20026024). First expressed shortly after the assembly of the gonad primordium (PubMed:15294864). Expressed in somatic gonadal precursor (SGP) cells in embryos and L1 stage larvae (PubMed:20026024, PubMed:24402584). Expressed in daughter cells of SGP cells throughout the L1 larval stage (PubMed:20026024).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in abnormal gonadal development in 10% of animals whereby gonads fail to divide or grow in size (PubMed:15294864). This abnormality is enhanced in a tra-1 (e1099) mutant background and is accompanied by masculinization of gonadal tissues (PubMed:15294864).
Required for proper gonadal primordium assembly and somatic gonad precursor cell morphology.
Together with the zinc finger protein ztf-16, plays a role in gonadogenesis, specifically in somatic gonad precursor cell development (PubMed:12756172, PubMed:15294864, PubMed:20026024, PubMed:24402584). This is possibly by regulating tra-1 gene expression (PubMed:15294864).
Expressed in head neurons including the ASE sensory neurons and the ASI and AWB chemosensory neurons, the midbody neurons SDQ, and motor neurons in the tail.
G-protein coupled receptor for the neuropeptide like protein nlp-38 (PubMed:30779740). Plays a role in several types of aversive gustatory associative learning including gustatory plasticity and salt avoidance learning (PubMed:30779740). Its role in salt avoidance learning may be through activation of the transcription factor crh-1/CREB and de novo transcription and translation, which in turn promotes the formation of long-term memory (PubMed:30779740).
Carboxyltransferase subunit of the 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase, an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA to 3-methylglutaconyl-CoA, a critical step for leucine and isovaleric acid catabolism.
Belongs to the nuclear hormone receptor family. NR1 subfamily.
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in 43% lethality of hermaphrodites (PubMed:33372658). RNAi-mediated knockdown together with fox-1 results in hermaphrodite embryonic lethality (PubMed:21471153, PubMed:33372658). This hermaphrodite-specific lethality is suppressed in a sea-2 bp283 mutant or sea-1 gk799 mutant background (PubMed:21471153). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in hermaphrodites lethality due to failure of the dosage compensation complex to assemble on X chromosomes in a fox-1 y303 mutant background (PubMed:17720939). RNAi-mediated knockdown in a background containing one copy of the fox-1 gene results in the viability of 3% of hermaphrodites (PubMed:33372658). RNAi-mediated knockdown in a strain where all of the GCACG and GCUAG motifs in intron 6 of the xol-1 gene have been mutated to AUACA and AUAUA, respectively results in the viability of 1% of hermaphrodites (PubMed:33372658). RNAi-mediated knockdown in a strain where all of the GCACG and GCUAG motifs in intron 6 of one copy of the xol-1 gene have been mutated to AUACA and AUAUA, respectively results in the viability of 7% of hermaphrodites (PubMed:33372658). RNAi-mediated knockdown in a strain where all of the GCACG motifs in intron 6 of the xol-1 gene have been mutated to AUACA results in the viability of 24% of hermaphrodites (PubMed:33372658). RNAi-mediated knockdown in a strain where all of the GCACG motifs in intron 6 of one copy of the xol-1 gene have been mutated to AUACA results in the viability of 18% of hermaphrodites (PubMed:33372658). RNAi-mediated knockdown in a strain where all of the GCUAG motifs in intron 6 of the xol-1 gene have been mutated to AUAUA results in the viability of 33% of hermaphrodites (PubMed:33372658). RNAi-mediated knockdown in a strain where all of the GCUAG motifs in intron 6 of one copy of the xol-1 gene have been mutated to AUAUA results in the viability of 13% of hermaphrodites (PubMed:33372658). RNAi-mediated knockdown in a strain where all of the GCACG and GCUAG motifs in intron 6 of the xol-1 gene have been mutated to GCUUG results in the viability of 8% of hermaphrodites (PubMed:33372658). RNAi-mediated knockdown in a strain where all of the GCACG and GCUAG motifs in intron 6 of one copy of the xol-1 gene have been mutated to GCUUG results in the viability of 36% of hermaphrodites (PubMed:33372658). RNAi-mediated knockdown in strains containing five or three fox-1-binding GCACG motifs in intron 6 of the xol-1 gene results in the viability of 49% and 33% of hermaphrodites, respectively (PubMed:33372658).
Transcriptional regulator which is involved in the sex determination and X chromosome dosage compensation pathways (PubMed:21471153, PubMed:23666922, PubMed:16139225, PubMed:17720939, PubMed:33372658). Directly binds to five 5'-A(G/C)(G/T)(T/G)C(A/G)-3' sites in the promoter of sex-determining factor xol-1 to negatively regulate its expression and promote hermaphrodite development (PubMed:23666922). Together with fox-1 is involved in making the distinction between one and two X-chromosomes (PubMed:21471153, PubMed:23666922, PubMed:33372658). Plays a role in the fox-1-mediated repression of the functionally active isoform (isoform b) of the sex-determining factor xol-1 gene to promote hermaphrodite development (PubMed:33372658). Plays a role in the association of the dosage compensation complex proteins dpy-27 and sdc-3 with the hermaphrodite X chromosomes (PubMed:16139225, PubMed:17720939).
By forming heterooligomers with isoform a, acts as an inhibitor of isoform a activation. Its inhibitory function is independent of its catalytic activity.
Component of a MAP kinase pathway that functions presynaptically to regulate synaptic architecture and presynaptic differentiation (PubMed:15707898). Phosphorylates and activates mkk-4 (PubMed:15707898). Has a role in axonal regrowth following injury and synaptogenesis (PubMed:19737525, PubMed:19164707). Plays a role in modulating polymerization of neuronal microtubules (PubMed:21368137). Also promotes tubulin post-translational modifications that protect microtubules (PubMed:23000142). Plays a role in cilium length regulation, possibly by reducing rab-5 mediated endocytosis, and may also have a role in intraflagellar transport in cilia (PubMed:26657059). Plays a role in the formation of muscle connections, also called muscle arm extensions, between the body wall and the motor axons in the dorsal and ventral cord (PubMed:27123983).
Expressed in nerve ring, nerve cord, neurons, and pharynx.
Has a role in synapse and axon development, and in axonal regrowth following injury.
Homooligomer (via leucine zipper domain and hexapeptide motif) (PubMed:23141066). Isoform a (via leucine zipper domain) forms a heterooligomer with isoform c (via leucine zipper domain) (PubMed:23141066). Isoform c does not self-associate (PubMed:23141066).
Inactive when associated with isoform c. Dissociation from isoform c, which is dependent on the phosphorylation of the C-terminal hexapeptide, results in self-association and activation. Transient increase in Ca(2+) levels caused by axonal injury or synaptic activity triggers the dissociation of isoform a from isoform c; the dissociation may be influenced by the phosphorylation status of the C-terminal hexapeptide.
Overcome the lack of synaptogenesis caused by the loss of rpm-1 ubiquitin ligase activity (PubMed:17698012). Defects in axonal microtubule development (PubMed:19164707, PubMed:23000142). Double knockout with dlk-1 also suppresses the eva-1 receptor expression defect in the madd-3 single knockout (PubMed:27123983). Triple knockout with madd-3 and unc-54 results in paralysis (as in the unc-54 single knockout), and suppresses the lethality phenotype in the double madd-3 and unc-54 mutant (PubMed:27123983).
Phosphorylation at Ser-874 and/or at Ser-878 abolishes interaction with isoform c and promotes binding to isoform a kinase domain (likely in trans) resulting in isoform a self-association and activation.
Produced by alternative polyadenylation. The alternative polyadenylation site is in intron 7. In neurons, the usage of this polyadenylation site is regulated by the antagonist action of sydn-1 and ssup-72.
The C-terminal domain is important for localization to synapses and axons.
The C-terminal hexapeptide motif is required for homooligomerization and for its activation.
Ubiquitinated by rpm-1. Negatively regulated by ubiquitination by fsn-1 bound rpm-1, followed by degradation.
Belongs to the V-ATPase D subunit family.
Subunit of the V1 complex of vacuolar(H+)-ATPase (V-ATPase), a multisubunit enzyme composed of a peripheral complex (V1) that hydrolyzes ATP and a membrane integral complex (V0) that translocates protons (By similarity). V-ATPase is responsible for acidifying and maintaining the pH of intracellular compartments and in some cell types, is targeted to the plasma membrane, where it is responsible for acidifying the extracellular environment (By similarity).
Belongs to the flavin monoamine oxidase family.
Histone demethylase that specifically demethylates 'Lys-4' of histone H3, a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional activation, thereby acting as a corepressor. Acts by oxidizing the substrate by FAD to generate the corresponding imine that is subsequently hydrolyzed. Demethylates both mono- and di-methylated 'Lys-4' of histone H3.
Hermaphrodites arrest after the first molt and die after at most 6 days. Most animals appear L2-like with morphologies of gonads and vulva that are out of step with the developmental stage. Mutants have a dilated intestinal lumen with extensive internal folding associated with the accumulation of undigested bacteria and a shortened excretory canal. Some animals have adult-type alae and are sterile with vulva and germ line formation defects (PubMed:20595048). In RNAi-mediated knockdown, impaired survival and slower volume recovery upon hypertonic stress (PubMed:17596296).
Interacts (via C-terminus) with clh-3; required for the phosphorylation-mediated inhibition of clh-3 function (PubMed:15684092). Interacts (via C-terminus) with wnk-1; the interaction is direct (PubMed:17596296, PubMed:18049475).
Phosphorylated at Thr-280 and Ser-419 probably by wnk-1; phosphorylation results in weak activation (PubMed:18049475). Predominantly autophosphorylated at Thr-32 and Ser-190 and weakly autophosphorylated at Thr-13 and Ser-405 in vitro (PubMed:20595048).
Plays a role in osmotic stress responses by regulating ion homeostasis and by controlling cell volume via the phosphorylation-mediated inhibition of the chloride channel clh-3 (PubMed:15684092, PubMed:17596296). In addition, increases gpdh-1 translation upon osmotic stress, likely downstream of wnk-1 (PubMed:23076791). Involved in several developmental processes including the tubular formation of the excretory canals, the formation of the intestine and the progression through larval stages (PubMed:20595048). In addition, required for germ line development by controlling meiosis and chromosomal segregation during spermatogenesis. By controlling clh-3 activity, may regulate the development of the excretory canals and fertility (PubMed:18049475).
Ubiquitously expressed with a higher expression in the excretory cell. Expressed in both male and female germ cells; up-regulated in maturing spermatocytes but absent in mature sperm.
No visible phenotype in normal conditions. Strong increase of embryonic lethality following cisplatin, nitrogen mustard or mitomycin-C (MMC) treatment.
Nuclease required for the repair of DNA interstrand cross-links (ICL). Acts as a 5'-3' exonuclease that anchors at a cut end of DNA and cleaves DNA successively at every third nucleotide, allowing to excise an ICL from one strand through flanking incisions.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class OBG-HflX-like GTPase superfamily. OBG GTPase family. NOG subfamily.
Expressed from early embryonic stages through to adulthood.
Involved in the biogenesis of the 60S ribosomal subunit (By similarity). Has a role in regulating longevity, growth and brood size (PubMed:24552710). May regulate fat storage via the insulin/IGF pathway (PubMed:24552710).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in an extended lifespan, reduced brood size, slower growth rate and increased fat storage.
Consists of an N-terminal biotin carboxylation/carboxylase (BC) domain that catalyzes the transient carboxylation of the biotin covalently attached to the C-terminal biotinyl-binding/biotin carboxyl carrier (BCC) domain.
The biotin cofactor is covalently attached to the C-terminal biotinyl-binding domain and is required for the catalytic activity.
The holoenzyme is a dodecamer composed of 6 alpha subunits and 6 beta subunits (By similarity). Interacts with sir-2.2 and sir-2.3 (PubMed:23438705).
This is one of the 2 subunits of the biotin-dependent propionyl-CoA carboxylase (PCC), a mitochondrial enzyme involved in the catabolism of odd chain fatty acids, branched-chain amino acids isoleucine, threonine, methionine, and valine and other metabolites. Propionyl-CoA carboxylase catalyzes the carboxylation of propionyl-CoA/propanoyl-CoA to D-methylmalonyl-CoA/(S)-methylmalonyl-CoA (By similarity). Within the holoenzyme, the alpha subunit catalyzes the ATP-dependent carboxylation of the biotin carried by the biotin carboxyl carrier (BCC) domain, while the beta subunit then transfers the carboxyl group from carboxylated biotin to propionyl-CoA (By similarity). Propionyl-CoA carboxylase also significantly acts on butyryl-CoA/butanoyl-CoA, which is converted to ethylmalonyl-CoA/(2S)-ethylmalonyl-CoA (By similarity). Other alternative minor substrates include (2E)-butenoyl-CoA/crotonoyl-CoA (By similarity).
A pair of annexin repeats may form one binding site for calcium and phospholipid.
Expressed in all somatic gonadal cells including distal tip cells, anchor cell, uterine precursor cells and spermatheca precursor cells of the hermaphrodite. Also expressed in the pharynx, pharyngeal-intestinal valve, intestine, excretory cell and canal, seam cells, a subset of hypodermal cells, vulval precursor cells of the hermaphrodite and hook precursor cells in the male.
Expressed in the somatic gonad from the L3 stage of larval development to adulthood.
Hermaphrodites are maternal effect lethal and have elongated and strained appearing distal tip cells with abnormal migration. Male animals have detached gonadal cells that do not migrate leading to a partially elongated gonad. RNAi-mediated knockdown results in a mild defective gonad phenotype with 11% of animals having detached gonads and 17% of animals having 'stringy' gonads.
Probable cell adhesion protein involved in gonadal cell migration.
May play a role in the spermatocyte cytoskeleton, possibly interacting with actin.
Testis, in both spermatogonial cells and spermatocytes.
Ligand-activated transcription factor (By similarity). Involved in modulating serotonin-mediated induction of adipose triglyceride lipase atgl-1, thereby regulating body fat (PubMed:24120942).
RNAi-mediated knockdown abrogates the increase in adipose triglyceride lipase atgl-1 expression seen in serotonin-treated animals.
Expressed in intestinal, hypodermal and muscle tissues (PubMed:21478858). Highly expressed in the reproductive system (PubMed:21478858).
Expressed throughout embryogenesis (at protein level) (PubMed:18635357). First expressed at the two-cell stage of embryogenesis (at protein level) (PubMed:18635357).
Hexamer (PubMed:21478858). The N-terminus assembles into an octamer and the C-terminus forms a dimer thus the N-terminus mediates its oligomerization, whereas the C-terminus restricts the full-length protein to form hexamers in solution in vitro (PubMed:21478858). Interacts (via N-terminus) with sec-16A.1; the interaction is direct and is required for both the localization of tfg-1 and to maintain the distribution of sec-16A.1 at endoplasmic reticulum exit sites (ERES) (PubMed:21478858).
In its hexameric form, promotes the accumulation of sec-16A.1 and the COPII subunit npp-20 at endoplasmic reticulum exit sites (ERES), also known as transitional endoplasmic reticulum (tER), to positively regulate secretory cargo trafficking from the endoplasmic reticulum to the endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC) and Golgi apparatus (PubMed:21478858). Required for the assembly of proteins, such as the GTPase rab-6, at the Golgi apparatus (PubMed:21478858). Plays a role in negatively regulating cell death and promoting cell and body growth (PubMed:18635357).
RNAi-mediated knockdown in embryos results in lethality prior to hatching and an increased number of apoptotic cell corpses at the comma stage of embryogenesis (PubMed:18635357). RNAi-mediated knockdown in developing larvae results in smaller adults which have reduced locomotory muscle and epidermal cell sizes, and reduced total body protein content (PubMed:18635357). Cell size defects are suppressed in a ced-4 n1162 or ced-4 RNAi mutant background (PubMed:18635357). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in smaller and poorly stacked endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC) and Golgi membranes, fragmentation of the endoplasmic reticulum and few Golgi networks (PubMed:21478858). RNAi-mediated knockdown reduces the accumulation of sec-16A.1 and the COPII subunit npp-20 at endoplasmic reticulum exit sites (ERES) within the germline (PubMed:21478858). Does not reduce the expression of sec-16A.1 and does not affect the localization of npp-20 to the nuclear envelope (PubMed:21478858). RNAi-mediated knockdown causes the disassembly of the npp-20-containing heterotetrameric complex, resulting in monomeric npp-20 (PubMed:21478858). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in defective secretory cargo trafficking from the endoplasmic reticulum to the ERGIC and Golgi apparatus, and the subsequence accumulation of secreted integral membrane proteins including snb-1, cav-1 and sqv-8 in the endoplasmic reticulum (PubMed:21478858). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in disrupted retrograde trafficking of the GTPase rab-6 from the Golgi apparatus to the endoplasmic reticulum and causes the accumulation of rab-6 at enlarged early endosomes (PubMed:21478858).
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL8 family.
Involved in protein synthesis (PubMed:23076791). Catalyzes the specific attachment of an amino acid to its cognate tRNA in a 2 step reaction: the amino acid (AA) is first activated by ATP to form AA-AMP and then transferred to the acceptor end of the tRNA (Probable). Required for germ cell development (PubMed:21464306).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in gonadal defects including smaller, narrower gonads and reduced fertility with either no oocytes or no fertilized eggs in the majority of animals (PubMed:21464306). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in an increase in the expression of gpdh-1 independent of hypertonic stress (PubMed:23076791).
Ectopic expression of pre-synaptic reporter snb-1-GFP in ASI sensory neurons. Along the dorsal nerve cord of DD motoneurons, pre-synaptic puncta appear diffuse or smaller and synapse localization of sad-1 is disrupted. Germline hyperplasia and loss of aak-2 phosphorylation during dauer development (PubMed:20110331). During neuroblast division, daughter cell size asymmetry in the Q.p division is defective (PubMed:23267054). Animals are slightly stiff but with active locomotion (PubMed:20023164). In par-4 (it33) mutants, causes embryonic lethality (PubMed:20023164). In ced-3 (n3692) mutants, impaired cell shedding during embryogenesis which results in the generation of an ectopic excretory cell (PubMed:22801495). In addition, these double mutants produce additional AVM or PVM mechanosensory neurons (PubMed:23267054).
Expressed in nervous system, pharynx and excretory canal (PubMed:20023164). Expressed in germline (PubMed:20110331).
Interacts with sad-1 (PubMed:20023164). Interacts with par-4 (PubMed:20110331).
Pseudokinase which may act as an adapter for kinases sad-1 and par-4 and thereby is involved in several developmental processes. Regulates cell-autonomously both neuronal polarity and synaptic organization when bound to sad-1. Required for sad-1 localization to synapses (PubMed:20023164). Required to establish germline stem cell (GSC) quiescence during dauer development, to promote cell shedding during embryogenesis and to control asymmetric cell division of the Q.p neuroblast lineage, probably when bound to par-4 (PubMed:20110331, PubMed:22801495, PubMed:23267054). May be involved in maintaining the integrity of the early embryonic cortex when bound to par-4 (PubMed:20110331).
Constitutes an element of the transverse filaments of the synaptonemal complex (SC), formed between homologous chromosomes during meiotic prophase I, and is required for the assembly of the central region of the SC (PubMed:19798442, PubMed:21840865). Required for chromosome synapsis and chiasma formation between homologous chromosomes during meiosis, mechanisms that are crucial for crossover formation and meiotic recombination (PubMed:19798442).
High levels of embryonic lethality and a high percentage of males among the surviving progeny (PubMed:19798442). Failure to localize syp-1 and syp-3, components of the synaptonemal complex central region, to chromosomes (PubMed:19798442). Failure to form chromosome synapses and lack of synaptonemal complex formation leading to a delay in meiotic progression (PubMed:19798442). Impaired stabilization of homologous pairing interactions (PubMed:19798442). Lack of chiasmata formation during diakinesis (PubMed:19798442). Reduced crossover frequency (PubMed:19798442). Increased rad-51 foci during pachytene indicating impaired DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair progression (PubMed:19798442). Elevated germ cell apoptosis (PubMed:19798442). Disruption of plk-2 localization to synapsed chromosomes during pachytene (PubMed:28346135).
Phosphorylated at Ser-269 by plk-1 and plk-2. Phosphorylation starts at the pachytene stage during oogenesis and depends on crossover precursor formation. Phosphorylation negatively regulates meiotic DNA double-strand break (DSB) formation.
Argonaute protein which is involved in the endogenous small interfering RNA (endo-siRNA) pathway and is required for RNA-mediated gene silencing (RNAi) in the germline (PubMed:17110334, PubMed:29791857, PubMed:30728462). Interacts with secondary 22G-RNAs, which are RNA-dependent RNA polymerase-derived endo-siRNAs, typically 22 nucleotides in length with a 5'guanosine residue (PubMed:29791857). Also interacts with the mRNA targets of 22G-RNAs (PubMed:29791857). Associates with znfx-1 to mediate small RNA-directed transgenerational epigenetic inheritance of both germline- and soma-expressed genes (PubMed:29791857, PubMed:29769721).
Belongs to the argonaute family. WAGO subfamily.
Expressed in the hermaphrodite germline and in oocytes (PubMed:29791857, PubMed:29769721, PubMed:30728462). Expressed at a low level in the male germline (PubMed:29791857). Not expressed in the soma of hermaphrodites or males (PubMed:29791857).
Expressed throughout development (PubMed:29769721, PubMed:29791857, PubMed:30728462). Following fertilization, in the zygotes and early embryos, it is expressed in the germline (PubMed:29791857). Evenly distributed in one-cell stage embryos (PubMed:29791857). In early embryos, segregates to germline precursor cells and is expressed in P1-P4 germline cells (PubMed:29791857, PubMed:29769721, PubMed:30728462). Also expressed in the endomesodermal (EMS) precursor cell (PubMed:29791857). Exclusively expressed in Z2 and Z3 larval cells at hatching (PubMed:29791857).
Interacts with znfx-1; the interaction promotes the transmission of epigenetic information across generations (PubMed:29769721). May interact with mina-1 (PubMed:30728462).
Members of the WAGO (worm-specific argonaute) subfamily lack conserved metal-binding residues found in other argonaute proteins and probably do not cleave target mRNAs directly.
Belongs to the integrin alpha chain family.
Heterodimer of an alpha and a beta subunit. Alpha ina-1 associates with beta pat-3 (PubMed:9247263). Interacts (via cytoplasmic domain) with src-1 (when phosphorylated at 'Tyr-416') (PubMed:20226672).
Plays a role in cell migration, axon fasciculation, and morphogenesis (PubMed:9247263). During gonad morphogenesis, involved in distal tip cell (DTC)-mediated guidance of gonad elongation, in maintaining their sharp tapering morphology and in their migration (PubMed:19023419, PubMed:22732572, PubMed:25982859). Involved in the anterior-posterior positioning of QR neuroblast descendants by regulating the migratory speed of QR.p (PubMed:25373777). Probably by acting as a receptor for apoptotic cells, plays a role in the clearance of apoptotic cells during mid-embryogenesis (PubMed:20226672).
RNAi-mediated knockdown in distal tip cell (DTC) causes DTC morphological and guidance defects such as precocious dorsal turns, a failure to reach the vulva and a bloated distal gonad (PubMed:19023419). Embryos at the comma, 1.5-fold and 2-fold stages have increased number of cell corpses due to a defect in cell engulfment (PubMed:20226672). RNAi-mediated knockdown with mig-38 results in enhanced gonad DTC migration (PubMed:22732572).
Cysteine protease required for autophagy (PubMed:22767594, PubMed:30880001). Cleaves the C-terminal amino acid of ATG8 family proteins lgg-1, to reveal a C-terminal glycine (Probable). Exposure of the glycine at the C-terminus is essential for ATG8 proteins conjugation to phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and insertion to membranes, which is necessary for autophagy (Probable). Its cleavage activity is functionally redundant to atg-4.1, but it cleaves lgg-1 precursors less efficiently than atg-4.1 (Probable). In contrast to atg-4.1, plays a more significant role in the later phases of autophagy and in addition has a role in autophagosome maturation (PubMed:30880001). Acts redundantly with atg-4.1 to promote the lgg-1 delipidation to release the protein from membranes, which facilitates multiple events during macroautophagy (PubMed:30880001). Regulates the accumulation of autophagic structures in neurons and is specifically, required for the maturation and elimination of autophagosomes from the synaptic region of AIY interneurons (PubMed:30880001).
Expressed in late larvae of both sexes. In the fourth larval stage, expression is approximately six-fold higher in males than in hermaphrodites. Expressed in ADF chemosensory neurons in males from the L4 larval stage (PubMed:31264582). Expressed in cells of the male tail tip from the L4 larval stage (PubMed:18550714). Not expressed in cells of the hermaphrodite tail tip at any developmental stage (PubMed:18550714).
Expression is undetectable in hermaphrodites, but persists in males (PubMed:9490411). In males, expressed in cells of the tail tip (PubMed:18550714).
Negatively regulated by lin-41 which causes degradation of the mRNA encoding this protein.
Transcription factor which binds the DNA motif 5'-[CGA][TCA][TA]ACAATGT[AT][TGA]C-3', probably as a monomer (PubMed:9490411). Acts partially redundantly with the transcription factor dmd-3 to coordinate tail tip cell fusion and retraction and thereby regulate male tail tip morphogenesis (PubMed:18550714, PubMed:21408209). Promotes male-specific development of two tissues, the peripheral nervous system and the intestine (PubMed:9490411). In the peripheral nervous system, directs differentiation of sensory ray neuroblasts into peripheral sense organs (PubMed:9490411). In the intestine, causes repression of vitellogenin gene transcription (PubMed:9490411).
Increased lifespan (PubMed:17411345). RNAi-mediated knockdown significantly prevents Mn(2+)-induced dopaminergic CEP neuron degeneration (PubMed:23721876). RNAi-mediated knockdown increases tatn-1 expression and enzymatic activity (PubMed:31043480).
Involved in regulation of lifespan (PubMed:17411345). Required for dopaminergic CEP neuron degeneration in response to Mn(2+) (PubMed:23721876). Inhibits the skn-1-mediated up-regulation of tatn-1 (PubMed:31043480).
Involved in regulation of lifespan. Required for dopaminergic CEP neuron degeneration in response to Mn(2+).
Belongs to the class V-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. Histone-lysine methyltransferase family.
Histone methyltransferase that specifically trimethylates 'Lys-9' of histone H3 using mono- and dimethylated H3 'Lys-9' as substrate (PubMed:22939621). Acts redundantly with the methyltransferase met-2 to position chromosome arms at the nuclear lamina (PubMed:22939621). Required for small-RNA-induced H3K9 methylation (PubMed:26365259). Together with met-2, protects and stabilizes repeat-rich genomic regions by suppressing transcription-induced replication stress through methylation of H3K9 (PubMed:27668659).
The SET domain is not required for localization to nuclear foci.
Belongs to the complex I 20 kDa subunit family.
Complex I is composed of 45 different subunits This is a component of the iron-sulfur (IP) fragment of the enzyme.
Expressed in intestine, neurons in head, body and tail, and in body hypodermis, and vulva (PubMed:19632181). Expressed in neurons in the male-specific genital sensilla (simple sense organs) known as rays (PubMed:15183729).
Expressed in late embryogenesis, larval stages L2, L3 and L4 and in adults.
Probable transcription factor which binds the E box motif 5'-CA[TC][AG]TG-3'.
Expressed in seam cells, intestine cells, pharyngeal muscles and nerve ring neurons.
In embryos, expressed in 20- to 30-cell stage and expression decreases after the 200-cell stage (PubMed:23666922). Expressed in seam cells, intestine cells, pharyngeal muscles and nerve ring neurons in L3 stage larvae and expression persists into adults (PubMed:21471153).
RNA-binding protein, which regulates the expression of proteins required to control developmental timing of events during the L2 to L3 larval stage switch (PubMed:21471153). Binds to the 3'UTR of the transcript of the heterochronic protein lin-28 to post-transcriptionally negatively regulate its expression in certain tissue types in the later larval stages (PubMed:21471153). During larval development, controls the timing of seam cell division and terminal differentiation into adult alae (PubMed:21471153). In vitro, it can also bind to DNA through its first zinc finger (PubMed:21471153). May bind directly or indirectly to the promoter of the sex-determining factor xol-1 to activate its transcription (PubMed:23666922). Its activation of xol-1 transcription controls sex determination and X chromosome dosage compensation to promote male development (PubMed:23666922). Through the negative regulation of lin-28 transcript, it also has a role in the fox-1-sex-1-mediated determination of sexual fate (PubMed:21471153). Acts in the intestine to play a role in regulating adult lifespan (PubMed:21471153).
RNAi mediated knockdown at early larval stages and in young adults results in an extended lifespan (PubMed:21471153). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in delayed developmental defects with an increased number of seam cells in young adults (PubMed:21471153). RNAi-mediated knockdown suppresses the embryonic lethality of hermaphrodites in the double fox-1 y303 and sex-1 y263 mutant background (PubMed:23666922).
The Zinc finger domains 1 and 5 bind single-stranded and double-stranded RNAs (PubMed:21471153). The Zinc finger domain 1 binds DNA in vitro (PubMed:21471153).
Detected in the left ASE gustatory neuron, the chemosensory neuron pairs ASH and ADF, and the PQR tail neuron (PubMed:23112336). In males, detected in hook and tail sensory neurons involved in vulval sensing and hermaphrodite contact, and in spicule protractor muscles (PubMed:23112335).
Receptor for nematocin (PubMed:23112336, PubMed:23112335). The activity of this receptor is mediated by G proteins which activate a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system (PubMed:23112336, PubMed:23112335). The activity of this receptor may be modulated by ntr-2, leading to reduced intracellular cAMP production (PubMed:23112335). Plays a role in gustatory associative learning (PubMed:23112336). Also plays a role in male mating behavior (PubMed:23112335).
Viable and fertile (PubMed:23112336). Gustatory associative learning in response to salt cues is disrupted (PubMed:23112336). Males have reduced reproductive success, due to a range of aberrant mating behaviors (PubMed:23112335). Double knockouts with ntr-2 partially rescue the reproductive phenotypes (PubMed:23112335).
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mS31 family.
Belongs to the IPP isomerase type 1 family.
Catalyzes the 1,3-allylic rearrangement of the homoallylic substrate isopentenyl (IPP) to its highly electrophilic allylic isomer, dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP).
During the formation of neuromuscular junctions at the larval stage, negatively regulates membrane protrusion from body wall muscles, probably downstream of the integrin complex formed by pat-2 and pat-3.
RNAi-mediated knockdown in L4 larval stage, causes ectopic membrane extensions from body wall muscles.
Belongs to the SMC family. SMC6 subfamily.
Acts as a GTPase-activating protein (GAP) for tubulin in concert with tubulin-specific chaperone C, but does not enhance tubulin heterodimerization.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 11 family.
Mediates the transfer of fucose to the terminal galactose on glycan chains of cell surface glycoproteins and glycolipids (By similarity). Required for axon regeneration after injury (PubMed:31371405).
Involved in the post-translational conjugation of arginine to the N-terminal aspartate or glutamate of a protein. This arginylation is required for degradation of the protein via the ubiquitin pathway.
Forms a heterodimer with the U2AF small subunit.
Necessary for the splicing of pre-mRNA. Binds to the polypyrimidine tract of introns early during spliceosome assembly (By similarity).
Does not regulate the mitochondrial unfolded protein response following mitochondrial stress.
Plays a role in mitochondrial unfolded protein response (PubMed:35451962). Upon mitochondrial stress is exported from the nucleus where its tRNA endonuclease activity is negatively regulated (PubMed:35451962). In response to mitochondrial stress, might be involved in activating a transcriptional response in an ATFS-1- and DVE-1-dependent manner (PubMed:35451962). May play a role in negatively regulating the mitochondrial membrane potential (PubMed:35451962).
RNAi-mediated knockdown attenuates the mitochondrial unfolded protein response as indicated by reduced expression of hsp-6.
Up-regulated in response to mitochondrial stress.
Zinc phosphodiesterase, which displays some tRNA 3'-processing endonuclease activity (PubMed:35451962). Probably involved in tRNA maturation, by removing a 3'-trailer from precursor tRNA (By similarity). Involved in germline proliferation (PubMed:14729485). May be required for both mitosis and meiosis in germ cells (PubMed:14729485).
Acts downstream of daf-16/foxo to suppress tumors induced by disruption of gld-1. Potentially a direct target of daf-15/foxo.
Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as modulators or transducers in various transmembrane signaling systems (By similarity). Plays role in innate immunity and maintaining survival in response to metabolites of E.coli (PubMed:21108728). This might be by regulating the expression and signaling of genes such as lys-8, ins-7 and daf-28 (PubMed:21108728). Has a role in lifespan to promote longevity (PubMed:17187771, PubMed:21108728).
Expressed in PHA sensory neurons and in head muscles (PubMed:9096403, PubMed:21124861). Expressed in chemosensory neurons AWC, ASE, ASJ, AUA, PHA and PHB, interneuron PVQ, several other unidentified head neurons, an excretory gland cell and head muscles (PubMed:26434723). Highly expressed in the sensory cila at the nose tip (PubMed:26434723).
Guanylate cyclase involved in the production of the second messenger cGMP (PubMed:9096403). Acts upstream of cGMP-dependent protein kinase egl-4, most likely by providing cGMP to the kinase in chemosensory neurons to regulate body size (PubMed:21124861, PubMed:26434723).
Increased body size and increased formation of dauer larvae. Double knockout with che-2 rescues the locomotion defect in the single che-2 mutant.
Expressed in head and tail ganglia (PubMed:7954663, PubMed:11717360, PubMed:12657671, PubMed:24671950). Expressed in neurons including mechanosensory and motor neurons, and interneurons (at protein level) (PubMed:11717360, PubMed:12657671). Expressed in the nerve ring, ventral nerve cord and intestine (PubMed:24671950).
Interacts (via C-terminus) with F-box protein fsn-1 (via SPRY domain); the interaction results in egl-3 proteasomal degradation.
Serine endoprotease which cleaves preproteins at paired basic amino acids (PubMed:12657671, PubMed:15180830, PubMed:16945111, PubMed:23665919, PubMed:24671950). Processes FMRFamide-like (flp) and neuropeptide-like protein (nlp) neuropeptides (PubMed:12657671, PubMed:16945111). Probably by processing flp-1 and flp-18, modulates the neuronal excitation-inhibition balance and thus the level of activity of the locomotor circuit (PubMed:23658528). Regulates sensitivity to mechanosensory stimuli (PubMed:11717360). By processing neuropeptides, modulates basal acetylcholine release at the ventral cord neuromuscular junctions (PubMed:12657671). Probably by processing flp neuropeptides, regulates the turning step of male mating behavior (PubMed:17611271). Cleaves pro-insulin-like proteins ins-3, ins-4 and ins-6 into their mature active forms (PubMed:23665919, PubMed:24671950). Together with convertase kpc-1, cleaves pro-insulin-like protein ins-18 (PubMed:24671950). By controlling ins-4 and ins-6 processing and thus the activation of the daf-2/InsR pathway, negatively modulates synapse development and synaptic transmission at neuromuscular junctions (PubMed:23665919). Similarly, by controlling ins-4 and ins-6 processing, negatively regulates dauer formation under optimal environmental conditions (PubMed:24671950). Under adverse environmental conditions, may promote dauer formation by processing ins-18, a daf-2/InsR antagonist (PubMed:24671950). May cleave dense-core vesicle membrane protein ida-1 (PubMed:15180830). Involved in egg-laying, fat storage and locomotion (PubMed:11813735, PubMed:11717360, PubMed:17564681).
Expressed in embryos and larvae (PubMed:14559923). Expressed in an oscillating expression pattern during larval development, with low expression at the L2 stage, high expression at the L2/L3 transition and low expression at the L3 stage (PubMed:28933985).
Expressed in the hypodermis, in the vulva during organogenesis, and in the ray papillae of the male tail.
Inactive as a metallopeptidase, due to a lack of active site residues (PubMed:14559923). Required for larval molting, male tail development, and formation of adult alae (PubMed:14559923). Acts in the heterochronic pathway and plays a role in the developmental timing of postembryonic hypodermal seam cell division and adult alae production (PubMed:28933985). Acts synergistically with apl-1 in let-7 regulated postembryonic cell division events (PubMed:28933985). Might act downstream of the heterochronic protein lin-41 (PubMed:28933985). Negative regulator of lifespan, heat and oxidative stress response and age-related degenerative changes like reduced pharyngeal pumping and decreased body movements (PubMed:26918946). Lifespan restriction is dependent on the forkhead-type transcription factor daf-16 (PubMed:26918946).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in the extension of mean and maximum lifespan of 21% and 18%, respectively, and increased resistance to oxidative stress caused by paraquat (PubMed:26918946). RNAi-mediated knockdown in a daf-16 mutant background shortens mean and maximum lifespan by 3% and 2%, respectively (PubMed:26918946). RNAi-mediated knockdown in a let-7 mutant background partially suppresses the retarded and supernumerary hypodermal seam cell divisions, retarded alae production and postembryonic lethality (PubMed:28933985). Double RNAi-mediated knockdown with apl-1 in a let-7 mutant phenotype leads to complete suppression of the heterochronic seam cell defects (PubMed:28933985).
Component of the CSN complex, probably composed of csn-1, csn-2, csn-3, csn-4, csn-5, csn-6 and csn-7. Within the complex it probably interacts directly with csn-2 and csn-4. May interact with itself.
Binds to actin and affects the structure of the cytoskeleton. At high concentrations, profilin prevents the polymerization of actin, whereas it enhances it at low concentrations. By binding to PIP2, it inhibits the formation of IP3 and DG. Also binds to poly(L-proline) and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate micelles.
Expressed in the nerve ring during late embryonic stages. In adults, expression is seen in the neurons, vulva and somatic gonad.
Occurs in many kinds of cells as a complex with monomeric actin in a 1:1 ratio.
Belongs to the protein-tyrosine phosphatase family. Non-receptor class subfamily.
Acts as a transcriptional regulator. Involved in postembryonic mesodermal cell fate specification. Activates ceh-24 and egl-15 during mesodermal patterning.
Efficient DNA binding requires dimerization with another bHLH protein. Homodimer. Forms a heterodimer with hlh-2.
Expressed in defecation-associated muscles and neuron-like cells in the head at the L1 stage. In later larvae, expressed in SM cells and their descendants. Not expressed in differentiated body wall or sex muscles.
Chromosomal protein which is recruited to mitotic chromosomes by hcp-3 (CENP-A) and hcp-4 (CENP-C) (PubMed:12080088, PubMed:15767665). Involved in chromosome segregation during mitosis, playing a role in chromosome condensation and in maintaining chromosome morphology, rigidity and orientation during mitosis (PubMed:12080088, PubMed:15767665).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in temperature sensitive embryonic lethality with chromosomes displaying segregation defects with increased anaphase bridges and chromosome lagging.
Catalyzes the first step in the biosynthesis of NAD from nicotinic acid, the ATP-dependent synthesis of beta-nicotinate D-ribonucleotide from nicotinate and 5-phospho-D-ribose 1-phosphate. Helps prevent cellular oxidative stress via its role in NAD biosynthesis.
Transiently phosphorylated on a His residue during the reaction cycle. Phosphorylation strongly increases the affinity for substrates and increases the rate of nicotinate D-ribonucleotide production. Dephosphorylation regenerates the low-affinity form of the enzyme, leading to product release.
Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily. MFSD6 family.
Homodimer. Interacts with ubc-9. Binds through its N-terminal region to the N-terminal region of sor-1.
Polycomb group (PcG) protein. PcG proteins act by forming multiprotein complexes, which are required to maintain the transcriptionally repressive state of homeotic genes throughout development. PcG proteins are not required to initiate repression, but to maintain it during later stages of development. Also required to repress expression of other genes and for localization of sor-1. Binds RNA.
Sumoylated by ubc-9. Sumoylation is required for the transcriptional regulation of homeotic genes.
The RNA-binding region is essential for the localization to subnuclear bodies and its function.
The SAM-like domain, although only slightly related to the SAM domain, apparently displays a similar function. It is essential for homodimerization, the interaction with ubc-9, and the formation of subnuclear bodies.
Widely expressed. Weakly expressed in most somatic cells of 50-cell stage embryos. At 200 cell stage, it is strongly expressed. By comma stage, it is expressed in most somatic cells.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS21 family.
Belongs to the pseudouridine synthase TruB family.
Plays a central role in ribosomal RNA processing. Probable catalytic subunit of H/ACA small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein (H/ACA snoRNP) complex, which catalyzes pseudouridylation of rRNA. This involves the isomerization of uridine such that the ribose is subsequently attached to C5, instead of the normal N1. Pseudouridine ('psi') residues may serve to stabilize the conformation of rRNAs (By similarity).
Neddylated; which enhances the ubiquitination activity of SCF-like complex.
Probable core component of cullin-based SCF-like E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complexes which mediate the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins. In association with rbx-2 seems to be involved in meiotic cell cycle progression in the germline. Required for phosphorylation of the MAP kinase MPK-1 in the germline.
Expressed in both ASEL and ASER neurons throughout late embryonic and early larval stages. In adults, expressed asymmetrically in ASE left (ASEL) sensory neuron.
Guanylate cyclase involved in the production of the second messenger cGMP (By similarity). Regulates chemotaxis responses toward the salt ion Mg(2+) and to a lesser extent toward Cl(1-) in ASE left (ASEL) sensory neuron (PubMed:19523832).
Associates with meiotic and mitotic chromosomes prior to the onset of dosage compensation and with hermaphrodite X chromosomes after the onset of dosage compensation (at protein level).
Belongs to the CND1 (condensin subunit 1) family.
Component of the condensin I complex, which contains the mix-1/SMC2 and smc-4/SMC4 heterodimer, and three non SMC subunits that probably regulate the complex: dpy-26, capg-1 and dpy-28 (PubMed:19781752, PubMed:19119011, PubMed:18198337). Within the complex, interacts with dpy-26 and smc-4 (PubMed:19781752, PubMed:19119011, PubMed:28301465). Component of the dosage compensation complex, which consist of the condensin I like components mix-1/SMC2 and dpy-27/SMC4, and the three non SMC subunits dpy-26, capg-1 and dpy-28 (PubMed:18198337, PubMed:19781752, PubMed:19119011, PubMed:15557118). Within the complex, interacts with mix-1, dpy-27, dpy-26 and capg-1 (PubMed:15557118, PubMed:18198337, PubMed:19119011, PubMed:28301465). Interacts with smcl-1 (PubMed:28301465).
Required for both chromosome condensation and segregation during mitosis and meiosis and X-chromosome dosage compensation depending on its binding partners (PubMed:19119011, PubMed:19781752, PubMed:3779843, PubMed:18198337). Regulatory subunit of the condensin I complex, a complex required for conversion of interphase chromatin into mitotic-like condense chromosomes (PubMed:19781752, PubMed:19119011). The condensin I complex probably introduces positive supercoils into relaxed DNA in the presence of type I topoisomerases and converts nicked DNA into positive knotted forms in the presence of type II topoisomerases (By similarity). The condensin I complex function is required for proper chromosome segregation in mitosis and meiosis (PubMed:19119011). As a member of the condensin I complex, further controls the crossover number and distribution in meiosis by restricting double strand break formation, possibly by influencing higher-order chromosome structure (PubMed:18198337, PubMed:19781752). Plays a role in robust cytokinesis upon presence of chromatin obstructions (PubMed:23684975). Also a member of the condensin I-like dosage compensation complex that associates specifically with hermaphrodite X chromosomes to reduce their gene transcription during interphase, possibly through chromatin reorganization (PubMed:3779843, PubMed:19119011, PubMed:15557118).
Results in high larval lethality in hermaphrodites, and survivors exhibit a XX-specific shorter and stouter body morphology (PubMed:18198337). Higher percentage of spontaneous males through X chromosome non-disjunction (PubMed:18198337). Increased number of crossovers, redistribution of crossovers and a reduction in crossover interference in meiosis (PubMed:18198337). Increased number of rad-51 foci in early to mid-pachytene indicating double strand break formation (PubMed:18198337, PubMed:19781752). Increase in X chromosome axis length indicating aberrant chromosome structure (PubMed:19781752). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in chromosome segregation defects in mitosis (PubMed:19119011).
Sumoylated. Sumoylated in the context of the dosage compensation complex but not in the condensin I complex. Sumoylation is important for assembly of the dosage compensation complex and its robust binding to the X chromosome.
Belongs to the nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase family.
Component of a spliceosomal complex that is required for activating pre-mRNA splicing.
Expressed in the head sensory neurons ASI, ASK and AWB (PubMed:28662030). Not expressed in male somatic gonads or sperm (PubMed:28662030).
Expressed throughout larval development and adulthood.
G-protein coupled receptor that antagonizes the negative effects of the gcy-35 oxygen sensor on spermatogenesis (PubMed:28662030). This leads to the maintenance of mitochondrial function in developing spermatocytes and/or spermatids prior to testis maturation during the early larval stages (PubMed:28662030). Regulates the navigational capacity of sperm during hyperoxic conditions ensuring the proper targeting of sperm derived from males to the fertilization site in the uterus of hermaphrodites (PubMed:28662030). May act in the same signaling pathway as the neuropeptide flp-21 (PubMed:28662030).
Reduced brood size, which is in part due to an abnormal distribution of male-derived sperm in the hermaphrodite uterus following mating, with sperm reversing course frequently and accumulating at the spermathecal-uterine valve 1 hour following mating (PubMed:28662030). No visible defects in oogenesis (PubMed:28662030). Double knockout with the mcu-1 ju1154 mutant suppresses the sperm navigation defect in the srb-13 single mutant (PubMed:28662030).
Broadly expressed in somatic tissues including the pharynx, intestine, spermatheca, and in coelomocytes (PubMed:27558849). Expressed in the lining of the gut lumen (PubMed:25273556).
Hermaphrodites exhibit sperm-specific sterility and only lay unfertilized eggs (PubMed:27558849). In contrast to wild-type animals, mutant males produce no or few spermatids in their gonads, but instead their gonads accumulate terminally arrested spermatocytes that do not bud and contain four haploid nuclei (PubMed:27558849). In some instances, the spermatocytes have small buds that do not form spermatids (PubMed:27558849). Oocytes and unfertilized eggs contain some larger endocytic structures tethered to yolk granules (PubMed:27558849). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in defective yolk uptake in oocytes with the appearance of endocytic structures containing yolk tethered to large membranous organelles which could be lysosomes (PubMed:25273556). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in defective endosome maturation with the accumulation of small vesicles near the gut lumen which is possibly indicative of increased endosomal fusion activity, and defective trafficking of proteins such as lmp-1 to lysosomal compartments (PubMed:25273556). RNAi-mediated knockdown in a sand-1 mutant background results in defective endosome fusion with the formation of larger, irregularly-shaped rab-5 positive endosomes in oocytes and intestinal cells, and larger yolk-containing granules than in the sand-1 single mutant (PubMed:25273556). Double RNAi-mediated knockdown together with vsp-33.1 results in defective protein trafficking to lysosomal compartments, and an irregular distribution of vesicles of various sizes throughout the gut cells (PubMed:25273556). Double RNAi-mediated knockdown together with vsp-33.1 in a sand-1 mutant background rescues the large endosome phenotype and the defective protein trafficking to lysosomal compartments in the sand-1 single mutant, but results in lethality (PubMed:25273556).
Plays a role in vesicle-mediated protein trafficking to lysosomal compartments and in membrane docking/fusion reactions of late endosomes/lysosomes (PubMed:25273556). Believed to act as a component of the putative CORVET endosomal tethering complex which is proposed to be involved in the rab-5-to-rab-7 endosome conversion probably implicating sand-1, and via binding SNAREs and SNARE complexes to mediate tethering and docking events during SNARE-mediated membrane fusion (PubMed:25273556). The CORVET complex is proposed to function as a rab-5 effector to mediate early endosome fusion probably in specific endosome subpopulations (PubMed:25273556). Most likely within the CORVET complex, it is involved in the fusion of endocytic compartments (PubMed:25273556). Required for sperm development and function (PubMed:19109425, PubMed:27558849).
Probable core component of the class C core vacuole/endosome tethering (CORVET) complex. The common core is composed of the class C Vps proteins vps-11, vps-16 and vps-18, and which further associates with vps-8 and vps-33.2 (PubMed:25273556). Interacts with spe-39 (PubMed:19109425).
Expressed from the early one-cell or late two-cell stage and continues throughout embryonic and larval development and in adulthood.
Greatly reduced nuclear accumulation of lin-15a protein but no effect on mRNA levels.
Required for translation, stability and/or localization of lin-15a.
Widely expressed throughout embryonic development. Expressed in the six multipotent ventral ectodermal blast cells, P3.p-P8.p, which generate the vulva and in their descendants throughout vulval development.
Belongs to the beta-class carbonic anhydrase family.
Belongs to the NAD(P)-dependent epimerase/dehydratase family.
Catalyzes two distinct but analogous reactions: the reversible epimerization of UDP-glucose to UDP-galactose and the reversible epimerization of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine to UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine. The reaction with UDP-Gal plays a critical role in the Leloir pathway of galactose catabolism in which galactose is converted to the glycolytic intermediate glucose 6-phosphate. It contributes to the catabolism of dietary galactose and enables the endogenous biosynthesis of both UDP-Gal and UDP-GalNAc when exogenous sources are limited. Both UDP-sugar interconversions are important for the synthesis of glycoproteins and glycolipids.
Expressed in gonads, vulva, intestine, hypdermis and nervous system.
Belongs to the nucleotide-sugar transporter family. SLC35A subfamily.
Cargo-specific adapter that is involved in nuclear migration during development and thereafter (PubMed:11748140, PubMed:19605495, PubMed:20005871, PubMed:20921138, PubMed:27697906). Component of the unc-83-unc-84 LINC (LInker of Nucleoskeleton and Cytoskeleton) complex where it interacts with unc-84 to form a bridge connecting the nuclear envelope to the cytoskeleton which allows for nuclear transport along microtubules (PubMed:11748140, PubMed:16481402, PubMed:25023515). Within the complex, connects the nuclear envelope to the microtubule cytoskeleton through the kinesin-1 light chain protein klc-2 (most likely within the Kinesin 1 motor complex) to regulate nuclear migrations (PubMed:19605495, PubMed:20921138). Moreover, within the complex, also recruits the large microtubule-associated bicd-1-dlc-1-egal-1 and lis-1-nud-2 complexes to the nuclear envelope to regulate both the bidirectional migration of nuclei and the extent of nuclear migrations (PubMed:20005871). Not required for centrosome attachment to the nucleus (PubMed:11748140).
Component of the unc-83-unc-84 LINC complex which contains at least unc-83 and unc-84 (PubMed:11748140, PubMed:16481402). Within the unc-83-unc-84 LINC complex interacts with unc-84 (via C-terminus); the interaction is probably required to recruit unc-83 to the nuclear envelope where it then recruits dynein and kinesin-1 complexes to regulate nuclear migration (PubMed:11748140, PubMed:16481402). Interacts with bicd-1 and dlc-1 (PubMed:20005871). Interacts with nud-2 (via C-terminus); the interaction is direct, and is required for recruitment of nud-2 to the nuclear envelope (PubMed:20005871). Interacts with klc-2; the interaction is direct (PubMed:19605495).
Expressed in embryos and adults (PubMed:11748140). First expressed at the nuclear envelope of migrating hyp7 nuclei, then, at the bean embryonic stage, it is expressed in hyp7 cells, P cells and intestinal cells (PubMed:11748140).
Predominantly expressed in migratory nuclei (PubMed:11748140). Expressed in a variety of cell-types, including cells around the pharynx and in the uterus (PubMed:11748140).
The KASH domain, which contains a transmembrane domain, mediates nuclear envelope targeting.
Viable, but with failed nuclear migrations in hyp7 hypodermal precursor cells (PubMed:11748140, PubMed:16481402, PubMed:19605495, PubMed:20005871, PubMed:20921138). Hyp7 nuclei are mislocalized to the dorsal cord of L1 stage larvae (PubMed:19605495).
Component of the cap-binding complex (CBC), which binds co-transcriptionally to the 5' cap of pre-mRNAs and is involved in various processes such as pre-mRNA splicing and RNA-mediated gene silencing (RNAi). The CBC complex is involved in miRNA-mediated RNA interference and is required for primary microRNAs (miRNAs) processing. In the CBC complex, ncbp-2 recognizes and binds capped RNAs (m7GpppG-capped RNA) but requires ncbp-1 to stabilize the movement of its N-terminal loop and lock the CBC into a high affinity cap-binding state with the cap structure (By similarity).
Component of the nuclear cap-binding complex (CBC), a heterodimer composed of ncbp-1 and ncbp-2 that interacts with m7GpppG-capped RNA.
May be required for cytochrome c complex (COX) assembly and function, COX being the terminal component of the mitochondrial respiratory chain.
Expressed throughout development and in adult.
Expression is restricted to pharyngeal neurons and gland cells.
Selectively catalyzes the addition of fucose in alpha 1-2 linkage to Gal-beta-(1->3)-GalNAc-alpha-R, Gal-beta-(1->3)-(GlcNAc-beta-(1->6))-GalNAc-alpha-R and Gal-beta-(1->3)-GalNAc acceptors but not Gal-beta-(1->3)-GlcNAc-beta-(1->3)-Gal-beta-(1->4)-Glc in vitro.
Belongs to the actin-binding proteins ADF family. GMF subfamily.
Has a role in mobility, possibly in the transport of potassium in muscles.
Worms exhibit defects in mobility. Mutation causes a dumpy (dpy) phenotype thought to be due to hyper-activation of body-wall muscle. Severe mutations cause paralysis thought to be a result of fully contracted muscles.
Embryonic lethal with failed embryonic morphogenesis. Disrupted intracellular structural integrity from the 2-fold stage of embryogenesis resulting in thickening of the epidermis, abnormal intermediate filament distribution and detachment and collapse of muscle from the cell body, particularly in the head, tail and midbody. RNAi-mediated knockdown results in developmental defects whereby 95% embryos do not undergo morphogenesis and arrest before the two-fold stage with abnormal head and tail structures and reduced motility within the eggshell. Lethality in 40% of mutants (that survive RNAi-mediated knockdown) by the adult molting phase of development, with the remaining mutants displaying molting defects and paralysis.
Interacts with vab-10 (via plankin domain).
Isoform a: Expressed in dorso-ventral epidermal cells from the comma stage of embryonic development to adulthood. Isoform j: Expressed in the pharynx and head neurons from the 3-fold stage of embryonic development to adulthood. Isoform k: Expressed in dorso-ventral epidermal cells, the uterus, the vulva, the rectum and in head and tail neurons from the 3-fold stage of embryonic development to adulthood. Specifically expressed in seam cells at the 3-fold stage.
Isoform a: Expressed in the uterus, the vulva, the rectum, mechanosensory neurons and in head and tail neurons. Isoform e: Expressed in spermatheca and weakly in the vulva. Isoform f: Expressed in spermatheca and weakly in the vulva. Isoform i: Expressed in spermatheca and weakly in the vulva.
Required for embryonic morphology and development. Plays both a functional and a structural role in the maintenance and probably biogenesis of fibrous organelles, a hemidesomosome-like junction structure, which ensures muscle stability and muscle connection to the external cuticle.
All developmental stages, but not dauer larva.
Pharynx muscle cells from its early formation, in the two-fold embryo, until the adult stage.
Role in pharynx function or development.
Plays a functionally redundant role in spermatogenesis and growth rate control.
RNA-mediated interference (RNAi) of rsp-1 and rsp-2 result in reduced brood sizes and abnormal egg-laying behavior, and the presence of unusual vacuolated structures in some of the secondary spermatocytes, spermatids and spermatozoa.
Component of the pid-1 and tost-1 variants of the PETISCO complexes, which have roles in the biogenesis of a class of 21 nucleotide PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) that possess a uracil residue at the 5'-end (also called 21U-RNAs) and embryogenesis, respectively (PubMed:31147388, PubMed:31216475). Within the pid-1 variant of the PETISCO complex may stabilize 21U-RNA precursor molecules (PubMed:31147388). Promotes the biogenesis of 21U-RNAs (PubMed:31216475). Required for chromosome segregation and cell division in early embryos (PubMed:31216475).
Component of the pid-1 variant of the PETISCO complex (also called the pid-3, erh-2, tofu-6, and ife-3 small RNA complex) containing at least pid-1, tofu-6, ife-3, pid-3, and erh-2, which is required for the biogenesis of a class of 21 nucleotide PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) that possess a uracil residue at the 5'-end (also called 21U-RNAs) (PubMed:31147388, PubMed:31216475). Within the complex interacts with pid-1; the interaction is direct (PubMed:31216475, PubMed:31147388). Component of the tost-1 variant of the PETISCO complex (also called the pid-3, erh-2, tofu-6, and ife-3 small RNA complex) containing at least tost-1, tofu-6, ife-3, pid-3, and erh-2, which plays an essential role in embryogenesis (PubMed:31147388, PubMed:31216475). Within the complex interacts with tost-1 (PubMed:31216475). Within the pid-1 and tost-1 variants of the PETISCO complexes interacts with tofu-6 (via the RRM domain) and erh-2 (PubMed:31216475, PubMed:31147388). In contrast to the pid-1 variant of the PETISCO complex, the tost-1 variant of the PETISCO complex plays a minor role in the biogenesis of 21U-RNAs (PubMed:31147388).
Expressed from early embryogenesis (at protein level) (PubMed:31147388). During early embryogenesis, expressed during prophase and interphase in 2- and 4-cell embryos (PubMed:31216475).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in chromosome segregation and cell division defects in early embryos (PubMed:31216475). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in defective activity of the PIWI-interacting RNA (piRNA) silencing pathway (PubMed:31147388). RNAi-mediated knockdown disrupts the localization of tofu-6 and erh-2 to the perinuclear region of the germline (PubMed:31216475). Instead erh-2 accumulates in the nucleus (PubMed:31216475). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in decreased expression of tost-1 in the germline and in embryos (PubMed:31216475).
Expressed ubiquitously in early embryo. At the comma stage and at later embryonic stages expression is mainly restricted to the anterior region of the embryo and to the ventral cord. At the 1.5-fold embryonic stage, expression starts in pharynx and in several head and tail neurons and is maintained in adults. During L1 larval stage, expressed in ALM and PLM neurons and later in PVD and AVM neurons.
Interacts with mlk-1; the interaction is independent of max-2 and mlk-1 kinase activities. Interacts with mig-2 (GTP-bound form).
Isoforms a and c: Partial sensitivity to the heavy metal Cu(2+), which is characterized by a failure of larvae to reach adulthood. Partial reduction in basal kgb-1 phosphorylation and after Cu(2+) treatment (PubMed:20008556). Several DD and DC motoneuron axons fail to reach the dorsal cord. RNAi-mediated knockdown causes a similar phenotype but less severe. In max-2 and pak-1 double mutants, defect in axonal guidance is more severe. Animals are also uncoordinated, defective in egg laying and in distal tip cell (DTC) migration, morphology and guidance, and exhibit ventral enclosure defects (PubMed:17050621). A more severe phenotype has been reported where double mutant animals have embryonic morphogenesis defects resulting in lethality. The few surviving adults are sterile and often have truncated gonads which, in some cases, lack sperm. RNAi-mediated knockdown rescues embryonic lethality of pak-1 and pak-2 double mutants (PubMed:23390595).
Serine/threonine-protein kinase, which phosphorylates mlk-1. Involved in the stress response to heavy metals by activating the mlk-1/mek-1/kgb-1 pathway (PubMed:20008556). In ventral cord commissural motoneurons, required for dorsal axon guidance downstream of unc-6/netrin repulsion receptor unc-5 and probably of Rho GTPases ced-10 and mig-2. Plays a redundant role with mig-10 in orientating axonal growth of HSN neurons (PubMed:18499456). Plays a redundant role with pak-1 in P neuroblast migration and in distal tip cell (DTC)-mediated guidance of gonad elongation probably downstream of Rho GTPases (PubMed:17050621, PubMed:19023419, PubMed:23390595). In association with pak-2, plays a role in embryogenesis. In association with pak-1, may be involved in spermatogenesis (PubMed:23390595).
Dual specificity protein kinase which may phosphorylate kgb-1 and thereby is an essential component of the JNK pathway composed of mlk-1, mek-1 and kgb-1 (PubMed:15116070, PubMed:18809575, PubMed:20008556). May also have a synergistic role with sek-1 in phosphorylating pmk-1 (PubMed:15256594, PubMed:18809575). Involved in the response to environmental stress including heavy metal ions (Cu(2+) and Cd(2+)), oxidative stress and starvation (PubMed:11013217, PubMed:15116070, PubMed:18832074, PubMed:18809575). In association with sek-1, regulates germline cell apoptosis in response to oxidative, osmotic and heat shock stresses (PubMed:16729024). Involved in resistance to pathogenic bacteria infection (PubMed:15256594). Involved in axon regeneration after injury (PubMed:21670305).
Expressed in pharyngeal muscles, uterine endothelial cells, intestine and in neurons of ring ganglia, ventral ganglion and ganglia around anus (PubMed:11013217, PubMed:18809575). Expressed also in hypodermis and body muscles (PubMed:18809575).
Interacts with shc-1; the interaction is independent of mek-1 catalytic activity, is constitutive and may facilitate mlk-1-mediated phosphorylation by bringing mlk-1 and mek-1 together.
Loss of kgb-1 activation (PubMed:15116070, PubMed:20008556). Hypersensitivity to high concentrations of copper (> 50 microM) and cadmium (>5 microM) and to food starvation which is characterized by a failure for most animals to reach adulthood. The few surviving adults appear starved and are defective in egg laying and are infertile (PubMed:11013217, PubMed:15116070). In addition, have moderate susceptibility to pathogenic bacteria infection characterized by a shorter lifespan and a substantial decrease in pmk-1 phosphorylation (PubMed:15256594). In absence of stress, animals have no obvious phenotype (PubMed:11013217, PubMed:15116070).
May be activated by phosphorylation at Ser-221 and Ser-225.
May be phosphorylated at Ser-221 and/or Ser-225 by mlk-1.
Essential for muscle contraction (PubMed:2583106). Involved in ovulation likely by regulating the contraction of gonadal myoepithelial sheath cells (PubMed:17326220).
Expressed in body wall muscles, neighboring vulval muscle cells and the contractile sheath covering the hermaphrodite gonad (myoepithelial sheath cells).
Expression at early and late larval stages is 1:20 of unc-54 (mhc b), however later at L1 and L4 expression is more equal at 1:1.7 and 1:3.1 respectively.
MHC A and MHC B are found exclusively in the body wall muscle. They co-assemble into body wall thick filament.
Muscle myosin is a hexameric protein that consists of 2 heavy chain subunits (MHC), 2 alkali light chain subunits (MLC) and 2 regulatory light chain subunits (MLC-2).
Worms exhibit retarded embryonic development and paralysis (PubMed:2583106). Muscle organization shows disruption with abnormalities of both the filament lattice that constitutes the A-band and the hypodermal cell (PubMed:2583106). RNAi-mediated knockdown causes an accumulation in the proximal gonad of endomitotic mature oocytes in 51 percent of animals (PubMed:17326220).
Component of the ribosome, a large ribonucleoprotein complex responsible for the synthesis of proteins in the cell. The small ribosomal subunit (SSU) binds messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and translates the encoded message by selecting cognate aminoacyl-transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules. The large subunit (LSU) contains the ribosomal catalytic site termed the peptidyl transferase center (PTC), which catalyzes the formation of peptide bonds, thereby polymerizing the amino acids delivered by tRNAs into a polypeptide chain. The nascent polypeptides leave the ribosome through a tunnel in the LSU and interact with protein factors that function in enzymatic processing, targeting, and the membrane insertion of nascent chains at the exit of the ribosomal tunnel. Plays a role in the assembly and function of the 40S ribosomal subunit. Mutations in this protein affects the control of translational fidelity. Involved in nucleolar processing of pre-18S ribosomal RNA and ribosome assembly.
Expressed in all life stages with high expression in L1-L4 larvae stages.
Expressed in coelomocytes, excretory cells, uterine-seam cells and GLR cells.
Functions as a GTPase-activating protein (GAP) for ced-10/rac-1 and CDC42.
Belongs to the sulfotransferase 1 family.
Expressed in ASJ amphid sensory neurons.
Expressed throughout development, but higher expression in both embryo and adult stages (at protein level) (PubMed:16567400). Expression increases at the dauer larval stage, compared to the level in the embryo (PubMed:16567400).
Sulfotransferase that utilizes 3'-phospho-5'-adenylyl sulfate (PAPS) as sulfonate donor to catalyze the sulfonation of xenobiotics that contain phenol functional groups (PubMed:16567400, PubMed:16973616). Acts in ASJ sensory neurons to modulate developmental arrest, perhaps by modifying endocrine signaling via the orphan nuclear receptor nhr-1 (PubMed:30514845).
Belongs to the glycine N-acyltransferase family.
Functions as actin-binding component of the Arp2/3 complex which is involved in regulation of actin polymerization and together with an activating nucleation-promoting factor (NPF) mediates the formation of branched actin networks. Seems to contact the mother actin filament (By similarity).
Abolishes signal transduction during cold signaling in intestine and ASER neuron.
Activated by low temperature of 18 degrees Celsius in ASER neuron.
During embryogenesis, expressed just before hatching at low levels.
Expressed in the intestine and in the ASER neuron (PubMed:31474366). Also expressed in the thermosensitive RIA interneuron (PubMed:11222641).
Independent of its ionotropic glutamate receptor activity, acts as a thermoreceptor in the ASER neuron where it triggers a calcium response to activate cold avoidance behavior in response to temperatures below 19 degrees Celsius (PubMed:31474366). Possibly functions as a metabotropic cold receptor and acts upstream of the G(o) G protein goa-1 in the ASER neuron (PubMed:31474366). Also functions in cold sensing in the intestine (PubMed:31474366).
Ionotropic glutamate receptor (By similarity). Activation by glutamate requires additional verification (PubMed:31474366). L-glutamate acts as an excitatory neurotransmitter at many synapses in the central nervous system. Binding of the excitatory neurotransmitter L-glutamate induces a conformation change, leading to the opening of the cation channel, and thereby converts the chemical signal to an electrical impulse. The receptor then desensitizes rapidly and enters a transient inactive state, characterized by the presence of bound agonist (By similarity).
Embryonic lethal whereby embryos arrest at the three-fold stage of embryogenesis. Embryos initially develop normally until the late comma stage where a delay in the elongation process culminates in severe morphological defects. RNAi-mediated knockdown results in 98% egg-laying defective mutants with muscles lacking the egg-laying muscle specific protein egl-15. In addition, mutants also exhibit a multiple vulvae phenotype with animals having two or three vulvae. Double knockdown with let-381, sys-1, hlh-1 or fozi-1 results in no sex myoblast production.
First expressed in blastomeres in early gastrulating embryos (PubMed:21307099, PubMed:26153233). Expression continues throughout embryonic development with expression in neuronal and non-neuronal progenitors (PubMed:21307099, PubMed:26153233). During larval development, it is expressed in cells including vulval, hypodermal and intestinal cells, and is only expressed in RMH motor neurons (PubMed:21307099, PubMed:26153233). First expressed in the progenitor sex myoblasts at the 16-M cell stage of mesoderm development in hermaphrodite larvae and thereafter in descendants (PubMed:21307099).
Probable transcription factor required for embryogenesis, vulval development and cell fate specification of the postembryonic mesoderm (also known as the M lineage) (PubMed:21307099). Specifically, required for the specification of sex myoblast cells and their development into the muscles that are necessary for egg-laying (PubMed:21307099). In addition, may be involved in RME GABAergic motor neuron progenitor cell fate specification (PubMed:26153233).
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. DOT1 family.
Histone methyltransferase, which in complex with zfp-1, methylates 'Lys-79' of histone H3 to activate transcription (Probable). During stress, the zfp-1-dot-1.1 complex also plays a role in the deubiquitination of histone H2B sites, which negatively modulates the RNA polymerase II-induced transcription of highly expressed genes (PubMed:23806335). Involved in controlling tissue-specific gene expression, particularly in the epidermis (PubMed:31088904).
In contrast to other lysine histone methyltransferases, it does not contain a SET domain, suggesting the existence of another mechanism for methylation of lysine residues of histones.
Interacts with zfp-1 (via C-terminus) to form a heterodimer known as the zfp-1-dot-1.1 complex or DotCom complex.
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in the ectopic expression of the neuronal identity-inducing transcription factor che-1 in the epidermis.
Each RNase III domain binds at least one Mg(2+) or Mn(2+) ion.
Executes the initial step of microRNA (miRNA) processing in the nucleus, that is the cleavage of pri-miRNA to release pre-miRNA. Involved in pre-rRNA processing. Cleaves double-strand RNA and does not cleave single-strand RNA. Involved in fertility. Required for the function or synthesis of the let-7 miRNA.
Expressed in neuronal cells, initially in embryos after gastrulation, including ventral cord motor neurons during the L1 larval stage, FLP, AVM and HSB neurons during L2, and PVM neurons during L3 (PubMed:11274062, PubMed:12954713). Expressed in the BAG neurons at the L2 and L3 stages of larval development (PubMed:25395666). Expressed in the HOB neuron beginning at the larval L4 stage and continuing throughout adulthood (PubMed:12954713). Expressed in the Q neuroblast lineage during larval development (PubMed:23946438, PubMed:11274062).
Expressed in touch cells, HSN cells, ventral cord motor neurons and ciliated ray neurons.
Interacts (via C-terminus) with egl-44 (via N-terminus); the interaction is direct; the interaction may regulate transcription.
Transcription factor (PubMed:30291162). Represses expression of genes involved in differentiation of touch receptor neurons (TRN), probably acting as a heterodimer with egl-44, perhaps by occupying similar cis-regulatory elements as an unc-86/mec-3 heterodimer (PubMed:30291162). Plays a role in cell fate specification of neurons, including the hook neuron HOB, the gas-sensing neuron BAG and touch receptor neurons (PubMed:12954713, PubMed:25395666, PubMed:30291162). Plays a role in neuron differentiation by repressing the expression of zag-1 in FLP neurons, probably acting as a heterodimer with egl-44; because zag-1 represses expression of egl-46 and egl-44, together these proteins form a bistable, negative-feedback loop that regulates the choice between neuronal fates (PubMed:30291162). Acts downstream of egl-44 to prevent touch cell differentiation in FLP neurons (PubMed:11274062). Involved in male mating behavior, acting in concert with egl-44, via modulation of expression of polycystins lov-1 and pkd-2, homeodomain protein ceh-26, and neuropeptide-like protein nlp-8 (PubMed:12954713). Modulates the expression of a subset of terminal differentiation genes involved in O(2)- and CO(2)-sensing, acting in parallel to ets-5 and egl-13 (PubMed:25395666). May act upstream of RFX transcription factor daf-19 to regulate gene expression specifically in the HOB neuron (PubMed:20923979). Plays a role in specifying commissural dendrites of the PVD nociceptive neurons, acting in concert with egl-44 (PubMed:29031632). In association with egl-44, regulates cell cycle exit in the neuronal Q cell lineage (PubMed:23946438).
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family. WNK subfamily.
Expressed in pharynx, nervous system, hypodermis, spermatheca, excretory cell and canal and body wall muscles.
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes impaired survival and slower volume recovery upon hypertonic stress.
Serine/threonine-protein kinase which phosphorylates gck-3 (PubMed:18049475). Plays a role in osmotic stress responses during which it increases gpdh-1 translation, likely by phosphorylating gck-3 (PubMed:23076791). Essential for larval development and the tubular formation of the excretory canals (PubMed:18049475).
Was named WNK/'with no lysine(K)' because key residues for catalysis, including the lysine involved in ATP binding, are either not conserved or differ compared to the residues described in other kinase family proteins.
Dead cells/corpses fail to be engulfed. Defective in the migration of distal tip cells and gonad development. Actin halos are absent.
Interacts with ced-5 (via C-terminus which contains a candidate SH3-binding, proline-rich region) (PubMed:10707082, PubMed:11703940, PubMed:21616056). Forms a ternary complex with ced-5 and ced-12 (PubMed:11703940). Interacts (via SH2 domain) with src-1 (when activated and phosphorylated at 'Tyr-416') (PubMed:20226672).
Required for cell migration and engulfment of cell corpses but not for programmed cell death/apoptosis (PubMed:10707082, PubMed:6857247, PubMed:1936965, PubMed:11449278, PubMed:15744306, PubMed:19402756, PubMed:20226672). Has a role in the migration of the 2 gonadal distal tip cells (DTCs) (PubMed:10707082). Plays a role in protecting dopaminergic neurons from oxidative stress-induced degeneration (PubMed:29346382).
During FMRFamide-like peptide (FaRPs or FLP) and neuropeptide-like protein (NLP) precursor processing, catalyzes the removal of Arg or Lys residues from the C-terminus following the initial endoprotease cleavage (PubMed:17564681, PubMed:12657671). By processing neuropeptides, modulates basal acetylcholine release at the ventral cord neuromuscular junctions (PubMed:12657671, PubMed:22275875). Involved in egg-laying, defecation and locomotion (PubMed:11813735, PubMed:17564681, PubMed:22275875). By processing FLP neuropeptides, regulates the turning step of male mating behavior (PubMed:17611271). Involved in reducing pharyngeal pumping in response to high CO(2) levels (PubMed:25101962).
Expression is restricted to the nervous system.
Nematode cuticles are composed largely of collagen-like proteins. The cuticle functions both as an exoskeleton and as a barrier to protect the worm from its environment. Mutations in dpy-13 affects the body shape.
G proteins are composed of 3 units; alpha, beta and gamma. The alpha chain contains the guanine nucleotide binding site. Interacts with the dopamine receptor dop-2 (via C-terminus); the interaction is direct (PubMed:22280843).
Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as modulators or transducers in various transmembrane signaling systems. In association with the G-protein coupled dopamine receptor dop-2, modulates two types of learning: touch habituation and chemosensory associative conditioning (PubMed:23607404).
Telomeric DNA-binding protein, which binds to two or more single-stranded G-rich repeat sequences (G-strand), with high specificity to the 5'-TTAGGC-3' sequence (PubMed:18329362, PubMed:23390606). In addition, repeat sequence binding requires a 3' single-stranded telomeric overhang (PubMed:18329362). Acts redundantly with pot-1 to negatively regulate telomerase-mediated telomere extension (PubMed:18329362, PubMed:23390606, PubMed:24297748). Also regulates telomere length by the telomerase-independent telomere maintenance pathway called ALT (alternative lengthening of telomeres) (PubMed:23390606, PubMed:22547822, PubMed:24297748). Does not appear to have a role in anchoring telomeres to the nuclear envelope (PubMed:24297748).
Activated by Ca(2+)/calmodulin (PubMed:10336483, PubMed:10428833). Binding of calmodulin may relieve intrasteric autoinhibition (By similarity).
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase which phosphorylates cmk-1 (PubMed:10336483, PubMed:10428833, PubMed:12231504). Component of a calcium-triggered signaling cascade involved in CRE-mediated transcriptional activation, probably through cmk-1-mediated crh-1/CREB phosphorylation (PubMed:12231504).
Expressed in head and tail neurons and vulval muscles.
The RP domain (arginine/proline-rich) is involved in the recognition of substrates such as cmk-1.
The autoinhibitory domain overlaps with the calmodulin binding region and may be involved in intrasteric autoinhibition.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CMGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. RCK subfamily.
Expressed in head neurons including amphid and labial sensory neurons and 3 pairs of neurons in the tail including phasmid sensory neurons. In male, expressed in the tail including the sensory rays and the spicule.
Sensory neuron cilia are longer, not correctly aligned in the amphid channel, more dispersed, misdirected and sometimes turned back towards the transition zone. Abnormal localization of kap-1 along the full cilia length. Abnormal accumulation in the middle of cilia and in the distal segment and reduced speed along the cilium axoneme of components of the IFT machinery kap-1, osm-3, xbx-1, che-11 and osm-5. In a kap-1 mutant background, 30 percent of mutants have branched cilia. In a kap-1 and osm-3 double mutant background, loss of cilia formation.
Serine/threonine-protein kinase which is required for ciliogenesis. Regulates the length and the morphology of sensory neuron cilia. In addition, plays a role in the anterograde intraflagellar transport (IFT) in the cilia by regulating the undocking of kinesin-II motor complex (composed of klp-11, klp-20 and kap-1) before reaching the distal segment and the docking of kinesin motor osm-3 onto IFT cargos.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX3/DED1 subfamily.
Interacts with wago-1, ergo-1 and rde-1.
Probable ATP-dependent RNA helicase involved in RNAi-mediated gene silencing (PubMed:24684930, PubMed:24684931). Specifically required in the endogenous siRNA pathway for biogenesis of secondary endogenous small interfering RNA (siRNA) intermediates called 22G-RNAs (PubMed:24684930, PubMed:24684931). May associate with and recruit rde-10 to primary siRNA-targeted mRNA for secondary siRNA synthesis (PubMed:24684930). May be recruited to target mRNAs by rde-1 and/or ergo-1 (PubMed:24684930, PubMed:24684931).
The C-terminal region is necessary for localization to P granules.
Viable with no obvious developmental defects. Insensitive to RNAi-mediated gene silencing. Increased sensitivity to viral infection.
Activated by DAG and phorbol esters. Phorbol-ester/DAG-type domain 1 binds phorbol ester with high affinity and mediates accumulation at the cell periphery. Phorbol-ester/DAG-type domain 2 binds phorbol ester with low affinity but may mediate initial contact, resulting in a conformational change allowing previously occluded domain 1 to anchor the kinase. Phosphorylation on Thr-588 is then also required for activation and may also result in a further conformational change.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CAMK Ser/Thr protein kinase family. PKD subfamily.
Converts transient diacylglycerol (DAG) signals into prolonged physiological effects, independently of PKC (PubMed:16613841, PubMed:16613842). Role in the regulation of growth and neuromuscular control of movement (PubMed:16613841, PubMed:16613842). Involved in immune response to S.aureus bacterium by activating transcription factor hlh-30 downstream of phospholipase plc-1 (PubMed:27184844).
Highly expressed in embryos and at lower levels through the four larval stages in adults. Present in a region bounded by the anterior and posterior bulbs of the pharynx and an area of the tail containing the lumbar, dorsorectal and pre-anal ganglia. Expressed in neurons.
Loss of movement due to severe or complete loss of muscle contraction near the anus resulting in partial paralysis of the tail region (PubMed:16613841). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in a shortened lifespan, prevents transcription factor hlh-30 nuclear translocation during S.aureus infection and reduces survival following infection (PubMed:27184844).
Prolonged phosphorylation at Thr-588 results in ubiquitination and degradation.
The PH domain inhibits PKD catalytic activity in the absence of DAG, either by direct steric occlusion or distortion of the PKD catalytic cleft.
Belongs to the MICOS complex subunit Mic60 family.
Egg-laying defects, defective oogenesis in 23% of mutants, reduced brood size and increased resistance to oxidative stress inducer paraquat (PubMed:20578245, PubMed:21248201). Abnormal mitochondrial morphology with mitochondria appearing larger, thinner and connected with large pores in the outer mitochondrial membrane (PubMed:21248201). Mitochondria also have elongated and curved cristae that are stacked with a reduced number of junctions (PubMed:21248201). Double knockout with immt-1 results in a more reduced brood size and enhanced resistance to paraquat-induced oxidative stress as compared to the single mutant, and in addition, mutants are slower swimmers, have increased hydrogen peroxide-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS), and reduced mitochondrial mass accompanied by reduced superoxide anion oxidation (PubMed:20578245).
Expressed in the gonads and muscle cells.
Sustains mitochondrial morphology probably through maintaining cristae morphology (PubMed:20578245, PubMed:21248201). May act as a component of the MICOS complex, a large protein complex of the mitochondria (By similarity).
Expressed in the intestine at the L4 larval stage and persists into adulthood (PubMed:30956009, PubMed:31675356). Expressed in sensory AWC neurons, pharyngeal muscle cells pm6, and intestine, in the adult (PubMed:30956009, PubMed:31675356).
Forms a heterodimer with homeobox unc-62 (PubMed:30956009, PubMed:31675356). Interacts with pqm-1 (PubMed:30956009).
Probable transcription regulator which binds to DNA, repressing genes involved in longevity and stress, while activating genes involved in reproduction, such as the vitellogenins (PubMed:30956009, PubMed:31675356). Associates with homeobox unc-62 to regulate gene expression, including repression of genes involved in innate immunity (PubMed:30956009, PubMed:31675356). Required for intestinal expression of vitellogenin genes (PubMed:30956009, PubMed:31675356). Negatively modulates longevity, probably independently of effects on vitellogenesis (PubMed:30956009). Involved in lipid homeostasis, contributing to the reallocation of intestinal lipids to the germline and to the formation of the cuticle (PubMed:30956009, PubMed:31675356). Associates with transcriptional regulator pqm-1 at the daf-16 associated element within the promoters of stress-responsive genes to regulate expression (PubMed:30956009).
RNAi mediated knockdown targeted to the intestine represses expression of vitellogenin genes.
Expressed in all blastomeres of the embryo from at least the 2-cell stage until approximately the 200-cell stage (at protein level) (PubMed:9521900). Expression becomes restricted mainly to epidermal cells and their precursors after 200 cell stage and during subsequent embryogenesis (at protein level) (PubMed:9521900). Expressed at high levels in newly hatched larvae, then decreases to a minimum at 4-6 hr after L1 stage larvae start feeding; expression increases for about 2 hr and decreases before each successive molt (PubMed:11416209). In L4 larvae, expressed in hypodermal cells of the head, vulval precursor cells of hermaphrodites, and hypodermal and tail cells of males (PubMed:33060131). Also expressed in the sperm-producing germlines of males and L4 hermaphrodites, but not in hermaphrodites producing only oocytes (PubMed:33060131).
Expressed in the germline and oocytes and is a maternal gene product (PubMed:9521900). In males and sperm-producing hermaphrodites, expressed in early pachytene spermatocytes, increasing in level throughout late pachytene (PubMed:33060131). Expression is undetectable in meiotically dividing spermatocytes or mature spermatids (PubMed:33060131).
Orphan nuclear receptor. Transcription factor (PubMed:9521900, PubMed:21910973, PubMed:11416209, PubMed:35968765). Modulates expression of target genes, such as Period protein homolog lin-42 and microRNA let-7, by binding to hormone response elements (HRE) (PubMed:9521900, PubMed:35968765). Involved in promoting oscillatory expression of the primary transcripts of let-7 and paralogous microRNAs miR-48, miR-84, and miR-241 (PubMed:35968765). Plays a role in normal development and required to regulate each larval molt (PubMed:9521900, PubMed:11416209, PubMed:21910973). Involved in regulating both the frequency and number of molts, acting as part of a negative feedback loop with the let-7 family of microRNAs, perhaps contributing to a self-sustaining molecular-genetic oscillator (PubMed:35968765). Positively modulates expression of collagen and hedgehog-related genes (PubMed:21910973, PubMed:11416209). Involved in development of the gonad and associated epidermal structures (PubMed:11416209, PubMed:9521900). Required in spermatogenesis, acting following the sperm/oocyte cell fate decision, downstream of the canonical sex-determination pathway (PubMed:33060131). Involved in regulating formation of the sperm-specific fibrous body-membranous organelle (FB-MO) complexes, acting independently of transcription regulator spe-44 (PubMed:33060131).
Post-transcriptionally repressed by let-7 microRNAs.
RNAi-mediated knockdown in the adult causes abnormally small larval progeny, difficulties in shedding old cuticles after molts and larval arrest at the L3 or L4 stage (PubMed:9521900). Up to three previous cuticle segments may remain attached near the tail (PubMed:9521900). Less than 1% of affected larvae survive to adulthood and in all cases have a strong Dumpy (short and fat) phenotype (PubMed:9521900). Defects in gonad morphogenesis and seam cell (lateral epidermis) development (PubMed:9521900). Knockdown in L1 larvae causes the majority of affected individuals to have defects in the L3/L4 molt (PubMed:11416209, PubMed:35968765). Reduces the peak level of expression of fbn-1 by 2-fold during both L3 and L4 stages (PubMed:35968765). Knockdown in L2 larvae results in a molting defect mainly at the L4/adult (A) transition (PubMed:11416209). Knockdown in L3 larvae causes developmental arrest and a molting defect in the L4/A molt (PubMed:11416209). Larval molting cycles are extended; this effect is partially suppressed in a microRNA let-7 mutant background (PubMed:35968765). Those hermaphrodite adults which survive knockdown at larval stages show defects in gonad development, with gonad often appearing misshapen, folded and constricted (PubMed:11416209). Males which survive knockdown often have tail morphogenesis defects, in addition to molting defects (PubMed:11416209). Significantly (5-11 fold) reduces level of expression of cuticle collagen dpy-7 (PubMed:11416209). Germline-targeted knockdown in hermaphrodites or males causes sterility (PubMed:33060131). Primary spermatocytes arrest in a metaphase I-like state (PubMed:33060131). Spermatocytes have defects in both cytokinesis and post-meiotic partitioning (PubMed:33060131).
Nematode cuticles are composed largely of collagen-like proteins. The cuticle functions both as an exoskeleton and as a barrier to protect the worm from its environment. Involved in body morphogenesis (PubMed:21094156).
Constituent of the CeBCD complex that possesses E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity (PubMed:16628214). When bound to chromatin, the brc-1-brd-1 heterodimer within the CeBCD complex is inactive during normal conditions, but in response to DNA damage, the brc-1-brd-1 heterodimer associates with other proteins such as the recombinase rad-51 or the E2-ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme let-70, which activate the CeBCD complex as an E3-ubiquitin ligase (PubMed:16628214). Moreover, association between the brc-1-brd-1 heterodimer and rad-51 and let-70, probably requires DNA checkpoint proteins such as atl-1 and mre-11 in order to induce ubiquitination at DNA damage sites (PubMed:16628214). To this end, the brc-1-brd-1 heterodimer coordinates a diverse range of cellular pathways such as DNA damage repair, ubiquitination and transcriptional regulation to maintain genomic stability (PubMed:14711411, PubMed:30383754). Plays a role in triggering cellular responses at damage sites in response to DNA damage that may be induced by ionizing radiation for example (PubMed:14711411, PubMed:30383754). In particular, protects against chromosome non-disjunction and nuclear fragmentation during meiotic double-strand break repair to ensure sister chromatid recombination and aid chromosome stability (PubMed:14711411).
DNA damage repair defects following ionizing radiation with reduced ubiquitination at DNA damage sites (PubMed:16628214). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in elevated levels of chromosome non-disjunction that manifest as a high incidence of males, impaired progeny survival and chromosome fragmentation after irradiation and elevated levels of p53-dependent germ cell death before and after irradiation (PubMed:14711411). Absence of S-phase checkpoint function.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity of CeBCD complexes occurs at DNA damage sites. Following DNA damage, E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity is reduced by caffeine treatment (inhibitor of ATM and ATK kinase activity).
Heterodimer (via RING-type zinc finger) with brc-1 to form the core CeBCD complex (PubMed:16628214). Brc-1-brd-1 heterodimer-containing CeBCD complexes bound to chromatin are activated as an E3-ubiquitin ligase in response to DNA damage (PubMed:16628214). The heterodimer interacts with the recombinase rad-51 following ionizing irradiation; the interaction is direct (PubMed:16628214). The heterodimer interacts the E2-ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme let-70 following ionizing irradiation (PubMed:16628214). The heterodimer interacts with the pro-crossover proteins msh-5 and syp-3 (PubMed:30383754). Interacts with smt-3, tac-1 and ubc-9 (PubMed:14711411).
Phosphorylation of CeBCD complexes is required for E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity.
Activated by dual phosphorylation at Thr-256 and Tyr-258 (PubMed:20624915). May be inactivated by lip-1-mediated dephosphorylation (PubMed:21901106).
Expressed in cells lining the rectum (PubMed:15268855, PubMed:20624915). Isoform a is expressed in nervous system, body wall muscles and posterior intestine (PubMed:20624915). Isoform b expression may be restricted to germline (PubMed:22820175).
Functions in let-60 Ras signaling pathway; acts downstream of lin-45 raf kinase, but before the lin-1 gene product in controlling vulval cell differentiation (PubMed:8299935, PubMed:8299936). Plays a negative role in proximal germline proliferation in the mitotic zone (PubMed:16319922). Required for progression of developing oocytes through the pachytene stage, perhaps acting after efl-1/dpl-1-mediated gene activation and before gld-1 down-regulation (PubMed:16319922, PubMed:19826475, PubMed:21901106, PubMed:17096596). May play a role in global X chromosome reactivation or be indirectly required for progression of germ cells through meiosis to the point where X reactivation occurs (PubMed:17096596). In oocytes, inhibits the activity of the chloride channel clh-3, likely by activating gck-3 (PubMed:21160027). Plays a role in response to M.nematophilum-mediated bacterial infection by promoting tail swelling and preventing constipation (PubMed:15268855). Involved in fluid homeostasis (PubMed:11689700). In addition, involved in the up-regulation of lysozyme ilys-3 expression in the intestine in responses to M.nematophilum-mediated bacterial infection (PubMed:27525822). By phosphorylating transcription factor skn-1 (isoform c) may play a role in increasing life span downstream of lin-45, let-60 and mek-2 (PubMed:20624915). By up-regulating cep-1 and down-regulating gld-1 expression in the late pachytene stage, plays a role in germline apoptosis in response to DNA damage (PubMed:21901106). Regulates egl-1 expression in response to DNA damage, probably upstream of cep-1 (PubMed:21901106).
Isoform a interacts with gck-1 (via N-terminus).
Isoform a is phosphorylated at the pachytene stage during oogenesis and is negatively regulated by gck-1. Isoform b is phosphorylated in proximal oocytes.
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes an increase in the number of germline cells in the mitotic zone, a lack of transition zone and a defect in pachytene progression resulting in a proximal gonad devoid of nuclei (PubMed:19826475, PubMed:16319922). Causes sterility (PubMed:19826475). RNAi-mediated knockdown in adults decreases lifespan (PubMed:20624915). RNAi-mediated knockdown of isoform b in lip-1 and puf-8 double mutant causes a decrease in number of germline tumors (PubMed:22820175). RNAi-mediated knockdown causes a reduction in intestinal ilys-3 expression in response to M.nematophilum-mediated bacterial infection (PubMed:27525822).
Suppresses germline tumor formation by preventing the dedifferentiation of secondary spermatocytes probably upstream of rskn-1.
The phosphorylated form is present in early to mid pachytene, is absent in late pachytene and diplotene/diakinesis stages and is again present in oocytes when they reach the spermatheca (PubMed:19826475, PubMed:21901106, PubMed:22820175). The phosphorylated form is also present in sperm (PubMed:22820175).
Adults are viable and fertile, but with a moderate frequency of somatic gonad defects, which increases on an ehn-3 mutant background (PubMed:12756172). Low frequency of embryonic lethality, with embryos arresting paralyzed at the two-fold stage; increases in frequency significantly on an hlh-1 or unc-120 mutant background (PubMed:12756172, PubMed:15892873, PubMed:17142668). Many embryos that survive to hatch become uncoordinated, dumpy larvae with variable body shape defects, typically in the posterior (PubMed:15892873, PubMed:12756172). One quarter of the embryos from homozygous hnd-1;hlh-1 heterozygous parents exhibit reduced expression of myosin myo-3 (PubMed:17142668). On a unc-120 mutant background, progeny show reduced expression of myo-3 at mid-embryogenesis (PubMed:17142668). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in abnormal number and positioning of the somatic gonadal precursor cells (SGPs) and influences the maintenance of primordial germ cells (PGCs) in L1 larvae (PubMed:15892873).
Expressed in the MS, C and D embryonic lineages, which develop into somatic gonadal precursor cells (SGPs), other mesodermal cells and bodywall muscle (PubMed:12756172). Expression is abolished in most body muscle cells by the comma stage of embryogenesis, but continues in the SGPs (Z1 and Z4), and then is abolished shortly after assembly of the gonadal primordium (PubMed:12756172).
Probable transcription factor which regulates early embryonic myogenesis, in cooperation with transcription factors unc-120 and hlh-1 (PubMed:15892873, PubMed:17142668). Involved in controlling the number and position of somatic gonadal precursor cells (SGPs) in the gonadal primordium, and embryonic body shape (PubMed:12756172).
Belongs to the type II pantothenate kinase family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the type II pantothenate kinase family.
Defective extension of body wall muscle connections or arms towards the ventral nerve cord. Double knockout with madd-3 results in severe muscle arm extension defects.
Gain of function phenotype is phenocopied by exposure to the unc-49 agonist muscimol.
Low levels in body-wall muscles, eight vulval muscles, intestinal muscles and a subset of head neurons.
May contribute to coordination of muscle contraction as regulatory subunit of a nonessential potassium channel complex (PubMed:1313436, PubMed:14534247). Plays a role in the formation of muscle connections, also called muscle arm extensions, between the body wall and the motor axons in the dorsal and ventral cord (PubMed:27123983).
May form a complex with sup-9 and sup-10 where unc-93 and sup-10 act as regulatory subunits of the two pore potassium channel sup-9.
More highly expressed in L1 larvae than in eggs and adults.
By ER stress in an xbp-1-dependent manner (PubMed:24933177). By aging (PubMed:32905769).
Can be divided into a N-terminal globular domain, a proline-rich P-domain forming an elongated arm-like structure and a C-terminal acidic domain. The P-domain binds one molecule of calcium with high affinity, whereas the acidic C-domain binds multiple calcium ions with low affinity (By similarity).
Molecular calcium-binding chaperone promoting folding, oligomeric assembly and quality control in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) via the calreticulin/calnexin cycle (By similarity). This lectin may interact transiently with almost all of the monoglucosylated glycoproteins that are synthesized in the ER (By similarity). Probably by controlling the folding of extracellular matrix protein unc-52/Perlecan, may play a role in the formation of fibrous organelles, a hemidesmosome-like structure attaching muscles to the epidermis (PubMed:20153198). Protects dopaminergic neurons against oxidative stress-induced neurodegeneration (PubMed:29346364). May play a role in protection against ER stress (PubMed:24933177). Plays a role in modulating lifespan, acting by influencing ER calcium homeostasis (PubMed:32905769).
RNAi-mediated knockdown in a vab-10(e698) mutant background causes 45 percent embryonic lethality. In the surviving animals, causes a 14 percent larval lethality associated with the detachment of muscles from the epidermis.
The interaction with glycans occurs through a binding site in the globular lectin domain.
The zinc binding sites are localized to the N-domain.
Expressed in epidermal cells as early as the 50-100 cell stage of embryogenesis and in intestinal cells at the 4E stage (PubMed:17826759). Expressed in non-migratory, syncytial epidermis at larval stage L1 (PubMed:17826759).
Expressed in intestine, neurons, muscle, hypodermis, excretory cell and other tissues.
RNAi-mediated knockdown reduces lifespan, which is further reduced on daf-2 or glp-1 mutant backgrounds (PubMed:24699255, PubMed:27001890). RNAi-mediated knockdown causes premature onset of polyglutamine-mediated paralysis (PubMed:24699255). RNAi-mediated knockdown increases spore levels of the microsporidian pathogen N.parisii during infection, on an mxl-2 or mdl-1 mutant background (PubMed:27402359).
Transcription factor that binds to the E box motif 5'-CACGTG-3', probably in a heterodimeric complex with mxl-2 (PubMed:17826759). Involved in modulating longevity in response to TOR signaling, dietary restriction, the decline in protein homeostasis associated with normal aging, germline signaling and the insulin-like signaling pathway (PubMed:24699255, PubMed:27001890). Plays a role in autophagy (PubMed:27001890). Involved in regulating migration of the ray 1 precursor cells in the male tail, acting in concert with Wnt and semaphorin signaling pathways (PubMed:17826759). Regulates transcription of genes encoding extracellular matrix (ECM) components which may contribute to the substratum required for migration of the neighboring ray 1 precursor cells (PubMed:17826759). Involved in repressing infection by the microsporidian pathogen N.parisii, probably acting independently of its canonical partner, mxl-2 (PubMed:27402359).
Belongs to the Ikaros C2H2-type zinc-finger protein family.
Expressed from embryos to adults (PubMed:20026024). First expressed in somatic gonadal precursor cells during embryogenesis (PubMed:20026024). In the L2 larval stage of development, expressed in Z1.pa and Z4.ap distal tip cells and their descendants (PubMed:20026024).
Expressed in the somatic gonad, hypodermis and cells in the head and tail (PubMed:20026024). Expressed in amphid and phasmid sheath glia, amphid and phasmid socket glia, and in neurons in the head (PubMed:22298710).
Positively regulates the expression of ver-1 in the amphid sheath glia of amphid sensory neurons (PubMed:22298710). Together with ehn-3, plays a role in somatic gonad development and is required for proper gonadal primordium assembly and somatic gonad precursor cell morphology (PubMed:20026024).
RNAi-mediated knockdown does not cause defects in somatic gonad development (PubMed:20026024). RNAi-mediated knockdown in a ehn-3 rd2 mutant background enhances the defects in gonadal development in the ehn-3 single mutant (PubMed:20026024).
Belongs to the phytochelatin synthase family.
Expressed in hypodermis, pharyngeal grinder, pharyngeal-intestinal valve, body wall and vulval muscles, and coelomocytes (PubMed:20221439). Expressed in posterior pharyngeal cells and anal valve (PubMed:24333255, PubMed:26907254).
Induced by zinc oxide nanoparticles in intestinal cells (PubMed:24333255). However, not induced by zinc or cadmium (PubMed:26907254).
Involved in the synthesis of phytochelatins, which are heavy metal binding proteins required for the detoxification of heavy metals such as cadmium, arsenic and copper.
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes hypersensitivity to Cd(2+), specifically causes a reduction in growth, impairs development and reduces fertility.
SNARE that may be involved in targeting and fusion of Golgi-derived retrograde transport vesicles with the ER.
Component of the precatalytic spliceosome (spliceosome B complex). Component of the U4/U6-U5 tri-snRNP complex, a building block of the precatalytic spliceosome (spliceosome B complex). LSM2, LSM3, LSM4, LSM5, LSM6, LSM7 and LSM8 form a heptameric, ring-shaped subcomplex (the LSM2-8 complex) that is part of the U4/U6-U5 tri-snRNP complex and the precatalytic spliceosome.
Plays role in pre-mRNA splicing as component of the U4/U6-U5 tri-snRNP complex that is involved in spliceosome assembly, and as component of the precatalytic spliceosome (spliceosome B complex). The heptameric LSM2-8 complex binds specifically to the 3'-terminal U-tract of U6 snRNA.
Component of a dynein-regulating complex composed of at least lis-1 and nud-2 (PubMed:20005871). Interacts with lis-1; the interaction is direct (PubMed:16996038). Interacts (via C-terminus) with unc-83; the interaction is direct, and is required for recruitment of nud-2 to the nuclear envelope (PubMed:20005871).
Expressed in ventral cord neurons, the pharynx, seam cells of the hypodermis and in vulval muscle cells.
Part of a complex with lis-1, which is recruited to the nuclear envelope by unc-83, where, in turn, it recruits dynein to the nuclear surface and regulates nuclear migration in hypodermal precursor cells (PubMed:20005871, PubMed:27697906). Plays a role in GABAergic synaptic vesicle localization in the ventral nerve cord (PubMed:16996038).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in viable animals, but a small, but significant number of animals have nuclear migration defects in hyp7 hypodermal precursor cells (PubMed:20005871). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in an abnormal distribution of GABAergic synaptic vesicles at synaptic termini of the ventral nerve cord (PubMed:16996038). RNAi-mediated knockdown in combination with exposure to pentylenetetrazole, a GABA antagonist that induces seizures, results in impaired locomotion, stiffened appearance and an increased convulsion incidence as compared to wild-type animals (PubMed:16996038).
Expressed in body-wall, anal depressor and vulval muscles.
May contribute to coordination of muscle contraction as regulatory subunit of the nonessential sup-9 potassium channel complex. May act downstream of sup-10.
No visible phenotype. Fully suppresses the rubber band uncoordinated phenotype in gain of function (gf) mutants of sup-10 but only slightly in gf mutants of sup-9 and unc-93.
Heterodimer composed of a catalytic subunit cdk-5 and a regulatory subunit cdka-1. Interaction with cdka-1 is required for cdk-5 activation.
Proline-directed serine/threonine-protein kinase which, in several motor neurons, promotes the polarized trafficking of synaptic vesicles and dense-core vesicles (DCV). In the ventral nerve cord, phosphorylates lin-10 and thereby prevents lin-10-mediated anterograde trafficking of the glutamate receptor glr-1 (PubMed:17671168, PubMed:21609829). Involved in the inhibition of glr-1 trafficking in hypoxic conditions (PubMed:22252129). In DA motor neurons but not in DB motor neurons, regulates axonal transport of synaptic vesicle precursors by inhibiting dynein-mediated retrograde transport (PubMed:20510931). Regulates the trafficking of dense-core vesicles in DA and DB motor neurons by promoting anterograde trafficking to the axon and preventing dynein-dependent trafficking to the dendrite (PubMed:22699897). May regulate these processes in association with cdka-1/p35 (PubMed:17671168, PubMed:20510931). Activity may be regulated by cyy-1 (PubMed:20510931). Involved in synapse formation during DD motor neuron remodeling by regulating transport of disassembled synaptic material to the new synaptic sites probably by activating the motor protein unc-104/kinesin-3 (PubMed:21609829). Regulates microtubule polarity in the dendrite of DB motor neurons (PubMed:22699897). May also play a role in GABAergic synaptic vesicle localization in the ventral nerve cord (PubMed:16996038).
Several glr-1-dependent behaviors are affected including an absence of backward locomotion after nose-touching stimuli and a reduction in reverse locomotion (PubMed:17671168). In L4 mutants, incomplete elimination of ventral rab-3-positive synaptic vesicles associated with a delay in the formation of dorsal rab-3-positive synaptic vesicles in DD motor neurons. Normal formation of ventral synapses in DD motor neurons at the L1 stage (PubMed:21609829). In addition, mutants have an increase in anterograde dense-core vesicle trafficking and in the number of plus-end-out microtubules in DB motor neuron dendrites (PubMed:22699897). Reduced sensitivity to the acetylcholine esterase inhibitor aldicarb (PubMed:22699897). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in an abnormal distribution of GABAergic synaptic vesicles at synaptic termini of the ventral nerve cord (PubMed:16996038). RNAi-mediated knockdown in combination with exposure to pentylenetetrazole, a GABA antagonist that induces seizures, results in an increased convulsion incidence as compared to wild-type animals (PubMed:16996038).
Belongs to the acyl carrier protein (ACP) family.
Carrier of the growing fatty acid chain in fatty acid biosynthesis.
Expressed in body wall, pharyngeal, uterine and vulval muscles, motor neurons, nerve ring, motor and ventral cord neurons, hypodermal cells in the tail, vulval epithelium and intestine.
Involved in the recognition and selection of protein complexes to exit the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) (PubMed:19609303). In muscles, regulates levamisole-sensitive nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (L-AChR) subunit composition, possibly by allowing only specific L-AChR subunit combinations to exit the ER (PubMed:19609303). Specifically, may promote the inclusion of alpha subunit unc-38 into and the exclusion of unc-29 from L-AChR (PubMed:19609303). Regulates L-AChR sensitivity to agonists such as nicotine and levamisole at neuro-muscular junctions (PubMed:19609303).
Belongs to the carnosine N-methyltransferase family.
Expressed at the embryonic comma stage and during all the larval stages and in adults.
Expressed in muscles and epithelial tissues including pharynx, intestine and hypodermis (PubMed:19605499). Expressed in vulval and spermathecal seam cells (PubMed:19737560).
Interacts (via N-terminus) with yap-1 (via WW domain).
Phosphorylates yap-1 which may negatively regulate yap-1 nuclear localization (PubMed:23396260). Plays an essential role in larval development (PubMed:19737560, PubMed:19605499). Regulates growth, the formation of gut granules, lifespan and cell and body sizes probably in synergy with the TGF-beta sma/mab pathway (PubMed:19737560). Does not appear to regulate apoptosis and proliferation (PubMed:19605499). In addition, may synergize with the TGF-beta daf-7 dauer pathway to regulate entry into the dauer stage (PubMed:19737560). Maintains the cellular integrity of intestinal cells by regulating the localization of apical actin and junctional proteins (PubMed:19605499).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in larval lethality in 50 percent of the animals (PubMed:19737560, PubMed:19605499). Surviving knockdown animals have several defects including a slower growth and a partial distortion of the pharynx. In surviving L3 animals seam cells are 30 percent smaller (PubMed:19737560).
Belongs to the palmitoyl-protein thioesterase family.
Removes thioester-linked fatty acyl groups such as palmitate (hexadecanoate) from modified cysteine residues in proteins or peptides.
Worms exhibit a developmental delay and mild reproductive defects. They have abnormal mitochondria in muscle and neuronal cells.
Belongs to the small GTPase superfamily. Di-Ras family.
Displays low GTPase activity and exists predominantly in the GTP-bound form (By similarity). Together with epac-1, may regulate acetylcholine release at the neuromuscular junctions probably downstream of G-protein gsa-1 and adenylate cyclase acy-1 (PubMed:22897658).
Expressed specifically in neurons including the nerve ring, ventral and dorsal nerve cord motor neurons and tail ganglia.
Viable and fertile. Resistant to paralysis induced by treatment with acetylcholinesterase inhibitor aldicarb (but not with acetylcholine agonist levamisole). Hypersensitivity to aldicarb treatment is partially reduced in an egl-30(js126), goa-1(n1134) or gsa-1(ce94) mutant background.
Catalytic component which, in association with cyclin H (cyh-1) and mat1, is likely to form the CAK complex.
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in an arrest at approximately 50-cell embryonic stage. The phenotype is more severe when done in a cdk7(ax224) mutant background where the embryonic arrest occurs at the 1-cell stage due to an arrest in early meiosis.
Serine/threonine kinase involved in cell cycle control and in RNA polymerase II-mediated RNA transcription. Required for maintaining chromosome ploidy. May phosphorylate the large subunit of RNA polymerase II, ama-1.
Belongs to the ubiquitin-activating E1 family. ULA1 subfamily.
Heterodimer of uba-3 and ula-1. The complex binds NEDD8 and ubc-12 (By similarity).
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes the formation of an everted vulva in the L4 stage, with the subsequent rupture of the animal during the L4-to-adult molt (PubMed:10993680). Loss of rfl-1 nuclear localization in a 1- to 2-cell embryonic stages (PubMed:19528325).
Regulatory subunit of the dimeric uba-3-ula-1 E1 enzyme. E1 activates NEDD8 by first adenylating its C-terminal glycine residue with ATP, thereafter linking this residue to the side chain of the catalytic cysteine, yielding a NEDD8-rfl-1 (uba-3) thioester and free AMP. E1 finally transfers NEDD8 to the catalytic cysteine of ubc-12 (PubMed:10993680). Required for rfl-1 (uba-3) nuclear localization during early embryonic development (PubMed:19528325).
Belongs to the POU transcription factor family.
Directs gonadal sheath cell differentiation and function (PubMed:9405097). Also directs gonad migration and plays a role in specifying the differentiated phenotypes of epidermal cells during postembryonic development (PubMed:7958868). Plays a role in oogenesis, regulating a sheath cell signal that causes oocytes to maintain diakinesis arrest during meiosis (PubMed:7958868). Negatively regulates oocyte maturation, ovulation and MAPK activation in oocytes when sperm are not available for fertilization (PubMed:12533508). May be recruited by akir-1 to the promoter regions of antimicrobial peptide genes to control gene expression in response to fungal infection (PubMed:30036395).
Expressed in the gonadal sheath cells that signal the oocyte, but not in the oocyte.
First expressed in embryos at the three-fold stage (PubMed:7958868). After hatching expressed in the syncytial hypodermal cells located throughout the body, pharyngeal muscle, seam cells P hypodermal blast cells, body muscle and anterior touch cells (PubMed:7958868). Expressed in the distal tip cell of the somatic ginad from the L2 stage of larval development through to the adult stage (PubMed:7958868).
Viable, but some animals exhibit sterile and lethal phenotypes including hermaphrodite sterility, embryonic lethality and larval arrest (PubMed:7958868). Defective ovulation and terminal differentiation of oocytes, which result from a delay or an inability to complete meiosis during oogenesis (PubMed:7958868, PubMed:9405097). Defects in gonadal migration (PubMed:7958868). Defective sheath cell differentiation in terms of cell shape and position and defective functions which include weaker sheath cell contractions (PubMed:9405097). Abnormal hypodermal cell differentiation (PubMed:7958868). Defective MAPK activation in oocytes in the presence and absence of sperm (PubMed:12533508). RNAi-mediated knockdown reduces survival following fungal infection by D.coniospora (PubMed:30036395).
Belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily. L-isoaspartyl/D-aspartyl protein methyltransferase family.
Initiates the repair of damaged proteins by catalyzing methyl esterification of L-isoaspartyl and D-aspartyl residues produced by spontaneous isomerization and racemization of L-aspartyl and L-asparaginyl residues in aging peptides and proteins.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bS16 family.
ATP-dependent DNA helicase that unwinds single- and double-stranded DNA in a 3'-5' direction. Participates in DNA replication and repair. Negatively regulates sister chromatid exchange (SCE) (PubMed:27010650). Stimulates DNA 4-way junction branch migration and DNA Holliday junction dissolution. Binds single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), forked duplex DNA and DNA Holliday junction.
Component of the BTR double Holliday Junction dissolution complex, which is involved in homologous recombination during meiotic double strand break in the germline (Probable). Stabilizes and positively regulates the localization of the BTR double Holliday Junction dissolution complex component rmh-1 at nuclear foci during meiotic recombination (PubMed:27011106). Participates in DNA replication and repair (By similarity). Exhibits a magnesium-dependent ATP-dependent DNA-helicase activity that unwinds single- and double-stranded DNA in a 3'-5' direction (By similarity). Negatively regulates sister chromatid exchange (SCE) (PubMed:27010650).
Monomer (By similarity). Homodimer (via N-terminus) (By similarity). Homotetramer (via N-terminus); dimer of dimers (By similarity). Homohexamer (via N-terminus) (By similarity). Self-association negatively regulates DNA unwinding amplitude and rate (By similarity). Oligomer forms dissociate into monomer in presence of ATP (By similarity). Component of the BTR double Holliday Junction dissolution complex composed of at least him-6, top-3, rmh-1 and rmif-2, which is involved in double strand break repair in the germline (Probable). May interact with rmh-1; the interaction is required for mutual stability and localization at nuclear foci (PubMed:27011106). Forms a complex composed of cdc-48.1, him-6 and crp-1; within the complex, interacts with cdc-48.1 (PubMed:18458060).
Reduced viability, increased rad-51 foci in the germline and an increase of meiotic crossover formation in the central region of chromosomes (PubMed:27010650). Reduced number of rmh-1 foci in the pachytene region (PubMed:27011106). In an smc-5 mutant background, defects in diakinetic chiasmata formation, compromised chromosome segregation and aberrant distribution of the condensin II subunit hcp-6 in meiosis (PubMed:27010650).
The N-terminal region mediates dimerization and homooligomerization. Both the helicase ATP-binding domain and the helicase C-terminal domain form intramolecular interactions with the HRDC domain in a ATP-dependent manner. The HRDC domain is required for single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and DNA Holliday junction binding.
Expressed from embryos to adults (PubMed:26357594). First expressed at the 3-fold stage of embryonic development (PubMed:26357594). Highly expressed in embryos (PubMed:26025681).
Expressed in intestinal and epidermal cells (PubMed:26357594). Expressed in the muscle and hypodermis (PubMed:26025681).
Lipid droplet-associated protein which plays a role in lipid droplet clustering (PubMed:26121959, PubMed:26025681, PubMed:26357594).
Viable, and able to reproduce normally, but embryos contain large lipid droplets (PubMed:26121959, PubMed:26357594). Reduced body fat accumulation (PubMed:26121959). Lipid droplets cluster in intestinal cells and contain a reduced amount of triglycerides (PubMed:26025681). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in a reduced brood size (PubMed:26357594).
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the NAD synthetase family.
Cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding protein that binds to and regulates the translation of specific mRNAs. Essential for progression through meiosis. Involved in spermatogenesis.
Present in the germline just prior to overt spermatogenesis; once sperm differentiation begins, it disappears.
Does not seem to include a transit peptide.
Thought to be a regulatory component of the ATP-synthesizing complex in the mitochondria.
Expressed at each stage of development with predominance of isoform c in early larvae and isoform a in adults.
Expressed in cells comprising the intestine, pharyngeal cells, the anal sphincter and depressor muscles.
Involved in the tethering and targeting of pkc-3 to modulate the intracellular distribution of the kinase. The complex formed with pkc-3 complexes are likely to be involved in assembly, maintenance, and/or regulation of protein complexes that execute asymmetric and/or polarized cell functions.
Produced by alternative initiation at Met-45 of isoform a.
The PID domain (phosphotyrosine interaction domain) of isoform a and isoform c is capable of binding residues 212-224 of pkc-3.
Digestive tract. Found in the pharynx cells of the procorpus, metacorpus, isthmus and terminal bulb, and in the terminal bulb lumen.
Metalloprotease (By similarity). May be involved in digestion.
Expressed in dopaminergic neurons, head muscles, vulva and spermatheca.
In larvae, expressed in the NSM serotonergic neuron and in muscles.
Protects dopaminergic neurons against oxidative stress-induced neurodegeneration (PubMed:25474638, PubMed:29346364). May act partly via dopamine receptor dop-2 to negatively regulate dopamine reuptake transporter dat-1 activity (PubMed:25474638). Also plays a role in modulating behaviors linked to dopamine signaling (PubMed:25474638). Confers protection against oxidative stress in the whole body (PubMed:29346364).
Each flp gene is expressed in a distinct set of neurons. Flp-19 is expressed in the URX interneurons, the serotonin and acetylcholine-expressing HSN neurons, and the AIN, AWA and BAG neurons.
FMRFamides and FMRFamide-like peptides are neuropeptides. WANQVRF-amide inhibits the activity of dissected pharyngeal myogenic muscle system.
Acts as a non-receptor guanine nucleotide exchange factor which binds to and activates G-protein alpha subunit goa-1.
Expressed in some neurons including the head and tail neurons, HSN and VC, in a subset of glial cells, in the distal tips cells and in the intestine.
Interacts (via GBA motif) with guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(o) subunit alpha goa-1 (in GDP-bound form); the interaction leads to activation of goa-1.
The GBA (G-alpha binding and activating) motif mediates binding to the alpha subunits of guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins).
Adult H-shaped excretory cell and rectum.
High levels during embryogenesis, moderate levels during L1 and adult stages and very low levels during L2-L4 stages.
Proton-conducting pore forming of the V0 complex of vacuolar(H+)-ATPase (V-ATPase), a multisubunit enzyme composed of a peripheral complex (V1) that hydrolyzes ATP and a membrane integral complex (V0) that translocates protons (By similarity). V-ATPase is responsible for acidifying and maintaining the pH of intracellular compartments and in some cell types, is targeted to the plasma membrane, where it is responsible for acidifying the extracellular environment (By similarity). Required along with other vacuolar ATPase components for the removal of protein aggregates which form in immature oocytes in the distal gonad (PubMed:29168500). This removal occurs as the oocytes mature and move to the proximal gonad, is triggered by the introduction of sperm through mating and occurs before fertilization (PubMed:29168500). The introduction of sperm triggers V-ATPase accumulation in proximal oocytes and induces lysosomal acidification which leads to engulfing of protein aggregates by lysosomes and subsequent clearance of the aggregates (PubMed:29168500). Lysosomal acidification also leads to changes in mitochondrial morphology and function (PubMed:29168500). Mitochondria in distal immature oocytes are fragmented, produce high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and have high membrane potential, indicative of metabolic inactivity (PubMed:29168500). In contrast, mitochondria in proximal mature oocytes are tubular with lower ROS levels and membrane potential, indicative of an active metabolic state required for aggregate mobilization before clearance (PubMed:29168500). Plays a role in the processing and secretion of the aspartic protease hrg-7 from the intestine (PubMed:28581477). During embryonic development, the V-ATPase is required to repress fusion of epidermal cells probably by negatively regulating eff-1-mediated cell fusion (PubMed:15866168). Involved in receptor-mediated endocytosis (PubMed:16785323).
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes embryonic lethality (PubMed:16785323). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in increased protein aggregation in the oocytes of sperm-deficient young adult females which is not eliminated by mating (PubMed:29168500). RNAi-mediated knockdown causes hyperfusion of embryonic epidermal cells (PubMed:15866168). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in the accumulation of the aspartic protease hrg-7 in its immature uncleaved form and in the intestine (PubMed:28581477). Causes defects in alae formation in the few surviving larvae and impairs yolk uptake by the oocytes from the pseudoceolomic cavities (PubMed:16785323). Causes an increase in the section of the excretory canal, which often has multiple lumens and abnormal whorls (PubMed:16785323).
Belongs to the 5'(3')-deoxyribonucleotidase family.
Double RNAi-mediated knockdown together with mes-2 RNAi results in ectopic expression of the homeobox protein egl-5 in the head region (PubMed:17574230). This ectopic expression of egl-5 in the head region is enhanced in a nfya-1 bp4 mutant background (PubMed:17574230). In addition in this background in males, there is ectopic expression of egl-5 in the mid-body region including in seam cells and hypodermal nuclei, and there is ectopic ray formation (PubMed:17574230).
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Expressed in all cells of early embryos. In late embryos and L1 larva, it is weakly expressed.
In adults, it is predominantly expressed in the germline, and weakly expressed in intestinal cells.
Interacts directly with the N-terminal domain of mes-2. Forms a heterotrimeric complex with mes-2 and mes-3. Does not interact with mes-4.
Polycomb group (PcG) protein. PcG proteins act by forming multiprotein complexes, which are required to maintain the transcriptionally repressive state of homeotic genes throughout development. In association with the nfya-1-NF-Y complex, may play a role in repressing the expression of the homeobox protein egl-5 in tissues such as the head (PubMed:17574230). PcG proteins are not required to initiate repression, but to maintain it during later stages of development. The mes-2/mes-3/mes-6 complex may participate in the global inactivation of the X chromosomes in germline cells. The complex may act via methylation of histone H3 'Lys-27', rendering chromatin heritably changed in its expressibility. This complex is required to exclude mes-4 from the inactivated X-chromosomes in germline cells (PubMed:12077420, PubMed:15380065). Required for small-RNA-induced H3K27 trimethylation (PubMed:26365259).
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS17 family.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class TrmE-Era-EngA-EngB-Septin-like GTPase superfamily. Era GTPase family.
As part of the heterotrimeric replication protein A complex (RPA/RP-A), binds and stabilizes single-stranded DNA intermediates, that form during DNA replication or upon DNA stress. It prevents their reannealing and in parallel, recruits and activates different proteins and complexes involved in DNA metabolism. Thereby, it plays an essential role both in DNA replication and the cellular response to DNA damage.
Component of the heterotrimeric canonical replication protein A complex (RPA).
Belongs to the FAD-dependent oxidoreductase 2 family. FRD/SDH subfamily.
Flavoprotein (FP) subunit of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) that is involved in complex II of the mitochondrial electron transport chain and is responsible for transferring electrons from succinate to ubiquinone (coenzyme Q).
Belongs to the WD repeat RBAP46/RBAP48/MSI1 family.
Binds directly to helix 1 of the histone fold of histone H4, a region that is not accessible when H4 is in chromatin (By similarity). Interacts with zft-11; the interaction is required to suppress the activation of non-neuronal genes in neurons (PubMed:31386623).
Core histone-binding subunit that may target chromatin assembly factors, chromatin remodeling factors and histone deacetylases to their histone substrates in a manner that is regulated by nucleosomal DNA (By similarity). Plays a role in regulating cell cycle progression (PubMed:25446273). Required to repress the induction of vulval development by Ras signaling. In association with the zinc finger protein ztf-11, negatively regulates the expression of non-neuronal genes during neurogenesis (PubMed:31386623).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in delayed cell cycle progression.
Copper metallochaperone essential for the synthesis and maturation of cytochrome c oxidase subunit II (MT-CO2/COX2). Involved in transporting copper to the Cu(A) site on MT-CO2/COX2. Also acts as a thiol-disulfide oxidoreductase to regulate the redox state of the cysteines in SCO1 during maturation of MT-CO2/COX2.
Both ncr-1 single mutant and ncr-1 and ncr-2 double mutants exhibit slow embryonic and larval development, and hyperactive egg-laying behavior (egg-laying constitutive (egl-c) phenotype). Ncr-1 and ncr-2 double mutants inappropriately and transiently form dauer larvae under favorable conditions (dauer-constitutive (daf-c) phenotype).
Involved in the uptake or utilization of cholesterol (By similarity). Ncr-1 and ncr-2 act redundantly to prevent dauer larva formation under favorable growth conditions, and are required for the normal functioning of ADF, ASI and ASG neurons (PubMed:10801441).
Belongs to the dihydrofolate reductase family.
Key enzyme in folate metabolism. Catalyzes an essential reaction for de novo glycine and purine synthesis, and for DNA precursor synthesis (By similarity).
Expressed in tissues including muscles, intestine and neurons.
Hypersensitive to the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor aldicarb. In a slo-1 (ky399gf) gain of function mutant, restores normal locomotory speed and sensitivity to aldicarb.
Promotes the translocation of slo-1 potassium ion channels from the endoplasmic reticulum to its final destination at the plasma membrane, probably by shielding from premature proteasomal degradation in the endoplasmic reticulum.
May play a role in lipid droplet formation. May modulate triglyceride levels.
Viable, but intestinal cells contain lipid droplets that are reduced in size and that contained a reduced amount of triglycerides as compared to wild-type.
Expressed in intestine, some sensory neurons in the head, body wall muscles and socket cells.
Impaired acute acceleration of locomotion speed upon rapid increase in oxygen levels (from 0% to 5-20% oxygen). In double mutants for both rhy-1 and hif-1, normal increase in locomotion speed is restored.
In L4 stage, expressed in vulva, ventral nerve cord, tail and at higher levels in hypodermis.
Involved in the response to variation in environmental oxygen levels by inhibiting hif-1-mediated gene transcription in a vhl-1-independent manner (PubMed:16980385). Plays a role in susceptibility to killing mediated by P.aeruginosa and by pore-forming toxins produced by B.thuringiensis (PubMed:20011506, PubMed:20865124). Probably by preventing hif-1 transcriptional activity, regulates behavioral responses, such as locomotion speed following acute reoxygenation (PubMed:22405203). Plays a role in normal egg-laying probably by regulating spermatogenesis and in body morphogenesis (PubMed:16980385).
Cytoskeletal linker protein, which is essential for attachment of the centrosome to the nucleus (PubMed:14697201). Required for dynein localization to the nuclear envelope (PubMed:14697201). Forms a LINC (LInker of Nucleoskeleton and Cytoskeleton) complex together with unc-84, that may be involved in DNA damage repair (PubMed:27956467).
Does not contain a transmembrane domain.
Expressed in the syncytial gonad, oocytes, and in all cells during the development of the early embryo.
Homodimer (PubMed:14697201). Interacts with the dynein subunit dli-1 via its N-terminus (PubMed:14697201). May interact with microtubules (PubMed:14697201). Interacts with sut-2 (PubMed:19273536). Interacts (via C-terminus) with unc-84 (via C-terminus); the interaction is direct (PubMed:27956467).
In contrast to isoform a and isoform d, isoform b and isoform c contain a potential transmembrane domain which may mediate insertion into the nuclear membrane.
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in a reduced number of viable progeny following incubation with the DNA cross-linking agent cisplatin.
The large coiled coil domain is required for homodimerization.
Belongs to the thymidylate synthase family.
Belongs to the thymidylate kinase family.
Catalyzes the conversion of dTMP to dTDP.
Expressed in the BDU neurons, the touch neurons, the VA, VB and VC motor neurons, two AVF interneurons and unidentified neurons of the retrovesicular ganglion (at protein level).
Expressed in the Pn.aa neuroblasts and in each of their descendant cells, the Pn.aaa, Pn.aap, Pn.aaaa and Pn.aaap cells and the three differentiating neurons generated by each Pn.aa neuroblast; expression is transient, becoming undetectable shortly after the cells are generated in the larval L1 stage (at protein level) (PubMed:11923211). Expressed in the AVM and PVM touch neurons at the L1 larval stage until the early L2 stage (PubMed:9169852). Expressed in the VA and VB motor neurons and their immediate precursors in late L1 to early L2 stage (PubMed:9169852).
May interact with transcription factor unc-3.
Transcription factor (PubMed:26096732). Plays a role in the determination of neuroblast cell fate and neuronal differentiation (PubMed:11923211, PubMed:26096732). Negatively modulates expression of several components of dense-core vesicles (DCVs), thereby, in a DCV membrane protein ida-1-dependent manner, regulating neurosecretion (PubMed:19343207). Negatively modulates the transcription of its own gene, the mechanosensory gene mec-3, and also other touch neuron-specific genes in the BDU neurons; required for coordinated movement (PubMed:9169852, PubMed:8770591, PubMed:26096732). Required to determine the identity of BDU sensory neurons in concert with transcription factor unc-86, regulating expression of a number of genes, including transcription factors ceh-14 and ahr-1, neuropeptides flp-10, nlp-1 and nlp-15, and tyramine receptor-encoding ser-2 (PubMed:26096732). Acts in concert with non-canonical WNT signaling to negatively modulate transcription of mec-3 gene in BDU neurons (PubMed:26096732). May act in concert with transcription factor unc-3 in motor neuron fate determination (PubMed:18817768). May play a role programmed cell death (PubMed:11923211).
Belongs to the X(+)/potassium ATPases subunit beta family.
The sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase is composed of a catalytic alpha subunit, an auxiliary non-catalytic beta subunit and an additional regulatory subunit.
This is the non-catalytic component of the active enzyme, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the exchange of Na(+) and K(+) ions across the plasma membrane. The beta subunit regulates, through assembly of alpha/beta heterodimers, the number of sodium pumps transported to the plasma membrane (By similarity). Implicated in genomic response to various soil bacteria that affects fitness, lifespan and brood size.
Expressed in head neurons, ventral cord and tail neurons, body wall muscle, hypodermis, somatic gonad and intestine (PubMed:16547101). Isoform d is expressed specifically in AIA interneurons (PubMed:21414922).
Guanylate cyclase involved in the production of the second messenger cGMP (PubMed:9188508). Regulates olfactory perception in AWC sensory neurons although may not be involved in the primary sensory transduction steps (PubMed:18817734).
Isoforms c: Regulates sensory integration of conflicting sensory cues in AIA interneurons (PubMed:21414922).
Regulates sensory integration of conflicting sensory cues in AIA interneurons (PubMed:21414922).
In the first mitotic division in embryos, required for mitotic spindle alignment and asymmetric cell division (PubMed:9649522, PubMed:17947426). Required for motor-driven chromosome movement and homolog searching within the nucleus, and subsequently ensures homologous chromosome pairing during the prophase stage of meiosis (PubMed:23671424).
Expressed in sensory neurons including ASI, ASJ, ASK, AWB and AWC. Expressed in ASJ neurons in the dauer stage.
Guanylate cyclase involved in the production of the second messenger cGMP (PubMed:24015261). In addition, regulates cGMP levels by controlling the transcription of 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase pde-1 and pde-5 mRNAs (PubMed:19489741, PubMed:24015261). Involved in the olfactory, light and pheromone sensing pathways. Part of the chemosensory mechanism of the ASJ sensory neuron that controls dauer formation and dauer recovery (PubMed:1732156, PubMed:8893028, PubMed:21304598). Promotes the calcium flux in ASJ sensory neurons in response to onset and removal of a nitric oxide (NO) stimulus and is thereby required for the behavioral avoidance response to NO-producing organisms like P.aeruginosa (PubMed:30014846). In ASI and ASJ sensory neurons, controls dauer formation and behavioral response to P.aeruginosa by up-regulating the transcription of daf-7, a member of the TGF-beta family (PubMed:11677050, PubMed:25303524). Required for the chemotaxis responses to non-volatile and volatile attractants mediated by the sensory neurons ASE and AWC respectively (PubMed:7828815, PubMed:10790386). Required in ASJ neurons for phototransduction downstream of G protein coupled-photoreceptor lite-1 (PubMed:20436480). Plays a role in the development of ASJ sensory neuron axons during late larval stages and in the maintenance of normal axon morphology in adults (PubMed:9486798). Required to maintain the expression of putative olfactory receptor str-2 in one of the two AWC neurons in adults (PubMed:10571181). Regulates, via the production of cGMP, lifespan (in some environmental conditions), sensitivity to oxidative stress and entry into quiescence triggered by satiety (PubMed:18316030, PubMed:19489741, PubMed:24015261). In AWB and AWC sensory neurons, mediates the recognition of food odors which subsequently allows for the detection of preferred food sources (PubMed:25009271).
RNAi-mediated knockdown in AWB and AWC sensory neurons results in a defective preference between different food odors.
Belongs to the nuclear hormone receptor family. NR0 subfamily.
Down-regulated by the cyanotoxin microcystin-LR.
Expressed predominantly in the AWA neurons.
Heterodimer with a partner that confers DNA binding capacity or a nuclear hormone receptor whose DNA binding it inhibits.
May be expressed at all postembryonic stages.
Required for the function of one pair of chemosensory neurons called AWA neurons that are involved in chemotaxis to volatile odorants. Acts in a pathway that specifies olfactory neuronal fate. Regulates the transcription of olfactory signaling molecules such as odr-10 that specify AWA neuron identity and function. Represses the expression in AWA neurons of factors such as str-2 which specify AWC neuron identity.
Worms are defective in chemotaxis to the volatile odorants diacetyl and pyrazine and weakly defective in chemotaxis to 2,4,5-trimethylthiazole, but respond normally to the odorants benzaldehyde, butanone, and isoamyl alcohol.
The coatomer is a cytosolic protein complex that binds to dilysine motifs and reversibly associates with Golgi non-clathrin-coated vesicles, which further mediate biosynthetic protein transport from the ER, via the Golgi up to the trans Golgi network. Coatomer complex is required for budding from Golgi membranes, and is essential for the retrograde Golgi-to-ER transport of dilysine-tagged proteins.
The H protein shuttles the methylamine group of glycine from the P protein to the T protein.
The glycine cleavage system is composed of four proteins: P, T, L and H.
Neuronal calcium sensor, regulator of G protein-coupled receptor phosphorylation in a calcium dependent manner. Can substitute for calmodulin and directly activate PDE, NO synthase, and calcineurin. Regulates associative learning and memory in a calcium dependent manner.
Ligand-activated transcription factor (By similarity). Involved in lifespan extension in a manner dependent upon mitochondrial function (PubMed:24107417).
RNAi-mediated knockdown in a Rieske iron-sulfur protein isp-1 mutant background reduces life-span extension, causes a mild reduction in fertility, and reduces induction of expression of glutathione S-transferase gst-4.
Component of a heterodimeric receptor complex composed of ilcr-1 and ilcr-2. The receptor complex interacts with actl-1 and ilc-17.1 with the interaction being mediated by ilcr-2.
Expressed in most neurons, and in pharyngeal muscle.
Forms a receptor complex together with receptor ilcr-1, which upon activation acts as a modulator of neuronal activity. Binding of the ligand ilc-17.1 to the ilcr-1/2 receptor complex triggers a signaling cascade that activates the downstream signaling components actl-1, pik-1 and nfki-1, and results in increased neuronal activity in RMG interneurons in response to input from oxygen-sensing neurons. This leads to increased animal movement and promotes aggregation behavior.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL10 family.
Double RNAi-mediated knockdown and/or mutagenesis with gfi-3 results in increased embryonic lethality and the production of one-cell arrested embryos.
Expressed in head neurons, vulval precursor cells and in mature sperm stored in the spermatheca.
Expressed in the developing germ line and throughout embryogenesis.
Probable component of the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), a cell cycle-regulated E3 ubiquitin ligase that controls progression through mitosis and the G1 phase of the cell cycle (By similarity). The APC/C complex acts by mediating ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of target proteins (By similarity). Required for the metaphase to anaphase transition in meiosis (PubMed:17237515, PubMed:20944012). Plays a role in the segregation of DNA and centrioles during meiosis in male germ cells (PubMed:20944014).
Belongs to the Integrator subunit 3 family.
Functions cell autonomously to negatively regulate cell cycle progression. Required to restrain cell proliferation in response to developmental cues. Probably recognizes and binds to some proteins and promotes their ubiquitination and degradation (By similarity).
Highest levels in embryos and adults, lowest levels in larvae. Maternal expression results in high zygotic levels.
Part of a SCF (SKP1-cullin-F-box) protein ligase complex.
Seems to be required for maximal rate of protein biosynthesis. Enhances ribosome dissociation into subunits and stabilizes the binding of the initiator Met-tRNA(I) to 40 S ribosomal subunits.
Expressed in pharyngeal epithelium/arcade, which connects the pharynx to the mouth.
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes an increase in fat-5 gene expression in the pharynx (PubMed:16777607). Pharynx unattached (Pun) phenotype (PubMed:16777607).
Transcription factor (PubMed:16777607). Represses gene expression, probably via binding to DNA consensus sequence 5'-[AT][CT]TTCC[AC][AG]-3' in promoter regions (PubMed:16777607). May play a role in pharynx morphogenesis (PubMed:16777607).
Interacts with odr-8; leading to deufmylation.
Ubiquitin-like modifier which can be covalently attached via an isopeptide bond to substrate proteins as a monomer or a lysine-linked polymer (By similarity). The so-called ufmylation requires the ufm-1-activating E1 enzyme uba-5, the ufm-1-conjugating E2 enzyme ufc-1, and probably the ufm-1-ligase E3 enzyme ufl-1 (PubMed:23449979).
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. RNA M5U methyltransferase family.
ATP-dependent chaperone which probably uses the energy provided by ATP hydrolysis to generate mechanical force to unfold substrate proteins, disassemble protein complexes, and disaggregate protein aggregates (PubMed:18782221, PubMed:22768338). However, able to prevent aggregation of unfolded proteins also in an ATP-independent manner (PubMed:18782221). Targets polyubiquitinated proteins for proteasomal degradation by binding to 'Lys-48'-linked polyubiquitin chains (PubMed:19545544). Involved in the cytoplasmic elimination of misfolded proteins exported from the ER (PubMed:16647269, PubMed:17825049, PubMed:21317884, PubMed:22768338, PubMed:25652260). This pathway, known as ERAD, prevents the activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) caused by the accumulation of misfolded proteins in the ER (PubMed:16647269, PubMed:17825049, PubMed:21317884, PubMed:22768338, PubMed:25652260). Together with udf-2 and chn-1, regulates myosin assembly in body wall muscles by targeting myosin chaperone unc-45 for proteasomal degradation (PubMed:17369820). During oocyte meiosis and together with cdc-48.1, required for chromosome condensation at the diakinesis phase in prophase I and for progression of metaphase I (PubMed:17512499). During the first embryonic cell division, regulates DNA replication and thus chromosome segregation and decondensation, and nuclear envelope re-assembly (PubMed:18097415, PubMed:18728180, PubMed:21981920, PubMed:26842564). In S phase and in association with ufd-1, npl-4.1 and/or npl-4.2 and ubxn-3, ensures the degradation of DNA licensing factor cdt-1 after the initiation of DNA replication and thus the disassembly of the DNA replication CMG helicase complex by promoting the dissociation from chromatin of several of its components including cdc-45 and sld-5 (PubMed:21981920, PubMed:26842564). Regulates ubxn-3 nuclear localization during S phase (PubMed:26842564). During the first embryonic cell divisions and together with cdc-48.1, regulates the re-assembly of the nuclear envelope after mitosis possibly by inactivating kinase air-2, a component of the chromosomal passenger complex (CPC) (PubMed:18097415).
Belongs to the AAA ATPase family. CDC48 subfamily.
Homohexamer; oligomerization is ATP-independent (PubMed:18782221). Forms a ring-shaped particle of 18.3 nm diameter, that displays 6-fold radial symmetry (By similarity). Interacts with cdc-48.1 and thus may form heterohexamers (PubMed:16647269, PubMed:17369820). Forms a complex composed of ubxn-3, cdc-48.1 and/or cdc-48.2 and substrate cdt-1 (PubMed:26842564). Interacts (via N-terminus) with ubxn-3 (PubMed:20977550). Interacts (via N-terminus) with atx-3 (via RRDR motif) (PubMed:19545544, PubMed:21317884). Interacts (via N-terminus) with ubxn-5 (PubMed:19545544). Interacts with ufd-1 (PubMed:16647269). Interacts (via DDDLYN motif) with ufd-2 (PubMed:21317884, PubMed:17369820). Interacts (via N-terminus) with ubxn-1 (PubMed:16647269, PubMed:20977550). Interacts (via N-terminus) with ubxn-2 (PubMed:23649807, PubMed:20977550). Interacts (via N-terminus) with ubxn-4 (PubMed:20977550). Interacts with ubxn-6 (PubMed:20977550).
Induced upon ER stress. Repressed by starvation and oxidative stress.
Predominantly expressed in embryos (at protein level) (PubMed:16701565). Expression transiently increases at the L2 larval stage (PubMed:17369820).
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes embryonic lethality in 30-50 percent of embryos (PubMed:15716356). RNAi-mediated knockdown prevents ubxn-2 nuclear localization in the 2-cell embryo (PubMed:23649807). RNAi-mediated knockdown in an unc-45 (m94) mutant background, does not restore motility (PubMed:17369820). Simultaneous RNAi-mediated knockdown of cdc-48.1 causes embryonic lethality (PubMed:15716356, PubMed:16647269, PubMed:18097415, PubMed:18728180, PubMed:26842564). Defects in oocyte meiosis I progression (PubMed:17512499). Defects in embryo S phase DNA replication causing delays in cell cycle progression (PubMed:17512499, PubMed:18097415, PubMed:18728180, PubMed:21981920). At the end of mitosis, impairs chromatin decondensation and nuclear envelope re-assembly (PubMed:18728180, PubMed:18097415). In addition, abnormal accumulation of air-2 on mitotic chromatin and impaired air-2 activation (PubMed:18097415). Does not affect ER transition into sheet-like structures at the onset of embryonic mitosis (PubMed:15716356). Simultaneous RNAi-mediated knockdown of cdc-48.2 in young adults decreases lifespan, induces the unfolded protein response, increases overall levels of polyubiquitinated proteins, and impairs the degradation of misfolded ER proteins (PubMed:16647269, PubMed:17825049, PubMed:17369820, PubMed:21317884, PubMed:22768338). Causes defects in germline development (PubMed:20977550).
The first ATP-binding region has low ATPase activity (By similarity). The second ATP-binding region is responsible for ATPase activity (By similarity). ATP binding to the first ATP-binding region induces intrinsic activity of the second ATP-binding region (By similarity). While ATP binding to the first ATP-binding region appears to prevent ATP hydrolysis by the second ATP-binding region, ADP-binding to first region promotes the coordinate and cooperative ATPase cycle of the second ATP-binding region (By similarity). ATP binding to the first ATP-binding region induces a conformational change, promoting the rotation of the first ATP-binding region relative to the second ATP-binding region in the hexamer (By similarity). Inhibited by N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) (PubMed:18782221).
Component of the pid-1 variant of the PETISCO complex (also called the pid-3, erh-2, tofu-6, and ife-3 small RNA complex) containing at least pid-1, tofu-6, ife-3, pid-3, and erh-2, which is required for the biogenesis of a class of 21 nucleotide PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) that possess a uracil residue at the 5'-end (also called 21U-RNAs) (PubMed:31147388, PubMed:31216475). Within the complex interacts with pid-3; the interaction is direct (PubMed:31216475, PubMed:31147388). Within the complex interacts with erh-2 (PubMed:31216475, PubMed:31147388). Within the complex interacts with tofu-6 (PubMed:31216475).
Component of the pid-1 variant of the PETISCO complex which is required for the biogenesis of a class of 21 nucleotide PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) that possess a uracil residue at the 5'-end (also called 21U-RNAs) (PubMed:31147388, PubMed:31216475). Within the complex acts as an adapter which binds to the complex via erh-2 (PubMed:31147388). Involved in the biogenesis of 21U-RNAs which guide the piwi protein prg-1 to its DNA targets for silencing (PubMed:24696453, PubMed:33231880). Plays a role in small RNA-directed transgenerational epigenetic inheritance (PubMed:33231880).
Expressed from early embryogenesis (at protein level).
Expressed predominantly in the germline (at protein level).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in defective activity of the PIWI-interacting RNA (piRNA) silencing pathway (PubMed:31147388). RNAi-mediated knockdown disrupts the localization of tofu-6 to the perinuclear region of the germline (PubMed:31216475). RNAi-mediated knockdown does not cause chromosome segregation and cell division defects in early embryos (PubMed:31216475).
Belongs to the nucleotide-sugar transporter family. SLC35B subfamily.
Mediates the transport of adenosine 3'-phospho 5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS), from cytosol into Golgi. PAPS is a universal sulfuryl donor for sulfation events that take place in the Golgi (By similarity).
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the MoaB/Mog family.
Histones H1 are necessary for the condensation of nucleosome chains into higher-order structures.
An odorant receptor which affects chemotaxis to the volatile odorant diacetyl. Specifies AWA neuronal cell fate via the odr-7 pathway.
Belongs to the nematode receptor-like protein str family.
Defective response to diacetyl with wild-type response exhibited to other ketones and odorants sensed by AWA.
Expressed in AWA olfactory neurons at the L3 larval stage in males and hermaphrodites, but expressed decreases in males from the L4 stage to adulthood.
Induced upon exposure to the volatile odorant diacetyl.
Strongly expressed in the sensory cilia of AWA olfactory neurons, and at low levels in the CEP neurons.
Belongs to the PtdIns transfer protein family. PI transfer class IIA subfamily.
Belongs to the succinate/malate CoA ligase beta subunit family. GTP-specific subunit beta subfamily.
GTP-specific succinyl-CoA synthetase functions in the citric acid cycle (TCA), coupling the hydrolysis of succinyl-CoA to the synthesis of GTP and thus represents the only step of substrate-level phosphorylation in the TCA. The beta subunit provides nucleotide specificity of the enzyme and binds the substrate succinate, while the binding sites for coenzyme A and phosphate are found in the alpha subunit.
Heterodimer of an alpha and a beta subunit. The beta subunit determines specificity for GTP.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CK1 Ser/Thr protein kinase family. VRK subfamily.
Embryonically lethal. Homozygous animals produced by heterozygous hermaphrodites overcome this through maternal contribution. In these animals, defects in the formation of the vulva, uterus, and uterine seam cells and in development and maintenance of the somatic gonad and thus the germ line appear in the early L3 larval stage. Adults are sterile. Cells display mitotic defects, including impaired nuclear envelope formation and baf-1 delocalization.
Present in germ cells at all stages of progression from the mitotic zone to mature oocytes, but not in maturing spermatids (at the protein level). Expressed in the ventral nerve cord and vulva cells.
Serine/threonine kinase that phosphorylates baf-1, thus regulating the association of baf-1 with chromatin and nuclear membrane proteins during nuclear envelope formation. May act through the egl-17 signaling pathway. Essential in hermaphrodites for formation of the vulva, uterus, and uterine seam cells and for development and maintenance of the somatic gonad and thus the germ line. Acts to prevent cep-1 from triggering an inappropriate cell cycle arrest, thereby promoting germ cell proliferation. Regulates anchor cell polarity and the timing of anchor cell invasion through the basement membranes separating vulval and somatic gonadal cells during the L3 larval stage.
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes accumulation of citrate, leading to induction of the citrate-induced mitochondrial unfolded protein response (mtUPR).
Troponin T is the tropomyosin-binding subunit of troponin, the thin filament regulatory complex which confers calcium-sensitivity to striated muscle actomyosin ATPase activity.
Component of complex II composed of four subunits: a flavoprotein (FP), an iron-sulfur protein (IP), and a cytochrome b composed of a large and a small subunit.
Belongs to the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 2 family.
Binds a dinuclear copper A center per subunit.
Component of the cytochrome c oxidase, the last enzyme in the mitochondrial electron transport chain which drives oxidative phosphorylation. The respiratory chain contains 3 multisubunit complexes succinate dehydrogenase (complex II, CII), ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase (cytochrome b-c1 complex, complex III, CIII) and cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV, CIV), that cooperate to transfer electrons derived from NADH and succinate to molecular oxygen, creating an electrochemical gradient over the inner membrane that drives transmembrane transport and the ATP synthase. Cytochrome c oxidase is the component of the respiratory chain that catalyzes the reduction of oxygen to water. Electrons originating from reduced cytochrome c in the intermembrane space (IMS) are transferred via the dinuclear copper A center (CU(A)) of subunit 2 and heme A of subunit 1 to the active site in subunit 1, a binuclear center (BNC) formed by heme A3 and copper B (CU(B)). The BNC reduces molecular oxygen to 2 water molecules using 4 electrons from cytochrome c in the IMS and 4 protons from the mitochondrial matrix.
Binds 1 thiamine pyrophosphate per subunit.
Endoplasmic reticulum 2-OH acyl-CoA lyase involved in the cleavage (C1 removal) reaction in the fatty acid alpha-oxydation in a thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)-dependent manner.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL20 family.
Belongs to the sirtuin family. Class IV subfamily.
Expressed in a restricted set of neurons, and epithelial cells of the uterus and the excretory system, late in embryogenesis at about 300 minutes of development (PubMed:10068647). Expression in neurons continues throughout adulthood (PubMed:10068647). Expressed asymmetrically, only in the left neuron (ASEL), of the ASER and ASEL chemosensory pair (PubMed:10068647). Expressed in the interneuron PVT during embryogenesis (PubMed:12490565).
Transcription factor (By similarity). Required for the terminal differentiation of sensory- and motor-neurons, especially GABAergic neurons, and for morphological aspects of uterine development (PubMed:10068647). Plays a role in the cell-type-specific regulation of glutamic acid decarboxylase unc-25 (PubMed:10068647). Involved in promoting sleep-like behavioral quiescence, acting by modulating expression of transcription factor aptf-1 in the single sleep-active ring interneuron RIS (PubMed:26949257). Plays a role in regulation of RIS differentiation (PubMed:14568548). Required for the functional asymmetry of the ASER and ASEL chemosensory neuron pair, conferring the ability to discriminate sodium from chloride, perhaps by modulating expression of receptor-type guanylate cyclases, such as gcy-5 (PubMed:11287956, PubMed:21555395). Involved in regulating postembryonic axon maintenance in the ventral nerve cord, acting in concert with LIM homeobox protein ceh-14, via modulation of expression of immunoglobulin domain zig genes in the interneuron PVT (PubMed:12490565). May play a role in the functions of the excretory gland cell (PubMed:10068647).
Disorganised A and I bands in body-wall muscle structure (PubMed:7348600). Defective extension of body wall muscle connections or arms towards the ventral nerve cord (PubMed:27123983). Double knockout with madd-3 results in severe muscle arm extension defects (PubMed:27123983).
Expressed in embryos from 1.5- to 2-fold stage in myofibrils. In larvae and adults, it is expressed in body wall muscle, and in addition, anal depressor muscle and vulval muscles. More specifically it is found in the thick filaments of muscle fibers.
Interacts with hum-6, mep-1, myo-3, unc-96 and unc-97/PINCH.
Probable transcription factor required for muscle structure (PubMed:12808046, PubMed:7348600). Its dual subcellular localization suggests that it may function both as a muscle adhesion complex protein and as a transcription factor, or work together with transcription factors, to influence gene expression (PubMed:12808046). Thought to act as a molecular bridge between unc-97 and myo-3 at the M-line of muscles, possibly in a signaling role (PubMed:17158957). Plays a role in the formation of muscle connections, also called muscle arm extensions, between the body wall and the motor axons in the dorsal and ventral cord (PubMed:27123983).
The N-terminal part (1-106) mediates the nuclear localization, while the fourth zinc finger is required for the localization to M-lines and dense bodies.
Exclusively expressed in a subset of three categories of adult male sensory neurons: ray neurons, hook neurons and head cephalic (CEM) neurons.
First expressed during L4 and peaks in the adult male.
Interacts (via PLAT domain) with atp-2 (via N-terminus) and with kin-10 (via C-terminus). Interacts (via C-terminus) with isoform a of stam-1/pqn-19 (via C-terminus).
Required for two aspects of male mating behavior: response to hermaphrodite contact and vulva location. Acts in the same pathway as pkd-2 and atp-2 in response behavior. May be required for ciliary targeting of pkd-2.
Worms lacking lov-1 exhibit defects in two aspects of male mating behavior: response to hermaphrodite contact and vulva location.
Belongs to the pyridoxal phosphate-binding protein YggS/PROSC family.
Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP)-binding protein, which may be involved in intracellular homeostatic regulation of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP), the active form of vitamin B6.
Belongs to the synaptophysin/synaptobrevin family.
The thioredoxin domain lacks the 2 redox-active Cys. This strongly suggests that it lacks thioredoxin activity.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CAMK Ser/Thr protein kinase family. NIM1 subfamily.
RNAi-mediated knockdown leads to premature cell-cycle reentry of the Z2/Z3 primordial germ cells in L1 stage larvae (PubMed:26073019). RNAi-mediated knockdown and DNA damage induced by the ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor hydroxyurea in germ cells results in impaired DNA repair, but does allow for nuclear division (PubMed:27956467). In the proliferative zone of these germ cells, nuclei do not arrest following DNA damage, but prematurely divide and are smaller compared to wild-type (PubMed:27956467).
Serine/threonine-protein kinase which is required for checkpoint-mediated cell cycle arrest and activation of DNA repair in response to the presence of DNA damage or unreplicated DNA (PubMed:15326393). May also negatively regulate cell cycle progression during unperturbed cell cycles (PubMed:15326393). Required for checkpoint mediated cell cycle arrest in response to DNA damage in germline cells (PubMed:15326393, PubMed:27956467). Delays cell-cycle reentry of the Z2 and Z3 primordial germ cells in response to transcription-induced DNA damage as they emerge from cell cycle arrest in L1 larvae (PubMed:26073019). Essential for embryogenesis (PubMed:15326393).
Component of the ERI/DICER complex at least composed of dcr-1, rrf-3 and eri-1.
Expressed in the somatic developing gonads and in a subset of neurons. In adults, it is specifically expressed in neurons and in spermatheca.
RNA exonuclease that acts as a negative regulator of RNA interference (RNAi) (PubMed:14961122). Probably acts by degrading the 3'-overhangs of short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) (PubMed:14961122). Component of the ERI/DICER complex which is involved in processing amplified double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) intermediates during small-RNA-mediated gene-silencing or RNA interference (RNAi) (Probable).
Molecular chaperone; assists the folding of proteins upon ATP hydrolysis. Known to play a role, in vitro, in the folding of actin and tubulin (By similarity).
Belongs to the trans-sulfuration enzymes family.
Aminopeptidase which preferentially removes N-terminal Arg and Lys residues from peptides and proteins.
Despite its similarity to leukotriene hydrolases, AP-1 does not have leukotriene hydrolase activity. One of the mammalian leukotriene binding sites, 'Tyr-378', is replaced by a Phe residue in AP-1.
Guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF), which can activate some, but not all, G-alpha proteins independently of G-protein coupled receptors. Acts by exchanging bound GDP for free GTP. Able to facilitate synaptic transmission in the nervous system probably by activating G(q)-alpha (egl-30). Also able to activate the G(s)-alpha in synaptic signaling network. Plays a key role in asymmetric spindle positioning, a step for asymmetric cell division that generates cell diversity during development by activating G(i)-alpha protein goa-1 and gpa-16 independently of G-protein coupled receptors. While it acts as a GEF for goa-1, it has no GEF activity toward gpa-16. In addition to its GEF activity, it is required for cortical subcellular localization of G-alpha proteins such as gpa-16. Also required for the interaction of goa-1 and gpr-1/2, suggesting that it may act by generating G-alpha proteins free from G-beta-gamma subunits, enabling gpr-1/2 to mediate asymmetric cell division.
Interacts with GDP-bound G-alpha proteins goa-1 and gpa-16. Does not interact with G-alpha proteins when they are in complex with subunits beta and gamma.
Present throughout the nervous system in juveniles and adults (at protein level).
Expressed in hyp8-11 tail tip cells during the L4 larval stage.
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes defective oocyte transit through the spermatheca. Calcium oscillations triggered during ovulation are random resulting in uncoordinated spermatheca constrictions. Oocytes enter the spermatheca normally but change direction several times before returning into the gonad or proceeding into the uterus. RNAi-mediated knockdown disrupts tail tip morphogenesis resulting in retention of the pointed larval tail tip in adult males (also known as the Lep phenotype) (PubMed:21408209).
Structural component of the gap junctions (By similarity). Plays a role in oocyte directional transit in the spermatheca during ovulation by facilitating the directional propagation of the calcium signal in the spermatheca (PubMed:23671426). Plays a role in male tail tip morphogenesis (PubMed:21408209).
There are four nearly identical glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenases in C.elegans.
Exclusively expressed in a subset of 3 categories of adult male sensory neurons: ray neurons, hook neurons and head cephalic (CEM) neurons (PubMed:10517638, PubMed:11553327, PubMed:12411744, PubMed:15563610, PubMed:16943275, PubMed:16481400, PubMed:31264582). Expressed in the male tail (PubMed:26150102, PubMed:28745435).
Functions as a calcium permeable cation channel (PubMed:15862350). Required for 2 aspects of male mating behavior: response to hermaphrodite contact and vulva location (PubMed:11553327, PubMed:12411744, PubMed:15862350, PubMed:15753033, PubMed:18037411, PubMed:28745435). Acts in the same pathway as lov-1 and atp-2 in response behavior (PubMed:11553327).
Phosphorylated. CK2 (kin-3 and kin-10) and calcineurin act antagonistically to regulate the phosphorylation state.
The transmembrane domains are sufficient for localization in the cilium. The cytoplasmic tails are necessary for localization in cell bodies and anchoring at the ciliary base. Cytoplasmic tails also regulate sensory function.
Worms exhibit defects in 2 aspects of male mating behavior: response to hermaphrodite contact and vulva location.
Proteolytically removes the C-terminal three residues of farnesylated and geranylated proteins.
Belongs to the acetyltransferase family. ARD1 subfamily.
Catalytic subunit of the N-terminal acetyltransferase A (NatA) complex which displays alpha (N-terminal) acetyltransferase activity (By similarity). Plays a role in regulating larval development, metabolism and longevity. Functions downstream or alongside daf-3, daf-12 and daf-16 in the dauer formation pathway. Functions upstream of daf-15 to enable animal development.
Component of the N-terminal acetyltransferase A (NatA) complex.
Expressed from larval stage L1 to adulthood.
Expressed in head and tail hypodermal cells, hypodermal seam cells, pharynx, intestine and head and tail neurons.
The majority of animals die within five days following dauer-like arrest, but surviving animals grow to the L4 larval developmental stage or adulthood. Animals display a dauer-like phenotype in response to pheromone and starvation, form dauer alae and have a constricted pharynx. Unlike dauer defective animals, these animals are not temperature sensitive and do not complete dauer morphogenesis. Animals have an increased propensity to accumulate fat. RNAi-mediated knock-down also induces a dauer-like phenotype and fat accumulation. However, knock-down does not influence the lifespan of animals.
Acts as a sulfur carrier required for molybdopterin biosynthesis. Component of the molybdopterin synthase complex that catalyzes the conversion of precursor Z into molybdopterin by mediating the incorporation of 2 sulfur atoms into precursor Z to generate a dithiolene group. In the complex, serves as sulfur donor by being thiocarboxylated (-COSH) at its C-terminus by MOCS3. After interaction with MOCS2B, the sulfur is then transferred to precursor Z to form molybdopterin.
Belongs to the MoaD family. MOCS2A subfamily.
C-terminal thiocarboxylation occurs in 2 steps, it is first acyl-adenylated (-COAMP) via the hesA/moeB/thiF part of MOCS3, then thiocarboxylated (-COSH) via the rhodanese domain of MOCS3.
Heterotetramer; composed of 2 small (MOCS2A) and 2 large (MOCS2B) subunits.
Belongs to the galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase type 1 family.
Broadly expressed during embryogenesis with high expression at the presumptive nose during the 1.5-fold stage of embryogenesis. Expressed in AWB sensory neurons in larvae and in PHA/PHB tail neurons at the L1 stage of larval development.
Embryonic lethal with few malformed larvae that develop to the L1 stage of larval development.
Scaffolding protein that plays a role in ciliogenesis, cilium positioning and dendrite anchoring in sensory amphid neurons including AWB, AWA, AWC, ADL and ASI and the phasmid neurons PHA and PHB. Its role in cilium positioning may be through regulation of the localization of cell adhesion proteins such as the apical junction protein ajm-1, and the ciliary scaffolding protein Rootletin/che-10.
The C-terminal domain is required for localization to the cilium basal body and role in ciliogenesis.
Expressed in the excretory canal, vulval cells, the intestine and in head and tail neurons including ASH, RIC and AIZ neurons.
Putative RNA exonuclease which protects neurons from the toxic effects of expanded poly-Q disease proteins (PubMed:12486229). It is unknown whether this is via participation in the pathogenic mechanism underlying poly-Q-induced neurodegeneration or if it is by acting as a genetic modifier of the age of onset or progression of neurodegeneration (PubMed:12486229). Regulates gene expression in neurons (PubMed:22870397).
The Gln/Pro-rich N-terminus and the Arg/Asp/Glu/Lys-rich charged domain are critical in protecting glutamatergic ASH sensory neurons from degeneration. ASH neurons expressing isoforms lacking these domains show progressive degeneration.
Component of the dystrophin glycoprotein complex (DGC). Interacts with dyb-1 and stn-1 to form the DGC. Interacts with stn-2.
Expressed in body wall, head, pharyngeal and vulval muscles, from late embryogenesis to adulthood (at protein level).
Mutants display a phenotype of hyperactive locomotion and are hypersensitive to the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor aldicarb and are defective in maintaining neuronal positioning. Dys-1 and hlh-1 double mutants synergistically exhibit progressive myopathy.
Plays a role in cholinergic transmission and as a functional partner of dystrobrevin (dyb-1), necessary for muscle maintenance. Required for neuronal positioning.
Belongs to the protein prenyltransferase subunit alpha family.
Catalyzes the transfer of a geranyl-geranyl moiety from geranyl-geranyl pyrophosphate to cysteines occuring in specific C-terminal amino acid sequences.
Cyclin-dependent kinase which displays CTD kinase activity: hyperphosphorylates 'Ser-2' in the C-terminal heptapeptide repeat domain (CTD) of the largest RNA polymerase II subunit, thereby acting as a key regulator of transcription elongation. Required for normal reproduction.
Phosphorylation of 'Ser-2' of the RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain is undetectable in primordial germ cells and reduced by 60% in embryonic somatic nuclei. RNAi treatment causes sterility.
Belongs to the nonaspanin (TM9SF) (TC 9.A.2) family.
Embryonic lethal with cells differentiating, but failing to become organized (PubMed:11877381). The external hypodermal cells fail to spread over and enclose the embryo, but instead cluster on the dorsal side (PubMed:11877381). In one study, animals are viable and there is defective extension of body wall muscle connections or arms towards the ventral nerve cord (PubMed:27123983). In this same study, double knockout with madd-3 results in severe muscle arm extension defects (PubMed:27123983). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in reduced egg laying and in defective endocytosis by oocytes characterized by an accumulation of aggregated yolk protein in the pseudocoelomatic space (PubMed:19798448).
Required for initial steps of body morphogenesis (PubMed:11877381). May play a role in egg laying and yolk protein clatherin-mediated endocytosis by oocytes during oogenesis (PubMed:19798448). Plays a role in the formation of muscle connections, also called muscle arm extensions, between the body wall and the motor axons in the dorsal and ventral cord (PubMed:27123983).
Citrate synthase is found in nearly all cells capable of oxidative metabolism.
Putative transmembrane reductase that uses ascorbate as an electron donor in the cytoplasm and transfers electrons across membranes to reduce monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical in the lumen of secretory vesicles.
Component of nuclear RNase P and RNase MRP ribonucleoproteins (By similarity). Several subunits of RNase P are also part of the RNase MRP complex (By similarity).
Component of ribonuclease P, a ribonucleoprotein complex that generates mature tRNA molecules by cleaving their 5'-ends (By similarity). Also a component of the MRP ribonuclease complex, which cleaves pre-rRNA sequences (By similarity).
Expressed in the pharynx, hypodermis, muscle cells, sheath cells, intestinal cells, the vulva and tail regions.
Probable endoribonuclease involved in the autophagy-mediated degradation of ribosomal RNA and ribosomal proteins in lysosomes.
Defective QL neuroblast daughter cell migration (PubMed:8898225). Lin-39 and mab-5 double mutants have reduced sex myoblast specific expression of sem-2 in the developing mesoderm (PubMed:21307099).
Expressed asymmetrically in the QL neuroblast.
Transcription factor that binds to the promoter region of the transcription factor lin-39 to repress its expression in Q neuroblasts and thereby direct left Q neuroblast (QL) daughter cell migration (PubMed:8898225, PubMed:23784779). During postembryonic development, required for posterior-specific pattern formation (PubMed:2903796). Within the posterior body region, controls epidermal, neuronal, and mesodermal cell differentiation (PubMed:2903796, PubMed:21307099).
Expressed during morphogenesis in the hypodermis, body-wall muscle, intestine and dorsal, lateral and ventral hypodermal cells (PubMed:15066124, PubMed:15102704). First detected in the Ea and Ep cells until the 24 cell stage (PubMed:15066124, PubMed:15102704). At the 24 cell stage detected in 5 cells including AB descendant cells and also the Ca and Cp cells (PubMed:15066124). At the 200 cell stage, detected in two pairs of MS descendant cells (PubMed:15066124). Thereafter detected in a subset of cells at each stage up to approximately the 400 cell stage, becoming undetectable just before morphogenesis (PubMed:15066124). During morphogenesis detected in the hypodermis, body-wall muscle, intestine and dorsal, lateral and ventral hypodermal cells up until early L1 larval stage (PubMed:15066124, PubMed:15102704).
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes about 5% embryonic lethality with 1-10% of hatching larvae displaying posterior morphological defects (PubMed:15102704, PubMed:15892873). Defective intercalation of dorsal hypodermis (PubMed:15102704). Simultaneous RNAi-mediated knockdown of tbx-9 causes at least 48% of embryos to fail to hatch and those that do display severe morphological defects and die as larvae (PubMed:15892873, PubMed:15102704). Simultaneous RNAi-mediated knockdown of tbx-9 abolishes muscle expression of vab-7 (PubMed:15102704).
Transcription factor (By similarity). Involved in the control of early morphogenesis of the intestine, hypodermis and body-wall muscle (PubMed:15066124, PubMed:15102704). Involved in regulating expression of vab-7 (PubMed:15102704). Appears to have partially redundant function to tbx-9 (PubMed:15066124).
Biphasic expression pattern with high expression in the L1 and L2 larval stages and gradual decrease through adult stages.
Expressed uniformly in the intestinal epithelial cells.
Na(+)/H(+) antiporter that promotes normal di- or tripeptide transporter function, recovery following the peptide-induced acidification of the intestinal cytoplasm and maintenance of the peptide-dependent intestinal pH homeostasis. Regulator of free fatty acid uptake from the diet together with the dipeptide transporter pept-1. May play a timekeeper role in defecation cycle but is not necessary for pbo-4-dependent proton release. May play a role in the regulation of lifespan independent of the stress response pathway.
RNAi-mediated knockdown of the protein causes worms to become extremely lean and transparent. Slower progression through the larval stages, in particular the L1 and L2 stages. Increase in average life span, decreased brood size and loss of fat storage granules in the intestine leading to decreased opacity. Reduced rate of pharyngeal pumping, reduced size of proton pulses inside the cells, increased intracellular acidification, reduced uptake of fatty acids, and doubling of the defecation period.
The C-terminal domain displays an autoproteolysis activity.
Catalyzes the post-translational formation of 4-hydroxyproline in -Xaa-Pro-Gly- sequences in collagens and other proteins.
Heterotetramer of two alpha chains and two beta chains. Exists either as a phy-1(2)/pdi-2(2) tetramer or as a phy-1/phy-2/pdi-2(2) tetramer.
Interacts with histone H3 that is trimethylated at 'Lys-9' (H3K9me3).
Autophosphorylated. Elevated cAMP levels appears to act via PKA to directly or indirectly phosphorylate multiple sites on kin-29 and inhibit function.
Defective in the expression of a set of chemoreceptor genes, and exhibit characteristics associated with altered sensory signaling, including increased lifespan, decreased body size, and deregulated entry into the dauer developmental stage. Exhibit defects in food-induced quiescence behavior.
Expressed throughout all stages of postembryonic development. Observed in the intestine and in cells in the tail during L1, L3 and L4.
Primarily neuronal, with additional expression in body wall muscle and hypodermal cells. Among neuronal cells, expressed in multiple sensory neurons and interneurons in the lateral, anterior, and lumbar ganglia, as well as in motor neurons in the ventral motor cord. Present in the AWB and AWC olfactory neurons.
Regulates chemoreceptor expression by phosphorylating the hda-4 class II histone deacetylase (HDAC) and inhibiting the gene repression functions of hda-4 and the mef-2 transcription factor, enabling the correct sensing and transduction of food signals. Role in determining body size, the dauer decision and serotonin-mediated egg laying. May modulate the Sma/Mab pathway and regulates development in the later larval stages.
Belongs to the AB hydrolase superfamily. AB hydrolase 4 family.
Component of the signal peptidase complex (SPC) which catalyzes the cleavage of N-terminal signal sequences from nascent proteins as they are translocated into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (By similarity). Enhances the enzymatic activity of SPC and facilitates the interactions between different components of the translocation site (By similarity).
Adds a myristoyl group to the N-terminal glycine residue of certain cellular proteins.
Expressed in embryos, larvae and adult. Highest level of expression is in early embryos (PubMed:11110798). Expressed in the nerve ring and ventral nerve cord in L1 larvae (PubMed:11441002).
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes embryonic lethality at the 100-cell stage.
Specifically expressed in the nervous system.
Subunit of the V0 complex of vacuolar(H+)-ATPase (V-ATPase), a multisubunit enzyme composed of a peripheral complex (V1) that hydrolyzes ATP and a membrane integral complex (V0) that translocates protons (By similarity). V-ATPase is responsible for acidifying and maintaining the pH of intracellular compartments and in some cell types, is targeted to the plasma membrane, where it is responsible for acidifying the extracellular environment (By similarity). Required for assembly and activity of the vacuolar ATPase (By similarity). Regulates the size of gut granules during embryonic development (PubMed:20148972). In neurons, required for necrotic cell death by promoting intracellular acidification (PubMed:16005300). Required for cell death induced by hypoxia (PubMed:16005300). Required for acidification of synaptic vesicles and the release of neurotransmitters from adult neurons (PubMed:22426883).
Ubiquitous expression in embryos. Expressed in gonads, intestine, neurons in the head and motoneurons in the ventral cord of larvae and adults (PubMed:11110798). Expressed in the vulvae and spermathecal uterine valves (PubMed:11441002). Weakly expressed in the pharynx (PubMed:11441002).
Expressed in RMG and AUA interneurons and ASE sensory neurons.
Homodimer; disulfide-linked. Interacts with the receptor complex composed of ilcr-1 and ilcr-2 with the interaction being mediated by ilcr-2.
Ligand for the receptor complex composed of ilcr-1 and ilcr-2. Binding to the ilcr-1/2 receptor complex triggers a signaling cascade, activating the downstream signaling components actl-1, pik-1 and nfki-1, and results in increased neuronal activity in RMG interneurons in response to input from oxygen-sensing neurons. This leads to increased animal movement and promotes aggregation behavior. Plays a role in the responsiveness of RMG interneurons to ascaroside pheromones.
Belongs to the Ca(2+):cation antiporter (CaCA) (TC 2.A.19) family. SLC24A subfamily.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. RIO-type Ser/Thr kinase family.
Expressed in the nervous system at all larval stages. Expressed in somatic gonad and in the ventral nerve cord at L2 larval stage. Expressed in somatic gonad, in ventral uterine (VU/AC) cells and in the committed anchor cell at L3 larval stage. Expressed in vulF cells of the vulva, uterine cells and in uterine seam cells (utse) at L4 larval stage.
Expressed in vulva and uterine cells, uterine seam cells (utse), spermatheca and in the nervous system including chemosensory neurons in the head, nerve ring neurons (RID/RIF), inhibitory motor neurons (DA/DD/VA/VD), mechanosensory neurons (ALML/PLML) and tail sensory neurons (DVA//PDA) (PubMed:24929033, PubMed:25688864). Also expressed in intestine and pharynx (procorpus) and rectal valve and gland (PubMed:25688864).
Involved in the final steps of cytoplasmic maturation of the 40S ribosomal subunit (By similarity). Despite the protein kinase domain is proposed to act predominantly as an ATPase (By similarity). The catalytic activity regulates its dynamic association with the 40S subunit (By similarity). Plays a role in oogenesis by regulating germ cell proliferation, progression through diplotene and diakinesis stages and oocyte maturation (PubMed:24929033, PubMed:25688864). Regulates germline development probably by regulating the phosphorylation of mpk-1 (PubMed:25688864). Involved in larval development (PubMed:24929033, PubMed:25688864).
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes early larval arrest. In adults, results in sterility. Causes malformations of the gonad arms (empty or misshaped) and a protruding vulva (PubMed:24929033). Abnormal germline development characterized by a decrease in the number of proliferating germ cells in the mitotic and transition zones. At the diplotene stage, cells are disorganized and have enlarged nuclei. Oocytes have abnormal shape and large DNA aggregates next to abnormally located sperm. In addition, 50 percent of cells fails to decrease mpk-1 phosphorylation upon pachytene stage exit (PubMed:24929033, PubMed:25688864). RNAi-mediated knockdown in a let-60 n1046 mutant background suppresses the formation of multivulva (PubMed:24929033).
May function as an adapter protein in a pathway that mediates recognition and phagocytosis of apoptotic cells during normal development. Promotes engulfment of cells at both early and late stages of apoptosis. Required for actin reorganization around apoptotic cells. Plays a role in protecting dopaminergic neurons from oxidative stress-induced degeneration (PubMed:29346382).
Forms a complex composed of ubxn-3, ufd-1, npl-4.1 and cdc-48.1; within the complex, interacts with ufd-1 and ubxn-3 (PubMed:20977550). Interacts with ufd-1 (PubMed:16647269). Interacts with elc-1/elongin C; the interaction may mediate the interaction between the npl-4-ufd-1-cdc-48 complex and the E3 ubiquitin ligase cul-2 complex (PubMed:19773360).
In association with ufd-1 and ATPase cdc-48.1 and/or cdc-48.2, involved in the cytoplasmic elimination of misfolded proteins exported from the ER (PubMed:16647269, PubMed:22768338). This pathway, known as ERAD, prevents the activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) caused by the accumulation of misfolded proteins in the ER (PubMed:16647269, PubMed:22768338). During S phase and in association with ufd-1, cdc-48.1 and/or cdc-48.2 and ubxn-3, ensures the degradation of DNA licensing factor cdt-1 after the initiation of DNA replication and thus the disassembly of the DNA replication CGM helicase complex by promoting the dissociation from chromatin of several of its components including cdc-45 and sld-5 (PubMed:18728180, PubMed:21981920, PubMed:26842564, PubMed:28368371). Regulates ubxn-3 nuclear localization during S phase (PubMed:26842564).
Simultaneous RNAi-mediated knockdown of npl-4.1 and npl-4.2 causes embryonic lethality (PubMed:16647269, PubMed:26842564). In embryos, DNA replication is partially impaired causing a delay in S phase progression in P0, AB and P1 cells; simultaneous RNAi-mediated knockdown of DNA replication checkpoint kinases chk-1 or atl-1 suppresses the delay in S phase (PubMed:18728180, PubMed:26842564). During S phase, prevents DNA replication licensing factor cdt-1 down-regulation and causes cdt-1 accumulation on mitotic chromosomes (PubMed:21981920). Impairs dissociation from the chromatin of components of the DNA replication machinery, including cdc-45, GINS complex component sld-5 and CMG helicase component mcm-3, resulting in their persistent association with chromatin throughout embryonic mitosis (PubMed:21981920, PubMed:26842564, PubMed:28368371). Abnormal ubxn-3 localization into punctate structures in the nucleus (PubMed:26842564). Reduces ufd-1 expression in embryos (PubMed:21981920, PubMed:26842564). Simultaneous RNAi-mediated knockdown of npl-4.1 and npl-4.2 in adults causes a proliferation arrest of mitotic germline cells in the gonad with formation of rad-51 foci on chromatin (PubMed:18728180). Induces the unfolded protein response and increases sensitivity to tunicamycin-induced ER stress (PubMed:16647269). Causes accumulation of misfolded protein cpl-1 in the ER (PubMed:22768338).
There is another gene, npl-4.2, which has a 99% identical sequence making it difficult to identify the specific function for each protein.
By heavy metal stress conditions, in response to Cu(2+).
Plays a role in the stress response to heavy metals such as copper, probably in a fos-1/kgb-1-dependent manner.
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in partial sensitivity to Cu(2+) ions with only 60% of animals reaching adulthood 4 days after egg laying.
Weakly expressed in the intestine, but expression is up-regulated in response to Cu(2+).
Expressed in probable head mesodermal cells and unidentified cells in the head, vulval muscles, hypodermis and the gonad sheath cells in adult hermaphrodites. Also expressed in the seminal vesicle and tail cells in adult males.
Expression in head mesodermal cells detected from L3 stage to adult stages, and in vulval muscles from L4 stage to adult stages.
Mutant worms have decreased egg-laying capacity at 20 degrees Celsius, and decreased hatching rate and smaller brood size at 25 degrees Celsius. They also show delay in growth to adulthood and an extended life span. Mutant worms have high D-Glu content at both egg and young adult stages and a high L-Trp level at young adult stage but do not show any change in physical appearance.
Selectively catalyzes the oxidative deamination of D-aspartate and its N-methylated derivative, N-methyl D-aspartate. Has no activity towards L-amino acids or N-methyl-L-aspartic acid. May play a role in the egg-laying events and maturation processes of the reproductive organs.
Decapping enzyme for NAD-capped RNAs: specifically hydrolyzes the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) cap from a subset of RNAs by removing the entire NAD moiety from the 5'-end of an NAD-capped RNA. The NAD-cap is present at the 5'-end of some RNAs and snoRNAs. In contrast to the canonical 5'-end N7 methylguanosine (m7G) cap, the NAD cap promotes mRNA decay. Also acts as a non-canonical decapping enzyme that removes the entire cap structure of m7G capped or incompletely capped RNAs and mediates their subsequent degradation. Specifically degrades pre-mRNAs with a defective 5'-end m7G cap and is part of a pre-mRNA capping quality control.
Present at all stages. Levels increase from L1 to adult stages.
Required for the fusion of the membranous organelles (MOs) with the plasma membrane, a process essential in spermiogenesis.
May play a role in transcription regulation.
Expressed from late embryogenesis onwards but mainly expressed at young adult and adult stages.
Expressed throughout the body with high expression in the nervous system, including the ventral nerve cord and tail neurons, and vulva.
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in 60% embryonic lethality. Surviving 2-cell stage to 64-cell stage embryos display a disorganized arrangement and do not undergo cell divion. Due to short and diorganized microtubule arrangement, one cell stage embryos exhibit nuclear-centrosomal defects, failed cytokinesis, and abnormal pronuclear activity which include failed male pronucleus migration and the presence of multiple pronuclei.
Required for normal microtubule organization and function (PubMed:15009089, PubMed:25575561). Regulates tubulin acetylation in ALM and PLM neurons (PubMed:25575561).
Belongs to the copper type II ascorbate-dependent monooxygenase family.
Present in synaptic regions of RIC interneurons. Present in gonadal sheath cells of hermaphrodites (at protein level).
Required for the conversion of tyramine to octopamine, a precursor of octapamine but probably itself a neurotransmitter (PubMed:15848803). Involved in the regulation of egg laying, which is inhibited by tyramine (PubMed:15848803). Due to its involvement in octopamine biosynthesis, also required for crtc-1-dependent regulation of AMPK-mediated longevity (PubMed:25723162).
Worms are viable and healthy, but have slightly reduced locomotion rates, and defects in the inhibition of pharyngeal pumping and egg laying in the absence of food.
Present in all somatic cells from the 50- to 80-cell stage on throughout development and in adult animals.
Expressed in the intestine and in the AWC sensory neurons.
May form homodimer (PubMed:19632181). Interacts (via N-terminus) with skn-1 isoforms a and c (PubMed:23040073).
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes a depletion of fat stores. RNAi-mediated knockdown in the intestine causes a fasting-like transcriptional response, characterized by the up-regulation of the lipl-1 gene transcription.
Transcription factor which regulates the expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism in response to nutrient availability (PubMed:23604316, PubMed:29113111). Binds to the E-box motif 5'-CACGTG-3' (PubMed:19632181). Under well-fed conditions, binds to the promoter and represses the expression of lipase genes lipl-1, lipl-2, lipl-3 and to a lesser extent lipl-5, thereby preventing lipolysis (PubMed:23604316). In response to a high-glucose diet, promotes fatty acid synthesis, elongation and desaturation by up-regulating transcription factor sbp-1 expression (PubMed:29113111). Under well-fed conditions, acts remotely in the intestine to up-regulate the expression of chemoreceptor srh-234 gene in the ADL sensory neuron, possibly by regulating the insulin signaling pathway (PubMed:27487365).
Belongs to the autoinducer-2 exporter (AI-2E) (TC 2.A.86) family.
Component of a post-splicing multiprotein NMD complex.
Serine/threonine protein kinase involved in mRNA surveillance. Recognizes the substrate consensus sequence [ST]-Q. Involved in nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) of mRNAs containing premature stop codons by phosphorylating smg-2.
Belongs to the type IA topoisomerase family.
Introduces a single-strand break via transesterification at a target site in duplex DNA. Releases the supercoiling and torsional tension of DNA introduced during the DNA replication and transcription by transiently cleaving and rejoining one strand of the DNA duplex. The scissile phosphodiester is attacked by the catalytic tyrosine of the enzyme, resulting in the formation of a DNA-(5'-phosphotyrosyl)-enzyme intermediate and the expulsion of a 3'-OH DNA strand.
Belongs to the sodium:neurotransmitter symporter (SNF) (TC 2.A.22) family.
Belongs to the pyridoxine kinase family.
Divalent metal cations. Zn(2+) is more efficient than Mg(2+).
Required for synthesis of pyridoxal-5-phosphate from vitamin B6.
Belongs to the nematode receptor-like protein srv family.
Probable cell surface protease. Required to control the neuronal innervation of pharyngeal pumping.
Specifically expressed in pharyngeal cells and a single head neuron.
Essential subunit of the gamma-secretase complex, an endoprotease complex that catalyzes the intramembrane cleavage of integral membrane proteins such as Notch (glp-1 or lin-12). It may represents a stabilizing cofactor required for the assembly of the gamma-secretase complex.
Nematode cuticles are composed largely of collagen-like proteins. The cuticle functions both as an exoskeleton and as a barrier to protect the worm from its environment. Mutations in dpy-2 affects the body shape.
Probable component of the CBC(zif-1) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex formed of cul-2, elc-1, rbx-1 and zif-1. Interacts with pie-1, pos-1, mex-1, mex-5, mex-6 and elc-1.
Probable substrate recognition component of a CBC (Cul2-ElonginB-ElonginC) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex which mediates the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins. Ensures germline precursor cell asymmetry by targeting germline proteins for destruction if expressed in non-germline cells. This process also requires elc-1, cul-2, rbx-1 and ubc-2.
Belongs to the ATG13 family. Metazoan subfamily.
Component of the unc-51/atg-13 complex required for autophagosome formation (PubMed:19377305, PubMed:26687600). Required for the degradation of germ cell specific P-granule components such as sepa-1 by autophagy in somatic cells (PubMed:19377305). This ensures exclusive localization of the P-granules in germ cells (PubMed:19377305). May function downstream of the let-363 (Tor) signaling pathway to mediate sepa-1 degradation (PubMed:19377305). Plays a role in survival during limited food availability (PubMed:19377305).
Expressed from the 8-cell stage and subsequently throughout embryogenesis. After hatching, highly expressed in neurons including nerve ring cells, neurons in the tail and DD/VD motor neurons in the ventral nerve cord. Also expressed in body wall muscle and pharyngeal muscle.
Interacts with unc-51 (via C-terminus) (PubMed:19377305). Interacts with lgg-1; the interaction is direct (PubMed:26687600).
Belongs to the activator 1 large subunit family.
Expressed in germ and intestinal cells and at low levels in the hypodermis.
First expressed in the embryo and subsequently in larvae and adults.
It has been reported that mutant phenotypes can be rescued by tryptophan dietary supplementation, but not by methionine (PubMed:23499532). However, a later report describes successful phenotype rescue by methionine supplementation; this may be due to methodological differences (PubMed:33016879).
No obvious somatic morphological defects in adults (PubMed:23499532). However, shows diet-sensitive sterility arising from germ-cell proliferation defects (PubMed:23499532). Sterile when fed the standard bacterial strain, E.coli B (OP50) as food source, and fertile when maintained on E.coli K-12 strains or bacterial soil isolates (PubMed:23499532). Dietary supplementation of L-tryptophan, but not the D isomer, to E.coli B strains suppresses sterility; this effect requires live bacteria (PubMed:23499532). Sterility when fed E.coli B strain OP50 can be rescued by dietary supplementation of either vitamin B12, methionine or choline (PubMed:33016879). RNAi-mediated knockdown targeted to the intestine, but not the germline, restored almost normal fertility on an E.coli OP50 diet (PubMed:23499532). RNAi-mediated knockdown on a rrf-1 mutant background, in which knockdown occurs mainly in the germline but occurs only weakly in somatic tissues, allowed recovery of a majority (64%) of fertile animals (PubMed:23499532). RNAi-mediated knockdown on an nhr-10 mutant background suppresses expression of acdh-1 (PubMed:33016879).
Probable transcription factor which may have a role in detoxifying dietary metabolites arising from bacterial tryptophan metabolism (PubMed:23499532). Required for fertility and involved in proper postembryonic germline development, especially germline stem cell (GSC) proliferation (PubMed:23499532). Required for activation of the methionine/S-adenosylmethionine (Met/SAM) cycle in response to low levels of SAM (PubMed:33016879).
Belongs to the 5-formyltetrahydrofolate cyclo-ligase family.
Contributes to tetrahydrofolate metabolism. Helps regulate carbon flow through the folate-dependent one-carbon metabolic network that supplies carbon for the biosynthesis of purines, thymidine and amino acids. Catalyzes the irreversible conversion of 5-formyltetrahydrofolate (5-CHO-H(4)PteGlu) to yield 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate (By similarity).
ATP-citrate synthase is the primary enzyme responsible for the synthesis of cytosolic acetyl-CoA in many tissues.
Belongs to the ERCC1/RAD10/SWI10 family.
In hermaphrodites, expressed in the vulva, head ganglia, ventral nerve cord and amphid neurons. Expressed in the rays of the male tail.
Plays a role in ray morphogenesis in the male tail, probably by remodeling the extracellular matrix (ECM) in the cuticle.
Belongs to the nematode receptor-like protein srxa family.
Component of the ESCRT-II complex (endosomal sorting complex required for transport II), which is required for multivesicular body (MVB) formation and sorting of endosomal cargo proteins into MVBs.
Component of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport II (ESCRT-II).
Maintains high levels of reduced glutathione in the cytosol.
Belongs to the acetyltransferase family. NAA60 subfamily.
Absence of silencing in adjacent cells or tissues. Decrease in transgene silencing when combined with eri-1.
Expressed in most non-neuronal cells, including body wall muscle cells.
Plays a role in RNA-mediated gene silencing by acting cell-autonomously as a channel for the transport of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) between cells. Mediates the spread of dsRNA and subsequent silencing of genes in cells distant from the site of dsRNA introduction. Selective for dsRNA. Preferentially binds long dsRNA, from 50 base pairs up to 700. Short 20 base-pair long molecules are not bound. May also bind dsDNA, but with lower affinity. Binding may be sequence-independent (PubMed:26067272). Required for avoidance behavior induced by small RNAs derived from pathogenic bacteria such as P.aeruginosa (PubMed:32908307).
This avoidance behavior is transgenerationally inherited, and thus progeny display this same aversion despite never been exposed to this pathogenic bacteria.
May be required for the degradation process of some specific misfolded endoplasmic reticulum (ER) luminal proteins. Participates in the transfer of misfolded proteins from the ER to the cytosol, where they are destroyed by the proteasome in a ubiquitin-dependent manner. Its precise function remains unclear, but its ability to complement der1 mutations in C.cerevisiae, suggests a similar function in the degradation of ER misfolded proteins.
Belongs to the MINDY deubiquitinase family. FAM63 subfamily.
Hydrolase that can specifically remove 'Lys-48'-linked conjugated ubiquitin from proteins. Has exodeubiquitinase activity and has a preference for long polyubiquitin chains. May play a regulatory role at the level of protein turnover.
Expressed in a pair of bilaterally symmetric neurons in the head.
Synthesizes cyclic GMP (cGMP) from GTP. May play a role in embryogenesis.
Expressed in pharyngeal marginal cells and muscles.
May be involved in the metabolism of 1-methylnicotinamide (MNA). Linked to regulation of longevity through generation of reactive oxygen species, where it probably functions in a pathway downstream of the sirtuin sir-2.1 and the nicotinamide N-methyltransferase anmt-1.
RNAi-mediated knockdown reduces both the longevity-extending effects and generation of reactive oxygen species when exposed to 1 microM N1-methylnicotinamide.
Belongs to the radical SAM superfamily. Lipoyl synthase family.
Binds 2 [4Fe-4S] clusters per subunit. One cluster is coordinated with 3 cysteines and an exchangeable S-adenosyl-L-methionine.
Catalyzes the radical-mediated insertion of two sulfur atoms into the C-6 and C-8 positions of the octanoyl moiety bound to the lipoyl domains of lipoate-dependent enzymes, thereby converting the octanoylated domains into lipoylated derivatives.
Along with dyf-7, enables neurite growth and maintenance by anchoring amphid dendritic tips during neuron cell body migration in embryonic and larval development (PubMed:19344940). Promotes seam cell remodeling during the dauer phase (PubMed:30409788). Plays a role in positively regulating locomotion during the dauer phase (PubMed:30409788).
Expression is first apparent in bean-stage embryos, peaks in late embryogenesis, reduces in L1 larvae and is negligible in later larval stages and adults (PubMed:19344940). In the embryo, expressed in the excretory cell and, during dendrite formation, in the non-neuronal cells surrounding the sensory neurons, including hypodermal cells (PubMed:19344940). Expressed in pharyngeal cells throughout the larval stages (PubMed:30409788). Expression in the seam cells and glia socket cells of the anterior and posterior deirid neurons begins at the L2 pre-dauer stage and persists throughout the dauer phase (PubMed:30409788). During the dauer phase expressed along the length of the animal above seam cells, alternating between alae under the outer ridges and below the lateral ridge (PubMed:30409788).
May be proteolytically cleaved and secreted.
Dually phosphorylated on Thr-191 and Tyr-193, probably by sek-1, which activates the enzyme (PubMed:16166371, PubMed:21212236). Increased phosphorylation in response to the heavy metal arsenite (PubMed:25204677). Increased phosphorylation in response to intestinal colonization by probiotic Lactobacillus fermentum strain JDFM216 (PubMed:29748542).
Interacts with transcription factor atf-7; perhaps in a manner dependent on dual specificity protein kinase sek-1.
Knockout causes reduction in adult lifespan (PubMed:29748542). Upon infection by P.aeruginosa or E.faecalis, RNAi-mediated knockdown results in a decrease in survival rate and in a reduced up-regulation of gst-4 and gcs-1 expression (PubMed:12142542, PubMed:22216003). Causes a severe reduction in rnt-1 accumulation in the intestine during oxidative stress mediated by paraquat (PubMed:22308034). Upon exposure to C.cinerea galectin Cgl2, adults show reduced survival and larvae do not develop (PubMed:20062796). Larval development is partially restored in a bre-1, fut-8, gly-13, galt-1 or ger-1 mutant background (PubMed:20062796).
Serine/threonine kinase which responds to activation by environmental stress and pro-inflammatory cytokines by phosphorylating downstream targets (PubMed:11703092, PubMed:12142542, PubMed:16166371, PubMed:18394898, PubMed:22308034, PubMed:20369020). As part of a MAP kinase signaling pathway, plays a role in modulation of lifespan and immunity (PubMed:29748542, PubMed:12142542, PubMed:20369020, PubMed:22216003). Phosphorylates skn-1 which probably regulates skn-1 nuclear translocation in response to oxidative stress (PubMed:16166371). Probably by activating skn-1, involved in the up-regulation of gcs-1 and glutathione-S-transferase gst-4 expression upon bacteria infection (PubMed:22216003). Up-regulates expression of gcs-1 in intestinal cells upon arsenite treatment (PubMed:16166371, PubMed:25204677). Functions downstream of the MAPKK sek-1 and the MAPKKK nsy-1 as the MAP kinase which regulates pathogen resistance and responses to oxidative stress (PubMed:11703092, PubMed:12142542, PubMed:16166371, PubMed:18394898). Required for expression of antimicrobial peptide nlp-29 in response to fungal infection or physical injury (PubMed:18394898). Involved in resistance to the nematotoxic C.cinerea galectin (Cgl2) (PubMed:20062796). May play a redundant role with other MAP kinases in susceptibility to anoxia, downstream of tir-1/nsy-1 (PubMed:21212236). Phosphorylates transcription factor rnt-1 during oxidative stress which results in rnt-1 stabilization in the intestine (PubMed:22308034). Phosphorylates transcription factor atf-7 during pathogen infection resulting in modulation of target genes (PubMed:20369020). Probably downstream of nsy-1 and sek-1, involved in germline apoptosis induced by heavy metals, such as Cu(2+) (PubMed:19497412).
Chemosensory receptor that negatively regulates RAS/MAPK signaling during vulva induction and the negative regulation of olfaction of volitile attractants. Required for the suppression of vulval induction in response to food starvation. Signaling acts through the GPA-5 G-alpha protein subunit.
Expressed in the AWA and AWC chemosensory neurons.
After binding acetylcholine, the AChR responds by an extensive change in conformation that affects all subunits and leads to opening of an ion-conducting channel across the plasma membrane (By similarity). Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in the MC pharyngeal motor neuron involved in pharyngeal pumping (PubMed:15020415, PubMed:8601480). Has a role in the determination of life span possibly via calorific restriction which affects growth rate, although this is independent of metabolic activity (PubMed:8462849, PubMed:9789046, PubMed:15141086, PubMed:28853436, PubMed:30965033). Plays a role in the defense against the accumulation of ingested live pathogenic bacteria in the intestine (PubMed:30965033).
Neuronal AChR seems to be composed of two different type of subunits: alpha and beta.
Worms exhibit a lack of MC neurotransmission possibly explaining the observed reduction in pharyngeal pumping rate (PubMed:15020415). Mutants show differences in their pharyngeal responses to nicotine (PubMed:15020415). A variety of mutants show an increase in lifespan ranging from 29-57% longer than wild-type (PubMed:15141086, PubMed:28853436). Extended self-fertile reproductive span, fast body movement, and a longer pharyngeal pumping span (PubMed:15141086). The strongest allele (ad1113) shows retarded growth (PubMed:15141086). Animals generally have smaller nucleoli (PubMed:28853436). Double knockout with ncl-1 reduces the increased longevity and suppresses the reduced nucleoli size phenotype of the eat-2 single mutant, and reduces the increased ribosomal protein synthesis in the ncl-1 single mutant (e1942) (PubMed:28853436).
Belongs to the RIN (Ras interaction/interference) family.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 58 family.
Expressed in hypodermal cells including in hyp7 syncytium but not in seam cells.
Failure to shed the cuticle at the end of the first molt resulting in an arrest at the L1 to L2 transition stage. RNAi-mediated knockdown results in a less severe phenotype characterized by a failure to shed the cuticle only in the middle part of the body at the end of the first molt. In hyp7 syncytium, RNAi-mediated knockdown results in the apical membrane accumulation of lrp-1 and mislocalization of several components of the endocytic machinery.
Probable serine/threonine-protein kinase required for the completion of molting. May play a role in endocytosis in the hypodermis syncytium.
Binds to one calcium ion with high affinity.
Mitochondrial and calcium-binding carrier that catalyzes the calcium-dependent exchange of cytoplasmic glutamate with mitochondrial aspartate across the mitochondrial inner membrane.
Upon calcium binding, the EF-hand-containing regulatory N-terminal domain binds to the C-terminal domain, opening a vestibule which allows the substrates to be translocated through the carrier domain. In the absence of calcium, the linker loop domain may close the vestibule, which may prevent substrates from entering the carrier domain.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DEAH subfamily. DDX11/CHL1 sub-subfamily.
Required for normal cell proliferation and chromosome stability. Plays a role in DNA repair during replication.
Uncoordinated and sterile with cell proliferation defects in germ and somatic cells. Hermaphrodite gonads have fewer cells with 13% of homozygotes having only one gonad arm. Most hermaphrodite mutants contain sperm but only 20% contain oocytes that develop as far as diakinesis and those that develop exhibit abnormal karyotypes. Mutant adults contain significantly fewer D neurons and seam cells than wild type. No poly-guanine tract deletions but double mutants of chl-1 and dog-1 display increased deletion frequency when compared to dog-1 mutants.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the aldehyde dehydrogenase family. ALDH1L subfamily.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the GART family.
Highly expressed at the embryonic stage, with decreasing expression from L1 onwards.
In pak-1 and pak-2 double mutants, defects in embryogenesis and L1 stage lethality. The few animals reaching adulthood have normal ventral cord commissural motoneuron axonal guidance and are relatively coordinated. In max-2 and pak-1 double mutants, DD and DC motoneuron axons fail to reach the dorsal cord (PubMed:17050621). Animals are also uncoordinated, defective in egg laying and in distal tip cell (DTC) migration, guidance and morphology, and exhibit ventral enclosure defects (PubMed:17050621, PubMed:19023419).
Interacts with cdc-42 (GTP-bound form) and cedd-10 (GTP-bound form).
Required for hypodermal cell fusion, together with cdc-42 and ced-10, leading to embryonic body elongation, which involves dramatic cytoskeletal reorganization (PubMed:8824291). Plays a redundant role with max-2 in dorsal axonal guidance in ventral cord commissural motoneurons and in P neuroblast migration. Acts probably downstream of Rho GTPases mig-2 and ced-10 to regulate these 2 processes (PubMed:17050621). Involved in orientating axonal growth of HSN neurons (PubMed:18499456). During gonad morphogenesis and probably in association with pix-1 and git-1, involved in the migration of distal tip cell (DTC) and in maintaining their sharp tapering morphology. In addition, plays a redundant role with max-2 in DTC-mediated guidance of gonad elongation (PubMed:19023419, PubMed:19797046). May phosphorylate mlc-4 (PubMed:19675126).
Specifically colocalized with cdc-42 and ced-10 at all hypodermal cell boundaries during embryo elongation throughout the second phase of embryogenesis. Expressed mainly in pharyngeal muscles, the CAN neurons, motor neurons in the ventral nerve cord, several cells in the tail region (including the B and Y cells from L1 to adult, the hypodermal blast cell T in the L1 and some of its progeny in later stages), and the distal tip cells.
Negatively regulates the egg-laying rate by promoting retention of fertilized eggs.
Probably mediates the hydrolysis of some nucleoside diphosphate derivatives.
Single-stranded DNA-dependent ATP-dependent helicase.
Belongs to the ZIP transporter (TC 2.A.5) family.
Histone methyltransferase that specifically trimethylates histone H3 to form H3K79me3. This methylation is required for telomere silencing and for the pachytene checkpoint during the meiotic cell cycle by allowing the recruitment of RAD9 to double strand breaks. Nucleosomes are preferred as substrate compared to free histone.
Belongs to the methylthiotransferase family. CDKAL1 subfamily.
Catalyzes the methylthiolation of N6-threonylcarbamoyladenosine (t(6)A), leading to the formation of 2-methylthio-N6-threonylcarbamoyladenosine (ms(2)t(6)A) at position 37 in tRNAs that read codons beginning with adenine.
Catalytic subunit of the PI3K complex that mediates formation of phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PubMed:11927551). Together with bec-1, mediates the production of phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate on intracellular vesicles and thereby regulates membrane trafficking (PubMed:11927551, PubMed:16111945). Plays a role in endosome-to-Golgi retrograde transport of mig-14 (PubMed:21183797). Involved in clearance of apoptotic cell corpses by phagosomes (PubMed:22272187). Phagosome maturation requires two sequential and non-overlapping pulses of phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate (PI3P) on the vesicle surface which mediates recruitment of sortins snx-1 and lst-4 and small GTPases rab-5, rab-2 and rab-7, downstream of dynamin dyn-1 (PubMed:22272187, PubMed:18425118). The first pulse is initiated by piki-1, then maintained by vps-34 which also produces the second pulse (PubMed:22272187). Required for embryonic development (PubMed:22272187). Together with bec-1, involved in L3/L4 larval molting stage probably by regulating cuticle shedding (PubMed:11927551). Regulates the expansion of the nucleus outer membrane (PubMed:11927551). Involved in the secretion and localization of lrp-1 at the apical surface of hyp7 syncytium (PubMed:16111945). May regulate endocytosis in hypodermal cells (PubMed:11927551). May play a role in the formation of gut granules (a lysosome-related organelle) (PubMed:15843430). Plays a role in germ stem cell proliferation during larval development (PubMed:28285998).
Highly expressed in embryos and at L2 larval stage, and to a lower extent in subsequent larval stages and in adults.
Interacts with bec-1 (PubMed:16111945, PubMed:26783301). May interact with dyn-1 (PubMed:18425118).
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes a defect in the clearance of apoptotic cell corpses in gonads, a loss of rab-5 recruitment to cell corpse-containing nascent phagosomes and a decrease in PI3P levels on phagosome membranes (PubMed:18425118, PubMed:22272187). In addition, causes a reduction in mig-14 and rme-8 association with puncta structures as well as an increase in mig-14 protein levels (PubMed:21183797). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in reduced germ stem cell proliferation during larval development (PubMed:28285998).
Binds specifically and directly to substrates containing either a simple or bipartite NLS motif (PubMed:11311162). Promotes docking of import substrates to the nuclear envelope (PubMed:11311162). Seems to act as a cytosolic receptor for both simple and bipartite NLS motifs (PubMed:11311162). Necessary for correct nucleoporin localization within the germline (PubMed:11311162). Essential gene for embryonic and larval development (PubMed:11311162). May be dispensable for axon development, but required for axon regeneration in both mechanosensory and motor neurons (PubMed:31417366). Required for oogenic development, ima-1 and ima-2 cannot functionally compensate for loss of ima-3 (PubMed:11311162).
Expressed at high levels throughout all developmental stages.
Expressed in larval and adult germline and somatic tissues, including neurons.
Forms a complex with an importin beta subunit (PubMed:11311162). May interact with transcription factor cebp-1 (via N-terminus) (PubMed:31417366).
Larval lethality (PubMed:31417366). Mechanosensory neurons are born and develop normally (PubMed:31417366). However, cre-mediated knockdown targeted to mechanosensory neurons severely impairs axon regrowth of mechanosensory PLM neurons after injury (PubMed:31417366).
Belongs to the complex I NDUFS4 subunit family.
Belongs to the class-IV pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family.
Catalyzes the first reaction in the catabolism of the essential branched chain amino acids leucine, isoleucine, and valine.
Expression decreases with increasing age.
RNAi-mediated knockdown extends mean lifespan by 25% and maximum lifespan by 19%, increases maximum moving speed, and increases levels of the enzyme substrates, L-leucine, L-isoleucine and L-valine.
Acts in the signaling of a variety of pathways and processes. Phosphorylates 'Ser-319' of daf-16 in response to stress signals, such as heat, starvation and oxidation, which plays a role in prolonging lifespan. Required for viability under chronic osmotic stress in which it acts downstream of osr-1. Has roles in locomotion, oocyte maturation, brood size, egg laying, defecation, meiotic maturation and neuronal cell fate specification. Required for the regulation of synaptic density and neuromuscular junction morphology. Regulates the synaptic trafficking of glr-1. Bidirectional modulator of neurotransmitter release with negative modulatory effects mainly mediated via slo-1 activation. Involved in activation of ADF neurons and increased tph-1 transcription following exposure to pathogenic bacteria which leads to learned olfactory aversion to the bacteria (PubMed:23325232, PubMed:23505381). Implicated in the muscle regulation of spicule protraction. In conjunction with egl-2 has a role in the suppression of mating behavior under food deprivation to encourage foraging. Involved in restricting str-2 expression to only one of the two AWC neurons. May suppress the functional response to an internal pacemaker, perhaps by modulating the activity of the IP3 receptor.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CAMK Ser/Thr protein kinase family. CaMK subfamily.
Ca2(+)/calmodulin binding removes an autoinhibitory regulatory segment located C-terminal to the kinase domain. This releases the catalytic activity of the enzyme and makes accessible a regulatory residue Thr-284. Phosphorylation of Thr-284 by another kinase domain within the oligomeric holoenzyme keeps CaMKII active in the absence of Ca(2+)/calmodulin by preventing the rebinding of the regulatory segment to the kinase domain and by increasing the affinity of calmodulin for the enzyme. Can respond to high-frequency Ca(2+) pulses to become Ca(2+) independent.
Dodecamer. Subunits are tightly packed around a central ring-shaped scaffold with extensive contacts between the regulatory segment of one kinase and the catalytic domain of another enabling cooperative activation of a subunit by the adjacent molecule (PubMed:16441656, PubMed:20139983). Interacts with and phosphorylates daf-16; the interaction promotes daf-16 nuclear localization. Interacts with egl-2 and tir-1 (PubMed:15625192, PubMed:21145946). Interacts with nsy-1 (PubMed:11336672).
Expressed in the nervous system. Observed in the ADF and AWC neurons. Position in AWC neurons is regulated by microtubules. Localized to clusters in ventral cord neurites which appear to be required for glr-1 trafficking. Also present in oocytes.
Increased frequency of defecation, typified by a weaker repetition of the defecation motor program, an echo, 10 s after the primary motor program. Abnormal spicule protraction. Lack of tph-1 transcriptional up-regulation during learned olfactory aversion to bacteria. Reduced brood size, body length and width. Lethargic movement. A gain-of function mutation reduces locomotory activity, alters excitation of three muscle types and lengthens the period of the motor output of a behavioral clock. Both classes of mutation inhibit neurotransmitter release.
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mL49 family.
Belongs to the small GTPase superfamily. Ras family.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX4/VASA subfamily.
First expressed during the L3-L4 stages of larval development, coinciding with germline proliferation.
Interacts with csn-5; this may prevent glh-1 degradation induced by kgb-1 (PubMed:12435362, PubMed:17699606). Interacts with zyx-1 (PubMed:12435362). Interacts (via the N-terminal region containing the four CCHC zinc fingers) with pan-1 (PubMed:22342905). Interacts with kgb-1; this may promote glh-1 degradation by the proteasome (PubMed:17699606).
Mortal germline (Mrt) phenotype in which there is a progressive decline in fertility with each generation at 25 degrees Celsius (PubMed:28533440). RNAi-mediated knockdown in a glh-4 mutant background results in smaller P-granules and irregular cytoplasmic localization of the P-granule component pgl-3 in embryos (PubMed:21402787). Quadruple RNAi-mediated knockdown with glh-4, pgl-1 and pgl-3 results in offspring that display 27-89% sterility, abnormal oocytes and do not have embryos in the uterus (PubMed:24746798). These sterile offspring still produce sperm (PubMed:24746798). Furthermore, these offspring may have compromised P-granule integrity as there is diffuse cytoplasmic localization of the P-granule component deps-1, which may cause germ cells to initiate somatic reprogramming (PubMed:24746798). RNAi-mediated knockdown in a double ced-1 and hpl-2 mutant background rescues the reduced somatic cell apoptotic cell defect in the ced-1 and hpl-2 double knockout (PubMed:27650246).
Phosphorylated by kgb-1 (in vitro); this may be responsible for its degradation by the proteasome.
Probable ATP-binding RNA helicase (PubMed:8415696). May act redundantly with the P-granule component glh-4 to regulate the formation of the granular structure of P-granules in embryos (PubMed:21402787, PubMed:24746798). Plays a role in positively regulating the localization of pgl-1 to P-granules (PubMed:18234720). May play a role in transgenerational epigenetic inheritance (PubMed:28533440). May protect somatic cells from excessive apoptosis during normal development (PubMed:27650246).
Involved in endosomal protein transport.
Belongs to the ATPase delta chain family.
Mitochondrial membrane ATP synthase (F(1)F(0) ATP synthase or Complex V) produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane which is generated by electron transport complexes of the respiratory chain. F-type ATPases consist of two structural domains, F(1) - containing the extramembraneous catalytic core and F(0) - containing the membrane proton channel, linked together by a central stalk and a peripheral stalk. During catalysis, ATP synthesis in the catalytic domain of F(1) is coupled via a rotary mechanism of the central stalk subunits to proton translocation. Part of the complex F(0) domain and the peripheric stalk, which acts as a stator to hold the catalytic alpha(3)beta(3) subcomplex and subunit a/ATP6 static relative to the rotary elements.
Sphingomyelin synthases (SM synthase or SMS) synthesize the sphingolipid sphingomyelin (SM) through transfer of the phosphatidyl head group of 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (phosphatidylcholine, PC) on to the primary hydroxyl of ceramide (N-acylsphingoid base), yielding 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol (diacylglycerol, DAG) as a side product. Functions as a bidirectional lipid cholinephosphotransferases capable of converting PC and ceramide to SM and DAG and vice versa depending on the respective levels of ceramide and DAG as phosphocholine acceptors, respectively.
Regulates the GDP/GTP exchange reaction of the Rho proteins by inhibiting the dissociation of GDP from them, and the subsequent binding of GTP to them.
G-protein coupled receptor for glutamate. Ligand binding causes a conformation change that triggers signaling via guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) and modulates the activity of down-stream effectors (By similarity).
Forms homohexameric rings. May form a dodecamer with ruvb-1 made of two stacked hexameric rings.
Possesses single-stranded DNA-stimulated ATPase and ATP-dependent DNA helicase (5' to 3') activity suggesting a role in nuclear processes such as recombination and transcription (By similarity). May participate in several chromatin remodeling complexes that mediate the ATP-dependent exchange of histones and remodel chromatin by shifting nucleosomes (By similarity). Involvement in these complexes is likely required for transcriptional activation of selected genes and DNA repair in response to DNA damage (By similarity). Has a role in gonadal development (PubMed:25437307). Involved in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway where it negatively regulates expression of ER stress response genes (PubMed:25652260). Specifically, negatively controls the expression of ER homeostasis regulator ckb-2 in a cdc-48.1/2-dependent manner (PubMed:25652260).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in gonadal detachment during gonad migration (PubMed:25437307). RNAi-mediated knockdown upon tunicamycin-induced ER stress in a cdc-48.1 and/or cdc-48.2 mutant background (insensitive to tunicamycin-induced ER stress) restores the expression of ER homeostasis regulator, ckb-2 (PubMed:25652260).
Required for lin-12 degradation after it has been internalised in the vulval precursor cells.
Component of the Arp2/3 complex composed of ARP2, ARP3, ARPC1B/p41-ARC, ARPC2/p34-ARC, ARPC3/p21-ARC, ARPC4/p20-ARC and ARPC5/p16-ARC.
Functions as component of the Arp2/3 complex which is involved in regulation of actin polymerization and together with an activating nucleation-promoting factor (NPF) mediates the formation of branched actin networks.
Expressed in excretory cells, coelomocytes, head neurons, hypodermal cells, germ cells, oocytes, sperm and pharynx (at protein level).
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes embryonic lethality. Embryos have impaired cleavage after fertilization and a failure to form a functional paternal microtubule-organizing center (MTOC). Due to a lack of cytokinesis, embryos become multinucleated.
Ubiquitin-protein hydrolase which cleaves ubiquitin from ubiquitinated proteins (PubMed:12006614, PubMed:11683918). Plays a role in embryo osmoregulation (PubMed:12006614). Probably by regulating osmosis, controls actin redistribution in the 1-cell embryos and thus actin-dependent processes such as cytokinesis and P-granules segregation (PubMed:12006614, PubMed:11683918). During the first embryonic mitotic division, involved in the formation of a functional microtubule organizing center provided by the male pronucleus (PubMed:11683918).
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS11 family.
Expressed in most or all neurons with high expression in the head and tail ganglia and low expression in the motor neurons of the ventral cord. Expressed in the intestine (at protein level) (PubMed:10571227, PubMed:10571228). In males, expressed in vas deferens, spicule protractor muscles, diagonal muscles and a male-specific neuron (PubMed:15958491).
Mediates the production of the second messenger molecules diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) which plays an important role in the regulation of intracellular signaling cascades (By similarity). Required in the nervous system to modulate neuronal activity. Facilitates synaptic transmission at neuromuscular junctions by regulating the release of acetylcholine from the motor neurons and thus affecting locomotion (PubMed:10571228). Plays a role in efficient egg laying and defecation (PubMed:10571227, PubMed:10571228, PubMed:24212673). Involved in axon regeneration after injury (PubMed:23072806). Plays a role in male mating behavior by regulating spicule insertion and sperm transfer (PubMed:15958491). By triggering Ca(2+) transient via IP3-mediated activation of IPR3 receptor itr-1 in ASH sensory neurons, regulates avoidance behavior in response to nose touch (PubMed:19730689). By activating tpa-1 via DAG production, required for the expression of antimicrobial peptide nlp-29 in response to fungal infection (PubMed:19380113). During embryogenesis, may play a role in epidermal morphogenesis together with plc-1 (PubMed:18369461).
Mutant worms are similar in size to the wild-type but animals are bloated with eggs due to defective egg laying with decreased body flexion and sluggish locomotion (PubMed:10571227, PubMed:10571228). They have defects in the posterior body contraction step of the defecation motor program and become sluggish in the presence of exogenous betaine (PubMed:24212673). Animals are resistant to aldicarb, a carbamate insecticide (PubMed:10571228). Simultaneous knockout of egl-8 and snf-3 results in uncoordinated, hypercontracted and paralyzed animals (PubMed:24212673). RNAi-mediated knockdown causes a defect in sperm transfer and a slight defect in spicule protrusion resulting in male infertility (PubMed:15958491). Ca(2+) transient increase and avoidance behavior are defective in response to nose touch but not to benzaldehyde (PubMed:19730689). nlp-29 expression is abrogated following fungal infection by D.coniospora but not following physical injury (PubMed:19380113). Causes a 1.6 fold increase in embryonic arrest in a plc-1 (tm753) mutant background (PubMed:18369461).
The production of the second messenger molecules diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) is mediated by activated phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C enzymes.
Probable component of the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), a cell cycle-regulated E3 ubiquitin ligase that controls progression through mitosis and the G1 phase of the cell cycle (By similarity). The APC/C complex acts by mediating ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of target proteins (By similarity). Developmental role in early embryogenesis and the metaphase to anaphase transition in oocyte and spermatocyte meiosis and mitosis in somatic and germ cells (PubMed:10749938, PubMed:12498686, PubMed:11134076, PubMed:17237515). Required for embryonic anterior-posterior axis formation (PubMed:11832245). Negatively regulates ify-1 protein levels during meiosis I (PubMed:12498686). Plays a role in regulating the abundance of glr-1 receptors in postmitotic neurons, which may in turn control animal locomotion (PubMed:15556870). Involved in regulating GABA neurotransmitter release at neuromuscular junctions in GABA motor neurons (PubMed:24321454).
The APC/C is probably composed of at least 12 subunits: apc-2, apc-10, apc-11, cdc-26, emb-1, emb-27, emb-30, mat-1, mat-2, mat-3, such-1 and gfi-3.
The C-terminus is specifically required for completion of oocyte meiotic divisions.
Exhibits glutathione-dependent thiol transferase activity. Has high dehydroascorbate reductase activity and may contribute to the recycling of ascorbic acid. Participates in the biotransformation of inorganic arsenic and reduces monomethylarsonic acid (MMA).
Expressed in the epidermis, the developing somatic gonad, and a subset of other epithelial cells.
First expressed post-fertilization and expression continues throughout embryogenesis to adulthood (PubMed:10772806). More highly expressed in embryos and L1 to L3 stage larvae than L4 larva and adults (PubMed:10772806). Highly expressed in hyp8-11 cells in the male tail tip during male tail tip morphogenesis but ceases by the late L4 larval stage of development (PubMed:21408209).
Interacts with lin-39 (PubMed:15314147). Interacts with nob-1 (PubMed:15314147).
Orphan nuclear receptor and probable transcription activator, required during development (PubMed:10772806, PubMed:15314147). Plays a role in male tail tip morphogenesis regulating the expression of the transcription factor dmd-3 in a negative feedback loop (PubMed:21408209). Regulates vulval precursor cell (VPC) differentiation, in concert with homeobox protein lin-39 (PubMed:15314147). Involved in promoting embryogenesis, in concert with homeobox protein nob-1 (PubMed:15314147). May play a role in modulation of lifespan and immunity (PubMed:29748542).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in embryonic or larval lethality in the majority of animals (PubMed:10772806). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in embryos that do not survive due to failed epidermally mediated process of embryo elongation (PubMed:10772806). Of the animals that hatch, larvae display a squat body statue, referred to as a dumpy phenotype, have uncoordinated movements and posterior patterning defects (PubMed:10772806). Larvae also have anterior patterning defects such as kinked or notched noses (PubMed:10772806). Animals that progress to adulthood are sterile and vulvaless (PubMed:10772806). RNAi-mediated knockdown disrupts tail tip morphogenesis resulting in retention of the pointed larval tail tip in 33% of adult males (also known as the Lep phenotype) (PubMed:10772806, PubMed:21408209). Knockdown causes enhanced embryonic lethality on a nob-1 mutant background.
Transcription up-regulated in response to intestinal colonization by probiotic Lactobacillus fermentum strain JDFM216 (PubMed:29748542).
Functions as a dosage-dependent inducer in mitotic control. Tyrosine protein phosphatase required for progression of the cell cycle.
Required for intestinal cell division following the 16E cell stage of embryogenesis (PubMed:27104746). Regulates intestinal cell divisions and binucleations probably by modulating the activity of the cell cycle regulator wee-1.3 and by activating the cdk-1/cyb-1 complex (PubMed:27104746). Plays a role in male tail development, via regulation of the cell divisions of the ray precursor cell lineages, perhaps acting together with cell cycle regulators cyl-1, cdk-1, cyb-3, and cyd-1 (PubMed:27923661).
Transiently expressed in the intestine during larval development (PubMed:27104746). Expressed in the intestine in L1 stage larvae, not expressed in L2 to L3 stage larvae, but is then again expressed in the gonad of L4 stage larvae (PubMed:27104746). Expressed in seam cells during larval development (PubMed:27923661). Broadly expressed throughout development in multiple male somatic tissues, including pharynx, ventral nerve cord, body muscles, diagonal muscles, and hypodermis (PubMed:27923661).
Viable, but 85% of animals are sterile at 20 degrees Celsius (PubMed:27104746). Reduced number of intestinal cells in 1.5-fold stage embryos due to defective intestinal divisions and binuleations at the 16E cell stage of embryonic development (PubMed:27104746). Knockout with wee-1.3 RNAi suppresses the defect in intestinal cell divisions in the cdc-25.2 single mutant (PubMed:27104746). RNAi-mediated knockdown causes abnormal male tail morphology; this phenotype is suppressed by simultaneous RNAi-mediated knockdown of wee-1.3 (PubMed:27923661).
Involved in negative regulation of early and late embryonic Notch signaling.
Partially penetrant phenotypes when temperature elevated to 25 degrees Celsius which include embryonic lethality, reduced brood size, egg retention and an increased incidence of males.
Does not bind carbon monoxide (CO), nitric oxide (NO) or CN(-).
Expressed in the head and tail neurons and nerve cord.
May play a role as physiological sensor for oxygen via redox signaling and/or electron transport.
Component of the TFIID basal transcription factor complex, composed of TATA-box-binding protein tbp-1, and a number of TBP-associated factors (TAFs) (By similarity). Interacts (via histone-fold domain) with oma-1 (via histone-fold domain) (PubMed:18854162). May also interact with oma-2 (PubMed:18854162). Interacts (via histone-fold domain) with taf-12 (via the histone-fold domain) (PubMed:18854162).
Expressed in one-, two- and four-cell embryos and through early morphogenesis (at protein level) (PubMed:11566890, PubMed:18854162). Also expressed in oocytes, and until at least 12-cell stage in embryos (PubMed:18854162).
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes arrested development at 90-100 cells and inhibits differentiation (PubMed:11566890). The two E cell daughters (E2 cells), which form the endoderm, divide abnormally early, immediately after the MS2 cells (PubMed:11566890). Phosphorylation of the RNA Pol II large subunit C-terminal domain (CTD) is reduced severely in embryos (PubMed:11566890). Abolishes expression of a range of genes, including let-858, rps-5, hsp16.2, pes-10, cki-2 and sur-5 (PubMed:11566890). RNAi-mediated knockdown in a Rieske iron-sulfur protein isp-1 mutant background abolishes lifespan extension, drastically reduces fertility, and abolishes induction of expression of glutathione S-transferase gst-4 (PubMed:24107417). Knockdown also significantly shortens lifespan in either tpk-1 or clk-1 mutant backgrounds (PubMed:24107417). Causes significant up-regulation of expression of the translation initiation factor eif-1, in a clk-1 mutant background (PubMed:30198021).
The TFIID basal transcription factor complex plays a major role in the initiation of RNA polymerase II (Pol II)-dependent transcription (By similarity). TFIID recognizes and binds promoters via its subunit tbp-1, a TATA-box-binding protein, and promotes assembly of the pre-initiation complex (PIC) (By similarity). The TFIID complex consists of tbp-1 and TBP-associated factors (TAFs), including taf-4 (By similarity). Essential for early embryonic development, probably acting via activating transcription initiation by RNA polymerase II, as part of the TFIID complex (PubMed:18854162, PubMed:11566890). In early embryos, but not oocytes, remains, presumably inactive, in the cytoplasm as a result of binding to oma-1 (PubMed:18854162). Upon degradation of oma-1, taf-4 is released and bound by taf-12, and the taf-4/12 heterodimer translocates to the nucleus and transcriptional repression is relieved (PubMed:18854162). Involved in lifespan extension in a manner dependent upon mitochondrial function (PubMed:24107417). Plays a role in modulating polyribosome formation (PubMed:30198021).
Throughout PMID:11566890, the gene name taf-5 is used instead of taf-4, based on an earlier nomenclature; readers should be aware to avoid confusion.
Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 2 family.
Disrupted locomotion (unc); decreased speed, increased number of reversals and loss of mate searching behavior (PubMed:14551910, PubMed:22579613, PubMed:23143519). RNAi-mediated knockdown causes reduced expression of TGFbeta-like daf-7 in ASJ chemosensory neurons (PubMed:30024377).
Expressed in both hermaphrodites and males at the L4 stage in the head, body wall muscle cells and tail.
Expression was observed in the mechanosensory neuron pairs PLM, ALM, FLP, OLQD, and OLQV, the chemosensory neurons PHA, PHB, RMEV, the ring motor neurons RMED, and the pharyngeal interneuron pair I1 (PubMed:18390545). Expression in sensory neurons PHA, PQR and URY are responsible for mate searching behavior (PubMed:23143519). Expressed in AIY, RIM, RIA, and other neurons.
G-protein coupled receptor for PDF neuropeptides (PubMed:18390545). Plays a role in responses to environmental signals, including chemicals and touch, and in modulating locomotory behaviors (PubMed:30024377, PubMed:18390545, PubMed:14551910, PubMed:22579613, PubMed:23143519, PubMed:23972393, PubMed:26113231). Capable of transducing signals via an adenylate cyclase acy-1 cAMP-dependent pathway (PubMed:23972393, PubMed:30024377). Required to regulate the sex-specific expression of TGFbeta-like daf-7 in the ASJ chemosensory neurons, perhaps acting via acy-1 (PubMed:30024377). Involved in modulating mate searching behavior independent of nutritional status (PubMed:18390545, PubMed:22579613, PubMed:23143519, PubMed:14551910). In the presence of food, plays a role in initiating and extending exploratory roaming behavior, perhaps acting in AIY, RIM, RIA, and other neurons, in opposition to 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) signaling (PubMed:23972393). Involved in mediating arousal from the sleep-like state called lethargus, which occurs during molting between larval and adult stages, in part by regulating touch sensitivity (PubMed:18390545, PubMed:23764289). May play a role in circadian rhythms of locomotor activity (PubMed:26113231).
G-protein coupled receptor which is activated by neuropeptides PDF-1 and PDF-2 (PubMed:18390545). Probably acts through the G-alpha(s) type of G proteins to elevate cAMP levels (PubMed:18390545).
G-protein coupled receptor which is activated by neuropeptides PDF-1 and PDF-2; however, activation is lower compared to isoforms a and b (PubMed:18390545). Probably inhibits cAMP levels through the G-alpha(i/o) type of G proteins (PubMed:18390545).
Asn-1149 may participate in regulating DNA-binding activity by promoting homo- and heterodimerization.
May be involved in intra-Golgi retrograde transport.
Probable DNA-binding regulatory protein involved in cell-fate specification.
Component of a Polycomb group (PcG) complex. PcG proteins act by forming multiprotein complexes, which are required to maintain the transcriptionally repressive state of homeotic genes throughout development. In association with the nfya-1-NF-Y complex, may play a role in repressing the expression of the homeobox protein egl-5 in tissues such as the head (PubMed:17574230). PcG proteins are not required to initiate repression, but to maintain it during later stages of development. The mes-2/mes-3/mes-6 complex may participate in the global inactivation of the X chromosomes in germline cells. The complex may act via methylation of histone H3 'Lys-27', rendering chromatin heritably changed in its expressibility. This complex is required to exclude mes-4 from the inactivated X-chromosomes in germline cells.
Expressed maternally and zygotically. Expressed in all cells of early embryos. In late embryos and L1 larva, it is weakly expressed, mainly in Z2 and Z3 cells.
Forms a heterotrimeric complex with the Polycomb proteins mes-2 and mes-3. Does not interact with mes-4. Interacts with nyfa-1 (PubMed:17574230).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in ectopic expression of the homeobox protein egl-5 in the head region (PubMed:17574230). This ectopic expression of egl-5 in the head region is enhanced in a nfya-1 bp4 mutant background (PubMed:17574230).
Repressed by GLD-1, which associates with the 3'-UTR of the mRNA and prevents its translation.
Cytoplasmic intermediate filaments provide mechanical strength to cells. Not essential protein, although its absence leads to mild defects in locomotion.
Expressed from late embryogenesis, and thereafter.
Expressed in intestinal cells and at desmosomes in intestine and pharynx of the larva.
Mutants exhibit mild dumpy phenotype and moderate defects in movement in adults.
Belongs to the F-actin-capping protein alpha subunit family.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. MenG/UbiE family.
Methyltransferase required for the conversion of 2-polyprenyl-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinol (DDMQH2) to 2-polyprenyl-3-methyl-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinol (DMQH2).
Non-catalytic component of the active enzyme, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the exchange of Na(+) and K(+) ions across the plasma membrane. The beta subunit regulates, through assembly of alpha/beta heterodimers, the number of sodium pumps transported to the plasma membrane (By similarity). May also function in the peptidic vesicle transport pathway from the endoplasmic reticulum for the defecation behaviors.
Alpha-L-fucosidase is responsible for hydrolyzing the alpha-1,6-linked fucose joined to the reducing-end N-acetylglucosamine of the carbohydrate moieties of glycoproteins.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 29 family.
Defects in associative long-term memory (LTM) formation.
Expressed widely, including in head neurons AFD, gustatory neurons ASE, the olfactory neurons AWC, and in the ASI sensory neurons, as well as in the intestine and gonads in hermaphrodites.
Interacts with CREB-regulated transcription coactivator homolog crtc-1.
Plays a role in associative long-term memory (LTM) and learning.
Plays a role in associative long-term memory (LTM) and learning; perhaps required at the time of acquisition and/or the consolidation phase of memory formation.
RNAi-mediated knockdown positively modulates lifespan.
Transcription factor (PubMed:12231504, PubMed:21331044). Transcriptional activity probably positively regulated by phosphorylation (PubMed:12231504, PubMed:27720609). Modulates expression of target genes, acting by binding to regulatory cAMP response elements (CRE) (PubMed:27720609, PubMed:12231504, PubMed:34260587). Acts downstream of the calcium-triggered CaMKK-CaMK1 signaling cascade, consisting of the protein kinase kinase ckk-1 and the protein kinase cmk-1 (PubMed:12231504, PubMed:27720609). Plays a role in learning and memory, feeding behavior, stress response, entry into the dauer stage and modulation of lifespan (PubMed:31413073, PubMed:21331044, PubMed:19035344, PubMed:27720609, PubMed:23013276, PubMed:34260587). Involved in commitment to the developmentally arrested larval state known as dauer, acting by positively regulating the expression of dauer-inhibiting TGF-beta-like daf-7 in the ASI neurons (PubMed:34260587). Plays a role in both associative and non-associative long-term memory (LTM) (PubMed:23013276, PubMed:31413073). Involved in modulating feeding behavior, acting by regulating transcription of tryptophan hydroxylase tph-1 in serotonergic ADF neurons (PubMed:19035344). Regulates transcription of genes involved in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress (PubMed:21331044). Involved in modulation of lifespan, in response to raised temperature, but independently of the heat-shock response pathway, acting by regulating transcription of FMRFamide-like neuropeptides flp-6 in the AFD neuron (PubMed:27720609, PubMed:21331044).
Transcriptional activity is enhanced by phosphorylation (PubMed:12231504). Phosphorylated by cmk-1 (PubMed:12231504, PubMed:27720609).
Expressed in embryos and the L1 larval stage (at protein level) (PubMed:11341844, PubMed:18828672). Expressed in embryos and adults, with lower levels in L1-L4 larvae (PubMed:9858614, PubMed:14629117).
Interacts with daf-16/FOXO (PubMed:18828672). Interacts with deacetylase sir-2.1 (PubMed:21909281). Interacts with the 14-3-3 family proteins ftt-2 and par-5 (PubMed:21909281).
Phosphorylated at multiple serine residues (PubMed:11341844). Phosphorylation is developmentally regulated, occurring in embryos but not L1 larvae (PubMed:11341844). Phosphorylation may be cell-cycle-regulated (PubMed:11341844).
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes 20-30% increase in lifespan (PubMed:18828672). Causes smaller brood size (50% of wild type) and lower hatching rate (21% vs. 99%) at 12 degrees Celsius (PubMed:18043729). Increases intestinal expression of skn-1 target genes, including gcs-1, gst-4 and gst-7; increase abolished in an skn-1 mutant background (PubMed:22568582). Substantially reduces enrichment of hcf-1 on the efl-1 promoter and enhances enrichment of daf-16 at sod-3 and mtl-1 promoters (PubMed:18828672). Two-fold reduction in the level of embryonic expression of sup-35 in a lin-35 mutant background (PubMed:19521497). Partial suppression of larval lethality in both lin-35;ubc-18 and lin-35;pha-1 mutant backgrounds and suppression of pharynx-unattached phenotypes in a pha-1 mutant background (PubMed:19521497).
Transcriptional coregulator (PubMed:18828672). Involved in control of the cell cycle and in modulating mitotic histone phosphorylation (PubMed:18043729). Plays a role in modulating lifespan by regulating the transcriptional activity of daf-16/Forkhead box protein O, in concert with protein deacetylase sir-2.1/SIRT1, and perhaps acting independently of the Insulin/IGF-1-like signaling (IIS) mediated pathway (PubMed:18828672, PubMed:21909281). Negatively modulates responses to environmental stresses, including oxidative stress, heat stress, and exposure to heavy metals; acting via regulation of the transcription factors daf-16 and skn-1 (PubMed:18828672, PubMed:21909281, PubMed:22568582). May play a role in pharyngeal development via positive modulation of expression of sup-35 (PubMed:19521497).
Belongs to the rad21 family. Highly divergent.
Expressed in premeiotic and meiotic gonadal cells (PubMed:11390355, PubMed:25171895). Expressed in spermatocytes (PubMed:23401519).
Plays a role in meiotic chromosome cohesion and segregation (PubMed:11390355, PubMed:25171895). Necessary for sister chromatid co-orientation and sister chromatid cohension until meiosis II (PubMed:19574299). May also be required for repair of programmed meiotic double stranded breaks (PubMed:11390355). During spermatogenesis, likely involved in spermatocyte centriole cohesion, thus preventing their separation during the second meiotic division (PubMed:23401519).
RNAi-mediated knock-down results high embryonic lethality (PubMed:11390355). F1 worms have an extended lifespan, an increased incidence of males phenotype and improved survival to toxic oxidative stress (PubMed:11390355). Worms have defective meiotic chromosome cohesion and chromatid segregation (PubMed:12827206, PubMed:11390355).
Expressed in two cell, 4 cell and 300 cell embryos and in the primordial germ cells, Z2 and Z3 (PubMed:33438773). Expressed in the pachytene stage of the meiotic region of L4 larvae (PubMed:33231880). Expressed in germ cells of L4 larvae (PubMed:33231880).
Expressed throughout the mitotic and meiotic regions of the germline and in oocytes.
Involved in gene silencing mediated by a class of 21 nucleotide PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) that possess a uracil residue at the 5'-end (also called 21U-RNAs) and that guide the Piwi protein prg-1 to its DNA targets for silencing (PubMed:33438773, PubMed:33231880). Not required for the biogenesis of 21U-RNAs (PubMed:33231880). May also be involved in gene silencing mediated by 22G-siRNAs (a class of 22 nucleotide endogenous small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) that possess a triphosphorylated guanine residue at the 5'-end) and 26G-siRNAs (a class of 26 nucleotide siRNAs that possess a guanine residue at the 5'-end) (PubMed:33231880). Required for the biogenesis of secondary and tertiary 22G-siRNAs from many loci (PubMed:33231880). Specifically, promotes the production of 22G-siRNAs from the 5' end of target mRNAs (PubMed:33231880). May play a role in the production of 26G-siRNAs (PubMed:33231880). Plays a role in small RNA-directed transgenerational epigenetic inheritance (also called RNAe) over several generations and germline immortality (PubMed:33438773, PubMed:33231880). Together with the argonaut protein hrde-1, promotes the silencing of the DNA transposable element Tc1 (PubMed:33231880). Required for the formation of liquid-like condensates in the cytoplasm called Z granules, playing a role in maintaining their assembly, viscosity and morphology in adult germ cells, and localization in early embryos (PubMed:33438773, PubMed:33231880).
May interact with pid-4, pid-5, app-1 and prmt-5.
Expressed throughout the development. Expressed in embryos, L1, L2, L3 and L4 larval stages and in adults.
Histone demethylase that specifically demethylates 'Lys-4' of histone H3, a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional activation, thereby acting as a corepressor (PubMed:34329293). Acts by oxidizing the substrate by FAD to generate the corresponding imine that is subsequently hydrolyzed. Demethylates both mono- and di-methylated 'Lys-4' of histone H3 (By similarity). May be involved in H3 demethylation in mitotic cells including gut and embryonic cells (PubMed:34329293). Participates in the transcriptional repression of the presenilin protein hop-1 (PubMed:12411496). May act via the formation of a multiprotein complex that remodel or modify the chromatin (PubMed:12381669). Together with met-2, set-17 and set-26, required for transgenerational fertility (PubMed:24685137). Plays a role in developmental growth and lifespan regulation in response to ultraviolet-induced damage (PubMed:33046905).
Probably part of a large repressor complex (PubMed:12411496). Interacts with CoREST protein spr-1 (PubMed:12411496). Interacts with chromobox protein homolog hpl-1 (PubMed:26476455).
Progressive loss of fertility and accumulation of histone H3 'Lys-4' dimethylation (H3K4me2) over generations (PubMed:24685137). Suppression of sel-12 mutant phenotypes, possibly by up-regulating hop-1 expression (PubMed:12411496).
Belongs to the TPT transporter family. SLC35D subfamily.
Involved in the import of UDP-glucuronic acid (UDP-GlcA), UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine (UDP-GalNAc) and UDP-galactose (UDP-Gal) from the cytoplasm into the Golgi lumen for the biosynthesis of glycoconjugates that play a pivotal role in development (PubMed:11259660). Involved in the synthesis of chondroitin sulfate and heparan sulfate proteoglycans (PubMed:11005858). Required for embryonic development (PubMed:9927677). Involved in vulva epithelium invagination and embryonic development (PubMed:9927677, PubMed:11259660). Involved in the directed migration of hermaphrodite-specific neurons (PubMed:24052309).
Component of the SMC5-SMC6 complex, that promotes sister chromatid alignment after DNA damage and facilitates double-stranded DNA breaks (DSBs) repair via homologous recombination between sister chromatids.
Belongs to the liprin family. Liprin-beta subfamily.
Defective locomotion, reduced pumping rate and reduced brood size (PubMed:19290026). Defects in presynaptic and postsynaptic structures and functions in muscle cells (PubMed:19290026). Resistant to the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor aldicarb and to levamisole, an agonist for postsynaptic acetylcholine receptors in muscles (PubMed:19290026). Double knockout with the syd-2 mutant ju37 increases resistance to aldicarb and levamisole (PubMed:19290026).
Expressed in pharyngeal muscle, particularly posterior bulb, adjacent to the dorsal and ventral cord (but not in ventral cord neurons), and in body wall muscles.
Involved in the regulation of synaptic function at neuromuscular junctions (PubMed:19290026). Together with the liprin-alpha protein syd-2, may play a role in regulating the structure of the neuronal region, called the active zone, from which synaptic vesicles send neurotransmitter signals across the synapse (PubMed:19290026). Does not seem to be required for neuronal development (PubMed:19290026). May regulate the disassembly of focal adhesions (By similarity). Does not bind receptor-like tyrosine phosphatases type 2A (By similarity).
Catalyzes the hydrolysis of inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) forming two phosphate ions. Plays a role in intestinal development and subsequent normal secretory, digestive and absorption functions. Required for larval development.
Expressed from the embryonic stage of development to adulthood.
Expressed in coelomocytes, the intestine and in the nervous system including the nerve cords and sensory neurons.
Belongs to the acetyltransferase family. GNAT subfamily.
Causes ectopic up-regulation of transcription of specific genes, such as lin-39 and lag-2 (PubMed:16890929). Causes accumulation of double-stranded RNA transcripts (PubMed:29760282). Splicing defects (PubMed:29760282). Results in increased levels of spliced xbp-1 under basal conditions (PubMed:24715729). Increases survival in response to ER stress inducers tunicamycin or dithiothreitol (DTT), as compared to wild-type (PubMed:24715729). Knockout in a chromobox protein homolog hpl-1 mutant background has no effect on the distribution of monomethylated histone H3 'Lys-9' (H3K9me3) in chromatin (PubMed:26476455). Germline nuclei differ in size and morphology in a his-24 mutant background, probably as a result of altered chromatin compaction (PubMed:23028351). Causes defects in gonad elongation when grown at 25 degrees Celsius; phenotype exacerbated in an hpl-1 mutant background (PubMed:16905130). Causes vulva defects, infertility and larval lethality, in particular when grown at 25 degrees Celsius; exacerbated in various mutant backgrounds, such as hpl-1, or rcor-1 or his-24, or by simultaneous RNAi-mediated knockdown of lin-15A, or lin-9 or lin-35 (PubMed:26476455, PubMed:23028351, PubMed:16890929). Causes male tail defects in a his-24 mutant background (PubMed:23028351). Some knockout phenotypes are suppressed by simultaneous RNAi-mediated knockdown of histone-lysine N-methyltransferase set-2 (PubMed:17967446). RNAi-mediated knockdown causes sterility and vulval defects; sterility exacerbated by simultaneous RNAi-mediated knockdown of hpl-1. Defects in oocyte morphology, perhaps due to abnormal maturation (PubMed:11850401).
Expressed in embryos at about the 20-50 cell stage (PubMed:11850401, PubMed:16905130). Expression persists throughout development and into adulthood (PubMed:11850401). Also expressed at lower level in germ cells, developing oocytes and embryos starting at the two-cell stage, before the onset of zygotic transcription, suggesting that the protein is maternally inherited (PubMed:11850401). Expressed in hyp7 hypodermal cells and vulval precursor cells of larval L2 stage hermaphrodites (PubMed:19064713).
Interacts with histone H3 when di-, or tri-methylated at 'Lys-27' (H3K27me2/me3), or tri-methylated at 'Lys-9' (H3K9me3) (PubMed:26476455, PubMed:23028351). Interacts with Tar DNA-binding protein homolog tdp-1; interaction may maintain localization of hpl-2 to gene bodies (PubMed:29760282). Interacts with histone H1 his-24, probably via interaction with hpl-1 (PubMed:22083954). Interacts with chromobox protein homolog hpl-1 (PubMed:22083954).
May form homodimers (PubMed:16890929). Interacts (via chromo (shadow subtype) domain) with zinc finger protein lin-13 (via PLVPV motif); the interaction is direct and influences localization of hpl-2 to nuclear foci (PubMed:16890929).
Seems to be involved in transcriptional silencing in heterochromatin-like complexes (PubMed:11850401). Probably does not act as global transcriptional repressor, instead targeting a subset of genes (PubMed:23028351, PubMed:19064713, PubMed:22185090, PubMed:25467431). Involved in RNA processing mediated by Tar DNA-binding protein homolog tdp-1 (PubMed:29760282). Plays a role in linking epigenetic regulation with the innate immune response (PubMed:22083954). Involved in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response via modulation of the unfolded protein response (UPR), acting mainly through the IRE1-XBP1 pathway and perhaps, to a lesser extent, through the autophagy pathway (PubMed:24715729). May act in a common pathway with retinoblastoma-like protein homolog lin-35 and zinc finger protein lin-13 to influence the ER stress response in the intestine (PubMed:24715729). Plays a role in the formation of the vulva and in fertility, acting together with a CoREST-like complex, and chromobox protein homolog hpl-1 (PubMed:26476455, PubMed:16905130, PubMed:16890929, PubMed:11850401). Acting in concert with hpl-1 and histone H1 protein his-24, involved in reproduction, somatic gonad development, male tail development and vulval cell fate specification; perhaps as a result of modulating expression of Hox genes mab-5 and egl-5 (PubMed:23028351, PubMed:16905130, PubMed:16890929, PubMed:11850401, PubMed:19064713). In vulval cell fate specification may act by repressing transcription, of EGF family gene lin-3 in hypodermal hyp7, and of homeobox lin-39 in vulval precursor cells (VPC) (PubMed:19064713). Role in growth and somatic gonad development is antagonized by histone-lysine N-methyltransferase set-2/SET1 (PubMed:17967446). Required for larval development, acting redundantly with hpl-1 (PubMed:16905130). Plays a role in regulation of the developmentally arrested larval state known as dauer, longevity, and lipid metabolism (PubMed:22185090).
Belongs to the WD repeat DCAF13/WDSOF1 family.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL4 family.
Biosynthesis of L-glutamate from L-aspartate (PubMed:29649217). Important regulator of levels of glutamate, the major excitatory neurotransmitter of the central nervous system (PubMed:29649217).
Expressed in all somatic tissues including the nervous system.
Co-expressed with pdi-1 in the syncytial hypodermis.
Expression significantly up-regulated in the middle of the L3 (22 hours) and L4 (26 hours) larval stages.
PPIases accelerate the folding of proteins. It catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptides. Thought to function as a catalyst in the folding and modification of cuticle collagens.
Expressed in the ADL chemosensory neurons.
Lack of sensitivity of ADL neurons to N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET) with no effect on average pause length of worms following DEET exposure in contrast to wild-type worms which show a marked increase (PubMed:30258230). Does not affect AWC neuron activity in response to DEET (PubMed:30258230).
Mediates sensitivity to N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET), the most widely used insect repellent worldwide.
The naturally occurring CB4856 strain isolated in Hawaii carries a deletion of str-217 and is resistant to N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET).
Homotrimer; trimerization probably requires binding to phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2).
Potassium channel that mediates transmembrane potassium transport (PubMed:27698420). Might be required for maintenance of rapid intracellular calcium release (By similarity). May act as a counter-ion channel that functions in synchronization with calcium release from intracellular stores (By similarity). Binds phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) (PubMed:27698420).
Increased mortality induced by B.thuringiensis pore-forming toxins Cry21A and Cry21B (PubMed:20011506). Increased mortality and sensitivity to paralysis induced by enteropathogenic E.coli infection (PubMed:16091039). Increased mortality upon heat stress (PubMed:12686697). RNAi-mediated knockdown causes an enhanced resistance to polyglutamine or amyloid-beta-mediated paralysis and an increase in adult life span.
Interacts with hif-1 (hydroxylated on 'Pro-621'); the interaction induces hif-1 degradation (PubMed:11595184). May be a component of the cullin E3 ubiquitin ligase complex (By similarity).
Involved in the response to variation in environmental oxygen levels by targeting the hypoxia-inducible transcription factor hif-1 for proteasomal degradation when oxygen levels are normal (around 20%) (PubMed:11595184). By regulating hif-1 expression, plays a role in iron homeostasis, aging, heat acclimation and progeny size (PubMed:12686697, PubMed:19372390, PubMed:22396654). Mediates resistance to enteropathogenic E.coli (PubMed:16091039). Mediates susceptibility to B.thuringiensis pore-forming toxins (PubMed:20011506). Not involved in P.aeruginosa susceptibility (PubMed:20865124).
Component of the Golgi-associated retrograde protein (GARP) complex, also called VFT (VPS fifty-three) complex, composed of vps-51, vps-52, vps-53 and vps-54. Within the complex interacts with vps-53 and vps-54 (PubMed:21613545). Interacts with the small GTPases rab-6.1 and rab-6.2 (PubMed:21613545).
Enlarged lysosomes (PubMed:21613545). Reduced brood size (PubMed:21613545). Egg-laying defect, slow, but coordinated locomotion, and reduced levels of unprocessed and processed cargo in the motor neuron axon of the dorsal nerve cord (PubMed:27191843).
Arginine methyltransferase involved in the assembly or stability of mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase complex (complex I).
Expressed in vulval precursor cells (VPCs).
Highly expressed in all 6 vulval precursor cells (VPCs). At the time of inductive signaling, expression forms a gradient in response to inductive signal: expression is low in P6.p, intermediate in P5.p and P7.p and undiminished in P3.p, P4.p, and P8.p. Later, expression becomes strong again in P5.p and P7.p.
Negative regulator of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling.
Alpha subunit of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) (PubMed:15280391, PubMed:15990870, PubMed:20027209). Probably acts in cholinergic motoneurons to regulate presynaptic neurotransmitter release, thereby ensuring normal level of excitation of cholinergic motoneurons during locomotion (PubMed:20027209). Involved in nAChR sensitivity to nicotine and levamisole (PubMed:15280391, PubMed:15990870).
Component of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (PubMed:15990870, PubMed:20027209). In muscles, composed of 2 non-alpha subunits lev-1 and unc-29, and 3 alpha subunits unc-38, unc-63 and lev-8 (PubMed:15990870). In cholinergic motoneurons, composed of 2 non-alpha subunits acr-2 and acr-3, and 3 alpha subunits unc-38, unc-63 and acr-12 (PubMed:20027209). Interacts with lev-10 (PubMed:21252855).
Expressed in body wall muscles, in vulval muscles and in neurons.
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes a resistance to nicotine-mediated paralysis.
Necessary for efficient RNA polymerase II transcription elongation past template-encoded arresting sites. The arresting sites in DNA have the property of trapping a certain fraction of elongating RNA polymerases that pass through, resulting in locked ternary complexes. Cleavage of the nascent transcript by S-II allows the resumption of elongation from the new 3'-terminus (By similarity).
Phosphorylates Ins(1,3,4,5,6)P5 at position 2 to form Ins(1,2,3,4,5,6)P6 (InsP6 or phytate).
The EXKPK motif is conserved in inositol-pentakisphosphate 2-kinases of both family 1 and 2.
Can prevent somatic transgenes from inducing gene silencing via the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway. This may occur due to A-to-I editing of transgene-derived dsRNA, preventing transgene RNAi.
Catalyzes the hydrolytic deamination of adenosine to inosine in double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) referred to as A-to-I RNA editing (PubMed:12426375). Acts primarily on non-coding regions of protein-coding genes including introns and untranslated regions (UTR) (PubMed:28925356, PubMed:25373143). Required for normal chemotaxis (PubMed:12426375, PubMed:14657490). Edits the 3' UTR of clec-41 which is required for normal clec-41 expression and for chemotaxis (PubMed:28925356). Plays a role in determining lifespan (PubMed:20011587, PubMed:25373143). Not required for RNA interference (PubMed:12419225). Likely to play a role in determining whether a dsRNA enters the RNAi pathway (PubMed:14657490).
Highest expression observed in the embryo. Levels decrease dramatically after embryogenesis, remain relatively constant during larval stages and increase again at the onset of adulthood.
Interacts with A-to-I RNA editing regulator adr-1 (PubMed:24508457). Interacts with adbp-1; the interaction facilitates adr-2 nuclear localization (PubMed:18780728).
Belongs to the Cob(I)alamin adenosyltransferase family.
Acts as component of the retromer cargo-selective complex (CSC). The CSC is believed to be the core functional component of retromer or respective retromer complex variants acting to prevent missorting of selected transmembrane cargo proteins into the lysosomal degradation pathway.
Abnormalities in vulval development due to incorrect cell fate specification, resulting in the following phenotypes, multivulva (Muv), protruding vulva (Pvl) and egg laying defective (Egl) (PubMed:9716532, PubMed:11063687, PubMed:11560894, PubMed:12441291). Mutants also show defects in Q neuroblast migration, uncoordinated movement (Unc) and reduced superoxidase dismutase levels (PubMed:15905404). Mutants can be rescued by wrm-1 and hmp-2 when expressed from the bar-1 promoter (PubMed:11560894). Double knockout with dpy-22 result in reduced body length, male tail morphology abnormalities (Mab) and dauer induction (PubMed:12441291). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the intestine decreases E.faecium-mediated protection against S.enterica infection (PubMed:35263319).
Alleles mu63 and mu349 were originally reported (PubMed:9834184) as the mutations L130F and Q147STOP respectively. This is in conflict with WormBase and more recent literature (PubMed:15282167) which is represented in this entry.
Detected throughout development from L1 to L4 and during adulthood (PubMed:15282167). Expressed in P3.p to P8.p vulval precursor cells in the late L1 and early L2 larval stage (PubMed:9716532). Not expressed in vulval precursor cells P1.p, P2.p, P9.p, P10.p or P11.p in the mid-L3 larval stage (PubMed:9716532). Expressed in other postembryonic cells including seam cells (PubMed:9716532).
Expressed in body wall muscle cells, hypodermal seam cells, gonad sheath cells and vulval precursor cells.
Interacts with apr-1 (PubMed:11560894). Interacts with axl-1 (PubMed:17601533). Interacts with daf-16 (PubMed:15905404). Interacts with lin-23 (PubMed:15820693). and. Interacts with pop-1 (via acidic region in N-terminus 1-44) (PubMed:10952315, PubMed:11560894). Interacts (via ARM repeats) with pry-1 (PubMed:12023307).
Participates in the Wnt signaling pathway which affects cell fate and may regulate the stem cell divisions of seam cells during larval development (PubMed:10952315). Functions as a transcriptional activator but is dependent on the interaction with pop-1 (PubMed:10952315). Involved in maintaining lin-39 Hox expression and regulating glr-1 abundance at the synapses (PubMed:15820693). Required for mab-5 expression during Q neuroblast migration and for oxidative stress-induced daf-16 signaling (PubMed:9834184, PubMed:15905404). Has roles in egg laying, vulva precursor cell fate determination, Q neuroblast migration, posterior ectodermal cell P12 specification, movement, body length, male tail development and dauer induction (PubMed:9716532, PubMed:9834184, PubMed:11063687, PubMed:11560894, PubMed:12441291, PubMed:15905404). Functionally redundant to wrm-1 and hmp-2 (PubMed:11560894). In the intestine, plays a role in probiotic-mediated protection against infections by pathogens such as S.enterica (PubMed:35263319).
Glycosyltransferase with a proposed role in glycosphingolipid biosynthesis (PubMed:12944392, PubMed:10924467). Involved in susceptibility to pore-forming crystal toxins in conjunction with bre-1, bre-2, bre-4 and bre-5 (PubMed:12944392, PubMed:10924467). Involved in resistance to the nematotoxic C.cinerea galectin Cgl2 (PubMed:20062796). Has a role in determining brood size (PubMed:12944392, PubMed:10924467).
Worms exhibit resistance to the Cry5B toxin produced by Bacillus thuringiensis. This is thought to be due to mutants having reduced population of glycolipids which are targeted by the Cry5B protein. Mutants also have reduced brood sizes at only 17% of wild-type N2.
Required for meiotic recombination. Mediates DNA cleavage that forms the double-strand breaks (DSB) that initiate meiotic recombination.
Binds to actin and affects the structure of the cytoskeleton. At high concentrations, profilin prevents the polymerization of actin, whereas it enhances it at low concentrations. By binding to PIP2, it inhibits the formation of IP3 and DG (By similarity).
Expressed in the intestinal wall, the spermatheca, and the pharynx.
Transports small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. Required for RNA interference (RNAi) in nuclei (PubMed:18653886). Required for exogenous RNAi-induced H3K27 methylation (PubMed:26365259).
Troponin T is the tropomyosin-binding subunit of troponin, the thin filament regulatory complex which confers calcium-sensitivity to muscle actomyosin ATPase activity.
Belongs to the helicase family. RAD25/XPB subfamily.
Binds 1 heme c group covalently per subunit.
Electron carrier protein. The oxidized form of the cytochrome c heme group can accept an electron from the heme group of the cytochrome c1 subunit of cytochrome reductase. Cytochrome c then transfers this electron to the cytochrome oxidase complex, the final protein carrier in the mitochondrial electron-transport chain (By similarity).
Expressed in muscle, varying with age, decreasing twofold during the first week of adulthood.
Mutants usually hatch and appear normal in early L1, but become progressively paralyzed later during L1 (PubMed:17142668). Complete larval lethal, typically at late L1 or early L2 (PubMed:17142668). Abnormal bodywall and egg-laying muscle in hermaphrodites, but with no obvious abnormality of pharyngeal muscle or other cell types (PubMed:17142668). Five percent of the progeny from hlh-1, unc-120 double heterozygous parents exhibit partial absence of bodywall muscle and reduced expression of myosin myo-3 (PubMed:17142668). RNAi-mediated knockdown causes a low frequency of embryonic lethality, with embryos arresting paralyzed at the two-fold stage; increases in frequency significantly on an hlh-1 or hnd-1 mutant background (PubMed:15892873). RNAi-mediated knockdown causes those embryos that survive to hatching to become uncoordinated, dumpy larvae (PubMed:15892873). RNAi-mediated knockdown causes abnormalities in muscle, including: altered mitochondrial morphology at day 6 of adulthood, two-fold to five-fold down-regulation of transcript levels at day 7 and significant increase in the number of autophagic vesicles (PubMed:29314608). RNAi-mediated knockdown causes a reduction in average lifespan by 16% (PubMed:29314608). RNAi-mediated knockdown on a daf-2 mutant background causes a dramatic decrease in physical performance at day 18 (PubMed:29314608).
Transcription factor (By similarity). Regulates myogenesis, in cooperation with transcription factors hlh-1 and hnd-1 (PubMed:15892873, PubMed:17142668). Required for maintenance of muscle in adulthood (PubMed:29314608).
Plays a functionally redundant role in shifting germ cell sexual differentiation in hermaprodites. Required for the development of somatic gonad structures and for progression from larval stage to adulthood.
RNA-mediated interference (RNAi) of rsp-5 and rsp-6 result in fertile animals that exhibit excessive sperm and delayed oocyte production, and sterile animals that develop morphological abnormalities of somatic gonads. Rsp-2/rsp-6 RNAi caused severe abnormalities in somatic gonad structures and in some cases animals were arrested or dead at the larval stage.
Belongs to the histone deacetylase family. HD type 2 subfamily.
Probable histone deacetylase. Histone deacetylases are responsible for the deacetylation of lysine residues on the N-terminal part of the core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4). Histone deacetylation gives a tag for epigenetic repression and plays an important role in transcriptional regulation, cell cycle progression and developmental events. Histone deacetylases act via the formation of large multiprotein complexes (By similarity).
Belongs to the helicase family. Dicer subfamily.
Component of the ERI/DICER complex at least composed of dcr-1, rrf-3 and eri-1 (Probable). Interacts with pir-1 (PubMed:16439208, PubMed:33378643).
Component of the ERI/DICER complex which is involved in processing amplified double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) intermediates during small-RNA-mediated gene-silencing or RNA interference (RNAi) (Probable). Involved in cleaving dsRNA in the RNAi pathway (PubMed:11641272, PubMed:20223951). It produces 21 to 23 bp dsRNAs (siRNAs) which target the selective destruction of homologous RNAs (PubMed:11641272, PubMed:20223951). Seems to process the precursor of the small temporal RNA let-7 which is involved in developmental timing (PubMed:11641272). Required for avoidance behavior induced by small RNAs derived from pathogenic bacteria such as P.aeruginosa (PubMed:32908307). Involved in innate immunity through its role in small RNA processing.
RNAi-mediated knockdown in a cps-6 mutant background reduces the number of DNA breaks in embryonic cells undergoing apoptosis.
The avoidance behavior is transgenerationally inherited, and thus progeny display this same aversion despite never been exposed to this pathogenic bacteria.
tDCR-1 acts as a deoxyribonuclease (DNase) initiating DNA fragmentation during apoptosis, upstream of nucleases cps-6, crn-2 and nuc-1.
Expressed in the epidermis and intestine.
This enzyme is specific for acyl chain lengths of 4 to 16.
Belongs to the fructosamine kinase family.
Co-chaperone for hsp90/daf-21 (PubMed:20880838). Involved in regulation of longevity, larval entry and exit from the dauer stage of development and response to environmental cues, such as oxidative stress, in a temperature-dependent manner. Role in daf-16 and hsf-1 inhibition at elevated temperatures (PubMed:25830239).
Expressed in anterior and posterior neurons including ASE, AWC, ASI and ADL amphids and phasmid sensory neurons, peripheral neurons and ventral cord motorneurons. Additionally expressed in body wall muscle, pharynx, vulva, germ cells and intestine.
Resistant to oxidative and heat stress. At increased temperatures, there is increased longevity and an increased propensity of larvae to form dauer. At decreased temperatures, lifespan is shorter. Defective chemotaxis in response to toxins.
Asymmetrically expressed in Q neuroblasts during larval development. Highly expressed at the leading edge of migrating Q neuroblasts.
Belongs to the WD repeat coronin family.
Required to direct the migration of Q neuroblasts along the anterior axis of the body during larval development. This is dependent on its asymmetric expression in Q neuroblasts.
Expressed at high levels in the spermatheca of adult hermaphrodites.
Expressed in proliferating larval blast cells including seam cells in the lateral hypodermis, P cells in the ventral hypodermis, and intestinal cells. Within the P cell lineage expression levels correlate with the proliferative state, being low in newly hatched larvae and then increasing in L1 as P cells begin to proliferate. Not expressed in the adult cells of the P lineage which are postmitotic. Also expressed in some non-proliferating cells such as the lateral hyp7 hypodermal cells, rectal gland and epithelial cells, and a subset of neuronal cells in the head and tail regions.
Plays a role in DNA repair. May be a component of an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase which promotes histone ubiquitination in response to UV irradiation. Histone ubiquitination may be important for subsequent DNA repair (By similarity). Promotes the degradation of the replication licensing factor cdt-1 during S-phase, thereby preventing rereplication of DNA during a single round of cell division.
Accessory subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I), that is believed not to be involved in catalysis. Complex I functions in the transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme is believed to be ubiquinone. May be the terminally assembled subunit of Complex I.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFV3 subunit family.
Complex I is composed of 45 different subunits. This is a component of the flavoprotein-sulfur (FP) fragment of the enzyme.
Belongs to the archaeal Rpo11/eukaryotic RPB11/RPC19 RNA polymerase subunit family.
Component of the RNA polymerase II (Pol II) complex consisting of 12 subunits.
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Component of RNA polymerase II which synthesizes mRNA precursors and many functional non-coding RNAs. Pol II is the central component of the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. It is composed of mobile elements that move relative to each other. RPB11 is part of the core element with the central large cleft (By similarity).
Histone methyltransferase which is required for the mono- and dimethylation of 'Lys-9' of histone H3 (PubMed:20107519, PubMed:22939621). This increases the efficiency of set-25-mediated trimethylation of histone H3 'Lys-9' (PubMed:22939621). Involved in the transcriptional repression of lin-3 which is required for the negative regulation of vulval cell fate specification during postembryonic development (PubMed:17634190). Has a role in blocking checkpoint signaling and mediating the transcriptional silencing of meiotic sex chromosome inactivation; a mechanism which enables checkpoint proteins to distinguish between the partnerless male X chromosome and asynapsed chromosomes thereby shielding the lone X from inappropriate activation of an apoptotic program (PubMed:21909284). Operates redundantly with set-25 to position chromatin at the nuclear periphery (PubMed:22939621). Required for small-RNA-induced H3K9 methylation (PubMed:26365259). Together with set-25, protects and stabilizes repeat-rich genomic regions by suppressing transcription-induced replication stress through methylation of H3K9 (PubMed:27668659). Together with spr-5, required for transgenerational fertility (PubMed:24685137).
Induced vulval precursor cells in the absence of lin-15A (PubMed:15990876). Multi-vulval phenotype is apparent when grown at 24.5 degrees Celsius in the absence of lin-61 and when grown at 20 degrees Celsius in the absence of hpl-2 or met-1 (PubMed:17634190, PubMed:21437264). Reduced lamin interaction of chromosome arms in the absence of set-25 (PubMed:22939621). Increased apoptosis and increased occurrence of the recombination checkpoint XO germ lines (PubMed:21909284). High incidence of endomitotic oocytes (PubMed:20107519). In spr-5 null mutants, accelerates the progressive sterility over generations, which is seen in spr-5 mutants with complete sterility achieved by generation 2 (PubMed:24685137).
Expressed in the cell lineages ABarp, C and E as well as the NSM neuroblasts.
Homozygous mutants are not viable. Partial loss-of-function mutation bc416 causes cell division defects with a reduction in the number of dividing NSM neuroblasts and some embryonic lethality.
Involved in the control of the cell cycle after S phase. May bind to and activate cdk-1 and/or cdk-2 to promote cell cycle progression. Necessary for embryogenesis.
Belongs to the metallophosphoesterase superfamily. Purple acid phosphatase family.
Catalytic subunit of an S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent tRNA methyltransferase complex that mediates the methylation of the guanosine nucleotide at position 10 (m2G10) in tRNAs.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS12 family.
Belongs to the poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase family.
Expressed in head and tail neurons. Also detected in the central nerve cord and motor neurons.
Poly(ADP-ribose) synthesized after DNA damage is only present transiently and is rapidly degraded by poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PubMed:17188026). Poly(ADP-ribose) metabolism may be required for maintenance of the normal function of neuronal cells (By similarity).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in increased sensitivity to gamma irradiation.
Weak activity relative to mammalian poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase orthologs.
Expressed in the intestine and sheath glial cells.
In contrast to family members hmit-1.1 and hmit-1.2, it is not induced by hyperosmotic stress.
Abnormal migration of QR neuroblast lineage cells and BDU interneurons (PubMed:10412978, PubMed:22293500, PubMed:26022293). QR neuroblast descendants QR.paa and QR.pap irregularly migrate towards the posterior side of the body axis while QR.ap descendants fail to migrate towards the head and remain in the central body region or migrate towards the tail (PubMed:10412978). Irregular AQR neuron morphology and polarity during migration in larva at the L4 stage (PubMed:26022293, PubMed:27780040). Loss of F-actin at the leading edge of AQR neurons and as a result AQR neurons do not extend the lamellipodium and thus fail to translocate the cell body towards the anterior of the body leading to posteriorly positioned AQR neurons (PubMed:27780040).
Expressed from embryogenesis to adulthood (PubMed:10412978). First expressed in the anterior region of comma stage embryos (PubMed:10412978). During embryogenesis, expressed in pharyngeal, hypodermal and neuronal precursors in the anterior body region (PubMed:10412978). During larval development, expressed in the pharyngeal-intestinal valve cells and neurons in the retrovesicular ganglion and the ventral cord (PubMed:10412978). Expressed in migrating QR neuroblasts with higher expression in migrating QR.a/ap cells than QR.p/pa cells (PubMed:23784779).
Expressed in pharyngeal-intestinal valve cells and ventral cord neurons.
Interacts with abl-1 (via SH2 and SH3 domains); the interaction is direct. Interacts with sem-5; the interaction is direct.
Probable receptor that acts as an upstream signaling protein to promote the guidance, migration and positioning of the right Q neuroblast (QR) and its descendants along the anteroposterior body axis, and also the anterior migration of BDU interneurons during larval development (PubMed:10412978, PubMed:8898225, PubMed:15750187, PubMed:22293500, PubMed:23784779, PubMed:26022293, PubMed:27780040). Associates with and recruits the downstream components tyrosine kinase abl-1 and the tyrosine kinase adapter protein sem-5 to the leading edge of migrating Q neuroblasts and their descendants to activate signaling through the two parallel wve-1 and wsp-1 pathways, respectively, and direct migration along the anteroposterior body axis (PubMed:27780040). Involved in cytoskeleton dynamics regulating the organization of the actin cytoskeleton at the leading edge of migrating cells to ensure correct Q cell polarity and promote migration (PubMed:23784779, PubMed:27780040). Role in cytoskeleton organization may be by activation of the wve-1 and wsp-1 pathways which recruit the Arp2/3 complex to the leading edge of migrating cells (PubMed:27780040). Plays a role in regulating the asymmetric distribution of the actin cytoskeleton-binding protein cor-1 in Q neuroblasts which is required for the anterior migration of QR neuroblasts (PubMed:23784779).
Acts both as a GTPase-activating protein (GAP) and a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF), and participates in endocytosis. Acts by regulating the activation of rab-5 by exchanging bound GDP for free GTP at clathrin coated pits.
Interacts with GDP-bound rab-5. Interacts with alpha-adaptin.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DECD subfamily.
RNAi-mediated knockdown prevents germ cells from entering meiosis and results in the accumulation of unspliced mRNAs in the cytoplasm.
Required for spliced RNA export out of the nucleus (PubMed:23149939). May play a role in spliceosome assembly.
Expressed in pharynx and rectum. Upon thermal stress, expressed in vulva, body wall muscles and hypodermis.
Acts as a regulatory subunit of the 26S proteasome which is involved in the ATP-dependent degradation of ubiquitinated proteins.
Belongs to the proteasome subunit S14 family.
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in sterility.
Belongs to the small G protein signaling modulator family.
Belongs to the hunchback C2H2-type zinc-finger protein family.
Expressed primarily in ectodermal cells during embryonic and larval development.
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in premature alae formation at the L3 larval stage (PubMed:21471153). This phenotype is partially suppressed in a sea-2 bp283 mutant background (PubMed:21471153).
Required for the late stages of development (PubMed:9917360). Plays a role in the developmental timing of postembryonic hypodermal seam cell fusion events and adult alae production (PubMed:28933985, PubMed:21471153).
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Tyr protein kinase family. CSK subfamily.
Expressed mainly in the pharynx in the loop stage embryo. At L1 larval stage, predominantly expressed in the pharynx with some expression in body wall muscle, anchor cells and tail region.
Expressed predominantly in pharyngeal muscles in procorpus, metacorpus and terminal bulb (PubMed:12527374, PubMed:19210548). Expressed also in some neurons (ASE, ADF, AVA, AUA, RMDV and BAG) in the head region, anchor cell, vulva, cells around anus, body wall muscle and gondal distal tip cells (PubMed:12527374).
Non-receptor tyrosine-protein kinase which plays a role in pharynx function by regulating pumping and the orientation of pharyngeal muscle fibers, independently of src-1 and src-2 (PubMed:19210548). May phosphorylate and thereby negatively regulate src-1 and src-2 activities (PubMed:12527374).
In L1 larvae, expressed in a subset of epithelial cells including epidermal, vulval and rectal cells and the excretory duct and pore. Also detected in some neurons. Absent from internal epithelia such as the gut and pharyngeal tubes.
Lethal at early L1 larval stage due to excretory defects. Maternal copy required for survival.
Belongs to the snRNP Sm proteins family. SmF/LSm6 subfamily.
16% embryonic lethality, reduced egg laying and a 0.9% increase in the number of male progeny (PubMed:23363597). Delayed progression of meiosis, which most likely results from defective disassembly of synaptonemal complex proteins, and defective chromosome structure, alignment and condensation (PubMed:23363597). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in reduced expression of the nlp-29 antimicrobial peptide following fungal infection by D.coniospora (PubMed:30036395). Worms show reduced body size and muscle function (PubMed:31767636). Worms lacking both akir-1 and ima-2 show reduced gonad size and aberrant diakinesis oocyte formation; defects are caused by impaired meiotic recombination (PubMed:30563860).
Expressed from the late embryo stage onwards, with high expression at the late L4 stage of larval development.
Interacts with hda-1, a component of the NuRD complex (PubMed:30036395). Interacts with let-418, a component of the NuRD and MEC complexes (PubMed:30036395). Interacts with the transcription factor ceh-18 (PubMed:30036395). Interacts with ima-2 (PubMed:30563860).
Localizes to somatic tissues throughout the body, including muscle cells (PubMed:31767636). Expressed in lateral epithelial seam cells, the hyp7 epidermal syncytium, and multiple head and tail neurons (PubMed:30036395).
Molecular adapter that acts as a bridge between a variety of multiprotein complexes, and which is involved in antifungal innate immunity, development of the muscle and sister chromatid cohesion (PubMed:23363597, PubMed:30036395, PubMed:30563860, PubMed:31767636). Plays a role in antifungal innate immunity by acting as a bridge between components of the NuRD (Nucleosome Remodeling and Deacetylase) and MEC chromatin remodeling complexes (PubMed:30036395). NuRD and MEC complexes bind to the promoters of antimicrobial peptide genes and may recruit other proteins such as ceh-18 to control gene expression in response to fungal infection (PubMed:30036395). During meiotic prophase I, plays a role in the disassembly of synaptonemal complex proteins and in the regulation of chromosome condensation and segregation (PubMed:23363597). Together with nuclear import receptor ima-2, required for the import and load of cohesin complex proteins in meiotic nuclei, possibly by acting as a bridge between ima-2 and cohesins (PubMed:30563860). Required for embryonic development of muscle tissue (PubMed:31767636).
Expressed in neurons in head and tail, some motoneurons in ventral nerve cord, in PVP interneurons, pharynx and stomato-intestinal muscle.
Expression begins during bean stage in hypodermal cells. At the 2-fold stage, also expressed in a few head and tail neurons.
Receptor which, together with svh-4, is involved in axon guidance to establish the tracts for the ventral and dorsal nerve cords during nervous system development (PubMed:23147028). May play a role in axon regeneration following injury in D-type motor neurons (PubMed:27984580).
Viable. No effect on axon regeneration 24 hours following injury of D-type motor neurons. Double knockout with svh-4 results in a more enhanced axon regeneration defect of D-type motor neurons as compared to the svh-4 single mutant.
Belongs to the acyltransferase 3 family.
In L1 larvae through to adult, hyp3 and hyp5, the most anterior cells in the hypodermis, and in intestine. Other hypodermal cells show weaker expression.
Increased resistance to fluoxetine-induced nose muscle contraction. Slow development, embryonic lethality and defective yolk transport to the oocytes leading to accumulation of yolk granules in the pseudocoelomic fluid and appearance of pale eggs. Reduced level of sensitivity to dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid-induced sterility.
Plays a role in the uptake of a range of molecules including lipids and xenobiotic compounds from the intestine to surrounding tissues. Mediates transport of lipids from intestine to the reproductive tract. Required for efficient yolk transport into oocytes. Vital for embryonic development.
Belongs to the complex I subunit 2 family.
Belongs to the nematode receptor-like protein srj family.
Part of a complex that has guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) activity and regulates autophagy.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL30 family.
Binds to G-rich structures in 28S rRNA and in mRNAs. Plays a regulatory role in the translation apparatus; inhibits cell-free translation of mRNAs (By similarity).
Expressed ubiquitously (PubMed:16291785). Earliest expression is at the 50-cell stage, and persists throughout embryogenesis, larval stages and adulthood (PubMed:16291785).
Involved in transcriptional regulation (By similarity). Required to specify left-right asymmetry of the ASE gustatory neurons, probably acting upstream of microRNA lsy-6 (PubMed:16291785, PubMed:26050091). Involved in maintaining the distinction between somatic and germ cells, perhaps acting by repressing germ cell-specific genes in somatic cells (PubMed:26050091).
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes ectopic expression of gcy-5 in the ASEL gustatory neuron.
Involved in the fragmentation of the mitochondrial network and its perinuclear clustering.
The C-terminus is required for mitochondrial localization, while the N-terminus is necessary for mitochondrial fission.
Required for 60S ribosomal subunit synthesis.
Body muscles are unable to develop or sustain normal contractions but small regions within the myofilament lattice of individual muscle cells contract transiently in the absence of contraction of the adjacent lattice (PubMed:16765996, PubMed:7190524). This results in a nearly constant body twitching phenotype (PubMed:16765996, PubMed:7190524, PubMed:25851606). Resistant to nicotine-induced paralysis (PubMed:25851606).
Determination of the mutation frequency of the unc-22 gene has been used to study the biological effects of short duration spaceflight.
Expressed in body wall, anal, vulval, and pharyngeal muscles (at protein level).
Forces generated by the contraction/relaxation cycles of muscle activity separate the regulatory domain from the catalytic core, activating the enzyme. At rest, the kinase domain is in a closed conformation. The active site is occupied by the autoinhibitory region (CDR), which makes extensive contact with the catalytic site, blocking substrate binding. At low forces the regulatory tail will unravel reversibly and expose the active site to its substrates, potentially stabilized by binding of Ca/CALM. At high forces the kinase begins to unfold and the integrity of the active site is disrupted.
May interact (via protein kinase and CRD domains) with mak-1 (via protein kinase domain).
Phosphorylated by mak-1 on the protein kinase domain and/or CDR domain in vitro.
Regulator of muscle contraction and relaxation. Senses mechanical strain that occurs during muscle activity by unfolding in clearly resolvable steps at differing forces (PubMed:18390597, PubMed:7190524). Plays a role in the organization of sarcomeres in body wall muscles (PubMed:25851606).
Cytoplasmic intermediate filaments provide mechanical strength to cells. Essential protein, involved in attachment structures in epidermal cells that connect muscles to the external cuticle. Probably acts by forming hypodermal hemidesmosome complexes that help mediate muscle-cuticle force transduction. Although expressed during embryogenesis, it is not required for embryonic development of muscle-cuticle linkages nor for the localization of other proteins to the hemidesmosomes in embryos.
First expressed in embryos that are starting to elongate, before hemidesmosomes-associated filaments are recruited to regions of the hypodermis adjacent to muscle. Expressed throughout larval stages and in adults.
Forms some heteromeric filaments with ifb-1.
Mainly expressed in regions of the hypodermis adjacent to muscle. Expressed in longitudinal stripes where the mechanosensory neurons interface with the hypodermis. Also expressed to the uterine seam and within the uterine-vulval cells.
Belongs to the acetyltransferase family.
Catalyzes the N-acetylation of the amino acid thialysine (S-(2-aminoethyl)-L-cysteine), a L-lysine analog with the 4-methylene group substituted with a sulfur (PubMed:15283700). Substrate specificity: thialysine > O-(2-aminoethyl)-L-serine > S-(2-aminoethyl)-D,L-homocysteine (PubMed:15283700). Does not act on polyamines, such as spermidine and spermine, nor on diamines putrescine and cadaverine (PubMed:15283700).
Belongs to the WD repeat striatin family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS7 family.
Belongs to the peptidase S26 family. IMP2 subfamily.
Expressed in pharynx (metacorpus and posterior bulbus). Expression is restricted to adult stage.
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes early larval arrest. In adults, results in no obvious phenotype.
Abnormal mitochondrial morphology with localized swellings and tubular extensions, and distended cristae. Double knockout with fzo-1 or eat-3 RNAi results in mitochondrial fragmentation. Double knockout with chch-3 results in reduced or no brood, poor growth and withered gonads which on a cellular level contain fewer mitochondria.
Belongs to the apolipoprotein O/MICOS complex subunit Mic27 family.
Sustains mitochondrial morphology probably through maintaining cristae morphology (PubMed:21248201). May act as a component of the MICOS complex, a large protein complex of the mitochondria (By similarity).
Component of the ER membrane protein complex (EMC).
Antagonistic role in the Wnt signaling pathway that operates in embryogenesis. When located at the cortex it has been shown to inhibit Wnt signaling during asymmetric cell division but when relocated to the nucleus it shows positive regulation. Has a role in blastomere signaling during endoderm specification. Component of the beta-catenin-lit-1 complex which promotes phosphorylation, down-regulation and subcellular relocation of pop-1 (PubMed:10380924). Within the complex, activates lit-1-dependent kinase activity (PubMed:10380924). Can substitute for bar-1 indicating functional redundancy. Appears to have a role in centrosome positioning and can activation transcription in yeast. Involved in the development of distal tip cells (DTC) by regulating the asymmetric distribution of cye-1 and cki-1 between the daughters of Z1.a and Z4.p cells (PubMed:17476329).
Expressed in the developing cells of the embryo including hypodermal cells, neuroblasts, and mesodermal cells (PubMed:15572126). Expressed in seam cells in hermaphrodites at the L2 stage of larval development (PubMed:25569233).
Interacts (independently of ARM repeat) with nhr-25 (PubMed:16890160). Component of the beta-catenin-lit-1 complex (also called the lit-1/wrm-1 complex or the wrm-1/lit-1 kinase complex) at least composed of lit-1 and wrm-1 (PubMed:10380924, PubMed:15066285). Interacts (via N-terminus) with lit-1; the interaction is direct and activates lit-1 kinase activity which leads to the phosphorylation of pop-1 (PubMed:10380924, PubMed:11560894, PubMed:15066285). This promotes pop-1 interaction with par-5 and translocation of pop-1 from the nucleus to the cytoplasm (PubMed:15066285).
Worms exhibit premature cell cleavage during embryogenesis, symmetrical cell division during gonadogenesis and undifferentiated intestines. Embryos show a defect in centrosome positioning that delays ABar spindle alignment and appear to lack endoderm.
Belongs to the ATPase epsilon chain family.
Mitochondrial membrane ATP synthase (F(1)F(0) ATP synthase or Complex V) produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane which is generated by electron transport complexes of the respiratory chain. F-type ATPases consist of two structural domains, F(1) - containing the extramembraneous catalytic core, and F(0) - containing the membrane proton channel, linked together by a central stalk and a peripheral stalk. During catalysis, ATP turnover in the catalytic domain of F(1) is coupled via a rotary mechanism of the central stalk subunits to proton translocation. Part of the complex F(1) domain and of the central stalk which is part of the complex rotary element (Probable).
Arrest at the L2-L3 stage in 90% oxygen.
Component of the cytosolic iron-sulfur (Fe/S) protein assembly machinery. Required for maturation of extramitochondrial Fe/S proteins (By similarity).
As a component of IFT complex A (IFT-A), a complex required for retrograde ciliary transport and entry into cilia of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), it is involved in ciliogenesis (Probable). In particular, may act redundantly with the intraflagellar transport protein ift-139 to regulate the transport of specific ciliary cargo proteins such as che-3 which are related to motility.
No visible phenotype, with no defects in cilium morphology. Double knockout with intraflagellar transport protein ift-139 results in defective cilium morphology and function.
(Microbial infection) Promotes infection by microsporidian pathogens such as N.parisii in the early larval stages of development (PubMed:34994689). Involved in ensuring the proper orientation and location of the spore proteins of N.parisii during intestinal cell invasion (PubMed:34994689).
Expressed in the terminal bulb of the pharynx and the posterior of the intestine (at protein level) (PubMed:34994689). Expressed by intestinal cells and secreted into the intestinal lumen (at protein level) (PubMed:34994689).
Expressed in the terminal bulb of the pharynx and the posterior of the intestine throughout development (at protein level) (PubMed:34994689). Expressed in the arcade cells of the pharynx in embryos and in L1 stage larvae (at protein level) (PubMed:34994689).
Plays a role in promoting resistance to bacterial pathogens such as P.aeruginosa by inhibiting bacterial intestinal colonization.
Resistant to infection by the microsporidian pathogen N.parisii and displays a fitness advantage phenotype, whereby there is increased fitness following infection by N.parisii (PubMed:34994689). Fewer invading N.parisii spores following infection at the L1 larval stage of development due to impaired orientation, location and angle of N.parisii spore proteins relative to the host's intestinal apical membrane (PubMed:34994689). Does not affect the ability of N.parisii to invade intestinal cells or N.parisii spore consumption by intestinal cells of L1 stage larvae (PubMed:34994689). Animals are not resistant to infection by N.parisii at the L3 larval stage of development (PubMed:34994689). Reduced survival following infection by the bacteria P.aeruginosa at the L1 and L4 larval stages due to increased accumulation of the bacteria within the intestinal lumen (PubMed:34994689). Reduced survival and increased numbers of N.parisii spore proteins following co-infection with N.parisii and P.aeruginosa (PubMed:34994689).
Up-regulated following infection by the microsporidian pathogen N.parisii or the bacterial pathogen P.aeruginosa.
Belongs to the LDH/MDH superfamily. MDH type 2 family.
Catalyzes the reversible conversion of (S)-malate to oxaloacetate in the cytoplasm where oxaloacetate is used for gluconeogenesis.
Belongs to the SIMIBI class G3E GTPase family. ArgK/MeaB subfamily.
May have GTPase activity. May also bind and hydrolyze ATP. May function as chaperone (By similarity). Likely to have a role in propionyl-CoA and adenosylcobalamin metabolism.
Reduced incorporation of 1-[14C]-propionate. Defective in adenosylcobalamin synthesis. incorporation into macromolecules.
Belongs to the eukaryotic RPC34/RPC39 RNA polymerase subunit family.
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Specific peripheric component of RNA polymerase III which synthesizes small RNAs, such as 5S rRNA and tRNAs.
Expressed in both symmetric and asymmetric neuronal lineages (PubMed:21698137). In the posterior embryo, expressed in PVQ/HSN/PHB neuroblasts and their descendants (PubMed:14627726, PubMed:21698137). Expressed in the sensory ASE neuron lineage (PubMed:21698137).
Probable transcription factor, involved in determining neuroblast cell fate, morphogenesis and aspects of terminal differentiation in both left/right symmetric and asymmetric neuronal lineages.
RNAi-mediated knockdown disrupts differentiation of ASE L/R sensory neurons.
Expressed in PLM neurons (at protein level). Expressed in the nerve ring (PubMed:33238150).
Heterooligomer of unc-7 and unc-9. Interacts with F-actin (PubMed:33238150).
Structural component of gap junctions (PubMed:27015090, PubMed:33238150). Plays a role in maintaining gap junction activity to promote locomotion (PubMed:33238150).
Probably by regulating inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate levels, negatively regulates posterior body wall muscle contractions required for defecation and let-23 signaling pathway that controls spermathecal dilation and ovulation (PubMed:9491893, PubMed:16186564). May also regulate ovulation downstream of actin cross-linker fln-1 (PubMed:23671426).
Unlike mammalian IP3K, may not be regulated by calmodulin.
Belongs to the homogentisate dioxygenase family.
Plays a role in the tyrosine degradation pathway.
RNAi-mediated knockdown together with fah-1 RNAi rescues the impaired growth and fertility defects in the single fah-1 RNAi mutant.
Proteolytic processing of the C-terminus is required for clustering activity but not for secretion nor traffic.
Scaffolding protein that is necessary to cluster acetylcholine receptors at neuromuscular junctions.
Expressed at all developmental stages, with high expression during embryogenesis.
Forms homodimers; homodimerization might be required for adenylyltransferase activity.
Protein that can both mediate the addition of adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP) to specific residues of target proteins (AMPylation), and the removal of the same modification from target proteins (de-AMPylation), depending on the context (By similarity). The side chain of Glu-274 determines which of the two opposing activities (AMPylase or de-AMPylase) will take place (By similarity). Adenylyltransferase that mediates the addition of adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP) to specific residues of target proteins (PubMed:27138431). In vivo target proteins include the heat-shock 70 family proteins hsp-1 and hsp-3 and the translation elongation factors eef-1A, eef-1G and eef-2 (PubMed:27138431). Can AMPylate core histone H3 in vitro (PubMed:27138431). Can also act as a phosphodiesterase by mediating removal of ATP (de-AMPylation) from target proteins (By similarity). Decreases susceptibility to P.aeruginosa-mediated killing and might therefore play a role in the innate immune response (PubMed:27138431).
The fido domain mediates the adenylyltransferase activity.
The side chain of Glu-274 determines which of the two opposing activities (AMPylase or de-AMPylase) will take place. In response to endoplasmic reticulum stress, mediates de-AMPylase activity (By similarity). Adenylyltransferase activity is inhibited by the inhibitory helix present at the N-terminus: Glu-274 binds ATP and competes with ATP-binding at Arg-415, thereby preventing adenylyltransferase activity (By similarity). In unstressed cells, disengagement of Glu-274 promotes adenylyltransferase activity (By similarity). Activation dissociates ATP-binding from Glu-274, allowing ordered binding of the entire ATP moiety with the alpha-phosphate in an orientation that is productive for accepting an incoming target hydroxyl side chain (By similarity).
Ubiquitously expressed, with high expression in the germline.
Component of the IFT complex A (IFT-A), a complex required for retrograde ciliary transport (PubMed:27515926, PubMed:28479320). In particular, may act redundantly with the intraflagellar transport protein ift-43 to regulate the transport of specific ciliary cargo proteins such as che-3 which are related to motility (PubMed:28479320). Functions in cilia biogenesis (PubMed:27515926).
Expressed in ciliated sensory neurons in the head and tail.
Shorter cilia with an irregular morphology resulting in functional defects characterized by defective movement, dauer formation, and mating behavior (PubMed:27515926). Double knockout with intraflagellar transport protein ift-43 results in defective cilium morphology and function (PubMed:28479320).
10 percent of animals are arrested at the larval stage. Defects in the grinder of the pharynx result in reduced pharyngeal pumping rates and a slower growth. In a nas-7 (hd116) mutant background, growth is further reduced.
Expressed in pharyngeal and body wall muscles, intestine, hypodermis and pharyngeal mc2 cells.
Homodimer. Interacts with ced-1. Interacts with nrf-5.
Loses ability to bind apoptotic cells and results in reduced ability of cell corpse engulfment.
Plays a role as a bridging molecule that mediates recognition and engulfment of apoptotic cells by cross-linking the surface-exposed phosphatidylserine with the extracellular domain of the phagocyte receptor ced-1. Important for the generation of extracellular phosphatidylserine vesicles that promote loss of the exoplasmic leaflet from apoptotic cells in a time-dependent manner. Required for the exposure of exoplasmic leaflet on the phagocytic cells surrounding the apoptotic cells. Does not affect the phosphatidylserine externalization in living cells. May play a role in mediating transfer of phosphatidylserine from phosphatidylserine vesicles to ced-1 bearing phagocytes or alternatively result in the activation of a phosphatidylserine transporter in the phagocyte that promotes phosphatidylserine externalization.
Interacts with E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase chn-1.
Belongs to the ubiquitin-activating E1 family.
The dimeric enzyme acts as an E1 ligase for smo-1. It mediates ATP-dependent activation of smo-1 and formation of a thioester with a conserved cysteine residue on uba-2 (Probable).
Belongs to the methylthiotransferase family. MiaB subfamily.
Binds 2 [4Fe-4S] clusters. One cluster is coordinated with 3 cysteines and an exchangeable S-adenosyl-L-methionine.
Molecular chaperone; assists the folding of proteins upon ATP hydrolysis (By similarity). Known to play a role, in vitro, in the folding of actin and tubulin (By similarity). Plays a role in microtubule polymerization (PubMed:16054029).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in severely reduced microtubule growth rate.
Calmodulin mediates the control of a large number of enzymes, ion channels and other proteins by Ca(2+). Among the enzymes to be stimulated by the calmodulin-Ca(2+) complex are a number of protein kinases and phosphatases.
Interacts (in the presence of Ca(2+)) with pde-1, madf-3, rpl-7A, tax-6, efk-1, npp-1, obr-4, sos-1, akt-1, unc-13, tag-196, ugt-48, nmy-2, F27D4.4, ddx-23, efa-6 and R11H6.4.
May be involved in calcium-mediated signal transduction.
This protein has four functional calcium-binding sites.
Adopts an immunoglobulin-like beta-sandwich fold forming a hydrophobic cavity that capture N-terminally myristoylated target peptides. Phe residues within the hydrophobic beta sandwich are required for myristate binding (By similarity).
Myristoyl-binding protein that acts as a cargo adapter: specifically binds the myristoyl moiety of a subset of N-terminally myristoylated proteins and is required for their localization. Plays a key role in ciliary membrane localization of proteins. Required for the establishment or function of the nervous system.
Worms exhibit diverse nervous system defects including defects in feeding behavior and chemosensation. Phenotypes are due to defects in protein trafficking, such as mislocalization of odr-3 and gpa-13 proteins in olfactory neurons.
Expressed in intestinal cells in adults.
Expressed weakly in larval stage L1 and strongly throughout the remainder of larval development (PubMed:9764821). Expressed in larval posterior intestinal cells and neurons (PubMed:9764821, PubMed:27402359).
Heterodimer with mxl-1 in presence and absence of DNA.
RNAi-mediated knockdown increases lifespan, which is abolished on an mxl-2 or mml-1 mutant background, or by simultaneous RNAi-mediated knockdown of daf-16 or pha-4 (PubMed:24699255). RNAi-mediated knockdown causes delayed onset of polyglutamine-mediated paralysis (PubMed:24699255). RNAi-mediated knockdown reduces spore levels of the microsporidian pathogen N.parisii during infection, further reduced on an mxl-2 mutant background (PubMed:27402359).
Transcriptional regulator which binds to the E box motif 5'-CACGTG-3', when in a heterodimeric complex with mxl-1 (PubMed:9764821). Involved in the control of lifespan in response to dietary restriction, the decline in protein homeostasis associated with normal aging, germline signaling and may overlap with the insulin-like signaling pathway (PubMed:24699255, PubMed:27001890). Plays a role in autophagy (PubMed:27001890). Involved in promoting infection by the microsporidian pathogen N.parisii, possibly together with transcription factors pha-4 and zip-10 (PubMed:27402359).
Acts as a co-chaperone with Hsp70 required to promote protein folding and trafficking, prevent aggregation of client proteins, and promote unfolded proteins to endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway (By similarity). Acts by determining Hsp70's ATPase and polypeptide-binding activities (By similarity). Can also act as a chaperone that promotes maturation of potassium channel unc-103 by stabilizing nascent channel subunits and assembling them into tetramers (PubMed:27916661).
Belongs to the DnaJ family. DNAJB12/DNAJB14 subfamily.
Expressed in many head neurons, vulva muscles and some tail neurons.
Adult life span extension and increased resistance to oxidative and heat stress but not to DNA damage, starvation or pathogen stress.
Binds DNA and represses gene expression. Plays a role in regulation of life span, possibly by regulating transcription of genes important for lipid metabolism.
In contrast to other members of the family, lacks the conserved Arg and Glu active sites at positions 417 and 446 respectively, suggesting that it lacks dehydrogenase activity.
The THAP-type zinc finger mediates DNA-binding but is not required for repression of gene expression.
Expressed in all embryos during the early cleavage stages until the 100- and 200-cell stage, after which, expression diminishes. During larval development, first expressed in L1 larvae, but it is not highly expressed in the germline. Expression in the germline increases at later larval stages.
Interacts with pgl-1 and pgl-3; association with either pgl-1 or pgl-3 is not required for P-granule localization.
Transient component of P-granule which is involved in germline development.
Viable, and not temperature sensitive. Triple knockout with pgl-1 and pgl-3 results in 58% of progeny arresting as late embryos and 5% as larvae at 26 degrees Celsius.
First detected in hypodermal precursor cells at the time of gastrulation. From the two-fold stage through to three-fold stages, expression is localized exclusively to hyp-7 but disappears in newly hatched L1s and subsequent developmental stages. Expression from L1 to adult stages is found in a single neuron in the ventral cord with a process into the nerve ring.
Can prevent somatic transgenes from inducing gene silencing via the RNA interference pathway. This may occur due to A-to-I editing of transgene-derived dsRNA, preventing transgene RNAi.
Expression begins early in embryogenesis where it is detected in late gastrula and comma stage embryos. By the comma stage, expression is highest in developing neuronal tissue in the head, tail and ventral side. Neuronal expression continues through embryogenesis and, by the L1 larval stage, is the prominent pattern. Expressed in most, if not all, cells of the nervous system at all larval stages and in adult animals. Also expressed in the developing vulva but not expressed in the adult vulva.
Interacts with double-stranded RNA-specific adenosine deaminase adr-2.
Required for the hydrolytic deamination of adenosine to inosine in double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) referred to as A-to-I RNA editing (PubMed:12426375). Does not have deaminase activity but binds to dsRNA and regulates A-to-I RNA editing, possibly by modulating the accessibility of the double-stranded RNA-specific adenosine deaminase adr-2 for target adenosines (PubMed:24508457, PubMed:25373143). Regulates editing efficiency of specific adenosines in 3' untranslated regions of target mRNAs (PubMed:24508457). Represses editing efficiency of the Y75B8A.8 3' UTR in neurons (PubMed:26917557). Required for correct expression and A-to-I editing of clec-41 (PubMed:28925356). Required for normal chemotaxis (PubMed:12426375, PubMed:14657490). Also required for normal vulva development (PubMed:12426375). Plays a role in determining lifespan (PubMed:20011587, PubMed:25373143). Not required for RNA interference (PubMed:12419225). Likely to play a role in determining whether a dsRNA enters the RNAi pathway (PubMed:14657490).
Interacts with E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase wwp-1 (PubMed:19553937). Interacts with RBR-type E3 ubiquitin transferase ari-1.1 (PubMed:16457801).
RNAi-mediated knockdown very slightly reduces viability and brood size; phenotype is exacerbated on a mutant background which enhances the overall efficacy of RNAi (PubMed:12783801). Increases sensitivity to paraquat and reduces lifespan at 25 degrees Celsius, but not at 20 degrees Celsius (PubMed:19553937). Abolishes lifespan extension completely on an eat-2 mutant background (PubMed:19553937). Substantially increases embryonic expression of sup-35 (PubMed:19521497).
Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 (PubMed:19553937). Accepts ubiquitin from the E1 complex and catalyzes its covalent attachment to other proteins (PubMed:19553937). Required for diet restriction-mediated lifespan extension, probably acting as part of a complex with ubiquitin-protein ligase wwp-1 (PubMed:19553937). Acts redundantly with lin-35/Rb in the regulation of pharyngeal morphogenesis during embryonic development by negatively regulating the expression of proteins such as sup-35 (PubMed:12783801, PubMed:19521497).
Belongs to the cAMP-dependent kinase regulatory chain family.
Controls the rhythmic contraction of enteric muscles probably by regulating G-protein coupled receptor aex-2-mediated calcium influx in GABAergic DVB neurons.
Expressed at a low level during embryogenesis. Expression increases sharply approximately four hours before hatching with levels peaking during the first larval stage. Levels then decrease as development progresses to adulthood.
Tetramer, composed of 2 regulatory (R) and 2 catalytic (C) subunits. In the presence of cAMP it dissociates into 2 active monomeric C subunits and an R dimer that binds four cAMP molecules.
The pseudophosphorylation site binds to the substrate-binding region of the catalytic chain but is not phosphorylated. The physiological significance of phosphorylations by other kinases is unclear.
Cilia of at least eight pairs of amphid neurons from mutant dyf(m185) animals are truncated at a middle segment, and empty amphidial sockets were seen indicating cilium structural abnormalities.
Component of the intraflagellar transport (IFT) complex B required for transport of proteins in the motile cilium (PubMed:28479320). May be required for ciliary entrance and transport of specific ciliary cargo proteins such as che-3 which are related to motility (PubMed:28479320). Required for sensory cilia biogenesis (PubMed:15713455).
Expressed in a subset of sensory neurons including eight pairs of amphid neurons (ASE, ADF, ASG, ASH, ASI, ASJ, ASK and ADL), six inner labial neurons (IL2s) and two pairs of phasmid neurons (PHA and PHB).
Component of the 19S proteasome regulatory particle complex (By similarity). The 26S proteasome consists of a 20S core particle (CP) and two 19S regulatory subunits (RP) (By similarity). Interacts with deubiquitinase ubh-4 (PubMed:23770237).
May function as a proteasomal ubiquitin receptor. May promote the deubiquitinating activity associated with the 26S proteasome.
The Pru (pleckstrin-like receptor for ubiquitin) domain mediates interactions with rpn-2 and ubiquitin. Preferential binding to the proximal subunit of K48-linked diubiquitin allows ubh-4 access to the distal subunit.
GTPase-activating protein, which inhibits the vulval induction by acting as a negative regulator for the member of the Ras family let-60. Probably decreases the signaling activity of Ras by stimulating its intrinsic GTPase activity, thereby lowering the levels of GTP-bound, active Ras.
Expression relative to adult is increased in the L3 stage and more so in dauers.
Component of the signal peptidase complex.
Belongs to the actin-binding proteins ADF family.
Depolymerizes growing actin filaments in muscle cells; required for the assembly of actin filaments into the functional contractile myofilament lattice of muscle.
Interacts with Zwilch homolog zwl-1, a component of the RZZ complex (PubMed:18765790). Interacts with mdf-1 and mdf-2 (PubMed:18936247).
Recessive embryonic lethality (PubMed:18936247). Hemizygous mutants are viable and survive through embryogenesis, but are either lethal at the larval stage of development or sterile (PubMed:18936247). The oocytes of sterile mutants have extra chromosomes and prematurely exit the prophase stage of meiosis which results in endomitosis (PubMed:18936247). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in embryonic lethality (PubMed:18765790, PubMed:18936247). RNA-mediated knockdown results in defective cell division characterized by irregular chromosome alignment and segregation, longer spindles during chromatid separation, premature spindle pole separation, defective formation of kinetochore-microtubule attachments and chromatin bridge formation during the anaphase stage of mitosis (PubMed:18765790, PubMed:18936247, PubMed:24231804).
Transient kinetochore component required for chromosome and spindle pole alignment and chromosome segregation during mitosis (PubMed:18765790, PubMed:18936247). Functions downstream of the RZZ complex to mediate kinetochore-microtubule attachments and nuclear envelope breakdown during cell division (PubMed:18765790, PubMed:18936247, PubMed:24231804). Required for kinetochore assembly and localizes the checkpoint proteins mdf-1 and mdf-2, dynein and dynactin to unattached kinetochores (PubMed:18765790, PubMed:18936247, PubMed:24231804). Dynein is believed to control the initial lateral interaction between the kinetochore and spindle microtubules and to facilitate the subsequent formation of end-on kinetochore-microtubule attachments mediated by the NDC80 complex (PubMed:24231804). Required for embryonic development (PubMed:18765790, PubMed:18936247).
Provides CDP-diacylglycerol, an important precursor for the synthesis of phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns).
Reduced levels of phosphatidylinositol. No effect on two-cell stage nuclear morphology. Significant rescue of the nuclear morphology defects resulting from inhibition of cnep-1 or partial inhibition of lpin-1 but does not rescue the nuclear envelope disassembly defects observed following depletion of npp-12.
Plays a major role in programmed cell death.
Involved in DNA double-strand break repair (DSBR) (PubMed:11238374). Possesses single-strand endonuclease activity and double-strand-specific 3'-5' exonuclease activity (PubMed:11238374). Also involved in meiotic DSB processing (PubMed:11238374). In response to ionizing radiation, probably required for the association between the brc-1-brd-1 heterodimer and rad-51 and let-70 in order to activate E3-ubiquitin ligase activity of the heterodimer and induce ubiquitination at DNA damage sites (PubMed:16628214).
Required for meiotic crossing over and chiasma formation. Pachytene morphology and homolog pairing are normal. Vital in long term for maintenance of reproductive capacity of subsequent generations.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. Erg6/SMT family.
Catalyzes the methyl transfer from S-adenosyl-methionine to the C-4 of the A-ring sterols such as lathosterone (5alpha-cholest-7-en-3-one) thereby rendering them unsuitable as ligand precursors. May irreversibly shunt sterols away from hormone dafachronic acid production. Dafachronic acids act as ligands and bind directly to the nuclear hormone receptor (NHR) daf-12 suppressing dauer formation and inducing reproductive growth. By reducing the biosynthesis of dafachronic acids, this methyltransferase can regulate dauer larva formation.
Expressed in the pharynx and hypodermal syncytium.
Mutants show impaired dauer larvae production.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFB6 subunit family.
ATPase activity is stimulated by microtubules, which promote homooligomerization. ATP-dependent microtubule severing is stimulated by interaction with mei-2.
Belongs to the AAA ATPase family. Katanin p60 subunit A1 subfamily.
Catalytic subunit of a complex which severs microtubules in an ATP-dependent manner (PubMed:28783150). Microtubule severing may promote rapid reorganization of cellular microtubule arrays. Required specifically for meiotic spindle formation in the female germline; the presence of this protein is inimical to the formation of mitotic spindles (PubMed:8027178, PubMed:10809666, PubMed:12885567, PubMed:19087961, PubMed:23918937). In body wall muscles, regulates organization of myosin thick filaments (PubMed:22621901).
Highly expressed in the female germline. Degradation at the meiosis-mitosis transition reduces cytoplasmic microtubule severing activity, thereby allowing the formation of larger mitotic spindles.
Homohexamer; ATP hydrolysis initiates a cycle between an open spiral and a closed ring conformation which is probably involved in pulling tubulin dimers out from microtubules (PubMed:28783150). Interacts with mei-2, which may serve as a targeting subunit (PubMed:10809666). Interacts with mel-26, which targets mei-1 for ubiquitin mediated proteolysis (PubMed:13679921, PubMed:14528312, PubMed:23918937). Interacts with phosphatase pph-4.1 (PubMed:19087961).
Phosphorylated (PubMed:16338136, PubMed:23918937). Phosphorylation by mbk-2 is required for its rapid degradation following meiosis II (PubMed:16338136). Likely dephosphorylated by the PP4 complex composed of catalytic subunit pph-4.1 and regulatory subunit ppfr-1 (PubMed:23918937).
Polyubiquitination targets the protein for rapid degradation via the ubiquitin system at the end of meiosis. The BTB domain protein mel-26 may serve to specifically target mei-1 for ubiquitination by cul-3 containing complexes. The cul-3 protein is in turn regulated by neddylation by ned-8.
RNAi-mediated knockdown at the L1 larval stage results in the disorganization of myosin thick filaments in adult body wall muscles characterized by the formation of abnormal myosin heavy chain myo-3 aggregates and V-shaped crossing of A-bands. In addition, body wall muscle cells appear shorter and broader.
Chromosomal, neuroanatomical, guidance and egg-laying defects. Altering the activity of both the dorsal repellent slt-1 and mau-2 leads to the abnormal dorsal projection of the AVM axon. Migrating cells and axons are mispositioned along both the antero-posterior and dorsoventral body axes.
May heterodimerize with scc-2/SCC2 to form the cohesin loading complex.
Plays an important role in the loading of the cohesin complex on to DNA (By similarity). Forms a heterodimeric complex (also known as cohesin loading complex) with scc-2/SCC2 which mediates the loading of the cohesin complex onto chromatin (By similarity). Required for normal development until the fourth larval stage. Functions cell autonomously to guide migrations during the development of the nervous system. Participates in the guidance of mechanosensory neuron AVM by a slt-1-independent mechanism. Regulates chromosome segregation in early embryos.
Ubiquitously expressed in embryos by late gastrulation. Becomes predominantly expressed in the nervous system as morphogenesis progresses.
Belongs to the proteasome subunit p55 family.
May participate in the coupling of lysosomes to microtubule plus-end-directed kinesin motor.
Belongs to the PDK/BCKDK protein kinase family.
Inhibits the mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase complex by phosphorylation of the E1 alpha subunit, thus contributing to the regulation of glucose metabolism.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 35 family.
Expressed postembryonically at all larval and adult stages, including the developmentally arrested larval state known as dauer stage (PubMed:26438299). Expressed in neurons of the head and tail, including the motor neurons VD1, DA3, and DA7 (PubMed:26438299). Also expressed in the anal depressor muscle, anterior and posterior intestinal cells, and the head and body wall muscles (PubMed:26438299). Expressed in the PDE sensory neuron pairs and rare, transient expression seen in migrating distal tip cells of larval L3/L4 stages (PubMed:26438299).
Hermaphrodites produce fewer live progeny at 20 degrees Celsius than wild-type, and also laying more unfertilized oocytes throughout the egg-laying period (PubMed:26438299). Abnormal gonad morphology (PubMed:26438299). Delayed recovery from the developmentally arrested larval state known as dauer (PubMed:26438299). Significantly longer lifespan (PubMed:26438299). Decreased movement (PubMed:26438299). RNAi-mediated knockdown causes an increase in daf-18 transcripts (PubMed:26438299).
Probable transcription factor (PubMed:26438299). Modulates lifespan and also recovery from the developmentally arrested larval state known as dauer, perhaps acting upstream of phosphatase PTEN/daf-18 (PubMed:26438299). Regulates expression of genes involved in cell division, cell-cycle regulation, and sexual reproduction, including daf-18 (PubMed:26438299).
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL37 family.
Belongs to the NFYA/HAP2 subunit family.
Component of the sequence-specific heterotrimeric transcription factor (nfya-1-NF-Y) which specifically recognizes a 5'-CCAAT-3' box motif found in the promoters of its target genes to regulate their expression and control cellular identity in particular tissue types (PubMed:17574230). In association with the components in the nfya-1-NF-Y complex, represses the expression of the T-box transcription factor tbx-2 throughout larval development, which most likely restricts its expression to certain tissues (PubMed:23933492). May act to repress txb-2 expression in conjunction with tbx-2 itself, which has an autoregulatory role (Probable). With the components in this complex, negatively regulates the expression of the homeobox protein egl-5 to spatially restrict its expression in tissues such as the head (PubMed:17574230). May regulate egl-5 expression in association with the mes-2-mes-3-mes-6 complex (PubMed:17574230).
Expressed at all developmental stages (PubMed:15704008, PubMed:17574230). In larvae, highly expressed in the head ganglia neurons and the developing hermaphrodite vulva and male tail, while expression in most somatic cells is weak (PubMed:17574230). Not expressed in the gonads in larval stages (PubMed:15704008).
Expressed in certain parts of the gonads with high expression in fertilized oocytes in the uterus and mature oocytes from the distal to the proximal arm of the gonad, but weak expression in the syncytial ovaries and immature oocytes at the beginning of the proximal arm of the gonad (PubMed:15704008). Highly expressed in the head ganglia neurons and the developing hermaphrodite vulva and male tail (PubMed:17574230). Weakly expressed in most somatic cells (PubMed:17574230). Not expressed in the intestine, the hypodermis, body wall muscle surrounding the pseudocoelomic space, secretory cells in the pharyngeal terminal bulb wall, in the small ganglia surrounding the pharynx and in the neurons running anteriorly to the sensory organs in the head (PubMed:15704008).
Forms a heterotrimeric transcription factor complex (nfya-1-NF-Y complex) composed of nfya-1, nfyb-1 and nfyc-1, which binds to 5'-CCAAT-3' box motif in the promoters of its target genes (PubMed:17574230). Interacts with the nfyb-1 and nfyc-1 dimer; the interaction is required for subsequent binding to the 5'-CCAAT-3' box motif in DNA (PubMed:17574230). Does not interact with either nfyb-1 or nfyc-1 in their monomeric form (PubMed:17574230). Interacts with mes-3 (PubMed:17574230).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in ectopic expression of the homeobox protein egl-5 in the head region of hermaphrodites (PubMed:17574230). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in morphological defects in the male tail due to cell transformation defects whereby anterior seam cells adopt a posterior seam cell fate, which is indicated by ectopic expression of the ray-specific protein pkd-2 in the anterior mid-body region (PubMed:17574230). This leads to impaired cell identities of the rays derived from seam cells (PubMed:17574230). These animals also have defective cell transformations in the ventral cord and generate two extra serotonergic CP neurons (PubMed:17574230). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in ectopic expression of tbx-2 in the gut and seam cells of L4 stage larvae and adults (PubMed:23933492).
Has a dual function in spindle-assembly checkpoint signaling and in promoting the establishment of correct kinetochore-microtubule (K-MT) attachments (PubMed:18248670, PubMed:19109417, PubMed:25987605). Promotes the formation of stable end-on bipolar attachments of chromosomes (PubMed:25987605). Necessary for expression and kinetochore localization of bub-1 (PubMed:19109417, PubMed:25987605). Plays a role in synapsis checkpoint signaling inducing apoptosis in response to unsynapsed chromosomes and thus controlling chromosomal segregation during oocyte meiosis (PubMed:26483555).
May interact with bub-1; for localization at the kinetochore and the onset of anaphase.
Viable, but with a reduced brood size (PubMed:25987605). Reduced bub-1 expression and localization at the kinetochore which may lead to the delay in the onset of anaphase during embryogenesis (PubMed:25987605). Defective synapsis with increased numbers of nuclei that contain asymmetrically aligned (clustered) chromosomes (PubMed:26483555). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in reduced survival as compared to wild-type animals in anoxic conditions (PubMed:18248670).
DNA-binding protein which binds to the promoters of let-60, lin-14 and lin-28, possibly to regulate genes involved in hypodermal and vulval development (PubMed:21979920). Together with miRNAs mir-84 and let-7 may direct terminal differentiation of the seam cells, exit from the molting cycle, and vulva formation (PubMed:21979920). Does not regulate the expression of mir-84 (PubMed:21979920). May promote hypodermal differentiation in association with swsn-9, a component of SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complexes (PubMed:21979920).
Expressed from embryogenesis to adulthood (PubMed:21979920). First expressed in comma stage embryos (PubMed:21979920). Highly expressed in L4 larvae and adults (PubMed:21979920).
Expressed in hypodermal seam cells, the somatic gonad and vulval precursor cells, body wall muscle and head neurons.
May interact with swsn-9; the interaction promotes hypodermal differentiation.
Belongs to the deoxyhypusine hydroxylase family.
Catalyzes the hydroxylation of the N(6)-(4-aminobutyl)-L-lysine intermediate produced by deoxyhypusine synthase/DHPS on a critical lysine of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A/eIF-5A. This is the second step of the post-translational modification of that lysine into an unusual amino acid residue named hypusine. Hypusination is unique to mature eIF-5A factor and is essential for its function.
Embryonic lethal with the production of multinucleated cells from the one-cell stage of embryogenesis leading to the in utero accumulation of abnormal and enlarged embryos.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Tyr protein kinase family. Fes/fps subfamily.
Expressed in early embryo and, during later stages of embryogenesis, in epithelial cells, body wall muscle, germline and mature sperm.
Non-receptor tyrosine-protein kinase which plays a role in morphogenesis by regulating the epidermal enclosure of the embryo, independently of its kinase activity (PubMed:15958510). Prevents hyperactivation of the Wnt signaling pathway during endoderm development, probably by preventing hmp-2 nuclear translocation (PubMed:20805471).
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes a disruption in the dorsal intercalation and ventral migration of epidermal cells, preventing enclosure and elongation of the embryo. Epidermal cells tend to round up and appear to be defective in adhesion (PubMed:15958510). In addition, causes partial nuclear re-localization of hmp-2 in the embryonic epidermis and the production of supernumerary gut nuclei probably resulting from epithelial cell hyperproliferation (PubMed:20805471).
Belongs to the SLC13A/DASS transporter (TC 2.A.47) family. NADC subfamily.
High-affinity sodium-dicarboxylate cotransporter that accepts a range of tricarboxylic acid-cycle intermediates with 4-5 carbon atoms. There is no interaction with monocarboxylates. Plays a role in the regulation of life span.
Nad-1 and nad-2 are coexpressed in the intestinal tract from early larvae to adults, expression is from the pharynx through to the anus. Expression level is significantly greater in the anterior half of the intestine than in the posterior half.
Not detected in the embryo. Expressed at the early larval, late larval and adult stages, with highest levels at the late larval stage.
Expressed throughout development from embryos to adults (PubMed:15238518, PubMed:27650246). Not expressed in somatic cells of embryos (PubMed:28806108). First expressed in 1-cell embryos, and expression continues until the 24-cell stage (PubMed:15238518). Highly expressed in early stage embryos (PubMed:19167332). Expression decreases after the 24-cell stage and is negligible throughout the rest of embryogenesis and early stages of larval development (PubMed:15238518, PubMed:19167332). During larval development, first expressed in the germline of L3 stage larvae (PubMed:15238518).
Guanyl-specific endoribonuclease which cleaves the phosphodiester bond in single-stranded RNA between the 3'-guanylic residue and the 5'-OH residue of adjacent nucleotide, resulting in the formation of a corresponding 2',3'-cyclic phosphate intermediate (PubMed:26787882). P-granule component involved in germline development (PubMed:15238518, PubMed:19372764, PubMed:24746798). Together with the P-granule component pgl-1, is involved in the formation of P-granules (PubMed:21402787, PubMed:24746798, PubMed:27594427). Together with pgl-1, probably recruits other granule components such as pos-1, mex-3 and glh-1, and RNA to P-granules (PubMed:21402787, PubMed:27594427). In vitro, binds mRNA; this interaction is required for the formation of liquid-like droplets that resemble P-granules (PubMed:27594427). Most likely recruits pgl-1 into P-granules during autophagy (PubMed:19167332). Associates with adapters such as sepa-1 and is required for the accumulation and degradation of P-granules by autophagy in somatic cells (PubMed:19167332, PubMed:24140420, PubMed:28806108). This ensures exclusive localization of the P-granules in germ cells (PubMed:19167332, PubMed:28806108). In addition, may act redundantly with pgl-1 to protect germ cells from excessive germline apoptosis during normal oogenesis and development of the two gonadal arms (PubMed:26598553). This may in part be through regulating the localization of sir-2.1 which is involved in germ cell apoptosis (PubMed:26598553). May protect somatic cells from excessive apoptosis during normal development (PubMed:27650246).
Highly expressed in the germline (PubMed:15238518). Expressed in most somatic cells (PubMed:27650246).
May form a homodimer (PubMed:21402787, PubMed:26787882). Interacts with pgl-1 and pgl-2; this association is not required for P-granule localization of either pgl-1 or pgl-2 (PubMed:15238518). Interacts with sepa-1; the interaction is enhanced in the presence of RNA (PubMed:19167332, PubMed:24140420). Interacts with prmt-1; the interaction is direct (PubMed:24140420).
Methylated at arginine residues in the RNA-binding RGG-box by prmt-1. Methylation promotes P-granule degradation by autophagy.
The RNA-binding RGG-box is required for the recruitment of some P-granule components such as pos-1 and probably mRNA, but is dispensable for granule formation.
The dimerization domain also acts as a hinge; changes in its structure probably impact oligomerization and RNA-binding.
Viable, and not temperature sensitive (PubMed:15238518). Failed degradation and diffuse cytoplasmic localization of the P-granule component pgl-1 in the somatic cells of embryos (PubMed:19167332). Increased germ cell apoptosis in gonadal arms, and this is further increased following UV irradiation (PubMed:26598553). Double knockout with pgl-1 results in 37% of progeny arresting as late embryos and 9% as larvae at 26 degrees Celsius (PubMed:15238518). Double knockout with pgl-1 enhances the temperature-sensitive sterility phenotype and germline defects of the pgl-1 single knockout (PubMed:15238518, PubMed:26598553). Germline defects include increased apoptosis in the gonad, fewer germ nuclei, no sperm and no oocytes in the gonad arms (PubMed:15238518, PubMed:26598553). The gonads of the double knockout with pgl-1 degenerate as the adults age (PubMed:15238518). Conversely, double knockout with ced-1 results in reduced somatic cell apoptosis (PubMed:27650246). Triple knockout with pgl-1 and pgl-2 results in 58% of progeny arresting as late embryos and 5% as larvae at 26 degrees Celsius (PubMed:15238518). Triple knockout with pgl-1 and him-3 further reduces the number of self-cross progeny as compared to the pgl-1 and him-3 double mutant and him-3 single mutant (PubMed:15238518). Double RNAi-mediated knockdown with pgl-1 results in a reduced number of pos-1, mex-1 and glh-1 positive granules in embryos (PubMed:21402787). Quadruple RNAi-mediated knockdown with glh-1, glh-4 and pgl-1 results in offspring that display 27-89% sterility, abnormal oocytes and do not have embryos in the uterus (PubMed:24746798). These sterile offspring still produce sperm (PubMed:24746798). Furthermore, these offspring may have compromised P-granule integrity as there is diffuse cytoplasmic localization of the P-granule component deps-1, which may cause germ cells to initiate somatic reprogramming (PubMed:24746798). RNAi-mediated knockdown in a double ced-1 and hpl-2 mutant background rescues the reduced somatic cell apoptotic cell defect in the ced-1 and hpl-2 double knockout at 25 degrees Celsius (PubMed:27650246).
Autophosphorylated mainly on serine residues.
In combination with RNAi-mediated knockdown of atf-6, causes sluggish movement, arrested development at the L2 larval stage, and lethality soon thereafter; larvae have intestinal degeneration and develop many vacuoles in the intestinal cells (PubMed:16184190). In combination with RNAi-mediated knockdown of pek-1, larvae have intestinal degeneration and develop many vacuoles in the intestinal cells (PubMed:16184190). RNAi-mediated knockdown restores fertility, reduces the accumulation of unspliced tra-2 in the cytoplasm and suppresses germ line masculinization caused by RNAi-mediated knockdown of rnp-4/RBM8A (PubMed:23149939).
Senses unfolded proteins in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum via its N-terminal domain which leads to enzyme auto-activation (PubMed:11779465). The active endoribonuclease domain splices xbp-1 precursor mRNA to produce the mature form which then induces transcription of UPR target genes (PubMed:11779465). Unfolded protein response (UPR) transcriptional activation by ire-1, as well as translational attenuation by pek-1 in a complementary pathway, maintains ER homeostasis (PubMed:11779465, PubMed:16184190). Regulates the transcriptional up-regulation of nucleoside-diphosphatase apy-1 and many other genes, upon ER stress (PubMed:18216284, PubMed:16184190). By activating the UPR pathway during non-lethal hypoxia pre-conditioning, confers adaptive protection to subsequent exposure to hypoxia (PubMed:20733002). ire-1 and pek-1 are redundant genes that control a pathway essential for larval development and survival (PubMed:11779465, PubMed:16184190). Plays a role in the nuclear retention of unspliced mRNAs (PubMed:23149939).
The kinase domain is activated by trans-autophosphorylation. Kinase activity is required for activation of the endoribonuclease domain (By similarity).
Described as a member of the Mediator complex and a probable MED28 ortholog but shows very low similarity to known MED28 proteins and lacks the Pfam Med28 signature found in known MED28 proteins.
Expressed from embryos to adults. Expressed in embryos from the two-fold stage, and is ubiquitously expressed during embryonic and larval stages of development.
Plays a role in normal growth and development.
Ubiquitously expressed in tissues including epidermal, intestinal, pharyngeal and uterine, and is also expressed in vulval muscle cells and gut granules.
Viable, but sterile with defective development that is prominent during the late larval stages of development. The developmental defects include a squat body stature referred to as a dumpy phenotype, irregular gut, defective gonadal growth, with incomplete gonad development in some animals, a protruding vulva phenotype, defective uterus and spermatheca formation, and excretory canal defects. RNAi-mediated knockdown results in 44% of animals arresting at either the embryonic or larval stage of development, and in a range of phenotypes including defective molting, protruding vulvae that burst, male tail ray defects and uncoordinated movement.
Expressed in body wall and vulva muscles, pharynx, intestine, excretory canals, distal tip cells and some neurons. Expressed in D-type motor neurons upon axon injury.
Interacts (via cytoplasmic domain) with mlk-1 (PubMed:22388962). Interacts with shc-1 (via SH2 domain) (PubMed:27984580). May interact (when tyrosine-phosphorylated) with tns-1 (via SH2 domain) (PubMed:31109965).
May be autophosphorylated on Tyr-890 following dimerization.
Receptor tyrosine kinase which may phosphorylate mlk-1, a component of the mlk-1, mek-1 and kgb-1 pathway (PubMed:22388962). Involved in axon regeneration after injury by promoting the generation of productive and stable growth cones (PubMed:22388962, PubMed:27984580, PubMed:31109965).
Viable. Reduced axon regeneration 24 hours following injury of D-type motor neurons.
Disrupted defecation rhythm with reduced pharyngeal pumping in the presence of food resulting in constipation. Disrupted reversal/avoidance response to nose touch. Hermaphrodites display endomitotic oocytes following spermathecal dilation defect and defective ovulation. Loss of male fertility due to defects in turning behavior, spicule insertion and sperm transfer.
Interacts with myo-1, myo-2, unc-54/myo-4 and nmy-2. Also interacts with iri-1.
Isoform a is expressed in the anterior cells of the pharyngeal terminal bulb, vulva, rectal epithelial cells, spicule protractor muscles of the proctodeum and male-specific neuron CP8 or CP9. Isoform d is expressed in the spermatheca, excretory cell, amphid socket cells, PDA motor neuron, spicule retractor muscles, gubernaculum retractor muscles, posterior oblique muscles, diagonal muscles and the vas deferens. Also expressed in the intestine, pharynx, pharyngeal isthmus, pharyngeal intestinal valve, somatic gonad, hypodermal cells of the vulva, uterine sheath cells, tail, head, LUA motor neuron and the embryonic epidermis (at protein level).
Receptor for inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, a second messenger that regulates intracellular calcium homeostasis (PubMed:10499793, PubMed:10610772, PubMed:15194811, PubMed:16186564, PubMed:23671426). Binds in vitro to both inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (1,4,5-InsP3) and inositol 2,4,5-trisphosphate (2,4,5-InsP3) with high affinity and does not discriminate between the phosphate at 1 or 2 position (PubMed:10610772). Can also bind inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate (1,3,4,5-InsP4) and inositol 4,5-bisphosphate (4,5-InsP2), but with lower affinity (PubMed:10610772). Acts as a timekeeper/rhythm generator via calcium signaling, affecting the defecation cycle and pharyngeal pumping (PubMed:10499793, PubMed:11553721, PubMed:12062062, PubMed:11950942, PubMed:15013747, PubMed:15133127, PubMed:16186564, PubMed:21191812). Affects normal hermaphrodite and male fertility as a participant in intracellular signaling by acting downstream of let-23/lin-3 which regulates ovulation, spermathecal valve dilation and male mating behavior (PubMed:9491893, PubMed:15194811, PubMed:16267094, PubMed:15958491). Important for early embryonic development; controls epidermal cell migration and may also regulate filopodial protrusive activity during epithelial morphogenesis (PubMed:11950942, PubMed:15498499, PubMed:18369461). Component of inositol trisphosphate (IP3)-mediated downstream signaling pathways that controls amphid sensory neuronal (ASH)-mediated response to nose touch and benzaldehyde but not other ASH-mediated responses (PubMed:19730689). Involved in modulating lifespan, acting downstream of transcription factor atf-6 (PubMed:32905769).
The receptor contains a calcium channel in its C-terminal extremity. Its large N-terminal cytoplasmic region has the ligand-binding site in the N-terminus and modulatory sites in the middle portion immediately upstream of the channel region.
Expressed in most tissues including the hypodermal, muscle, neuronal, vulval and intestinal tissues (PubMed:30965033). Isoform a: Expressed in the pharynx, nerve ring, intestine, neurons and ventral nerve cord (PubMed:30965033).
Involved in pharyngeal muscle development and ensures pharyngeal grinder function during feeding (PubMed:8462849, PubMed:21750263, PubMed:30965033). Plays a role in the defense against the accumulation of ingested live pathogenic bacteria in the intestine (PubMed:30965033). Has a role in the determination of life span (PubMed:30965033).
Viable, but have an extended lifespan (PubMed:30965033). There is a decrease in early progeny production, resulting in smaller self-fertile brood size, and an increase in late progeny production, which results in an extended self-fertile reproductive lifespan (PubMed:30965033). Defective pharyngeal grinder positioning, which results in feeding defects (PubMed:8462849). Animals also have protruding male spicules (PubMed:8462849).
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 68 family.
Catalyzes the reaction that attaches fucose through an O-glycosidic linkage to a conserved serine or threonine residue in the consensus sequence C1-X-X-S/T-C2 of thrombospondin type I repeats (TSRs) where C1 and C2 are the first and second cysteines of the repeat, respectively (PubMed:15233996, PubMed:26854667). O-fucosylates members of several protein families including the ADAMTS superfamily and the thrombospondin (TSP) and spondin families (By similarity).
Expressed in the anterior part of embryos, in the hypodermal and neuronal cells of the head. Expressed at different levels in a variety of cell types after hatching, including neuronal, hypodermal, muscle, intestinal, and somatic gonadal cells. Expressed in the nerve ring around the pharynx, in dorsal and ventral nerve cords, intestine, and a variety of hypodermal cells of L1-L3 larvae. Expressed in gonadal sheath cells, spermatheca, and tissues surrounding the vulva of adult hermaphrodites, and in the body wall muscle and hypodermal cells of adults of both sexes.
Expressed starts at morphogenetic embryonic stages and continues throughout development.
Belongs to the peroxidase family. XPO subfamily.
Binds 1 heme b (iron(II)-protoporphyrin IX) group covalently per heterodimer.
Catalyzes the two-electron oxidation of bromide by hydrogen peroxide and generates hypobromite as a reactive intermediate which mediates the formation of sulfilimine cross-links between methionine and hydroxylysine residues within an uncross-linked collagen IV/COL4A1 NC1 hexamer (By similarity). Required for embryonic morphogenesis playing a role in epidermal elongation at the twofold stage of embryonic development (PubMed:20876652). Required post-embryonically for basement membrane integrity and muscle-epidermal attachments, and specifically in the function of basement membrane components such as the type IV collagens (PubMed:20876652, PubMed:29440357). May have a role in inhibiting axon regeneration (PubMed:20876652). May functionally antagonize the peroxidasin pxn-1 (PubMed:20876652).
Expressed in most differentiated epidermal cells throughout development from embryogenesis to adulthood (PubMed:20876652). In late gastrulation, expressed in epidermal precursors (PubMed:20876652).
Expressed in vulval muscles and in some neurons including PVQ (PubMed:20876652). Expressed in the hypodermis and in coelomocytes (PubMed:25475546).
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes no neuronal defects (PubMed:26194821). Furthermore RNAi-mediated knockdown rescues the neuronal defects of the pxn-1 mutant (ok785) (PubMed:26194821).
Component of the RNA polymerase I (Pol I) and RNA polymerase III (Pol III) complexes consisting of at least 13 and 17 subunits, respectively.
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Common core component of RNA polymerases I and III which synthesize ribosomal RNA precursors and small RNAs, such as 5S rRNA and tRNAs, respectively (By similarity).
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL34 family.
Component of the ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase, a multisubunit transmembrane complex that is part of the mitochondrial electron transport chain which drives oxidative phosphorylation.
Belongs to the TTC30/dfy-1/fleer family.
Expressed in most amphid, both phasmid and several labial-quadrant neurons.
Plays a role in anterograde intraflagellar transport (IFT), the process by which cilia precursors are transported from the base of the cilium to the site of their incorporation at the tip (PubMed:16049494). Specifically required for the kinesin osm-3 to dock onto and move the IFT particles which contain these precursors (PubMed:16049494). Component of the intraflagellar transport (IFT) complex B required for transport of proteins in the motile cilium (PubMed:28479320). May be required for ciliary entrance and transport of specific ciliary cargo proteins such as che-3 which are related to motility (PubMed:28479320). Required for polyglutamylation of axonemal tubulin in sensory cilia (PubMed:17761526).
Sensory neurons are unable to take up a fluorescent dye from the media, a phenotype that is often associated with aberrant sensory cilia.
Adaptor protein complex 1 (AP-1) is a heterotetramer composed of two large adaptins (gamma- and beta'-type subunits), a medium adaptin (mu-type subunit AP47) and a small adaptin (sigma-type subunit AP19) (By similarity). Interacts (via N-terminus) with kvs-4 (PubMed:26762178).
Component of the adaptor complexes which link clathrin to receptors in coated vesicles (Probable). Clathrin-associated protein complexes are believed to interact with the cytoplasmic tails of membrane proteins, leading to their selection and concentration (Probable). Required for many aspects of development and behavior, including negative regulation of vulval differentiation (PubMed:8288128). Required for the dendritic localization of potassium channel kvs-4 in the cholinergic motor neuron DA9 (PubMed:26762178).
Expressed in the cholinergic motor neuron DA9.
Belongs to the metallo-beta-lactamase superfamily. RNA-metabolizing metallo-beta-lactamase-like family. CPSF2/YSH1 subfamily.
CPSF is a heterotetramer composed of four distinct subunits 160, 100, 70 and 30 kDa.
CPSF plays a key role in pre-mRNA 3'-end formation, recognizing the AAUAAA signal sequence and interacting with poly(A)polymerase and other factors to bring about cleavage and poly(A) addition.
Expressed in the pharynx, hypodermis, intestine, head neuron and tail neuron.
Protease which deconjugates SUMO from some substrate proteins. Has isopeptidase but not SUMO-processing activity (By similarity). Collaborates with ubql-1 in the export of ubiquitinated proteins from the nucleus to the cytoplasm (PubMed:29666234).
Worms lacking both POST and ubql-1 have a shorter lifespan and display an accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins in the nucleus.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS25 family.
No visible phenotype. Quintuple knockout with cnnm-1, cnnm-2, cnnm-3 and cnnm-4 results in a reduced lifespan and 100% sterility.
Probable metal transporter. Probably acts redundantly with the other metal transport proteins cnnm-1, cnnm-2, cnnm-3 and cnnm-4 to regulate Mg(2+) homeostasis.
Catalytic subunit of the oligosaccharyl transferase (OST) complex that catalyzes the initial transfer of a defined glycan (Glc(3)Man(9)GlcNAc(2) in eukaryotes) from the lipid carrier dolichol-pyrophosphate to an asparagine residue within an Asn-X-Ser/Thr consensus motif in nascent polypeptide chains, the first step in protein N-glycosylation. N-glycosylation occurs cotranslationally and the complex associates with the Sec61 complex at the channel-forming translocon complex that mediates protein translocation across the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). All subunits are required for a maximal enzyme activity. This subunit contains the active site and the acceptor peptide and donor lipid-linked oligosaccharide (LLO) binding pockets.
Despite low primary sequence conservation between eukaryotic catalytic subunits and bacterial and archaeal single subunit OSTs (ssOST), structural comparison revealed several common motifs at spatially equivalent positions, like the DXD motif 1 on the external loop 1 and the DXD motif 2 on the external loop 2 involved in binding of the metal ion cofactor and the carboxamide group of the acceptor asparagine, the conserved Glu residue of the TIXE/SVSE motif on the external loop 5 involved in catalysis, as well as the WWDYG and the DK/MI motifs in the globular domain that define the binding pocket for the +2 Ser/Thr of the acceptor sequon. In bacterial ssOSTs, an Arg residue was found to interact with a negatively charged side chain at the -2 position of the sequon. This Arg is conserved in bacterial enzymes and correlates with an extended sequon requirement (Asp-X-Asn-X-Ser/Thr) for bacterial N-glycosylation.
Belongs to the 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase beta subunit family.
Expressed in some neurons (ASE, ADF, AVA, AUA, RMDV and BAG) in the head region, anchor cell, vulva, cells around anus, body wall muscle, pharyngeal muscles in procorpus and metacorpus (PubMed:12527374). Expressed in gonadal distal tip cells (PubMed:12527374, PubMed:16251208).
Interacts (via SH2 domain and SH3 domain) with unc-5 (via cytoplasmic domain); the interaction requires kinase activity (PubMed:16024786). Interacts (when activated and phosphorylated at 'Tyr-416') with ina-1 (via cytoplasmic domain) and with ced-2 (via SH2 domain) (PubMed:20226672).
May be activated by autophosphorylation (PubMed:19210548, PubMed:20226672). May be inhibited by csk-1-mediated phosphorylation (PubMed:12527374).
May be phosphorylated on Tyr-528 by csk-1.
Non-receptor tyrosine-protein kinase which plays a role in endoderm development by controlling spindle orientation in EMS blastomere, probably downstream of receptor mes-1. Also involved in embryonic body morphogenesis, especially in the formation of the pharynx and the intestine (PubMed:12110172, PubMed:12527374, PubMed:19210548). May be dispensable for pharyngeal muscle organization in the adult (PubMed:19210548). Probably phosphorylates netrin receptor unc-5, to regulate distal tip cell (DTC) migration during gonad development and in axon repulsion (PubMed:16024786, PubMed:16251208). Plays a role in the migration of the QR neuroblast, a precursor of the AVM neuron, and in the migration of the axon cone of AVM, ALM, CAN and PVM neurons (PubMed:16251208, PubMed:22293500). May act downstream of migratory protein mig-13 to control AVM neuron migration (PubMed:22293500). Probably downstream of integrin ina-1/pat-3, plays a role in the clearance of apoptotic cells during mid-embryogenesis (PubMed:20226672).
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes a growth arrest between gastrulation and the 2-fold stage and an increase in number of apoptotic cell corpses at the comma and 1.5-fold stages (PubMed:12527374, PubMed:16024786, PubMed:20226672). The few hermaphrodite animals reaching adulthood have gonadal defects characterized by the formation of a straight gonad resulting from defects in distal tip cells migration during the first and second turns (PubMed:16251208, PubMed:16024786).
Expressed in cell bodies and axons of the VNC motor neurons that extend axons to the dorsal midline and within the ventral nerve cord (PubMed:12435363). Expressed in gonadal distal tip cells (DTC) (PubMed:16251208).
Failed distal tip cell migration along the dorsal-ventral axis of the body. RNAi-mediated knockdown in mom-5, ced-10, ced-12 or mig-2 mutant backgrounds suppresses the migratory defect of distal tip cells in the respective single mutants.
Glycosylated via C-mannosylation by dpy-19 at Trp-305 and Trp-308.
In contrast to other members of the family, it lacks a canonical signal sequence; the existence of the signal sequence is therefore unsure.
Interacts (via cytoplasmic domain) with src-1 (via SH2 domain and SH3 domain) (PubMed:16024786). Interacts with madd-4 (PubMed:25122090). Interacts with unc-129; the interaction is direct (PubMed:19169249).
Phosphorylated on different cytoplasmic tyrosine residues (PubMed:11533026, PubMed:12435363, PubMed:16024786). May be phosphorylated on tyrosine residues by src-1 (PubMed:16024786). Tyrosine phosphorylation is unc-6-dependent (PubMed:11533026).
Receptor for netrin (unc-6) required for axon guidance (PubMed:8332188, PubMed:11454756). Mediates axon repulsion of neuronal growth cones in the developing nervous system upon ligand binding (PubMed:1384987, PubMed:8332188, PubMed:11454756, PubMed:9473333). Axon migration is mediated by the secreted unc-6, which promotes attraction of neurons and axons through binding to the unc-40 receptor, while repulsion requires both unc-5 and unc-40 receptors (PubMed:11454756, PubMed:9473333). Involved in the ventral-dorsal and anterior-posterior migration of distal tip cells along the body, which may be mediated by Wnt receptor mom-5, ced-10/Rac, ced-12/ELMO and mig-2/RhoG (PubMed:10631179, PubMed:26292279, PubMed:17716643).
Expressed in the somatic gonadal precursor cells, Z1 and Z4, of XO and XX L1 stage larvae (PubMed:14993191). Expression is sexually dimorphic later in larval L1 stage and appears to be gonad-specific (PubMed:14993191).
Probable transcription factor (PubMed:14993191, PubMed:20553900). Binds to the DNA sequence motif 5'-[TA]TGTT[TG]T[TG][ATG]TT-3' (PubMed:20553900). Regulates sexual dimorphism in the gonad, promoting male gonadal cell fates in chromosomally (XO) male animals, yet plays a role in gonadogenesis in both sexes; probably acts downstream of terminal regulator of sex determination tra-1, to control early gonadogenesis (PubMed:14993191). Positively modulates expression of homeobox protein egl-5, probably acting indirectly, during early gonadal development (PubMed:20553900).
Belongs to the EGR C2H2-type zinc-finger protein family.
Expressed in sheath cells and distal tip cells of the somatic gonad, as well as in the intestine and sperm (at protein level) (PubMed:20736289). Expression not observed in oocytes (at protein level) (PubMed:20736289).
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes abnormalities in oocyte development, including degrading oocytes in the proximal gonadal arm and ectopic developing oocytes in the distal arm (PubMed:20736289). RNAi-mediated knockdown targeted to the soma, on an rrf-1 mutant background, exhibits only a slight increase in the frequency of oocyte defects (PubMed:20736289).
Sequence-specific DNA-binding transcription factor (By similarity). Plays a role in oocyte development, acting cell-autonomously in the somatic gonad (PubMed:20736289). Involved in negative regulation of oocyte MAPK activation and inhibits oocyte maturation and ovulation (PubMed:20736289).
Expressed in vulval cells and all somatic gonad structures such as spermatheca, sheath cells, uterine cells and distal tip cells.
No visible phenotype. Double knockout with lin-35 results in sterility, defects in gonad migration and vulval morphology.
Probable zinc finger transcription factor that acts as a transcriptional repressor. Acts redundantly with the transcriptional repressor lin-35 to control the development of somatic gonad lineages. May, in addition, suppress sensitivity to RNAi.
Expressed in a limited number of non-sex-specific tissues in males, including 6-8 unidentified neurons of the head, ventral body wall muscle, and the PHCL/R neurons.
In males, expressed in several sex-specific cell types during larval development and in the adult, including the A-type ray sensory neurons, ventral male-specific muscles, and unidentified neurons of the male posterior ventral nerve cord (PubMed:12231628). Transiently expressed during larval development in the hindgut (PubMed:12231628).
Probable transcription factor that plays a role in the development of the dopaminergic neurons of the male-specific genital sensilla (simple sense organs) known as rays, by negatively regulating the activity of the transcription factor ast-1 (PubMed:22069471, PubMed:12231628). Involved in male mating behavior, probably as a result of a role in the differentiation of male-specific diagonal muscles (PubMed:12231628, PubMed:22069471). Required for development of the male proctodeum (PubMed:12231628). May be dispensable in hermaphrodites (PubMed:12231628).
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes defects in patterning of the dopaminergic neurons of the male-specific genital sensilla (simple sense organs) known as rays (PubMed:12231628). Males are unable to sire progeny due to abnormal tail and gonad morphology, whereas hermaphrodites have no obvious phenotypic defects (PubMed:12231628).
Component of the GPI transamidase complex. May be involved in the recognition of either the GPI attachment signal or the lipid portion of GPI.
Belongs to the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 5A family.
Belongs to the peptidase M28 family. M28B subfamily.
Probable adapter protein that bind to and organize the subcellular localization of a variety of membrane proteins containing some PDZ recognition sequence. Involved in the clustering of various receptors, possibly by acting at the receptor internalization level. Plays a role in synaptic plasticity by regulating the trafficking and internalization of AMPA receptors. May be regulated upon PRKCA activation. May regulate ASIC1/ASIC3 channel. Regulates actin polymerization by inhibiting the actin-nucleating activity of the Arp2/3 complex; the function is competitive with nucleation promoting factors and is linked to neuronal morphology regulation and AMPA receptor (AMPAR) endocytosis. Via interaction with the Arp2/3 complex involved in regulation of synaptic plasicity of excitatory synapses and required for spine shrinkage during long-term depression (LTD). Involved in regulation of astrocyte morphology, antagonistic to Arp2/3 complex activator WASL/N-WASP function.
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in up-regulation of the transcription factor zip-10 and its downstream target asp-17.
Regulates the processing of the mir-60 microRNA (miRNA), which in turn negatively regulates the expression of the transcription factor zip-10 (PubMed:29664006). Does not affect the splicing of zip-10 (PubMed:29664006).
Belongs to the DNA/RNA non-specific endonuclease family.
Endonuclease important for programmed cell death; it mediates apoptotic DNA fragmentation.
The active site contains 1 hydrated magnesium ion that has only 1 direct interaction with the protein; all other interactions are via water molecules.
Embryonic and larval cell fate, polarity, division and migration defects (PubMed:16899238, PubMed:17196955, PubMed:26795562). In several lineages of the developing gonad 42.6% of hermaphrodites do not have either one or both distal tip cells, which results in the absence of the corresponding gonad arm, and germline proliferation defects in the male germ line (PubMed:16899238). Defects in hypodermal morphogenesis including disorganized dorsal cell intercalation, eventually resulting in 2-fold stage arrest, and failed ventral enclosure in some worms (PubMed:16899238). Cell polarity and migration defects including mitotic spindle misalignment, particularly in the ABar blastomere which results in the posterior cells of the blastomere adopting an alternate more anterior position (PubMed:16899238). Defective QL neuroblast migration with 100% of descendants migrating towards the anterior rather than the posterior of larvae (PubMed:16899238). Disrupted asymmetric cell divisions of hypodermal seam cells with the mislocalization and reduced expression of a wnt/beta catenin pathway component sys-1 and its negative regulator apr-1, and wrm-1 in daughter seam cells (PubMed:26795562). Irregular symmetric localization of lin-17/Frizzled in ectodermal blast B cells (PubMed:17196955).
Expressed throughout embryonic and larval development (PubMed:16899238). Expressed in most embryonic cells during hypodermal morphogenesis, and in Z1 and Z4 distal tip precursor cells, in distal tips cells during gonadal migration and in the gonandal primordium, which become vulval precursor cells, during larval development (PubMed:16899238). Also expressed in hypodermal precursor cells P11 and P12 and their daughter cells P11.a, P11.p, P12.a and P12.p, and in the SDQL and PVM neurons which are derived from the QL neuroblast (PubMed:16899238). During larval development, expressed in blast B cells and its descendants, the QL cell and in cells in the nerve ring (PubMed:16631156).
Plays a role in the signal transduction pathways mediated by multiple Wnt genes (PubMed:26795562). Functions redundantly with other dishevelled family members throughout development (PubMed:19298786, PubMed:25344071, PubMed:26460008, PubMed:26795562). During embryonic and larval development, controls cell migration and/or cell fate specification of hypodermal cells, hypodermal seam cells, vulval precursor cells and, through distal tip cell migration, somatic gonad precursor cells (PubMed:16899238, PubMed:26795562). In early embryos, regulates the orientation of the mitotic spindle of blastomeres and specifically, along with dsh-2, is required for the correct mitotic spindle orientation of the ABar blastomere division plane (PubMed:16899238, PubMed:25344071). Controls the polarity and the asymmetric localization of downstream components of the wnt/beta-catenin asymmetry pathway, and in particular, controls the asymmetric localization of the wnt receptor lin-17/Frizzled in ectodermal blast B cells (PubMed:16631156, PubMed:17196955, PubMed:19298786, PubMed:26795562). May act redundantly with dsh-2 to regulate the expression and nuclear localization of the beta-catenin homolog wrm-2, but alone seems to be required for the polarity of wrm-2 during the asymmetric cell division of hypodermal seam cells (PubMed:26795562). Also, maintains the polarity and migration of QL neuroblasts in larvae (PubMed:16899238). During the embryonic development of touch receptor neurons, may act redundantly with dsh-1, downstream of wnt signaling ligands and the wnt receptor lin-17/Frizzled, to direct the growth of neurites of touch receptor neurons towards the anterior of the body of the worm and towards the PLM touch receptor neuron and other tail neurons (PubMed:26460008). May play a role in the guidance of posterior D-type motor neuron axons along the anteroposterior axis (PubMed:19259273).
The DEP domain is required for cell membrane localization.
Actins are highly conserved proteins that are involved in various types of cell motility and are ubiquitously expressed in all eukaryotic cells.
In this organism there are four genes coding for actin. The sequences coded by genes 1 and 3 are identical. There are a few variations in the actins coded by genes 2 and 4.
Axon guidance defects of nerve ring-associated interneurons that extend their axons posteriorly into the right ventral nerve cord as well as defects in the axon guidance of D-type motor neurons that project their axons longitudinally along the ventral nerve cord. No axon guidance defects are observed for the AVG midline neuron.
During the 1.5 fold embryo stage, detected in the AVG pioneer neuron and in the developing ventral nerve cord. At larval stage L1, detected in the AVG, CEPDL/R, RMDVL/R, RIVL/R, AVAL/R, RMDL/R, and RMDDL/R neurons. At larval stage L4, expression continues in the AVG neuron and a subset of nerve ring neurons that extend axons into the right ventral nerve cord.
Expressed in the AVG pioneer midline neuron and in several nerve ring neurons that extend projecting axons into the right ventral nerve cord.
Interacts with unc-40 (via cytoplasmic domain).
The cytochrome b5 heme-binding domain lacks the conserved iron-binding His residues at positions 84 and 106.
Transmembrane protein required for the axon guidance of a subset of ventral nerve cord-associated interneurons and motor neurons. May function with the netrin receptor unc-40 in axon guidance.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class translation factor GTPase superfamily. Classic translation factor GTPase family. GTPBP1 subfamily.
Proposed to have a role in neuroprotection.
Belongs to the peptidyl-alpha-hydroxyglycine alpha-amidating lyase family.
Probable lyase that catalyzes an essential reaction in C-terminal alpha-amidation of peptides. Mediates the dismutation of the unstable peptidyl(2-hydroxyglycine) intermediate to glyoxylate and the corresponding desglycine peptide amide. C-terminal amidation of peptides such as neuropeptides is essential for full biological activity (By similarity).
Belongs to the RNA polymerase beta' chain family.
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates.
Essential for vulval induction; acts independently of rom-1.
Essential for vulval induction; its activity on vulval precursor cells is partially dependent on rom-1.
Probable ligand for tyrosine kinase receptor let-23. Essential for vulval induction, where it acts downstream of the synthetic multivulva (synMuv) class genes (PubMed:1641037, PubMed:15455032, PubMed:16678779, PubMed:17891142). Probably by activating let-23, phospholipase plc-3 and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor itr-1 signaling cascade, plays a role in ovulation by promoting gonadal sheath cell contractions and spermatheca dilatation during ovulation (PubMed:15194811, PubMed:9491893). Probably by regulating neuronal transmission in ALA neurons, mediates the decrease in pharyngeal pumping and locomotion during the quiescent state that precedes each larval molt, by activating receptor lin-23-mediated signaling cascade (PubMed:17891142).
RNAi-mediated knockdown in combination with double mutants for the class A and B synMuv genes lin-36;lin-15A, lin-8;lin-15B, lin-15AB, lin-35;lin-8, lin-8;lin-36, lin-8;lin-9, lin-8;lin-37 or dpl-1;lin-15A results in suppression of the synthetic multivulva phenotype.
Interacts (via cytoplasmic region) with ILK.
Cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding protein that binds to and regulates the translation of specific mRNAs (By similarity). Not required for oogenesis.
Expressed specifically in the spermatogenic germ line.
Adapter protein required for olfactory adaptation and recovery to volatile odorants, probably by desensitization of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR) (PubMed:15878875). May play a role in clathrin-mediated GPCR endocytosis (PubMed:15878875). Acts as positive regulator of insulin-like daf-2 signaling pathway probably by forming a complex with mpz-1 and phosphatase daf-18 likely resulting in daf-18 inhibition (PubMed:20207731). Involved in egg-laying (PubMed:15878875).
Component of a complex composed of arr-1, daf-18 and mpz-1 (PubMed:20207731). Within the complex, interacts (via C-terminus) with mpz-1 (via PDZ domain) and phosphatase daf-18 (PubMed:20207731). May interact (via C-terminus) with clathrin chc-1 and beta-2 adaptin (AP2) apb-1 (PubMed:15878875).
Expressed in head neurons, nerve ring and ventral nerve cord (at protein level) (PubMed:15878875). Expressed in the nervous system including the nerve ring and the ventral and dorsal nerve cords (PubMed:15878875, PubMed:15157420). Highly expressed in amphid chemosensory neurons AWA, AWB, AWC, ADL and ASH, and in hermaphrodite specific neuron HSN (PubMed:15878875, PubMed:15157420). Also expressed in the intestine (PubMed:15157420).
No effect on the response to the aversive chemical stimulus octanol or to volatile attractants (PubMed:15157420). Behavioral adaptation to prolonged exposure to isoamyl alcohol or benzaldehyde is impaired (PubMed:15878875). Recovery of chemotaxis from odorant-induced adaptation is impaired (PubMed:15878875). Moderate reduction in chemotaxis towards volatile attractant diacetyl but not towards isoamyl alcohol and benzaldehyde (PubMed:15878875). Slight defect in egg-laying (PubMed:15878875). Increased lifespan and nuclear localization of daf-16 (PubMed:20207731). Reduced lifespan in a daf-16 (mu86) mutant background or in a mpz-1 RNAi-mediated knockdown background (PubMed:20207731).
The C-terminus (aa 369-435) is required for the recovery of chemotaxis from odorant-induced adaptation but is dispensable for behavioral adaptation to chemoattractant isoamyl alcohol.
The [DE]-X(1,2)-F-X-X-[FL]-X-X-X-R motif mediates the interaction with the AP-2 complex subunit apb-1.
Belongs to the aldo/keto reductase family.
Belongs to the activator 1 small subunits family.
Heteropentamer of various rfc subunits that forms a complex (RFC) with PCNA in the presence of ATP.
The elongation of primed DNA templates by DNA polymerase delta and epsilon requires the action of the accessory proteins PCNA and activator 1. This subunit may be involved in the elongation of the multiprimed DNA template (By similarity).
Transfers N-acetylgalactosamine onto carbohydrate substrates (By similarity). Involved in susceptibility to pore-forming crystal toxins in conjunction with bre-1, bre-3, bre-4, and bre-5 (PubMed:12944392). Involved in resistance to the nematotoxic C.cinerea galectin Cgl2 (PubMed:20062796).
Worms exhibit resistance to the Cry5B toxin produced by Bacillus thuringiensis. This is thought to be due to mutants having reduced population of glycolipids which are targeted by the Cry5B protein.
Expressed weakly in L1 animals and strongly throughout the remainder of larval development (PubMed:9764821). Expressed in posterior intestinal cells, neurons, hypodermal cells and body wall muscles (PubMed:9764821).
Heterodimer with mdl-1 in presence and absence of DNA.
RNAi-mediated knockdown increases lifespan, which is abolished on an mxl-2 or mml-1 mutant background, or by simultaneous RNAi-mediated knockdown of daf-16 or pha-4 (PubMed:24699255). RNAi-mediated knockdown causes delayed onset of polyglutamine-mediated paralysis (PubMed:24699255).
Transcriptional regulator which binds to the E box motif 5'-CACGTG-3', when in a heterodimeric complex with mdl-1 (PubMed:9764821). Involved in the control of lifespan in response to dietary restriction, the decline in protein homeostasis associated with normal aging and may overlap with the insulin-like signaling pathway (PubMed:24699255). Involved in promoting infection by the microsporidian pathogen N.parisii (PubMed:27402359).
Expressed in embryos, larvae and in adults. Expressed in the developing vulva at the L4 larval stage and in the hypodermis at the L3 larval stage.
May interact with tetraspanin tsp-12; the interaction promotes sup-17 cell membrane localization.
Metalloprotease (By similarity). Acts together with protease adm-4 and in a cell autonomous manner to facilitate lin-12/Notch signaling during developmental cell fate decision, including anchor cell/ventral uterine precursor cell decision and vulva precursor cell specification (PubMed:9428412, PubMed:9409830, PubMed:16197940). By modulating glp-1/Notch signaling, plays a role in germline development (PubMed:16197940). Probably by modulating BMP-like Sma/Mab signaling via the shedding of unc-40 ectodomain, involved in the regulation of body size and mesoderm development (PubMed:28068334). Probably by shedding ephrin efn-4, regulates axon guidance of SDQL neuron during development (PubMed:26903502).
RNAi-mediated knockdown in a glp-1 (ar202) constitutively active mutant background restores fertility.
Does not form a functional homopentameric ion channel. Forms a functional heteropentameric ion channel composed of acc-1 and acc-4. May interact with acc-2; the interaction does not result in significant heteropentameric ion channel activity.
Expressed in all cholinergic motor neurons except for ASJ and RIB neurons. Also expressed in AVF neurons.
Grossly normal movement. In addition, in response to induced acetylcholine release, there is prolonged and slow decay of excitory postsynaptic currents which results in increased release of synaptic vesicles during that late phase of synaptic vesicle release in cholinergic motor neurons. Knockout in an lgc-46 gain of function mutant background suppresses the slow locomotion defect in the single lgc-46 gain of function mutant. Knockout together with gain of function mutations in lgc-46 and acr-2 suppresses the convulsion defects in the double lgc-46 and acr-2 double gain of function mutant.
Probable acetylcholine-gated chloride channel subunit (PubMed:15579462). Does not have ion channel activity alone as a homopentamer, but forms a functional heteropentameric ion channel with acc-1 (PubMed:15579462). May function with lgc-46 to regulate synaptic transmission and synaptic vesicle release in response to acetylcholine in cholinergic motor neurons (PubMed:27782882).
Expressed in muscles in the body wall and head, and in the nervous system in neurons including FLP and ASE neurons in the head.
Probable guanine nucleotide exchange factor which regulates the Rho GTPase rho-1. Functions in ASE sensory neurons where it promotes neuronal degeneration under conditions of oxidative stress.
Viable with normal development, size and lifespan. Reduced sensitivity to factors that induce neurodegeneration. Improved chemosensory response in aging worms.
Ser-137 is present instead of the conserved His which is expected to be zinc-binding residue. There is therefore some uncertainty concerning the enzymatic activity of this protein.
May serve as a molecular chaperone assisting in the proper folding of secreted and/or membrane proteins.
Worms show defects in asymmetric divisions in early embryos. In particular, mutations specifically affect the reestablishment of asymmetric PAR protein domains in the P1 cell at the 2-cell stage.
DNA damage checkpoint protein required for DNA damage-induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, thereby playing a role in genome stability (PubMed:10882129, PubMed:16951081). Regulator of telomere length (PubMed:11696330, PubMed:11641227).
Belongs to the class-II aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family. Phe-tRNA synthetase alpha subunit type 2 subfamily.
Homodimer (PubMed:22511885). Interacts with nuclear hormone receptors nhr-80 and nhr-66; the interactions are direct (PubMed:22511885). May interact with nuclear hormone receptors nhr-13, nhr-22, nhr-79, nhr-105, and nhr-256 (PubMed:22511885).
Orphan nuclear receptor (PubMed:25981666). Regulates expression of genes involved in fat metabolism and in maintaining homeostasis of fatty acid saturation, such as lipid desaturase fat-7, and acyl-CoA synthetase acs-2 (PubMed:25981666, PubMed:15719061, PubMed:22511885). May form part of a negative feedback loop with fat-7 to limit mitochondrial beta-oxidation, in which it stimulates expression of fat-7 and acs-2, and in turn fat-7 indirectly inhibits acs-2 and other genes also involved in beta-oxidation (PubMed:15719061). As part of a lysosome-to-nucleus retrograde lipid signaling pathway, acting in concert with nuclear hormone receptor nhr-80, activates the transcription of genes promoting longevity and mitochondrial beta-oxidation (PubMed:25554789, PubMed:26671266). In concert with nuclear hormone receptor nhr-66, involved in regulating target genes with roles in sphingolipid breakdown and lipid remodeling (PubMed:22511885). Also involved in regulating fatty acid desaturase genes, acting in concert with nuclear hormone receptors nhr-13 and nhr-80 (PubMed:22511885). Plays a role in modulating mitochondrial morphology and function (PubMed:22511885). Plays a role in transgenerational lipid accumulation in response to a high-fat diet (PubMed:35140229).
RNAi-mediated knockdown eliminates the effect of C11 or C12 chain fatty acids in activating fat-7 expression and blocks overexpression of fat-7 in acdh-11 mutants (PubMed:25981666). Increased ratio of stearic acid to oleic acid (C18:0/C18:1n9) (PubMed:15719061). Drastically reduces life span (PubMed:15719061, PubMed:25554789).
The 9aaTAD motif is a transactivation domain present in a large number of yeast and animal transcription factors.
Component of the cap-binding complex (CBC), which binds cotranscriptionally to the 5'-cap of pre-mRNAs and is involved in various processes such as pre-mRNA splicing and RNA-mediated gene silencing (RNAi). The CBC complex is involved in miRNA-mediated RNA interference and is required for primary microRNAs (miRNAs) processing. In the CBC complex, ncbp-1 does not bind directly capped RNAs (m7GpppG-capped RNA) but is required to stabilize the movement of the N-terminal loop of ncbp-2 and lock the CBC into a high affinity cap-binding state with the cap structure (By similarity).
Component of the nuclear cap-binding complex (CBC), a heterodimer composed of ncbp-1 and ncbp-1 that interacts with m7GpppG-capped RNA.
Expressed in head and tail body wall muscles.
Belongs to the eukaryotic release factor 1 family. Pelota subfamily.
Required for normal chromosome segregation during cell division and genomic stability. May function in recognizing stalled ribosomes and triggering endonucleolytic cleavage of the mRNA, a mechanism to release non-functional ribosomes and degrade damaged mRNAs. May have ribonuclease activity.
The N-terminal domain has the RNA-binding Sm fold. It harbors the endoribonuclease activity.
First expressed in late embryos and continues through the adult stage. Observed on the surface of gonad, starting when distal tip cells migrate over the lateral hypodermis toward the dorsal muscles.
Metalloprotease (PubMed:17491590, PubMed:18637819). Acts in the basement membrane to control directional migration of distal tip cells (DTCs) along the body wall basement membranes, a key step that promotes gonad morphogenesis (PubMed:10864868, PubMed:15556863, PubMed:17491590,PubMed:19104038, PubMed:24318535, PubMed:26994289). Regulates DTC migration probably by recruiting fibulin fbl-1, type IV collagen let-2 and nidogen nid-1 to the gonad basement membrane thereby promoting the remodeling of the basement membrane (PubMed:19104038). During larval development and probably upstream of basement membrane proteins fbl-1, let-2 and nid-1, regulates pharynx length, probably by regulating pharyngeal cell length (PubMed:26994289). Does not recruit fbl-1 to the pharynx basement membrane (PubMed:26994289).
N-glycosylated by the COG complex; required for gonadal localization (PubMed:14688791, PubMed:16354716, PubMed:17761667, PubMed:17491590). N-glycosylation of the propeptide is required for gonadal localization but not for distal tip cell migration (PubMed:17491590). Required for the regulation of pharynx length (PubMed:26994289). N-glycosylation is not required for mig-17 secretion (PubMed:17491590).
Secreted from muscle cells and functions in the basement membrane of the gonad to guide DTC migration (PubMed:10864868, PubMed:24318535). Localizes to the pharyngeal basement membrane (PubMed:26994289).
The PLAC domain is required for distal tip cell migration but not for gonadal localization.
The disintegrin domain is required for distal tip cell migration and partially for mig-17 localization to the gonad (PubMed:17491590). Required for the control of pharynx length (PubMed:26994289).
The precursor is cleaved into the active mature form by autoproteolysis (PubMed:17491590, PubMed:18637819). Cleavage occurs after secretion and only during the L3-L4 larval stages (PubMed:18637819).
The propeptide is required for localization to the gonad basement membrane.
Belongs to the U2 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein A family.
Reduced rate of growth. Embryonic lethal. Mog-2 and rnp-3 double mutants show arrested larval development at L2, without showing signs of oogenesis or spermatogenesis and increased rates of embryonic lethality.
This protein is associated with sn-RNP U2. It helps the A' protein to bind stem loop IV of U2 snRNA. Required maternally for early embryonic development and zygotically for germline and somatic development. Has a role in the switch from mitosis to meiosis. Might function in alternative splicing.
Expressed in dopaminergic neurons throughout the life of the neurons.
Predominantly expressed in the head hypdodermis, neuronal support cells and CAN neurons.
Probable transcription factor (PubMed:23788625). Binds to the sequence motif 5'-ATAAT-3' in regulatory elements (PubMed:23788625). Required for development of the anterior hypodermis during embryonic morphogenesis for cell adhesion; also affects embryonic and larval viability (PubMed:11747075). Modulates and maintains dopaminergic neuron differentiation (PubMed:23788625). May activate dopamine pathway genes in concert with ETS domain-containing protein ast-1, and homeobox proteins ceh-40 and ceh-20 (PubMed:23788625).
May act synergistically with the Wnt pathways to control T-cell fate specification, gonad development, and P12 cell fate specification. Required for the distribution of pop-1 and tlp-1 proteins.
Strongly expressed in the cytoplasm of the pharynx muscle cells and several head neurons, probably the IL1s or IL2s, throughout development. Also expressed in some other unidentified neurons in the tail region. Weakly expressed in the nuclei of the T-cells and the T-cell daughters. Not expressed in gonads and in P12 cell.
Binds to the catalytic subunit of the cyclin dependent kinases and is essential for their biological function.
Heterohexamer; composed of 3 copies of tim-8/ddp-1 and 3 copies of tin-13/tim-13, named soluble 70 kDa complex. Associates with the TIM22 complex, whose core is composed of tim-22 (By similarity).
Mitochondrial intermembrane chaperone that participates in the import and insertion of some multi-pass transmembrane proteins into the mitochondrial inner membrane. Also required for the transfer of beta-barrel precursors from the TOM complex to the sorting and assembly machinery (SAM complex) of the outer membrane. Acts as a chaperone-like protein that protects the hydrophobic precursors from aggregation and guide them through the mitochondrial intermembrane space. The tim-8-tim-13 complex mediates the import of some proteins while the predominant tim-9/tin-9.1-tim-10/tin-10 70 kDa complex mediates the import of much more proteins (By similarity).
The twin CX3C motif contains 4 conserved Cys residues that form 2 disulfide bonds in the mitochondrial intermembrane space. However, during the transit of tin-13/tim-13 from cytoplasm into mitochondrion, the Cys residues probably coordinate zinc, thereby preventing folding and allowing its transfer across mitochondrial outer membrane (By similarity).
Probable sodium channel subunit. Required by a subset of neurons.
Belongs to the FPP/GGPP synthase family.
Ca(2+) sensor involved in Ca(2+)-dependent secretion of the nlp-40 neuropeptide from intestinal cells. Involved in the defecation motor program, which is a coordinated series of three muscle contractions that occurs every 45 seconds.
Expressed throughout the intestine and in several neurons in the head and tail.
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes a reduction in progeny numbers and a lengthening of the defecation cycle. Touch responses are normal. Expression of poly-Q 128Q (128Q consists of the first 57 amino acids of human HTT with a 28 Gln residue expansion) in RNAi-mediated knockdown animals causes a more severe reduction in touch response compared to wild type expressing 128Q.
Regulates pre-synaptic vesicle recycling at neuromuscular junctions of mechanosensory neurons. Plays a role in maintaining a normal defecation cycle.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 7 family.
Catalyzes the transfer of galactose onto proteins or lipids. Required for susceptibility to pore-forming crystal toxins in conjunction with bre-1, bre-2, bre-3 and bre-5.
Involved in AFD-neuron mediated thermotaxis. Regulates behavior to environmental temperature. Thought to have a role in olfactory adaptation by affecting diacylglycerol levels.
Slow to adapt to new temperature levels. Dgk-3 and dgk-1 double mutant shows defects in olfactory adaptation.
Alpha chains of type IV collagen have a non-collagenous domain (NC1) at their C-terminus, frequent interruptions of the G-X-Y repeats in the long central triple-helical domain (which may cause flexibility in the triple helix), and a short N-terminal triple-helical 7S domain.
At 20 degrees Celsius, there is reduced axon regeneration following injury in D-type motor neurons in temperature-sensitive mutant embryos.
Collagen type IV is specific for basement membranes (Probable). Required to restrict presynaptic growth at the neuromuscular junctions (NMJ) in late larval stage and in adult motor neurons (PubMed:25080592). May play a role in axon regeneration in embryos following injury in D-type motor neurons (PubMed:27984580).
Prolines at the third position of the tripeptide repeating unit (G-X-Y) are hydroxylated in some or all of the chains.
The trimeric structure of the NC1 domains is stabilized by covalent bonds between Lys and Met residues.
Trimers of two alpha 1(IV) and one alpha 2(IV) chain. Type IV collagen forms a mesh-like network linked through intermolecular interactions between 7S domains and between NC1 domains.
Type IV collagens contain numerous cysteine residues which are involved in inter- and intramolecular disulfide bonding. 12 of these, located in the NC1 domain, are conserved in all known type IV collagens.
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Second largest core component of RNA polymerase I which synthesizes ribosomal RNA precursors. Proposed to contribute to the polymerase catalytic activity and forms the polymerase active center together with the largest subunit. Pol I is composed of mobile elements and RPA2 is part of the core element with the central large cleft and probably a clamp element that moves to open and close the cleft.
Belongs to the WD repeat G protein beta family.
G proteins are composed of 3 units, alpha, beta and gamma (By similarity). Interacts with G protein gamma subunits gpc-1 and gpc-2 and with egl-10 and eat-16 (PubMed:11333232).
Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as a modulator or transducer in various transmembrane signaling systems. The beta and gamma chains are required for the GTPase activity, for replacement of GDP by GTP, and for G protein-effector interaction. Plays a role in regulating dopamine-mediated locomotion behavior (PubMed:15378064).
Glycosylated via C-mannosylation by dpy-19 at Trp-58 and Trp-61.
Required for determination of left/right asymmetry in nervous system. Acts together with unc-40 to control an initial left-right asymmetric polarization of the Q neuroblasts. Mig-21 and unc-40 may control the asymmetry in Wnt signaling response by restricting posterior polarization to one of the 2 Q neuroblasts. Involved in left-side QL posterior migration. In right-side QR, unc-40 and mig-21 pathways mutually inhibit each other in posterior migration, allowing anterior QR migration.
Catalyzes the removal of a penultimate prolyl residue from the N-termini of peptides, such as Arg-Pro-Pro (PubMed:11606206, PubMed:25905034). Has activity towards the flp-9 neuropeptide KPSFVRF-amide (PubMed:11606206).
Expressed in intestine from larval stage L2 onwards. Not detected in embryos.
Homodimer (PubMed:25905034). May interact with pid-2, pid-4 and pid-5 (PubMed:33231880).
Specifically expressed in the intestine.
Strongly inhibited by the metal ion chelators EDTA and 1,10-phenanthroline (PubMed:11606206). Also inhibited by apstatin (PubMed:11606206, PubMed:25905034). Activity towards bradykinin is inhibited by Mn(2+) and Zn(2+) at all concentrations tested, whereas Co(2+) is inhibitory at concentrations above 100 uM and activatory at 10 uM (PubMed:11606206).
Colocalizes with pak-1 to hypodermal cell boundaries during embryo elongation throughout the second phase of embryogenesis.
In the second generation, there is defective mitotic spindle orientation in the EMS and ABar blastomeres which results in disrupted left-right asymmetry and failure to undergo morphogenesis (PubMed:20126385). Due to defective apoptotic cell clearance, embryos accumulate apoptotic cell corpses (PubMed:20126385). Distal tip cell migratory defects (PubMed:26292279). Double knockout with unc-5 RNAi suppresses the distal tip cell migratory defect in the ced-10 single mutant (PubMed:26292279).
Interacts (GTP-bound form) with pak-1 (PubMed:8824291). May interact (GTP-bound form) with mig-10 (via Ras-associating and PH domains) (PubMed:18499456).
Most abundant at embryonic stage, its expression decreases dramatically during development.
Required in engulfing to control the phagocytosis of apoptotic cell corpses (PubMed:10707082, PubMed:20126385). Required in embryonic development for the correct positioning and orientation of the mitotic spindles and division planes in blastomere cells (PubMed:20126385). Involved in hypodermal cell fusion, together with pak-1 and cdc-42, leading to embryonic body elongation, which involves dramatic cytoskeletal reorganization (PubMed:8824291). ced-2 and ced-5 function to activate ced-10 in a GTPase signaling pathway that controls the polarized extension of cell surfaces (PubMed:10707082). Plays a redundant role with mig-2 in dorsal axonal guidance in ventral cord commissural motoneurons and in P neuroblast migration. May regulate these 2 processes by activating pak-1 and/or max-2 (PubMed:17050621). Plays a role, probably via mig-10, in orientating axonal growth of HSN and AVM neurons in response to guidance cues such as slt-1. Regulates mig-10 asymmetric distribution in HSN neurons (PubMed:18499456). During the dorso-ventral axonal guidance and outgrowth of VD neurons, required together with mig-2 to inhibit growth cone filopodial protrusion mediated by netrin guidance cue unc-6 and its receptors unc-5 and unc-40 (PubMed:25371370, PubMed:30045855). Specifically, regulates growth cone filopodial protrusion polarity, and thus migration, by promoting F-actin polarization and, together with mig-2, by restricting plus-end microtubule accumulation in the growth cone (PubMed:30045855). Plays a role in protecting dopaminergic neurons from oxidative stress-induced degeneration (PubMed:29346382). During gonad morphogenesis, plays a role in distal tip cell (DTC)-mediated guidance of gonad elongation, probably by activating max-2 (PubMed:19797046, PubMed:19023419). Furthermore, plays a role in distal tip cell polarity and migration by negatively regulating the unc-6/Netrin receptor unc-5 (PubMed:26292279). May be involved in signal transduction during cell migration (PubMed:10707082). May be involved in the positioning of ray 1, the most anterior ray sensilium, in the male tail (PubMed:24004945).
Belongs to the cytochrome c-type heme lyase family.
Probable lyase that catalyzes the covalent linking of the heme group to the cytochrome C apoprotein to produce the mature functional cytochrome.
Belongs to the ammonium transporter (TC 2.A.49) family. Rh subfamily.
TFIIA is a component of the transcription machinery of RNA polymerase II and plays an important role in transcriptional activation. TFIIA in a complex with TBP mediates transcriptional activity.
TFIIA is a heterodimer of the large unprocessed subunit 1 and a small subunit gamma. It was originally believed to be a heterotrimer of an alpha, a beta and a gamma subunit.
Component of the RNA polymerase II (Pol II) complex consisting of 12 subunits (By similarity). Interacts with sig-7 (PubMed:27541139).
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Largest and catalytic component of RNA polymerase II which synthesizes mRNA precursors and many functional non-coding RNAs. Forms the polymerase active center together with the second largest subunit. Pol II is the central component of the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. It is composed of mobile elements that move relative to each other. RPB1 is part of the core element with the central large cleft, the clamp element that moves to open and close the cleft and the jaws that are thought to grab the incoming DNA template. At the start of transcription, a single-stranded DNA template strand of the promoter is positioned within the central active site cleft of Pol II. A bridging helix emanates from RPB1 and crosses the cleft near the catalytic site and is thought to promote translocation of Pol II by acting as a ratchet that moves the RNA-DNA hybrid through the active site by switching from straight to bent conformations at each step of nucleotide addition. During transcription elongation, Pol II moves on the template as the transcript elongates. Elongation is influenced by the phosphorylation status of the C-terminal domain (CTD) of Pol II largest subunit (RPB1), which serves as a platform for assembly of factors that regulate transcription initiation, elongation, termination and mRNA processing (By similarity). Involved in the transcription of several genes including those involved in embryogenesis (PubMed:14726532, PubMed:27541139).
Expressed in embryo. During embryonic development, the form phosphorylated at 'Ser-2' of the C-terminal heptapeptide repeats is present only in transcriptionally active somatic cells.
Following transcription stress, the elongating form of RNA polymerase II (RNA pol IIo) is polyubiquitinated via 'Lys-63'-linkages on Lys-1260 at DNA damage sites without leading to degradation: ubiquitination promotes RNA pol IIo backtracking to allow access by the transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair (TC-NER) machinery. Subsequent DEF1-dependent polyubiquitination by the elongin complex via 'Lys-48'-linkages may lead to proteasome-mediated degradation; presumably at stalled RNA pol II where TC-NER has failed, to halt global transcription and enable 'last resort' DNA repair pathways.
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in embryonic arrest at the 100-cell stage and prevents the embryonic transcription of several genes (PubMed:14726532). Surviving embryos exhibit gastrulation defects with decreased expression of genes involved in gastrulation (PubMed:27541139).
The C-terminal domain (CTD) serves as a platform for assembly of factors that regulate transcription initiation, elongation, termination and mRNA processing.
The binding of ribonucleoside triphosphate to the RNA polymerase II transcribing complex probably involves a two-step mechanism. The initial binding seems to occur at the entry (E) site and involves a magnesium ion temporarily coordinated by three conserved aspartate residues of the two largest RNA Pol II subunits. The ribonucleoside triphosphate is transferred by a rotation to the nucleotide addition (A) site for pairing with the template DNA. The catalytic A site involves three conserved aspartate residues of the RNA Pol II largest subunit which permanently coordinate a second magnesium ion.
The tandem 7 residues repeats in the C-terminal domain (CTD) can be highly phosphorylated. The phosphorylation activates Pol II (By similarity). Phosphorylation occurs mainly at residues 'Ser-2' and 'Ser-5' of the heptapeptide repeat and starts at the 3- to 4-cell embryonic stage (PubMed:14726532, PubMed:17291483). This phosphorylation also occurs in the early stages of oocyte development and is not detected in oocytes arrested at the meiotic diakinesis stage (PubMed:17291483). In the somatic lineage, phosphorylation at 'Ser-2' is mediated by cdk-12 downstream of cdk-9 whereas in the germline lineage cdk-12 phosphorylates 'Ser-2' independently of cdk-9 (PubMed:23903194). Phosphorylation is likely mediated by cdk-7 (PubMed:11960010). May be dephosphorylated by fcp-1 in diakinetic oocytes and in 1-cell and 2-cell embryos (PubMed:17291483). Dephosphorylated at 'Ser-5' of the heptapeptide repeats by ssup-72 (PubMed:26588990). The phosphorylation state is believed to result from the balanced action of site-specific CTD kinases and phosphatase, and a 'CTD code' that specifies the position of Pol II within the transcription cycle has been proposed (By similarity).
Expressed in DD and VD GABAergic motor neurons (PubMed:26387713, PubMed:26083757). Expressed in a subset of head neurons including M2 motor neurons in the pharynx (PubMed:26387713, PubMed:26083757). Expressed in coelomocytes (PubMed:26387713).
Plays a role in neural development, where it temporally regulates synapse formation in the D-type inhibitory GABAergic motor neurons, dorsal D (DD) and ventral D (VD) motor neurons (PubMed:26387713, PubMed:26083757). Controls the translocation of postsynaptic proteins, such as the acetylcholine receptor subunit acr-12, and presynaptic proteins, such as snb-1, along nerve cords to prevent premature synapse remodeling/formation (PubMed:26387713).
Transiently expressed in DD GABAergic motor neurons in embryos and during larval stage L1, with expression decreasing as development proceeds (PubMed:26387713, PubMed:26083757). Expressed strongly in VD GABAergic motor neurons from the end of larval stage L1 onwards and in particular along the ventral nerve cord (PubMed:26387713, PubMed:26083757). Specifically expressed in DD GABAergic motor neurons in the dorsal and ventral nerve cords at larval stages L1 and L4 (PubMed:26387713).
Viable with locomotory defects which may be attributed to impaired GABAergic motor neuron function (PubMed:26387713, PubMed:26083757). Hypersensitive to the drug aldicarb which may be indicative of abnormal GABAergic signaling (PubMed:26083757). Premature postsynaptic remodeling/formation of DD GABAergic motor neurons in animals at larval stage L1 with remodeling/formation occurring 8-16 hours posthatching as opposed to 14-18 hours posthatching in wild-type animals (PubMed:26387713). Mislocalization of postsynaptic proteins with increased dorsal to ventral translocation of the acr-12 receptor in VD GABAergic motor neurons at larval stages L2 and L4; leading to no acr-12 puncta in the dorsal nerve and probably contributing to improper formation of synaptic inputs and ectopic postsynaptic remodeling/formation of VD motor neurons (PubMed:26387713, PubMed:26083757). Abnormal ectopic clustering of the postsynaptic receptor unc-49 along the dorsal nerve cord of DD GABAergic motor neurons (PubMed:26083757). Abnormal clustering of the presynaptic proteins snb-1 and rab-3 along the dorsal nerve cord of DD GABAergic motor neurons (PubMed:26083757). Additionally, aberrant localization of presynaptic proteins in VD GABAergic motor neurons with increased puncta for presynaptic proteins including snb-1, rab-3 and syd-2 in the dorsal nerve cord, but fewer puncta in the ventral nerve cord at larval stages proceeding the L1 larval stage, probably indicative of impaired and ectopic presynaptic remodeling/formation (PubMed:26387713, PubMed:26083757).
Belongs to the cation transport ATPase (P-type) (TC 3.A.3) family. Type IB subfamily.
Proton-gated cation channel; it is activated by a drop of the extracellular pH and then becomes rapidly desensitized (By similarity). Has high selectivity for sodium ions and can also transport lithium ions with high efficiency (By similarity). Can also transport potassium ions, but with lower efficiency (By similarity). It is nearly impermeable to the larger rubidium and cesium ions (By similarity). Promotes synaptic vesicle fusion to positively regulate the release of dopamine at dopaminergic neuron synapses (PubMed:31494966).
Belongs to the NAD(P)-dependent epimerase/dehydratase family. GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase subfamily.
Catalyzes the conversion of GDP-D-mannose to GDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-mannose (PubMed:16650000). Involved in susceptibility to pore-forming crystal toxins in conjunction with bre-2, bre-3, bre-4, and bre-5 (PubMed:10924467, PubMed:17135259, PubMed:17482642). Involved in susceptibility to the nematotoxic C.cinerea galectin Cgl2, likely by contributing to the synthesis of N-glycans to which Cgl2 binds (PubMed:20062796). Has a role in determining brood size (PubMed:10924467).
Expressed throughout development, showing up-regulation between stages L2 and L4.
Worms exhibit resistance to the Cry5B toxin produced by Bacillus thuringiensis. This is thought to be due to mutants having reduced population of glycolipids which are targeted by the Cry5B protein. Mutants also have reduced brood sizes at only 12% of wild-type N2.
Argonaute protein which is involved in the endogenous small interfering RNA (endo-siRNA) pathway. Interacts with secondary 22G-RNAs, which are RNA-dependent RNA polymerase-derived endo-siRNAs, typically 22 nucleotides in length with a 5'guanosine residue. In the germline, functions in a genome surveillance system to silence transposons and aberrant transcripts.
Interacts with rde-12 (PubMed:24684931). Interacts with znfx-1 (PubMed:29775580).
Expressed in the pharynx, epithelial cells, ciliated neurons in the head, body wall muscles, hypodermis, vulva, gonadal sheath cells, tail hypodermis and in coelomocytes.
Expressed in the pharynx, neurons and vulva.
In embryos, expressed in epidermal cells during the dorsal intercalation and ventral enclosure.
Interacts with rab-39 (GTP-bound form) (PubMed:23294242). Interacts (via SARAH domain) with cst-1; the interaction is required for the phosphorylation of cst-1 (PubMed:23103556).
Involved in embryonic morphogenesis (PubMed:23103556). Plays a role in the organization of apical filamentous actin in epithelial cells of the developing embryo (PubMed:23103556). May play a role in let-60-mediated vulval development (PubMed:23103556). May induce nuclear condensation (PubMed:23103556). Positively regulates the oxidative stress response, and this may be in association with the small GTPase rab-39 (PubMed:23294242). Not required for muscle integrity (PubMed:23103556).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in reduced survival in response to oxidative stress induced by sodium arsenite.
Calsequestrin is a high-capacity, moderate affinity, calcium-binding protein and thus acts as an internal calcium store in muscle.
Expressed in the hypodermal regions hyp4 and hyp7 from the comma stage of embryogenesis and subsequently throughout development.
Mutants display an increased body growth rate during larval development and male tail morphological defects characterized by thickening of the male rays, with rays 5 and 6 the most severely affected in most cases. RNAi-mediated knockdown results in increased body length.
Secreted protein that is involved in larval elongation, early adult growth and male tail development.
Essential for the coordination of mitotic progression, and also plays a role in cell migration.
Poly[ADP-ribose] polymerase modifies various nuclear proteins by poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation, a post-translational modification synthesized after DNA damage that appears as an obligatory step in a detection/signaling pathway leading to the reparation of DNA strand breaks and programmed cell death.
Primarily catalyzes the formation of cysteine and acetate from O-acetylserine and hydrogen sulfide. Can also catalyze the formation of cysteine and acetate from S-sulfocysteine and hydrogen sulfide and the formation of cyanoalanine and hydrogen sulfide from either S-sulfocysteine or O-acetylserine and hydrogen cyanide.
Involved in ribosomal large subunit assembly.
Expressed in intestinal cells, body wall muscle cells, and hypodermal cells, as well as many neurons in the head and tail.
Forms homodimers and homotrimers (PubMed:29042483, PubMed:22265419). Component of the DHIC (ddl-1-containing hsf-1 inhibitory complex), which contains at least ddl-1, ddl-2, hsb-1 and hsf-1 (PubMed:22265419). Within the complex, interacts with ddl-1 (PubMed:22265419). Formation of the DHIC may be dependent upon the Insulin/IGF-1-like signaling (IIS) mediated pathway (PubMed:22265419).
Functions as a stress-inducible and DNA-binding transcription factor, playing a central role in the transcriptional activation of the heat shock response (HSR), leading to the expression of a large class of molecular chaperones, heat shock proteins (HSPs), that protect cells from cellular insult damage (PubMed:29042483, PubMed:15611166, PubMed:22265419). Upon exposure to heat and other stress stimuli, activates gene transcription through binding to site-specific heat shock elements (HSEs) present in the promoter regions of target genes, such as the HSPs (PubMed:29042483, PubMed:27688402, PubMed:15611166, PubMed:22265419). Binds to inverted 5'-NGAAN-3' pentamer DNA sequences in HSEs (PubMed:29042483, PubMed:27688402). Involved in positive modulation of expression of heat shock protein hsp-16.2 in response to heat shock; may act in concert with homeodomain-interacting protein kinase hpk-1 (PubMed:15611166, PubMed:28198373, PubMed:29036198). In response to heat shock or starvation, required for the modulation of lifespan, and protection against aberrant protein aggregation proteotoxicity; may act in parallel with the Insulin/IGF-1-like signaling (IIS) mediated pathway (PubMed:15611166, PubMed:18331616, PubMed:28198373, PubMed:29036198). Plays a role in modulating autophagy, in response to a moderate and short-term heat shock, also known as a hormetic heat shock (PubMed:28198373). Involved in positive modulation of ascaroside pheromone biosynthesis in response to heat shock, perhaps by directly activating transcription of peroxisomal fatty acid beta-oxidation genes (PubMed:26759377). Required in modulating the response to infection by either Gram-negative or Gram-positive bacteria, perhaps acting via regulation of expression of Hsp90/daf-21 and members of the small heat shock protein (HSP20) family (PubMed:16916933, PubMed:29042483). May play a role downstream of the daf-16/FOXO and daf-2 signaling pathway in response to bacterial pathogens (PubMed:16916933). Modulates expression of multiple microRNA genes, in both heat shock-dependent and -independent manner (PubMed:28837599). Independent of heat shock, required to modulate expression of genes involved in larval development, mainly distinct from HSPs; acts in concert with putative transcription factor efl-1/E2F, which may form part of a multiprotein DRM complex (PubMed:15611166, PubMed:27688402). Independent of heat shock, involved in promoting death of the linker cell, a male-specific cell which guides the elongation of the gonad; perhaps acting by modulating expression of ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme let-70 (PubMed:26952214). Plays a role in egg-laying (PubMed:15611166).
RNAi-mediated knockdown increases susceptibility to Gram-negative bacterium P.aeruginosa in wild-type and in a daf-2 mutant background (PubMed:16916933). Abolishes both median and maximum lifespan extension caused by starvation (PubMed:18331616). Fails to prevent paralysis due to proteotoxicity under starvation conditions (PubMed:18331616). Prevents the heat shock-induced increase in lgg-1/Atg8 punctae in body-wall muscles, nerve ring neurons and proximal intestinal cells (PubMed:28198373). Accelerates death upon exposure to the Gram-negative bacterium P.aeruginosa PA14 (PubMed:29042483).
Sumoylated (PubMed:29036198). Sumoylation may inhibit transcriptional activity in response to heat shock (PubMed:29036198).
Although the residues involved in the catalytic activity are absent, suggesting that the kinase is inactive, some kinase activity has been detected.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. STE Ser/Thr protein kinase family.
Expressed in vulval and body wall muscles, hypodermis, seam cells and tissues next to pharynx and anus.
Negatively regulates lifespan and health span probably by participating in nutrient sensing.
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes an increase in lifespan of about 60 percent compared to wild type but only when done at an early larval stage. Lifespan increase is associated with a decrease in the accumulation of the age pigment lipofuscin, a delayed age-onset nuclear membrane disintegration in muscles and loss of mobility. In addition, causes an increase in lipid catabolism resulting in fewer fat droplets in intestinal cells and hypodermis and lower triglycerides levels. Transcriptional up-regulation of genes involved in fatty acid degradation and in xenobiotic detoxification and decrease in cellular oxygen reactive species (ROS) production. Low brood size, longer reproductive span, increased autophagosome formation in seam cells and smaller body size. Normal pharyngeal pumping and feeding rate. RNAi-mediated knockdown in muscles or hypodermis causes a moderate increase in lifespan.
Essential for the control of the cell cycle at the G2/M (mitosis) transition.
Expressed in mature oocytes followed by a severe reduction in protein levels as meiotic division progresses (PubMed:23578927).
Interacts with the CDK1 protein kinase to form a serine/threonine kinase holoenzyme complex also known as maturation promoting factor (MPF) (By similarity). The cyclin subunit imparts substrate specificity to the complex (By similarity). Interacts with E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase etc-1 (PubMed:23578927).
Ubiquitinated by etc-1 likely during meiosis, resulting in its degradation.
During male tail development, expressed in each of the nine Rn cells and in the anterior daughter cell, the ray neuroblast (at protein level) (PubMed:11076762). First expressed at the comma stage of embryogenesis (PubMed:19632181). Expressed asymmetrically, in the mother cell of the MI pharyngeal motorneuron but not in the mother cell of the e3D epithelial cell (PubMed:21041366). Expressed during hermaphrodite gonadogenesis, in the two somatic gonadal progenitor (SGP) cells, Z1.ppp and Z4.aaa, precursors to the anchor cell (AC) and the ventral uterine precursor cell (VU), but not detected in their sister cells, Z1.ppa and Z4.aap (PubMed:14701877, PubMed:19376107, PubMed:21784067). Expressed in both pre-AC and pre-VU cells, and after the AC/VU decision, expression is reduced in the VU and its descendants; however, expression persists in the AC through the time of basement membrane invasion (PubMed:21784067, PubMed:31402303). Expressed in the gonadal distal tip cells (DTCs) throughout development and in adults (PubMed:19376107).
Interacts with helix-loop-helix protein ngn-1; the interaction is direct (PubMed:21041366). Efficient DNA binding probably requires dimerization with another helix-loop-helix protein (PubMed:19632181, PubMed:11076762). Forms a heterodimer with helix-loop-helix protein hlh-12 (PubMed:17588558). Forms a heterodimer with lin-32 (PubMed:11076762). May form a heterodimer with hlh-10 (PubMed:19632181).
RNAi-mediated knockdown in the early larval L1 stage causes both somatic gonadal progenitor (SGP) cells, Z1.ppp and Z4.aaa, to assume the ventral uterine precursor cell (VU) identity; whereas, if RNAi is applied during the late larval L1 stage, or at the larval L2 stage, both assume the anchor cell (AC) identity (PubMed:21784067, PubMed:14701877). RNAi-mediated knockdown applied at the time of the larval stage L1/L2 molt causes defects in invasion of the basement membrane by the AC (PubMed:21784067). RNAi-mediated knockdown causes the MI pharyngeal motorneuron to transform into an e3D-like epithelial cell (PubMed:21041366). RNAi-mediated knockdown reduces expression of alpha integrin ina-1 and of ADAMTS protease gon-1, and causes defects in migration of the gonadal distal tip cells (DTCs) (PubMed:25982859, PubMed:17588558). RNAi-mediated knockdown causes reduction in the number of hermaphrodites with DTCs, diminishes formation of elongated gonadal arms and reduces expression of lag-2 (PubMed:19376107). RNAi-mediated knockdown during larval stage L3 causes a subsequent three-fold reduction in germ cell number in the adult hermaphrodite gonad (PubMed:19376107). RNAi-mediated knockdown increases lifespan, reduces fertility, improves the response to proteotoxic stress, alters the response to reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reduces expression of arginine kinases such as argk-1 (PubMed:32203922).
Transcription factor which binds the E box motif 5'-CA[TC][AG]TG-3' (PubMed:19632181, PubMed:11076762, PubMed:14701877). Plays a key role in the anchor cell/ventral uterine precursor cell (AC/VU) decision; required for VU fate (PubMed:14701877, PubMed:31402303). Regulates expression of lin-12/Notch receptor and putative ligand lag-2 in the presumptive AC and presumptive VU cells (PubMed:31402303). Modulates expression of lag-2 in the gonadal distal tip cells (DTCs) (PubMed:14701877, PubMed:19376107). Involved in formation of the polarised cell membrane of the AC and thus facilitates invasion across the gonadal basement membrane, acting via transcriptional modulation of multiple genes (PubMed:21784067). Involved in specification of the hermaphrodite DTC and the male linker cell, perhaps acting in concert with the homeobox protein, ceh-22 (PubMed:19376107). Plays a role in regulation of migration of DTCs and the modulation of expression of alpha integrin ina-1 and ADAMTS protease gon-1 (PubMed:25982859, PubMed:17588558). Required for DTC maintenance, and for function of the DTC as a niche for germline stem cells (PubMed:19376107). Plays a role in cell-autonomously establishing a neuronal left-right asymmetry (PubMed:21041366). Required for specification of cell fate, acting in concert with lin-32, in the development of the male-specific genital sensilla (simple sense organs) known as rays (PubMed:11076762). Negatively modulates lifespan, perhaps acting by regulating expression of arginine kinases, which in turn results in altered metabolism and homeostasis of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (PubMed:32203922).
Mutants have an extended lifespan, increased volume and are sterile with a germ cell proliferation defect.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 19 family.
Belongs to the class-II aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family. Type-1 seryl-tRNA synthetase subfamily.
Catalyzes the attachment of serine to tRNA(Ser). Is also able to aminoacylate tRNA(Sec) with serine, to form the misacylated tRNA L-seryl-tRNA(Sec), which will be further converted into selenocysteinyl-tRNA(Sec) (By similarity).
Consists of two distinct domains, a catalytic core and a N-terminal extension that is involved in tRNA binding.
Homodimer. The tRNA molecule binds across the dimer (By similarity).
SPSAKWMRF-amide: Acts as a ligand for the npr-22 receptor in vitro.
Activated by ATP (PubMed:27551084). ATP binding leads to a conformational change that promotes FAD cofactor binding and enzyme activity (PubMed:27551084). ATP binding likely occurs during acox-1.1 folding and/or dimer formation (PubMed:27551084).
Homodimer (Probable). Forms a heterodimer with acox-1.2 (PubMed:25775534). Forms a heterodimer with acox-1.3; the interaction may be important for the stability of acox-1.3 (PubMed:25775534).
Induced by high temperatures (25 degrees Celsius).
Involved in the first step of peroxisomal beta-oxidation by catalyzing the desaturation of fatty acid-derived side chains (PubMed:25775534, PubMed:29537254, PubMed:27551084). Specifically, catalyzes the desaturation of fatty acids heptanoyl-CoA (C7), nonanoyl-CoA (C9), dodecanoyl-CoA (C12) and to a lesser extent pentanoyl-CoA (C5) and hexadecanoyl-CoA (C16), and hydroxylated fatty acid hydroxynonanoyl-CoA (PubMed:25775534, PubMed:29537254, PubMed:27551084). Also, catalyzes the desaturation fatty acid-derived side chains of ascaroside pheromones, which regulates development and behavior (PubMed:20610393, PubMed:25775534, PubMed:29537254, PubMed:29863473, PubMed:27551084). Specifically, shortens ascaroside with 5-carbon omega side chain (asc-omega-C5), 7-carbon side chain (asc-C7), 9-carbon side chain (asc-C9), 11-carbon side chain (asc-C11), 13-carbon side chain (asc-C13), 15-carbon side chain (asc-C15) and to a lesser extent ascarosides with 7-omega-carbon side chain (asc-omega-C7) (PubMed:25775534, PubMed:29537254, PubMed:27551084). Also shortens indol-3-carbonyl(IC)-ascarosides with 7-carbon side chain (IC-asc-C7) and to a lesser extent (IC)-ascarosides with 9-carbon side chain (IC-asc-C9) (PubMed:29863473). May associate and regulate the folding and/or the catalytic activity of other acyl-coenzyme A oxidases including acox-1.2, acox-1.3, acox-1.4 and acox-3 modulating the type of ascarosides produced (PubMed:25775534, PubMed:29537254, PubMed:29863473). In association with acox-1.3, catalyzes the desaturation of asc-C7-CoA but not of fatty acids or hydroxylated fatty acids (PubMed:25775534). Involved in the biosynthesis of asc-C6-MK (daumone 2) and asc-delta-C9 (daumone 3) but not asc-C7 (daumone 1); daumones are pheromones produced during unfavourable growth conditions which promote entry into the dauer stage (PubMed:20610393).
RNAi-mediated knockdown abolishes production of dauer pheromone daumone 2, severely reduces production of daumone 3 and increases production of daumone 1.
Catalyzes the 2-thiolation of uridine at the wobble position (U34) of mitochondrial tRNA(Lys), tRNA(Glu) and tRNA(Gln). Required for the formation of 5-taurinomethyl-2-thiouridine (tm5s2U) of mitochondrial tRNA(Lys), tRNA(Glu), and tRNA(Gln) at the wobble position. ATP is required to activate the C2 atom of the wobble base.
During the reaction, ATP is used to activate the C2 atom of U34 by adenylation. After this, the persulfide sulfur on the catalytic cysteine is transferred to the C2 atom of the wobble base (U34) of mitochondrial tRNA(Lys), tRNA(Glu) and tRNA(Gln). The reaction probably involves hydrogen sulfide that is generated from the persulfide intermediate and that acts as nucleophile towards the activated C2 atom on U34. Subsequently, a transient disulfide bond is formed between the two active site cysteine residues (By similarity).
Impaired protein polarity (PubMed:18316412, PubMed:20823068). Lengthened AB and P1 cell cycle times (PubMed:18316412, PubMed:20823068). RNAi-mediated knockdown causes defects in germline mitosis including cell-cylce arrest and formation of polyploid nuclei (PubMed:22018922). RNAi-mediated knockdown in plk-2 mutant background causes a loss in sun-1 phosphorylation at 'Ser-8' but not at 'Ser-12' (PubMed:22018922).
Required for oocyte nuclear envelope breakdown before entry of oocyte into spermatheca (PubMed:10660671). In meiotic cells, required for spindle dynamics and probably for spindle attachment to the chromosomes (PubMed:10660671). Zygotic role in the development of the germline and nerve cord (PubMed:10660671). In mitotic cells, plays a role in spindle organization and centrosome maturation (PubMed:20823068). Involved in asymmetric nuclear localization of cdc-25.1 during embryogenesis which affects cell division timing (PubMed:18305005, PubMed:18316412, PubMed:20823068). Together with plk-2, regulates cytoplasm polarity in early embryos (PubMed:18199581, PubMed:18316412, PubMed:18305005). May play a minor role in chromosome pairing and synapsis during oocyte meiosis I (PubMed:22018922).
The POLO box domains are involved in the asymmetric cytoplasmic localization.
Abnormal cell morphology of developing RMEL/R neurons. Arrested development at larvae life stage due to its requirement in the pharynx. Defects in SDQR neuron cell dorsal-ventral migration. Aggregation behavior is diminished. Abolishes guanylate cyclase gene expression in the URX neurons.
Expressed in many cell types throughout development, including hypodermal cells, intestinal cells, pharyngeal cells, and neurons. Expressed in every cell during embryo.
Interacts with hif-1 (PubMed:11427734). Heterodimer; efficient DNA binding requires dimerization with another bHLH protein (PubMed:17628356, PubMed:9501178). Forms a heterodimer with ahr-1; binds DNA as heterodimer (PubMed:9501178). Forms a heterodimer with PAS domain-containing protein cky-1; binds DNA as heterodimer (PubMed:17628356).
Transcription factor (PubMed:17628356). Efficient DNA binding requires dimerization with another bHLH protein, such as cky-1 or ahr-1 (PubMed:17628356, PubMed:9501178). Regulates transcription of target genes, probably acting in complex with cky-1 (PubMed:17628356). Has a role in cellular differentiation (PubMed:9501178, PubMed:15136141). Required for pharyngeal development (PubMed:14757639). In collaboration with ahr-1 it is involved in RMEL/R and SDQR neuron cell migration (PubMed:14757639). Acts in the cellular response to hypoxia (PubMed:11427734). Involved in aggregation behavior by regulating soluble guanylate cyclase gene expression in the URX neurons (PubMed:16919260).
Binds directly to helix 1 of the histone fold of histone H4, a region that is not accessible when H4 is in chromatin (By similarity). Probable component of a NuRD-like complex, composed of at least lin-53 and hda-1 (PubMed:17075059). Interacts with lin-35 (PubMed:9875852). Interacts with hda-1; the interaction is direct (PubMed:9875852, PubMed:17075059). Component of the DRM complex, at least composed of lin-9, lin-35, lin-37, lin-52, lin-53, lin-54- dpl-1 and efl-1 (PubMed:17075059). Interacts with hcp-3 (PubMed:26904949).
Core histone-binding subunit that may target chromatin assembly factors, chromatin remodeling factors and histone deacetylases to their histone substrates in a manner that is regulated by nucleosomal DNA (By similarity). Required for hcp-3 and his-1 stabilization, localization of hcp-3 to centromeres and for proper chromosome segregation (PubMed:25446273, PubMed:26904949). Synthetic multivulva class B (synMuvB) protein (PubMed:9875852). SynMuvB proteins are required to repress the induction of vulval development by Ras signaling and probably act by forming the multiprotein DRM complex that represses transcription (PubMed:10704416, PubMed:17075059, PubMed:9875852).
Decreased protein levels of DRM complex components including lin-9, lin-37, lin-52 and lin-54 (PubMed:17075059). Double knockout with the programmed cell death regulator mcd-1 results slow larval growth (PubMed:17237514). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in embryonic lethality (PubMed:9875852, PubMed:26904949). RNAi-mediated knockdown leads to a reduction of hcp-3 and his-1 protein levels and to a depletion of hcp-3 on centromeres and a reduction of H3K27me3 levels on metaphase chromosomes (PubMed:26904949). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in chromosome segregation defects during mitosis (PubMed:25446273, PubMed:26904949).
Ubiquitously expressed in embryos and newly hatched larvae. Expressed in all P(3-8).p vulval precursor cells at the time of vulval induction and until after all cell divisions and vulval morphogenesis are complete.
Cytoplasmic intermediate filaments make up the structural component of the cytoskeleton providing mechanical strength to cells. Essential protein required during embryogenesis especially for survival past the L1 larva stage, involved in intestine morphogenesis.
Isoform d is abundantly expressed in the marginal cells of the pharynx, forming apicobasally oriented thick filament bundles that are attached to the apical and basal plasma membrane by hemi-adherens junctions. Expression of isoform c is also seen in the excretory cells and in the uterus. Isoform c is detectable in the amphid sensory neurins and the pharyngeal-intestinal valve. Both isoform c and isoform d are expressed in the rectum and vulva and in some neurons of the tail. In larvae, expression is seen in the excretory cell, the vulva, the rectum and in the thick filament bundles of the pharynx. Expression in pharynx begins in late embryos.
Component of the sarcoglycan complex, a subcomplex of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex which forms a link between the F-actin cytoskeleton and the extracellular matrix.
Cross-link to form 2 major subcomplexes: one consisting of SGCB, SGCD and SGCG and the other consisting of SGCB and SGCD. The association between SGCB and SGCG is particularly strong while SGCA is loosely associated with the other sarcoglycans.
The thioredoxin domain lacks the 2 redox-active cysteines, suggesting that it lacks thioredoxin activity.
Component of the pid-1 and tost-1 variants of the PETISCO complexes, which have roles in the biogenesis of a class of 21 nucleotide PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) that possess a uracil residue at the 5'-end (also called 21U-RNAs) and embryogenesis, respectively (PubMed:31147388, PubMed:31216475). Promotes the biogenesis of 21U-RNAs (PubMed:31216475). Required for chromosome segregation and cell division in early embryos (PubMed:17171368, PubMed:31216475). May have a role in DNA replication (PubMed:17171368).
Component of the pid-1 variant of the PETISCO complex (also called the pid-3, erh-2, tofu-6, and ife-3 small RNA complex) containing at least pid-1, tofu-6, ife-3, pid-3, and erh-2, which is required for the biogenesis of 21 nucleotide PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) that possess a uracil residue at the 5'-end (also called 21U-RNAs) (PubMed:31147388, PubMed:31216475). Within the pid-1 variant of the PETISCO complex interacts with pid-1 (PubMed:31216475). Component of the tost-1 variant of the PETISCO complex (also called the pid-3, erh-2, tofu-6, and ife-3 small RNA complex) containing at least tost-1, tofu-6, ife-3, pid-3, and erh-2, which plays an essential role in embryogenesis (PubMed:31147388, PubMed:31216475). Within the tost-1 variant of the PETISCO complex interacts with tost-1 (PubMed:31216475). Within the pid-1 and tost-1 variants of the PETISCO complexes interacts (via C-terminus) with ife-3 (PubMed:31216475, PubMed:31147388). Within the pid-1 and tost-1 variants of the PETISCO complexes interacts (via the RRM domain) with pid-3 (PubMed:31216475, PubMed:31147388). Within the pid-1 and tost-1 variants of the PETISCO complexes interacts (via the RRM domain) with erh-2 (PubMed:31216475). In contrast to the pid-1 variant of the PETISCO complex, the tost-1 variant of the PETISCO complex plays a minor role in the biogenesis of 21U-RNAs (PubMed:31147388).
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Relatively high levels of expression in early embryos, weakly detectable in subsequent developmental stages and enriched in adults (at protein level) (PubMed:31147388). During early embryogenesis, expressed during prophase and interphase in 2- and 4-cell embryos (PubMed:31216475).
Expression is restricted to the germline (at protein level).
Worms whose mothers are lacking mel-47 exhibit prolonged interphase between the two and four cell stages of development. Mutants arrest as early embryos ranging from 50 to 80 cells with no signs of morphogenesis. Chromatin bridges which connect nuclei remain present after cytokinesis appears complete. RNAi-mediated knockdown results in maternal effect lethal (Mel phenotype) (PubMed:31147388). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in chromosome segregation and cell division defects in early embryos (PubMed:31216475). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in defective activity of the PIWI-interacting RNA (piRNA) silencing pathway (PubMed:31147388). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in the failure of pid-1, pid-3 and erh-2 to localize to perinuclear granules, but instead they accumulate in the nucleus (PubMed:31216475).
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mL41 family.
Catalyzes the transfer of endogenously produced octanoic acid from octanoyl-acyl-carrier-protein onto the lipoyl domains of lipoate-dependent enzymes. Lipoyl-ACP can also act as a substrate although octanoyl-ACP is likely to be the physiological substrate.
Catalase involved in the oxidative stress response serving to protect cells from toxicity (Probable) (PubMed:25243607, PubMed:28456303). For instance plays a role in defending against oxidative damage induced by excessive copper stress (PubMed:25243607). Not required for maintaining normal lifespan (PubMed:14996832).
No defects in lifespan or egg laying capacity (PubMed:14996832). Abolishes ctl-1 enzymatic activity and reduces the global levels of catalase activity to 75% of the total catalase activity observed in wild-type animals (PubMed:14996832).
Up-regulated in response to Cu(2+) (PubMed:25243607). Up-regulated in response to phoxim (an organophosphorus insecticide) and carbaryl (a carbamate insecticide) (PubMed:28456303).
Was originally reported to play a role in determining adult lifespan. However, the paper was later retracted due to errors in the data.
May play a key role in embryonic cellularization by interacting with both the cytoskeleton and other cellular components.
Voltage-sensitive calcium channels (VSCC) mediate the entry of calcium ions into excitable cells and are also involved in a variety of calcium-dependent processes, including muscle contraction, hormone or neurotransmitter release, gene expression, cell motility, cell division and cell death. This channel gives rise to T-type calcium currents. T-type calcium channels belong to the "low-voltage activated (LVA)" group and are strongly blocked by nickel and mibefradil. A particularity of this type of channels is an opening at quite negative potentials, and a voltage-dependent inactivation. T-type channels serve pacemaking functions in both central neurons and cardiac nodal cells and support calcium signaling in secretory cells and vascular smooth muscle. They may also be involved in the modulation of firing patterns of neurons which is important for information processing as well as in cell growth processes.
Expressed in body-wall muscle cells, distal tip cells, and vulval tissue.
Heterodimer of an alpha and a beta subunit (Probable). Interacts with beta subunit pat-3 (Probable). Interacts with dep-1 (PubMed:28135265). Component of an integrin containing attachment complex, composed of at least pat-2, pat-3, pat-4, pat-6, unc-52, unc-97 and unc-112 (PubMed:22253611).
Required for muscle development probably through the regulation of the actin-myosin cytoskeleton (PubMed:8106547, PubMed:12915588). Component of an integrin containing attachment complex, which is required for muscle maintenance (PubMed:22253611). During the formation of neuromuscular junctions at the larval stage, negatively regulates membrane protrusion from body wall muscles, probably through lamins such as epi-1, lam-2 and unc-52 (PubMed:16495308). Required for distal tip cell migration and dorsal pathfinding (PubMed:17606640). Required for egg-laying (PubMed:12915588). May play a role in cell motility and cell-cell interactions (By similarity). Plays a role in vulval development (PubMed:28135265). Probably within the alpha pat-2/beta pat-3 integrin receptor complex, plays a role in the negative regulation of let-23 signaling and vulval induction. This is probably partly by restricting the mobility of the let-23 receptor on the plasma membrane of vulval cells which thereby attenuates let-23 signaling (PubMed:28135265).
Severe paralysis at the 1-fold stage of embryonic development followed by an arrest in elongation at 2-fold stage (PubMed:8106547). Loss of myosin and actin organization in embryonic body wall muscles and loss of muscle cell polarization (PubMed:8106547). RNAi-mediated knockdown in post-hatching animals causes paralysis associated with severe disorganization of body wall muscle actin filaments and defects in egg-laying associated with embryonic hatching within the mother (the bag of worms phenotype) (PubMed:12915588). Few surviving adults, are uncoordinated with abnormal body size and shape and have defects in distal tip cells (DTC) migration resulting in abnormal gonad formation (PubMed:17606640). RNAi-mediated knockdown in L4 larval stage, causes ectopic membrane extensions from body wall muscles (PubMed:16495308). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in impaired mobility, mitochondrial fragmentation and disrupted integrin attachment complexes in muscle (PubMed:22253611). This leads to degradation of muscle proteins in the cytosol, myofibrillar defects and disruption of sarcomere organization (PubMed:22253611). RNAi-mediated knockdown in vulval precursor cells in a let-60 gain of function mutant background results in increased vulval induction and an adjacent primary fate (Apf) phenotype whereby secondary vulval precursor cells transform into primary-like vulval cells (PubMed:28135265).
Up-regulated during L3 developmental stage in distal tip cells.
Binds RNA as a monomer at low laf-1 concentrations and as a dimer at high laf-1 concentrations.
Embryonic lethal or lethal at the first larval stage of development (PubMed:9043090). Embryos exhibit severe morphological defects (PubMed:9043090). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in embryonic lethality in 88% of animals (PubMed:19361491, PubMed:26015579). Knockdown also results in disrupted P granule organization and assembly in the early embryo (PubMed:26015579). Reduced survival in response to heat and oxidative stress (PubMed:24844228). Double RNAi knockdown with vbh-1 results in a high number of female offspring (PubMed:19361491).
Expressed at all developmental stages. Highly expressed in embryos with levels decreasing during larval development and increasing as animals reach adulthood.
Expressed in the germline and soma of young adult hermaphrodites.
Multifunctional ATP-dependent RNA helicase (PubMed:27546789). Plays a role in RNA remodeling, but is not required for RNA unwinding (PubMed:27546789). Binds to RNA in a concentration-dependent manner to stimulate annealing between two complementary strands of RNA (PubMed:26015579, PubMed:27546789). This process is also dependent upon ATP; ATP reduces binding to RNA and subsequently diminishes RNA annealing (PubMed:27546789). Involved in many cellular processes, which do not necessarily require its ATPase/helicase catalytic activities. Involved in the regulation of transcription and translation initiation. Involved in innate immunity (By similarity). Involved in both stress and inflammatory responses (By similarity). Promotes liquid-liquid phase separation of P granules, which is a process important for intracellular organization and stress granule assembly (PubMed:26015579). Required for embryonic development (PubMed:19361491, PubMed:26015579). Plays a role in sexual cell fate determination by negatively regulating the translation of the sex determining protein tra-2 (PubMed:9043090, PubMed:9321409, PubMed:26015579). May play a protective role in the response to heat and oxidative stress (PubMed:24844228). May negatively regulate extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway via death domain receptors. May be involved in mitotic chromosome segregation (By similarity).
The N-terminal domain is required for the multimeric binding of laf-1 to RNA.
Defective forwards locomotion whereby sustained long foraging forwards movements are replaced with shortened forwards runs, more frequent pauses and reversals.
Expressed in RID peptidergic neurons, and the sensory neurons ALA, PDE and PLN.
FMRFamides and FMRFamide-like peptides are neuropeptides (PubMed:16187307). KHEYLRF-amide has an excitatory effect on dissected pharyngeal myogenic muscle system (PubMed:16187307). Functions in RID peptidergic neurons to promote forward locomotory behavior (PubMed:27855782).
Component of the tRNA-splicing ligase complex required to facilitate the enzymatic turnover of catalytic subunit RtcB (F16A11.2).
Expressed in all developmental stages, increasing gradually from embryo to larval L3 stage, decreasing in L4 and stabilizing in adult stage.
Expression is repressed in response to high levels of dietary calcium.
Lipid contents in the intestine increase by 44%, but increase is less in response to high levels of dietary calcium.
Probable transcription factor which regulates lipid metabolism.
GTPase system comprising ran-1, ran-2 and ran-3 is essential in nucleocytoplasmic trafficking. Ran-2 is a GTPase activator for the nuclear RAS-related regulatory protein Ran, converting it to the putatively inactive GDP-bound state. Required for correct chromosome alignment and segregation on the metaphase plate.
Decapping scavenger enzyme that catalyzes the cleavage of a residual cap structure following the degradation of mRNAs of the 3'->5' exosome-mediated mRNA decay pathway. Hydrolyzes cap analog structures like 7-methylguanosine nucleoside triphosphate (m7GpppG) and tri-methyl guanosine nucleoside triphosphate (m3(2,2,7)GpppG) with up to 2 nucleotide substrates (small capped oligoribonucleotides) and specifically releases 5'-phosphorylated RNA fragments and 7-methylguanosine monophosphate (m7GMP). Does not hydrolyze unmethylated cap analog (GpppG) and shows no decapping activity on intact m7GpppG-capped mRNA molecules. Does not hydrolyze 7-methylguanosine diphosphate (m7GDP) and tri-methylguanosine diphosphate (m3(2,2,7)GDP) to m(7)GMP and m3(2,2,7)GMP, respectively (PubMed:22985415). May also play a role in the 5'->3 mRNA decay pathway; m7GDP, the downstream product released by the 5'->3' mRNA mediated decapping activity, may be also converted by dcs-1 to m7GMP. Binds to m7GpppG and strongly to m7GDP.
Expressed in neurons in the ventral cord, the nerve ring and the pharynx.
Expressed in the embryo during all developmental stages.
The hydrolytic product 7-methylguanosine diphosphate (m7GDP) efficiently inhibits the decapping scavenger activity and acts as a competitive inhibitor in vitro.
First expressed in L1 larvae, and thereafter throughout adulthood.
Interacts with F-actin via its N-terminal domain. Most likely interacts with unc-84; the interaction is probably required to recruit anc-1 to the nuclear envelope.
Nuclear anchorage is lost resulting in free-floating nuclei that often cluster as the animal flexes. An increase in PVQ cell bodies mispositioned to the anterior is apparent between three-fold embryos and L1 larvae. Pharyngeal cells show defects including mispositioned organelles.
Plays a central role in nuclear and mitochondrial anchoring (PubMed:12169658, PubMed:6889924, PubMed:10375507, PubMed:22298703). Probably connects nuclei to the cytoskeleton by interacting with unc-84 at the nuclear envelope and with F-actin in the cytoplasm, creating a bridge across the nuclear envelope between the cytoskeleton and the nucleus (PubMed:15773756). Has a role in positioning of the cell body of the PVQ lumbar interneuron (PubMed:22298703).
The KASH domain, which contains a potential transmembrane domain, is essential for the nuclear envelope targeting.
The large coiled coil domains are composed of 6 nearly exact repeats of 903 residues. The last repeat is partial. These repeats are conserved in Hawai (CB4856), Australia (AB4) and Germany (RC301) strains. The length of the repeat may be maintained because of a selective advantage to keep the protein large and allow a single molecule to extent more than 0,5 micrometers.
Ubiquitously expressed in all postembryonic cells.
May interact with nuclear hormone receptor nhr-49.
Orphan nuclear receptor (PubMed:22511885). Involved in regulating fatty acid desaturase genes, acting in concert with nuclear hormone receptor nhr-49 (PubMed:22511885).
Sequence-specific DNA-binding protein that interacts with enhancer elements to regulate transcription of selected genes (By similarity). Required for neuroblast and epidermal morphogenesis, perhaps acting in cooperation with transcription factor aptf-4 (PubMed:27176626).
Expression is restricted to male germline.
Probable non-receptor tyrosine-protein kinase which plays a role in spermatid activation (spermiogenesis) in hermaphrodites.
Cleavage of precursor form is necessary for function.
Interacts with dcn-1 (PubMed:15988528). Covalently attached to cullins (PubMed:12781129). May interact with atx-3 (PubMed:17935801).
Ubiquitin-like protein which plays an important role in cell cycle control and embryogenesis. Covalent attachment to its substrates requires prior activation by the E1 complex uba-3-ula-1 and linkage to the E2 enzyme ubc-12. Attachment of ned-8 to cullins activates their associated E3 ubiquitin ligase activity, and thus promotes polyubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of cyclins and other regulatory proteins.
Worms either arrest during embryonic development, or show vulval eversion at the L4 stage and burst at the vulva during the L4-to-adult molt. Those who survive to the adult stage display severe defects in terminal differentiation of seam cells, vulva and male tail.
Belongs to the sodium:neurotransmitter symporter (SNF) family.
Betaine transporter dependent on Na(+) and Cl(-) ions that functions primarily in the epidermis to clear betaine from the extracellular space. Elicits current in response to betaine but not in response to GABA, L-carnitine, sarcosine, glycine or dimethylglycine.
Highly expressed in the head, the excretory canal, tail hypodermal cells, epidermis and vulval epithelial cells. Expressed in the excretory canal-associated neuron and in some non-amphidial sensory neurons in the head (at protein level).
Mutant worms are morphologically similar to the wild-type but exhibit mild swimming defects and are lethargic when crawling on a food-free environment with their movement being interrupted by frequent pauses. Worms paralyze in the presence of exogenous betaine. Simultaneous knockdown of snf-3 and egl-8 results in uncoordinated, hypercontracted and paralyzed animals.
Interacts with EME1 to form a DNA structure-specific endonuclease with substrate preference for branched DNA structures with a 5'-end at the branch nick. Typical substrates include 3'-flap structures, D-loops, replication forks and nicked Holliday junctions. May be required in mitosis for the processing of stalled or collapsed replication fork intermediates. May be required in meiosis for the repair of meiosis-specific double strand breaks subsequent to single-end invasion (SEI).
Binds 3 Ca(2+) ions per subunit. The ions are bound to the C2 domains.
Localized to regions known to be rich in synapses and appears to be associated with synaptic vesicles. Also found in some non-neuronal secretory structures.
May have a regulatory role in the membrane interactions during trafficking of synaptic vesicles at the active zone of the synapse. It binds acidic phospholipids with a specificity that requires the presence of both an acidic head group and a diacyl backbone (By similarity). Involved in necrotic cell death (PubMed:22157748).
May have a regulatory role in the membrane interactions during trafficking of synaptic vesicles at the active zone of the synapse. It binds acidic phospholipids with a specificity that requires the presence of both an acidic head group and a diacyl backbone.
Worms exhibit severe behavioral abnormalities that are characteristic of deficiencies in synaptic function, including severe locomotion, feeding, and defecation defects (PubMed:8391930). Increased survival in response to hypoxia induced by sodium azide (PubMed:22157748). Reduces the formation of neuron cell corpses in a hyperactive mec-4 or deg-3 mutant background (PubMed:22157748).
Probable transcription factor (By similarity). Involved in responses to oxidative stress (PubMed:27514077).
Belongs to the NAD(P)-dependent epimerase/dehydratase family. UDP-glucuronic acid decarboxylase subfamily.
Broadly expressed in somatic tissues (PubMed:31233739). Expressed in the hermaphrodite spermatheca and male gonad (PubMed:31233739). Expressed in spermatids, but not expressed in oocytes (PubMed:31233739).
Mitophagy receptor which plays a role in paternal mitochondria degradation in embryos after the two-cell stage.
Defective preference between different food odors (PubMed:25009271). Abnormal repetitive turning behavior during male mating (PubMed:17611271).
Expressed in neurons of the pharynx and the extrapharyngeal nervous system. Highly expressed in male PHC sensory neurons (PubMed:28065609).
Highly expressed in male PHC sensory neurons from the late L4 larval stage/young adult stage.
Required for glutamatergic synaptic transmission (PubMed:10818169, PubMed:14762140, PubMed:14981253, PubMed:15371514, PubMed:9526004, PubMed:9870947). In AWB and AWC sensory neurons, required for the detection of preferred food sources, probably via glutamatergic neurotransmission from sensory neurons (PubMed:25009271). Negatively regulates the turning step of male mating behavior (PubMed:17611271).
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Tyr protein kinase family. Ephrin receptor subfamily.
During ventral enclosure of the epidermis, expression is seen in clusters of presumptive head neuronal cells and several cells in the tail region. Early larvae show expression in the nerve ring and ventral nerve cord. Strong expression is also seen in the procorpus and terminal bulb of the pharynx. Expression in the nervous system is seen through to adulthood (PubMed:9506518, PubMed:19853560). Expressed in Z2/Z3 germline precursor cells and in oocytes (at protein level). Expressed in the vulva and in the spermatheca with accumulation in the apical regions of the organ (PubMed:25529479). Expressed in oocytes and sheath cells (PubMed:12533508).
Interacts (via kinase domain) with daf-18 (via C-terminus); the interaction is independent of vab-1 kinase activity.
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in impaired inhibition of oocyte maturation and ovulation in the presence of reduced numbers of self-derived sperm (PubMed:12533508). As a result, hermaphrodites lay increased numbers of unfertilized oocytes (PubMed:12533508). Reduced sheath cell contraction rate in somatic cells (PubMed:12533508).
Receptor for members of the ephrin family (By similarity). Receptor for major sperm proteins (MSPs), that functions as sperm-sensing checkpoint which inhibits oocyte meiotic maturation and ovulation when sperm are not available for fertilization (PubMed:12533508). Specifically, functions to negatively regulates oocyte maturation and MAPK activation in the absence of MSPs (PubMed:12533508, PubMed:19853560). Required for the MSP-mediated increase in the basal sheath cell contraction rate in somatic cells (PubMed:12533508). Phosphorylates phosphatase daf-18/PTEN which probably promotes daf-18 degradation (PubMed:19853560). By inactivating daf-18, regulates positively insulin-like daf-2 signaling cascade (PubMed:9506518). Involved in interactions between neuronal substrate cells and a migrating epithelial sheet in head epidermis morphogenesis (PubMed:9506518). Also required for cell movements following gastrulation and during ventral closure of the epidermis (PubMed:9506518). Might play a role in spermatheca morphogenesis (PubMed:25529479). Involved in axon guidance of SDQL neurons during neurogenesis (PubMed:26903502).
Essential factor for the assembly of mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase complex (complex I).
Component of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport II (ESCRT-II), which is required for multivesicular body (MVB) formation and sorting of endosomal cargo proteins into MVBs.
Orphan nuclear receptor (Probable). May play a role in modulation of lifespan and immunity (PubMed:29748542).
Auxin-induced degradation of the protein causes no obvious phenotype in germ cells and early embryos.
Component of the 7-subunit TFIIH core complex.
Component of the general transcription and DNA repair factor IIH (TFIIH) core complex, which is involved in general and transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair (NER) of damaged DNA and in RNA transcription by RNA polymerase II (By similarity). In NER, TFIIH acts by opening DNA around the lesion to allow the excision of the damaged oligonucleotide and its replacement by a new DNA fragment (By similarity). In transcription, TFIIH has an essential role in transcription initiation (By similarity). When the pre-initiation complex (PIC) has been established, TFIIH is required for promoter opening and promoter escape (By similarity). Necessary for the stability of the TFIIH complex and for the presence of normal levels of TFIIH in the cell (PubMed:34824371). Required for efficient binding of TFIIH to damaged DNA (PubMed:34824371). Dispensable for normal development, but required when transcription is challenged (PubMed:34824371).
May be a general transcription factor (PubMed:11030350, PubMed:11030349). Plays an essential role for RNA polymerase II/ama-1 transcription in early embryos whereby it activates a subset of RNA polymerase II promoters and facilitates the reestablishment of transcription after mitosis (PubMed:14726532).
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes early embryonic defects, including premature cell division of the Ea and Ep blastomeres, a failure to undergo gastrulation, and embryonic arrest (PubMed:11030350, PubMed:11030349). Knockdown causes severe loss of polymerase II large subunit ama-1 phosphorylation (PubMed:11030350, PubMed:11030349). Knockdown also causes a reduction in expression levels of several embryonic genes (PubMed:11030350, PubMed:11030349, PubMed:14726532).
Widely expressed throughout embryogenesis, starting at the two-cell stage and probably expressed both maternally and zygotically (at protein level).
Expressed in ADL, AVJL, AIZL, RICL, RIF and AVG neurons.
Probable transcription factor which is required for asymmetric division of vulval blast cells (PubMed:1970421, PubMed:15466489). Involved in olfactory plasticity probably by regulating the expression of transcription factor mbr-1 in RIF neurons (PubMed:19561603). Plays a role in the chemorepulsive response toward ascaroside pheromones mediated by the ADL sensory neurons, probably by regulating E-box motif 5'-CANNTG-3' containing target genes in the ADL neurons (PubMed:29672507). Plays a role in the differentiation of the ADL sensory neurons (PubMed:29672507).
Belongs to the TRAFAC class YlqF/YawG GTPase family. NOG2 subfamily.
GTPase that associates with pre-60S ribosomal subunits in the nucleolus and is required for their nuclear export and maturation.
Acts as a transcriptional regulator whose activity is required for several aspects of motor neuron fate specification, including cell division patterns, proper spatiotemporal expression of fate-specific markers, and normal axonal morphology and pathfinding (PubMed:10976055). Involved in regulating glial specification (PubMed:32665354).
Defects in axonal morphology and synaptic connectivity of the ventral cord motor neurons.
Expressed in neuroblasts of the AB lineage. More specifically in precursors of the embryonic ventral cord motor neurons. Expressed to a lesser degree in the EMS lineage which generates mostly endoderm and mesoderm tissues.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS14 family.
Component of the mitochondrial ribosome small subunit (28S) which comprises a 12S rRNA and about 30 distinct proteins (By similarity). Interacts with LIAT1 (By similarity).
Belongs to the ribulose-phosphate 3-epimerase family.
Binds 1 divalent metal cation per subunit.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 13 family.
Initiates complex N-linked carbohydrate formation. Essential for the conversion of high-mannose to hybrid and complex N-glycans.
The cofactor is mostly bound to the substrate.
3'-5'-exoribonuclease that specifically recognizes RNAs polyuridylated at their 3' end and mediates their degradation. Component of an exosome-independent RNA degradation pathway that mediates degradation of cytoplasmic mRNAs that have been deadenylated and subsequently uridylated at their 3'.
Belongs to the RNR ribonuclease family. DIS3L2 subfamily.
RNAi-mediated knockdown in a ced-3 and ain-1 double mutant background reduces the percentage of animals with developmental defects including production of ectopic seam cells.
Belongs to the glycogen debranching enzyme family.
Multifunctional enzyme acting as 1,4-alpha-D-glucan:1,4-alpha-D-glucan 4-alpha-D-glycosyltransferase and amylo-1,6-glucosidase in glycogen degradation.
May inhibit the chaperone activity of HSP70/HSC70 by promoting substrate release in an ATP-dependent manner.
The BAG domain probably mediates direct interaction with HSP70.
Belongs to the cholesterol 7-desaturase family.
Catalyzes the production of 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC or cholesta-5,7-dien-3beta-ol) by inserting a double bond (desaturating) at the C7-C8 single bond of cholesterol. This reaction is the first step in the synthesis of the steroid hormone Delta(7)-dafachronic acid (one of the principal steroid hormones in nematodes). Dafachronic acids bind directly to the nuclear hormone receptor (NHR) daf-12, suppressing dauer formation and inducing reproductive growth.
Expressed in intestine at all postembryonic stages, including dauer. Expression is reduced in daf-2 mutants.
Body wall muscle cells; in clonal muscle precursors, in a set of early embryonic blastomeres (the ms-granddaughters), and in six glial-like cells called GLRS.
Efficient DNA binding requires dimerization with another bHLH protein.
Involved in myogenesis, in cooperation with transcription factors unc-120 and hnd-1 (PubMed:2175254, PubMed:15892873, PubMed:17142668). Acts redundantly with fozi-1 to promote body wall muscle cell and coelomocyte specification in postembryonic mesoderm progenitors, probably through suppression of sem-2 (PubMed:21307099).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in a low frequency of embryonic lethality, with embryos arresting paralyzed at the two-fold stage; increases in frequency significantly on an hnd-1 or unc-120 mutant background (PubMed:15892873). Many embryos that survive to hatch become uncoordinated, dumpy larvae (PubMed:15892873). Double RNAi-mediated knockdown with sem-2 results in no sex myoblast production (PubMed:21307099).
Expressed in a subset of head neurons, including the BAG sensory neurons, the AWA amphid neurons and the ASG sensory neurons.
Expressed throughout development and in adult animals (PubMed:21954162). First expressed in the embryonic BAG neurons (PubMed:30890567).
Lack of CO(2) avoidance behavior (PubMed:21954162, PubMed:22479504). Down-regulation of genes required for BAG neuron differentiation and function (PubMed:21954162, PubMed:22479504). Reduction in exploratory behavior and an increase of animals in the quiescent state (PubMed:28193866). Unable to sense downsteps of O(2) (PubMed:28193866). Increased intestinal fat storage (PubMed:28193866).
Transcription factor that plays a role in the differentiation and function of the CO(2)- and O(2)-sensing BAG neurons (PubMed:21954162, PubMed:22479504, PubMed:30890567). The BAG neurons are required for the behavioral avoidance of environmental CO(2) and the sensing of decreased O(2) levels (PubMed:21954162, PubMed:22479504, PubMed:28193866). Promotes the expression of genes that play a role in CO(2)- and O(2)-sensing and in egg-laying in the BAG neurons (PubMed:21954162). Positively regulates the transcription of the receptor-type guanylate cyclase gcy-9, which is a critical component of the CO(2) transduction pathway, in the BAG neurons (PubMed:22479504). May mediate transcriptional activation by binding to the motif 5'-ACTTCCG-3' (PubMed:22479504, PubMed:30890567). Acts in the BAG and ASG neurons to regulate intestinal fat levels and to promote exploratory behavior, possibly by regulating neuropeptidergic signaling (PubMed:28193866).
Divalent metal cations. Mn(2+) or Co(2+).
Expressed in several neurons including head neurons, motor neurons located in the ventral nerve cord, HSN and CAN neurons, and tail neurons, and in muscles such as body-wall, pharyngeal, intestinal and anal sphincter (PubMed:19090809). Also expressed in seam cells, the hypodermis and the intestine (PubMed:19090809).
May interact with rab-5, rab-7 and rab-11 (PubMed:19090809). Does not interact with rab-3, rab-27 and rab-10 (PubMed:19090809).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in mild defecation defects (PubMed:19090809). RNAi-mediated knockdown increases the levels of unprenylated rab-27 (PubMed:19090809). RNAi-mediated knockdown disrupts the localization of rab-5 and rab-7 (PubMed:19090809).
Substrate-binding subunit of the Rab geranylgeranyltransferase (GGTase) complex (By similarity). Binds unprenylated Rab proteins and presents the substrate peptide to the catalytic component B and remains bound to it after the geranylgeranyl transfer reaction (By similarity). The component A is thought to be regenerated by transferring its prenylated Rab back to the donor membrane (By similarity). Plays a role in neurotransmitter release from presynaptic terminals at neuromuscular junctions (PubMed:19090809). Positively regulates the function of rab-27 in synaptic transmission most likely through mediating rab-27 prenylation (PubMed:19090809).
Carries out a dual function: signal transduction and activation of transcription. Activated STAT proteins play a role in repression of dauer formation. Neuronal expression is held in check by negative signals through the TGF-beta pathway that target the daf-3 transcription factor.
Expressed in adult and larval pharynx, head ganglia, tail ganglia, ventral nerve cord and body muscles.
Forms a homodimer or a heterodimer with a related family member.
Animals are sterile and develop slowly. Excretory canals are approximately 45% shorter and are characterized by a discontinuous and wider lumen, the presence of cysts and an increased number of canalicular vesicles which are swollen. These defects start during the L3 larval stage and become more severe when reaching adulthood. In addition, cdc-42 expression levels and activity are reduced along the excretory canal length. Animals have also a reduced distribution of Golgi and ER components along the excretory canals.
Expressed in pharynx, intestine, germline, vulva and excretory canals.
Involved in excretory canal elongation during postembryonic development. Plays a role in promoting Golgi stability, ER integrity and vesicle transport probably by regulating the activation of Rho GTPase cdc-42. Involved in fertility.
Belongs to the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase type I family.
Functions as a ligand for sax-3 receptor during larval development. Acts via the sax-3/Robo receptor to direct ventral axon guidance and guidance at the midline during embryonic development.
Expressed in muscles and neurons from embryogenesis to adulthood (PubMed:15282156, PubMed:27855782). First expressed post-fertilization, then accumulates in anterior cells of the embryo that give rise to neuronal and mesodermal tissues and body wall muscle cells, where expression persists and increases (PubMed:15282156). Also expressed in posterior nuclei post-fertilization (PubMed:15282156). At the 2-fold stage of embryogenesis, expression is restricted to fewer cells (PubMed:15282156).
Probable transcription factor required for differentiation and migration of neuronal cells, such as RID and CAN neurons (PubMed:2361334, PubMed:15282156). Specifically, plays a role in the terminal differentiation of RID peptidergic neurons (PubMed:27855782). Also required for CAN neuron axon guidance (PubMed:15282156).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in 60% larval lethality (PubMed:15282156). Surviving animals display uncoordinated locomotion, withered tail morphology, and defects in both CAN neuronal cell migration and axon guidance (PubMed:15282156).
Associates with the pre-60S ribosomal particle.
Component of the ribosome assembly machinery. Nuclear paralog of the ribosomal protein P0, it binds pre-60S subunits at an early stage of assembly in the nucleolus, and is replaced by P0 in cytoplasmic pre-60S subunits and mature 80S ribosomes.
Activated by DAG and phorbol esters. Phorbol-ester/DAG-type domain 1 binds phorbol ester with low affinity. Phorbol-ester/DAG-type domain 2 binds phorbol ester with high affinity and targets the kinase to the cell periphery, enabling phosphorylation and activation by colocalized tpa-1. Both domains 1 and 2 appear to bind DAG with equal affinity so may contribute equally to translocation and activation.
Converts transient diacylglycerol (DAG) signals into prolonged physiological effects, downstream of PKC. Acts in the intestine to regulate both innate immunity by promoting activation of PMK-1 and also stress response and life span by acting as an upstream, negative regulator of the daf-16 transcription factor.
Expressed in the late embryo, all larval stages, and adult in the intestine and in cells positioned near the posterior bulb of the pharynx.
Increase in adult life span. Increased levels of daf-16 translocate into the nucleus in response to heat stress. Hypersensitive to killing by bacteria.
Phosphorylation on Ser-925 by tpa-1 is the dominant regulator of catalysis, phosphorylation on Ser-929 by tpa-1 has a lesser effect. Prolonged phosphorylation results in ubiquitination and degradation.
Histone-binding component of a NURF-like (nucleosome remodeling factor-like) complex, which would catalyze ATP-dependent nucleosome sliding and facilitate transcription of chromatin (Probable). Involved in vulval cell fates.
Part of a nucleosome remodeling factor-like (NURF-like) complex containing nurf-1 and isw-1.
Muscle myosin is a hexameric protein that consists of 2 heavy chain subunits (MHC), 2 alkali light chain subunits (MLC) and 2 regulatory light chain subunits (MLC-2). Forms a complex composed of chaperone unc-45, unc-54 and ubiquitin-protein ligase ufd-2; promotes poly-ubiquitination of unfolded unc-54 (PubMed:29396393). Within the complex interacts with unc-45 (via UCS domain) and ufd-2 (PubMed:29396393). Interacts with itr-1 (via c-terminal coiled coil domain) (PubMed:12062062).
Unfolded unc-54 is poly-ubiquitinated by ufd-2.
Viable, but paralyzed. Double knockout with madd-3 results in lethality. Triple knockout with madd-3, and either cebp-1, dlk-1, mak-2, pmk-3 or sek-3 results in paralysis (as in the unc-54 single knockout), and suppresses the lethality phenotype in the double madd-3 and unc-54 mutant.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 16 (GT16) protein family.
Present in the intestinal cells from comma-stage embryos through the adult stage, although the intestinal expression is weaker after the L1 stage. Accumulates at the cell membrane of intestinal cells, especially the lateral membrane intervening the intestinal cells. Also detected in the muscles of the pharyngeal isthmus from the 3-fold embryonic stage, and in a pair of head neurons, which correspond to the AUA neurons, from the late L1 stage (at protein level).
Probable serine-threonine protein kinase involved in the control of defecation rhythms. Required to increase the length of defecation cycle period. Acts in a cell-functional rather than developmental aspect in the regulation of defecation rhythms.
Expressed in early developing glial cells of the embryo and accumulates between the embryo and the eggshell.
Expressed in sheath and socket glial cells in both the amphid and phasmid ciliated sensory neurons (at protein level).
Required for the localization of daf-6 to the socket glial channel and the sheath lumen (PubMed:34115759). In association with daf-6, plays a role in dendrite extension and ciliogenesis to ensure the formation of glial channels in amphid and phasmid ciliated sensory neurons (PubMed:34115759).
Belongs to the adaptor complexes small subunit family.
Expressed in the intestine from embryogenesis to adulthood. Highly expressed in the most anterior and posterior parts of the intestine in hatched larva. Also expressed in cells outside of the intestine near the anus in hatched larva.
May function as transcription regulator (Probable). Required for morphogenesis and function of the digestive tract.
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in defects in feeding, and failed growth and development eventually leading to lethality at the late L1 to L2 stage of larval development. Morphological defects in the digestive tract, such as enlarged pharyngeal intestinal valve lumen, leading to functional defects including accumulation of ingested bacteria in the lumen of the posterior intestine and defective elimination from the anterior lumen of the intestine.
Expressed in the 8 vulval muscles, 8-10 ventral neurons in the head and in the most posterior pharyngeal muscle cell, m8 (PubMed:9425137). Expressed in SIA, SIB and SMB sublateral motor neurons, and in muscles of the pharynx and vulva (PubMed:28244369).
First expressed in the m8 pharyngeal muscle cell and in ventral head neurons in embryos 400 minutes after the first cell cleavage.
Normal growth, coordination, egg-laying, mating, chemotaxis, pharyngeal pumping and VC neuron synapses as in wild-type animals (PubMed:9425137). Abnormal sleep behavior with mutant larvae displaying a reduced, if not absent, type of turning behavior called 'flipping' (PubMed:28244369). Irregular formation and extension of sublateral motor neuron processes (PubMed:28244369).
Probable transcriptional regulator that is required in neural development for the normal formation of sublateral cholinergic motor neuron processes. Plays a role in regulating the expression of acetylcholine transporter protein unc-17 in the sublateral processes. In particular, it is required in sublateral motor neurons for a left-right turning behavior that occurs during the lethargus phase of the normal sleep process called 'flipping'. During 'flipping' animals rotate 180 degrees about their longitudinal axis.
Belongs to the PIGG/PIGN/PIGO family. PIGN subfamily.
Ethanolamine phosphate transferase involved in glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchor biosynthesis. Transfers ethanolamine phosphate to the first alpha-1,4-linked mannose of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol precursor of GPI-anchor.
Potassium channel that mediates transmembrane potassium transport (By similarity). Might be required for maintenance of rapid intracellular calcium release (By similarity). May act as a potassium counter-ion channel that functions in synchronization with calcium release from intracellular stores (By similarity). Binds phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) (PubMed:27698420).
Component of the CSN complex, probably composed of csn-1, csn-2, csn-3, csn-4, csn-5, csn-6 and csn-7. Within the complex it probably interacts directly with csn-2, csn-4 and csn-5. May interact with itself. Interacts with rbx-1.
The RNA gate region regulates mRNA cap recognition to prevent promiscuous mRNA-binding before assembly of eif3d into the full eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF-3) complex.
mRNA cap-binding component of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF-3) complex, which is involved in protein synthesis of a specialized repertoire of mRNAs and, together with other initiation factors, stimulates binding of mRNA and methionyl-tRNAi to the 40S ribosome. The eIF-3 complex specifically targets and initiates translation of a subset of mRNAs involved in cell proliferation. In the eIF-3 complex, eif3d specifically recognizes and binds the 7-methylguanosine cap of a subset of mRNAs.
Does not require zinc ions as a cofactor.
Preferentially expressed in embryos, lower expression in later development.
Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase (sphingomyelinase) that converts sphingomyelin to ceramide (N-acyl-sphingoid base) and phosphocholine at acidic pH. Displays its enzymatic activity when secreted. May play distinct roles in signaling.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the MoeA family.
GTP-binding protein involved in protein trafficking; modulates vesicle budding and uncoating within the Golgi apparatus.
Component of the large ribosomal subunit. The ribosome is a large ribonucleoprotein complex responsible for the synthesis of proteins in the cell.
Belongs to the MoaE family. MOCS2B subfamily.
Catalytic subunit of the molybdopterin synthase complex, a complex that catalyzes the conversion of precursor Z into molybdopterin. Acts by mediating the incorporation of 2 sulfur atoms from thiocarboxylated MOCS2A into precursor Z to generate a dithiolene group.
Accumulation of presynaptic components in the dendrite of DA motor neurons (PubMed:20510931). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in an abnormal distribution of GABAergic synaptic vesicles at synaptic termini of the ventral nerve cord (PubMed:16996038). RNAi-mediated knockdown in combination with exposure to pentylenetetrazole, a GABA antagonist that induces seizures, results in an increased convulsion incidence as compared to wild-type animals (PubMed:16996038).
Activator of the kinase cdk-5 (By similarity). In several motor neurons, promotes the polarized trafficking of synaptic vesicles and dense-core vesicles. In the ventral nerve cord, regulates the synaptic localization of the glutamate receptor, glr-1 (PubMed:17671168). In DA motor neurons, regulates axonal transport of synaptic vesicle precursors by inhibiting dynein-mediated retrograde transport (PubMed:20510931). Regulates the polarized distribution of dense-core vesicles in DB motor neurons (PubMed:22699897). May regulate these processes in association with cdk-5 (PubMed:17671168, PubMed:20510931). May also play a role in GABAergic synaptic vesicle localization in the ventral nerve cord (PubMed:16996038).
Belongs to the cyclin-dependent kinase 5 activator family.
Expressed in all classes of neurons in the ventral cord.
Belongs to the poly(A) polymerase family.
Binds 2 magnesium ions. Also active with manganese.
Polymerase that creates the 3'-poly(A) tail of mRNA's.
Belongs to the insect chemoreceptor superfamily. Gustatory receptor (GR) family.
Chemoreceptor involved in light-induced avoidance behavior (PubMed:25640076). Probably acts as a molecular sensor in I2 pharyngeal neurons, required for the inhibition of feeding in response to light and hydrogen peroxide (PubMed:25640076). Involved in circadian rhythms, probably by acting as a light sensor (PubMed:27849618). In contrast to lite-1, does not act as a photoreceptor (PubMed:27863243).
Component of the Mediator complex, a coactivator involved in regulated gene transcription of nearly all RNA polymerase II-dependent genes. Mediator functions as a bridge to convey information from gene-specific regulatory proteins to the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. Mediator is recruited to promoters by direct interactions with regulatory proteins and serves as a scaffold for the assembly of a functional pre-initiation complex with RNA polymerase II and the general transcription factors. Phosphorylates the CTD (C-terminal domain) of the large subunit of RNA polymerase II (RNAp II), which may inhibit the formation of a transcription initiation complex (By similarity).
Belongs to the phosphoglycerate mutase family. BPG-dependent PGAM subfamily.
Displays phosphatase activity for serine/threonine residues. Has apparently no phosphoglycerate mutase activity.
Adenosylhomocysteine is a competitive inhibitor of S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyl transferase reactions; therefore adenosylhomocysteinase may play a key role in the control of methylations via regulation of the intracellular concentration of adenosylhomocysteine.
Belongs to the adenosylhomocysteinase family.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFB11 subunit family.
Embryonic lethal (PubMed:23028364). Mutants display dumpy and blistered cuticle phenotypes (PubMed:23028364). Blisters contain unidentified cellular material (PubMed:23028364, PubMed:25480962). Resistant to iodide toxicity (PubMed:25480962). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in the lethality of more than 95% of progeny at the larval stage (PubMed:15454573). Most larval arrest occurs at the L4 larval stage and is characterized by body swelling and abnormal epidermal morphology, which includes blistering of the cuticle (PubMed:15454573, PubMed:25480962). The few animals that develop into adults have a distended body shape and/or epidermal blistering (PubMed:15454573). Abnormal cuticular and hypodermal morphology including splits in the cortical layer of the cuticle, abnormal gaps between the hypodermis and musculature and inconsistent thickness of the hypodermis (PubMed:15454573, PubMed:25480962). Impaired hypodermal membrane integrity and reduced fibrous organelles (PubMed:15454573).
Expressed in cells along the anteroposterior axis from the 1.5-fold stage of embryogenesis until the 3-fold stage when expression decreases but increases in the body surface with prominent expression in the lateral hypodermal cells (PubMed:23028364, PubMed:15454573). Expressed in the pharynx and body wall from the larval stage to adulthood.
Expressed in the body wall (hyp7 hypodermal syncitium), pharynx and vulva. Expressed in a punctate pattern along the thick region of the hypodermis.
Plays a role in cuticle biogenesis (PubMed:15454573, PubMed:23028364, PubMed:25480962). In complex with doxa-1 and the dual oxidase bli-3, promotes the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and tyrosine cross-linking of collagen, thus stabilizing cuticular extracellular matrix (PubMed:23028364).
Binds 1 potassium ion per subunit. The potassium ion interacts primarily with the substrate.
Binds 2 magnesium ions per subunit. The magnesium ions interact primarily with the substrate.
Catalyzes the formation of S-adenosylmethionine from methionine and ATP. The reaction comprises two steps that are both catalyzed by the same enzyme: formation of S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) and triphosphate, and subsequent hydrolysis of the triphosphate.
Protein expression is regulated by post-transcriptional regulation: under rich-diet conditions, mett-10 binds and methylates sams-3 mRNA, directly inhibiting splicing and protein production of S-adenosylmethionine synthase.
Expressed in dopaminergic cells. Expressed in neurons in the head and middle body of the hermaphrodite, and six neurons in the tail of the male.
Inhibited by dopamine with an IC(50) of 32.6 uM for the unphosphorylated form and 43.4 uM for the phosphorylated form (PubMed:21087208). Phosphorylation leads to an increase in the catalytic activity (By similarity).
Involved in the synthesis of catecholamines, such as dopamine. Has a role in serotonin signaling. Required for normal explorative and foraging behavior. In response to food, involved in promoting the dopamine-mediated suppression of crh-1/CREB1 transcription factor activation in cholinergic SIA neurons (PubMed:19609300). Modulates male mating behavior by controlling the protrusion of copulatory spicules from the tail of males during hermaphrodite vulval location (PubMed:23166505).
Plays a role in promoting amphetamine-induced loss of motility in water, termed swimming-induced paralysis.
Reduced (30-40% of wild type) level of dopamine thought to be due to defects in dopamine synthesis. Defects in serotonin signaling. Affects mechanosensory behavior including foraging and exploration activity. Hypersensitivity to odorants. Blocks the enhanced slowing response phenotype caused by bilobalide, a neuroprotective plant chemical. No significant effect on lifespan.
Forms a heterodimeric complex in conjunction with mei-1 which severs microtubules in vitro in an ATP-dependent manner. This activity may promote rapid reorganization of cellular microtubule arrays. May act to target mei-1 within the cell. Required specifically for meiotic spindle formation in the female germline.
Highly expressed in the female germline.
May play a role in vesicular protein sorting, similar to the yeast retromer proteins.
Belongs to the TRAPP small subunits family. Sedlin subfamily.
May play a role in vesicular transport from endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi. Required for the systemic spread of the RNAi response.
Associates with centrosomes, during nearly all of the developmental stages. In the hermaphrodite gonad, it localizes as discrete perinuclear foci in the mitotic portion of the germline. These foci are also evident during the early stages of oogenesis but are absent in mature oocytes. In contrast, in mature sperm these foci are present with each male gamete containing a single dot adjacent to the nucleus. Similarly, in meiotic stage embryos, a single expression dot is observed next to the male pronucleus. In slightly older embryos, one or two perinuclear foci are observed. The intensity of the foci increase with the age of the embryos and at mitosis it localizes to both spindle poles. As embryos progress through anaphase and telophase, the intensity of staining gradually diminishes. Careful examination of the staining pattern at this stage reveals a diffuse expression centered on one or two very bright dots corresponding to both centrioles as well the pericentriolar region.
Required both for centrosome duplication and maturation (PubMed:15068791, PubMed:15186742, PubMed:19081077). Required for pericentriolar material (PCM) recruitment (PubMed:15068791, PubMed:15186742).
First expressed in late 2-cell stage embryos at the anterior periphery of the P1 blastomere, where P1 contacts the AB blastomere (at protein level) (PubMed:8674418). Maternally expressed in newly fertilised eggs, and present in all blastomeres between 1-cell and 8-cell stages (PubMed:8674418). After the 8-cell stage, rapidly disappears from all somatic blastomeres, and then expressed in P3 blastomere at the 12 cell stage (PubMed:8674418). In 36-cell stage and later embryos, can be detected in one to five unidentified cells (PubMed:8674418). Expressed in the P6.p vulval precursor cell (VPC) during larval L3 stage, coinciding with extension and reflexing of the gonad (PubMed:14960273). Expressed in cells immediately adjacent to ventral mesodermal lineage (M lineage) cells, but not next to dorsal M lineage cells, beginning at the 4-M stage (PubMed:18036582). Expressed in the distal tip cell (DTC) starting in the larval L3 stage (PubMed:19502484). Expressed in the secondary vulval epithelial cells and the non-target vm1 cells at the larval L4 stage (PubMed:23539368).
Probable ligand for lin-12/Notch and glp-1/Notch receptors and involved in the mediation of Notch signaling (PubMed:14960273, PubMed:7568229, PubMed:8575327). Involved in the lin-12/Notch pathway signaling of cell fate in vulval precursor cells (VPCs), acting redundantly with dsl-1 and lag-2 (PubMed:14960273, PubMed:7568229). Contributes to the establishment of the dorsal-ventral axis in early embryos (PubMed:8156602, PubMed:18036582). Involved in the specification of the blastomere cell ABp fate, probably acting as a signal from the P2 blastomere to the glp-1/Notch receptor on ABp and ABa (PubMed:8156602, PubMed:7925031, PubMed:8674418). Probably acts as a signal, from the secondary vulval epithelial cells and the vulval muscle type 1 (vm1) cells, to activate the lin-12/Notch pathway in type 2 vulval muscle (vm2) cells, contributing to formation of the postsynaptic muscle plasma membrane extensions, known as muscle arms (PubMed:23539368). Required for oocyte growth control, acting redundantly with lag-2, perhaps signaling via the glp-1/Notch pathway (PubMed:19502484). Plays a somatic role in ovulation during adulthood, perhaps via lin-12/Notch signaling (PubMed:29371032). Involved in establishing left-right asymmetry during intestinal organogenesis (PubMed:10903169).
RNAi-mediated knockdown in the L1 larval stage causes an endomitotic oocyte phenotype; effect not seen if knockdown is targeted to germline, rather than somatic cells (PubMed:29371032). RNAi-mediated knockdown alters ovulation (PubMed:29371032). Spermatheca calcium flux is altered by RNAi-mediated knockdown (PubMed:29371032). RNAi-mediated knockdown, on a lag-2 mutant background, induces the presence of 1-2 extra mesodermal lineage (M lineage)-derived coelomocytes (PubMed:18036582). RNAi-mediated knockdown on a lin-15 mutant background, causes adjacent vulval precursor cells (VPCs) to adopt altered cell fate (PubMed:14960273). On a lag-2 mutant background, RNAi-mediated knockdown causes germ cells to display nuclear morphology consistent with meiotic prophase or gametogenesis in adult hermaphrodites (PubMed:19502484). RNAi-mediated knockdown, when combined with RNAi-mediated knockdown of lag-2, on a dsl-1 mutant background, causes adjacent vulval precursor cells (VPCs) to adopt altered cell fate; phenotype exacerbated on double mutant lin-15;dsl-1 background (PubMed:14960273).
Contributes to nuclear envelope stiffness in germ cells (By similarity). Required for fertility (PubMed:32923640).
May function as a negative regulator of endoplasmic reticulum-stress induced autophagy.
Component of the SET2 complex (also known as the SET1/COMPASS complex), which contains at least set-2, swd-2.1, cfp-1, rbbp-5, wdr-5.1, dpy-30 and ash-2 (PubMed:31602465). Within the complex, interacts with cfp-1 and wdr-5.1 (PubMed:31602465). Interacts with jmjd-3.1 (PubMed:25124442).
Essential for dosage compensation (PubMed:7588066). Required for the sex-specific association of the dosage compensation complex proteins dpy-27 and dpy-26 with the hermaphrodite X chromosomes (PubMed:7588066, PubMed:8939869). Plays a role in developmental rate and body fat regulation downstream of the TOR complex 2 (PubMed:23884442). Required for the robust transdifferentiation of the Y rectal cell to the PDA motor neuron during larval development (PubMed:25124442).
Expressed both maternally and zygotically in all stages.
RNAi-mediated knockdown suppresses the growth delay and elevated body fat index of the TOR complex 2 mutant rict-1 (PubMed:23884442). Results in disruption of the invariant transdifferentiation of the Y rectal cell to the PDA motor neuron (PubMed:25124442).
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 10 family.
Component of the Mediator complex, a coactivator involved in the regulated transcription of nearly all RNA polymerase II-dependent genes. Mediator functions as a bridge to convey information from gene-specific regulatory proteins to the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. Mediator is recruited to promoters by direct interactions with regulatory proteins and serves as a scaffold for the assembly of a functional preinitiation complex with RNA polymerase II and the general transcription factors (By similarity). Required for germ cell development and for transcriptional activation of certain stage-specific inducible promoters.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS9 family.
Although clearly related the GHMP kinase family as demonstrated by the 3D-structure, it lacks many conserved feature of GHMP kinases and probably does not bind ATP, suggesting that it probably does not have kinase activity.
Belongs to the GHMP kinase family. Xol-1 subfamily.
Down-regulated by at least 4 X-linked genes, termed X-signal elements including fox-1 and sex-1 (PubMed:9217163). High levels of xol-1 in males correlate with low sdc-2 expression, preventing dosage compensation. Conversely, low levels of xol-1 in hermaphrodites correlate with high sdc-2 expression and the assembly of the dosage compensation complex on the X chromosome.
Inactive isoform (PubMed:7813020, PubMed:33372658). Produced by alternative splicing of intron 6 which results in the retention of intron 6 and deletion of exon 7 coding sequences (PubMed:33372658). An in-frame UAA stop codon within intron 6 prematurely terminates translation (PubMed:7813020). Intron 6 retention and exon 7 deletion can also be due to use of an alternative 3' splice acceptor site in the 3'UTR resulting in trans-splicing to the transcripts of unrelated genes (PubMed:33372658).
Most abundant in male embryos (PubMed:33372658). Expressed at low levels in hermaphrodite embryos (PubMed:33372658).
Only functional isoform (PubMed:33372658). Produced by alternative splicing of intron 6 which results in the deletion of intron 6 and retention of exon 7 coding sequences (PubMed:33372658).
Sex-determining factor that is required for sexual differentiation and X chromosome dosage compensation to promote male development (PubMed:7813020, PubMed:9217163, PubMed:33372658). High expression during gastrulation triggers male development, while low expression at that time triggers hermaphrodite development. Although related to GHMP kinase, its mode of action remains unclear.
Specifically expressed at high levels in pre-comma stage XO embryos. Also present at low levels throughout other larval stages in XO animals, but are nearly undetectable in XX larvae and adults of both sexes.
Worms are XO-lethal, due to inappropriate activating dosage compensation where only 1 X chromosome is present. In contrast xol-1 overexpression is XX-lethal, deactivating the dosage compensation pathway and elevating the expression of X chromosome genes to lethal levels in hermaphrodites.
Belongs to the eukaryotic AdoMetDC family.
Essential for biosynthesis of the polyamines spermidine and spermine. Polyamines are essential for cell proliferation and are implicated in cellular processes, ranging from DNA replication to apoptosis.
Heterotetramer of two alpha and two beta chains.
Is synthesized initially as an inactive proenzyme. Formation of the active enzyme involves a self-maturation process in which the active site pyruvoyl group is generated from an internal serine residue via an autocatalytic post-translational modification. Two non-identical subunits are generated from the proenzyme in this reaction, and the pyruvate is formed at the N-terminus of the alpha chain, which is derived from the carboxyl end of the proenzyme. The post-translation cleavage follows an unusual pathway, termed non-hydrolytic serinolysis, in which the side chain hydroxyl group of the serine supplies its oxygen atom to form the C-terminus of the beta chain, while the remainder of the serine residue undergoes an oxidative deamination to produce ammonia and the pyruvoyl group blocking the N-terminus of the alpha chain.
Reduced body size as compared to wild-type with the production of fewer progeny. Reduced spermidine levels, but increased putrescine accumulation. Double knockout with the polyamine transporter catp-5 results in a reduced brood size, delayed postembryonic development, and a more marked reduction in spermidine levels and a more marked increase in putrescine accumulation as compared to the single mutants.
Belongs to the ABC transporter superfamily. ABCB family. Heavy Metal importer (TC 3.A.1.210) subfamily.
Expressed in coelomocytes, as well as in head and tail neurons, and in the intestinal cells.
May play a pivotal role in the detoxification of heavy metals such as cadmium but do not depend exclusively on phytochelatins (PC) synthesis.
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes hypersensitivity to Cd(2+) and exhibit Cd(2+)-elicited changes in cellular morphology. Even at the lowest Cd(2+) concentrations they arrest in the early larval stages and eventually die. The intestinal epithelial cells of hmt-1 RNAi worms upon exposure to toxic levels of Cd(2+) elaborate punctate refractive inclusions within the vicinity of the nucleus.
Belongs to the SelWTH family. SELT subfamily.
Exclusively expressed in AWB chemosensory amphid neurons.
Expressed from the L1 stage of larval development to adults.
Probably has thioredoxin reductase-like oxidoreductase activity.
Viable with normal development, anatomy, motility, lifespan and brood size. Double knockouts with selt-1.1 are also viable with no visible phenotype.
May be involved in cilia-related function.
Expressed in a small number of neurons, corresponding to URX, AQR and PQR neurons.
Belongs to the AB hydrolase superfamily. Epoxide hydrolase family.
Catalyzes the hydrolysis of epoxide-containing fatty acids. Active against epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) including 8,9-epoxy-(5Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatrienoate (8,9-EET), 11,12-epoxy-(5Z,8Z,14Z)-eicosatrienoate (11,12-EET) and 14,15-epoxy-(5Z,8Z,11Z)-eicosatrienoate (14,15-EET) and the linoleic acid metabolites 12,13-epoxy-(9Z)-octadecenoate (12,13-EpOME) and 9,10-epoxy-(12Z)-octadecenoate (9,10-EpOME). These epoxides function as lipid signaling molecules, the enzyme can deplete the supply of the epoxide signal by transforming them into diol species that are more readily eliminated through excretion.
RNAi knockdown of both ceeh-1 and ceeh-2 results in the accumulation of 9,10-EpOME and 12,13-EpOME.
Belongs to the histone deacetylase family. HD Type 1 subfamily.
Component of the insoluble part of the cuticles.
Expressed before the L1 to L2 stage molt.
The small repeats A-A-P-[AVI] are also present in many proteins constituting the protective envelope of other species.
Tyrosine residues can be cross-linked in vitro, leading to the formation of insoluble high molecular-weight complexes.
Expressed in neurons in the head, tail and ventral nerve cord (at protein level).
Interacts with numerous Rab family members, functioning as Rab effector for some, and as GTPase activator for others (PubMed:22654674). GTPase activator for rab-2 (PubMed:22654674). In association with ric-19 activates rab-2 during dense core vesicle maturation in cholinergic motoneurons (PubMed:22654674).
Interacts with rab-19 (PubMed:22654674). Interacts with ric-19; the interaction is direct and may be required for the activation of rab-2 and dense vesicle maturation in cholinergic motoneurons (PubMed:22654674). Interacts (via RUN domain) with rund-1 (PubMed:24698274). Does not interact with unc-108 (GTP-bound form) (PubMed:22654674).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in neuronal dense core vesicle trafficking defects whereby fewer dense core vesicles are transported to axons of the dorsal nerve cord.
Mai-2 and tin-9.2 are transcribed on a dicistronic transcript where exos-4.1 is the upstream transcript and tin-9.2 the downstream.
Thought to be a regulatory component of the ATP-synthesizing complex in the mitochondria. Activity is pH dependent.
Expressed in a small subset of neurons, probably AVJL and AVJR (PubMed:22768843). Expressed in the AVH neurons (PubMed:34604715).
Transcription factor (By similarity). Involved in specifying AVH neuron identity, acting in concert with unc-42 (PubMed:34165428). Involved in serotonin-mediated feeding behavior, probably acting by modulating expression of genes involved in glutamate signaling (PubMed:22768843).
Was reported to probably be expressed in the AVJL and AVJR neurons (PubMed:22768843). However, this has been claimed to be an anatomical error and that expression is restricted to the AVH neurons (PubMed:34604715).
The twin CX3C motif contains 4 conserved Cys residues that form 2 disulfide bonds in the mitochondrial intermembrane space. However, during the transit of tim-9/tin-9.1 from cytoplasm into mitochondrion, the Cys residues probably coordinate zinc, thereby preventing folding and allowing its transfer across mitochondrial outer membrane (By similarity).
Worms display a small body size, reduced number of progeny produced and partial embryonic lethality due to defects in import of proteins into mitochondria.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS10 family.
Induction of dauer formation and larval arrest. Reduced insulin/IGF signaling.
Ribosomal protein required for normal mitochondrial function and normal larval development. Thought to have a role in insulin/IGF signaling.
Catalyzes the hydrolysis of epoxide-containing fatty acids. Active in vitro against trans-1,3-diphenylpropene oxide (t-DPPO), epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) including 8,9-EET, 11,12-EET and 14,15-EET and the linoleic acid metabolites 12,13-epoxy-9-octadecenoate (12,13-EpOME) and 9,10-epoxy-12-octadecenoate (9,10-EpOME).
Belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily. METTL16/RlmF family.
Expressed in the intestine, vulva, and cells of the somatic gonad including distal tip cells, gonadal sheath cells and spermatheca.
RNA N6-methyltransferase that methylates adenosine residues at the N(6) position of a subset of RNAs and is involved in S-adenosyl-L-methionine homeostasis by regulating splicing of S-adenosylmethionine synthase transcripts (sams-3, sams-4 and sams-5) (PubMed:33930289). Able to N6-methylate a subset of mRNAs containing the 5'UACAGAAAC-3' nonamer sequence (PubMed:33930289). Plays a key role in S-adenosyl-L-methionine homeostasis: under rich-diet conditions, catalyzes N6-methylation of S-adenosylmethionine synthase mRNAs (sams-3, sams-4 and sams-5), directly inhibiting splicing and protein production of S-adenosylmethionine synthase (PubMed:33930289). In addition to mRNAs, also able to mediate N6-methylation of U6 small nuclear RNA (U6 snRNA) (PubMed:33930289). Required for gamete production, inhibiting germ cell proliferative fate and ensuring germ cell meiotic development (PubMed:19596901, PubMed:19752194). Also promotes progression of the mitotic cell cycle in those germ cells that continue to proliferate (PubMed:19596901, PubMed:19752194). Plays a role in the development of the vulva, somatic gonad and embryo (PubMed:19596901).
Self-associates (PubMed:19752194). Interacts with dlc-1; the interaction is direct, and is required for nuclear localization of mett-10 (PubMed:19752194).
Expressed in the bilateral sensory neurons AWA, AWB, AWC, ASE, FLP and PVD. Also expressed in the enteric intestinal and anal depressor muscles.
Shortened defecation cycle length with change in periodicity of the cycle. Expulsion defective with distended gut and lack of enteric muscle contractions due to lack of exp-1 expression.
Transcriptional regulator which plays a role in the expulsion step of defecation by controlling enteric muscle-specific expression of exp-1 which is required for enteric muscle contraction. Not required for exp-1 expression in the PDA neuron. Also involved in controlling the length of the defecation cycle.
Expressed bilaterally in AFD sensory neurons.
Guanylate cyclase involved in the production of the second messenger cGMP (PubMed:27062922). Regulates thermotaxis responses in AFD sensory neurons (PubMed:16415369, PubMed:21315599, PubMed:27062922). May regulate AFD neuronal activity such as calcium responses to temperature gradients (PubMed:16415369, PubMed:21315599). Maintains the microvilli receptive ending morphology of the AFD thermosensory neurons by regulating cGMP levels downstream of kcc-3 (PubMed:27062922). cGMP levels antagonize the actin cytoskeleton regulator wsp-1 (PubMed:27062922).
Inhibited by chloride with an IC(50) of 60 mM.
The guanylate cyclase domain is required for thermotaxis responses.
The protein kinase domain is predicted to be catalytically inactive. Might be required for the negative regulation of the guanylate cyclase domain (PubMed:27062922).
Microtubule plus-end tracking protein that promotes the stabilization of dynamic microtubules.
Orphan nuclear receptor which acts in concert with the insulin/IGF-1-like signaling (IIS) pathway during osmotic stress, perhaps in response to a ligand modified by the sulfotransferase ssu-1.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Tyr protein kinase family. EGF receptor subfamily.
Expressed during L2 and L3 larval stages (PubMed:10359617). Highly expressed in vulval precursor cells P6.p in late L2 and early L3 stage larvae (PubMed:32053105).
Expressed in vulval precursor cells (at protein level) (PubMed:10359617). Expressed in ALA neurons, 2 ventral head neurons, a single neuron in the tail, pharyngeal-intestinal valve and posterior arcade epithelial cells (PubMed:17891142).
Larval lethality, lack of vulva formation, infertility and lack of male spicule formation (PubMed:2071015). RNAi-mediated knockdown causes sterility, a small decrease in the peak rate of sheath cell contractions and a delay in the onset of ovulatory contractions (PubMed:15194811). Restores normal pharyngeal pumping rate in 30 percent of animals overexpressing lin-3 (PubMed:17891142).
Tyrosine-protein kinase receptor which, upon binding ligand lin-3, activates 2 signaling cascades: the let-60/Ras and MAP kinase signaling pathway and the let-60-independent phospholipase C-mediated Ca(2+) signaling pathway. Each pathway regulates distinct functions. By activating let-60/Ras, regulates larval development, induction of vulva cell precursors during vulva development, male spicule formation and posterior development of the epidermis (PubMed:2071015, PubMed:8313880, PubMed:9491893, PubMed:20230814, PubMed:32053105). Probably by activating phospholipase plc-3 and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor itr-1 signaling cascade downstream of ligand lin-3, plays a role in ovulation by promoting ovulatory gonadal sheath cell contractions (PubMed:9491893, PubMed:15194811). Probably by regulating neuronal transmission in ALA neurons, mediates, independently of let-60/Ras, the decrease in pharyngeal pumping and locomotion during the quiescent state that precedes each larval molt, downstream of lin-3 and upstream of plc-3 (PubMed:17891142).
Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as modulators or transducers in various transmembrane signaling systems (Probable). May play a role in resistance to fungal infection in the epidermis by regulating the up-regulation of several antimicrobial peptides of the NLP and CNC families (PubMed:22470487, PubMed:19380113). Upstream of plc-3, tpa-1 and the p38-like pathway, required for the expression of antimicrobial peptide nlp-29 in the epidermis in response to fungal infection or physical injury (PubMed:19380113).
Up-regulation of nlp-29 is severely impaired in the hyp7 epidermal cell but not in vulva epidermal cells following fungal infection by D.coniospora or physical injury.
Plays a role in regulating deps-1 cluster formation in the germline.
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in enlarged deps-1-containing clusters.
Synthesizes cyclic GMP (cGMP) from GTP (By similarity). May play a role in sensory neurons.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL39 family.
Disrupted localization of levamisole-sensitive nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits in 80% of mutants, and this is mostly in conjunction with the disrupted localization of the associated transmembrane protein lev-10 and secreted protein lev-9. This results in increased sensitivity to the acetylcholine agonist levamisole.
Expressed in body wall muscle cells, the pharyngeal muscle cell pm6 and in four head neurons.
Interacts with the non-alpha subunit of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor unc-29 and lev-10 to stabilize the complex formed between unc-29 and lev-10.
Required for the localization of acetylcholine receptors at neuromuscular junctions and for subsequently controlling the response evoked by receptor stimulation.
Expressed in the germline (PubMed:8707849). Expression in the germline is regulated in a sex- and meiotic cycle stage-specific manner (PubMed:8707849). Expressed in somatic tissues including the intestine and somatic gonad (PubMed:8707849). Expressed in the intestine more highly in hermaprodites than in males (PubMed:8707849). In hermaphrodites, weakly expressed in the spermatheca (PubMed:8707849).
Heterotrimeric complex composed of SEC61-alpha, SEC61-beta and SEC61-gamma.
Required for oocyte development and ovulation (PubMed:8707849, PubMed:12533508). Required for the translocation of secretory and transmembrane proteins into the endoplasmic reticulum in vitro (PubMed:8707849).
Belongs to the learning-associated protein family.
Lacks the conserved ATP binding sites, the conserved active site tyrosine at position 404, the conserved isoleucine at position 455 important for DNA bending, and the conserved magnesium binding site at position 143, and therefore probably lacks topoisomerase activity.
Plays a role in the removal of cohesin from kinetochores on mitotic chromosomes and is required for centromere resolution.
RNAi-mediated knockdown leads to impaired removal of the cohesin component scc-1 from kinetochores on mitotic metaphase chromosomes.
RNAi-mediated knock-down is mostly embryonic lethal (PubMed:23691084). Embryos exhibit cytokinesis defects which lead to arrest during development (PubMed:23691084). Embryogenesis proceeds more slowly and embryos are osmo-sensitive (PubMed:23691084). Defective localization of the yolk receptor rme-2 and impaired yolk secretion (PubMed:23691084). May result in chromosome segregation defects (PubMed:23691084).
Expressed throughout the head ganglion, nerve ring, ventral cord, dorsal cord, intestine, vulva and spermatheca.
Plays a critical role in several secretory processes, including cuticle secretion and neurotransmitter release, and probably assists in neuronal membrane maturation or the final stages of neuronal differentiation (PubMed:1945043, PubMed:9442061). Essential for embryonic viability and development. Has a role in dauer formation and adult life span (PubMed:10377425). Required for locomotion (PubMed:10377425). Probably by regulating neuronal transmission downstream of lin-3 and receptor lin-23 and phospholipase plc-3 and upstream of innexin unc-7 and egl-4/PKG in ALA neurons, involved in the decrease in pharyngeal pumping during the quiescent state that precedes each larval molt (PubMed:17891142).
Worms exhibit defects in locomotion and postembryonic development. All mutants are resistant to the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor aldicarb indicating impaired cholinergic transmission.
By exposure to the Gram-negative bacterium P.aeruginosa strain PA14.
Expressed in intestine, pharynx, and hypodermis at larval stage L4.
Interacts with CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein cebp-2.
RNAi-mediated knockdown targeted to the intestine, but not to neurons, hypodermis, muscle or germline, reduced the resistance to infection by the Gram-positive bacterium P.aeruginosa strain PA14 (PubMed:34804026). Reduces expression of pmk-1 pathway dependent genes, such as systemic stress signaling mediator sysm-1 and infection response gene irg-4 (PubMed:34804026).
Transcription factor (By similarity). Involved in modulating innate immune response pathways, acting to promote resistance against infection by Gram-negative bacterium P.aeruginosa strain PA14 (PubMed:34804026). May act as part of a feedback regulatory loop with the pmk-1/p38 MAPK pathway (PubMed:34804026). May also function in concert with CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein cebp-2 to mediate immune responses, independently of the pmk-1/p38 MAPK pathway (PubMed:34804026).
Catalyzes the first and rate-limiting reaction of the four reactions that constitute the long-chain fatty acids elongation cycle. Uses malonyl-CoA to add 2 carbons per cycle to the chain of long-chain fatty acids. Condensing enzyme required for the formation of isoheptadecanoate (C17iso), which plays critical roles in animal development and growth.
Expressed in the gut, neurons, pharynx and muscles of the vulva.
Belongs to the amidase family. GatA subfamily.
Transcriptional regulator (PubMed:18430416). Involved in modulating embryonic expression of ATP-dependent chaperone cdc-48.1 (PubMed:18430416). May play a role in mRNA gene silencing, and RNA granule (P-body) assembly (PubMed:29510985).
Has a glutathione-disulfide oxidoreductase activity in the presence of NADPH and glutathione reductase. Reduces low molecular weight disulfides and proteins.
Belongs to the transthyretin family. 5-hydroxyisourate hydrolase subfamily.
Catalyzes the hydrolysis of 5-hydroxyisourate (HIU) to 2-oxo-4-hydroxy-4-carboxy-5-ureidoimidazoline (OHCU).
HIU hydrolysis also occurs spontaneously, but more slowly.
Expressed during embryogenesis and adulthood (at protein level) (PubMed:18794349). Expressed in most cells starting at gastrulation and diminishing by the L1 larval stage; however, also expressed in L4 larval stage and adults (PubMed:18794349).
Knockout, in a flh-2 mutant background, causes poor coordination, egg-laying defects and dumpy appearance (PubMed:18794349). Causes a ninefold to 10-fold decrease in lin-14 level in embryos and about 2-fold increase in the levels of micro-RNAs lin-4 and mir-241 (PubMed:18794349). Despite the increase in lin-4 expression, post-embryonic heterochronic defects are not observed (PubMed:18794349). RNAi-mediated knockdown causes precocious embryonic expression of micro-RNA lin-4, exacerbated by simultaneous RNAi-mediated knockdown of flh-2 (PubMed:18794349).
Probable transcription factor (PubMed:18794349). Binds to the DNA sequence motif 5'-[AG]GGCGCCG-3' in the promoters of target genes, including micro-RNA genes, in order to repress expression, and acting redundantly with flh-2 (PubMed:18794349).
Belongs to the deoxyhypusine synthase family.
Catalyzes the NAD-dependent oxidative cleavage of spermidine and the subsequent transfer of the butylamine moiety of spermidine to the epsilon-amino group of a critical lysine residue of the eIF-5A precursor protein to form the intermediate deoxyhypusine residue. This is the first step of the post-translational modification of that lysine into an unusual amino acid residue named hypusine. Hypusination is unique to mature eIF-5A factor and is essential for its function.
Dispensable for anchor cell (AC) invasion and for preventing AC proliferation.
Expressed in the hermaphrodite-specific motor neuron (HSN) / phasmid sensory neuron B (PHB) precursor, and the phasmid sensory neuron A (PHA) in the tail at ~400 minutes embryogenesis (at protein level) (PubMed:10049362). Continues to be expressed in PHA and PHB neurons of L1 larvae (PubMed:10049362). Expressed in the HSN before and during HSN migration from the tail to the gonad primordium of the embryo and down-regulated after migration (at protein level) (PubMed:10049362). Expressed in the pre-anchor cell (AC)/pre-ventral uterine (VU) cells at early L2 and maintained in their 37 descendants at early L4 (PubMed:17215301, PubMed:32203506).
Expressed in the ventral uterine (VU) cells of mid L2 larvae (Pn.p stage) and then in the anchor cell (AC) beginning in mid L3 larvae (PubMed:17573066, PubMed:32203506). Expression increases during AC invasion (PubMed:17573066).
Expressed, earlier than isoform a, in the anchor cell (AC) at the Pn.p stage in mid L2 larvae (PubMed:17573066). Expression decreases during AC invasion (PubMed:17573066).
No defects in anchor cell (AC) invasion or arrest in G1 seen upon RNAi-mediated knockdown.
Probable transcription factor, involved in lin-12 (Notch)-dependent anchor cell (AC) and ventral uterine (VU) precursor cell fate specification and in AC invasion (PubMed:17215301, PubMed:17573066, PubMed:32203506). Prevents AC proliferation after AC cell specification by repressing lin-12 expression (PubMed:32203506). May form a positive feedback loop, together with the transcription factor fos-1, that maintains mutual high levels of expression and so activates AC invasion (PubMed:32203506).
Probable transcription factor, required for migration of the hermaphrodite-specific motor neurons (HSNs) from the tail to the gonad primordium during HSN cell differentiation (PubMed:8224840, PubMed:10049362). Required for phasmid neuron development (PubMed:8224840). Required to specify the pi-cell fate of ventral uterine precursor cell (VU) cells (PubMed:17573066).
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes defects in anchor cell (AC) and ventral uterine (VU) precursor cell specification and AC invasion in the larval L3 and L4 stages (PubMed:17215301, PubMed:17573066). RNAi-mediated knockdown on a lin-12 mutant background reverses the AC-deficient phenotype (PubMed:17215301). RNAi-mediated knockdown reduces expression of zmp-1, cdh-3 and him-4 in the AC (PubMed:17215301, PubMed:17573066). RNAi-mediated knockdown reduces expression of fos-1a in the anchor cell (AC) approximately three-fold (PubMed:32203506). RNAi-mediated knockdown causes defects in vulval morphogenesis (PubMed:17573066).
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes defects in anchor cell (AC) invasion, including increased CDK activity and re-entry of the AC into the cell cycle, resulting in the presence of two or more AC.
The C2H2-type zinc-finger domains 1, 2 and 3 are dispensable for anchor cell (AC) invasion and preventing AC proliferation.
The C2H2-type zinc-finger domains 4 and 5 may be required for anchor cell (AC) invasion and preventing AC proliferation.
The positive regulatory (PR) domain is required for egl-43 protein stability but is dispensable for anchor cell (AC) invasion and preventing AC proliferation.
Belongs to the ALG10 glucosyltransferase family.
Catalyzes the formation of L-carnitine from gamma-butyrobetaine.
All cysteine residues are arranged in C-X-C groups. These are thought to be the metal-binding sites in other metallothioneins.
Belongs to the metallothionein superfamily. Type 6 family.
This protein binds cations of several transition elements.
Involved in the mitochondrial division probably by regulating membrane fission. Loss-of-function leads to apoptosis (By similarity).
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL31 family.
Belongs to the transaldolase family. Type 1 subfamily.
Catalyzes the rate-limiting step of the non-oxidative phase in the pentose phosphate pathway. Catalyzes the reversible conversion of sedheptulose-7-phosphate and D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate into erythrose-4-phosphate and beta-D-fructose 6-phosphate.
Belongs to the Rab3-GAP regulatory subunit family.
Probable regulatory subunit of a GTPase activating protein that has specificity for Rab3 subfamily. Rab3 proteins are involved in regulated exocytosis of neurotransmitters and hormones. Rab3 GTPase-activating complex specifically converts active Rab3-GTP to the inactive form Rab3-GDP (By similarity).
Loss of function results in a suppression of sel-12 phenotypes, possibly by up-regulating hop-1 expression.
Probable transcriptional regulator, which participates in the transcriptional repression of the presenilin protein hop-1 (PubMed:12668626, PubMed:24670762). Might play a role in the oxidative stress response (PubMed:24670762).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in reduced survival upon paraquat treatment to induce oxidative stress.
Transfers mannosyl residues to the hydroxyl group of serine or threonine residues.
Acyltransferase required for the fatty acid remodeling of phosphatidylinositol (1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoinositol or PI). Mediates the conversion of lysophosphatidylinositol (2-acylglycerophosphatidylinositol or LPI) into PI (LPIAT activity). Has preference for saturated and mono-unsaturated fatty acids as acyl donors and sn-2-acyl lysoPI (2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-D-myo-inositol) as acyl acceptor. Contributes to the asymmetric cell division of epithelial cells. Asymmetric cell division is the fundamental mechanism by which multicellular organisms generate cell diversity.
Expressed in seam cells, vulval epithelial cells and the major epithelial syncytium hyp7, and in several head neurons including AIY interneurons.
Mutants showed defects in vulval morphology and in the asymmetric division of stem cell-like epithelial cells.
Interacts with serine/threonine kinase pmk-1; perhaps in a manner dependent on dual specificity protein kinase sek-1.
RNAi-mediated knockdown increases susceptibility to infection by the Gram-negative bacterium P.aeruginosa (PubMed:20369020). Up-regulates expression of metallothionein mtl-1 (PubMed:28632756).
Transcription factor which regulates the transcription of various genes, including those involved in innate immunity and oxidative stress responses (PubMed:20369020, PubMed:28632756, PubMed:30789901). Binds to promoter regions of genes, probably at 5'-[GACGTCA]-3' consensus sequences (PubMed:30789901). Together with transcription factor daf-19, involved in regulation of the serotonergic response of ADF neurons to pathogenic food (PubMed:23505381). Modulates response to infection by the Gram-negative bacterium P.aeruginosa, acting downstream of the p38 signal transduction pathway effector serine/threonine kinase pmk-1 (PubMed:20369020, PubMed:30789901). May act with transcription factor elt-2 to control p38 gene induction in response to bacterial infection (PubMed:26016853). May be phosphorylated by pmk-1 (PubMed:20369020). Regulates transcription of the metallothionein gene, mtl-1, perhaps acting downstream of pmk-1 (PubMed:28632756).
Asymmetrically hydrolyzes Ap4A to yield AMP and ATP.
Divalent metal ions. Mg(2+), Co(2+), Mn(2+), Zn(2+) or Ca(2+).
Mutagenesis suggests that interactions with P1- and P4-phosphate are minimum indicating the enzyme may have a wide substrate range.
Component of the BBSome complex (By similarity). The BBSome complex is thought to function as a coat complex required for sorting of specific membrane proteins to the primary cilia (By similarity). The BBSome complex is required for ciliogenesis but is dispensable for centriolar satellite function (By similarity). Required for proper BBSome complex assembly and its ciliary localization (By similarity). May be required for microtubule anchoring at the centrosome but not for microtubule nucleation (By similarity). May be required for the dynein-mediated transport of pericentriolar proteins to the centrosome (By similarity). Required, redundantly with bbs-5, for cilia biogenesis and both the assembly and movement of intraflagellar transport proteins along the ciliary axoneme (PubMed:22922713, PubMed:26150102). Plays a role in the removal of degraded mechanosensory receptors within the cilia (PubMed:26150102).
Part of BBSome complex, that contains at least bbs-1, bbs-2, bbs-4, bbs-5, osm-12, bbs-8/ttc-8 and bbs-9 (By similarity). Interacts (via C-terminus) with bbs-5; the interaction is direct (PubMed:26150102).
Single mutants do not display any obvious defects in ciliogenesis. Double bbs-4 and bbs-5 mutants display a defect in cilia structure and function. This is characterized by an increased accumulation and mislocalization of intraflagellar transport proteins and impaired movement of intraflagellar transport proteins along the ciliary axoneme. Double mutants also have defective polycystin-mediated cilia signaling and mislocalized and increased accumulation of mechanosensory receptors pkd-2, osm-9 and odr-10 within cilia.
Mitochondrial GTPase that catalyzes the GTP-dependent ribosomal translocation step during translation elongation. During this step, the ribosome changes from the pre-translocational (PRE) to the post-translocational (POST) state as the newly formed A-site-bound peptidyl-tRNA and P-site-bound deacylated tRNA move to the P and E sites, respectively. Catalyzes the coordinated movement of the two tRNA molecules, the mRNA and conformational changes in the ribosome.
The glycine cleavage system catalyzes the degradation of glycine.
Hyperreversal phenotype with considerably shorter average forward time than wild-type and a corresponding increase in frequency of reversals. Increased anterograde transport of glr-1 with corresponding increases in synaptic glr-1 expression and glr-1-mediated currents. Altered pattern of glr-1 glycosylation, indicative of increased export from the endoplasmic reticulum.
Negatively regulates export of glr-1 from the endoplasmic reticulum to synapses.
Widely expressed in the nervous system including in the AVA interneurons.
Plays a role in vesicle-mediated protein trafficking to lysosomal compartments including the endocytic membrane transport pathways (PubMed:26783301). Believed to act as a core component of the putative HOPS and CORVET endosomal tethering complexes which are proposed to be involved in the rab-5-to-rab-7 endosome conversion probably implicating sand-1, and via binding SNAREs and SNARE complexes to mediate tethering and docking events during SNARE-mediated membrane fusion (By similarity). The HOPS complex is proposed to be recruited to rab-7 on the late endosomal membrane and to regulate late endocytic, phagocytic and autophagic traffic towards lysosomes (By similarity). Within the HOPS complex, contributes to the normal development of gut granules in the adult intestine (PubMed:15843430, PubMed:24501423, PubMed:25273556). The CORVET complex is proposed to function as a rab-5 effector to mediate early endosome fusion probably in specific endosome subpopulations (By similarity). Required for recruitment of vps-33.1 to the HOPS complex (By similarity). Required for fusion of endosomes and autophagosomes with lysosomes; the function is dependent on its association with vps-33.1 but not vps-33.2 (By similarity).
Viable with a reduced number of gut granules in the adult intestine (PubMed:15843430, PubMed:24501423). Embryos of these adults arrest in early development and lack gut granules (PubMed:15843430). Endosome/lysosome fusion defects in coelomocytes (PubMed:26783301). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in a reduced number of gut granules in embryonic intestinal cells (PubMed:24501423). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in defective endosome maturation with the accumulation of small vesicles near the gut lumen and large endosomes/lysosomes on the basal side of the cell (PubMed:25273556).
Belongs to the PPP phosphatase family. PP-1 subfamily.
Belongs to the adenylate kinase family. AK6 subfamily.
Broad-specificity nucleoside monophosphate (NMP) kinase that catalyzes the reversible transfer of the terminal phosphate group between nucleoside triphosphates and monophosphates. AMP and dAMP are the preferred substrates, but CMP and TMP are also good substrates. ATP and dATP are the best phosphate donors. May have a role in nuclear energy homeostasis.
Belongs to the SLC12A transporter family.
Alpha subunit of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) (PubMed:9221782, PubMed:15990870, PubMed:20027209). Probably acts in cholinergic motoneurons to regulate presynaptic neurotransmitter release, thereby ensuring normal level of excitation of cholinergic motoneurons during locomotion (PubMed:20027209). Involved in nAChR sensitivity to nicotine (PubMed:9221782, PubMed:15990870).
Component of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (PubMed:15990870, PubMed:20027209). In muscles, composed of 2 non-alpha subunits lev-1 and unc-29, and 3 alpha subunits unc-38, unc-63 and lev-8 (PubMed:15990870). In cholinergic motoneurons, composed of 2 non-alpha subunits acr-2 and acr-3, and 3 alpha subunits unc-38, unc-63 and acr-12 (PubMed:20027209).
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the small GTPase superfamily. Arf family.
Expressed in the VA and VB motor neurons and at lower levels in the SABV neuron pair.
Expression begins around the postembryonic birth of VA and VB motor neurons at the late first larval L1 stage, and is maintained throughout the life of the animals.
Probable transcription factor (PubMed:28056346). Involved in motor neuron fate determination and maintenance, acting as a transcriptional repressor to counteract gene activation by transcription factor unc-3 in a subset of motor neurons (PubMed:28056346). Required throughout development to repress transcription by unc-3, probably acting by binding to specific promoter elements (PubMed:28056346). Represses expression of DA and DB motor neuron-specific effector genes, such as unc-129 and unc-53, in VA and VB motor neurons (PubMed:28056346).
Expressed mainly in a subset of neuronal cells and in head muscular tissue.
It is uncertain whether Met-1 or Met-3 is the initiator.
May be a globin and may play a role in oxygen transport.
Catalyzes the formation of NAD(+) from nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) and ATP. Can also use the deamidated form; nicotinic acid mononucleotide (NaMN) as substrate.
The coatomer is a cytosolic protein complex that binds to dilysine motifs and reversibly associates with Golgi non-clathrin-coated vesicles, which further mediate biosynthetic protein transport from the ER, via the Golgi up to the trans Golgi network. Coatomer complex is required for budding from Golgi membranes, and is essential for the retrograde Golgi-to-ER transport of dilysine-tagged proteins (By similarity).
Heterodimer with subunits of 125 kDa and 50 kDa. The 125 kDa subunit contains the polymerase active site and most likely the active site for the 3'-5' exonuclease activity (By similarity).
In eukaryotes there are five DNA polymerases: alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon which are responsible for different reactions of DNA synthesis.
Possesses two enzymatic activities: DNA synthesis (polymerase) and an exonucleolytic activity that degrades single stranded DNA in the 3'- to 5'-direction. Required with its accessory proteins (proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and replication factor C (RFC) or activator 1) for leading strand synthesis. Also involved in completing Okazaki fragments initiated by the DNA polymerase alpha/primase complex (By similarity).
The CysB motif binds 1 4Fe-4S cluster and is required for the formation of polymerase complexes.
Component of the SIN3S complex, which contains at least sin-3, hda-1, athp-1 and mrg-1 (PubMed:31602465). Probable component of a NuRD-like complex, composed of at least lin-53 and hda-1 (PubMed:17075059). Interacts with lin-53 (PubMed:9875852, PubMed:17075059). Interacts with pop-1 (PubMed:11742996). Interacts with akir-1 (PubMed:30036395). Interacts with wdr-5.1 (PubMed:31602465). Interacts with cfp-1 (PubMed:31602465). Interacts with dve-1 (PubMed:32934238). Interacts with tra-4 (PubMed:17011494). May interact with nasp-1 (PubMed:17011494). Interacts with chromobox protein homolog hpl-1.
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in embryonic lethality. RNAi-mediated knockdown results in delayed cell cycle progression (PubMed:25446273). RNAi-mediated knockdown inhibits expression of hsp-6 when adults are exposed to conditions causing mitochondrial stress (PubMed:32934238). Reduces the dve-1 protein level (PubMed:32934238).
Responsible for the deacetylation of lysine residues on the N-terminal part of the core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4). Histone deacetylation gives a tag for epigenetic repression. Plays an important role in transcriptional regulation, cell cycle progression and developmental events (PubMed:25446273). Histone deacetylases act via the formation of large multiprotein complexes. Involved in the endoderm determination possibly by repressing end-1 expression. Also involved in vulval development, possibly by repressing lag-2 expression. Required during mitochondrial stress for the activation of genes involved in the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (mtUPR), in concert with homeobox protein dve-1 (PubMed:32934238). Promotes normal hermaphrodite (XX) development, in concert with zinc finger protein tra-4 and nasp-1, perhaps as components of a complex (PubMed:17011494). Plays a role in the regulation of longevity and mtUPR-associated innate immunity (PubMed:32934238). In association with akir-1, plays a role in regulating the transcription of antimicrobial peptide genes in response to fungal infection (PubMed:30036395).
Ubiquitously expressed throughout embryonic and postembryonic development.
Homohexamer formed of two homotrimers in a head to head fashion.
Involved in the biosynthesis of tetrahydrobiopterin, an essential cofactor of aromatic amino acid hydroxylases. Catalyzes the transformation of 7,8-dihydroneopterin triphosphate into 6-pyruvoyl tetrahydropterin (By similarity).
The active site is at the interface between 2 subunits. The proton acceptor Cys is on one subunit, and the charge relay system is on the other subunit.
Monooxygenase that catalyzes an essential reaction in C-terminal alpha-amidation of peptides. Produces an unstable peptidyl(2-hydroxyglycine) intermediate. C-terminal amidation of peptides such as neuropeptides is essential for full biological activity.
Acts as an adapter for the XPO1/CRM1-mediated export of the 60S ribosomal subunit.
Lipase involved in lipid homeostasis (PubMed:31676440). Regulates mitochondrial lipid composition, in particular cardiolipins and coenzyme Q-9 levels, in response to nutrient availability (PubMed:31676440). Does not affect global triglyceride levels in response to nutrient availability (PubMed:31676440). However, in coelomocytes, specifically promotes triglyceride catabolism and lifespan extension in response to nutrient deprivation (PubMed:31340142).
RNAi-mediated knockdown impairs triglyceride catabolism and further increases lifespan extension in response to bacteria (nutrient) deprivation.
Belongs to the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 3 family.
E3 UFM1-protein ligase that mediates ufmylation of target proteins.
May interact with transcription factor ets-4 (PubMed:26484536). May interact (via N-terminus) with nipi-3 (PubMed:27927209). May interact (via N-terminus) with importin subunit alpha ima-3 (PubMed:31417366).
Plays a role in repressing the response to infection by the Gram-negative bacterium P.aeruginosa (PubMed:27927200). However, is also reported to play a protective role in the response to infection by P.aeruginosa (PubMed:28662060). These differences may be due to conditions of infection or perhaps genetic background.
RNAi-mediated knockdown suppresses lifespan reduction caused by infection by the Gram-negative bacterium P.aeruginosa when combined with simultaneous knockdown of nipi-3 (PubMed:27927200). Knockdown reduces survival due to infection by the Gram-negative bacterium P.aeruginosa in a valine--tRNA ligase glp-4 mutant background (PubMed:28662060).
Transcription factor (By similarity). Binds to promoter regions of target genes, perhaps at the motif 5'-[AGCT]TT[AGT][TC]GAAA[ACT]-3' (PubMed:27927209). Modulates expression of genes involved in development and in stress responses, including those regulating the p38/MAPK signaling pathways such as MAPKK sek-1 and phosphatase vhp-1 (PubMed:27927209, PubMed:34407394). Involved in innate immunity (PubMed:27927200, PubMed:28662060, PubMed:34407394). Plays a role in repressing the response to infection by the Gram-negative bacterium P.aeruginosa, perhaps acting independently of the pmk-1 or pmk-3 p38/MAPK pathways (PubMed:27927200). However, also plays a protective role in the response to infection by P.aeruginosa (PubMed:28662060). Required in axonal regrowth following injury and synaptogenesis (PubMed:19737525, PubMed:31417366, PubMed:26484536). Following axon injury, in concert with transcription factor ets-4, activates expression of receptor tyrosine kinase svh-2 (PubMed:26484536). May function downstream of the Ca2+-activated p38/MAPK pathway to promote axon regeneration (PubMed:26484536). Plays a role in modulating polymerization of neuronal microtubules (PubMed:21368137). Involved in modulating lipid homeostasis (PubMed:31851340).
Widely expressed in most postembryonic tissues, including epidermis, muscles, pharynx, intestine and neurons.
Catalyzes oxidative deamination of D-amino acids, in particular D-alanine, and could be responsible for the degradation of diet-derived D-alanine in the intestine. Acts on a variety of D-amino acids with greater preference towards those with basic and aromatic groups followed by those bearing neutral groups. Has no activity against acidic D-amino acids, L-amino acids or N-methyl-L-aspartic acid. May play a role in egg-laying events and early development.
Expression detected initially in the gastrula-stage embryos and continuing throughout all developmental stages to adulthood.
Mutant worms (tm3673) exhibit decreased egg-laying capacity with smaller brood size and lower hatching rates at 25 degrees Celsius. Worms do not show any change in physical appearance.
Component of the FACT complex, a general chromatin factor that acts to reorganize nucleosomes. The FACT complex is involved in multiple processes that require DNA as a template such as mRNA elongation, DNA replication and DNA repair. During transcription elongation the FACT complex acts as a histone chaperone that both destabilizes and restores nucleosomal structure. It facilitates the passage of RNA polymerase II and transcription by promoting the dissociation of one histone H2A-H2B dimer from the nucleosome, then subsequently promotes the reestablishment of the nucleosome following the passage of RNA polymerase II. Binds specifically to double-stranded DNA (By similarity). In embryos, may function redundantly with hmg-3 in embryos to promote cell cycle progression and development of the anterior pharynx (PubMed:30336114). In the germline, acts non-redundantly with hmg-3 to play a role in oocyte development (PubMed:30336114).
Component of the FACT complex, a stable heterodimer of hmg-4 and spt-16 (Probable). The FACT complex may also include hmg-3 instead of hmg-4 (Probable).
Expressed in the germline and somatic cells.
Expressed throughout development (PubMed:30336114). First expressed in embryos at the 1-cell stage (PubMed:30336114).
RNAi-mediated knockdown at the L4 larval stage results in less than 10% embryonic lethality in offspring or death at the larval stage (PubMed:30336114). RNAi-mediated knockdown at the L1 larval stage results in sterile animals, which do not seem to produce mature oocytes, but that survive to adulthood (PubMed:30336114). Double RNAi-mediated knockdown at the L4 larval stage with hmg-3 results in 60% embryonic lethality in offsping (PubMed:30336114). Double RNAi-mediated knockdown with hmg-3 in embryos results in defective cell cycle initiation, duration and completion and in failed development of the anterior pharynx (PubMed:30336114).
A loss-of-function mutation does not affect the development of AIY interneurons, or lead to egg-laying or any other behavioral defects.
G-protein coupled receptor for tyramine, a known neurotransmitter and neuromodulator and direct precursor of octopamine. The rank order of potency is tyramine > octopamine > dopamine > serotonin > epinephrine = norepinephrine.
Produced by alternative splicing of isoform e.
Produced by alternative splicing of isoform g.
The different isoforms are expressed in specific, but overlapping sets of sensory, inter- and motor neurons, including AIY, AIZ and RIA interneurons. They are also expressed in pharyngeal cells, head muscles and excretory gland cells.
Belongs to the ubiquitin family. SUMO subfamily.
Cleavage of precursor form by ulp-1 is necessary for function.
Covalently attached to tbx-2 (PubMed:16701625). Covalently attached to lin-1 (PubMed:15689373). Covalently attached to lin-11 (PubMed:15466489). Covalently attached to sop-2 (PubMed:15107848). Covalently attached to bet-1 (PubMed:24349540, PubMed:24285704).
RNAi-mediated knockdown reduces survival (PubMed:30642431). RNAi-mediated knockdown disrupts tail tip morphogenesis resulting in retention of the pointed larval tail tip in adult males (also known as the Lep phenotype) (PubMed:21408209). RNAi-mediated knockdown causes chromosome misalignment and anaphase bridges during the first embryonic mitotic division (PubMed:25475837). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in impaired locomotion in 23% of animals (PubMed:24285704). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in ectopic expression of egl-17 in multiple vulva precursor cells and a moderate increase in phosphorylation of mpk-1 (PubMed:24349540). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in impaired activation of the mitochondrial unfolded protein response following the inhibition of respiration induced by antimycin A (PubMed:30642431). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in ectopic tbx-2 expression in seam cells and in the syncytial hypodermis (PubMed:25873636). RNAi-mediated knockdown in a bet-1 mutant background results in decreased myo-3 levels in muscles and increased transcription levels of egl-15, sur-1 and let-60 (PubMed:24285704).
Ubiquitin-like protein which can be covalently attached to target lysines as a monomer. Does not seem to be involved in protein degradation and may function as an antagonist of ubiquitin in the degradation process (PubMed:11806825). Plays a role in a number of cellular processes such as nuclear transport, DNA replication and repair, mitosis and signal transduction (PubMed:11806825, PubMed:25475837). Covalent attachment to its substrates requires prior activation by the E1 complex aos-1-uba-2 and linkage to the E2 enzyme ubc-9, and can be promoted by an E3 ligase such as gei-17 (PubMed:15107848, PubMed:16701625). Required for embryonic development, fertility, vulval morphogenesis and inhibition of vulval cell fates (PubMed:15466489, PubMed:15689373, PubMed:15990876, PubMed:24349540). Probably by sumoylating bet-1, prevents muscle myosin depletion in aging adults probably by preventing myoblast growth factor receptor egl-15 overexpression (PubMed:24285704). Plays a role in the attenuation of the let-60/ras pathway (PubMed:24349540, PubMed:24285704). Plays a role in male tail tip morphogenesis (PubMed:21408209). Plays a role in the mitochondrial stress response with its covalent attachment to transcription factors dve-1 and afts-1 negatively regulating the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (PubMed:30642431).
Contains a region with structural similarity to RNase H, but lacks RNase H activity.
Contains a region with structural similarity to reverse transcripase, presenting the classical thumb, fingers and palm architecture, but lacks enzyme activity, since the essential metal-binding residues are not conserved.
Contains a region with structural similarity to type-2 restriction endonucleases, but the residues that would bind catalytic metal ions in endonucleases are instead involved in hydrogen bonds that stabilize the protein structure.
Functions as a scaffold that mediates the ordered assembly of spliceosomal proteins and snRNAs. Required for the assembly of the U4/U6-U5 tri-snRNP complex. Functions as scaffold that positions spliceosomal U2, U5 and U6 snRNAs at splice sites on pre-mRNA substrates, so that splicing can occur. Interacts with both the 5' and the 3' splice site.
Part of the U5 snRNP complex and of the U4/U6-U5 tri-snRNP complex.
The MPN (JAB/Mov34) domain has structural similarity with deubiquitinating enzymes, but lacks the residues that would bind the catalytic metal ion.
This protein promotes the GTP-dependent binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the A-site of ribosomes during protein biosynthesis.
Belongs to the polyadenylate-binding protein type-1 family.
Expressed in 4 to 7 sheath and socket cells of the anterior sensilla.
Probable transcription factor, required during migration of the gonadal distal tip cells (DTC) (PubMed:24811939). Probably regulates cell adhesion of DTCs via modulation of expression of genes involved in integrin-mediated adhesion, including tln-1, src-1, and integrin pat-2 (PubMed:24811939). Modulates expression of genes involved in protein trafficking during embryogenesis, including emo-1, sec-61, calu-1, sec-24.1, enpl-1, sar-1 and tfg-1 (PubMed:27510972).
RNAi-mediated knockdown targeted to the gonadal distal tip cells (DTC) causes DTC migration defects (PubMed:24811939). Significant reduction in expression of src-1 and tln-1 in DTCs (PubMed:24811939). Causes slow growth after hatching (PubMed:27510972).
Seems to be able to hydrolyze ADP, UDP and GDP. Supports mig-17 glycosylation and surface expression, which is required for proper migration of distal tip cells during gonad morphogenesis.
Found in a complex composed of ced-3, ced-4 and mac-1 or of ced-9, ced-4 and mac-1. Within the complex, interacts with ced-4.
Probably together with ced-9, plays a modest role in preventing ced-4 and caspase ced-3-mediated apoptosis.
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes an arrest at the L2-L3 larval stages with few adults reaching adulthood. Abnormal presence of vacuoles in the intestine with some intestinal sections almost completely degraded. RNAi-mediated knockdown in a ced-3 (n718) or ced-4 (n1416) mutant background causes a similar arrest at the L2-L3 larval stages.
Monoubiquitination of Lys-124 gives a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional repression.
The nucleosome is a histone octamer containing two molecules each of H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assembled in one H3-H4 heterotetramer and two H2A-H2B heterodimers. The octamer wraps approximately 147 bp of DNA. H2A or its variant H2AV forms a heterodimer with H2B (By similarity).
Variant histone H2A which replaces conventional H2A in a subset of nucleosomes. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling (By similarity). Required to maintain non-distal tip cell (DTC) fate of somatic gonadal cells through the repression of transcription factor ceh-22 (PubMed:24346701).
Animals are sterile producing no oocytes, display a protruding vulva phenotype past the young adult stage of development, and have disrupted or no alae formation. Fewer seam cells in larval stages post the L1 larval stage of development and impaired seam cell differentiation with large and irregularly shaped nuclei in seam cell-derived hyp7 cells. Defective gonadal growth and proliferation whereby gonads are thin and shortened probably due to decreased mitosis, and abnormal germ cell nuclei which are irregularly shaped and enlargened. Mis-localization of the beta-catenin homolog wrm-1 in the daughter cells of seam cells following cell division with expression equal to or stronger in the anterior daughter cells as opposed to the posterior daughter cells in 50% of mutants. Aberrant asymmetric localization of the wnt signaling component pop-1 in the nuclei of Z1 and Z4 somatic gonadal precursor cells. Increased expression of anti-apoptotic factor ced-9. RNAi-mediated knockdown results in egg-laying defective and burst vulva phenotypes.
Expressed in the hypodermis from embryogenesis to adulthood.
Required for the terminal differentiation of seam cells, and the differentiation of distal tip cells important for normal somatic gonad and germ cell development. Plays a role in the Wnt signaling pathway, regulating the expression of beta-catenin homologs wrm-1, bar-1 and sys-1, and the localization of wrm-1 and the wnt signaling pathway component pop-1 during asymmetric cell division of seam cells and the Z-cell lineage of the somatic gonad, respectively. May have a pro-apoptotic role, possibly linked to the negative regulation of expression of anti-apoptotic factor ced-9.
Each flp gene is expressed in a distinct set of neurons. Flp-3 is expressed in the IL1 and PQR neurons.
FMRFamides and FMRFamide-like peptides are neuropeptides. SAEPFGTMRF-amide inhibits the activity of dissected pharyngeal myogenic muscle system.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFS5 subunit family.
Mammalian complex I is composed of 45 different subunits. This is a component of the iron-sulfur (IP) fragment of the enzyme.
Required for the first step of diphthamide biosynthesis, a post-translational modification of histidine which occurs in elongation factor 2. Dph-1 and dph-2 transfer a 3-amino-3-carboxypropyl (ACP) group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) to a histidine residue, the reaction is assisted by a reduction system comprising dph-3 and a NADH-dependent reductase. Acts as an electron donor to reduce the Fe-S cluster in dph1-dph2 keeping the [4Fe-4S] clusters in the active and reduced state. Restores iron to dph-1-dph-2 iron-sulfur clusters which have degraded from [4Fe-4S] to [3Fe-4S] by donating an iron atom to reform [4Fe-4S] clusters, in a manner dependent on the presence of elongation factor 2 and SAM. Associates with the elongator complex and is required for tRNA Wobble base modifications mediated by the elongator complex. The elongator complex is required for multiple tRNA modifications, including mcm5U (5-methoxycarbonylmethyl uridine), mcm5s 2U (5-methoxycarbonylmethyl-2-thiouridine), and ncm5U (5-carbamoylmethyl uridine).
The DPH-type metal-binding (MB) domain can also bind zinc. However, iron is the physiological binding partner as zinc binding impairs the protein electron donor function.
Essential component of the spindle apparatus required for spindle positioning and chromosome movement. Acts to recruit or anchor gpr-1/gpr-2 complex to the spindle and cortex. Also involved, directly or indirectly, in cytokinesis and in the coupling of DNA replication, centrosome duplication and mitotic division.
Interacts with gpr-1; gpr-1 forms a complex with gpr-2 and GDP-bound goa-1.
Interacts with ced-9; the interaction results in ced-4 release from the ced-4/ced-9 complex.
Mutants block programmed cell death (PubMed:9604928). In an ain-1 mutant background, enhances the proportion of animals arrested at the larval stage, with egg-laying defects and with a ruptured vulva (PubMed:25432023).
Plays a major role in programmed cell death (PCD or apoptosis) by negatively regulating ced-9 (PubMed:9604928, PubMed:10688797, PubMed:15383288). Binds to and directly inhibits the activity of ced-9, releasing the cell death activator ced-4 from a ced-9/ced-4 containing protein complex and allowing ced-4 to activate the cell-killing caspase ced-3 (PubMed:9604928, PubMed:10688797, PubMed:15383288). Required to activate programmed cell death in the sister cells of the serotonergic neurosecretory motor (NSM) neurons during embryogenesis (PubMed:12874127). Required to activate programmed cell death in the sister cells of the M4 motor neuron and I1 pharyngeal neuron during embryogenesis (PubMed:20713707). During larval development, required for the elimination of transient presynaptic components upstream of ced-9, ced-4 and ced-3 apoptotic pathway (PubMed:26074078). Together with ain-1, a component of the miRNA-induced-silencing complex (miRISC), and probably upstream of ced-3 and ced-4, regulates temporal cell fate patterning during larval development (PubMed:25432023).
Members of the RBR family are atypical E3 ligases. They interact with the E2 conjugating enzyme UBE2L3 and function like HECT-type E3 enzymes: they bind E2s via the first RING-type zinc finger, but require an obligate trans-thiolation step during the ubiquitin transfer, requiring a conserved active site Cys residue in the second RING-type zinc finger. The active site probably forms a thioester intermediate with ubiquitin taken from the active-site cysteine of the E2 before ultimately transferring it to a Lys residue on the substrate.
Might act as an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase, or as part of E3 complex, which accepts ubiquitin from specific E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes, such as UBC-2/UBE2L3, and then transfers it to substrates.
Induces disassembly of actin filaments in conjunction with ADF/cofilin family proteins. Regulator of actin organization in myofibrils.
Animals are viable, and despite a delay in growth rate, appear healthy and have a normal lifespan (PubMed:30147641). No defects in the axon formation or guidance of dopaminergic, GABAergic or serotinergic neurons (PubMed:30147641). However, there is an age-dependent decline in the number of viable dopaminergic neurons under normal growth conditions (PubMed:30147641). Up-regulation of ER stress response protein hsp-4 in the intestine, hypodermis and spermatheca (PubMed:30147641). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in up-regulation of hsp-4 in the intestine and pharyngeal epithelium (PubMed:29497057).
Expressed in the intestine, spermatheca and nervous system (PubMed:30147641, PubMed:29497057). Expressed in the hypoderm (PubMed:29497057). Expressed in structures of the excretory system (PubMed:30147641). Not expressed in the male gonad (PubMed:30147641).
Expressed throughout development, but expression declines with age (PubMed:30147641). Expressed in regions corresponding to intestinal cells and the body wall muscle quadrant in gastrulating embryos, and this continues throughout all larval stages and into adulthood in most tissues except gonadal cells (PubMed:30147641). In L4 stage larva, expressed in pharyngeal and vulval muscles (PubMed:30147641).
Inhibits endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response (By similarity). Retained in the ER under normal conditions and is up-regulated and secreted by the ER in response to ER stress and hypoxia (By similarity). Following secretion by the ER, directly binds to 3-O-sulfogalactosylceramide, a lipid sulfatide in the outer cell membrane of target cells (PubMed:29497057). Sulfatide binding promotes its cellular uptake by endocytosis, and is required for its role in alleviating ER stress under ER stress conditions (By similarity). Has a neuroprotective role, ensuring survival of dopaminergic neurons during normal growth (PubMed:30147641).
Interacts with csn-5. Interacts (via C-terminus) with kgb-1. Interacts with zyx-1.
Small GTPase required for proper localization of RNA polymerase II (RNAPII). May act at an RNAP assembly step prior to nuclear import.
Small GTPase required for proper nuclear import of RNA polymerase II and III (RNAPII and RNAPIII). May act at an RNAP assembly step prior to nuclear import.
Calcium-regulated non-lysosomal thiol-protease which catalyzes limited proteolysis of substrates (By similarity). Required for assembly and maintenance of integrin attachment complexes which are essential for maintenance of adult muscle (PubMed:22253611). Proteolytic activity is activated in response to increased intracellular Ca(2+) levels during cell degeneration and promotes necrotic cell death (PubMed:12410314, PubMed:22479198).
Expressed in muscle and neuronal tissues (PubMed:12410314, PubMed:22479198). Expressed in the ventral and dorsal nerve cord, intestinal and hypodermal tissues (PubMed:22479198).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in adult muscle defects which include irregularities in sarcomeric structures, disorganized integrin attachment complexes, and increased mitochondrial fragmentation (PubMed:22253611). RNAi-mediated knockdown in integrin attachment complex component mutants unc-112 (e669su250) and unc-52 (r367) blocks the protein degradation which normally results from complex disruption (PubMed:22253611). RNAi-mediated knockdown suppresses cell death in the neurodegenerative models deg-3 (u662), gsa-1 (Q227L) and mec-4 (u231) (PubMed:12410314).
Guanine nucleotide-releasing protein (By similarity). Together with GTPase drn-1, may regulate acetylcholine release at the neuromuscular junctions probably downstream of G-protein gsa-1 and adenylate cyclase acy-1 (PubMed:22897658).
Belongs to the eukaryotic/archaeal RNase P protein component 1 family.
Component of ribonuclease P, a ribonucleoprotein complex that generates mature tRNA molecules by cleaving their 5'-ends.
G proteins are composed of 3 units, alpha, beta and gamma (By similarity). Interacts with gpb-1 and gpb-2 (PubMed:11333232).
Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as a modulator or transducer in various transmembrane signaling systems. The beta and gamma chains are required for the GTPase activity, for replacement of GDP by GTP, and for G protein-effector interaction.
Predominantly expressed in the central nervous system.
Acts as a transcription factor during mitochondrial stress by activating the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (mtUPR) (PubMed:22700657, PubMed:25274306, PubMed:25773600, PubMed:30642431). Induces nuclear and mitochondrial gene transcription, including genes coding for mitochondrial chaperones and proteins involved in glycolysis, amino acid catabolism and innate immunity (PubMed:22700657, PubMed:25274306, PubMed:25773600). Following mitochondrial stress, restores mitochondrial respiratory capacity by limiting the transcription of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) machinery genes and by promoting the assembly of OXPHOS complexes via the up-regulation of chaperone and assembly factor genes (PubMed:25773600). Component of a feedback loop involving atfs-1, atgl-1 and hlh-11 (PubMed:33078707). Acts together with flp-7 to negatively regulate the expression of the transcription regulator hlh-11, to promote expression of atgl-1, and thus atgl-1-dependent fat oxidation in response to mitochondrial stress (PubMed:33078707). In addition, functions with hlh-11 to maintain lifespan (PubMed:33078707). Promotes mtDNA maintenance and propagation of deleterious mtDNA (PubMed:27135930).
Prevents the up-regulation of several innate immune genes following P.aeruginosa-mediated infection (PubMed:25274306). RNAi-mediated knockdown causes a reduction in survival following P.aeruginosa-mediated infection (PubMed:25274306). Prevents the up-regulation of mitochondrial protective genes and increases the transcription of oxidative phosphorylation machinery and tricarboxylic acid cycle genes following mitochondrial stress caused by RNAi-mediated knockdown of protease spg-7 (PubMed:22700657, PubMed:25773600). Assembly of complex I and ATP synthase of the oxidative phosphorylation machinery and oxygen consumption are reduced in a spg-7 RNAi-mediated background (PubMed:25773600). RNAi-mediated knockdown reduces the levels of deleterious mtDNA that occurs in aging cells (PubMed:27135930). Protection from death following anoxia-reperfusion is lost in a spg-7 RNAi-mediated background (PubMed:27459203). RNAi-mediated knockdown does not alter atgl-1 expression (PubMed:33078707). However, RNAi-mediated knockdown increases atgl-1 expression in a hlh-11 ok2944 mutant background (PubMed:33078707). RNAi-mediated knockdown reduces the induction of hsp-60, an indicator of mitochondrial stress following overexpression of flp-7 (PubMed:33078707).
Activated by a GATA-like transcription factor.
Larvae exhibit strong expression in gut cells and weak expression in hypodermal cells. Adults exhibit the reverse: strong expression in hypodermal cells and weaker expression in gut cells.
Thiol protease. Has a role as a digestive enzyme.
Component of the SDC complex that functions in sex determination and in X chromosome dosage compensation specifically in hermaphrodite (XX) animals (PubMed:2759421, PubMed:10364546). Required for the recruitment of the condensin I-like dosage compensation complex to the male sex-determining autosomal gene her-1, thereby contributing to its repression and initiating hermaphrodite sexual development (PubMed:2759421, PubMed:10364546, PubMed:14660541, PubMed:11937488). Plays a central role in X-chromosome recognition and in the recruitment and assembly of the dosage compensation complex and the dosage compensation protein dpy-21 onto the X chromosomes in hermaphrodites, which leads to a reduction of X-linked gene transcription and an equalization of X-linked gene expression between the sexes (PubMed:8939869, PubMed:8939870, PubMed:9458050, PubMed:9056777, PubMed:10364546, PubMed:14660541). May confer protection against toxicity induced by heavy metals such as arsenite (PubMed:25204677).
Component of the SDC complex, which consists of sdc-1, sdc-2 and sdc-3. Within the complex, interacts with sdc-1 and sdc-3.
Expressed in embryos after the 40-cell stage and in adults.
Expressed in hermaphrodites (XX), but absent in males (XO) (at protein level).
Results in high lethality of hermaphrodites (XX) and in masculinization of surviving XX animals (PubMed:2759421). Disrupts the X-chromosome specific localization of sdc-3, dpy-21, dpy-26, dpy-27 and mix-1 (PubMed:9056777, PubMed:8939869, PubMed:8939870, PubMed:9458050, PubMed:14660541). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in 86% viability of hermaphrodites (PubMed:23666922). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in increased sensitivity to the heavy metal arsenite (PubMed:25204677). RNAi-mediated knockdown reduces the viability of hermaphrodites to 19% in a double xol-1(y9) and sex-1(y263) mutant background (PubMed:23666922). RNAi-mediated knockdown reduces the viability of hermaphrodites to 11% in a triple sea-1(y356), xol-1(y9) and sex-1(y263) mutant background (PubMed:23666922). RNAi-mediated knockdown reduces the viability of hermaphrodites to 42% in a triple sea-2(y407), xol-1(y9) sex-1(y263) mutant background (PubMed:23666922). RNAi-mediated knockdown reduces the viability of hermaphrodites to 51% in a quadruple sea-1(y356), sea-2(y407), xol-1(y9) sex-1(y263) mutant background (PubMed:23666922).
Possible transcriptional regulator (Probable). Involved in promoting segregation of chromosomes during meiosis, perhaps acting downstream of the let-60 RAS / mpk-1 MAPK signaling pathway (PubMed:17096596).
Superficially wild-type, with a normal brood size, but drastic reduction in brood size when grown at a permissive temperature of 20 degrees Celsius in an mpk-1 mutant background. Double mutant mpk-1;pzf-1 shows meiotic chromosome non-disjunction, increased embryonic lethality and also an abnormal male:hermaphrodite ratio, at 23 degrees Celsius.
Belongs to the actin family. ARP2 subfamily.
The SMN complex catalyzes the assembly of small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs), the building blocks of the spliceosome, and thereby plays an important role in the splicing of cellular pre-mRNAs.
Expressed in V5 postdeirid lineage cells in L2 larvae (PubMed:31386623). Expressed in the nine ray lineage Rn.a neuroblasts and their progeny, Rn.aa and Rn.ap (PubMed:11076762).
Knockout results in ectopic AMsh glial cells and also ectopic amphid socket (AMso) cells, another type of glia, from a different cell lineage (PubMed:32665354). Some animals are missing dorsal, but not ventral, CEPsh glial cells (PubMed:32665354). Mean number of ectopic AMsh glial cells increases on cnd-1 or ngn-1 mutant backgrounds (PubMed:32665354).
Probable transcription factor which binds the E box motif 5'-CA[TC][AG]TG-3' (PubMed:11076762). Essential for the specification of the neuroblast cell fate in the development of peripheral sense organs (PubMed:7800042). Its role in the generation of sensory neurons may be through positively regulating the expression of the zinc finger protein ztf-11 during postdeirid neurogenesis (PubMed:31386623). Required for specification of cell fate, acting in concert with lin-32, in the development of the male-specific genital sensilla (simple sense organs) known as rays (PubMed:11076762). Involved in regulating glial specification, perhaps by suppressing a glial fate in different lineages during early embryogenesis (PubMed:32665354).
E3 ubiquitin ligase that plays a role in the maintenance of muscle cell boundaries and muscle dense bodies, which establish the adhesion sites of the muscle cells to the extracellular matrix (PubMed:15210732). Ubiquitinates the LIM domain protein unc-95, thereby regulating its dislocalization from muscle dense bodies and weakening the link between the muscle cells and the hypodermis (PubMed:20385102, PubMed:15210732). Regulation of unc-95 dissociation from muscle dense bodies by ubiquitination plays an important role in ecdysis during molting (PubMed:20385102). Plays a role in the cessation of distal tip cell migration at the end of larval morphogenesis (PubMed:22285439). Acts as a negative regulator of autophagy (PubMed:23093945).
Expressed in larval stages L1, L2 and L3 and in adult animals with high expression during molting (at protein level).
RNAi-mediated knockdown leads to disorganized muscle dense bodies and abnormal muscle-muscle cell boundaries. Accumulation of unc-95 in the muscle cell bodies.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class OBG-HflX-like GTPase superfamily. OBG GTPase family.
Belongs to the V-ATPase V0D/AC39 subunit family.
Subunit of the V0 complex of vacuolar(H+)-ATPase (V-ATPase), a multisubunit enzyme composed of a peripheral complex (V1) that hydrolyzes ATP and a membrane integral complex (V0) that translocates protons. V-ATPase is responsible for acidifying and maintaining the pH of intracellular compartments and in some cell types, is targeted to the plasma membrane, where it is responsible for acidifying the extracellular environment.
V-ATPase is a heteromultimeric enzyme made up of two complexes: the ATP-hydrolytic V1 complex and the proton translocation V0 complex.
Accessory subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I), that is believed to be not involved in catalysis. Complex I functions in the transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme is believed to be ubiquinone.
Expressed in the T cell, head neurons, posterior gut cells, hypodermal cells (hyp7, hyp9, and hyp10), and P blast cells (PubMed:16824957). During T cell division, expressed asymmetrically, becoming up-regulated in posterior daughter cells (PubMed:16824957).
Interacts with homeobox protein ceh-20; the interaction is direct, facilitates nuclear localization of ceh-20 and may stabilize interaction of a ceh-20-nob-1 complex with DNA.
Probable transcription coregulator (PubMed:16824957). Required for asymmetric cell divisions of the T hypodermal cells, and cell fate determination, in concert with homeobox proteins nob-1 and ceh-20 (PubMed:16824957). Acts downstream of the Wnt signaling pathway, and of ceh-20 and nob-1 (PubMed:16824957).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in absence of phasmid socket cells.
In the presence of polyglutamine, mislocalizes to the cytosol and loses its transcriptional regulation activity, but is able to promote protein aggregation.
Positively regulates the RNA polymerase III-associated transcription of small non-coding RNAs.
Expressed in embryos and larva (PubMed:12385749). In L2 and L3 stage larva, expressed in the six touch receptor neurons (PubMed:12385749).
Plays a role in mechanosensory transduction (touch sensitivity).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in no visible phenotype (PubMed:12385749). RNAi-mediated knockdown enhances the touch-insensitive phenotype (the inability to respond to more than two of four touches) of mec-6 u247ts mutants at 15 degrees Celsius (PubMed:12385749).
Defective in RNA-mediated gene silencing.
Plays a role in RNA-mediated gene silencing by mediating transport of both ingested and endogenous dsRNA between cells. Not required for the uptake of dsRNA from the intestinal lumen.
Ubiquitously present in most tissues tested. Expressed in the somatic cells of intestine, muscle, neurons, somatic gonad and embryos but not in the germline (at protein level).
Consists of at least two heavy chains and a number of intermediate and light chains.
Cytoplasmic dynein acts as a motor for the intracellular retrograde motility of vesicles and organelles along microtubules (By similarity). Dynein has ATPase activity; the force-producing power stroke is thought to occur on release of ADP (By similarity). May play a role in nuclear migration in hypodermal precursor cells (PubMed:20005871, PubMed:27697906). May be involved in the transport of synaptic vesicle components towards the axon of the DA motor neuron (PubMed:20510931). This function may involve the regulation of dynein by pct-1 and/or cdk-5 (PubMed:20510931). Involved in the formation of synapses in the dorsal region during synaptic remodeling of DD motor neurons (PubMed:21609829). Required for anterograde trafficking of dense-core vesicles in the DB motor neuron dendrites (PubMed:22699897). Required for the formation of dendritic branches of PVD sensory neurons (PubMed:21205795). May also play a role in GABAergic synaptic vesicle localization in the ventral nerve cord (PubMed:16996038). May play a role in the pairing of homologous chromosomes during meiosis (PubMed:26483555).
Dynein heavy chains probably consist of an N-terminal stem (which binds cargo and interacts with other dynein components), and the head or motor domain. The motor contains six tandemly-linked AAA domains in the head, which form a ring. A stalk-like structure (formed by two of the coiled coil domains) protrudes between AAA 4 and AAA 5 and terminates in a microtubule-binding site. A seventh domain may also contribute to this ring; it is not clear whether the N-terminus or the C-terminus forms this extra domain. There are four well-conserved and two non-conserved ATPase sites, one per AAA domain. Probably only one of these (within AAA 1) actually hydrolyzes ATP, the others may serve a regulatory function.
RNAi-mediated knockdown prevents sperm-donated centrosome from leaving the posterior cortex in 1-cell embryos (PubMed:20599902). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in nuclear migration defects in hyp7 hypodermal precursor cells (PubMed:20005871). RNAi-mediated knockdown in a pam-1 mutant background restores anterior-posterior polarity, par-1, par2 and par-6 asymmetric localization and pseudocleavage formation (PubMed:20599902). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in an abnormal distribution of GABAergic synaptic vesicles at synaptic termini of the ventral nerve cord (PubMed:16996038). RNAi-mediated knockdown in combination with exposure to pentylenetetrazole, a GABA antagonist that induces seizures, results in an increased convulsion incidence as compared to wild-type animals (PubMed:16996038). RNAi-mediated knockdown in a fbf-2 loss of function background results in sterility and the formation of small endomitotic oocytes (PubMed:27864381).
Plays a role in the stress response to heavy metals such as copper, probably in a kgb-1-dependent manner.
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in partial sensitivity to Cu(2+) ions with less than 70% of animals reaching adulthood 4 days after egg laying.
Weak similarity to other lysozymes and lacks the conserved active site.
Essential for the formation of DNA replication focal centers; stably associates with foci elements generating binding sites for RP-A. Exhibits a magnesium-dependent ATP-dependent DNA-helicase activity. May be involved in the control of genomic stability (By similarity).
Belongs to the complex I NDUFB3 subunit family.
Belongs to the protein phosphatase inhibitor 2 family.
DPNFLRF-amide: Inhibits the activity of dissected pharyngeal myogenic muscle system.
Each flp gene is expressed in a distinct set of neurons. Flp-1 is expressed in the AVA interneurons, the M5 cholinergic pharyngeal motoneurons, and the AIA, AIY, AVE, AVK, RIG and RMG neurons.
Expressed at about a twofold higher level than isoform Long.
Inhibits the activity of dissected pharyngeal myogenic muscle system.
Together with flp-18, plays a homeostatic role by acting on the GABAergic neural transmission at neuromuscular junctions to prevent overexcitation of the locomotor circuit.
Adds the second glucose residue to the lipid-linked oligosaccharide precursor for N-linked glycosylation. Transfers glucose from dolichyl phosphate glucose (Dol-P-Glc) onto the lipid-linked oligosaccharide Glc(1)Man(9)GlcNAc(2)-PP-Dol (By similarity).
Expressed in all nuclei in the early embryo until the comma stage, and then is expressed in body wall muscle cells and pharynx in the embryo (PubMed:17716643). Expressed in muscle until the late larval stages (PubMed:17716643). In larvae, highly expressed in intestinal cells, lateral hypodermal (seam) cells, Pn.p ventral hypodermal cells, and spermatheca (PubMed:17716643). In L3 stage larvae, expressed at low levels in distal tip cells during the ventral-to-dorsal second and longitudinal third migration phases, but not expressed during the first migration phase (PubMed:17716643). In L4 stage larvae, expressed at low levels in the ventral nerve cord (PubMed:17716643).
Highly expressed in intestinal cells, lateral hypodermal (seam) cells, Pn.p ventral hypodermal cells, and spermatheca (PubMed:17716643). Expressed at low levels in the ventral nerve cord (PubMed:17716643).
Together with unc-5, involved in touch neuron axon guidance (PubMed:9473333). During gonad morphogenesis, plays a role in the unc-5-/unc-6-mediated migration of distal tip cells along the body (PubMed:17716643).
Belongs to the AAA ATPase family. BCS1 subfamily.
Each flp gene is expressed in a distinct set of neurons (PubMed:15236235). Flp-11 is expressed in the DD, VD and DVB motor neurons, the PVC and URX interneurons, and the AUA, BAG, DA, LUA, and SAB neurons (PubMed:15236235). Also expressed in head muscle, socket or sheath cells and uterine cells (PubMed:15236235). Expressed exclusively in PHC sensory neurons in males (PubMed:15236235, PubMed:28065609).
Expressed from the comma stage of embryogenesis, during all larval stages, and in adults (PubMed:9685599). In males, highly expressed in PHC sensory neurons during the L4 larval stage (PubMed:28065609).
Potent inhibitor of the activity of the dissected pharyngeal myogenic muscle system (PubMed:16187307). Acts as a ligand for the npr-22 receptor in vitro (PubMed:16377032).
Expressed througout the gonad (at protein level) (PubMed:18949042). Expressed in the germline (PubMed:15340062, PubMed:29521627).
High levels of embryonic lethality, but a small proportion of the surviving progeny develop beyond the L3 larval stage (PubMed:15340062, PubMed:18949042, PubMed:29521627). Of the surviving progeny, there is a high incidence of males (him phenotype) (PubMed:18949042, PubMed:29521627). Impaired meiotic recombination with no chiasma formation between homologous chromosome pairs at diplotene and diakinesis (PubMed:15340062). This is most likely due to an absence of crossover recombination (PubMed:15340062). Disrupted rad-51 localization during meiosis, whereby rad-51-positive foci are present in the gonad similarly to wild-type, however unlike in wild-type, they disappear before the end of pachytene (PubMed:15340062).
Interacts with zhp-4; the interaction is required for their localization along paired chromosomes and stability, and for the formation of chiasma during meiotic recombination.
Recruited co-dependently with zhp-4 to the synaptonemal complex between homologous chromosome pairs to regulate the formation and number of crossover events between homologs during meiotic recombination (PubMed:15340062, PubMed:18949042, PubMed:29521627, PubMed:30379819). In the early stages of pachytene, in complex with zhp-4, recruited by the zhp-1-zhp-2 heterodimer to designated crossover sites along the homolog pair to stabilize other pro-crossover factors such as rmh-1, msh-5 and cosa-1 (PubMed:29521627, PubMed:30379819). This in turn facilitates crossover and promotes the formation of chiasma in each meiotic nucleus at the late pachytene stage of meiosis (PubMed:29521627, PubMed:30379819). Plays a role in the segregation of homologous chromosomes following the completion of crossovers (PubMed:18949042). Together with him-14 and msh-5 plays a role in the activation of DNA damage-dependent apoptosis at the DNA damage checkpoint in pachytene cells (PubMed:23832114).
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Ubiquitously expressed throughout the development and in the adult.
Homodimer. Component of the gamma-secretase complex, a complex probably composed of the presenilin homodimer (sel-12, hop-1 or spe-4), nicastrin (aph-2), aph-1 and pen-2 (Probable). Interacts with sel-10 (PubMed:9861048).
Probable catalytic subunit of the gamma-secretase complex, an endoprotease complex that catalyzes the intramembrane cleavage of integral membrane proteins such as Notch receptors (lin-12 or glp-1). Provides the major presenilin function compared to hop-1 and spe-4. Required cell-autonomously for correct neurite connectivity of the AIY cholinergic interneurons and their correct functioning in thermotaxis. Required for mesodermal patterning of muscle function. Promotes basement membrane gap formation during tissue remodeling (PubMed:27661254).
Expression up-regulated in animals exposed to the Gram-negative bacterium P.aeruginosa PAO1 for two generations.
Transcription factor (By similarity). Plays a role in regulating the developmentally arrested larval state known as dauer, when induced by long-term exposure to the Gram-negative bacterium P.aeruginosa PAO1, but dispensable for dauer formation induced by starvation (PubMed:32963007). Involved in regulating expression of microRNA mir-243, during long-term exposure to P.aeruginosa PAO1 (PubMed:32963007).
Belongs to the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase family.
Expressed during embryogenesis (PubMed:18385514, PubMed:20116245, PubMed:26506309). Transiently expressed during cytokinesis in embryos on the ingressing furrow and at the midbody during early abscission (PubMed:20116245). Expressed during the L4 stage and young adult stage of development (PubMed:22634595).
Expressed weakly in sperm, but more predominantly in oocytes (PubMed:18472420). Expressed in the intestine (PubMed:24843160).
Interacts with rei-1 and rei-2. The GDP-form preferentially binds to rei-1 and rei-2.
The small GTPases Rab are key regulators of intracellular membrane trafficking, from the formation of transport vesicles to their fusion with membranes (PubMed:21320697, PubMed:24843160). Rabs cycle between an inactive GDP-bound form and an active GTP-bound form that is able to recruit to membranes different set of downstream effectors directly responsible for vesicle formation, movement, tethering and fusion (PubMed:21320697, PubMed:24843160). Involved in regulating the meiotic maturation of oocytes (PubMed:18472420). Plays a role in egg shell formation, regulating exocytosis of chondroitin proteoglycans following fertilization (PubMed:18765566, PubMed:26506309). Controls cortical granule localization and targets them to the plasma membrane for exocytosis (PubMed:18765566, PubMed:22992455). Acts as a major regulator of membrane delivery during cytokinesis (PubMed:18765566, PubMed:20116245, PubMed:26506309). Regulates the cytoskeleton by facilitating astral microtubule elongation and organization during metaphase to ensure proper spindle alignment and polarity in the first embryonic cell division (PubMed:18385514). Maintains normal endoplasmic reticulum morphology during metaphase (PubMed:18385514). Involved in vesicle formation and plasma membrane repair following exposure to pore forming toxins (PubMed:21320697). Regulates endocytic recycling (PubMed:24843160). May play a role in yolk receptor endocytosis in growing oocytes (PubMed:18354496, PubMed:26506309). Plays a role in the shedding of pathogen spores from intestinal cells via its involvement in spore fusion and endocytic trafficking (PubMed:24843160).
Zygotic lethal (PubMed:18765566). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in a reduced meiotic maturation rate of oocytes (PubMed:18472420). Embryos are multinucleated and osmotically sensitive with permeable and therefore defective eggshells (PubMed:18765566, PubMed:18385514). During the first cell cycle, 52% of embryos fail to extrude polar bodies, 83% of embryos display no or minimal pseudocleavage and the centrosomal-nuclear complex does not migrate to the center of embryos (PubMed:18385514). Animals display mitotic spindle alignment defects whereby in 73.9% of embryos, the P0 spindle does not rotate to the anterior-posterior axis of the embryo during anaphase, but during the metaphase to anaphase transition, the movements of the spindle are more abrupt with the spindle migrating to the posterior pole and then rebounding to the anterior-posterior axis (PubMed:18385514). In 17.4% of embryos the centrosomes are unstable and the spindle is displaced further towards the posterior pole (PubMed:18385514). Impaired localization of proteins important for establishing cell polarity such as par-2, par-3, gpr-1 and gpr-2 (PubMed:18385514). Altered microtubule organization and dynamics during metaphase including a greater distance between the growing microtubule plus ends and the posterior cortex, impeded microtubule growth with fewer growing astral microtubules reaching the cortex, and a reduced microtubule nucleation rate (PubMed:18385514). Slight defect in endoplasmic reticulum morphology whereby the large endoplasmic reticulum aggregates that normally form during metaphase and persist during anaphase, form, but do not persist during anaphase and disperse (PubMed:18385514). Mild endocytosis defect with an accumulation of the yolk protein vitellogenin in the pseudocoelom (PubMed:18354496). Impaired cortical granule (secretory vesicle) localization with granules abnormally clustered around the nuclear envelope of proximal oocytes, irregulary dispersed in the cytoplasm of oocytes and retained in the embryo following entry into the uterus (PubMed:18765566). Cortical granule exocytosis defects whereby cav-1-positive cortical granules are not tethered to the plasma membrane, but are distributed throughout the cytoplasm and accumulate around the nucleus in embryos following fertilization (PubMed:22992455). Disrupted fusion of spores, containing intracellular pathogen N.parisii, with the apical cell membrane and thus disrupted clearance from intestinal cells (PubMed:24843160). RNAi-mediated knockdown in RNAi-sensitive mutants exposed to bacterial pore-forming toxin Cry5B results in intoxification and impaired plasma membrane repair (PubMed:21320697). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the intestine results in reduced survival upon exposure to Cry5B (PubMed:21320697).
Expression is first detected during embryogenesis at the beginning of morphogenesis and continues in a subset of larval tissues and in adult neurons.
GTP-binding protein that functions in embryogenesis, cytokinesis, germline development and microtubulule cytoskeleton dynamics.
In the embryo, strongly expressed in migrating hypodermal cells. Shortly before the beginning of elongation, expressed in many developing neurons where it persists throughout adulthood. In the larva, highly expressed in migrating hypodermal cells and the uterus. Also expressed in vulva, spermatheca, sheath cells, distal tips cells and proctoderm of the male tail.
Worms exhibit abnormal vulva, gonad and male tail development and disruption in embryonic proliferation. Subcellular defects include a lack of microtubule cytoskeleton and excessive chromosomes in oocyte nuclei. Many embryos show a lethal phenotype arrested at the bean stage just prior to the beginning of morphogenesis.
Expressed in several neurons in the head, tail and ventral cord, but absent in touch receptor neurons in adults (PubMed:19652181, PubMed:23527112). Expressed in GABAergic and cholinergic motor neurons (PubMed:23527112).
Expressed in touch receptor neurons and several neurons in the head, tail and ventral cord during larval development.
May interact with the SCF ubiquitin ligase complex component skr-1.
Plays a role in mechanosensory transduction (touch sensitivity), touch receptor neuron development and synapse formation (PubMed:8692859, PubMed:19652181). Regulates expression of the protein snb-1 and the distribution of synaptic vesicles at synapses to promote synaptic transmission at the neuromuscular junctions of GABAergic motor neurons (PubMed:23527112).
Temperature-sensitive phenotype with defective touch receptor neuron synaptic transmission conferring variable degrees of touch insensitivity amongst individual animals (PubMed:8692859, PubMed:19652181). Touch receptor neurons and GABAergic motor neurons have mis-localized presynaptic vesicles as indicated by aberrant expression of the protein snb-1 and distorted cell bodies (PubMed:19652181, PubMed:23527112). Reduced rate of inhibitory postsynaptic currents at the neuromuscular junctions of GABAergic motor neurons (PubMed:23527112). No effects on cholinergic synaptic transmission or snb-1 distribution in cholinergic motor neurons (PubMed:23527112). Increased rate of paralysis, in response to acetylcholine esterase inhibition by the drug Aldicarb, due to increased accumulation of acetylcholine in the extracellular fluid resulting permanent contraction of body wall muscles (PubMed:23527112). Knockout with a mec-7 heterozygous mutant, but not a null mec-7 mutant, rescues the touch sensitivity defect in the mec-15 single mutant (PubMed:19652181).
Component of the SET2 complex (also known as the SET1/COMPASS complex), which contains at least set-2, swd-2.1, cfp-1, rbbp-5, wdr-5.1, dpy-30 and ash-2 (PubMed:31602465). Within the complex, interacts with wdr-5.1, ash-2 and dpy-30 (PubMed:31602465). Also interacts with the SIN3S complex, which contains at least sin-3, hda-1, athp-1 and mrg-1 (PubMed:31602465). Interacts with sin-3, hda-1 and mrg-1 (PubMed:31602465).
Transcriptional activator that exhibits a unique DNA binding specificity for CpG motifs; enriched at promoters containing the trimethylation mark on histone H3 'Lys-4' (H3K4me3) (PubMed:24653213). Forms part of the SET2 complex and interacts with the SIN3S HDAC complex at promoters (PubMed:31602465). Required for H3K4 trimethylation and plays a repressive role in the expression of heat shock and salt-inducible genes (PubMed:30941832). Required for fertility, in cooperation with class I histone deacetylases (HDACs) (PubMed:24653213, PubMed:30941832, PubMed:31602465).
Belongs to the selenium-binding protein family.
Expressed in 14 pharyngeal cells, which include nine marginal cells, the e2 epithelial cells and the pm8 muscle (PubMed:20714352). Earliest expression in marginal cells is shortly after embryonic cell division ceases, at the late-bean to early-comma stages of development (PubMed:20714352). Expression in these cells diminishes during later embryogenesis and is absent in larvae and adults (PubMed:20714352).
Transcription factor (By similarity). May play a role in pharyngeal cell differentiation (Probable). May have a protective role in response to infection by the Gram-negative bacterium Vibrio cholerae (PubMed:22675448).
Component of the nuclear pore complex (NPC), which plays a key role in de novo assembly and insertion of NPC in the nuclear envelope.
Interacts with zhp-2; the interaction is required for their chromosome association and stability.
Recruited co-dependently with zhp-2 to the synaptonemal complex between homologous chromosome pairs to regulate the formation and number of crossover events between homologs during meiotic recombination (PubMed:29521627). Together with zhp-2, promotes the accumulation of pro-crossover proteins, including zhp-3 and zhp-4, at a designated crossover site along the recombination intermediate (PubMed:29521627). Limits the number of crossover sites along a recombination intermediate by restricting the association of these pro-crossover proteins with other recombination sites during late prophase (PubMed:29521627). Also, together with zhp-2, plays a role in chromosome remodeling following crossover formation to promote two successive rounds of chromosome segregation during meiosis (PubMed:29521627).
Protein transport. Probably involved in vesicular traffic.
Decreased longevity, mutants living for a significantly shorter time than wild-type worms (PubMed:21151927). Reduction in fat stores and reduction in mitochondrial action potential (PubMed:21151927).
Up-regulated following cold exposure and upon fasting.
May be a component of a CoREST-like complex (PubMed:26476455). May interact with chromobox protein homolog hpl-1 (PubMed:26476455).
Probable corepressor protein acting as a component of a complex that represses transcription (Probable). May play a role, as part of a CoREST-like complex, together with the chromobox protein homologs hpl-1 and hpl-2, in the formation of the vulva and in fertility (PubMed:26476455).
Expressed at 100-cell embryonic stage, in the pharynx, intestine, hypodermis and M lineage (M-1 to M-16 stages) at the L1 larval stage and in somatic gonad, vulva and rectal epithelium at the L4 larval stage.
RNAi-mediated knockdown in a sma-9 (cc604) mutant background restores the production of the 2 M lineage-derived coelomocytes.
Regulates cell fate specification in the postembryonic mesodermal M lineage and body size, probably by positively modulating BMP-like Sma/Mab signaling at the ligand-receptor level. Promotes ventral fate specification in the M lineage, probably by positively modulating lin-12/Notch signaling.
Expressed in 1- to 100-cell stage embryos.
Interacts with gsp-1 and gsp-2; the interaction is direct.
Involved in sister chromatid cohesion during mitosis and meiosis (PubMed:18923084, PubMed:22927794, PubMed:30921322). In association with the gsp-2 phosphatase, it both restricts the localization and antagonizes the function of the air-2 kinase during meiosis I and mitosis to promote chromatid cohesion and spindle attachment (PubMed:18923084, PubMed:22927794, PubMed:29483514, PubMed:30921322). This in turn, drives germ cell immortality (PubMed:30921322). Furthermore, may play a role in ensuring the timely assembly of the synaptonemal complex during prophase I of meiosis (PubMed:18923084, PubMed:22927794).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in embryonic lethality in 57% of animals, and of the surviving progeny, there is a 6% increase in the number of males (Him phenotype) (PubMed:18923084). Defective sister chromatid cohesion during meiosis and mitosis (PubMed:18923084, PubMed:22927794). Mis-localized air-2 in oocytes at the diakinesis phase of prophase I in meiosis (PubMed:18923084, PubMed:22927794). Impaired meiotic DNA double-strand break repair as evidenced by increased rad-51 positive nuclei throughout late pachytene to early diplotene in gonads, and impaired number of crossover recombination events between chromatids (PubMed:22927794). Absent syp-1, a core component of the synaptonemal complex, at the pachytene stage of meiosis (PubMed:22927794). Reduced expression of the gsp-2 phosphatase (PubMed:30921322).
Subunit of non-clathrin- and clathrin-associated adaptor protein complex 3 (AP-3) that plays a role in protein sorting in the late-Golgi/trans-Golgi network (TGN) and/or endosomes. The AP complexes mediate both the recruitment of clathrin to membranes and the recognition of sorting signals within the cytosolic tails of transmembrane cargo molecules. AP-3 appears to be involved in the sorting of a subset of transmembrane proteins targeted to lysosomes and lysosome-related organelles. In concert with the BLOC-1 complex, AP-3 is required to target cargos into vesicles assembled at cell bodies for delivery into neurites and nerve terminals.
Endoplasmic reticulum chaperone that plays a key role in protein folding and quality control in the endoplasmic reticulum lumen (By similarity). Required for ER dynamics during the first embryonic cell divisions (PubMed:15716356). Specifically, controls ER transition into sheet-like structures at the onset of mitosis, possibly by regulating homotypic membrane fusion (PubMed:15716356).
RNAi-mediated knockdown prevents the formation of ER sheet-like structures during mitosis in the 1-cell embryo. ER accumulates in foci throughout mitosis and partially fails to disperse at the end of mitosis.
The chaperone activity is regulated by ATP-induced allosteric coupling of the nucleotide-binding (NBD) and substrate-binding (SBD) domains. In the ADP-bound and nucleotide-free (apo) states, the two domains have little interaction. In contrast, in the ATP-bound state the two domains are tightly coupled, which results in drastically accelerated kinetics in both binding and release of polypeptide substrates. J domain-containing co-chaperones stimulate the ATPase activity and are required for efficient substrate recognition.
Amino acid transporter importing serine, an essential substrate of the mitochondrial branch of the one-carbon pathway, into mitochondria. Mitochondrial serine is then converted to glycine and formate, which exits to the cytosol where it is used to generate the charged folates that serve as one-carbon donors. May also transport other amino acids including alanine and cysteine.
Expressed in the pharynx, as well as throughout the intestine.
RNAi-mediated knockdown increases the proportion of aged worms with fragmented mitochondria from 5% to 59% and causes a 30% decrease in cellular ATP levels at day 8 in adult (PubMed:32350153). RNAi-mediated knockdown decreases survival upon infection with P.aeruginosa (PubMed:20133860, PubMed:28662060). RNAi-mediated knockdown reduces induction of expression of infection response gene, irg-1, in response to P.aeruginosa (PubMed:26876169, PubMed:20133860).
Transcription factor that binds to the promoter and the enhancer regions of target genes (By similarity). May act together with the bZIP transcription factor, cebp-2 (PubMed:26876169). Involved in responding to mitochondrial damage (PubMed:28662060, PubMed:32350153). Plays a role in the delay of age-associated mitochondrial fragmentation and muscle decline (PubMed:32350153). Has a protective role in response to infection by the Gram-negative bacterium P.aeruginosa (PubMed:26876169, PubMed:28662060, PubMed:20133860). Required to prevent P.aeruginosa ToxA-mediated lethality (PubMed:22520464). Required for the activation of infection response genes irg-1 and irg-2 following P.aeruginosa infection (PubMed:20133860).
Expressed in non-migratory, syncytial epidermis at larval stage L1.
RNAi-mediated knockdown reduces lifespan and is further reduced on a daf-2 mutant background (PubMed:24699255). RNAi-mediated knockdown causes premature onset of polyglutamine-mediated paralysis (PubMed:24699255). RNAi-mediated knockdown reduces spore levels of the microsporidian pathogen N.parisii during infection, further reduced on an mdl-1 mutant background (PubMed:27402359).
Transcription factor (PubMed:17826759). Binds to the E box motif 5'-CACGTG-3', probably in a heterodimeric complex with mml-1 (PubMed:17826759). Involved in modulating longevity in response to TOR signaling, dietary restriction, the decline in protein homeostasis associated with normal aging, germline signaling and the insulin-like signaling pathway (PubMed:24699255, PubMed:27001890). Plays a role in autophagy (PubMed:27001890). Involved in regulating migration of the ray 1 precursor cells in the male tail, acting in concert with Wnt and semaphorin signaling pathways (PubMed:17826759). Regulates transcription of genes encoding extracellular matrix (ECM) components which may contribute to the substratum required for migration of the neighboring ray 1 precursor cells (PubMed:17826759). Required for resistance to oxidative stress (PubMed:24699255). Involved in promoting infection by the microsporidian pathogen N.parisii, probably acting independently of its canonical partner, mml-1 (PubMed:27402359).
Expressed in embryos (PubMed:17720939). First expressed in the 2 cell stage, with expression increasing at the 8-cell stage, but subsequently decreasing by the 150-cell stage and almost abolished by the 200-cell stage (PubMed:17720939).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in viable hermaphrodites as in wild-type.
Transcriptional regulator which is involved in the sex determination and X chromosome dosage compensation pathways (PubMed:23666922, PubMed:17720939). Directly binds to 5'-ATTGAT-3' sites in the promoter of sex-determining factor xol-1 to negatively regulate its expression and promote hermaphrodite development (PubMed:23666922, PubMed:17720939). Associates with condensed DNA during mitosis (PubMed:17720939).
Catalyzes the addition of fucose in alpha 1-3 linkage. Unlike fut-1, does not add fucose to Man-alpha-1->3-(Man-alpha-1->6)-Man-beta-1->4-GlcNAc-beta-1->4-GlcNAc-beta-1-Asn (M3), Man-alpha-1->3-(Man-alpha-1->6)-Man-beta-1->4-GlcNAc-beta-1->4-(Fuc-alpha-1->6)-GlcNAc-beta-1-Asn (M3F6) or GlcNAc-beta-1->2-Man-alpha-1->3-(GlcNAc-beta-1->2-Man-alpha-1->6)-Man-beta-1-4-GlcNAc-beta-1->4-(Fuc-alpha-1->6)-GlcNAc-beta-1-Asn (GnM3F6) acceptors.
Inhibited by Ni(2+) and to a lesser extent by Mn(2+) and Cu(2+).
No obvious defect in N-glycan composition.
Belongs to the class V-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. Histone-lysine methyltransferase family. SET2 subfamily.
Derepression of X-linked genes in the germline. RNAi-mediated knockdown results in sterility (PubMed:16710447). RNAi-mediated knockdown suppresses the multivulval phenotype of the lin-15A/B n765 mutant (PubMed:16507136, PubMed:16710447). RNAi-mediated knockdown at 25 degrees Celsius rescues the larval lethality phenotype of the mep-1 (q660) single mutants (PubMed:16710447).
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Expressed in all cells of early embryos. In late embryos and L1 larva, it is weakly expressed in somatic cells, while it is expressed at intermediate levels in the primordial germ cells Z2 and Z3.
Histone methyltransferase. Dimethylates 'Lys-36' of histone H3, a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional activation. Plays a central role in early development and is responsible for all H3 'Lys-36' dimethylation until about the 40-cell stage. Indirectly involved in the global inactivation of the X chromosomes in germline cells, possibly by excluding the mes-2-mes-3-mes-6 repressive Polycomb complex from the autosomes (PubMed:12077420, PubMed:16968818). Not related to transcription elongation (PubMed:12077420, PubMed:16968818). Required for small-RNA-induced H3K27 trimethylation (PubMed:26365259). May suppress sensitivity to RNAi (PubMed:16507136). May regulate the expression of genes required for vulval development (PubMed:16507136, PubMed:16710447).
Phosphorylates diacylglycerol (DAG) to generate phosphatidic acid (PA).
May negatively regulate the activity of cGMP-dependent protein kinase egl-4 which in turn controls body size.
Reduced body size and an egg-laying constitutive phenotype.
Belongs to the SMC family. SMC3 subfamily.
Component of the cohesin complex, composed of the smc-1 and smc-3 heterodimer attached via their SMC hinge domain, scc-1 which links them, and scc-3. Interacts with scc-1, smc-1 and tim-1.
Involved in chromosome cohesion during cell cycle and in DNA repair (PubMed:21957461). Involved in the repair of double strand breaks during mitosis and meiosis (PubMed:21957461). Required for chromosome segregation during mitosis (PubMed:12808038). Central component of cohesin complex (PubMed:12827206, PubMed:12808038, PubMed:21957461). The cohesin complex is required for the cohesion of sister chromatids after DNA replication (PubMed:12827206). The cohesin complex apparently forms a large proteinaceous ring within which sister chromatids can be trapped (By similarity). At anaphase, the complex is cleaved and dissociates from chromatin, allowing sister chromatids to segregate (By similarity). Required for the localization of lab-1 to meiotic and mitotic chromosomes (PubMed:22927794).
RNAi-mediated knock-down is embryonic lethal and results in aberrant chromosome segregation during mitosis. RNAi-mediated knockdown at 20 degrees Celsius results in the mis-localization of lab-1 in germ line nuclei (PubMed:22927794).
Functions as a stress-inducible potent transcriptional activator during endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress by inducing unfolded protein response (UPR) target genes via binding to the UPR element (UPRE) (By similarity). Plays a role in modulation of the UPR, lipid metabolism, proteostasis, and lifespan (PubMed:23791175, PubMed:31303493, PubMed:31315038. PubMed:31570707). In neurons, rescues stress resistance, increases longevity, and, drives expression of lysosomal genes in the intestine and activates the UPR in distal, non-neuronal cell types through a cell-nonautonomous mechanism (PubMed:23791175, PubMed:31303493, PubMed:31315038). In neurons or intestine, plays a role in protection against proteotoxicity, acting via positive modulation of genes involved in lysosomal function, including lipases and the fatty-acid desaturase fat-6 (PubMed:31303493, PubMed:31315038). Protection against proteotoxicity in neurons is dependent upon the transcription factor atf-6 (PubMed:31570707).
Interacts with SUMO-conjugating enzyme ubc-9; the interaction is direct.
Plays a role in the unconventional cytoplasmic splicing processing of its own mRNA triggered by the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) transmembrane endoribonuclease ire-1: upon ER stress, the emerging xbp-1 polypeptide chain, as part of a mRNA-ribosome-nascent chain (R-RNC) complex, cotranslationally recruits its own unprocessed mRNA through transient docking to the ER membrane and translational pausing, therefore facilitating efficient ire-1-mediated xbp-1 mRNA isoform 2 production.
RNAi-mediated knockdown inhibits induction of expression of the endoplasmic reticulum chaperone BiP homolog hsp-4 and heat shock protein hsp-3 during the unfolded protein response (UPR) (PubMed:11780124, PubMed:11779465). Larval development is normal, but in a pek-1 genetic background, causes arrested development at or prior to the L2 larval stage (PubMed:11779465). Abolishes crt-1 promoter activity (PubMed:24933177). Reduces lifespan, perhaps acting independently of macroautophagy (PubMed:31303493). In combination with RNAi-mediated knockdown of atf-6, causes lethality early in larval development (PubMed:16184190). Intestine-specific RNAi-mediated knockdown prevents up-regulation of several lysosomal transcripts (PubMed:31303493).
Required for transcriptional regulation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) under stressed conditions, acting downstream of ire-1, and also maintaining ER homeostasis via a negative feedback loop, in parallel with ER kinase pek-1 (PubMed:11780124, PubMed:11779465, PubMed:22125500, PubMed:16184190). May also regulate Golgi protein trafficking distal to the ER (PubMed:16184190). Protects the host organism from the detrimental effects of mounting an innate immune response to microbes, such as the Gram-negative bacterium P.aeruginosa, probably by modulating the UPR (PubMed:20182512, PubMed:22125500).
Sumoylated (PubMed:24933177). Sumoylation may negatively modulate the transcription of genes involved in the ER-stress-response (PubMed:24933177).
Belongs to the sterol desaturase family. TMEM195 subfamily.
Glyceryl-ether monooxygenase that cleaves the O-alkyl bond of ether lipids.
Belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily.
Expressed in the excretory canal cell and in pairs of amphid and sheath glia.
H(+)-myo-inositol cotransporter (By similarity). Probably by promoting the transport of myo-inositol regulates intracellular osmosis in response to hyperosmotic stress (PubMed:21679696).
Belongs to the chitin synthase family. Class IV subfamily.
Essential for the embryonic synthesis of chitin, a component of the eggshell.
Expressed at L3-L4 larval stages and in adults.
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes the production of abnormal eggs characterized by a spherical morphology, the absence of the eggshell chitin layer, increased permeability to small molecules and a failure to divide (PubMed:16098962). Loss of polar body formation and loss of egg-3 and mbk-2 cortical localization in oocytes (PubMed:17869112). RNAi-mediated knockdown causes polyspermy in 40 percent of animals and a failure to internalize egg-1 after oocyte fertilization (PubMed:20971008). Simultaneous RNAi-mediated knockdown with mat-1 prevents the formation of the eggshell chitin layer (PubMed:20971008).
First expressed in the gonadal leader cells, the distal tip cells (DTCs) in hermaphrodites and linker cells in males, during the early larval L2 stage (PubMed:17588558). Expression in the linker cells in males continues until larval stage L4 (PubMed:17588558). Expression in DTCs in hermaphrodites continues until adulthood (PubMed:17588558).
Forms a heterodimer with helix-loop-helix protein hlh-2.
RNAi-mediated knockdown reduces expression of alpha integrin ina-1 and ADAMTS protease gon-1, and causes defects in migration of the gonadal distal tip cells (DTCs).
Transcription factor which binds the E box motif 5'-GCAGGTG-3' (PubMed:17588558). Involved in migration of the gonadal leader cells; distal tip cells (DTCs) in hermaphrodites, and linker cells in males (PubMed:25982859, PubMed:17588558). Positively regulates expression of alpha integrin ina-1 and ADAMTS protease gon-1 (PubMed:25982859, PubMed:17588558).
Most likely a component of a complex at least containing atg-5, lgg-3/ATG12, atg-16.1 and/or atg-16.2 (Probable). Interacts with atg-5 (By similarity). Interacts (via the LIR motif) with lgg-2; the interaction is direct (PubMed:26687600).
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes no visible phenotype, but animals have a reduced lifespan (PubMed:17204841). Accumulation of pgl-1-positive P granules in somatic cells (PubMed:19167332). Reduced lgg-1-positive autophagosomes in seam cells (PubMed:28758895). Delayed removal of paternal mitochondria in fertilized eggs (PubMed:22105480). RNAi-mediated knockdown reduces autophagic degradation of membrane pore-forming toxin Cry5B.
The LIR motif (LC3-interacting region) is required for its interaction with lgg-2.
Ubiquitin-like protein involved in autophagy vesicles formation (By similarity). Conjugation with atg-5 through a ubiquitin-like conjugating system involving also atg-7 as an E1-like activating enzyme and atg-10 as an E2-like conjugating enzyme, is essential for its function (By similarity). Most likely a component of an atg-5-lgg-3-atg-16 complex that promotes autophagosome formation by associating with lgg-2, but not lgg-1, at the preautophagosomal membrane (PubMed:26687600, PubMed:28758895). Probably, as part of an atg-5-lgg-3-atg-16 complex, required for lgg-1 lipidation; the complex acts as an E3-like enzyme promoting atg-3-mediated lgg-1 lipidation (Probable). Involved in the degradation of P-granules by autophagy in somatic cells (PubMed:19167332). This ensures exclusive localization of the P-granules in germ cells (PubMed:19167332). Involved in the elimination of paternal mitochondria in fertilized eggs (PubMed:22105480). Involved in xenophagy, the autophagy-mediated degradation of pathogens and pathogen products, such as toxins (PubMed:27875098). Also plays a role in membrane-pore repair (PubMed:27875098).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in reduced monomethyl branched-chain fatty acid generation and also results in larval arrest in the subsequent generation.
The branched-chain alpha-keto dehydrogenase complex catalyzes the overall conversion of alpha-keto acids to acyl-CoA and CO(2) (By similarity). It contains multiple copies of three enzymatic components: branched-chain alpha-keto acid decarboxylase (E1), lipoamide acyltransferase (E2) and lipoamide dehydrogenase (E3) (By similarity). Within this complex, the catalytic function of this enzyme is to accept, and to transfer to coenzyme A, acyl groups that are generated by the branched-chain alpha-keto acid decarboxylase component (By similarity). Required for the catabolism of branched-chain amino acids and the subsequent synthesis of monomethyl branched-chain fatty acids, which are important for regulating postembryonic growth (PubMed:26683372).
Accessory component of the DNA polymerase epsilon complex (By similarity). Participates in DNA repair and in chromosomal DNA replication (By similarity).
Belongs to the DNA polymerase epsilon subunit B family.
Belongs to the protein-tyrosine phosphatase family. Receptor class 3 subfamily.
Initially expressed in vulva precursor cells P5.p, P6.p and P7.p. Expression is later restricted to P5.px and P7.px and their descendants P5.pxx and P7.pxx with higher levels in the cells proximal to P6.p descendants.
Phosphatase which may dephosphorylate receptor let-23 and thereby regulate cell fate during the development of the vulva and the excretory system (PubMed:15901674). By inhibiting let-23 signaling prevents the establishment of a primary cell fate in the descendants of vulva precursor cells P5.p and P7.p (PubMed:15901674). Similarly, may prevent duct cell fate in ABpr precursor (PubMed:15901674). Also dephosphorylates the beta-integrin subunit pat-3, probably within the alpha pat-2/beta pat-3 integrin receptor complex, which leads to down-stream effects including the negative regulation of let-23 signaling and vulval induction (PubMed:28135265). In particular, by dephosphorylating pat-3, promotes the recruitment (by unphosphorylated pat-3) of the cytoplasmic adapter protein tln-1 to the plasma membrane of secondary vulval precursor cells (PubMed:28135265). This promotes the linking of focal adhesion sites to the F-actin cytoskeleton, and also acts to restrict the mobility of the let-23 receptor on the plasma membrane of vulval cells thereby attenuating let-23 signaling (PubMed:28135265).
RNAi-mediated knockdown in a lip-1 zh15 mutant background causes the descendants of P5.p and/or P7.p vulva precursor cells to adopt a mixed primary and secondary cell fate. Multivulva formation in 19 percent of animals. RNAi-mediated knockdown in a let-23 sy-1 mutant background partially restores vulva induction.
High molecular weight complex that consist of phb-1 and phb-2.
PHB proteins are essential during embryonic development and are required for somatic and germline differentiation in the larval gonad. A deficiency in PHB proteins results in altered mitochondrial biogenesis in body wall muscle cells (PubMed:12794069). Required for clearance of paternal mitochondria after embryonic fertilization (PubMed:28017329).
In larva and adult, expressed in the M3 pharyngeal motor neurons, extrapharyngeal neurons in the head, the PQR tail neurons, rectal cells, vulva cells, the spermetheca-uterine valve, body wall muscle cells and neurons of the ventral nerve cord. In the embryo, expressed in pharyngeal cells, extrapharyngeal head neurons and within the tail. Expressed in body wall muscle cells during late embryonic stages. Expressed in the mother cells of the M2 and M3 pharyngeal motor neurons precursor cells at the embryonic bean stage and subsequently in the M2 and M3 cells as they are born. Expression is sustained only in the two M3 cells up to at least the 5-day-old adult. In contrast, expression gradually declines in the M2 cells beginning from the time of their birth, and is completely undetectable by the time of hatching.
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in defective formation of the distal end of the two M2 pharyngeal motor neurons.
Required in the M3 pharyngeal motor neuron to guide the growth cone of the sister M2 motor neuron during axon development.
Belongs to the concentrative nucleoside transporter (CNT) (TC 2.A.41) family.
Mitochondrial membrane ATP synthase (F(1)F(0) ATP synthase or Complex V) produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane which is generated by electron transport complexes of the respiratory chain. F-type ATPases consist of two structural domains, F(1) - containing the extramembraneous catalytic core and F(0) - containing the membrane proton channel, linked together by a central stalk and a peripheral stalk. During catalysis, ATP synthesis in the catalytic domain of F(1) is coupled via a rotary mechanism of the central stalk subunits to proton translocation. Key component of the proton channel; it may play a direct role in the translocation of protons across the membrane.
Expressed in cells immediately adjacent to ventral mesodermal lineage (M lineage) cells, but not next to dorsal M lineage cells, beginning at the 4-M stage (PubMed:18036582). Expressed in all six vulval precursor cells (VPCs) in the early larval L3 stage, subsequently more highly expressed in P6.p while the expression in the other VPCs diminishes (PubMed:14960273, PubMed:21596897). Expressed in the anchor cell (AC) and distal tip cells (DTCs) of the somatic gonad at larval stage L3 (PubMed:21596897). Expressed in the inter labial IL2 neurons at the onset of and throughout the developmentally arrested larval state known as dauer (PubMed:18599512).
Expressed in the gonad distal tip cell (DTC) of hermaphrodites.
May interact with lin-12 / Notch receptor.
Probable ligand for lin-12/Notch and glp-1/Notch receptors and involved in the mediation of Notch signaling (PubMed:8139658, PubMed:7607081, PubMed:18036582, PubMed:18700817, PubMed:8575327). Involved in the lin-12/Notch pathway signaling of cell fate in vulval precursor cells (VPCs) and in the postembryonic mesodermal lineage (M lineage), acting redundantly with dsl-1 and apx-1 (PubMed:14960273, PubMed:18036582). Functions in uterine cells to promote basement membrane mobility during tissue remodeling (PubMed:27661254, PubMed:8139658). Required for oocyte growth control, acting redundantly with apx-1, perhaps signaling via the glp-1/Notch pathway (PubMed:19502484). Plays a role in Notch-dependent induction of left-right asymmetry in interneurons and motoneurons (PubMed:21737278). Involved in maintaining the developmentally arrested larval state known as dauer, probably signaling in the glp-1/Notch pathway (PubMed:18599512). Required for normal sleep bout quantity and arousal thresholds during the transition from the last larval stage to adulthood in well-fed animals (PubMed:29523076).
RNAi-mediated knockdown in cells of the pi uterine cell lineage results in impaired basement membrane mobility (PubMed:27661254). RNAi-mediated knockdown, on a lin-15 mutant background, causes adjacent vulval precursor cells (VPCs) to adopt altered cell fate (PubMed:14960273). RNAi-mediated knockdown, when combined with knockdown of apx-1, on a dsl-1 mutant background, causes adjacent vulval precursor cells (VPCs) to adopt altered cell fate; phenotype exacerbated on double mutant lin-15;dsl-1 background (PubMed:14960273). RNAi-mediated knockdown, on a lin-12 mutant background, induces the presence of 1-2 extra mesodermal lineage (M lineage)-derived coelomocytes and the concomitant loss of sex myoblasts on the ventral side of the animal (PubMed:18036582). On an apx-1 mutant background, RNAi-mediated knockdown causes germ cells to display nuclear morphology consistent with meiotic prophase or gametogenesis in adult hermaphrodites (PubMed:19502484).
The N-terminal region and DSL domain may be involved in interacting with Notch receptors.
Expressed maternally during oogenesis. Observed during mitotic cell cycle from interphase through to early anaphase.
Interacts with tac-1 to form a heterodimer.
Maternal-effect embryonic lethal with meiotic and mitotic spindle positioning defects in one-cell stage embryos. RNAi-mediated knockdown results in meiosis and mitosis defects in embryos whereby embryos have one or both polar bodies absent, more than one female pronucleus and display irregular female pronuclear migration, which leads to delayed association with the male pronucleus (PubMed:16971515). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in defective mitotic spindle positioning and rotation in which spindles are established in the posterior side of the embryo and on the wrong axis (PubMed:16971515). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in a decrease in length of astral microtubules in embryos, with fewer microtubules extending from their centrosomes during cold conditions (PubMed:16971515). RNAi-mediated knockdown in a let-711 heteroallelic s2587 and it150 mutant background results in inviable embryos which do not hatch, however the astral microtubule length, polar body, female pronuclear migration and mitotic spindle defects of the single zyg-9 RNAi mutant are partially suppressed (PubMed:16971515).
Plays a major role in organizing microtubules and spindle poles during mitosis and meiosis in one-cell stage embryos (PubMed:16971515). Required for default nucleus positioning in oocytes (PubMed:16971515).
The TOG (tumor overexpressed gene) domains are arranged in the N-terminal region with each domain composed of six (for the most part non-canonical) HEAT repeats and forming a oblong paddle-like structure. 3D-structure analysis shows the presence of additional HEAT repeats that are not detected by sequence-based prediction programs. Intra-HEAT loops are positioned along a face of the TOG domain and bind to a single alpha/beta-tubulin heterodimer. The TOG domains seem to be structurally and functionally polarized. Differential functions may range from microtubule (MT) lattice binding and/or free tubulin heterodimer binding to potentiating stable incorporation of tubulin into the MT lattice.
Histone methyltransferase that specifically di- and trimethylates 'Lys-9' of histone H3 (H3K9me2 and H3K9me3, respectively); involved in positively modulating the rate of age-related behavioral deterioration (PubMed:32103178). May repress the expression of mitochondrial function-related genes by occupying their promoter regions, working in concert with probable chromatin reader protein, baz-2 (PubMed:32103178). Involved in modulation of the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPR) (PubMed:32103178). Regulates level of expression of bas-1, a serotonin (5-HT) and dopamine synthesizing enzyme (DOPA decarboxylase) (PubMed:32103178). Negatively modulates levels of endogenous 5-HT and dopamine with aging (PubMed:32103178). Involved in modulating longevity, probably as a result of enhanced stress resistance via mechanisms related to dietary restriction and mitochondrial function (PubMed:32103178).
Arrest at the 2-fold embryonic stage which is associated with a defect in embryo elongation and failure of seam cells to elongate to a narrow morphology. No abnormalities in body wall or pharyngeal muscles and in the number of hypodermal cells.
Expressed at the bean stage in the lateral hypodermal seam cells and then throughout embryogenesis and into larval stages.
Expressed in the spermathecal and uterine walls. Weak expression in gonadal sheath and intestinal muscle. Not detected in vulval, pharyngeal or body wall muscles.
May be phosphorylated by let-502 or/and pak-1 and dephosphorylated by mel-11 to regulate its activation and myosin II-mediated contraction.
Regulates myosin II activity and organization during embryo elongation. May be involved in the organization of mlc-5 into bundles (PubMed:19675126). Required maternally for cytokinesis during meiosis and mitosis in the early embryo and for the establishment of embryonic anterior-posterior polarity (PubMed:10427096).
Broadly expressed in the nervous system starting early in development (PubMed:22442082). At the L3 larval stage, broad expression throughout the nervous system ceases, and it is specifically expressed in ventral D-type GABAergic motorneurons (PubMed:22442082).
In larvae and adult, it is expressed in various tissues including pharyngeal muscle, hypodermis and gonad. In the nervous system it is expressed in sensory neurons and motor neurons in the ventral cord.
Potential calcium-dependent cell-adhesion protein that controls axon guidance in the ventral cord.
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in irregular accumulation of snb-1-positive synaptic vesicles along the axons of ventral D-type GABAergic motorneurons.
Belongs to the eukaryotic RPA49/POLR1E RNA polymerase subunit family.
Expressed in pharyngeal and body wall muscles.
Histone methyltransferase (PubMed:29514099). Specifically methylates 'Lys-36' of histone H3, inducing di-methylation (PubMed:29514099). Plays a role in modulating lifespan and oxidative stress resistance, in a manner dependent upon daf-16/Forkhead box protein O and the Insulin/IGF-1-like signaling (IIS) mediated pathway (PubMed:29514099). Represses transcription of daf-16 isoform a, perhaps by methylating histone H3 at the daf-16 promoter, which in turn leads to recruitment of histone deacetylases and thus modulation of expression (PubMed:29514099).
Muscle-specific expression increases in adults between day 3 and day 11.
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes lifespan extension.
Associated with nucleolar and cytoplasmic pre-60S particles. At the end of biogenesis it dissociates from cytoplasmic pre-60S particles and is likely to be exchanged for its ribosomal homologue, RPL24 (By similarity).
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL24 family.
Involved in the biogenesis of the 60S ribosomal subunit. Ensures the docking of NOG1 to pre-60S particles (By similarity).
May be involved in fusion of retrograde transport vesicles derived from an endocytic compartment with the Golgi complex.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL24 family.
Acts as an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase which accepts ubiquitin specifically from endoplasmic reticulum-associated ubc-7 E2 ligase and transfers it to substrates, promoting their degradation. Component of the endoplasmic reticulum quality control (ERQC) system, which is also called the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) system, involved in ubiquitin-dependent degradation of misfolded endoplasmic reticulum proteins. Also promotes the degradation of normal but naturally short-lived proteins. Protects cells from ER stress-induced apoptosis. Thought to play a role together with hsp-3 in developmental growth and function of intestinal cells and to play a role together with hsp-4 in gonad formation.
The RING-type zinc finger is required for E3 ligase activity.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 31 family. Beta3-Gal-T subfamily.
Glycosyltransferase that generates the core 1 O-glycan Gal-beta1-3GalNAc-alpha1-Ser/Thr (T antigen), which is a precursor for many extended O-glycans in glycoproteins.
Ubiquitously expressed throughout development. Present in all cells.
Both isoforms are ubiquitously expressed in early embryos. In later embryos, larvae and adults expression is highest in the nerve ring, dorsal cord, ventral cord and epithelial tissues.
Has a role in early neural and epidermal development; neuroblast movements during closure of the gastrulation cleft and epidermal morphogenesis. Vab-1 and ptp-3 may function redundantly within the same sets of neuronal precursors.
F-actin regulator involved in anterograde Golgi to endosome transport: upon ubiquitination via 'Lys-33'-linked ubiquitin chains by the BCR(KLHL20) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, interacts with EPS15 and localizes to the trans-Golgi network, where it promotes actin polymerization, thereby facilitating post-Golgi trafficking. May play a role in the maintenance of the Golgi apparatus morphology.
Belongs to the cytochrome c oxidase IV family.
Component of the cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV, CIV), a multisubunit enzyme composed of 14 subunits.
Component of the cytochrome c oxidase, the last enzyme in the mitochondrial electron transport chain which drives oxidative phosphorylation.
Expressed asymmetrically in ASEL sensory neuron.
Guanylate cyclase involved in the production of the second messenger cGMP (By similarity). Regulates chemotaxis responses toward Na(1+) and Li(1+) salt ions and alkaline pH in ASE left (ASEL) sensory neuron. Directly senses environmental alkalinity in ASEL neuron which probably leads to the activation of cGMP-gated cation channel tax2/tax4 (PubMed:23664973, PubMed:19523832).
The extracellular domain is required for the direct sensing of alkaline pH.
Expressed in a subset of neurons including ventral cord and head- and tail-ganglia neurons. Also expressed in non-neuronal cells including pharyngeal and uterine muscles.
Weakly inhibits G protein signaling in nervous system, interacting preferentially with the G(O) subfamily member goa-1. In vitro, it acts as a GTPase activator of goa-1. Rgs-1 and rgs-2 redundantly adjust signaling when worms are fed to allow rapid induction of egg-laying behavior (PubMed:10950865). Modulates chemotaxis responses by regulating negatively the sensitivity to quinine in ASH sensory neurons (PubMed:23874221).
Involved in copper homeostasis. Affects body morphology and length, egg laying and brood size.
Reduced copper tolerance, which results in reduced brood size and retarded body length, protruding vulva (pvl) phenotype.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DEAH subfamily. DDX8/PRP22 sub-subfamily.
Could act late in the splicing of pre-mRNA and mediate the release of the spliced mRNA from spliceosomes.
Interacts with sas-6 via its coiled coil domain. Interacts (via C terminus) with let-92 (part of the PP2A complex).
Present in germ cells during early oogenesis, but not during late oogenesis.
Required for centrosome duplication. Essential for daughter-centriole formation. Requires both maternal and partenal expression, suggesting that it regulates centriole duplication during both spermatogenesis and early embryogenesis.
Causes approximately 30 percent embryonic lethality (PubMed:26842564). RNAi-mediated knockdown does not cause any visible phenotype (PubMed:20977550). Cell division at the 3-cell stage is delayed. In a cdc-48.1 (tm544) mutant background, the delay in cell cycle progression is further enhanced and DNA replication is impaired resulting in the formation of DNA repair rad-51 foci (PubMed:26842564). In addition, cdt-1 degradation and disassembly of cdc-45 and sld-5 from the chromatin during mitosis is impaired (PubMed:26842564). Simultaneous RNAi-mediated knockdown of lrr-1, causes a failure to disassemble components of the CGM helicase complex psf-1, cdc-45 and spd-5 from the chromatin resulting in their abnormal association with chromatin during mitosis (PubMed:28368371). Simultaneous RNAi-mediated knockdown of ubxn-1 and ubxn-2, causes 50 percent embryonic lethality (PubMed:20977550). The surviving hermaphrodite progeny are sterile due to a lack of sperm (PubMed:20977550). Abnormal accumulation of sex determination terminal factor tra-1 (PubMed:20977550). Germline development is normal (PubMed:20977550). In males, sperm production is normal (PubMed:20977550).
Expressed in embryos (at protein level) (PubMed:17498661, PubMed:26842564). Also expressed in L4 larvae and adults (PubMed:17498661). Expressed to a lesser extent between L1 and L3 larval stages (PubMed:17498661).
Expressed in the germline (at protein level) (PubMed:17498661, PubMed:20977550). Expressed in spermatocytes but not in mature sperm (at protein level) (PubMed:20977550). Expressed in the spermatheca and nerve cells (PubMed:17498661).
Forms a complex composed of ubxn-3, cdc-48.1, ufd-1 and npl-4.1 (PubMed:20977550). Forms a complex composed of ubxn-3, cdc-48.1 and/or cdc-48.2 and substrate cdt-1 (PubMed:26842564). Interacts (via FPK motif) with cdc-48.1 (via N-terminus) and cdc-48.2 (via N-terminus) (PubMed:20977550, PubMed:26842564). Interacts (via N-terminus) with cdt-1 and ubiquitinated protein substrates; the interaction is cdc-48-independent (PubMed:26842564). May interact with npl-4.1 (PubMed:20977550).
Ubiquitin-binding protein which acts as an adapter for ATPase cdc-48.1 and/or cdc-48.2, conferring substrate specificity (PubMed:20977550, PubMed:26842564, PubMed:28368371). Together with ubxn-1 and ubxn-2, plays a role in hermaphrodite spermatogenesis probably by promoting the degradation of sex determination terminal factor tra-1 (PubMed:20977550). During mitosis, ensures the degradation of DNA licensing factor cdt-1 and the disassembly of the DNA replication CMG helicase complex by promoting the dissociation from chromatin of several of its components including cdc-45 and sld-5 (PubMed:26842564, PubMed:28368371).
Expressed in the posterior gonad (PubMed:11476572). Expressed in some cells in the head that are probably neurons (PubMed:30890567). Expressed in the dorsal and ventral neuron RMD pair and the inner labial neuron class IL1 (PubMed:32814896). Not expressed in BAG neurons (PubMed:30890567).
Expression starts during embryonic gastrulation and persists through to adults (PubMed:11476572). Expressed in neuronal precursor cells during embryogenesis (PubMed:11476572). Upon hatching, expression is also seen in sheath/spermatheca precursor cells and later in gonadal sheath cells (PubMed:11476572). Expressed in head hypodermal cells (hyp3, hyp4, hyp5 and hyp6) in larvae (PubMed:11476572).
RNAi-mediated knockdown in hermaphrodite adults causes embryonic and larval lethality and head morphogenesis defects in L1 and L2 larval stages of offspring.
Transcription factor which binds a motif with the core sequence 5'-GTATCA-3' (PubMed:30890567). Plays a role in head morphogenesis (PubMed:11476572). Involved in embryonic development (PubMed:32814896). Required for cell specification of the RIA interneurons (PubMed:32814896). May cooperate with the transcription factor vab-3 and phosphatase eya-1 to repress transcription factor ets-5 expression in non BAG neuronal cells (PubMed:30890567).
Component of the FACT complex, a general chromatin factor that acts to reorganize nucleosomes. The FACT complex is involved in multiple processes that require DNA as a template such as mRNA elongation, DNA replication and DNA repair. During transcription elongation the FACT complex acts as a histone chaperone that both destabilizes and restores nucleosomal structure. It facilitates the passage of RNA polymerase II and transcription by promoting the dissociation of one histone H2A-H2B dimer from the nucleosome, then subsequently promotes the reestablishment of the nucleosome following the passage of RNA polymerase II. Binds specifically to double-stranded DNA (By similarity). In embryos, may function redundantly with hmg-4 to promote cell cycle progression and development of the anterior pharynx (PubMed:30336114). In the germline, acts non-redundantly with hmg-4 to play a role in oocyte development (PubMed:30336114).
Component of the FACT complex, a stable heterodimer of hmg-3 and spt-16 (Probable). The FACT complex may also include hmg-4 instead of hmg-3 (Probable).
Expressed throughout development (PubMed:30336114). First expressed in embryos at the 1-cell stage, but, in contrast to hmg-4, expression begins to decrease in somatic cells from the 8E stage until the 2-fold stage (PubMed:30336114). However, expression in the germline persists throughout the larval and adult stages (PubMed:30336114).
RNAi-mediated knockdown at the L4 larval stage results in less than 10% embryonic lethality in offspring and surviving adults are sterile (PubMed:30336114). Double RNAi-mediated knockdown with hmg-4 at the L4 larval stage results in 60% embryonic lethality in offspring (PubMed:30336114). Double RNAi-mediated knockdown with hmg-4 in embryos results in defective cell cycle initiation, duration and completion and in failed development of the anterior pharynx (PubMed:30336114).
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS6 family.
Component of the 40S small ribosomal subunit (By similarity). Plays an important role in controlling cell growth and proliferation through the selective translation of particular classes of mRNA (By similarity). Negatively regulates lifespan (PubMed:23879233).
Ribosomal protein S6 is the major substrate of protein kinases in eukaryote ribosomes.
Adapter protein which modulates signaling mediated by several receptor tyrosine kinases such as egl-15 and let-23 probably acting upstream of let-60/ras. Negatively regulates vulva induction probably downstream of let-23 (PubMed:1372395, PubMed:16547100). Involved in sex myoblast migration (PubMed:1372395, PubMed:9073451). Negatively regulates fluid homeostasis probably downstream of egl-15 (PubMed:1372395, PubMed:11689700). During the formation of neuromuscular junctions at the larval stage, negatively regulates membrane protrusion from body wall muscles probably downstream of egl-15 (PubMed:16495308). Involved in cytoskeleton dynamics and is recruited by mig-13 to the leading edge of Q neuroblasts and their descendants to signal downstream to activate the wsp-1 pathway and direct migration along the anteroposterior body axis during larval development (PubMed:27780040). Involved in let-23-mediated regulation of fertility independently of let-60/Ras (PubMed:16547100). Negatively regulates daf-2-mediated repression of dauer formation (PubMed:16547100). Plays a role in nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR)-mediated sensitivity to nicotine (PubMed:15990870). Regulates synaptic levels of nAchR subunit lev-1 in the nerve cord (PubMed:15990870). May play a role in oocyte development upstream of let-60/Ras and the MAP kinase pathway (PubMed:12169634).
Expressed in body wall muscles, pharynx, intestine and hypodermis.
Interacts (probably via SH3 domain 2) with soc-1 (via C-terminus) (PubMed:16547100). Interacts with mig-2 (active GTP-bound form) and wsp-1 (PubMed:27780040). Interacts with mig-13; the interaction is direct (PubMed:27780040).
RNAi-mediated knockdown or RNAi-mediated knockdown in body wall muscles causes ectopic membrane extensions from body wall muscles.
Belongs to the polyribonucleotide nucleotidyltransferase family.
Interacts with R-SMAD daf-8 and co-SMAD daf-3 (PubMed:20081192). Interacts with daf-3 in a daf-8 dependent manner (PubMed:20081192).
Probably an atypical receptor-regulated SMAD (R-SMAD) that is an intracellular signal transducer and transcriptional modulator activated by TGF-beta-like daf-7 signaling (PubMed:10625546). Plays a role in TGF-beta-like daf-7 signaling in regulating entry into a developmentally arrested larval state known as dauer, in response to harsh environmental conditions; partially redundant with R-SMAD daf-8 (PubMed:10625546, PubMed:20081192).
Widely expressed in all stages from the embryo to the adult in a complex and dynamic pattern (PubMed:10625546). In L1 and L2 stage larvae, expressed in intestinal cells, lateral hypodermal cells, the anal sphincter muscle, phasmid sheath cells, neurons in the lateral ganglia, and the excretory duct cell (PubMed:10625546).
Belongs to the RecA family. RAD51 subfamily.
Binds to single and double-stranded DNA and exhibits DNA-dependent ATPase activity. Underwinds duplex DNA.
Expressed in hypodermis, rectal and vulval epithelial cells and amphid socket cells.
Expression begins at the 2-fold embryonic stage and continues throughout larval development and adulthood. In larvae, expressed in the hypodermis but not in seam cells.
Metalloprotease which cleaves the carboxyl terminus of procollagens, such as sqt-3, to mature collagens (By similarity). Involved in cuticular collagen maturation (PubMed:15579684).
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes embryonic lethality in 5 percent of the progeny.
Defective alternative splicing of the unc-60 gene which results in decreased expression of the muscle-specific isoform of unc-60 (PubMed:23071450). Double knockout with isoform c of unc-60 rescues the motility and actin filament disorganization defects in the single unc-60 isoform c mutant (PubMed:23071450). RNAi-mediated knockdown results animals that are viable throughout embryonic and larval development, and furthermore, results in defective alternative splicing of the let-2 gene, whereby transcripts containing exon 10 are not formed in larvae and so the muscle-specific isoform of let-2 is not expressed in body wall muscles (PubMed:18230701). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in abnormal ectopic expression of the non-muscle-specific isoform b of unc-60 in body wall muscles (PubMed:23071450).
Interacts with sup-12; in the presence of RNA, but with weak affinity in the absence of RNA.
Isoform b: Expressed in the hypodermis and pharyngeal muscles (PubMed:18230701). Isoform c: Expressed in body wall muscles and phayngeal muscles (PubMed:18230701, PubMed:23071450).
RNA-binding protein that binds to the 5'-NACUAAY-N(1,20)-UAAY-3' consensus sequence in pre-mRNA introns to promote alternative splicing (PubMed:18230701, PubMed:20573244, PubMed:23071450). Required for mutually exclusive alternative splicing where it modulates the switch between mutually exclusive exons during pre-mRNA maturation (PubMed:18230701, PubMed:23071450). Involved in muscle-specific gene expression regulating the alternative splicing of genes such as let-2 and unc-60 to ensure that their respective isoforms are expressed in muscle (PubMed:18230701, PubMed:23071450). Promotes the removal of intron 10 from let-2 pre-mRNA to allow for the exclusive expression of the muscle-specific let-2 isoform (as opposed to the non-muscle-specific isoform expressed in embryos) in body wall muscles during late larval and adult stages of development (PubMed:18230701). Binds cooperatively with RNA-binding protein sup-12 to intron 1A of the unc-60 pre-mRNA to promote alternative splicing and expression of the muscle specific isoform of unc-60 (PubMed:23071450).
Interacts with gcn-1; prevents the interaction of gcn-1 with gcn-2 and inhibits gcn-2 kinase activity. Interaction with rpl-39; this interaction occurs in a gcn-1-independent manner. Associates with ribosomes; this interaction occurs in a gcn-1-independent manner. Associates with actin; this interaction occurs in a gcn-1-independent manner.
Translational regulator that ensures constant high levels of translation under amino acid starvation. Plays a role as a negative regulator of the gcn-2 kinase activity; impairs gcn-1-mediated gcn-2 activation, and hence gcn-2-mediated eIF-2-alpha phosphorylation and subsequent down-regulation of protein synthesis in amino acid-starved cells. Plays a role in differentiation of neuronal cells by stimulating neurite outgrowth.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS17 family.
Animals are viable, but produce a reduced brood size, have a prolonged defecation cycle and a reduced pharyngeal pumping rate as compared to wild-type (PubMed:21191812). Reduced male fertility which may be due to irregular male mating behavior and defective sperm function (PubMed:21191812). Reduced cell surface abundance of the L-type egl-19 calcium channel in body wall muscles, which results in a 20% decrease in Ca(2+) current density (PubMed:28477407). In response to the nicotinic acetylcholine agonist levamisole, there is reduced expression of genes such as gem-4 (PubMed:28477407). Irregular postsynaptic transmission at neuromuscular junctions characterized by larger stimulus-evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents as compared to wild-type (PubMed:28477407). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in viable animals with no visible phenotype (PubMed:15013747). However, there is a slight reduction in brood size, but there are no visible defects in terms of embryonic viability, growth or morphology in their resulting progeny (PubMed:15013747). RNAi-mediated knockdown in an itr-1(sa73) loss of function mutant background results in a longer defecation cycle as compared to the itr-1 single mutant (PubMed:15013747).
Expressed in the pharynx, pharyngeal-intestinal valve, intestine, rectal epithelial cells, tail neurons, nerve cord and sperm.
Expressed throughout development from embryos to adults. Highly expressed in the nerve cord of embryos. Expressed in vulval epithelial cells of L4 stage hermaphrodites.
In contrast to the mammalian Shank proteins, does not contain a SH3 domain.
Interacts (via PDZ domain) with egl-19 (via C-terminus).
Scaffold protein that most likely acts in the postsynaptic density (PSD) of excitatory synapses which orchestrates synapse formation and maintenance at neuromuscular junctions (PubMed:28477407). Associates with and trafficks the L-type calcium channel egl-19 to the cell surface of body wall muscles to ensure the function of the calcium channel and therefore maintain the Ca(2+) current density (PubMed:28477407). The maintenance of Ca(2+) also allows for the downstream regulation of Ca(2+)-induced expression of genes such as gem-4 (PubMed:28477407). Plays a role in the regulation of the defecation cycle, and this may be in association with the inositol trisphosphate (IP3) receptor itr-1, which in turn mediates periodic calcium release and muscle contractions (PubMed:15013747, PubMed:21191812). Required for normal fertility and pharyngeal pumping (PubMed:21191812).
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mL50 family.
Expressed specifically in the germline in the distal region of gonads where germ cells actively proliferate.
Lys-54 undergoes hypusination, a unique post-translational modification that consists in the addition of a butylamino group from spermidine to lysine side chain, leading to the formation of the unusual amino acid hypusine. eIF-5As are the only known proteins to undergo this modification, which is essential for their function.
Present at late larval stages and adults.
eIF-5A seems to be the only eukaryotic protein to have a hypusine residue which is a post-translational modification of a lysine by the addition of a butylamino group.
mRNA-binding protein involved in translation elongation. Has an important function at the level of mRNA turnover, probably acting downstream of decapping. Critical for the efficient synthesis of peptide bonds between consecutive proline residues. Can resolve ribosomal stalling caused by consecutive prolines during translation (By similarity). Involved in actin dynamics and cell cycle progression, mRNA decay and probably in a pathway involved in stress response and maintenance of cell wall integrity. Functions as a regulator of apoptosis (By similarity). Required for mitotic germ cell proliferation, gametogenesis after entry into meiosis, and localization of the P granule component pgl-1 on P granules.
mRNA-binding protein involved in translation elongation. Has an important function at the level of mRNA turnover, probably acting downstream of decapping. Critical for the efficient synthesis of peptide bonds between consecutive proline residues. Can resolve ribosomal stalling caused by consecutive prolines during translation. Involved in actin dynamics and cell cycle progression, mRNA decay and probably in a pathway involved in stress response and maintenance of cell wall integrity. Functions as a regulator of apoptosis.
Belongs to the GTR/RAG GTP-binding protein family.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CK1 Ser/Thr protein kinase family. Casein kinase I subfamily.
Constant expression throughout development (PubMed:15691769, PubMed:29880558). However, expression decreases prior to the L2 larval stage, increases at the beginning of the L3 larval stage, and then decreases and plateaus from the mid L3 larval stage onwards (PubMed:31910362, PubMed:29880558). In the nervous system, expressed as dim speckles in developing DD motor neurons from the 3-fold stage of embryogenesis, then expression is dim in neurons of L1 stage larvae (PubMed:31910362). At the L2 larval stage, it is highly expressed in epidermal cells and motor neurons (PubMed:31910362). At the L4 laravl stage, it is expressed in all cell types and in the spermatheca (PubMed:31910362).
Essential serine/threonine-protein kinase that regulates diverse cellular growth and survival processes including Wnt signaling, DNA repair and circadian rhythms (By similarity). Casein kinases are operationally defined by their preferential utilization of acidic proteins (By similarity). Positively regulates the expression of components of the heterochronic pathway, which regulate developmental timing, such as the transcriptional repressor lin-42 and microRNAs such as let-7 (PubMed:29880558). Negatively regulates cell cycle exit and cell fusion to prevent the premature differentiation of hypodermal seam cells into adult cells (PubMed:15691769). Plays a role in regulating axon branching and subsequently, the maturation of the nervous system, most likely by preventing the premature termination of transcripts for proteins such as Ankyrin/unc-44, which are required for maintaining the nervous system (PubMed:31910362). May phosphorylate ssup-72 to promote nervous system maturation (Probable).
Exhibits substrate-dependent heparin activation.
Expressed throughout larval development and into the adult stage in both hypodermal seam cells and the hermaphrodite specific neuron.
Highly expressed throughout development.
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in precocious seam cell fusion and the early exit of seam cell from the cell cycle during the L4 larval stage (PubMed:15691769). RNAi-mediated knockdown does not impair alae formation (PubMed:15691769). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in a squat body statue, referred to as a dumpy phenotype, and rescues the incomplete alae formation defect in the lin-42 (n1089) mutant (PubMed:29880558). RNAi-mediated knockdown increases the survival rate and partially restores alae formation of let-7 n2853 mutants at 20 dgrees Celsius (PubMed:15691769). RNAi-mediated knockdown rescues the lethal bursting phenotype that occurs after the L4 stage molt in the let-7(n2853) mutant at 25 degrees Celsius (PubMed:29880558).
Weakly expressed throughout development.
Belongs to the even-skipped homeobox family.
Transcription factor (PubMed:28056346). Involved in motor neuron fate determination and maintenance, acting as a transcriptional repressor to counteract gene activation by transcription factor unc-3 in a subset of motor neurons (PubMed:28056346). Probably acts by binding to specific promoter elements (PubMed:28056346). Required for posterior-specific pattern formation in the embryo and may have a role in regulating egl-5 expression (PubMed:8654927).
Endonuclease that mediates miRNA decay of both protein-free and AGO2-loaded miRNAs.
Constitutively expressed. Not regulated by heme level.
Beta-1,3-galactosyltransferase that transfers galactose from UDP-galactose to substrates with a terminal beta-linked galactose residue. Required for vulval morphogenesis and zygotic cytokinesis, suggesting that glycosaminoglycans play a central role in vulval morphogenesis.
Worms are infertile because of the failure of the progeny of homozygous mutants to initiate cytokinesis and because of the failure to form an extracellular space between the egg and the eggshell.
Expressed in germ cells of L4 larvae (PubMed:33231880). Expressed at low levels in the pachytene stage of the meiotic region of L4 larvae (PubMed:33231880).
May interact with pid-2, app-1 and prmt-5.
Together with pid-4, it is involved in gene silencing mediated by a class of 21 nucleotide PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) that possess a uracil residue at the 5'-end (also called 21U-RNAs) and guide the Piwi protein prg-1 to its DNA targets for silencing (PubMed:33231880). Together with pid-4, it is required for the biogenesis of secondary and tertiary 22G-siRNAs (PubMed:33231880). Specifically, promotes the production of 22G-siRNAs from the 5' end of target mRNAs (PubMed:33231880). Together with pid-4, plays a role in small RNA-directed transgenerational epigenetic inheritance (also called RNAe) over several generations and germline immortality (PubMed:33231880). Together with pid-4, plays a role in the formation of liquid-like condensates in the cytoplasm called Z granules (PubMed:33231880).
Belongs to the vasopressin/oxytocin family.
Detected in thermosensory AFD neurons, neurosecretory NSM cells, AVK interneurons, pharyngeal neuron M5, and the mechanosensory DVA neuron (PubMed:23112336, PubMed:23112335). Detected in male-specific CP motor neurons (PubMed:23112335).
Ligand for the G-protein coupled receptor ntr-1 (PubMed:23112336, PubMed:23112335). Plays a role in gustatory associative learning (PubMed:23112336). Also plays a role in male mating behavior (PubMed:23112335).
Viable and fertile (PubMed:23112336). Gustatory associative learning in response to salt cues is disrupted (PubMed:23112336). Males have reduced reproductive success, due to a range of aberrant mating behaviors (PubMed:23112335).
Cytoplasmic intermediate filaments provide mechanical strength to cells. Essential protein, involved in attachment structures in epidermal cells that connect muscles to the external cuticle. Required in morphogenesis and epidermal integrity. Probable component of embryonic epidermal attachment structures. Functions in larval muscle attachment independently of ifa-2.
Expressed in epidermal cells. Expressed in amphid sensory neurons, the excretory cells, the vulva, the uterus, the rectum and some neurons of the tail. Isoform a and isoform b display a similar pattern of expression. Isoform a is predominant in pharyngeal tonofilaments.
Forms some heteromeric filaments with ifa-1, ifa-2, ifa-3 and probably ifa-4.
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in 79% embryonic lethality and 19% larval lethality. Abnormal localization of epidermal structural protein pat-12 during embryogenesis.
Acts as one of several non-catalytic accessory components of the cytoplasmic dynein 1 complex that are thought to be involved in linking dynein to cargos and to adapter proteins that regulate dynein function. Cytoplasmic dynein 1 acts as a motor for the intracellular retrograde motility of vesicles and organelles along microtubules. May play a role in binding dynein to membranous organelles or chromosomes.
Belongs to the dynein light intermediate chain family.
Homodimer. The cytoplasmic dynein 1 complex consists of two catalytic heavy chains (HCs) and a number of non-catalytic subunits presented by intermediate chains (ICs).
Paternally sperm-supplied factor required for embryogenesis (PubMed:8565851, PubMed:20971008). Plays a role in preventing polyspermy possibly by promoting the formation of a continuous and cohesive eggshell chitin layer (PubMed:20971008).
Worms fail to complete meiosis, form a weak eggshell, fail to orient properly the first mitotic spindle and fail to undergo cytokinesis.
Mediates sugar transport across membranes.
Component of the PAF1 complex which is a multifunctional complex involved in transcription initiation via genetic interactions with TATA-binding proteins, elongation and transcription-coupled histone modification (By similarity). Ctr-9 is required for epidermal microtubule organization during morphogenesis (PubMed:24721716).
RNAi-mediated knock-down is mostly embryonic lethal. Embryogenesis proceeds more slowly, with embryos displaying defects in the positioning and shape of epidermal cells. Randomly orientated microtubules are present in epidermal cells during the epidermal elongation process. F-actin accumulation is visible at the leading edge during ventral closure and circumferential actin bundles are present in epidermal cells. Decreased expression of pafo-1, increased cytoplasmic expression of leo-1 and increased nuclear expression of rtfo-1.
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mS29 family.
Defective in the apical uptake of lipid and protein trafficking. Reduced brood size thought to be due to attenuated nutrient supply.
Expressed in intracellular bodies in intestinal cells.
May act as a scaffolding protein within caveolar membranes. Interacts directly with G-protein alpha subunits and can regulate their activity. Thought to have a role in the uptake of lipids and proteins in the intestinal cells; operates in the apical uptake of lipid markers and trafficking of yolk proteins. Affects fecundity and egg laying.
May be involved in 20S pre-rRNA processing.
Egg-laying defects, defective oogenesis in 30% of mutants, reduced brood size and increased resistance to oxidative stress inducer paraquat (PubMed:20578245). Abnormal mitochondrial morphology with mitochondria appearing larger and as localized swellings and tubular extensions (PubMed:20578245, PubMed:21248201). Mitochondria also have elongated and curved cristae that are stacked with a reduced number of junctions (PubMed:20578245, PubMed:21248201). Double knockout with immt-2 results in a more reduced brood size and enhanced resistance to paraquat-induced oxidative stress as compared to the single mutant, and in addition, mutants are slower swimmers, have increased hydrogen peroxide-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS), and reduced mitochondrial mass accompanied by reduced superoxide anion oxidation (PubMed:20578245). Double knockout with chch-3 RNAi results in reduced or no brood, poor growth and withered gonads (PubMed:21248201).
Embryonic lethality associated with a terminal aneuploid phenotype: embryos display severe defects in nuclear envelope formation, accumulating nucleoporins and lamin in the cytoplasm (PubMed:12221121). Worms lacking both akir-1 and ima-2 show reduced gonad size and aberrant diakinesis oocyte formation; defects are caused by impaired meiotic recombination (PubMed:30563860).
Expressed weakly in early larvae, levels of expression increase in larval stage 4 and adult stages when germ cells are continually proliferating.
Forms a complex with an importin beta subunit (PubMed:11311162). Interacts with akir-1 (PubMed:30563860).
Germline tissues (PubMed:11311162, PubMed:12221121). Expressed exclusively in germ line cells from the early embryonic through adult stages (PubMed:12221121).
Nuclear transport receptor that mediates nuclear import of proteins, and which is involved in sister chromatid cohesion (PubMed:11311162, PubMed:12221121, PubMed:30563860). Binds specifically and directly to substrates containing either a simple or bipartite nuclear localization signals (NLS) motif (By similarity). Promotes docking of import substrates to the nuclear envelope (By similarity). Together with akir-1 adapter, required for the import and load of cohesin complex proteins in meiotic nuclei (PubMed:30563860).
Belongs to the protein-tyrosine phosphatase family.
Expressed in developing oocytes (at protein level).
Inactive phosphatase which acts redundantly with egg-5 in the oocyte-to-zygote transition (PubMed:19879842, PubMed:19879147). Required for the polarization of cortical actin cytoskeleton rearrangement in the oocyte before and after fertilization (PubMed:19879147). Together with egg-5, required for the cortical localization of kinase mbk-2 and for the inhibition of mbk-2 kinase activity in maturing oocyte until the end of meiosis I (PubMed:19879842). Also required for kinase mbk-2, pseudophosphatase egg-3 and chitin synthase chs-1 localization to cytoplasmic foci after fertilization (PubMed:19879147).
Part of a complex, consisting of pseudophosphatases egg-3, egg-4, egg-5 and kinase mbk-2; this complex is required for the oocyte-to-zygote transition (PubMed:19879842). Interacts (via tyrosine-protein phosphatase domain) with kinase mbk-2 (via 'Tyr-619' and 'Tyr-621'); mbk-2 tyrosine phosphorylation enhances the interaction (PubMed:19879842). The interaction inhibits mbk-2 kinase activity and is required for mbk-2 oocyte cortex localization (PubMed:19879842, PubMed:19879147). Interacts with egg-3 (PubMed:19879147).
Severe reduction in the number of hatched larvae (PubMed:19879147). Simultaneous RNAi-mediated knockdown of egg-5 results in no viable progeny and causes endomitosis in the uterus, generation of polyspermic embryos and defects in meiosis completion, polar body formation and eggshell chitin layer formation (PubMed:19879147). In addition, posterior formation of F-actin cap at the cortex oocyte and its polarized dispersal after fertilization are impaired (PubMed:19879147). Prevents mbk-2 localization to the unfertilized oocyte cortex without affecting egg-3 cortical localization (PubMed:19879842, PubMed:19879147). Prevents mbk-2, egg-3 and chs-1 re-localization to cytoplasmic foci at meiosis anaphase I (PubMed:19879147). Simultaneous RNAi-mediated knockdown of egg-5 and mel-26 causes premature phosphorylation of mei-1, a mbk-1 substrate, during oocyte maturation (PubMed:19879842).
The active site Cys-600 is replaced by a Asp residue suggesting that egg-4 may lack catalytic activity. Despite the lack of catalytic activity, egg-4 may retain the capacity to bind to phosphorylated substrates. Does not dephosphorylate mbk-2 (PubMed:19879842).
Expressed specifically in the germline (at protein level).
Expression increases in abundance during postembryonic development and peaks during the fourth larval stage.
Fbf-1 and fbf-2 are >90% identical on both nucleotide and protein sequence level. Experimental approaches often do not distinguish between the two genes, which are collectively referred to as fbf and are considered to be functionally redundant.
Interacts (via C-terminus) with gld-3 isoform A in an RNA-independent manner.
Involved in the control of stem cells and sex determination in the C.elegans hermaphrodite germline (PubMed:9393998). May also play a role in the hermaphrodite germline proliferation and oogenesis (PubMed:9393998, PubMed:15454534). Binds specifically to the regulatory region of fem-3 3'-UTR and mediates the sperm/oocyte switch (PubMed:9393998, PubMed:15454534). Negatively regulates gld-3 expression, possibly by directly binding to two sites within the 3'-UTR of gld-3 isoform b (PubMed:9393998, PubMed:15454534). In association with the cye-1/cdk-2 complex, negatively regulates gld-1 expression in the distal germline cells of the mitotic zone (PubMed:21455289). By binding to the 3'-UTR, represses phosphatase lip-1 expression in the distal part of the germline mitotic zone (PubMed:16319922). Suppresses germline tumor formation by preventing the dedifferentiation of secondary spermatocytes (PubMed:22820175).
56 percent of embryos fail to hatch and are arrested at various stages between the bean stage and the four-fold stage (PubMed:20148972). 30 percent of L1 larvae fail to reach adulthood (PubMed:20148972). Embryos from the bean stage through to hatching have abnormally enlarged gut granules which fail to acidify (PubMed:20148972). Their size and number decreases at the L1 larval stage (PubMed:20148972). Normal gut granules in L2 larvae and adults (PubMed:20148972). Lysosomes in intestinal cells are mislocalized. 7 percent of embryos lack attachment of the anterior pharynx to the buccal cavity (PubMed:20148972). Exposure to hypertonic conditions reduces the number of vacuoles in mutant larvae (PubMed:20148972). Resistance to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-mediated toxicity (PubMed:19645718, PubMed:24262006).
Bifunctional enzyme which catalyzes the formation of UMP from orotate in the de novo pathway of pyrimidine biosynthesis (PubMed:19645718). May also form UMP from uracil (PubMed:19645718). Regulates the size of gut granules during embryonic development (PubMed:20148972). Involved in resistance to DNA damaging agents including UV-C and X-ray radiation (PubMed:24262006).
Expressed in intestine and in neurons near the nerve ring and rectum.
Expression starts at the early embryonic pretzel-stage in the intestine and in a few cells in the head and the tail, and continues throughout larval stages and adulthood.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the OMP decarboxylase family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the purine/pyrimidine phosphoribosyltransferase family.
CPSF is a heterotetramer composed of four distinct subunits 160 (cpsf-1), 100 (cpsf-2), 70 (cpsf-3), and 30 kDa (cpsf-4).
CPSF plays a key role in pre-mRNA 3'-end formation, recognizing the AAUAAA signal sequence and interacting with poly(A)polymerase and other factors to bring about cleavage and poly(A) addition. This subunit is involved in the RNA recognition step of the polyadenylation reaction (By similarity).
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. AGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. PDPK1 subfamily.
Expressed in late stage embryos and throughout life. At L1, expressed in neurons, intestinal cells and hypodermal cells. In adults, expressed in the somatic gonad.
Interacts directly with sgk-1, akt-1 and akt-2.
Involved in the daf-2/insulin receptor-like transduction pathway, which controls longevity and prevents developmental arrest at the dauer stage (PubMed:10364160, PubMed:21980302). Phosphorylates and activates sgk-1, akt-1 and akt-2 (PubMed:15068796).
The PIF-pocket is a small lobe in the catalytic domain required by the enzyme for the binding to the hydrophobic motif of its substrates. It is an allosteric regulatory site that can accommodate small compounds acting as allosteric inhibitors.
Down-regulated by spr-1, spr-3, spr-4 and spr-5.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Predominantly expressed in the adult. Weakly expressed in the embryo, L2 and L3 stages, and almost absent in L1 stage larvae.
Homodimer. Component of the gamma-secretase complex, a complex probably composed of the presenilin homodimer (sel-12, hop-1 or spe-4), nicastrin (aph-2), aph-1 and pen-2 (Probable).
Probable catalytic subunit of the gamma-secretase complex, an endoprotease complex that catalyzes the intramembrane cleavage of integral membrane proteins such as Notch receptors (lin-12 or glp-1). Probably works redundantly of lin-12, which provides more presenilin function.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that accepts ubiquitin from E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes, such as ubc-18, in the form of a thioester and then directly transfers the ubiquitin to targeted substrates. Ubiquitinates ify-1 and cyb-1 targeting them for degradation in post-meiotic embryos.
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes a reduction in progeny viability. ify-1 and cyb-1 accumulate in the cytoplasm during meiosis II. Also extents the length of meiosis II and causes retention of rec-8, a component of the cohesin complex, at sister chromatid cohesion. Causes a delay in oocyte budding.
Involved in nucleolar processing of pre-18S ribosomal RNA. Involved in ribosome biosynthesis (By similarity).
Belongs to the SINA (Seven in absentia) family.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that mediates ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins. E3 ubiquitin ligases accept ubiquitin from an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme in the form of a thioester and then directly transfers the ubiquitin to targeted substrates. It probably triggers the ubiquitin-mediated degradation of different substrates.
The RING-type zinc finger domain is essential for ubiquitin ligase activity.
The SBD domain (substrate-binding domain) mediates the homodimerization and the interaction with substrate proteins. It is related to the TRAF family.
Functions in the early steps of protein synthesis of a small number of specific mRNAs. Acts by directing the binding of methionyl-tRNAi to 40S ribosomal subunits. In contrast to the eIF-2 complex, it binds methionyl-tRNAi to 40S subunits in a codon-dependent manner, whereas the eIF-2 complex binds methionyl-tRNAi to 40S subunits in a GTP-dependent manner.
Belongs to the proteasome subunit S2 family.
Binds to the intracellular domain of tumor necrosis factor type 1 receptor. The binding domain of TRAP1 and TRAP2 resides outside the death domain of TNFR1.
Component of the 19S proteasome regulatory particle complex. The 26S proteasome consists of a 20S core particle (CP) and two 19S regulatory subunits (RP).
Expression in ASER neuron begins at an early larval stage and is maintained in the adult.
Guanylate cyclase involved in the production of the second messenger cGMP (By similarity). Regulates chemotaxis responses toward Li(1-), Mg(2+), Cl(1-), Br(1)- and I(1-) salt ions and methionine in ASE right (ASER) sensory neuron (PubMed:19523832, PubMed:20837997). May regulate ASER neuronal activity such as axon sprouting and calcium responses to changes in salt concentrations (PubMed:19523832).
The extracellular and guanylate cyclase domains are essential for chemosensory responses.
Core component of the smc-5/smc-6 complex (PubMed:20661436). Involved in DNA double-strand break repair by promoting sister-chromatid homologous recombination during meiosis (PubMed:20661436, PubMed:24939994, PubMed:27010650). Also plays a role in the DNA damage repair of ultraviolet (UV) radiation-induced DNA lesions (PubMed:24424777). Promotes efficient DNA replication (PubMed:24424777).
Expressed in the primordial germ cells Z2 and Z3 in embryos and in proliferating germ cells in L2/L3 stage larvae (at protein level).
Reduced fecundity and transgenerational sterility (PubMed:20661436). Increased germ cell apoptosis and hypersensitivity to ultraviolet and ionizing radiation and hydroxyurea-induced replication stress (PubMed:20661436, PubMed:24424777). Increased rad-51 foci in the mitotic and meiotic germline on autosomes, but not on X chromosomes (PubMed:20661436, PubMed:27010650, PubMed:24424777, PubMed:24939994). Chromosome fragmentation defects and unresolved diakinesis chromosomes in meiotic oocytes (PubMed:20661436, PubMed:27010650). Impaired DNA replication in germ cells (PubMed:24424777). Accumulation of brd-1 on chromosomes in mitotic germ cells (PubMed:24424777). In a him-3 mutant background, increased rad-51 foci and chromosome fragmentation (PubMed:20661436). RNAi-mediated knockdown of syp-2 leads to an increase of chromosome fragmentation (PubMed:20661436). In a him-6 mutant background, leads to synergistic lethality (PubMed:27010650). In a fem-3 or him-8 mutant background, RNAi-mediated knockdown leads to increased fragmentation of autosomes and asynapsed X chromosomes but not of X chromosomes in males (PubMed:24939994).
The flexible hinge domain, which separates the large intramolecular coiled coil regions, allows the heterotypic interaction with the corresponding domain of smc-5, forming a V-shaped heterodimer.
Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as modulators or transducers in various transmembrane signaling systems. Promotes transcription of 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterases pde-1 and pde-5, leading to reduced cGMP levels in sensory neurons. This causes suppression of insulin production and signaling which leads to increased daf-16 activity and contributes to increased adult lifespan and resistance to oxidative stress. In addition, by reducing cGMP levels, inhibits TGF-beta signaling pathways (PubMed:19489741). Involved in behavioral response to P.aeruginosa by controlling the expression of daf-7, a member of the TGF-beta family, in ASJ sensory neurons (PubMed:25303524). Plays a role in the avoidance response to the noxious chemical quinine in ASH sensory neurons (PubMed:14988722).
Expressed in the A-neurons in the male-specific genital sensilla (simple sense organs) known as rays.
Expressed in the embryo in sensory neurons with 6-fold symmetry, probably the inner labial neurons (PubMed:16584723). Expressed between comma and 3-fold stage, diminishing afterwards and absent in larval stages and adults (PubMed:16584723). Expressed in all dopaminergic neurons throughout postembryonic stages (PubMed:19287374). Expressed in a few cells in the pharynx at the 2-fold stage (PubMed:16584723).
RNAi-mediated knockdown abolishes expression of tyrosine monooxygenase cat-2 in neurons in the male-specific genital sensilla (simple sense organs) known as rays.
Transcription factor (PubMed:16584723, PubMed:19287374, PubMed:23788625). Probably binds to DNA sequences containing the consensus motif 5'-CGGA[AT][AG]-3' (PubMed:19287374). Positively modulates expression of dopamine pathway genes, acting as a terminal selector for differentiation of dopaminergic neurons; may act in concert with homeobox proteins ceh-40, ceh-43 and ceh-20 (PubMed:19287374, PubMed:23788625, PubMed:22069471). Required for axon navigation in some interneurons, perhaps acting in the same pathways as basement membrane protein nid-1 and unc-6/netrin (PubMed:16584723). Plays a role in the differentiation of the ventral cord pioneer neuron AVG (PubMed:16584723). Required for morphogenesis of the pharynx (PubMed:16584723).
Component of the multiprotein chromatin-remodeling complexes SWI/SNF: SWI/SNF-A (BAF), SWI/SNF-B (PBAF) and related complexes (Probable). The canonical complex contains a catalytic subunit swsn-4, core subunits swsn-1 and swsn-5, and accessory subunits swsn-3, swsn-6, phf-10, dpff-1, swsn-9 and either ham-3/swsn-2.1 or swsn-2.2 (Probable). May interact with blmp-1 (PubMed:32417234).
First observed after gastrulation and persists into the first larval stages and in the adult.
Involved in transcriptional activation and repression of select genes by chromatin remodeling (alteration of DNA-nucleosome topology). Component of SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complexes that carry out key enzymatic activities, changing chromatin structure by altering DNA-histone contacts within a nucleosome in an ATP-dependent manner (By similarity). Required for the blmp-1-mediated transcriptional activation or repression of several hypodermal genes such as bed-3 (PubMed:32417234). Involved in regulating differentiation, migration and axon pathfinding of specific serotonergic neurons (HSNs) (PubMed:26739451). Probably regulates vulva development through the let-60/Ras pathway (PubMed:26739451). May be involved in regulation of developmental processes in the embryo driven by the Wnt pathway (PubMed:26739451). Involved in gonadogenesis (PubMed:26739451, PubMed:24402584).
RNAi-mediated knockdown at the L1 larval stage reduces brood size (PubMed:26739451). RNAi-mediated knockdown reduces expression of tph-1, which encodes a component of the serotonin synthesis pathway (PubMed:23457234). RNAi-mediated knockdown reduces the level of bed-3 and col-124 mRNAs and increases the level of lin-29 mRNA (PubMed:32417234). Simultaneous knockouts of swsn-2.2 do not survive beyond the L2 larval stage (PubMed:24402584). Simultaneous RNAi-mediated knockdown of swsn-2.2 at the L1 larval stage causes sterility, while at the L3 larval stage, causes embryonic lethality for the progeny (PubMed:26739451). The sterile animals resulting from simultaneous RNAi-mediated knockdown of swsn-2.2 at the L1 larval stage develop smaller germ lines (PubMed:26739451). Simultaneous RNAi-mediated knockdown of swsn-2.2 also results in vulva protrusion and ectopic expression of egl-17 in cells derived from the vulval precursor cells P5.p and P7.p (PubMed:26739451).
Belongs to the grh/CP2 family. Grainyhead subfamily.
Probable transcription factor that binds a motif with the core sequence 5'-C[ACT][TG]G-3'.
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in defective cuticle development (PubMed:12888489). RNAi-mediated knockdown in L4 stage larvae has no effect, but upon reaching adulthood, over 95% of the embryos produced by these animals arrest and fail to hatch (PubMed:12888489). Development arrests at the three-fold stage, showing abnormal constrictions or puckering in the external cuticle and approximately 8% of embryos exhibit ruptures in their cuticles resulting in the extrusion of cells (PubMed:12888489).
Belongs to the WD repeat WDR12/YTM1 family.
Belongs to the phosphorylase b kinase regulatory chain family.
Phosphorylase b kinase catalyzes the phosphorylation of serine in certain substrates, including troponin I. The alpha chain may bind calmodulin (By similarity).
Developmental protein required for cell fate determination in both the germline and seam cells of the developing epidermis. Specifically, involved in sex determination and may function in parallel or downstream of other sex determination factors, including tra-2 and fem-3, to promote oogenesis in its role in the regulation of the switch from spermatogenesis to oogenesis in the gonads. Also implicated in the mitosis to meiosis switch in distal tip cells.
Expressed in seam cells throughout postembryonic development. Expressed in the developing gonad, distal tip cells and spermatheca from larval stage L3.
High level of lethality with a significant reduction in seam cell number. RNAi-mediated knockdown results in defects linked to cell fate determination including impaired hypodermal differentiation, fewer seam cells, possibly due to a change in cell fate, a molting defect in 10% of animals and male tail abnormalities, including reduced sensory ray number. The germline exhibits a mog (masculinization of the germline) phenotype with increased sperm numbers and largely absent oocytes in the gonad. Defective mitosis to meiosis switching and general impaired morphology in distal tip cells with abnormal extending processes (cytonemes) that are thicker and extend further into the proximal gonad from early stages of development.
Belongs to the class-I pyridine nucleotide-disulfide oxidoreductase family. PYROXD1 subfamily.
Belongs to the proteasome subunit S10 family.
Expressed in multiple tissues including the intestine, pharynx and hypodermis.
Converts phytanoyl-CoA to 2-hydroxyphytanoyl-CoA.
Mitochondrial membrane ATP synthase (F(1)F(0) ATP synthase or Complex V) produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane which is generated by electron transport complexes of the respiratory chain. F-type ATPases consist of two structural domains, F(1) - containing the extramembraneous catalytic core, and F(0) - containing the membrane proton channel, linked together by a central stalk and a peripheral stalk. During catalysis, ATP synthesis in the catalytic domain of F(1) is coupled via a rotary mechanism of the central stalk subunits to proton translocation. Subunits alpha and beta form the catalytic core in F(1). Rotation of the central stalk against the surrounding subunits leads to hydrolysis of ATP in three separate catalytic sites on the beta subunits (Probable). Subunit alpha does not bear the catalytic high-affinity ATP-binding sites (By similarity). Binds the bacterial siderophore enterobactin and is required for the assimilation of enterobactin-bound iron from non-pathogenic bacteria. Promotes mitochondrial accumulation of enterobactin-derived iron ions (PubMed:30146159).
RNAi-mediated knockdown of the protein leads to impaired growth and development. In addition, it impairs the assimilation of enterobactin-bound iron.
The siderophore enterobactin (Ent) produced by enteric bacteria binds Fe(3+) and helps them scavenge iron ions from the environment. Enterobactin produced by non-pathogenic E.coli strains facilitates iron assimilation in C.elegans (PubMed:30146159). Other siderophores, such as ferrichrome and pyoverdine that is produced by pathogenic bacteria, do not facilitate intestinal iron absorption in C.elegans (PubMed:30146159).
Protease that deconjugates smo-1 from targeted proteins and may catalyze the processing of smo-1 to its mature form.
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes increased presence of smo-1 conjugates during the first embryonic mitotic division.
Heterooligomer of eat-5 and another innexin.
Structural component of the gap junctions (By similarity). Required for synchronized pharyngeal muscle contractions.
Expressed in puncta in dorsal D (DD) motor neurons and in adjacent DA and DB cholinergic motor neurons in the larval stage L1 ventral nerve cord.
Sodium permeable non-voltage-sensitive ion channel (By similarity). Involved in the activity-dependent removal of selected presynaptic proteins, such as synaptobrevin snb-1, and Ras-related rab-3, in the remodeling of GABAergic motor neurons (PubMed:34045310).
Homodimer (via N-terminus) (PubMed:24185444). Most likely a component of a complex at least containing atg-5, lgg-3, atg-16.1 and/or atg-16.2 (Probable). Interacts (via N-terminus) with atg-16.2 (via N-terminus) (PubMed:24185444). Interacts (via N-terminus) with atg-5 (PubMed:24185444). Interacts (via WD domain) with lgg-2; the interaction is direct (PubMed:26687600).
Most likely a component of the atg-5-atg-12-atg-16.1/atg-16.2 complex, which is recruited to the preautophagosomal membrane and associates with lgg-2 to promote autophagosome formation (PubMed:24185444, PubMed:26687600). Although its role in autophagosome formation may be distinct to the role of atg-16.2, it functions in a partially redundant manner with atg-16.2 to regulate autophagic processes (PubMed:24185444).
Cysteine protease inhibitor which inhibits members of the peptidase C1 family (PubMed:12704112, PubMed:15664654). Does not inhibit asparaginyl endopeptidase (PubMed:15664654). Required for the uptake and/or processing of yolk proteins during the development of oocytes, probably by regulating the catalytic activity of cysteine proteases cpl-1 and cpz-1 (PubMed:16857685). May play a protective role against exogenous cysteine proteases derived from soil bacteria or fungi, or rotting fruits and vegetation (PubMed:24001183).
Expressed in embryos, larvae and adults (at protein level) (PubMed:15664654, PubMed:16857685). Expressed in the ecdysed cuticle during molting (at protein level) (PubMed:16857685). In embryos and larvae, expressed in intestinal, hypodermal and pharyngeal cells (PubMed:16857685). Expression transiently increases during early embryonic stages and prior to the larval L1/L2, L2/L3, L3/L4 and L4/adult molts (PubMed:16857685).
Expressed in germ cells, developing oocytes and sperm, sheath cells surrounding germ cells and oocytes and in the eggshell (at protein level) (PubMed:16857685). Expressed in the pharyngeal gland, pharyngeal muscles and some hypodermal cells in the tail (PubMed:16857685).
Negatively regulates nitric oxide production by inducing nitric oxide synthase translocation to actin cytoskeleton and inhibiting its enzymatic activity.
Expressed by ASI and ASJ sensory neurons.
May be processed by serine endoprotease bli-4.
Probable insulin-like peptide which negatively regulates synapse development at the neuromuscular junctions (PubMed:23665919). Probably acts as a daf-2/InsR agonist ligand to prevent dauer formation under optimal environmental conditions (PubMed:24671950). Acts on AWC sensory neurons to regulate high salt chemotaxis responses (PubMed:24013594).
Severe reduction in Ca(2+) signal in AWC neuron and in chemotaxis in response to high salt concentrations.
Belongs to the glucosamine/galactosamine-6-phosphate isomerase family.
Belongs to the nematode receptor-like protein srt family.
Belongs to the aldolase class II family. Adducin subfamily.
Membrane-cytoskeleton-associated protein that promotes the assembly of the spectrin-actin network.
Involved in the maturation of Asn-linked oligosaccharides. Progressively trim alpha-1,2-linked mannose residues from Man(9)GlcNAc(2) to produce Man(5)GlcNAc(2) (By similarity).
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CMGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. HIPK subfamily.
Broadly expressed during embryogenesis (PubMed:12618396, PubMed:29036198). Expression becomes more restricted during larval development (PubMed:29036198). L3 larvae display robust expression in many head and motor neurons, and lower levels of expression in the intestine and the seam cells of the hypodermis (PubMed:29036198). By late L4 stage, expression is largely restricted to neurons and is maintained in nerve cells of the head and nerve cord during adulthood (PubMed:29036198). Expressed in adult pharyngeal cells, hypodermal cells, gonadal sheath cells and distal tip cells but not in germline cells (PubMed:23904186).
Enhanced sensitivity to heat and oxidative stress with reduced survival under both conditions (PubMed:26791749, PubMed:29036198). Following exposure to gamma irradiation, no effect on DNA damage response in the germline but significantly reduced embryonic survival (PubMed:26791749). Significantly reduced lifespan with a more rapid decline in body movement and pharyngeal pumping, indicative of accelerated aging (PubMed:26791749, PubMed:29036198). Premature accumulation of polyglutamine aggregates and increased polyglutamine-associated paralysis at day 8 of adulthood (PubMed:29036198). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in small and underdeveloped germlines with a reduction in the number of cells in G2/M stages (PubMed:23904186). RNAi-mediated knockdown from the L1 larval stage onwards results in shortened lifespan while RNAi-mediated knockdown initiated at the L4 larval stage decreases lifespan to a smaller but significant extent (PubMed:29036198). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the intestine, hypodermis or neurons reduces lifespan while RNAi-mediated knockdown in muscle cells does not (PubMed:29036198).
Induced by heat stress (PubMed:23904186, PubMed:26791749, PubMed:29036198). Transcription from the hpk-1 promoter is not altered by heat shock treatment, suggesting that heat shock affects hpk-1 levels through a post-transcriptional mechanism (PubMed:26791749). Induction is greatest in hypodermal seam cells and neurons with much lower levels of induction in intestinal cells (PubMed:29036198).
Serine/threonine-protein kinase required in the somatic gonadal cells to regulate germline proliferation during larval development and in adulthood (PubMed:23904186). Plays a role in the development/differentiation of gonadal distal tip cells (PubMed:23904186). Required for normal lifespan in a pha-4 and mxl-2-dependent manner (PubMed:26791749, PubMed:29036198). Also contributes to survival following heat or oxidative stress (PubMed:26791749). Prevents sumoylation and inactivation of heat shock transcription factor hsf-1 which enhances hsf-1-dependent transcriptional induction of chaperones in response to heat shock (PubMed:29036198). Also required for hormetic extension of longevity in response to heat stress (PubMed:29036198). Provides protection against polyglutamine aggregate formation and associated locomotory toxicity (PubMed:29036198). Also contributes to longevity by promoting autophagy under nutrient stress conditions through induction of autophagosome formation and autophagy gene expression (PubMed:29036198).
Component of the 7-subunit TFIIH core complex composed of xpb-1, xpd-1, gtf-2H1, gtf-2H2C, gtf-2H3, Y73F8A.24 and gtf-2H5, which is active in NER. The core complex associates with the 3-subunit CDK-activating kinase (CAK) module composed of cyh-1, cdk-7 and mnat-1 to form the 10-subunit holoenzyme (holo-TFIIH) active in transcription.
Belongs to the WD repeat Groucho/TLE family.
Interacts with unc-4 (PubMed:10557206). May interact with mls-1 (PubMed:21852953).
Maternal effect embryonic lethal. RNAi-mediated knockdown results in reduced uterine cell specification.
Transcriptional corepressor that functions with the neural specificity gene unc-4 to govern motor neuron identity (PubMed:9165118, PubMed:10557206, PubMed:17289921). In concert with unc-4, represses the expression of VB-specific genes such as ceh-12, thereby preventing the adoption of VB motor neuron fate (PubMed:10557206, PubMed:17289921). May function with transcription factor mls-1 to promote uterine muscle specification and formation (PubMed:21852953).
Interacts (via extracellular domain) with isoform b of madd-4; the interaction is required for the localization to postsynaptic domains (PubMed:26028575, PubMed:26028574). Interacts with unc-49 (PubMed:26028575).
Probable neuronal cell surface protein thought to be involved in cell-cell-interactions by forming intercellular junctions through binding to beta-neurexins (By similarity). Plays a role in the clustering of the GABA(A) receptor unc-49 at postsynaptic sites in neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) via the interaction with madd-4 and neurexin nrx-1 and is thereby required for normal GABAergic synaptic transmission (PubMed:26028574, PubMed:26028575).
The cytoplasmic region is required for GABA(A) receptor clustering.
The extracellular region is required for the localization to synapses and for GABA(A) receptor clustering.
Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily. Organophosphate:Pi antiporter (OPA) (TC 2.A.1.4) family.
Component of the tost-1 variant of the PETISCO complex (also called the pid-3, erh-2, tofu-6, and ife-3 small RNA complex) containing at least tost-1, tofu-6, ife-3, pid-3, and erh-2, which plays an essential role in embryogenesis (PubMed:31147388, PubMed:31216475). Within the complex interacts with erh-2 (PubMed:31216475, PubMed:31147388). Within the complex interacts with pid-3 and tofu-6 (PubMed:31216475). In contrast to the pid-1 variant of the PETISCO complex, the tost-1 variant of the PETISCO complex plays a minor role in the biogenesis of a class of 21 nucleotide PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) that possess a uracil residue at the 5'-end (also called 21U-RNAs) (PubMed:31147388).
Component of the tost-1 variant of the PETISCO complex which plays an essential role in embryogenesis (PubMed:31147388, PubMed:31216475). Within the complex acts as an adapter which binds to the complex via erh-2 (PubMed:31147388). Does not seem to play a role in the biogenesis of a class of 21 nucleotide PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) that possess a uracil residue at the 5'-end (also called 21U-RNAs) (PubMed:31147388). May inhibit 21U-RNA accumulation (PubMed:31216475). Required for chromosome segregation and cell division in early embryos (PubMed:31216475).
During early embryogenesis, expressed during prophase and interphase in 2- and 4-cell embryos.
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in embryonic lethality (PubMed:31147388). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in chromosome segregation and cell division defects in early embryos (PubMed:31216475). RNAi-mediated knockdown enhances the activity of the PIWI-interacting RNA (piRNA) silencing pathway (PubMed:31147388). RNAi-mediated knockdown disrupts the localization of tofu-6 to the perinuclear region of the germline (PubMed:31216475). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in larger tofu-6-, erh-2- and pid-3-expressing foci (PubMed:31216475).
Belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily. PrmA family.
Catalytic subunit of a heterodimer with TRMT112/C04H5.1, which specifically methylates the 6th position of adenine in position 1717 of 18S rRNA.
Heterodimer; heterodimerizes with TRMT112/C04H5.1.
Worms are viable and do not display obvious developmental defects; they however exhibit significantly longer lifespan and heat resistance (PubMed:33357433). Cells show reduced N6-methylation of adenine(1717) in 18S rRNA (PubMed:33357433).
Small GTPase required for proper localization of RNA polymerase II and III (RNAPII and RNAPIII). May act at an RNAP assembly step prior to nuclear import.
C-mannosyltransferase that mediates C-mannosylation of tryptophan residues on target proteins such as unc-5 and mig-21. Mediates the attachment of alpha-mannose in C-C linkage to the C2 of the indole ring of tryptophan. C-mannosylation takes place in the endoplasmic reticulum and frequently found in thrombospondin (TSP) type-1 repeats and in the WSXWS motif of type I cytokine receptors. Required to orient neuroblasts QL and QR correctly on the anterior/posterior (A/P) axis: QL and QR are born in the same A/P position, but polarize and migrate left/right asymmetrically, QL migrates toward the posterior and QR migrates toward the anterior. Required with unc-40 to express mab-5 correctly in the Q cell descendants.
Defects in the cell polarization of neuroblasts Q cells.
Expressed faintly in neuroblasts QL and QR, more strongly in the neighboring epidermal cells (dorsal hyp7 cells, ventral P cells and lateral V cells), and in dorsal and ventral body muscle cells.
May interact with protease sup-17; the interaction promotes sup-17 cell membrane localization.
Together with tsp-14, regulates cell fate specification in the postembryonic mesodermal M lineage, body size and male development, probably by positively modulating BMP-like Sma/Mab signaling (PubMed:25978409, PubMed:28068334). May regulate BMP-like Sma/Mab signaling by mediating protease sup-17 trafficking to the cell surface (PubMed:28068334). Together with tsp-14, probably acts by modulating the activation of glp-1, a Notch-like receptor, to regulate germline maturation (PubMed:20220101). Probably acts by modulating the activation of lin-12, a Notch-like receptor, to regulate cell fate specification such as the anchor cell/ventral uterine precursor cell decision (PubMed:20220101).
Viable and fertile (PubMed:28068334). In embryos, loss of protease sup-17 cell membrane localization (PubMed:28068334). In a tsp-14 mutant background, exhibits vulva morphogenesis defects, impaired egg-laying, smaller body size and reduced RAD-SMAD reporter expression, a reporter system for the sma-6/daf-4 BMP-like pathway (PubMed:28068334). Males have severe tail defects including crumpled spicules, fused and shortened sensory rays and smaller fans (PubMed:28068334). F1 progeny die at the late embryonic stage with defects in ventral enclosure (PubMed:28068334). In a sma-9 (cc604) and tsp-14 mutant background, restores the production of the 2 M lineage-derived coelomocytes (PubMed:28068334). In a glp-1 (ar202) mutant background, partially restores normal fertility (PubMed:20220101). In a glp-1 (e2142) mutant background, enhances embryonic lethality (PubMed:20220101). In a sup-17 (n1258) or adm-4 (ok265) mutant background, causes lethality at various developmental stages (PubMed:20220101). In a lin-12 (n302) mutant background, restores egg-laying function (PubMed:20220101).
Expressed in every cell of the embryo (at protein level). In adults, expressed predominantly in the head region and the germline.
Expression of unc-4 in all 6 VC motor neurons in contrast to wild-type expression which is only detected in the vulval VC neurons, leading to hyperinhibition of HSN neuron activity and egg-laying defects (PubMed:24348272). RNAi-mediated knockdown in an spr-5 mutant background suppresses progressive sterility and prevents accumulation of histone H3 'Lys-4' dimethylation (PubMed:24685137).
Specifically recognizes and binds methylated 'Lys-9' of histone H3 (H3K9me), with highest preference for trimethylated 'Lys-9' (H3K9me3) followed by dimethylated 'Lys-9' (H3K9me2) followed by monomethylated 'Lys-9' (H3K9me1) (PubMed:24685137). Plays a role in maintaining correct unc-4 expression in the VC motor neurons where unc-4 is expressed in the vulval but not in the non-vulval VC neurons (PubMed:24348272).
Down-regulated in 12-cell embryos from mutant worms lacking skn-1.
Expressed in mesendodermal precursor cells of embryos.
May have a role in mesendoderm development during embryogenesis.
Tenfold increase in expression between 4-cell and 12-cell embryos.
Interacts (via N-terminus) with mpk-1 (isoform a) (PubMed:19826475). Interacts with ccm-3 (PubMed:25743393).
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes sterility resulting from several defects in oogenesis. Proximal ends of the gonads are filled with small germ cells and have a decrease in the number of nuclei in all stages of oogenesis especially at the pachytene stage where there is 60 percent less nuclei. In addition, animals lack a discernible rachis which is a tube-like formation of anucleate cytoplasm between pachytene nuclei, no clear transition into progression from pachytene to diplotene stage and a failure to progress from diplotene into diakinesis. Increased germline cell apoptosis (PubMed:19826475). RNAi-mediated knockdown causes truncated excretory canals associated with the formation of cysts, a reduced distribution of Golgi and ER components along the excretory canals and a decrease in cdc-42 activation (PubMed:25743393).
Serine/threonine-protein kinase which is required for normal oogenesis and suppression of germline cell apoptosis. Inhibits phosphorylation and thus probably activation of mpk-1 during pachytene stage (PubMed:19826475). Involved in excretory canal elongation during postembryonic development, probably acting downstream of ccm-3 (PubMed:25743393).
Binds non-specifically to DNA and forms static foci which grow by recruiting other morc-1 molecules, and thereby stimulates conformational changes and compaction of DNA, which appears to be enhanced by ATP-binding, but does not require ATP activity (PubMed:31442422). Preferentially binds to long DNAs (PubMed:31442422). Compacts and entraps segments of DNA by sequentially forming loops along the DNA, beginning at the free ends of single- and double-tethered DNA (PubMed:31442422). Does not extrude the DNA loops on compacted double-tethered DNA (PubMed:31442422). Involved in gene silencing (PubMed:22555433). Plays a role in germline RNA interference (RNAi), and in particular, the silencing of endogenous small interfering RNA (endo-siRNA) target genes (PubMed:28535375). May play a role in heterochromatin localization and condensation, and the siRNAi-directed trimethylation of 'Lys-9' of histone H3 in hermaphrodite X chromosomes (PubMed:28535375). Promotes transgenerational epigenetic inheritance and germline immortality (PubMed:28535375, PubMed:28533440).
Expressed in germline and somatic cells.
Mortal germline (Mrt) phenotype in which there is a progressive decline in fertility with each generation at 25 degrees Celsius culminating in complete sterility after five to six generations (PubMed:28535375, PubMed:28533440). Resistant to nuclear RNAi and defective RNAi inheritance (PubMed:28535375). Reduced trimethylation of 'Lys-9' of histone H3 at endogenous siRNA-directed targets, a small degree of irregularly localized heterochromatin, with 70% correctly localized, defective chromatin compaction in hermaphrodite X chromosomes (PubMed:28535375). Double knockout with the histone methyltransferase met-1 rescues the progressive germline mortality defect in the morc-1 single mutant (PubMed:28535375). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in defective gene silencing (PubMed:22555433).
Predominantly forms monomers and dimers, but multimerizes to form trimers and tetramers upon DNA binding.
Catalyzes the first glycosylation step in glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, the transfer of glucose to ceramide to produce glucosylceramides (GlcCer). GlcCer are known to contribute to the physical properties and physiological functions of membranes and may regulate signal transduction. Seems to be the major active form in the nematode (PubMed:19240113, PubMed:21325339). Only branched-chain sphingoid bases like 15-methylhexadecasphing-4-enine are used for generating complex sphingolipids in Caenorhabditis elegans (PubMed:7651085). Together with cgt-1, plays a role in the trafficking of proteins such as mig-14 to the cell membrane in intestinal cells (PubMed:26115433).
Expressed in pharyngeal intestinal valve, intestinal rectal valve and hypodermis.
Reduced brood size. Reduced glucosyl-ceramide content and expression at cell surface. Increased expression of sphingomyelins and sphingomyelin clustering at cell surface. Loss of function in the germline leads to defects in oocyte formation and early embryonic divisions and shortened body length. Loss of function in somatic cells may lead to L1 arrest (PubMed:19240113, PubMed:21325339). Double RNAi-mediated knockdown together with cgt-1 reduces the rate of development and restores the basolateral cell membrane localization of mig-14 in intestinal cells in a sgk-1 ok538 mutant background (PubMed:26115433).
Acts downstream of PI3 kinase age-1 and kinase pdk-1 in the daf-2/insulin receptor-like transduction pathway (PubMed:9716402, PubMed:10364160, PubMed:11747825, PubMed:11381260, PubMed:18782349, PubMed:15068796). Essential role in regulating developmental arrest at the dauer stage (PubMed:10364160). Phosphorylates Forkhead-related daf-16 and the longevity-promoting skn-1 transcription factors, which inhibits their entry into the nucleus and antagonizes their functions (PubMed:18358814, PubMed:11747825, PubMed:11381260, PubMed:15068796). Role in immune function and pathogen resistance (PubMed:18782349). Downstream of age-1 and together with akt-2 and sgk-1, promotes cell survival during embryonic development (PubMed:25383666).
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. AGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. RAC subfamily.
Defective egg-laying and increased resistance to pathogens. Simultaneous knockdown of akt-1 and akt-2 result in dauer formation and a weak extension to life span.
Expressed in late stage embryos and throughout life.
Expressed in neurons, muscle cells of the pharynx, rectal gland cells, and spermatheca.
Interacts with pdk-1, sgk-1, akt-1 and daf-16. Part of a complex containing sgk-1, akt-1 and akt-2.
The PH domain binds to phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PtdIns(3,4,5)P3) resulting in its targeting to the plasma membrane.
Belongs to the prokaryotic/mitochondrial release factor family.
Expressed in the nervous system. Expressed in both acetylcholine and GABA motor neurons.
Fainters phenotype, characterized by defects in locomotion, vesicle depletion, and electrophysiological defects in synaptojanin mutants.
Probable component of the nca-1 sodium channel complex, a cation channel that regulates neuronal activity by transmitting depolarization signals to synapses. Regulates the transition from slow to rapid forms of locomotion. Required for localization of nca-1 along axons and in non-synaptic regions. Contributes to endocytosis defects in synaptojanin mutants. Involved in the control of anasthetic response to halothane.
Involved in histone pre-mRNA 3' processing (PubMed:11782412). Required for chromosome condensation, progression of cell death and morphogenesis (PubMed:11782412).
Ubiquitinated by the CBC(fem-1) (Cul2-ElonginB-ElonginC) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex, leading to its degradation.
Belongs to the V-ATPase G subunit family.
Subunit of the V1 complex of vacuolar(H+)-ATPase (V-ATPase), a multisubunit enzyme composed of a peripheral complex (V1) that hydrolyzes ATP and a membrane integral complex (V0) that translocates protons (By similarity). V-ATPase is responsible for acidifying and maintaining the pH of intracellular compartments and in some cell types, is targeted to the plasma membrane, where it is responsible for acidifying the extracellular environment (PubMed:16005300). In neurons, required for necrotic cell death by promoting intracellular acidification (PubMed:16005300).
Due to the high similarity between gsp-3 and gsp-4, the antibody used to study expression does not distinguish between the two proteins.
Expressed at all stages of spermatocyte meiosis.
Expressed in male germline including spermatocytes, spermatids and spermatozoa.
No obvious phenotype (PubMed:22042574). Simultaneous RNAi-mediated knockdown of gsp-3 and gsp-4 results in male sterility due to chromosome segregation defects during sperm meiosis (PubMed:16943775). gsp-3 and gsp-4 double mutant hermaphrodites have egg laying defects and no viable progeny. gsp-3, gsp-4 and him-8 triple mutants have incomplete separation of sister chromatids during the second meiotic segregation. Mislocalization of MSP in activated sperm. In addition, have partial reduction in mpk-1 phosphorylation and air-2 association with bivalent chromosomes in the most proximal oocyte in response to MSP (PubMed:22042574).
Probable phosphatase which plays a redundant role with gsp-4 in spermatogenesis by regulating sister chromatid segregation during meiosis (PubMed:16943775, PubMed:22042574). In addition, involved in sperm motility by controlling the dynamic disassembly of major sperm proteins (MSP) in the spermatozoan pseudopodium (PubMed:22042574).
Expressed in sensory head neurons of the lateral ganglion.
RNAi-mediated knockdown extends mean lifespan and reduces expression of bcat-1 by >50%.
Transcription factor which binds the E box motif 5'-CA[TC][AG]TG-3' (By similarity). Involved in modulating physiological aging, probably by regulating expression of branched-chain amino acid transferase-1, bcat-1 (PubMed:26620638, PubMed:32203922).
Facilitates protein transport into the nucleus. Could be part of a multicomponent system of cytosolic factors that assemble at the pore complex during nuclear import (By similarity).
Expressed in body wall muscles (at protein level). Expressed in intestine.
May interact (via protein kinase domain) with unc-22 (via protein kinase and CRD domains).
Serine/threonine-protein kinase which may play a role in body wall muscle contraction. May phosphorylate unc-22/twitchin.
Slight reduction in motility. Partially resistant to nicotine-induced paralysis; resistance is further increased in a mak-2 gk1110 mutant background. Normal localization of several components of the sarcomere including unc-52, unc-112, unc-95, atn-1,unc-89 and myo-3.
Expressed in the intestinal cells, pharyngeal muscles, and body wall muscles in adult hermaphrodites.
Expression detected in the intestinal cells from comma-stage embryo to adult stages, and also in the pharyngeal and body wall muscles from larva to adult stages.
Mutant worms have decreased egg-laying capacity at 20 degrees Celsius and decreased hatching rate and smaller brood size at 25 degrees Celsius. Mutant worms also exhibit decreased fertilization rates but do not show any change in physical appearance.
Catalyzes the acylation of sphingosine to form ceramides.
Interacts with rsf-1 (via SARAH domain); the interaction is required for the phosphorylation of cst-1.
Proteolytically cleaved by caspase-3 during apoptosis which results in kinase activation.
Serine/threonine-protein kinase which extends lifespan and delays tissue aging, probably by activating daf-16.
Forms a complex composed of ubxn-3, ufd-1, npl-4.2 and cdc-48.1; within the complex, interacts with ufd-1 and ubxn-3 (By similarity). Interacts with ufd-1 (PubMed:16647269). Interacts with elc-1/elongin C; the interaction may mediate the interaction between the npl-4-ufd-1-cdc-48 complex and the E3 ubiquitin ligase cul-2 complex (By similarity).
There is another gene, npl-4.1, which has a 99% identical sequence making it difficult to identify the specific function for each protein.
May play a regulatory role in autophagic activity.
Expressed throughout the nervous system, in pharyngeal muscle, hermaphrodite vulval muscles and in the male tail (PubMed:28662030). Not expressed in male somatic gonads or sperm (PubMed:28662030).
Reduced brood size, which is in part due to an abnormal distribution of male-derived sperm in the hermaphrodite uterus following mating, with sperm moving at a reduced velocity, reversing course frequently and accumulating at the spermathecal-uterine valve 1 hour following mating (PubMed:28662030). No visible defects in oogenesis (PubMed:28662030).
May catalyze the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptides (PubMed:8694762). May play a role in the protein folding, transport and assembly (PubMed:8694762).
Defective in enteric muscle contraction resulting in abnormal defecation cycles and moderate to severe constipation.
Expressed in the intestinal and anal depressor muscles but not in the sphincter muscle. Also detected in the RID and SABD ring interneurons, the ADE sensory neuron and the PDA motor neuron.
GABA receptor that functions as an excitatory cation channel. Permeable to monovalent cations such as Na(+) and K(+) (PubMed:14555952). Has negligible divalent cation permeability (PubMed:14555952). Does not act as a chloride channel (PubMed:14555952). Mediates enteric muscle contractions required for defecation (PubMed:14555952, PubMed:2323555, PubMed:16236771). Probably by regulating the defecation motor program, required for fatty acid uptake by intestinal cells (PubMed:25849533).
Interacts with tax-6; tax-6 may be involved in negative regulation of exp-1 activity. May self-associate to form homodimer.
Resistant to channel blocking activity of mecamylamine and bicuculline.
Expressed in the ASI and ASK chemosensory neurons, in the IL-2 interneurons, and in the male specific CEM (cephalic sensilla, male) neurons.
Expressed strongly during the L1 and L2 stages of larval development, but expression is weaker during the subsequent L3 and L4 stages of larval development and during the adult stages of development.
G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) that forms a heterodimer with daf-38 to control dauer formation and behavior (PubMed:22665789, PubMed:23509272). Receptor for the ascaroside pheromone ascr#2 (PubMed:22665789). Required for the response to dauer inducing pheromones, specifically the ascaroside ascr#2 (PubMed:22665789, PubMed:23509272). May serve neuronal specific roles in response to ascr#2 with expression in ASI neurons controlling dauer formation in larvae, and expression in ASK neurons playing a role in longevity and hermaphrodite repulsion (PubMed:22665789, PubMed:23509272). May function upstream of the daf-11, daf-7 and daf-2 signaling pathways (PubMed:22665789).
Expressed at all larval stages and in adults in intestine, vulva muscle, pharynx and some cells in the tail.
Induced by the oxidant juglone and starvation.
Maintains high levels of reduced glutathione in the cytosol (PubMed:23593298). Involved in resistance to oxidative stress and starvation (PubMed:23593298). Together with thioredoxin reductase txtr-1, required for the reduction of disulfide groups in the cuticle during molting (PubMed:21199936).
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes a severe decrease in survival upon treatment with oxidants including juglone, paraquat and to a lesser extent, cumen and tert-butylhydroperoxide (tBOOH). Enhances further the production of gamma-glutamylycysteine and glutathione disulfide upon juglone treatment. Increases gst-4 and gcs-1 expression. Reduces lifespan (PubMed:23593298). RNAi-mediated knockdown in a trxr-1 mutant background causes an arrest during larval molting characterized by a partial detachment of the old cuticle and an impaired ability to reduce cuticle components (PubMed:21199936).
Hatching is impaired in 5-6 percent of mutant embryos and about 2 percent of adults have uncoordinated movement (PubMed:18776901). In the anterior pharynx of L4 larvae, several cells including muscle and neuronal cells that normally survive during development are missing (PubMed:18776901). Slight increase in the number of cell corpses during embryonic development (PubMed:18776901). In a ced-5 n1812 or ced-6 n2095 mutant background, where cell corpse engulfment is defective, the number of cell corpses during embryonic development and in L1 larvae is further increased (PubMed:18776901). In a ced-3 n2427 or ced-3 n2427 and cps-3 n4872 mutant background, no extra pharyngeal cells caused by impaired apoptosis are produced (PubMed:23505386). In a csp-3 n4872, csp-1 n4967 and ced-3 n3692 mutant background, pharyngeal cells, that are normally fated to die, survive and 16 percent of animals have still 1 or more cell corpses that are morphologically apoptotic and are internalized by engulfing cells (PubMed:23505386). In addition, apoptosis of the male linker cell occurs normally (PubMed:23505386).
Interacts with ced-3 (via large subunit p17); the interaction prevents ced-3 autoactivation.
Non-catalytic caspase homolog which does not contain the region necessary for caspase activity (PubMed:9857046). Acts as an inhibitor of caspase ced-3 zymogen autoactivation and delays ced-4-induced ced-3 processing (PubMed:18776901). Has no effect on active ced-3 (PubMed:18776901). Probably by preventing ced-3 activation, protects cells, whose fate is to live, from apoptosis during embryonic and larval development (PubMed:18776901).
Expressed in ray A-type neurons and cell bodies. Also seen in head, pharyngeal and phasmid neurons, and in coelomocytes.
Potassium channel protein that may be component of regulatory network that controls ray development and function.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. PAN3 family.
Contains a pseudokinase domain. The protein kinase domain is predicted to be catalytically inactive because some of the residues important for catalytic activity are substituted and it lacks the equivalent of the binding site for a peptide substrate. However, it has retained an ATP-binding site and ATP-binding is required for mRNA degradation, stimulating the activity of the PAN2 nuclease in vitro. The nucleotide-binding site is juxtaposed to the RNase active site of PAN2 in the complex and may actually bind nucleosides of a poly(A) RNA rather than ATP, feeding the poly(A)-tail to the active site of the deadenylase and thus increasing the efficiency with which this distributive enzyme degrades oligo(A) RNAs.
Homodimer. Forms a heterotrimer with a catalytic subunit PAN2 to form the poly(A)-nuclease (PAN) deadenylation complex. Interacts (via PAM-2 motif) with poly(A)-binding protein (via PABC domain), conferring substrate specificity of the enzyme complex (By similarity). Interacts with the GW182 family protein ain-1 (PubMed:22402495).
Regulatory subunit of the poly(A)-nuclease (PAN) deadenylation complex, one of two cytoplasmic mRNA deadenylases involved in general and miRNA-mediated mRNA turnover. PAN specifically shortens poly(A) tails of RNA and the activity is stimulated by poly(A)-binding protein (PABP). PAN deadenylation is followed by rapid degradation of the shortened mRNA tails by the CCR4-NOT complex. Deadenylated mRNAs are then degraded by two alternative mechanisms, namely exosome-mediated 3'-5' exonucleolytic degradation, or deadenylation-dependent mRNA decaping and subsequent 5'-3' exonucleolytic degradation by XRN1. PAN3 acts as a positive regulator for PAN activity, recruiting the catalytic subunit PAN2 to mRNA via its interaction with RNA and PABP, and to miRNA targets via its interaction with GW182 family proteins. Within the PAN complex, may positively regulate fertility (PubMed:23843623).
The N-terminal zinc finger binds to poly(A) RNA.
The pseudokinase domain, the coiled-coil (CC), and C-terminal knob domain (CK) form a structural unit (PKC) that forms an extensive high-affinity interaction surface for PAN2.
Regulates the efficiency of a post-docking step of the release pathway. Acts after vesicle docking likely via regulating priming. May regulate the conformational changes in syntaxin. Binding of vesicles via rab-3[GTP] to Rim may signal the presence of a docked synaptic vesicle. Rim may then signal to unc-13 to change the conformation of syntaxin from the closed to the open state. Syntaxin could then engage synaptobrevin on the docked vesicle to form SNARE complexes and to prime the vesicle for release. Not required for the development or the structural organization of synapses. May play a role in regulating entry into the dauer state (PubMed:30460068).
Restricted to discrete puncta in synapse-rich regions of the nervous system including the nerve ring, the ventral nerve cord and the dorsal nerve cord. Localized expression was found in the head.
Subunit of the oligosaccharyl transferase (OST) complex that catalyzes the initial transfer of a defined glycan (Glc(3)Man(9)GlcNAc(2) in eukaryotes) from the lipid carrier dolichol-pyrophosphate to an asparagine residue within an Asn-X-Ser/Thr consensus motif in nascent polypeptide chains, the first step in protein N-glycosylation. N-glycosylation occurs cotranslationally and the complex associates with the Sec61 complex at the channel-forming translocon complex that mediates protein translocation across the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). All subunits are required for a maximal enzyme activity (By similarity). Possesses cell death-inhibiting activity. Suppresses some programmed cell death in C.elegans (PubMed:7556086).
Belongs to the secreted frizzled-related protein (sFRP) family.
Antimicrobial peptides that have antibacterial activity against the Gram-negative bacteria S.marcescens. Has antifungal activity against D.coniospora (PubMed:15048112, PubMed:19380113). May play a role in response to physical injury and osmotic stress (PubMed:18394898, PubMed:19380113).
Upon D.coniospora and S.marcescens infection (PubMed:15048112, PubMed:19380113). Upon physical injury and osmotic stress (PubMed:19380113).
Weakly or not expressed in absence of infection. Upon infection by D.coniospora, it is expressed in hypoderm. Also expressed in perivulval cells when D.coniospora spores adhere to this region (PubMed:11717458, PubMed:15048112, PubMed:18394898, PubMed:19380113). Expressed in hypodermis upon physical injury (PubMed:18394898).
Required in the hypodermis for proper formation of the cuticle.
Worms are viable and fertile but display molting defect. Longitudinal ridges termed alae, which are cuticular structures secreted by lateral hypodermal seam cells, are poorly distinct or interrupted. Died as a 'bag of worms' after degeneration of the proximal gonad, or alternatively, as a result of a burst vulva.
Expressed in URX, AQR and PQR neurons. Also expressed in ALN, SDQ and BDU neurons, and variably in AVM, PLM and PLN neurons, pharyngeal and body wall muscles, and the excretory cell.
Heterodimer; heterodimerizes with gcy-36, and possibly with other soluble guanylate cyclases.
Plays a central role in social feeding behavior and oxygen sensation by synthesizing 3',5'-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) from GTP. Oxygen, which binds to its heme-binding sites, probably regulates social behavior by modulating its activity. cGMP is a common second messenger in sensory transduction and is implicated in oxygen sensation. Indeed, C.elegans exhibits a strong behavioral preference for 5-12% oxygen, avoiding higher and lower oxygen levels; a higher level of oxygen inducing a naturally polymorphic social feeding behavior. Involved in avoidance of hyperoxia and for oxygen-induced aggregation and bordering, probably by mediating oxygen-sensing in URX, AQR and PQR sensory neurons.
Regulated by molecular oxygen, which binds to the heme binding site. Probably not activated by nitric oxide (NO).
Belongs to the class IV-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. BUD23/WBSCR22 family.
Expressed maternally and zygotically (PubMed:10380924). Expressed in the first 32 daughter cells of the MS blastomere cell, and in the 8-cell stage ABar blastomere and subsequently, asymmetrically in its descendants (PubMed:12810601). Expression is higher in the anterior daughters of dividing cells, but lower in the posterior daughters (PubMed:12810601, PubMed:10380924). Expressed asymmetrically in vulva precursor cells P5.p, P6.p and P7.p at L2 larval stage and in their descendants (PubMed:15649465). Expressed asymmetrically in somatic gonadal precursor cells Z1.p, Z4.a, Z1.a and Z4.p (PubMed:25569233). During M-lineage cell fate specification, expressed evenly from 1-M to 4-M stages followed by asymmetric expression in anterior cells at the 8-M, 16-M and 18-M stages (PubMed:19427847). Expressed asymmetrically in seam cells at larval stages L2 and L3.
Interacts with hda-1 (PubMed:11742996). Interacts with bar-1 (PubMed:10952315). Interacts with par-5; the interaction is direct and is enhanced by lit-1-mediated pop-1 phosphorylation (PubMed:15066285). The interaction also leads to the subsequent nuclear export of pop-1 (PubMed:15066285). Interacts (when phosphorylated on Ser-118 and Ser-127) with lit-1; the interaction is dependent on the beta-catenin-lit-1 complex (PubMed:10380924, PubMed:15066285). Interacts with wrm-1 (PubMed:10380924). Interacts with homeobox protein egl-5.
Knockout specifically targeted at seam cells causes an increase in seam cell number, but this is caused by a combination of anterior daughter cells adopting the seam fate, and abnormal differentiation of posterior seam cells (PubMed:31740621). RNAi-mediated knockdown also increases the number of seam cells as a result of anterior daughter cells failing to differentiate and adopting the seam fate (PubMed:31740621). RNAi-mediated knockdown in L1 larvae causes a severe loss of M lineage-derived coelomocytes and sex myoblasts (PubMed:19427847). The loss of sex myoblasts is due to a fate transformation of M.v(l/r)pa cell to the fate of its posterior sister M.v(l/r)pp cell (PubMed:19427847). The loss of coelomocytes is due to a combination of reduced proliferation of the dorsal M lineage and fate transformation of M.d(l/r)pa cell to the fate of its posterior sister M.d(l/r)pp cell (PubMed:19427847). Loss of ceh-34 expression in the M lineage (PubMed:19427847).
Part of the Wnt signaling pathway essential for the specification of the mesodermal cell fate in early embryos (PubMed:11742996, PubMed:11807036, PubMed:19427847). Required for asymmetrical division of somatic gonadal precursor descendants which initiate axis formation required to control organ shape (PubMed:11807036). Similarly, involved in asymmetrical division of seam cells, a stem cell-like lineage (PubMed:31740621). Represses expression of target genes via its interaction with hda-1 histone deacetylase (PubMed:11742996). Required for specification of the M lineage-derived coelomocyte and sex myoblast fate (PubMed:19427847). Regulates coelomocyte fate by positively regulating proliferation and ceh-34 and possibly eya-1 expression in M.dlpa and M.drpa precursors (PubMed:19427847).
Phosphorylated on Ser-118 and Ser-127 by lit-1 in the beta-catenin-lit-1 complex (PubMed:10380924, PubMed:15066285). Phosphorylation promotes the interaction of pop-1 and par-5 and the subsequent translocation of pop-1 from the nucleus to the cytoplasm (PubMed:10380924, PubMed:15066285).
Belongs to the phospholipase B-like family.
There are two types of sphingomyelinases: asm (acid), and nsm (neutral). Only acid sphingomyelinase has been found in worms.
Calcium-binding protein involved in exocytosis of vesicles filled with neurotransmitters and neuropeptides. Probably acts upstream of fusion in the biogenesis or maintenance of mature secretory vesicles. May specifically mediate the Ca(2+)-dependent exocytosis of large dense-core vesicles (DCVs) and other dense-core vesicles (By similarity). Specifically required to activate the neuronal G-alpha pathway. Functions with G-alpha proteins from the same motor neurons to regulate locomotion (PubMed:16272411). Involved in regulating entry into quiescence triggered by satiety (PubMed:18316030). Probably by regulating neuronal transmission downstream of lin-3 and receptor lin-23 and phospholipase plc-3 and upstream of innexin unc-7 and egl-4/PKG in ALA neurons, involved in the decrease in pharyngeal pumping during the quiescent state that precedes each larval molt (PubMed:17891142). Plays a role in octopamine signaling and specifically, the octopamine inhibition of aversion responses in olfactory sensory neurons (PubMed:22124329). Probably by controlling the secretion of FLP neuropeptides, regulates the turning step of male mating behavior (PubMed:17611271).
The PH domain is essential for regulated exocytosis and binds phospholipids.
Within the ventral, dorsal and sublateral nerve cords, it is concentrated in cholinergic synapses. Within the ventral and dorsal nerve cords, it is not concentrated at most non-cholinergic synapses in the nerve cords, such as the GABAergic, glutamatergic, and catecholaminergic synapses. However, within the nerve ring, which contains a large number of interneuronal synapses in the head, it is clearly concentrated in regions containing large numbers of non-cholinergic synapses.
Worms display increased adult life span and constitutive dauer formation (PubMed:10377425). RNAi-mediated knockdown in ADL sensory neurons results in reduced octopamine inhibition of the aversive response when animals are exposed to 100% 1-octanol (PubMed:22124329).
PubMed:11245572 has not been able to detect expression of this protein.
Acts as a negative regulator of myosin-dependent contractility of smooth muscle-like cells in the somatic gonad.
Calponin-like repeats 1-3 are required for actin binding and acting bundling activity.
Defects in the structure and function of body wall muscle, resulting in variable paralysis (PubMed:7929573). Disorganization of the A- and I-bands of the myofilament lattice and accumulation of thin filaments in body wall muscles in adult animals (PubMed:7929572). More densely aligned myosin filaments indicating higher contractility of the actomyosin network (PubMed:25717181). Excessive contraction of the myoepithelial sheath (PubMed:25717181).
Expressed in the body wall muscles (PubMed:17684058). Isoform a: Expression in the pharynx, anal depressor muscle, uterine muscle, vulva and unidentified neurons in the head and the ventral region (PubMed:25717181). Isoform b: Expression in the body wall muscles, spermatheca, vulva and in the myoepithelial sheath (PubMed:25717181).
Monomer (PubMed:11096113). Interacts with F-actin (PubMed:11096113, PubMed:25717181). Interacts with myosin (PubMed:25717181).
Thin filament-associated protein that is implicated in actin bundling and actin filament dynamics (PubMed:7929573, PubMed:7929572, PubMed:11096113, PubMed:17684058, PubMed:25717181). Exhibits F-actin cross-linking activity (PubMed:11096113, PubMed:17684058). Required for the maintenance of sarcomeric actin organization in striated muscles (PubMed:7929573, PubMed:7929572). Competes with unc-60 isoform b for actin binding and protects actin filaments from depolymerization by unc-60, thereby contributing to actin filament stability (PubMed:17684058). Cooperates with myosin to form actomyosin bundles and inhibits actomyosin ATPase activity and actomyosin motility (PubMed:25717181). Might protect the myofilaments from mechanical stress (PubMed:7929572).
Expressed in pharynx, CAN neuron and body wall muscles.
Required for larval development (PubMed:9331368). Probably by binding receptor egl-15, regulates negatively membrane protrusion from body wall muscles during larval development (PubMed:16495308).
ATP-dependent chaperone which uses the energy provided by ATP hydrolysis to generate mechanical force to disassemble protein complexes (By similarity). Required for various steps of embryonic mitosis including centrosome duplication, spindle assembly, ER dynamics and cell cycle progression (PubMed:15716356, PubMed:18854144). Regulates the stability and activity of kinase air-2, a component of the chromosomal passenger complex (CPC) (PubMed:18854144). Inhibits air-2 kinase activity from metaphase to late telophase and negatively regulates air-2 stability during mitotic exit (PubMed:18854144). Controls ER transition into sheet-like structures at the onset of mitosis, possibly by regulating homotypic membrane fusion (PubMed:15716356).
Belongs to the AAA ATPase family. AFG2 subfamily.
Homohexamer; ATP binding induces oligomerization (By similarity). Forms a ring-shaped particle of about 12 nm diameter, that displays 6-fold radial symmetry (By similarity). Interacts (via N-terminus) with kinase air-2; the interaction is direct and inhibits air-2 kinase activity in an ATPase-dependent manner.
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes embryonic lethality (PubMed:15716356, PubMed:18854144). The first embryonic cell divisions have mitotic spindle and chromosome segregation defects, and mitotic progression is significantly delayed (PubMed:18854144). At late telophase/G1, air-2 accumulates at the spindle midbody abnormally persisting following cleavage furrow ingression and into the next mitotic cycle (PubMed:18854144). Loss of inhibition of air-2 kinase activity (PubMed:18854144). Also, causes defects in ER dynamics characterized by a failure of the ER to form a sheet structure at the onset of mitosis and remains in large aggregates throughout mitosis (PubMed:15716356). In an air-2 (os207) mutant background, which lacks air-2 catalytic activity, restores normal mitosis and thus embryonic viability (PubMed:18854144).
The first ATP-binding region binds ATP with low affinity whereas the second ATP-binding region binds ATP with high affinity.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family. BUB1 subfamily.
Embryonic lethal (PubMed:25987605). RNAi-mediated knockdown in oocytes results in aberrant homologous chromosome segregation during meiosis due to severe pre-anaphase spindle defects characterized by disorganized microtubule bundles (PubMed:20729837). Delays in the processes leading up to exit from mitosis including delayed activation of separase, which results in a delay in the separation of sister chromatids, delayed cytokinesis onset and delayed chromosome decondensation (PubMed:25987605). These culminate in a delay in the onset of anaphase with a 50% increase in the interval between nuclear envelope breakdown and the onset of anaphase during embryogenesis (PubMed:25987605). Reduced bub-3 localization at the kinetochore region of chromosomes in embryos, but without a reduction in bub-3 protein (PubMed:25987605). In addition there is reduced localization of the spindly-like protein spdl-1 to kinetochores (PubMed:18765790).
Expressed throughout embryogenesis mainly in dividing cells.
Interacts (via kinase domain) with mdf-1 (via coiled coil domain); the interaction recruits mdf-1 to unattached kinetochores during mitosis and between homologous chromosomes in early anaphase of meiosis I (PubMed:24567362). May interact with bub-3; for localization at the kinetochore and the onset of anaphase (PubMed:24567362, PubMed:25987605).
Serine/threonine-protein kinase essential for spindle-assembly checkpoint signaling. Plays a key role in the recruitment of the checkpoint proteins bub-3, mdf-1 and mdf-2 to unattached kinetochores (PubMed:18936247, PubMed:19109417, PubMed:24567362, PubMed:25987605). mdf-1 recruitment is independent of bub-1 kinase activity (PubMed:24567362). Has a role in the correct kinetochore localization of the spindly-like protein spdl-1 (PubMed:18765790). In addition, during meiotic anaphase I, controls the recruitment of hcp-1/2 and klp-19 to the ring-shaped domain formed between chromosomes (PubMed:20729837). Involved in chromosome alignment, chromosome homolog segregation and spindle assembly (PubMed:20729837, PubMed:25987605). In association with bub-3 at the kinetochore region of chromosomes, promotes the onset on anaphase independently from spindle checkpoint signaling and promotes the formation of stable end-on bipolar attachments of chromosomes (PubMed:25987605). Plays a role in nuclear envelope breakdown (PubMed:19109417). Required maternally during embryogenesis and in the zygote for the postembryonic development of several tissues including ventral cord neurons, gonad, intestine and seam cells (PubMed:19526056).
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 13 family.
Functions with mex-5 to affect embryonic viability, establish soma germline asymmetry in embryos and establish plk-1, pie-1, mex-1, and pos-1 asymmetry in embryos (PubMed:10882103, PubMed:18199581). Also affects formation of intestinal cells (PubMed:10882103).
Interacts (probably when phosphorylated on Thr-190) with plk-1 (via POLO box domain) and plk-2 (via POLO box domain).
Phosphorylation on Ser-457 by par-1 promotes localization of the protein to the anterior cytoplasm of the zygote.
RNAi-mediated knockdown in mex-5 zu199 mutant background causes a loss in plk-1 asymmetric distribution during the first embryonic cell divisions.
Belongs to the paired homeobox family. Unc-4 subfamily.
Most abundant during embryonic and larval development.
Specifically expressed in all A-type motor neurons (PubMed:7555714). The A-type motor neurons class includes 24 motor neurons; 9 DA, 3 SAB motor neurons that are generated in the embryo and 12 VAs arise after hatching in the first larval stage (PubMed:7555714).
Transcription factor (PubMed:1347150, PubMed:7904971, PubMed:28056346). Involved in motor neuron fate determination and maintenance (PubMed:28056346, PubMed:34388088). In concert with unc-37, represses the expression of VB-specific genes such as ceh-12, thereby preventing the adoption of VB motor neuron fate (PubMed:7904971, PubMed:9165118, PubMed:10557206, PubMed:11245684, PubMed:17289921). Regulates synaptic specificity and the pattern of synaptic input to VA motor neurons, and, depending on context, acting in opposition to, or supported by, Wnt signaling (PubMed:1347150, PubMed:7904971, PubMed:7555714, PubMed:22619391). Required in patterning of the synaptic outputs of the postmitotic DA class cholinergic motor neurons (PubMed:34388088). Acts as a transcriptional repressor to counteract gene activation by transcription factor unc-3 in a subset of motor neurons, probably by binding to specific promoter elements (PubMed:28056346). Has no role in axonal guidance or outgrowth (PubMed:1347150).
Worms are unable to crawl backwards because VA motor neurons are miswired with synaptic connections normally reserved for their sister cells, the VB motor neurons.
Belongs to the methylmalonyl-CoA mutase family.
Involved, in man, in the degradation of several amino acids, odd-chain fatty acids and cholesterol via propionyl-CoA to the tricarboxylic acid cycle. MCM has different functions in other species (By similarity).
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL29 family.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the purine/pyrimidine phosphoribosyltransferase family.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase (By similarity). Functions in the OLL neurons in the anterior ganglion to inhibit avoidance to microbial pathogens such as P.aeruginosa although worms do display avoidance behavior, vacating a P.aeruginosa lawn within 24 hours (PubMed:22089131). Likely to act by inhibiting the neuropeptide receptor npr-1 (PubMed:22089131).
Expressed in the nervous system throughout the body. In the anterior ganglion, expression is limited to the two lateral outer labial neurons OLLL and OLLR.
The bound zinc ion is not a cofactor. It is bound to a zinc knuckle motif that may be involved in sequence recognition and the binding of ssDNA (By similarity).
Expressed at the embryonic comma stage and throughout larval and adult stages.
Expressed in dopaminergic neurons (at protein level) (PubMed:19801673). Expressed predominantly in anterior and posterior intestine, rectal gland cell, H-shaped excretory cell, vulva cells, proximal uterus and spermatheca in adults (PubMed:19924247, PubMed:19785996). Weakly expressed in hyp7 hypodermis, pharyngeal muscles and some anterior sensory, ring and posterior head neurons in adults (PubMed:19924247, PubMed:19785996). Expressed in the anchor cell at the larval stage (PubMed:19924247).
Higher iron levels in their body compared to wild-type. Increased survival rate and reduced iron levels in their body in response to increasing Mn(2+) levels (PubMed:19924247). Reduced survival rate in response to high Mn(2+) levels or to infection mediated by pathogenic bacterium S.aureus (PubMed:19785996). Increased smf-2 mRNA levels (PubMed:19924247). RNAi-mediated knockdown increases resistance to Mn(2+)-induced CEP neuron death and prevents CEP neuron death-mediated by the neurotoxin 6-hydroxy dopamine (6-OHDA) (PubMed:19801673).
Induced by pathogenic bacterium S.aureus (PubMed:19785996). Repressed by high levels of Mn(2+) (PubMed:19801673, PubMed:19924247).
Probable divalent metal ion transporter which regulates Mn(2+) uptake.
Belongs to the HAD-like hydrolase superfamily. SerB family.
Belongs to the peptidase M24A family. Methionine aminopeptidase eukaryotic type 2 subfamily.
Cotranslationally removes the N-terminal methionine from nascent proteins (PubMed:15474045). The N-terminal methionine is often cleaved when the second residue in the primary sequence is small and uncharged (Met-Ala-, Cys, Gly, Pro, Ser, Thr, or Val) (PubMed:15474045). Required for germ cell proliferation and/or differentiation (PubMed:15474045).
Inhibited by the fumagillin analog, TNP-470.
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes sterility due to a defect in germ cell proliferation and/or differentiation.
Belongs to the integrin beta chain family.
Expressed in body wall muscles (at protein level) (PubMed:23283987, PubMed:20385102). Expressed in gonadal sheath cells and spermatheca (PubMed:17326220). Expressed in vulval cells and along the basal laminae that separate the vulval cells from the uterus (at the protein level) (PubMed:28135265).
Expressed in embryos (PubMed:9247263, PubMed:23283987). Highly expressed in mid to late L3 stage larvae (PubMed:28135265). Expressed in adult animals (PubMed:20385102).
Heterodimer of an alpha and a beta subunit (Probable). Interacts with alpha subunit ina-1 (PubMed:9247263). Interacts with alpha subunit pat-2 (Probable). Component of an integrin containing attachment complex, composed of at least pat-2, pat-3, pat-4, pat-6, unc-52, unc-97 and unc-112 (PubMed:22253611). May interact with tns-1 (via C-terminus) (PubMed:31109965).
Integrin alpha ina-1/beta pat-3 is a receptor for laminin. Integrin alpha pat-2/beta pat-3 recognizes the sequence R-G-D in its ligands (Probable). Plays a role in cell migration, morphogenesis and probably in cell-cell interactions (PubMed:19023419, PubMed:17326220, PubMed:23283987). During gonad morphogenesis, involved in distal tip cell (DTC)-mediated guidance of gonad elongation, in maintaining their sharp tapering morphology and in their migration (PubMed:19023419). Component of an integrin containing attachment complex, which is required for muscle development and maintenance (PubMed:22253611). Involved in the assembly of dense bodies and M lines during body wall muscle embryonic development by recruiting one of their components, cpna-1, to integrin-mediated attachment sites (PubMed:23283987). May play a similar role in the assembly of dense bodies in gonadal myoepithelial sheath cells (PubMed:17326220). Probably by acting as a receptor for apoptotic cells, plays a role in the clearance of apoptotic cells during mid-embryogenesis (PubMed:20226672). Required for ovulation (PubMed:17326220). Dephosphorylated, probably within the alpha pat-2/beta pat-3 integrin receptor complex, by the phosphatase dep-1, which leads to down-stream effects including the negative regulation of let-23 signaling and vulval induction (PubMed:28135265). When unphosphosphorylated, recruits the cytoplasmic adapter protein tln-1 to the plasma membrane of secondary vulval precursor cells (PubMed:28135265). This promotes the linking of focal adhesion sites to the F-actin cytoskeleton, and it also acts to restrict the mobility of the let-23 receptor on the plasma membrane of vulval cells which thereby attenuates let-23 signaling (PubMed:28135265). Plays a role in axon regeneration after injury (PubMed:31109965).
Phosphorylated. Dephosphorylated by dep-1.
RNAi-mediated knockdown in distal tip cell (DTC) causes DTC migration and guidance defects during the second phase of gonad elongation resulting in a triangular shaped gonad (PubMed:19023419). Embryos at the comma and 1.5-fold stages have increased number of cell corpses (PubMed:20226672). RNAi-mediated knockdown causes an accumulation in the proximal gonad of endomitotic mature oocytes (PubMed:17326220). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in increased mobility of let-23 receptor on the plasma membrane of vulval cells resulting in enhanced activity of the signaling pathway (PubMed:28135265). RNAi-mediated knockdown in vulval precursor cells in a let-60 gain of function mutant background results in increased vulval induction and an adjacent primary fate (Apf) phenotype whereby secondary vulval precursor cells transform into primary-like vulval cells (PubMed:28135265). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in impaired mobility, mitochondrial fragmentation and disrupted integrin attachment complexes in muscle (PubMed:22253611). This leads to degradation of muscle proteins in the cytosol, myofibrillar defects and disruption of sarcomere organization (PubMed:22253611).
Binds to RNA with repeat sequences 5'-CUG-3' and 5'-CCUG-3'.
Expressed in neurons around the pharynx.
Expressed in pharyngeal gland cells and duct projections, coelomocytes and intestine.
Has bacteriolytic activity against Gram-positive bacteria.
Induced by Gram-positive bacterium M.nematophilum CBX102 infection but not by Gram-negative bacterium P.aeruginosa PAO1 infection.
Essential signaling protein which has a major role in many developmental processes; involved in cell fate decisions that require cell-cell interactions (PubMed:3419531, PubMed:3000611). Probable membrane-bound receptor for putative ligands lag-2, apx-1, dsl-1 and osm-11 (PubMed:18036582, PubMed:18700817, PubMed:32053105, PubMed:3419531). Upon ligand activation, and releasing from the cell membrane, the lin-12/Notch intracellular domain (NICD) forms a transcriptional activator complex with lag-1 and lag-3 and regulates expression of various genes (PubMed:8343960, PubMed:7566091, PubMed:16197940, PubMed:10830967, PubMed:16530045, PubMed:18381292). Required for ventral cell fates in the postembryonic mesodermal lineage (M lineage) and in uterine precursor cells (PubMed:3419531, PubMed:18036582). Activity in cell fate decisions and tumorigenesis is negatively regulated by sel-10 (PubMed:9389650). Best known for involvement in cell-fate decisions during development, but also plays roles in other events (PubMed:10903169, PubMed:18599512, PubMed:21549604, PubMed:27661254). Regulates recovery from the dauer larval state (PubMed:18599512). Modulates chemosensory avoidance of octanol and quiescence during molting (PubMed:21549604). Promotes basement membrane mobility during tissue remodeling (PubMed:27661254). Involved in establishing left-right asymmetry during intestinal organogenesis (PubMed:10903169).
Expressed in the postembryonic mesodermal lineage (M lineage) at the 4-M to 8-M stages, at similar levels in both the dorsal and the ventral sides (PubMed:18036582). At the 10-M stage and later, expression becomes more restricted along the anterioposterior axis and gradually lost in the anterior M lineage cells, but retained in the posterior M lineage cells (PubMed:18036582).
May interact with dsl-1 (PubMed:18700817). May interact with lag-2 (PubMed:18700817). May interact with osm-11 (PubMed:18700817). Interacts with sel-10 (PubMed:9389650).
RNAi-mediated knockdown in cells of the pi uterine cell lineage results in impaired basement membrane mobility (PubMed:27661254). Knockdown on a glp-1 mutant background impairs octanol response when animals are shifted to the restrictive temperature (PubMed:21549604).
Upon binding its ligands, it is cleaved (S2 cleavage) in its extracellular domain, close to the transmembrane domain (By similarity). S2 cleavage is probably mediated by the metalloproteases adm-4 and sup-17 (PubMed:16197940). It is then cleaved (S3 cleavage) downstream of its transmembrane domain, releasing it from the cell membrane; S3 cleavage requires a multiprotein gamma-secretase complex, which may include presenilin sel-12 (PubMed:7566091).
When activated, the lin-12/Notch intracellular domain (NICD) can become a component of a complex consisting of at least the NICD, lag-1 and sel-8/lag-3 (PubMed:16530045, PubMed:18381292). The NICD probably facilitates ordered assembly of the ternary complex via allosteric interactions of its RBP-j associated molecule (RAM) domain with lag-1 (PubMed:16530045, PubMed:18381292).
Belongs to the HMG-CoA reductase family.
Expressed in all stages but highest during L1, L2 and L3 stages (at protein level).
Expressed in seam cells and all six vulva precursor cells (VPC). After VPC division, expression is restricted to descendants of the VPC cell lineages P5.p, P6.p and P7.p (at protein level).
Participates in the inductive signaling pathway downstream of let-60 Ras and the RAF/MAP kinase cascade to regulate specification and differentiation of many cell types (PubMed:11063686). Positively regulates the fate of vulval precursor cells (PubMed:3996896, PubMed:7867931, PubMed:9806929). Required for induction of the P12 and excretory duct cell fates. In males, it is also required for proper formation of spicules. Does not function in the signaling pathway that promotes exit from pachytene (PubMed:11063686). Plays a role in responses to M.nematophilum-mediated bacterial infection by promoting tail swelling and preventing constipation (PubMed:15268855).
Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 1 family. Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subfamily.
Isoform a and isoform b are expressed at all developmental stages examined, isoform a is more abundant at embryonic and early larval stages and isoform b at first larval instar.
The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor mediates various cellular responses, including inhibition of adenylate cyclase, breakdown of phosphoinositides and modulation of potassium channels through the action of G proteins (PubMed:10635059, PubMed:12927813). Primary transducing effect is Pi turnover (By similarity). Enhances the release of the neurotransmitter acetlycholine in cholinergic motor neurons, which in turn positively feeds back to depolarize body wall muscles and allows for the maintenance of normal body posture and locomotion (PubMed:18614679).
The coatomer is a cytosolic protein complex that binds to dilysine motifs and reversibly associates with Golgi non-clathrin-coated vesicles, which further mediate biosynthetic protein transport from the ER, via the Golgi up to the trans Golgi network.
Acts as component of the GARP complex that is involved in retrograde transport from early and late endosomes to the trans-Golgi network (TGN).
Component of the Golgi-associated retrograde protein (GARP) complex, also called VFT (VPS fifty-three) complex, composed of vps-51, vps-52, vps-53 and vps-54. Within the complex interacts with vps-53 (PubMed:21613545).
Component of the Golgi-associated retrograde protein (GARP) complex.
Mutants are viable but have enlarged lysosomes (PubMed:21613545). Egg-laying defect, slow, but coordinated locomotion, and reduced levels of unprocessed and processed cargo in the motor neuron axon of the dorsal nerve cord (PubMed:27191843).
Ubiquitously expressed, with particularly strong expression in neuronal cells.
Although related to the peptidase M24 family, this protein lacks conserved active site residues suggesting that it may lack peptidase activity.
Belongs to the peptidase M24 family. SPT16 subfamily.
Component of the FACT complex, a general chromatin factor that acts to reorganize nucleosomes. The FACT complex is involved in multiple processes that require DNA as a template such as mRNA elongation, DNA replication and DNA repair. During transcription elongation the FACT complex acts as a histone chaperone that both destabilizes and restores nucleosomal structure. It facilitates the passage of RNA polymerase II and transcription by promoting the dissociation of one histone H2A-H2B dimer from the nucleosome, then subsequently promotes the reestablishment of the nucleosome following the passage of RNA polymerase II (By similarity). In embryos, promotes cell cycle progression and chromosomal segregation (PubMed:25446273, PubMed:30336114). Plays a role in the development of the anterior pharynx during embryonic development (PubMed:30336114).
Component of the FACT complex, a stable heterodimer of spt-16 and hmg-3 or hmg-4.
RNAi-mediated knockdown in embryos results in failed hatching in 83% of animals (PubMed:30336114). In addition, these embryos lack the anterior pharynx (PubMed:30336114). RNAi-mediated knockdown at the L4 larval stage results in failed development of the anterior pharynx (PubMed:30336114). RNAi-mediated knockdown at this stage results in defective cell cycle initiation, duration and completion in embryos, and abnormalities in chromosome segregation (PubMed:25446273, PubMed:30336114).
Expressed in hypodermis, intestine, head and tail neurons, pharynx, gonads, vulva and body muscles.
Interacts (via PID domain) with daf-2 (via cytoplasmic domain) (PubMed:18832074). Interacts with mek-1; the interaction is independent of mek-1 catalytic activity and is constitutive (PubMed:18832074, PubMed:18809575). Interacts (via N-terminus) with mlk-1 (via NPQY motif when phosphorylated on tyrosine residue) (PubMed:18809575, PubMed:23072806). Does not interact with jkk-1 or sek-1 (PubMed:18809575). Interacts (via SH2 domain) with svh-2 (PubMed:27984580). Interacts with svh-4 (PubMed:27984580).
Scaffold protein which plays an important role in the activation of the JNK pathway composed of mlk-1, mek-1 and kgb-1; by bringing together mek-1 and mlk-1, promotes mlk-1-mediated phosphorylation and activation of mek-1 which in turn phosphorylates kgb-1 (PubMed:18832074, PubMed:18809575). In addition, negatively modulates the activation of the insulin/IGF-1-like signaling (IIS) probably by inhibiting the insulin receptor daf-2. Positively regulates the activity of the transcription factor daf-16/FOXO by both inhibiting IIS and activating the JNK pathway (PubMed:18832074). Involved in the response to several environmental stresses including heavy metal ions (Cu(2+) and Cd(2+)), heat, oxidative and protein misfolding (ER) stresses (PubMed:18832074, PubMed:18809575). Plays a role in life span and egg laying (PubMed:18832074, PubMed:23072806). Plays a role in axon regeneration after injury (PubMed:23072806, PubMed:27984580).
Thirteenfold increase in expression between 4-cell and 12-cell embryos.
Interacts with ubiquitin-like protein ubl-5; the interaction occurs in a mitochondrial stress-dependent manner (PubMed:17925224). Interacts with lin-40; probably associates with a NuRD (Nucleosome Remodeling and Deacetylase) complex via lin-40 (PubMed:32789178). Interacts with histone deacetylase hda-1 (PubMed:32934238).
RNAi-mediated knockdown inhibits expression of hsp-60 when adults are exposed to conditions causing mitochondrial unfolded protein stress (PubMed:17925224). Causes abnormal mitochondrial morphology (PubMed:17925224). Drastically reduces the protein level of hda-1, possibly via ubiquitin-mediated degradation (PubMed:32934238). Under conditions of mitochondrial stress, partially suppresses nuclear accumulation of lin-40 and lin-53 (PubMed:32789178).
Sumoylated at Lys-327; sumoylation is required for cytosolic localization (PubMed:30642431). May be desumoylated by ulp-4 (PubMed:30642431).
Transcription factor (PubMed:35021096). Acts during mitochondrial stress by activating the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (mtUPR) (PubMed:17925224, PubMed:30642431). Required during mitochondrial stress for the activation of genes involved in the mtUPR, in concert with histone deacetylase hda-1 (PubMed:32934238). In response to the citrate-induced mtUPR, positively regulates transcription of transcription factor nhr-80, thereby leading to modulation of lipid metabolism (PubMed:35021096). May play a role in modulating the decline in protein homeostasis associated with normal aging (PubMed:32934238). Required for embryonic development and maintenance of mitochondrial morphology (PubMed:17925224).
Widely expressed in embryos, but particularly in intestinal precursor cells (at protein level).
Regulates the GDP/GTP exchange reaction of most RAB proteins by inhibiting the dissociation of GDP from them, and the subsequent binding of GTP.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL35 family.
Expressed at the 2-fold embryonic stage and throughout larval stages and adulthood.
Highly expressed in all somatic tissues.
RNAi-mediated knockdown increases lifespan. Lifespan is further increased in an age-1 hx546, daf-2 e1370, clk-1 qm30 or eat-2 ad465 mutant background.
Recognizes and binds the 7-methylguanosine-containing mRNA cap during an early step in the initiation of protein synthesis and facilitates ribosome binding by inducing the unwinding of the mRNAs secondary structures. All 5 eIF4E proteins bind monomethyl cap structures. Only ife-1, ife-2 and ife-5 bind trimethyl cap structures which result from trans-splicing. Translation of trimethyl cap structure mRNAs may be regulated by intracellular redox state; disulfide bonds change the width and depth of the cap-binding cavity determining selectivity to mRNA caps (PubMed:10744754, PubMed:9553113). Probably by regulating mRNA translation in somatic cells, negatively regulates lifespan independently of daf-2/insulin and let-363/TOR pathways (PubMed:17277769). Negatively regulates resistance to oxidative stress (PubMed:17277769). May play a role in embryonic development (PubMed:17277769).
eIF4F is a multi-subunit complex, the composition of which varies with external and internal environmental conditions. It is composed of at least eIF4A, eIF4E and eIF4G. eIF4E is also known to interact with other partners.
Expression is first detected at the three-fold stage during embryogenesis.
NAD-dependent protein deacylase. Catalyzes the NAD-dependent hydrolysis of acyl groups from lysine residues. Plays a role in oxidative stress resistance (PubMed:23438705).
Ubiquitously expressed with high expression in the pharynx, body wall muscles and gonad.
May modify the assembly dynamics of microtubules, such that microtubules are slightly longer, but more dynamic.
Defects in axon guidance in HSN neurons although axons reach the ventral nerve cord in the end. In max-2 and mig-10 double mutants, the phenotype is more severe resulting in axons failing to reach the ventral nerve cord.
May interact (via Ras-associating and PH domains) with ced-10 (GTP-bound form).
Required cell non-autonomously for proper development of the excretory canals and for the long-range anterior-posterior migrations of embryonic neurons CAN, ALM and HSN (PubMed:9142991, PubMed:2361334). Plays a role, probably downstream of ced-10/rac1, in orientating axonal growth of HSN and AVM neurons in response to guidance cues such as slt-1 (PubMed:18499456). May regulate growth cone polarization by promoting asymmetric F-actin assembly (PubMed:18499456). May be involved in signal transduction during cell migration (PubMed:9142991).
Expressed in most cells during embryonic development (PubMed:15328017, PubMed:15649460). First expressed at around the 100-200 cell stage of embryogenesis (PubMed:15328017, PubMed:15649460). Expression was absent or reduced in intestinal cell lineages during this time. Highly expressed in neuronal cells of the head, ventral nerve cord and tail during the late stages of embryogenesis (PubMed:15328017). Highly expressed in all dividing cells after hatching (PubMed:15649460). Highly expressed in the P lineage during the L1 stage of larval development (PubMed:15649460). During larval development, mainly expressed in the neurons, but there is also high expression in the junctional cells of the spermatheca and uterus, and weak expression in cells of the somatic gonad including the distal tip cells (PubMed:15328017).
Required for embryonic development and gonadogenesis. Also, functions redundantly with the transcriptional repressor lin-35 to regulate somatic gonad development.
Temperature-sensitive with 38% embryonic lethality at 25 degrees Celsius (PubMed:15649460). A large proportion of surviving animals are sterile. Surviving animals also have gonad developmental defects such as defective gonadal arm growth and as a result irregular distal tip cell migration, and 24% of animals had a protruding vulva phenotype (PubMed:15649460). Reduced brood size (PubMed:15328017). Double knockout with lin-35 results in 43% embryonic lethality (PubMed:15328017). Surviving animals develop slowly, are small, sterile and display male and female gonad developmental defects characterized by shorter gonadal arms, fewer germ cells, an everted vulva phenotype, and failed formation of sheath and spermathecal cells (PubMed:15328017). RNAi-mediated knockdown of lin-35 or hpl-2 results in larval arrest at 25 degrees Celsius in an xpn-1 mutant background (PubMed:15649460).
Catalyzes the conversion of methylglyoxal (MG) or glyoxal (GO) to D-lactate or glycolic acid respectively in a single glutathione (GSH)-independent step. May play a role in detoxifying endogenously produced glyoxals. Involved in protection against glyoxal-induced cell death.
Activated by Ca(2+)-bound calmodulin following an increase in intracellular Ca(2+) (By similarity). At low Ca(2+) concentrations, the catalytic subunit (also known as calcineurin A) is inactive and is bound to the regulatory subunit (also known as calcineurin B) in which only two high-affinity binding sites are occupied by Ca(2+) (PubMed:12221132). In response to elevated calcium levels, the occupancy of the low-affinity sites on calcineurin B by Ca(2+) causes a conformational change of the C-terminal regulatory domain of calcineurin A, resulting in the exposure of the calmodulin-binding domain and in the partial activation of calcineurin A (PubMed:12221132). The subsequent binding of Ca(2+)-bound calmodulin leads to the displacement of the autoinhibitory domain from the active site and possibly of the autoinhibitory segment from the substrate binding site which fully activates calcineurin A (By similarity). Inhibited by immunosuppressant cyclosporin A (CsA) (PubMed:12221132).
Belongs to the PPP phosphatase family. PP-2B subfamily.
Calcium-dependent, calmodulin-stimulated protein phosphatase (PubMed:12221132, PubMed:16481400, PubMed:22300764, PubMed:23805378). Dephosphorylates arrd-17 (PubMed:22300764). Dephosphorylates daf-16 at 'Ser-319' which regulates daf-16 nuclear translocation (PubMed:23805378). Dephosphorylates calcium permeable cation channel pkd-2 at 'Ser-534' (PubMed:16481400). Regulates male mating behavior including response to hermaphrodite contact and vulva location and localization of pkd-2 to neuronal cilium (PubMed:16481400). Negatively regulates several sensory behaviors including thermotaxis in ADF neurons, osmosensation in ASH neurons, olfaction adaptation in AWC neurons and sensitivity to CO2 levels (PubMed:18524955, PubMed:11879652). Plays a role in modulating temperature-dependent calcium responses in AFD neurons and together with tax-6 inhibitor rcan-1 regulates thermotaxis in AFD neurons (PubMed:26232604). Regulates expression of rcan-1 (PubMed:12684004). In response to changes in intracellular calcium levels may also regulate nuclear translocation of transcriptional regulators such as crtc-1 (PubMed:26232604). Plays a role in egg-laying, body-size, fertility, growth, movement and cuticle development (PubMed:12684004, PubMed:15522306, PubMed:17113567, PubMed:22300764, PubMed:27871170). Negatively regulates lifespan (PubMed:19279398). Promotes transcription activator crtc-1 nuclear localization, probably by dephosphorylating crtc-1 and thereby negatively regulates lifespan (PubMed:21331044). Regulates expression of chemoreceptor srt-2 in AWC neurons probably downstream of Ser/Thr kinase kin-29 (PubMed:17113567). Negatively regulates nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) sensitivity to nicotine (PubMed:15990870). Plays a role in several endocytic processes including in coelomocyte endocytosis, intestine apical endocytosis and synaptic vesicle recycling (PubMed:20803083, PubMed:21345307). May negatively regulate excitatory GABA receptor exp-1 during enteric muscle contraction (PubMed:16084527). May negatively regulate autophagy (PubMed:19279398).
Expressed in embryos and at all larval stages.
Expressed in head and tail neurons, ventral nerve cord, body wall and vulva muscles, sperm and spermatheca (PubMed:12221132). Expressed in hypodermal seam cells (PubMed:15522306). Expressed in intestinal and anal depressor muscles (PubMed:16084527). In male, expressed in CEM, HOB and ray RnB neurons (PubMed:16481400). Isoform a: Expressed in thermosensory ADF neurons, chemosensory ASE, AWA and AWC neurons, osmosensory ASH neurons and AIY and AIZ interneurons (PubMed:11879652). Expressed in body wall, vulva and pharyngeal muscles (PubMed:11879652).
Forms a complex composed of a calmodulin-dependent catalytic subunit tax-6 (also known as calcineurin A) and a regulatory Ca(2+)-binding subunit cnb-1 (also known as calcineurin B) (PubMed:12221132). In response to an increase in Ca(2+) intracellular levels, forms a complex composed of tax-6, cnb-1 and cmd-1/calmodulin (By similarity). Interacts with cmd-1/calmodulin in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner (PubMed:17854888). Interacts (via catalytic domain) with rcan-1; the interaction is calcium-dependent and inhibits tax-6 catalytic activity (PubMed:12684004, PubMed:26232604). Interacts with exp-1; the interaction is calcium and cnb-1-independent (PubMed:16084527). Interacts with arrd-17 (PubMed:22300764). Interacts with kin-29 (PubMed:17113567). Interacts with cnp-2 (PubMed:18593529). Interacts with daf-16 (PubMed:23805378). Interacts with dyn-1 (PubMed:20803083).
Possible isomerization of Pro-334 within the SAPNY motif triggers a conformation switch which affects the organization and thus accessibility of the active site and the substrate binding region (PxIxIF motif). The trans- to cis-transition may favor calcineurin A activation and substrate binding. The reverse cis- to trans-transition may be enhanced by peptidyl-prolyl isomerases such as PPIA.
Shorter body length and reduced serotinin-induced egg laying as compared to wild-type (PubMed:27871170). Reduced calcium responses in AFD neurons upon a temperature increase from 16 to 20 degrees Celsius as compared to wild-type. At 17 degrees Celsius displays thermophilic behavior, preferentially migrating towards hotter regions (PubMed:26232604). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in an increase in lifespan (PubMed:21331044, PubMed:23805378). Also causes nuclear exclusion of crtc-1 (PubMed:21331044).
The autoinhibitory domain prevents access to the catalytic site.
The autoinhibitory segment prevents access to the substrate binding site.
Belongs to the phosphoglycerate kinase family.
Component of the BBSome complex (By similarity). The BBSome complex is thought to function as a coat complex required for sorting of specific membrane proteins to the primary cilia (By similarity). The BBSome complex is required for ciliogenesis but is dispensable for centriolar satellite function (By similarity). Required for proper BBSome complex assembly and its ciliary localization (PubMed:22922713). Required for cilia biogenesis and both the assembly and movement of intraflagellar transport proteins along the ciliary axoneme (PubMed:15231740, PubMed:22022287, PubMed:22922713).
Expressed in ciliated cells including amphid and both inner and outer labial neurons of the head and in both phasmid neurons PHA and PHB in the tail at larval stages L1 and L2.
Mutants have normal body morphology, but with reduced body length and width, delayed larval development and decreased roaming movements. Defective cilia structure and function.
Part of BBSome complex, that contains at least bbs-1, bbs-2, bbs-4, bbs-5, osm-12, bbs-8/ttc-8 and bbs-9 (By similarity). Interacts with bbs-7 and bbs-9 (PubMed:22922713).
Present in the head body-wall muscles from the L1 larval stage through to adulthood. Also expressed between L4 and the adult molt in vulval vm1 muscle cells. These cells play a role in opening the vulva during egg laying.
Belongs to the quiescin-sulfhydryl oxidase (QSOX) family.
Belongs to the acetyltransferase family. ECO subfamily.
Component of the beta-catenin-lit-1 complex (also called the lit-1/wrm-1 complex or the wrm-1/lit-1 kinase complex) at least composed of lit-1 and wrm-1 (PubMed:10380924, PubMed:15066285). Interacts with wrm-1 (via N-terminus); the interaction is direct and activates lit-1 kinase activity which leads to the phosphorylation of pop-1 (PubMed:10380924, PubMed:15066285). This promotes pop-1 interaction with par-5 and translocation of pop-1 from the nucleus to the cytoplasm (PubMed:15066285). Interacts with pop-1 (when phosphorylated on 'Ser-118' and 'Ser-127'); the interaction is dependent on the beta-catenin-lit-1 complex (PubMed:10380924, PubMed:15066285).
Defects in body wall muscle, endoderm development and pop-1 asymmetry (PubMed:10380924, PubMed:10391246, PubMed:9384382). RNAi-mediated knockdown disrupts tail tip morphogenesis resulting in retention of the pointed larval tail tip in adult males (also known as the Lep phenotype) (PubMed:21408209). RNAi-mediated knockdown causes the transcription factor plp-1 to localize at much lower levels in nuclei and instead accumulate in the cytoplasm, during embryonic development.
Expressed in the pharynx and seam and vulval cells in larvae (PubMed:15489294). Expressed in the male tail tip during the L4 larval stage (PubMed:21408209).
Expressed in the pharynx and seam and vulval cells.
Has a role in the Wnt signaling pathway controlling the asymmetry of cell divisions during embryogenesis (PubMed:10380924). Operates in the AB and EMS cell lineages influencing cell specification (PubMed:10391246). Required for body wall muscle development, endoderm development, pop-1 asymmetry and T-cell division asymmetry (PubMed:10380924, PubMed:9384382). Component of the beta-catenin-lit-1 complex which promotes the phosphorylation, down-regulation and subcellular relocation of pop-1 (PubMed:15066285, PubMed:10380924). Regulates plp-1 nuclear localization in embryos (PubMed:19084000). Plays a role in male tail tip morphogenesis (PubMed:21408209).
Controls adherens junction integrity (PubMed:11715019). Required for the correct rate and completion of elongation of the embryos (PubMed:11715019).
Expressed by epithelial cells (PubMed:11715019). Expressed in sensory neuron dendritic tips (PubMed:27623382).
Expression occurs in the embryonic hypodermis, pharynx and intestine, as well as in postembryonic epithelia, including the vulva, uterus, spermathecae, pharynx, intestine, hindgut, hypodermis and male tail.
Interacts with dlj-1 (via L27 domain); the interaction regulates ajm-1 apical junction location.
Mutant embryos enclose normally and initiate elongation without obvious morphological abnormalities, yet at a slower rate than the wild type. Elongation is consistently arrested at the 2-3-fold stage, accompanied by the formation of a large vacuole in the posterior region.
The coiled-coil domain is sufficient to localize to apical junctions.
SIII, also known as elongin, is a general transcription elongation factor that increases the RNA polymerase II transcription elongation past template-encoded arresting sites. Subunit A is transcriptionally active and its transcription activity is strongly enhanced by binding to the dimeric complex of the SIII regulatory subunits B and C (elongin BC complex).
The BC-box, which mediates binding to the elongin BC complex, has the consensus [APST]-L-x(3)-C-x(3)-[AILV].
Belongs to the RNase HII family. Eukaryotic subfamily.
Catalytic subunit of RNase HII, an endonuclease that specifically degrades the RNA of RNA:DNA hybrids. Participates in DNA replication, possibly by mediating the removal of lagging-strand Okazaki fragment RNA primers during DNA replication. Mediates the excision of single ribonucleotides from DNA:RNA duplexes (By similarity).
Manganese or magnesium. Binds 1 divalent metal ion per monomer in the absence of substrate. May bind a second metal ion after substrate binding.
Dopamine transporter (PubMed:9765501, PubMed:29346382). Terminates the action of dopamine by its high affinity sodium-dependent reuptake into presynaptic terminals.
This protein is the target of psychomotor stimulants such as amphetamines or cocaine. Plays a role in promoting amphetamine-induced loss of motility in water, termed swimming-induced paralysis (PubMed:20410438).
DNA-binding protein which modulates activity of several transcription factors (By similarity). Plays a role in the modulation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis during chemical and pathogen stress, including exposure to the Gram-negative bacterium P.aeruginosa (PubMed:30287474).
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the GART family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the GARS family.
In the central section; belongs to the AIR synthase family.
Expressed in the soma during early embryogenesis, and widely expressed after hatching. Isoform C: Expressed in the soma during early embryogenesis, but after hatching, expression in larvae is restricted to V and P lineages, the postembryonic lineages that contribute to the seam cells and vulval precursor cells, respectively.
Has been shown in one report to not be localized to centrosomes or nuclei, and based on RNAi-mediated knockdown studies, has been shown to play a role in cytokinesis (PubMed:12213836). However, has also been reported to localize to centrosomes and nuclei and to have no role in cytokinesis, based on results obtained using the cdc-14 he118 mutant and RNAi-mediated knockdown (PubMed:15247923).
Inhibited by sodium orthovanadate. Weakly inhibited by sodium fluoride and okadaic acid.
Main regulator of cell cycle arrest in vulval precursor cells.
Protein phosphatase that negatively regulates the G1-to-S phase transition to inhibit the cell cycle and establish quiescence in cells of multiple lineages including vulval, hypodermal and intestinal (PubMed:15247923, PubMed:21723944). Promotes nuclear accumulation and activity of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor cki-1 which leads to inhibition of G1 progression during vulval tissue development (PubMed:15247923). Has been shown to not be required for cytokinesis (PubMed:15247923). However, in the embryo, in a contrasting study, has been shown to act as a regulator of central spindle formation and cytokinesis, and may be required for localization of the spindle component zen-4, and its interacting partner air-2 at the spindle during late cell divisions (PubMed:12213836).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in extra cell divisions in the vulval lineage, but does not result in defects in cytokinesis (PubMed:15247923, PubMed:21723944). RNAi-mediated knockdown decreases cki-1 expression in the nucleus of vulval precursor cells (PubMed:15247923). In contrasting studies RNAi-mediated knockdown results in embryonic lethality with the production of multinucleated embryos that exhibit cytokinesis failure during telophase, no central spindle formation, and failed localization of the spindle component zen-4 and its interacting partner air-2 at the spindle in either anaphase or telophase (PubMed:12213836).
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL36 family.
Expressed in most cells during embryogenesis (PubMed:25124690). Expressed most strongly in the egg with expression present in L1 but reducing through to L3 where it is very weak. No expression was found in L4. Strong expression is also seen in egg-laying adults and post-reproductive adults.
Expressed in the body wall muscle and in eggs (PubMed:18393358). Expressed in head neurons (PubMed:12788949). Expressed in the intestine (PubMed:18393358, PubMed:25124690). Expressed in pharyngeal cells, vulval muscle cells and cells of the tail region (PubMed:25124690).
Inhibited by sodium vanadate and peroxide.
Interacts with phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PI3P) via the FYVE-type domain.
Preferentially dephosphorylates phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PI3P), and has some activity towards phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate (PI35P) (PubMed:18393358, PubMed:25124690). May also dephosphorylate proteins phosphorylated on Ser, Thr, and Tyr residues (By similarity). Positively regulates autophagy and is recruited to autophagosomes by PI3P where it catalyzes PI3P turnover to promote autophagosome maturation (PubMed:25124690). Thought to have a role in maintenance of muscle function (PubMed:18393358). Involved in locomotion and lifespan determination (PubMed:18393358).
Worms exhibit a 2-fold increase in PI3P, sluggish body movement with progressive deterioration and defects in gestation.
Expressed in larval stage L3 male and hermaphrodite germlines, coinciding with sperm fate specification (at protein level) (PubMed:22570621). Expression persists throughout adulthood in males, but is absent in adult hermaphrodites that are undergoing oogenesis (at protein level) (PubMed:22570621).
Transcription factor which controls spermatogenesis and sperm cell fate by regulation of sperm gene expression.
Binds to alpha-tubulin folding intermediates after their interaction with cytosolic chaperonin in the pathway leading from newly synthesized tubulin to properly folded heterodimer.
Supercomplex made of cofactors A to E. Cofactors A and D function by capturing and stabilizing tubulin in a quasi-native conformation. Cofactor E binds to the cofactor D-tubulin complex; interaction with cofactor C then causes the release of tubulin polypeptides that are committed to the native state (By similarity).
Expressed in pharyngeal neurons I1 and I2, neurons ASG, AVL, CAN, PQR, vulva, intestine, rectal glands and rectal epithelial glands. Also expressed in neurons in ray 8 in males.
Receptor for dopamine. The activity of this receptor is mediated by G proteins which activate adenylyl cyclase. In terms of antagonist responses, would be classed with the D1-like dopamine receptor group.
Isoforms a: Widely expressed in tissues including body wall muscles, neurons, pharynx, hypodermis, seam cells, intestine and gonad (PubMed:30407909). Isoform b: Widely expressed in tissues including body wall muscles, neurons, pharynx, hypodermis, seam cells, intestine and gonad (PubMed:30407909).
Promotes L-nAChR assembly in the endoplasmic reticulum at neuromuscular junctions.
Protein disulfide isomerase which associates with the unc-29 subunit of levamisole-sensitive nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (L-nAChR) to promote L-nAChR assembly in the endoplasmic reticulum at neuromuscular junctions.
Viable, with no defects in coordination (PubMed:30407909). Decreased number of synaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) at neuromuscular junctions (PubMed:30407909). Isoform a: Deletion leads to reduced sensitivity to the nAChR agonist levamisole (PubMed:30407909). Isoform b: Deletion leads to sensitivity to levamisole as in wild-type (PubMed:30407909).
Belongs to the EFF/AFF cell fusogen family.
Egg laying defective phenotype. AC fail to fuse in the majority of worms (PubMed:17488621). RNAi-mediated knockdown in a daf-7 e1372 mutant background causes a severe defect in amphid sheath cell fusion induced by entry into dauer stage (PubMed:21350017).
First expressed in embryonic hyp5 cells and then during larval development in pharyngeal muscles, uterine rings, head and tail neurons, sheath cells of chemo-sensory neurons, and in male neurons. Expressed in AC, vulval D rings and uterine seam cells in cell fusion events during development.
Required for cell fusion events during development including the fusion of anchor cells (AC), vulval A and vulval D rings, and late epidermal seam cells (PubMed:17488621). Required for amphid sheath cell fusion induced by entry into dauer stage (PubMed:21350017).
E3 ubiquitin ligase that acts as a key regulator of DNA repair in response to replication stress (PubMed:31545170, PubMed:30849395). Acts by mediating ubiquitination of the CMG helicase complex, promoting the unloading of the CMG helicase complex by the p97 ATPase (cdc-48.1 or cdc-48.2) (PubMed:31545170, PubMed:30849395).
Belongs to the NADP-dependent oxidoreductase L4BD family.
Interacts with kvs-1 in the nerve cells.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 3 family.
Forms a hetero-octamer with each protomer of the gsy-1 homotetramer bound to one molecule of gyg-1. The N-terminus is involved in interprotomer contacts with gyg-1. The interaction with gyg-1 is required for glycogen production but is not required for gsy-1 intrinsic activity.
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in reduced survival.
Transfers the glycosyl residue from UDP-Glc to the non-reducing end of alpha-1,4-glucan.
Component of an integrin containing attachment complex, which is required for muscle development and maintenance (PubMed:22253611). Probably function in adherens junction (PubMed:12808046). Affects the structural integrity of the integrin containing muscle adherens junctions and contributes to the mechanosensory functions of touch neurons (PubMed:12808046).
Interacts with unc-98 (PubMed:12808046). Component of an integrin containing attachment complex, composed of at least pat-2, pat-3, pat-4, pat-6, unc-52, unc-97 and unc-112 (PubMed:22253611).
Restricted to tissue types that attach to the hypodermis, specifically body wall muscles, vulval muscles, and mechanosensory neurons.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. rRNA adenine N(6)-methyltransferase family. KsgA subfamily.
Probable S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyltransferase which specifically dimethylates mitochondrial 12S rRNA at the conserved stem loop. Also required for basal transcription of mitochondrial DNA. Stimulates transcription independently of the methyltransferase activity (By similarity).
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS13 family.
Interacts with spt-5 to form DSIF. DSIF interacts with RNA polymerase II and with the positive transcription elongation factor b complex (P-TEFb complex), which is composed of cdk-9 and cyclin-T (cit-1.1 or cit-1.2) (By similarity).
Belongs to the FIT family. FIT2 subfamily.
Fatty acyl-coenzyme A (CoA) diphosphatase that hydrolyzes fatty acyl-CoA to yield acyl-4'-phosphopantetheine and adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate (By similarity). Preferentially hydrolyzes unsaturated long-chain acyl-CoA substrates in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen (By similarity). This catalytic activity is required for maintaining ER structure and for lipid droplets (LDs) biogenesis, which are lipid storage organelles involved in maintaining lipid and energy homeostasis (PubMed:26504167) (By similarity). May directly bind to diacylglycerol (DAGs) and triacylglycerol, which is also important for LD biogenesis (By similarity). May support directional budding of nacent LDs from the ER into the cytosol by reducing DAG levels at sites of LD formation (By similarity). May play a role in the regulation of cell morphology, ER morphology and cytoskeletal organization (By similarity).
Component of the ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase complex (complex III or cytochrome b-c1 complex) that is part of the mitochondrial respiratory chain (PubMed:20971856). The b-c1 complex mediates electron transfer from ubiquinol to cytochrome c (By similarity). Contributes to the generation of a proton gradient across the mitochondrial membrane that is then used for ATP synthesis (PubMed:20971856).
Component of the ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase complex (complex III or cytochrome b-c1 complex) that is part of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. The b-c1 complex mediates electron transfer from ubiquinol to cytochrome c. Contributes to the generation of a proton gradient across the mitochondrial membrane that is then used for ATP synthesis.
Heme 1 (or BL or b562) is low-potential and absorbs at about 562 nm, and heme 2 (or BH or b566) is high-potential and absorbs at about 566 nm.
The main subunits of complex b-c1 are: cytochrome b, cytochrome c1 and the Rieske protein.
The protein contains an even number of transmembrane helices, fewer than predicted by bioinformatics tools.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 4 family.
Expressed in the pharynx, body wall muscles and epidermis. Weaker expression is seen in the intestine.
Has roles in respiratory and lipid metabolism.
Significant decrease in respiration rate and a lower concentration of the monounsaturated fatty acid cis-vaccenic acid.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX6/DHH1 subfamily.
Expression is restricted to two germline precursors Z2 and Z3 in L1 stage hermaphrodites, and is detectable specifically in the gonad at low levels into the L3 stage. Expression is significantly higher during the early L4 stage. In adults, expression remains gonad-specific and was not apparent in the somatically derived uterus. Expressed in germ granules (P granules); when associated with pgl-1.
Interacts with car-1 in a germline ribonucleoprotein complex (PubMed:16221731). Interacts with ifet-1 (PubMed:23264733). Interacts with oma-1, which is a component of a ribonucleoprotein complex, in an RNA-dependent manner (PubMed:25261697).
Probable RNA helicase required for oocyte and sperm function. Also required to prevent the physiological germline apoptosis mechanism killing essentially all developing oocytes.
Component of the CSN complex, probably composed of csn-1, csn-2, csn-3, csn-4, csn-5, csn-6 and csn-7. Within the complex it probably interacts directly with csn-2 and csn-4. In the complex, it probably interacts directly with csn-1, csn-2, csn-3 and csn-6. Interacts with itself.
Belongs to the Golgi pH regulator (TC 1.A.38) family.
Plays a role in valine and pyrimidine metabolism. Binds fatty acyl-CoA (By similarity).
Plays a role in valine and pyrimidine metabolism. Binds fatty acyl-CoA.
Expressed in 40 neurons located in the head, which can be divided into 15 anatomically distinct classes; unc-42-expressing neurons are unrelated by lineage but are synaptically interconnected.
Expressed in neurons from 260 minutes of embryogenesis, comma stage and into adulthood (at protein level) (PubMed:10207148). Expressed in late stage (3 and a half-fold) embryos in at least 20 pairs of neurons of the head, including the AVA, AVD and AVE interneurons, ASH sensory neurons, and RMD and SMB motor neurons (PubMed:10207148). Expressed at high levels in the AIN, AVH, AVJ, AVK, RIV, SAA and SIB interneurons (PubMed:10207148). At larval L2 stage, expressed in the tail in the PVT neuron (PubMed:10207148).
Probable transcription factor (PubMed:9216999, PubMed:11222641, PubMed:34165428). Required for initial outgrowth and pathfinding of axon growth cones along the ventral nerve cord (VNC) (PubMed:9216999, PubMed:11222641, PubMed:34165428). Involved in specifying neuron identity, in concert with nuclear hormone receptor family member fax-1, or with transcription factors unc-3, cfi-1, or hlh-34, perhaps acting via positive feedforward loops (PubMed:10207148, PubMed:16183052, PubMed:34165428). Establishes electrically- and chemically-interconnected neuron circuits, acting by modulating the expression of neurotransmitter pathway genes, neurotransmitter receptors, neuropeptides, and neuropeptide receptors (PubMed:34165428). Required for cholinergic and glutamatergic synaptic communication (PubMed:34165428). Plays a role in locomotion and mechanosensory response, perhaps via regulation of chemosensory receptor expression, and is required for expression of glutamate receptors, including glr-1, glr-4 and glr-5 (PubMed:10207148, PubMed:11222641, PubMed:34165428).
Belongs to the eukaryotic/archaeal RNase P protein component 2 family.
Component of ribonuclease P, a protein complex that generates mature tRNA molecules by cleaving their 5'-ends.
Heterodimer of sptl-1/sptl-2 or sptl-1/sptl-3.
Belongs to the nucleoporin Nup84/Nup107 family.
Highly expressed in embryos (at protein level) (PubMed:19167330, PubMed:22238360). Expression decreases rapidly in larvae and becomes restricted to the germline in adults (PubMed:19167330).
Involved in kinetochore assembly and chromosome segregation during embryonic mitosis. Required for the localization of the NDC80 complex member him-10, the chromosomal passenger complex component air-2 and nuclear pore complex proteins npp-23 and npp-15 to kinetochores during metaphase. Required for npp-23 localization to the nuclear envelope during interphase. Recruits mdf-1, a component of the spindle assembly checkpoint, to the nuclear envelope. Appears dispensable for the assembly of the nuclear pore complex and for nuclear protein import.
Larval lethality with about 9-12 percent of animals reaching adulthood. The few surviving adults are sterile. About 10 percent embryonic lethality. Reduced nuclear growth in P1 embryonic cell and delayed entry into mitosis. 39 percent reduction in him-10 kinetochore association and 34 percent reduction in air-2 chromatin association during metaphase. Loss of npp-5 localization to kinetochores during metaphase. About 10 percent of mutants have chromosome segregation defects. RNAi-mediated knockdown causes a loss of npp-23 localization to kinetochores and reduced localization to the nuclear envelope in interphase. Also results in the accumulation of spindle assembly checkpoint protein mdf-1 on kinetochores during metaphase and reduced mdf-1 localization to the nuclear envelope. Does not affect the expression levels of nuclear pore complex components npp-10, npp-19 and npp-7 or npp-10, npp-2 and mel-28 localization and appears to be dispensable for pie-1 nuclear import and for nuclear protein exclusion. Embryos transiently exposed to a hypoxic environment develop into infertile adults. Simultaneous RNAi-mediated knockdown of mdf-1 causes embryonic lethality and severe chromosome segregation defects.
Part of the nuclear pore complex (NPC) (By similarity). May interact with mdf-1 (PubMed:22238360).
Component of the lid subcomplex of the 26S proteasome, a multiprotein complex involved in the ATP-dependent degradation of ubiquitinated proteins. In the complex, rpn-6.1 is required for proteasome assembly. Plays a key role in increased proteasome activity in response to proteotoxic stress: induced by daf-16, promoting enhanced assembly of the 26S proteasome and higher proteasome activity, leading to extended lifespan.
TRAP proteins are part of a complex whose function is to bind calcium to the ER membrane and thereby regulate the retention of ER resident proteins. May be involved in the recycling of the translocation apparatus after completion of the translocation process or may function as a membrane-bound chaperone facilitating folding of translocated proteins.
Required for efficient RNA interference (RNAi) of pop-1 indicating a role in the germline development.
Expressed in the germline, with highest expression in cells undergoing oogenesis.
Interacts (via N-terminus) with rad-51; regulates rad-51 recruitment to sites of DNA double strand breaks (PubMed:15798199, PubMed:17483448).
Mutant animals are egg-laying defective and exhibit a reduced brood size and high embryonic lethality (PubMed:15798199, PubMed:18779660). Impaired formation of rad-51 foci and accumulation of rpa-1 foci in the meiotic region of the germline in mutants either untreated or treated with ionizing radiation (IR), indicating impaired DNA double strand break repair by homologous recombination (PubMed:15798199, PubMed:18779660). Decompaction of chromatin, chromosome aggregation and aberrant number of bivalent chromosomes during meiosis (PubMed:15798199, PubMed:18779660). In a telomerase trt-1 mutant background, RNAi-mediated knockdown leads to telomere shortening in early generations, to telomere elongation in late generations and to a delay in generational replicative senescence (PubMed:27761361).
Required for the homologous recombination repair of DNA double strand breaks, thereby playing a role in chromosome integrity (PubMed:15798199, PubMed:16843491). Acts by targeting rad-51 to sites of DNA damage and stabilizing rad-51-DNA filaments by blocking ATP hydrolysis catalyzed by rad-51 (PubMed:15798199, PubMed:16843491, PubMed:17483448, PubMed:18779660). Promotes rad-51 mediated displacement-loop (D-loop) formation during strand invasion between the invading single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and the homologous duplex DNA (PubMed:16843491). Also functions independently of rad-51 in DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair by promoting DNA single-strand annealing (SSA) when the homologous recombination (HR) and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) pathways are compromised (PubMed:15798199, PubMed:16843491). Binds selectively to single-stranded (ssDNA) via its C-terminus (PubMed:15798199). Involved in telomere maintenance and replicative senescence (PubMed:27761361).
The BRCA2 repeat-like region is required for rad-51 binding.
Expressed in hypodermis and pharyngeal muscles.
Probable polyglutamylase that forms polyglutamate side chains on tubulin (PubMed:27635036). Probably acts when complexed with other proteins (PubMed:27635036). Appears to be dispensable for polar spindle formation in dividing embryonic cells, for cilia-dependent osmotic avoidance and for male mating behavior (PubMed:27635036). Regulates microtubule dynamics in uterine muscle cells (PubMed:24780738).
RNAi-mediated knockdown at the L1 larval stage causes a reduction in egg-laying, likely due to a defect in the egg-laying apparatus muscles.
Belongs to the apolipoprotein A1/A4/E family.
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases (Probable). They oxidize a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics (Probable). May play a role in the regulation of lifespan (PubMed:19575768).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in a 25% increase in lifespan.
Abundant in embryos, and less abundant in larvae.
May regulate transcriptional elongation by RNA polymerase II. Required for several aspects of morphogenesis of C.elegans, including regulation of division in the germline and gut and specification of ventral-uterine precursor cell fate.
Abnormal locomotion, abnormal morphology, slow growth, defects in distal tip cell migration, defects in developing gonads, and in extreme cases embryonic lethal.
Binds specifically to cytosolic chaperonin (c-CPN) and transfers target proteins to it. Binds to nascent polypeptide chain and promotes folding in an environment in which there are many competing pathways for nonnative proteins (By similarity). Required for positioning of the mitotic spindle.
Expressed in embryonic blastomeres and gonads.
Belongs to the DNA2/NAM7 helicase family.
Phosphorylated probably by smg-1. Smg-3 and smg-4 are required for phosphorylation.
RNA-dependent helicase required for nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) of aberrant mRNAs containing premature stop codons and modulates the expression level of normal mRNAs. Is recruited to mRNAs upon translation termination and undergoes a cycle of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation; its phosphorylation appears to be a key step in NMD. The formation of an smg-2-3-4 surveillance complex is believed to activate NMD (By similarity).
Probable component of the PAM complex at least composed of a mitochondrial HSP70 protein, GrpE, tim-44, tim-16 and tim-14/dnj-21.
Probable component of the PAM complex, a complex required for the translocation of transit peptide-containing proteins from the inner membrane into the mitochondrial matrix in an ATP-dependent manner. May act as a co-chaperone that stimulate the ATP-dependent activity (By similarity).
Forms a heterodimer with the catalytic subunit.
Required for the formation of N(7)-methylguanine at position 46 (m7G46) in tRNA. In the complex, it is required to stabilize and induce conformational changes of the catalytic subunit.
Involved in the uptake of ammonia (Probable). Implicated in aging.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX54/DBP10 subfamily.
Belongs to the archaeal Rpo12/eukaryotic RPC10 RNA polymerase subunit family.
Expressed throughout development and in adults.
Interacts with lmn-1 (PubMed:12684533). Interacts (via LEM domain and the C-terminal nuclear domain) with baf-1 (PubMed:12684533).
Moderate increase in embryonic lethality of progeny of X-ray-irradiated adults (PubMed:22383942). Reduced lifespan to 18.6 days compared to 22 days for wild type animals (PubMed:22171324). Decreased contour ration of interphase nuclei, nuclear envelope invaginations and faster turnover of emr-1 at nuclear envelope (PubMed:25653391). Delay of daughter nuclei separation (PubMed:25653391). Two microtubule-organizing centers (MTOCs) found in close association with nuclei during nuclear separation instead of only one as in wild type animals (PubMed:25653391). RNAi-mediated knockdown leads to embryonic lethality and chromosome segregation defects in the F1 progeny (PubMed:12684533). Simultaneous knockout of lem-2 and emr-1 leads to embryonic lethality, 8.5% shorter animals in larval stage L2, abnormal gonads and a developmental stop at late L2/early L3 (PubMed:22171324). Missing cell divisions in the postembryonic mesodermal lineage and failure to produce any of the differentiated M lineage cells (PubMed:22171324). Defects in the organization of chromatin, nuclear intermediate filaments, and nuclear pore complexes (NPCs), and defects in mitosis in cells that continue to divide after embryogenesis (PubMed:22171324). In the mitotic zone of the gonad, lmn-1 and NPCs are mislocalized and nuclei are misshaped (PubMed:22171324). Misshaped nuclei with large lmn-1 aggregates, clustered NPCs and condensed chromatin in somatic hypodermal cells (PubMed:22171324). Defects in motility, sarcomere organization, and muscle attachment to hypodermis (PubMed:22171324). Decreased motility and near paralysis at day 6 (PubMed:22171324). Disorganized thin and thick filaments of sarcomeres and abnormally positioned muscles at day 3 and 6 (PubMed:22171324). Decreased pumping rate of the pharynx (PubMed:22171324). Simultaneous RNAi-mediated knockdown of lem-2 and emr-1 causes anaphase chromatin bridges and redistribution of baf-1 from the nuclear periphery to the segregating chromatin during anaphase (PubMed:12684533). RNAi-mediated knockdown in a cnep-1 mutant background leads to severe nuclear sealing defects (PubMed:32271860).
Nuclear lamina-associated inner nuclear membrane protein that is involved in cell division, nuclear structure organization, maintenance of nuclear envelope integrity and nuclear envelope reformation after mitosis (PubMed:12684533, PubMed:21176223, PubMed:22171324, PubMed:25653391, PubMed:32271860). In interphase cells, plays a role in anchoring and spatial arrangement of chromosome arms at the nuclear periphery, forming so-called lem-2 subdomains (PubMed:21176223). Both arms of autosomes but only the left arm of the X chromosome are anchored in lem-2 subdomains; sequences bound by lem-2 are mainly repetitive chromosome sequences and inactive genes (PubMed:21176223). Involved in chromosome segregation and cell division, probably via its interaction with the nuclear intermediate filament protein lmn-1, the main component of nuclear lamina (PubMed:12684533). Required to organize the distribution of lmn-1, nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) and chromatin in mitotically active cells (PubMed:22171324). Involved in the nuclear positioning and efficient anchoring of microtubule-organizing centers (MTOCs) to the nuclear envelope during mitosis as well as on maintaining correct nuclear morphology (PubMed:25653391). Contributes to closure of nuclear envelope (NE) holes and prevents excess nuclear membranes after meiosis and mitosis (PubMed:32271860). Together with emr-1, plays a role in baf-1 enrichment at the nuclear envelope in anaphase (PubMed:12684533). Together with emr-1, involved in muscle cell attachment to hypodermal cells, as well as muscle cell location and sarcomere organization (PubMed:22171324). May play a role in radiation-induced DNA damage repair response (PubMed:22383942).
Ubiquitous (PubMed:12684533). High expression in germline and intestine (PubMed:25653391).
Expressed following fertilization and during embryogenesis in four neuronal cells (PubMed:23671427). Expressed in BAG, URX, AQR and PQR sensory neurons and cells in the head and tail in L1 larval stage and in the body wall muscle and vulval cells later in larval development (PubMed:23671427, PubMed:23946438). Expressed in cells of the pi uterine cell lineage from late L3 to mid L4 (PubMed:9834196).
Expressed in body wall muscle and head and tail neurons (PubMed:9834196). Specifically expressed in O(2) and CO(2)-sensing neurons, including BAG and URX sensory neurons (PubMed:23671427).
Hermaphrodites have an egg laying defective phenotype and a reduced brood size (PubMed:9834196). They display a protruding vulva phenotype and there is a failure of anchor cells to fuse to uterine seam cells (anchor cell-block) (PubMed:9834196). Animals also have defective vulval morphogenesis and gonad migration with increased pi cell divisions, which thus leads to an improper uterine-vulval connection (PubMed:9834196, PubMed:14668410). Defective response to CO(2) sensing (PubMed:23671427).
Probable transcription factor that is required for uterine and neuronal cell fate decisions (PubMed:9834196, PubMed:14668410, PubMed:23946438). Controls genes required for the specification and differentiation of O(2) and CO(2)-sensing neurons and for maintaining URX sensory neuronal cell fate (PubMed:23671427).
Belongs to the phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase beta subunit family. Type 2 subfamily.
Tetramer of two alpha and two beta subunits.
Part of a complex consisting of a common heterodimeric core enzyme, composed of catalytic subunit let-92 and constant regulatory subunit paa-1, that associates with a variety of regulatory subunits which confer distinct properties to the holoenzyme (PubMed:17218259). Interacts with szy-20 and regulatory subunit sur-6 (PubMed:21497766). Interacts with regulatory subunit rsa-1 (PubMed:17218259). May interact with sas-5 (PubMed:21497766). Interacts with unc-51 and unc-14 (PubMed:20392746).
Protein phosphatase which plays an essential role in early embryonic cell division (PubMed:20392746, PubMed:17218259, PubMed:21497766). Probably together with constant regulatory subunit paa-1 and regulatory subunit sur-6, positively regulates centriole duplication by preventing the degradation of sas-5 and kinase zyg-1 (PubMed:21497766). In addition, plays a role in the recruitment of sas-6 and maybe sas-5 to centrioles and may dephosphorylate sas-5 and zyg-1 negative regulator szy-20 (PubMed:21497766). During vulva development, may play a role with regulatory subunits paa-1 and sur-6 in the induction of vulva cell precursors by positively regulating let-60/Ras-MAP kinase signaling, probably by promoting lin-45 activation (PubMed:10521400). In association with regulatory subunit rsa-1 and probably paa-1, regulates microtubule outgrowth from centrosomes and mitotic spindle assembly ensuring the stability of kinetochore microtubules (PubMed:17218259). Plays a negative role in axon guidance probably by dephosphorylating unc-51, unc-14 and vab-8 (PubMed:20392746).
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes severe embryonic lethality (PubMed:10521400). Causes a failure to duplicate centrioles resulting in the formation of monopolar spindles at the 2-cell embryonic stage, a failure to align chromosomes at the metaphase plate, delayed cell cycle progression and defects in mitotic exit including failure to reform nuclei and decondense chromatin (PubMed:17218259, PubMed:21497766). Also causes a reduction in centrosomal microtubules (PubMed:17218259). In addition, recruitment of sas-6 to centriole is impaired and sas-5 and zyg-1 protein levels are reduced (PubMed:21497766). Few of the surviving animals show occasional defects in vulva induction (PubMed:10521400). Partially suppresses multivulva formation in a let-60 n1046 mutant background (PubMed:10521400).
Belongs to the complex I NDUFC2 subunit family.
Atypical MAPK protein. Regulates primary cilium formation in sensory neurons and the localization of ciliary proteins involved in cilium structure, transport, and signaling (PubMed:29021280, PubMed:28745435). Acts in dopamine (DA) neurons to support synaptic membrane dat-1 availability via activation of rho-1 thereby sustaining normal levels of DA clearance (PubMed:28842414). Plays a role in male mating behavior, probably in part through regulating the localization of the polycystin pkd-2 (PubMed:28745435). Functions postembryonically in the URX sensory neurons to constrain URX dendrite growth throughout lifetime, probably by restricting expansion of the subcellular sensory compartment at the dendrite ending (PubMed:29879119).
Dually phosphorylated on Thr-178 and Tyr-180, which activates the enzyme.
Expressed in the URX neuron and in many other head sensory neurons (PubMed:29879119). Isoform a: Expressed in head and tail ciliated sensory neurons, and in mid-body neurons. Isoform c: Expressed in head and tail ciliated sensory neurons, and in mid-body neurons.
Viable, but males display irregular mating behavior (PubMed:28745435). Ciliary defects in ciliated sensory neurons include impaired extension of dendrites, and abnormal amphid and phasmid sensillum morphology (PubMed:28745435, PubMed:29021280). Homozygotes present the swimming-induced paralysis (Swip) phenotype (PubMed:28842414).
Acts in a cell autonomous fashion to specify the properties of the sensory ray and non-autonomously in the choice of hypodermal versus neuroblast cell fate.
Expressed from the onset of gastrulation, beginning with the dorsal hyp7 cells. Subsequently detected in other cell types including hypodermal cells, neuronal cells near the pharyngeal bulbs, neurons along the ventral nerve cord, the AVM, HOA, HOB, PLM and VA3 neurons, some body wall muscles, and the ray cells. During the L4 stage, expressed within neuron A of all ray cells, neuron B of rays 3 and 6, and the structural cell of ray 6.
In the male tail, ray precursor cells show altered fates. Conical sensory ray 6 is absent as it appears to fuse with ray 4. Males show reduced body length and uncoordinated movement in a backwards locomotion. Hermaphrodites produce a reduced brood size due to a decreased number of laid eggs.
Transcription is repressed by heat shock.
Exhibits ester hydrolase activity on the substrate p-nitrophenyl acetate.
Belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily. HEN1 family.
Broadly expressed in the germline and somatic tissues in both hermaphrodites and males.
Expressed in the germline and soma throughout development (at the protein level) (PubMed:22548001, PubMed:22829772). Highly expressed in embryos (PubMed:22548001, PubMed:22829772). Expression is lowest during the early larval stages and increases as the germline proliferates, peaking at the adult stage (PubMed:22548001).
Methyltransferase that adds a 2'-O-methyl group at the 3'-end of PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) which are classes of regulatory RNAs that are involved in gene silencing in endogenous RNA interference (RNAi) pathways (PubMed:22536158, PubMed:22548001, PubMed:22829772). Methylation protects the 3'-end of small RNAs from tailing and trimming and could constitute a recognition signal for appropriate argonaute machineries (Probable). Methylates and stabilizes 26G-siRNAs (a class of 26 nucleotide siRNAs that possess a monophosphorylated guanine residue at the 5'-end) when they are bound by argonaute protein ergo-1 (PubMed:22536158, PubMed:22548001, PubMed:22829772). This occurs in the female germline and embryo, but not in the male germline (PubMed:22548001). Does not methylate 26G-siRNAs bound by argonaute proteins alg-3 or alg-4 (PubMed:22548001, PubMed:22829772). Methylates and stabilizes 21U-piRNAs, which are a class of 21 nucleotide piRNAs that possess a uracil residue at the 5'-end, in the male and female germline (PubMed:22536158, PubMed:22548001, PubMed:22829772). In addition, may play a role in exogenous RNAi (exoRNAi) pathways in the germline (PubMed:22829772).
RNAi-mediated knockdown suppresses RNAi-mediated silencing by siR-1, which are 22G-siRNAs (a class of secondary 22 nucleotide siRNAs that possess a triphosphorylated guanine residue at the 5'-end and are formed from 21U-piRNAs and 26G-siRNAs).
Expressed in the following tissues in both larvae and adults: pharynx, pharyngeal-intestinal valve, intestine, anal sphincter, vulval muscle, seam cells and the nervous system.
Expression increases from day 1 to day 12 but activity decreased 10-fold during this period indicating that post translational modification is operational.
Thought to act as a glyoxalase. May remove methylglyoxal from mitochondrial proteins. Has roles in reducing oxidative stress and increasing lifespan.
Has both beta-1,3-glucuronic acid and beta-1,4-N-acetylgalactosamine transferase activity (PubMed:12761549). The beta-1,3-glucuronic acid transferase activity is controversial as it is not detected using the purified recombinant enzyme (PubMed:12761550). Adds the first N-acetylgalactosamine(GalNAc) to initiate the chondroitin chain. Transfers glucuronic acid (GlcUA) from UDP-GlcUA and GalNAc from UDP-GalNAc to the non-reducing end of the elongating chondroitin polymer (PubMed:12761549, PubMed:12761550). Together with mig-22, required for chondroitin synthesis (PubMed:15485872). Plays a role in early embryonic development by controlling cell division and cytokinesis (PubMed:12761550). In addition, involved in vulva morphogenesis and in the directed migration of gonadal distal tip cells and hermaphrodite specific neurons (PubMed:12761549, PubMed:16982046, PubMed:24052309). May be required for nunc6/netrin-mediated dorsal guidance of distal tip cells (PubMed:16982046).
Mutant hermaphrodites have a defect in the invagination of the vulva epithelium and produce fewer eggs (PubMed:12761549). A similar defect is observed in RNAi-mediated knockdown (PubMed:12761550). In addition, RNAi-mediated knockdown in embryos shows severe cell division defects including cytokinesis reversal and increased number of nuclei per cell resulting in early embryonic death in utero (PubMed:12761550). RNAi-mediated knockdown in adults shows a normal sperm production (PubMed:12761550).
Belongs to the HAD-like hydrolase superfamily. MasA/MtnC family.
Bifunctional enzyme that catalyzes the enolization of 2,3-diketo-5-methylthiopentyl-1-phosphate (DK-MTP-1-P) into the intermediate 2-hydroxy-3-keto-5-methylthiopentenyl-1-phosphate (HK-MTPenyl-1-P), which is then dephosphorylated to form the acireductone 1,2-dihydroxy-3-keto-5-methylthiopentene (DHK-MTPene).
Acts as a negative regulator of G1 to S cell cycle phase progression by inhibiting cyclin-dependent kinases. Inhibitory effects are additive with GADD45 proteins but occurs also in the absence of GADD45 proteins. Acts as a repressor of the orphan nuclear receptor NR4A1 by inhibiting AB domain-mediated transcriptional activity. May be involved in the hormone-mediated regulation of NR4A1 transcriptional activity. May play a role in mitochondrial protein synthesis.
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mL64 family.
As a homodimer binds DNA via the E-box sequence 5'-CACGTG-3' (PubMed:19632181). Represses lag-2 transcription during embryogenesis via Notch signaling, in an unc-37-dependent manner (PubMed:15935776). Also represses tbx-37 independent of Notch signaling (PubMed:15935776). In the intestine, plays a role in probiotic-mediated protection against infections by pathogens such as S.enterica (PubMed:35263319). This is most likely by positively regulating the expression of genes such as bar-1 upon exposure to probiotic bacteria such as the E.faecium (PubMed:35263319).
Expressed in AB cell descendants in embryos.
Expressed in intestinal cells (at protein level).
RNAi-mediated knockdown in the intestine decreases the E.faecium-mediated protection against S. enterica infection (PubMed:35263319). RNAi-mediated knockdown reduces the expression of genes including bar-1 following E.faecium infection (PubMed:35263319). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the germline or the nervous system does not affect E.faecium-mediated protection against S.enterica infection (PubMed:35263319).
Component of the signal recognition particle (SRP) complex, a ribonucleoprotein complex that mediates the cotranslational targeting of secretory and membrane proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). SRP9 together with SRP14 and the Alu portion of the SRP RNA, constitutes the elongation arrest domain of SRP. The complex of SRP9 and SRP14 is required for SRP RNA binding.
Heterodimer with SRP9; binds RNA as heterodimer. Component of a signal recognition particle (SRP) complex that consists of a 7SL RNA molecule of 300 nucleotides and six protein subunits: SRP72, SRP68, SRP54, SRP19, SRP14 and SRP9.
In the early larval stage of development, expressed in Z1.pa and Z4.ap distal tip cells and their descendants (PubMed:20026024). Not expressed in early embryos (PubMed:20026024).
Together with ehn-3, may play a role in gonadogenesis.
First expressed in primordial germ cells between the comma to 2-fold stage of embryogenesis.
Plays a role in modulating RNAi activity and P-granule accumulation in the germline (PubMed:28182654). May function in association with CSR-1 complex components such as drh-3 to regulate RNA transcript accumulation in germ cells (PubMed:28182654).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in embryonic lethality in 5-8% of animals (PubMed:28182654). Surviving animals have enlarged P-granules in the germline (PubMed:28182654).
Activity is required in presynaptic neurons, in a dose-dependent manner, for normal presynaptic development and morphology (PubMed:15707898). Plays a role in the formation of muscle connections, also called muscle arm extensions, between the body wall and the motor axons in the dorsal and ventral cord (PubMed:27123983).
Expressed in the pharynx, including the corpus, isthmus and terminal bulb.
Expressed in mid-late embryo, throughout larval development and in the adult (PubMed:11959845). Expressed in larvae in various motor neurons, including cholinergic DA, DB, VA, and VB, and also GABAergic DD and VD, but not AS or VC, nor in SAB or DA9 motor neurons (PubMed:28056346).
Present in IL2 and URA neurons, and in AVD and PVC interneurons. Present in muscles from head and pharynx (at protein level).
Transcription factor (PubMed:11959845, PubMed:28056346). Regulates neuronal subtype identity (PubMed:11959845, PubMed:28056346). Involved in motor neuron fate determination and maintenance, acting as a transcriptional repressor to counteract gene activation by transcription factor unc-3 in a subset of motor neurons (PubMed:28056346). Probably acts by binding to specific promoter elements (PubMed:28056346). Promotes differentiation of URA sensory neurons and prevents them from expressing male-specific CEM neuronal features (PubMed:11959845). Promotes differentiation of AVD and PVC interneurons and their glutamate receptor expression (PubMed:11959845).
Multiubiquitin chain receptor involved in modulation of proteasomal degradation. Involved in nucleotide excision repair.
Central component of the condensin I complex, a complex required for conversion of interphase chromatin into mitotic-like condense chromosomes (PubMed:11914278, PubMed:19781752). The condensin I complex introduces positive supercoils into relaxed DNA in the presence of type I topoisomerases (PubMed:11914278). Converts nicked DNA into positive knotted forms in the presence of type II topoisomerases (By similarity). Also a central component of the condensin II complex, a complex that seems to play a role in prophase chromosome condensation (PubMed:19119011, PubMed:19781752). Both the condensin complex I and II play a role in meiotic and mitotic chromosome segregation (PubMed:11914278, PubMed:19119011, PubMed:23684975). Plays a role in robust cytokinesis upon the presence of chromatin obstructions (PubMed:23684975).
Component of the condensin I complex, which contains the mix-1/SMC2 and smc-4/SMC4 heterodimer, and three non SMC subunits that probably regulate the complex: dpy-26, capg-1 and dpy-28 (PubMed:19119011, PubMed:11914278, PubMed:19781752). Within the complex, interacts with mix-1, dpy-26, capg-1 and dpy-28 (PubMed:11914278, PubMed:19781752, PubMed:19119011, PubMed:28301465). Component of the condensin II complex, which contains the mix-1/SMC2 and smc-4/SMC4 heterodimer, and three non SMC subunits, kle-2, capg-2 and hcp-6 that probably regulate the complex (PubMed:19781752, PubMed:19119011). Within the complex, interacts with mix-1, kle-2, capg-2 and hcp-6 (PubMed:19781752, PubMed:19119011, PubMed:28301465). Interacts with smcl-1 (PubMed:28301465).
RNAi-mediated knockdown disrupts prometaphase chromosome organization and chromosome segregation in mitosis and meiosis II and leads to aneuploidy throughout development (PubMed:11914278, PubMed:23684975). Disrupts mix-1 localization to mitotic chromosomes (PubMed:11914278). Increased levels of phosphorylated air-2 at the spindle midzone, indicating activation of the abscission checkpoint (PubMed:23684975). Results in cleavage furrow regression and failed cytokinesis during the first and second embryonic divisions (PubMed:23684975).
The flexible SMC hinge domain, which separates the large intramolecular coiled coil regions, allows the heterodimerization with mix-1, forming a V-shaped heterodimer.
Belongs to the DNA repair metallo-beta-lactamase (DRMBL) family.
C2 domains are necessary for calcium-dependent cell membrane association. C2 domains are necessary for neuronal progenitor cell differentiation in a calcium-independent manner.
Exhibits calcium-dependent phospholipid binding properties (By similarity). May function in membrane trafficking. Regulates synaptic levels of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit lev-1 and unc-38 in the nerve cord (PubMed:15990870). Involved in nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR)-mediated sensitivity to nicotine and levamisole (PubMed:15990870). Affects directional sperm motility (PubMed:16998478).
Expressed in head and tail neurons, ventral cord moto-neurons, body wall muscles and hypodermal cells of the vulva.
Interacts with nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.
Sperm directional motility defects (PubMed:16998478). RNAi-mediated knockdown causes a moderate resistance to nicotine-induced paralysis and a decrease in unc-38 synaptic expression along nerve cords without affecting lev-1 cellular expression levels in muscles (PubMed:15990870).
Expressed in germ cells, oocytes, and sperm cells.
Expressed ubiquitously throughout development.
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in germline masculinization and the accumulation of unspliced mRNAs in the cytoplasm.
Required for pre-mRNA splicing and for exon-junction complex (EJC) assembly. Hinders EIF4A3 from non-specifically binding RNA and escorts it to the splicing machinery to promote EJC assembly on mature mRNAs. Through its role in EJC assembly, required for nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (By similarity). Plays a role in the nuclear retention of unspliced mRNAs (PubMed:23149939). Plays a role in sex determination (PubMed:23149939). Required for early embryogenesis and tissue differentiation.
Catalyzes the hydroxylation of 2-polyprenyl-3-methyl-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinol (DMQH2) during ubiquinone biosynthesis (By similarity). Has also a structural role in the COQ enzyme complex, stabilizing other COQ polypeptides (By similarity). Involved in lifespan determination in a ubiquinone-independent manner (By similarity) (PubMed:9020081, PubMed:25961505). Plays a role in modulating mitochondrial stress responses, acting in the nucleus, perhaps via regulating gene expression, independent of its characterized mitochondrial function in ubiquinone biosynthesis (PubMed:25961505). Plays a role in modulating polyribosome formation (PubMed:30198021).
Worms show deregulation timing of a wide range of physiological processes. This leads to an average lengthening of the worm's early cell cycles, the embryonic and postembryonic development, and the period of rhythmic adult behaviors.
Interacts with zyg-9 to form a heterodimer (PubMed:12956950, PubMed:12956951, PubMed:12956952). Interacts with zyg-8 to form a heterodimer (PubMed:17666432). Interacts with efa-6 (via N-terminus) (PubMed:26339988).
Involved in microtubule formation, polymerization and assembly, regulating microtubule nucleation and length (PubMed:12956950, PubMed:12956951, PubMed:16054029). Plays a role in pronuclear migration and mitotic and meiotic spindle elongation during early embryogenesis (PubMed:12956950, PubMed:12956951). In complex with zyg-9, functions during the early stages of embryonic development to regulate microtubule assembly throughout the cell cycle (PubMed:12956950, PubMed:12956952). Specifically, the complex is required for the formation and growth of astral microtubules and spindle microtubules during mitotic spindle assembly (PubMed:12956952). At anaphase, the complex is required for mitotic spindle positioning in one-cell stage embryos (PubMed:17666432). The complex acts in a partially redundant manner with the tac-1/zyg-8 complex to regulate microtubule assembly and processes during interphase, mitosis and meiosis in embryos (PubMed:17666432). Plays a role in injury-induced axonal regrowth, regeneration and microtubule stability in PLM neurons and this may be downstream of efa-6 (PubMed:26339988).
Maternal-effect embryonic lethal (PubMed:23155404). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in a meiotic defect in 30% of early embryos and defective microtubule related processes during the first cell cycle in early embryogenesis (PubMed:12956950, PubMed:12956951, PubMed:12956952). In one-cell embryos, the maternal pronuclei fail to migrate and the breakdown of the pronuclear envelope is delayed (PubMed:12956950, PubMed:12956951, PubMed:12956952). The sperm pronuclear complex also exhibits a migratory defect whereby it does not move to the center of the embryo or rotate on the anterior-posterior axis leading to the assembly of a misaligned spindle at the posterior of the embryo and ingression of the cleavage furrow from the posterior cortex (PubMed:12956950, PubMed:12956951, PubMed:12956952, PubMed:17666432). Reduced microtubule growth rate in embryos (PubMed:16054029). Defective microtubule elongation in one-cell embryos resulting in short microtubules that extend from the centrosome, but do not extend to the cortex, and mitotic spindles that are 20% shorter than in wild-type one-cell embryos (PubMed:12956950, PubMed:12956951). Specifically, one-cell embryos have shorter astral and mitotic spindle microtubules (PubMed:12956952). Reduced stability of the zyg-9/tac-1 complex with reduced accumulation of zyg-9 at the centrosomes (PubMed:12956950).
Belongs to the Mrp/NBP35 ATP-binding proteins family. NUBP1/NBP35 subfamily.
Binds 4 [4Fe-4S] clusters per heterotetramer. Contains two stable clusters in the N-termini of NUBP1 and two labile, bridging clusters between subunits of the NUBP1-NUBP2 heterotetramer.
Component of the cytosolic iron-sulfur (Fe/S) protein assembly (CIA) machinery. Required for maturation of extramitochondrial Fe-S proteins. The NUBP1-NUBP2 heterotetramer forms a Fe-S scaffold complex, mediating the de novo assembly of an Fe-S cluster and its transfer to target apoproteins (By similarity). Regulates cilium formation and structure (PubMed:23807208).
Expressed in head amphid and labial ciliated sensory neurons and tail phasmid ciliated chemosensory neurons.
Heterotetramer of 2 NUBP1 and 2 NUBP2 chains.
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in abnormal cilia morphology with the formation of 'wing-shaped' cilia structures and additional dendritic ciliated endings in amphid wing B (AWB) olfactory amphid neurons.
Both the N- and C-terminal regions are required for interaction with him-18.
Catalytic subunit of a heterodimeric structure-specific endonuclease that resolves DNA secondary structures generated during DNA repair and recombination. Has endonuclease activity towards branched DNA substrates, introducing single-strand cuts in duplex DNA close to junctions with ss-DNA (Potential). Has a preference for replication forks over 5' flap structures or Holliday junctions and shows much lower activity toward 3' flap structures (PubMed:22927825). Required for proper crossover distribution through inhibition of crossover formation at the central region of chromosomes (PubMed:22927825, PubMed:23874210).
Reduced brood size, increased embryonic lethality and increased larval arrest (PubMed:22927825, PubMed:23874210). Increased number of rad51 foci in meitotic and mitotic nuclei and increased germ cell apoptosis (PubMed:22927825). Hypersensitivity to ultraviolet C, nitrogen mustard and camptothecin but not to gamma irradiation (PubMed:22927825). Increased chromosomal abnormalities including increased intra- and inter-bivalent chromatin bridges (PubMed:23874210). Increased meiotic crossover frequency in the center of chromosomes III, IV, V and X with decreased frequency in the arm regions of chromosomes III, IV, V and X (PubMed:22927825).
Belongs to the clathrin light chain family.
Clathrin is the major protein of the polyhedral coat of coated pits and vesicles.
Kinesin is a microtubule-associated force-producing protein that may play a role in organelle transport (Probable). The light chain may function in coupling of cargo to the heavy chain or in the modulation of its ATPase activity (Probable). Recruits unc-83 (within the unc-83-unc-84 LINC complex) to the nuclear envelope during nuclear migration to mediate the link between the nuclear envelope and the microtubule cytoskeleton in hypodermal precursor cells (PubMed:19605495, PubMed:27697906).
Oligomeric complex composed of two heavy chains and two light chains (Probable). Interacts with unc-83; the interaction is direct (PubMed:19605495). Interacts with unc-33; the interaction regulates unc-33 neurite localization (PubMed:16236031).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in defects in nuclear migration in hyp7 hypodermal precursor cells (PubMed:27697906). RNAi-mediated knockdown in a dhc-1 (js319) mutant background results in defective nuclei migrations in larval hypodermal P-cells (PubMed:27697906).
The light chain is composed of three structural domains: a large globular N-terminal domain which may be involved in binding to kinesin heavy chains, a central alpha-helical coiled-coil domain that mediates the light chain dimerization; and a small globular C-terminal which may play a role in regulating mechanochemical activity or attachment of kinesin to membrane-bound organelles.
Belongs to the lipase maturation factor family.
Involved in the maturation of specific proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum.
Belongs to the class-V pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family.
Embryonic lethal with severely defective embryonic morphogenesis with no endoderm and excess mesoderm (PubMed:9288749, PubMed:18160347). In addition, embryos have defective mitotic spindle orientation in the 8-cell stage ABar blastomere (PubMed:9288749, PubMed:16678095).
Expressed in posterior regions at the comma stage of embryogenesis, during larval development and in adults.
Expressed in the tail hypodermis, stomatointestinal muscle, the mesoblast cell M and its descendants, CAN neurons, the developing vulva, the pharynx and the pharyngeal intestinal valve.
Probable sorting receptor which regulates endocytosis and secretion of the wnt ligand egl-20 (PubMed:18160346, PubMed:18160347, PubMed:21076391). Recycling of mig-14 from the plasma membrane to the Golgi apparatus by the retromer complex is essential for its function (PubMed:18160346, PubMed:18160347, PubMed:21076391). Its endosomal trafficking is regulated by its association with sorting nexin snx-3 on early endosomes and the mtm-6/mtm-9 myotubularin complex (PubMed:21076391). Required in embryonic development for endoderm specification and the correct positioning and orientation of the mitotic spindles and division planes in blastomere cells (PubMed:9288749, PubMed:16678095). Functions during vulval development, playing a role in vulval precursor cell fate specification (PubMed:11063687, PubMed:18077322). During development, specifically regulates the migration of HSN neurons, the left Q neuroblast (QL) and its descendants and the distal tip cells of the gonads (PubMed:8898225, PubMed:10388818, PubMed:11063687, PubMed:18160346, PubMed:18160347). Positioning of Q neuroblasts may be both dependent and independent of hox gene mab-5 (PubMed:8898225). Involved in establishing ALM and PLM neuronal cell polarity (PubMed:18160346).
Belongs to the WD repeat IPI3/WDR18 family.
Component of the PELP1 complex involved in the nucleolar steps of 28S rRNA maturation and the subsequent nucleoplasmic transit of the pre-60S ribosomal subunit (By similarity). Required for processing ITS2 sequences from rRNA intermediates during 26S rRNA maturation (PubMed:16876152). Required in the soma to promote normal proliferation and prevent germline tumor formation (PubMed:14973273).
Component of the PELP1 complex, composed of at least PELP1, TEX10 and WDR18. The complex interacts with pre-60S ribosome particles.
Worms exhibit defects in rRNA processing which disrupt hermaphrodite gonadogenesis and germline proliferation and which are associated with a reduction in sheath cell number.
A mild developmental delay, extended generation time, an extension of life span, defective egg-laying and decreased body size, but increased lipid storage (PubMed:15068796, PubMed:18782349, PubMed:19240135, PubMed:19260765). RNAi-mediated knockdown abolishes expression of the vitellogenin vit-3 (PubMed:27401555).
Acts downstream of PI3 kinase age-1 and kinase pdk-1 in the daf-2/insulin receptor-like transduction pathway (PubMed:15068796). Essential role in regulating development, stress response, and longevity (PubMed:15068796, PubMed:18782349). Phosphorylates Forkhead-related daf-16 and the longevity-promoting skn-1 transcription factors, which inhibits their entry into the nucleus and antagonizes their function (PubMed:18358814). Promotes the cytoplasmic localization of the transcription factor pqm-1 (PubMed:27401555). Plays a role in the intracellular trafficking of proteins such as mig-14 to the cell membrane, and this may be through positively regulating ceramide synthesis (PubMed:26115433). Acts downstream of rict-1 to regulate fat storage, size, development and vitellogenesis (PubMed:19240135, PubMed:19260765, PubMed:27401555). Downstream of age-1 and together with akt-1/2, promotes cell survival during embryonic development (PubMed:25383666). Does not appear to play a role in immune function (PubMed:18782349).
Expressed in late embryos just before hatching. At postembryonic stages, expressed in sensory and motor neurons and in the intestine. Highly expressed in the intestine and head and tail neurons (PubMed:26115433).
Interacts with pdk-1, akt-1, akt-2 and daf-16 (PubMed:15068796). Part of a complex containing sgk-1, akt-1 and akt-2 (PubMed:15068796). Interacts with let-92 phosphatase regulatory subunit pptr-1 (PubMed:19249087).
Expressed in the germline (at protein level) (PubMed:20977550). Expressed in spermatocytes but not in mature sperm (at protein level) (PubMed:20977550). Ubiquitously expressed (PubMed:17498661). Predominantly expressed in the spermatheca (PubMed:17498661).
Interacts with cdc-48.1 (via N-terminus) and cdc-48.2 (via N-terminus) (PubMed:20977550, PubMed:23649807). Interacts with kinase air-1 (PubMed:23649807).
RNAi-mediated knockdown does not cause any visible phenotype (PubMed:20977550). Causes 82 percent embryonic lethality (PubMed:23649807). One-cell embryos have defects in pronuclei positioning and spindle orientation during prophase; however the duration of cell division and establishment of embryo polarity are normal (PubMed:23649807). During prophase, increases active air-1 and to a lesser extent zyg-9, plk-1 and spd-2, accumulation at centrosomes, centrosome size and microtubule growth rate (PubMed:23649807). Simultaneous RNAi-mediated knockdown of air-1 restores normal pronuclei positioning and spindle orientation but not embryonic lethality (PubMed:23649807). Simultaneous RNAi-mediated knockdown of ubxn-1 and ubxn-3, causes 50 percent embryonic lethality (PubMed:20977550). The surviving hermaphrodite progeny are sterile due to a lack of sperm (PubMed:20977550). Abnormal accumulation of sex determination terminal factor tra-1 (PubMed:20977550). Germline development is normal (PubMed:20977550). In males, sperm production is normal (PubMed:20977550).
Ubiquitin-binding protein which acts as an adapter for ATPase cdc-48.1 and/or cdc-48.2, conferring substrate specificity (PubMed:20977550). Together with ubxn-2 and ubxn-3, plays a role in hermaphrodite spermatogenesis probably by promoting the degradation of sex determination terminal factor tra-1 (PubMed:20977550). Probably in association with ATPase cdc-48.1 or/and cdc-48.2, regulates the centrosomal levels of kinase air-1 levels during mitotic progression by promoting air-1 removal from centrosomes in prophase (PubMed:23649807). Also, regulates spindle orientation in the one-cell embryo by controlling centration and rotation of the pronuclei-centrosome complex in prophase (PubMed:23649807).
Cytochrome b5 CYTB-5.1 is specifically required for the desaturase activity, its knockdown or mutation alters the enzyme activity.
Delta(9)-fatty acid desaturase that acts preferentially on stearoyl-CoA (octadecanoyl-CoA) producing the monounsaturated oleoyl-CoA ((9Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA), one of the most abundant monounsaturated fatty acid in Caenorhabditis elegans phospholipids and triacylglycerols (PubMed:16839188, PubMed:10872837, PubMed:29237573). Also acts on palmitoyl-CoA (hexadecanoyl-CoA), heptadecanoyl-CoA and (11E)-octadecenoyl-CoA (trans-vaccenoyl-CoA), the monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) produced are further used by several other desaturases and elongases as substrates to synthesize polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) endogenously (PUFAs are essential for membrane structure and many cellular and physiological processes) (PubMed:16839188, PubMed:10872837, PubMed:29237573). Unlike plants, Caenorhabditis elegans desaturases seem to use fatty acyl-CoAs as substrates (By similarity). Partially inhibits expression of genes involved in beta-oxidation, such as ech-1 and acs-2, perhaps signaling via the actions of one of its fatty acid products (PubMed:15719061). May form part of a negative feedback loop with the transcription factor nhr-49 to limit beta-oxidation, in which nhr-49 stimulates expression of fat-7 and acs-2, and in turn fat-7 indirectly inhibits acs-2 and other genes also involved in beta-oxidation (PubMed:15719061).
Expressed in the intestine in adult worms and in all four larval stages.
Expression is regulated by nhr-80 and nhr-49.
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes a significant increase in the abundance of C18:0 fatty acid, as well as a decrease in the levels of C18:1n9 and C18:2n6 fatty acids (PubMed:15719061). Slight reduction in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) (PubMed:15719061). Widespread vacuole formation, germ line necrosis and shortened life-span (PubMed:15719061).
The histidine box domains may contain the active site and/or be involved in metal ion binding.
ATP-dependent chaperone which probably uses the energy provided by ATP hydrolysis to generate mechanical force to unfold substrate proteins, disassemble protein complexes, and disaggregate protein aggregates (PubMed:18854144, PubMed:18782221, PubMed:22768338). Can also prevent aggregation of unfolded proteins also in an ATP-independent manner (PubMed:18782221). Targets polyubiquitinated proteins for proteasomal degradation by binding to 'Lys-48'-linked polyubiquitin chains (PubMed:19545544). Involved in the cytoplasmic elimination of misfolded proteins exported from the ER (PubMed:16647269, PubMed:17825049, PubMed:21317884, PubMed:22768338, PubMed:25652260). This pathway, known as ERAD, prevents the activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) caused by the accumulation of misfolded proteins in the ER (PubMed:16647269, PubMed:17825049, PubMed:21317884, PubMed:22768338, PubMed:25652260). In association with helicase him-6 and GTPase crp-1, regulates the unfolded protein response (UPR) following ER stress, probably independently of the ERAD pathway (PubMed:18458060). Together with udf-2 and chn-1, regulates myosin assembly in body wall muscles by targeting myosin chaperone unc-45 for proteasomal degradation (PubMed:17369820). Together with the ufd-1-npl-4 complex, controls the switch from spermatogenesis to oogenesis by regulating E3 ligase cul-2 complex-mediated tra-1 proteasomal degradation (PubMed:19773360). During oocyte meiosis and together with cdc-48.2, required for chromosome condensation at the diakinesis phase in prophase I and for progression of metaphase I (PubMed:17512499). During the first embryonic cell division, regulates DNA replication and thus chromosome segregation and decondensation, and nuclear envelope re-assembly (PubMed:18097415, PubMed:18854144, PubMed:18728180, PubMed:21981920, PubMed:26842564, PubMed:28368371). In S phase and in association with ufd-1, npl-4.1 and/or npl-4.2 and ubxn-3, ensures the degradation of DNA licensing factor cdt-1 after the initiation of DNA replication and thus the disassembly of the DNA replication CMG helicase complex by promoting the dissociation from chromatin of several of its components including cdc-45 and sld-5 (PubMed:21981920, PubMed:26842564, PubMed:28368371). Regulates ubxn-3 nuclear localization during S phase (PubMed:26842564). During the first embryonic cell divisions and together with cdc-48.2, regulates the re-assembly of the nuclear envelope after mitosis possibly by inactivating kinase air-2, a component of the chromosomal passenger complex (CPC) (PubMed:18097415). However, in another study, cdc-48.1 does not appear to be implicated in the regulation of air-2 (PubMed:18854144).
Expressed highly in embryos (at protein level) (PubMed:16701565, PubMed:17369820). Expression decreases in larvae and increases again in adults (at protein level) (PubMed:16701565, PubMed:17369820). At the L4 larval stage, expressed in the proximal gonad, predominantly at the pachytene stage and in spermatocytes (PubMed:19773360). Not expressed in sperm (PubMed:19773360).
Expressed in germ cells and spermatheca (PubMed:16701565). Expressed in body wall muscles (PubMed:17369820).
Homohexamer; oligomerization is ATP-independent (PubMed:18782221, PubMed:24055316). Forms a ring-shaped particle of 18.3 nm diameter, that displays 6-fold radial symmetry (PubMed:24055316). Interacts with cdc-48.2 and thus may form heterohexamers (PubMed:16647269, PubMed:17369820, PubMed:25721663). Forms a complex composed of cdc-48.1, him-6 and crp-1; within the complex, interacts with helicase him-6 and GTPase crp-1 (PubMed:18458060). Forms a complex composed of deubiquitinating enzyme atx-3, adapter ubxn-5 and cdc-48.1; within the complex, interacts (via N-terminus) with ubxn-5 and with atx-3 (PubMed:19545544). Forms a complex composed of deubiquitinating enzyme atx-3, E4 ubiquitin-protein ligase ufd-2 and cdc-48.1; within the complex, interacts with atx-3 and (via DDDLYN motif) with ufd-2 (PubMed:21317884, PubMed:27669035). Interacts (via N-terminus) with atx-3 (via RRDR motif); the interaction is not required for atx-3 enzymatic activity (PubMed:19545544, PubMed:21317884). Forms a complex composed of cdc-48.1, myosin chaperone unc-45, ubiquitin-protein ligases ufd-2 and chn-1; within the complex, interacts (via DDDLYN motif) with ufd-2 and targets myosin chaperone unc-45 for proteasomal degradation (PubMed:17369820, PubMed:27669035). Forms a complex composed of ubxn-3, ufd-1, npl-4.1 and cdc-48.1; within the complex, interacts (via N-terminus) with ubxn-3 (via FPK motif) and with ufd-1 (PubMed:16647269, PubMed:20977550). Forms a complex composed of ubxn-3, cdc-48.1 and/or cdc-48.2 and substrate cdt-1 (PubMed:26842564). Interacts (via N-terminus) with ubxn-1 (PubMed:16647269, PubMed:20977550). Interacts (via N-terminus) with ubxn-2 (PubMed:23649807, PubMed:20977550). Interacts (via N-terminus) with ubxn-4 (PubMed:20977550). Interacts with ubxn-6 (PubMed:20977550). Interacts with ufd-3 (PubMed:25721663). Does not interact with air-2 (PubMed:18854144).
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes partial embryonic lethality (PubMed:15716356, PubMed:18854144). Impairs response to ER stress (PubMed:18458060). Abnormal accumulation of myosin chaperone unc-45 in body wall muscles (PubMed:17369820). RNAi-mediated knockdown in an unc-45 (m94) mutant background, restores motility (PubMed:17369820). Simultaneous RNAi-mediated knockdown of cdc-48.2 in embryos causes embryonic lethality (PubMed:15716356, PubMed:16647269, PubMed:18097415, PubMed:18854144, PubMed:18728180). Defects in oocyte meiosis I progression (PubMed:17512499). Defects in embryo S phase DNA replication causing delays in cell cycle progression (PubMed:17512499, PubMed:18728180, PubMed:21981920, PubMed:26842564, PubMed:28368371). At the end of mitosis, impairs chromatin decondensation and nuclear envelope re-assembly (PubMed:18728180, PubMed:18854144, PubMed:18097415). In addition, abnormal accumulation of air-2 on mitotic chromatin and impaired air-2 activation (PubMed:18097415). Does not affect ER transition into sheet-like structures at the onset of embryonic mitosis (PubMed:15716356). Simultaneous RNAi-mediated knockdown of cdc-48.2 in young adults decreases lifespan, induces the unfolded protein response, increases overall levels of polyubiquitinated proteins, and impairs the degradation of misfolded ER proteins (PubMed:16647269, PubMed:17825049, PubMed:17369820, PubMed:21317884, PubMed:22768338). Causes defects in germline development (PubMed:20977550). In an atx-3 (gk193) mutant background, causes a 50 percent increase in longevity, a delay in age-related muscle degeneration and resistance to oxidative and heat stresses (PubMed:21317884).
The first ATP-binding region has low ATPase activity (PubMed:21454554). The second ATP-binding region is responsible for ATPase activity (PubMed:21454554). ATP binding to the first ATP-binding region induces intrinsic activity of the second ATP-binding region (PubMed:21454554). While ATP binding to the first ATP-binding region appears to prevent ATP hydrolysis by the second ATP-binding region, ADP-binding to first region promotes the coordinate and cooperative ATPase cycle of the second ATP-binding region (PubMed:21454554). ATP binding to the first ATP-binding region induces a conformational change, promoting the rotation of the first ATP-binding region relative to the second ATP-binding region in the hexamer (PubMed:24055316). Inhibited by N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) (PubMed:18782221).
The role of cdc-48.1 in the regulation of kinase air-2, a component of the chromosomal passenger complex (CPC), is controversial. One study suggests that cdc-48.1 inactivates air-2 at the end of mitosis whereas a second study shows that cdc-48.1 is not implicated in the regulation of air-2.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 47 family.
Does not display any N-acetylglucosamine transferase II (GlcNAcT-II) and glucuronyl transferase II (GlcAT-II) activities when expressed alone in vitro.
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in the failure of hermaphrodite-specific neurons to migrate to their correct position associated with a defect in axonal guidance.
Required for the biosynthesis of heparan sulfate by positively regulating N-acetylglucosamine transferase II (GlcNAcT-II) and glucuronyl transferase II (GlcAT-II) activities of glycosyltransferase rib-2 (PubMed:17237233). Probably not directly involved in chondroitin sulfate biosynthesis but negatively regulates chondroitin sulfate levels (PubMed:16828468, PubMed:17237233). Maternally required for normal ventral epidermal enclosure and for embryo elongation during the early stages of embryonic development (PubMed:17237233). In addition, involved in the elongation of the pharyngeal isthmus and in the organization of the actin cytoskeleton in the pharyngeal muscles during the later stages embryonic development (PubMed:16828468). In adults, regulates egg-laying and the normal morphogenesis of the vulva (PubMed:17237233). Also involved in the directed migration of hermaphrodite-specific neurons (PubMed:17237233, PubMed:24052309).
Involved in peroxisome biosynthesis and integrity. Assembles membrane vesicles before the matrix proteins are translocated. As a docking factor for PEX19, is necessary for the import of peroxisomal membrane proteins in the peroxisomes.
Deformity in the gonadal arm (PubMed:11703940). Defective distal tip cell migration (PubMed:11703939, PubMed:11703940, PubMed:15247908, PubMed:26292279). Defective cell corpse engulfment with an increased number of cell corpses (PubMed:11703939, PubMed:11703940, PubMed:11146658, PubMed:15620647). Absent actin 'halos' around early apoptotic corpses, which is likely indicative of defective actin reorganization around the apoptotic cell (PubMed:15744306). Double knockout in an unc-5 or unc-40 mutant background suppresses the distal tip cell migratory defect in the respective single mutants (PubMed:26292279).
Interacts with psr-1. Forms a ternary complex with ced-2 and ced-5.
Involved in programmed apoptosis and necrosis. Required for the cell corpse engulfment process. Has roles in the formation of actin halos and distal tip cell migration (PubMed:11703939, PubMed:11703940, PubMed:11146658, PubMed:11595183, PubMed:14645848, PubMed:15620647, PubMed:15247908, PubMed:15744306, PubMed:21490059). Negatively regulates the unc-6/Netrin receptor unc-5 to control distal tip cell migration along the anterior-posterior axis of the body (PubMed:26292279). Plays no role in amphid axon outgrowth (PubMed:12297102).
The PH domain binds phosphatidylinositol 3,5-biphosphate, phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate and phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate in vitro (PubMed:21490059). Required for punctate localization in the cytoplasm and cell corpse engulfment (PubMed:11703939). Required for distal cell tip migration (PubMed:15247908).
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS2 family.
Component of the small ribosomal subunit. Mature ribosomes consist of a small (40S) and a large (60S) subunit. The 40S subunit contains about 33 different proteins and 1 molecule of RNA (18S). The 60S subunit contains about 49 different proteins and 3 molecules of RNA (28S, 5.8S and 5S). Interacts with rps-21.
Expressed at a stable level throughout development.
Required for the assembly and/or stability of the 40S ribosomal subunit. Required for the processing of the 20S rRNA-precursor to mature 18S rRNA in a late step of the maturation of 40S ribosomal subunits.
Belongs to the SNF2/RAD54 helicase family. ISWI subfamily.
Energy-transducing component of a NURF-like (nucleosome-remodeling factor-like) complex, which would catalyze ATP-dependent nucleosome sliding and facilitate transcription of chromatin (Probable). Involved in vulval cell fates.
Part of a nucleosome-remodeling factor-like (NURF-like) complex containing nurf-1 and isw-1.
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in sterility (PubMed:16710447). RNAi-mediated knockdown at 25 degrees Celsius rescues the larval lethality phenotype of the mep-1 (q660) single mutants (PubMed:16710447).
Belongs to the complex I NDUFA13 subunit family.
Complex I functions in the transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. Accessory subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I), that is believed not to be involved in catalysis.
Regulatory subunit of protein phosphatase 1.
Belongs to the hcp beta-lactamase family.
Belongs to the AB hydrolase superfamily.
Demethylates proteins that have been reversibly carboxymethylated.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL13 family.
Component of the 60S large ribosomal subunit (LSU).
Component of the ribosome, a large ribonucleoprotein complex responsible for the synthesis of proteins in the cell. The small ribosomal subunit (SSU) binds messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and translates the encoded message by selecting cognate aminoacyl-transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules. The large subunit (LSU) contains the ribosomal catalytic site termed the peptidyl transferase center (PTC), which catalyzes the formation of peptide bonds, thereby polymerizing the amino acids delivered by tRNAs into a polypeptide chain. The nascent polypeptides leave the ribosome through a tunnel in the LSU and interact with protein factors that function in enzymatic processing, targeting, and the membrane insertion of nascent chains at the exit of the ribosomal tunnel. As part of the LSU, it is probably required for its formation and the maturation of rRNAs.
Expressed in ventral body wall muscle (PubMed:11018016). Expressed in the structural cells and two neurons of each ray in the male tail (PubMed:11018016).
Expressed strongly in embryos and L1 larvae, but severely reduced or absent in later larval and adult stages (at the protein level) (PubMed:11018015). Expressed widely in embryogenesis, including ABp(l/r)aapapp cells, which are precursors to the AIB interneurons and the ASI chemosensory neurons, hypodermal cells hyp4, hyp5, hyp6, hyp7, H0, H1, and ABp(l/r)aapapa cells, which give rise to the AWA and ASG sensory neurons (at the protein level) (PubMed:11018015). Expression in the postembryonic M lineage is asymmetric; beginning at the 8-M stage and continuing through the 18-M stage, expressed in all the ventral, but not dorsal, M lineage cells (PubMed:29155044). Expressed dynamically during embryogenesis in head hypodermal cells, as well as in ventral body wall muscle (BWM) and intestinal precursor cells (PubMed:11018016, PubMed:27341757). Expression not detected in any dorsal BWM or its precursor during embryogenesis (PubMed:27341757).
Probable transcription factor (PubMed:11018016, PubMed:27341757). Binds to DNA sequence motif 5'-CTGTTTCA-3' (PubMed:22819322). Required for the migration of distal tip cells (DTC) and axonal growth-cones along the dorsal-ventral axis of the body wall, acting by cell autonomous repression of unc-129/TGF-beta expression in ventral body muscle during embyogenesis (PubMed:11018016, PubMed:27341757). Binds to the promoter region of the unc-129 gene (PubMed:11018016). Plays a role in dorsal-ventral patterning and fate specification of the postembryonic mesoderm (PubMed:29155044). Involved in male tail morphogenesis and in embryogenesis (PubMed:11018016). Plays a role in the development of sensory neurons and is required to repress AWA fate and promote ASG fate in the ASG chemosensory neurons (PubMed:11018015). Regulates expression of a class of small RNAs, known as 21U-RNAs.
RNAi-mediated knockdown resulted in de-repression of unc-129 expression in ventral body wall muscle (BWM).
Belongs to the class-II aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family. Type 2 subfamily.
It is a regulator of pre-mRNA splicing (and, possibly, of other RNA processing events). It may regulate its own expression at the level of RNA processing.
Involved in the initiation of DNA replication. Also participates in checkpoint controls that ensure DNA replication is completed before mitosis is initiated.
Expressed in the pharyngeal, body wall, and anal depressor muscles (PubMed:16597697, PubMed:10669599, PubMed:16453162). Expression in these muscles is higher in hermaphrodites than in males (PubMed:10669599). Expressed in the vulva and the myoepithelial sheath of the proximal ovary (PubMed:16597697). Expressed in the proximal gonad of males (PubMed:10669599). Not expressed in the dense bodies of the obliquely striated body wall muscle (PubMed:16453162).
First expressed in body wall muscle at the comma stage of embryonic development and co-localizes with actin at the early stage of myofibril assembly (PubMed:16597697). At the two-fold stage, it is expressed in body wall muscles and in the pharynx (PubMed:16597697). At the two-fold embryonic stage, assembles into continuously organized myofibrils (PubMed:31411810). Highly expressed in the body wall muscle and pharynx in three-fold stage embryos (PubMed:16597697, PubMed:31411810). In larvae, highly expressed in the pharyngeal, body wall, and anal depressor muscles (PubMed:10669599, PubMed:31411810).
Interacts (via Ig-like domains) with F-actin.
Lethal during the larval stage of development with body elongation defects (PubMed:31411810). L1 stage larvae have severely disorganized actin filaments in the striated body wall muscle whereby actin filaments and tropomyosin assemble into thicker and fewer disorganized bundles (PubMed:31411810). Furthermore, the sarcomeric organization of actin and myo-3 is disrupted in body wall muscle cells (PubMed:31411810). RNAi-mediated knockdown reduces the brood size and results in a defective body wall muscle contractility (PubMed:16597697). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in small round actin aggregates or unusual accumulations of actin in body wall muscle in 23% of animals (PubMed:16597697). Larger actin aggregates form more frequently at the cell periphery in 94% of animals in response to tetramisole, an agonist of acetylcholine receptors (PubMed:16597697). RNAi-mediated knockdown enhances the disorganization of the actin filaments and results in larger actin aggregates in an atn-1 ok84 mutant background (PubMed:16597697).
Positively regulates actin filament organization and provides mechanical stability to the myofibrils during body wall muscle contraction (PubMed:16597697). Required for the organization of sarcomeric actin filaments and myosin protein myo-3 in striated body wall muscle cells (PubMed:31411810). Not required for assembly of dense bodies, which are a type of integrin-based adhesion structure that link the plasma membrane to thin filaments of myofibrils, in body wall muscle (PubMed:31411810). Not required for the atn-1 protein to localize to the dense bodies (PubMed:31411810).
Probable histone methyltransferase (By similarity). Essential protein required to maintain expression of homeotic genes egl-5 and mab-5. May play an analogous role to the trithorax Group (trxG) proteins. TrxG proteins form multiprotein complexes that are required to maintain the transcriptionally active state of homeotic genes throughout development. May act via a modification of chromatin.
Widely expressed throughout embryonic development and into adulthood.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 14 family. XylT subfamily.
Catalyzes the first step in biosynthesis of glycosaminoglycan. Transfers D-xylose from UDP-D-xylose to specific serine residues of the core protein. Initial enzyme in the biosynthesis of chondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate proteoglycans in fibroblasts and chondrocytes. Required for vulval morphogenesis and zygotic cytokinesis, suggesting that glycosaminoglycans play a central role in vulval morphogenesis.
Involved in the lipid remodeling steps of GPI-anchor maturation.
Contains a degenerate basic motif not likely to bind DNA.
Efficient DNA binding requires dimerization with another bHLH protein. Forms a heterodimer with hlh-2.
Egg-laying defective (PubMed:18586090). Reduced expression of the tryptophan hydroxylase tph-1 which leads to reduced production of the neurotransmitter serotonin in the hermaphrodite-specific motor neurons (HSN) (PubMed:18586090). Inappropriate lateral projection of HSN axons (PubMed:18586090). Lack of netrin receptor unc-40 expression in a subset of HSN and VC motor neurons (PubMed:18586090). RNAi-mediated knockdown prevents cell death of a subset of the serotonergic neurosecretory motor (NSM) neuron sister cells, and survival of NSM sister cells is increased in an hlh-2 mutant background (PubMed:12874127).
Expressed in neuronal precursor cells during embryogenesis (PubMed:9187144, PubMed:27487365). Expressed in nerve ring ganglia neurons in very early larval stage L1, which is undetectable by early larval stage L1 (PubMed:18586090). During L1, expressed in the P cell lineage, specifically in the ectodermal-like P cells, and expression persists in the primary and secondary neural precursors of the P cell lineages (PubMed:18586090). Later, appears to be expressed in all 53 of the resulting postmitotic motor neurons during larval stage L1 (PubMed:18586090). Expression in most of these neurons is undetectable by larval stage L2 (PubMed:18586090). Also expressed in the hermaphrodite-specific motor neurons (HSN) and in the ventral type C (VC) motor neurons throughout larval development (PubMed:18586090). Expression in the HSNs persists until late L4 larval stage (PubMed:18586090).
Probable transcriptional regulator (PubMed:12874127, PubMed:18586090). May mediate transcriptional activation by binding to the E-box motif 5'-CANNTG-3' (PubMed:9187144, PubMed:12874127). Plays a role in the differentiation of the hermaphrodite-specific motor neurons (HSN) that are required for normal egg laying (PubMed:18586090). Might play a role in serotonin production by regulating expression of the tryptophan hydrolase tph-1 which catalyzes serotonin synthesis, in the HSN neurons (PubMed:18586090). Also plays a role in HSN axon guidance towards the vulva and the ventral nerve cord, possibly by promoting the expression of the netrin receptor unc-40 (PubMed:18586090). Under feeding conditions, involved in the regulation of the srh-234 chemoreceptor encoding gene expression in the ADL sensory neurons (PubMed:27487365). Together with hlh-2, involved in the induction of programmed cell death in the sister cells of the serotonergic neurosecretory motor (NSM) neurons, probably through the activation of egl-1 transcription (PubMed:12874127).
Knockout with RNAi-mediated knockdown of glh-1 results in smaller P-granules and irregular cytoplasmic localization of the P-granule component pgl-3 in embryos (PubMed:21402787). Quadruple RNAi-mediated knockdown with glh-1, pgl-1 and pgl-3 results in offspring that display 27-89% sterility, abnormal oocytes and do not have embryos in the uterus (PubMed:24746798). These sterile offspring still produce sperm (PubMed:24746798). Furthermore, these offspring may have compromised P-granule integrity as there is diffuse cytoplasmic localization of the P-granule component deps-1, which may cause germ cells to initiate somatic reprogramming (PubMed:24746798). RNAi-mediated knockdown in a double ced-1 and hpl-2 mutant background rescues the reduced somatic cell apoptotic cell defect in the ced-1 and hpl-2 double knockout (PubMed:27650246).
Probable ATP-binding RNA helicase. May act redundantly with the P-granule component glh-1 to regulate the formation of the granular structure of P-granules in embryos (PubMed:21402787, PubMed:24746798). May protect somatic cells from excessive apoptosis during normal development (PubMed:27650246).
E3 ubiquitin ligase which catalyzes the covalent attachment of ubiquitin moieties onto substrate proteins (By similarity). Promotes the larval to adult transition by binding to the long non-coding RNA lep-5 to target the heterochronic protein lin-28 for degradation by the proteasome (PubMed:26811380, PubMed:30956008). This association and degradation of lin-28 also controls the timing of the sexual differentiation of individual neurons in males including the AIM, AWA, ADF, ASJ and CEM neurons (PubMed:31264582). Plays a role in governing the developmental timing of male tail tip morphogenesis (PubMed:26811380). Plays a role in two aspects of male mating behavior: response to hermaphrodite contact and vulva location (PubMed:26811380, PubMed:31264582). May play a role in the detection of preferred food sources (PubMed:31264582).
Expressed from embryogenesis to adulthood (PubMed:26811380). Expressed in head neurons in L3 and L4 larvae (PubMed:31264582).
Expressed in seam, tail tip, and other hypodermal cells, head and tail neurons, the pharynx, intestine and the developing hermaphrodite somatic gonad (PubMed:26811380, PubMed:31264582). Not expressed in body wall muscle cells (PubMed:26811380).
Broadly expressed in somatic and germ line cells (at protein level) (PubMed:29886128). Not expressed in sperm (at protein level) (PubMed:29886128).
Probable cyclin-dependent kinase whose activity is most likely regulated by the cyclin cyl-1/Cylin-L (PubMed:29886128). Important for normal oocyte and sperm development; probably required during multiple stages of gametogenesis (PubMed:29886128). Plays a role in the activation of RAS-ERK signaling in the germ line (PubMed:29886128). Also acts partially redundantly with cdk-11.2 to ensure embryonic viability (PubMed:29886128).
Ubiquitously expressed during all stages of embryogenesis, but expression is low during the first few cell cycles (at protein level).
Viable, but exhibit low fecundity and have a reduced brood size (PubMed:29886128). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in fertile adults that produce viable progeny (PubMed:29886128). RNAi-mediated knockdown in L1 stage cdk-11.2 bs101 mutants results in sterility (PubMed:29886128). RNAi-mediated knockdown in L4 stage cdk-11.2 bs101 mutants results in fertile adults that produce few viable embryos (PubMed:29886128).
Expressed in early larval stages, in head hypodermal cells, head muscle cells, neurons, and ectodermal blast cells along the body (all P and all V cells) and in the tail (PubMed:29301976). Starting in the larval L2 stage, also expressed in P cell-derived ventral cord motor neurons (PubMed:29301976).
Probable transcription factor, involved in regulation of dopamine neuron lineage specification (PubMed:29301976). May play a role in maintaining robustness of the Wnt/beta-catenin asymmetry pathway (PubMed:29301976).
Third 'degenerate' zinc-finger domain essential for function.
Deoxycytidyl transferase involved in DNA repair. Transfers a dCMP residue from dCTP to the 3'-end of a DNA primer in a template-dependent reaction. May assist in the first step in the bypass of abasic lesions by the insertion of a nucleotide opposite the lesion. Required for normal induction of mutations by physical and chemical agents.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL23 family.
This protein binds to a specific region on the 26S rRNA.
Tetramer of 2 alpha and 2 beta subunits.
The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex catalyzes the overall conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA and CO(2). It contains multiple copies of three enzymatic components: pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1), dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase (E2) and lipoamide dehydrogenase (E3) (By similarity).
Decendants of the cells AB and AB.p (that give rise to nearly all non-pharyngeal neurons), decendants of P1 (that give rise to body muscle) and cell lineages that give rise to the adult and juvenile motor neurons. Expressed in body wall, vulval muscle and pharyngeal muscle.
May act as an auxiliary subunit of the unc-2 voltage-gated calcium channel which appears to trigger calcium-activated signaling pathways that control the serotonin response. Inhibiting serotonin sensitivity of the vulval muscles results in egg laying defects. May act in both neurons and muscle cells to enhance motor activity as it is required for coordinated movement. Has a role in neural depolarization-induced calcium influx and pharyngeal pumping (PubMed:8462849, PubMed:8807295, PubMed:16838374). Involved in restricting the expression of the putative olfactory receptor str-2 to only one of the two AWC neurons (PubMed:10571181).
Worms exhibit a weak egg-laying constitutive (Egl-c) phenotype and slow irregular pharyngeal pumping.
Plays a role in coelomocyte endocytosis.
Worms exhibit disruption of coelomocyte endocytosis.
Expressed in RS.a and RB.p in late larval stage L3, in ray 6 and ray 8 cells in late L4, in neurons descended from P11.a in the preanal ganglion in L4 males and head hypodermis and a pair of bilaterally symmetrical neurons in the head anterior of the nerve ring in L4 males (at protein level) (PubMed:7659160, PubMed:9858725). Also expressed in seminal vesicle cells in late L4 males (at protein level) (PubMed:9858725).
Expressed in the anterior part of comma-stage embryos (PubMed:11476572, PubMed:18313275). In larvae, expressed strongly in almost all anterior hypodermal cells and weakly in many head neurons (PubMed:7659159, PubMed:18313275). Expressed in the gonadal DTCs during ventral migration in hermaphrodite L4 larvae (PubMed:17606640, PubMed:18313275). Expressed in the male hindgut, in B.a and Y.p sensory organ precursors, from the early L2 and until the mid L3 larval stages (PubMed:18313275). Expression diminishes in the B.a lineage during late L4 tail morphogenesis, and is absent in adults (PubMed:18313275). Expression in the Y.p lineage diminishes in the mid L3 stage (PubMed:18313275). Male hindgut expression is restricted to specific lineages in a lin-48 and egl-38 dependent manner (PubMed:18313275).
Expressed widely in head epidermal cells and neurons, including BAG sensory neurons.
First expressed at about 5 hours of embryogenesis in 20-30 anterior dorsal cells, corresponding to the hypodermal cells of the head, and lateral sets of about 10 cells, of which some are probably future head neurons (PubMed:7659159). By the 1.5-fold stage, expressed in hypodermal and neuronal cells in a broad region of the head (PubMed:7659159).
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes defects in gonadal distal tip cell migration (PubMed:17606640). RNAi-mediated knockdown reduces expression of the integrin alpha pat-2 in gonadal DTCs in about 70% of individuals and in 90% on a vab-3 mutant background (PubMed:17606640). RNAi-mediated knockdown increases expression of the integrin alpha ina-1 in gonadal DTCs in hermaphrodites (PubMed:17606640). RNAi-mediated knockdown induces generation of additional dopaminergic neurons (PubMed:21079745). BAG sensory neuron-specific RNAi-mediated knockdown reduces expression of receptor-type guanylyl cyclase gcy-9 (PubMed:30890567).
Transcription factor involved in head epidermal morphogenesis and required for normal cell fate in anterior lateral epidermal blast (seam) cells (PubMed:7659159, PubMed:15579687). Required for the generation or differentiation of neurons of the anterior ganglion, probably acting upstream of unc-86 (PubMed:8647436). Represses BAG sensory neuron fate in non-BAG cells, probably through cooperation with the phosphatase eya-1 and transcription factor ceh-32 (PubMed:30890567). May be involved in regulating the generation of dopaminergic neurons (PubMed:21079745). May cooperate with hlh-17 to preferentially regulate expression of hlh-17 in ventral CEPsh glia (PubMed:18508862).
Transcription factor that acts within the male-specific genital sensilla (simple sense organs) known as rays to determine their identity (PubMed:7659160, PubMed:1782863, PubMed:15579687). Promotes BAG sensory neuron fate in a cell-autonomous manner (PubMed:30890567). Required for function of chemosensory BAG neurons (PubMed:30890567).
Transcription factor that binds a motif with the core sequence 5'-GCGTA-3' in the promoter of various genes (PubMed:11476572, PubMed:30890567). During development, required for cell fate specification probably by promoting or repressing expression of genes involved in specific cell fate (PubMed:30890567, PubMed:11476572, PubMed:7649393). Involved in head epidermal morphogenesis (PubMed:7659159). Involved in gonadal distal tip cell (DTC) migration, during which modulates expression of the integrin alpha genes, pat-2 and ina-1 (PubMed:10388818, PubMed:17606640, PubMed:15579687). Regulates ventral and dorsal cephalic sheath (CEPsh) glia differentiation and expression of transcription factor hlh-17 in CEPsh glia (PubMed:18508862). Plays a role in establishing unequal cytokinesis and cell fate specification in male-specific postembryonic blast cell B (PubMed:7649393). May cooperate with the phosphatase eya-1 and transcription factor ceh-32 to regulate the transcription factor ets-5 (PubMed:30890567).
Belongs to the LAP (LRR and PDZ) protein family.
Critical role in assembling adherens junctions; adapter protein involved in polarizing protein trafficking in epithelial cells. Necessary to maintain, not establish, the entire terminal web (organelle-depleted, intermediate filament-rich layer of cytoplasm that underlies the apical microvilli of polarized epithelial cells) or brush border assembly at the apical surface gut cells. Required for correct localization of ifb-2 intermediate filaments in the terminal web. Required for dlg-1 lateral localization (PubMed:18411252). With dlg-1, cooperatively regulates ajm-1 localization to apical junctions (PubMed:11715019).
Expressed in all embryonic epithelial cells.
Expressed in the terminal web of the intestine (PubMed:15063180, PubMed:27506200). Expressed in seam cells (PubMed:27506200).
Worms display a severely affected epithelial integrity, leading to abnormal morphogenesis of the pharynx, intestine and embryo.
Expressed in all the normal larval stages observed.
Expressed throughout the neuronal system, in the spermatheca and anterior hypodermal cells.
Specific and highly efficient GDP-D-glucose phosphorylase regulating the levels of GDP-D-glucose in cells.
The orthologs in A.thaliana are GDP-L-galactose phosphorylases catalyzing the first reaction of the Smirnoff-Wheeler pathway, the major route to ascorbate biosynthesis in plants.
Represses the transposition of Tc1, Tc3, Tc4, and Tc5, perhaps by degrading transposon-specific messages. Also affects sperm development, sensitivity to RNAi of mainly germline expressed genes, silencing of some germline transgenes, X chromosome loss, and is required for cosuppression (functional silencing of chromosomal loci induced by transgenes) and for silencing induced by antisense RNA oligomers.
Expression starts at the two-fold embryonic stage throughout adulthood (PubMed:7774813, PubMed:19716386). Expression increases during L2-L3, L3-L4 and L4-adult molting stages (PubMed:19716386).
In larvae and adults, expressed in all hypodermal cells, vulva and ventral nerve cords.
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes an arrest at the L1 developmental stage (PubMed:19716386). RNAi-mediated knockdown in ASEL neuron results in a severe reduction in Ca(2+) signal in ASEL neuron and in chemotaxis in response to high salt concentrations (PubMed:24013594).
Serine endoprotease which cleaves proproteins at paired basic amino acids (Probable). Involved in cuticle biosynthesis probably by cleaving pro-collagen into its mature form. Acts in ASEL sensory neurons to regulate high salt chemotaxis responses probably by cleaving insulin-like protein ins-6 into its mature and active form (PubMed:24013594). Essential for embryonic and larval development (PubMed:7774813, PubMed:10903434, pubmed:19716386). isoform a, isoform e, isoform f, isoform g and isoform h are involved in cuticle biosynthesis but are dispensable for larval development (PubMed:7774813, PubMed:10903434).
Biphasic expression pattern observed. Gradual increase in expression during development from embryo through to adult with a decrease during larva stages 1 and 2.
Expressed specifically in the intestine.
Low-affinity peptide transporter that is necessary for proton-dependent uptake of di- or tripeptides, and to a minor extent tetrapeptides, in the intestine. Transport is independent of sodium and chloride ions. Controls the uptake of dietary fatty acids, plays a role in fatty acid synthesis and is responsible for dipeptide-induced acidification of the intestine. Regulates cellular pH differences together with the antiporter protein, nhx-2. Amino acid uptake and absorption levels influence the insulin signaling/daf-2 and let-363/TOR pathways, subsequently affecting the stress response and longevity of the organism. It is required for the uptake of the L-enantiomers of various amino acids, including L-glutamate (PubMed:30560135). In response to the availability of amino acid nutrients, may play a role in promoting reproduction and fertility (PubMed:30560135).
Mutant worms have decreased body size, high fat stores, increased uptake of fatty acids, reduced brood size, retarded postembryonic growth, extended reproductive life span and increased resistance to stress. RNAi-mediated knockdown of the protein results in impaired synthesis of long-chain and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Pharyngeal pumping rate is similar to wild type but simultaneous knockdown with nhx-2 results in reduced rate of pharyngeal pumping and slightly higher acidic intestinal pH.
Belongs to the phosphatase 2A regulatory subunit B56 family.
Expressed in pharynx, vulva and spermatheca.
Mutants have small gonads and the number of progeny is reduced (PubMed:21127218). At higher temperatures, 20 percent of mutants are sterile with no gametes (PubMed:21127218). Mutant embryos display several defects in P granule partitioning during the first cell divisions. Unlike in wild-type, plg-1-positive granules becomes unstable during mitosis resulting in their disassembly and in the loss of asymmetric segregation of plg-1 between somatic and germline blastomeres (PubMed:21127218). plg-1-positive granules reform during interphase but are fewer and smaller (PubMed:21127218). By the 100-cell stage, only small granules remain, and these are not enriched in Z2/Z3 primordial germ cells compared to wild-type. In addition, asymmetric segregation of cey-2 and nos-2 mRNAs, 2 components of P granules, is lost without affecting their degradation in the somatic lineage after cell division (PubMed:21127218). RNAi-mediated knockdown suppresses constitutive dauer formation, and, increases lifespan, fat storage and thermotolerance and reduces daf-16 nuclear localization in a daf-2 (e1370) mutant background (PubMed:19249087).
Part of a complex consisting of a common heterodimeric core enzyme, composed of catalytic subunit let-92 and constant regulatory subunit paa-1, that associates with a variety of regulatory subunits which confer distinct properties to the holoenzyme (Probable). Interacts with akt-1 but not akt-2 (PubMed:19249087). Interacts with sgk-1 (PubMed:19249087). Interacts with P granule components meg-1, meg-3 and meg-4 (PubMed:25535836).
Probable regulatory subunit of serine/threonine-protein phosphatase let-92 which negatively regulates the insulin receptor signaling cascade composed of daf-2, age-1, akt-1, akt-2 and sgk-1 by promoting the dephosphorylation of akt-1 on 'Thr-350' (PubMed:19249087). Negatively regulates several functions controlled by the insulin pathway including dauer formation, lifespan, fat storage and stress resistance (PubMed:19249087). Plays a role in the asymmetric segregation of the P granule components during embryonic cell divisions but does not play an essential role in specifying germ cell fate (PubMed:21127218). Within a PP2A phosphatase complex, acts redundantly with pptr-2, to dephosphorylate P granule components including meg-1 and meg-3 to promote the assembly and accumulation of zygotic P granules in the posterior cytoplasm during zygote polarization, and thus maintain P granule distribution and segregation in early stage embryos following meiosis (PubMed:25535836). In adults, required to promote germ cell proliferation and differentiation when exposed to thermic stress (PubMed:21127218).
Can function as a Delta(12)/Delta(15) bifunctional desaturase and behaves as a nu +3' desaturase. Introduces a double bond in the fatty acid chain three carbons away from an existing double bond to biosynthesize polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) endogenously (PUFAs are essential for membrane structure and many cellular and physiological processes). Acts on a number of substrates like oleoyl-CoA ((9Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA, 18:1n-9), palmitoleoyl-CoA ((9Z)-hexadecenoyl-CoA, 16:1n-7), and gamma-linolenoyl-CoA ((6Z,9Z,12Z)-octadecatrienoyl-CoA, 18:3n-6), to generate linoleoyl-CoA ((9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoyl-CoA, 18:2n-6), (9Z,12Z)-hexadecadienoyl-CoA (16:2n-4) and (6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadecatetraenoyl-CoA (18:4n-3) respectively (PubMed:10775428, PubMed:11972048, PubMed:22041902, PubMed:26806391). Unlike plants, Caenorhabditis elegans desaturases seem to use fatty acyl-CoAs as substrates (Probable).
HPO-19 and T05H4.4 are cytochrome b5 reductases required for PUFA desaturation in Caenorhabditis elegans. HPO-19 knockdown or mutation alters FAT-2 desaturase activity. Although FAT-2 lacks a cytochrome b5 domain, its N-terminal contains a DUF3474 domain that may possess some oxidoreductase activity for electron transfer, obviating the need for an extra cytochrome b5 enzyme, but still requiring cytochrome b5 reductase HPO-19/T05H4.4 to become activated.
The fat-2(wa17) mutant leads to high levels of C18:1n-9 and low levels of PUFAs.
Component of the ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase (cytochrome b-c1 complex, complex III, CIII), a multisubunit enzyme composed of 3 respiratory subunits cytochrome b, cytochrome c1 and Rieske protein, 2 core protein subunits, and additional low-molecular weight protein subunits.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 59 family.
Hydrolyzes the galactose ester bonds of galactosylceramide, galactosylsphingosine, lactosylceramide, and monogalactosyldiglyceride.
Expressed in the developing nervous system (PubMed:12403719). Expressed in head and tail neurons, nerve ring, ventral nerve cord, lateral neurons, CAN neuron, seam cells and vulva cells (PubMed:26903502).
In contrast to other ephrins, does not seem to signal through the vab-1 receptor.
May undergo proteolysis by metalloprotease sup-17 to give rise to a soluble form.
Regulates the formation or stabilization of cell-cell contacts at several stages of epithelial morphogenesis (PubMed:12679110). In early embryonic development, involved in ventral closure of the epidermis (PubMed:12403719). During male tail morphogenesis, regulates precursor cell sorting together with mab-20 and allows the formation of distinct sensory rays (PubMed:15030761). Probably acts as a ligand for lad-2 to regulate axon guidance of several neurons including SDQL, SDQR, SMD and PLN neurons during neurogenesis (PubMed:26903502).
Worms have widespread defects in embryonic morphogenesis of the posterior body and defects in postembryonic male tail morphogenesis.
Alpha-helical parts of the C-terminal intracellular region may mediate heterodimeric interaction with gbb-1.
Component of a heterodimeric G-protein coupled receptor for GABA, formed by gbb-1 and gbb-2 (By similarity). Within the heterodimeric GABA receptor, only gbb-1 seems to bind agonists, while gbb-2 mediates coupling to G proteins (By similarity). Ligand binding causes a conformation change that triggers signaling via guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) and modulates the activity of down-stream effectors, such as adenylate cyclase (By similarity). Signaling inhibits adenylate cyclase, stimulates phospholipase A2, activates potassium channels, inactivates voltage-dependent calcium-channels and modulates inositol phospholipid hydrolysis (By similarity). Plays a critical role in the fine-tuning of inhibitory synaptic transmission (By similarity). Pre-synaptic GABA receptor inhibits neurotransmitter release by down-regulating high-voltage activated calcium channels, whereas postsynaptic GABA receptor decreases neuronal excitability by activating a prominent inwardly rectifying potassium (Kir) conductance that underlies the late inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (By similarity). Along with gbb-1, may couple to the G(o)-alpha G-protein goa-1 to negatively regulate cholinergic receptor activity in the presence of high levels of acetylcholine in ventral cord motor neurons (PubMed:18614679). As acetylcholine depolarizes body wall muscles, modulation of acetylcholine levels most likely results in the control of locomotory behavior (PubMed:18614679). Regulates locomotory behavior in response to GABA release by GABAergic motor neurons (PubMed:18614679, PubMed:21613582).
Increased sensitivity to the acetylcholine esterase inhibitor Aldicarb, which results in accelerated paralysis likely due to enhanced acetylcholine release by ventral cord neurons and enhanced depolarization of muscles on one side of the body (PubMed:18614679). Increased locomotion and body curvature (deeper bends) in response to induced GABA release of GABAergic motor neurons, which in wild-type animals results in acute body relaxation (PubMed:21613582). Double knockout with gbb-1 also results in increased sensitivity to Aldicarb and accelerated paralysis, but in addition results in irregular locomotory behavior characterized by increased speed of locomotion, decreased turning frequency, reduced rate of reversals, and an increased maximal distance covered in a 40 second interval (PubMed:18614679). Double knockout with the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor gar-2 results in a slight increase in sensitivity to Aldicarb and accelerated paralysis 50 minutes following exposure to Aldicarb as compared to the gar-2 and gbb-2 single mutants (PubMed:18614679). Double knockout with the GABA(A) receptor unc-49 results in body elongation defects in response to induced GABA release of GABAergic motor neurons (PubMed:21613582).
Acts as a negative regulator of entry into mitosis (G2 to M transition) by phosphorylation of the CDK1 kinase.
Expression is first seen in the 12-13-cell embryo and is last observed in the 16-cell embryo before division.
In the 12-13-cell embryo, expressed in the E blastomere. In the 16-cell embryo, expressed in the eight AB cells.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family. PIM subfamily.
Involved in the negative regulation of synaptic differentiation in PLM neurons.
Isoform Tra-2B is likely to be cytoplasmic because it lacks an N-terminal sequence and potential membrane spanning domains.
Plays a major role in controlling sexual cell fates. Promotes female development in XX animals where it sequesters one or more of the FEM proteins to the membrane thereby freeing the tra-1 protein (a putative transcription factor) to enter the nucleus and promote female development. In XO animals it acts as a receptor for her-1 which prevents it from binding to FEM proteins thereby repressing the activity of tra-1. Negatively regulates male development when bound to fem-3 and is required together with tra-1 for promoting spermatogenesis. Also required for feminizing tra-3 activity.
Produced by alternative initiation at Met-1089 of isoform Tra-2A.
Somatic and germline tissues. Isoform Tra-2B is specific to oocytes.
The MX region mediates a post-translational regulation, essential for the onset of hermaphrodite spermatogenesis.
Undergoes cleavage by tra-3 to produce a feminizing carboxy-terminal isoform Tra-2B.
Component of multiple CBC (Cul2-ElonginB-ElonginC) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complexes formed of cul-2, elb-1, elc-1, rbx-1 and a variable substrate recognition component (By similarity). Component of the CBC(fem-1) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex with fem-1, fem-2 and fem-3 (PubMed:17609115). The CBC(fem-1) complex interacts with tra-1 and promotes tra-1 degradation (PubMed:17609115). Probable component of the CBC(lrr-1) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex incuding cul-2, elb-1, elc-1, rbx-1 and lrr-1 (PubMed:28368371). The CBC(lrr-1) complex interacts with the DNA replisome complex at the end of S phase; the interaction promotes the release of components of the CMG helicase complex (a component of the replisome) from chromatin (PubMed:28368371). Probable component of an CBC(zif-1) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase including cul-2, elc-1, rbx-1 and zif-1 (PubMed:12894212). Part of an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex including cul-2, elc-1 and zyg-11 (PubMed:17304241). Interacts with Skp1-related protein skr-10 (PubMed:11864566).
Core component of multiple cullin-RING-based CBC (Cul2-ElonginB-ElonginC) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complexes which mediate the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins. As a scaffold protein may contribute to catalysis through positioning of the substrate and the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme. The functional specificity of the CBC complex depends on the variable substrate recognition component (By similarity). May function in ubiquitin-mediated degradation of CKIs to target cki-1 for degradation. CBC(zif-1) may ensure germline precursor cell asymmetry by targeting germline proteins for destruction if expressed in non-germline cells (PubMed:12894212). As part of the CBC(fem-1) complex directs ubiquitination of tra-1 (PubMed:17609115). As part of the CBC(lrr-1) complex, required for the ubiquitination and dissasembly of the CMG helicase complex from chromatin at the end of DNA replication (PubMed:28368371). Positive cell-cycle regulator that is required at two distinct points in the cell cycle; the G1-to-S-phase transition and mitosis (PubMed:10587644). Also required for proper cytoskeletal movement and mitotic chromosome condensation (PubMed:10587644).
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Highest levels in embryos and lower levels in larvae and adults.
In adults, highly expressed in meiotic cells and oocytes. In larvae, expressed in many proliferating cell types: P cells during the L1 stage; seam cells when they divide at every molt; vulval and somatic gonad cells in late L3 and L4 stages; and intestinal cells throughout larval development.
Neddylated; which enhances the ubiquitination activity of CBC (Cul2-ElonginB-ElonginC) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complexes.
RNAi-mediated knockdown prevents the release of sld-5 and psf-1 from chromatin prior to prophase in early embryos.
Expressed at low levels at the L1 to L3 larval stages, but begins to accumulate at the L4 stage and reaches its highest expression level at the gravid adult stage.
Involved in transcriptome surveillance. Required for piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) 3'-end trimming, which is important for both fertility and piRNA-directed gene silencing. Has 3' to 5' exonuclease activity in vitro.
Slight changes of mRNA bulk poly(A) tail lengths (PubMed:23843623). Animals display a reduced brood size at elevated temperature of 25 degrees Celsius compared to wild-type (PubMed:23843623, PubMed:26919432). Accumulation of untrimmed piRNAs with 3' extensions, which are stable and able to co-localize with the piwi protein prg-1. However, while the expression levels of piRNAs remain unchanged, the piwi-dependent mRNA silencing is reduced, as is the production of piwi-dependent secondary small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), also called 22G-RNAs, on mRNA targets. 5'-end processing and methylation of 3'-ends are unaffected. No changes in length distribution of other small RNA species, such as microRNAs (miRNAs) (PubMed:26919432).
Belongs to the SMC family. SMC2 subfamily.
Component of the condensin I complex, which contains the mix-1/SMC2 and smc-4/SMC4 heterodimer, and three non SMC subunits that probably regulate the complex: dpy-26, capg-1 and dpy-28 (PubMed:11914278, PubMed:19119011, PubMed:19781752, PubMed:18198337). Within the complex, interacts with smc-4, dpy-26, dpy-28 and capg-1 (PubMed:11914278, PubMed:15557118, PubMed:19781752, PubMed:19119011, PubMed:28301465). Interaction with smc-4 is required for mitotic chromosome localization (PubMed:11914278). Component of the condensin II complex, which contains the mix-1/SMC2 and smc-4/SMC4 heterodimer, and three non SMC subunits, capg-2, kle-2 and hcp-6 that probably regulate the complex (PubMed:19119011, PubMed:15557118). Within the complex, interacts with smc-4, capg-2, kle-2 and hcp-6 (PubMed:11914278, PubMed:15557118, PubMed:19119011, PubMed:28301465). Also a component of the condensin-like dosage compensation complex, which contains the mix-1/SMC2 and dpy-27/SMC4 heterodimer, and three non SMC subunits that probably regulate the complex: dpy-26, capg-1 and dpy-28 (PubMed:11914278, PubMed:19119011, PubMed:18198337, PubMed:19781752, PubMed:15557118). Within the complex, interacts with dpy-27, dpy-26, capg-1 and dpy-28 (PubMed:11914278, PubMed:15557118, PubMed:18198337, PubMed:19781752, PubMed:19119011, PubMed:28301465). Requires capg-1 for hermaphrodite X chromosome localization (PubMed:19119011). Interacts with smcl-1 (PubMed:28301465).
Essential protein required for both chromosome condensation and segregation and X-chromosome dosage compensation depending on its binding partners (PubMed:9458050, PubMed:11914278, PubMed:19119011, PubMed:18198337, PubMed:19781752). Central component of the condensin I complex, a complex required for conversion of interphase chromatin into mitotic-like condense chromosomes (PubMed:11914278, PubMed:18198337, PubMed:19119011). The condensin complex introduces positive supercoils into relaxed DNA in the presence of type I topoisomerases (PubMed:11914278). Converts nicked DNA into positive knotted forms in the presence of type II topoisomerases (By similarity). Central component of the condensin II complex, a complex that seems to play a role in prophase chromosome condensation and organization (PubMed:19119011, PubMed:15557118). Both the condensin complex I and II play a role in meiotic and mitotic chromosome segregation (PubMed:11914278, PubMed:19119011, PubMed:15557118). Plays a role in robust cytokinesis upon the presence of chromatin obstructions (PubMed:23684975). Also a member of the condensin I-like dosage compensation complex that associates specifically with hermaphrodite X chromosomes to reduce their gene transcription during interphase (PubMed:9458050, PubMed:19119011, PubMed:18198337, PubMed:19781752).
Expressed in embryos and in adult somatic and germline tissues (at protein level).
RNAi-mediated knockdown disrupts mitotic prophase chromosome condensation and chromosome segregation in anaphase leading to aneuploidy (PubMed:11914278, PubMed:19119011). Results in cleavage furrow regression and failed cytokinesis during the second embryonic division (PubMed:23684975).
The flexible SMC hinge domain, which separates the large intramolecular coiled coil regions, allows the heterodimerization with SMC4, forming a V-shaped heterodimer.
Belongs to the potassium channel family. A (Shaker) (TC 1.A.1.2) subfamily. Shaker sub-subfamily.
Expressed in a variety of interneurons and sensory neurons, as well as body wall muscle.
Mediates the voltage-dependent potassium ion permeability of excitable membranes. Has an important role in repolarization and in regulating the pattern of action potential firing. Isoform a expresses currents in a more depolarized voltage range than isoform d.
Expressed in intestine, muscles, pharynx and hypodermis.
Glycosylated. Has phosphorylcholine-substituted oligosaccharide N-glycans.
Recruited to hemidesomosomes in early embryonic elongation to direct the nucleation and growth of non-centrosomal microtubules.
Belongs to the transcriptional coactivator PC4 family.
General coactivator that functions cooperatively with TAFs and mediates functional interactions between upstream activators and the general transcriptional machinery. Binds single-stranded DNA (By similarity).
Although strongly related to the phospholipase A2 family, it lacks the conserved active Asp in position 129, which is replaced by a Val residue, suggesting that it has no activity.
Defective in chemotactic responses to attractants and repellents and in osmotic and mechanosensory avoidance.
Expressed in sensory neurons in the head and tail. Expressed in amphid AWC neurons, to a lesser extent in AWB and weakly in AWA, ASH and ADF neurons (head sensory neurons). Expressed in phasmid PHA and PHB neurons (tail sensory neurons).
G proteins are composed of 3 units; alpha, beta and gamma. The alpha chain contains the guanine nucleotide binding site (By similarity).
Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as modulators or transducers in various transmembrane signaling systems (PubMed:10192394). This specific G-alpha subunit plays an important role in olfaction and in cilia morphogenesis (PubMed:9459442, PubMed:15342507). Involved in chemotactic responses to attractants diacetyl, pyrazine, 2,4,5-trimethylthiazole, benzaldehyde, isoamyl alcohol, butanone and 2,3-pentanedione (PubMed:12694294). Displays a redundant function with gpa-3 in chemotactic responses (PubMed:12694294). Plays a role in the avoidance response to the noxious chemical quinine in ASH sensory neurons (PubMed:14988722). Involved in avoidance responses to copper, sodium dodecyl sulfate and linoleic acid (PubMed:12694294). Involved in osmotic avoidance and mechanosensory responses (PubMed:12694294). Involved in specifying fan-like morphology of cilia of head sensory neurons AWC (PubMed:9459442). Plays a role in the detection of preferred food sources by mediating the recognition of food odors in olfactory sensory neurons (PubMed:25009271).
Belongs to the bZIP family. ATF subfamily.
Expression is repressed by micro-RNA mir-124 (at protein level).
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes lifespan extension (PubMed:25186652). Knockdown causes no obvious other phenotypes, but in an ire-1 mutant background causes sluggish movement, arrested development at the L2 larval stage, and lethality soon thereafter; larvae have intestinal degeneration and develop many vacuoles in the intestinal cells (PubMed:16184190). In combination with RNAi-mediated knockdown of xbp-1, causes lethality early in larval development (PubMed:16184190).
Transcription factor (By similarity). Plays a role in the unfolded protein response (UPR), perhaps mainly during constitutive endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, by activating transcription of genes involved in the UPR (PubMed:16184190). Plays a role in modulating lifespan, acting by positively regulating expression of calcium-binding chaperone crt-1, thereby influencing ER calcium homeostasis (PubMed:25186652, PubMed:32905769). By activating the UPR pathway, confers adaptive protection to subsequent exposure to hypoxia (PubMed:20733002). Involved in protection against proteotoxicity, probably acting via the UPR (PubMed:31570707). Probably acts in the UPR in parallel with the ire-1-xbp-1 and pek-1 pathways (PubMed:16184190). May be regulated by endopeptidase S2P-mediated proteolytic cleavage (PubMed:16184190).
Expressed in amphid and phasmid sheath cells, the muscular intestinal cell and the first and last intestinal cells (PubMed:12161275, PubMed:21350017). Expression in amphid and phasmid sheath cells is increased in dauer animals (PubMed:21350017).
Involved in amphid glia remodeling during entry into dauer stage by promoting the fusion of sheath amphid cells which encloses AWC neuron sensory endings (PubMed:21350017). May be involved, downstream of pvf-1, in the positioning of ray 1, the most anterior ray sensillum in the male tail (PubMed:24004945).
Component of a non-voltage-gated amiloride-sensitive cation channel complex (also called the degenerin channel complex) composed of at least the mec-2, mec-4, mec-6 and mec-10 subunits; the complex mediates mechanotransduction in touch cells (PubMed:7509039, PubMed:11875573, PubMed:12478294). Interacts with mec-4 and mec-6 (PubMed:12478294).
Subunit of an amiloride-sensitive cation channel (degenerin channel complex) permeable for sodium, potassium, lithium and N-methylglucamine, and required for mechanosensory transduction (touch sensitivity) (PubMed:11875573, PubMed:17261841, PubMed:7509039, PubMed:12478294). Negatively regulates the turning step of male mating behavior (PubMed:17611271).
Functions as a motor for intraflagellar retrograde transport in chemosensory neurons (PubMed:10545497, PubMed:28479320). Functions in cilia biogenesis (PubMed:10545497, PubMed:27515926).
Shorter phasmid cilia with an irregular morphology.
The cytoplasmic dynein complex 2 is probably composed by a heavy chain che-3 homodimer and a number of light intermediate chains.
During the late stages of oogenesis, dephosphorylates 'Ser-5' of the heptad repeats YSPTSPS in the C-terminal domain of the largest RNA polymerase II subunit ama-1 (PubMed:17291483). Similarly, dephosphorylates 'Ser-5' of ama-1 in early embryonic cells prior to the activation of the zygotic transcription program at the 4-cell embryonic stage (PubMed:17291483). May dephosphorylate 'Ser-2' of the ama-1 heptad repeats YSPTSPS in embryonic somatic and germline cells (PubMed:23903194).
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes an arrest at the 100-cell embryonic stage (PubMed:17291483). In developing oocytes, results in an abnormal accumulation of 'Ser-5' phosphorylated ama-1 and a more diffused nuclear localization of phosphorylated ama-1 (PubMed:17291483). 'Ser-2' phosphorylated ama-1 is present in diakinetic oocyte but at low levels indicating that transcription is possibly blocked at the elongation stage (PubMed:17291483). Increased levels of 'Ser-2' phosphorylated ama-1 in embryonic and germline nuclei (PubMed:23903194). Simultaneous knockdown of components of the transcription pre-initiation complex including ama-1, rbp-2, cdk-7, rgr-1 or taf-4 abolishes phosphorylation of the ama-1 CTD domain repeats at 'Ser-5' in diakinetic oocytes (PubMed:17291483). A similar abnormal accumulation of 'Ser-5' phosphorylated ama-1 occurs in 1-cell and 2-cell embryos (PubMed:17291483).
Component of 250-400 kDa complexes called cytochrome oxidase assembly intermediates or COA complexes.
Required for assembly of cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV).
Belongs to the Sp1 C2H2-type zinc-finger protein family.
Expressed in ASJ sensory neurons, pharyngeal cells, rectal cells, intestine, seam cells, and vulval cells.
Probable transcription factor which modulates gene expression, thereby acting as an ASJ sensory neuron terminal selector gene.
RNAi-mediated knockdown abolishes expression of sulfotransferase ssu-1 and thioredoxin trx-1 in the ASJ sensory neurons, in adults, embryos and larvae.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX18/HAS1 subfamily.
Belongs to the sulfotransferase 3 family.
Catalyzes the transfer of sulfate to the C2-position of selected hexuronic acid residues within the maturing heparan sulfate (HS). Involved in cell adhesion and guidance by specifically modifying proteoglycans in the extracellular matrix and on the cell surface that are essential for axon migrations.
Present in the hypodermis, muscle, distal tip cells (DTCs) and in neurons (at protein level).
Worms are viable but display axonal and cellular guidance defects in specific neuron classes.
Key enzyme in the degradation of tyrosine.
This protein resembles calmodulin in sequence but possibly resembles troponin C in function.
Expressed in the intestinal lumen. Also present, at lower levels, in the excretory duct cells.
Plays a role in RNA-mediated gene silencing by mediating endocytic uptake of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) ingested from the environment into intestinal cells from the intestinal lumen. Selective for dsRNAs of at least 50 bp. Required for avoidance behavior induced by small RNAs derived from pathogenic bacteria such as P.aeruginosa (PubMed:32908307).
The avoidance behavior is transgenerationally inherited, and thus progeny display this same aversion despite never having been exposed to this pathogenic bacteria.
The extracellular domain is necessary for the uptake of dsRNA.
No response to varying levels of oxygen. Significantly reduced aggregation and bordering behaviors.
Synthesizes cyclic GMP (cGMP) from GTP (By similarity). Influences aerotaxis responses, aggregation and bordering behaviors (gathering around the edge of a bacterial lawn) in combination with other soluble guanylate cyclases.
Belongs to the cyclophilin-type PPIase family. PPIL4 subfamily.
Expressed at all developmental stages from embryogenesis to adulthood.
Interacts with ama-1, the catalytic subunit of the RNA polymerase II (RNA pol II) complex.
Lethal during the early stages of larval development. RNAi-mediated knockdown results in 95% embryonic lethality with 86.15% of embryos exhibiting gastrulation defects with decreased expression of genes involved in gastrulation, and an increased abundance of unspliced RNAs, decreased levels of phosphorylated ama-1 at the 3' end of genes and decreased histone H3 modifications, which mark transcription elongation, in embryos. Rare survivors of lethality have multiple developmental defects in the soma and germline including a protruding vulva, multiple vulvae and failure to transition from spermatogenesis to oogenesis (also called masculinization of the germline or Mog phenotype).
Probable PPIase that accelerates the folding of proteins (By similarity). It catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptides (By similarity). Involved in RNA polymerase II (RNA pol II)-mediated transcription elongation, and in primary transcript splicing, including co-transcriptional trans-splicing, in association with the catalytic subunit of the RNA pol II complex ama-1 (PubMed:27541139). Also plays a role in the regulation of elongation-dependent phosphorylation of ama-1 to control transcription (PubMed:27541139). Involved in the transcription of several genes during embryogenesis and in particular, of genes related to developmental processes such as gastrulation, and also regulates transcription in germ cells from embryogenesis to adulthood (PubMed:27541139).
Belongs to the Toll-like receptor family.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFB10 subunit family.
Expressed in dopaminergic neurons (at protein level) (PubMed:23106139). Expressed in intestine with a weaker expression in the most proximal and distal regions (PubMed:19785996, PubMed:19924247). Weakly expressed in the hyp1-6, hyp7 and hyp8-12 hypodermis and in head and tail neurons (PubMed:19924247).
Increased survival rate and reduced body levels of iron in response to increasing Mn(2+) levels (PubMed:19924247). Reduced survival rate in response to high Mn(2+) levels or to infection mediated by pathogenic bacterium S.aureus (PubMed:19785996). Reduced CEP neuron death and higher Al(3+) accumulation in the body in response to high Al(3+) levels (PubMed:23106139). Reduced ferritin ftn-1 mRNA levels and Mn(2+) and iron body levels (PubMed:22194696). Increased sfm-1, sfm-2 and sfm-3 mRNA levels (PubMed:19924247).
Induced by pathogenic bacterium S.aureus (PubMed:19785996). Repressed by high levels of Mn(2+) (PubMed:19924247). Repressed by high levels of Al(3+) (PubMed:23106139). Induced by low iron levels (PubMed:22194696).
Probable divalent metal ion transporter which regulates the uptake of several heavy metals such as Mn(2+), Al(3+) and iron (PubMed:19924247, PubMed:23106139, PubMed:19785996, PubMed:22194696). Plays a role in modulating Al(3+)-induced dopamine (DA) neuron degeneration through the intracellular sequestration of Al(3+) (PubMed:23106139).
Belongs to the cyclophilin-type PPIase family. PPIL3 subfamily.
Expressed in intestinal cells (PubMed:12788949). Expressed in head neurons, pre-anal ganglion, hypodermal cells, anal depressor muscle and non-neuronal cells in the tail (PubMed:25479419).
May dephosphorylate phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate (PI3P) (PubMed:12788949, PubMed:14565969). In association with mtm-9, plays a role in endosome trafficking probably by regulating phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate levels (PubMed:14565969, PubMed:21076391). Regulates fluid phase endocytosis in coelomocytes (PubMed:14565969). Controls the endosomal localization of sorting nexin snx-3 and the levels of sorting receptor mig-14 (PubMed:21076391). By regulating the retrograde transport of mig-14, may be involved in the secretion of Wnt ligands such as egl-20 (PubMed:21076391). Regulates posterior migration of QL neuroblast descendants and the anterior migration of QR neuroblast descendants and HSN neurons during larval development (PubMed:21076391). Involved in the formation of correct synapse number in DA9 motor neurons probably in part by regulating the secretion of Wnt ligand egl-20 (PubMed:25479419).
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes an increase in phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate at the apical plasma membrane of intestinal cells.
The FYVE domain appears to be dispensable for membrane targeting and activity but may be important to increase avidity to membrane.
Component of the BTR double Holliday Junction dissolution complex composed of at least him-6, top-3, rmh-1 and rmif-2, which is involved in double strand break repair in the germline (Probable). May interact with rmh-1 (PubMed:27011106).
Component of the BTR double Holliday Junction dissolution complex, which is involved in homologous recombination during meiotic double strand break in the germline (Probable). Releases the supercoiling and torsional tension of DNA introduced during the DNA replication and transcription by transiently cleaving and rejoining one strand of the DNA duplex. Introduces a single-strand break via transesterification at a target site in duplex DNA. The scissile phosphodiester is attacked by the catalytic tyrosine of the enzyme, resulting in the formation of a DNA-(5'-phosphotyrosyl)-enzyme intermediate and the expulsion of a 3'-OH DNA strand. The free DNA strand than undergoes passage around the unbroken strand thus removing DNA supercoils. Finally, in the religation step, the DNA 3'-OH attacks the covalent intermediate to expel the active-site tyrosine and restore the DNA phosphodiester backbone (By similarity).
Acts as a cysteine protease in controlling programmed cell death (apoptosis) by proteolytically activating or inactivating a wide range of substrates (PubMed:8654923, PubMed:3955651, PubMed:18722182, PubMed:26074078, PubMed:27723735). Component of the egl-1, ced-9, ced-4 and ced-3 apoptotic signaling cascade required for the initiation of programmed cell death in cells fated to die during embryonic and postembryonic development (PubMed:3955651, PubMed:17329362, PubMed:25432023, PubMed:27723735). During oogenesis, required for germline apoptosis downstream of ced-9 and ced-4 but independently of egl-1 (PubMed:9927601). By cleaving and activating ced-8, promotes phosphatidylserine exposure on the surface of apoptotic cells; phosphatidylserine is a specific marker only present at the surface of apoptotic cells and acts as a specific signal for engulfment (PubMed:24225442). By cleaving and converting dcr-1 into a deoxyribonuclease (DNase), promotes apoptotic chromosomal DNA fragmentation (PubMed:20223951). By cleaving mitochondrial fission protein drp-1, may regulate the removal of mitochondria during apoptosis (PubMed:18722182). During germline apoptosis, cleaves translation initiation factor ifg-1 (isoform p170) promoting cap-independent translation (PubMed:21909434). During male tail morphogenesis, promotes apoptosis of the tail-spike cell downstream of ced-4 but independently of egl-1 and ced-9 (PubMed:17329362). By cleaving cnt-1, prevents the activation of the prosurvival akt-1/2 signaling pathway and thus promotes apoptosis (PubMed:25383666). Downstream of ced-4, may play a role in sex-specific cell apoptosis by cleaving sex-determining protein fem-1 (PubMed:10764728). May regulate germline apoptosis in response to DNA damage, probably downstream of let-60/ras and mpk-1 pathway (PubMed:21901106). Cleaves ced-9 in vitro (PubMed:17371877, PubMed:18776901, PubMed:19575016, PubMed:25432023, PubMed:27723735). Cleaves csp-2 isoform b resulting in the removal of the propeptide and the generation of csp-2 subunit p31 in vitro (PubMed:9857046). Independently of its apoptotic role has additional functions. Probably by cleaving and thereby activating actin-severing protein gsnl-1, required for the elimination of transient presynaptic components during larval development downstream of egl-1, ced-9 and ced-4 pathway (PubMed:26074078). Together with ain-1, a component of the miRNA-induced-silencing complex (miRISC), regulates temporal cell fate patterning during larval development (PubMed:25432023). In complex with ubr-1, which is E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase and component of the N-end rule pathway, acts in seam cell fate patterning during larval development by cleaving the heterochronic protein lin-28, and promoting its degradation (PubMed:25432023, PubMed:28602583). Also cleaves heterochronic protein lin-14 and exonuclease disl-2 in vitro (PubMed:25432023). Downstream of calreticulin crt-1 and ced-4 and independently of egl-1 and ced-9, plays a role in the initial steps of axonal regrowth following axotomy (PubMed:22629231). Cleaves 14-3-3-like protein ftt-2, tubulin tbb-2 and calreticulin crt-1 in vitro (PubMed:17371877). Also plays a role in resistance to S.typhimurium-mediated infection (PubMed:11226309).
Autocatalytic cleavage removes the propeptide and generates the catalytic subunit p17 and two non-catalytic subunits p15 and p13; autoproteolysis is induced by ced-4 oligomer (PubMed:8654923, PubMed:9857046, PubMed:17371877, PubMed:18776901, PubMed:19575016, PubMed:27723735, PubMed:20434985). Cleaved by caspase csp-1 probably at Asp-144 and Asp-374 (PubMed:9857046).
Highly expressed in embryos and to a lesser extent in adults (PubMed:8242740). Expression is low throughout the larval stage (PubMed:8242740). Expressed in all cells, except intestinal cells and their precursors, starting at around 100-150 minutes post-fertilization and continuing throughout the comma stage of embryogenesis (PubMed:17329362). Not expressed after the 3-fold embryonic stage, and only expressed in 2-3 cells in larvae and adults (PubMed:17329362). In males, expressed in the tail at the L4 larval stage (PubMed:17329362). Expression in the tail-spike cell is restricted to the 3-fold embryonic stage prior to the tail-spike cell death (PubMed:17329362).
Octomeric ced-4 activates zymogen autoprocessing and enhances activity of processed ced-3 (PubMed:18776901, PubMed:19575016, PubMed:27723735, PubMed:24065769, PubMed:20434985). Zymogen autoactivation is inhibited by csp-3 (PubMed:18776901). csp-3 has no effect on active ced-3 (PubMed:18776901). Zymogen autoactivation is inhibited by csp-2 (PubMed:19575016). Inhibited by cysteine protease inhibitor iodoacetic acid (CH3COOI) (PubMed:8654923, PubMed:9857046, PubMed:18776901, PubMed:19575016, PubMed:27723735). Inhibited by benzyloxycarbonyl-DEVD-fluoro-methyl ketone (zDEVD-fmk) (PubMed:8654923, PubMed:9857046, PubMed:25432023). Inhibited by benzyloxycarbonyl-VAD-fluoro-methyl ketone (zVAD-fmk) (PubMed:17371877, PubMed:21909434). Not inhibited by N-[N-(L-3-transcarboxirane-2-carbonyl)-leucyl]-agmatine (E-64) or by the serine and cysteine protease inhibitor L-1-chloro-3-[4-to-osylamido]-7-amino-2-heptanone (TLCK) (PubMed:8654923, PubMed:9857046).
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes a rupture of the vulva and an increase in laid oocytes in a small proportion of animals. In an ain-1 mutant background, enhances the proportion of animals arrested at the larval stage, with egg-laying defects and with a ruptured vulva.
The CARD domain is involved in ced-4 binding.
The active form is probably a heterodimer of the p17 subunit with either the p15 or p13 subunit which are all derived from the precursor by autocatalysis (Probable). Interacts with octomeric ced-4 (two ced-3 zymogens per one ced-4 octamer); the interaction causes the autoproteolytic cleavage and activation of ced-3 (PubMed:20434985, PubMed:24065769). Processed ced-3 also interacts with ced-4 octamer to form a stable holoenzyme (PubMed:20434985). Interacts (via large subunit p17) with csp-3; the interaction prevents ced-3 autoactivation and delays ced-4-induced ced-3 processing (PubMed:18776901). Interacts (via large subunit p17 or small subunit p13 or p15) with csp-2; the interaction inhibits ced-3 autoactivation (PubMed:19575016). Interacts (via propeptide) with nucleoporin npp-14; the interaction tethers ced-3 to the nuclear membrane and prevents its autoprocessing in absence of ced-4 (PubMed:27723735). Interacts with dct-1 (PubMed:11114722). May form a complex composed of ced-3, ced-4 and mac-1 (PubMed:10101135). Component of a complex containing at least ced-3, ubr-1 and possibly ate-1 (PubMed:28602583). Within complex interacts (via the p17 subunit) with ubr-1; this interaction is required for the ced-3-mediated cleavage and subsequent degradation of the heterochronic protein lin-28 (PubMed:28602583). Interacts with ate-1 (isoform a and isoform d); interaction with ate-1 (isoform a) is in the presence or absent of ubr-1 (PubMed:28602583).
Forms a complex composed of catalytic subunit pph-6 and regulatory subunit saps-1; the interaction increases pph-6 and saps-1 protein stability (PubMed:20040490). Interacts with kinase air-1 (PubMed:27335426).
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes severe reduction in cortical contractions and lack of pseudocleavage furrow formation in the 1-cell embryo (PubMed:20040490, PubMed:27335426). Positioning of the spindle is abnormal due to reduced pulling forces that prevent oscillatory movements of the posterior spindle pole during anaphase (PubMed:20040490, PubMed:27335426).
Regulatory subunit of protein phosphatase 6 (PP6) (Probable). In complex with pph-6, promotes actomyosin contractility during cytokinesis by regulating the organization of cortical non-muscle myosin II nmy-2 and thus contributing to correct spindle positioning (PubMed:20040490). Also required for the proper generation of pulling forces on spindle poles during anaphase by regulating the cortical localization of gpr-1, gpr-2 and lin-5 (PubMed:20040490). Negatively regulates kinase air-1 localization at the cell cortex (PubMed:27335426).
Belongs to the cyclic nucleotide-gated cation channel (TC 1.A.1.5) family.
Expressed at the sensory endings of thermosensory, gustatory, and olfactory neurons.
Required for normal thermosensation and chemosensation sensory behavior (PubMed:8893027). Required, downstream of receptor-type guanylate cyclase gcy-9, for CO2-mediated responses in BAG neurons (PubMed:21173231). Required, downstream of receptor-type guanylate cyclase gcy-14, for alkaline pH-mediated responses in ASE-left (ASEL) neurons (PubMed:23664973). Involved in the development of ASJ sensory neuron axon during late larval stages and in the maintenance of normal axon morphology in the adult. Regulates dauer formation (PubMed:9486798). Required for the calcium flux to the cytoplasm in the ASJ sensory neurons upon the onset and removal of a nitric oxide (NO) stimulus, thereby promoting the ASJ-mediated behavioral avoidance response to NO-producing organisms like P.aeruginosa (PubMed:30014846). In ASI and ASJ sensory neurons, controls behavioral response to P.aeruginosa by up-regulating the transcription of daf-7, a member of the TGF-beta family (PubMed:25303524). In AWB and AWC sensory neurons, mediates the recognition of food odors which subsequently allows for the detection of preferred food sources (PubMed:25009271). In AWC neurons, acts to promote expression of srsx-3, a member of the GPCR family.
Expressed in ASE chemosensory neurons and in some other neurons.
Transcription factor essential for the identity of ASE chemosensory neurons. Acts by activating expression of genes that are specific for ASE chemosensory neurons, such as seven-transmembrane receptors or guanylate cyclase. Also required to control the left/right asymmetry in ASE chemosensory neurons by regulating expression of genes such as cog-1 and ceh-36.
May heterodimerize with mau-2/SCC4 to form the cohesin loading complex.
Plays an important role in the loading of the cohesin complex on to meiotic chromosomes (PubMed:21856158). Forms a heterodimeric complex (also known as cohesin loading complex) with mau-2/SCC4 which mediates the loading of the cohesin complex onto chromatin (By similarity). Plays an essential role in cell division during embryonic development (PubMed:15146185, PubMed:16802858). Promotes normal chromosome organization during meiosis (PubMed:21856158). Required for the assembly of the synaptonemal complex between homologous chromosomes to promote sister chromatid cohesion during meiosis (PubMed:21856158). Required for chromosome segregation during mitosis and meiosis (PubMed:16802858). Plays a role in DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair during meiotic recombination and promotes the assembly of the 9-1-1 cell-cycle checkpoint response complex which is required for inducing apoptosis in response to DNA damage, at DNA damage sites (PubMed:21856158).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in 100% embryonic lethality (PubMed:15146185, PubMed:16802858). Any survivors display a paralyzed uncoordinated phenotype, body morphology defects and sometimes a vulval defect (PubMed:15146185). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in chromosome segregation defects in early embryos with lagging chromosomes at the anaphase phase of mitosis (PubMed:16802858). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in cytological defects in the pachytene and diakinesis phases of meiosis in the germline (PubMed:21856158). RNAi-mediated knockdown abolishes loading of cohesin complex components smc-1, smc-3 and rec-8 onto the to the axial element of meiotic chromosomes in the germline, however these subunits do accumulate in the mitotic nuclei and the meiotic S phase nuclei that precede the start of meiotic prophase (PubMed:21856158). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in defective DNA double-strand break repair during meiosis resulting in an accumulation of rad-51-positive recombination intermediates and elongated rad-51-positive recombination structures in the mid and late pachytene region of the germline (PubMed:21856158). There is an increase in apoptosis in response to the accumulation of recombination intermediates, but only in the presence of smc-1, indicative of a defective DNA damage response (PubMed:21856158).
Expressed in the nerve ring, neurons of the lateral and ventral ganglia, including the sensory neuron ADL, neurons in the retrovesicular ganglion and two neurons in the lumbar ganglion, PVQ and the sensory neuron PHB (PubMed:14988722). Expressed in ASH nociceptive chemosensory neurons (PubMed:14988722, PubMed:26976437). Not expressed in ASK sensory neurons (PubMed:14988722).
Involved in the avoidance response to the noxious chemicals and repellents such as quinine in ASH and ADL sensory neurons (PubMed:14988722). In response to the noxious chemical quinine, promotes dauer formation induced by pheromones such as the ascaroside ascr#3 in ASH nociceptive neurons (PubMed:26976437).
Component of the BBSome complex (By similarity). The BBSome complex is thought to function as a coat complex required for sorting of specific membrane proteins to the primary cilia. The BBSome complex is required for ciliogenesis but is dispensable for centriolar satellite function (By similarity). Required for proper BBSome complex assembly and its ciliary localization (PubMed:22922713). Required for cilia biogenesis and both the assembly and movement of intraflagellar transport proteins along the ciliary axoneme (PubMed:15231740, PubMed:22022287, PubMed:22922713).
Mutants have normal body morphology, but with reduced body length and width, delayed larval development and decreased roaming movements (PubMed:22022287). Defective cilia structure and function (PubMed:22022287). Disrupted assembly of the BBSome complex at the base of the cilia (PubMed:22922713).
Asymmetrically distributed at the periphery of the zygote and in dividing blastomeres of the germline lineage. Coexpressed with par-6; patchy expression observed at the periphery after completion of meiosis I and in meiosis II. On completion of metaphase II, expression is restricted to the anterior 85% of embryo length; this decreases to 55% in embryos between prophase and telophase of the first mitosis. During the first cleavage, expression is detected in the advancing furrow. Transiently coexpressed and colocalized asymmetrically with par-6 and pkc-3, in the developing somatic gonad, including the spermathecal precursor cells of L4 larvae.
In cooperation with pkc-3, required for establishing cell polarity and regulating spindle orientation in the early embryo (PubMed:8521491, PubMed:9716526). Localization is crucial for recruiting par-6 and pkc-3 to the peripheral apical cortex and restricting par-2 to basolateral surfaces (PubMed:8898226, PubMed:9834192). Necessary for apicobasal and anterior-posterior asymmetries associated with cell adhesion and gastrulation during the first few cycles of embryogenesis, and also for epithelial cell polarity in the distal spermatheca (PubMed:13129846, PubMed:15151982). Regulates the asymmetric localization of csnk-1, ppk-1 and gpr-1/2 during the first embryonic division (PubMed:14534135, PubMed:18694560).
Required, together with pkc-3, for the localization of par-6; par-6 is involved in localizing/maintaining par-3 at the cell periphery. Interacts with par-6 and pkc-3 for localization at the periphery of anterior cortex of the embryo.
Delayed larval development and increased lifespan, but overall resulting animals have normal morphology and fecundity (PubMed:20862312). Reduced egg-laying rate, but older hermaphrodites produce more progeny (PubMed:20862312). Both decreased expression of genes, such as the lipoprotein vit-5, which is related to life span regulation, and increased expression of genes such as lys-7, which is a lysosomal protein (PubMed:20862312). Reduced expression of genes such as svh-2 in response to axon injury and as a result, there is reduced axon regeneration of D-type motor neurons (PubMed:26484536). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in reduced expression of the RNA-binding protein rege-1 (PubMed:27746047).
Expressed in cells of the anterior and posterior bulbs of the pharynx, seam cells, a few unidentified cells of the vulva, the hypodermis, several unidentified neurons, labial socket cells of the head and rectal cells.
Expressed in intestinal cells from the 3-fold stage of embryogenesis to adulthood.
Phosphorylation is required for axon regeneration.
The N-terminal part (1-345) is responsible for activating transcription, but this action may be modulated by the PNT domain which acts to repress transcription.
Transcription factor which binds to 5'-GGAA/T-3' DNA consensus sequences (PubMed:20862312, PubMed:26484536). Both positively and negatively regulates the expression of target genes (PubMed:20862312). Plays a role in the regulation of adult lifespan, which may in part be through modulation of daf-16 activity (PubMed:20862312). Regulates the expression of genes such as svh-2 in response to axon injury and in addition, may function downstream of the cAMP signaling pathway to promote axon regeneration (PubMed:26484536). Regulates the expression of lipid metabolism genes and may also control the expression of the RNA-binding protein rege-1 which too has been implicated in the control of fat accumulation (PubMed:27746047).
Expressed throughout the intestine and in head and tail neurons (PubMed:21331044). Expressed in octopaminergic RIC neurons (PubMed:25723162).
Phosphorylated by AMPK at Ser-76 and Ser-179. Dephosphorylated by tax-6, the catalytic subunit of calcineurin.
RNAi-mediated knock-down results in increased lifespan.
Transcriptional coactivator for crh-1, the homolog of vertebrate transcription factor CREB1 (PubMed:21331044). Regulates the transcription of metabolic genes and may have a role in mitochondrial dynamics and metabolism (PubMed:25723162). Involved in modulation of lifespan (PubMed:21331044, PubMed:25723162, PubMed:28560849). Through crh-1, counteracts the pro-lifespan-extension signals of AMPK both cell autonomously and, when expressed in neurons, at a systemic level, possibly using the catecholamine analog, octopamine, as a messenger (PubMed:21331044, PubMed:25723162).
Does not form a functional homopentameric ion channel. Forms a functional heteropentameric ion channel composed of acc-1 and acc-3. May interact with acc-2; the interaction does not result in significant heteropentameric ion channel activity.
Probable acetylcholine-gated chloride channel regulatory subunit. Does not have ion channel activity alone as a homopentamer, but forms a functional heteropentameric ion channel with acc-1.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 17 family.
Component of the Mediator complex, a coactivator involved in regulated gene transcription of nearly all RNA polymerase II-dependent genes. Mediator functions as a bridge to convey information from gene-specific regulatory proteins to the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. Mediator is recruited to promoters by direct interactions with regulatory proteins and serves as a scaffold for the assembly of a functional preinitiation complex with RNA polymerase II and the general transcription factors (By similarity).
Functions as a component of the nuclear pore complex (NPC) (By similarity). NPC components, collectively referred to as nucleoporins (NUPs), can play the role of both NPC structural components and of docking or interaction partners for transiently associated nuclear transport factors (By similarity). Required for the proper organization of chromosomes on the mitotic spindle during anaphase (PubMed:28122936).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in embryonic lethality (PubMed:12937276, PubMed:28122936). Also causes severe defects in mitosis due to abnormal chromosome organization on the mitotic spindle during anaphase (PubMed:28122936). Two-cell embryos appear to lack nuclei and pronuclei.
Acts coordinately with atgl-1 within the lipolytic cascade to distribute stored energy to tissues during nutritional deprivation.
RNAi-mediated knockdown suppresses fasting-induced oxygen consumption.
As a component of the GATOR1 complex functions as an inhibitor of the amino acid-sensing branch of the TORC1 pathway.
Adapter protein that connects P-granules in somatic cells with the autophagic machinery (PubMed:19377305, PubMed:19372764, PubMed:19167332, PubMed:24140420). Association with other adapters such as epg-2 and P-granule components such as pgl-3 is required for the accumulation and degradation of P-granules by autophagy in somatic cells (PubMed:19372764, PubMed:19167332, PubMed:24140420, PubMed:28806108). This ensures exclusive localization of the P-granules in germ cells (PubMed:19372764, PubMed:19167332, PubMed:24140420, PubMed:28806108).
First expressed in 16-cell stage embryos (PubMed:19167332). Temporal expression during embryogenesis with high expression as embryos develop into 100-stage embryos, but with low expression in most cells at the comma stage and almost diminished expression at the 2-fold stage of embryogenesis (PubMed:19377305, PubMed:19167332, PubMed:21802374, PubMed:24140420). Expressed in the head, tail and intestine, especially in the anterior and posterior intestinal cells, of larvae (PubMed:19167332).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in the accumulation of cytoplasmic aggregates containing the P-granule component pgl-3 (PubMed:24140420). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in the disrupted formation of P-granules in an atg-18 autophagy mutant background (PubMed:19167332).
Self-associates (PubMed:19167332). Interacts (via the LIR motifs) with lgg-1; the interaction is direct (PubMed:19167332, PubMed:26687600). Interacts (via the LIR motifs) with lgg-2; the interaction is direct (PubMed:26687600). Interacts with pgl-3; interaction is enhanced in the presence of RNA (PubMed:19167332, PubMed:24140420). Interacts with epg-2; may be modulated by prmt-1 (PubMed:24140420, PubMed:28806108).
The LIR motifs (LC3-interacting region) are required for its interaction with lgg-1 and lgg-2.
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates (By similarity). Component of RNA polymerase II which synthesizes mRNA precursors and many functional non-coding RNAs (Probable). Pol II is the central component of the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery (By similarity). It is composed of mobile elements that move relative to each other (By similarity). RPB9 is part of the upper jaw surrounding the central large cleft and thought to grab the incoming DNA template (By similarity). Recruits ints-6, a component of the Integrator complex to PIWI-interacting RNA (piRNA) genes, to mediate Integrator complex-dependent cleavage of 3' ends of nascent transcripts upon RNA Pol II backtracking to terminate transcription and generate piRNA precursors (PubMed:33533030). Promotes the biogenesis of secondary 22G-siRNAs (a class of 22 nucleotide siRNAs that possess a triphosphorylated guanine residue at the 5'-end) (PubMed:33533030). Involved in gene silencing mediated by a class of 21 nucleotide piRNAs that possess a uracil residue at the 5'-end (also called 21U-RNAs) and guide the Piwi protein prg-1 to its DNA targets for silencing (PubMed:33533030). Plays a role in small RNA-directed transgenerational epigenetic inheritance (also called RNAe) over several generations (PubMed:33533030). Not required for the transgenerational inheritance of exogenous small interfering RNAs (RNAi) (PubMed:33533030). May play a role in the silencing of the DNA transposable elements from the DNA transposon families, Chapaev-2 and CEMUDR1 (PubMed:33533030).
Expressed in the soma and in the germline.
Embryonic lethal with few surviving larvae which fail to carry out the L3/L4 molt and few surviving adults which are sterile (PubMed:16111945, PubMed:21183797). At the L3 larval stage, accumulates vacuoles in intestine, hypodermis, pharynx and coelomocytes (PubMed:21183797). Abnormal accumulation of mig-14, lmp-1, and rab-7 on these vacuoles (PubMed:21183797). Mislocalization of several components of the retromer complex, including rme-8, snx-1 and vps-35 (PubMed:21183797). Impaired fluid phase endocytosis in coelomocytes (PubMed:21183797). Double knockout with either sorf-1 or sorf-2 results in smaller endosomes and an irregular distribution pattern of PtdIns3P in the cytoplasm (PubMed:26783301). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in reduced stem cell proliferation in the germline during larval development (PubMed:28285998). RNAi-mediated knockdown at the L4 larval stage causes a slight decrease in lifespan and multiple defects in the progeny which fails to produce viable embryos (PubMed:12958363, PubMed:16111945, PubMed:17204841). In addition, causes an increase in the number of apoptotic cell corpses at various embryonic stages and in the gonads (PubMed:16111945, PubMed:21183797). Reduces phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate levels on intracellular membrane vesicles and impairs endocytosis (PubMed:16111945, PubMed:21183797). Prevents necrotic cell death of CEP and ADE dopamin neurons induced by neurotoxin 6-hydroxidopamine (PubMed:17327275). Impaired survival when exposed to pathogenic bacteria S.typhimurium which is associated with the persistence of intact bacteria-containing vesicles in intestinal cells, the formation of few autophagosomes and autolysosomes followed by a progressive destruction of intestinal cells (PubMed:19667176). In addition, causes a reduction in mig-14 and rme-8 association with puncta structures as well as an increase in mig-14 protein levels (PubMed:21183797). RNAi-mediated knockdown causes abnormalities in constitutive dauer formation in daf-2 e1370 mutant including uneven distribution of hyperpigmented granules in the intestine and a reduction in fat storage and radial constriction elongation of the body and the pharynx (PubMed:12958363). In addition, prevents increase in lifespan and the formation of autophagosomes in lateral hypodermal seam cells in daf-2 e1370 mutant (PubMed:12958363, PubMed:19667176). Reduces the number of vacuolated (dying) touch receptor neurons and restores touch sensitivity in mec-4 u231, deg-1 u506 or deg-3 u662 mutants (PubMed:17327275).
Expressed in PVM touch receptor neurons, the ventral nerve cord and in the nerve ring.
Highly expressed in embryos and to a lesser extent in larvae (PubMed:16111945). Expressed in pharynx, seam cells and ventral nerve cord neurons at the L1 and L4 larval stages (PubMed:12958363, PubMed:16111945). Expressed in vulva cell precursors and somatic gonad at the L2 larval stage and in vulva at the L4 larval stage (PubMed:12958363).
Interacts with ced-9 (PubMed:16111945). Interacts with vps-34 (PubMed:16111945, PubMed:26783301). Interacts with sorf-1 and sorf-2 (PubMed:26783301).
Regulates autophagy (PubMed:12958363). Together with phosphatidyl-3-phosphate kinase vps-34, acts as a core subunit of the PI3K complex that mediates formation of phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PtdIns3P), thereby regulating membrane trafficking (PubMed:16111945, PubMed:21183797, PubMed:26783301). In association with sorf-1 and sorf-2, negatively regulates phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate in early endosomes to allow for the conversion to late endosomes (PubMed:26783301). Involved in the clearance of engulfed apoptotic cell corpses (PubMed:16111945, PubMed:21183797). Together with ced-9, negatively regulates somatic and germline apoptosis (PubMed:17890369). Plays a role in endosome-to-Golgi retrograde transport of mig-14 (PubMed:21183797). In a daf-18/PTEN- and skn-1/Nrf-dependent manner, promotes germline stem cell proliferation during late and adult stages, probably by ensuring cell survival and cell cycle progression (PubMed:28285998). Required for embryonic development and L3/L4 molting during larval development (PubMed:16111945). Required for normal dauer morphogenesis and lifespan (PubMed:12958363, PubMed:17204841). Plays a role in male tail ray pattern formation (PubMed:17890369). Required for normal survival when exposed to pathogenic bacteria S.typhimurium by promoting autophagic degradation of intracellular S.typhimurium (PubMed:19667176).
Probable component of the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), a cell cycle-regulated E3 ubiquitin ligase that controls progression through mitosis and the G1 phase of the cell cycle. The APC/C complex acts by mediating ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of target proteins.
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in both viable and inviable embryos, but eventually animals display germline maintenance defects and become sterile.
Dauer-inducing pheromone inhibits its expression and promotes dauer formation, whereas food reactivates its expression and promotes recovery from the dauer state.
Expressed in the chemosensory neurons, including in the ASJ neurons in males.
Under harsh environmental conditions, larvae enter a developmentally arrested state known as dauer; TGF-beta-like daf-7 acts to inhibit dauer larva formation and promote growth (PubMed:8910282). May be a ligand to cell surface receptor daf-4 (PubMed:8413626). May act as a negative regulator of dauer larva development by transducing chemosensory information from ASI neurons (PubMed:8910282). Involved in sensitivity to CO2 levels (PubMed:18524955). Involved in mate searching behavior of males, acting in concert with the neuropeptide pdf-1 (PubMed:30024377). In AWC neurons, acts to promote expression of srsx-3, a member of the GPCR family (PubMed:20713521).
When the food/pheromone ratio is high, its level peaks during the L1 larval stage (PubMed:8910282). Expression is detected in larvae beginning 4 to 5 hours after hatching, through the four larval stages, and in adults (PubMed:8910282). Expressed in ASJ chemosensory neurons in males from the L4 larval stage (PubMed:31264582).
Expressed in the nerve ring of embryos. In L1 larvae, expression is seen in the ventral processes of ventral cord motor neurons. In adults, expression is seen along the dorsal and ventral nerve cords, the HSNL motor neuron and more specifically localizes to the axonal processes.
Probable GTPase activator for the Rho-type GTPases by converting them to an inactive GDP-bound state. Regulates the localization and assembly of presynaptic components during presynaptic development and is required for specifying the identity of axons during initial polarity acquisition. In these roles it is thought to act cell autonomously downstream of syg-1 and syg-2 and upstream of syd-2, possibly as a positive regulator of the latter. Required for the control of movement, egg-laying and the correct localization of elks-1.
Worms exhibit an irregular shape and fail to show axonic polarization. Uncoordinated movement and retention of eggs, an egg-laying defect are apparent.
Belongs to the WD repeat NOL10/ENP2 family.
Expressed in body-wall musculature, with weak expression in late-stage embryos and strong expression during the larval and adult stages. Also expressed in vulval and anal muscles, and weakly expressed in pharyngeal muscle.
Worms exhibit abnormal locomotion, unregulated contraction of the sarcomeres due to small portions of each myofibril shortening irregularly and independently from another causing rigid paralysis. This is due to poorly defined sarcomeric structure, with small islands of thin filaments interspersed within the overlap region of A bands and the H zone.
During neuroblast differentiation, mutants produce an additional precursor cell for the HSN/PHB, I2, M4 and PLM/ALN and Q.a and Q.p lineages. The nucleus size of the 2 Q.p daughter cells is similar (PubMed:16774992). Symmetrical distribution of myosin II during QR.a cell division (PubMed:20929735). Abnormally high number of ADE neurons (PubMed:28659600). Double knockouts of pig-1 and ced-3 have impaired cell shedding during embryogenesis which results in the generation of an ectopic excretory cell and an ERM-like neuron. In addition, mutants show a delay in clearance after engulfment of cell corpses which is associated with the abnormal expression of cell adhesion molecules (PubMed:22801495).
May be phosphorylated at Thr-169 by par-4 and/or autophosphorylated which likely results in its activation (PubMed:22801495). Phosphorylation is not required for co-localization with the centrosome (PubMed:23267054).
Serine/threonine-protein kinase involved in cell autonomous neuroblast asymmetric divisions that generate one precursor cell and one apoptotic cell by controlling spindle positioning, myosin distribution and the segregation of cell fate determinants (PubMed:16774992, PubMed:20929735, PubMed:23946438, PubMed:23267054, PubMed:23851392, PubMed:28659600). Plays a role in neural fate specification in several dopaminergic linages, acting in concert with ham-1 (PubMed:28659600). Involved in phosphorylation of multiple proteins associated with key developmental processes, including the cell cycle, apoptosis, endocytosis, and asymmetric cell division (PubMed:28659600). Promotes cell shedding during embryogenesis, probably through the endocytosis-mediated removal of cell adhesion molecules such as hmp-1 from the cell surface (PubMed:22801495). May act downstream of par-4/strd-1/mop-25 to regulate cell shedding (PubMed:22801495).
The KA1 domain is required for the control of asymmetric neuroblast division.
Ubiquitously expressed in early embryo with a more restricted expression in later embryonic stages and in young larvae. Expressed in dividing cells including ventral nerve cord neuroblasts, vulval precursors, hypodermal seam cells and in the Q lineage. No expression in adults.
Acts as a guidance cue in the attraction of muscle membrane extensions (muscle arms) to the dorsal cord and in cooperation with unc-6 to the ventral cord via the netrin receptor unc-40 and via the unc-40 coreceptor eva-1 (PubMed:22014523, PubMed:25122090). Together with nrx-1, clusters netrin receptor unc-40 and neuroligin nlg-1 at postsynaptic sites of GABAergic NMJs, thereby promoting the recruitment of GABA(A) receptors at GABAergic synapses (PubMed:24896188, PubMed:26028575, PubMed:26028574). Prevents the recruitment of GABAergic receptors to cholinergic synapses (PubMed:24896188).
Component of an extracellular matrix cue that is involved in the guidance of dorsoventral midline migrations and in the specification of postsynaptic domains at neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) (PubMed:22014523, PubMed:24896188, PubMed:25122090, PubMed:26028575, PubMed:26028574). Acts as a ligand for the netrin receptor unc-40 and the neuroligin receptor nlg-1 (PubMed:22014523, PubMed:26028575, PubMed:25122090, PubMed:24896188). Secreted by the dorsal and ventral nerve cords to attract sensory axons and muscle membrane extensions called muscle arms (PubMed:22014523). In parallel with unc-6 and slt-1, involved in the netrin receptor unc-40 dependent guidance of the AVM and PVM mechanosensory axons along the dorsal-ventral axis (PubMed:22014523). The unc-40 coreceptor eva-1 is enhancing the responsiveness of unc-40 to the madd-4 guidance cue to attract the muscle arm extensions and AVM mechanosensory axons towards the dorsoventral midline (PubMed:25122090). Acts as a synaptic organizer and is required for the specification of inhibitory GABAergic and excitatory cholinergic identities of postsynaptic domains at neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) (PubMed:24896188, PubMed:26028575, PubMed:26028574). Required for the recruitment of unc-40 to both cholinergic and GABAergic NMJs (PubMed:26028575). Promotes the clustering of ACh receptors and GABA(A) receptors at postsynaptic sites during synaptogenesis (PubMed:24896188). The binding to the presynaptic adhesion protein nrx-1 and to the neuroligin nlg-1 at postsynaptic sites promotes clustering of GABAergic receptors at postsynaptic NMJs, thereby contributing to normal GABAergic synaptic transmission (PubMed:26028574).
Disrupts the clustering of the cholinergic receptor subunits unc-29, unc-38 and acr-16 and the GABAergic receptor subunit unc-49 at postsynaptic domains of neuromuscular junctions (NMJs), and the receptors are redistributed to extrasynaptic areas (PubMed:24896188, PubMed:26028575). Loss of neuroligin receptor nlg-1 and netrin receptor unc-40 localization to NMJs (PubMed:26028575). Isoform a and isoform c: Defects in AChR localization to cholinergic synapses (PubMed:24896188). Decreased AChR-dependent currents triggered by motoneuron stimulation (PubMed:24896188). Isoform b: Extensive dorsal muscle arm extension defects and weaker ventral muscle arm extension defects (PubMed:24896188, PubMed:22014523). Relocalization of GABAergic receptors from GABAergic to cholinergic synapses (PubMed:24896188, PubMed:26028575). Redistribution of the neuroligin receptor nlg-1 from GABAergic to cholinergic NMJs (PubMed:26028575). In a unc-6 mutant background, extensive ventral muscle arm extension defects (PubMed:22014523). Loss of unc-40 localization at GABAergic NMJs (PubMed:26028575).
Interacts with eva-1 (via the SUEL-type lectin domain) (PubMed:25122090). Interacts with unc-5 (PubMed:25122090). Interacts with unc-40; the interaction is required for the localization of unc-40 to postsynaptic domains (PubMed:25122090, PubMed:26028575). Isoform a forms homodimers and heterodimers with isoform b (PubMed:24896188). Isoform b forms homodimers and heterodimers with isoform a (PubMed:24896188). Isoform b interacts with nlg-1 (via extracellular domain); the interaction is required for nlg-1 localization to postsynaptic domains (PubMed:26028574, PubMed:26028575). Isoform b interacts (via the Ig-like C2-type domain) with nrx-1 (via C-terminus) (PubMed:26028574).
Isoform a and isoform c: Promotes the clustering of acetylcholine receptors (AChR) at excitatory cholinergic synapses of NMJs via the netrin receptor unc-40.
Isoform a: Expressed in larval stages L1 and L2 and in adult animals. Isoform b: Expressed in embryos, larval stages L1 and L2 and in adult animals.
Isoform a: Expressed in the commissural GABAergic and cholinergic motor neurons in the first larval stage but only in the cholinergic motor neurons in later larval stages and in adult animals (PubMed:22014523). At the L1 larval stage, mainly localized at the nerve ring and at the dorsal cord (PubMed:24896188). Isoform b: Expressed in the commissural GABAergic and cholinergic motor neurons whose cell bodies reside in the ventral nerve cord and which extend axons into the ventral and dorsal nerve cord (PubMed:22014523, PubMed:24896188). Also expressed in the head neurons RIA, RIC, lateral IL1s, lateral IL2s, OLLs, RMEs and SABs, all of which extend axons into the nerve ring (PubMed:22014523, PubMed:24896188). Expressed in the embryogenic blast cells and the corresponding terminally differentiated ventral cord motor neurons and head neurons (PubMed:22014523).
The Ig-like C2-type domain is required for the attraction of the muscle arm extensions.
Expressed asymmetrically in ASE left (ASEL) sensory neuron (PubMed:16099833, PubMed:16547101). Expressed in excretory canal cell (PubMed:16547101).
Expressed in both ASEL and ASER neurons throughout late embryonic and early larval stages.
Guanylate cyclase involved in the production of the second messenger cGMP (By similarity). Unlike other guanylate cyclases expressed in ASE neurons, may not play a role in chemotaxis responses toward salt ions in ASEL (ASE left) sensory neurons (PubMed:19523832).
Expressed in somatic gonads and germline precursors until the 50-cell stage. After the 100-cell stage, expression is seen in differentiating hypodermal and support cells (at protein level).
Expressed throughout development from embryos to adults.
Probable transcription factor (PubMed:7956818, PubMed:24885717). Required to specify the fates of hypodermal and neuron-associated support cells (PubMed:7956818). Functions during vulval development, playing a role in vulval precursor cell fate specification (PubMed:11063687, PubMed:24885717). Positively modulates expression of homeobox protein lin-39, perhaps by binding to regulatory regions of the lin-39 gene, acting in the vulval lineage (PubMed:24885717).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in embryonic lethality (PubMed:30921322). This is rescued by RNAi-mediated knockdown of rsd-6, and nrde-2 (PubMed:30921322). RNAi-mediated knockdown at the larval L1 stage causes a weak but significant decrease in expression of lin-39 (PubMed:24885717). Knockdown in mothers caused lower levels of lin-39 expression in the P blastomere of embryos (PubMed:24885717). Knockdown in L1 stage larvae, in a lin-39 mutant background, causes abnormal fusion of vulval precursor cells at larval stage L2 (PubMed:24885717).
Binds 2 [4Fe-4S] clusters. Binds 1 [4Fe-4S] cluster coordinated with 3 cysteines and an exchangeable S-adenosyl-L-methionine and 1 [4Fe-4S] cluster coordinated with 3 cysteines and the GTP-derived substrate.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the MoaC family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the radical SAM superfamily. MoaA family.
Isoform a and isoform b probably form a heterooligomer.
Probably forms a complex with isoform a that catalyzes the conversion of 5'-GTP to cyclic pyranopterin monophosphate (cPMP).
Probably forms a complex with isoform b that catalyzes the conversion of 5'-GTP to cyclic pyranopterin monophosphate (cPMP) (By similarity). Catalyzes the cyclization of GTP to (8S)-3',8-cyclo-7,8-dihydroguanosine 5'-triphosphate and mocs1b catalyzes the subsequent conversion of (8S)-3',8-cyclo-7,8-dihydroguanosine 5'-triphosphate to cPMP (By similarity).
Expressed in hermaphrodite dopaminergic neurons (ADE, CEP, and PDE).
Expressed throughout development and adulthood but abundance declines with age.
Faster exit from L1 arrest and IIS-dependent dauer diapause.
Transcriptional activator (By similarity). Shown to have a role in the negative regulation of exit from L1 arrest and dauer diapause dependent on IIS signaling (insulin and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling). Hypodermal expression is regulated by IIS/daf-16 while neuronal expression is not under the control of IIS/daf-16.
Probable component of the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), a cell cycle-regulated E3 ubiquitin ligase that controls progression through mitosis and the G1 phase of the cell cycle (PubMed:20392738). The APC/C complex acts by mediating ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of target proteins (By similarity). Developmental role in early embryogenesis and the metaphase to anaphase transition in meiosis and mitosis (PubMed:11134076, PubMed:21775471). May be required for germline proliferation (PubMed:21775471). Required for male tail development and hermaphrodite vulva formation (PubMed:21775471).
RNAi-mediated knockdown is largely embryonic lethal. Fertilized eggs show a metaphase-to-anaphase transition defective (Mat) phenotype. Arrest occurs at meiosis I at the one-cell stage of embryogenesis.
Expressed in the hypodermal cells of the tail and head, the seam cells, and in the hyp7 syncytial hypodermis in the mid- to late-larval L4 stage, and young adult (PubMed:24569038, PubMed:29604168). Not expressed in the cells of the developing vulva (PubMed:24569038).
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes hypodermal or cuticular rupture, typically in the anterior body region (PubMed:24569038). Abnormal gap between the outer layer of hypodermis and muscle and the internal organs, perhaps due to defects in cuticle integrity (PubMed:24569038).
Catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptides (PubMed:8694762, PubMed:10574961). Plays a role in protein folding, transport and assembly (PubMed:8694762, PubMed:10574961).
During early larval development, peaking at the second larval stage, and dropping off in later development.
Exclusively expressed in the single anterior excretory cell.
Aspartic protease (Probable). Part of the necrosis cell death pathway (PubMed:12410314). Involved in neuronal cell degeneration (PubMed:12410314). Involved in heat stress response (PubMed:26795495).
Highly expressed in intestine and to a lower extent in body wall muscles, hypodermis and neurons.
RNAi-mediated knockdown prevents neuronal degeneration in a mec-4(u231), deg-1(u38) or gsa-1(Q227L) gain-of-function mutant background.
Animals do not survive for long beyond hatching and frequently die at the L1 larval stage (PubMed:9659934, PubMed:20807527). Upon attempts to feed, food accumulates behind the pharynx and there is blockage of the brush border that surrounds the gut lumen in surviving L1 stage larvae (PubMed:9659934, PubMed:20807527). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in a reduced body size and reduced gene expression from zinc-activated promoters and of genes related to the immune response (PubMed:25552416, PubMed:26016853). This reduction in target gene expression is enhanced when infected with B. pseudomallei (PubMed:23980181). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in increased sensitivity and mortality when exposed to Gram-negative bacteria such as S.enterica, E.coli, P.aeruginosa and B.pseudomallei, Gram-positive bacterium E.faecalis and fungal pathogen C.neoformans (PubMed:16968778, PubMed:17183709, PubMed:21168435, PubMed:23980181, PubMed:30265660). Furthermore, when exposed to E.coli and P.aeruginosa, the intestines distend due to the colonization and proliferation of its bacterial content (PubMed:16968778, PubMed:17183709, PubMed:21168435). RNAi-mediated knockdown at the L4 larval stage, in addition, prevents the recovery of P.aeruginosa infected animals treated with the antibiotic streptomycin (PubMed:30265660). RNAi-mediated knockdown also results in increased sensitivity to heat and to arsenite- and paraquat-induced oxidative stress (PubMed:16968778, PubMed:20498281). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in fewer intestinal lysosomes (PubMed:26828939). RNAi-mediated knockdown during larval development results in smaller animals (PubMed:26016853). RNAi-mediated knockdown specifically during the L4 larval stage inhibits the expression of intestinal genes such as gsto-1, which is normally induced under hypoxic conditions, prevents increased longevity induced by transient hypoxia exposure and prevents mitohormesis when exposed to the mitochondrial reactive oxygen species-generating agent paraquat (PubMed:25284791). In addition, RNAi-mediated knockdown at this stage prevents the expression of genes that are usually up-regulated during recovery in response to tetracycline or kanamycin treatment following an infection and furthermore, prevents the recovery of S. enterica infected animals treated with tetracycline (PubMed:25340560). RNAi-mediated knockdown on an elt-3 knockout background results in increased sensitivity to osmotic stress (PubMed:20126308). Double mutation with elt-7 results in arrest at the L1 stage of larval development, reduced expression of gut-specific genes and a severe disruption to normal gut differentiation with the absence of birefringent and rhabditin granules, which are characteristic of normal gut differentiation, largely at the regions of the cell that interface with the pharyngeal and rectal valves (PubMed:20807527). These mutants also have essentially no gut lumen, with the infrequent occurance of patches of lumen and brush border in few animals, and reduced gut epithelialization as indicated by reduced expression of epithelial markers erm-1b, itx-1 and ajm-1 (PubMed:20807527). RNAi-mediated knockdown specifically during the L4 larval stage reduces the expression of daf-16 isoforms d and f, but has little or effect on isoform a.
Expressed at all stages but more highly during embryogenesis, with expression beginning at the 2E cell stage (endodermal stage). Expression continues to adulthood.
Interacts with lag-1 (PubMed:18003741). Interacts with pha-4 (PubMed:18448117). Interacts with rpt-6 (PubMed:30265660).
May be ubiquitinated in response to infection by B.pseudomallei.
Transcriptional activator that binds to the consensus sequence 5'-[AT]GATA[AG]-3' (PubMed:7782329, PubMed:15733671, PubMed:18003741, PubMed:18024960, PubMed:18448117, PubMed:26700680, PubMed:26016853, PubMed:26963674). Predominantly directs the transcription of intestinal genes such as ges-1, cpr-6, pho-1, ftn-1, vit-2 and lev-11, and itself (PubMed:9659934, PubMed:10518545, PubMed:15733671, PubMed:18448117, PubMed:19111532, PubMed:26700680, PubMed:26963674). Required for gut-specific differentiation, specifically acting with the GATA region-binding transcription factor elt-7 to control normal gene expression and promote normal formation of the intestine (PubMed:20807527). Regulates intestinal gene expression in response to hypoxia to promote longevity (PubMed:25284791). Modulation of longevity may, in part, be the result of regulation of expression of daf-16 isoforms d and f in the intestine (PubMed:24834345). Regulates tissue specific gene expression at basal levels and in response to bacterial infection in the intestine to control innate immunity (PubMed:16968778, PubMed:21168435, PubMed:25340560, PubMed:26016853). Plays a role in the induction of metal-responsive genes, activating gene expression from zinc-activated promoters and iron-dependent promoters and enhancers (PubMed:18024960, PubMed:22194696, PubMed:25552416). May regulate the expression of genes that control sensitivity to oxidative stress, in a mab-3-dependent manner, and osmotic stress, in conjunction with the GATA region-binding transcription factor elt-3 (PubMed:17901115, PubMed:20498281, PubMed:20126308). May play a role in sphingolipid signaling by regulating the expression of the sphingosine-1-phosphate degrading enzyme, sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase (PubMed:15734735). May act with the Notch signaling pathway to promote endodermal gene expression (PubMed:18003741). Has a protective role in response to infection by Gram-negative bacteria such as S.enterica, E.coli, P.aeruginosa and B.pseudomallei, Gram-positive bacterium E.faecalis and fungal pathogen C.neoformans (PubMed:16968778, PubMed:17183709, PubMed:21168435, PubMed:23980181, PubMed:30265660). An association with the 26S proteasome regulatory subunit rpt-6, in part, controls gene expression in response to infection by P.aeruginosa (PubMed:30265660). Regulates gene expression during the recovery phase following a bacterial infection (PubMed:25340560, PubMed:30265660). May act with p38-activated transcription factors to control p38 gene induction in response to bacterial infection (PubMed:22967128, PubMed:26016853). Controls lysosome formation in the intestine by controlling lysosomal gene expression (PubMed:26828939).
Component of a signal recognition particle complex that consists of a 7SL RNA molecule of 300 nucleotides and six protein subunits: srpa-72, srpa-68, SRP54, F37F2.2/SRP19, F25G6.8/SRP14 and ZK512.4/SRP9.
Component of the signal recognition particle (SRP) complex, a ribonucleoprotein complex that mediates the cotranslational targeting of secretory and membrane proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) (By similarity). Binds directly to 7SL RNA (By similarity). Mediates binding of SRP54 to the SRP complex (By similarity).
Expressed in hypodermal cells. First expressed in the dorsal and lateral surface area of the middle and posterior region of embryos. At later stages, it localizes to lateral surface regions, probably corresponding to hypodermal seam cells. In L1 larvae, it is expressed in seam cells and in a few cells anterior to the nerve ring.
In embryos, it is first expressed just before elongation.
Metalloprotease (By similarity). Required for normal hatching and migration of neuroblasts. May act by degrading eggshell proteins at hatching (PubMed:8861940).
Expressed throughout development, including in the germline and especially in intestine in larval and adult stages (at protein level).
Probable transcription factor which regulates lipid catabolism, storage, and secretion, probably by modulating genes involved in fatty acid desaturation and beta-oxidation, and lipoprotein assembly and secretion (PubMed:19427851, PubMed:23639358). Involved in reproduction, perhaps indirectly (PubMed:19427851, PubMed:23639358).
Involved in hypodermal immune response against some types of bacterial infection. Probably utilizes H(2)O(2) produced by the NADPH oxidase bli-3. May play a role in cuticule biosynthesis.
Knockouts show increased susceptibility to infection with E.faecalis but not with P.aeruginosa, increased levels of H(2)O(2) upon infection and a slightly shorter life span. Fertile animals show a bagging phenotype due to embryos being retained in the body and an increase of clec-60 mRNA levels upon infection. 50% of knockouts also have a dumpy phenotype. RNAi-mediated knockdown of the protein also results in higher susceptibility to infection by E.faecalis but not in a decreased life span or morphological changes.
Expressed in hypodermal cells. Not expressed in the seam cells in L1 to L3 larvae, but it is present in seam cells of L4 larvae. Also expressed in attachment points of the cuticle at the anterior end of larvae, in the arcade cells in the mouth, the anterior pharynx, the amphid socket cells, and in the rectal epithelial cells at the posterior end of the larvae (at protein level).
Metalloprotease (By similarity). Plays an essential role in molting, a process during larval stages in which a new cuticle is formed and the old cuticle is shed (PubMed:15255192). Required during ecdysis, the opening of the cuticle to allow the worm to escape (PubMed:15539494).
Present in hypodermal cells of the anterior cuticle 4 hours before each molt and is shed in the cuticle after ecdysis.
Worms exhibit incomplete ecdysis; at each molt the cuticle fails to open sufficiently at the anterior end and the partially shed cuticle is dragged behind the animal.
Maternal-effect embryonic lethal resulting in dramatic spindle positioning defects in one-cell stage embryos.
Plays a role in spindle positioning during asymmetric division of one-cell stage embryos. Affects spindle position by promoting microtubule assembly during anaphase. Plays a role in regulating thermotaxis responses in AFD thermosensory neurons (PubMed:35675262).
Expressed in PVT, VD1-13, RID, AFD, ASK, RIV, RIB, PVQ, DVA and RIS neurons.
Expression begins at the 3-fold embryonic stage.
No visible phenotype. In a zig-8 mutant background, 74 percent of animals have cell bodies of ASI and ASH head neurons displaced either on the top of or anterior to the nerve ring. In addition, double mutants show defects in the positioning of the ventral nerve cord (VNC) axons characterized by axons of embryonically generated PVQ, PVP and HSN neurons from the left and right VNC drifting into the opposite cord (axon flip-over). Both defects begin at the L3 larval stage and become more pronounced at the L4 larval and adult stages. Cell body and axon positioning is normal in embryos and in L1 larvae. In a zig-1, zig-2, zig-3 or zig-4 mutant background, cell body positioning of ASI and ASH head neurons is normal. In unc-13 or unc-54 mutant background, where locomotion is impaired, cell body positioning of ASI and ASH neurons is normal. In a sax-7 (nj53) mutant background, cell body and axon positioning is normal. Simultaneous RNAi-mediated knockdown of zig-5 and zig-8 at the embryonic, larval or adult stage causes a displacement of ASI and ASH head neurons in 6 to 9 percent of animals.
Together with zig-8, required postembryonically to maintain the position of ASI and ASH head neuron cell bodies and ventral nerve cord axons of PVQ, PVP and HSN neurons by preventing their displacement that could occur during body growth and movement. May act by reducing L1CAM-like protein sax-7 (long isoform) adhesion.
Essential subunit of the gamma-secretase complex, an endoprotease complex that catalyzes the intramembrane cleavage of integral proteins such as Notch receptors (lin-12 or glp-1). It may represent a stabilizing cofactor for the presenilin homodimer that promotes the formation of a stable complex. Required for the localization of aph-2.
Belongs to the G-alpha family. G(i/o/t/z) subfamily.
Belongs to the phage and mitochondrial RNA polymerase family.
May be involved in the metabolism of insect hormones and in the breakdown of synthetic insecticides.
Aggregates of epg-2 peak in abundance at the 100 cell stage then decrease until they are very few at the comma stage (PubMed:20550938, PubMed:28806108). Absent from the 200 stage onwards (PubMed:24140420, PubMed:28806108).
Interacts with sepa-1 (PubMed:24140420, PubMed:28806108). Interacts (via the LIR motifs) with lgg-1 and lgg-2 (PubMed:26687600). Shows strong interaction with lgg-1 and weak interaction with lgg-2 (PubMed:26687600).
Involved in autophagy (PubMed:20550938, PubMed:24140420, PubMed:24374177). Thought to act as an adapter protein that brings PGL granules to autophagic structures containing lgg-1 (PubMed:20550938). Association with other adapters such as sepa-1 is required for the accumulation and degradation of germ cell specific P-granules by autophagy in somatic cells (PubMed:24140420, PubMed:28806108). This ensures exclusive localization of the P-granules in germ cells (PubMed:24140420, PubMed:28806108). May also play a role in the removal of sepa-1 from somatic cells (PubMed:28806108).
No colocalization of P-granule components with lgg-1 (PubMed:20550938). Furthermore, there is an accumulation of pgl-3 positive P-granules in somatic cells of embryos (PubMed:28806108). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in increased lgg-2-positive autophagosomes following fertilization and at later embryonic stages (PubMed:24374177).
Belongs to the class-II fumarase/aspartase family. Fumarase subfamily.
Catalyzes the reversible stereospecific interconversion of fumarate to L-malate. In mitochondrion, catalyzes the hydration of fumarate to L-malate in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle to facilitate a transition step in the production of energy in the form of NADH.
There are 2 substrate-binding sites: the catalytic A site, and the non-catalytic B site that may play a role in the transfer of substrate or product between the active site and the solvent. Alternatively, the B site may bind allosteric effectors.
Expressed in the ASH polymodal avoidance neurons. Also expressed in other sensory neurons, including the ADF, ASE, ADL, AQR, PQR, URX and PHA cells.
No apparent defect in nose touch avoidance but mutants show strong defects in the avoidance of NaCl concentrations above 100 mM. Responses to other soluble repellents as well as to hyperosmolarity are indistinguishable from wild-type animals.
Sodium-sensor ion channel that acts specifically in salt taste chemosensation. Required for salt-evoked neuronal activity and behavioral avoidance of high concentrations of NaCl.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. mRNA cap 0 methyltransferase family.
mRNA-capping methyltransferase that methylates the N7 position of the added guanosine to the 5'-cap structure of mRNAs. Binds RNA containing 5'-terminal GpppC (By similarity).
Causes embryonic lethality (PubMed:33021200). Abnormal anterior intestinal function (PubMed:33021200).
Expressed in PHA and PHB phasmid sensory neuron pairs of adult hermaphrodites, but not adult males (PubMed:33021200). Expressed in sexually non-dimorphic manner in some head sensory neurons (AFD, AWB, AWC, ASE, ASG, ASH, BAG), a single pharyngeal neuron (I5) and a number of MS blastomere derived cells - the head mesodermal cell, (hmc), a single pharyngeal muscle (pm8), a pharyngeal gland cell pair (g2L/R) and four of the six pharyngeal intestinal valve cells (PubMed:33021200).
First expressed in mid-embryonic development, in the head mesodermal cell, (hmc), a single pharyngeal muscle (pm8), a pharyngeal gland cell pair (g2L/R) and four of the six pharyngeal intestinal valve cells (PubMed:33021200). Around hatching, expressed in some head and tail sensory neurons, including the phasmid neurons PHA and PHB (PubMed:33021200). During larval development, expression is the same in both sexes until the larval L4 stage to adult molt, when expression in PHA and PHB in the male disappears, but continues in the hermaphrodite (PubMed:33021200).
Monomer (PubMed:33021200). May interact with ubiquitin; the interaction may stabilize dmd-4, especially in neurons (PubMed:33021200).
Probable transcription factor, involved in regulation of sexually dimorphic synaptic connectivity and behavior (PubMed:33021200). Promotes pruning of phasmid neuron synaptic connections in hermaphrodite animals during sexual maturation (PubMed:33021200).
Belongs to the MsrA Met sulfoxide reductase family.
Expressed in embryos (at protein level) (PubMed:11441002). Expressed in the H-shaped excretory cell and pharynx in L2 larvae and adults (PubMed:11441002).
Expressed in the H-shaped excretory cell (at protein level) (PubMed:11441002, PubMed:16785323, PubMed:17179093). Expressed in hypodermal cells around the vulva (PubMed:11441002). Expressed in the main epidermal syncytium (PubMed:16785323, PubMed:17179093). Expressed in the sheath cells associated with head and tail sensory organs; specifically, expressed in the apical sheath cells of the amphids and CEP neuron and in the sheath cells of the OLQ sensory organ (PubMed:17179093).
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes larval lethality at the L2 stage (PubMed:11441002, PubMed:16785323). RNAi-mediated knockdown causes defects in alae formation in L1 larvae and in the few surviving adults (PubMed:16785323). Shorter body length (PubMed:16785323).
Subunit of the V0 complex of vacuolar(H+)-ATPase (V-ATPase), a multisubunit enzyme composed of a peripheral complex (V1) that hydrolyzes ATP and a membrane integral complex (V0) that translocates protons (By similarity). V-ATPase is responsible for acidifying and maintaining the pH of intracellular compartments and in some cell types, is targeted to the plasma membrane, where it is responsible for acidifying the extracellular environment (By similarity). Involved in the assembly of the V-ATPase complex (PubMed:17179093). The V-ATPase is required for the function of the excretory canal (PubMed:16785323, PubMed:17179093). Independently of the V1 complex, the V0 complex of the V-ATPase is required for multivesicular body membrane fusion with the apical membrane of the epidermal cells during exosome release and thus regulates the release of cuticle components such as Hedgehog-related peptide wrt-2 but not collagen (PubMed:16785323). Also, in the epidermis, regulates the trafficking of che-14 and rdy-2 (PubMed:17179093). Regulates the secretion of granular material found in the amphid channel and in controlling osmoregulation in the amphid pocket (PubMed:17179093).
Transcription factor (By similarity). Required for sex-specific synaptic pruning, probably acting downstream of sex-determining transformer protein tra-1 (PubMed:27144354).
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Alpha-type protein kinase family.
Calcium(2+)/calmodulin dependent activity (PubMed:9144159). Undergoes calcium/calmodulin-dependent intramolecular autophosphorylation, and this results in it becoming partially calcium/calmodulin-independent.
Monomer or homodimer (Probable). Interacts with cmd-1 in the presence of Ca(2+) (PubMed:17854888).
Phosphorylates elongation factor-2 (eEF-2) at two threonine residues that are conserved in all eukaryotes and are located within a GTP-binding domain (PubMed:9144159). Calcium(2+)/calmodulin dependent activity (PubMed:9144159). Inactivates eEF-2 by catalyzing its phosphorylation (PubMed:9144159). eEF-2 catalyzes the movement of the ribosome along mRNA during translation in eukaryotic cells (PubMed:9144159).
Orphan nuclear receptor that binds DNA containing an extended core motif half-site sequence 5'-AAGTCA-3' (PubMed:18179707, PubMed:19906858). In males, plays an essential role in the migration of the linker cell which guides gonad elongation during the L3 and L4 stages of larval development by negatively regulating the expression of netrin receptor unc-5 at the mid-L3 stage (PubMed:22363008, PubMed:19906858). Involved in the regulation of non-apoptotic cell death in the linker cell, acting upstream of or in parallel to transcription factor hsf-1 (PubMed:27472063).
RNAi-mediated knockdown in males prevents migration of the linker cell (LC) during larval development resulting in abnormal gonad migration (PubMed:9851916, PubMed:19906858). At the L3-to-L4 molt stage, the LC fails to reach the P7.p hypodermal cell and fails to perform the turn from the dorsal to the ventral side of the body. During the late L4 stage, the LC turns ventrally but stays farther behind its normal position (PubMed:9851916, PubMed:19906858). In addition, LC polarization, which normally occurs during the L3-L4 stages, is severely delayed and mig-2 polarization to the adherent side of thr LC is impaired (PubMed:19906858). In the LC, expression of unc-5 at the L3 and L4 larval stages is increased and expression of zmp-1 is absent at L4 stage (PubMed:19906858). Prevents non-apoptotic cell death in the LC (PubMed:27472063). Knockdown enhances LC survival on egl-20, eor-1, or lin-29 mutant backgrounds (PubMed:27472063). Causes precocious expression of let-70 in the LC during larval stage L3 (PubMed:27472063). RNAi-mediated knockdown in hermaphrodites causes no defect in distal tip cell migration (PubMed:19906858).
Belongs to the potassium channel family. B (Shab) (TC 1.A.1.2) subfamily. Kv2.2/KCNB2 sub-subfamily.
Expressed in the cholinergic motor neuron DA9, mechanosensory neurons ALM and PLM, and the interneuron PVPL.
Homotetramer or heterotetramer (Probable). Interacts with unc-101 (via N-terminus); which targets kvs-4 to dendrites (PubMed:26762178).
The EQMIL and WNIIE motifs are required for dendritic localization.
The transmembrane segment S4 functions as voltage-sensor and is characterized by a series of positively charged amino acids at every third position. Channel opening and closing is effected by a conformation change that affects the position and orientation of the voltage-sensor paddle formed by S3 and S4 within the membrane. A transmembrane electric field that is positive inside would push the positively charged S4 segment outwards, thereby opening the pore, while a field that is negative inside would pull the S4 segment inwards and close the pore. Changes in the position and orientation of S4 are then transmitted to the activation gate formed by the inner helix bundle via the S4-S5 linker region.
Voltage-gated potassium channel that mediates transmembrane potassium transport in excitable membranes.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 18 family.
Expressed in amphid and phasmid ciliated sensory neurons.
GTPase. Intraflagellar transport (IFT) cargo that undergoes bidirectional IFT along the ciliary axoneme when in active GTP-bound state in amphid and phasmid ciliated sensory neurons. Targeting and function as IFT cargo may depend on the BBSome, an IFT cargo adapter. Does not undergo IFT when in inactive GDP-bound state. May in turn play a role in cilium structure and/or function in ciliated sensory neurons.
No visible phenotype, with seemingly normal ciliary structure, and normal transport and function of IFT proteins such as osm-6.
Component of the BBSome complex (By similarity). The BBSome complex is thought to function as a coat complex required for sorting of specific membrane proteins to the primary cilia (By similarity). The BBSome complex is required for ciliogenesis but is dispensable for centriolar satellite function (By similarity). Required for proper BBSome complex assembly and its ciliary localization (By similarity). Required for cilia biogenesis and both the assembly and movement of intraflagellar transport proteins along the ciliary axoneme (PubMed:15231740, PubMed:17000880, PubMed:22022287, PubMed:22922713, PubMed:26150102). Plays a role in the removal of degraded mechanosensory receptors within the cilia (PubMed:26150102). Plays a role in guanylyl cyclase localization in the ring-like structures at the base of the finger compartment in AFD sensory neurons (PubMed:25335890). In ciliated sensory neurons, required for the sensation of nitric oxide and avoidance of NO-producing organisms like P.aeruginosa (PubMed:30014846).
Mutants have normal body morphology, but with reduced body length and width, delayed larval development and decreased roaming movements (PubMed:22022287). May exhibit defective chemotaxis tendencies (PubMed:15231740). Defective cilia structure and function (PubMed:15231740, PubMed:22022287, PubMed:26150102). This is characterized by increased accumulation and mislocalization of intraflagellar transport proteins and impaired movement of intraflagellar transport proteins along the ciliary axoneme (PubMed:15231740, PubMed:22922713, PubMed:26150102). Defective polycystin-mediated cilia signaling and mislocalized and increased accumulation of mechanosensory receptors pkd-2, osm-9 and odr-10 within cilia (PubMed:26150102). Impaired localization of the guanylyl cyclase proteins, gcy-8, gcy-18 and gcy-23, within AFD sensory neurons, with accumulation along the dendrite as well as in the finger compartment of AFD neurons (PubMed:25335890).
Part of BBSome complex, that contains at least bbs-1, bbs-2, bbs-4, bbs-5, osm-12, bbs-8/ttc-8 and bbs-9 (By similarity). Interacts with bbs-1 (PubMed:22922713).
GTPase-activating protein for the ADP ribosylation factor family.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. EFM5 family.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent protein-lysine N-methyltransferase that methylates elongation factor 1-alpha.
Component of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. In cholinergic motoneurons, composed of 2 non-alpha subunits acr-2 and acr-3, and 3 alpha subunits unc-38, unc-63 and acr-12.
Non-alpha subunit of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) (PubMed:9606719, PubMed:20027209). Probably acts in cholinergic motoneurons to regulate presynaptic neurotransmitter release, thereby ensuring normal level of excitation of cholinergic motoneurons during locomotion (PubMed:20027209).
Expression is biased toward ASE right (ASER) sensory neuron.
Guanylate cyclase involved in the production of the second messenger cGMP (By similarity). Regulates chemotaxis responses toward Br(1-) and I(1-) salt ions in ASE right (ASER) sensory neuron (PubMed:19523832).
Belongs to the SMC family. SMC1 subfamily.
Component of the cohesin complex, composed of the smc-1 and smc-3 heterodimer attached via their SMC hinge domain, scc-1 which links them, and scc-3. Interacts with smc-3, scc-1, scc-3 and tim-1.
Defective chromosome segregation during germline mitosis, resulting in aneuploidy (PubMed:12827206). RNAi-mediated knock-down is embryonic lethal and results in aberrant chromosome segregation in mitosis (PubMed:12827206, PubMed:12808038).
Involved in chromosome cohesion during cell cycle and in DNA repair (By similarity). Required for chromosome segregation during mitosis (PubMed:12808038, PubMed:12827206). Central component of cohesin complex (PubMed:12827206). The cohesin complex is required for the cohesion of sister chromatids after DNA replication (PubMed:12827206). The cohesin complex apparently forms a large proteinaceous ring within which sister chromatids can be trapped (By similarity). At anaphase, the complex is cleaved and dissociates from chromatin, allowing sister chromatids to segregate (By similarity).
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase which accepts ubiquitin from specific E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes, and transfers it to substrates, generally promoting their degradation by the proteasome.
The N-terminus is composed of the phosphotyrosine binding (PTB) domain, a short linker region and the RING-type zinc finger. The PTB domain, which is also called TKB (tyrosine kinase binding) domain, is composed of three different subdomains: a four-helix bundle (4H), a calcium-binding EF hand and a divergent SH2 domain.
Animals are viable (PubMed:18219312, PubMed:19646877). However, there is defective double strand break repair (PubMed:18219312, PubMed:19646877, PubMed:26903030). During the early stages of meiosis, this is characterized by impaired homologous recombination in germ cells with increased apoptosis and increased numbers of rad-51-positive foci (PubMed:18219312, PubMed:19646877). Increased sensitivity to UV and IR irradiation and topoisomerase inhibitor camptothecin compared to wild-type (PubMed:24424777, PubMed:26903030). Following either IR irradiation or camptothecin treatment, there is reduced egg hatching (PubMed:26903030). Furthermore, there are also DNA damage repair defects following ionizing radiation and UV irradiation characterized by reduced ubiquitination at DNA damage sites and reduced rad-51-positive foci, respectively (PubMed:16628214, PubMed:24424777, PubMed:26903030). High levels of embryonic lethality and abolished brd-1 expression following DNA damage induced by ionising radiation (PubMed:30383754). Double knockout with brd-1 impairs rad-51 localization to DNA damage sites following DNA damage induced by ionising radiation (PubMed:30383754). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in high X chromosome non-disjunction leading to a high incidence of males (him) phenotype (PubMed:14711411). RNAi-mediated knockdown in addition to gamma-irradiation at the L4 stage of larval development, results in reduced progeny, increased cep-1/p53-dependent germ cell death, chromosome fragmentation and DNA repair defects (PubMed:14711411).
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that specifically mediates the formation of polyubiquitin chains and plays a central role in DNA repair (PubMed:16628214). Plays a role in triggering cellular responses at damage sites in response to DNA damage that may be induced by UV and ionizing radiation for example (PubMed:14711411, PubMed:16628214, PubMed:24424777, PubMed:26903030, PubMed:30383754). Functions in double-strand break repair, and is required for homologous recombination between sister chromatids in meiotic and mitotic cells (PubMed:18219312, PubMed:19646877, PubMed:24424777, PubMed:26903030). In particular, protects against chromosome non-disjunction and nuclear fragmentation during meiotic double-strand break repair to ensure sister chromatid recombination and aid chromosome stability (PubMed:14711411, PubMed:18219312, PubMed:24424777). Required for normal cell cycle progression (PubMed:20207739). Along with brap-2 modulates the expression of cell cycle arrest protein cki-1 in response to increased levels of reactive oxygen species (PubMed:20207739). Constituent of the CeBCD complex that possesses E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity (PubMed:14711411). When bound to chromatin, the brc-1-brd-1 heterodimer within the CeBCD complex is inactive during normal conditions, but in response to DNA damage, the brc-1-brd-1 heterodimer associates with other proteins such as the recombinase rad-51 or the E2-ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme let-70, which activate the CeBCD complex as an E3-ubiquitin ligase (PubMed:16628214). Moreover, association between the brc-1-brd-1 heterodimer and rad-51 and let-70, probably requires DNA checkpoint proteins such as atl-1 and mre-11 in order to induce ubiquitination at DNA damage sites (PubMed:16628214). To this end, the brc-1-brd-1 heterodimer coordinates a diverse range of cellular pathways such as DNA damage repair, ubiquitination and transcriptional regulation to maintain genomic stability (PubMed:14711411).
Heterodimer (via RING-type zinc finger) with brd-1 to form the core CeBCD complex (PubMed:14711411, PubMed:16628214). Brc-1-brd-1 heterodimer-containing CeBCD complexes bound to chromatin are activated as an E3-ubiquitin ligase in response to DNA damage (PubMed:16628214). The heterodimer interacts with the recombinase rad-51 following ionizing irradiation; the interaction is direct (PubMed:16628214). The heterodimer interacts the E2-ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme let-70 following ionizing irradiation (PubMed:16628214). The heterodimer interacts with the pro-crossover proteins msh-5 and syp-3 (PubMed:30383754).
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Second largest component of RNA polymerase II which synthesizes mRNA precursors and many functional non-coding RNAs. Proposed to contribute to the polymerase catalytic activity and forms the polymerase active center together with the largest subunit. Pol II is the central component of the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. It is composed of mobile elements that move relative to each other. RPB2 is part of the core element with the central large cleft, the clamp element that moves to open and close the cleft and the jaws that are thought to grab the incoming DNA template (By similarity).
The binding of ribonucleoside triphosphate to the RNA polymerase II transcribing complex probably involves a two-step mechanism. The initial binding seems to occur at the entry (E) site and involves a magnesium ion coordinated by three conserved aspartate residues of the two largest RNA Pol II subunits (By similarity).
Belongs to the class-V pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family. SerC subfamily.
Binds 1 pyridoxal phosphate per subunit.
Catalyzes the reversible conversion of 3-phosphohydroxypyruvate to phosphoserine and of 3-hydroxy-2-oxo-4-phosphonooxybutanoate to phosphohydroxythreonine.
Arginine methyltransferase that methylates (mono and asymmetric dimethylation) the guanidino nitrogens of arginyl residues present in target proteins (PubMed:21531333, PubMed:24140420, PubMed:27994012, PubMed:28158808). Catalyzes the formation of monomethylarginine and asymmetric dimethylarginine on histones H2A and H4, a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional activation (PubMed:21531333). Catalyzes asymmetric arginine dimethylation of mitochondrial proteins necessary for mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation activity and thus aerobic respiration and ATP synthesis, and the mitochondrial stress response (PubMed:27994012). Methylates arginine residues in P-granule components pgl-1 and pgl-3 to promote P-granule degradation by autophagy in somatic cells to ensure exclusive localization of the P-granules in germ cells (PubMed:24140420). Modulates the interaction of P-granule proteins epg-2 and sepa-1 (PubMed:24140420). Methylates arginine residues in daf-16, which blocks ftt-2 binding to daf-16, prevents akt-mediated phosphorylation and allows for daf-16 to translocate to the nucleus (PubMed:21531333). In turn, association with daf-16 therefore allows for the transcriptional activation of daf-16 and regulation of longevity-related genes (PubMed:21531333). Maintains lifespan by modulating daf-16 activity downstream of the daf-2 signaling pathway (PubMed:21531333, PubMed:28158808). Plays a role in heat and oxidative stress resistance (PubMed:21531333, PubMed:28158808). Role in stress resistance and also fat storage may be in association with the daf-2 signaling pathway (PubMed:21531333). Required for normal feeding behavior (PubMed:27994012).
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. Protein arginine N-methyltransferase family.
Expressed from embryogenesis (PubMed:24140420). Expressed during larval development and adulthood (PubMed:21531333).
Interacts with daf-16 (PubMed:21531333). Interacts with pgl-1 and pgl-3 (PubMed:24140420). Interacts with alg-1 (PubMed:23516374).
Viable with a slight decrease in egg-laying (PubMed:28158808). Defective arginine methyltransferase activity with reduced asymmetric dimethylation of targets (PubMed:21531333, PubMed:28158808). Reduced asymmetric arginine dimethylation of mitochondrial proteins which results in defective mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation activity characterized by a reduced oxygen consumption rate during aerobic respiration as compared to wild-type animals, defective electron chain function and increased reactive oxygen species production (PubMed:27994012). This overall leads to reduced ATP synthesis and increased mitochondrial stress with an up-regulation of stress response genes conferring a food avoidance phenotype (PubMed:27994012). Defective symmetric arginine dimethylation of targets in mitochondria (PubMed:27994012). Increased phosphorylation of daf-16, increased binding of daf-16 to ftt-2 and subsequently increased cytoplasmic retention of daf-16 (PubMed:21531333). Reduced lifespan as a result of reduced expression of longevity-related proteins such as sod-3, mtl-7, sip-1 and lys-7 (PubMed:21531333, PubMed:28158808). Increased sensitivity to heat and oxidative stress (PubMed:28158808). Double knockout with prmt-5 results in prolonged larval development, shorter body size, reduced brood size, decreased egg-laying and 30% of eggs fail to hatch (PubMed:28158808). Double knockout also results in reduced asymmetric and symmetric arginine dimethylation of proteins (PubMed:28158808).
Widely expressed in pharyngeal, body wall muscle, intestinal and vulval cells.
Cleaved by atg-4.1 and/or atg-4.2, after Gly-116 to form a thioester bond with 'Cys-523' of atg-7 (E1-like activating enzyme) before being transferred to 'Cys-255' of atg-3 (E2 conjugating enzyme), in order to be amidated with phosphatidylethanolamine (Probable) (PubMed:26687600, PubMed:22767594). This lipid modification anchors lgg-1 to membranes and can be reversed by atg-4.2, releasing soluble lgg-1 (PubMed:30880001). Lipidation regulates lgg-2-positive autophagosome formation (PubMed:26687600).
Expressed during embryogenesis (PubMed:19167332, PubMed:24374177, PubMed:28806108, PubMed:20550938, PubMed:24185444, PubMed:26687600). First expressed at the 20 cell stage with expression peaking at the 80-100 cell stage, and decreasing as development continues (PubMed:20550938, PubMed:24185444, PubMed:28806108, PubMed:22767594). Undetectable at the comma stage (PubMed:28806108).
Expressed in PLML touch receptor neuron and in the ventral nerve cord (PubMed:17327275). Expressed in AIY interneurons (PubMed:30880001).
Induced in response to a moderate, short-term heat stess, also known as a hormetic heat stess.
Interacts with sepa-1 (via the LIR motifs); the interaction is direct (PubMed:19167332, PubMed:26687600). Interacts with allo-1 (via the LIR motif) (PubMed:29255173). Interacts with sqst-1 (via the LIR motifs); the interaction is direct (PubMed:26687600). Both lipidated and unlipidated forms interact with epg-7 (via the LIR motif); the interaction is direct (PubMed:26687600). Interacts with epg-2 (via the LIR motifs); the interaction is direct (PubMed:26687600). Interacts with atg-13; the interaction is direct (PubMed:26687600). Interacts with unc-51 (via the LIR motif); the interaction is direct (PubMed:26687600). Interacts with atg-7; the interaction is direct (PubMed:26687600). Interacts with atg-3 (PubMed:26687600). The interaction with atg-7 and atg-3 may be required for the lipidation of lgg-1 (PubMed:26687600).
RNAi-mediated knockdown prevents mitophagy (PubMed:25896323). Accumulation of germ cell specific P-granules in somatic cells as indicated by increased numbers of pgl-1 and pgl-3 positive granules in embryos and L1 stage larva (PubMed:19167332). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in increased numbers of sepa-1- and lgg-2-expressing protein aggregates in embryos (PubMed:26687600). RNAi-mediated knockdown reduces autophagic degradation of membrane pore-forming toxin Cry5B (PubMed:27875098). Impaired survival when exposed to pathogenic bacteria S.typhimurium (PubMed:19667176). Reduces the number of vacuolated (dying) touch receptor neurons in a mec-4 u231, deg-1 u506 or deg-3 u662 mutants (PubMed:17327275). The extended lifespan of animals exposed to hormetic heat shock early in life is significantly reduced by RNAi-mediated knockdown.
Ubiquitin-like modifier involved in the formation of autophagosomal vacuoles (autophagosomes) (PubMed:26687600). When lipidated mediates tethering between adjacent membranes and stimulates membrane fusion during autophagy (PubMed:26687600, PubMed:21802374). Recruits lipidated-lgg-2 to maturing autophagosomes (PubMed:12958363, PubMed:20523114, PubMed:26687600). Acts in the aggrephagy pathway, which is the macroautophagic degradation of ubiquitinated protein aggregates, and preferentially interacts with autophagy proteins and substrates containing LIR motifs to mediate autophagosome formation and protein aggregate degradation (PubMed:26687600). In particular, binds to components of the unc-51-atg-13 complex to regulate autophagosome formation and cargo sequestration (PubMed:26687600). Required for the degradation of specific sepa-1- and sqst-1-containing protein aggregates during embryogenesis (PubMed:26687600). Involved in allophagy, which is an autophagic process in which paternal mitochondria and organelles are degraded during fertilization, and moreover is required for the formation of lgg-2-positive allophagic autophagosomes in embryos (PubMed:24374177). Involved in the clearance of apoptotic cells by promoting the delivery of engulfed apoptotic cells to the lysosome (PubMed:22451698). Plays a role in the distribution and clearance of germ cell specific P-granules from somatic cells (PubMed:19167332). Also plays a role in the autophagy-mediated degradation of ribosomal RNA and ribosomal proteins in lysosomes (PubMed:30102152). Involved in xenophagy, the autophagy-mediated degradation of pathogens and pathogen products, such as toxins (PubMed:27875098). Required for normal survival when exposed to pathogenic bacteria S.typhimurium probably by promoting autophagic degradation of intracellular S.typhimurium (PubMed:19667176). Also plays a role in membrane-pore repair (PubMed:27875098). Plays a role in mitophagy (PubMed:25896323). Essential for dauer development and longevity, including longevity in response to moderate, short-term heat shock, also known as a hormetic heat shock (PubMed:12958363, PubMed:20523114, PubMed:28198373).
Activated by ATP (By similarity). ATP binding leads to a conformational change that promotes FAD cofactor binding and enzyme activity (By similarity). ATP binding likely occurs during acox-1.5 folding and/or dimer formation (By similarity).
Involved in the first step of peroxisomal beta-oxidation by catalyzing the desaturation of fatty acid-derived side chains.
Highly expressed in body wall muscle, intestine, somatic gonad, distal tip cells, vulva, and neurons including AVB, AVD, RIG, and PVC (at protein level) (PubMed:26891225). Not expressed in AVA and RMDV neurons (PubMed:26891225).
Interacts with GARP complex component vps-52.
Sterile with fertilized embryos failing to develop in the gonad (PubMed:26891225, PubMed:22992455). This may be due to cytokinesis defects in embryos and increased permeability of the embryonic surface to exogenous small molecules (PubMed:22992455). Furthermore, the exocytosis of cortical granules following fertilization is delayed and only partially occurs (PubMed:22992455). Another study suggested that sterility may be due to abnormalities in the hermaphrodite sperm (PubMed:26891225). Lowers rate of spontaneous reversals in locomotion (PubMed:26891225). Decreases the number of mig-14-positive puncta in the intestine and results in mig-14 accumulation in early endosome, late endosome and lysosome structures which are adjacent to Golgi structures (PubMed:26891225). Decreases the number of glr-1-positive puncta along the ventral nerve cord, indicative of defective glr-1 trafficking (PubMed:26891225). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in cytokinesis defects in embryos and increases the permeability of the embryonic surface to exogenous small molecules (PubMed:22992455). RNAi-mediated knockdown impairs incorporation of cav-1 into the cytoplasm of cortical granules and abolishes the recruitment of sep-1 to cortical granules in embryos resulting in defective exocytosis of cortical granules following fertilization (PubMed:22992455). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in the accumulation of unsecreted cav-1-positive cortical granules near the plasma membrane of the embryo following fertilization (PubMed:22992455). RNAi-mediated knockdown disrupts seam cell division and alae formation (PubMed:33826611). RNAi-mediated knockdown suppresses the seam cell division and alae formation defects in the tbc-11 ok2576 mutant (PubMed:33826611). RNAi-mediated knockdown in glr-1 expressing neurons further reduces the number of glr-1-positive puncta in a rab-6.2 tm2254 mutant background (PubMed:26891225).
The small GTPases Rab are key regulators of intracellular membrane trafficking, from the formation of transport vesicles to their fusion with membranes (PubMed:22992455, PubMed:26891225). Rabs cycle between an inactive GDP-bound form and an active GTP-bound form that is able to recruit to membranes different set of downstream effectors directly responsible for vesicle formation, movement, tethering and fusion (PubMed:22992455, PubMed:26891225). In its active GTP-bound form, acts redundantly with rab-6.2 (in its active GTP-bound form) to positively regulate the retrograde trafficking of cargo molecules from endosomes to Golgi structures (PubMed:26891225). Required for the retrograde trafficking of glr-1, a subunit of AMPA-type glutamate receptors (AMPRs), out of early endosomes and into the Golgi compartment in neurons (PubMed:26891225). Together with rab-6.2, promotes the retrograde trafficking of mig-14 from endosomes to Golgi structures in the intestine (PubMed:26891225). In oocytes, in its active GTP-bound form, involved in the membrane fusion and exocytosis of secretory vesicles (cortical granules) to play a role in the remodeling of the embryo surface following fertilization (PubMed:22992455). Recruits sep-1 to cortical granules (derived from the Golgi complex) for exocytosis during the oocyte-to-embryo transition (PubMed:22992455). Required for seam cell division and alae formation (PubMed:33826611). Promotes spontaneous reversals in locomotion (PubMed:26891225).
Expressed in most cells of the cleavage stage embryo, apart from a few cells at the posterior pole, from the 20 cell stage to the 200 cell stage.
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes significant reduction in the expression of 21U-RNAs, upon simultaneous knockdown of fkh-4 and fkh-5.
Transcription factor (By similarity). Binds to DNA sequence motif 5'-CTGTTTCA-3' (PubMed:22819322). Regulates expression of a class of small RNAs, known as 21U-RNAs, perhaps acting redundantly with fkh-4 and fkh-5 (PubMed:22819322).
May be involved in protein traffic between late Golgi and early endosomes (By similarity). Essential for cell patterning during gastrulation.
Embryos shows disorganization of cell types and lack specification. Loss of V6 rays development in male tail. C and D blastomere derived muscle.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Expression observed at the 4 cell embryo in posterior blastomeres. Detected in all descendants of EMS and P2 blastomeres. During gastrulation and morphogenesis expression is seen sporadically in all major cell lineages except the germ line.
Fifth intron is thought to contain a regulatory element required for expression in postembryonic neuroblast V6 cells. 3'-UTR thought to inhibit self-translation in anterior blastomeres.
Transcriptional activator. Interacts with promoter regions for tbx-8.9, tbx-9, elt-1, hnd-1, scrt-1, and vab-7 genes. Binds the sequence ATTTATGAC. Binds to the enhancer region of the hlh-1 gene promoter during embryonic body wall muscle development. Activates the gene for mab-5 in embryo development. Necessary for vab-7 expression in C blastomeres in the posterior of embryos. Required for posterior V6 neuroectoblast cell fate specification during postembryonic neurogenesis (patterning) which generates the characteristic ray lineage during male tail development. Binds to ced-3 promoter and activated expression which is crucial for tail-spike cell death. Has a role in E cell specification in endoderm development and body wall muscle development.
In larval stages and in adults, expressed in intestinal cells, specific neurons in the head and the tail, and in the ventral nerve cord.
Involved in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway. Component of an evolutionarily conserved system for ubiquitin-mediated mitochondria-associated protein degradation (MAD) (By similarity). Dispensable for viability and growth but is required for protection against oxidative stress and for wild-type life span.
Heme transporter that mediates heme uptake across the plasma membrane.
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in the heme accumulation in the intestine under low heme conditions (PubMed:28581477). Simultaneous RNAi-mediated knockdown with hrg-7 results in defective heme deficiency sensing (PubMed:28581477).
Belongs to the ABC transporter superfamily. ABCD family. Peroxisomal fatty acyl CoA transporter (TC 3.A.1.203) subfamily.
Belongs to the class VI-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. Isoprenylcysteine carboxyl methyltransferase family.
Catalyzes the post-translational methylation of isoprenylated C-terminal cysteine residues.
Converts O-phosphoseryl-tRNA(Sec) to selenocysteinyl-tRNA(Sec) required for selenoprotein biosynthesis.
Homotetramer formed by a catalytic dimer and a non-catalytic dimer serving as a binding platform that orients tRNASec for catalysis. Each tetramer binds the CCA ends of two tRNAs which point to the active sites of the catalytic dimer.
Belongs to the JHDM3 histone demethylase family.
Histone demethylase that specifically demethylates 'Lys-9' and 'Lys-36' residues of histone H3, thereby playing a central role in histone code (PubMed:16603238, PubMed:24685137). Demethylation of Lys residue generates formaldehyde and succinate. Involved in the negative regulation of lifespan in a germline-dependent fashion (PubMed:22212395).
Increased H3 'Lys-9' and 'Lys-36' trimethylation levels on meiotic chromosomes leading to trigger p53-dependent germline apoptosis (PubMed:16603238). In spr-5 null mutants, suppresses the progressive sterility over generations which is seen in spr-5 mutants (PubMed:24685137). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in extended lifespan (PubMed:22212395).
Interacts with unc-29. Component of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor composed of 2 non-alpha subunits lev-1 and unc-29, and 3 alpha subunits unc-38, unc-63 and lev-8.
Non-alpha subunit of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR). Involved in nAChR sensitivity to nicotine.
Initiates complex N-linked carbohydrate formation. Essential for the conversion of high-mannose to hybrid and complex N-glycans (By similarity).
Detected in a subset of amphid neurons that lack wing- or finger-like ciliary extensions. Likewise, detected in phasmid neurons.
Impaired structure and function of sensory cilia on amphid neurons. Strongly reduced length of the sensory cilium on the ASER neuron. Contrary to wild-type cilia that display the canonical ring of nine doublet microtubule bundles surrounding central singlet microtubules in the proximal and middle part, cilia from mutant nematodes have poorly defined microtubule organization at the cilium proximal end, and no visible microtubules at their distal ends.
Required for normal structure and function of sensory cilia on amphid neurons, especially for the formation of distal ciliary structures, but is less important for normal assembly of middle and basal ciliary structures. Plays a role in the organization of axoneme microtubule bundles in sensory cilia. Required for normal structure and function of the ASER neuron that mediates attraction to NaCl. Required for normal chemotaxis to NaCl (PubMed:18245347, PubMed:26378256). Required for normal avoidance response to high osmolarity. In contrast, is not required for normal chemotaxis to isoamyl alcohol. Does not play a role in intraflagella transport (IFT) (PubMed:18245347). Promotes dauer formation in response to pheromones such as the ascarosides ascr#2, ascr#3, ascr#5, ascr#8 and icas#9 (PubMed:26976437).
The TOG regions are composed of HEAT-type repeats that assemble into a solenoid structure. They mediate interaction with microtubules.
Associated with the catenin-cadherin complex consisting of hmr-1, hmp-1 and hmp-2; this is mediated by interaction with picc-1.
GTPase-activating protein for members of the Rho subfamily including Rac1, RhoA and cdc42 and other Ras-related subfamilies including let-60 (PubMed:18583611, PubMed:8288633). Mediates radial (inner-outer) polarity and gastrulation by excluding par-6 from contacted cell surfaces; acts by inactivating cdc42 at inner cell surfaces which limits active cdc42 to outer cell surfaces devoid of cell-cell contacts, where cdc42 can bind and recruit par-6 (PubMed:18583611, PubMed:8288633, PubMed:25938815). Required for blastomere polarization (PubMed:25938815).
RNAi-mediated knockdown of isoform a results in mis-localization of par-6 in embryos.
Non-catalytic component of the proteasome.
Belongs to the TFIIF alpha subunit family.
TFIIF is a general transcription initiation factor that binds to RNA polymerase II and helps to recruit it to the initiation complex in collaboration with TFIIB. It promotes transcription elongation.
Converts monoacylglycerides to free fatty acids and glycerol (PubMed:30911178). Hydrolyzes the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), and thereby regulates the degradation of endocannabinoid-related monoacylglycerides (PubMed:30911178). Also hydrolyzes arachidonoyl ethanolamide (anandamide, or AEA), but with low efficiency (PubMed:30911178). Plays a role in the regulation of longevity and resistance to oxidative stress (PubMed:30911178).
Extended lifespan, increased food consumption and increased resistance to oxidative stress induced by paraquat (PubMed:30911178). Increased levels of mono- and polyunsaturated monoacylglycerides, including endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (PubMed:30911178). Lifespan is further extended following treatment with the benzodioxole 4-[bis(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-hydroxymethyl]-1-piperidinecarboxylic acid (4-nitrophenyl) ester (JZL184) (PubMed:30911178).
Inhibited by the benzodioxole 4-[bis(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-hydroxymethyl]-1-piperidinecarboxylic acid (4-nitrophenyl) ester (JZL184).
Crucial component in meiotic recombination, functioning at some point after the initiation step of recombination. Plays a role in promoting the crossover outcome of meiotic recombination events. Required for formation of normal meiotic crossover, and crossover and chiasmata generated by artificially made DNA breaks. Together with him-14 and zhp-3 plays a role in the activation of DNA damage-dependent apoptosis at the DNA damage checkpoint in pachytene cells (PubMed:23832114).
Heterooligomer of him-14 and msh-5 (By similarity). Interacts with the brc-1-brd-1 heterodimer (PubMed:30383754).
Expressed in coelomocytes and neurons of the pharyngeal region and nerve cord.
Responsible for the degradation of GM2 gangliosides, and a variety of other molecules containing terminal N-acetyl hexosamines. Degrades chitotriose.
Worms show reduced degradation of p-nitrophenyl-beta-N-acetylglucosaminide and no chitotriosidase activity.
Belongs to the cyclophilin-type PPIase family. PPIase H subfamily.
Component of chromatin-associated Polycomb (PcG) complexes (By similarity). Component of a PRC1-like complex (By similarity).
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase playing a central role in histone code and gene regulation (By similarity). Involved in ubiquitination of histone H2A (PubMed:19211678). Plays a role in the formation of the male-specific genital sensilla (simple sense organs) known as rays (PubMed:19211678). Required for normal migration of the hermaphrodite specific neurons (HSN) and for extension of some neuronal processes (PubMed:19211678). Represses vulval fates in hypodermal cells that do not normally contribute to vulval development (PubMed:19211678).
RNAi-mediated knockdown in a lin-15 mutant background causes a multiple vulva (Muv) phenotype.
Causes abnormal ectopic expression of homeobox protein vab-7 in VB motor neurons (PubMed:17289921). Suppresses the inability to move backward in an unc-4 mutant background (PubMed:17289921, PubMed:22619391). In an unc-4 mutant background, expression of innexin unc-7 in puncta adjacent to VA motor neurons is significantly reduced for posterior neurons, probably as a result of miswiring of gap junctions (PubMed:17289921).
Expressed in VB motor neurons in the ventral nerve cord.
Transcription factor (PubMed:17289921). Plays a role, downstream from homeobox protein unc-4 and Wnt signaling, in specifying synaptic inputs to A-class motor neurons (PubMed:17289921, PubMed:22619391). Involved in patterning of the synaptic outputs of the postmitotic DA class cholinergic motor neurons (PubMed:34388088).
May be a component of a histone deacetylase complex containing saeg-2, saeg-1 and hda-2.
Probably responsible for the deacetylation of lysine residues on the N-terminal part of the core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) (By similarity). Histone deacetylation gives a tag for epigenetic repression and plays an important role in transcriptional regulation, cell cycle progression and developmental events (By similarity). Histone deacetylases act via the formation of large multiprotein complexes (By similarity). As a likely component of a histone deacetylase complex, together with saeg-1 and hda-2, functions downstream of the cAMP-dependent kinase egl-4 to regulate the expression of genes required for egg-laying and forgaging (PubMed:21573134).
Probable receptor which is required for the oocyte-to-zygote transition although its exact function is controversial (PubMed:16360684, PubMed:20971008). Redundantly with egg-2, seems to be required for fertilization probably by promoting the interaction or fusion between sperm and oocyte (PubMed:16360684). Conversely, shown to be dispensable for fertilization but required together with egg-2 for the formation of a continuous and cohesive eggshell chitin layer by maintaining a homogenous distribution of chitin synthase chs-1 at the unfertilized oocyte cell membrane (PubMed:20971008). Appears to recruit or maintain together to the unfertilized oocyte cortex several proteins including chs-1, kinase mbk-2 and pseudophosphatases egg-3, and possibly egg-4 and egg-5 (PubMed:20971008).
Specifically expressed in developing oocytes of adult germ line.
Temperature sensitive phenotype with severe sterility at the restrictive temperature of 25 degrees Celsius (PubMed:16360684, PubMed:20971008). Zygotes exit the spermatheca with a pinched morphology and leave a trailing section behind and are polyspermic (PubMed:20971008). The eggshell chitin layer is fragmented and often accumulates at one end of the embryo (PubMed:20971008). Ovulation is severely reduced resulting in oocyte accumulation in the gonad and a disappearance of sperm in the spermatheca (PubMed:16360684). Conversely, although sperm and oocyte appear to make contact in the spermatheca no visible fertilization occurs and endomitotic oocytes accumulate with age (PubMed:16360684). Male fertility is not affected (PubMed:16360684). Simultaneous RNAi-mediated knockdown with egg-2 results in complete sterility (PubMed:16360684). In unfertilized oocytes, disrupts the homogenous distribution of cortical chitin synthase chs-1, pseudophosphatase egg-3 and kinase mbk-2 (PubMed:20971008).
Metalloprotease (By similarity). Acts together with protease sup-17 to facilitate lin-12/Notch signaling during developmental cell fate decision, including anchor cell/ventral uterine precursor cell decision (PubMed:16197940). By modulating glp-1/Notch signaling, plays a role in germline development (PubMed:16197940).
RNAi-mediated knockdown in a sup-17 (n1258) mutant background causes sterility with abnormal oocytes containing endoreduplicated DNA and impaired spermatheca function, and production of 2 anchor cells. RNAi-mediated knockdown in a glp-1 (ar202) constitutively active mutant background restores fertility.
Belongs to the peroxisomal targeting signal receptor family.
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in defecation abnormalities.
t-SNARE protein which regulates the secretion of aex-5 from intestinal cells. Involved in the defecation motor program, which is a coordinated series of three muscle contractions that occurs every 45 seconds.
Binds, sorts and targets the polycystin complex (lov-1 and pkd-2) for lysosomal degradation, acting on early endosomes located at the ciliary base. Functions in the germline together with the ephrin receptor (vab-1) signaling pathway to negatively regulate MAPK activation. May have a role as a positive regulator of meiotic maturation in oocytes, acting independently of vab-1.
Isoform a, but not isoform b, interacts (via C-terminus) with lov-1 (via C-terminus).
Widely expressed, including the pharyngeal intestinal valve, several head neurons, and phasmids in both males and hermaphrodites throughout development. In males, also expressed in the gonad and sensory neurons in the tail. Expressed in the male-specific ciliate CEM, ray B-type and hook HOB sensory neurons.
Belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily. LCMT family.
Methylates the carboxyl group of the C-terminal leucine residue of protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunits to form alpha-leucine ester residues.
Expressed in body wall muscles (PubMed:20519502). Not expressed in sensory neurons (PubMed:20519502).
Polyglutamylase which preferentially modifies alpha-tubulin (By similarity). Involved in the side-chain initiation step of the polyglutamylation reaction rather than in the elongation step (By similarity). Together with ttll-4 and ttll-11, required for male mating (PubMed:27635036). Probably by regulating microtubule stability via the glutamylation of tubulin, negatively regulates axon regrowth after injury in PLM neurons (PubMed:23000142).
Expressed in the mechanosensory neurons ALML, ALMR, PLML, PLMR, AVM and PVM, and the FLPL and FLPR neurons.
Interacts with unc-86; the heterooligomer binds to the promoters of mec-3, mec-4 and mec-7.
Transcription factor (PubMed:26096732, PubMed:10899123). Specifies differentiation of the set of six touch receptor neurons (TRNs) (PubMed:2898300). May positively modulate expression of both its own gene and also of homeobox ARX homolog alr-1 in TRNs, forming a positive feedback loop with alr-1, thereby restricting the variability of expression of mec-3 (PubMed:21368126). Required to determine the identity of ALM sensory neurons, acting by interacting with unc-86, thereby preventing unc-86 cooperating with pag-3 to induce BDU-neuron specific genes (PubMed:26096732). Binds cooperatively as a heterodimer with unc-86 to sites in the mec-3 gene promoter (PubMed:1361171, PubMed:10899123). Promotes outgrowth of lateral dendritic branches on the PVD nociceptive neurons, probably acting both directly, and upstream of zinc finger protein egl-46 (PubMed:29031632).
Complex I is composed of 45 different subunits. Component of the iron-sulfur (IP) fragment of the enzyme (By similarity).
Hydrolase that can remove conjugated ubiquitin from proteins and plays an important regulatory role at the level of protein turnover by preventing degradation. Specifically cleaves 'Lys-48'-linked polyubiquitin.
DNA helicase that may play a role in the repair of DNA that is damaged by ultraviolet light or other mutagens. Exhibits a magnesium-dependent ATP-dependent DNA-helicase activity that unwinds single- and double-stranded DNA in a 3'-5' direction (By similarity).
Isoform 2 is preferentially expressed in eggs.
Isoforms are expressed differently during development, while isoform 2 is preferentially expressed in eggs, isoform 1 is preferentially expressed in the adults.
Protects cells against oxidative stress by converting superoxide radicals to hydrogen peroxide (PubMed:9628580). Oxidative stress is involved in various biological dysfunctions and senescence (PubMed:9628580).
Guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor that regulates small GTPases (By similarity). Converts GDP-bound inactive form of rab-3 and cab-1 to the GTP-bound active forms. Regulator of presynaptic activity that interacts with rab-3 to regulate synaptic vesicle release (PubMed:9136770, PubMed:10970871). Is also a regulator of the cab-1 synaptic transmission pathway (PubMed:10970871). Probably by converting rab-3 to its GTP-bound active form, plays a role in the recruitment of endophilin unc-57 to synaptic vesicles (PubMed:21029864). Probably by activating rab-3 and thus regulating the trafficking of dense-core vesicles, plays a role in AVG neuron-mediated formation of the right axon tract of the ventral nerve cord (PubMed:27116976). Regulates anterior body muscle contractions (aBOC) and the expulsion steps during the defecation motor program (DMP) (PubMed:18852466). Probably by regulating DMP, required for fatty acid uptake by intestinal cells (PubMed:25849533).
Worms exhibit pleiotropic behavioral defects that are suggestive of reduced synaptic transmission (PubMed:9136770). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the intestine causes a mild defect in the expulsion step of the defecation cycle (PubMed:18852466).
Required for cell surface expression of acetylcholine receptors in body-wall muscles.
Ubiquitously expressed, from early embryogenesis to adulthood.
Fatty acid synthetase is a multifunctional enzyme that catalyzes the de novo biosynthesis of long-chain saturated fatty acids starting from acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA in the presence of NADPH. This multifunctional protein contains 7 catalytic activities and a site for the binding of the prosthetic group 4'-phosphopantetheine of the acyl carrier protein ([ACP]) domain.
Promotes guanine-nucleotide exchange on ARF. Promotes the activation of ARF through replacement of GDP with GTP (By similarity). Plays a role in cell shedding during embryogenesis, probably by promoting the endocytosis of cell adhesion molecules (PubMed:22801495).
Belongs to the Rieske iron-sulfur protein family.
The Rieske protein is a high potential 2Fe-2S protein.
Belongs to the Integrator subunit 7 family.
Binds 3 Zn(2+) ions per subunit (for dihydroorotase activity).
Binds 4 magnesium or manganese ions per subunit.
Expressed predominantly in gut precursor cells from the 4E embryonic stage until the bean stage. Expression resumes at the L1 larval stage and continues into adulthood.
GATase (glutamine amidotransferase) and CPSase (carbamoyl phosphate synthase) form together the glutamine-dependent CPSase (GD-CPSase) (EC 6.3.5.5).
In the central section; belongs to the metallo-dependent hydrolases superfamily. DHOase family. CAD subfamily.
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes an arrest at the embryonic stage or at the L1 larval stage (PubMed:16828468). The few surviving animals grow more slowly (PubMed:16828468). L1 larvae have incomplete pharyngeal isthmus elongation, 36 percent of which have the pharynx detached from the buccal cavity (PubMed:16828468). In an umps-1 zu456 mutant background embryo, prevents the formation of abnormally enlarged gut granules (PubMed:20148972).
This protein is a 'fusion' protein encoding four enzymatic activities of the pyrimidine pathway (GATase, CPSase, ATCase and DHOase) (By similarity). Involved in the elongation of the pharyngeal isthmus during development, probably by providing precursors of UDP-sugars required for heparan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthesis (PubMed:16828468). Regulates the organization of the actin and intermediate filaments cytoskeleton in the pharyngeal muscles (PubMed:16828468).
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL28 family.
Catalyzes the symmetrical dimethylation of arginine residues in targets such as small nuclear ribonucleoproteins, histone H2A/H4 and cbp-1 (PubMed:19521535, PubMed:21531333, PubMed:23866019, PubMed:22143770, PubMed:28158808). Dimethylation occurs in a distributive manner where the protein is released after the addition of the first methyl group prior to rebinding for the addition of the second methyl group (PubMed:23866019). Plays a role in the negative regulation of DNA damage-induced apoptosis (PubMed:19521535). By methylating cbp-1, may prevent apoptosis by repressing the capacity of cbp-1 to enhance cep-1 dependent transcription activation of the programmed cell death activator egl-1 (PubMed:19521535). Plays a role in heat and oxidative stress resistance (PubMed:28158808).
Defective arginine methyltransferase activity with reduced symmetric dimethylation of targets (PubMed:28158808). Increased sensitivity to heat and oxidative stress (PubMed:28158808). Increased germ cell apoptosis following treatment with ionizing radiation (IR) or ethylnitrosourea and significantly enhanced IR-induced egl-1 levels (PubMed:19521535). Double knockout with prmt-1 results in prolonged larval development, shorter body size, reduced brood size, decreased egg-laying and 30% of eggs fail to hatch (PubMed:28158808). Double knockout also results in reduced asymmetric and symmetric arginine dimethylation of proteins (PubMed:28158808).
Homodimer (PubMed:22143770). Interacts with cep-1 (via C-terminus domain); does not methylate cep-1 (PubMed:19521535). Interacts with cbp-1 (via N-terminus domain and HAT domain); the interaction results in methylation of cbp-1 (PubMed:19521535). Component of a complex that contains cep-1 and cbp-1 (PubMed:19521535). May interact with pid-2, pid-4 and pid-5 (PubMed:33231880).
Component of a complex containing fem-1, fem-2 and fem-3 (PubMed:23760267). Interacts with fem-2 (via N-terminus) and fem-3 (PubMed:17609115, PubMed:23760267). Component of the CBC(fem-1) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex, at least composed of cul-2, elc-1, tra-1, fem-1, fem-2 and fem-3; mediates the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of tra-1 (PubMed:17609115). Interacts with cul-2 (PubMed:17609115). Interacts with tra-1 (PubMed:17609115). Interacts (via VHL-box motif) with elc-1 (PubMed:17609115). Interacts with sel-10 (PubMed:15306688). Interacts with ced-4 (PubMed:10764728).
Substrate-recognition component of the cullin-RING-based CBC(fem-1) (Cul2-ElonginB-ElonginC) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex of the DesCEND (destruction via C-end degrons) pathway, which recognizes a C-degron located at the extreme C terminus of target proteins, leading to their ubiquitination and degradation (By similarity). The C-degron recognized by the DesCEND pathway is usually a motif of less than ten residues and can be present in full-length proteins, truncated proteins or proteolytically cleaved forms (By similarity). Sex-determining protein; essential for the adoption of the male sexual fate in all tissues (PubMed:2317869). The CBC(fem-1) complex mediates the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of tra-1 (PubMed:17609115). Promotes ubiquitination and degradation of cdl-1 (PubMed:28118078).
Expressed in embryos and in adult animals.
Acts as target recruitment subunit in the E3 ubiquitin ligase complex zer-1-cul-2-elc-1.
Interacts with elc-1. Part of an E3 ubiquitin ligase complex including zer-11, cul-2 and elc-1.
Although strongly related to the peptidase M1 family, it lacks the conserved active metal binding Glu and His in positions 496 and 499, which are replaced by a Arg and Ala residues respectively, suggesting that it has no activity.
Belongs to the Integrator subunit 8 family.
Expressed in embryos and larvae (PubMed:11557844, PubMed:15707894). Expressed in the distal zone of mitotic germline and in late pachytene, diplotene and diakinesis stages of meiotic germline (PubMed:11557844, PubMed:15707894, PubMed:21901106).
Expressed in pharyngeal muscle and neurons.
Homodimer (PubMed:15707894). Interacts (via C-terminus domain) with prmt-5; not methylated by prmt-5 (PubMed:19521535). Interacts with cbp-1 (via HAT domain); cep-1 transcriptional activity may be inhibited by interaction with methylated cbp-1 (PubMed:19521535). Component of a complex that contains prmt-5 and cbp-1 (PubMed:19521535). Interacts with ape-1; the interaction inhibits pro-apoptotic activity of cep-1 (PubMed:12524540).
Phosphorylated in response to IR-induced DNA damage which is thought to be mediated by akt-1.
Reduced numbers of germ cell corpses, hypersensitive to the lethal effects of hypoxia, increase in production of males (Him phenotype), decreased lifespan and in extreme cases embryonic lethality (PubMed:11557844, PubMed:11696333, PubMed:15273685, PubMed:17895432, PubMed:19015549, PubMed:26598553). In cep-1 and prmt-5 double mutants, germline cell death and up-regulation of egl-1 mRNA induced by gamma irradiation is prevented (PubMed:19521535). Double RNAi-mediated knockdown together with ape-1 abrogates the increased number of apoptotic germ cells in the ape-1 knockdown model (PubMed:12524540).
Transcriptional activator that binds the same DNA consensus sequence as p53 (PubMed:11696333, PubMed:15242600, PubMed:28560849). Has a role in normal development to ensure proper meiotic chromosome segregation (PubMed:11557844, PubMed:12445383). Promotes apoptosis under conditions of cellular and genotoxic stress in response to DNA damage, hypoxia, or starvation (PubMed:11696333, PubMed:11557844, PubMed:12445383, PubMed:15273685, PubMed:17186023, PubMed:18836529, PubMed:21901106). Regulates germline apoptosis in response to DNA damage (PubMed:11696333, PubMed:15273685, PubMed:15707894, PubMed:16319925, PubMed:17276923, PubMed:17186023, PubMed:17347667, PubMed:19015549, PubMed:26598553). Its pro-apoptotic activity is inhibited when bound to ape-1 in vitro (PubMed:12524540). Plays a role in cell cycle arrest in the germline in response to DNA damage by UV-C light (PubMed:17347667). However, not required for survival in response to DNA damage induced by UV-C light, indicating that it is unlikely to be involved in DNA repair (PubMed:17347667). Required for induction of ced-13 in response to DNA damage (PubMed:15605074). Regulates DNA damage-induced apoptosis by inducing transcription of the programmed cell death activator egl-1 (PubMed:12445383, PubMed:19521535). Regulates germline proliferation by activating phg-1 (PubMed:17186023). Modulates lifespan (PubMed:17895432, PubMed:18836529, PubMed:28560849).
Receptor for the ascaroside pheromone icas#9 which suppresses exploratory forgaging behavior. In response to ascaroside icas#9, may furthermore play a role in the expression of genes in the TGF-beta signaling pathway, such as daf-7, and in insulin signaling pathway, such as daf-28, which may in turn contribute to exploratory behavior.
Belongs to the thiamine pyrophosphokinase family.
Catalyzes the phosphorylation of thiamine to thiamine pyrophosphate. Functions cell non-autonomously.
Accepts ubiquitin from the E1 complex and catalyzes its covalent attachment to other proteins (By similarity). Together with ubc-18, required for the ubiquitination of membranous organelles, and the removal of paternal mitochondria from early embryos (PubMed:31153831).
RNAi-mediated knockdown does not alter the ubiquitination of membranous organelles (MOs) or the number of MOs (PubMed:31153831). Double RNAi-mediated knockdown together with ubc-18 reduces the ubiquitination of MOs (PubMed:31153831). Double knockdown also reduces the number of lgg-1-positive autophagosome vesicles in embryos (PubMed:31153831).
Expressed mainly in body wall muscles and ventral cord motoneurons.
Plays a role in regulating synaptic function, probably by modulation of endocytosis (PubMed:16803962). May be dispensable in muscle for normal locomotion (PubMed:16803962). May be involved in post-transcriptional mRNA processing, in parallel with unc-75 (PubMed:16803962).
RNAi-mediated knockdown, on an RNAi-sensitized rrf-3 genetic background, causes sluggish movement, abnormal morphology and low brood size, whereas when RNAi is targeted mainly at muscle, animals move normally and have healthy body morphology.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein P1/P2 family.
P1 and P2 exist as dimers at the large ribosomal subunit.
Plays an important role in the elongation step of protein synthesis.
Expressed in the seam cells of the organism. Expression is visible in the seam cells across all larval stages, and expression persists into the adult stage of the organism.
Inhibited by the sodium/calcium exchanger inhibitor CGP-37157.
Mitochondrial sodium/calcium antiporter that mediates sodium-dependent calcium efflux from mitochondrion, thereby acting as a key regulator of mitochondrion calcium homeostasis (Probable). Required for patterning of neural circuits: functions in the same pathway as RAC-dependent effectors of the unc-6/netrin signaling pathway to set left/ right patterning of the VD/DD GABAergic circuit (PubMed:28196860).
Belongs to the round spermatid basic protein 1 family.
Expressed throughout development, with highest expression during embryogenesis.
Histone demethylase that specifically demethylates dimethylated 'Lys-20' of histone H4 (H4K20me2), thereby modulating the chromosome architecture (PubMed:28867287). Promotes chromatin compaction by converting H4k20me2 to H4K20me1 leading to transcriptional repression (PubMed:28867287). Required for X chromosome dosage compensation by enriching H4K20me1 on X chromosomes and thereby reducing X-linked gene transcription in hermaphrodites throughout development (PubMed:14660541, PubMed:23028348, PubMed:3779843, PubMed:3478715, PubMed:26641248, PubMed:22393255, PubMed:28867287). X chromosome specificity is mediated by the recruitment through proteins of the condensin-like dosage compensation complex (DCC) (PubMed:14660541, PubMed:28867287). Required for the enrichment of H4K20me1 on autosomes in meiotic germ cells leading to their compaction in a DCC-independent mechanism (PubMed:28867287). Involved in 3-dimensional chromosome organization by strengthening the borders of topologically associating domains (PubMed:28867287). Involved in the regulation of growth, fecundity and body fat metabolism downstream of the TOR complex 2 and the protein kinase sgk-1 pathway (PubMed:23884442). Also involved in male tail development (PubMed:6537930).
Interacts with the dosage compensation proteins dpy-27, dpy-26 and sdc-3; the interaction is probably involved in dpy-21 recruitment to the X chromosomes in hermaphrodites (PubMed:14660541). Interacts with the serine/threonine-protein kinase sgk-1 (PubMed:23884442).
Mutant hermaphrodites exhibit low larval lethality, and survivors have a XX-specific shorter and stouter body morphology and are egg-laying defective (PubMed:14660541, PubMed:28867287). Leads to lethality in animals with three X chromosomes and to intersex development in males with a sex-chromosome to autosome (X:A) ratio higher than 0.65 (PubMed:6537930). Overexpression of X-linked gene transcripts (PubMed:23028348, PubMed:3478715, PubMed:26641248, PubMed:28867287). Increased binding of the RNA Pol II large subunit ama-1 to promoters on the X chromosome relative to autosomes (PubMed:26641248). Reduced levels of 'Lys-20' monomethylation (H4K20me1) and an increase of 'Lys-20' trimethylation (H4K20me3) and 'Lys-16' acetylation (H4K16ac) on histone H4 of hermaphrodite X chromosomes (PubMed:23028348, PubMed:22393255, PubMed:26641248, PubMed:28867287). Increased volume of the X chromosome (PubMed:28867287). Suppresses the XO-specific lethality in a xol-1 mutant background, where the DCC is inappropriately activated (PubMed:28867287). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in shortened lifespan (PubMed:23884442). In a sinh-1 single or a rict-1;sgk-1 double mutant background, suppresses the developmental delay phenotype (PubMed:23884442). In a rict-1 mutant background, suppresses the developmental delay, elevated body fat mass and low brood size, but shortens the lifespan and decreases the body size (PubMed:23884442).
Expressed in gonadal sheath cells, URA motoneurons, and 10 additional cells near the isthmus and terminal bulb of the pharynx (PubMed:19116151). Expressed in the ALA and BDU cells (PubMed:19116151).
Interacts (via LID domain) with ceh-14 (via LIM zinc-binding domains 1 and 2).
Probable DNA-binding transcriptional activator.
Expressed in intestine (PubMed:12176330, PubMed:24972867). Expressed in rectal gland cells and head neurons (PubMed:17526726).
Increased abl-1, fat-5, clec-60 and rga-6 mRNA levels (PubMed:21399680). Reduced survival in response to fungus C.neoformans infection (PubMed:21399680). Reduced survival in response to bacterium B.thuringiensis infection (PubMed:21931778). Increased survival in response to bacterium S.typhimurium infection (PubMed:21399680). Susceptibility to S.typhimurium infection is abolished in an abl-1 (ok171) mutant background (PubMed:21399680). Compared to wild-type, mutants grown in presence of bacterium M.nematophilum are more constipated, the tail swelling is increased, growth is slower and they are arrested at the L3 larval stage (PubMed:16809667). Survival rate is similar to wild-type in response to bacteria S.aureus or P.aruginosa infection (PubMed:21399680). In absence of infection, lifespan and brood size is similar to wild-type (PubMed:21399680).
Induced by Gram-negative bacterium S.marcescens infection (PubMed:12176330). Induced by Gram-positive bacterium M.nematophilum infection (PubMed:16809667). Transiently induced by Gram-negative bacteria S.boydii and S.flexneri (PubMed:22841995). Down-regulated by exposure to Gram-positive bacterium B.thuringiensis spore toxins (PubMed:21931778). Down-regulated by exposure to Gram-negative bacteria S.marcescens or P.aeruginosa infection (PubMed:17526726). Down-regulated by Gram-positive bacterium S.aureus infection in the anterior part of the intestine (PubMed:24972867).
Plays a role in resistance to Gram-positive bacteria B.thuringiensis and M.nematophilum and Gram-negative bacteria S.boydii or S.flexneri infection and to fungus C.neoformans infection (PubMed:16809667, PubMed:21399680, PubMed:21931778, PubMed:22841995). Plays a role in susceptibility to Gram-negative bacterium S.typhimurium infection (PubMed:21399680).
Autocatalytic cleavage removes the propeptide and generates the two active subunits p16 and p14 in vitro. Cannot be cleaved by ced-3 in vitro.
Cysteine protease which, in vitro, cleaves itself and caspase ced-3 into their mature active forms (PubMed:9857046). Also cleaves, in vitro, inactive caspase csp-2 isoform b (PubMed:9857046). Required maternally to induce apoptosis in a subset of cells fated to die during embryogenesis, mostly independently of the ced-9, ced-4 and ced-3 canonical apoptosis pathway (PubMed:23505386). Involved in the degeneration of dopaminergic CEP neurons in response to high Mn(2+) levels (PubMed:23721876).
Dispensable for regulating apoptosis during embryogenesis.
Heterodimer formed by the tight association of the large subunit p16 and the small subunit p14.
Inhibited by cysteine protease inhibitor iodoacetic acid (CH3COOI) but not by N-[N-(L-3-transcarboxirane-2-carbonyl)-leucyl]-agmatine (E-64) or benzyloxycarbonyl-DEVD-fluoro-methyl ketone (Z-DEVD-FMK).
Isoform a: Expression is restricted to the late germline pachytene stage of meiosis I in both L4 larvae and adult hermaphrodite gonads. Isoform b: Expression is restricted to the late germline pachytene stage of meiosis I in both L4 larvae and adult hermaphrodite gonads.
Survival of touch neurons and several pharyngeal cells is not affected during development and no extra pharyngeal cells caused by impaired apoptosis are produced (PubMed:23505386). Basal and ionizing radiation-induced germline apoptosis are normal (PubMed:23505386). In a ced-3 n2427 mutant background, more animals have the M4 sister cell that survives (PubMed:23505386). In a csp-3 n4872, csp-2 n4871 and ced-3 n3692 mutant background where the canonical apoptotic pathway is impaired, 16 percent of animals have still 1 or more cell corpses that are morphologically apoptotic and are internalized by engulfing cells (PubMed:23505386). In addition, apoptosis of the male linker cell occurs normally (PubMed:23505386). RNAi-mediated knockdown causes a 50 percent inhibition of Mn(2+)-induced dopaminergic CEP neuron degeneration (PubMed:23721876).
In embryos, expression is specifically detected in body wall muscle cells. In adults, expression is localized to a striking dot-like fashion in body wall muscle.
Belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily. ROBO/SAX3 family.
Expressed in the AVG interneuron and the male-specific sensory neuron HOA.
Required to confine migrating sex myoblasts to the ventral muscle quadrants during their migration through the body and for multiple aspects of sensory, motor, and interneuron axon guidance.
Cilium-specific protein required to control the microtubule-based, ciliary axoneme structure. Required for normal sensory cilium function. May act by maintaining the association between IFT subcomplexes A and B.
Shortened cilia with various ultrastructural deformities and a disrupted association between IFT subcomplexes A and B.
Specifically expressed in ciliated sensory neurons throughout development in both hermaphrodites.
Sumoylation regulates the targeting of membrane sensory receptors to the cilium.
The RVVP region and palmitoylation sites are required for compartmentalization inside cilium to prevent distal cilium and nuclear targeting.
Expressed ubiquitously in embryos and early larval animals (PubMed:23851392). Expressed in MSpaa in embryos and in the pharyngeal M4 motorneuron at the first larval stage; expression in the M4 neuron and g1A cells decreases during larval development (PubMed:23851392). Strongly expressed in the seam cells and the hyp7 cells (PubMed:23851392).
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes defects in cell fate, embryonic morphogenesis, and embryonic and larval lethality (PubMed:21884786, PubMed:23851392). Defects in gastrulation; failure of endodermal E cells to internalize at the 26- to 28-cell stage (PubMed:26434722). Reduces cell cycle lengths significantly in endodermal E cells (PubMed:26434722). Significant reduction in expression of end-1 and end-3, and enhances the disruption of intestinal development in an end-3 mutant background (PubMed:26434722). Reduces number of offspring, and the production of oocytes is compromised (PubMed:21884786). Failure of cell death in pharyngeal M4 motor neuron sister (PubMed:21884786).
Transcription factor (PubMed:21884786, PubMed:23851392). Binds to GC-rich DNA motifs, such as 5'-GGGCGGGG-3' (PubMed:21884786, PubMed:23851392). Involved in cell autonomous neuroblast asymmetric divisions that generate one precursor cell and one apoptotic cell, by transcriptionally activating target genes, such as cell death activator egl-1 and leucine zipper kinase pig-1, in caspase-dependent and -independent apoptotic pathways (PubMed:23851392). Plays a role in the regulation of apoptosis, cell lineage, cell differentiation, embryonic morphogenesis, vulval development, and oocyte production (PubMed:21884786, PubMed:23851392, PubMed:26434722).
Specifically expressed in ciliated cells.
Belongs to the metallophosphoesterase superfamily. MPPE1 family.
Metallophosphoesterase required for transport of GPI-anchor proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi. Acts in lipid remodeling steps of GPI-anchor maturation by mediating the removal of a side-chain ethanolamine-phosphate (EtNP) from the second Man (Man2) of the GPI intermediate, an essential step for efficient transport of GPI-anchor proteins.
Chromatin-remodeling protein that has a role in notch signaling-dependent vulval cell fate determination. May also have a role in pharyngeal precursor cell specification.
Detected around the 20 cell stage after the onset of zygotic transcription. Also expressed in adults.
E3 ubiquitin ligase that catalyzes the direct transfer of ubiquitin from E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme to a specific substrate (By similarity). Acting downstream of probable Golgi transport protein eas-1, involved in inhibition of activation of transcription factor sbp-1, thereby playing a role in regulating AMsh glial cell size (PubMed:33370778).
Catalyzes the deglutamylation of polyglutamate side chains generated by post-translational polyglutamylation of proteins such as tubulins (Probable). Via the deglutamylation of tubulin, regulates the localization and velocity of kinesin motors and the structural integrity of microtubules in sensory cilia (PubMed:21982591, PubMed:29129530). In male CEM sensory neurons, regulates the cilia release of bioactive extracellular vesicles (PubMed:29129530). Also regulates microtubule dynamics in uterine muscle cells (PubMed:24780738).
In hermaphrodites and males, expressed in amphid and IL2 ciliated sensory neurons (PubMed:20519502, PubMed:21982591). In males, expressed in CEM head neurons, RnB and HOB tail neurons, and in gubernacular erector and retractor muscles (PubMed:21982591).
RNAi-mediated knockdown at the L1 or L4 larval stages causes a defect in egg-laying without affecting uterine and vulva muscle function.
Belongs to the Nudix hydrolase family. DCP2 subfamily.
Decapping metalloenzyme that catalyzes the cleavage of the cap structure on mRNAs (PubMed:16199859). Removes the 7-methyl guanine cap structure from mRNA molecules, yielding a 5'-phosphorylated mRNA fragment and 7m-GDP (PubMed:16199859). RNA-decapping enzyme although it does not bind the RNA cap (PubMed:16199859). May contribute to gene regulation in multiple RNA pathways including monomethylguanosine- and trimethylguanosine-capped RNAs (PubMed:16199859). In oocytes, may play a role in the response to stress induced by heat shock, osmotic stress and anoxia (PubMed:18439994). Required for the developmental axon guidance and regrowth of PLM touch receptor neurons (PubMed:31983639). Early in embryogenesis, plays a role in ciliary shape formation in sensory neurons (PubMed:28887031). Promotes survival at high temperatures (PubMed:25061667).
Double RNAi-mediated knockdown with dcap-1 reduces survival at 20 degrees Celsius.
Inhibited by capped and uncapped RNA (PubMed:16199859). Not inhibited by dinucleotide cap or methylated nucleotide analogs (PubMed:16199859).
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS10 family.
May be involved in regulating transcriptional activation of cardiac genes during the aging process. May play a role in biosynthesis and/or processing of SLC2A4 in adipose cells.
Embryonic lethality; those few animals that survive to adulthood lack functional embryonic and M lineage (mesoblast-cell) derived coelomocytes (CCs) (PubMed:20335356). RNAi-mediated knockdown abolishes expression of ceh-34 in the M lineage (PubMed:20335356).
Expression begins during embryogenesis and persists in a small number of cells throughout larval development (at protein level) (PubMed:20335356). Expressed transiently in the postembryonic non-gonadal mesoderm (M lineage), first detected in M.dlp and M.drp as they begin to divide (PubMed:20335356).
Transcription factor that is required for cell fate of coelomocytes which are non-muscle mesodermal cells (PubMed:20335356). Acts in concert with, and by activating expression of, the homeodomain gene ceh-34 (PubMed:20335356). Binds to the sequence motif 5'-ATAAA[T/C]A-3' (PubMed:20335356).
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 21 family.
Component of the Mediator complex (By similarity). Interacts with let49/mdt-7.
Expressed in larval and adult epidermis, intestine and pharynx (PubMed:26371552). Broadly expressed in the nervous system (PubMed:24569480, PubMed:26371552). Expressed in body wall muscle cells (PubMed:24569477).
Expressed throughout development (PubMed:24569477). Expressed in stretches and puncta in the body syncytium and in puncta within seam cells (PubMed:26371552).
Required for microtubule stability and anchorage by binding to the minus ends of microtubules (PubMed:25437544, PubMed:26371552, PubMed:27661253). Acts redundantly with noca-1 to control circumferential microtubule assembly along the body which is necessary for larval development, viability, morphology and integrity of the epidermis (PubMed:26371552). Promotes microtubule stability and polymerization in neurons (PubMed:24569477). Involved in the maintenance of neurite morphology in ALM and PLM neurons (PubMed:25437544, PubMed:24569477, PubMed:24569480). May play a role in synaptic protein localization in the PLM neuron (PubMed:24569477). May act upstream of dlk-1 in neuronal regeneration (PubMed:25437544, PubMed:24569480). Plays a role in postembryonic epidermal tissue integrity and wound healing (PubMed:27661253).
The CKK domain binds microtubules. Might be required for microtubule stabilization (PubMed:27661253).
The Calponin-homology (CH) domain might negatively regulate the CKK domain.
The coiled-coil domain contributes to microtubule binding and might negatively regulate the CKK domain.
Viable with no gross morphological defects, but exhibit uncoordinated locomotion and body positioning (PubMed:24569477, PubMed:24569480, PubMed:26371552). Small reduction in the density of microtubule bundles along the length of the body (PubMed:25437544, PubMed:26371552). Fewer microtubules in the axons of PLM and ALM neurons (PubMed:25437544, PubMed:24569477). Defective touch neuron morphology with ectopic neurites extending from the cell bodies of ALM neurons (PubMed:25437544). Irregular PLM neuron morphology including defective PLM neuron commissure extension, loss of collateral branches, presynaptic varicosities, overextended neurites and abnormal synapse localization as identified by lack of small GTPase rab-3 and snb-1 at synaptic patches (PubMed:24569477, PubMed:24569480). Impaired PLM neuron regeneration following severing of the PLM axon (PubMed:25437544). Loss of circumferential microtubule bundles and shortening of remaining bundles (PubMed:27661253). Increased microtubule growth rates (PubMed:27661253). Delayed wound closure (PubMed:27661253). Treatment with a microtubule stabilizing drug, paclitaxel, results in epidermal morphology defects (PubMed:27661253). Treatment with a microtubule destabilizing drug, colchicine, results in loss of light touch sensitivity and ectopic sprouting from neuronal axons (PubMed:24569477). Double knockout with noca-1 isoforms results in severe developmental defects with 60% not surviving beyond early postembryonic stages, mainly dying at the larval developmental stage L4, and slow growth with surviving mutants being smaller in size and uncoordinated (PubMed:26371552). Double mutants also have significantly fewer microtubule bundles along the length of the body, broken or branched seam cell syncytia that is disconnected from the head and the cuticles have increased permeability (PubMed:26371552). In a dapk-1 mutant background, suppression of the epidermal morphology defects (PubMed:27661253).
Expressed in pharyngeal cells throughout development, vulval precursor cells during the larval L3 stage, and the seam cells and hypodermal syncytia derived from the seam cell lineages throughout the larval L4 stage and adulthood.
Interacts with transcription factor lin-29 (via C-terminus).
Transcriptional cofactor (PubMed:21862562). Heterochronic protein, involved in timing of a subset of differentiation events during the larval-to-adult transition (PubMed:21862562). Promotes hypodermal terminal differentiation, together with transcription factor lin-29, perhaps as part of a transcriptional complex (PubMed:21862562). Involved in regulating molting by repressing the expression of nuclear hormone receptors nhr-23 and nhr-25 in the adult hypoderm, probably acting in concert with lin-29 (PubMed:21862562).
Expressed along the ventral and dorsal nerve cords.
Functions as a component of the nuclear pore complex (NPC) (PubMed:12937276). NPC components, collectively referred to as nucleoporins (NUPs), can play the role of both NPC structural components and of docking or interaction partners for transiently associated nuclear transport factors (By similarity). It is specifically important for nuclear mRNA export (PubMed:12937276). Has a role in neuronal development, where it acts downstream of rpm-1 to control axon termination and synapse formation in anterior lateral microtubule (ALM) and posterior lateral microtubule (PLM) mechanosensory neurons (PubMed:22357847).
The nuclear pore complex (NPC) constitutes the exclusive means of nucleocytoplasmic transport (By similarity). NPCs allow the passive diffusion of ions and small molecules and the active, nuclear transport receptor-mediated bidirectional transport of macromolecules such as proteins, RNAs, ribonucleoparticles (RNPs), and ribosomal subunits across the nuclear envelope (By similarity). Interacts with rpm-1 (PubMed:22357847).
Expression begins at the 50-cell embryonic stage and continues throughout development (PubMed:19528325). Expressed in the HSNL motor neuron from early larval stage L4 to the young adult stage (PubMed:17626846).
Probable component of the SCF(sel-10) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex which includes skr-1 and F-box domain-containing protein sel-10 as a substrate recognition component (PubMed:17626846). Interacts with fem-1, fem-2, and fem-3 (PubMed:15306688). Interacts with the intracellular domain of glp-1 and sel-12 (PubMed:9861048). Interacts with lin-12 (PubMed:9389650). Interacts with skr-1 (PubMed:18718460). Interacts with zyg-1 (PubMed:22623721).
Probable substrate recognition component of SCF (SKP1-CUL-F-box protein) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex, which mediates the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins (PubMed:17626846). Regulates synapse elimination in early development in the motor neuron HSNL (PubMed:17626846). Cell autonomous negative regulator of lin-12/Notch-mediated signaling, with respect to lin-12 activity in cell fate decisions and tumorigenesis (PubMed:9389650). May target the intracellular domains of lin-12/Notch proteins for ubiquitin-dependent degradation (PubMed:9389650). Involved in sex determination by promoting female development (PubMed:15306688, PubMed:18718460). Potential regulator of presenilin (PubMed:9861048). May have a role in egg laying (PubMed:8293978, PubMed:15306688). Regulates zyg-1 levels (possibly redundantly with lin-23) to control centrosome duplication during mitosis (PubMed:22623721). Negatively regulates lin-45 activity and protein stability, probably by targeting it for ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation (PubMed:23154983).
Worms show a weak masculinization phenotype (PubMed:8293978). Moreover sel-10 mutants suppress the egg laying defective (egl) phenotype of the sel-12 mutants (PubMed:8293978). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in increased zyg-1 expression at centrosomes (PubMed:22623721).
May be involved in the generation of 28S rRNA.
Belongs to the casein kinase 2 subunit beta family.
Elevated levels are observed during embryogenesis, liver regeneration, and adipocyte differentiation.
Participates in Wnt signaling. Plays a complex role in regulating the basal catalytic activity of the alpha subunit (By similarity). Modulates two aspects of male mating behavior; response to hermaphrodite contact and vulval location, acting in the same pathway as lov-1 and pkd-2.
Tetramer of two alpha and two beta subunits. Interacts (via C-terminus) with lov-1 (via PLAT domain).
Belongs to the TRAFAC class myosin-kinesin ATPase superfamily. Kinesin family. KIF26 subfamily.
Interacts with unc-51 and unc-73 (PubMed:15539493, PubMed:17237778). Isoform a: Interacts with unc-33 isoform c (PubMed:27015090).
Isoform a is expressed in the AVKR neuron. Isoform b is expressed in the CAN cells and in the body wall muscle. Also expressed in the motor neurons of the ventral nerve cord and additional neurons in the pharynx and head.
Required for posterior migration of cells and axon growth cones during nervous system assembly.
Required for posterior migration of the axon growth cone and the ALM cell body (PubMed:9581759, PubMed:17237778). May enhance posterior migration by regulating the subcellular location or stability of guidance cue receptors such as sax-3 and unc-40, promoting their localization to the cell surface (PubMed:17237778). In PLM neuron, regulates innexin unc-9 gap junction turnover by suppressing unc-9 transport out of the gap junctions (PubMed:27015090).
Specifically required for CAN cell migration.
Component of the CPC complex which consists of icp-1; csc-1; bir-1 and air-2. Within the complex, interacts with csc-1, icp-1 and air-2. Interacts with csc-1 in a zinc-dependent-manner; the interaction is direct.
Component of the chromosomal passenger complex (CPC), a complex that acts as a key regulator of chromosome segregation and cytokinesis (PubMed:12707312, PubMed:10209096, PubMed:10983970). The CPC complex has essential functions at the centromere in ensuring correct chromosome condensation, alignment and segregation (PubMed:12707312, PubMed:10983970). In the complex, required to direct the Aurora B/air-2 kinase to chromosomes (PubMed:12707312, PubMed:10983970). Also functions in spindle midzone formation and in the formation of polar bodies during oogenesis (PubMed:10209096, PubMed:10983970). Required for the localization of the kinetochore component hcp-1 to chromosomes (PubMed:10983970). Involved in the positive regulation of transcription (PubMed:12682297). Involved in the transcriptional regulation of collagen genes (PubMed:17116281).
Expressed throughout development and in adult animals, with high expression in embryos and in dividing cells (at protein level).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in high embryonic lethality (PubMed:10209096). Causes a failure in cytokinesis resulting in a lack of cellularization and in polyploidy (PubMed:10209096, PubMed:10983970). Defective extrusion of the polar body during oogenesis (PubMed:10209096, PubMed:10983970). Defects in chromosome condensation, compromised alignment and segregation of paired homologs and defects in spindle midzone formation during meiosis and mitosis (PubMed:10983970). Disruption of air-2 and hcp-1 localization to chromosomes (PubMed:10983970). Decreased phosphorylation of histone H3 'Ser-10' and decreased acetylation of histone H3 'Lys-14' and 'Lys-9' (PubMed:10983970, PubMed:12682297). Surviving animals exhibit a shorter and stouter body morphology, slow uncoordinated movements, are egg-laying defective, have abnormal germ line growth and exhibit protruding vulvas (PubMed:12682297). Decrease in the transcription of several genes including collagen genes (PubMed:12682297, PubMed:17116281).
The coatomer is a cytosolic protein complex that binds to dilysine motifs and reversibly associates with Golgi non-clathrin-coated vesicles, which further mediate biosynthetic protein transport from the ER, via the Golgi up to the trans Golgi network. Coatomer complex is required for budding from Golgi membranes, and is essential for the retrograde Golgi-to-ER transport of dilysine-tagged proteins (By similarity). The zeta subunit may be involved in regulating the coat assembly and, hence, the rate of biosynthetic protein transport due to its association-dissociation properties with the coatomer complex (By similarity).
Forms a receptor complex together with receptor ilcr-2, which upon activation acts as a modulator of neuronal activity. Binding of the ligand ilc-17.1 to the ilcr-1/2 receptor complex triggers a signaling cascade that activates the downstream signaling components actl-1, pik-1 and nfki-1, and results in increased neuronal activity in RMG interneurons in response to input from oxygen-sensing neurons. This leads to increased animal movement and promotes aggregation behavior.
By starvation, heat stress, oxidative stress, and UV stress.
Expression detected from the 50-cell stage of embryogenesis through to adulthood. In the adult, expression increases two-fold between day 4 and day 14.
Expression detected in anterior intestine and head region.
Interacts with ceh-6, sem-4 and sox-2 (PubMed:22493276). Interacts with wdr-5.1 (PubMed:25124442).
Shortened lifespan and reduced survival in response to heat stress. Impaired differentiation of the Y rectal cell to the PDA neuron with the Y cell remaining undifferentiated in its original rectal location. Double RNAi-mediated knockdown with lin-40 results in delayed cell cycle progression in mesodermal and endodermal embryonic lineages, but accelerated cell cycle progression in a subset of embryonic lineages (PubMed:25446273).
The SANT domain and GATA-type zinc finger are required for conversion of the Y rectal cell to the PDA neuron.
Transcription factor which promotes stress survival and delays aging. Required for cell cycle progression and development of the mesodermal and endodermal embryonic lineages (PubMed:25446273). Required for normal T-cell polarity, for correct migration of QL neuroblast descendants and other cells, for embryonic patterning and for the embryonic expression of hlh-8. Also required for the transdifferentiation of the Y rectal epithelial cell to the PDA motor neuron during larval development.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFA2 subunit family.
Guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Rab GTPase Rab-11.1 (By similarity). May spatially and temporally regulate the distribution of Rab-11.1 to target membranes during embryogenesis (PubMed:26506309). May play a role in cytokinesis, probably by targeting rab-11.1 to the cleavage furrows (PubMed:26506309).
Interacts with rab-11.1. Binds preferentially to the GDP-bound form of rab-11.1.
Viable. Double knockout with rei-1 results in a smaller brood size, weak embryonic lethality and severe mislocalization of rab-11.1 and prolonged cytokinesis in embryos.
Plays a functionally redundant role in spermatogenesis and growth rate control. Required for the development of somatic gonad structures and for progression from larval stage to adulthood.
RNA-mediated interference (RNAi) of rsp-1 and rsp-2 result in reduced brood sizes and abnormal egg-laying behavior, and the presence of unusual vacuolated structures in some of the secondary spermatocytes, spermatids and spermatozoa. Rsp-2/rsp-6 RNAi caused severe abnormalities in somatic gonad structures and in some cases animals were arrested or dead at the larval stage.
At the comma stage, enriched in the developing nerve ring (at protein level). Ubiquitously expressed in larvae and adults with enrichment in the spermatheca, the intestinal tract and the posterior bulb of the pharynx (at protein level). Expressed in oocytes and in the gonad (at protein level).
Expressed in embryo, larvae and adults (at protein level).
Interacts (via repeats 1, 2 and 4) with G-actin in a 1:3 ratio. Interacts (via repeats 2 and 3) with F-actin.
Lethal at the L3/L4 larval stages or at the young adult stage. Mutants are shorter and stouter, and fail to produce a viable progeny. In oocytes, actin is diffused in the cytoplasm and F-actin accumulation at the cell cortex is reduced resulting in deformed oocytes in the spermatheca and the uterus.
Plays an important role in the organization of the cytoskeleton by regulating actin polymerization in two ways. Firstly, by binding to and sequestering actin monomers (G actin) inhibits actin polymerization. Secondly, by binding directly filamentous actin (F actin) promotes actin polymerization. Regulates the formation of cortical actin in oocytes conferring them enough rigidity to sustain the contractions during ovulation.
The 4 repeats act cooperatively in the binding of G actin.
Expressed from before gastrulation through to adult (PubMed:11274062). Expressed in HOB, PVX, and PVY neurons (PubMed:12954713). Expressed in most descendants of the ray precursor cells (Rn), including the ray neurons (RnA and RnB) and the ray structure cells at the L4 larval stage; rays are male-specific genital sensilla (simple sense organs) (PubMed:12954713).
Expressed in HSN neurons in embryos and in the FLP neurons from the L1 stage through to adults. Not expressed in touch cells. Also expressed in larval hypodermis, intestine, pharyngeal muscle and other neurons. In adults expression is lost from some neurons, is weaker in the hypodermis but remains in the intestine (PubMed:11274062). Expressed in HOB neuron, ray neurons RnA and RnB, and the ray structural cell, Rnst; rays are male-specific genital sensilla (simple sense organs) (PubMed:12954713).
Interacts (via N-terminus) with egl-46 (via C-terminus); the interaction is direct; the interaction may regulate transcription (PubMed:23946438, PubMed:30291162). Interacts with yap-1 (via WW domain); the interaction may regulate transcription (PubMed:23396260).
Transcription factor (PubMed:30291162). Binds to DNA sequence motif 5'-CATNNNNAAATGCAT-3' as a heterodimer with egl-46 (PubMed:30291162). Represses expression of genes involved in differentiation of touch receptor neurons (TRN), probably acting as a heterodimer with egl-46, perhaps by occupying similar cis-regulatory elements as an unc-86/mec-3 heterodimer (PubMed:30291162). Plays a role in cell fate specification of neurons, including the hook neuron HOB, and touch receptor neurons (PubMed:12954713, PubMed:30291162). Involved in male mating behavior, acting in concert with egl-46, via modulation of expression of polycystins lov-1 and pkd-2, homeodomain protein ceh-26, and neuropeptide-like protein nlp-8 (PubMed:12954713). Acts upstream of egl-46 to prevent touch cell differentiation in FLP neurons (PubMed:11274062). Plays a role in neuron differentiation by repressing the expression of zag-1 in FLP neurons, probably acting as a heterodimer with egl-46; because zag-1 represses expression of egl-46 and egl-44, together these proteins form a bistable, negative-feedback loop that regulates the choice between neuronal fates (PubMed:30291162). Also promotes HSN neuron development (PubMed:11274062). In association with egl-46, regulates cell cycle exit in the neuronal Q cell lineage (PubMed:23946438). Plays a role in specifying commissural dendrites of the PVD nociceptive neurons, acting in concert with egl-46 (PubMed:29031632). May be involved in thermal stress response downstream of yap-1 (PubMed:23396260).
Induced by ultraviolet and ionizing radiation through a cep-1-dependent mechanism.
Mediates the radiation-induced bystander effect (RIBE), a process in which factors released by irradiated cells or tissues exert effects on unexposed cells or tissues. Following localized ultraviolet irradiation of the head, mediates RIBE in multiple unexposed regions including the posterior region. Also leads to RIBE including inhibition of cell death and increased embryonic lethality of progeny in unirradiated animals exposed to the culture medium of irradiated animals. Likely to exert RIBE by acting through the insulin-like receptor daf-2.
Not detected in the embryo, observed in the intestine of early stage L1-L3 larvae, peaks at the L4 larval stage and declines in adulthood.
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in greatly reduced radiation-induced bystander effect (RIBE) activity in the culture medium of irradiated animals.
Thiol protease which shows activity against the fluorogenic substrate z-Arg-Arg-AMC.
Egg-laying defect whereby 30% of eggs are laid at an early developmental stage (PubMed:12954868). Increased sensitivity to the acetylcholine esterase inhibitor Aldicarb, which results in accelerated paralysis likely due to enhanced acetylcholine release by ventral cord neurons and enhanced depolarization of muscles on one side of the body (PubMed:18614679). Exploratory behavior is similar to wild-type, but in contrast to wild-type, there is irregular locomotory behavior characterized by a 9.2% increase in speed of locomotion over a 1-minute interval, decreased turning frequency, reduced rate of reversals, and a 25% increase in the maximal distance covered over a 40 second interval (PubMed:18614679). Double knockout with the G-protein coupled receptor for GABA subunit gbb-2 results in a slight increase in sensitivity to Aldicarb and accelerated paralysis 50 minutes following exposure to Aldicarb as compared to the gar-2 and gbb-2 single mutants (PubMed:18614679).
Expressed in putative sensory neurons, many cells of the ventral cord and in the HSN motor neurons (PubMed:11032868). Expressed in some cholinergic motor neurons and GABAergic motor neurons, which are the two major types of ventral cord motor neurons (PubMed:18614679).
Expressed throughout development from the embryo to the adult (PubMed:11032868, PubMed:11700045). Expressed in the head region of larva (PubMed:11032868).
The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor mediates various cellular responses, including inhibition of adenylate cyclase, breakdown of phosphoinositides and modulation of potassium channels through the action of G proteins (PubMed:11032868, PubMed:11700045). Primary transducing effect is Pi turnover (By similarity). Regulates the activity of ventral cord motor neurons (PubMed:18614679). Couples to the G(o)-alpha G-protein subunit goa-1 to negatively regulate cholinergic receptor activity in the presence of high levels of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in ventral cord motor neurons (PubMed:18614679). As acetylcholine depolarizes body wall muscles, modulation of acetylcholine levels most likely results in the control locomotory behavior and egg-laying (PubMed:12954868, PubMed:18614679).
Probable component of the PAM complex at least composed of a mitochondrial HSP70 protein, GrpE, tim-44, tim-16 and dnj-21/tim-14. Associates with the TIM23 complex.
Regulates ATP-dependent protein translocation into the mitochondrial matrix.
The J-like region, although related to the J domain does not have co-chaperone activity.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 7 family.
Component of the Mediator complex (By similarity). Interacts with mdt-10 and mdt-21. Interacts with RNA polymerase II.
Component of the Mediator complex, a coactivator involved in the regulated transcription of nearly all RNA polymerase II-dependent genes. Mediator functions as a bridge to convey information from gene-specific regulatory proteins to the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. Mediator is recruited to promoters by direct interactions with regulatory proteins and serves as a scaffold for the assembly of a functional preinitiation complex with RNA polymerase II and the general transcription factors (By similarity). Required for germ cell development and gonadal growth.
3'-to-5' exoribonuclease specific for small oligoribonucleotides.
Belongs to the oligoribonuclease family.
The elongation of primed DNA templates by DNA polymerase delta and epsilon requires the action of the accessory proteins proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and activator 1.
Belongs to the RNase H2 subunit B family.
The RNase H2 complex is a heterotrimer composed of the catalytic subunit RNASEH2A and the non-catalytic subunits RNASEH2B and RNASEH2C.
Expressed in intestine, IL2 and IL6 neurons and some neurons in the head ganglia.
Induced by Gram-negative bacteria S.marcescens and B.thuringiensis infection.
Involved in resistance to Gram-negative bacterium S.marcescens and to bacterium Gram-positive S.aureus infection.
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes a reduction in survival in response to bacterium S.aureus infection.
Required for cell specification of the glutamergic PVR neuron.
Expressed in ventral motor neurons, including ventral and dorsal D-type neurons, and in a subset of cells in the head.
May interact (via SH2 domain) with receptor svh-2 (when tyrosine-phosphorylated) (PubMed:31109965). May interact (via C-terminus) with integrin pat-3 (PubMed:31109965).
Not involved in axon regeneration after injury.
Probable phosphatase which regulates axon regeneration after injury by linking the svh-2 and integrin signaling pathways.
Belongs to the sulfotransferase 1 family. NDST subfamily.
Essential bifunctional enzyme that catalyzes both the N-deacetylation and the N-sulfation of glucosamine (GlcNAc) of the glycosaminoglycan in heparan sulfate. Modifies the GlcNAc-GlcA disaccharide repeating sugar backbone to make N-sulfated heparosan, a prerequisite substrate for later modifications in heparin biosynthesis (Probable).
Present in some specific neurons in head and tail regions and muscles.
Ca(2+) release-activated Ca(2+)-like (CRAC-like) channel subunit which mediates Ca(2+) influx and increase in Ca(2+)-selective current by synergy with the Ca(2+) sensor, stim-1. Required for Ca(2+) and IP3-dependent contractile activity of sheath cells and the spermatheca. Affects brood size and somatic cell function.
Expressed in gonad sheath cells, hypodermis, intestine and spermatheca. Coexpressed with stim-1.
Worms exhibit an inhibition of intestinal Ca(2+) release activated Ca(2+) channel activity but has no effect on the initiation of posterior body wall muscle contraction, intestinal Ca(2+) oscillations or intestinal ER Ca(2+) store homeostasis. Attenuation also affects sterility and brood size.
Strongly expressed in body wall muscle during embryogenesis, reduces during the larval stages to adult. In late-stage larvae and adults, expression is evident in the proximal gonad of both hermaphrodites and males.
Expressed throughout the development and in adults.
Mild increase in embryonic lethality of progeny of X-ray-irradiated adults (PubMed:22383942). Slightly more spherical nuclei (PubMed:25653391). Simultaneous knockout of emr-1 and lem-2 leads to embryonic lethality, 8.5% shorter animals in larval stage L2, abnormal gonads and a developmental stop at late L2/early L3 (PubMed:22171324). Missing cell divisions in the postembryonic mesodermal lineage and failure to produce any of the differentiated M lineage cells (PubMed:22171324). Defects in the organization of chromatin, nuclear intermediate filaments, and nuclear pore complexes (NPCs), and defects in mitosis in cells that continue to divide after embryogenesis (PubMed:22171324). In the mitotic zone of the gonad, lmn-1 and NPCs are mislocalized and nuclei are misshaped (PubMed:22171324). Misshaped nuclei with large lmn-1 aggregates, clustered NPCs and condensed chromatin in somatic hypodermal cells (PubMed:22171324). Defects in motility, sarcomere organization, and muscle attachment to hypodermis (PubMed:22171324). Decreased motility and near paralysis at day 6 (PubMed:22171324). Disorganized thin and thick filaments of sarcomeres and abnormally positioned muscles at day 3 and 6 (PubMed:22171324). Decreased pumping rate of the pharynx (PubMed:22171324). RNAi-mediated knockdown causes an increase in the number of nuclei with pha-4 bound to the pax-1 promoter; observed in pharyngeal but not intestinal cells (PubMed:20714352). Simultaneous RNAi-mediated knockdown of lem-2 and emr-1 causes anaphase chromatin bridges and redistribution of baf-1 from the nuclear periphery to the segregating chromatin during anaphase (PubMed:12684533).
Nuclear lamina-associated inner nuclear membrane protein that is involved in cell division, nuclear structure organization, maintenance of nuclear envelope integrity and nuclear envelope reformation after mitosis (PubMed:11870211, PubMed:12684533, PubMed:22171324). Involved in chromosome segregation and cell division, probably via its interaction with the nuclear intermediate filament protein lmn-1, the main component of nuclear lamina (PubMed:11870211, PubMed:12684533). Required to organize the distribution of lmn-1, nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) and chromatin in mitotically active cells (PubMed:22171324). Together with lem-2, plays a role in baf-1 enrichment at the nuclear envelope in anaphase (PubMed:12684533). Together with lem-2, involved in muscle cell attachment to hypodermal cells, as well as muscle cell location and sarcomere organization (PubMed:22171324). May play a role in radiation-induced DNA damage repair response (PubMed:22383942). May repress binding of transcription factor pha-4 with target sequences in pharyngeal cells.
Ubiquitous (PubMed:11870211, PubMed:25653391). Expressed in all cells, except in cells undergoing spermatogenesis (PubMed:11870211). High expression in hypodermis, neurons, pharyngeal muscle, body wall muscle and gonadal sheath (PubMed:25653391).
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL9 family.
RNAi-mediated knockdown at the L1 larval stage, causes 20 percent increase in mei-1 protein levels.
The 26S proteasome is involved in the ATP-dependent degradation of ubiquitinated proteins. The regulatory (or ATPase) complex confers ATP dependency and substrate specificity to the 26S complex (By similarity). May play a role in the degradation of microtubule severing protein mei-1 (PubMed:22621901).
Component of the SCF (SKP1-CUL1-F-box protein)-type E3 ubiquitin ligase complex.
Expressed in neuroglial cells such as the socket cell and sheath cell, neurosecretory motor neurons and regions around the pharynx and anus.
RNAi-mediated knockdown reduces the rate of dauer formation following treatment with daumone, a pheromone which induces the dauer state (Ref.3, PubMed:30460068). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in a 10-20% increase in the average time interval between defecations in hermaphrodites (Ref.3, PubMed:30460068).
Substrate-recognition component of the SCF (SKP1-CUL1-F-box protein)-type E3 ubiquitin ligase complex (By similarity). Plays a role in regulating the entry into the dauer state (Ref.3, PubMed:30460068). In hermaphrodites, may play a role in modulating the rate of defecation (Ref.3, PubMed:30460068).
Belongs to the UbiA prenyltransferase family.
Catalyzes the prenylation of para-hydroxybenzoate (PHB) with an all-trans polyprenyl group. Mediates the second step in the final reaction sequence of coenzyme Q (CoQ) biosynthesis, which is the condensation of the polyisoprenoid side chain with PHB, generating the first membrane-bound Q intermediate.
Expressed in head cells next to and anterior of the first pharyngeal bulb, the pharynx, and the hypodermis.
Expressed throughout development (PubMed:29346382). First expressed in the embryonic pretzel stage (PubMed:29346382). In L1 stage larvae, expressed next to the pharyngeal bulb, between the mouth and first pharyngeal bulb, in the pharynx and in cells posterior to the second pharyngeal bulb (PubMed:29346382).
Protects dopaminergic neurons from degeneration caused by oxidative stress.
Belongs to the archaeal Rpo10/eukaryotic RPB10 RNA polymerase subunit family.
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Common component of RNA polymerases I, II and III which synthesize ribosomal RNA precursors, mRNA precursors and many functional non-coding RNAs, and a small RNAs, such as 5S rRNA and tRNAs, respectively. Pol II is the central component of the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. Pols are composed of mobile elements that move relative to each other. In Pol II, RBP10 is part of the core element with the central large cleft (By similarity).
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX1 subfamily.
Belongs to the AAA ATPase family. PCH2 subfamily.
Plays a key role in chromosome recombination during meiosis.
Required for the quantitative accumulation of H/ACA ribonucleoproteins (RNPs).
Defective extension of body wall muscle connections or arms towards the ventral nerve cord (PubMed:27123983). Double knockout with madd-3 results in severe muscle arm extension defects (PubMed:27123983). RNAi-mediated knockdown causes an accumulation in the proximal gonad of endomitotic mature oocytes in 22 percent of animals (PubMed:17326220).
Expressed in body wall muscles of larvae and adults (at protein level) (PubMed:27009202). Expressed in gonadal myoepithelial sheath cells (at protein level) (PubMed:17326220).
For most of its length, paramyosin appears to form an alpha-helical coiled coil and shows the heptad repeat of hydrophobic amino acid residues and the 28-residue repeat of charged amino acids characteristic of myosin heavy chains. However, paramyosin differs from myosin in having non-helical extensions at both termini and an additional 'skip' residue that interrupts the 28-residue repeat. The distribution of charged residues is also different from myosin heavy chains.
Homodimer (Probable). May interact with unc-89 (via SH3 domain) (PubMed:27009202).
Phosphorylated on serine residues in the N-terminal non-helical region.
Structural component of the muscle thick filaments which is involved in assembly and organization of sarcomere myofilaments (PubMed:2754728, PubMed:27009202). Involved in ovulation (PubMed:17326220). Plays a role in the formation of muscle connections, also called muscle arm extensions, between the body wall and the motor axons in the dorsal and ventral cord (PubMed:27123983).
Belongs to the peptidase C19 family. USP14/UBP6 subfamily.
Proteasome-associated deubiquitinase which releases ubiquitin from the proteasome targeted ubiquitinated proteins. Ensures the regeneration of ubiquitin at the proteasome (By similarity).
Was originally (Ref.1) thought to be a queuine tRNA-ribosyltransferase.
Probable receptor which is required for the oocyte-to-zygote transition although its exact function is controversial (PubMed:16360684, PubMed:20971008). Redundantly with egg-1, seems to be required for fertilization probably by promoting the interaction or fusion between sperm and oocyte (PubMed:16360684). Conversely, shown to be dispensable for fertilization but required together with egg-1 for the formation of a continuous and cohesive eggshell chitin layer by maintaining a homogenous distribution of chitin synthase chs-1 at the unfertilized oocyte cell membrane (PubMed:20971008). Appears to recruit or maintain together to the unfertilized oocyte cortex several proteins including chs-1, kinase mbk-2 and pseudophosphatase egg-3, and possibly egg-4 and egg-5 (PubMed:20971008).
Severe sterility at the restrictive temperature of 25 degrees Celsius (PubMed:16360684). Accumulation of unfertilized oocytes in the uterus, although this is controversial (PubMed:16360684). Simultaneous RNAi-mediated knockdown with egg-1 results in a fragmented eggshell chitin layer which often accumulates at one end of the embryo (PubMed:20971008). In unfertilized oocytes, disrupts the homogenous distribution of cortical chitin synthase chs-1, pseudophosphatase egg-3 and kinase mbk-2 (PubMed:20971008). In a egg-1 (tm1071) mutant background, causes polyspermy (PubMed:20971008).
Can function as a Delta(6) fatty acid desaturase. Introduces a double bond in the fatty acid chain 6 carbons away from carboxy terminal to biosynthesize polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) endogenously (PUFAs are essential for membrane structure and many cellular and physiological processes). Acts on a variety of substrates such as linoleoyl-CoA ((9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoyl-CoA, C18:2n-6) and alpha-linolenoyl-CoA ((9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadecatrienoyl-CoA, C18:3n-3) to produce gamma-linolenoyl-CoA ((6Z,9Z,12Z)-octadecatrienoyl-CoA, C18:3n-6) and (6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadecatetraenoyl-CoA (18:4n-3) respectively (PubMed:9480865, PubMed:11972048). Unlike plants, Caenorhabditis elegans desaturases seem to use fatty acyl-CoAs as substrates (By similarity). Plays a role in synaptic vesicle recycling by regulating synaptojanin unc-26 localization at synapses (PubMed:18094048).
HPO-19 and T05H4.4 are cytochrome b5 reductases required for PUFA desaturation in Caenorhabditis elegans. HPO-19 and T05H4.4 knockdown or mutation alter FAT-3 desaturase activity.
The fat-3 mutants lack detectable Delta6-unsaturated fatty acids and have decreased C20 fatty acids levels, these animals require an additional day of development before commencing egg laying (PubMed:11972048). Impaired synaptic vesicle (SV) recycling characterized by the presence of enlarged SV and the formation of abnormal endocytic membrane-bound structures at synapses. The number of SVs is reduced by 37 percent although SV production in neuron cell body and their transport to release sites are normal (PubMed:18094048).
Belongs to the cytochrome c oxidase VIIc family.
Expressed in body wall muscles and in the nervous system including ganglion, nerve ring dorsal and ventral nerve cords, motor neurons and sensory tail neurons.
Interacts with soc-2 (PubMed:9674433). Interacts (in GTP-bound form) with plc-1 (via Ras-associating domain 1) (PubMed:9497345).
The level of let-60 controls the switch between vulval and hypodermal cell fates during C.elegans vulval induction (PubMed:2257629, PubMed:2123303, PubMed:24929033, PubMed:28135265, PubMed:20230814, PubMed:32053105, PubMed:23103556). May stimulate the guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) activity of rap-1 (PubMed:10608844). May induce nuclear condensation (PubMed:23103556).
Bidirectional lipid cholinephosphotransferase capable of converting phosphatidylcholine (PC) and ceramide to sphingomyelin (SM) and diacylglycerol (DAG) and vice versa. Direction is dependent on the relative concentrations of DAG and ceramide as phosphocholine acceptors. Directly and specifically recognizes the choline head group on the substrate. Also requires two fatty chains on the choline-P donor molecule in order to be recognized efficiently as a substrate. Does not function strictly as a SM synthase (By similarity).
Interacts with baf-1. Interacts with protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) components.
Involved in mitotic nuclear envelope reassembly by promoting dephosphorylation of baf-1 during mitotic exit. Coordinates the control of baf-1 dephosphorylation by inhibiting VRK1 kinase and promoting dephosphorylation of baf-1 by protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), thereby facilitating nuclear envelope assembly. It is unclear whether it acts as a real PP2A regulatory subunit or whether it is involved in recruitment of the PP2A complex.
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mL54 family.
Activated by tyrosine and threonine phosphorylation catalyzed by MAP kinase kinase kinases.
Functions in the let-60 Ras signaling pathway; acts downstream of lin-45 raf kinase, but before the sur-1/mpk-1 gene product in controlling vulval cell differentiation (PubMed:7729690). Required for progression of developing oocytes through the pachytene stage (PubMed:19826475). Plays a role in responses to M.nematophilum-mediated bacterial infection by promoting tail swelling and preventing constipation (PubMed:15268855). Involved in fluid homeostasis (PubMed:11689700). Positively regulates lifespan upstream of mpk-1 (PubMed:20624915).
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes a defect in pachytene progression resulting in a proximal gonad devoid of nuclei. The phenotype is more severe in gck-1 km15 mutant background (PubMed:19826475). RNAi-mediated knockdown in adults decreases lifespan (PubMed:20624915).
Although the active site Cys-452 is conserved, another important catalytic site, 'Arg-458', is replaced by a Lys residue suggesting that egg-3 may lack catalytic activity. Despite the lack of catalytic activity, egg-3 may retain the capacity to bind to phosphorylated substrates.
Expressed in oocytes during meiosis I and II followed by proteasomal degradation at the 1-cell and 2-cell embryonic stages (at protein level).
Part of a complex, consisting of pseudophosphatases egg-3, egg-4, egg-5 and kinase mbk-2; this complex is required for the oocyte-to-zygote transition (PubMed:19879842, PubMed:19879147). Interacts (via tyrosine-protein phosphatase domain) with kinase mbk-2 (via N-terminus); the interaction does not affect mbk-2 kinase activity, is enhanced by mbk-2 tyrosine phosphorylation status and requires prior binding of mbk-2 to egg-4 and egg-5 (PubMed:17869113, PubMed:19879842, PubMed:19879147). Interacts with egg-4 (PubMed:19879147).
Probable pseudophosphatase required for the oocyte-to-zygote transition during which it regulates the polarized dispersal of the cortical actin cytoskeleton, the synthesis of the eggshell chitin layer and the formation of the polar bodies after meiosis I and II (PubMed:17869112). Acts as scaffold to tether kinase mbk-2 and pseudophosphatases egg-4 and egg-5 to the oocyte cortex and thus restricts mbk-2 activity to the cortex during meiosis I (PubMed:17869113, PubMed:17869112, PubMed:19879842, PubMed:19879147). Regulates mbk-2 localization to cytoplasmic foci during meiosis II (PubMed:17869113, PubMed:17869112). Also required for chitin synthase chs-1 localization to the cell cortex of unfertilized oocytes and to cytoplasmic foci in the fertilized embryo (PubMed:17869112).
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes hermaphrodite sterility characterized by the production of oocytes lacking an eggshell (PubMed:17869112). Prevents the polarized dispersal of cortical F-actin following oocyte fertilization without affecting the formation of the F-actin cap (PubMed:17869112). Impairs egg-4 and egg-5 cortical localization in oocytes (PubMed:19879147). Causes a loss of kinase mbk-2 cortical localization in oocyte in meiosis I (PubMed:17869113, PubMed:19879842, PubMed:19879147). RNAi-mediated knockdown in a mat-1 (ax227) mutant background, restores mbk-2 cytoplasmic relocalization and mbk-2-mediated degradation of pos-1 and mei-1 (PubMed:17869113). Simultaneous RNAi-mediated knockdown of mat-1 causes polyspermy and a failure to internalize egg-1 after oocyte fertilization (PubMed:20971008).
The N-terminal destruction box (D-box) motifs 1 and 2 act as a recognition signal for degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway.
Component of the intraflagellar transport (IFT) complex B required for transport of proteins in the motile cilium (PubMed:28479320, PubMed:15916950). May be required for ciliary entrance and transport of specific ciliary cargo proteins such as che-3 which are related to motility (PubMed:28479320).
Structural cilia defect: cilia are short and lack distal portions.
Belongs to the complex I 24 kDa subunit family.
Complex I is composed of 45 different subunits. This is a component of the flavoprotein-sulfur (FP) fragment of the enzyme (By similarity).
Expression is restricted to neurons. Expressed in AWB, AWC, AVA, AVB, AVX, BAG and URX neurons and in one tail neuron (at protein level).
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes 94 percent embryonic lethality when injected compared to 20 percent when fed. Partially rescues embryonic lethality in gain of function mei-1 (ct46) mutant background.
Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 4 (PP4) occurs in different assemblies of the catalytic and one or more regulatory subunits (By similarity). The catalytic subunit is likely to be pph-4.1 (PubMed:19087961).
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily.
Catalyzes the last two methylation reactions in the synthesis of phosphocholine, by converting phospho-monomethylethanolamine (N-methylethanolamine phosphate) into phospho-dimethylethanolamine (N,N-dimethylethanolamine phosphate) and the latter into phosphocholine. Phosphocholine is a precursor for phosphatidylcholine, a major component in membranes and a precursor itself in the production of glycoconjugates secreted by parasitic nematodes to avoid host immune responses.
Essential in multiple developmental steps, its disruption causes developmentally impaired worms.
Feedback inhibition by phosphatidylcholine and also by S-adenosylhomocysteine.
Component of the SDC complex, which consists of sdc-1, sdc-2 and sdc-3. Within the complex, interacts with sdc-2 and sdc-3.
Embryonic transcription factor regulating downstream genes involved specifically in the sex determination and dosage compensation pathways, or regulating other genes involved in the coordinate control of both processes (PubMed:2027384). Component of the SDC complex that functions in sex determination and in X chromosome dosage compensation specifically in hermaphrodite (XX) animals (PubMed:11937488). Involved in the recruitment of the condensin I-like dosage compensation complex to the male sex-determining autosomal gene her-1, thereby contributing to its repression and initiating hermaphrodite sexual development (PubMed:11937488). Similarly, might contribute to X-linked gene repression through recruitment of the dosage compensation complex to the X chromosomes in hermaphrodites (PubMed:11937488). Seems to be involved in the depletion of histone H4 lysine 16 acetylation (H4K16ac) on dosage compensated X chromosomes (PubMed:22393255). Plays a role in developmental rate and body fat regulation downstream of the TOR complex 2 pathway (PubMed:23884442).
In the TOR complex 2 mutant background rict-1, RNAi-mediated knockdown suppresses the growth delay and elevated body fat index.
Component of the MEC (MEP-1-containing complex) complex that contains let-418, mep-1 and hda-1 (PubMed:21060680). Component of a NURD complex that contains let-418, hda-1, lin-40 and lin-53 (PubMed:21060680). Interacts with lin-1 (PubMed:17466968). Interacts with pie-1 (PubMed:12507426). Interacts with akir-1 (PubMed:30036395).
Expressed in all interphase nuclei throughout development.
Larval arrest, protruding vulva, sterile progeny.
Part of a NuRD (Nucleosome Remodeling and Deacetylase) complex which is implicated in the synMuv B pathway that negatively regulates specification of vulval cell fate (PubMed:11076750, PubMed:21060680). This negative regulation is thought to be mediated via interaction with the promoter of lin-39, a key regulator in vulva development, and is dependent on the presence lin-1 (PubMed:17466968). Contributes to negative regulation of lag-2 which is expressed in the gut during larval development (PubMed:21060680). Has a broad role in development (PubMed:21060680). In association with akir-1, plays a role in regulating the transcription of antimicrobial peptide genes in response to fungal infection (PubMed:30036395).
Binds to mRNA in a sequence-independent manner. May play a role in regulation of pre-mRNA splicing or in the assembly of rRNA into ribosomal subunits. May be involved in mRNA transport. May be involved in epigenetic regulation of muscle differentiation through regulation of activity of the histone-lysine N-methyltransferase KMT5B (By similarity).
Associates with 90S and pre-40S pre-ribosomal particles.
Component of the 90S pre-ribosome involved in the maturation of rRNAs. Required for early cleavages of the pre-RNAs in the 40S ribosomal subunit maturation pathway.
Expressed from early embryogenesis and throughout all developmental stages (at protein level) (PubMed:22616817). Expressed in body wall muscle in embryos, young larvae and adults (at protein level) (PubMed:22616817).
Expressed in body wall muscle and gonad (at protein level).
Probable transcription factor; required for proper organization of muscle myofilaments and for their recruitment to the M line.
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes paralysis and arrested elongation at the two-fold stage of embryonic development.
Catalytic component of the CCR4-NOT complex which is one of the major cellular mRNA deadenylases and is linked to various cellular processes including bulk mRNA degradation, miRNA-mediated repression, translational repression during translational initiation and general transcription regulation (PubMed:23843623, PubMed:28204614). Within the complex, plays a role in miRNA-mediated deadenylation in embryos (PubMed:28204614). Within the complex promotes germ cell development and fertility in hermaphrodites (PubMed:23843623). Additional complex functions may be a consequence of its influence on mRNA expression.
Component of the CCR4-NOT complex at least composed of ccf-1, ccr-4 and let-711, which is required for germ cell development in hermaphrodites (PubMed:23843623). Within the complex interacts with let-711 (PubMed:23843623).
Expressed at all developmental stages in males and hermaphrodites (PubMed:23843623). Expressed at low levels in embryos and L1 stage larvae (PubMed:23843623).
Highly expressed in the germline (PubMed:23843623). In particular, highly expressed in germ cells that enter meiosis and progress through the pachytene stage (PubMed:23843623).
RNAi-mediated knockdown either results in sterility or a reduced brood size (PubMed:23843623). RNAi-mediated knockdown disrupts the arrangement, differentiation and maturation of oocytes in the proximal region and as a result small oocyte-like cells arrange in several rows in the germline (PubMed:23843623). RNAi-mediated knockdown reduces miRNA-mediated deadenylation (PubMed:28204614). RNAi-mediated knockdown reduces ccr-4 and ntl-1 protein levels (PubMed:28204614). In another study, RNAi-mediated knockdown does not alter the levels of let-711 or ccr-4 (PubMed:23843623). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in reduced global poly(A) tail deadenylation (PubMed:23843623).
Expressed in head region of the larva. In adults, expression is seen in the periventricularis magnocellularis (PVM) neuron.
Expressed throughout development from embryonic to adult stage, highest level seen in early larvae. Isoform A is the most abundant and isoform C is the least.
The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor mediates various cellular responses, including inhibition of adenylate cyclase, breakdown of phosphoinositides and modulation of potassium channels through the action of G proteins. Primary transducing effect is Pi turnover.
Cellular oxygen sensor which regulates the stability and the activity of hypoxia-inducible transcription factor, hif-1. In normoxic conditions, hydroxylates hif-1 targeting it for vhl-1-mediated proteasomal degradation (PubMed:11595184). In addition, regulates hif-1 transcriptional activity in a vhl-1-independent manner and independently of its hydroxylase activity (PubMed:19737748). By regulating hif-1 activity, controls several cellular responses. Mediates susceptibility to B.thuringiensis and V.cholerae pore-forming toxins and enteropathogenic E.coli (PubMed:20011506, PubMed:16091039). Mediates susceptibility to P.aeruginosa PAO1-mediated killing by regulating resistance to cyanide produced by P.aeruginosa (PubMed:10611362, PubMed:11591663, PubMed:20865124). Mediates resistance to S.aureus-mediated killing (PubMed:22792069). In addition, plays a role in heat acclimation, neuronal development, behavioral responses to reoxygenation and hydrogen sulfide, iron homeostasis and aging (PubMed:12686697, PubMed:18477695, PubMed:22405203, PubMed:19372390, PubMed:22396654). In neurons, involved in mitochondrion fusion during reoxygenation (PubMed:24385935). Involved in egg laying (PubMed:10611362, PubMed:11813735).
In larvae and adults, expressed in pharyngeal and body wall muscles.
Inhibited by Co(2+) and dimethyloxalylglycine (PubMed:11595184). Inhibited by the iron chelator 2, 2'-dipyridyl (PubMed:19737748).
Interacts (via catalytic domain) with lin-10 (via N-terminus); the interaction regulates lin-10 subcellular localization; the interaction is direct (PubMed:22252129). Interacts (via catalytic domain) with swan-1 (via WD 1-3 repeats); the interaction may regulate vhl-1-independent hif-1 transcriptional activity; the interaction is direct (PubMed:20865124). Interacts (via C-terminus) with cysl-1; the interaction is enhanced by hydrogen disulfide and activates hif-1-mediated transcription; the interaction is direct (PubMed:22405203).
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes enhanced resistance to polyglutamine or amyloid-beta-mediated paralysis and an increase in adult life span (PubMed:19372390). In addition, causes resistance to B.thuringiensis pore-forming toxin CryA21-mediated toxicity (PubMed:20011506).
Regulates the trafficking of the glutamate receptor glr-1, probably independently of hif-1, by regulating lin-10 subcellular localization in response to oxygen levels. May hydroxylate lin-10.
The MYND-type domain is not required for oxygen-mediated hif-1 degradation or for inhibiting hif-1 transcriptional activity (PubMed:19737748). Susceptibility to S.aureus infection requires the Ser-rich region but not the MYND-type or Fe2OG dioxygenase domains (PubMed:22792069).
Belongs to the glutaminyl-peptide cyclotransferase family.
Autoacetylation at Lys-268 is required for binding histones with high affinity and for proper function.
Probable catalytic subunit of the Tip60 chromatin-remodeling complex. May acetylate nucleosomal histone H4 and H2A (PubMed:15068795). Acts in the determination of vulval and distal tip cell (DTC) precursor cell fates (PubMed:15068795, PubMed:20181741).
Belongs to the complex I 23 kDa subunit family.
May have antimicrobial activity. May play a role in response to fungal infection.
Mitochondrial enzyme that catalyzes reactions of the mitochondrial beta-oxidation pathway.
Linker protein which helps to recruit the Rho GTPase-activating protein, pac-1, to adherens junctions.
Mutants are 97% viable. However, the Rho GTPase-activating protein, pac-1, does not localize to adherens junctions.
Expression is detected only in pharyngeal muscle cells from embryos to adults.
Worms exhibit developmental arrest at gastrulation.
Involved in the 5-carboxymethylaminomethyl modification (mnm(5)s(2)U34) of the wobble uridine base in mitochondrial tRNAs.
May be required for cell division and may have a role during G1 or S phase.
Forms part of complex II containing four subunits: a flavoprotein (FP), an iron-sulfur protein (IP) and a cytochrome b composed of a large and a small subunit.
Membrane-anchoring subunit of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) that is involved in complex II of the mitochondrial electron transport chain and is responsible for transferring electrons from succinate to ubiquinone (coenzyme Q).
Probable component of the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), a cell cycle-regulated E3 ubiquitin ligase that controls progression through mitosis and the G1 phase of the cell cycle (By similarity). The APC/C complex acts by mediating ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of target proteins (By similarity). Developmental role in early embryogenesis and the metaphase to anaphase transition in oocyte and spermatocyte meiosis and mitosis in germ cells (PubMed:11134076). Required for embryonic anterior-posterior axis formation (PubMed:11832245). Plays a role in regulating the abundance of glr-1 receptors in postmitotic neurons, which may in turn control animal locomotion (PubMed:15556870). Involved in regulating GABA neurotransmitter release at neuromuscular junctions in GABA motor neurons (PubMed:24321454).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results arrest at the one-cell stage of embryogenesis.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the gamma-glutamyl phosphate reductase family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the glutamate 5-kinase family.
Chromatin anchor protein which binds to methylated lysine residues on histone H3, thereby recruiting heterochromatin to the nuclear periphery, especially in embryonic cells, with a lesser role in differentiated cells (PubMed:26607792, PubMed:31118512). May be required for the correct positioning of chromatin and nucleoli in embryos (PubMed:26607792).
Expressed at all developmental stages from embryogenesis to adulthood. Evenly expressed in most tissues during the L1 stage of larval development, however, expression is weak in the intestine and high in muscle.
Interacts with mono-, di- and tri-methylated 'Lys-9' residues on histone H3. Weakly interacts with methylated 'Lys-37' residues on histone H3.
Reduced anchoring of heterochromatin to the nuclear periphery which is exacerbated on an mrg-1 mutant background and is partially blocked by RNAi-mediated knockdown of cbp-1 or atf-8 (PubMed:26607792, PubMed:31118512). Altered nucleolar localization with nucleoli positioned away from the nuclear periphery (PubMed:26607792). When exposed to hlh-1, a transcription factor that induces muscle differentiation, 25% of embryos continue to develop and the embryonic cells do not transdifferentiate into muscle-like cells like their wild-type counterparts (PubMed:26607792).
Belongs to the ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase small chain family.
Belongs to the complex I subunit 4L family.
Component of a dynein-regulating complex composed of at least bicd-1, dlc-1 and egal-1.
Part of a complex with bicd-1 and dlc-1, which is recruited to the nuclear envelope by unc-83, where in turn, it recruits dynein to the nuclear surface and regulates nuclear migration in hypodermal precursor cells.
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in animals that are viable. However, animals display a small, but significant, defect in nuclear migrations in hyp7 hypodermal precursor cells where an average of 3%, and up to 21% in a single animal, of nuclei fail to migrate.
Belongs to the XPG/RAD2 endonuclease family. FEN1 subfamily.
Binds 2 magnesium ions per subunit. They probably participate in the reaction catalyzed by the enzyme. May bind an additional third magnesium ion after substrate binding.
Interacts with PCNA. Three molecules of crn-1 bind to one PCNA trimer with each molecule binding to one PCNA monomer. PCNA stimulates the nuclease activity without altering cleavage specificity (By similarity). Interacts with cps-6.
Phosphorylated. Phosphorylation upon DNA damage induces relocalization to the nuclear plasma.
Structure-specific nuclease with 5'-flap endonuclease and 5'-3' exonuclease activities involved in DNA replication and repair. During DNA replication, cleaves the 5'-overhanging flap structure that is generated by displacement synthesis when DNA polymerase encounters the 5'-end of a downstream Okazaki fragment. It enters the flap from the 5'-end and then tracks to cleave the flap base, leaving a nick for ligation. Also involved in the long patch base excision repair (LP-BER) pathway, by cleaving within the apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) site-terminated flap. Acts as a genome stabilization factor that prevents flaps from equilibrating into structures that lead to duplications and deletions. Also possesses 5'-3' exonuclease activity on nicked or gapped double-stranded DNA, and exhibits RNase H activity. Also involved in replication and repair of rDNA and in repairing mitochondrial DNA (By similarity). Can associate and cooperate with cps-6 to promote stepwise DNA fragmentation, utilizing the endonuclease activity of cps-6 and both of its own 5'-3' exonuclease activity and gap-dependent endonuclease activity. May play a critical role in switching the state of cells from DNA replication/repair to DNA degradation during apoptosis.
Component of the BBSome complex (By similarity). The BBSome complex is thought to function as a coat complex required for sorting of specific membrane proteins to the primary cilia (By similarity). The BBSome complex is required for ciliogenesis but is dispensable for centriolar satellite function (By similarity). Required for proper BBSome complex assembly and its ciliary localization (PubMed:22922713). Required for cilia biogenesis and both the assembly and movement of intraflagellar transport proteins along the ciliary axoneme (PubMed:22022287, PubMed:22922713). In ciliated sensory neurons, required for the sensation of nitric oxide and avoidance of NO-producing organisms like P.aeruginosa (PubMed:30014846).
Mutants have normal body morphology, but with reduced body length and width, delayed larval development and decreased roaming movements (PubMed:22022287). Defective cilia structure and function characterized by an increased accumulation and mislocalization of intraflagellar transport proteins and impaired movement of intraflagellar transport proteins along the ciliary axoneme (PubMed:22922713). Disrupted assembly of the BBSome complex at the base of the cilia (PubMed:22922713). Defective avoidance of nitric oxide and P.aeruginosa (PubMed:30014846).
Part of BBSome complex, that contains bbs-1, bbs-2, bbs-4, bbs-5, osm-12, bbs-8/ttc-8 and bbs-9 (By similarity). Interacts with bbs-1 (PubMed:22922713).
Catalyzes the first glycosylation step in glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, the transfer of glucose to ceramide to produce glucosylceramides (GlcCer). GlcCer are known to contribute to the physical properties and physiological functions of membranes and may regulate signal transduction (PubMed:11443131, PubMed:19240113, PubMed:21325339). Only branched-chain sphingoid bases like 15-methylhexadecasphing-4-enine are used for generating complex sphingolipids in Caenorhabditis elegans (PubMed:7651085).
Expressed mostly in intestine and vulva.
Acyltransferase which mediates the conversion of lysophosphatidylinositol (1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylinositol or LPI) into phosphatidylinositol (1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoinositol or PI) (LPIAT activity). Prefers sn-2-LPI rather than sn-1-LPI as the acyl acceptor. Lysophospholipid acyltransferases (LPLATs) catalyze the reacylation step of the phospholipid remodeling pathway also known as the Lands cycle. Involved in the selective incorporation of arachidonoyl-CoA ((5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoyl-CoA) and (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-eicosapentaenoyl-CoA (EPA-CoA) into PI (PubMed:18094042). Besides its role in biomembranes, PI is a precursor of PI 3-phosphate (PIP3) and its fatty acid composition has an important role in PI3P signaling (PubMed:22862955).
Belongs to the membrane-bound acyltransferase family.
Expressed ubiquitously throughout development from early embryo to larval and adult stages. In adults, strongly expressed in pharyngeal muscle, body wall muscle, vulval cells, distal tip cells, intestinal cells and spermatheca.
Mutants show larval arrest at an early developmental stage and egg-laying defects; 14% of mutants accumulate unlaid eggs that hatched internally.
Expressed in both somatic cells and germ cells from the one-cell stage onwards.
RNAi-mediated knock-down is maternal effect embryonic lethal. Embryogenesis proceeds more slowly, with embryos displaying defects in the positioning and shape of epidermal cells.
Catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of L-xylulose, D-xylulose, L-(+) erythrulose, D-erythrose, D-threose, L-ribulose, 1,4-dibromo-2,3-butanedione and 2,3-heptanedione (PubMed:21477590). Also active against isatin, 9,10-phenanthrenequinone, menadione, 2,3-hexaenadione and 3,4-hexahenadione (PubMed:21300042). No activity observed when tested using NADH rather than NADPH (PubMed:21300042).
Detected at the two-fold embryo stage. Expressed in the intestine during L1 to L3, followed by expression in uterine seam, gonadal sheath cells and spermathecal-uterus valve at L4.
Expressed in intestine, gonad and spermatids (at protein level). Expressed in intestine, uterine seam, gonadal sheath cells, spermathecal-uterus valve and spermatids.
Reduced life span and impaired egg-laying function resulting in the retention of eggs. Exogenous addition of serotonin, which triggers vulval muscle contraction, or imipranine, a serotonin uptake inhibitor, rescues the ability to lay eggs, showing that the morphology of the vulva muscles and HSN neurons is normal.
Strongly inhibited by 10% dimethyl sulfoxide.
Expressed in the 2 embryonic head hypodermal cells XXXL/R.
Its phosphatase activity is uncertain. Lacks in vitro phosphatase activity with p-nitrophenylphosphate, even if the catalytic Cys is conserved.
Moderate increase in constitutive dauer larva formation at 27 degrees Celsius. Increases constitutive dauer larva formation at 25 degrees Celsius in akt-1 mg306, age-1 hx546 or pdk-1 sa709 mutant backgrounds. Normal lifespan.
Putative phosphatase which, together with eak-4 and sdf-9, negatively regulates dauer larva formation downstream of insulin-like receptor daf-2 and in parallel of age-1, pdk-1 and akt-1.
Expressed in gonads, nervous system, intestine and muscles.
Interacts with lab-1; the interaction is direct.
Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase essential for chromosomal dynamics during meiosis and mitosis. During meiosis, promotes chromosomal cohesion and germline immortality via a small RNA-mediated genome silencing pathway (PubMed:30921322). Antagonizes the function of air-2 kinase during meiosis I and mitosis to promote chromatid cohesion and spindle attachment (PubMed:18923084). Dephosphorylates histone H3 at 'Ser-10' (Probable). Dephosphorylates histone H3 at 'Thr-3' (Probable). Also involved in the activation of chloride channel clh-3 during cell swelling and meiotic maturation. Promotes small RNA-mediated genome silencing over multiple generations (PubMed:30921322). Essential for embryogenesis.
Dioxygenase that specifically demethylates DNA methylated on the 6th position of adenine (N(6)-methyladenosine) DNA (PubMed:25936839). N(6)-methyladenosine (m6A) DNA is involved in epigenetic transgenerational inheritance (PubMed:25936839). Plays an essential role in DNA replication and repair in the germline during meiosis (PubMed:31283754). Binds to components of the DNA replication machinery such as top-2, and directs their localization to DNA to control DNA replication (PubMed:31283754).
Interacts with top-2; the interaction is required for localization of top-2 to DNA (PubMed:31283754). Also interacts with mtss-1, his-24, ule-3, C18B2.3, pgl-1, ceh-93, mcm-4 and F37C4.5 (PubMed:31283754).
Expressed in hypodermis first at the two-fold stage and throughout the larval stages but not at the adult stage. Detected in the body seams after the L4 stage with expression maintained in adults. Detected in the male tail structural cells at the late L4 stage and also maintained in adults. Detected at different developmental stages in vulva, PQR neurons and several neuronal processes in the head region.
Plays an important role in determining body shape and sensory ray morphology, possibly by acting as a signaling molecule outside the expressing cell.
The EGF-like domain and the SXC (ShKT) domain are essential for the biological activity of the protein. May function as protein interaction domains.
Catalyzes the oxidative ring opening of 3-hydroxyanthranilate to 2-amino-3-carboxymuconate semialdehyde, which spontaneously cyclizes to quinolinate.
Detected in intestine, pharynx, vulval muscles and body wall muscles.
Developmental arrest at larval stage L1 or L2. RNAi-mediated knockdown results in aberrant splicing of tos-1 mRNA with increased intron 1 retention and exon 3 skipping, leading to increased expression levels of tos-1 isoforms 1 and 2. However there is no obvious recognition of the cryptic 3' splice site in tos-1 intron 1.
Mitochondrial membrane ATP synthase (F(1)F(0) ATP synthase or Complex V) produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane which is generated by electron transport complexes of the respiratory chain. F-type ATPases consist of two structural domains, F(1) - containing the extramembraneous catalytic core, and F(0) - containing the membrane proton channel, linked together by a central stalk and a peripheral stalk. During catalysis, ATP synthesis in the catalytic domain of F(1) is coupled via a rotary mechanism of the central stalk subunits to proton translocation. Part of the complex F(0) domain and the peripheric stalk, which acts as a stator to hold the catalytic alpha(3)beta(3) subcomplex and subunit a/ATP6 static relative to the rotary elements.
Lysosomal lipid chaperone which binds to a wide range of unsaturated fatty acids, including high affinity binding to oleic acid and oleoylethanolamide, to transport them into the nucleus (PubMed:31292465, PubMed:25554789). As part of a lysosome-to-nucleus retrograde lipid signaling pathway, translocates into the nucleus where it activates the transcription of genes promoting longevity and activation of mitochondrial beta oxidation (PubMed:30713071, PubMed:25554789).
Induced by Gram-positive bacterium S.aureus infection (PubMed:24882217). Down-regulated by exposure to Gram-positive bacterium B.thuringiensis spore toxins (PubMed:21931778).
Plays a role in resistance to Gram-positive bacteria S.aureus or B.thuringiensis infection.
Reduced survival in response to bacterium B.thuringiensis infection (PubMed:21931778). Simultaneous RNAi-mediated knockdown of ilys-2 results in a reduction in survival following bacterium S.aureus infection.
Catalyzes the reversible synthesis of acetylcholine (ACh) from acetyl CoA and choline at cholinergic synapses (By similarity). Required in SIA sublateral cholinergic motor neurons for a left-right turning behavior that occurs during the lethargus phase of the normal sleep process called 'flipping' (PubMed:28244369). During 'flipping' animals rotate 180 degrees about their longitudinal axis (PubMed:28244369).
Expressed in SIA, SIB and SMB sublateral motor neurons.
RNAi-mediated knockdown in SIA sublateral motor neurons results in abnormal sleep behavior whereby larvae display a defect in 'flipping,' which is a left-right turning behavior that occurs during sleep.
Decreased locomotion velocity (PubMed:27585848). Restores normal quiescence during molting between larval and adult stages, in neuropeptide receptor npr-1 mutant background (PubMed:27585848).
Expressed in a subset of neurons in the head, midbody, and tail, including AIY, ASI, BAG, URA, CAN, I6, PVQ, DVA, RIM, and VC, and in the anal sphincter and intestinal muscles (PubMed:27585848). Expression from the ASI neurons is involved in promoting arousal (PubMed:27585848).
G-protein coupled receptor for flp-2 neuropeptides (PubMed:15809090, PubMed:24533288). May act through the G(q) alpha type of G proteins (PubMed:15809090, PubMed:24533288). Involved in mediating arousal from the sleep-like state called lethargus, which occurs during molting between larval and adult stages, in part by regulating touch sensitivity, and working in concert with neuropeptide pdf-1 (PubMed:27585848).
Expressed in germ cells of L4 larvae (PubMed:33231880). Expressed at high levels in the pachytene stage of the meiotic region of L4 larvae (PubMed:33231880).
Together with pid-5, it is involved in gene silencing mediated by a class of 21 nucleotide PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) that possess a uracil residue at the 5'-end (also called 21U-RNAs) and guide the Piwi protein prg-1 to its DNA targets for silencing (PubMed:33231880). Together with pid-5, it is required for the biogenesis of secondary and tertiary 22G-siRNAs (PubMed:33231880). Specifically, promotes the production of 22G-siRNAs from the 5' end of target mRNAs (PubMed:33231880). Together with pid-5, plays a role in small RNA-directed transgenerational epigenetic inheritance (also called RNAe) over several generations and germline immortality (PubMed:33231880). Together with pid-5, plays a role in the formation of liquid-like condensates in the cytoplasm called Z granules (PubMed:33231880).
Belongs to the U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein C family.
Component of the spliceosomal U1 snRNP, which is essential for recognition of the pre-mRNA 5' splice-site and the subsequent assembly of the spliceosome. U1-C is directly involved in initial 5' splice-site recognition for both constitutive and regulated alternative splicing. The interaction with the 5' splice-site seems to precede base-pairing between the pre-mRNA and the U1 snRNA. Stimulates commitment or early (E) complex formation by stabilizing the base pairing of the 5' end of the U1 snRNA and the 5' splice-site region.
U1 snRNP is composed of the 7 core Sm proteins B/B', D1, D2, D3, E, F and G that assemble in a heptameric protein ring on the Sm site of the small nuclear RNA to form the core snRNP, and at least 3 U1 snRNP-specific proteins U1-70K, U1-A and U1-C. U1-C interacts with U1 snRNA and the 5' splice-site region of the pre-mRNA.
Component of the RMI complex, containing at least top-3, rmh-1 and rmh-2 (By similarity). Component of the BTR double Holliday Junction dissolution complex composed of at least him-6, top-3, rmh-1 and rmif-2, which is involved in double strand break repair in the germline (Probable). Interacts with rmif-2; the interaction is direct and is required for mutual stability and localization at nuclear foci (PubMed:34252074). May interact with him-6; the interaction is required for mutual stability and localization at nuclear foci (PubMed:27011106). May interact with top-3 (PubMed:27011106).
Essential component of the RMI complex, a complex that plays an important role in the processing of homologous recombination intermediates to limit DNA crossover formation in cells (By similarity). Component of the BTR double Holliday Junction dissolution complex, which is involved in homologous recombination during meiotic double strand break repair in the germline (Probable). Promotes top-3 binding to double Holliday junctions (DHJ) and hence stimulates top-3-mediated dissolution (By similarity). Stabilizes and positively regulates the localization of the BTR double Holliday Junction dissolution complex components rmif-2 and him-6 at nuclear foci during meiotic recombination (PubMed:27011106, PubMed:34252074). Plays a role in double strand break repair by regulating the accumulation of rad-51 at double strand breaks during meiosis (PubMed:27011106). Positively regulates chiasma formation and DNA crossover designation, formation and positioning on chromosome arms (away from the chromosome center) during meiotic homologous recombination (PubMed:27011106, PubMed:34252074). Specifically localizes him-6 to DNA crossover sites along chromosome arms (PubMed:27011106). Also plays a role in the repair of non-crossover homologous recombination intermediates during meiosis (PubMed:27011106). Not required for chromosome pairing and synapsis (PubMed:27011106). Together with rmh-2, positively regulates larval development (PubMed:27011106).
Expressed in the germline throughout early pachynema in meiotic prophase I (at protein level) (PubMed:27011106, PubMed:34252074). Expression progressively increases during pachytene in meiotic prophase I, peaking during mid-pachytene and reducing at late pachytene (at protein level) (PubMed:27011106).
Tudor domain specifically binds peptides with symmetrically dimethylated arginines (sDMA) and may facilitate protein-protein interactions.
Belongs to the queuosine salvage protein family.
Component of a core catenin-cadherin complex consisting of hmr-1, hmp-1 and hmp-2; the complex localizes to adherens junctions (Probable). May interact with hmp-2 (PubMed:11560894).
Present in all embryonic blastomeres at early stages of development.
Required for cell migration during body enclosure and cell shape changes during body elongation (PubMed:9531567). Required for proper localization of other junctional components, such as pac-1 (PubMed:25938815).
Worms arrest their elongation at the 1.25X to 1.5X stage.
Acts in chromosome segregation and organization during mitosis.
Defects in cytokinesis, spindle orientation, chromosome segregation, osmotic regulation and merotelic attachments of microtubules to chromosomes.
Associates with pre-60S ribosomal particles; released from the pre-60S particle very early in the cytoplasm.
Belongs to the ZNF593/BUD20 C2H2-type zinc-finger protein family.
Involved in pre-60S ribosomal particles maturation by promoting the nuclear export of the 60S ribosome.
Belongs to the JHDM1 histone demethylase family. JHDM1D subfamily.
Competitively inhibited by 2-hydroxyglutarate.
Histone demethylase required for nervous system development (PubMed:20346720). Specifically demethylates dimethylated 'Lys-9', 'Lys-23' and 'Lys-27' (H3K9me2, H3K23me2 and H3K27me2, respectively) of histone H3, thereby playing a central role in histone code (PubMed:20346720, PubMed:21251613, PubMed:20567262, PubMed:26476455). Promotes mitochondrial stress-induced longevity (PubMed:27133168).
Impaired locomotion (PubMed:20346720). While wild-type animals move by alternating dorsal and ventral flexions along the body length, producing a regular sinusoidal track on bacteria, the track pattern left by mutants is irregular, with increased wavelength (distance between successive peaks of a wave) but unchanged amplitude of the wave (PubMed:20346720). An increase of H3K9me2 and H3K27me2 levels is observed (PubMed:20346720). RNAi-mediated knockdown suppresses mitochondrial stress-mediated longevity (PubMed:27133168).
Mainly expressed in neurons. Also weakly expressed in some muscle, intestinal and hypodermal cells.
The PHD-type zinc finger mediates binding to H3K4me3.
Acts as a transcription factor that recognizes and binds to the sequence 5'-[GA]TTA[CT]GTAA[CT]-3', a sequence present in many promoters (PubMed:16310763, PubMed:21502138). Involved in the development of the excretory duct cell, by positively modulating embryonic transcription of putative transcription factor lin-48, acting in concert with cell death specification protein ces-2 (PubMed:16310763). Negatively modulates expression of key autophagy-related genes, bec-1/ATG6 and lgg-1/ATG8, and may link together autophagy and apoptosis during development (PubMed:21502138). Positively modulates expression of neuropeptide pigment dispersing factor homologs pdf-1 and pdf-2 (PubMed:19686386).
Expression begins in the embryo and persists into larval and adult stages (PubMed:16310763). Expressed in the excretory duct cell, as well as other cells, at larval L3 stage (PubMed:16310763).
Interacts with cell death specification protein ces-2.
Phosphorylated by mitogen-activated protein kinases pmk-2 and pmk-3 (PubMed:11703092). May be responsive to osmotic stress (PubMed:11703092).
Extremely potent competitive inhibitor of cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity, this protein interacts with the catalytic subunit of the enzyme after the cAMP-induced dissociation of its regulatory chains.
Component of the N-terminal acetyltransferase B (NatB) complex (By similarity). Interacts with acer-1 (PubMed:25768301).
High embryonic and larval lethality with viable progeny displaying a high incidence of males phenotype (PubMed:18535664, PubMed:25768301). Defective chromosomal morphogenesis, segregation and alignment due to the failure of central region components of the synaptonemal complex to assemble onto chromosomes during meiosis (PubMed:18535664). Severe chromosomal and meiotic defects include a delay in chromosome dispersal upon entry into the pachytene stage; impaired stability of homologous pairing interactions resulting in a failure to form chiasmata for crossover recombination, and increased DNA double strand break repair upon entry into and throughout the pachytene stage of meiosis possibly resulting in impaired meiotic recombination (PubMed:18535664). Germ cell defects resulting in increased germ cell apoptosis (PubMed:18535664). Decreased histone acetylation in meiotic germ cell nuclei from the premeiotic tip to the late pachytene stage with the most prominent decrease upon meiotic entry and during the pachytene stages (PubMed:25768301). Decreased acetyl-CoA production (PubMed:25768301). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in reduced histone H2AK5 acetylation (PubMed:25768301).
Non-catalytic subunit of the NatB complex which catalyzes acetylation of the N-terminal methionine residues of proteins beginning with Met-Asp or Met-Glu (By similarity). Required for chromosome organization and arrangement; specifically for assembly of the central region components of the synaptonemal complex onto chromosomes during meiosis and for DNA double stranded break formation and repair (PubMed:18535664, PubMed:25768301). Acts downstream of xnd-1 to regulate levels of histone acetylation in germ and somatic cell nuclei by controlling acetyl-CoA production through antagonizing the acetyl-CoA hydrolase activity of acer-1 (PubMed:25768301).
Synthetic multivulva class B (synMuvB) protein (PubMed:16020796, PubMed:17075059). SynMuvB proteins are required to repress the induction of vulval development by Ras signaling and probably act by forming the multiprotein DRM complex that represses transcription (PubMed:17075059). In association with the zinc finger protein ztf-11, negatively regulates the expression of non-neuronal genes during neurogenesis (PubMed:31386623).
May form a homodimer (PubMed:31147388). Component of the pid-1 variant of the PETISCO complex (also called the pid-3, erh-2, tofu-6, and ife-3 small RNA complex) containing at least pid-1, tofu-6, ife-3, pid-3, and erh-2, which is required for the biogenesis of a class of 21 nucleotide PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) that possess a uracil residue at the 5'-end (also called 21U-RNAs) (PubMed:31147388, PubMed:31216475). Within the complex interacts with pid-1 (PubMed:31147388, PubMed:31216475). Component of the tost-1 variant of the PETISCO complex (also called the pid-3, erh-2, tofu-6, and ife-3 small RNA complex) containing at least tost-1, tofu-6, ife-3, pid-3, and erh-2, which plays an essential role in embryogenesis (PubMed:31147388, PubMed:31216475). Within the complex interacts with tost-1 (PubMed:31216475, PubMed:31147388). Within the pid-1 and tost-1 variants of the PETISCO complexes interacts with pid-3 (PubMed:31216475, PubMed:31147388). Within the pid-1 and tost-1 variants of the PETISCO complexes interacts with tofu-6 (via the RRM domain) (PubMed:31216475). In contrast to the pid-1 variant of the PETISCO complex, the tost-1 variant of the PETISCO complex plays a minor role in the biogenesis of 21U-RNAs (PubMed:31147388).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in chromosome segregation and cell division defects in early embryos (PubMed:31216475). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in defective activity of the PIWI-interacting RNA (piRNA) silencing pathway (PubMed:31147388). RNAi-mediated knockdown disrupts the localization of tofu-6 to the perinuclear region of the germline (PubMed:31216475). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in larger tofu-6- and pid-3-expressing foci (PubMed:31216475). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in decreased expression of tost-1 in the germline and in embryos (PubMed:31216475).
Required for chromosome segregation and cell division in early embryos (PubMed:31216475). Component of the pid-1 and tost-1 variants of the PETISCO complexes, which have roles in the biogenesis of a class of 21 nucleotide PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) that possess a uracil residue at the 5'-end (also called 21U-RNAs) and embryogenesis, respectively (PubMed:31147388, PubMed:31216475). Within the tost-1 variant of the PETISCO complex binds to splice leader SL1 RNA fragments to possibly play a role in their processing (PubMed:31147388). Promotes the biogenesis of 21U-RNAs (PubMed:31216475).
Involved in the export of cellular mRNA to the cytoplasm (PubMed:23149939). Plays a role in the nuclear retention of unspliced mRNAs (PubMed:23149939).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in severe growth retardation, lethality and reduces the accumulation of unspliced tra-2 in the cytoplasm of rnp-4/RBM8A RNAi mutants.
The RNA-binding domain is a non-canonical RNP-type domain.
Activates acetoacetate to acetoacetyl-CoA (By similarity). Negatively regulates let-60 Ras activity during vulval induction.
Control of topological states of DNA by transient breakage and subsequent rejoining of DNA strands. Topoisomerase II makes double-strand breaks (By similarity). Essential during mitosis in the adult germline and during embryogenesis for proper segregation of daughter chromosomes (PubMed:20116245, PubMed:23684975, PubMed:27707787). Required for centromere resolution during mitosis (PubMed:18202360). Required for chromosome segregation in anaphase of meiosis I during spermatogenesis (PubMed:27707787). Promotes cleavage furrow stability during cytokinesis upon the presence of chromatin obstructions (PubMed:23684975). Promotes DNA break formation upon zygotic genome activation in the Z2 and Z3 primordial germ cells in L1 larvae, thereby activating a checkpoint response (PubMed:26073019). Essential for embryogenesis (PubMed:18202360).
Expressed in the hermaphrodite and male germline.
Homodimer (By similarity). Interacts with nmad-1; the interaction is required for localization of top-2 to DNA (PubMed:31283754). Interacts with gcna-1; this interaction allows the resolution of topoisomerase 2 DNA-protein cross-links (PubMed:31839538).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in embryonic lethality (PubMed:18202360). Disrupts proper hcp-3 localization on mitotic chromosomes indicating unresolved kinetochores and inhibits centromere resolution (PubMed:18202360). Causes a chromosome segregation defect during the first embryonic mitotic divisions without affecting cytokinesis (PubMed:20116245, PubMed:27707787, PubMed:23684975). Leads to increased localization of the condensin component capg-1 to the spindle midzone and the midbody and to chromatin bridges with enriched levels of capg-1 (PubMed:23684975). Increased levels of phosphorylated air-2 at the spindle midzone, indicating activation of the abscission checkpoint (PubMed:23684975). Leads to cleavage furrow regression and failed cytokinesis during the second embryonic division (PubMed:23684975). Results in lack of rad-51 foci formation which are indicative for DNA damage in Z2/Z3 primordial germ cells and leads to premature cell-cycle reentry of the Z2/Z3 cells in L1 stage larvae (PubMed:26073019).
No obvious phenotype. RNAi-mediated knockdown suppresses the egg laying defect of lin-12 n302 mutant. A similar phenotype occurs in a lin-12 and sel-5 double mutant.
Serine/threonine-protein kinase which may play a role in lin-12-mediated cell-fate decisions.
Highly expressed in the germline (at protein level).
Inactivation of ife-3 results in 100% embryonic lethality.
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in maternal effect lethal (Mel phenotype) and masculinization of the germline (Mog phenotype) phenotypes (PubMed:31147388). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in defective activity of the PIWI-interacting RNA (piRNA) silencing pathway (PubMed:31147388).
Recognizes and binds the 7-methylguanosine-containing mRNA cap during an early step in the initiation of protein synthesis and facilitates ribosome binding by inducing the unwinding of the mRNAs secondary structures. All 5 eIF4E proteins bind monomethyl cap structures. Only ife-1, ife-2 and ife-5 bind trimethyl cap structures which result from trans-splicing. Translation of trimethyl cap structure mRNAs may be regulated by intracellular redox state; disulfide bonds change the width and depth of the cap-binding cavity determining selectivity to mRNA caps. Ife-3 is essential for viability. Component of the pid-1 and tost-1 variants of the PETISCO complexes, which have roles in the biogenesis of a class of 21 nucleotide PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) that possess a uracil residue at the 5'-end (also called 21U-RNAs) and embryogenesis, respectively (PubMed:31147388, PubMed:31216475). Within the pid-1 variant of the PETISCO complex binds to capped 21U-RNA precursor molecules, possibly playing a role in the processing of the 5' end of the molecules to promote binding of other complex components such as pid-3 (PubMed:31147388). However, it is not essential for the biogenesis of 21U-RNAs by itself (PubMed:31147388). Within the tost-1 variant of the PETISCO complex binds to splice leader SL1 RNA fragments to possibly play a role in their processing (PubMed:31147388).
eIF4F is a multi-subunit complex, the composition of which varies with external and internal environmental conditions. It is composed of at least eIF4A, eIF4E and eIF4G. eIF4E is also known to interact with other partners. Interacts with mxt (PubMed:26294658). Component of the pid-1 variant of the PETISCO complex (also called the pid-3, erh-2, tofu-6, and ife-3 small RNA complex) containing at least pid-1, tofu-6, ife-3, pid-3, and erh-2, which is required for the biogenesis of a class of 21 nucleotide PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) that possess a uracil residue at the 5'-end (also called 21U-RNAs) (PubMed:31147388, PubMed:31216475). Component of the tost-1 variant of the PETISCO complex (also called the pid-3, erh-2, tofu-6, and ife-3 small RNA complex) containing at least tost-1, tofu-6, ife-3, pid-3, and erh-2, which plays an essential role in embryogenesis (PubMed:31147388, PubMed:31216475). Within the pid-1 and tost-1 variants of the PETISCO complexes interacts with tofu-6 (via C-terminus) (PubMed:31216475, PubMed:31147388). In contrast to the pid-1 variant of the PETISCO complex, the tost-1 variant of the PETISCO complex plays a minor role in the biogenesis of 21U-RNAs (PubMed:31147388).
May form part of a signal transduction pathway, transducing the signal from diacylglycerol to effector functions (PubMed:2062851). One such function could be the release of neurotransmitter from neurons (PubMed:2062851). Probably by regulating neuronal transmission downstream of lin-3 and receptor lin-23 and phospholipase plc-3 and upstream of innexin unc-7 and egl-4/PKG in ALA neurons, involved in the decrease in pharyngeal pumping during the quiescent state that precedes each larval molt, (PubMed:17891142).
The phorbol ester binding activity is zinc and calcium-dependent.
Worms exhibit diverse nervous system defects.
The protein was originally predicted to include a TKFQDFLRF-amide peptide, although TKFQDFLRF-amide has no effect on the activity of dissected pharyngeal myogenic muscle system.
Belongs to the phosphatase 2A regulatory subunit B family.
Part of a complex consisting of a common heterodimeric core enzyme, composed of catalytic subunit let-92 and constant regulatory subunit paa-1, that associates with a variety of regulatory subunits which confer distinct properties to the holoenzyme (Probable). Interacts with let-92 (PubMed:21497766).
Probable regulatory subunit of serine/threonine phosphatase let-92. Together with let-92 and constant regulatory subunit paa-1, positively regulates centriole duplication during early embryonic cell divisions by preventing the degradation of sas-5 and kinase zyg-1 (PubMed:21497766). In addition, during vulva development, may play a role with phosphatase let-92 and regulatory subunit paa-1 in the induction of vulva cell precursors by positively regulating let-60/Ras-MAP kinase signaling, probably by promoting lin-45 activation (PubMed:10521400, PubMed:14724126). In intestinal epithelial cells, may play a role in the late secretory pathway probably by regulating the exocyst, a protein complex involved in targeting secretory vesicles to the plasma membrane (PubMed:24192838).
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes severe embryonic lethality (PubMed:10521400). In mutants, during the first embryonic divisions, P1 cell initiates division prior to AB cell, spindles appear abnormal or collapse during anaphase and chromatin bridges and supernumerary centrosomes are often detected (PubMed:14724126). In addition, RNAi-mediated knockdown causes a partial defect in centriole duplication during the first embryonic divisions where 24% of spindles are monopolar and 47% have asymmetric spindles, a decrease in the spindle protein sas-5 levels and occasional bridging of chromatin with no obvious defects in cell cycle progression or mitotic exit (PubMed:21497766). The few surviving animals of RNAi-mediated knockdown lack a vulva resulting from defects in vulva cell induction, vulva precursor cell (VPC) generation and in vulval execution lineage, and are slightly uncoordinated (PubMed:10521400). In L4 larvae mutants, somatic mpk-1/ERK phosphorylation is also severely reduced (PubMed:14724126). In intestinal epithelial cells, RNAi-mediated knockdown causes an accumulation of SNARE proteins including snb-1, snap-29 and syx-4 (PubMed:24192838). RNAi-mediated knockdown at the L1 larval stage in the exocyst component exoc-8 (ok2523) mutant background results in lethality (PubMed:24192838).
Predicted to be inactive as the cysteine residue involved in the catalytic reaction is a lysine at position 223.
Together with eak-4 and phosphatase eak-6, negatively regulates dauer larva formation downstream of insulin-like receptor daf-2 and in parallel of age-1, pdk-1 and akt-1.
Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily. Sugar transporter (TC 2.A.1.1) family. Glucose transporter subfamily.
Facilitative glucose transporter that plays a role in glucose metabolism and regulation of longevity. May also play a role in lipid metabolism. Glucose transport activity of isoform a is competitively inhibited by mannose, galactose and fructose, suggesting ability to transport also other hexose sugars.
Isoform a is expressed in pharyngeal muscle and intestinal cells in both embryos and adults (at protein level).
RNAi-mediated knockdown of the protein causes reduced 2-deoxy-D-glucose uptake, glucose oxidation and glucose conversion to triglyceride; simultaneous knockout of daf-2 or age-1 causes further reductions. The lifespan in low glucose environment is extended by 20-25% after knockdown, with 7% extension in daf-2 mutant background and no significant extension in age-1 mutant background. Fat accumulation in intestinal cells is increased. Brood size and dauer formation are not affected.
Arginine methyltransferase that can both catalyze the formation of omega-N monomethylarginine (MMA) and symmetrical dimethylarginine (sDMA).
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. Protein arginine N-methyltransferase family. PRMT7 subfamily.
Expressed in the buccal cavity, pharynx, anterior gut and rectum.
Mutants have an egg-laying defect and reduced brood size with 20.8% displaying embryonic lethality whilst 28.38% arrest at the larval stage. Recombination intermediates accumulate in mid pachytene nuclei resulting in delayed meiotic double stranded break repair. Irregular polar body extrusion from the egg pronucleus and localization following meiotic divisions which can lead to aneuploidy in the embryo. Altered meiotic chromosomal organization due to shorter axial elements in late pachytene nuclei. Defective chromatin remodeling in late pachytene meiotic chromosomes characterized by increased cohesin associated with diplotene chromosomes, but reduced association in late diakinesis oocytes, changes in axial element composition including absent axial element coiling, accumulation of cohesin and a more linear appearance of axial elements, and altered disassembly of the synaptonemal complex in diplotene and diakinesis oocytes (PubMed:26841696). RNAi-mediated knockdown leads to aberrant localization of the cohesin component scc-1 to mitotic metaphase chromosomes (PubMed:18202360).
Regulator of meiotic chromosome structure and function, playing a role in sister chromatid cohesion, possibly via antagonizing the coh-3/-4 association with axial elements in nuclei during late prophase, cohesin association with chromatin, DNA double strand break repair and polar body positioning following meiotic divisions during oogenesis (PubMed:26841696). Regulates the morphogenesis and temporal assembly of axial elements to control the organization of meiotic chromosomes in pachytene nuclei and is also involved in meiotic chromosomal remodeling in late pachytene nuclei (PubMed:26841696). Required for the removal of the cohesin component scc-1 from mitotic chromosomes (PubMed:18202360).
Belongs to the myo-inositol oxygenase family.
Expressed in PVT neurons and pharyngeal muscles.
No visible phenotype. In a zig-5 mutant background, 74 percent of animals have cell bodies of ASI and ASH head neurons displaced either on the top of or anterior to the nerve ring. In addition, double mutants show defects in the positioning of the ventral nerve cord (VNC) axons characterized by axons of embryonically generated PVQ, PVP and HSN neurons from the left and right VNC drifting into the opposite cord (axon flip-over). Both defects begin at the L3 larval stage and become more pronounced at the L4 larval and adult stages. Cell body and axon positioning is normal in embryos and in L1 larvae. In a zig-1, zig-2, zig-3 or zig-4 mutant background, cell body positioning of ASI and ASH head neurons is normal. In unc-13 or unc-54 mutant background, where locomotion is impaired, cell body positioning of ASI and ASH neurons is normal. In a sax-7 (nj53) mutant background, cell body and axon positioning is normal. Simultaneous RNAi-mediated knockdown of zig-5 and zig-8 at the embryonic, larval or adult stage causes a displacement of ASI and ASH head neurons in 6 to 9 percent of animals.
Together with zig-5, required postembryonically to maintain the position of ASI and ASH head neuron cell bodies and ventral nerve cord axons of PVQ, PVP and HSN neurons by preventing their displacement that could occur during body growth and movement. May act by reducing L1CAM-like protein sax-7 (long isoform) adhesion.
Belongs to the TFIIF beta subunit family.
TFIIF is a general transcription initiation factor that binds to RNA polymerase II and helps to recruit it to the initiation complex in collaboration with TFIIB.
First detected early in the generation of the clonal E cell lineage that is committed to intestinal development and then increases to maximal levels in actively differentiating intestinal and body wall muscle cells. Highest activity in embryos and falls dramatically during L1 larval development (PubMed:7781887). Expression is highest in L3 larval stage with low levels at other stages (PubMed:21884719).
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the malate synthase family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the isocitrate lyase/PEP mutase superfamily. Isocitrate lyase family.
Expressed broadly in the nervous system.
May negatively modulate calmodulin/cmd-1 expression via a negative feedback loop in which the IQ domains bind to calmodulin.
Transcription factor (PubMed:34499028). Positively modulates neuronal levels of the ubiquitous Ca2+ sensor calmodulin/cmd-1, probably by direct binding to the cmd-1 promoter, thereby regulating Ca2+ signaling, physiology, and behavior (PubMed:34499028).
The conversion to 3-oxoalanine (also known as C-formylglycine, FGly), of a serine or cysteine residue in prokaryotes and of a cysteine residue in eukaryotes, is critical for catalytic activity.
Cleaves A-5'-PPP-5'A to yield AMP and ADP.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the UPF0012 family.
Expressed predominantly in the second larval stage.
May be directly or indirectly involved in cuticle function.
Interacts with caspase ced-3 (via propeptide); the interaction tethers ced-3 to the nuclear membrane and prevents its autoprocessing in absence of ced-4.
May serve as a docking site in the receptor-mediated import of substrates across the nuclear pore complex (By similarity). Plays a role in apoptosis by tethering caspase ced-3 to the nuclear membrane preventing its autoprocessing in absence of ced-4.
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes no visible phenotype (PubMed:12937276). Simultaneous knockdown of npp-2 results in embryonic lethality (PubMed:12937276). RNAi-mediated knockdown in a ced-1 (e1735) and ced-3 (n718) double mutant background partially restores embryonic cell apoptosis (PubMed:27723735).
Catalyzes the transfer of a farnesyl moiety from farnesyl diphosphate to a cysteine at the fourth position from the C-terminus of several proteins. The beta subunit is responsible for peptide-binding.
Defective endocytosis by occytes characterized by either reduced or non-detectable yolk protein in the oocytes and by an accumulation of aggregated yolk in the pseudocoelomatic space (PubMed:19798448). This is more pronounced in the double knockout with toca-2 where nearly 100% of animals display this phenotype (PubMed:19798448). Double knockout mutants with toca-2 also produce 20% fewer eggs compared to wild-type animals and there is some embryonic lethality whereby the dying embryos display defective morphogenesis including failed epidermal enclosure with extruding gut cells and increased width of the intestinal lumen (PubMed:19798448). This perhaps results from failed intercalation and migration of hypodermal cells and irregular protein trafficking as indicated by an accumulation of the cell junction protein ajm-1 and diffuse localization of actin at cell junctions (PubMed:19798448, PubMed:26578656). These double mutants also demonstrate defective endosomal sorting of recycling cargo proteins such as mig-14 (PubMed:25775511). Double knockown with unc-84 results in defective hypodermal P-cell nuclear positioning with nuclei failing to migrate during larval development and a reduced number of GABA neurons (PubMed:23150597).
Expressed in the germline and specifically in the gonads.
Interacts (via SH3 domain) with wsp-1 (PubMed:19798448). Interacts with cdc-42 and (via SH3 domain) with wve-1 (PubMed:25775511).
Plays a role in protein trafficking, actin organization and embryonic morphogenesis (PubMed:19798448). Potentially acts as cdc-42 effector (PubMed:25775511). May play a role in hypodermal P-cell nuclear positioning (PubMed:23150597). Together with toca-2, is required for protein trafficking regulating yolk protein clathrin-mediated endocytosis by oocytes during oogenesis and retrograde recycling and the sorting of recycling endosome cargo proteins such as mig-14 (PubMed:19798448, PubMed:25775511). Also, together with toca-2, controls the distribution of actin at cell junctions (PubMed:19798448, PubMed:26578656).
Ubiquitously expressed in developing embryos.
Component of the signal recognition particle (SRP) complex, a ribonucleoprotein complex that mediates the cotranslational targeting of secretory and membrane proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) (By similarity). F37F2.2/srpa-19 together with F25G6.8/srpa-14 and the Alu portion of the SRP RNA, constitutes the elongation arrest domain of SRP (By similarity). The complex of F37F2.2/srpa-19 and F25G6.8/srpa-14 is required for SRP RNA binding (By similarity).
Heterodimer with ZK512.4/SRP9; binds RNA as heterodimer (By similarity). Component of a signal recognition particle (SRP) complex that consists of a 7SL RNA molecule of 300 nucleotides and six protein subunits: srpa-72, srpa-68, SRP54, F37F2.2/SRP19, F25G6.8/SRP14 and ZK512.4/SRP9 (By similarity).
Required for vesicle-mediated transport. Catalyzes the fusion of transport vesicles within the Golgi cisternae. Is also required for transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi stack. Seems to function as a fusion protein required for the delivery of cargo proteins to all compartments of the Golgi stack independent of vesicle origin (By similarity).
Required for vesicle-mediated transport. Catalyzes the fusion of transport vesicles within the Golgi cisternae. Is also required for transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi stack. Seems to function as a fusion protein required for the delivery of cargo proteins to all compartments of the Golgi stack independent of vesicle origin.
Detected in differentiating oocytes with highest levels observed in developing ooctyes in the distal portion of the proximal gonad.
Expressed during a specific period of late oogenesis, from late meiotic pachytene to late diakinesis. Repressed prior to terminal oocyte differentiation.
Production of viable embryos and predominantly normal oocytes with a low percentage showing misorganization. Does not affect germline development in adult hermaphrodites. Impaired repression of glp-1 and fog-1. Simultaneous knockdown of puf-5, puf-6 and puf-7 results in abnormally small oocytes, disorganization of oocyte nuclei and cells, inefficient yolk uptake by oocytes, embryonic arrest with impaired eggshell formation and cytokinesis defects, impaired repression of glp-1 in late oogenesis, and mislocalization of rme-2 to the cytoplasm instead of the plasma membrane.
RNA-binding protein that binds to the consensus sequence 5'-CUCUGUAUCUUGU-3' in mRNA 3'-UTRs and modulates mRNA expression and stability. Functions redundantly with puf-6 and puf-7 in oocyte formation and organization, early embryonic cell divisions, and repression of expression of glp-1 and other maternal mRNAs in late oogenesis.
Acts as a component of the essential kinetochore-associated ndc-80 complex, which is required for chromosome segregation in mitosis and meiosis and spindle checkpoint activity (PubMed:14522947). Plays a role in kinetochore assembly and recruits the checkpoint protein mdf-2 and the spindly-like protein spdl-1 to unattached kinetochores (PubMed:18765790, PubMed:19109417, PubMed:24231804). Mediates the formation of end-on kinetochore-microtubule attachments through recruitment of spdl-1 (PubMed:24231804). The ndc-80 complex synergistically enhances the affinity of the ska-1 complex for microtubules and may allow the ndc-80 complex to track depolymerizing microtubules (PubMed:23085020).
Component of the NDC80 complex, which is composed of at least ndc-80 and him-10 (PubMed:14522947). The NDC80 complex interacts with knl-1 (PubMed:14522947). Interacts with the RZZ complex components rod-1 (via N-terminus) and zwl-1 (PubMed:24231804).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in embryonic lethality (PubMed:24231804). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in defective cell division characterized by irregular chromosome segregation, premature spindle pole separation and defective formation of kinetochore-microtubule attachments (PubMed:24231804). In addition there is reduced localization of the spindly-like protein spdl-1 to kinetochores (PubMed:18765790).
Belongs to the adaptor complexes medium subunit family. Delta-COP subfamily.
Expressed in amphid and phasmid ciliated neurons, and also pharyngeal, touch receptor and motor neurons.
Catalyzes the adenylation of flavin mononucleotide (FMN) to form flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) coenzyme.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the PAPS reductase family. FAD1 subfamily.
The molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis protein-like region may not be functional.
Transport of phosphate groups from the cytosol to the mitochondrial matrix.
Component of a Polycomb group (PcG) multiprotein PRC1-like complex, a complex class required to maintain the transcriptionally repressive state of many genes, throughout development (By similarity). Required for ubiquitination of histone H2A (PubMed:19211678). Plays a role in the formation of the male-specific genital sensilla (simple sense organs) known as rays (PubMed:19211678). Required for normal migration of the hermaphrodite specific neurons (HSN) and for extension of some neuronal processes (PubMed:19211678). Represses vulval fates in hypodermal cells that do not normally contribute to vulval development (PubMed:19211678).
Expression begins early in embryogenesis and continues in larval development and into adulthood of males and hermaphrodites.
Viable, but has defects in the male-specific genital sensilla (simple sense organs) known as rays (PubMed:19211678). Defects in the migration and axon extension of the hermaphrodite specific neurons (HSN) during embryogenesis (PubMed:19211678). Ubiquitin-modified histone H2A is not detected in mutants (PubMed:19211678). RNAi-mediated knockdown in a lin-15 mutant background causes a multiple vulva (Muv) phenotype (PubMed:19211678).
After L2 growth stage movement is subdued and development is stunted. Increased sensitivity to tunicamycin which induces an unfolded protein response symptomatic of endoplasmic reticulum stress.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family. GCN2 subfamily.
Forms dimers with HSPA5/BIP in resting cells. Oligomerizes in ER-stressed cells (By similarity).
Perturbation in protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) promotes reversible dissociation from HSPA5/BIP and oligomerization, resulting in transautophosphorylation and kinase activity induction (By similarity).
Phosphorylates the alpha subunit of eukaryotic translation-initiation factor 2 (eIF2alpha), leading to its inactivation and thus to a rapid reduction of translational initiation and repression of global protein synthesis (PubMed:10677345). May phosphorylate eIF2alpha during hypoxia (PubMed:20733002). Proposed to have a role in alleviating endoplasmic reticulum stress (PubMed:10677345, PubMed:11779465, PubMed:16184190).
The lumenal domain senses perturbations in protein folding in the ER, probably through reversible interaction with HSPA5/BIP.
Belongs to the phosphatidyl serine synthase family.
Catalyzes a base-exchange reaction in which the polar head group of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) is replaced by L-serine.
Calcium-binding enhances the activity of the enzyme.
Embryonic lethality in 2.7% of embryos and 17% reduction in brood size compared to wild type (PubMed:34329293). No larval arrest or high incidence of male phenotypes (PubMed:34329293). Disrupted mitotic progression characterized by a reduction in the length of the premeiotic tip which is where mitotically dividing nuclei are located in the germline, and furthermore the nuclei in this region are disorganized (PubMed:34329293). Increases methylation of 'Lys-4' of histone H3 in embryos, in premeiotic tip nuclei and pachytene nuclei (PubMed:34329293). Increases the expression of spr-5 in mitotic cells (PubMed:34329293). Reduces expression of mlh-1 (PubMed:34329293). Induces DNA damage response without exogenous DNA damage exposure by increasing the expression of DNA damage marker egl-1 and increasing the number of phosphorylated chk-1 foci in embryos, premeiotic tip-transition zone and pachytene nuclei (PubMed:34329293). Increases the numbers of rad-51 positive foci in nuclei in the late pachytene stage of meiosis and increases germ cell apoptosis (PubMed:34329293). Reduces sensitivity to interstrand cross-link DNA damage induced by cisplatin or nitrogen mustard (PubMed:34329293). Increased numbers of rad-51 positive foci in nuclei in gonads and chromosome fragmentation results at the premeiotic tip following exposure to nitrogen mustard (PubMed:34329293).
Histone demethylase that demethylates di-methylated 'Lys-4' of histone H3, a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional activation, thereby acting as a corepressor (PubMed:34329293). Acts by oxidizing the substrate by FAD to generate the corresponding imine that is subsequently hydrolyzed (By similarity). Plays a role in the mitotic development of the germline (PubMed:34329293). May be involved in H3 demethylation in mitotic cells including gut and embryonic cells (PubMed:34329293). Plays a role in sensitivity upon interstrand cross-link DNA damage, probably by positively regulating the expression of mlh-1 (PubMed:34329293). Plays a role in developmental growth and lifespan regulation in response to ultraviolet-induced damage (PubMed:33046905). No obvious role in larval development, sex chromosome segregation or for regulating meiotic crossover frequency (PubMed:34329293).
In hermaphrodites, expressed in gut cells, embryonic cells and sheath cells (PubMed:34329293). Not expressed in sperm or pharyngeal neurons (PubMed:34329293).
Expressed in the intestine, neurons and muscles.
Belongs to the GMC oxidoreductase family.
Interacts with LEM domain proteins lem-2 and emr-1 (PubMed:11870211, PubMed:12684533). May interact with unc-84; this interaction may be required to complete the connection between the nuclear lamina and the cytoskeleton (PubMed:25057012).
It is the only lamin protein in C.elegans.
Major component of the nuclear lamina, a fibrous layer on the nucleoplasmic side of the inner nuclear membrane (PubMed:11071918, PubMed:25057012). Provides a framework for the nuclear envelope and probably also interacts with chromatin (PubMed:11071918, PubMed:25057012). Essential to maintain the shape and integrity of the nucleus, and for DNA replication (PubMed:11071918). Involved in spatial organization of nuclear pore complexes (PubMed:11071918). It is not a target for ced-3 during apoptosis, suggesting that lamin cleavage is not essential for apoptosis in C.elegans (PubMed:12064941).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in the irregular localization of nuclear envelope associated proteins such as unc-84 (PubMed:11870211). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in nuclear migration defects in hyp7 hypodermal precursor cells (PubMed:25057012).
Ubiquitous. Expressed in all cells, except in cells undergoing spermatogenesis.
Ubiquitin-binding protein that specifically recognizes and binds 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitin. Does not bind 'Lys-48'-linked ubiquitin. Positively regulates the internalization of ligand-activated EGFR by binding to the Ub moiety of ubiquitinated EGFR at the cell membrane.
Dictates male development. Probably plays a direct role in cell signaling during C.elegans sex determination. Inhibits the function of tra-2a.
Belongs to the LDH/MDH superfamily. MDH type 1 family.
Catalyzes the reversible conversion of (S)-malate to oxaloacetate in the citric acid cycle.
Expressed throughout postembryonic development and adulthood (at protein level) (PubMed:10049576). In young larvae (10 h posthatching), expressed in five rectal epithelial cells, three left-right pairs of neurons, and four to six bilateral pairs of body-wall muscle cells, in the posterior body region (at protein level) (PubMed:10049576). At the same developmental stage, also expressed in the pair of hermaphrodite-specific neurons (HSN), in the mid-body adjacent to the gonad (at protein level) (PubMed:10049576). In early larvae, expressed in the male tail, and in hermaphrodite Ll stage larvae (0-2.5 hr post-hatching) in the most posterior body region and the tail (PubMed:17574230, PubMed:8101474). Expressed in most if not all somatic cells in the male gonad, with the exception of the linker cell (LC) and distal tip cells (DTCs) and their progenitors (PubMed:20553900).
Fails to swell on exposure to the rectal pathogen M.nematophilum, a coryneform bacterium.
Interacts with the TCF transcription factor pop-1.
Involved in control of cell fate and pattern formation along the anterior-posterior axis, acting mainly in the tail (PubMed:8101474, PubMed:1879361, PubMed:10049576). Required during embryonic and postembryonic development (PubMed:1879361). Essential for the determination of specific neurons, including the PLM touch neurons (PubMed:8101474, PubMed:12835398). Plays a role in neural fate specification in the hermaphrodite-specific neuron (HSN)/PHB neuron lineage, acting in concert with T-box protein tbx-2 and the asymmetric cell division protein ham-1 (PubMed:18505863). Required for male gonadal fate determination, acting in parallel with a WNT/beta-catenin pathway, perhaps by recruiting pop-1 to male-specific gonadal target genes (PubMed:20553900). Involved in development of the hermaphrodite hindgut, and for the response to rectal infection by the coryneform bacterium M.nematophilum (PubMed:19232338).
Belongs to the eukaryotic release factor 1 family.
Directs the termination of nascent peptide synthesis (translation) in response to the termination codons UAA, UAG and UGA.
Heterodimer of two subunits, one of which binds GTP.
Regulator of the TOR pathway, a signaling cascade that promotes cell growth in response to growth factors, energy levels, and amino acids. May activate the TOR signaling cascade in response to amino acids.
Expressed in intestine, pharyngeal muscle cells, and a subset of neurons.
Highly expressed during the early (L1-L3) larval stages, lower expression levels are seen in L4 larvae, adults, and embryos.
Delta(9)-fatty acid desaturase that acts preferentially on stearoyl-CoA (octadecanoyl-CoA) producing the monounsaturated oleoyl-CoA ((9Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA), one of the most abundant monounsaturated fatty acid in Caenorhabditis elegans phospholipids and triacylglycerols. Also acts on palmitoyl-CoA (hexadecanoyl-CoA), heptadecanoyl-CoA and (11E)-octadecenoyl-CoA (trans-vaccenoyl-CoA), the monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) produced are further used as substrates to synthesize polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) by several other desaturases and elongases (PubMed:16839188, PubMed:10872837, PubMed:29237573). Unlike plants, Caenorhabditis elegans desaturases seem to use fatty acyl-CoAs as substrates (By similarity).
Expressed in the intestine in adult worms and in all four larval stages. Additional expression in the hypodermis in all life stages.
Mediates ATP-dependent export of organic anions and xenobiotics from the cytoplasm. Hydrolyzes ATP with low efficiency (By similarity).
Degraded in a lysosome-dependent manner before hatching.
First expressed in hypodermal, seam, and P cells at the 3-fold stage during embryogenesis (at protein level) (PubMed:33872306). During late embryogenesis, expressed in hypodermal and P neural progenitor cells (at protein level) (PubMed:33872306). At the late L1 larval stage, expressed in the descendants of P cells, rectal epithelial F, K, and U cells and seam cells (at protein level) (PubMed:33872306).
Transporter, which promotes the endocytosis-mediated degradation of hedgehog-related proteins such as grl-7 in order to establish the capacity of progenitor cells to maintain quiescence in arrested L1 stage larvae.
Aspartic protease which plays a role in heme homeostasis and mediates inter-organ signaling between the intestine and extra-intestinal tissues when cellular heme levels are low.
RNAi-mediated knockdown in larvae results in defective heme accumulation in the intestine under low heme conditions (PubMed:28581477). Double RNAi-mediated knockdown with hrg-4 or mrp-5 in larvae results in defective heme sensing (PubMed:28581477).
Synthesized in the intestine (PubMed:28581477). When secreted in low heme conditions, localizes to neurons near the anterior and posterior regions of the body and in coelomocytes (PubMed:28581477).
Catalyzes the transfer of mannose from Dol-P-Man to lipid-linked oligosaccharides.
E1 activity is regulated by phosphorylation (inactivation) and dephosphorylation (activation) of the alpha subunit.
The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex catalyzes the overall conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA and CO(2).
Mutant embryos do not display the anterior cortical contractions associated with pseudocleavage and do not form a pseudocleavage furrow. Cortical actin foci remain uniformly distributed rather than the asymmetric distribution seen in wild-type embryos. Approximately 20% of mutant embryos fail to hatch. Those that do hatch are viable and fertile and display normal P granule localization. Increased embryonic lethality in par-1, par-2 and par-3 mutants.
Required for formation of the pseudocleavage furrow during the first cleavage of the embryo and also mediates aster-induced furrowing during cytokinesis. Promotes cortical recruitment of ani-1 and nmy-2 during pseudocleavage and cytokinesis and promotes the accumulation of actin at furrowing regions. Regulates establishment of embryonic cell polarity.
Belongs to the chaperonin (HSP60) family.
Implicated in mitochondrial protein import and macromolecular assembly. May facilitate the correct folding of imported proteins. May also prevent misfolding and promote the refolding and proper assembly of unfolded polypeptides generated under stress conditions in the mitochondrial matrix (By similarity).
Associates with TFIID-TFIIA (DA complex) to form TFIID-IIA-IIB (DAB-complex) which is then recognized by RNA polymerase II.
General transcription factor that plays a role in transcription initiation by RNA polymerase II (Pol II) (By similarity). Involved in the pre-initiation complex (PIC) formation and Pol II recruitment at promoter DNA (By similarity). Essential for early embryonic development (PubMed:11566890).
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes arrested development at 90-100 cells and inhibits differentiation (PubMed:11566890). The two E cell daughters (E2 cells), which form the endoderm, divide abnormally early, immediately after the MS2 cells (PubMed:11566890). Phosphorylation of the RNA Pol II large subunit C-terminal domain (CTD) is reduced severely in embryos (PubMed:11566890).
Belongs to the complex I NDUFA7 subunit family.
Belongs to the cyclin family. Cyclin E subfamily.
Essential for the control of the cell cycle at the G1/S (start) transition (PubMed:12606285). In association with cdk-2, regulates proliferation, quiescent state and cell fate during the development of several cell lineages (PubMed:10952902, PubMed:17476329, PubMed:21558371, PubMed:21455289). In the embryo, initiates the establishment of cell polarity through the recruitment of the centrosomal proteins spd-2 and spd-5 during prophase (PubMed:17115027). During the development of the vulva, controls the onset of vulval cell terminal differentiation by controlling the duration of G1 phase (PubMed:10952902, PubMed:20005870). During hypoderm development at early larval stages, controls syncytial fate of seam cell daughter cells (PubMed:17476329). Involved in the progression of cell division in the intestinal lineage in larvae, and in particular in endoreplication, a specific growth pathway in the intestinal epithelium, required for feeding and gut development in growing larvae (PubMed:17466069). By controlling the activity of translational repressor gld-1, regulates the pool of germline stem cells and the size of the mitotic zone by preventing entry into meiosis (PubMed:21455289). In addition, repression of expression by gld-1 prevents mitosis re-entry in meiotic germline cells (PubMed:19758560).
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Ubiquitous embryonic pattern of expression declines during embryogenesis and disappears from most cells in comma-stage embryos coincident with the completion of the majority of embryonic cell divisions. Expression levels drop and become restricted and dynamic during postembryonic development (PubMed:12606285). During the development of distal tip cells, expressed asymmetrically between the daughters of the Z1.a and Z4.p cells; asymmetric expression is regulated by wrm-1, a component of the Wnt/MAPK pathway (PubMed:17476329). In the gonads, expression is restricted to the proliferating distal germline cells (PubMed:12606285, PubMed:21558371). In germline cells entering meiosis, expression is repressed by gld-1 (PubMed:21455289, PubMed:19758560).
Expressed dynamically in proliferating cells throughout development. Detectable in larval blast cells undergoing active proliferation that give rise to all tissue types, including germline, intestine, hypodermis, neurons, and muscle.
Interacts with a member of the CDK2/CDK protein kinases to form a serine/threonine kinase holoenzyme complex. The cyclin subunit imparts substrate specificity to the complex (By similarity).
Loss of cell division in vulval lineages as a result of lengthened intervals between cell divisons (PubMed:20005870). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in arrest prior to the 100-cell embryonic stage (PubMed:10952902). Depending on the knockdown, some animals reach adult age (PubMed:17476329). In the 1-cell embryo, persistent ruffling throughout the embryo cortex and mislocalization of par-2, which remains cytoplasmic, and par-6, which is distributed throughout the cortex. In 50 percent of embryos, the first division is symmetric. Adult mutants are sterile due to a lack of sperm and egg production (PubMed:17115027). In mutants and knockdown animals, production of 2 additional distal tip cells (DTC) is often associated with the production of an extra gonad (PubMed:17476329). In addition, gonads of knockdown animals have an abnormal mitotic zone characterized by an enlargement of the distal germ cell nuclei, a reduction in the number of mitotic germ cells, a reduction in the mitotic region length and an abnormal expression of gld-1 (PubMed:21455289).
Binds to the TGF-beta receptors sma-6 and daf-4, and enhances TGF-beta signaling activity in vitro. Has a role in regulation of body size.
Expressed in the pharynx from the embryonic stage to adulthood.
Transcription factor which negatively modulates activation of the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (mtUPR) (PubMed:30850535). Plays a role in response to infection by the Gram-negative bacterium P.aeruginosa (PubMed:30850535).
Activated by Ca(2+)/calmodulin (PubMed:10428833, PubMed:26725111). Binding of calmodulin results in a conformational change that generates functional binding sites for both substrate and ATP, and thus relieves autoinhibition and lowers the Km of substrate binding. Must be phosphorylated by ckk-1 to be maximally active but this does not appear to be required for activity in AFD neurons (PubMed:10428833).
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase that operates in the calcium-triggered CaMKK-CaMK1 signaling cascade which results in transcriptional activation (PubMed:10428833, PubMed:12231504, PubMed:26725111). Transcriptional activation occurs at least in part through phosphorylation of crh-1 (PubMed:10428833, PubMed:12231504). Regulates gene expression, sensory morphology, and function of the AFD thermosensory neurons (PubMed:10428833, PubMed:14711416, PubMed:25467978). Involved in long-term adaptation of AFD neurons to temperatures warmer than the initial acclimatized cultivation temperature (PubMed:25467978). Acts in the FLP thermal nociceptors to moderate the responsiveness to noxious heat and controls neuropeptide release from FLP neurons in response to temperature elevations (PubMed:25467982). Regulates the dauer decision, the decision of the larvae to enter into the alternative stress-resistant and long-lived dauer developmental stage, based on the feeding state, primarily in the AWC sensory neurons. Acts non cell-autonomously in the AWC neurons to regulate expression of the daf-28 insulin-like peptide and cell-autonomously in the ASI sensory neurons to regulate expression of the growth promoting daf-7 in a food-regulated manner (PubMed:26335407). Plays a role in memory-based thermal response of an individual AFD neuron cell (PubMed:26725111). Involved in chemotaxis response in AWC neurons to attractant 2-heptanone, a volatile organic compound emitted by the nematode pathogenic bacterium B.nematocida B16 (PubMed:27660389). Plays a role in a type of aversive gustatory associated learning called salt avoidance learning via regulation of crh-1 signaling and the promotion of long-term memory formation (PubMed:30779740). Represses transcription of glutamate receptor glr-1 in the nucleus basally and in response to change in synaptic activity (PubMed:27462879).
Changes in thermosensory behavior and temperature-dependent defects in AFD-specific gene expression (PubMed:10428833, PubMed:14711416, PubMed:25467978, PubMed:26725111). Decreased threshold for temperature-evoked activity in the AFD neurons. Defects in negative thermotaxis and isothermal tracking behaviors (PubMed:25467978). Defective in thermal avoidance adaptation. Aberrant thermotaxis at innocuous temperatures (PubMed:25467982). Inappropriate dauer formation under well-fed conditions. Reduced expression of growth promoting daf-7 in ASI sensory neurons (PubMed:26335407). Changes in thermosensory response of AIY neurons (PubMed:26725111). Increased transcription of glutamate receptor glr-1 (PubMed:27462879).
Expressed in head and tail neurons and vulval muscles (PubMed:12231504). Throughout the nervous system. Detected in neurites and neuronal cell bodies (PubMed:25467982).
The autoinhibitory domain overlaps with the calmodulin binding region and interacts in the inactive folded state with the catalytic domain as a pseudosubstrate.
Heterodimer; efficient DNA binding requires dimerization with another bHLH protein (PubMed:17628356). Forms a heterodimer with ARNT homolog aha-1; binds DNA as heterodimer (PubMed:17628356).
Transcription factor (PubMed:17628356). Efficient DNA binding requires dimerization with another bHLH protein, such as ARNT homolog aha-1 (PubMed:17628356). Regulates transcription of target genes, probably acting in complex with aha-1 (PubMed:17628356).
By stress conditions, such as higher temperature, EGTA, DTT or tunicamycin (at protein level).
Calcium-binding protein that interacts with newly synthesized monoglucosylated glycoproteins in the endoplasmic reticulum. It may act in assisting protein assembly and/or in the retention within the ER of unassembled protein subunits. It seems to play a major role in the quality control apparatus of the ER by the retention of incorrectly folded proteins (By similarity). Required for embryogenesis and larval development under heat and ER stress conditions. May be important for germ cell development. Involved in neuronal necrotic cell death.
Expressed ubiquitously in every blastomere of the embryo up to the gastrulation stage. Expression becomes gradually restricted to the head and tail regions at the comma stage during embryogenesis. During postembryonic development, expressed prominently in the H-shaped excretory cell, in the neurons of head (including ASK and ADL) and tail (including PHA and PHB), in the dorsal and ventral nerve cords, and in the spermatheca. Expressed in the spicules of the male tail (at protein level).
Glycosylation is important for its biological activity.
Reduced fertility and slowed development. Temperature-sensitive reproduction defects.
Belongs to the class-V pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family. MOCOS subfamily.
Sulfurates the molybdenum cofactor. Sulfation of molybdenum is essential for xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) and aldehyde oxidase (ADO) enzymes in which molybdenum cofactor is liganded by 1 oxygen and 1 sulfur atom in active form.
Expressed from embryos to adults (PubMed:28978740). First expressed at the twofold stage of embryonic elongation (PubMed:28978740). Localizes to distal tip cells of the gonad from the late L4 stage to adulthood (PubMed:28978740).
Expressed in body wall muscles, muscle arm attachment sites at the nerve ring, all non-striated muscles, and distal tip cells of the gonad (PubMed:28978740). Highly expressed in the origins and insertions of the vulval and anal depressor muscles and the spicule-associated and diagonal muscles of the male tail (PubMed:28978740). Expressed in small puncta throughout the uterus, stomatointestinal muscle and proximal gonadal sheath tissues (PubMed:28978740). Not expressed in the pharynx (PubMed:28978740).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in no defects in brood size or locomotion compared to wild-type (PubMed:28978740). No defects in cytoneme length of distal tip cells (PubMed:28978740).
Required for organization of sarcomeres in body wall muscles and for maintaining normal mitochondrial position in myocytes.
SH3 domains 1 and 2 are required for its localization to the cell membrane of dense bodies.
Component of a non-voltage-gated amiloride-sensitive cation channel complex (also called the degenerin channel complex) composed of at least the mec-2, mec-4, mec-6 and mec-10 subunits; the complex mediates mechanotransduction in touch cells (PubMed:12478294). Interacts with mec-6 and mec-4 (PubMed:12478294).
Subunit of an amiloride-sensitive cation channel (degenerin channel complex) permeable for sodium, potassium, lithium and N-methylglucamine, and required for mechanosensory transduction (touch sensitivity) (PubMed:12478294). Positively regulates the activity of the putative mechanosensory transduction channel. May link the mechanosensory channel and the microtubule cytoskeleton of the touch receptor neurons. Required for the function of a set of six touch receptor neurons.
Catalyzes the last of the four reactions of the long-chain fatty acids elongation cycle. This endoplasmic reticulum-bound enzymatic process, allows the addition of 2 carbons to the chain of long- and very long-chain fatty acids/VLCFAs per cycle. This enzyme reduces the trans-2,3-enoyl-CoA fatty acid intermediate to an acyl-CoA that can be further elongated by entering a new cycle of elongation. Thereby, it participates in the production of VLCFAs of different chain lengths that are involved in multiple biological processes as precursors of membrane lipids and lipid mediators.
Converts the 3-keto steroids 4-cholesten-3-one and lathosterone into the carboxylic metabolites 3-keto-4-cholestenate (Delta(4)-dafachronic acid, Delta(4)-DA) and 3-keto-7,(5a)-cholestenate (Delta(7)-dafachronic acid, Delta(7)-DA) respectively, by catalyzing successive oxidations at C-26 (PubMed:16529801, PubMed:22505847). Dafachronic acids bind directly to the nuclear hormone receptor (NHR) DAF-12, suppressing dauer formation and inducing reproductive growth (PubMed:11782415, PubMed:12783794, PubMed:16529801, PubMed:22505847). In a non-cell autonomous manner, negatively regulates body wall muscle arm extensions to motor neurons probably by preventing daf-12 isoform b activation (PubMed:18436204). May be involved in thermotolerance (PubMed:24957743).
The daf-9 mutant is dauer-like in head shape, cuticle, and deirid ultrastructure, intermediate in amphid and inner labial neuron morphology, and nondauer or abnormal in the intestine (PubMed:3350212). Also, the daf-9 mutant exhibits abnormal reproductive development, molting defects and increased adult longevity (PubMed:11782415).
Expressed in the hypodermal cells of the tail and head, the seam cells, and in the hyp7 syncytial hypodermis in the larval L4 stage, and in the young adult (PubMed:24569038, PubMed:29604168). Not expressed in the cells of the developing vulva (PubMed:24569038).
71 percent of embryos of mutant mothers develop into sterile adults with extra body muscle cells at the restrictive temperature (25 degrees Celsius) (PubMed:7555722). Low embryonic lethality (7-8 percent) (PubMed:7555722). Loss of lin-5 and grp-1/2 enrichment at the EMS/P2 cell boundaries at the 4-cell embryonic stage (PubMed:12730122). Decrease in phosphotyrosine levels at the site of contact between P2 and EMS cells (PubMed:12110172).
During early embryogenesis, controls asymmetric cell division and the asymmetric localization of P granules of germline precursor P2 and its descendant P3 (PubMed:7555722). Probably upstream of tyrosine kinase src-1, plays a role in endoderm development by controlling spindle orientation during EMS blastomere cell division (PubMed:12110172). Controls EMS spindle orientation probably by promoting lin-5 and gpr-1/2 enrichment at, and let-99 exclusion from the junction between P2 and EMS cells (PubMed:14534135, PubMed:12730122).
Expressed at least in P2 germline cell at 4-cell stage and up to 26-cell stage embryos (PubMed:11003841, PubMed:12110172). Expressed only at L4 stage during larval development and then accumulates in adults (PubMed:11003841).
Belongs to the eIF-2B alpha/beta/delta subunits family. MtnA subfamily.
Catalyzes the interconversion of methylthioribose-1-phosphate (MTR-1-P) into methylthioribulose-1-phosphate (MTRu-1-P).
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 4 family.
Catalyzes the initial step of dolichol-linked oligosaccharide biosynthesis in N-linked protein glycosylation pathway: transfers GlcNAc-1-P from UDP-GlcNAc onto the carrier lipid dolichyl phosphate (P-dolichol), yielding GlcNAc-P-P-dolichol.
Acts as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for small G protein GTPases like rap-1 and rap-2. Required in the hypodermis, especially in the seam cells, for proper formation of the cuticle.
Beginning in the L2 stage, onward, animals display striking and progressive defects in morphology of the epidermis. Worms show molting defect and exhibit a trail of old cuticle that remains attached to the posterior part of the body. Longitudinal ridges termed alae, which are cuticular structures secreted by lateral hypodermal seam cells, are poorly distinct or interrupted. Sensory rays in males are malformed. Developed a fairly normal gonad but have a strongly reduced fertility. Show uncoordinated movement and an enlarged gut lumen. Died as a 'bag of worms', or alternatively, as a result of a burst vulva.
Expressed at the comma stage in endodermal precursor and hypodermal cells of the embryo. Expressed in the hypodermis and gut during elongation and larval stages. Expressed in neuronal precursor cells at the comma stage. Expressed in neuronal cells in the head and tail, in cells of the ventral nerve cord and of the pharynx at the L1 hatched larvae stage.
Expressed in hermaphrodite-specific neurons (HSNs), oviduct sheath cells and lateral seam cells.
Expressed in somatic tissues throughout the larval stages and in adults.
Mitochondrial membrane ATP synthase (F(1)F(0) ATP synthase or Complex V) produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane which is generated by electron transport complexes of the respiratory chain. F-type ATPases consist of two structural domains, F(1) - containing the extramembraneous catalytic core, and F(0) - containing the membrane proton channel, linked together by a central stalk and a peripheral stalk. During catalysis, ATP synthesis in the catalytic domain of F(1) is coupled via a rotary mechanism of the central stalk subunits to proton translocation. Part of the complex F(0) domain and the peripheric stalk, which acts as a stator to hold the subunits of the catalytic subcomplexes relative to the rotary elements (Probable). Plays a role in somatic development (PubMed:17223323). Does not play a role in germline development (PubMed:17223323).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in either embryonic lethality or arrest at the L2 to L3 larval stages (PubMed:17223323). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in a delay in somatic development (PubMed:17223323). RNAi-mediated knockdown does not cause sterility (PubMed:17223323).
Microtubule plus-end tracking protein that promotes the stabilization of dynamic microtubules (By similarity). Operates redundantly with cls-2 and cls-3 in regulating microtubule processes which position the spindle during asymmetric cell division.
No visible phenotype; due to the redundancy with cls-2 and cls-3. Simultaneous RNAi knockdown with cls-2 produces defective microtubule cortical contacts resulting in abnormal nuclear rotation, defects in maintenance of spindle length and spindle displacement. Simultaneous RNAi knockdown with cls-2 and cls-3 shows nuclear rotation defects and excessive spindle displacement.
RNAi-mediated knock-down is mostly embryonic lethal. Embryogenesis proceeds more slowly, with embryos displaying defects in the positioning and shape of epidermal cells. Leo-1 partly mislocalizes to the cytoplasm, but nuclear localization of rtfo-1 is unaffected.
Participates in the second catalytic step of pre-mRNA splicing, when the free hydroxyl group of exon I attacks the 3'-splice site to generate spliced mRNA and the excised lariat intron.
Belongs to the group II decarboxylase family. Sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase subfamily.
Cleaves phosphorylated sphingoid bases (PSBs or S1Ps) at the C2-3 carbon bond to yield a fatty aldehyde and phosphoethanolamine. These bioactive sphingolipid metabolites are essential for normal development, intestinal integrity, growth and reproduction.
Found in the majority of L1 larvae and in all L2, L3 and L4 larvae and adults showing medium to high expression. Highest levels found in older adults.
High expression found in the intestinal cells and faint expression in the head.
Without spl-1 expression, animals become bloated, pale, congested with eggs and hatched larvae, and demonstrate shrunken gut and gonadal structures.
Component of the cuticles, which contributes to the formation of extracellular envelopes protecting the organism from the environment (PubMed:1864469) (Probable). Plays a role in alae formation in dauer larvae (PubMed:15936343, PubMed:30409788).
Expressed in head and tail seam cells during dauer larva formation (PubMed:1864469, PubMed:15936343). In dauer phase larvae, expressed in two ribbons approximately 2 microns wide running along the lateral lines underneath the alae (PubMed:1864469). Not expressed in late embryogenesis or adults (PubMed:15936343).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in no alae in dauer stage larvae, which results in a wider lateral cuticle and larger body diameter.
Acts as a ligand for the npr-22 receptor and controls food-related processes including feeding, lifespan, egg-laying and roaming behavior. Secreted in the presence of food, leading to reduced feeding and roaming behavior and increased egg laying and lifespan. Activity may be latent under normal conditions but induced under conditions that cause hyperactivation of the pharynx such as abrupt refeeding after starvation.
Eggs are retained in the body as normal during starvation but the number of eggs laid during the initial refeeding period is reduced and satiety-induced suppression of pharyngeal pumping is slower than wild-type.
Expressed in the M1 and M2 pharyngeal neurons from where the LURY-1-1 and LURY-1-2 peptides are secreted.
In the M1 pharyngeal neuron, expressed in all larval stages and in adults. In the M2 pharyngeal neuron, expression is not detected in most L1-L3 larva but increases at the L4 larval stage.
Expressed in vulval epithelial cells and neurons.
Interacts (via N-terminus) with egl-9 isoform e (via catalytic domain); the interaction regulates its trafficking; the interaction is direct (PubMed:22252129). Interacts with rab-6.2 (in GTP-bound form) (PubMed:22213799).
May be hydroxylated by egl-9 isoform e on multiple Pro residues which may prevent phosphorylation by cdk-5.
PDZ protein interaction domains may not be essential for function in vulval induction.
Phosphorylated on multiple Ser and Thr residues by cdk-5 which regulates its localization (PubMed:17671168, PubMed:22252129).
Required specifically for the determination of 3 vulval precursor cell fates P5.p, P6.p and P7.p during late second and early third larval stages; required for basolateral localization of receptor tyrosine kinase let-23. Could have a general but redundant role in development, functioning in diverse cell lineages to control cell fates (PubMed:10359617, PubMed:2159938). Regulates the trafficking of the glr-1 subunit of AMPA-type glutamate receptors (AMPRs) in the ventral nerve cord (PubMed:17671168, PubMed:22252129, PubMed:22213799). This may be partly through interacting with the small GTPase rab-6.2 in its active GTP-bound state (PubMed:22213799).
Catalyzes the synthesis of dihydrouridine, a modified base found in the D-loop of most tRNAs.
ATPase required for the post-translational delivery of tail-anchored (TA) proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum. Recognizes and selectively binds the transmembrane domain of TA proteins in the cytosol. This complex then targets to the endoplasmic reticulum by membrane-bound receptors, where the tail-anchored protein is released for insertion. This process is regulated by ATP binding and hydrolysis. ATP binding drives the homodimer towards the closed dimer state, facilitating recognition of newly synthesized TA membrane proteins. ATP hydrolysis is required for insertion. Subsequently, the homodimer reverts towards the open dimer state, lowering its affinity for the membrane-bound receptor, and returning it to the cytosol to initiate a new round of targeting (By similarity). May be involved in insulin signaling.
Belongs to the ribonuclease III family. Mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mL44 subfamily.
Component of the mitochondrial large ribosomal subunit (mt-LSU).
Component of the mitochondrial ribosome. May have a function in the assembly/stability of nascent mitochondrial polypeptides exiting the ribosome.
Belongs to the GTP cyclohydrolase I family.
Involved in serotonin and dopamine biosynthesis that affects movement, mating behavior, foraging behavior, and cell migration.
Toroid-shaped homodecamer, composed of two pentamers of five dimers.
Cell-type specific anti-apoptotic transcription factor required for the sexually dimorphic survival of the male-specific CEM (cephalic male) sensory neurons during sex determination. In hermaphrodites, the homologous cells undergo programmed cell death due to transcriptional repression of ceh-30 by tra-1, the terminal regulator in the sex determination pathway.
Expressed transiently in embryonic CEM (cephalic male) sensory neurons.
Worms undergo programmed cell death of CEM (cephalic male) sensory neurons in males.
Belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily. Fibrillarin family.
By homology to other fibrillarins, some or all of the N-terminal domain arginines are modified to asymmetric dimethylarginine (DMA).
Component of box C/D small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein (snoRNP) particles. It is associated with the U3, U8 and U13 small nuclear RNAs.
Expressed throughout embryonic development and in adults. During embryogenesis, expressed from the 2-cell stage and persists throughout development in nucleoli containing cells.
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in reduced 26S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) expression. RNAi-mediated knockdown in a ncl-1 (e1942) mutant background suppresses the enlarged nucleoli phenotype in the single ncl-1 mutant. RNAi-mediated knockdown in a ncl-1 (e1942) mutant background suppresses the increased 26S rRNA expression in the single ncl-1 mutant.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyltransferase that has the ability to methylate both RNAs and proteins (By similarity). Involved in pre-rRNA processing. Utilizes the methyl donor S-adenosyl-L-methionine to catalyze the site-specific 2'-hydroxyl methylation of ribose moieties in pre-ribosomal RNA (By similarity). Site specificity is provided by a guide RNA that base pairs with the substrate. Methylation occurs at a characteristic distance from the sequence involved in base pairing with the guide RNA (By similarity). Also acts as a protein methyltransferase by mediating methylation of 'Gln-105' of histone H2A (H2AQ105me), a modification that impairs binding of the FACT complex and is specifically present at 35S ribosomal DNA locus (By similarity). Plays a role in modulation of nucleolus size most likely through regulating the ribosomal RNA (rRNA) pool (PubMed:26492166).
Interacts with daf-16 (PubMed:16777605, PubMed:21531333). Interacts with sir-2.1 (PubMed:16777605). Interacts with hcf-1 (PubMed:21909281).
Required for extension of lifespan by sir-2.1 (PubMed:16777605). Required to modulate lifespan, in concert with hcf-1, acting redundantly with 14-3-3-like protein par-5 (PubMed:21909281). Promotes nuclear export of yap-1 (PubMed:23396260). Negatively regulates the transcriptional activity of daf-16 by sequestering it to the cytoplasm (PubMed:21531333).
Belongs to the complex I NDUFB2 subunit family.
Interacts with the flavoprotein subunit within the SDH catalytic dimer.
Plays an essential role in the assembly of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), an enzyme complex (also referred to as respiratory complex II) that is a component of both the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and the mitochondrial electron transport chain, and which couples the oxidation of succinate to fumarate with the reduction of ubiquinone (coenzyme Q) to ubiquinol. Required for flavinylation (covalent attachment of FAD) of the flavoprotein subunit of the SDH catalytic dimer.
May be involved in N-linked oligosaccharide assembly.
Hydrolyzes extracellular Ap3A into AMP and ADP, and Ap4A into AMP and ATP. Ap3A and Ap4A are diadenosine polyphosphates thought to induce proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. Acts as a procoagulant, mediating platelet aggregation at the site of nascent thrombus via release of ADP from Ap3A and activation of ADP receptors.
Peroxisomal catalase involved in the oxidative stress response serving to protect cells from toxicity (PubMed:25243607, PubMed:28456303). Plays a role in maintaining normal lifespan (PubMed:14996832). Plays a role in regulating the response to pathogens such as E.faecalis (PubMed:17483415).
Shortened lifespan and reduced egg laying capacity (PubMed:14996832). Abolishes ctl-2 enzymatic activity and reduces the global levels of catalase activity to 20% of the total catalase activity observed in wild-type animals (PubMed:14996832). Increased size and clustering of peroxisomes (PubMed:14996832). Increased sensitivity to pathogens (PubMed:17483415). Reduced survival and resistance to E.faecalis in a daf-2 RNAi mutant background (PubMed:17483415).
Although it belongs to the protein kinase family, lacks the active site Asp residue which has been changed to Asn so is unlikely to be catalytically active.
Activates the G-protein coupled receptor npr-1 more effectively than other flp-18 peptides (PubMed:14555955). Inhibits the activity of dissected pharyngeal myogenic muscle system.
Activity as ligand to G-protein coupled receptor npr-1 might depend on a neomorphic gain-of-function sensitivity of the receptor npr-1 associated with the Bristol N2 strains.
Expressed in head neurons and weakly in ventral nerve cord (PubMed:23658528). Expressed in the interneurons AVA, AIY and RIG, the motor neuron RIM and the pharyngeal neurons M2 and M3 (PubMed:14555955). EMPGVLRF-amide: Expressed in cholinergic pharyngeal motoneurons M2 and M3 (PubMed:16187307).
FMRFamide-like neuropeptides (PubMed:14555955, PubMed:23658528). Ligand to G-protein coupled receptor npr-1 (PubMed:14555955). Involved in modulating locomotion quiescence during the sleep-like state called lethargus which occurs during molting between larval and adult stages, acting via npr-1 (PubMed:23764289). Together with flp-1, plays a homeostatic role by acting on the GABAergic neural transmission at neuromuscular junctions to prevent overexcitation of the locomotor circuit (PubMed:23658528). Plays a role in the navigational capacity of sperm and the targeting of sperm derived from males to the fertilization site in the uterus of hermaphrodites (PubMed:28662030).
Dynamic component of the endotube in intestinal cells, interacts with intermediate filament and regulates intestinal lumen morphology.
Expressed in many epithelial tissues, including the pharynx, intestine, excretory canal and hypodermis.
First apparent at the comma stage of embryonic development, at the apical domain of intestinal cells. In subsequent embryonic stages, becomes visible in the hypodermis and pharynx. In larval and adult stages, detected in many epithelial tissues, including the pharynx, intestine, excretory canal and hypodermis.
Mutants are viable but developmentally delayed. They have bubble-shaped invaginations of the apical membrane into the cytoplasm of intestinal cells and abnormal aggregations of the subapical intermediate filament (IF) network.
After binding acetylcholine, the AChR responds by an extensive change in conformation that affects all subunits and leads to opening of an ion-conducting channel across the plasma membrane (By similarity). A subunit of the levamisole-insensitive nicotinic receptor.
Uncoordinated movement and reduced body wall muscle currents. These phenotypes are probably related.
Belongs to the MAP1A/MAP1B/MAP1S family.
Expressed in somatic tissues including neurons, body wall muscle cells, the vulva, vulval muscle cells, the hypodermis, seam cells, and intestinal cells at the L4 stage of larval development.
Catalyzes the first step in phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis. Phosphorylates choline.
Probable core component of cullin-based SCF-like E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complexes which mediate the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins.
Acts as a transcriptional regulator (PubMed:27487365, PubMed:29672507). May mediate transcriptional activation by binding to the E-box motif 5'-CANNTG-3' (PubMed:29672507). Required for the correct morphology, terminal identity and function of the ADL sensory neurons by controlling the expression of the ADL-specific gene repertoire, including chemoreceptor encoding genes, ion channel encoding genes, neuropeptides and the neurotransmitter eat-4 (PubMed:29672507). Regulates the expression of the srh-234 chemoreceptor encoding gene in the ADL neurons under feeding conditions (PubMed:27487365). Plays a role in the chemorepulsive response toward ascaroside pheromones mediated by the ADL sensory neurons (PubMed:29672507).
Expressed in the ADL precursor cells in the precomma stage embryo (PubMed:29672507). Expressed during embryogenesis, larval stages and in adult animals (PubMed:27487365, PubMed:29672507).
RNAi-mediated knockdown in a rrf-3 RNAi hypersensitive mutant background leads to decreased expression of srh-234 in the cell body of ADL sensory neurons (PubMed:27487365).
Lipase that, together with lipl-1, plays a role in the response to nutrient deprivation by controlling lipid metabolism (PubMed:23604316). Specifically, involved in the breakdown of lipids during lipophagy, a process during which lipids contained in lipid droplets that have been delivered to lysosomes by autophagy are degraded (PubMed:23604316).
RNAi mediated knock-down is embryonic lethal. Embryogenesis proceeds more slowly, with embryos displaying defects in the positioning and shape of epidermal cells. 60% of embryos arrest at the bean stage of embryogenesis without any significant change in body shape. Nuclear localization of rtf-1 is unaffected.
Belongs to the NADPH-dependent diflavin oxidoreductase NDOR1 family.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the flavoprotein pyridine nucleotide cytochrome reductase family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the flavodoxin family.
NADPH-dependent reductase which is a central component of the cytosolic iron-sulfur (Fe-S) protein assembly (CIA) machinery. Transfers electrons from NADPH via its FAD and FMN prosthetic groups to the [2Fe-2S] cluster of the anamorsin/DRE2 homolog, another key component of the CIA machinery. In turn, this reduced cluster provides electrons for assembly of cytosolic iron-sulfur cluster proteins.
Catalyzes the conversion of GDP-D-mannose to GDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-mannose.
25% decrease in glr-1 expression in the ventral nerve cord. Changed locomotion behavior with mutants displaying decreased reversal frequencies consistent with decreased glutamergic signaling.
Expressed in several neurons in the head and tail.
Interacts with usp-46; the interaction increases the catalytic activity of usp-46 in the presence of wdr-48.
Together with wdr-48, binds to and stimulates the activity of the deubiquitinating enzyme usp-46, leading to deubiquitination and stabilization of the glr-1 glutamate receptor.
Expressed widely during early embryogenesis (PubMed:21698137). Expression is significantly reduced throughout the embryo after formation of the ASE neurons (PubMed:21698137). Expressed in the maternal germline (PubMed:21698137).
Required for di- and trimethylation at 'Lys-4' of histone H3. Regulates left/right asymmetry of ASE sensory neurons, via its role as a component of the SET2 complex (PubMed:21698137).
Strongly reduced di- and trimethylation at 'Lys-4' of histone H3 in embryos and adult germline stem cells. Mutants also display defects in egg laying and fertility with defective germ cell development. RNAi-mediated knockdown disrupts development of the ASE left (ASEL) neuron, causing it to adopt the ASE right (ASER) cell fate (PubMed:21698137).
Eggs are retained in the body as normal during starvation but the number of eggs laid during the initial refeeding period is reduced and satiety-induced suppression of pharyngeal pumping is slower than wild-type (PubMed:28847365). Suppression of serotonin-induced body fat loss (PubMed:28128367).
Expressed in many cells, mainly in the head region, with expression detected in the head muscles, I2 neurons, MC neurons, RIH neuron, AIA neurons, AUA neurons, ASK neurons, ASI neurons, a few B-type motorneurons in the posterior ventral nerve cord, pharyngeal muscles, body wall muscles, the intestine and a few classes of unidentified cells anterior to the nerve ring (PubMed:28847365). Expression in the MC neurons is important to mediate suppression of feeding while expression in the RIH neuron is important for the facilitation of egg-laying (PubMed:28847365). No expression detected in other tissues including hypodermis (PubMed:28128367).
Receptor for the LURY-1-1 and LURY-1-2 peptides which control food-related processes including feeding, lifespan, egg-laying and roaming behavior (PubMed:28847365). Receptor for flp-7 which stimulates serotonin-induced fat loss (PubMed:28128367). Serotonin induces secretion of flp-7 from neurons and binding to npr-22 which leads to induction of the atgp-1 lipase and subsequent fat loss (PubMed:28128367). Acts in vitro as a receptor for the flp-7 FMRFamide-like neuropeptides TPMQRSSMVRF-amide, SPMQRSSMVRF-amide, SPMERSAMVRF-amide and SPMDRSKMVRF-amide (PubMed:16377032). Also acts in vitro as a receptor for a number of other FMRFamide-like neuropeptides including the flp-1 neuropeptide PNFMRY-amide, the flp-9 neuropeptide KPSFVRF-amide, the flp-11 neuropeptides AMRNALVRF-amide, ASGGMRNALVRF-amide and NGAPQPFVRF-amide, the flp-13 neuropeptides AADGAPLIRF-amide, ASPSAPLIRF-amide, SPSAVPLIRF-amide, SAAAPLIRF-amide and ASSAPLIRF-amide, and the flp-22 neuropeptide SPSAKWMRF-amide (PubMed:16377032). The SPMERSAMVRF-amide neuropeptide from flp-7 acts as the strongest in vitro activator of npr-22 (PubMed:16377032).
Belongs to the heme-copper respiratory oxidase family.
Binds 2 heme A groups non-covalently per subunit.
Interacts with allo-1 (via N-terminus); the interaction is direct.
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in defective clearance of paternal mitochondria and impaired accumulation of the autophagosome marker lgg-1 in 1-cell stage embryos.
Serine/threonine-protein kinase, which plays a role in regulating allophagy, an autophagic process in which paternal organelles, including mitochondria and membranous organelles, are degraded in embryos. Phosphorylates the allophagy receptor allo-1, which is required for allophagy.
This enzyme scavenges exogenous and endogenous cytidine and 2'-deoxycytidine for UMP synthesis.
Broadly expressed in neurons of nervous system including ADL, ASH, ASI, ASJ, ASK and AWB amphid sensilla neurons, in epithelial cells including hypodermal, arcade, pharyngeal, vulval and rectal cells, and in somatic muscle cells of the head, neck and body wall, and non-striated pharyngeal muscles.
Expressed throughout development from the pre-bean embryonic stages to the adult stage.
Probably has thioredoxin reductase-like oxidoreductase activity. Plays a role in regulating the oxidative stress response, and odorant and pathogenic bacteria avoidance behavior (PubMed:28347729).
Viable with normal development, anatomy, motility, lifespan and brood size. Increased sensitivity to oxidative stress induced by rotenone and impaired avoidance behavior in response to the odorants 2-nonanone and 1-octanol and the pathogenic bacterium S.marcescens. Double knockouts with selt-1.2 are also viable with no visible phenotype.
Alternatively spliced, in part by RNA-binding protein asd-2, to produce isoforms which are expressed at different developmental stages (PubMed:18230701). Isoform a: Predominantly expressed in embryos (PubMed:7691828, PubMed:18230701). Isoform b: Predominantly expressed in larvae and adults (PubMed:7691828, PubMed:18230701).
Collagen type IV is specific for basement membranes (Probable). Together with fbl-1 and downstream of metalloprotease mig-17, recruits nidogen nid-1 to the gonad basement membrane thereby probably inducing basement membrane remodeling required for the directional migration of distal tip cells (PubMed:19104038). Required to restrict presynaptic growth at the neuromuscular junctions in late larval stage and in adult motor neurons (PubMed:25080592). Vital for embryonic development (PubMed:7691828, PubMed:8045258).
Localizes to the basement membrane between distal tip cells and the germline. Localizes to the intestinal basement membrane.
Thought to regulate endocytosis in coelomocytes through modulation of phospholipase C activity. Possible acetylcholine receptor.
Worms display a lack of uptake of GFP from the pseudocoelom into coelomocytes, suggesting a decrease or absence of endocytosis in coelomocytes. Mutants also display a slightly dumpy appearance with a low penetrance defect in distal tip cell leader function, indicating defects in coelomocyte function.
Belongs to the Orn/Lys/Arg decarboxylase class-II family.
Catalyzes the first and rate-limiting step of polyamine biosynthesis that converts ornithine into putrescine, which is the precursor for the polyamines, spermidine and spermine (PubMed:7498733, PubMed:19762559). Polyamines are essential for cell proliferation and are implicated in cellular processes, ranging from DNA replication to apoptosis (PubMed:19762559).
Deletion mutant pc13 has a reduced brood size and reduced enzymatic activity (PubMed:7498733). Smaller body size as compared to wild-type. Reduced putrescine and spermidine levels (PubMed:19762559). Double knockout with the polyamine transporter catp-5 results in a reduced brood size, delayed postembryonic development, and a more marked reduction in putrescine and spermidine levels as compared to the single mutants (PubMed:19762559).
Homodimer. Only the dimer is catalytically active, as the active sites are constructed of residues from both monomers.
Inhibited by antizyme (AZ) in response to polyamine levels. AZ inhibits the assembly of the functional homodimer by binding to ODC monomers and targeting them for ubiquitin-independent proteolytic destruction by the 26S proteasome.
Autoproteolytic cleavage at pH 4.5 gives rise to the alpha and beta subunit (PubMed:30301806). Cleavage gives rise to a conformation change that activates the enzyme. The same catalytic Cys residue mediates the autoproteolytic cleavage and subsequent hydrolysis of lipid substrates (By similarity).
Degrades bioactive fatty acid amides, such as N-palmitoylethanolamine, to ethanolamine and free fatty acids.
Heterodimer of an alpha and a beta subunit, produced by autocatalytic cleavage.
Belongs to the CCR4/nocturin family. TTRAP/TDP2 subfamily.
Binds 1 magnesium or manganese ion per subunit.
DNA repair enzyme that can remove a variety of covalent adducts from DNA through hydrolysis of a 5'-phosphodiester bond, giving rise to DNA with a free 5' phosphate. Catalyzes the hydrolysis of dead-end complexes between DNA and the topoisomerase 2 (top2) active site tyrosine residue. Hydrolyzes 5'-phosphoglycolates on protruding 5' ends on DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) due to DNA damage by radiation and free radicals.
Activated by ATP (By similarity). ATP binding leads to a conformational change that promotes FAD cofactor binding and enzyme activity (By similarity). ATP binding likely occurs during acox-1.3 folding and/or dimer formation (By similarity).
Forms a heterodimer with acox-1.1; the interaction may be important for the stability of acox-1.3.
Induced by high temperatures (25 degrees Celsius) (PubMed:20610393). Induced by starvation (PubMed:25775534).
Involved in the first step of peroxisomal beta-oxidation by catalyzing the desaturation of fatty acid-derived side chains of ascaroside pheromones, which regulates development and behavior (PubMed:20610393, PubMed:25775534, PubMed:29537254). Specifically, shortens ascarosides with a 7-carbon side chain (asc-C7) (PubMed:25775534, PubMed:29537254). Does not catalyze the desaturation of fatty acids or hydroxylated fatty acids (PubMed:25775534, PubMed:29537254). Involved in the biosynthesis of asc-C6-MK (daumone 2) and asc-delta-C9 (daumone 3) but not asc-C7 (daumone 1); daumones are pheromones produced during unfavourable growth conditions which promote entry into the dauer stage (PubMed:20610393).
Component of the PEX13-PEX14 docking complex, a translocon channel that specifically mediates the import of peroxisomal cargo proteins bound to PEX5/prx-5 receptor (By similarity). The PEX13-PEX14 docking complex forms a large import pore which can be opened to a diameter of about 9 nm (By similarity). Mechanistically, PEX5/prx-5 receptor along with cargo proteins associates with the PEX14/prx-14 subunit of the PEX13-PEX14 docking complex in the cytosol, leading to the insertion of the receptor into the organelle membrane with the concomitant translocation of the cargo into the peroxisome matrix (By similarity).
Interacts with PEX14/prx-14; forming the PEX13-PEX14 docking complex.
Oogenesis defects similar to defects due to hyperactive Ras-MAPK signaling. Increased mRNA levels of several components of the MAPK-signaling pathway.
RNA-binding protein that promotes oogenesis by repressing fem-3 expression during germline development (PubMed:18515547, PubMed:20663921). Binds poly-U and poly-G stretches of RNA in vitro (PubMed:18515547). Regulates target RNAs expression either by regulating their stability or translation (PubMed:20663921).
An X-box element in the predicted promoter region was identified consistent with other cilia-related genes.
Defective cilia sensory function. Abnormal dye filling (Dyf) in the ASI neuron and chemotaxis behavior. Shorter cilia lengths in a subset of ciliary neurons. Aberrant localization of other cilia-expressed proteins.
Expressed at the transition zone at the base of cilia. Expressed in ciliated sensory neurons, including the amphid neurons in the head.
Thought to have an important role in cilia formation and cilia-mediated chemosensation. Involved in the docking of other MKS/MKSR proteins localized to the transition zone of the cilia.
Localizes to germline and somatic blastomeres (at protein level).
RNA-binding protein involved in deadenylation-dependent decapping of mRNAs, leading to the degradation of mRNAs. Acts as a scaffold protein that connects deadenylation and decapping machinery (By similarity). Required for the recruitment of P-body components such as cgh-1 in somatic blastomeres (PubMed:18692039). May play a role in recruiting the decapping enzyme dcap-1 to cytoplasmic puncta in the cell body of the posterior touch receptor neuron, PLM (PubMed:31983639).
RNAi-mediated knockdown reduces the number of cgh-1-positive foci in somatic blastomeres.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class translation factor GTPase superfamily. Classic translation factor GTPase family. LepA subfamily.
Promotes mitochondrial protein synthesis. May act as a fidelity factor of the translation reaction, by catalyzing a one-codon backward translocation of tRNAs on improperly translocated ribosomes. Binds to mitochondrial ribosomes in a GTP-dependent manner.
Accepts the ubiquitin-like protein smo-1 from the aos-1-uba-2 E1 complex and catalyzes its covalent attachment to other proteins with the help of an E3 ligase such as gei-17. Required to sumoylate the ETS transcription factor lin-1, Polycomb protein sop-2, and intermediate filament proteins, such as ifb-1 (PubMed:15107848, PubMed:15689373, PubMed:24933177). Required for embryonic development, fertility, vulval morphogenesis, inhibition of vulval cell fates, lifespan, and neuromuscular activity (PubMed:24933177).
Interacts with brd-1 and rad-51 (PubMed:14711411). Interacts with smo-1 and sop-2 (Ref.1, PubMed:15107848). Interacts with bet-1 (via BROMO domain 2) (PubMed:24349540). Interacts with isoforms 1 and 2 of X-box-binding protein xbp-1.
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in sterility, embryonic lethality and sensitivity to radiation (PubMed:14711411, PubMed:25873636). RNAi-mediated knockdown causes a number of defects during the first embryonic mitotic division including loss of smo-1 from metaphase chromosomes, chromosome misalignment at metaphase, diminished spindle pole separation, slow chromosome segregation, decreased distance between chromosomes afer anaphase onset and increased air-2 levels in the spindle midzone (PubMed:25475837). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in ectopic tbx-2 expression in seam cells, the gut and in the syncytial hypodermis (PubMed:25873636). Exhibits abnormal localization and structure of intermediate filament protein ifb-1, such as altered filaments and aggregates, resulting in elongation defects of embryos.
Ubiquitously expressed throughout development (at protein level) (PubMed:24933177). Expressed in early embryos in utero, in the pharynx and body-wall muscles during larval stages, becoming prominent in coelomocytes and the male tail in young adults (PubMed:24933177).
Aberrant vulval development, ectopic vulval induction, retained cell corpses and defective recruitment of dyn-1 and rab-7 to phagosomal surfaces.
Expressed in vulval precursor cells (VPCs) and apoptotic germ cells. Colocalizes with actin, dyn-1 and rab-5 in early phagosomes.
Homodimer. Isoform d interacts (via SH3 domain) with dyn-1.
Involved in the signaling of vulval development by acting as a negative regulator of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling. Aids in phagosomal membrane tubule formation which is required for phagosomal fusion with endosomes and lysosomes. Also recruits rab-7 to phagosomes by an interaction with dyn-1. These are events leading to phagosome maturation which is a step in apoptotic cell corpse clearance. Binds phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate.
The BAR and PX domains are required for recruitment to the phagosome.
The SH3 domain is involved in phagosome maturation.
Expressed in tail neurons (PVQ and PHAL/PQR).
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL36 family.
Depolymerizes growing actin filaments in muscle cells; required for the assembly of actin filaments into the functional contractile myofilament lattice of muscle (PubMed:8107682). Competes with unc-87 for actin binding and inhibits the actin-bundling activity of unc-87 (PubMed:17684058).
Expressed in ganglia in the head and tail and in the anterior pharynx.
Probable component of transcriptional regulatory complex with SMAD protein daf-3 (PubMed:14681186). Required to regulate entry into a developmentally arrested larval state known as dauer, in response to harsh environmental conditions (PubMed:14681186). Involved in larvae undergoing cell-cycle arrest during the dauer stage (PubMed:14681186).
Component of the RZZ complex composed of rod-1, czw-1 and zwl-1.
Essential component of the mitotic checkpoint, which prevents cells from prematurely exiting mitosis (PubMed:9298984). Required for the assembly of the dynein-dynactin and mdf-1-mdf-2 complexes onto kinetochores (PubMed:18936247). Its function related to the spindle assembly machinery and kinetochore-microtubule attachments likely depends on its association in the mitotic RZZ complex (PubMed:18936247). The RZZ complex recruits the spindly-like protein spdl-1 to kinetochores (PubMed:18765790, PubMed:18936247). To prevent irregular chromosome segregation, the complex also inhibits the attachment of the kinetochore-associated NDC80 complex to microtubules (PubMed:24231804). The recruitment of spdl-1 to kinetochores relieves this inhibition (PubMed:24231804). Required for embryonic development (PubMed:9298984).
RNAi-mediated knockdown largely results in sterility (PubMed:9298984, PubMed:18765790, PubMed:19109417). RNAi-mediated knockdown also results in a high incidence of embryonic lethality in the embryos produced and defects in mitosis which include the formation of chromatin bridges in between sister chromatids during anaphase (PubMed:9298984). In addition, there is reduced localization of the spindly-like protein spdl-1 to kinetochores, but not to microtubules (PubMed:18936247).
Belongs to the pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase family.
Required for the retention of luminal endoplasmic reticulum proteins. Determines the specificity of the luminal ER protein retention system. Also required for normal vesicular traffic through the Golgi (By similarity).
Belongs to the glutamate--cysteine ligase type 3 family.
By oxidative stress such as arsenite treatment.
Expressed in intestine upon arsenite treatment.
Plays a role in resistance to arsenite (PubMed:23593298). May play a role in the oxidative stress response induced by reactive oxygen species produced during infection by pathogenic bacteria (PubMed:22216003). Together with trxr-1, required for the reduction of disulfide groups in the cuticle during molting (PubMed:21199936).
RNAi-mediated knockdown of gsr-1 in mutants lacking trxr-1 causes an arrest during larval molting characterized by a partial detachment of the old cuticle and an impaired ability to reduce cuticle components. Also results in growth arrest during the postdauer molt (PubMed:21199936). RNAi-mediated knockdown causes a severe loss of viability upon arsenite treatment (PubMed:23593298).
Component of the intraflagellar transport (IFT) complex B required for transport of proteins in the motile cilium (PubMed:28479320). May be required for ciliary entrance and transport of specific ciliary cargo proteins such as che-3 which are related to motility (PubMed:28479320). Required for normal morphology and function of ciliated amphid sensory neurons (PubMed:16648645, PubMed:7705621).
Expressed from hatching to adulthood. Expressed in dauer larvae.
Expressed in the hypodermis and sensory neurons including inner labial, PDE, amphid and phasmid neurons.
Shorter and compacted dendritic endings of the amphid and phasmid neurons with an abnormal distribution of the intraflagellar transport protein osm-6 along these ciliated endings (PubMed:16648645). Defective chemotaxis with 78% of mutants exhibiting reduced tracking to the chemoattractant ammonium chloride (PubMed:7705621).
Acts as a Ras effector and participates in MAPK pathway activation (PubMed:9674433, PubMed:9618511). Probably acts as a regulatory subunit of protein phosphatase that specifically dephosphorylates Raf kinase and stimulates Raf activity at specialized signaling complexes upon Ras activation (PubMed:10521400, PubMed:14685271). Required for vulval development (PubMed:10521400). Involved in fluid homeostasis (PubMed:11689700). Plays a role in nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR)-mediated sensitivity to nicotine (PubMed:15990870).
Part of TORC1 complex. Part of the TORC2 complex.
Subunit of TORC1 and TORC2, which regulate cell growth and survival in response to nutrient and hormonal signals.
Belongs to the myo-inositol 1-phosphate synthase family.
Component of the elongator complex which is required for multiple tRNA modifications, including mcm5U (5-methoxycarbonylmethyl uridine), mcm5s2U (5-methoxycarbonylmethyl-2-thiouridine), and ncm5U (5-carbamoylmethyl uridine). The elongator complex catalyzes the formation of carboxymethyluridine in the wobble base at position 34 in tRNAs.
Completely dispensible; null mutations have no effect on worm.
Recognizes and binds the 7-methylguanosine-containing mRNA cap during an early step in the initiation of protein synthesis and facilitates ribosome binding by inducing the unwinding of the mRNAs secondary structures. All 5 eIF4E proteins bind monomethyl cap structures. Only ife-1, ife-2 and ife-5 bind trimethyl cap structures which result from trans-splicing. Translation of trimethyl cap structure mRNAs may be regulated by intracellular redox state; disulfide bonds change the width and depth of the cap-binding cavity determining selectivity to mRNA caps.
First expressed during embryogenesis in the AB lineage, as the lineage increases from 16 to 32 cells (PubMed:8162851, PubMed:9872954). Expression in the AB lineage diminishes around the 168 cell embryo stage and the expression pattern becomes symmetrical about the embryo's plane of bilateral symmetry (PubMed:8162851, PubMed:9872954). Also expressed in the lineage of the D founder cell initially in the 100 cell embryo (PubMed:8162851, PubMed:9872954). As embryonic elongation commences, expressed in Z1 and Z4 cells; this expression increases during the rest of embryogenesis and disappears shortly after hatching (PubMed:8162851). Expressed in the MS lineage, specifically in MSaaa and MSaap at the 51-cell stage (PubMed:9872954).
RNAi-mediated knockdown by injection into adults has little or no phenotypic effect (PubMed:11044397). However, simultaneous knockdown of forkhead gene fkh-2 causes 12% of eggs produced by hermaphrodites to arrest development at late stages of embryogenesis and 81% arrest after hatching as L1 stage larvae (PubMed:11044397).
Transcription factor (By similarity). Plays a role in embryogenesis and later development, perhaps acting redundantly with forkhead protein fkh-2 (PubMed:11044397).
Expressed in PVT neurons and weakly in some head neurons.
No visible phenotype (PubMed:19737747, PubMed:22829780). No defect in the positioning of ASI and ASH neuron cell bodies (PubMed:22829780). No defect in the positioning of PQV, PVP, RMEV, HSN adn AVK axons in the ventral nerve cord (PubMed:19737747). In a zig-1, zig-3, zig-4 or zig-5 or zig-8 mutant background, cell body positioning of ASI and ASH head neurons is normal (PubMed:22829780).
Expressed in male and female germ cells.
Nuclear factor required for the production of piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA) precursors (PubMed:24696457). Specifically required for piRNAs produced from loci associated with the Ruby motif (PubMed:24696457). Promotes binding of the transcription factor snpc-4 at piRNA genomic clusters (PubMed:25373775). Required for normal fertility (PubMed:24696457).
Binds 1 heme b (iron(II)-protoporphyrin IX) group covalently per subunit.
Catalyzes the two-electron oxidation of bromide by hydrogen peroxide and generates hypobromite as a reactive intermediate which mediates the formation of sulfilimine cross-links between methionine and hydroxylysine residues within an uncross-linked collagen IV NC1 hexamer (By similarity). Plays a role in the attachment of tissues and in axonal guidance during early developmental stages (PubMed:25475546). May functionally antagonize the peroxidasin pxn-2 to maintain neuronal development (PubMed:20876652, PubMed:26194821).
Expressed in the ventral nerve cord, the dorsal nerve cord, head neurons, GABAergic and cholinergic neurons, body wall muscles, vulval muscles, uterine muscles, intestine, the hypodermis and in coelomocytes.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the HesA/MoeB/ThiF family. UBA4 subfamily.
Plays a central role in 2-thiolation of mcm(5)S(2)U at tRNA wobble positions of cytosolic tRNA(Lys), tRNA(Glu) and tRNA(Gln). Also essential during biosynthesis of the molybdenum cofactor. Acts by mediating the C-terminal thiocarboxylation of sulfur carriers URM1 and MOCS2A. Its N-terminus first activates URM1 and MOCS2A as acyl-adenylates (-COAMP), then the persulfide sulfur on the catalytic cysteine is transferred to URM1 and MOCS2A to form thiocarboxylation (-COSH) of their C-terminus. The reaction probably involves hydrogen sulfide that is generated from the persulfide intermediate and that acts as nucleophile towards URM1 and MOCS2A. Subsequently, a transient disulfide bond is formed. Does not use thiosulfate as sulfur donor; NFS1 probably acting as a sulfur donor for thiocarboxylation reactions.
Serine protease which ensures proper pharyngeal pumping during larval growth by regulating the levels of extracellular matrix component fbl-1 (PubMed:25464847). Independently of its enzymatic activity and probably by acting as a ligand for tyrosine-protein kinase receptor svh-2, involved in axon regeneration after injury by promoting the generation of productive and stable growth cones (PubMed:22388962, PubMed:25464847). May play a role in gonad development (PubMed:25464847).
Specifically expressed in ADL sensory neurons.
The Kringle domain is dispensable for larval growth and axon regeneration after injury.
The PAN domain is required to maintain gonad structure and thus fertility. Dispensable for larval growth.
Part of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane protein complex (EMC) that enables the energy-independent insertion into endoplasmic reticulum membranes of newly synthesized membrane proteins.
General regulator of phagocytosis. Required to uptake Gram negative bacterium by macrophages.
Plays a role in alae formation in L1 larvae.
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in shorter and fatter dauer phase animals (dumpy phenotype), which have no alae (PubMed:15936343). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in a folded pharynx and intestine in some animals (PubMed:15936343).
Belongs to the complex I NDUFA10 subunit family.
Although it belongs to the peptidase M16 family, lacks the zinc-binding sites and appears to lack catalytic activity in vitro.
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes 63 percent embryonic lethality (PubMed:16788047). Embryonic lethality is further increased in simultaneous RNAi-mediated knockdown of mppa-1 and mppb-1 or ucr-1 and mppa-1 (PubMed:16788047).
Substrate recognition and binding subunit of the essential mitochondrial processing protease (MPP), which cleaves the mitochondrial sequence off newly imported precursors proteins.
Together with eak-6 and sdf-9, negatively regulates dauer larva formation downstream of the insulin-like receptor daf-2 and in parallel with age-1, pdk-1 and akt-1 (PubMed:16839187).
Catalyzes the decarboxylation of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) to dopamine, L-5-hydroxytryptophan to serotonin and L-tryptophan to tryptamine.
Exclusively expressed in the hermaphrodite gonad. Weakly distributed throughout gonadal oocytes from the mitotic stage to the developing diakinesis stage, with expression restricted to the distal region of the gonad.
In adult hermaphrodites, double RNAi-mediated knockdown with oma-1 results in a 20% reduction in number of eggs laid. Triple RNAi-mediated knockdown with oma-1 and oma-2 results in a 85% reduction in number of eggs laid.
Zinc-finger protein that may play a role in oocyte maturation and fertility.
Expressed in the P lineage during embryogenesis (PubMed:18202375). First expressed at the 4- to 8-cell stage, and expression remains throughout the remaining P cell divisions in P2, P3 and P4 cells, and subsequently in primordial germ cells Z2 and Z3 (PubMed:18202375). Expression begins to diminish at the 100-cell stage (PubMed:18202375).
Interacts with pptr-1, pptr-2 and pgl-1.
Not expressed in the adult germline or in any somatic tissues.
P granule component, which acts redundantly with P granule component meg-2 to promote P granule segregation during embryogenesis, and germ cell proliferation and differentiation in larval stages (PubMed:18202375, PubMed:21305687, PubMed:25535836). In its phosphorylated form, and together with meg-2, promotes the disassembly of zygotic P granules in the anterior cytoplasm of pre-gastrulation embryos (PubMed:25535836). In its dephosphorylated form, and together with meg-2, promotes the assembly and accumulation of zygotic P granules in the posterior cytoplasm of pre-gastrulation embryos (PubMed:25535836). May function with the nanos family members nos-2 and nos-3 to promote germ cell proliferation during larval development (PubMed:21305687). Required for fertility (PubMed:18202375, PubMed:21305687).
Phosphorylated by mbk-2, which promotes the disassembly of zygotic P granules in the anterior cytoplasm of pre-gastrulation embryos (PubMed:25535836). Dephosphorylated by a phosphatase complex containing the PP2A regulatory subunit pptr-1, which promotes the assembly and accumulation of zygotic P granules in the posterior cytoplasm of pre-gastrulation embryos (PubMed:25535836).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in sterility, and in P granule segregation defects (PubMed:18202375). Simultaneous RNAi-mediated knockdown of meg-1 and meg-2 results in defects in P granule disassembly in the anterior cytoplasm of the P1 blastomere causing some P granules to be mis-segregated to somatic blastomeres (PubMed:25535836).
Belongs to the pseudouridine synthase TruD family.
Expressed at the 1.5-fold stage of embryogenesis and by the 3-fold stage, in all cells of the gut (PubMed:14573471). Expressed in nine cells in the posterior bulb of the pharynx from the 3-fold stage (PubMed:14573471). Expressed in the intestine at all stages of development (PubMed:14573471).
No phenotype detected and so may be dispensable (PubMed:14573471). RNAi-mediated knockdown causes intestinal expression of heme transporter hrg-1 induced by heme to be reduced drastically in L3 stage larvae (PubMed:20938051). Reduces expression of the daf-16 isoforms d and f (PubMed:24834345).
Probable transcription factor (PubMed:20938051, PubMed:24834345). Plays a role in regulating heme-dependent expression of heme transporter hrg-1 (PubMed:20938051). Modulates lifespan in a daf-16-dependent manner (PubMed:24834345).
Expressed in UV1 uterine cells in late L4 larval stage.
Expressed in the gonadal sheath projections in between the oocytes, in head RIM motor neurons and RIC interneurons.
Mutants almost completely lack tyramine, have fewer eggs in the uterus and are hyperactive in egg laying in the presence of food with most eggs being laid at the 1-8 cell stage. They also have a reduced backing response, show more spontaneous reversals and fail to suppress head oscillations upon anterior touch.
Required for the decarboxylation of tyrosine to tyramine, a precursor of octopamine but probably also itself a neurotransmitter (PubMed:15848803). Involved in the regulation of egg laying, which is inhibited by tyramine (PubMed:15848803). Also involved in controlling locomotion and head movements (PubMed:15848803). Due to its involvement in octopamine biosynthesis, also required for crtc-1-dependent regulation of AMPK-mediated longevity which requires octopamine signaling (PubMed:25723162).
Expressed in touch receptor neurons and in a subset of ciliated neurons, including PDE, ADE, CEP, and OLQ neurons.
Mutants move more slowly off food than wild-type animals, but retain the ability to slow when encountering a bacterial lawn. Mutants exhibit significantly reduced nose touch sensation and are partially insensitive to body touch.
Belongs to the NUP186/NUP192/NUP205 family.
Component of the SIN3S complex, which contains at least sin-3, hda-1, athp-1 and mrg-1 (PubMed:31602465). Interacts with ztf-11; the interaction is weak (PubMed:31386623). Interacts with cfp-1 (PubMed:31602465).
Expressed from the L1 stage of larval development to adulthood.
Expressed in all ray structural cells including ray 6, 7, 8 and 9 of the male tail. Also expressed in the inner labial neurons, socket cells, the cephalic neurons in the head and the ventral nerve cord.
Probable transcriptional repressor required for the deposition of dimethylated 'Lys-9' of histone H3 (H3K9me2) on asynapsed chromosome pairs (both autosomes and sex chromosomes) during meiosis, but this does not seem to solely affect the transcriptional status (PubMed:21909284). Plays a role in ray fusion and patterning in the male tail, and this may be through activity of the histone deacetylase complex (HDAC) (PubMed:17506990).
Uncoordinated movement, protruding vulva and ray fusion defects in the male tail (PubMed:17506990). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in sterility (PubMed:16710447). RNAi-mediated knockdown in a him-8 mutant background results in no deposition of dimethylated 'Lys-9' of histone H3 (H3K9me2) on asynapsed chromosome pairs (PubMed:21909284).
Activated following oxidation of the conserved redox-active cysteine residue, which subsequently allows for the oxidation and activation of substrates.
Expressed in the gonad, neurons and intestine (at protein level) (PubMed:19064914). Expressed in the pharyngeal inter-neuron I4 and the sensory interneuron I2 (PubMed:15099742, PubMed:25640076). Expressed in the intestine, pharyngeal muscle 1, vulval muscle, body wall muscle, epithelial cells e1 and e3, and neurons in the head and tail (PubMed:25640076).
Expressed throughout embryonic, larval and adult stages (PubMed:15099742, PubMed:19064914). Highly expressed at the L3 larval stage at 25 degrees Celsius (PubMed:29055282).
Monomer and homodimer; disulfide-linked (PubMed:19064914). Under nonstress conditions, present in the reduced monomeric form (PubMed:19064914). Forms active hyperoxidized monomers and disulfide-linked homodimers upon oxidation by hydrogen peroxide (PubMed:19064914). Forms active oxidized homodimers in response to the drug metformin (PubMed:24889636).
Reduced size, egg production and brood size (PubMed:15099742). Survival in response to heat and oxidative stress induced by peroxides is comparable to wild-type (PubMed:15099742). RNAi-mediated knockdown increases lifespan in response to the heavy metal arsenite (PubMed:25808059). RNAi-mediated knockdown increases expression of gcs-1 and further increases gcs-1 expression in response to the heavy metal arsenite (PubMed:19064914). RNAi-mediated knockdown increases the expression of isoform a of skn-1 in intestinal nuclei (PubMed:25808059).
The enzyme can be inactivated by further oxidation of the cysteine sulfenic acid (C(P)-SOH) to sulphinic acid (C(P)-SO2H) instead of its condensation to a disulfide bond.
Thiol-specific peroxidase that catalyzes the reduction of hydrogen peroxide and organic hydroperoxides to water and alcohols, respectively (PubMed:15099742). In I2 pharyngeal neurons, required for the inhibition of feeding in response to light and hydrogen peroxide (PubMed:25640076). In the intestine, plays a role in protecting cells against oxidative stress by detoxifying peroxides such as hydrogen peroxide (PubMed:15099742, PubMed:19064914, PubMed:20649472). In addition, plays a role in the recovery from oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide (PubMed:20649472). In its hyperoxidized form (induced by hydrogen peroxide), confers protection against heat stress (PubMed:19064914). However, has a low tendency for overoxidation during the normal lifespan (PubMed:20964547). Increases sensitivity to cytotoxity caused by metalloids and heavy metals such as arsenic and cadmium by playing a role in inhibiting the expression of phase II detoxification genes such as gcs-1 in intestinal cells (PubMed:19064914, PubMed:25204677). In addition, in response to arsenite, promotes the secretion of the insulin ligand daf-28 into the pseudocoelom, which negatively regulates the activities of daf-16 and skn-1 (PubMed:25808059). Plays a role in promoting longevity (PubMed:19064914, PubMed:24889636). Plays a role in the mitohormetic pathway by promoting the activation of pmk-1 in response to the drug metformin (PubMed:24889636).
Up-regulated in response to the drug metformin.
Probable component of the SCF(sel-10) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex containing F-box domain-containing protein sel-10 as the substrate recognition component (PubMed:17626846). Interacts with cul-1 (PubMed:11864567, PubMed:11864566). May interact with the F-box protein mec-15 (PubMed:11864566). Interacts with dre-1 (PubMed:17336909). Interacts with syg-1 (PubMed:17626846). Interacts with sel-10 (PubMed:18718460).
Probable essential component of SCF (SKP1-CUL1-F-box protein) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complexes, which mediate the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins (PubMed:17626846). Regulates cell proliferation during embryonic and larval development (PubMed:11864567, PubMed:11864566). Involved in synapse elimination in early synapse development (PubMed:17626846). May negatively regulate the apoptotic activity of cep-1 in response to genotoxic stress (PubMed:18340346). Plays a role in sex determination (PubMed:18718460).
The majority of animals are either embryonic or larval lethal. Rare surviving animals develop into uncoordinated sterile adults with hyperplasia of tissues including the uterus and the spermatheca of the somatic gonad (PubMed:18718460). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in a reduction in brood size of the injected parent and embryonic lethality of offspring between gastrulation and the two-cell phase of embryogenesis (PubMed:11864566). RNAi-mediated knockdown causes synapse clusters that are retained rather than eliminated in the secondary synapse region, anterior to the vulva during synapse development (PubMed:17626846). RNAi-mediated knockdown leads to an increase in germ cell apoptosis in response to genotoxic stress (PubMed:18340346). RNAi-mediated knockdown within 16 hours of RNAi administration results in defects in embryonic divisions including spindle mispositioning, abnormal polar bodies and ectopic furrows, and hyperplasia of the somatic gonad and hypodermis in larvae (PubMed:11864567). All embryos laid 16 hours post RNAi treatment arrest and contain almost twice the number of cells as wild-type embryos (PubMed:11864567). Zygotic RNAi-mediated knockdown results in 90% sterility (PubMed:11864567).
Acts as component of the mcm2-7 complex (mcm complex) which is the putative replicative helicase essential for 'once per cell cycle' DNA replication initiation and elongation in eukaryotic cells. Core component of CDC45-MCM-GINS (CMG) helicase, the molecular machine that unwinds template DNA during replication, and around which the replisome is built. The active ATPase sites in the mcm2-7 ring are formed through the interaction surfaces of two neighboring subunits such that a critical structure of a conserved arginine finger motif is provided in trans relative to the ATP-binding site of the Walker A box of the adjacent subunit. The six ATPase active sites, however, are likely to contribute differentially to the complex helicase activity (By similarity). Required for DNA replication as well as for the subsequent DNA replication checkpoint controlling entry into M phase in embryos and in postembryonic somatic blast cells (PubMed:21146520). Required for normal growth and viability, specifically via tissue-specific expression in the hypodermis (PubMed:21146520).
Component of the mcm2-7 complex (By similarity). The complex forms a toroidal hexameric ring with the proposed subunit order mcm2-mcm6-mcm4-mcm7-mcm3-mcm5 (By similarity). Interacts with nmad-1 (PubMed:31283754).
Expressed during all stages of development (at protein level).
Expressed in dividing cells with some protein being retained in quiescent cells (at protein level).
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes embryonic arrest due to continued mitotic DNA segregation despite lack of DNA replication. Suppresses the S-phase checkpoint induced by rnr-1 inhibition or by hydroxyurea exposure.
ALA and SIA axons exhibit outgrowth abnormalities, failing to run along the lateral cord to the tail (PubMed:10887091). ALA axons are shortened further in a vab-8 mutant background (PubMed:10887091). Drastically reduced expression of let-23/EGFR and plc-3/PLCgamma in ALA neurons (PubMed:20501595). RNAi-mediated knockdown causes severe defects in the ALA neuron in young adults (PubMed:20501595).
Expressed at the L1 larval stage in five neurons of the ring ganglia; a dorsal neuron, ALA, and four ventral SIA neurons (SIADR, SIADL, SIAVR and SIAVL) (at protein level) (PubMed:10887091). Earliest expression is at the end of gastrulation (PubMed:10887091). Expressed at the comma stage, in two dorsal neurons in the head, and in six cells on the ventral side of the head, just anterior to the excretory pore (PubMed:10887091).
Probable transcription factor involved in postembryonic differentiation of the ALA neuron, and regulation of genes that contribute to behavioral quiescence, a sleep-like behavior mediated by ALA (PubMed:20501595). Regulates its own expression and also that of homeodomain ceh-14, together forming an autoregulatory loop in the ALA neuron (PubMed:20501595). Involved in fasciculation-independent longitudinal axonal navigation in many neurons (PubMed:10887091).
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 56 family.
Expressed in the AVG and PVT neurons of the tail.
In contrast to other members of the family, adopts a reversed membrane topology.
Photoreceptor for short wavelength (UV) light that mediates UV-light-induced avoidance behavior (PubMed:18687026, PubMed:20436480, PubMed:27863243). Directly senses and absorbs both UV-A and UV-B light with very high efficiency (PubMed:27863243). Absorption of UV-B but not UV-A light shows resistance to photobleaching (PubMed:27863243). In contrast to other photoreceptors, does not use a prosthetic chromophore to capture photons and only depends on its protein conformation (PubMed:27863243). Might have a role in response to white light exposure (PubMed:29500338).
Was initially thought to play a role in the gustatory response (PubMed:18687026). However, it was later shown that it acts as a photoreceptor for short wavelength (UV) light (PubMed:27863243).
Worms exhibit no response to blue-violet light but respond to physical stimulation.
Belongs to the transglutaminase-like superfamily.
Cytoskeleton-associated protein (Probable). May play a role in hypodermal cell development (Probable).
Expressed in the Y and U rectal epithelial cells, in marginal cells of the terminal bulb and isthmus of the pharynx (at protein level).
Expressed throughout development (at protein level). First expressed in two-fold stage embryos (at protein level) (PubMed:12204272). During embryogenesis, expressed in the apical regions of the dorsal and ventral hypodermis in tightly organized circumferential filament bundles (at protein level) (PubMed:12204272). Expressed in seam cells in embryos and at the larval stages (at protein level) (PubMed:12204272). In L1 stage larvae, expressed in the apical junction between hypodermal cells hyp 5, hyp 6 and hyp 7, and between the seam cells and the P blast cells in the ventral midline (at protein level) (PubMed:12204272). In L2 stage larvae, expressed in the Y and U rectal epithelial cells (at protein level) (PubMed:12204272). In L3 stage larvae, expressed in the pharynx, socket cells, the processes that link socket cells to the amphid, in marginal cells of the terminal bulb and at the junction between the pharynx lumen and the hypodermis (at protein level) (PubMed:12204272). In L4 stage larvae, expressed in longitudinal filaments within the cytoplasm linking both extremities of the elongating seam cells and in the alae formed by their fusion (at protein level) (PubMed:12204272).
Unlike the mammalian homolog KY, the residues forming the catalytic triad in the putative transglutaminase-like domain of ltd-1 are not conserved, therefore it is likely that the protein lacks protease activity.
Belongs to the eukaryotic RPC9 RNA polymerase subunit family.
Expressed from the two-fold stage onwards.
Expressed in the hypodermis at the sites of muscle contact, in striated muscles including body wall muscles, the anal sphincter muscles and the junctions between the anal sphincter muscle and rectal cuticle. Also expressed in non-muscle cells including the excretory duct cell and pore cells.
Involved in cell adhesion and required for organ positioning and attachment (PubMed:25917920, PubMed:11470827, PubMed:11470828). At the hypodermal surface, required for attachment of the hypdermermis to the basal cuticle in postembryonic development, possibly through intermediate filaments of the cytoskeleton (PubMed:11470828).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in detached dorsal muscles and retracted ventral muscles from the anterior and posterior ends of the worm.
Reduced level of constitutive germ cell apoptosis on a ced-6 mutant background, in hermaphrodites (PubMed:17881492). Blocks DNA damage-induced germ cell apoptosis, but does not affect associated cell-cycle arrest (PubMed:17881492).
Transcription activator (By similarity). May activate expression of the pro-apoptotic genes ced-4 and ced-3 (PubMed:17881492). Required for constitutive, and for DNA damage-induced, programmed cell death of germ cells (PubMed:17881492).
Adaptins are components of the adaptor complexes which link clathrin to receptors in coated vesicles. Clathrin-associated protein complexes are believed to interact with the cytoplasmic tails of membrane proteins, leading to their selection and concentration.
Belongs to the V-ATPase e1/e2 subunit family.
In the 1.5-fold embryo, expressed in gut cells but not in epidermal cells (at protein level) (PubMed:15866168). In the 3-fold embryo, expressed in dorsal and ventral epidermal cells, but not in seam cells, and in the excretory cell (at protein level) (PubMed:15866168).
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes hyperfusion of epidermal cells in embryos.
Subunit of the V0 complex of vacuolar(H+)-ATPase (V-ATPase), a multisubunit enzyme composed of a peripheral complex (V1) that hydrolyzes ATP and a membrane integral complex (V0) that translocates protons (By similarity). V-ATPase is responsible for acidifying and maintaining the pH of intracellular compartments and in some cell types, is targeted to the plasma membrane, where it is responsible for acidifying the extracellular environment (By similarity). During embryonic development, the V-ATPase is required to repress fusion of epidermal cells probably by negatively regulating eff-1-mediated cell fusion (PubMed:15866168).
Catalyzes RNA cleavage releasing a product with a 2',3'-cyclic phosphate at the 3'-end.
In embryos, expression is first seen in pharyngeal primordium and later in all differentiating cells. Post embryonic expression corresponds to developmental patterns of cell cycle progression in many tissues including sex myoblasts, distal tip cells, vulval cells, seam cells, neurons, intestine cells and hypodermal cells (PubMed:10587644, PubMed:9716524). During the development of distal tip cells (DTC), expressed asymmetrically between the daughters of the Z1.a and Z4.p cells; asymmetric expression is regulated by wrm-1, a component of the Wnt/MAPK pathway (PubMed:17476329).
In embryos, expression is first seen in pharyngeal primordium and later in all differentiating cells. Post embryonic expression corresponds to developmental patterns of cell cycle progression in many tissues including sex myoblasts, distal tip cells, vulval cells, seam cells, neurons, intestine cells and hypodermal cells.
Interacts with cyd-1 (Probable); the interaction is direct.
Negative cell-cycle regulator that functions at the G1-to-S-phase transition (PubMed:10587644, PubMed:9716524). Required for suspension of the cell cycle in dauer larvae and starved L1 larvae (PubMed:10587644, PubMed:9716524). In vulval precursor cells (VPCs), a pathway of heterochronic genes acts via cki-1 to maintain VPCs in G1 during the L2 larval stage (PubMed:10587644, PubMed:9716524, PubMed:15247923). Cul-2 may function in ubiquitin-mediated degradation by targeting cki-1 for degradation (PubMed:10587644). Involved in distal tip cell development by repressing and modulating cye-1/cdk-2 activity levels in Z1.aa/Z4.pp and in Z1.ap/Z4.pa (PubMed:17476329).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in additional cell divisions in postembryonic intestinal cells characterized by a premature entry into S phase.
Component of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF-3) complex, which is involved in protein synthesis of a specialized repertoire of mRNAs and, together with other initiation factors, stimulates binding of mRNA and methionyl-tRNAi to the 40S ribosome. The eIF-3 complex specifically targets and initiates translation of a subset of mRNAs involved in cell proliferation (Potential). Component of the COP9 signalosome complex (CSN), a complex involved in various cellular and developmental processes (PubMed:17403899). The CSN complex is an essential regulator of the ubiquitin (Ubl) conjugation pathway by mediating the deneddylation of the cullin subunits of the SCF-type E3 ligase complexes, leading to decrease the Ubl ligase activity of SCF (PubMed:17403899). The CSN complex plays an essential role in embryogenesis and oogenesis and is required to regulate microtubule stability in the early embryo. Mediates mei-1 targeting for degradation at the meiosis to mitosis transition via deneddylation of cul-3 (PubMed:17403899).
Component of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF-3) complex. Within the eIF-3 complex, interacts directly with eif-3.F. Component of the CSN complex, composed of csn-1, csn-2, csn-3, csn-4, csn-5, csn-6 and csn-7. Within the CSN complex, interacts directly with csn-1 and csn-4.
Belongs to the nuclear hormone receptor family. NR4 subfamily.
In hermaphrodites, expressed in the developing spermatheca and dorsal uterus (PubMed:18096150, PubMed:20506374). Expression includes the 8 cells of the dorsal somatic gonad primordium and the sujc cells that form the core of the spermatheca-uterine valve (PubMed:18096150). Expressed in the precursor cells of the spermatheca-sheath lineages (SS cells) and in the precursors and descendents of the dorsal-uterine lineage (DU cells) (PubMed:20506374). In both hermaphroditic and male animals, expressed in a pair of head chemosensory neurons (PubMed:18096150).
Most abundant in larval stage L3 (PubMed:7816808). Expressed in larval stages L3 and L4 (PubMed:18096150, PubMed:20506374). Weakly expressed in adult animals (PubMed:18096150).
Reduced brood size, abnormal egg morphology and arrested egg development. Defects in ovulation with fragmentation of the proximal oocyte and endomitosis. Misplacement of ovulated oocytes into the gonad arms due to a lack of spermatheca-uterine valve formation. Degeneration of gonad tissue. Decreased spermatheca organ size due to decreased spermatheca cell number. Disorganized actin microfilaments in the spermatheca, lack of distal constriction and defects in spermathecal cell differentiation. Misexpression of let-502 in all cells of the spermatheca instead of restricted expression to the distal and proximal regions of the spermatheca. Abnormal differentiation and morphology of the sujc cells that form the core of the spermatheca-uterine valve (PubMed:18096150). Lack of cell divisions of the proximal spermatheca precursor daughter cells due to a failure of progressing to S phase during larval stage L4 (PubMed:25529479). In a fzr-1(ku298) mutant background, increase in spermatheca nuclei number as compared to the nhr-6 single mutant (PubMed:25529479). In a fog-2(q71) mutant background, a large mass of fragmented oocytes in the spermatheca and uterus (PubMed:18096150). RNAi-mediated knockdown leads to reduced brood size and abnormal egg morphology (PubMed:20506374). In a vab-1(e2), vab-1(e699), vab-2(ju1) or vab-2(e96) mutant background, enhanced reduction in brood size (PubMed:25529479). In a vab-2(ju1) mutant background, reduced spermatheca cell number and abnormal spermatheca morphology (PubMed:25529479). In a RNAi-sensitive rrf-3(pk1426) mutant background, defects in spermatheca morphology, including decreased organ size, decreased spermatheca cell number and misplaced spermatheca nuclei. In a RNAi-sensitive eri-1(mg366) mutant background, reduced brood size, abnormal egg morphology and arrested eggs (PubMed:18096150).
The NR LBD domain and the nuclear receptor DNA binding domain are sufficient for binding to the NGFI-B response element (NBRE) 5'-AAAGGTCA-3'.
Transcriptional activator that induces gene expression by binding to the NGFI-B response element (NBRE) 5'-AAAGGTCA-3' (PubMed:20506374). Required for proper morphogenesis of the spermatheca and the spermatheca-uterine valve formation (PubMed:18096150, PubMed:25529479). Promotes cell proliferation and differentiation of the spermatheca precursor cells during spermatheca development in larval stage L4 (PubMed:18096150, PubMed:25529479). Might play a role in promoting G1/S phase progression in the spermatheca precursor cell lineage (PubMed:25529479). Also required for the differentiation of the spermatheca-uterine junction core (sujc) cells which are generating the spermatheca-uterine valve (PubMed:18096150).
Animals are viable, but sterile and display phenotypes including an increased lifespan, age-dependent decline in their pharyngeal pumping rate and locomotion, reduced body fat and decreased oxygen consumption and an impaired ability to maintain mitochondrial membrane potential (PubMed:25187565). RNAi-mediated knockdown causes a number of defects during the first embryonic mitotic division including delayed spindle rotation, diminished spindle pole separation, two-fold faster chromosomal segregation, increased distance between chromosomes after anaphase onset, delayed mitotic exit, less efficient removal of smo-1 from chromatin after anaphase onset and prevention of air-2 from localizing to the spindle midzone (PubMed:25475837). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in increased sumoylation of hmgs-1 (PubMed:25187565). RNAi-mediated knockdown prevents dve-1 translocation to the nucleus in response to mitochondrial stress (PubMed:30642431). RNAi-mediated knockdown reduces the levels of afts-1, but levels are restored following inhibition of the proteasome (PubMed:30642431). RNAi-mediated knockdown reduces the survival of animals and results in impaired activation of the mitochondrial unfolded protein response following the inhibition of respiration induced by antimycin A (PubMed:30642431). RNAi-mediated knockdown impairs development and survival, and reduces the expression of immune response genes lys-2, zip-2, clec-4, clec-65 and ugt-61 following infection with P.aeruginosa (PubMed:30642431).
Expressed in hermaphrodite-specific neurons, head muscles, body wall muscles and pharyngeal cells.
First expressed in body wall muscles and hypodermal cells during embryonic development to adulthood. Expressed in the pharynx and hypodermis from larval stages L1 to L3. Expressed in hermaphrodite-specific neurons from the L4 stage of larval development.
Protease required for deconjugation of smo-1 conjugates from target proteins which is necessary for cell cycle progression (PubMed:25475837) (Probable). Required for respiration and the maintenance of normal mitochondrial homeostasis (PubMed:25187565). In response to mitochondrial stress, required for the removal of smo-1 conjugates from the transcription factor dve-1, which promotes the translocation of dve-1 from the cytosol to the nucleus to initiate the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (PubMed:30642431). Furthermore, removes the smo-1 conjugates from the transcription factor atfs-1 to promote its stability and activate the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (PubMed:30642431). Also plays a role in promoting mitochondrial unfolded protein response-mediated innate immunity following infection with P.aeruginosa (PubMed:30642431).
Up-regulated in response to mitochondrial stress induced by antimycin A.
Phosphorylase b kinase catalyzes the phosphorylation of serine in certain substrates, including troponin I.
Activated by ATP (By similarity). ATP binding leads to a conformational change that promotes FAD cofactor binding and enzyme activity (By similarity). ATP binding likely occurs during acox-1.4 folding and/or dimer formation (By similarity).
Involved in the first step of peroxisomal beta-oxidation by catalyzing the desaturation of fatty acid-derived side chains of ascaroside pheromones, which regulates development and behavior (PubMed:29537254, PubMed:29863473). Specifically, shortens ascarosides with a 9-carbon side chain (asc-C9) and, in association with acox-1.1, may contribute to the shortening of ascarosides with a 11-carbon side chain (asc-C11) (PubMed:29537254, PubMed:29863473). May contribute to the production of indol-3-carbonyl(IC)-ascarosides in association with acox-1.1 and acox-3 (PubMed:29863473).
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX55/SPB4 subfamily.
The Q motif is unique to and characteristic of the DEAD box family of RNA helicases and controls ATP binding and hydrolysis.
Component of an integrin containing attachment complex, composed of at least pat-2, pat-3, pat-4, pat-6, unc-52, unc-97 and unc-112.
Component of an integrin containing attachment complex, which is required for muscle development and maintenance (PubMed:22253611). Probable structural role in myofilament assembly and/or attachment of the myofilament lattice to the cell membrane (PubMed:8393416, PubMed:11438655, PubMed:17326220). May be an extracellular anchor for integrin receptors in body wall muscles and myoepithelial sheath cells (PubMed:8393416, PubMed:17326220). During the formation of neuromuscular junctions at the larval stage, negatively regulates membrane protrusion from body wall muscles, probably downstream of the integrin complex formed by pat-2 and pat-3 (PubMed:16495308). Involved in ovulation (PubMed:17326220).
Detected on embryonic and adult body wall muscle cells (at protein level) (PubMed:8393416, PubMed:10512861). Found in the basement membrane of all contractile tissues (at protein level) (PubMed:10512861). Expressed in gonadal sheath cells and spermatheca (PubMed:17326220).
RNAi-mediated knockdown in L4 larval stage, causes a small increase in ectopic membrane extensions from body wall muscles (PubMed:16495308). RNAi-mediated knockdown causes an accumulation in the proximal gonad of endomitotic mature oocytes in 30 percent of animals (PubMed:17326220). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in impaired mobility, mitochondrial fragmentation, and disrupted integrin attachment complexes in muscle (PubMed:22253611). This leads to degradation of muscle proteins in the cytosol, myofibrillar defects and disruption of sarcomere organization (PubMed:22253611).
Expressed during all stages of larval development and adulthood (at protein level) (PubMed:21055481). Expressed during embryogenesis (PubMed:33238150). Expressed in EA and EP endodermal precursor cells at the 16-24 cell stage of embryogenesis (PubMed:33238150).
Highly expressed in pharyngeal g1 and g2 gland cells, pharyngeal muscle cells and the unilateral GABAergic RIS interneuron (at protein level) (PubMed:21055481). Expressed in pm5 pharyngeal muscle cells and the nerve ring (PubMed:33238150).
Interacts (via the intracellular domain) with F-actin; the interaction is required for anchoring F-actin at the membrane for gap junction formation.
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in abherrent inx-3-positive gap junction formation along the adjoining membranes of EA and EP endodermal precursor cells at the 16-24 cell stage of embryogenesis, and in adult pharyngeal muscles (PubMed:33238150). The inx-3-positive gap junctions are increased in number, are randomly positioned at irregular intervals on either the EA and EP cells and, although they are along the membrane, they are not on the membrane (PubMed:33238150). Furthermore, F-actin does not accumulate at the gap junction formation plaque in between the EA and EP adjoining membrane, but randomly forms patches along the membrane (PubMed:33238150). RNAi-mediated knockdown does not affect the expression of inx-3 (PubMed:33238150). RNAi-mediated knockdown impairs gap junction function in pharyngeal muscles which disrupts the synchronized muscle contraction between the pharyngeal metacorpus and terminal bulbs and thereby decreases the pharyngeal pumping rate (PubMed:33238150). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the nerve ring results in uncoordinated movements (also known as an unc phenotype), decreased locomotion and defective unc-9-positive gap junction formation and morphology (PubMed:33238150).
Required for gap junction formation, playing a role in anchoring the cytoskeletal component F-actin to the membrane of adjacent cells and thus facilitating the formation of gap junction channels in embryonic cells, muscle cells and neuronal cells (PubMed:33238150). Plays a role in maintaining gap junction activity to promote pharyngeal muscle contraction (PubMed:33238150).
Belongs to the eukaryotic RPB4 RNA polymerase subunit family.
Belongs to the engrailed homeobox family.
Embryonic lethality due to embryos with disorganized epidermal cells, which cause morphological and elongation defects (PubMed:15659483). The seam cells in these embryos abnormally fuse to the syncytial hypodermis during embryonic elongation and ectopically express eff-1 (PubMed:15659483). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in embryonic lethality and embryos exhibit seam cell differentiation defects as indicated by a decrease in expression of early seam cell proteins including elt-5, nhr-73 and nhr-74 (PubMed:15659483).
Expressed throughout embryonic development (PubMed:15659483). In embryos, highly expressed after the first cleavage until the early 3-fold stage in one bilateral row of epidermal hyp5, H0-H2, V1-V6 and T-cells (the seam cells) (PubMed:15659483). In later embryonic stages, expressed in anterior neurons and in the DA1 and DD1 motorneurons after hatching (PubMed:15659483). Expressed in seam cells at all larval and adult stages (PubMed:19607822). In dividing seam cells at the L2 larval stage, expressed equally in both daughters and expression in the anterior daughter ceases when it fuses with hyp7 (PubMed:19607822).
Transcriptional regulator which binds to DNA to regulate gene expression and promote seam cell development and differentiation during embryogenesis (PubMed:15659483, PubMed:19607822). Plays a role in maintaining the boundaries between the lateral rows of seam cells and the ventral and dorsal row of epidermal cells during embryonic development (PubMed:15659483). Negatively regulates the expression of the fusion effector protein eff-1 to prevent seam cell fusion with the dorsal and ventral epidermal cells during embryonic elongation (PubMed:15659483). Positively regulates seam cell self-renewal and expansion during the L2 larval stage to promote seam cell development (PubMed:19607822). This role does not seem to be via regulation of eff-1 expression (PubMed:19607822). Specifically, it is required for the asymmetric division of the V5.p seam cell during the L2 larval stage, and in turn the asymmetric nuclear distribution of pop-1 in V5.p daughter cells (PubMed:19607822).
Belongs to the steroid 5-alpha reductase family. Polyprenol reductase subfamily.
Plays a key role in early steps of protein N-linked glycosylation by being required for the conversion of polyprenol into dolichol. Dolichols are required for the synthesis of dolichol-linked monosaccharides and the oligosaccharide precursor used for N-glycosylation. Acts as a polyprenol reductase that promotes the reduction of the alpha-isoprene unit of polyprenols into dolichols in a NADP-dependent mechanism (By similarity).
Autophosphorylated at tyrosine residues which are probably located in the activation loop (residues 724-732). Autophosphorylation does not increase kinase activity in vitro.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Tyr protein kinase family. ROR subfamily.
Can use both Mg(2+) and Mn(2+) in vitro and shows higher activity with Mn(2+) but Mg(2+) is likely to be the in vivo cofactor.
Expressed in 200-cell stage embryo (PubMed:10476968). Expressed predominantly in QR neuroblast descendants and to a lesser extent in QL neuroblast descendants during larval stage (PubMed:25373777).
Expressed in AIM neurons and in several head neurons (PubMed:19561603). Isoform a is expressed in some head muscles and in several head neurons. Isoform b is expressed in several head neurons, in procorpus and isthmus pharyngeal muscles, body wall muscles, and to a lower extent in intestine, seam cells (V cells) and distal tip cells (PubMed:10556063, PubMed:10476968, PubMed:15944127).
Involved in the positioning of the nerve ring.
RNAi-mediated knockdown in a lin-17 n671 mutant background causes 8 percent of animals to produce more than 22 vulval cells (overinduction).
The FZ domain is involved in binding to Wnt ligands egl-20, cwn-1 and mom-2 (PubMed:15371357, PubMed:17942487). The domain is required for the final positioning of migrating ALM, CAN, BDU and HSN neurons, and maybe QR neuroblast descendants during development and for neurite pruning of AIM neurons (PubMed:14651925, PubMed:19561603). Required for the establishment of ALM polarity (PubMed:25917219).
The cytoplasmic domain is required for the negative regulation of neurite pruning of AIM neurons.
The domain is required to establish correct polarity in ALM neurons (PubMed:25917219). May play a role in QR neuroblast descendant migration (PubMed:25373777). The kinase domain is dispensable for ALM, CAN, BDU and HSN neuron migration, V cell asymmetric division, acr-16 localization, for the positioning of the nerve ring and probably for the negative regulation of neurite pruning of AIM neurons (PubMed:14651925, PubMed:15944127, PubMed:19855022, PubMed:19561603).
Tyrosine-protein kinase receptor for Wnt ligands egl-20, mom-2 and cwn-1 (PubMed:17942487, PubMed:25029443). Involved in the final positioning of migrating ALM, CAN, BDU and HSN neurons during development (PubMed:10476968, PubMed:9165130, PubMed:9475729, PubMed:14651925). Involved in the anterior-posterior migration of QR neuroblast descendants, QR.p and QR.pa, by maintaining QR.p cell polarization, probably through mig-2 (PubMed:25373777). In addition, plays a role in ASI sensory neuron positioning and functions (PubMed:10556063). Regulates asymmetric division of V cells (seam cells) and CA/CP neuroblast, and axon outgrowth (PubMed:10476968, PubMed:14651925). Probably by acting as a receptor for Wnt ligand cwn-2, plays a role in the positioning of the nerve ring by controlling axon guidance of SIA and SIB neurons (PubMed:19855022). Involved in synapse plasticity by regulating delivery and/or stabilization of acetylcholine receptor acr-16 at post-synaptic membrane sites and the distribution of synaptic vesicles at pre-synaptic release sites (PubMed:15944127). Probably by acting as a receptor for Wnt ligands cwn-1 and cwn-2, negatively regulates developmental neurite pruning of AIM neurons (PubMed:19561603). Plays a role in ALM neuron polarity (PubMed:25917219). By binding Wnt ligands mom-2, cwn-1 and egl-20 and thereby restricting their availability, negatively regulates Wnt signaling. This mechanism is involved in HSN neuron and QR neuronal descendent migration, and in vulva development (PubMed:15371357, PubMed:17942487). Involved in dauer formation, locomotion, tail morphology and egg-laying (PubMed:10556063, PubMed:9475729, PubMed:14504222). May be involved in distal tip cell (DTC) migration during the development of the posterior gonad (PubMed:10556063).
Expression begins about halfway through embryogenesis. Expressed at higher level in late embryos and in L1 larvae, and fades thereafter. In adults, a weak expression is maintained in several neurons, including ASH but not AWC.
Specifically expressed in sensory neurons and interneurons in the head and tail. Expressed in neurons AWC, ASH, AFD, ASI, ADL, ASK, BAG, AWB, and ADF (head sensory neurons); ADA, AIZ, RIC, AIY, and AIM (head interneurons); PHA and PHB (tail sensory neurons); and PVC and PVQ (tail interneurons).
Structural component of the gap junctions that specifically coordinates left-right asymmetry in the developing nervous system. Acts by forming gap junction network linking embryonic neurons and providing electrical coupling between cells, leading to promote or inhibit AWC signaling. Required for the left and right AWC olfactory neurons to establish asymmetric patterns of gene expression during embryogenesis. Acts autonomously.
Belongs to the iron-containing alcohol dehydrogenase family. Hydroxyacid-oxoacid transhydrogenase subfamily.
Catalyzes the cofactor-independent reversible oxidation of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) to succinic semialdehyde (SSA) coupled to reduction of 2-ketoglutarate (2-KG) to D-2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2-HG). L-3-hydroxybutyrate (L-3-OHB) is also a substrate for HOT when using 2-KG as hydrogen acceptor, resulting in the formation of D-2-HG.
Adaptor protein complex 3 (AP-3) is a heterotetramer.
Expressed in most cells of the cleavage stage embryo, apart from a few cells at the posterior pole, from the 20 cell stage to the 200 cell stage (PubMed:12568714). Expressed in all descendents of the AB and EMS founder cells (PubMed:12568714).
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes significant reduction in the expression of 21U-RNAs, upon simultaneous knockdown of fkh-3 and fkh-5.
Transcription factor (By similarity). Regulates expression of a class of small RNAs, known as 21U-RNAs, perhaps acting redundantly with fkh-3 and fkh-5 (PubMed:22819322).
Transports L-glutamate and also L- and D-aspartate. Essential for terminating the postsynaptic action of glutamate by rapidly removing released glutamate from the synaptic cleft. Acts as a symport by cotransporting sodium (By similarity).
Expressed in pharyngeal, hypodermal and intestinal cells.
Interacts with sma-10 (PubMed:20502686). Interacts with drag-1 (PubMed:24004951).
Serine/threonine-protein kinase receptor which binds TGF-beta-like ligands dbl-1 and perhaps daf-7 (PubMed:9847239, PubMed:24004951). Upon ligand binding, probably activates a TGF-beta-like signaling pathway (PubMed:9847239, PubMed:24004951).
Plays a role in alae formation and subsequent cuticle attachment in adults.
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in cuticle defects in adults, where the external and internal cuticle under the alae are detached (PubMed:15936343). In addition, alae are present, but they are shallower and often have two or four ridges rather than the three in adult wild-type animals (PubMed:15936343).
Belongs to the peptidase C56 family. DJ-1 subfamily.
Catalyzes the conversion of methylglyoxal (MG) or glyoxal (GO) to D-lactate or glycolic acid respectively in a single glutathione (GSH)-independent step. May play a role in detoxifying endogenously produced glyoxals. Involved in protection against glyoxal-induced cell death. Protects dopaminergic neurons from glyoxal-dependent neuronal degeneration.
Expressed in various tissues, including pharyngeal muscles, pharynx-intestinal valve, ventral nerve cord, spermatheca, rectal gland, inner labial (IL) cells of head neurons, phasmid (PHA/PHB) neurons in tail and supporting sheath/socket cells, as well as in head mesodermal cells (HMC), excretory canals and coelomocytes.
Induced by DAF-16 during starvation as well as in the dauer stage.
Belongs to the prickle / espinas / testin family.
Protects cells against oxidative stress by converting superoxide radicals to hydrogen peroxide (PubMed:16234242). Required for normal brood size (PubMed:18073424). May be involved in regulating mpk-1 phosphorylation downstream of phosphatase ptp-2 during oocyte maturation (PubMed:20380830).
The insertion of copper which activates the protein requires glutathione. This is independent of copper chaperone for SOD1 (CCS), which activates orthologs.
Worms exhibit increased oxidative stress and reduced brood size (PubMed:18073424). RNAi-mediated knockdown suppresses the slow germline development and the delayed egg-production of clk-1 mutants (PubMed:14657502). RNAi-mediated knockdown causes an increase in the number of oocytes with mpk-1 phosphorylation (PubMed:20380830).
Promotes the exchange of Ras-bound GDP by GTP (By similarity). May regulate signaling pathways downstream of receptor tyrosine kinase, egl-15 and let-23 (PubMed:10880441). Required for larval and male spicule development, fluid homeostasis, vulva induction, spermatogenesis, and oogenesis by promoting meiosis prophase exit during oocyte maturation (PubMed:10880441, PubMed:17339331). Required for the delamination of G1 cell by promoting the loss of cell junctions and detachment from the excretory system during larval development (PubMed:25371363). Plays a role in nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR)-mediated sensitivity to nicotine (PubMed:15990870). Regulates synaptic levels of nAchR subunit lev-1 in the nerve cord (PubMed:15990870).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in 8% early larval lethality of the progeny. Surviving animals display slow growth, thin body morphology and both spermatogenesis and oogenesis are arrested at the pachytene stage of meiosis I. In addition, males have short and crumpled spicules. RNAi-mediated knockdown prevents multi-vulva induction in let60 n1046, let-23 sa62 or lin-15 n765 mutants and fluid accumulation in clr-1 e1745ts mutant.
The DH (DBL-homology) domain may inhibit the Ras-GEF domain, thereby preventing excessive let-60/Ras activation.
Muscle myosin is a hexameric protein that consists of 2 heavy chain subunits (MHC), 2 alkali light chain subunits (MLC) and 2 regulatory light chain subunits (MLC-2). Interacts with itr-1 (via c-terminal coiled coil domain).
Acts as a receptor for slt-1 (PubMed:17901337). Required for the guidance of the AVM pioneer axon to the ventral nerve cord (PubMed:17901337). Acts as a unc-40 coreceptor to enhance the sensitivity of unc-40 to the madd-4 midline guidance cue to guide muscle arm extensions (muscle arms) and AVM mechanosensory axons towards the dorsoventral midline (PubMed:25122090).
Interacts with sax-3 (PubMed:17901337). Interacts with slt-1 (PubMed:17901337, PubMed:25122090). Interacts (via the SUEL-type lectin domain) with madd-4 (PubMed:25122090). Interacts (via the transmembrane domain) with unc-40 (PubMed:25122090).
The SUEL-type lectin domain, the transmembrane domain and the C-terminal region are required for the guidance of the muscle arm extensions to the midline neurons.
Widely expressed in the developing nervous system during the period of embryogenesis. In first-larval-stage animals, strong expression is observed in ventral and dorsal nerve cords and in the PVM neurons but not in the AVM neurons.
Catalyzes the transport of cholesteryl ester, and phospholipid between phospholipid surfaces (By similarity). Does not catalyze transport of triglycerides (PubMed:17924655). Required for the assembly and secretion of plasma lipoproteins that contain apolipoprotein B (PubMed:17924655, PubMed:14657502). Required for normal expression of klf-3 (PubMed:23639358).
Expressed in the intestine throughout larval stages and adulthood.
Heterodimer; heterodimerizes with protein disulfide isomerase.
RNAi-mediated knockdown suppresses the slow germline development and the delayed egg-production of clk-1 mutants, but does not affect the rate of postembryonic development.
Probable microtubule plus-end tracking protein that promotes the stabilization of dynamic microtubules. Required for the formation of mitotic and meiotic spindles. Specifically promotes the polymerization of kinetochore-bound microtubules. Also required for cytoplasmic streaming. Essential for embryonic development.
Belongs to the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) family.
During the L1 stage, expressed in vulval precursor cells (P3-8.p), seam cells and excretory cells.
Has a role in endoderm cell specification and pharyngeal development (PubMed:9288750). Required for the migration of epithelial cells, organization of the anterior seam cells and ceh-13 expression during embryo morphogenesis. Prevents hyperactivation of the Wnt signaling pathway during endoderm development, probably by preventing hmp-2 nuclear translocation (PubMed:20805471). During larval development, apr-1 is required for expression of lin-39 in P3-8.p (PubMed:10766743). Shown to negatively regulate Wnt signaling in vulval precursor cells (PubMed:12023306). Has a role in cell division by establishing the polarity of the mother cell which forms the asymmetries of the daughter nuclei (PubMed:17276345). During the L4 larval stage, it is required for the asymmetric division and self-renewal of seam cells (PubMed:19607822). Thought to regulate export of wrm-1 from the nucleus possibly as part of a complex involving pry-1 (PubMed:12023307).
Interacts (via N-terminus) with bar-1 and hmp-2; the interaction with hmp-2 is relatively weak. Interacts (via C-terminus) with pry-1 (via N-terminus). Probably associates with bar-1, gsk-3, pry-1 in a complex.
Worms exhibit lack of endoderm, excessive pharyngeal tissue and premature division of the E daughter blastomeres during embryogenesis. Two-thirds arrest during embryogenesis and the remaining third during the L1 stage (PubMed:9288750). RNAi-mediated knockdown causes partial nuclear re-localization of hmp-2 in the embryonic epidermis and the production of supernumerary gut nuclei probably resulting from epithelial cell hyperproliferation (PubMed:20805471).
Expressed in the Y cell before transdifferentiation in the embryo and during redifferentiation into the PDA neuron in larval stages L2 and L3 but not in larval stage L1 (PubMed:25124442). Expression declines in the adult soma (PubMed:26212459).
Histone demethylase that specifically demethylates trimethylated 'Lys-27' of histone H3, a mark associated with transcriptional repression, thereby playing a central role in the histone code (PubMed:17713478, PubMed:25124442). Involved in the transcriptional regulation of the heat shock response, unfolded protein response and possibly other stress response target genes (PubMed:26212459,PubMed:27133168). Required for gonad development and organization (PubMed:17713478). Required for the robust transdifferentiation of the Y rectal epithelial cell to the PDA motor neuron during larval development (PubMed:25124442). Acts cell-autonomously in Y-to-PDA transdifferentiation, which depends on the demethylase activity and on recognition of the H3 tail (PubMed:25124442). Cooperates with set-2 and unc-3 to ensure robust Y-to-PDA transdifferentiation (PubMed:25124442). Promotes mitochondrial stress-induced longevity (PubMed:27133168). Involved in lifespan regulation (PubMed:21803287, PubMed:26212459).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in abnormal gonad migration with aberrant turns and positioning of the distal end as well as in disorganized accumulation of oocytes in the proximal gonad arm (PubMed:17713478). RNAi-mediated knockdown also results in disruption of invariant Y-to-PDA transdifferentiation (PubMed:25124442). RNAi-mediated knockdown suppresses mitochondrial stress response mediated longevity (PubMed:27133168). RNAi-mediated knockdown reduces lifespan of floxuridine-treated animals (PubMed:21803287).
Catalyzes the isomerization of citrate to isocitrate via cis-aconitate.
Worms lacking cpg-2 and cpg-1 exhibit defects in cytokinesis during embryo development more specifically meiotic chromosome segregation, polar-body extrusion, osmotic barrier function and polarization. Embryos lacking cpg-2 and cpg-1 proteins have multiple nuclei lacking plasma membranes and may also have weak egg shells. Oocytes lacking cpg-2 and cpg-1 show cortical granules that are reduced in size.
Ciliary degeneration which is partly due to irregular localization of ciliary components (PubMed:24094853). This likely leads to the impaired intraflagellar transport of proteins along the ciliary axoneme during the later stages of larval development (PubMed:24094853). Lack of or defects in amphid cilia including no transition zone and axoneme structures in amphid wing neurons, enlargened dendritic endings, variable cilia length of ADL neurons, absent or irregularly orientated cilia of the AFD neuron and absent striated rootlets which are normally associated with cilia basal bodies and positioned at the base of cilia in IL1, OLQ and BAG neurons (PubMed:2428682, PubMed:17314406, PubMed:24094853). Behavioral defects including no obvious mating behavior, impaired dauer formation, osmotic and CO(2+) avoidance and impaired chemotaxis (PubMed:2428682, PubMed:24094853).
Major structural component of the ciliary rootlet, a cytoskeletal-like structure in ciliated cells which originates from the basal body at the proximal end of a cilium and extends proximally toward the cell nucleus (PubMed:24094853). Required for cilia integrity and function in sensory neurons (PubMed:2428682, PubMed:17314406, PubMed:24094853). Maintains cilia integrity, partly by modulating the assembly and transport of intraflagellar proteins along the ciliary axoneme (PubMed:24094853). Required for normal mating behavior and normal responses to environmental and chemical stimuli (PubMed:2428682, PubMed:17314406, PubMed:24094853).
Inactive phosphatase which acts redundantly with egg-4 in the oocyte-to-zygote transition (PubMed:19879842, PubMed:19879147). Required for polarized cortical actin cytoskeleton rearrangement in the oocyte before and after fertilization (PubMed:19879147). Together with egg-4, required for the cortical localization of kinase mbk-2 in maturing oocyte until the end of meiosis I (PubMed:19879842). Also required for kinase mbk-2, pseudophosphatase egg-3 and chitin synthase chs-1 localization to cytoplasmic foci after fertilization (PubMed:19879147).
Part of a complex, consisting of pseudophosphatases egg-3, egg-4, egg-5 and kinase mbk-2; this complex is required for the oocyte-to-zygote transition. Interacts (via tyrosine-protein phosphatase domain) with kinase mbk-2 (via 'Tyr-619' and 'Tyr-621'); mbk-2 tyrosine phosphorylation enhances the interaction.
The active site Cys-600 is replaced by a Asp residue suggesting that egg-5 may lack catalytic activity. Despite the lack of catalytic activity, egg-5 may retain the capacity to bind to phosphorylated substrates.
Belongs to the aspartyl/asparaginyl beta-hydroxylase family.
Acts as a mediator between the cap-binding complex (CBC) and the primary microRNAs (miRNAs) processing machinery. Contributes to the stability and delivery of capped primary miRNA transcripts to the primary miRNA processing complex, thereby playing a role in RNA-mediated gene silencing (RNAi) by miRNAs (By similarity).
Putative catalytic component of the RNA exosome complex which has 3'->5' exoribonuclease activity and participates in a multitude of cellular RNA processing and degradation events. dis-3 has both 3'-5' exonuclease and endonuclease activities (By similarity).
Hermaphrodites are sterile and produce no oocytes due to the failure of the germ line to transition from spermatogenesis to oogenesis during oocyte development.
RNA-binding protein that is required for the germ line to transition from spermatogenesis to oogenesis and allow for normal oocyte development.
Essential multidomain scaffolding protein required for normal development (Probable). Recruits channels, receptors and signaling molecules to discrete plasma membrane domains in polarized cells (By similarity). Required for proper embryonic elongation. Acts upstream of ajm-1 and becomes localized to apical junctions independently of ajm-1. With let-413, cooperatively regulates ajm-1 localization to apical junctions (PubMed:11715019, PubMed:18411252).
Expressed in the apical junctions in the hypodermis.
Homooligomerizes; requires L27 domain (PubMed:18411252). Interacts (via L27 domain) with ajm-1; the interaction regulates ajm-1 apical junction location (PubMed:11715019, PubMed:18411252).
Mutant embryos have elongation arrested immediately before or at the 2-fold stage. They display a large vacuole in the posterior region.
PDZ domains are required for localization at the adherens junctions. SH3 domain is necessary for let-413 dependent lateral distribution. L27 domain is responsible for homooligomerization and interaction with ajm-1.
Expressed very broadly throughout the embryo, from the one-cell stage until the comma stage, when expression diminishes, and is not observed after hatching in larvae or in adults (PubMed:21555395). Expressed in both ASE neurons in the comma-stage embryo (PubMed:21555395).
Involved in regulating left/right asymmetric differentiation of the gustatory ASE neurons (PubMed:21555395). Plays a role in modulating expression of LIM/homeobox protein lim-6 (PubMed:21555395).
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mL40 family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the AlaDH/PNT family.
Responsible for the release of ribosomes from messenger RNA at the termination of protein biosynthesis. May increase the efficiency of translation by recycling ribosomes from one round of translation to another (By similarity).
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS12 family.
Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as modulators or transducers in various transmembrane signaling systems. In the 1-cell embryo, probably together with goa-1, controls nuclear rotation and spindle elongation during mitosis (PubMed:14534135). During the first embryonic cell divisons, plays a role in gpr-1/2 cortical localization and in the proper orientation of EMS blastomere mitotic spindle (PubMed:14534135).
Simultaneous RNAi-mediated knockdown of both gpa-16 and goa-1 causes, in the one-cell embryo, a lack of nuclear rocking movements from prophase to metaphase and symmetric spindle elongation without transversal oscillations of the poles during anaphase. At the 2-cell stage embryo, nuclei are mispositioned and fail to exhibit nuclear rotation. In addition, causes a loss of gpr-1/2 cortical localization in 2-cell and 4-cell stage embryos.
Protein expression is regulated by post-transcriptional regulation: under rich-diet conditions, mett-10 binds and methylates sams-5 mRNA, directly inhibiting splicing and protein production of S-adenosylmethionine synthase.
Belongs to the Nudix hydrolase family. CPSF5 subfamily.
Component of the cleavage factor Im (CFIm) complex that functions as an activator of the pre-mRNA 3'-end cleavage and polyadenylation processing required for the maturation of pre-mRNA into functional mRNAs. CFIm contributes to the recruitment of multiprotein complexes on specific sequences on the pre-mRNA 3'-end, so called cleavage and polyadenylation signals (pA signals). Most pre-mRNAs contain multiple pA signals, resulting in alternative cleavage and polyadenylation (APA) producing mRNAs with variable 3'-end formation. The CFIm complex acts as a key regulator of cleavage and polyadenylation site choice during APA through its binding to 5'-UGUA-3' elements localized in the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) for a huge number of pre-mRNAs.
Homodimer (via N- and C-terminus); binds RNA as homodimer. Component of the cleavage factor Im (CFIm) complex.
Expressed in cells of the ABa lineage at the 24-cell stage of embryogenesis (at protein level).
Transcription factor (By similarity). Required for mesodermal induction, acting redundantly with transcription factor tbx-37 (PubMed:15056620). Together with tbx-37, acts by inducing cell fates in the AB lineage, thereby playing a role in development of the anterior pharynx (PubMed:15056620).
Belongs to the CTL (choline transporter-like) family.
ATP-dependent RNA helicase which is a subunit of the eIF4F complex involved in cap recognition and is required for mRNA binding to ribosome. In the current model of translation initiation, eIF4A unwinds RNA secondary structures in the 5'-UTR of mRNAs which is necessary to allow efficient binding of the small ribosomal subunit, and subsequent scanning for the initiator codon.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. eIF4A subfamily.
eIF4F is a multi-subunit complex, the composition of which varies with external and internal environmental conditions. It is composed of at least EIF4A, EIF4E and EIF4G (By similarity).
Belongs to the FMN-dependent alpha-hydroxy acid dehydrogenase family.
Transcriptional regulator involved in developmental processes (PubMed:16139225, PubMed:23666922). Directly binds to the promoter region of the sex-determining factor xol-1 to activate its transcription (PubMed:16139225, PubMed:23666922). Its activation of xol-1 transcription controls sex determination and X chromosome dosage compensation to promote male development (PubMed:23666922). Has a role in the fox-1-sex-1-mediated determination of sexual fate (PubMed:21471153).
Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily. Vesicular transporter family.
Detected in most regions of the nervous system including the nerve ring, the ventral and dorsal nerve cords, and the pharyngeal nervous system (PubMed:8342028). Expressed in most cholinergic neurons (PubMed:8342028, PubMed:28244369). In addition, expressed in SIA, SIB and SMB sublateral motor neurons (PubMed:28244369).
Involved in acetylcholine transport into synaptic vesicles.
Newly hatched animals are small and coiled, do not grow or feed, can barely move and die within a few days.
May interact with vps-39 (PubMed:24374177). Interacts with lgg-3; the interaction is direct (PubMed:26687600). Interacts with atg-16.1 (via WD domain) and atg-16.2 (via WD 5-6 repeats); the interactions are direct (PubMed:26687600). Interacts with sepa-1 (via the LIR motifs); the interaction is direct (PubMed:26687600). Interacts with sqst-1 (via the LIR motifs); the interaction is direct (PubMed:26687600). Interacts with epg-2 (via the LIR motifs); the interaction is weak (PubMed:26687600). Interacts with atg-7; the interaction is direct (PubMed:26687600). Interacts with atg-3 (PubMed:26687600). The interaction with atg-7 and atg-3 may be required for the lipidation of lgg-2 (PubMed:26687600).
This protein is subject to lipidation (PubMed:26687600). Lipidation is regulated by lgg-1 (PubMed:26687600).
Ubiquitin-like modifier involved in the formation of autophagosomal vacuoles (autophagosomes) (PubMed:26687600). When lipidated mediates tethering between adjacent membranes and stimulates membrane fusion (PubMed:26687600). Less effective at promoting membrane fusion than lgg-1 (PubMed:26687600). Acts upstream of the autophagy protein epg-5 in the aggrephagy pathway, which is the macroautophagic degradation of ubiquitinated protein aggregates, and preferentially interacts with autophagy proteins and substrates containing LIR motifs to mediate autophagosome formation and protein aggregate degradation (PubMed:26687600). In particular binds to components of an atg-5-lgg-3-atg-16 complex to regulate autophagosome formation and cargo sequestration (PubMed:26687600). Required for the degradation of specific sqst-1-containing aggregates during embryogenesis and the early stages of larval development (PubMed:26687600). Involved in allophagy, which is an autophagic process in which paternal mitochondria and organelles are degraded during fertilization, and moreover is required for the degradation of lgg-1-positive allophagic autophagosomes in embryos (PubMed:25126728, PubMed:24374177). Involved in xenophagy, the autophagy-mediated degradation of pathogens and pathogen products, such as toxins (PubMed:27875098). Also plays a role in membrane-pore repair (PubMed:27875098). Through HOPS complex subunit vps-39, tethers lysosomes with autophagosomes to form autolysosomes (PubMed:24374177). Plays a role in the distribution and clearance of germ cell specific P-granules from somatic cells to ensure exclusive localization of the P-granules in germ cells (PubMed:19167332). Essential for dauer development and life-span extension (PubMed:20523114).
Viable with no visible defects in development or fertility (PubMed:24374177). Embryos contain an increased number of endosomes (PubMed:25126728). Lysosomes have a reduced capacity to interact with autophagosomes in embryos and furthermore, there is defective autophagosome degradation with an accumulation of lgg-1-positive autophagosomes in 500-cell embryos (PubMed:24374177). Double knockout with rab-7 partially rescues the defective lgg-1- and lgg-2-positive autophagosome degradation defect in the individual rab-7 and lgg-2 single mutants (PubMed:24374177). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in the accumulation of germ cell specific P-granules in somatic cells as indicated by increased numbers of pgl-1 positive granules in embryos (PubMed:19167332). RNAi-mediated knockdown reduces autophagic degradation of membrane pore-forming toxin Cry5B.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class dynamin-like GTPase superfamily. Dynamin/Fzo/YdjA family.
Expressed in cells of the male tail tip from the L3 larval stage. Expression peaks during male tail tip retraction and decreases rapidly upon completion (PubMed:18550714). Not expressed in cells of the hermaphrodite tail tip at any developmental stage (PubMed:18550714).
In males, expressed in the tail tip (PubMed:18550714, PubMed:21408209, PubMed:22069471, PubMed:30910805). Specifically, expressed in 15 male-specific muscles of the tail tip called the diagonal muscles, and also in core body muscles of both males and hermaphrodites (PubMed:22069471). In males, expressed in ray A-neurons (PubMed:18550714, PubMed:22069471). In males, expressed in PHC sensory neurons (PubMed:28065609). In males, it is also expressed in the hindgut, B lineage and somatic gonad (PubMed:18550714). In hermaphrodites, expressed in the anchor cell only (PubMed:18550714).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in male tail morphology defects.
Transcriptional activator which promotes male-specific development (PubMed:18550714, PubMed:28065609). Acts partially redundantly with the transcription factor mab-3 to coordinate tail tip cell fusion and retraction and thereby regulate male tail tip morphogenesis (PubMed:18550714, PubMed:30910805). This is most likely through the regulation of downstream effectors such as eff-1 (PubMed:18550714). May also negatively regulate the expression of other proteins implicated in male tail morphogenesis including nhr-25, vav-1 and arl-1 in tail tip cells (PubMed:21408209). In males, plays a role in the development of ray A-neurons by negatively regulating the activity of the transcription factor ast-1 (PubMed:22069471). Plays a role in the male-specific differentiation of PHC sensory neurons into densely connected hub sensory neurons (PubMed:28065609). Plays a role in male mating behavior (PubMed:22069471).
Expressed in spicule protractor and retractor muscles, and the male-specific neuron CP9 (PubMed:18652814). Expressed in the nerve ring, and preanal ganglion (PubMed:9852581). Expressed in asymmetric motor neurons (PubMed:9852581, PubMed:29033363). Expressed in ventral D motor neurons (PubMed:9852581, PubMed:7869081, PubMed:15882588, PubMed:29033363). Isoform a: Expressed in males and hermaphrodites (PubMed:18652814). Isoform b: Only expressed in males (PubMed:18652814).
Expression in the asymmetric and ventral D motor neurons in the ventral nerve cord is restricted to the postembryonic stages L2 and L3.
Transcription factor (PubMed:28056346, PubMed:29033363). Involved in motor neuron fate determination and maintenance, acting as a transcriptional repressor to counteract gene activation by transcription factors unc-3 or irx-1 in subsets of motor neurons (PubMed:28056346, PubMed:22031882). Probably acts by binding to specific promoter elements (PubMed:28056346). Required for ventral D (VD) motor neurons to adopt their normal synaptic pattern (PubMed:7869081, PubMed:22031882). Suppresses expression of flp-13 in VD motor neurons to ensure formation of the correct synaptic pattern (PubMed:15882588). Maintains low cAMP levels in VD motor neurons by enhancing expression of pde-4 which hydrolyzes cAMP and repressing expression of acy-1 which catalyzes cAMP formation (PubMed:29033363). This prevents respecification of synapses by VD neurons (PubMed:29033363). During copulation, required in males for correct movement of the spicules, a pair of prong-like structures which are inserted into the vulva of the hermaphrodite and anchor the male to the hermaphrodite (PubMed:18652814). Required for spicule prodding which allows detection of the vulva location and for spicule insertion into the vulva (PubMed:18652814).
Scaffold protein for the de novo synthesis of iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters within mitochondria, which is required for maturation of both mitochondrial and cytoplasmic [2Fe-2S] and [4Fe-4S] proteins.
Involved in transport of proteins into the mitochondrion. Essential for embryonic development (By similarity).
Belongs to the class V-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. Histone-lysine methyltransferase family. Suvar4-20 subfamily.
Histone methyltransferase that specifically di- and trimethylates 'Lys-20' of histone H4 (H4K20me2/me3) (PubMed:22393255, PubMed:23028348). H4 'Lys-20' trimethylation represents a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional repression (By similarity). Contributes to dosage compensation of X chromosome-relative to autosome-linked gene expression, possibly by converting H4K20me1 to H4K20m2/me3 on autosomes (PubMed:26641248, PubMed:23028348, PubMed:22393255). Involved in the regulation of growth and body fat metabolism downstream of the TOR complex 2 pathway (PubMed:23884442).
Mutant animals exhibit a lack of di- and trimethylation (H4K20me2/me3) and an increase of monomethylation of 'Lys-20' (H4K20me1) of histone H4 on autosomes, leading to equal H4K20me1 levels on autosomes relative to X chromosomes (PubMed:22393255, PubMed:23028348, PubMed:26641248). Decreased expression of autosomal genes (PubMed:26641248). Increase in 'Lys-16' acetylation of histone H4 (H4K16ac) on hermaphrodite X chromosomes (PubMed:22393255). Increase in binding of the RNA Pol II large subunit ama-1 on X chromosome gene promoters relative to autosomes (PubMed:26641248). In a dpy-21 mutant background, RNAi-mediated knockdown leads to embryonic lethality (PubMed:23028348). In the TOR complex 2 mutant background rict-1, suppresses the growth delay and elevated body fat index (PubMed:23884442).
Expressed in embryos at about the 50 cell stage (PubMed:16905130). Expressed in most, but not all cells of larvae and adults, especially in neuronal and hypodermal cells (PubMed:16905130).
Interacts with histone demethylase spr-5 (PubMed:26476455). Interacts with chromobox protein homolog hpl-2 (PubMed:26476455, PubMed:22083954). Interacts with histone H3 tails methylated at 'Lys-9' (H3K9me3) and 'Lys-23'(H3K23me2) (PubMed:26476455). Interacts with histone H1 variant his-24 (when monomethylated at 'Lys-14'); the interaction is direct (PubMed:22083954). May interact with the REST corepressor rcor-1, histone deacetylase hda-1, and the histone demethylase lsd-1 (PubMed:26476455).
RNAi-mediated knockdown in a hpl-2 mutant background causes larval arrest.
Seems to be involved in transcriptional silencing in heterochromatin-like complexes (By similarity). Involved in epigenetic repression (By similarity). Probably does not act as global transcriptional repressor (PubMed:23028351). Plays a role in linking epigenetic regulation with the innate immune response (PubMed:22083954). Acting in concert with chromobox protein homolog hpl-2 and histone H1 protein his-24, involved in reproduction, somatic gonad development, male tail development and vulval cell fate decisions; perhaps as a result of modulating expression of Hox genes mab-5 and egl-5 (PubMed:23028351, PubMed:16905130). Role in growth and somatic gonad development is antagonized by histone-lysine N-methyltransferase set-2/SET1 (PubMed:17967446). Required for larval development, acting redundantly with hpl-2 (PubMed:26476455, PubMed:16905130). Plays a role in the formation of the vulva and in fertility, acting together with a CoREST-like complex, and hpl-2 (PubMed:26476455, PubMed:16905130).
Contains two rhodanese domains with different primary structures but with near identical secondary structure conformations suggesting a common evolutionary origin. Only the C-terminal rhodanese domain contains the catalytic cysteine residue (By similarity).
Knockdown and RNAi cause reduced lifespan. Knockdown reduced brood size and halved the production of H(2)S.
Belongs to the TRAPP small subunits family.
Part of the multisubunit transport protein particle (TRAPP) complex.
Expressed in all larval stages. Expression decreases in adults.
Lysosomal lipase that regulates the metabolism of long-chain fatty acids, primarily in response to nutrient availability (PubMed:21906946, PubMed:23392608, PubMed:25554789, PubMed:30713071). The production of these lipid signaling mediators regulates various processes, including lipolysis, autophagy, mitochondrial beta-oxidation, which in turn control lifespan and adaptation to starvation (PubMed:21906946, PubMed:23392608, PubMed:25554789, PubMed:30713071). In response to fasting, promotes the production of omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), which in turn activates autophagy resulting in lifespan extension (PubMed:23392608). Produces oleoylethanolamide (OEA), a ligand for the lysosomal lipid chaperone lbp-8 which translocates into the nucleus where it activates the transcription of genes promoting longevity and activation of mitochondrial beta oxidation (PubMed:25554789, PubMed:30713071).
RNAi-mediated knockdown has no effect on global lipase activity (PubMed:21906946). In a glp-1 (e2141) mutant background which lacks a germline, reduces the increase in both lipase activity and autophagy (PubMed:21906946).
Up-regulated in the intestine by fasting.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFA1 subunit family.
Associates with the EF-Tu.GDP complex and induces the exchange of GDP to GTP. It remains bound to the aminoacyl-tRNA.EF-Tu.GTP complex up to the GTP hydrolysis stage on the ribosome.
Expressed in head and tail neurons, the ventral nerve cord, the VulF vulval cell and in the somatic gonad (PubMed:14551437). Expressed in the male-specific sensory neuron HOA (PubMed:28901288).
Interacts with casy-1; the interaction establishes synaptic connections between neurons.
Maintains the normal guidance and termination of axonal branches of VC motorneurons (PubMed:14551437). By associating with cell adhesion protein casy-1, mediates axonal interactions to establish synaptic connections between the male-specific sensory neuron HOA and the AVG interneuron (PubMed:28901288). Plays a role in regulating male mating behavior (PubMed:28901288).
Component of cell cycle checkpoints, which ensures chromosome segregation during meiosis and mitosis (PubMed:18923084). During meiotic prophase, it is involved in the regulation of the synapsis checkpoint, which monitors whether homologous chromosomes have synapsed, and the DNA damage response (PubMed:30293721). Plays a central role in chromosome cohesion during cell division by preventing premature dissociation of cohesin complex after prophase, when most of cohesin complex dissociates from chromosomes arms (By similarity).
Viable with 100% of viable progeny (PubMed:30293721). Defects in the regulation of the synapsis checkpoint and DNA damage response in meiosis with an increased rate of synaptonemal complex disassembly in late pachytene meiotic nuclei and an increased number of rad-51 positive and hus-1 positive nuclei in meiotic prophase (PubMed:30293721). Reduces the number of apoptotic nuclei in the syp-1 mutant background, which is indicative of inactivation of the synapsis checkpoint or the DNA damage response (PubMed:30293721). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in chromosome segregation defects during meiosis and mitosis (PubMed:18923084).
Expressed during L4 stage, during spermatogenesis, when hermaphrodites produces sperm.
Homodimer. Potential component of the gamma-secretase complex, a complex probably composed of the presenilin homodimer (sel-12, hop-1 or spe-4), nicastrin (aph-2), aph-1 and pen-2 (Probable).
Potential catalytic subunit of the gamma-secretase complex during spermatogenesis, an endoprotease complex that catalyzes the intramembrane cleavage of integral membrane proteins such as Notch receptors (lin-12 or glp-1) (Probable). Involved in spermatid formation during meiosis II (PubMed:9819355, PubMed:29879108). May be required for proper localization of macromolecules that are subject to asymmetric partitioning during spermatogenesis (PubMed:9819355).
Component of the epg-6/atg-2 complex, which is involved in the generation of autophagosomes from omegasomes and in the distribution of atg-9 and atg-13 during the autophagy-mediated degradation of protein aggregates (PubMed:21802374). Binds to phosphatidylinositols on preautophagosomes, which are early autophagic structures, to promote autophagosome formation (PubMed:21802374). In particular, binds with high affinity to phosphatidylinositols including phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PtdIns(3)P) and phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate (PtdIns(5)P), but more weakly to phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PtdIns(4)P) and phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(3,5)P2) (PubMed:21802374). Involved in autophagy-mediated degradation of ribosomal RNA and ribosomal proteins in lysosomes, which is essential for maintaining nucleotide homeostasis (PubMed:30102152).
Interacts with atg-2; the interaction is direct.
The LRRG motif is required for recruitment to phosphatidylinositols including phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PtdIns(3)P), phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate (PtdIns(5)P), phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PtdIns(4)P) and phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(3,5)P2).
Widely expressed in tissues including pharyngeal, muscle and neuronal tissues.
Forms a well-packed pentamer with an overall cylindrical shape. The inner core of the pentamer is formed with the second transmembrane region and the second coiled-coil region (residues 293-316): while the transmembrane regions pack into a five-helix bundle having a largely polar pore across the membrane, the coiled-coil outside the membrane forms a pentamer with a hydrophobic core, which may contribute to stabilizing the transmembrane pore structure. The transmembrane pore is wrapped by the first transmembrane region through contacts between the first and the second transmembrane regions. The second transmembrane is followed by the inner juxtamembrane region (IJMH) that orients at a wide angle relative to the second transmembrane. The two core domains are held together on the periphery by the outer juxtamembrane helix (OJMH), which contains a kink around Glu-204 and interacts with the IJMH.
Inhibited by ruthenium red or its derivative Ru360; possibly by obstructing the pore.
Mitochondrial inner membrane calcium uniporter that mediates calcium uptake into mitochondria (PubMed:25313960, PubMed:31983639). Constitutes a pore-forming and calcium-conducting subunit (By similarity). Mitochondrial calcium homeostasis plays key roles in cellular physiology and regulates cell bioenergetics, cytoplasmic calcium signals and activation of cell death pathways (By similarity). Required for rapid mitochondrial calcium uptake and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) production after wounding (PubMed:25313960). In addition, together with mitochondrial calcium regulator micu-1, required for mitochondrial calcium uptake following axon injury in PLM touch receptor neurons (PubMed:31983639).
Null mutants are viable and fertile, but have strongly impaired mitochondrial calcium uptake following laser or needle wounding (PubMed:25313960). Reduces the wound-induced transient elevations in mitochondrial reactive oxygen species superoxide (which are known as mitochondrial flashes or mitoflashes) (PubMed:25313960). Double knockout with the srb-13 xm1 mutant suppresses the sperm navigation defect in the srb-13 single mutant (PubMed:28662030).
The critical DXXE motif connecting the transmembrane regions forms a pentameric barrel that constitutes the mouth of the pore. Inside the barrel, both acidic residues are in position to form two carboxylate rings: the Asp-240 ring is solvent exposed, and the Glu-243 ring is located deeper, guarding the entrance of the second transmembrane pore. In absence of emre-1 regulator, the calcium ions cannot exit the channel, suggesting that emre-1-binding induces conformational rearrangements to allow calcium to exit.
Expressed in the excretory canal and intestine (PubMed:22916205). Expressed on the apical cell membrane of intestinal cells (at protein level) (PubMed:22916205).
Interacts (via PDZ 2 domain) with aat-6 (via PDZ-binding motif); the interaction sequesters aat-6 to the apical cell membrane of intestinal cells.
Scaffold protein that connects plasma membrane proteins with members of the ezrin/moesin/radixin family and thereby helps to link them to the actin cytoskeleton and to regulate their surface expression (By similarity). Anchors the amino acid transporter protein aat-6 to the apical cell membrane of intestinal cells, particularly in older animals, in order to maintain amino acid homeostasis (PubMed:22916205). May play a role in promoting fertility (PubMed:30560135).
The PDZ 2 domain is required for the interaction with the amino acid transporter protein aat-6.
Viable, with no gross anatomy or growth defects observed (PubMed:22916205). Localization of aat-6 at the intestinal apical cell membrane diminishes as animals age, and eventually aat-6 becomes diffusely dispersed in the cytoplasm (PubMed:22916205). RNAi-mediated knockdown in a pept-1 (lg601) mutant background results in a reduced number of progeny (PubMed:30560135).
Probable transcription factor (PubMed:24885717). Positively modulates expression of homeobox protein lin-39, perhaps by binding to regulatory regions of the lin-39 gene, acting in the vulval lineage (PubMed:24885717).
RNAi-mediated knockdown reduces expression of homeobox protein lin-39 in vulval precursor cells at the larval L3 stage.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class translation factor GTPase superfamily. Bms1-like GTPase family. TSR1 subfamily.
Required during maturation of the 40S ribosomal subunit in the nucleolus.
Expressed in eggs, L2 stage and in adult. Expressed at lower level in L1, L3 and L4 stages.
Loss of function results in a suppression of sel-12 mutant phenotypes, possibly by up-regulating hop-1 expression.
Probable transcriptional regulator, which participates in the transcriptional repression of the presenilin protein hop-1.
Belongs to the pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate oxidase family.
Catalyzes the oxidation of either pyridoxine 5'-phosphate (PNP) or pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate (PMP) into pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP).
Acts downstream of PI3 kinase age-1 and kinase pdk-1 in the daf-2/insulin receptor-like transduction pathway. Phosphorylates Forkhead-related daf-16 and the longevity-promoting skn-1 transcription factors, which inhibits their entry into the nucleus and antagonizes their functions (PubMed:9716402, PubMed:11747825, PubMed:11381260, PubMed:15068796, PubMed:18358814). Has an essential role in regulating developmental arrest at the dauer stage (PubMed:10364160). Plays a role in immune function and pathogen resistance (PubMed:18782349). Regulates salt chemotaxis learning (PubMed:16950159, PubMed:30779740). Downstream of age-1 and together with akt-2 and sgk-1, promotes cell survival during embryonic development (PubMed:25383666).
Expressed in neurons, muscle cells of the pharynx, rectal gland cells, vulva and spermatheca.
Increased resistance to pathogens. Simultaneous knockdown of akt-1 and akt-2 result in dauer formation and a weak extension to life span.
Interacts with pdk-1, sgk-1, akt-2 and daf-16 (PubMed:15068796). Part of a complex containing sgk-1, akt-1 and akt-2 (PubMed:15068796). Interacts with cmd-1 in the presence of Ca(2+) (PubMed:17854888). Interacts with let-92 phosphatase regulatory subunit pptr-1 (PubMed:19249087).
Belongs to the dynactin 150 kDa subunit family.
Expressed from 172 minutes after the first cleavage, in the ABalaappa cell and continuing in its daughters, and in the cholinergic motor neuron M4 from mid-embryogenesis through to adult stages.
Probable transcription factor that regulates neuronal differention, including synapse assembly of the cholinergic motor neuron M4 (PubMed:24690231, PubMed:25474681). Activates expression of growth factor, neuropeptide and transcription factor genes, such as TGF-beta dbl-1, FMRFamide-like flp-5 and transcription repressor zag-1, in the M4 neuron (PubMed:24690231, PubMed:25474681). Required for pharynx peristalsis (PubMed:18161854).
Reduced pharynx pumping rate and abnormal isthmus peristalses in L1 stage larvae (PubMed:18161854). Feeding defects, characterized by a stuffed pharynx, as a result of ingested E.coli packing the lumen of the corpus and anterior isthmus in L4 stage larvae (PubMed:18161854). Defects in pharyngeal g1 gland cell morphology (PubMed:24690231). Reduced expression of TGF-beta, dbl-1, in the cholinergic motor neuron M4, but normal expression of other markers of differentiation, such as serotonin receptor ser-7b and the vesicular acetylcholine transporter unc-17 (PubMed:18161854).
Expressed mostly in the seam (stem) cells and hypodermis (hyp7), but also to a lesser extent in the intestine.
Probable transcription factor (PubMed:9247331, PubMed:29108019). During development, required for cell fate specification, probably by promoting or repressing expression of genes involved in specific cell fate (PubMed:9247331, PubMed:29108019). Involved in specifying lineages derived from the epidermal stem cells of the lateral ectoderm, known as seam cells (PubMed:9247331, PubMed:29108019). Modulates symmetric divisions of seam cells, perhaps in concert with the Wnt signaling pathway (PubMed:29108019). May repress expression of homeobox genes mab-5, egl-5 and lin-39 (PubMed:9247331).
RNAi-mediated knockdown leads to an increase in seam (stem) cell number variability.
Belongs to the sulfotransferase 2 family.
Catalyzes the transfer of sulfate to position 4 of non-reducing N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) residue of chondroitin.
Highly expressed in the head and tail of hermaphrodites, in particular in amphid and phasmid sheath cells.
The tm576 deletion mutant is lethal (PubMed:27645998). The ok625 deletion mutant has reduced levels of 4-O-sulfated disaccharides, but increased levels of 6-O-sulfated disaccharides (PubMed:27645998, PubMed:27703236). Increased mortality in response to oxidative stress (PubMed:27645998).
Belongs to the gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase family. ChaC subfamily.
Catalyzes the cleavage of glutathione into 5-oxo-L-proline and a Cys-Gly dipeptide. Acts specifically on glutathione, but not on other gamma-glutamyl peptides.
Component of the sequence-specific heterotrimeric transcription factor (nfya-2-NF-Y) which specifically recognizes a 5'-CCAAT-3' box motif found in the promoters of its target genes to regulate their expression and control cellular identity in particular tissue types (PubMed:17574230). In association with the components in the nfya-2-NF-Y complex, may repress the expression of the T-box transcription factor tbx-2 throughout larval development, which most likely restricts its expression to certain tissues (PubMed:23933492).
Expressed at all developmental stages (PubMed:17574230). Highly expressed in the intestine at all developmental stages (PubMed:17574230).
Forms a heterotrimeric transcription factor complex (nfya-2-NF-Y complex) composed of nfya-2, nfyb-1 and nfyc-1 (PubMed:17574230). Interacts with the nfyb-1 and nfyc-1 dimer; the interaction is required for subsequent binding to the 5'-CCAAT-3' box motif in DNA (PubMed:17574230). Does not interact with either nfyb-1 or nfyc-1 in their monomeric form (PubMed:17574230).
Highly expressed in certain parts of the gonads (PubMed:15704008). Expressed in the spermatheca, intestine and in some neurons in the head (PubMed:17574230). Not expressed in the intestine, the hypodermis, body wall muscle surrounding the pseudocoelomic space, secretory cells in the pharyngeal terminal bulb wall, in the small ganglia surrounding the pharynx and in the neurons running anteriorly to the sensory organs in the head (PubMed:15704008).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in weak ectopic expression of tbx-2 in seam cells of the head in young adults.
May interact with zinc finger protein tra-4 and histone deacetylase hda-1.
Promotes normal hermaphrodite (XX) development, in concert with zinc finger protein tra-4 and histone deacetylase hda-1, perhaps as components of a complex (PubMed:17011494). May act redundantly with nasp-2 (PubMed:17011494). Involved in innate immune response to B.thuringiensis strain DB27 and S.aureus bacteria (PubMed:23918784). May play a role in the uptake or spreading of dsRNA (PubMed:23918784).
RNAi-mediated knockdown by injection leads to strong resistance to B. thuringiensis-mediated killing.
Expressed in intestine, isthmus of the pharynx, proximal gonad sheath cells, spermatheca and uterine sheath cells (PubMed:15194811, PubMed:16186564). In males, expressed in the valve cell, the vas deferens and retractor and ventral protactor muscles (PubMed:15958491, PubMed:18604269).
Mediates the production of the second messenger molecules diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) which plays an important role in the regulation of intracellular signaling cascades (Probable). Regulates basal and ovulatory sheath cell contractions by controlling Ca(2+) oscillations via IP3-mediated activation of IP3 receptor itr-1 (PubMed:15194811). In intestinal epithelial cells, regulates Ca(2+) oscillations which control posterior body wall muscle contractions required for defecation by IP3-mediated activation of itr-1 and probably by activating TRPM channels gon-2 and gtl-1 by reducing PIP2 levels (PubMed:19923421, PubMed:16186564). By activating tpa-1 via DAG production, required for the expression of antimicrobial peptide nlp-29 in the epidermis in response to fungal infection or physical injury (PubMed:19380113). By triggering Ca(2+) transient via IP3-mediated activation of IPR3 receptor itr-1 in ASH sensory neurons, involved in avoidance behavior in response to nose touch (PubMed:19730689). Probably by regulating neuronal transmission in ALA neurons, mediates the decrease in pharyngeal pumping and locomotion during the quiescent state that precedes each larval molt, downstream of lin-3 and receptor let-23 and upstream of tpa-1 but not itr-1 (PubMed:17891142). During embryogenesis, may play an role in epidermal morphogenesis together with plc-1 (PubMed:18369461). Probably downstream of receptor daf-2, regulates male-sex muscle excitability in the absence of food (PubMed:18604269).
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes sterility resulting from impaired spermatheca dilatation causing a defect in ovulation, and a severe decrease in sheath cell basal and peak ovulatory contractions (PubMed:15194811, PubMed:18369461). The few embryos laid are arrested at the embryonic stage (PubMed:18369461). Cycles of posterior body wall muscle contractions are prolonged and arrhythmic resulting in a defecation defect (PubMed:16186564). Ca(2+) oscillations in intestinal cells are arrhythmic and the whole cell current amplitude is severely reduced (PubMed:16186564, PubMed:19923421). RNAi-mediated knockdown in males causes an increase in spontaneous muscle seizures in the absence of food in an unc-103 mutant background (PubMed:18604269). Ca(2+) transient increase and avoidance behavior are defective in response to nose touch but not to benzaldehyde (PubMed:19730689). nlp-29 expression is abrogated following fungal infection by D.coniospora and severely reduced following physical injury (PubMed:19380113).
Regulates the composition and fluidity of the plasma membrane (PubMed:30509349). Inhibits the incorporation of membrane-fluidizing phospholipids containing omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) and thereby promotes membrane rigidity (PubMed:30509349). Does not appear to have any effect on LCPUFA synthesis (PubMed:30509349).
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL15 family.
Belongs to the glutaredoxin family. Monothiol subfamily.
Belongs to the CND2 H2 (condensin-2 subunit 2) family.
Component of the condensin II complex, which contains the mix-1/SMC2 and smc-4/SMC4 heterodimer, and three non SMC subunits, capg-2, kle-2 and hcp-6 that probably regulate the complex (PubMed:19119011). Within the complex, interacts with mix-1, smc-4, capg-2 and hcp-6 (PubMed:19119011, PubMed:28301465).
RNAi-mediated knockdown leads to disorganized chromosome morphology, causes DNA bridges in mitosis and leads to chromosome segregation defects in mitosis and meiosis.
Regulatory subunit of the condensin II complex, a complex that seems to play a role in prophase chromosome condensation and in chromosome segregation in mitosis and in meiosis.
Expressed in ciliated sensory neurons of the head (amphid neurons) and the tail in hermaphrodites (phasmid neurons) and males (sensory ray neurons).
Plays a role in the extension of dendrites from phasmid ciliated sensory neurons (PubMed:34115759). May be necessary for initial assembly of the cilium.
Cleavable component of the cohesin complex involved in chromosome cohesion during cell cycle (PubMed:12827206, PubMed:12808038). The cohesin complex is required for the cohesion of sister chromatids after DNA replication (PubMed:12827206, PubMed:12808038). The cohesin complex apparently forms a large proteinaceous ring within which sister chromatids can be trapped (By similarity). At metaphase-anaphase transition, this protein is cleaved and dissociates from chromatin, allowing sister chromatids to segregate (By similarity).
Component of the cohesin complex, composed of the smc-1 and smc-3 heterodimer attached via their hinge domain, scc-1 which links them, and scc-3. Interacts with smc-1, smc-3, scc-3 and tim-1.
Expressed at high levels in actively dividing cells, during all stages of development.
Postembryonic RNAi-mediated knock-down results in either larval arrest, or adult sterility with a protruding vulva phenotype (PubMed:12808038, PubMed:12827206). Worms have defective chromosome segregation (PubMed:12808038).
Essential component of the cytosolic iron-sulfur (Fe/S) protein assembly machinery. Required for the maturation of extramitochondrial Fe/S proteins.
Belongs to the lyase 1 family. Adenylosuccinate lyase subfamily.
Catalyzes two non-sequential steps in de novo AMP synthesis: converts (S)-2-(5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamido)succinate (SAICAR) to fumarate plus 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamide, and thereby also contributes to de novo IMP synthesis, and converts succinyladenosine monophosphate (SAMP) to AMP and fumarate.
Homotetramer. Residues from neighboring subunits contribute catalytic and substrate-binding residues to each active site (Probable).
The heme is bound between the two transmembrane subunits.
Potential adapter protein, which may be involved in endocytic vesicle recycling of synaptic vesicles.
The Asp-Pro-Phe (DPF) motifs, which are found in many presynatic proteins, are thought to mediate an interaction with Alpha-adaptin.
Expression is restricted to the 20 intestinal cells in larvae and adult.
Selectively catalyzes the addition of fucose in alpha 1-2 linkage to Gal-beta-(1->4)-Xyl-beta-R, Gal-beta-(1->6)-GlcNAc-R, Gal-beta-(1->3)-Gal-beta-(1->4)-Glc and Gal-beta-(1->3)-Gal-beta-(1->4)-Xyl-R acceptors but not Gal-beta-(1->3)-GlcNAc-beta-(1->3)-Gal-beta-(1->4)-Glc. Unlike in mammals, unable to fucosylate Gal-beta-(1->4)-Glc-beta-R.
Expressed in all dopaminergic neurons (PubMed:12887685). Expressed in neurons around the nerve ring and the posterior side of the body including PDE neurons (PubMed:12887685). In hermaphrodites, expressed in the head and tail ganglia including in the RIA interneuron pair, and in a subset of sublateral interneurons and the PDA neuron in the tail (PubMed:14568548). Expressed in cholinergic SIA neurons (PubMed:19609300). Also expressed in the male tail (PubMed:12887685, PubMed:23166505, PubMed:26156999). In males, expressed in the dorsal spicule protractor, ventral spicule protractor, dorsal spicule retractor and ventral spicule retractor muscles and the sensory post-cloacal sensilla B (PCB) neuron (PubMed:23166505). In males, expressed in the sensory hook neurons HOA (PubMed:26156999).
Expressed in the head and tail ganglia of larval hermaphrodites.
G-protein coupled receptor which binds to the neurotransmitter dopamine with high affinity leading to the activation of an associated G-protein and downstream signaling pathways (PubMed:12887685). Couples to G-proteins to inhibit adenylate cyclase (AC) activity and cAMP production (PubMed:12887685).
G-protein coupled receptor which binds to the neurotransmitter dopamine with high affinity leading to the activation of an associated G-protein and downstream signaling pathways (PubMed:12887685). Couples to G-proteins to inhibit adenylate cyclase (AC) activity and cAMP production (PubMed:12887685). Inhibits synaptic vesicle fusion to negatively regulate the release of dopamine at dopaminergic neuron synapses (PubMed:31494966). Antagonizes octopamine signaling in response to food by promoting the dopamine-mediated suppression of crh-1/CREB1 transcription factor activation in cholinergic SIA neurons (PubMed:19609300). This is most likely in association with the G(o)-alpha G-protein subunit goa-1 (PubMed:19609300). In association with the G-alpha protein gpa-14, modulates two types of learning behavior: touch habituation and chemosensory associative conditioning (PubMed:23607404). May act partly via tsp-17 to negatively regulate dopamine reuptake transporter dat-1 activity (PubMed:25474638). Plays a role in behavioral plasticity and regulates the decision-making process when conflicting alternatives are present (PubMed:25536037). Promotes male mating behavior by antagonizing acetylcholine signaling to control the protrusions of copulatory spicules from the tail of males during hermaphrodite vulval location (PubMed:23166505, PubMed:26156999). Modulates unc-7 activity at gap junctions to promote inhibitory neuronal signaling transduction between chemosensory and mechanosensory neurons, and thus ensures spicule insertion attempts are confined to the hermaphrodite vulva during copulation (PubMed:26156999).
Interacts (via C-terminus) with the G-alpha protein gpa-14; the interaction is direct.
Modulates drug-mediated behavior, such as the response to nicotine and amphetamine (PubMed:20410438, PubMed:23351035). Plays a role in the sensitivity to the drug nicotine and promotes movement towards nicotine sources (PubMed:23351035). Plays a role in promoting amphetamine-induced loss of motility in water, termed swimming-induced paralysis (PubMed:20410438).
May interact with a MAP kinase. May act on Ras-regulated pathways (By similarity).
ATP-specific succinyl-CoA synthetase functions in the citric acid cycle (TCA), coupling the hydrolysis of succinyl-CoA to the synthesis of ATP and thus represents the only step of substrate-level phosphorylation in the TCA. The beta subunit provides nucleotide specificity of the enzyme and binds the substrate succinate, while the binding sites for coenzyme A and phosphate are found in the alpha subunit.
Belongs to the succinate/malate CoA ligase beta subunit family. ATP-specific subunit beta subfamily.
Heterodimer of an alpha and a beta subunit. The beta subunit determines specificity for ATP.
As a likely component of a histone deacetylase complex, together with saeg-2 and hda-2, functions downstream of the cAMP-dependent kinase egl-4 to regulate the expression of genes required for egg-laying and foraging.
May be a component of a histone deacetylase complex containing saeg-2, saeg-1 and hda-2. May interact with egl-4.
Expressed first at late gastrulation stage in cells that include descendants of the AB and E lineages (PubMed:9685266). Expression detected in dorsal body wall muscle (BWM) at the 1.5-to 2-fold stage of embryogenesis; also in some of cells in the head, including one ventral muscle (PubMed:9685266, PubMed:27341757). Between 520 min and hatching, expressed in the DA and DB motor neurons, excluding DA8 and DA9 (PubMed:9685266). This pattern of expression persists into adulthood (PubMed:9685266).
Interacts with netrin receptor unc-5; the interaction is direct.
Required for the migration of axonal growth-cones and distal tip cells (DTC) along the dorsal-ventral axis of the body wall (PubMed:9685266, PubMed:19169249, PubMed:9473333). Acts cell nonautonomously and independently of the classical daf-4, sma-6 or daf-1 TGFbeta receptor signaling (PubMed:9685266, PubMed:11018016, PubMed:19169249). During axon migration, facilitates long-range repulsive guidance of unc-6/netrin by enhancing unc-5-unc-40 signaling at the expense of unc-5 alone signaling, probably through direct interaction with receptor unc-5 (PubMed:19169249, PubMed:9473333). Involved in cell-cell contact formation in sensory rays in the developing male tail, via a pathway involving plx-2 and mab-20/semaphorin-2A (PubMed:15030761).
Expressed in dopaminergic neurons (at protein level) (PubMed:19801673). Primarily expressed in mc1, mc2 and mc3 epithelial cells of the pharynx and vpil-6 pharyngeal-intestinal valve cells displaying an anterior-posterior expression gradient (PubMed:19924247). Expressed in gonad sheath cells (PubMed:19924247).
Increased mortality rate and increased body levels of Mn(2+) when Mn(2+) levels are high in the environment (PubMed:19924247, PubMed:19785996). Reduced survival rate in response to infection mediated by pathogenic bacterium S.aureus (PubMed:19785996). Iron levels are low, independently of Mn(2+) levels (PubMed:19924247). RNAi-mediated knockdown partially prevents CEP neuron death mediated by the neurotoxin 6-hydroxy dopamine (6-OHDA) but not when mediated by high levels of Mn(2+) (PubMed:19801673).
Slightly repressed by high levels of Mn(2+) (PubMed:19801673, PubMed:19924247).
Associates with the 60S ribosomal subunit.
Required for the assembly of mature ribosomes and ribosome biogenesis. Together with K10C3.5b/EFL1, triggers the GTP-dependent release of ribosome maturation factors from 60S pre-ribosomes in the cytoplasm, thereby activating ribosomes for translation competence by allowing 80S ribosome assembly. Required for normal levels of protein synthesis. May play a role in cellular stress resistance. May play a role in cellular response to DNA damage. May play a role in cell proliferation (By similarity).
Belongs to the MICOS complex subunit Mic10 family.
Positive regulator of protein aggregation and age-related proteotoxicity (PubMed:20723760, PubMed:28336532). Induces conformational changes in aggregation-prone proteins, driving them into compact formations preceding the formation of aggregates (PubMed:20723760, PubMed:28336532).
Suppresses protein aggregation and toxicity caused by protein aggregates.
Expressed in muscle cells, GLR cells, SMB motor neurons and AIM interneurons.
Required for olfactory plasticity, which is the change from positive chemotaxis to dispersal after prolonged exposure to an odorant. Thought to antagonise snet-1 by degrading excess snet-1 peptides and thus enabling olfactory plasticity.
Severe defect in olfactory plasticity in response to the odorants benzaldehyde, isoamylalcohol, diacetyl and pyrazine.
Expressed at low levels in excretory cell, pharynx, vulva, and posterior neurons in adults (PubMed:16159881). Strongly expressed in the excretory cell and more weakly in the pharynx in larva (PubMed:16159881). Embryonic expression in the excretory cell (PubMed:16159881).
Transcription factor which binds to the 5'-CCATACATTA-3' motif found in the promoter region of pgp-12 and activates its expression in the excretory cell.
Belongs to the SNF2/RAD54 helicase family. SWR1 subfamily.
Defects in feminization. Embryonic arrest.
Probable catalytic component of a chromatin-remodeling complex which mediates the ATP-dependent exchange of histone H2A variant H2AV/htz-1 for H2A, leading to transcriptional regulation of selected genes by chromatin remodeling. Involved in foregut development, and may be involved in vulval development.
To the C-terminal of C.elegans F21C10.9.
Expressed in the amphid head neurons AWA, AWC, AWB, ADF, ADL, ASG, ASH, ASI, ASJ, and ASK, and in the phasmid tail neurons, PHA and PHB.
Expression is seen from 3-fold embryonic stage onward.
Failure to localize the diacetyl receptor odr-10.
Required, with oct-8, for the localization of a subset of 7 transmembrane domain odorant receptors, including odr-10, to the cilia of olfactory neurons AWA and AWC (PubMed:9590179, PubMed:24603482). Regulates chemotaxis responses to benzaldehyde, diacetyl and 2,4,5-trimethylthiazole in AWA and AWC neurons (PubMed:8348618). Plays a role in nociceptive neurons to mediate avoidance of high oxygen (PubMed:16581509).
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL6 family.
Component of the large ribosomal subunit (By similarity). May bind IPO9 with low affinity (By similarity).
Belongs to the archaeal Rpo5/eukaryotic RPB5 RNA polymerase subunit family.
Component of the RNA polymerase I (Pol I), RNA polymerase II (Pol II) and RNA polymerase III (Pol III) complexes consisting of at least 13, 12 and 17 subunits, respectively. In RNA Pol II, this subunit is present in 2-fold molar excess over the other subunits (By similarity).
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Common component of RNA polymerases I, II and III which synthesize ribosomal RNA precursors, mRNA precursors and many functional non-coding RNAs, and small RNAs, such as 5S rRNA and tRNAs, respectively. Pol II is the central component of the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. Pols are composed of mobile elements that move relative to each other. In Pol II, RPB5 is part of the lower jaw surrounding the central large cleft and thought to grab the incoming DNA template. Seems to be the major component in this process (By similarity).
Induced by DNA damage cues including gamma-irradiation, and UV and hydroxyurea treatment.
May have a role in DNA double-strand break repair following gamma-irradiation.
Reduced number of apoptotic cells following gamma-irradiation. In a rad-54 knockdown but not in brc-1 mutant background, restores levels of embryonic survival and chromosomal aberrations in oocytes following gamma-irradiation to almost wildtype. Mutants show slightly reduced levels of egl-1 mRNA expression.
Double knockout with toca-1 results in nearly 100% of mutants with defective endocytosis by oocytes characterized by either reduced or non-detectable yolk protein in the oocytes and by an accumulation of aggregated yolk protein in the pseudocoelomatic space. Double knockout mutants with toca-1 also produce 20% fewer eggs compared to wild-type animals and there is some embryonic lethality whereby the dying embryos display defective morphogenesis including failed epidermal enclosure with extruding gut cells and increased width of the intestinal lumen (PubMed:19798448). This perhaps results from failed intercalation and migration of hypodermal cells and irregular protein trafficking as indicated by an accumulation of the cell junction protein ajm-1 and diffuse localization of actin at cell junctions (PubMed:19798448, PubMed:26578656). These double mutants also demonstrate defective endosomal sorting of recycling cargo proteins such as mig-14 (PubMed:25775511).
Interacts (via SH3 domain) with wsp-1 and abi-1 (PubMed:19798448). Interacts with cdc-42 and (via SH3 domain) with wve-1 (PubMed:25775511).
Plays a role in protein trafficking, actin organization and embryonic morphogenesis (PubMed:19798448). Potentially acts as cdc-42 effector (PubMed:25775511). May play a role in egg laying (PubMed:19798448). Together with toca-1, is required for protein trafficking regulating yolk protein clathrin-mediated endocytosis by oocytes during oogenesis and retrograde recycling and the sorting of recycling endosome cargo proteins such as mig-14 (PubMed:19798448, PubMed:25775511). Also, together with toca-2, controls the distribution of actin at cell junctions (PubMed:19798448, PubMed:26578656).
Belongs to the nematode receptor-like protein srh family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL28 family.
In 1-cell to 20-cell stage embryos, there is defective autophagosome degradation with an accumulation of endosomes, lgg-1- and lgg-2-positive autophagosomes, amphisomes and paternal mitochondria close to the nuclei (PubMed:25126728, PubMed:24374177). Reduced number of gut granules in the adult intestine (PubMed:24501423). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in a reduced number of gut granules in embryonic intestinal cells (PubMed:24501423). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in the formation of large late endosomes/lysosomes, but with simultaneous expression of rab-5- and rab-7-positive vesicles on the basal side of gut cells (PubMed:25273556).
Plays a role in vesicle-mediated protein trafficking to lysosomal compartments including the endocytic membrane transport and autophagic pathways (By similarity). Believed to act in part as a component of the putative HOPS endosomal tethering complex which is proposed to be involved in the rab-5-to-rab-7 endosome conversion probably implicating sand-1, and via binding SNAREs and SNARE complexes to mediate tethering and docking events during SNARE-mediated membrane fusion (PubMed:25273556). The HOPS complex is proposed to be recruited to rab-7 on the late endosomal membrane and to regulate late endocytic, phagocytic and autophagic traffic towards lysosomes (PubMed:24374177). Involved in homotypic vesicle fusions between late endosomes and in heterotypic fusions between late endosomes and lysosomes (By similarity). Required for fusion of endosomes (By similarity). In association with lgg-2 mediates the tethering of autophagosomes with lysosomes to form autolysosomes (PubMed:25126728, PubMed:24374177). Within the HOPS complex, contributes to the normal development of gut granules in embryonic and adult intestinal cells (PubMed:24501423).
Probable core component of the homotypic fusion and vacuole protein sorting (HOPS) complex consisting of the core class C Vps proteins vps-11, vps-16, vps-18, and which further associates with vps-33.1, vps-39 and vps-41 (By similarity). May interact with lgg-2 (PubMed:24374177). Interacts with cuti-1 (PubMed:19357781).
Component of an extracellular matrix cue that guides dorsoventral migrations on the epidermis (PubMed:8861903). Required for the guidance of pioneer axons and migrating cells along the body wall (PubMed:8332188, PubMed:28846083). In particular, it is required for the guidance of axons from neurons, including SubL neurons and AIY interneurons, into the nerve ring (PubMed:28846083, PubMed:9473333). During gonad morphogenesis, involved in distal tip cell (DTC) migration from the dorsal side of the hermaphrodite body to the midbody to allow for formation of gonad arms (PubMed:22732572, PubMed:17716643). Its association with either unc-40 or unc-5 receptors will lead to axon attraction or repulsion, respectively (PubMed:8332188, PubMed:8861903, PubMed:9473333). Involved in dendritic morphogenesis; may act by association with unc-40 at the tips of growing dendrites for interaction with unc-5 on the apposing branch to induce mutual repulsion (PubMed:22426253). Involved in the positioning of ray 1, the most anterior ray sensilium, in the male tail (PubMed:24004945). Required for the formation of synapses between the AVA interneurons and the PHB sensory neurons (PubMed:29742100).
Defective gonad distal tip cell (DTC) migration whereby DTCs migrate towards the midbody of the hermaphrodite on the ventral side rather than the dorsal side of the body resulting in ventrally located gonad arms. Double knockout with mig-38 RNAi results in failed gonad DTC migration to the midbody of the hermaphrodite.
Mutations that delete the second laminin EGF-like repeat impair only dorsal migrations of mesodermal cells and axons.
Earliest expression in 1.5-fold embryos, and then at later embryonic stages in neuronal and non-neuronal cells (at protein level) (PubMed:15790968). Expressed in larvae and adults in multiple neuronal and nonneuronal cells, including epidermal cells, in the head, neuronal cells in the tail and in the GABAergic DD and VD motoneurons (MNs) in the ventral nerve cord (at protein level) (PubMed:15790968). Expressed in 24 of 26 GABAergic neurons, including the 13 VD and 6 DD, and the RME L/R, AVL, RIS and DVB neurons throughout postembryonic development (PubMed:15790968).
Transcription factor (By similarity). Involved in activating or repressing transcription of genes in neurons (PubMed:15790968, PubMed:21368126). Regulates expression of nuclear hormone receptor odr-7 and LIM homeodomain protein lin-11 in AWA and ASG chemosensory neurons (PubMed:15790968, PubMed:21368126). In concert with lin-11 and forkhead domain protein unc-130 plays a role in specifying AWA and ASG cell fates (PubMed:15790968). Plays a role in modulating dendritic morphology and functions of AWA neurons (PubMed:15790968). Involved in regulating GABAergic motor neuron development, acting in parallel with nuclear hormone receptor unc-55 (PubMed:15790968, PubMed:31691806). Required to maintain the functional and structural integrity of the amphid organs during larval development (PubMed:16055504). Plays a role in anterior hypodermal morphogenesis (PubMed:16055504). Required for touch sensation (PubMed:21368126, PubMed:31691806). May act as a transcriptional activator in touch receptor neurons (TRNs), forming a positive feedback loop with transcription factor mec-3, thereby restricting the variability of expression of target genes such as mec-3 (PubMed:21368126). Positively modulates expression of H3K4 demethylase rbr-2 in early embryogenesis and during larval development (PubMed:31691806).
Carboxylation allows a single lysine to coordinate two zinc ions.
May be phosphorylated on Thr-404 by let-363/TOR.
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes an increased lifespan and resistance to starvation, slower growth and a decrease in brood size (PubMed:17266680). Causes a decrease in the number of germline progenitors (PubMed:22278922). RNAi-mediated knockdown in adults causes increase in lgg-1 positive autophagic vesicles (PubMed:22560223). RNAi-mediated knockdown in a daf-2 e1370 mutant background results in daf-16-mediated up-regulation of stdh-1 reporter expression in the intestine and a synergistic increase in lifespan. RNAi-mediated knockdown in germ line, hypodermis and to a lesser extent in intestine and daf-2 e1370 mutant background causes a synergistic increase in lifespan (PubMed:24332851).
Serine/threonine-protein kinase which regulates mRNA translation (PubMed:17266680). Negatively regulates lifespan and resistance to starvation, oxidative stress, protein aggregation and P.aeruginosa-mediated infection (PubMed:17266680, PubMed:23879233, PubMed:24332851). May regulate these processes by preventing the activation of transcription factor hif-1 (PubMed:23879233). Required, probably downstream of let-363/TOR, for the establishment of the proper number of germline progenitors by promoting cell cycle progression and preventing differentiation during larval development. Regulates germ cell size (PubMed:22278922). In addition required for sperm production and embryo viability (PubMed:17266680, PubMed:22278922). Involved in axon regeneration of PLM and ALM neurons by inhibiting growth cone formation early after axotomy and later by inhibiting axon extension. Functions in axon regeneration and lifespan probably by preventing aak-2/AMPK activation (PubMed:24332851, PubMed:24431434). Negatively regulates autophagy (PubMed:22560223).
Although it is unknown whether it is a serine/threonine or a tyrosine protein kinase, it is strongly related to serine/threonine-protein kinase family.
Probably ubiquitinated by the SCF(sel-10) and SCF(lin-23) E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes, leading to its proteasomal degradation.
Protein kinase that plays a central role in centrosome duplication, control of centrosome size, spindle formation and nuclear envelope breakdown during cell divisions (PubMed:11371350, PubMed:15232593, PubMed:15665853, PubMed:19081077, PubMed:18765790, PubMed:19109417, PubMed:22623721, PubMed:27689799). Paternal copy is required to regulate synthesis of daughter centrioles prior to fertilization (PubMed:11371350, PubMed:18765790). Maternal copy regulates centrosome duplication during later cell cycles (PubMed:11371350, PubMed:18765790). Functions upstream of sas-5 and sas-6, and is required for their localization to the centrosome (PubMed:15232593, PubMed:15665853). Its role in nuclear envelope breakdown is mediated by the spindly-like protein spdl-1 and the RZZ complex, which in turn recruits the spindle checkpoint proteins mdf-1 and mdf-2, dynein and dynactin to unattached kinetochores (PubMed:18765790, PubMed:18936247).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in a normal first cell cycle division due to intact centrioles which are contributed by sperm (PubMed:18765790). However, during the first cycle division, centrioles exhibit duplication defects resulting in delayed nuclear envelope breakdown, the accumulation of the spindle checkpoint proteins mdf-1 and mdf-2 at kinetochores, and the formation of a monopolar spindle in the subsequent mitotic division (PubMed:18765790, PubMed:18936247). At the two-cell stage, condensed chromosomes form an arc around the single microtubule aster that is nucleated from the centrosome (PubMed:18936247). The spindly-like protein spdl-1 and the spindle checkpoint protein mdf-1 accumulate along the outer side of this arc (PubMed:18936247). After the nuclear envelope breakdown of the second mitotic division, dynein and dynactin accumulate at unattached kinetochores (PubMed:18765790).
Homodimer (PubMed:26593036). Interacts (via TPR repeat-binding and central region) with pph-5 (via phosphatase domain); the interaction promotes pph-5 phosphatase activity (PubMed:26593036). Interacts (via central region) with co-chaperone cdc-37 (via N-terminus); the interaction inhibits daf-21 ATPase activity (PubMed:23569206).
In the embryo comma stage, expression is strongly detected in cells of the head region and less so in other areas. In early larvae, expressed in postembryonic germ cells derived from Z2 and Z3 cells and the head region, in both hermaphrodites and males. Under heat stress conditions, larval expression is not only detected in germ cells, but also all over the body. In adult hermaphrodites, expression is localized uniquely in the germ cells.
Molecular chaperone that promotes the maturation, structural maintenance and proper regulation of specific target proteins involved for instance in cell cycle control and signal transduction. Undergoes a functional cycle that is linked to its ATPase activity. This cycle probably induces conformational changes in the client proteins, thereby causing their activation. Interacts dynamically with various co-chaperones that modulate its substrate recognition, ATPase cycle and chaperone function. In response to cellular stress, up-regulated in distal tissues in a pqm-1-dependent manner, preventing protein misfolding and maintaining proteostasis (PubMed:29949773). By stabilizing the receptor-type guanylate cyclase daf-11 or another signal transduction component that regulates cGMP levels, plays a role in dauer formation and chemotaxis to non-volatile and volatile attractants detected by AWC sensory neurons (PubMed:10790386, PubMed:7828815). Participates in the control of cell cycle progression at the prophase/metaphase transition in oocyte development by ensuring the activity of wee-1.3 kinase, which negatively regulates cdk-1 through its phosphorylation (PubMed:16466390). Regulates yap-1 nuclear export after heat shock treatment (PubMed:23396260).
The TPR repeat-binding motif mediates interaction with TPR repeat-containing proteins.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. RNA methyltransferase RlmE family.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent 2'-O-ribose methyltransferase that catalyzes the formation of 2'-O-methyluridine at position 808 (Um808) in the mitochondrial large subunit ribosomal RNA (mtLSU rRNA), a universally conserved modification in the peptidyl transferase domain of the mtLSU rRNA.
Acts as a sensor that couples lifespan to information about energy levels and insulin-like signals (PubMed:15574588). Role in motility and response to oxidative stress (PubMed:18408008, PubMed:24763318). Involved in the establishment of germline stem cell (GSC) quiescence during dauer development (PubMed:15574588, PubMed:20110331). Plays a role in axon regrowth after axotomy in PLM neurons (PubMed:24431434). Plays a role in the maintenance of glycogen stores which are necessary for resistance to hyperosmotic stress (PubMed:26439621). Plays a role in the regulation of flp-7 secretion from ASI neurons (PubMed:28128367). Keeps the CREB-regulated transcription coactivator 1 homolog crtc-1 inactive which in turn inhibits flp-7 secretion (PubMed:28128367). Following serotonin signaling, derepresses crtc-1 which stimulates flp-7 secretion and subsequent body fat loss (PubMed:28128367).
Expressed in the pharynx, the ventral cord, neurons including the hermaphrodite-specific neuron, body wall muscles, the vulva, the excretory canal, and weakly in the intestine.
Phosphorylated on Thr-243 in response to oxidative stress and during dauer development (PubMed:24385923). Phosphorylation at Thr-243 is increased in response to sodium azide or the AMP analog AICAR (5-amino-1-(5-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamide) (PubMed:24385923).
Shortened life-span (PubMed:15574588, PubMed:18408008). Temperature-dependent hypersensitivity to stress, slow body bending, abnormal modulation of head oscillation (PubMed:15574588, PubMed:18408008). Reduced survival following oxidative stress induced by the superoxide paraquat (PubMed:24763318). Reduced survival as a result of hyperosmotic stress induced by NaCl (PubMed:26439621). Double knockout with aak-1 results in reduced glycogen accumulation (PubMed:26439621).
Catalyzes the reductive dealkylation of cyanocobalamin to cob(II)alamin, using FAD or FMN as cofactor and NADPH as cosubstrate. Can also catalyze the glutathione-dependent reductive demethylation of methylcobalamin, and, with much lower efficiency, the glutathione-dependent reductive demethylation of adenosylcobalamin. Under anaerobic conditions cob(I)alamin is the first product; it is highly reactive and is converted to aquocob(II)alamin in the presence of oxygen. Binds cyanocobalamin, adenosylcobalamin, methylcobalamin and other, related vitamin B12 derivatives.
Aminocarboxypropyltransferase that catalyzes the aminocarboxypropyl transfer on pseudouridine in 18S rRNA. It constitutes the last step in biosynthesis of the hypermodified N1-methyl-N3-(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl) pseudouridine (m1acp3-Psi).
Belongs to the TDD superfamily. TSR3 family.
Heterodimer; disulfide-linked. The heterodimer is composed of the disulfide-linked alpha and beta chains produced by autocatalytic cleavage of the precursor.
Lysosomal ceramidase that hydrolyzes sphingolipid ceramides into sphingosine and free fatty acids at acidic pH.
Proteolytically cleaved into two chains alpha and beta that remain associated via a disulfide bond. Cleavage gives rise to a conformation change that activates the enzyme. The same catalytic Cys residue mediates the autoproteolytic cleavage and subsequent hydrolysis of lipid substrates. The beta chain may undergo an additional C-terminal processing.
Expressed in PQR, but not AQR, Q neuroblast descendents.
Functions downstream of migratory protein mig-13 and may play a role in the control of Q neuroblast migration during larval development.
Belongs to the Clp1 family. NOL9/GRC3 subfamily.
Polynucleotide 5'-kinase involved in rRNA processing.
E1-like activating enzyme involved in the 2 ubiquitin-like systems required for autophagy.
Cytochrome b5 CYTB-5.2 is specifically required for the desaturase activity, its knockdown or mutation alters the enzyme activity.
Delta(9)-fatty acid desaturase that acts preferentially on palmitoyl-CoA (hexadecanoyl-CoA) producing the monounsaturated palmitoleoyl-CoA ((9Z)-hexadecenoyl-CoA), which can be elongated to (11Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA (the most abundant monounsaturated fatty acid in Caenorhabditis elegans phospholipids and triacylglycerols). Also acts on pentadecanoyl-CoA, heptadecanoyl-CoA and myristoyl-CoA (tetradecanoyl-CoA), the monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) produced are further used as substrates to synthesize polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) by several other desaturases and elongases (PubMed:16839188, PubMed:10872837, PubMed:29237573). Unlike plants, Caenorhabditis elegans desaturases seem to use fatty acyl-CoAs as substrates (By similarity).
Expressed in the intestine in adult worms and in all four larval stages. Additional expression in the pharynx and tail cells after hatching and throughout the lifespan.
Expression is regulated by nhr-80 and nhr-49 in the intestine.
Regulatory subunit of the cyclin-dependent kinase pair (CDK9/cyclin T) complex, also called positive transcription elongation factor B (P-TEFb), which is proposed to facilitate the transition from abortive to production elongation by phosphorylating the CTD (carboxy-terminal domain) of the large subunit of RNA polymerase II (RNAP II).
Animals arrest at the first larval stage of development with an unattached pharynx (PubMed:26153233). Able to form neurons, but with defective terminal differentiation of both AWC and AWB olfactory neurons, OLL and IL1 sensory glutamatergic neurons and cholinergic neurons including IL2, URA and URB (PubMed:26153233, PubMed:26341465). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in failed transdifferentiation of the Y rectal epithelial cell to the PDA motor neuron (PubMed:22493276).
Expressed in AWC and AWB olfactory neurons throughout life (PubMed:26153233, PubMed:26341465). Also expressed in the IL1, IL2, URA, URB and OLL sensory neurons, the AIM, AIN, AVK, RIH interneurons, and the motor neuron class RME (PubMed:26153233).
Interacts with egl-27 and ceh-6 (PubMed:22493276). Interacts with ceh-36 and lim-4 (PubMed:26341465). Interacts with wdr-5.1 (PubMed:25124442).
Limited expression during embryogenesis with expression in only a subset of neuroblasts. Expressed in neuronal progenitor cells late in nervous system development and in some non-neural progenitor cells. Expressed broadly during larval development stages.
Probable transcription factor that regulates the lineage progression of embryonic blast cells and controls the postmitotic specification and differentiation of neurons (PubMed:26153233, PubMed:26341465). Cooperates with additional factors to direct the differentiation of the olfactory neurons, functioning with the transcription factor ceh-36 to specify AWC neurons and with the LIM homeodomain factor lim-4 to suppress AWC terminal differentiation and promote AWB neuron differentiation (PubMed:26341465). Plays a role in the terminal differentiation of glutamatergic and cholinergic neurons (PubMed:26153233). Required for natural reprogramming events and in particular for the transdifferentiation of the Y rectal epithelial cell to the PDA motor neuron during larval development (PubMed:22493276).
Expressed in dorsal regions of embryos at late gastrula stage, transiently expressed in the developmental process of 3-fold embryo to L1-L2 larval stage.
In L1-L2 larvae, expressed in body hypodermal cells, hemidesmosomes and in a neuronal cell between the pharynx and ring neuropil. In adults, expression is seen in body hypodermal cells and pharynx.
Glycosyltransferase required for the biosynthesis of the tetrasaccharide (GlcA-Gal-Gal-Xyl-)Ser core linker of heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate. Required for embryonic development (PubMed:11005858). Involved in vulval epithelium invagination (PubMed:9927677). Required for axon regeneration after injury (PubMed:31371405).
Involved in TGF-beta pathway. Plays a role in male tail tip morphogenesis (PubMed:21408209).
RNAi-mediated knockdown enhances tail tip morphogenesis resulting in retention of the pointed larval tail tip in adult males (also known as the Lep phenotype) of sma-3 e491 mutants.
Controls the stress response to increased levels of reactive oxygen species by modulating the brc-1-dependent expression of cki-1.
Transport of citrate across inner mitochondrial membrane.
Expressed throughout the male and female germline.
Mortal germline (Mrt) phenotype in which there is a progressive decline in fertility with each generation at 25 degrees Celsius, and after 2 to 3 generations the brood size is 25% that of wild-type counterparts. Fertility in these mutants may be restored when transferred to a 20 degrees Celsius environment. Defective RNAi inheritance.
Plays a role in germline RNA interference (RNAi), and in particular is required for piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA) gene silencing. Facilitates the binding of the argonaut protein hrde-1 to small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) targets that are required for transgenerational epigenetic inheritance and germline immortality.
Potential corepressor protein, which may affect chromatin structure and/or transcription. May participate in the transcriptional repression of the presenilin protein hop-1.
D-type phospholipase that hydrolyzes N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamines (NAPEs) to produce bioactive N-acylethanolamines/fatty acid ethanolamides (NAEs/FAEs) and phosphatidic acid. NAEs are bioactive lipids that are involved in diverse physiological processes such as growth and lifespan.
No strong phenotype in the nape-2 deletion mutant, however its overexpression alters growth and lifespan when grown at 15 degrees Celsius compared to 25 degrees Celsius.
Predominantly expressed in the pharynx, also highly expressed in the dorsal and ventral nerve cords, as well as in the vulval muscles of hermaphrodites.
May have a role in pharyngeal pumping during feeding.
Reduced response to the inhibitory action of emodepside in pharyngeal pumping.
Belongs to the SEC23/SEC24 family. SEC23 subfamily.
Component of the coat protein complex II (COPII) which promotes the formation of transport vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The coat has two main functions, the physical deformation of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane into vesicles and the selection of cargo molecules.
Catalyzes the transfer of a geranyl-geranyl moiety from geranyl-geranyl pyrophosphate to both cysteines in Rab proteins with an -XXCC, -XCXC and -CCXX C-terminal.
Probable acyltransferase which may mediate the conversion of lysophosphatidylcholine (1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine or LPC) into phosphatidylcholine (1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine or PC) (LPCAT activity). May also catalyze the conversion of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (1-acyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine or LPE) into phosphatidylethanolamine (1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine or PE) (LPEAT activity), as well as the conversion of lysophosphatidylserine (1-acyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-phospho-L-serine or LPS) into phosphatidylserine (1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-L-serine or PS) (LPSAT activity). Required for incorporation of arachidonic acid into PC, PE, and PS.
The di-lysine motif may confer endoplasmic reticulum localization.
Belongs to the 5'-3' exonuclease family.
Vitellogenin 5 undergoes little if any processing before being packaged into yolk platelets.
Lin-31 regulates how vulval precursor cells choose their fate. It helps specify three alternative cell fates in vulval development.
Expressed in the body wall muscle cells and detected at the basal surface of pharyngeal cells and basal-lateral membranes of the intestine.
Increased resistance to fluoxetine-induced nose muscle contraction. Slow development, embryonic lethality and defect in yolk transport to oocytes leading to accumulation of yolk granules in the pseudocoelomic fluid and appearance of pale eggs. Reduced level of sensitivity to dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid-induced sterility. Cell corpses persist significantly longer than in the wild-type, indicating a cell corpse clearance defect.
Plays a role in the uptake of a range of molecules including phosphatidylserine, lipids and xenobiotic compounds from the intestine to surrounding tissues. Possesses lipid transfer activity. Mediates transport of lipids from intestine to reproductive tract. Binds phosphatidylserine. Plays a role in efficient clearance of cell corpses by mediating phosphatidylserine appearance on phagocytic cells, thus promoting phagocytic engulfment of apoptotic cells. Vital for embryonic development.
Outwardly rectifying potassium channel protein; activity is sharply augmented by increase in temperature.
Worms display uncoordinated movement and paralysis.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL29 family.
By irradiation (PubMed:14706351, PubMed:19104912). This induction is dependent on hus-1 (PubMed:14706351).
Detected at all stages (PubMed:14706351, PubMed:19104912). Expressed at low level in embryos compared to larvae (PubMed:14706351). Peaks in young adults (PubMed:14706351).
Expressed throughout the head and tail, in germ cells and somatic cells.
Poly[ADP-ribose] polymerases modify various nuclear proteins by poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation, a post-translational modification synthesized after DNA damage that appears as an obligatory step in a detection/signaling pathway leading to the reparation of DNA strand breaks and programmed cell death.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bS6 family.
Belongs to the tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase family.
Expressed in body wall muscle cells, hypodermis, PLM neurons and touch-receptor neurons.
Heme-dependent dioxygenase that catalyzes the oxidative cleavage of the L-tryptophan (L-Trp) pyrrole ring and converts L-tryptophan to N-formyl-L-kynurenine (PubMed:27995966). Catalyzes the oxidative cleavage of the indole moiety (PubMed:27995966). Involved in regulation of protein homeostasis, longevity and reproducive life span (PubMed:22927396, PubMed:27995966). Specifically regulates proteotoxicity due to age-related aggregation of proteins like alpha-synuclein, via its effects on tryptophan metabolism (PubMed:22927396).
RNAi-mediated knockdown of the protein increases longevity and causes a delayed and extended reproductive life span without increasing total progeny. Animals show increased levels of tryptophan, reduced sensitivity to proteotoxic aggregates of alpha-synuclein and reduced age-related decline of motility. A double knockdown of tdo-2 together with an enzyme downstream in the kynurenine pathway, kmo-1, flu-2, afmd-1 or haao-1, causes an increase in motility and tryptophan levels and suppresses the proteotoxicity similarly to knock-down of tdo-2 alone. RNAi-mediated knockdown in a tph-1 deletion background, which is necessary for synthesis of serotonin from trypotophan, shows increased motility, but variable suppression of proteotoxicity. RNAi-mediated knockdown in a mutant background for daf-16, which functions in the IIS pathway, shows suppression of proteotoxicity and only a small increase in median, but not mean life span. RNAi-mediated knockdown in a mutant background for hsf-1, which also functions in the IIS pathway, shows suppression of proteotoxicity and a small increase in life span. RNAi-mediated knockdown in a mutant background for hif-1, which functions in the hypoxia stress response pathway, shows an increase in median, but not mean life span that is lower than for the tdo-2 knockdown alone. RNAi-mediated knockdown in a mutant background for eat-2, which is used as a model for dietary restriction, shows suppression of proteotoxicity and an increase in life span.
Transfers N-acetylgalactosamine onto mannose groups of carbohydrate substrates. Required for susceptibility to pore-forming crystal toxins in conjunction with bre-1, bre-2, bre-3, and bre-4. Involved in resistance to the nematotoxic C.cinerea galectin Cgl2 (PubMed:20062796).
Worms exhibit resistance to the Cry5B and Cry14A toxins produced by Bacillus thuringiensis. This is thought to be due to mutants having reduced population of glycolipids which are targeted by the Cry proteins.
Redundantly with pde-5, plays a role in the AFD thermosensory neurons to regulate microvilli receptive ending morphology, possibly by regulating cGMP levels.
Binds to the LIM domain of LIM domain-containing transcription factors (PubMed:10993673). Required for the blmp-1-mediated transcriptional activation or repression of several hypodermal genes, such as bed-3 (PubMed:32417234). Regulates sam-10 nuclear localization in PLM neurons (PubMed:21115607). Has a role in synaptic differentiation of PLM mechanosensory neurons (PubMed:21115607). Involved in gonadogenesis (PubMed:12736204).
Expressed in all neurons and some other tissues of the adult, including vulval muscle, and, in males, all the neurons of the tail region (PubMed:10993673). Expressed in vulval cells (PubMed:12736204, PubMed:10993673).
First expressed widely in 200- to 260-minute-old embryo, except in hyp-7 cells (PubMed:10993673). Expression becomes more restricted to the anterior, ventral, and posterior part in the comma stage embryo (PubMed:10993673). Expressed in all neurons and some other tissues of the larva (PubMed:10993673). Expressed in primary vulval cells during the L4 larval stage (PubMed:12736204).
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes mechanosensory defects and uncoordination in L1 and L2 larval stage animals; phenotypes become weaker in later stages and eventually disappear in young adults (PubMed:10993673). RNAi-mediated knockdown causes defects in vulval morphology and gonad arms (PubMed:12736204). RNAi-mediated knockdown reduces the level of bed-3 and col-124 mRNAs and increases the level of lin-29 mRNA (PubMed:32417234).
Nuclear envelope protein which has essential roles in assembly of nuclear pore complexes and in chromatin maintenance during the cell cycle (PubMed:16950114, PubMed:16950115, PubMed:26166571, PubMed:27341616). Appears to be a stable structural component of the nuclear envelope during interphase (PubMed:16950114, PubMed:16950115). In dividing cells, localizes to kinetochores during early stages of mitosis and then to chromatin during late mitosis (PubMed:16950114, PubMed:27341616). Important for several mitotic processes including chromosome condensation, kinetochore assembly, chromosome segregation and cell-cycle timing (PubMed:16950114, PubMed:16950115, PubMed:26166571, PubMed:27341616). In postmitotic cells, plays a role in the early steps of nuclear pore complex assembly by recruiting the nucleoporins npp-10 and npp-5 to chromatin (PubMed:16950114, PubMed:16950115). Also involved in meiotic chromosome segregation (PubMed:27341616). May function downstream of the Ran GTPase signaling pathway (PubMed:16950115).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in embryonic lethality (PubMed:16950114). Impairs assembly of the nuclear pore complex, the integrity of the nuclear envelope and distribution of the integral nuclear envelope proteins lmn-1, lem-2 and emr-1 and the nuclear pore complex proteins npp-9, npp-10 and npp-1 (PubMed:16950114, PubMed:16950115). Reduces the recruitment of npp-10 and npp-5 to chromatin (PubMed:16950114). Leads to hypercondensation and mispositioning of chromatin, defects in migration and positioning of the pronuclei, dissociation of centrosomes from chromatin, precocious centrosome separation, as well as defects in kinetochore assembly, spindle assembly, chromosome segregation and chromatin distribution in meiosis and mitosis (PubMed:16950114, PubMed:16950115). Impairs mitotic progression and leads to chromatin bridges (PubMed:16950114, PubMed:16950115). Reduces knl-3 localization to the kinetochores (PubMed:16950115). Suppresses the chromosome-decondensation defect in evl-18/cdc-45 mutant embryos (PubMed:26166571).
Ubiquitously expressed (at protein level).
May act as a receptor for the endocytosis of extracellular ligands such as chylomicron remnants, protease-inhibitor complexes and vitellogenin.
Does not seem to have protease activity as it lacks the zinc-binding site.
Belongs to the PEP-utilizing enzyme family.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CAMK Ser/Thr protein kinase family. CHK2 subfamily.
Low expression in embryos and L2 larvae, high expression in hermaphrodite adults.
Serine/threonine-protein kinase which is required for checkpoint-mediated cell cycle arrest, activation of DNA repair and apoptosis in response to the presence of DNA double-strand breaks. May also negatively regulate cell cycle progression during unperturbed cell cycles. Phosphorylates and inhibits cdc25 phosphatase, preventing entry into mitosis. Required for nuclear reorganization and homologous chromosome pairing during meiotic prophase.
Expressed in most cells of the embryo beginning from the 100-cell stage (at protein level) (PubMed:20230814). Expressed throughout larval development in the excretory system, anterior neurons and the hypodermis (at protein level) (PubMed:20230814). Expressed in vulval precursor cells and their descendants during the mid-larval stages and is highly expressed in the somatic gonad from the L3 larval stage to adulthood (at protein level) (PubMed:20230814).
Expressed in the somatic gonad, neurons, hypodermal cells, seam cells, the excretory system, and intestinal cells (at protein level).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in embryonic or larval lethality (PubMed:20230814). Surviving animals exhibit slow growth, gonad migration defects, vulval induction defects and reduced lin-3 expression (PubMed:20230814). Larvae that develop into adults are sterile, and only few produce embryos (PubMed:20230814). RNAi-mediated knockdown in males results in tail defects including underdeveloped tails, spicule defects and missing rays (PubMed:20230814). RNAi-mediated knockdown in a lin-3 e1417 mutant background abolishes vulval induction (PubMed:20230814). RNAi-mediated knockdown in a let-23 sa62 gain of function mutant background partially suppresses the multivulva phenotype in the let-23 mutant (PubMed:20230814). RNAi-mediated knockdown in a let-60 n1046 gain of function mutant background suppresses the multivulva phenotype in the let-60 mutant (PubMed:20230814).
Transcriptional activator that functions upstream of the let-60/Ras and let-23/EGFR signaling pathways to positively regulate lin-3 expression and thereby promote vulval induction (PubMed:20230814). Plays a role in excretory duct development (PubMed:20230814). Plays a role in male tail development (PubMed:20230814).
Belongs to the aromatic-ring hydroxylase family. KMO subfamily.
Catalyzes the hydroxylation of L-kynurenine (L-Kyn) to form 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine (L-3OHKyn). Required for synthesis of quinolinic acid.
No visible phenotype. Double knockout with cnnm-1 results in increased levels of intestinal Mg(2+) and reduced levels in other tissues. This Mg(2+) deficiency in tissues leads to a reduced lifespan, 100% sterility, and smaller animals that exhibit a developmental delay with defective gonad development and which therefore do not produce oocytes or form vulva. In addition, the gonad development defect in the cnnm-1 and cnnm-3 double knockout is rescued when the AMPK alpha subunit aak-2 is also knocked out. Double knockout with cnnm-2 results in 22% sterility. Quintuple knockout with cnnm-1, cnnm-2, cnnm-4 and cnnm-5 results in a reduced lifespan and 100% sterility.
Probable metal transporter. Probably acts redundantly with the other metal transport proteins cnnm-1, cnnm-2, cnnm-4 and cnnm-5 to regulate Mg(2+) homeostasis. Promotes postembryonic gonad development by regulating Mg(2+) levels, probably via AMPK signaling.
Belongs to the mitochondrial Rho GTPase family.
Mitochondrial GTPase involved in mitochondrial trafficking (By similarity). Probably involved in control of anterograde transport of mitochondria and their subcellular distribution (By similarity). Plays a role in maintaining mitochondrial morphology (PubMed:25190516).
Belongs to the complex I subunit 4 family.
Core subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I) that is believed to belong to the minimal assembly required for catalysis. Complex I functions in the transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme is believed to be ubiquinone.
Abnormal mitochondrial morphology with localized swellings and tubular extensions. Double knockout with moma-1 or immt-1 results in reduced or no brood, poor growth and withered gonads. Furthermore, in double knockouts with moma-1, the gonads contain fewer mitochondria.
Belongs to the MICOS complex subunit Mic19 family. Metazoan Mic19 subfamily.
Plays a role in maintaining mitochondrial morphology (PubMed:21248201). May act as a component of the MICOS complex, a large protein complex of the mitochondria (By similarity).
Developmental defects in the gonad, germline, male tail and hermaphrodite vulva (PubMed:15238519). Increased number of germ cells arrested at the metaphase stage of mitosis during the larval stage L4; by adulthood, there are no nuclei in the distal part of the gonad and as a result, no sperm or oocytes are formed (PubMed:15238519). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in defective metaphase to anaphase transition (Mat phenotype) and embryos that arrest at the one-cell stage that display defects in the formation of the anterior-posterior axis (PubMed:11861581, PubMed:11832245).
Probable component of the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), a cell cycle-regulated E3 ubiquitin ligase that controls progression through mitosis and the G1 phase of the cell cycle (PubMed:11861581, PubMed:15238519). The APC/C complex acts by mediating ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of target proteins (PubMed:11861581). Developmental role in early embryogenesis and the metaphase to anaphase transition in oocyte and spermatocyte meiosis and mitosis in germ cells (PubMed:11134076, PubMed:11861581, PubMed:15238519). Required for embryonic anterior-posterior axis formation (PubMed:11832245). Plays a role in regulating the abundance of glr-1 receptors in postmitotic neurons, which may in turn control animal locomotion (PubMed:15556870). Involved in regulating GABA neurotransmitter release at neuromuscular junctions in GABA motor neurons (PubMed:24321454).
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that mediates monoubiquitination of 'Lys-117' of histone H2B (By similarity). H2B 'Lys-117' ubiquitination gives a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional activation and is also prerequisite for histone H3 'Lys-4' and 'Lys-79' methylation (By similarity). Involved in regulating stem cell proliferative fate (PubMed:25564623).
In adult animals, expressed in oocytes, germ cells, pharyngeal and intestinal cells.
Interacts with ubc-1 (PubMed:14732404). Interacts with mrg-1 (PubMed:25564623).
Worms arrest their development at L1 stage, and show tail abnormalities (PubMed:14732404). RNAi-mediated knockdown on a glp-1 mutant background causes significant overproliferation of germline cells (PubMed:25564623).
Component of the BBSome complex (By similarity). The BBSome complex is thought to function as a coat complex required for sorting of specific membrane proteins to the primary cilia (By similarity). The BBSome complex is required for ciliogenesis but is dispensable for centriolar satellite function (By similarity). Required for BBSome complex ciliary localization but not for the proper complex assembly (By similarity). Required, redundantly with bbs-4, for cilia biogenesis and both the assembly and movement of intraflagellar transport proteins along the ciliary axoneme (PubMed:22922713, PubMed:26150102). Plays a role in the removal of degraded mechanosensory receptors within the cilia (PubMed:26150102).
Part of BBSome complex, that contains at least bbs-1, bbs-2, bbs-4, bbs-5, osm-12, bbs-8/ttc-8 and bbs-9 (By similarity). Interacts with bbs-4 (via C-terminus); the interaction is direct (PubMed:26150102).
Single mutants do not display any obvious defects in ciliogenesis. Double bbs-5 and bbs-4 mutants display a defect in cilia structure and function. This is characterized by increased accumulation and mislocalization of intraflagellar transport proteins and impaired movement of intraflagellar transport proteins along the ciliary axoneme. Double mutants also have defective polycystin-mediated cilia signaling and mislocalized and increased accumulation of mechanosensory receptors pkd-2, osm-9 and odr-10 within cilia.
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in increased expression of the lin-41 protein, which is a target of the let-7 microRNA.
Rab GTPase activating protein for the small GTPases rab-6.1 and rab-6.2 (Probable). Probably acts through rab-6.1 and rab-6.2 to play a role in microRNA-mediated gene silencing in different tissue types (PubMed:33826611). Required for seam cell division and alae formation (PubMed:33826611).
Element of the TORC1 signaling pathway that acts as a mediator of diverse signals and that represses RNA polymerase III transcription. Inhibits the de novo assembly of TFIIIB onto DNA.
Could be a guanine-nucleotide releasing factor for glo-1 (PubMed:15843430). May play a role in gut granule biogenesis (PubMed:15843430). Regulates axon termination in PLM and ALM neurons (PubMed:21968191).
Worms exhibit lack of intestinal gut granules.
Detected in the posterior cells of the intestine.
Loss of posterior body wall muscle contractions (pBoc), weak movement of tail, weak enteric muscle contractions, severe reduction in acidification of the pseudocoelom and slight constipation. Normal oscillatory Ca(2+) signaling in the intestine with unaffected defecation period and timing and normal locomotion.
Na+/H+ exchanger which mediates the transient acidification of the coelomic space and plays a role in contraction of posterior body muscles during defecation (PubMed:18191228, PubMed:18291648, PubMed:23319594). Probably by regulating the defecation motor program, required for fatty acid uptake by intestinal cells (PubMed:25849533).
Belongs to the retinoblastoma protein (RB) family.
Component of the DRM complex, at least composed of lin-9, lin-35, lin-37, lin-52, lin-53, lin-54, dpl-1 and efl-1 (PubMed:17075059). Interacts with lin-53 (PubMed:9875852). Interacts (via C-terminus) with dpl-1 (via C-terminus) and efl-1 (via C-terminus) (PubMed:11463372). Interacts (via C-terminus) with lin-8 (PubMed:16020796).
Expressed in embryos and newly hatched L1 larvae (PubMed:9875852). In older larvae and adults expressed in P(3-8).p vulval precursor cells and its descendents (PubMed:9875852). Expressed in the major hypodermal syncytium hyp7 during the L3 stage of larval development (PubMed:15621535).
Key regulator of cell division which acts as a transcriptional repressor and negatively regulates cell cycle progression in its active unphosphorylated form, but allows cell cycle progression when phosphorylated (PubMed:11684669, PubMed:12062054, PubMed:16287966, PubMed:17466069, PubMed:25562820). When unphosphorylated and in its active form, interacts with E2F transcription factors such as efl-1 to repress their transcriptional activity and negatively regulate the progression through the G1 phase of the cell cycle during postembryonic development (PubMed:11684669, PubMed:12062054, PubMed:15238519, PubMed:17466069, PubMed:25562820). May furthermore act with cell cycle regulator cki-1 to negatively regulate cell cycle progression (PubMed:11684669). Acts redundantly with lin-53, fzr-1 and lin-23 to control cell cycle progression by regulating the expression of G1 phase cyclins (PubMed:11850412, PubMed:25562820). In particular, negatively regulates the expression of the cyclin E homolog cye-1, which is essential for the G1/S phase transition (PubMed:16287966, PubMed:17466069). Regulates cell division in the intestinal lineage, repressing the expression of genes such as cdc-25.2, which are required for intestinal cells to transition from the karyokinesis cell cycle (also known as nuclear division) to endoreplication, a specific growth pathway in the intestinal epithelium required for feeding and gut development in growing larvae during the L1 stage molt (PubMed:17466069, PubMed:27104746). Its role as a transcriptional repressor in the regulation of intestinal cell division during postembryonic development is most likely in complex with an E2F cell cycle regulatory transcription factor efl-1 and its binding partner the synthetic multivulva class B protein dpl-1 (PubMed:17466069). Synthetic multivulva (synMuv) class B protein (PubMed:9875852, PubMed:11850412). SynMuv proteins are required to repress the induction of vulval development by Ras signaling and probably act by forming the multiprotein DRM complex that represses transcription (PubMed:9875852, PubMed:17075059). Together with synMuv class B protein lin-53, and redundantly with synMuv class A protein lin-15A, represses transcription to control vulval development, most likely through antagonization of the Ras-signaling pathway in the major hypodermal syncytium hyp7 (PubMed:9875852, PubMed:15621535, PubMed:16624904, PubMed:26100681). Acts redundantly with the transcriptional corepressor spr-1 and the zinc finger protein zfp-2 to play a role in vulval morphogenesis, promote germline proliferation and somatic gonad development (PubMed:17417969, PubMed:17070797). Acts redundantly with ubc-18 in the regulation of pharyngeal morphogenesis during embryonic develpment by negatively regulating the expression of proteins such as sup-35 (PubMed:12783801, PubMed:19521497, PubMed:24214340). Functions with the SWI/SNF complex and proteins such as pha-1 to regulate larval development (PubMed:15196946, PubMed:15280233). Functions redundantly with xnp-1 to regulate somatic gonad development (PubMed:15328017, PubMed:15649460). Acts redundantly with slr-2 to regulate the expression of intestinal genes required for nutrient utilization (PubMed:18437219, PubMed:22542970). Regulates transcription in response to starvation (PubMed:23664972). Furthermore, in response to starvation, promotes germ cell programmed cell death by negatively regulating the expression of the anti-apoptotic protein ced-9 (PubMed:17881492, PubMed:24752899). Conversely, in conjunction with mcd-1, efl-1 and the synthetic multivulva class B proteins dpl-1, lin-37 and lin-52, may also regulate transcription to promote programmed cell death independently of ced-1, ced-8 and ced-9 cell death pathways (PubMed:17237514). Directly involved in heterochromatin formation by maintaining overall chromatin structure and, in particular, that of constitutive heterochromatin by stabilizing histone methylation (PubMed:23347407). In particular, negatively regulates the expression of mes-4, a histone methyltransferase that controls the expression of germline specific genes (PubMed:23347407). May play a role in double strand break formation during meiosis (PubMed:15315757). May suppress sensitivity to RNAi (PubMed:16507136, PubMed:17417969). May play a role in the response to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress (PubMed:24715729).
Phosphorylated by the cyclin dependent kinase cdk-4. Phosphorylation inhibits the transcriptional repressor activity of lin-35 and allows for progression through the G1 phase of the cell cycle during postembryonic development.
Viable, but with a reduced fertility and brood size (PubMed:11684669, PubMed:15328017, PubMed:15280233, PubMed:17417969). Low penetrance defects including reduced integrity of the proximal gonad, a low percentage of endomitotic oocytes, distal tip cell migration defects and abnormalities in vulval morphology (PubMed:17417969). Some studies demonstrate aberrant intestinal nuclear divisions, with increased intestinal nuclei in growing larvae (PubMed:17466069). In addition there is increased sensitivity to RNA-induced gene silencing by RNAi (PubMed:16507136, PubMed:17417969). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in increased survival in response to ER stress inducer tunicamycin as compared to wild-type animals (PubMed:24715729). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in larval arrest at 25 degrees Celsius in an xpn-1 mutant background (PubMed:15649460). RNAi-mediated knockdown in a ced-1 mutant background results in reduced somatic cell apoptosis (PubMed:27650246). Double knockout with the synthetic multivulva class B protein lin-15A results in a multiple vulva (Muv) phenotype (PubMed:16624904, PubMed:26100681). Double knockout with either cdk-4 or cyd-1 rescues the cell cycle progression defect in the single cdk-4 and cyd-1 mutants (PubMed:11684669, PubMed:25562820). Double knockout with xnp-1 results in 43% embryonic lethality (PubMed:15328017). Surviving animals develop slowly, are small, sterile and display male and female gonad developmental defects characterized by shorter gonadal arms, fewer germ cells, an everted vulva phenotype, and failed formation of sheath and spermathecal cells (PubMed:15328017). Double knockout with spr-1 or zfp-2 results in defects in growth, vulval morphogenesis, somatic gonad development and fertility (PubMed:17417969, PubMed:17070797). Double knockout with the programmed cell death regulator mcd-1 results in 100% lethality during the L1 stage of larval development (PubMed:17237514). Programmed cell death defect in a ced-3 n2427 mutant background (PubMed:17237514). Knockout with RNAi-mediated knockdown of psa-1, ham-3, swsn-2.2, swsn-3 or swsn-6 (components of the SWI/SNF complex) results in larval arrest during larval development (PubMed:15280233). Knockout with RNAi-mediated knockdown of pha-1 (developmental protein), snfc-5 or swsn-8 (additional SWI/SNF complex components) results in sterility and/or a protruding vulva phenotype (PubMed:15196946, PubMed:15280233). Double knockout with slr-2 results in early larval arrest due to mis-regulation of intestinal specific gene expression, which results in starvation-induced growth arrest (PubMed:18437219, PubMed:22542970).
Belongs to the CDP-alcohol phosphatidyltransferase class-II family.
Functions in the biosynthesis of the anionic phospholipids phosphatidylglycerol and cardiolipin.
Expressed in the pharynx, hypodermis, intestine and head neurons (PubMed:29666234). Upon ER stress, expressed predominantly in pharyngeal muscle, hypodermis and intestine (PubMed:19822669).
May play a role in the ER-associated protein degradation pathway (ERAD) possibly via its interaction with ER-localized proteins ubxn-4 and cdc-48.1 and/or cdc48.2, providing a link between the polyubiquitinated ERAD substrates and the proteasome (PubMed:19822669). Also plays an important role in the regulation of other protein degradation mechanisms and pathways including ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) and autophagy (By similarity). Mediates the proteasomal targeting of misfolded or accumulated proteins for degradation by binding (via UBA domain) to their polyubiquitin chains and by interacting (via ubiquitin-like domain) with the subunits of the proteasome (By similarity). Collaborates with POST (F36D4.5) in the export of ubiquitinated proteins from the nucleus to the cytoplasm (PubMed:29666234). Also acts as a regulator of DNA repair by inhibiting homologous recombination repair, thereby redirecting double-strand break repair toward non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) (PubMed:30612738).
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes a reduction in lifespan (PubMed:19822669). Induces ER stress characterized by the expression of hsp-4, the accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins and an increase in ubxn-4 expression (PubMed:19822669). Mutants display increased homologous recombination repair in response to DNA damage compared to wild-type worms (PubMed:30612738). Worms lacking both POST (F36D4.5) and ubql-1 have a shorter lifespan and display an accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins in the nucleus (PubMed:29666234).
Required to initiate and then maintain lateralized gene expression in the ASE sensory neurons (PubMed:20923973). Involved in determining cell fate in the ASE neurons (PubMed:20923973). Essential protein required to maintain expression of homeotic genes egl-5 and mab-5 (PubMed:10648230). May play an analogous role to the trithorax Group (trxG) proteins (PubMed:10648230). TrxG proteins form multiprotein complexes that are required to maintain the transcriptionally active state of homeotic genes throughout development (PubMed:10648230). May act via a modification of chromatin (PubMed:10648230).
Belongs to the SMC family. RAD50 subfamily.
Essential component of the MRN complex, a complex that possesses single-stranded DNA endonuclease and 3' to 5' exonuclease activities, and plays a central role in double-strand break (DSB) repair, chromosome morphogenesis, DNA repair and meiosis. In the complex, it mediates the ATP-binding and is probably required to bind DNA ends and hold them in close proximity.
Homodimer. Probable component of the MRN complex with mre-11 (By similarity).
The zinc-hook, which separates the large intramolecular coiled coil regions, contains 2 Cys residues that coordinate one molecule of zinc with the help of the 2 Cys residues of the zinc-hook of another RAD50 molecule, thereby forming a V-shaped homodimer. The two heads of the homodimer, which constitute the ATP-binding domain, interact with the MRE11 homodimer (By similarity).
Belongs to the eukaryotic/archaeal PrmC-related family.
Interacts with nuclear hormone receptor nhr-49; the interaction is direct.
RNAi-mediated knockdown increases expression of potassium channel accessory subunit mps-2 and suppresses age-dependent memory decline.
Transcription factor (PubMed:33259792). Binds to regulatory elements and regulates transcription of target genes, including the potassium channel accessory subunit mps-2 (PubMed:33259792). Negatively regulates transcription of mps-2, thereby modulating age-dependent memory decline (PubMed:33259792). In concert with nuclear hormone receptor nhr-49, involved in regulating target genes with roles in sphingolipid breakdown and lipid remodeling (PubMed:22511885). Plays a role in modulating mitochondrial morphology and function (PubMed:22511885).
Widely expressed, including in hypodermis, gut, muscle, and neuronal cells of the ventral nerve chord, head, and tail ganglia (PubMed:33259792). Expressed in the head ganglion in several sensory and interneurons, including AVA (PubMed:33259792).
Expressed in the pharyngeal-intestinal (PI) and anal valves. Expressed in ASG neurons and in one or two neurons in the retrovesicular ganglion and two neurons posterior to the PI valve and PHA and PHB neurons in the tail.
Inhibited by Cu(2+) or Zn(2+) and to a lesser extent Ni(2+) ions.
N-glycosylated (PubMed:17369288, PubMed:21515584). Glycosylation is important for enzymatic activity (PubMed:21515584).
Preferentially catalyzes the addition of fucose in alpha 1-3 linkage to the first GlcNAc residue (with or without alpha 1,6-linked fucose), next to the peptide chains in N-glycans (PubMed:15364955, PubMed:9675224, PubMed:17369288, PubMed:21515584). Unlike in mammals, does not require the prior action of N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I to generate complex N-glycans (PubMed:15364955).
The C-terminus (424-433) is important for catalytic activity or for enzyme stability. The N-terminus (1-78) appears to be dispensable for enzymatic activity.
Expressed during the larval L1 to adult stages, with little or no change in transcript levels (PubMed:24569038). Expressed in several head neurons during L4 larval stage in hermaphrodites (PubMed:24569038).
Transcription factor (By similarity). Probably acts downstream of the Wnt signaling pathway (PubMed:24569038).
Expressed in body-wall muscle cells, hypodermal seam cells and neuronal cells including sensory amphid neuronal processes, the nerve ring, ventral nerve cords and motor neuronal commissures.
Phosphorylated by serine/threonine-protein kinase kin-29 at Ser-251; the phosphorylation inhibits repression of transcription by mef-2 (PubMed:17170704). May be phosphorylated by either cyclic-AMP dependent or cyclic-GMP dependent protein kinases (PubMed:18832350).
Responsible for the deacetylation of lysine residues on the N-terminal part of the core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) (By similarity). Histone deacetylation gives a tag for epigenetic repression and plays an important role in transcriptional regulation, cell cycle progression and developmental events (By similarity). Histone deacetylases act via the formation of large multiprotein complexes (By similarity). Involved in transduction of sensory signals, together with egl-4, kin-29 and mef-2; binding to transcription factor mef-2 enables negative modulation of chemoreceptor gene expression in chemosensory neurons (PubMed:17170704, PubMed:18832350). May be involved in muscle development (By similarity).
Methylates DNA on the 6th position of adenine (N(6)-methyladenosine) (PubMed:25936839). N(6)-methyladenosine (m6A) DNA is involved in epigenetic transgenerational inheritance (PubMed:25936839).
Belongs to the class-II aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family. Type 1 subfamily.
Belongs to the potassium channel family. Calcium-activated (TC 1.A.1.3) subfamily. Slo sub-subfamily.
Expressed in synaptic regions of the nervous system including in both the nerve ring and nerve cords, as well as in the body-wall and vulval muscle.
Homotetramer; which constitutes the calcium-activated potassium channel.
Its activity is activated by ethanol, leading to the inhibition of neuronal activity.
Potassium channel activated by both membrane depolarization or increase in cytosolic Ca(2+) that mediates export of K(+) (PubMed:11738032). Its activation dampens the excitatory events that elevate the cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration and/or depolarize the cell membrane (PubMed:11738032). It therefore contributes to repolarization of the membrane potential (PubMed:11738032). Essential for the regulation of neurotransmitter release at synapses (PubMed:11738032, PubMed:28168949).
The RCK N-terminal domain mediates the homotetramerization, thereby promoting the assembly of monomers into functional potassium channel. It includes binding sites for Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) (By similarity).
The S4 segment, which is characterized by a series of positively charged amino acids at every third position, is part of the voltage-sensor.
The calcium bowl constitutes one of the Ca(2+) sensors and probably acts as a Ca(2+)-binding site.
The pore-forming domain (also referred as P region) is imbedded into the membrane, and forms the selectivity filter of the pore. It contains the signature sequence of potassium channels that displays selectivity to potassium (By similarity).
GTP-binding protein that may be involved in protein trafficking; may modulate vesicle budding and uncoating within the Golgi apparatus.
Embryonic lethal with severely defective embryonic morphogenesis with the formation of unspecified differentiated tissues, no endoderm and excess mesoderm (PubMed:9288749). In addition, embryos have defective mitotic spindle orientation in the 8-cell stage ABar blastomere (PubMed:9288749, PubMed:16678095). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in irregular distribution of the mitotic spindle orientating factor sdn-1 and wnt signaling protein mig-5, with premature accumulation of sdn-1 on the cell surface of the ABar blastomere during the prophase stage of mitosis, and reduced accumulation of mig-5 at cell contact sites between the Abar and C blastomere cells, respectively (PubMed:25344071).
Expressed by anchor cell and vulva precursor cell descendants P5.ppa, P5.ppp, P7.paa and P7.pap (PubMed:15369677). Expressed in the tail and weakly expressed in the vulva and body wall muscles (PubMed:20711352).
Ligand for members of the frizzled family of seven transmembrane receptors. Required in embryonic development for endoderm specification and the correct positioning and orientation of the mitotic spindles and division planes in blastomere cells (PubMed:9288750, PubMed:9288749, PubMed:16678095, PubMed:25344071). Involved in cleavage axis determination (PubMed:9288750). Binds to receptor tyrosine kinase cam-1 (PubMed:17942487). Together with wnt ligand lin-44, plays a role in controlling vulva precursor cell P7.p lineage orientation during vulva development, probably by acting as a ligand for tyrosine kinase receptor lin-18 (PubMed:15369677). May act redundantly with other Wnt ligands such as cwn-1 and cwn-2 to control seam cell polarity (PubMed:22022276).
Essential component of the PAM complex, a complex required for the translocation of transit peptide-containing proteins from the inner membrane into the mitochondrial matrix in an ATP-dependent manner. Seems to control the nucleotide-dependent binding of mitochondrial HSP70 to substrate proteins (By similarity).
Accepts the ubiquitin-like protein NEDD8 from the uba-3-ula-1 E1 complex and catalyzes its covalent attachment to other proteins (PubMed:10993680). Plays a role in male tail tip morphogenesis (PubMed:21408209).
Belongs to the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family. UBC12 subfamily.
Expressed throughout development (PubMed:10993680). Highly expressed in hyp10 tail tip cells in early L4 larval stage males (PubMed:21408209). Expressed in hyp10 tail tip cells prior to and during male tail tip retraction (PubMed:21408209).
Worms either arrest during embryonic development, or show vulval eversion at the L4 stage and burst at the vulva during the L4-to-adult molt (PubMed:10993680). Those who survive to the adult stage display severe abnormalities in the structure of alae (PubMed:10993680). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in severe male tail tip defects (PubMed:21408209).
Constitutes a precursor of the transcription factor (PubMed:28441531). Mediates the autocatalytic cleavage that releases the Myelin regulatory factor homolog 2, N-terminal component that specifically activates transcription of genes involved in synaptic rewiring during nervous system maturation (PubMed:28441531).
Homotrimer (By similarity). Interacts with myrf-1 (PubMed:28441531).
No visible phenotype. Worms show normal dorsal D (DD) GABAergic motor neurons rewiring. Worms lacking both myrf-1 and myrf-2 display defective DD neurons rewiring.
Transcription factor that specifically activates expression of genes involved in synaptic rewiring during nervous system maturation (PubMed:28441531). Specifically required for dorsal D (DD) GABAergic motor neurons synaptic rewiring (PubMed:28441531). Acts in complex with myrf-1 paralog (PubMed:28441531).
Aspartic protease, which is part of the necrosis cell death pathway (PubMed:26795495, PubMed:12410314). Promotes B.thuringiensis Cry6Aa stability by preventing its proteolysis by host gut proteases. Required for Cry6Aa-induced necrotic death of intestinal cells (PubMed:26795495). Cry6Aa uptake into the host intestinal cells triggers an increase in intracellular Ca(2+) levels leading to lysosome rupture and to the subsequent release of asp-1 which leads to necrosis (PubMed:26795495).
Expression begins at the 2-fold embryonic stage and continues throughout the larval stages (at protein level) (PubMed:10854422). During the early stages of larval development, specifically expressed in the intestinal cells with the highest levels in the posterior intestinal cells int7 and int8 (PubMed:10854422). Not expressed in adults (PubMed:10854422).
Interacts with B.thuringiensis endotoxin Cry6Aa; the interaction prevents Cry6Aa proteolysis by host gut proteases.
RNAi-mediated knockdown partially prevents neuronal degeneration in a mec-4(u231), deg-1(u38) or gsa-1(Q227L) gain-of-function mutant background.
Up-regulated by B.thuringiensis endotoxin Cry6Aa (at protein level).
Arrests at the L4 larval stage due to a failure to undergo the L4 to adult molt. Sterile due to the lack of functional gametes. In RNAi-mediated knockdown assays, fails to process dsRNA which results in the accumulation of high molecular weight dsRNA-derived RNA species.
Expressed from embryogenesis to adulthood (PubMed:33378643). Expressed in the germline and somatic cells of L4 stage larvae (PubMed:33378643). In the germline of L4 stage hermaphrodites, uniformally expressed in germ cells from the proliferative mitotic zone to the meiotic mid-pachytene region (PubMed:33378643). Expression reduces in germ cells transitioning through diplotene and meiosis I and II and increases again before cells begin spermatogenesis (PubMed:33378643). During oogenesis, expressed in the distal germline and through the bend in the ovotestis (PubMed:33378643). Not expressed in maturing oocytes or the embryonic germline (PubMed:33378643). Expressed in most somatic cells throughout development, with high expression in intestinal cells (PubMed:33378643).
Interacts with the ERI/DICER complex component dcr-1 (PubMed:16439208, PubMed:33378643). Interacts with ERI/DICER complex components rrf-3 and isoform b of eri-1 (PubMed:33378643). Interacts with drh-3 and rde-8 (PubMed:33378643).
RNA polyphosphatase which has RNA 5'-triphosphatase and diphosphatase activities (PubMed:33378643). Displays poor protein-tyrosine phosphatase activity (By similarity). Binds to 5'-triphosphorylated RNAs (also called ppp-RNAs) (PubMed:33378643). Dephosphorylates ppp-RNAs converting them to 5'-monophosphorylated RNAs (also called p-RNAs) (PubMed:33378643). During small-RNA-mediated gene-silencing or RNA interference (RNAi), involved in the dcr-1-mediated processing of an amplified dsRNA intermediate (PubMed:16439208). This is most likely in association with several components of the ERI/DICER complex including dcr-1, eri-1 and rrf-3 (PubMed:33378643). Plays a role in the biogenesis of 26G small interfering RNAs (26G-siRNAs), which are a class of 26 nucleotide siRNAs that possess a guanine residue at the 5'-end, by dephosphorylating 5'-triphosphorylated 26G-siRNAs prior to their maturation by the ERI/DICER complex (PubMed:33378643). Plays a role in the biogenesis of csr-1-bound 22G small interfering RNAs (22G-siRNAs), which are a class of 22 nucleotide siRNAs that possess a guanine residue at the 5'-end (PubMed:33378643). Not required for the biogenesis of microRNAs (miRNA) or for the biogenesis of a class of 21 nucleotide PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) that possess a uracil residue at the 5'-end (also called 21U-RNAs) (PubMed:33378643).
Two isoforms have been reported, however the molecular basis and sequence differences have not been determined. Both isoforms interact with components of the ERI/DICER complex and both are detected at all larval and adult stages, but only pir-1b is expressed in embryos (PubMed:33378643). Furthermore, pir-1a expression depends on drh-3 activity and pir-1b expression depends on dcr-1 activity (PubMed:33378643).
Contains a selenide-sulfide bond between Cys-665 and Sec-666. This bond is speculated to serve as redox-active pair (By similarity).
Expressed in intestine, pharynx, seam cells, hypodermis, rectal epithelial cells, neurons in the nerve ring and amphid sheath cells.
No obvious phenotype. RNAi-mediated knockdown of gsr-1 in mutants lacking trxr-1 causes an arrest during larval molting characterized by a partial detachment of the old cuticle and an impaired ability to reduce cuticle components. Also results in growth arrest during the postdauer molt.
Together with glutathione reductase gsr-1, required for the reduction of disulfide groups in the cuticle during molting.
Belongs to the ETF beta-subunit/FixA family.
The electron transfer flavoprotein serves as a specific electron acceptor for several dehydrogenases, including five acyl-CoA dehydrogenases, glutaryl-CoA and sarcosine dehydrogenase. It transfers the electrons to the main mitochondrial respiratory chain via ETF-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (ETF dehydrogenase).
Required for proper progression of late cytokinetic stages.
Acts redundantly with ceh-20 and ceh-40 to perform overlapping roles during embryogenesis (PubMed:12399316). Required for postembryonic development of the ectoderm, including the Q, V and P cell lineages, playing a crucial role in ensuring that these cells and their descendants undergo their invariant patterns of cell division, migration, fusion and morphogenesis (PubMed:15750187). Has a role in the mig-13 pathway to promote anterior migration of neuroblasts in the Q lineage (PubMed:15750187). Required for multiple roles in regulating vulva development (PubMed:15750187). Associates with homeobox ceh-60 to regulate gene expression, including repression of genes involved in innate immunity and activation of genes involved in vitellogenesis (PubMed:30956009, PubMed:31675356). Involved in lipid homeostasis, contributing to the formation of the cuticle (PubMed:30956009, PubMed:31675356).
Belongs to the TALE/MEIS homeobox family.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Isoform a and isoform f are more abundant than isoform b and isoform e, but their temporal patterns of accumulation are similar. All are present in adult germline, pregastrulation embryos, later embryos and adult soma.
Forms a heterodimer with homeobox ceh-60.
Worms exhibit severe posterior disorganization during embryogenesis (Nob phenotype) (PubMed:12399316). Mutants exhibit Q cell migration defects, affecting cell position along the anterior posterior axis (PubMed:12399316). RNAi mediated knockdown abolishes nuclear localization of ceh-60 (PubMed:30956009). RNAi mediated knockdown targeted to the intestine represses expression of vitellogenin genes; further repressed on ceh-60 mutant background (PubMed:30956009).
Catalyzes the transport of 2-oxoglutarate (alpha-oxoglutarate) across the inner mitochondrial membrane in an electroneutral exchange for malate. Can also exchange 2-oxoglutarate for other dicarboxylic acids such as malonate, succinate, maleate and oxaloacetate, although with lower affinity. Contributes to several metabolic processes, including the malate-aspartate shuttle, the oxoglutarate/isocitrate shuttle, in gluconeogenesis from lactate, and in nitrogen metabolism (By similarity). Maintains mitochondrial fusion and fission events, and the organization and morphology of cristae (PubMed:21448454). Regulator of apoptosis, insulin secretion and germline proliferation (PubMed:21448454). Furthermore, plays a role in the oxidative stress response regulating endogenous levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (PubMed:21884719). Involved in the regulation of lin-35/Rb-mediated apoptosis in the germline (PubMed:21448454).
First expressed in intestinal precursor cells during embryogenesis. Expressed in intestinal and neuronal cells in newly hatched larvae at the L1 stage of development.
Ubiquitously expressed, but highly expressed in the anterior pharynx.
Viable, with no visible phenotype (PubMed:21884719). Animals have increased levels of reactive oxygen species along with increased sensitivity to the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generator Jugalone (5-hydroxy-1,4-naphtoquinone) (PubMed:21884719). Conversely, display increased resistance to sodium azide, which is a mitochondrial poison that inhibits cytochrome c (PubMed:21884719). Animals also have morphological defects in their mitochondondria, whereby mitochondria are smaller in size, abnormally shaped, and contain fewer cristae which are irregular and disorganized (PubMed:21448454). Increased germline apoptosis characterized by an increased number of apoptotic corpses in the gonadal arms (PubMed:21448454). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in increased secretion of a beta-type insulin, daf-28 by coelomocytes and longer distal tip processes (PubMed:21448454).
Component of the 20S core proteasome complex involved in the proteolytic degradation of most intracellular proteins. This complex plays numerous essential roles within the cell by associating with different regulatory particles. Associated with two 19S regulatory particles, forms the 26S proteasome and thus participates in the ATP-dependent degradation of ubiquitinated proteins. The 26S proteasome plays a key role in the maintenance of protein homeostasis by removing misfolded or damaged proteins that could impair cellular functions, and by removing proteins whose functions are no longer required. Associated with the PA200 or PA28, the 20S proteasome mediates ubiquitin-independent protein degradation. This type of proteolysis is required in several pathways including spermatogenesis (20S-PA200 complex) or generation of a subset of MHC class I-presented antigenic peptides (20S-PA28 complex). Within the 20S core complex, PSMB7 displays a trypsin-like activity.
Component of the proteasome, a multicatalytic proteinase complex which is characterized by its ability to cleave peptides with Arg, Phe, Tyr, Leu, and Glu adjacent to the leaving group at neutral or slightly basic pH. The proteasome has an ATP-dependent proteolytic activity.
Non-catalytic component of the proteasome, a multicatalytic proteinase complex which is characterized by its ability to cleave peptides with Arg, Phe, Tyr, Leu, and Glu adjacent to the leaving group at neutral or slightly basic pH. The proteasome has an ATP-dependent proteolytic activity.
The 26S proteasome consists of a 20S proteasome core and two 19S regulatory subunits. The 20S proteasome core is a barrel-shaped complex made of 28 subunits that are arranged in four stacked rings. The two outer rings are each formed by seven alpha subunits, and the two inner rings are formed by seven beta subunits. The proteolytic activity is exerted by three beta-subunits PSMB5, PSMB6 and PSMB7.
Involved in the reductive regeneration of cob(I)alamin cofactor required for the maintenance of methionine synthase in a functional state.
Expressed at low levels in the tail tip in both males and hermaphrodites from the L4 larval stage.
Reduced growth and mobility. Larval lethal.
Expressed in neurons and body wall muscles.
No visible phenotype (PubMed:19737747, PubMed:22829780). No defect in the positioning of ASI and ASH neuron cell bodies (PubMed:22829780). No defect in the positioning of PQV, PVP, RMEV, HSN adn AVK axons in the ventral nerve cord (PubMed:19737747). In a zig-2, zig-3, zig-4 or zig-5 or zig-8 mutant background, cell body positioning of ASI and ASH head neurons is normal (PubMed:22829780).
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX52/ROK1 subfamily.
Expressed throughout embryogenesis and during postembryonic meiotic divisions that produce sperm in males.
Plays a central role in centrosome maturation and mitotic spindle assembly during the first division of the zygote. Required for the centrosomal localization of air-1 and zyg-9. Probably not required in late embryogenesis and during larval development.
ATP dependent phosphorylation of adenosine and other related nucleoside analogs to monophosphate derivatives.
Belongs to the carbohydrate kinase PfkB family.
Expressed in several neurons including AIY, CEPDL, RID, ALA, RMED, AIN, AVJ and CAN neurons.
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes severe defects in the ALA neuron in young adults, and when RNAi is begun embryonically, some individuals lack a detectable ALA neuron.
Transcription factor (By similarity). Required for larval development and for cell fate specification and migration of CAN neurons (PubMed:2361334, PubMed:9475729, PubMed:11493519). Required for generation, or placement, and differentiation of the ALA neuron, and may play a role in ALA axon migration (PubMed:20501595). Involved in development and function of the AIY interneurons, acting by regulating expression of LIM/homeobox protein ttx-3 (PubMed:11493519). Modulates lifespan, perhaps acting in the AIY interneurons (PubMed:21055415). Plays a role in fertility and egg-laying behavior (PubMed:21055415).
Acts as a transporter of both UDP-galactose and UDP-N-acetylglucosamine into the Golgi lumen.
Expressed exclusively in pharyngeal cells g1 and g2, lateral seam cells, spermatheca and vas deferens.
In seam cells, expression is first detected in late embryos, persists to the fourth larval stage and disappears in adults. In glandular cells g1 and g2, expression begins in the first larval stage and remains visible until adulthood.
Worms display altered surface antigenicity which prevents bacterial adherence. This is due to a deficiency in both O- and N-linked glycans.
Expressed in motor neurons in the head and in ventral nerve cord and, to a lesser extent, in sensory neurons in the nerve ring and the tail and interneurons. Expressed in pharyngeal-intestinal valve, intestinal-rectal valve and in intestinal cells.
May be a component of a complex composed of rab-5 (in GDP-bound form), dyn-1 and vps-34 (PubMed:18425118). Interacts with tax-6 (PubMed:20803083).
Microtubule-associated force-producing protein involved in producing microtubule bundles and able to bind and hydrolyze GTP. Most probably involved in vesicular trafficking processes, in particular endocytosis (By similarity). Required for coelomocyte endocytosis (PubMed:20803083). Involved in apoptotic cell phagocytosis (PubMed:21490059). Required for recruitment of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase piki-1 to phagosomes (PubMed:22272187). May play a role in rab-5 recruitment to cell-corpses-containing phagosomes but not to endosomes (PubMed:18425118). Required for embryonic and larval development (PubMed:9294229, PubMed:21490059, PubMed:20803083).
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes abnormal accumulation of apoptotic cell corpses in early phagosomes in gonads.
Plays a role in vesicular protein sorting.
May be involved in chitin synthesis in the pharynx during larval development.
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes a severe delay in larval development with most animals arrested at the L1 larval stage (PubMed:16098962, PubMed:15777697). Arrested larvae have a disorganized and larger pharynx grinder probably causing feeding defects and thus a delayed growth (PubMed:16098962).
Specifically expressed just prior to each larval molt (PubMed:11589574). Expression is restricted to the pharynx and specifically to the glandular cells g1 and g2 in the terminal bulb, the 3 m4 myo-epithelial cells in the metacorpus and the 3 m3 myo-epithelial cells in the procorpus (PubMed:16098962, PubMed:11589574). Not expressed in adults (PubMed:11589574).
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase involved in clearance of apoptotic cell corpses by phagosomes. Phagosome maturation requires two sequential and non-overlapping pulses of phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate (PI3P) on the vesicle surface which mediates recruitment of sortins snx-1 and lst-4 and small GTPases rab-5, rab-2 and rab-7. The first pulse is initiated by piki-1, then maintained by vps-34 which also produces the second pulse. Unlike vps-34, not involved in the formation of PI3P in early endosomes.
May play a role in anterograde transport of membrane proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi.
Coelomocytes contain larger early and late endosomes enriched with PtdIns3P. Delayed conversion of early endosomes to late endosomes with early endosomes retaining PtdInsP3 for a longer duration of time which may possibly be due to a delay in either the turnover or transport of PtdIns3P out of the endosome. This leads to continuous fusion of early endosomes which continues until rab-5 is displaced and rab-7 is recruited. Double knockout with sorf-2 results in a similar phenotype as the individual single sorf-1 knockout. Double knockout with bec-1 results in smaller endosomes and an irregular distribution pattern of PtdIns3P in the cytoplasm. Double knockout with vps-11, vps-18 or vps-39, subunits of the CORVET/HOPS complex, results in larger endosomes and larger lysosomes and thus suppresses the endosome/lysosome fusion defects in coelomocytes of the individual vps-11, vps-18 and vps-39 single mutants. Likewise, RNAi-mediated knockdown in a vps-41 mutant background (a subunit of the CORVET/HOPS complex) also suppresses the endosome/lysosome fusion defects in the vps-41 single mutant. However, double knockout with the CORVET/HOPS complex subunits vps-16 or vps-33.1, does not suppress the endosome/lysosome fusion defects in coelomocytes of the individual vps-16 and vps-33.1 single mutants. Double knockout with proteins involved in rab-5 to rab-7 switching in early to late endosome conversion such as rab-7, sand-1 and tbc-2 results in enlarged vacuoles, delayed endosomal cargo transport and persistent PtdIns3P in early endosomes in coelomocytes.
Interacts with sorf-2; the interaction is direct. Interacts with bec-1.
Together with sorf-2 negatively regulates the levels of phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PtdIns3P) to enable the conversion of early endosomes to late endosomes. Binds to sorf-2 and the sorf-1-sorf-2 complex likely acts through bec-1, a non-catalytic subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), to suppress PI3K activity, thereby negatively regulating endosomal PtdIns3P levels.
Belongs to the protein-tyrosine phosphatase family. Receptor class 8 subfamily.
Expressed at all stages including the dauer stage. Expression in the ventral cord and near the vulva starts at the L4 larval stage.
In hermaphrodites specifically expressed in neurons and in particular in the head nerve ring (ADE, ALA, ASI, ASK, AUA, ASG, AVH and AVJ neurons), in the ventral nerve cord, pre-anal ganglia (PVP neuron), in the tail (PHA, PHB and PHC neurons) and in vulval motor neurons VC and HSN and the vulval uv1 cells (PubMed:11086294, PubMed:11206415, PubMed:15044551, PubMed:15180830, PubMed:19343207). In males, also expressed in neurons anterior to the nerve ring and male-specific neurons in the tail (PubMed:11086294, PubMed:15180830).
Lacks the typical Cys active site in position 696 that is replaced by a Ser residue, preventing the tyrosine-protein phosphatase activity.
Proteolytically cleaved probably at a dibasic consensus sequence by egl-3.
Regulates dense-core vesicle (DCV) trafficking and/or secretion (PubMed:19343207). Probably by controlling DCV trafficking, plays a role in the AVG neuron-mediated formation of the right axon tract of the ventral nerve cord (PubMed:27116976). Involved in locomotion by regulating acetylcholine release (PubMed:15044551). Probably by controlling the secretion of FLP neuropeptides, regulates the turning step of male mating behavior (PubMed:17611271). Plays a role in preventing dauer formation (PubMed:15044551).
Viable and fertile with a reduced brood size (PubMed:15044551, PubMed:19343207). Locomotion is slightly slower and the expulsion step of the defecation cycle is often missing (PubMed:15044551). In males, impaired mating turning behavior characterized by abnormal repetitive turning during the first turn (PubMed:17611271). 50 percent reduction in dense-core vesicles in ventral cord neurons (PubMed:19343207). Paralysis induced by acetylcholinesterase inhibitor aldicarb is reduced in 50 percent of mutants (PubMed:15044551). Resistant to aldicarb-induced reduction in brood size (PubMed:19343207). In a unc-64 (e246) mutant background increases dauer formation whereas in a unc-31 (e169) abolishes dauer formation (PubMed:15044551). In a daf-2 (e1370) or daf-28 (sa191) mutant background increases dauer formation (PubMed:15044551). In a nid-1 (cg119) mutant background, abnormal cross-over of the AVG neuron axon during the formation of the right axon tract of the ventral nerve cord (PubMed:27116976).
Proteolytically removes the C-terminal three residues of farnesylated proteins.
Belongs to the AP endonuclease 2 family.
Expressed throughout development from the late embryonic stage (PubMed:18158917). Expressed in all larval stages, in H0-2, V1-6, and T seam progeny, and in the uterine seam cells (utse) during late larval stage L4 in hermaphrodites (PubMed:17933794). Expressed in some body wall muscle cells and some pharyngeal neurons (PubMed:17933794).
Interacts with rnt-1; acts to increase the affinity and specificity of interaction of rnt-1 with DNA.
RNAi-mediated knockdown increases expression of Runt-related transcription factor rnt-1.
Transcriptional cofactor (PubMed:17933794). Required for controlling cell proliferation in the seam cells, a stem cell-like lineage, acting in concert with Runt-related transcription factor 1 rnt-1, perhaps by repressing expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor cki-1 (PubMed:17933794). Represses expression of rnt-1 (PubMed:18158917). Regulates male tail development (PubMed:17933794). May play a role in vulval and/or uterine morphogenesis (PubMed:17933794).
Belongs to the TALE/IRO homeobox family.
Expressed in dorsal D (DD) motor neurons in L2 and L4 stage larvae.
RNAi-mediated knockdown delays the first appearance of synaptobrevin snb-1 at puncta, probably corresponding to neuromuscular junctions, in dorsal D (DD) motor neurons in L1 stage larvae by about 4 hours (PubMed:22031882). Causes ectopic expression of immunoglobulin domain-containing protein oig-1 in late larval and adult DD motor neurons (PubMed:26387713). Causes a significant increase in expression of snb-1 at puncta in the ventral nerve cord on an unc-55 mutant background (PubMed:22031882). Ectopically expressed in ventral D (VD) motor neurons on an unc-55 mutant background (PubMed:22031882). Restores normal backward locomotion on an unc-55 mutant background (PubMed:22031882). Knockdown targeted to GABAergic neurons restores normal synaptic function in the ventral muscles on an unc-55 mutant background (PubMed:22031882). Restores expression of oig-1 to VD motor neurons on an unc-55 mutant background (PubMed:26387713). Targeted RNAi-mediated knockdown abolishes expression of unc-8 in DD neurons (PubMed:34045310).
Transcription factor (By similarity). Required for D-type inhibitory GABAergic motor neuron synaptic remodeling, acting via degenerin unc-8-dependent and -independent mechanisms (PubMed:22031882, PubMed:34045310). Regulates expression of genes involved in synaptic remodeling, including negative modulation of immunoglobulin domain-containing protein oig-1 and positive modulation of unc-8 (PubMed:26387713, PubMed:22031882, PubMed:34045310).
Alternative DNA-binding strategy due to lack of a leucine zipper dimerization segment: DNA binding domain binds to its cognate half-site, an N-terminal arm recognizes adjacent 5' AT-rich sequences in the minor groove and the intervening residues stabilize interactions of these two subdomains with DNA.
Belongs to the bZIP family. Skn1 subfamily.
Directed by the ER-associated degradation pathway (ERAD), mediates proteasomal homeostasis by regulating the expression of proteasomal subunits such as rpt-3 to confer resistance to proteasomal dysfunction.
Interacts with pgma-5 (PubMed:23040073). Interacts with transcription factor mxl-3 (via N-terminus) (PubMed:23040073).
RNAi-mediated knockdown of all isoforms results in a severe reduction in transcription of gst-4, gst-5, gst-7 and gcs-1 mRNAs during infection by P.aeruginosa or P.faecalis (PubMed:22216003). Susceptibility to P.aeruginosa and P.faecalis is characterized by a decrease in survival rate (PubMed:22216003).
Transcription factor required to specify the fate of ventral blastomeres in the early embryo, and postembryonically for the development of the intestine (PubMed:1547503). Directly regulates expression of zygotically expressed med-1 and med-2 to direct mesendoderm development (PubMed:1547503, PubMed:11463373). Required for stl-1 mRNA up-regulation in response to oxidative stress and anoxia (PubMed:24385935). Involved in regulating innate immunity, acting downstream of the pmk-1 p38/MAPK pathway and probably also downstream of nipi-3 (PubMed:34407394). Required for the up-regulation of gcs-1 and several glutathione-S-transferase mRNAs in response to oxidative stress generated during pathogenic bacterial infection (PubMed:22216003). Modulates oxidative stress responses in concert with transcriptional coregulator hcf-1 (PubMed:22568582). Regulates the transcription of genes associated with metabolism in response to changes in nutrient availability (PubMed:23040073). In neurons, involved in mitochondrial fusion and behavioral recovery during reoxygenation (PubMed:24385935). Required for riok-1 mRNA expression in the intestine (PubMed:25688864). Downstream of the let-60/Ras, mek-2 and pmk-1 pathway, positively regulates lifespan probably by preventing transcription of insulin-like peptides such as ins-39 (PubMed:20624915). Prevents degeneration of dopaminergic CEP neurons in response to high Al(3+) or Mn(2+) levels, probably by promoting the expression of glutathione-S-transferase gst-1 (PubMed:23106139, PubMed:23721876).
Viable, but there is failed activation of the expression of the proteasomal subunit rpt-3 in all tissues (PubMed:27528192). Treatment with the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib or knockout with rpn-10 RNAi results in larval lethality (PubMed:27528192). Double knockout with pbs-5 results in failed expression the proteasomal subunit rpt-3 (PubMed:27528192). Also causes a loss of transcription of riok-1 mRNA in intestine (PubMed:25688864). Reduces life span (PubMed:20624915). Moderate increase in transcription of ins-39 mRNA (PubMed:20624915). Moderate increase in CEP neuron death in response to high Al(3+) levels (PubMed:23106139). RNAi-mediated knockdown causes an increase in Mn(2+)-mediated dopaminergic CEP neuron degeneration and a reduction in expression levels of glutathione S-transferase gst-1 (PubMed:23721876).
Belongs to the class V-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. SETD3 actin-histidine methyltransferase family.
Defects in neuronal differentiation, axon branching, aberrant cell migration and abnormal aggregation behavior on lawns of bacterial food.
Expressed during embryonic and larval development.
Expressed in many distinct neuronal cells including RMED, RMEV, RMEL and RMER. Functions in URX neurons to promote aggregation behavior.
Interacts with daf-21/hsp90. Interacts with aha-1.
Probable ligand-activated transcriptional activator. Acts as a transcriptional regulator in GABAergic motor neuron cell fate specification and development. Promotes cell-type-specific expression of guanylate cyclase genes that have key roles in aggregation behavior and hyperoxia avoidance. Has no role in carbon dioxide avoidance.
Belongs to the NFYB/HAP3 subunit family.
Component of sequence-specific heterotrimeric transcription factor (nfya-1-NF-Y and nfya-2-NF-Y) complexes which specifically recognize a 5'-CCAAT-3' box motif found in the promoters of its target genes to regulate their expression and control cellular identity in particular tissue types (PubMed:17574230). In association with the components in the NF-Y complexes, represses the expression of the T-box transcription factor tbx-2 throughout larval development, which most likely restricts its expression to certain tissues (PubMed:23933492, PubMed:25873636). May act to repress txb-2 expression in conjunction with tbx-2 itself, which has an autoregulatory role (PubMed:25873636). In association with the components in the nfya-1-NF-Y complex, negatively regulates the expression of the homeobox protein egl-5 to spatially restrict its expression in tissues such as the head (PubMed:17574230). May regulate spatial egl-5 expression in association with the mes-2-mes-3-mes-6 complex (PubMed:17574230).
Expressed in cells of the developing embryo (PubMed:15704008, PubMed:17574230). At the larval stages, weakly expressed in neurons and pharyngeal secretory cells (PubMed:15704008, PubMed:17574230). At larval stages also expressed in the developing hermaphrodite vulva and male tail (PubMed:17574230). Not expressed in the gonads in larval stages (PubMed:15704008).
Expressed in certain parts of the gonads with high expression in fertilized oocytes in the uterus and mature oocytes from the distal to the proximal arm of the gonad, but weak expression in the syncytial ovaries and immature oocytes at the beginning of the proximal arm of the gonad (PubMed:15704008). Expressed in secretory cells in the pharyngeal terminal bulb wall, in the small ganglia surrounding the pharynx and in the neurons running anteriorly to the sensory organs in the head (PubMed:15704008). Not expressed in the intestine, the hypodermis or body wall muscle surrounding the pseudocoelomic space (PubMed:15704008).
Forms two NF-Y heterotrimeric transcription factor complexes: the nfya-1-NF-Y complex is composed of nfya-1, nfyb-1 and nfyc-1, and the nfya-2-NF-Y complex is composed of nfya-2, nfyb-1 and nfyc-1 (PubMed:17574230). Interacts with nfyc-1; the interaction is direct and is required for the interaction with either nfya-1 or nfya-2, and subsequent binding of the complex to the 5'-CCAAT-3' box motif in DNA (PubMed:17574230).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in ectopic expression of the homeobox protein egl-5 in the head region (PubMed:17574230). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in ectopic expression of tbx-2 in the gut and seam cells of L4 stage larvae and adults (PubMed:23933492). RNAi-mediated knockdown enhances the larval lethality phenotype of the tbx-2 bx59 mutant (PubMed:23933492).
No apparent phenotype. Double mutant cnk-1 and lin-45 and double mutant cnk-1 and ksr-1 show high lethality in the first larval stage, filling with fluid and with a rod-like appearance due to loss of the excretory duct. Double mutant cnk-1 and lin-45 also shows P12 to P11 cell fate transformations.
Non-essential component of the Ras signaling pathway.
Expressed in the ASER neuron and the intestine.
G proteins are composed of 3 units; alpha, beta and gamma. The alpha chain contains the guanine nucleotide binding site (By similarity). Interacts (in GDP-bound form) with gpr-1; gpr-1 forms a complex with gpr-2 and lin-5 (PubMed:12730122). Interacts (in GDP-bound form) with gpb-1 (PubMed:12730122). Interacts (in GDP-bound form) with gbas-1 (via GBA motif); the interaction leads to activation of goa-1 (PubMed:26659249).
Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as modulators or transducers in various transmembrane signaling systems. In the 1-cell embryo, probably together with gpa-16, controls nuclear rotation and spindle elongation during mitosis (PubMed:14534135). During the first embryonic cell divisions, plays a role in gpr-1/2 cortical localization and in the proper orientation of EMS blastomere mitotic spindle (PubMed:14534135). Polarity determinants (par genes) may regulate lin-5/gpr-1/gpr-2/goa-1 locally to create the asymmetric forces that drive spindle movement (PubMed:12730122). Involved in chemosensory responses to attractive and repellent odors detected by AWC and AWB sensory neurons, respectively (PubMed:23954825). In ASER neurons, acts downstream of glr-3 to regulate cold avoidance behavior via calcium signaling, and it may also play a role in sensing cold in the intestine (PubMed:31474366). Negatively regulates axon regeneration after injury downstream of the inhibitory compound arachidonoyl ethanolamide (AEA) by antagonizing the activation of the JNK pathway (mlk-1/mek-1/kgb-1) (PubMed:23072806). In neurons, may negatively regulate diacylglycerol (DAG) production mediated by egl-30 signaling cascade and thereby negatively regulates acetylcholine release (PubMed:22897658). Couples to the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor gar-2 to negatively regulate cholinergic receptor activity in the presence of high levels of acetylcholine in ventral cord motor neurons (PubMed:18614679). Plays a role in the navigational capacity of sperm and the targeting of sperm derived from males to the fertilization site in the uterus of hermaphrodites (PubMed:28662030). Involved in egg-laying and in regulating dopamine-mediated locomotion (PubMed:8548815, PubMed:15378064). Most likely couples to the dopamine receptors dop-2 and dop-3 to positively regulate the dopamine-mediated suppression of crh-1/CREB1 transcription factor activation in cholinergic SIA neurons in the presence of food (PubMed:19609300).
Prolonged exposure to attractive odorant benzaldehyde results in a loss of adaptive response characterized by a decrease in odor seeking behavior and in a loss of egl-4 nuclear translocation. Loss of chemotaxis response to the repellent odor 2-nonanone (PubMed:23954825). Increased egg laying; eggs are prematurely laid at one-cell to 8-cell stage (PubMed:8548815). Increased locomotion (PubMed:8548815). Increases diacylglycerol (DAG) levels along axons. Increases paralysis following treatment with acetylcholinesterase inhibitor aldicarb which is partially reduced in a drn-1 mutant background (PubMed:22897658). In a mutant background which expresses gar-2 in all cholinergic motor neurons, eliminates the resistance to Aldicarb that is characteristic of the gar-2 single mutant (PubMed:18614679). Simultaneous RNAi-mediated knockdown of both goa-1 and gpa-16 causes, in the one-cell embryo, a lack of nuclear rocking movements from prophase to metaphase and symmetric spindle elongation without transversal oscillations of the poles during anaphase (PubMed:14534135). At the 2-cell stage embryo, nuclei are mispositioned and fail to exhibit nuclear rotation (PubMed:14534135). In addition, causes a loss of gpr-1/2 cortical localization in 2-cell and 4-cell stage embryos (PubMed:14534135).
Catalyzes the first step in the synthesis of phosphocholine by converting phosphoethanolamine into phospho-monomethylethanolamine (N-methylethanolamine phosphate). Phosphocholine is a precursor for phosphatidylcholine, a major component in membranes and a precursor itself in the production of glycoconjugates secreted by parasitic nematodes to avoid host immune responses.
Feedback inhibition by phosphatidylcholine.
Necessary at multiple stages in the worm's life cycle, its disruption alters worm growth and development.
Myosins are actin-based motor molecules with ATPase activity. Unconventional myosins serve in intracellular movements. Their highly divergent tails are presumed to bind to membranous compartments, which would be moved relative to actin filaments (By similarity).
Specifically phosphorylates the activated forms of G protein-coupled receptors.
Binds to the RAB3 GDP/GTP exchange factor aex-3.
Command interneurons of the locomotory control circuit (AIA, AIB, AVA, AVD, AVE, PVC, RIA, RIG and RIR) and motor neurons (AVG, M1, RMDD and RMDV).
L-glutamate acts as an excitatory neurotransmitter at many synapses in the central nervous system. The postsynaptic actions of glutamate are mediated by a variety of receptors that are named according to their selective agonists. Required for response to mechanical and osmotic stimuli.
Amino acid transporter that specifically mediates the pH-dependent export of the cationic amino acids arginine, histidine and lysine from lysosomes (PubMed:22822152). May play a role in the degradation of autophagic substrates in autolysosomes by regulating lysosome function (PubMed:25124690).
Mutants are viable but develop slowly. They accumulate enlarged lysosomes and show an impaired lysosomal degradation of phagocytic, endocytic, and autophagic cargos.
The di-leucine motif mediates lysosomal localization.
Interacts with sem-5 (PubMed:12091307). Interacts with cmd-1 in the presence of Ca(2+) (PubMed:17854888).
Involved in the migration and outgrowth of muscles, axons and excretory canals.
Catalyzes the phosphorylation of sphingosine to form sphingosine 1-phosphate (SPP), a lipid mediator with both intra- and extracellular functions. Also acts on sphinganine (By similarity). Required for neurotransmitter release from neuromuscular junctions. Acts by recruiting the synaptic vesicle priming protein unc-13 to synapses (PubMed:22588719, PubMed:23223309) (Probable).
Expressed in the majority of cholinergic and GABAergic neurons, body wall muscle, excretory canal cells, intestine, and hypodermis.
Expressed from L1 larval stage through adults.
Locomotion is slower. Moderately resistant to paralysis induced by acetylcholine esterase inhibitor aldicarb but sensitivity to acetylcholine agonist levamisole is normal. Reduced both cholinergic and GABAergic motoneuron activities characterized by a reduction in miniature postsynaptic currents in muscles.
Non-alpha subunit of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) (PubMed:8581398, PubMed:20027209). Acts in cholinergic motoneurons to regulate presynaptic neurotransmitter release, thereby ensuring normal level of excitation of cholinergic motoneurons during locomotion (PubMed:20027209, PubMed:23658528, PubMed:27782882).
Specifically expressed in cholinergic ventral cord motoneurons of the VA, VB, DA and DB classes but not AS and VC classes. Expressed in PVQ and DVC neurons in the tail.
By stress such as high temperature or ethanol.
Hydrolyzes UDP and GDP but not any other nucleoside di-, mono- or triphosphates. May promote reglycosylation reactions involved in glycoproteins folding and quality control in the endoplasmic reticulum.
Alpha-1,6-mannosyltransferase involved in glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchor biosynthesis (By similarity). Transfers the second mannose to the glycosylphosphatidylinositol during GPI precursor assembly (By similarity). Required for maintenance of epithelial integrity during embryogenesis (PubMed:25807459).
Expressed in epithelial tissues including the epidermis, pharynx, intestine, rectum and excretory cell during embryogenesis.
Activated by phosphorylation at Ser-355 (PubMed:20008556). May be activated by svh-2-mediated phosphorylation (PubMed:23072806, PubMed:22388962).
Expressed in pharynx, intestine, hypodermis, neurons and body muscles.
Interacts with max-2; the interaction is independent of max-2 and mlk-1 kinase activities (PubMed:20008556). May interact (via NPQY motif when phosphorylated on tyrosine residue) with shc-1 (via PID domain); the interaction may facilitate mek-1 phosphorylation by bringing mlk-1 and mek-1 together (PubMed:18809575). Interacts with svh-2 (via cytoplasmic domain) (PubMed:22388962). Interacts with tpa-1 (PubMed:23072806).
May be phosphorylated on tyrosine residues by svh-2.
May be ubiquitinated and targeted for proteosomal degradation by E3 ubiquitin ligase rpm-1.
Serine/threonine-protein kinase which, by phosphorylating and activating mek-1, plays an important role in the activation of the JNK pathway composed of mlk-1, mek-1 and kgb-1 (PubMed:15116070, PubMed:20008556). Involved in the response to environmental stress such as heavy metals (PubMed:15116070, PubMed:18809575). By activating the JNK pathway downstream of tyrosine receptor svh-2, plays a role in axon regeneration after injury (PubMed:21670305, PubMed:23072806, PubMed:22388962).
Component of the biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles complex-1 (BLOC-1) composed at least of blos-1, blos-2, blos-4, dsbn-1, glo-2, mutd-1 and snpn-1. Interacts with snpn-1.
Expressed in the pharynx, nerve cords, the H-shaped excretory cell, vulva muscles, and the anal depressor (at protein level) (PubMed:19855932). Expressed in the intestine (at protein level) (PubMed:19855932, PubMed:33078707). In males, it is also expressed in the spicules and hyp7 cells of the hypodermis (at protein level) (PubMed:19855932).
Transcriptional regulator (PubMed:33078707). Component of a feedback loop involving atfs-1, atgl-1 and hlh-11 (PubMed:33078707). Binds to the promoter of the atgl-1 lipase to negatively regulate the expression of atgl-1, and thereby promoting fat oxidation in response to mitochondrial stress and mitochondrial respiration in the intestine (PubMed:33078707). In addition, functions with atfs-1 to maintain lifespan (PubMed:33078707). May have a role in fertility and in positively regulating body size (PubMed:19855932).
Essential for mitochondrial network organization, mitochondrial metabolism and cell growth at organism and cellular level (PubMed:19888333). Important during development for the up-regulation of mitochondrial activity during the transition to higher larval stages (PubMed:19888333). Regulates mitochondrial iron homeostasis (PubMed:26427876). May play an important role in mitochondrial protein synthesis (By similarity). May also participate in mitochondrial DNA replication (By similarity). May bind to mitochondrial DNA D-loops and contribute to nucleoid stability (By similarity). Plays a role in regulating the production of reactive oxygen species in response to heat stress (PubMed:22245785).
Has been shown to interact (via C-terminus) with dlg-1 (via PDZ domain) (PubMed:22245785). The physiological significance of this interaction is uncertain; the dlg-1 PDZ domain is expected to be in the cytoplasm.
Has been shown to interact (via C-terminus) with mics-1 (via PDZ domain) (PubMed:22245785). The physiological significance of this interaction is uncertain; the mics-1 PDZ domain is expected to be in the cytoplasm.
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in an increased adult lifespan (PubMed:22245785). RNAi-mediated knockdown at the L1 stage of larval development results in arrest in the majority of animals at this larval stage (PubMed:19888333). Some surviving animals arrest during the subsequent larval stages (PubMed:19888333). RNAi-mediated knockdown in young adults results in a gradual decrease in the reproduction rate over time whereby initially fewer embryos are produced as compared to wild-type animals, and eventually adults fail to reproduce (PubMed:19888333). The few embryos that are produced by the young adults are viable, but animals arrest at the L1 larval stage (PubMed:19888333). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in sufficient mitochondrial function at the L1 larval stage, and no obvious changes in mitochondrial mass (PubMed:19888333). However, RNAi-mediated knockdown results in defects in mitochondrial activity and structure characterized by reduced mitochondrial NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase and citrate synthase activity compared to wild-type animals at later stages of development, and a disorganized mitochondrial network with thinner mitochondria (PubMed:19888333). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in increased levels of reactive oxygen species as compared to wild-type animals at 37 degrees Celsius (PubMed:22245785). RNAi-mediated knockdown during early developmental stages and at the L3 larval stage results in increased levels of iron and heme (PubMed:26427876). RNAi-mediated knockdown in a mics-1 mutant background results in an enhanced increase in adult lifespan as compared to the single mutants and wild-type animals (PubMed:22245785).
Belongs to the saccharopine dehydrogenase family.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the sulfate adenylyltransferase family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the APS kinase family.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 27 family.
Involved in transport of proteins into the mitochondrion.
Knockout animals show abnormal mitochondrial morphology. Mutant worms display developmental delay, with almost none reaching the young adult state.
May be processed for secretion by bli-4.
Probable cuticular collagen-like protein (Probable). Nematode cuticles are composed largely of collagen-like proteins (Probable). The cuticle functions both as an exoskeleton and as a barrier to protect the worm from its environment (Probable). Acts downstream of the Wnt signaling pathway; perhaps in the formation of the adult cuticle (PubMed:24569038). Required for proper strut formation within the unique medial layer of the adult cuticle (Ref.2).
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes accumulations of fluid, known as blistering, in the cuticle (PubMed:24569038). Hypodermal or cuticular rupture, typically in the anterior body region (PubMed:24569038). Defects in cuticle integrity (PubMed:24569038).
Expressed in the anterior AFDL/R sensory neurons and BDUL/R and ALA interneurons, and in PVT, PVQL/R, DVC, PVNL/R, PVWL/R, PVR, PHCL/R, PHAL/R and PHBL/R cells in the tail region.
Interacts (via LIM zinc-binding domains 1 and 2) with lim-7 (via LID domain) (PubMed:28676648). May interact with itself (PubMed:22207033). May interact with homeobox protein ceh-63 (PubMed:22207033).
Late embryonic, larval and adult stages (PubMed:10774727). Expressed in the interneuron PVT during embryogenesis (PubMed:12490565). Expressed in the BDU neuron in the three-fold embryonic stage at about 430 minutes of development (PubMed:26096732).
Probable transcription factor, modulating expression of helix-loop-helix protein mbr-1 and homeobox protein ceh-63, perhaps acting in concert with ceh-63 (PubMed:22207033). Binds to a motif including the sequence 5'-CTAAT-3' in regulatory promoter elements (PubMed:25614239). Confers thermosensory function to neurons (PubMed:10774727). Required for correct AFD-mediated thermotaxis (PubMed:10774727). In concert with homeobox protein ttx-1, perhaps as components in a complex, specifies identity of AFD neurons, acting by synergistically regulating receptor-type guanylyl cyclase gcy-8, gcy-18 and other genes (PubMed:25614239). Involved in postembryonic differentiation of the ALA neuron, and regulation of genes that contribute to behavioral quiescence, a sleep-like behavior mediated by ALA (PubMed:20501595). Regulates its own expression and also that of homeodomain ceh-17, together forming an autoregulatory loop in the ALA neuron (PubMed:20501595, PubMed:26096732). Required for initial pathfinding of the ALA axons, but largely dispensable for axon migration (PubMed:20501595). Involved in regulating postembryonic axon maintenance in the ventral nerve cord, acting in concert with LIM homeobox protein lim-6, via modulation of expression of immunoglobulin domain zig genes in the interneuron PVT (PubMed:12490565). Plays a role in controlling the peptidergic identity of the BDU neurons, regulating expression of flp-10, nlp-1, and nlp-15, thereby modulating the harsh touch response (PubMed:26096732).
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes severe defects in the ALA neuron in young adults (PubMed:20501595). RNAi-mediated knockdown abolishes expression of helix-loop-helix protein mbr-1 in the interneuron DVC (PubMed:22207033).
Animals have a shortened lifespan and exhibit early behavioral decline characterized by the premature onset of uncoordinated locomotion and paralysis.
Expressed in intestine from late embryogenesis onwards, and in the body wall muscle and pharynx from L2 onwards.
Plays a role in ketone body metabolism (By similarity). Has an effect on lysosome related organelles (LRO) function, in a pathway with serotonin (PubMed:24204312). Acts downstream of sir-2.1 to regulate aging and stress resistance (PubMed:20956318).
Expressed in pharynx, intestine, vulva and body wall muscles.
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes a reduction in lifespan but not in a glp-4 bn2 mutant background. In an ife-2 ok306 mutant background, partially reduces the lifespan increase (PubMed:17277769). In a rfl-1 or198 mutant background, partially rescues embryonic viability by restoring normal cytokinesis (PubMed:19528325).
Serine/threonine-protein kinase which is required in the germline to regulate positively lifespan (PubMed:17277769). May play a role in body wall muscle contraction (PubMed:25851606). May be involved in embryonic cytokinesis (PubMed:19528325).
P0 forms a pentameric complex by interaction with dimers of P1 and P2.
Ribosomal protein P0 is the functional equivalent of E.coli protein L10.
Belongs to the liprin family. Liprin-alpha subfamily.
Detected in vulval muscle and other cells near the vulva; in neurons located in the lateral ganglion, posterior ganglion, ventral cord and lateral body; and in pharyngeal and body wall muscle cells.
May play a role in regulating the structure of the neuronal region, called the active zone, from which synaptic vesicles send neurotransmitter signals across the synapse (PubMed:10517634, PubMed:19290026). This may be in association with the liprin-beta protein hlb-1 (PubMed:19290026).
Catalyzes the transfer of beta-galactose from UDP-galactose to position 4 of alpha-1,6-linked fucose at the reducing end GlcNAc in N-glycan cores (PubMed:19858195). Involved in susceptibility to the nematotoxic C.cinerea galectin Cgl2, likely by contributing to the synthesis of core alpha-1,6-fucosylated N-glycans to which Cgl2 binds (PubMed:20062796).
Expressed in intestine and coelomocytes.
Part of a complex consisting of a common heterodimeric core enzyme, composed of catalytic subunit let-92 and constant regulatory subunit paa-1, that associates with a variety of regulatory subunits which confer distinct properties to the holoenzyme. Interacts with rsa-2, spd-5 and tpxl-1.
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes defects in spindle assembly characterized by kinetochore microtubule instability and a reduction in centrosomal microtubules, a decrease in outgrowth of microtubule plus ends from centrosomes. tpxl-1 recruitment to centrosomes is reduced whereas microtubule-depolymerizing kinesin klp-7 recruitment is increased.
Regulatory subunit of phosphatase let-92 which recruits let-92/paa-1 complex to the centrosomes, thereby regulating microtubule outgrowth from centrosomes and mitotic spindle assembly ensuring the stability of kinetochore microtubules.
Belongs to the serine-aspartate repeat-containing protein (SDr) family.
Interacts with top-2; this interaction allows the resolution of topoisomerase II (top-2) DNA-protein cross-links.
Mainly expressed in germ cells and early embryonic, proliferating cells.
May play a role in DNA-protein cross-links (DPCs) clearance through a SUMO-dependent recruitment to sites of DPCs, ensuring the genomic stability by protecting germ cells and early embryos from various sources of damage (PubMed:30914427, PubMed:31839537, PubMed:31839538). May resolve the topoisomerase II (top-2) DPCs (PubMed:31839537, PubMed:31839538). Limits replication stress and DNA double-strand breaks (PubMed:31839537).
Mutant worms become hypersensitive to formaldehyde-induced DNA damage (PubMed:30914427). Mutant worms exhibit significant reduction in brood size at 25 degrees Celsius and also exhibit a high incidence of male progeny at both 20 and 25 degrees Celsius (PubMed:27718356, PubMed:31839537). Moreover, exhibit a mortal germline (MRT) phenotype characterized by transgenerational loss of fecundity and vitality, marked by reduced lifespan, decreased mobility, and loss of fertility in later generations (PubMed:31839537). Mutants have a mortal germline, where brood sizes become progressively smaller and the population fails to survive beyond 12 generations (PubMed:31839538).
Component of the post-replicative DNA mismatch repair system (MMR).
Expressed bilaterally in RIM interneurons.
Aspartic protease, which is part of the necrosis cell death pathway (PubMed:12410314). Involved in neuronal cell degeneration (PubMed:12410314). Involved in heat stress response (PubMed:26795495).
RNAi-mediated knockdown prevents muscle degeneration caused by bacterium A.dhakensis-mediated infection (PubMed:28101079). RNAi-mediated knockdown prevents neuronal degeneration in a mec-4(u231), deg-1(u38) or gsa-1(Q227L) gain-of-function mutant background (PubMed:12410314).
An N-terminal amphipathic helix, the BAR domain and a second amphipathic helix inserted into helix 1 of the BAR domain (N-BAR domain) induce membrane curvature and bind curved membranes. The BAR domain dimer forms a rigid crescent shaped bundle of helices with the pair of second amphipathic helices protruding towards the membrane-binding surface (By similarity). Essential for synaptic vesicle endocytosis (PubMed:21029864). Plays a role in unc-57 localization to synaptic vesicles (PubMed:21029864). Dimerization and membrane-bending activity are required neither for binding to synaptic vesicles nor for unbinding following synaptic vesicle exocytosis (PubMed:21029864).
Expressed in neurons and posterior intestine.
Involved in synaptic vesicle (SV) recycling in neurons probably by regulating clathrin-mediated endocytosis (PubMed:14622579, PubMed:21029864). By controlling SV endocytosis, regulates the rate of excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) at neuromuscular junctions and thus locomotion (PubMed:21029864). In a similar manner, involved in necrotic neuronal cell death induced by abnormal hyperactivation of ion channels (PubMed:22157748). Plays a minor role in responses to mechanical stimuli (PubMed:17928447). Plays a minor role in unc-26/synaptojanin localization to synapses (PubMed:14622579).
May form a homodimer (via the BAR domain).
The SH3 domain is required for unc-26/synaptojanin localization to synapses but is dispensable for endocytosis and unc-57 targeting to synaptic vesicles.
Probable component of the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), a cell cycle-regulated E3 ubiquitin ligase that controls progression through mitosis and the G1 phase of the cell cycle (PubMed:11861581). The APC/C complex acts by mediating ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of target proteins (PubMed:11861581). Developmental role in early embryogenesis and the metaphase to anaphase transition in oocyte and spermatocyte meiosis and mitosis in germ cells (PubMed:11134076, PubMed:11861581). Required for embryonic anterior-posterior axis formation (PubMed:11832245). Plays a role in regulating the abundance of glr-1 receptors in postmitotic neurons, which may in turn control animal locomotion (PubMed:15556870). Involved in regulating GABA neurotransmitter release at neuromuscular junctions in GABA motor neurons (PubMed:24321454).
Expressed in neurons in the head and tail with no expression detected in non-neuronal cells in these regions. Also detected in the egg-laying system of adult hermaphordites with strong expression in the HSN motor neurons and weak expression in vulval muscles.
Inward rectifier potassium channels are characterized by a greater tendency to allow potassium to flow into the cell rather than out of it. Required for modulation of the activity of the hermaphrodite-specific neurons (HSNs) by the G-protein coupled neuropeptide receptor egl-6 which in turn controls egg-laying behavior.
Strongly suppresses the egg-laying defect caused by a mutant form of egl-6. Very mild defect in egg-laying behavior when deleted in a wild-type background.
Expressed in AFD, AWC, ASE and ASK neurons (PubMed:15620651). Expressed in the alae (PubMed:15620651).
Transcription factor (By similarity). Plays a role in the thermotactic response (PubMed:15620651).
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL19 family.
Expressed in intestine with a stronger expression in the four most anterior cells, muscles, excretory cell, pharynx and, to a lesser extent, in hypodermis.
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in an approximately 50 percent reduction in number of offspring.
Serine/threonine-protein kinase involved in the postembryonic regulation of body size, mainly through control of cell growth. In particular, controls the volume of intestine, muscles and hypodermis. In addition, regulates growth, intestinal granule distribution, lifespan and number of offspring.
Belongs to the neutral sphingomyelinase family.
Belongs to the multicopper oxidase family.
Asynchrony between gonadal and vulval development. Retarded uterine uv1 cell differentiation (PubMed:19161245). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in the precocious onset of tail tip retraction resulting in over-retracted and shortened adult male tails (also known as the Ore phenotype) (PubMed:26811380, PubMed:30956008). RNAi-mediated knockdown in a ced-3 and ain-1 double mutant background reduces the percentage of animals with developmental defects including impaired egg-laying and production of ectopic seam cells (PubMed:25432023). RNAi-mediated knockdown reduced the number of dauer animals in a dcap-1 mutant background (PubMed:28250105).
Heterochronic protein which controls the choice of stage specific cell fates. Involved in the temporal progression of vulval fate patterning, possibly by inhibiting lin-12. Acts as a transcription factor involved in the stage-specific repression of insulin/insulin-like growth factor gene ins-33. Plays a role in governing the developmental timining of male tail tip morphogenesis (PubMed:26811380, PubMed:30956008). Plays a role in controlling the timing of seam cell development during the larval stages (PubMed:21471153). Plays a role in promoting survival at high temperatures in larvae (PubMed:28250105). Involved in maintenance of the architecture of the ventral nerve cord, perhaps acting via modulating expression of the immunoglobulin domain gene zig-4.
High levels in hypodermal, intestinal, body wall muscle, nerve ring, and ventral nerve cord cells of embryos and L1 animals.
May be involved in specifying L1 cell fates.
May specify L2 and later cell fates, creating a temporal switch.
Present at high levels in embryos and L1 animals but is undetectable at later stages.
Belongs to the NFYC/HAP5 subunit family.
Component of sequence-specific heterotrimeric transcription factor (nfya-1-NF-Y and nfya-2-NF-Y) complexes which specifically recognize a 5'-CCAAT-3' box motif found in the promoters of its target genes to regulate their expression and control cellular identity in particular tissue types (PubMed:17574230). In association with the components in the NF-Y complexes, represses the expression of the T-box transcription factor tbx-2 throughout larval development, which most likely restricts its expression to certain tissues (PubMed:23933492). May act to repress txb-2 expression in conjunction with tbx-2 itself, which has an autoregulatory role (Probable). In association with the components in the nfya-1-NF-Y complex, negatively regulates the expression of the homeobox protein egl-5 to spatially restrict its expression in tissues such as the head (PubMed:17574230). May regulate egl-5 expression in association with the mes-2-mes-3-mes-6 complex (PubMed:17574230).
Expressed in certain parts of the gonads with high expression in fertilized oocytes in the uterus and mature oocytes from the distal to the proximal arm of the gonad, but weak expression in the syncytial ovaries and immature oocytes at the beginning of the proximal arm of the gonad (PubMed:15704008). Expressed in the excretory cell, secretory cells in the pharyngeal terminal bulb wall, in the small ganglia surrounding the pharynx and in the neurons running anteriorly to the sensory organs in the head (PubMed:15704008). Not expressed in the intestine, the hypodermis or body wall muscle surrounding the pseudocoelomic space (PubMed:15704008).
Forms two NF-Y heterotrimeric transcription factor complexes: the nfya-1-NF-Y complex is composed of nfya-1, nfyb-1 and nfyc-1, and the nfya-2-NF-Y complex is composed of nfya-2, nfyb-1 and nfyc-1 (PubMed:17574230). Interacts with nfyb-1; the interaction is direct and is required for the interaction with either nfya-1 or nfya-2, and subsequent binding of the complex to the 5'-CCAAT-3' box motif in DNA (PubMed:17574230).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in ectopic expression of the homeobox protein egl-5 in the head region (PubMed:17574230). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in ectopic expression of tbx-2 in the gut and seam cells of L4 stage larvae and adults (PubMed:23933492).
Expressed in cells of the pi uterine cell lineage during the 8-cell stage of development.
Highly expressed in cells of the pi uterine cell lineage.
RNAi-mediated knockdown in cells of the pi uterine cell lineage impairs basement membrane (BM) sliding along each other and reduces the size of BM openings.
Vesicle trafficking protein (Probable). Functions in uterine cells to promote basement membrane (BM) mobility and BM gap formation during tissue remodeling (PubMed:27661254).
Belongs to the ETF alpha-subunit/FixB family.
The electron transfer flavoprotein serves as a specific electron acceptor for several dehydrogenases, including five acyl-CoA dehydrogenases, glutaryl-CoA and sarcosine dehydrogenase. It transfers the electrons to the main mitochondrial respiratory chain via ETF-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (ETF dehydrogenase) (By similarity).
Essential regulatory subunit of the mitochondrial calcium uniporter (mcu-1) channel, a protein that mediates calcium uptake into mitochondria.
Expressed in a subset of head neurons, including AIM and ASK (at protein level).
First expressed around the 50-cell stage of embryogenesis in proliferating cells that are primarily located at the anterior of the embryo in the early M lineage (at protein level) (PubMed:16107479, PubMed:18316179, PubMed:22537498). During morphogenesis, expression becomes restricted to a small subset of head neuronal precursors, including AIM and ASK (at protein level) (PubMed:16107479, PubMed:18316179). Expressed in precursor cells of the left and right ventral CEPsh glia, ABplpaaapap and ABprpaaapap, respectively and also in precursors of dorsal CEPsh glia (PubMed:18508862). Expressed in the duct and pore lineages, persisting through the stages of ventral enclosure and 1.5-folds of embryonic development, but not detectable by the L1 larval stage, when duct and pore cells achieve mature morphology (PubMed:22537498, PubMed:25738873). Expressed in ABpxp descendants that give rise to the excretory system (PubMed:25738873). Transiently expressed in AWC neurons in L1 larvae until abolished shortly after hatching (PubMed:20150279). During the L2 and L3 larval stages, expressed in a group of proliferating cells surrounding the gonad (PubMed:18316179).
Transcription factor that binds to the promoter of target genes (PubMed:20150279). Regulates fate specification and/or differentiation of multiple cell types arising from the embryonic mesodermal (M) lineage and the ABp(l/r)paa precursors (PubMed:20150279, PubMed:16107479). In the postembryonic M lineage, regulates cleavage orientation, cell proliferation and cell fate specification (PubMed:16107479). Regulates hlh-1 expression to specify coelomocyte fate in the mesodermal (M) lineage (PubMed:16107479). In AWC neurons, initiates expression of ceh-36, leading to the expression of terminal differentiation genes (PubMed:20150279). Regulates ventral cephalic sheath (CEPsh) glia differentiation and expression of transcription factor hlh-17 in CEPsh glia (PubMed:18508862). Promotes terminal differentiation and morphogenesis of the epithelial duct and pore cells (PubMed:22537498). In the duct cell, cooperates with the EGF-Ras-ERK pathway in turning on the terminal differentiation gene lin-48 (PubMed:22537498).
Interacts with cyy-1; the interaction is required to activate pct-1.
Serine/threonine-protein kinase, which, in association with cyy-1, regulates the trafficking of synaptic vesicles in the DA9 motor neuron and probably also in the DD motor neurons and in RIA interneurons.
Sufficient for synaptic vesicle trafficking in the DA9 motor neuron.
Belongs to the cysteine dioxygenase family.
The thioether cross-link between Cys-85 and Tyr-149 plays a structural role through stabilizing the Fe(2+) ion, and prevents the production of highly damaging free hydroxyl radicals by holding the oxygen radical via hydroxyl hydrogen.
5'->3' double-stranded DNA exonuclease which may also possess a cryptic 3'->5' double-stranded DNA exonuclease activity. Functions in DNA mismatch repair.
Belongs to the XPG/RAD2 endonuclease family. EXO1 subfamily.
Belongs to the UDP-glucose/GDP-mannose dehydrogenase family.
Expression increases in a subset of vulva precursor cells during middle and late L4 larval stage.
Involved in the biosynthesis of glycosaminoglycans; hyaluronan, chondroitin sulfate, and heparan sulfate.
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes a reduction in the size of cortical granules during the first meiotic division.
In the presence of excess dietary zinc, reduced transcription of genes such as cdf-2, ttm-1b and mtl-1, which are required for zinc homeostasis, and retarded growth as compared to wild-type.
Nuclear receptor transcription factor that binds to DNA enhancer elements to promote the transcription of genes required to maintain micronutrient homeostasis. Direct binding to its ligand zinc allows for nuclear accumulation and activation, which thereby induces the transcription of genes required to promote the storage and detoxification of excess dietary zinc. This in turn, allows for internal zinc levels to be detected and regulated.
Weakly expressed in intestinal cells in the absence of zinc supplementation. Upon zinc supplementation, accumulates in alimentary tract cells, and it is mainly expressed in the intestine.
Belongs to the POU transcription factor family. Class-4 subfamily.
First appears during embryogenesis and persists throughout adulthood.
In a number of neuronal cell lineages, one of the two daughter cells of a division fails to assume its normal fate, retaining instead the fate of its parent cell. Altered gene expression in a number of neuron types including reduced cat-1 expression in AIM, NSM, HSN and RIH neurons, loss of cat-4 expression in HSN neurons, loss of expression of dop-3 and mgl-3 and reduced expression of bas-1, nlp-13, ptpa-1 and scd-2 in NSM neurons, loss of expression of gcy-19, klp-6, lag-2 and unc-17 and reduced expression of cho-1 and unc-5 in IL2 neurons, and loss of tph-1 expression in AIM, NSM, HSN and RIH neurons which leads to defects in serotonin production. Defective motility along with defects in IL2Q dendritic arborization and nictation. Abnormal neurite outgrowth in NSM neurons. Defective response to odor attractants but odor repellants are avoided normally. Penetrant ventral axon growth defects in HSN motor neurons with extension of processes in L1, three stages earlier than wild-type. Incorrect unc-40 localization. Defective egg-laying characterized by retention of substantially more eggs in the uterus of second-day animals than the wild-type.
Interacts with mec-3; the heterooligomer binds to the promoters of mec-3, mec-4 and mec-7.
Specific to neurons and neuroblasts. Expressed in CEM head neurons and in IL2, URA, URB, URX and URY neurons. Not expressed in olfactory sensory neurons but expressed in AIZ interneurons.
Transcription factor required for correct cell fate determination and differentiation in diverse neuronal cell lineages where it plays a role in specifying the fate of daughter cells during cell divisions (PubMed:7237544, PubMed:2257628, PubMed:26096732, PubMed:10899123). Involved in sensory neuron production and function (PubMed:1361171, PubMed:9735371, PubMed:10899123, PubMed:26096732). Binds both alone and with mec-3 to the mec-3 promoter to initiate and maintain mec-3 expression which is required for sensory neuron differentiation (PubMed:1361171, PubMed:9735371). In addition, binds both alone and with mec-3 to the promoters of mec-4 and mec-7 which act to regulate sensory neuron function (PubMed:9735371, PubMed:10899123). Involved in determining the identity of the serotonergic NSM neurons and the cholinergic IL2 sensory and URA motor neurons (PubMed:24353061). Promotes expression of the cfi-1 transcription factor in the URA and IL2 neurons which in turn activates normal URA and IL2 gene expression (PubMed:24353061, PubMed:11959845). Required to determine the identity of BDU sensory neurons in concert with transcription factor unc-86, regulating expression of a number of genes, including transcription factors ceh-14 and ahr-1, neuropeptides flp-10, nlp-1 and nlp-15, and tyramine receptor-encoding ser-2 (PubMed:26096732). Regulates expression of a number of genes in NSM neurons including bas-1, cat-1, dop-3, mgl-3, nlp-13, scd-2 and ptps-1 (PubMed:24353061). In the IL2 neurons, required for expression of cho-1, gcy-19, klp-6, lag-2, unc-5 and unc-17 (PubMed:24353061). Promotes expression of pkd-2 in the male-specific CEM head neurons (PubMed:11959845). Required for dauer-specific branching of IL2Q neurons and nictation behavior (PubMed:23932402). Controls both the timing and direction of axon outgrowth in HSN neurons (PubMed:21656875). Plays a role in serotonin production by regulating expression of the tryptophan hydrolase tph-1 which catalyzes serotonin synthesis, in the AIM, NSM, HSN and RIH neurons (PubMed:12135927). Involved in regulation of lin-11 expression in the AIZ interneurons, the major interneurons of the olfactory pathway, and is required for odortaxis behavior (PubMed:12883006). Involved in neurite pruning between AIM neurons during larval development by regulating the expression of transcription factor mbr-1 (PubMed:16139210). Required for correct localization of unc-40 (PubMed:24353061).
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 85 family.
Catalyzes the formation of CDP-diacylglycerol (CDP-DAG) from phosphatidic acid (PA) in the mitochondrial inner membrane. Required for the biosynthesis of the dimeric phospholipid cardiolipin, which stabilizes supercomplexes of the mitochondrial respiratory chain in the mitochondrial inner membrane.
Magnesium. Also active with cobalt or copper.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class YlqF/YawG GTPase family.
In contrast to other GTP-binding proteins, this family is characterized by a circular permutation of the GTPase motifs described by a G4-G1-G3 pattern.
May play a role in regulating cellular proliferation in both germline and somatic tissues.
Occurs in almost all aerobically respiring organisms and serves to protect cells from the toxic effects of hydrogen peroxide.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFA5 subunit family.
Supercomplex made of cofactors A to E. Cofactors A and D function by capturing and stabilizing tubulin in a quasi-native conformation. Cofactor E binds to the cofactor D-tubulin complex; interaction with cofactor C then causes the release of tubulin polypeptides that are committed to the native state.
Tubulin-folding protein; involved in the early step of the tubulin folding pathway.
Belongs to the dynactin subunit 2 family.
Modulates cytoplasmic dynein binding to an organelle, and plays a role in prometaphase chromosome alignment and spindle organization during mitosis. May play a role in synapse formation during brain development (By similarity).
Subunit of dynactin, a multiprotein complex associated with dynein.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFB5 subunit family.
Belongs to the succinate dehydrogenase/fumarate reductase iron-sulfur protein family.
Iron-sulfur protein (IP) subunit of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) that is involved in complex II of the mitochondrial electron transport chain and is responsible for transferring electrons from succinate to ubiquinone (coenzyme Q).
Belongs to the SMC family. SMC5 subfamily.
Core component of the smc-5/smc-6 complex (PubMed:20661436). Functions in DNA double strand break repair by promoting sister-chromatid homologous recombination during meiosis (PubMed:20661436, PubMed:27011106, PubMed:27010650, PubMed:24424777). Acts in a DNA repair pathway for removal of ionizing radiation- and ultraviolet (UV) radiation-induced DNA lesions that is distinct from classical nucleotide excision repair and the translesion synthesis pathway (PubMed:20661436, PubMed:24424777). Also involved in the recovery of stalled replication forks (PubMed:24424777).
Reduced fecundity and transgenerational sterility (PubMed:20661436). Increased apoptosis in germ cells and hypersensitivity to ultraviolet and ionizing radiation and hydroxyurea-induced replication stress (PubMed:20661436, PubMed:24424777). Increased rad-51 foci in the mitotic and meiotic germline (PubMed:20661436, PubMed:27010650, PubMed:24424777). Chromosome fragmentation defects and unresolved diakinesis chromosomes in meiotic oocytes (PubMed:20661436, PubMed:27010650). Increased accumulation of homologous recombination intermediates during meiosis (PubMed:20661436, PubMed:27011106, PubMed:27010650). Impaired DNA replication in germ cells (PubMed:24424777). Accumulation of brd-1 and rmh-1 on chromosomes in mitotic germ cells (PubMed:24424777, PubMed:27011106). In a spo-11 mutant background, no accumulation of meiotic rad-51 foci and decrease in chromosome fragmentation (PubMed:20661436). In a him-3 mutant background, increase in rad-51 foci and chromosome fragmentation (PubMed:20661436). RNAi-mediated knockdown of syp-2 leads to an increase of chromosome fragmentation (PubMed:20661436). In a xpc-1 mutant background, increased ultraviolet sensitivity (PubMed:24424777). In a xpc-1 or csb-1 mutant background, enhanced ultraviolet-induced delay in somatic development (PubMed:24424777). In a rmh-1 mutant background, increased embryonic lethality and larval arrest (PubMed:27011106). In a him-6 mutant background, increased cross-over frequency, formation of chromatin bridges, defects in diakinetic chiasmata formation, aberrant distribution of the condensin II subunit hcp-6 and compromised chromosome segregation in meiosis, leading to embryonic lethality (PubMed:27010650).
The flexible hinge domain, which separates the large intramolecular coiled coil regions, allows the heterotypic interaction with the corresponding domain of smc-6, forming a V-shaped heterodimer.
Bifunctional DNA N-glycosylase with associated apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) lyase function that catalyzes the first step in base excision repair (BER), the primary repair pathway for the repair of oxidative DNA damage. The DNA N-glycosylase activity releases the damaged DNA base from DNA by cleaving the N-glycosidic bond, leaving an AP site. The AP lyase activity cleaves the phosphodiester bond 3' to the AP site by a beta-elimination. Primarily recognizes and repairs oxidative base damage of pyrimidines.
Binds 1 [4Fe-4S] cluster. The cluster does not appear to play a role in catalysis, but is probably involved in the proper positioning of the enzyme along the DNA strand.
Increases the total average mutation rate 17-fold. No significant abnormality in lifespan or sensitivity to oxidizing agents such as hydrogen peroxide and methyl viologen (MV); due to the redundancy with other DNA glycosylases.
Interacts (via cytoplasmic domain) with fsn-1 (via SPRY domain).
Probable tyrosine-protein kinase receptor which regulates the dauer/non-dauer developmental decision probably by controlling daf-3 transcriptional activity in parallel or together with the TGF-beta pathway (PubMed:11063683, PubMed:18674914). Regulates integration of conflicting sensory cues in AIA interneurons (PubMed:21414922). May act as a receptor for hen-1 (PubMed:18674914, PubMed:21414922). In AWA neurons, together with hen-1, plays a role in regulating olfactory adaptation by controlling the forgetting sensory responses to odorants such as diacetyl (PubMed:28924007).
Low and diffuse subcellular localization of pgl-1 in embryos rather than confined to granules in somatic cells.
Molecular chaperone; assists the folding of proteins upon ATP hydrolysis. Known to play a role, in vitro, in the folding of actin and tubulin (By similarity). Required for correct subcellular localization of pgl-1.
Expressed in the INT-9 cells and posterior cells of the alimentary canal of the intestine, gut epithelial cells, the pharynx of some worms, two cells of the rectal gland, and in DVA, DVB and DVC neurons and amphid sensory neurons ASI, ADF and ASK neurons.
Impaired capacity to form and maintain dauer larvae upon starvation (PubMed:23580723). RNAi-mediated knockdown in a pept-1 (lg601) mutant background results in a reduced number of progeny (PubMed:30560135). Dietary supplementation with glutamate does not rescue this phenotype (PubMed:30560135).
Sodium-dependent amino acid transporter that mediates the uptake of the L-enantiomers of various amino acids, including L-proline and L-methionine, and also of acidic amino acids such as L-glutamic acid and L-aspartic acid (PubMed:23580723) (Probable). May additionally have a role in potassium-dependent amino acid absorption (PubMed:23580723). In response to the availability of amino acid nutrients, may play a role in dauer formation (PubMed:23580723). May play a role in promoting fertility (PubMed:30560135).
Probable transcription factor that acts in a feed-forward loop with nhr-68 to activate genes involved in the vitamin B12-independent breakdown of the short-chain fatty acid propionate (PubMed:30625328). This pathway is triggered in response to a diet low in vitamin B12, when canonical vitamin B12-dependent propionate breakdown cannot function; the resulting accumulation of propionate is probably sensed by nhr-10 and/or nhr-68 (PubMed:30625328).
RNAi-mediated knockdown abolishes expression of acdh-1 when diet is supplemented with 5 nM vitamin B12 and high levels (40 mM) of propionate (PubMed:30625328). RNAi-mediated knockdown reduces expression of nhr-68 (PubMed:30625328).
Probably plays a role in facilitating the assembly of multimeric protein complexes inside the ER.
Detected at all stages. Found to be more abundant in larval stages than in embryos or adults.
Oligomer composed of disulfide-linked homodimers.
Rapidly hydrolyzes acetylcholine and releases choline into the synapse (Probable). It can hydrolyze propionylcholine and butyrylthiocholine in vitro (Probable).
Expressed in embryonic and postembryonic neurons, including AVKR and AVKL interneurons (at protein level) (PubMed:10648229, PubMed:16183052). Expressed in the AVA, AVB, and AVE bilateral interneuron pairs, the RIC bilaterally-paired interneurons, SIBD and either SIBV or SMBV neuron pairs, M4 motorneuron, and the unpaired DVA interneuron (at protein level) (PubMed:16183052). Expressed dynamically in two non-neuronal cell types during larval development, paired distal tip cells (DTCs) of the hermaphrodite somatic gonad of L2 through L4 stage larvae and two pairs of vulval cells in L4 hermaphrodite larvae (at protein level) (PubMed:16183052). Expressed in the pairs of CEPD and URX sensory neurons, three pharyngeal neurons (M1, MI and probably M5), two pairs of ring interneurons (including the RIC pair), five neurons in the retrovesicular ganglion (including SABD and the pair of SABV neurons), a single neuron in the preanal ganglion and a single neuron in the dorsorectal ganglion of the tail (PubMed:10648229). Not expressed in either of the HSN or PVQ neurons, or in the PVPR neuron at any stage of development (PubMed:10648229).
Orphan nuclear receptor that binds DNA containing an extended core motif half-site sequence 5'-ANGTCA-3' (PubMed:10648229, PubMed:18179707). Required for locomotion, neuron axon pathfinding, and regulation of expression of some peptide neurotransmitter precursors and of NMDA glutamate receptor genes (PubMed:10648229, PubMed:16183052, PubMed:9216999, PubMed:22690911). Involved in specifying interneuron identity, in concert with paired-like homeodomain unc-42 (PubMed:16183052). Plays a role in recognition of the PVPR and PVQL axons by the AVKR and HSNL growth cones (PubMed:9216999).
Putative ligand binding domain (NR LBD) may be dispensable for import into nuclei and in the development of neurons that control movement.
Defecation defects including a distended intestinal lumen, a strong defect in intestinal content expulsion and reduced anterior body wall contraction.
Neuropeptide ligand for the G-protein coupled receptor aex-2. Activates and regulates the rhythmic calcium influx in DVB GABergic neurons during the defecation motor program, which is a coordinated series of three muscle contractions that occurs every 45 seconds.
Belongs to the NAD(P)-dependent epimerase/dehydratase family. Fucose synthase subfamily.
Catalyzes the two-step NADP-dependent conversion of GDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-mannose to GDP-fucose, involving an epimerase and a reductase reaction.
Expressed throughout larval development and in adults.
Component of the origin recognition complex (ORC) that binds origins of replication. DNA-binding is ATP-dependent, however specific DNA sequences that define origins of replication have not been identified so far. ORC is required to assemble the pre-replication complex necessary to initiate DNA replication.
Catalyzes the first and rate-limiting reaction of the four reactions that constitute the long-chain fatty acids elongation cycle. Uses malonyl-CoA to add 2 carbons per cycle to the chain of long-chain fatty acids. Condensing enzyme responsible for the elongation of palmitate (hexadecanoate, 16:0), also involved in polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) biosynthesis.
Expressed in various tissues and parts of the body, including the ventral cord, pharyngeal muscles, uterus, and the tail, and most strongly in intestinal cells.
Suppression of ELO-2 causes an accumulation of palmitate and an associated decrease in the PUFA fraction in triacylglycerides and phospholipid classes. This imbalance in the fatty acid composition results in multiple phenotypic defects such as slow growth, small body size, reproductive defects, and changes in rhythmic behavior (PubMed:12586704). Suppression of ELO-2 decreases growth rate and reduces brood size (PubMed:32961767).
Belongs to the tenascin family. Teneurin subfamily.
Isoform 1 is expressed in a cluster of cells in the anterior half at 2.5 hours post fertilization (hpf), in hypodermal cells at 5 hpf, in pharyngeal cells, intestinal and some neurons at 6 hpf. Isoform 1 is expressed in pharyngeal cells at L1 larval stage. Isoform 1 is expressed in somatic gonad precursor cells (SGPs) during the L2 larval stage. Isoform 2 is expressed in anterior neuronal cells and posterior hypodermal cells at 5 hpf, in neurons of the head at 7.6 hpf (at protein level). Expressed in somatic gonad founder cells Z1 and Z4, pharynx and muscles.
Isoform 1 is mainly expressed in organs derived from the mesoderm, including the pharynx, vulva muscles, gonad distal tip cells, intestine and several tail neurons. Isoform 2 is mainly expressed in the organs derived from the ectoderm, including hypodermal cells, head ganglion neurons and tail neurons (at protein level).
Plays a role in the gonadal basement membrane maintenance and/or adhesion early in development. Contributes to the guidance of pharyngeal neurons.
Probably proteolytically processed to generate a N-terminal intracellular domain.
Shows gonad disorganization, nerve cord defasciculation and defects in distal tip cell migration and axonal pathfinding. Shows local basement membrane deficiency and early gonad disruption.
Expressed at L4 larval stage and to a lesser extent in adults.
Forms a complex composed of deubiquitinating enzyme atx-3, adapter ubxn-5 and cdc-48.1. Interacts with atx-3 (via C-terminus). Interacts with cdc-48.1 (via N-terminus) and cdc-48.2.
Probably acts as an adapter for ATPase cdc-48.1 and/or cdc-48.2, conferring substrate specificity. Unlike other UBX domain-containing protein does not bind 'Lys-48'-polyubiquitinated chain.
Accepts electrons from ETF and reduces ubiquinone.
Involved in intramitochondrial sorting of proteins.
Plays a role in establishing and maintaining the asymmetric distribution of channels and receptors at the plasma membrane of polarized cells.
Belongs to the PIEZO (TC 1.A.75) family.
Expressed from embryogenesis to adulthood (PubMed:32490809). Expressed in one-cell embryos, 4-cell embryos and multi-cell embryos (PubMed:32490809).
Expressed in the pharyngeal-intestinal and spermathecal-uterine valves and in multiple reproductive tissues including the germline, somatic oviduct, and spermatheca (PubMed:32490809). During reproduction, it is expressed in sheath cells, sperm, both spermathecal valves and the spermathecal bag cells (PubMed:32490809).
Piezo comes from the Greek 'piesi' meaning pressure.
Pore-forming subunit of a mechanosensitive non-specific cation channel (By similarity). Generates currents characterized by a linear current-voltage relationship (By similarity). Plays a role in reproduction by positively regulating inter-tissue signaling to promote oocyte maturation, ovulation and fertilization, and sperm navigation from and to the spermatheca (PubMed:32490809). May play a role in regulating cytosolic and endoplasmic reticulum calcium ion release (PubMed:32490809).
Produced by alternative initiation at Met-1405 of isoform g.
Produced by alternative initiation at Met-755 of isoform g.
Reduced brood size due to defects in ovulation with incomplete constriction of the sheath cells impairing oocyte transit, an accumulation of ooplasm in the uterus as a result of 'crushed' oocytes, caused by incomplete opening of the spermathecal-uterine valve, which in wild-type allows the fertilized oocyte to be expelled into the uterus, and sperm navigation defects.
Expressed in nerve ring and ventral nerve cord.
Impaired egg laying; the few laid eggs are at the post comma stage. Impaired locomotion.
Involved in egg-laying and locomotion. May regulate G protein goa-1 signaling. Plays a role in regulating dopamine-mediated locomotion behavior (PubMed:15378064).
Enhances longevity, resistance to oxidative stress, and perturbs mitochondrial reticulum morphology.
Required for the formation of a threonylcarbamoyl group on adenosine at position 37 (t(6)A37) in mitochondrial tRNAs that read codons beginning with adenine. Probably involved in the transfer of the threonylcarbamoyl moiety of threonylcarbamoyl-AMP (TC-AMP) to the N6 group of A37 (By similarity). Involved in mitochondrial genome maintenance.
Protein expression is regulated by post-transcriptional regulation: under rich-diet conditions, mett-10 binds and methylates sams-4 mRNA, directly inhibiting splicing and protein production of S-adenosylmethionine synthase.
Expressed in several differentiated postmitotic neurons during embryogenesis, but not in neuroblasts (PubMed:26153233). Expressed in larvae and adults in sensory neurons ASK and OLQ, the SMB motor neurons, and the SAA neurons (PubMed:26153233).
Expression of immunoglobulin superfamily adhesion molecules rig-5 and lad-2 is abolished in the dorsal and ventral SAA neurons, while expression of the neuropeptide flp-7 gene is lost in the dorsal SAA subtype but remains unaffected in the ventral SAA subtype (PubMed:26153233). No effect on the number of rab-3 expressing neurons on a sox-2 mutant background (PubMed:26153233).
Probable transcription factor (PubMed:26153233). Involved in the terminal differentiation of some neuronal cell types (PubMed:26153233). Dispensable for neuronal fate commitment during embryogenesis (PubMed:26153233).
Expressed in a subset of muscles, and head and tail neurons, including RME and GABAergic ventral nerve cord neurons (PubMed:23023001). Expressed in AIY, RME, RID, RIF, ASI, DD1-6, and PVN neurons (PubMed:23972393).
Expressed in all body-wall muscles in L3 stage larvae, and at a lower level in L4 stage larvae and adults.
Functions as a 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) receptor (PubMed:11100728, PubMed:12783521, PubMed:23023001). This receptor is a ligand-gated anion-specific ion channel, selective for chloride ions (PubMed:11100728, PubMed:15878844). Relays a long-range endocrine signal from the body cavity neurons to modulate distal adipose triglyceride lipase atgl-1 function, via the nuclear receptor nhr-76 (PubMed:24120942). Together with the G-protein coupled serotonin receptor ser-1 involved in male mating behavior (PubMed:16291940). May mediate an inhibitory effect of serotonin on egg laying (PubMed:16291940). Involved in regulating locomotory behavior, perhaps by modulating interneuronal signaling, acting in concert with G-protein coupled serotonin receptor ser-4 (PubMed:19193891, PubMed:23023001). In the presence of food, plays a role in initiating and extending dwelling behavior, perhaps acting in AIY, RIF and ASI neurons, in opposition to neuropeptide PDF-mediated signaling (PubMed:23972393). Plays a role in aversive learning upon exposure to pathogens such as Gram-negative bacterium P.aeruginosa strain PA14; perhaps acting in interneurons in response to serotonin released by the serotonergic ADF neurons (PubMed:16281027).
Restricted to the embryo and early larval stages.
Activated by phosphorylation on threonine and tyrosine.
Dually phosphorylated on Thr-285 and Tyr-287, which activates the enzyme.
Interacts with mak-2 (PubMed:19737525). May interact with vhp-1 (PubMed:21670305). May interact with uev-3 (PubMed:20592265).
Responds to activation by environmental stress and pro-inflammatory cytokines by phosphorylating downstream targets (PubMed:11703092). Involved in axon regeneration after injury, probably downstream of dlk-1 and mkk-4 and upstream of mak-2 (PubMed:21670305, PubMed:19737525). May phosphorylate mak-2 (PubMed:19737525). Plays a role in cilium length regulation, possibly by reducing rab-5 mediated endocytosis (PubMed:26657059). Plays a role in the formation of muscle connections, also called muscle arm extensions, between the body wall and the motor axons in the dorsal and ventral cord (PubMed:27123983).
Weak defect in the extension of body wall muscle connections or arms towards the ventral nerve cord. Double knockout with madd-3 suppresses the muscle arm extension defects, eva-1 and rab-7 expression defects and restores the defect in the recruitment of madd-4 to the muscle membrane in the madd-3 single knockout. Triple knockout with madd-3 and unc-54 results in paralysis (as in the unc-54 single knockout), and suppresses the lethality phenotype in the double madd-3 and unc-54 mutant.
For the sake of clarity sequence features are annotated only for the first chain, and are not repeated for each of the following chains.
In C.elegans ubiquitin is encoded by 2 different genes. ubq-2 gene codes for a single copy of ubiquitin fused to the ribosomal proteins L40. ubq-1 gene codes for a polyubiquitin precursor with exact head to tail repeats.
Ubiquitin exists either covalently attached to another protein, or free (unanchored). When covalently bound, it is conjugated to target proteins via an isopeptide bond either as a monomer (monoubiquitin), a polymer linked via different Lys residues of the ubiquitin (polyubiquitin chains) or a linear polymer linked via the initiator Met of the ubiquitin (linear polyubiquitin chains). Polyubiquitin chains, when attached to a target protein, have different functions depending on the Lys residue of the ubiquitin that is linked: Lys-48-linked is involved in protein degradation via the proteasome. Linear polymer chains formed via attachment by the initiator Met lead to cell signaling. Ubiquitin is usually conjugated to Lys residues of target proteins, however, in rare cases, conjugation to Cys or Ser residues has been observed. When polyubiquitin is free (unanchored-polyubiquitin), it also has distinct roles, such as in activation of protein kinases, and in signaling (By similarity).
Belongs to the class-I aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family. Glutamate--tRNA ligase type 1 subfamily.
Catalyzes the attachment of glutamate to tRNA(Glu) in a two-step reaction: glutamate is first activated by ATP to form Glu-AMP and then transferred to the acceptor end of tRNA(Glu).
Expressed in the embryo. After gastrulation, expressed in almost all cells. During larval and adult stages, expressed in the dorsal and ventral nerve cord, head and tail neurons, pharynx, gut and head.
Expression starts during embryogenesis and continues into adulthood.
Component of the cohesin complex, a complex required for the cohesion of sister chromatids after DNA replication (PubMed:12827206). The cohesin complex apparently forms a large proteinaceous ring within which sister chromatids can be trapped (By similarity). At anaphase, the scc-1 subunit of the complex is cleaved and dissociates from chromatin, allowing sister chromatids to segregate (By similarity). The cohesin complex may also play a role in spindle pole assembly during mitosis (By similarity). Plays an essential role in cell division during embryonic development (PubMed:12808038, PubMed:14560015, PubMed:12827206, PubMed:16802858). Required for the assembly of the synaptonemal complex between homologous chromosomes to promote sister chromatid cohesion during mitosis and meiosis (PubMed:14499625, PubMed:14560015). Has a role in stabilization of homologous chromosome associations during meiotic synapsis (PubMed:12827206). Required for chromosome segregation during mitosis and meiosis (PubMed:14499625, PubMed:12808038, PubMed:14560015, PubMed:16802858). Plays a role in DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair during meiotic recombination and promotes the assembly of the 9-1-1 cell-cycle checkpoint response complex which is required for inducing apoptosis in response to DNA damage, at DNA damage sites (PubMed:21856158).
Component of the cohesin complex, composed of the smc-1 and smc-3 heterodimer attached via their hinge domain, scc-1 which links them, and scc-3 (PubMed:12827206). Interacts with scc-1, smc-1 and tim-1 (PubMed:12827206).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in embryonic lethality (PubMed:14560015, PubMed:12827206, PubMed:12808038, PubMed:16802858). RNAi-mediated knockdown from early in larval development results in sterile, uncoordinated (Unc), and protruding vulva phenotypes, in abnormal embryonic cell nuclei morphology and in defects in the mitotic and meiotic cells of gonads (PubMed:14499625, PubMed:14560015). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in somatic gonad cell division defects with a reduced number of pi uterine cells at the early- to mid-L4 larval stage (PubMed:14560015). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in chromosome segregation defects in early embryos with lagging chromosomes at the anaphase phase of mitosis (PubMed:14499625, PubMed:12808038, PubMed:16802858). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in defective homologous alignment of chromosomes and chromosome cohesion in meiosis (PubMed:14499625).
Animals are cryophilic and move toward lower temperatures irrespective of cultivation temperature in contrast to wild-type animals which move toward their cultivation temperature when placed on a temperature gradient. AIA and AIY interneurons display defective neurite morphology. NSM neurons display loss of or reduced expression of a number of terminal identity markers including cat-4, flp-4, bas-1, ptps-1 and mgl-1. Reduced expression of ceh-23, kal-1, C36B7.7, ser-2, unc-17 and sra-11 is observed in AIY interneurons. Preexposure to odorants fails to leave an olfactory imprint. Mean lifespan is reduced by 10% with decreased pharyngeal pumping and increased intestinal autofluorescence caused by lysosomal deposits of lipofuscin, indicative of cellular damage and aging. Formation of very few dauers in starvation conditions. No defects observed in brood size, egg number or chemotactic behavior toward volatile chemicals.
Expressed during embryogenesis and persists through to adulthood in AIY interneurons. Expressed at L1 stage and through adulthood in AIA and NSM neurons. Expression is detected in head muscles of all 1.5 and 2-fold embryos, 47% of embryos just before hatching and 6% of early larvae with no expression in head muscles of late stage larvae or adults.
Expressed in the AIA, AIN and AIY interneurons, and in the NSM neurons. Expressed also in ADL and ASI sensory neurons in 60-70% of L2 larvae. Expression is also detected in head muscles of embryos and some early larvae but not late larvae or adults.
Required for specification of the AIA and AIY interneurons and the NSM neurons. Positively regulates the expression of a number of genes including ceh-23, kal-1, hen-1, ser-2, unc-17 and sra-11 in AIY interneurons and cat-4, flp-4, bas-1, ptps-1 and mgl-1 in NSM neurons. Also acts in an autoregulatory feedback loop to maintain its own expression. Plays a role in the thermotactic response, olfactory imprinting, regulation of longevity, control of dauer formation and axon outgrowth and pathfinding. Not required for normal chemosensory behavior.
Expressed in embryos, larvae and adults (PubMed:25232734). Broadly expressed in embryos (PubMed:28846083). Expressed broadly in neuronal and epithelial cells throughout the head during the dauer stage (PubMed:23932402).
Expressed in the nervous system including the ventral nerve cord, the nerve ring and the retrovesicular ganglion, and in epithelial cells (PubMed:23932402, PubMed:24671950, PubMed:25232734). Expressed in IL2 neurons (PubMed:23932402). Expressed in PVD mechanosensory neurons (PubMed:25232734). Expressed in pharynx with strong expression in the g2 pharyngeal gland cells and vpi pharyngeal intestinal valve cells (PubMed:23932402, PubMed:25232734). Expressed in intestine (PubMed:24671950).
Furin-like protease which cleaves proproteins at the RX(K/R)R consensus motif (PubMed:24671950). During neuronal development, regulates the formation and extension of dendrite branches and cellular positioning of various type of neurons (PubMed:23932402, PubMed:25232734, PubMed:26974341, PubMed:28846083). Together with chin-1 and cdc-42, plays a role in the development of the neuropil and is required for the guidance of axons from neurons, including SubL pioneer neurons and AIY interneurons, into the nerve ring (PubMed:28846083). Its role in axon guidance in glia and pioneer neurons may be through ensuring the fmi-1 protein is correctly localized to the nerve ring (PubMed:28846083). Promotes the formation, extension and self-avoidance of dendritic branches of PVD and FLP mechanosensory neurons (PubMed:23932402, PubMed:25232734, PubMed:26974341). In PVD neurons, regulates plasma membrane levels of branching receptor dma-1 by targeting it to late endosomes and thus promotes normal dendrite branching and dendrite self-avoidance (PubMed:26974341). Also controls dendrite extension in AIY and D-type motoneurons, dendrite branching in AQR sensory neurons and VC4/5 motoneurons, the normal number of dendritic branches in AVL neurons and the positioning of HSN and ALM/PLM neurons (PubMed:25232734). Dispensable for maintaining dendrite branching in adults (PubMed:25232734). Also regulates dauer-specific dendritic branching of IL2 neurons and dauer-specific nictation behavior (PubMed:23932402). Under adverse environmental conditions, may promote dauer formation by processing insulin-like proteins ins-1 and ins-18, two daf-2/InsR antagonists (PubMed:24671950).
Interacts (via extracellular domain) with receptor dma-1 (via extracellular domain); the interaction promotes dma-1 internalization.
Several defects in neuron development (PubMed:25232734, PubMed:26974341). In PVD mechanosensory neurons, tertiary and quaternary branching is decreased, secondary and ectopic tertiary branching is increased, the length of dendritic branches is also reduced and branches tend to overlap (PubMed:25232734, PubMed:26974341). Secondary dendrite branches are trapped next to primary branches (PubMed:26974341). In a sax-7 (nj48) or dma-1 (wy686) mutant background, significantly less secondary dendrites are trapped (PubMed:26974341). Increased dma-1 protein levels in PVD neuron dendrites (PubMed:26974341). In addition, abnormal dendrite branches in FLP neurons, reduced axonal extension in AIY interneurons, abnormal positioning of touch receptor ALM and HSN motoneuron, formation of ectopic branching in AVL, loss of sensory AQR branching in the nerve ring, and impaired extension and formation of branches near the vulva in VC4/5 motoneurons (PubMed:26974341). RNAi-mediated knockdown at the L1 larval stage but not at the L4 larval stage causes defects in the dendritic branching of PVD neurons (PubMed:26974341).
Expressed at low levels in L1 larvae and increases at the L3 stage to the adult stage.
Has a role in germline cell development and proliferation which affects the frequency of apoptosis. Required for mitochondrial DNA replication and transcription and fertility.
Reduced mitochondrial replication, transcriptional hypoxia response, sterility, arrest of germline cell proliferation, reduced frequency of apoptosis in the germline. Severe mitochondrial DNA depletion in somatic cells but does not result in major anomalies in worms development. Hypersensitive to ethidium bromide.
Belongs to the complex I 75 kDa subunit family.
Acts as guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for Rho GTPase. Has a critical roles in the generation of rhythmic behaviors: feeding, defecation and ovulation by dynamically regulating the concentration of intracellular calcium. Plays a role in male tail tip morphogenesis (PubMed:21408209).
An acidic domain (AC) contains three highly conserved tyrosines that are involved in the autoinhibition of GEF activity.
GEF activity is regulated by phosphorylation on tyrosine residues.
Strong expression in the pharynx, proximal gonad, spermatheca, intestine and rectal epithelia.
Belongs to the pseudouridine synthase RluA family.
Responsible for synthesis of pseudouridine from uracil.
Component of a SCF (SKP1-CUL1-F-box protein) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex which is required for the restriction and/or maturation of synapses in GABAergic neuromuscular junction (NMJ) presynaptic neurons (PubMed:15208641, PubMed:23665919). Promotes NRJ synapse development and synaptic transmission by negatively regulating the daf-2/InsR pathway in muscles (PubMed:23665919). By targeting convertase egl-3 for degradation, negatively modulates insulin-like protein ins-4 and ins-6 processing (PubMed:23665919). May stabilize synapse formation by promoting the down-regulation of scd-2 (PubMed:15208641). Regulates axon termination in PLM and ALM neurons (PubMed:21968191).
Component of an SCF (SKP1-CUL1-F-box protein) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex composed of cul-1, fsn-1, rpm-1 and skr-1 (PubMed:15208641). Interacts (via SPRY domain) with scd-2 (via cytoplasmic domain) (PubMed:15208641). Interacts (via SPRY domain) with convertase egl-3 (via C-terminus) (PubMed:23665919).
Expressed in GABAergic neuromuscular junctions (NMJs).
Synaptic defects that include both overdevelopment and underdevelopment of presynaptic and postsynaptic termini (PubMed:15208641). Abnormal morphology of cholinergic and GABAergic neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) characterized by uneven distribution of presynaptic markers snb-1 and unc-17 and post-synaptic markers GABA receptor unc-49 and AChR unc-38. Also, formation of abnormally large and small synapses (PubMed:23665919). Frequency of spontaneous miniature synaptic release (mPSC) from cholinergic and GABAergic NMJs is reduced (PubMed:23665919). In a daf-2 e1370 mutant background, but not in a daf-2 e1370 and daf-16 mu86 mutant background, the morphology of NMJs is normal and normal synaptic transmission is partially restored (PubMed:23665919). Nuclear translocation of daf-16 (isoform a) is impaired in muscles but not in the intestine (PubMed:23665919).
Appears to have serine protease activity in vitro (PubMed:19716386). However, it is uncertain if this activity is genuine as bli-5 lacks all the catalytic features of serine proteases.
Appears to lack serine protease inhibitor activity in vitro when tested with bovine pancreatic alpha-chymotrypsin and elastase (PubMed:19716386). Involved in cuticle biosynthesis (PubMed:16500660, PubMed:19716386).
Expressed at low levels in larvae and adults. Expression increases during L2-L3 molting stage an prior L3-L4 molting stage.
Expressed in larval and adult hypodermis, hermaphrodite vulva and adult excretory cell and duct.
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes blisters in the cuticle and abnormal localization of collagen col-19 in cuticle dorso/ventral annulae and lateral alea.
Binds 2 magnesium ions per subunit. Is also active with manganese (in vitro).
Catalyzes the formation of the signaling molecule cAMP in response to G-protein signaling.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DEAH subfamily. PRP16 sub-subfamily.
Probable ATP-binding RNA helicase involved in pre-mRNA splicing.
Probable tyrosine protein kinase which plays a role in vulva development, probably by acting as a negative regulator of the let-23/EGFR and let-60/ras pathway. Involved in the negative regulation of germline development (PubMed:14657502).
RNAi-mediated knockdown in a gap-1 mutant background causes a hyperinduction of the vulva in 60 percent of animals (PubMed:10949028). In addition, suppresses the slow germline development of clk-1 mutants (PubMed:14657502).
Catalyzes the hydrolysis of the free cytosolic methylated adenosine nucleotide N(6)-methyl-AMP (N6-mAMP) to produce inositol monophosphate (IMP) and methylamine. Is required for the catabolism of cytosolic N6-mAMP, which is derived from the degradation of mRNA containing N6-methylated adenine (m6A).
Grinder formation defects, whereby the grinder is formed, but it is small (PubMed:23792950). Animals have a fragile cuticle phenotype, which is prone to rupturing at random positions along the body (PubMed:30665892). This phenotype is intensified in response to hypotonic shock (PubMed:30665892). Due to a compromised cuticle barrier, which increases permeability to exogenous chemicals, all animals become paralyzed in response to acetylcholine agonist tetramisole or the GABA agonist piperazine (PubMed:30665892). Resistant to infection by the bacterium M. nematophilum and does not exhibit a deformity at the anal region phenotype (also known as a dar phenotype), which is possibly indicative of cuticle glycosylation defects (PubMed:30665892). Reduces spontaneous reversal rate and mechanosensitivity (PubMed:22213799). Disrupts the localization of glr-1, and there is a decreased number of glr-1-positive puncta along the ventral cord dendrites (PubMed:22213799, PubMed:26891225). The reduced number of glr-1-positive puncta along the ventral cord dendrites phenotype is suppressed in an unc-11 e47 mutant background (PubMed:22213799). The number of glr-1-positive puncta is further reduced in a rab-6.1 RNAi-mediated knockdown in glr-1 expressing neurons (PubMed:26891225). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in delayed growth and grinder formation defects (PubMed:23792950). RNAi-mediated knockdown disrupts seam cell division and alae formation (PubMed:33826611). RNAi-mediated knockdown suppresses the seam cell division and alae formation defects in the tbc-11 ok2576 mutant (PubMed:33826611).
Highly expressed in body wall muscles, pharyngeal and vulval muscles, hypodermis, intestine, the gonad, coelomocytes, and neurons, including command interneuron (at protein level) (PubMed:22213799). Highly expressed in the terminal bulb muscles (PubMed:23792950).
Interacts with GARP complex component vps-52 (PubMed:21613545). Interacts (in GTP-bound form) with lin-10 (PubMed:22213799). May interact (in GTP-bound form) with eat-17 (PubMed:23792950).
The small GTPases Rab are key regulators of intracellular membrane trafficking, from the formation of transport vesicles to their fusion with membranes (PubMed:22213799). Rabs cycle between an inactive GDP-bound form and an active GTP-bound form that is able to recruit to membranes different set of downstream effectors directly responsible for vesicle formation, movement, tethering and fusion (PubMed:22213799). In its active GTP-bound form, acts redundantly with rab-6.1 (in its active GTP-bound form) to positively regulate the retrograde trafficking of cargo molecules from endosomes to the Golgi compartment (PubMed:22213799, PubMed:26891225). Required for the retrograde trafficking of glr-1, a subunit of AMPA-type glutamate receptors (AMPRs), out of early endosomes and into the Golgi compartment in neurons (PubMed:22213799, PubMed:26891225). Its role in glr-1 trafficking may partly be mediated by its interaction with lin-10 and association with components of the retromer complex such as rme-8 (PubMed:22213799). Together with rab-6.2, promotes the retrograde trafficking of mig-14 from endosomes to Golgi structures in the intestine (PubMed:26891225). Plays a role in the epidermis to promote cuticle integrity and impermeability of the cuticle barrier to exogenous molecules (PubMed:30665892). May have a role in the glycosylation of the cuticular surface (PubMed:30665892). Required for seam cell division and alae formation (PubMed:33826611). Required for grinder formation, which is the feeding organ that breaks down food (PubMed:23792950). In contrast to rab-6.1, may play a minor role in the exocytosis of secretory vesicles (cortical granules) during the oocyte-to-embryo transition (PubMed:22992455).
High-affinity sodium-dicarboxylate cotransporter that accepts a range of tricarboxylic acid-cycle intermediates with 4-5 carbon atoms. There is no interaction with monocarboxylates (By similarity).
Ligand-activated transcription factor (By similarity). Positively modulates expression of homeobox protein lin-39, perhaps by binding to the sequence motif 5'-TGAC-3' in regulatory regions of the lin-39 gene, acting in the embryo, and also in the vulval lineage (PubMed:24885717).
Expressed between approximately 30-70 hours after egg lay at 15 degrees Celsius and between 15-35 hours after egg laying at 25 degrees Celsius relating to mid-L1 to mid-L3 stage of larval development.
Thought to have a role in developmental establishment of posterior morphology.
Worms exhibit a larval lethal phenotype, survivors show a rolling phenotype in adults, a locomotive defect.
Expressed in the somatic lineage from the 4-cell to 60-cell stage.
In the embryo, expressed in newly arisen somatic blastomeres.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL32 family.
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mL43 family.
RNA-binding protein that binds to the consensus sequence 5'-CUCUGUAUCUUGU-3' in mRNA 3'-UTRs and modulates mRNA expression and stability. Functions redundantly with puf-5 and puf-7 in oocyte formation and organization, early embryonic cell divisions, and repression of expression of glp-1 and other maternal mRNAs in late oogenesis.
Simultaneous knockdown of puf-6 and puf-7 results in ectopic primordial germ cells (PGCs) outside the somatic gonads, premature PGC proliferation in L1 larvae and germ cell death. Does not affect germline development in adult hermaphrodites. Disruption with puf-5 and puf-7 results in abnormally small oocytes, disorganization of oocyte nuclei and cells, inefficient yolk uptake by oocytes, embryonic arrest with impaired eggshell formation and cytokinesis defects, impaired repression of glp-1 in late oogenesis, and mislocalization of rme-2 to the cytoplasm instead of the plasma membrane.
Binds to the 60S ribosomal subunit and prevents its association with the 40S ribosomal subunit to form the 80S initiation complex in the cytoplasm. May also be involved in ribosome biogenesis. Involved in miRNA-mediated gene silencing (PubMed:17507929).
Monomer. Associates with the 60S ribosomal subunit.
Expressed in three categories of adult male sensory neurons: tail ray B neurons, HOB hook neuron and head cephalic (CEM) neurons.
Mitochondrial membrane ATP synthase (F(1)F(0) ATP synthase or Complex V) produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane which is generated by electron transport complexes of the respiratory chain. F-type ATPases consist of two structural domains, F(1) - containing the extramembraneous catalytic core, and F(0) - containing the membrane proton channel, linked together by a central stalk and a peripheral stalk. During catalysis, ATP synthesis in the catalytic domain of F(1) is coupled via a rotary mechanism of the central stalk subunits to proton translocation. Subunits alpha and beta form the catalytic core in F(1). Rotation of the central stalk against the surrounding subunits leads to hydrolysis of ATP in three separate catalytic sites on the beta subunits (Probable). Required during male mating behavior for the response to hermaphrodite contact, acting with lov-1 and pkd-2. May be involved in polycystin signaling.
Subunit of the F-type ATPase which has 2 components, CF(1) - the catalytic core - and CF(0) - the membrane proton channel (Probable). Interacts (via N-terminus) with lov-1 (via PLAT domain).
Widely expressed throughout development in both males and hermaphrodites.
Component of a multi-protein dma-1 receptor-ligand complex, which is activated upon binding of lect-2, mnr-1 and sax-7 ligands to promote the morphogenesis of dendrites which extend from the PVD neuronal body (PubMed:27705746). Within the complex interacts with sax-7; the interaction is required for lect-2 dendritic localization and enhances the binding of the mnr-1 and sax-7 ligands to the dma-1 receptor-ligand complex (PubMed:27705746).
Expressed in body wall muscle cells, along the boundary of the lateral hypodermis, seam cells, processes of the nervous system including commissures, sensory dendrites in the head, and lateral nerve tracts, and motor neurons and some mechanosensory neurons such as ALM.
Expressed throughout development (PubMed:27451901). Diffusely expressed from the gastrula stage to the 3-fold embryonic stage (PubMed:27451901). In larvae, expressed in hypodermal tissues and processes of the nervous system, including commissures, sensory dendrites in the head, and lateral nerve tracts (PubMed:27451901). In L3 and L4 stage larvae, mainly expressed in body wall muscles, and it is also expressed in head neurons and ventral nerve cord neurons (PubMed:27705746).
Muscle-derived dendritic guidance cue, which is required for the formation of somatosensory dendritic arbors which extend from PVD and FLP sensory neurons during development (PubMed:27451901). Ligand of a multi-protein dma-1 receptor-ligand complex, which is activated upon binding of lect-2, mnr-1 and sax-7 ligands to control the growth of dendrites that extend anteriorly from the PVD neuronal cell body (PubMed:27451901, PubMed:27705746). Enhances the binding of the mnr-1 and sax-7 ligands to the dma-1 receptor-ligand complex (PubMed:27705746). Restricts the growth of secondary PVD dendritic branches and any irregularly positioned ectopic tertiary dendritic branches that originate from secondary branches, and promotes the formation of stable higher order dendritic branches (PubMed:27451901, PubMed:27705746). In particular, it is required for the formation of quaternary PVD dendritic branches and promotes their innervation of body wall muscles (PubMed:27705746). Promotes self-avoidance of tertiary dendritic branches of PVD sensory neurons (PubMed:27451901). Not required for the growth of dendrites that extend from AIY and PVQ interneurons, DVB GABergic neurons, PLM and ALM mechanosensory neurons, AFD sensory neurons and DD/VD and DA/DB motor neurons (PubMed:27451901).
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the saccharopine dehydrogenase family.
Aspartic protease. Required for the cleavage and activation of transcription factors such as isoform a of the transcription factor skn-1, which in turn regulates the expression of proteasomal subunits such as rpt-3.
Increased sensitivity to low doses of bortezomib which causes proteasome dysfunction. Double knockout with proteasomal subunit pbs-5 or with rpt-5 knockdown results in failed expression of the proteasomal subunit rpt-3. Double knockout with pbs-5 also results in the occasional mis-localization of the transcription factor skn-1a within gut nuclei.
Belongs to the lariat debranching enzyme family.
Cleaves the 2'-5' phosphodiester linkage at the branch point of lariat intron pre-mRNAs after splicing and converts them into linear molecules that are subsequently degraded. It thereby facilitates ribonucleotide turnover. It may also participate in retrovirus replication via an RNA lariat intermediate in cDNA synthesis (By similarity).
Has a role in fat regulation independent of daf-16. Implicated in ciliar sensory function which is required for normal sensory behavior such as chemotaxis. Functions in life span control via the insulin/IGF-1 pathway. Thought to be involved in neuronal trafficking.
Twofold increase in fat content. Extension in life span. Defective in chemotaxis.
Putative aminopeptidase which plays a role in oocyte maturation.
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes an expansion of the pachytene zone in the gonads of 31 percent of animals and a delay in oocyte nucleolus disassembly. Brood size is normal and embryos are viable.
Probable component of the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), a cell cycle-regulated E3 ubiquitin ligase that controls progression through mitosis and the G1 phase of the cell cycle (PubMed:11861581). The APC/C complex acts by mediating ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of target proteins (PubMed:11861581). Developmental role in early embryogenesis and the metaphase to anaphase transition in meiosis and mitosis (PubMed:11861581). In vitro, recruits the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme ubc-2 to exert ubiquitin ligase activity (PubMed:15466891).
RNAi-mediated knockdown is embryonic lethal with the display of a meiotic metaphase-to-anaphase defective phenotype marked by arrest at meiosis I at the one-cell stage of embryogenesis.
The APC/C complex is probably composed of at least 12 subunits: apc-2, apc-10, apc-11, cdc-26, emb-1, emb-27, emb-30, mat-1, mat-2, mat-3, such-1 and gfi-3 (Probable). Interacts with ubc-2 (PubMed:15466891).
Belongs to the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family. UEV subfamily.
By mitochondrial stress. Induced by white light exposure (PubMed:29500338).
RNAi-mediated knock-down is mostly embryonic lethal (PubMed:23691084, PubMed:24130834). Embryogenesis proceeds more slowly and embryos are osmo-sensitive (PubMed:23691084). Twenty-five percent of embryos exhibit cytokinesis defects (PubMed:24130834). Sixty-five percent of embryos have incorrectly positioned cleavage furrows (PubMed:24130834). Other phenotypes include delayed chromosome alignment at metaphase and disrupted endoplasmic reticulum morphology (PubMed:24130834).
Nup98 and Nup96 play a role in the bidirectional transport across the nucleoporin complex (NPC) (PubMed:20335358, PubMed:28122936). Required for the nuclear import of hcp-4 during mitotic prophase, this step is essential for centrosome assembly and resolution (PubMed:28122936). Regulates nucleoporin npp-5 localization to the nuclear membrane during interphase and to kinetochores during metaphase (PubMed:22238360). Has a role in P granule integrity; may promote the 'liquid phase' of P granules by increasing the number of interacting RNA-protein complexes (PubMed:20335358). Binds nos-2 mRNA, probably indirectly, and promotes its accumulation in P granules (PubMed:20335358).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in embryonic lethality (PubMed:12937276, PubMed:28122936). Two-cell embryos appear to lack nuclei and pronuclei (PubMed:12937276). Also causes severe defects in mitosis (PubMed:22238360, PubMed:28122936). Chromosome condensation is severely impaired during prophase (PubMed:28122936). Centrosome assembly during prophase and prometaphase and their subsequent resolution are impaired which results from impaired nuclear import of hcp-4 (PubMed:28122936). Impaired sister chromatin segregation (PubMed:28122936). Loss of nucleoporin npp-5 localization to the nuclear membrane during interphase and to kinetochores during metaphase (PubMed:22238360). Irregular nuclear membrane distribution of nucleoporin npp-13 (PubMed:28122936). Mutants display P granule dispersion (PubMed:20335358).
The Nup98 and Nup96 chains are autoproteolytically processed from a single precursor protein.
Expression starts at the L1 larval stage in glial cells associated with amphid, phasmid, labial and posterior deirid sensory neurons and continues throughout adulthood. Expressed in vulva at the L4 larval stage and in adults.
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes a reduction in adult body length and width and a reduction in adult lifespan. The cuticle displays several defects including disruption of the lateral cuticle overlying the seam cells, abnormal constriction of the annuli, discontinuous alae and mislocalization of collagen col-19 positive fibrils. Prevents the up-regulation of a transcriptional reporter of the TGF beta-like dbl-1 pathway, RAD-SMAD.
Regulates body size probably independently of the TGF beta-like dbl-1 pathway. However, may regulate some dbl-1-mediated transcription. Plays a role in cuticle collagen fibril organization. Required for embryonic development.
Belongs to the metallo-beta-lactamase superfamily. RNA-metabolizing metallo-beta-lactamase-like family. INTS9 subfamily.
Interacts (via C-terminus) with atx-2 (via C-terminus); the interaction is RNA independent (PubMed:27689799). Interacts with let-92 (PubMed:21497766).
Phosphorylated. May be dephosphorylated by let-92.
RNA binding protein that is required for normal cell division and cytokinesis during embryonic development (PubMed:19081077, PubMed:27689799). Functions with RNA-binding protein atx-2 to ensure embryonic cell division, and to this end, plays a role in the regulation of centrosome assembly, position and size, and in astral microtubule outgrowth and nucleation (PubMed:19081077, PubMed:27689799). Furthermore, negatively regulates the levels of the protein kinase zyg-1 at the centrosome (PubMed:19081077, PubMed:27689799). Also involved in ensuring centrosome attachment to the nuclear envelope (PubMed:19081077).
Temperature-sensitive with embryonic lethality at 25 degrees Celsius. RNAi-mediated knockdown results in 10% embryonic lethality at 20 degrees Celsius and 90% embryonic lethality at 25 degrees Celsius due to cell division and cytokinesis defects including centrosome duplication and attachment defects, and failed bipolar spindle formation in embryos. RNAi-mediated knockdown in a zyg-20 (it25) mutant background results in suppression of the embryonic lethality phenotype in the zyg-1 single mutant at 24 degrees Celsius.
The C-terminal part is necessary for interaction with atx-2.
The SUZ domain is necessary for RNA binding.
In early stage larva, expressed in the twin excretory cell processes. At later larval stages, expression is more restricted, resulting in a 'beads on a chain' appearance.
Serves some physiological function other than regulation of cellular pH.
Adapter protein that regulates different signaling pathways (By similarity). Required for larval development and viability (PubMed:27927209). Involved in negatively modulating pmk-1 p38/MAPK signaling (PubMed:27927209). Involved in innate immunity, acting either in a manner dependent upon, or independent of, the pmk-1 or pmk-3 p38/MAPK pathways (PubMed:18394898, PubMed:27927200, PubMed:34407394). Has a protective role in response to infection by the Gram-negative bacterium P.aeruginosa, acting by negatively modulating expression of cebp-1, and regulating the pmk-1 p38/MAPK pathway, leading to activation of transcription factor skn-1 (PubMed:27927200, PubMed:34407394). Required to prevent P.aeruginosa toxin ToxA-mediated lethality, probably acting via modulating the effects of translational inhibition caused by the toxin (PubMed:27927200). By regulating the up-regulation in the epidermis of antimicrobial peptides nlp-29 and nlp-31, plays a role in resistance to fungal infection (PubMed:18394898, PubMed:27927200).
Arrested development at the second to third larval stages (L2-L3) and lethality between 5-10 days after hatching (PubMed:27927209). Small and dumpy body morphology at the second to third larval stages (L2-L3), abnormal pharyngeal morphology, sterility (PubMed:27927209). Growth and fertility defects are suppressed in a cebp-1 mutant background (PubMed:27927209). Lethality is suppressed in several mutant backgrounds, including tir-1, or kinases nsy-1, sek-1 or mak-2 (PubMed:27927209). Levels of phosphorylated, active p38/MAPK pmk-1 are significantly increased (PubMed:27927209). Increased levels of cebp-1 mRNA in multiple tissues (PubMed:27927209). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in a loss of nlp-29 expression upon fungal infection (PubMed:18394898). No other obvious phenotype (PubMed:18394898). Knockdown results in a drastic reduction in transcription of gst-4 and gcs-1 mRNAs during infection by P.aeruginosa or P.faecalis, or treatment with the oxidant, arsenite (PubMed:34407394). RNAi-mediated knockdown targeted to intestinal cells causes hypersusceptibility to Gram-negative bacterium P.aeruginosa or to Gram-positive bacterium E.faecalis and also to the P.aeruginosa toxin ToxA (PubMed:27927200, PubMed:34407394). Simultaneous knockdown with vhp-1, targeted to intestinal cells, results in partial rescue of the nipi-3 pathogen sensitivity phenotype (PubMed:34407394).
Expressed in epidermis, pharynx, intestine, a subset of head neurons and motoneurons.
May interact with transcription factor cebp-1 (via N-terminus).
Expressed in the intestine and in some head and tail neurons, as well as the ventral nerve cord.
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes a change in fatty acid composition, including an increase in saturated fatty acid 18:0 and decrease in unsaturated 18:1 (PubMed:16839188). In a fatty acid desaturase fat-6 mutant background, become thin, slow growing, reproductively inviable after 4 days, and accumulate very high levels of 18:0 saturated fatty acid (PubMed:16839188). In a fat-6 mutant background, also drastically reduces expression of fat-7 (PubMed:16839188). In either a fat-5 or fat-7 mutant background, accumulates high levels of 18:0 saturated fatty acid, but less so than in the fat-6 mutant background (PubMed:16839188). Significantly reduced lifespan in a glp-1 mutant background, but does not affect lifespan of wild type (PubMed:21423649). Knockdown in the first generation offspring (F1) of adults fed a high-fat diet prevents lipid accumulation (PubMed:35140229).
Transcription factor (PubMed:16839188, PubMed:35021096). Binds to regulatory elements and regulates transcription of target genes, including acyltransferase dgat-2 (PubMed:35021096). As part of a lysosome-to-nucleus retrograde lipid signaling pathway, acts as a direct nuclear receptor of oleoylethanolamide (OEA) and, acting in concert with nuclear hormone receptor nhr-49, activates the transcription of genes promoting longevity and mitochondrial beta-oxidation (PubMed:25554789, PubMed:26671266). Required to modulate expression of delta-9 fatty acid desaturases, thereby regulating lipid metabolism; in some contexts, acting in concert with nhr-49 (PubMed:16839188, PubMed:21423649, PubMed:22511885). Involved in modulation of lipid metabolism in response to the citrate-induced mitochondrial unfolded protein response (mtUPR), acting downstream of transcription factor dve-1 and ubiquitin-like protein 5 (PubMed:35021096). Plays a role in modulating mitochondrial morphology and function (PubMed:22511885). Involved in positively modulating life-span in a germline-dependent manner, acting in concert with nuclear hormone receptor daf-12 (PubMed:21423649). Plays a role in transgenerational lipid accumulation in response to a high-fat diet (PubMed:35140229).
Catalyzes the transfer of galactose onto proteins or lipids.
Binds to the telomeric DNA sequence 5'-TTAGGC-3', requiring at least 1.5 repeats for binding. Bends telomeric DNA and may provide chromosome stability. Also required for development of AWB olfactory neurons.
Broadly expressed during early embryonic development. During later embryonic stages, expression is detected in AWB olfactory sensory neurons but is absent from there by early L1 larval stages. Expression in non-neuronal cells including the excretory cell and intestine is maintained through adult stages.
The C-terminal region is required for bending of telomeric DNA.
The N-terminal and homeobox regions are together sufficient to bind telomeric DNA.
Could be implicated in synthesis of very long chain fatty acids.
Metallocarboxypeptidase that catalyzes the removing of polyglutamate side chains that are present on the gamma-carboxyl group of glutamate residues of tubulin in sensory cilia (PubMed:17244817, PubMed:20519502). Probably via the deglutamylation of tubulin, promotes microtubule stability required for axon regrowth after injury (PubMed:23000142). Also regulates microtubule dynamics in uterine muscle cells (PubMed:24780738).
RNAi-mediated knockdown at the L1 or L4 larval stages or in the egg-laying apparatus causes a reduction in egg-laying due to a defect in the egg-laying apparatus muscles.
Cytoplasmic intermediate filaments provide mechanical strength to cells. Essential protein, involved in attachment structures in epidermal cells that connect muscles to the external cuticle. Required for epidermal morphogenesis in embryos. Probable component of embryonic epidermal attachment structures.
Expressed in embryos and larvae. Not expressed in adults.
Expressed in the embryonic and larval hypodermis. Also expressed in the ventral nerve cord of larvae.
Accessory protein required for glutamate-gated currents. May participate in the gating of non-NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) ionotropic glutamate receptors such as glr-1.
Widely expressed in the nervous system. Also expressed in neurons that do not express glr-1.
Belongs to the small GTPase superfamily. Rheb family.
Binds GTP and exhibits intrinsic GTPase activity.
Inactivation promotes nuclear redistribution of dve-1, induction of ubl-5 and complex formation with dve-1.
Catalyzes the addition of fucose in alpha 1-3 linkage to GalNAc-beta-1->4-GlcNAc-beta-1->3-Gal-beta-1->4-Glc (LDNT)acceptor. Unlike fut-1, does not add fucose to Man-alpha-1->3-(Man-alpha-1->6)-Man-beta-1->4-GlcNAc-beta-1->4-GlcNAc-beta-1-Asn (M3), Man-alpha-1->3-(Man-alpha-1->6)-Man-beta-1->4-GlcNAc-beta-1->4-(Fuc-alpha-1->6)-GlcNAc-beta-1-Asn (M3F6) or GlcNAc-beta-1->2-Man-alpha-1->3-(GlcNAc-beta-1->2-Man-alpha-1->6)-Man-beta-1-4-GlcNAc-beta-1->4-(Fuc-alpha-1->6)-GlcNAc-beta-1-Asn (GnM3F6) acceptors.
Inhibited by Cu(2+) and Ni(2+), and to a lesser extent by EDTA, Mn(2+) and Mg(2+).
Belongs to the replication factor A protein 2 family.
Expressed in main body hypodermal cells, the hypodermal seam cells, pharynx, intestine and some neurons.
Expression starts in the embryo and continues through young adulthood with lower levels in older adults.
Required for the A-I editing activity of the double-stranded RNA-specific adenosine deaminase adr-2 by facilitating adr-2 nuclear localization.
Non-catalytic subunit of the V1 complex of vacuolar(H+)-ATPase (V-ATPase), a multisubunit enzyme composed of a peripheral complex (V1) that hydrolyzes ATP and a membrane integral complex (V0) that translocates protons (By similarity). V-ATPase is responsible for acidifying and maintaining the pH of intracellular compartments and in some cell types, is targeted to the plasma membrane, where it is responsible for acidifying the extracellular environment (Probable). In neurons, required for necrotic cell death probably by promoting intracellular acidification (PubMed:16005300). Required for spermatogenesis where it regulates the fibrous body-membranous organelle (FBMO) morphology in spermatocytes and the acidification of FBMO-derived secretory membranous organelles (MOs) as spermatids mature (PubMed:9178007, PubMed:22446317).
Predominantly expressed in male and hermaphrodite testis (at protein level).
Spermatogenesis is arrested at the primary spermatocyte stage.
Expressed in hypodermal cells (seam cells) V5 and V6, Q neuroblasts, ventral hypodermal cells P7/8 to P11/12, body wall muscle cells and neurons in the head, the tail and the ventral nerve cord.
Interacts (via N-terminus) with apr-1 (via C-terminus). Interacts with bar-1 (via ARM repeats), gsk-3, and mig-5.
Works in parallel with axl-1 in negatively regulating bar-1 signaling in vulval precursor cells and Q neuroblasts. Inhibits Wnt signaling, which affects tissue specific expression of Hox genes, egl-5, lin-39 and mab-5. This in turn affects QR (postembryonic neuroblast) cell migration, vulval cell fate specification, and the development of sensory structures by the seam cell lineage. Has a role in alae V cell patterning, ray formation in the male tail and axon guidance. Does not affect B cell polarity.
Worms exhibit ectopic rays and lack alae in V cells of the male tail. Mutants appear scrawny, often herniated, uncoordinated, show defects in dorsal and ventral cord fasciculation, commissure guidance defects, and over activated Wnt signaling pathway. Phenotypes are more penetrant in the pry-1 and axl-1 double mutant, suggesting some functional overlaps.
Endonuclease which, in association with baf-1, plays an essential role during embryogenesis in the DNA repair response following DNA damage probably by ensuring proper chromosome segregation (PubMed:22383942). Also required during postembryonic cell divisions after DNA damage caused by ionizing radiation to ensure normal cell proliferation (PubMed:22383942). Resolves chromatin bridges in late mitosis that result from incomplete DNA replication, defective chromosome condensation or unresolved recombination intermediates (PubMed:29463814). Together with brc-1, contributes to genome integrity by resolving mitotic chromatin bridges that result from incomplete processing of DNA breaks (PubMed:29463814). In parallel to the slx-1/mus-81 pathway, acts in processing early recombination intermediates in meiotic prophase I to prevent illegitimate recombination (PubMed:29879106). Also involved in processing remaining, erroneous recombination intermediates that persist into the second meiotic division (PubMed:29879106).
Phosphorylated. Phosphorylated during telophase when localized at the midbody.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS19 family.
Expressed in developing embryos in intestinal cells (at protein level).
Homodimer (isoform 1). Component of the biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles complex-1 (BLOC-1) composed at least of blos-1, blos-2, blos-4, dsbn-1, glo-2, mutd-1 and snpn-1 (By similarity). Isoform 1 interacts with blos-1 and blos-4.
Expressed in three pairs of neurons, the pharyngeal pace-maker neurons MC, the amphid neurons ADF and the phasmid neurons PHA, from 3-fold embryos until the adult stage (PubMed:23315936). Expression in ADFL/R was very low through the normal life cycle but increased greatly in the dauer larval stage (PubMed:23315936).
Probable transcription factor (PubMed:23315936). Required for MC motor neuron differentiation and function, including role in modulating pharyngeal pumping (PubMed:23315936). Regulates gene expression of FMRFamide-like neuropeptide flp-2 in MC motor neurons (PubMed:23315936). May act downstream of transcription factor pha-4 (PubMed:23315936).
Isoform a: Expressed in all 95 body wall muscle cells as well as in the pharyngeal muscle cells (at protein level). Isoform c: Expressed in the body wall muscle cells and in the pharyngeal muscle cells.
LIM zinc-binding domains 1-4 are sufficient for the localization to dense bodies, adhesion plaques and M lines in body wall muscles.
RNAi-mediated knockdown leads to developmental arrest at larval stage L1.
Required for myofilament organization of the pharyngeal sarcomeres and for pharyngeal muscle contractions and hence for pharyngeal pumping (PubMed:21633109). Together with lin-8, might be required for myofilament organization in the body wall muscles (PubMed:21633109).
Component of the nuclear pore complex (NPC)-associated TREX-2 complex (transcription and export complex 2). Component of the SAGA transcription coactivator-HAT complex. Within the SAGA complex, participates to a subcomplex of SAGA called the DUB module (deubiquitination module).
Involved in mRNA export coupled transcription activation by association with both the TREX-2 and the SAGA complexes. The transcription regulatory histone acetylation (HAT) complex SAGA is a multiprotein complex that activates transcription by remodeling chromatin and mediating histone acetylation and deubiquitination. Within the SAGA complex, participates to a subcomplex that specifically deubiquitinates histones. The SAGA complex is recruited to specific gene promoters by activators, where it is required for transcription. The TREX-2 complex functions in docking export-competent ribonucleoprotein particles (mRNPs) to the nuclear entrance of the nuclear pore complex (nuclear basket). TREX-2 participates in mRNA export and accurate chromatin positioning in the nucleus by tethering genes to the nuclear periphery.
Expressed in a wide variety of neurons and is expressed weakly in the non-neuronal distal tip cells. A punctate pattern was observed in the ventral and dorsal nerve cords and the nerve ring. Weak expression is seen in neuronal cell bodies and commissures.
Belongs to the PI3/PI4-kinase family. Type II PI4K subfamily.
ATP hydrolysis occurs at the interface between the nucleotide-binding domains of subunits A and B (By similarity). ATP hydrolysis triggers a conformational change in the subunits D and F, which induces a shift of subunit d (By similarity). The c-ring is subsequently rotated and results in a continuous proton translocation across the membrane (By similarity).
Catalytic subunit of the V1 complex of vacuolar(H+)-ATPase (V-ATPase), a multisubunit enzyme composed of a peripheral complex (V1) that hydrolyzes ATP and a membrane integral complex (V0) that translocates protons (By similarity). V-ATPase is responsible for acidifying and maintaining the pH of intracellular compartments and in some cell types, is targeted to the plasma membrane, where it is responsible for acidifying the extracellular environment (By similarity). Required along with other vacuolar ATPase components for the removal of protein aggregates which form in immature oocytes in the distal gonad (PubMed:29168500). This removal occurs as the oocytes mature and move to the proximal gonad, is triggered by the introduction of sperm through mating and occurs before fertilization (PubMed:29168500). The introduction of sperm triggers V-ATPase accumulation in proximal oocytes and induces lysosomal acidification which leads to engulfing of protein aggregates by lysosomes and subsequent clearance of the aggregates (PubMed:29168500). Lysosomal acidification also leads to changes in mitochondrial morphology and function (PubMed:29168500). Mitochondria in distal immature oocytes are fragmented, produce high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and have high membrane potential, indicative of metabolic inactivity (PubMed:29168500). In contrast, mitochondria in proximal mature oocytes are tubular with lower ROS levels and membrane potential, indicative of an active metabolic state required for aggregate mobilization before clearance (PubMed:29168500). Involved in receptor-mediated endocytosis (PubMed:16785323).
Expressed in proximal but not distal germ cells.
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes larval lethality (PubMed:16785323). Results in increased protein aggregation in the oocytes of sperm-deficient young adult females which is not eliminated by mating (PubMed:29168500). Impaired yolk uptake by the oocytes from the pseudoceolomic cavities (PubMed:16785323). Causes an increase in the section of the excretory canal, which often has multiple lumens and abnormal whorls (PubMed:16785323). Does not affect alae formation in larvae (PubMed:16785323).
Essential component of the PAM complex, a complex required for the translocation of transit peptide-containing proteins from the inner membrane into the mitochondrial matrix in an ATP-dependent manner. Recruits mitochondrial HSP70 to drive protein translocation into the matrix using ATP as an energy source.
Probable component of the PAM complex at least composed of a mitochondrial HSP70 protein, GrpE, tin-44, tim-16 and tim-14/dnj-21. The complex interacts with the tim-23 component of the TIM23 complex.
Phospholipid scramblase involved in autophagy. Cycles between the preautophagosomal structure/phagophore assembly site (PAS) and the cytoplasmic vesicle pool and supplies membrane for the growing autophagosome. Lipid scramblase activity plays a key role in preautophagosomal structure/phagophore assembly by distributing the phospholipids that arrive through ATG2 from the cytoplasmic to the luminal leaflet of the bilayer, thereby driving autophagosomal membrane expansion.
Belongs to the class-V pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family. NifS/IscS subfamily.
Belongs to the potassium channel family. C (Shaw) (TC 1.A.1.2) subfamily. Shaw sub-subfamily.
Egg-laying defects; retain many more eggs in utero, laid eggs appear later in development. Moderately defective in generating the expulsion step of defecation. Hyperpolarizing shifts in the voltage dependence of channel activation.
Expressed in muscles for egg-laying, anal depressor and sphincter, and the four most anterior head muscles. Found in neurons including enteric motor neurons AVL and DVB and the sensory neuron PHB, the spermatheca, and the distal tip cells of the somatic gonad.
Voltage-dependent potassium channel involved in the excitation of muscles operating egg-laying and defecation.
Belongs to the ferredoxin--NADP reductase type 1 family.
Serves as the first electron transfer protein in all the mitochondrial P450 systems including cholesterol side chain cleavage in all steroidogenic tissues, steroid 11-beta hydroxylation in the adrenal cortex, 25-OH-vitamin D3-24 hydroxylation in the kidney, and sterol C-27 hydroxylation in the liver.
Belongs to the NADPH--cytochrome P450 reductase family.
This enzyme is required for electron transfer from NADP to cytochrome P450 in microsomes. It can also provide electron transfer to heme oxygenase and cytochrome B5.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. RNA methyltransferase RlmE family. SPB1 subfamily.
Probable methyltransferase involved in the maturation of rRNA and in the biogenesis of ribosomal subunits.
Component of the 60S subunit of the ribosome.
Exists either covalently attached to another protein, or free (unanchored). When covalently bound, it is conjugated to target proteins via an isopeptide bond either as a monomer (monoubiquitin), a polymer linked via different Lys residues of the ubiquitin (polyubiquitin chains) or a linear polymer linked via the initiator Met of the ubiquitin (linear polyubiquitin chains). Polyubiquitin chains, when attached to a target protein, have different functions depending on the Lys residue of the ubiquitin that is linked: Lys-48-linked is involved in protein degradation via the proteasome. Linear polymer chains formed via attachment by the initiator Met lead to cell signaling. Ubiquitin is usually conjugated to Lys residues of target proteins, however, in rare cases, conjugation to Cys or Ser residues has been observed. When polyubiquitin is free (unanchored-polyubiquitin), it also has distinct roles, such as in activation of protein kinases, and in signaling (By similarity).
For a better understanding, features related to ubiquitin are only indicated for the first chain.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL40 family.
Ribosomal protein L40 is part of the 60S ribosomal subunit.
Required for cell specification of the RIA interneurons.
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mS33 family.
By paraquat. Induced by white light exposure (PubMed:29500338).
Expressed in a variety of tissues from embryo to adult.
Mitochondrial iron transporter that mediates iron uptake. Probably required for heme synthesis of hemoproteins and Fe-S cluster assembly.
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in smaller, but normally-proportioned animals that are paler and thinner as compared to wild-type, a reduced growth rate, slow movements with a 35% decrease in the number of body bends per 20 seconds, reduced brood size, increased lifespan and inceased sensitivity to the oxidative stress inducer paraquat (PubMed:22253756). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in increased lifespan (PubMed:22253756, PubMed:25769692).
Requires a bound zinc ion for normal folding and solubility.
Belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily. METTL21 family.
Probable component of the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), a cell cycle-regulated ubiquitin ligase that controls progression through mitosis and the G1 phase of the cell cycle. The APC/C complex acts by mediating ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of target proteins. Developmental role in early embryogenesis and the metaphase to anaphase transition in meiosis and mitosis.
Belongs to the metallophosphoesterase superfamily. LOC643853 family.
Belongs to the class V-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. Histone-lysine methyltransferase family. PR/SET subfamily.
Highly expressed in eggs, then decreases.
Histone methyltransferase that specifically monomethylates 'Lys-20' of histone H4 (H4K20me1) (PubMed:23028348). H4K20me1 is enriched on hermaphrodite X chromosomes and during mitosis (PubMed:23028348, PubMed:22393255). Involved in dosage compensation by repression of X-linked gene expression in hermaphrodites (PubMed:23028348). Plays a role in growth and body fat regulation downstream of the TOR complex 2 pathway (PubMed:23884442).
In embryos, it is expressed ubiquitously. In late embryos, it is expressed in hypodermal seam cells. In L3 and L4 larvae and thereafter, it is expressed in vulval precursor cells. In adult males, it is also expressed in 6 unidentified posterior cells.
Mutant animals lack methylation of 'Lys-20' of histone H4 (H4K20me) (PubMed:23028348). In a glp-1(e2141) mutant background which lacks a germline, the X-linked genes aco-1, ajm-1 and apl-1 are up-regulated (PubMed:23028348). RNAi-mediated knockdown leads to embryonic lethality in a mutant background of the dosage compensation proteins dpy-21 or dpy-28 (PubMed:23028348). Increases 'Lys-16' acetylation of histone H4 on hermaphrodite X chromosomes (PubMed:22393255). In the TOR complex 2 mutant background rict-1, suppresses the growth delay and elevated body fat index (PubMed:23884442). Causes mitotic chromosome segregation defects and chromosome bridges resulting in delayed or arrested embryonic development and embryonic lethality (PubMed:28867287).
Expressed in neurons and intestinal cells in L2 stage larvae.
RNAi-mediated knockdown severely impairs axon regeneration in a daf-2 mutant background, in a daf-16-dependent-manner (PubMed:26675724). Impairs short-term associative memory in a daf-2 mutant background in a daf-16-dependent-manner (PubMed:26675724). Reduces longevity in a daf-2 mutant background (PubMed:26675724).
Transcription factor (PubMed:26963674). Binds to the regulatory elements of genes that contain the sequence motif 5'-TTGTTTCT-3' (PubMed:26963674). Involved in regulating intestinal transcription of vitellogenin vit-2, acting in concert with transcription factors elt-2, mab-3 and daf-16, and also the TGF-beta/Sma/Mab pathway (PubMed:26963674). Functions downstream of the insulin/IGF-1-like signaling (IIS) mediated pathway, in regeneration of axons after injury and in short-term memory, perhaps acting in neurons, and in modulation of longevity, perhaps acting non-neuronally (PubMed:26675724). Plays a role in the modulation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis during chemical and pathogen stress, including exposure to the Gram-negative bacterium P.aeruginosa (PubMed:30287474).
Adaptor protein complex 2 (AP-2) is a heterotetramer composed of two large adaptins (alpha-type subunit AP2A1 or AP2A2 and beta-type subunit AP2B1), a medium adaptin (mu-type subunit AP2M1) and a small adaptin (sigma-type subunit AP2S1).
Expressed in the pharynx, intestine and hypodermis.
Expressed asymmetrically in ASE left (ASEL) sensory neuron. Expressed in excretory gland and canal cell.
Allosteric enzyme that catalyzes the rate-limiting step in glycogen catabolism, the phosphorolytic cleavage of glycogen to produce glucose-1-phosphate, and plays a central role in maintaining cellular and organismal glucose homeostasis.
Belongs to the glycogen phosphorylase family.
Expressed in vulval, pharyngeal and anal muscles.
Gradual increase in expression during development from embryo through to adult with highest levels of expression in the late larval and adult stages.
Proton-dependent uptake of di- or tripeptides, and to a minor extent tetrapeptides. Transport is independent of sodium and chloride ions. Protein shows high affinity to peptide substrates.
Expression begins at the gastrulation stage. Expressed predominantly in the intestine from the comma stage onwards. In early larval stages, expressed in hypodermis and intestine. At L3 larval stage expressed transiently in spermatheca and dorsal uterus.
Abnormal morphology (dumpy phenotype), slow growth, sterile and in severe cases embryonic lethal.
RNA-binding component of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF-3) complex, which is involved in protein synthesis of a specialized repertoire of mRNAs and, together with other initiation factors, stimulates binding of mRNA and methionyl-tRNAi to the 40S ribosome. The eIF-3 complex specifically targets and initiates translation of a subset of mRNAs involved in cell proliferation. This subunit can bind 18S rRNA.
ATP-dependent DNA helicase implicated in DNA repair and the maintenance of genomic stability. Acts as an anti-recombinase to counteract toxic recombination and limit crossover during meiosis. Regulates meiotic recombination and crossover homeostasis by physically dissociating strand invasion events and thereby promotes noncrossover repair by meiotic synthesis dependent strand annealing (SDSA) as well as disassembly of D loop recombination intermediates.
Belongs to the helicase family. RAD3/XPD subfamily.
Viable, although the brood size is reduced and the life cycle is retarded (at 20 degrees Celsius, worms take 24 hours longer to reach the gravid adult stage). The smaller brood size may result from replicative stress, which is often associated with a persistence of unrepaired DNA damage during development. Mutants show defective crossover interference with all double-strand breaks becoming crossovers and a compromised homeostasis after ionizing radiation. Synthetic lethality in worms lacking both rtel-1 and him-6, with a marked increase in the number of foci representing unresolved recombination intermediates.
Catalyzes the hydrolysis of endogenous amidated lipids like anandamide (AEA or N-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoyl)-ethanolamine) and eicosapentaneoyl ethanolamide (EPEA or (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z-eicosapentaenoyl) ethanolamine), as well as other fatty amides, to their corresponding fatty acids, thereby regulating the signaling functions of these molecules (PubMed:21562563, PubMed:30911178). EPEA promotes dauer formation and may constitute a signal of high nutrient availability (PubMed:21562563). Breakdown of EPEA may promote lifespan extension when nutrient availability is high (PubMed:21562563). Facilitates axon regeneration after injury by degradating inhibitory compounds such as AEA (PubMed:23072806). FAAH cooperates with PM20D1 in the hydrolysis of amino acid-conjugated fatty acids such as N-fatty acyl glycine and N-fatty acyl-L-serine, thereby acting as a physiological regulator of specific subsets of intracellular, but not of extracellular, N-fatty acyl amino acids (By similarity).
Expressed in the pharynx, some pharyngeal neurons, the posterior intestine and anal depressor muscles.
Viable. Reduction (50 percent) in the frequency of motoneuron axon regeneration in young adults but not in L4 larvae.
Belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily. DCC family.
Expressed on the surface of motile cells and pioneering axons (PubMed:8861903). Expressed at the onset of gastrulation (at about 100 minutes (min) after first cell cleavage) on the surface of all cells, and then gradually diminishes (PubMed:8861903). Highly expressed in the neurula (at about 400 min), on ventral cord motorneurons, including cell bodies and axons, undergoing axonogenesis (PubMed:8861903). Expressed in stage L1 larvae in ventral epidermoblasts as they undergo planar movements within the epithelium and in neuroblasts QL and QR and their descendants as they migrate longitudinally along the epidermis (PubMed:8861903). Expressed in L2 and later stage larvae in distal tip cells (DTCs) of hermaphrodites as they migrate along the body wall (PubMed:8861903). Expressed in the DTCs beginning at the time of the ventral-to-dorsal second migration (PubMed:11454756). Expression on the immature hermaphrodite specific neuron (HSN) is localized to the ventral surface beginning at the early L2 stage (PubMed:16520734).
Fibronectin type-III 6 motif is essential for the role of unc-40 in a TGF-beta-like signaling pathway.
Interacts with netrin unc-6 (PubMed:22426253, PubMed:8861903). Interacts with eva-1 (PubMed:25122090). Interacts (via fibronectin type-III domain) with drag-1 (PubMed:24004951).
Receptor for netrin unc-6 required for asymmetric axon formation, axon guidance and cell migrations (PubMed:16520734, PubMed:8861903, PubMed:11454756, PubMed:22426253, PubMed:9473333). Required during axon formation, in response to unc-6, to initiate, maintain and orient asymmetric neuronal growth, and may signal via phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) (PubMed:16520734). Mediates axon attraction of neuronal growth cones in the developing nervous system upon ligand binding (PubMed:8861903, PubMed:11454756, PubMed:22426253, PubMed:9473333). Axon migration is mediated by the secreted unc-6, which promotes attraction of neurons and axons through binding to the unc-40 receptor, while repulsion requires both unc-5 and unc-40 receptors (PubMed:8861903, PubMed:11454756, PubMed:22426253, PubMed:9473333). Involved in dendritic morphogenesis; may act by localizing unc-6 at the tips of growing dendrites for interaction with unc-5 on the apposing branch to induce mutual repulsion (PubMed:22426253). Involved in the ventral-dorsal and anterior-posterior migration of gonadal distal tip cells (DTCs) along the body (PubMed:11454756). Involved in the positioning of ray 1, the most anterior ray sensilium, in the male tail (PubMed:24004945). Positively modulates a TGF-beta-like signaling pathway, independent of its role in unc-6 mediated axon guidance, in association with RGM drag-1 (PubMed:24004951). Mediates attraction of muscle plasma membrane extensions, known as muscle arms, towards the secreted madd-4 guidance cue, enhanced by interaction with the coreceptor eva-1 (PubMed:25122090).
Heterotetramer of two alpha chains and two beta chains. Exist either as a phy-2(2)/pdi-2(2) tetramer or as a phy-1/phy-2/pdi-2(2) tetramer.
Belongs to the proteasome subunit S1 family.
Involved in the asymmetric cell division of the embryo downstream of par-2 and par-3 by regulating the asymmetric cortical distribution of pkk-1, a phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate-producing enzyme, which in turn regulates the asymmetrical distribution of grp-1, grp-2 and lin-5.
RNAi-mediated knockdown in 1-cell embryos results in mislocalization of the pronuclei and the spindle towards the anterior part of the embryo, spindle instability, and failure of asymmetric cell division in 50 percent of embryos. In addition, spindle pulling forces are increased. par-2 and par-3 mediated embryo polarity is normal. Oocytes have increased cortical grp-1 and grp-2 localization.
Belongs to the JHDM1 histone demethylase family.
Histone demethylase that specifically demethylates 'Lys-36' of histone H3, thereby playing a central role in histone code (By similarity). Has a role in regulating lifespan.
RNAi-mediated knockdown introduced at L1 and young adult stages increases lifespan by 12% and 15% respectively.
The JmjC domain mediates the demethylation activity.
Catalyzes the initial step in triglyceride hydrolysis in adipocyte and non-adipocyte lipid droplets (By similarity). Component of a feedback loop involving atfs-1, atgl-1 and hlh-11 (PubMed:33078707). Promotes fat oxidation in response to mitochondrial stress (PubMed:33078707). May play a role in the response of the organism to starvation, enhancing hydrolysis of triglycerides and providing free fatty acids to other tissues to be oxidized in situations of energy depletion (PubMed:19052547, PubMed:20176933, PubMed:24120942, PubMed:25202121, PubMed:26083785, PubMed:26098762). Acts coordinately with lid-1 within the lipolytic cascade to distribute stored energy to tissues (PubMed:25202121). Together with lipid droplet protein cgi-58, regulates lipid reserves as well as lipid droplet size and localization during the dauer phase in response to phosphorylation by ampk (PubMed:19052547, PubMed:26083785, PubMed:26098762). May regulate serotonin-mediated lipolysis in metabolic tissues (PubMed:24120942).
Expressed in the hypodermis (PubMed:19052547, PubMed:26098762). Expressed in the intestine (at protein level) (PubMed:24120942, PubMed:33078707).
Interacts with par-5 (PubMed:26098762). Interacts with lid-1 (PubMed:25202121). Interacts with cgi-58 (PubMed:26083785).
Phosphorylation at Ser-303 by aak-2 results in possible instability and cytoplasmic accumulation during the dauer phase.
RNAi-mediated knockdown reduces stored lipid droplet hydrolysis during fasting resulting in retained/increased lipid droplets and there are also increased lipid droplets in the fed state (PubMed:24120942, PubMed:25202121). Suppresses fasting-induced oxygen consumption (PubMed:25202121). RNAi-mediated knockdown abrogates the increased fat loss and increased oxygen consumption rate observed in the hlh-11 ok2944 mutant (PubMed:33078707). RNAi-mediated knockdown also abrogates the increased fat loss observed following overexpression of flp-7 (PubMed:28128367, PubMed:33078707). Furthermore, RNAi-mediated knockdown reduces the induction of hsp-60, an indicator of mitochondrial stress following overexpression of either flp-7 or hlh-11 (PubMed:33078707). RNAi-mediated knockdown in aak-2 mutants improves the survival of dauer larvae (PubMed:19052547). RNAi-mediated knockdown in daf-2 constitutive dauer phase mutants results in enlarged lipid droplets possibly due to an accumulation of unhydrolyzed triglycerides (PubMed:26098762).
Ubiquitinated (PubMed:25202121, PubMed:26098762). Ubiquitination may decrease upon phosphorylation by kin-1 (PubMed:25202121).
In contrast to other acyl-coenzyme A oxidases which bind to and are activated by ATP, does not bind ATP.
Involved in the first step of peroxisomal beta-oxidation by catalyzing the desaturation of fatty acid-derived side chains of ascaroside pheromones, which regulates development and behavior (PubMed:29863473). Specifically, shortens indol-3-carbonyl(IC)-ascarosides with 7-carbon (IC-asc-C7) or 9-carbon (IC-asc-C9) side chains and contributes to the shortening of ascarosides with 13-carbon (asc-C13) and 15-carbon (asc-C15) side chains (PubMed:29863473).
Acts on ABp development during 4-cell and 12-cell stages, and on ABa development during 12-cell and 28-cell stages (PubMed:8156602). Expressed in various neurons, including AWC, during the dauer larval stage (PubMed:18599512).
Essential signaling protein which has a major role in germline and embryonic development; involved in cell fate decisions that require cell-cell interactions (PubMed:8156602, PubMed:16319922, PubMed:19379690). Probable membrane-bound receptor for putative ligands lag-2 and apx-1 (PubMed:8156602, PubMed:7607081). Upon ligand activation, and releasing from the cell membrane, the glp-1/Notch intracellular domain (NICD) probably forms a transcriptional activator complex with lag-1 and lag-3 and regulates expression of various genes; targets in the germline include lst-1 and sygl-1 (PubMed:9003776, PubMed:10884418, PubMed:16319922, PubMed:32196486, PubMed:16197940, PubMed:7566091, PubMed:19379690). Involved in the specification of the cell fates of the blastomeres, ABa and ABp (PubMed:8156602). Proper signaling by glp-1 induces ABa descendants to produce anterior pharyngeal cells, and ABp descendants to adopt a different fate (PubMed:8156602). Contributes to the establishment of the dorsal-ventral axis in early embryos (PubMed:8156602). Required in postmitotic neurons in order to maintain the developmentally arrested larval state known as dauer, probably in response to lag-2 (PubMed:18599512). Regulates germ cell mitotic proliferation probably by regulating MAP kinase phosphatase lip-1 expression (PubMed:16319922, PubMed:22278922). Required for oocyte growth control (PubMed:19502484). Plays a negative role in lifespan (PubMed:21906946, PubMed:24332851, PubMed:28853436).
Expressed in the distal mitotic region of the germ line (PubMed:7607081). May be absent from the gonadal distal tip cell (DTC) (PubMed:7607081).
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes an increase in lifespan and a moderate increase in aak-2 phosphorylation (PubMed:24332851). RNAi-mediated knockdown in a rsks-1 mutant background reduces the formation of proximal germ cell tumors (PubMed:22278922). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in abnormally large oocytes (PubMed:19502484).
When activated, the glp-1/Notch intracellular domain (NICD) may become a component of a complex consisting of at least the NICD, lag-1 and lag-3.
Binding to rib-1 is required for GlcAT-II activity and for increasing GlcNAc-II activity in vitro.
Glycosyltransferase required for the biosynthesis of heparan sulfate (PubMed:11121397, PubMed:16828468, PubMed:17237233). Initiates heparan sulfate synthesis by transferring GlcNAc to the (GlcA-Gal-Gal-Xyl-)Ser core linker (GlcNAcT-I activity) (PubMed:11121397). In association with rib-1, is also responsible for the alternating addition of beta-1-4-linked glucuronic acid (GlcA) and alpha-1-4-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) units to nascent heparan sulfate chains (GlcNAcT-II and GlcAT-II activities) (PubMed:11121397, PubMed:17237233). Required for normal ventral epidermal enclosure during the early stages of embryonic development (PubMed:17237233). In addition, involved in the elongation of the pharyngeal isthmus during the later stages of embryonic development (PubMed:16828468). Involved in the directed migration of hermaphrodite-specific neurons (PubMed:17237233, PubMed:24052309).
Mutant embryos are arrested at the 1-fold stage due to a failure in epidermal enclosure (PubMed:17237233). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in the failure of hermaphrodite-specific neurons to migrate to their correct position and in a defect in axonal guidance (PubMed:24052309).
Acid phosphatase required for normal growth and development. Specifically required for normal gut differentiation.
Expressed from late embryogenesis onwards (PubMed:1652526, PubMed:15733671). Temporally expressed in anterior and posterior cells of the intestine in newly hatched larvae (PubMed:15733671).
Expressed in the intestine, specifically on the edge of the gut lumen, in the 14 posterior cells of the intestine.
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in a maternal effect phenotype whereby the majority of F1 progeny of the RNAi-treated animals survive to adulthood, however 80-100% of F2 embryos arrest during embryogenesis.
Involved in resistance to B.thuringiensis pore-forming toxin Cry5B downstream of the sek-1 and pmk-1 MAPK kinase pathway.
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes variable hypersensitivity to low, chronic doses of the B.thuringiensis pore-forming toxin Cry5B but not to heavy metal Cd(2+) exposure.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 12 family.
Component of the Mediator complex, a coactivator involved in regulated gene transcription of nearly all RNA polymerase II-dependent genes. Mediator functions as a bridge to convey information from gene-specific regulatory proteins to the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. Mediator is recruited to promoters by direct interactions with regulatory proteins and serves as a scaffold for the assembly of a functional preinitiation complex with RNA polymerase II and the general transcription factors (By similarity). Functions downstream of let-60 during vulval induction. Required for asymmetric division of T-cells and for hypodermal development.
Expressed in vulval precursor cells, the anchor cell and the hyp7 cell at the time of vulval fate specification and throughout vulval development. Expressed from the 8-cell stage of embryogenesis.
Monomer (By similarity). Interacts with axl-1.
Phosphorylates oma-1, a regulator of the oocyte-to-embryo transition, enabling its degradation (PubMed:16343905, PubMed:16289132). Phosphorylates skn-1, preventing it from accumulating in nuclei and thus inhibiting phase II gene expression in the oxidative stress defense (PubMed:16251270). Involved in mesendoderm specification and mitotic spindle orientation in EMS blastomeres (PubMed:11463373). Thought to be a branch point in these processes as proteins downstream are not required (PubMed:10444600). Negatively regulates Wnt signaling in vulval precursor cells and acts as a Wnt-independent repressor of med-1 and med-2 in the C lineage inhibiting mesoderm development (PubMed:10444600, PubMed:11463373, PubMed:15572126). Required for normal lifespan and LiCl-induced lifespan extension (PubMed:17959600).
Worms exhibit defects in endoderm specification and mitotic spindle alignment (PubMed:10444600). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in stability and delayed degradation of the maternal oocyte protein oma-1 in embryos beyond the 2-cell stage (PubMed:16289132).
Expressed in ASJ and ASI ciliated sensory neurons (PubMed:16387300, PubMed:21304598, PubMed:16324156, PubMed:21334311). Expressed in the intestine (at protein level) (PubMed:16324156).
Expressed in larval stages L2 and L3 and increased expression during dauer stage (PubMed:21304598). Expressed in adult animals with increased expression in 10-day-old animals (PubMed:16324156).
Increased nitric oxide-evoked calcium flux to cytoplasm in ASJ sensory neurons (PubMed:30014846). Decreased avoidance of P.aeruginosa (PubMed:30014846). Decrease in lifespan (PubMed:16387300, PubMed:16324156). Suppression of lifespan extension induced by dietary deprivation or in an eat-2(ad1116) mutant background and partial suppression in a daf-2(e1370) mutant background (PubMed:21334311). Enhancement of the constitutive dauer formation phenotype in a daf-11(ks67), daf-11(m47), daf-11(sa195), daf-7(e1372), daf-1(e1287) or daf-8(e1393) mutant background at 15 degrees Celsius (PubMed:21304598). Suppression of the constitutive dauer formation phenotype in a daf-11(sa195), daf-28(tm2308) or daf-28(sa191) mutant background at 25 degrees Celsius (PubMed:21304598). Failure in down-regulation of daf-28 expression during dauer stage (PubMed:21304598). Decreased survival when facing oxidative stress upon exposure to sodium arsenite or paraquat (PubMed:26920757, PubMed:16324156). Increased localization of skn-1 to the nuclei of intestinal cells (PubMed:26920757). Suppression of skn-1 nuclear localization in a nsy-1(ok593), sek-1(km4) or pmk-1(km25) mutant background (PubMed:26920757).
Participates in various redox reactions through the reversible oxidation of its active center dithiol to a disulfide and catalyzes dithiol-disulfide exchange reactions (PubMed:16324156, PubMed:16387300). Shown to facilitate the reduction of insulin disulfide bonds (PubMed:16324156, PubMed:16387300). Might play a role in the reversible nitrosylation of cysteine residues in target proteins, and thereby contributing to the response to intracellular nitric oxide (PubMed:30014846). Shapes the ASJ sensory neuron biphasic response to nitric oxide (NO) exposure; trans-nitrosylation activity might inhibit calcium flux to the cytoplasm in ASJ neurons when exposed to a NO stimulus, whereas de-nitrosylation activity might promote calcium flux when NO is diminished (PubMed:30014846). By regulating the NO-induced ASJ sensory neuron activity, mediates the avoidance response to NO-producing organisms like P.aeruginosa (PubMed:30014846). Positively regulates life span extension under normal and caloric restriction conditions, dauer formation and the oxidative stress response (PubMed:16387300, PubMed:16324156, PubMed:21334311, PubMed:21304598, PubMed:26920757). Contributes to the down-regulation of expression of the insulin-like neuropeptide daf-28 in the ASJ neurons in a redox-independent fashion, thereby promoting dauer formation (PubMed:21304598). Negatively regulates the nuclear localization of the intestinal skn-1 transcription factor in a p38 MAPK pathway-dependent and redox-independent fashion (PubMed:26920757).
Up-regulated in response to dietary restriction and during dauer formation.
ATP-dependent microtubule severing protein that specifically recognizes and cuts microtubules (PubMed:17531954, PubMed:19619244, PubMed:22561316, PubMed:18202664). Probably by regulating microtubule remodeling, plays a role in new synapse formation in GABAergic DD (Dorsal D type) neurons (PubMed:26051896).
Belongs to the AAA ATPase family. Spastin subfamily.
Expressed at all developmental stages (PubMed:17531954). Highly expressed in the embryo and expressed at lower levels in L3-L4 larvae (PubMed:17531954).
Highly expressed in the embryo (PubMed:17531954). Not expressed in L3-L4 larvae (PubMed:17531954).
Homohexamer (PubMed:19619244, PubMed:22561316). The homohexamer is stabilized by ATP-binding (By similarity). The homohexamer may adopt a ring conformation through which microtubules pass prior to being severed. Interacts with microtubules (By similarity). Interacts (via N-terminus) with tubulin; the interaction is direct (PubMed:19619244).
Lacks the conserved MIT domain, which is one of the features of the spastin family.
Produced by alternative splicing and the skipping of exon 4.
Produced by alternative splicing, which results in the retention of exon 4.
Slow growth, reduced brood size, abnormal oogenesis and multiple vulvae (PubMed:17531954). Progressive locomotor defects, which is rescued following exposure to the drugs guanabenz, salubrinal, phenazine, or methylene blue (PubMed:26744324). Lifespan is prolonged following exposure to the drugs guanabenz, salubrinal or methylene blue, but not phenazine (PubMed:26744324). Increases numbers of centrosomal microtubules in early embryos (PubMed:17531954). Reduced neutral lipid levels in intestinal cells (PubMed:25875445). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in paralysis due to an increase in the endoplasmic reticulum stress response, which is rescued following exposure to the drugs methylene blue, guanabenz, salubrinal, or phenazine (PubMed:26744324).
The MTBD (microtubule binding domain) region mediates binding to microtubules and tubulin.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase group 1 family. Glycosyltransferase 4 subfamily.
Mannosyltransferase involved in the last steps of the synthesis of Man5GlcNAc(2)-PP-dolichol core oligosaccharide on the cytoplasmic face of the endoplasmic reticulum. Catalyzes the addition of the 4th and 5th mannose residues to the dolichol-linked oligosaccharide chain.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. TrmB family.
Catalyzes the formation of N(7)-methylguanine at position 46 (m7G46) in tRNA.
Expressed in all neurons (PubMed:11029035, PubMed:22654674). Highly expressed in m2 pharyngeal neurons and some pharyngeal interneurons (PubMed:11029035). Also expressed in the excretory canal and the gland cells located just below the nerve ring in the head (PubMed:11029035).
Interacts with the GTPase activator protein tbc-8; the interaction is direct and may be required for the activation of rab-2 and dense vesicle maturation in cholinergic motoneurons (PubMed:22654674). Interacts with rund-1 (PubMed:24698274).
May be involved in neurotransmitter secretion (PubMed:11029035). In association with the GTPase activator protein tbc-8 activates rab-2 during dense core vesicle maturation in cholinergic motoneurons (PubMed:22654674).
Mutants are resistant to aldicarb, an inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase.
Belongs to the AB hydrolase superfamily. AB hydrolase 2 family.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 1 family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic/archaeal RNase P protein component 3 family.
Belongs to the gluconokinase GntK/GntV family.
GTPase-activating protein, which acts as a negative regulator for the member of the Ras family let-60. Probably decreases the signaling activity of Ras by stimulating its intrinsic GTPase activity, thereby lowering the levels of GTP-bound, active Ras. The different isoforms may play a distinct role in specific tissues.
Mainly expressed in gonads and vulval cells. Isoform c in expressed in pharyngeal epithelial cells and several rectal/blast cells in the tail region. Isoform f is weakly expressed in four cells symmetrically located in the vulval region. Isoform g is strongly expressed in the pharyngeal muscle cells m6 in addition to several cells in the tail region.
3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase that converts 3beta-hydroxysteroids to 3-ketosteroids, an essential step in the production of dafachronic acids from cholesterol. Catalyzes the dehydrogenation of lathosterol (5alpha-cholest-7-en-3beta-ol) to lathosterone (5alpha-cholest-7-en-3-one), a step required for maximal biosynthesis of Delta(7)-dafachronic acid (PubMed:22505847). Dafachronic acids act as ligands and bind directly to the nuclear hormone receptor (NHR) daf-12, suppressing dauer formation and inducing reproductive growth, they can also regulate C.elegans lifespan (PubMed:22505847, PubMed:22505849).
Mutants appear normal at 20 degrees Celsius but have Daf-c phenotypes (formation of dauer larvae at low population density in the presence of abundant food) at 27 degrees Celsius.
Strongly expressed in the hypodermis and posterior pharyngeal bulb and in a number of unidentified neurons of the head and tail.
Belongs to the uracil-DNA glycosylase (UDG) superfamily. UNG family.
Excises uracil residues from the DNA which can arise as a result of misincorporation of dUMP residues by DNA polymerase or due to deamination of cytosine.
Inhibited by UGI, a B.subtilis bacteriophage PBS2 peptide inhibitor.
Severe loss of unracil exision activity. Increased number of germ-cell corpses in response DNA damage induced by ionizing radiation.
Methylation at the C-terminal Leu-333 is critical for interactions with regulatory subunits.
Protein phosphatase which plays an essential role in meiosis and in early embryonic mitosis (PubMed:11896188, PubMed:25340746). During spermatocyte meiosis and the first embryonic mitosis, regulates centrosome maturation, and thus spindle formation, by recruiting some of the components of the pericentriolar material (PCM) (PubMed:11896188). During oocyte meiosis I, regulates meiotic chromosome dynamics including synapsis-independent chromosome pairing, restriction of synapsis to homologous chromosomes, programmed DNA double-strand break initiation and crossover formation resulting in chiasma formation (PubMed:11896188, PubMed:25340746). During oocyte meiosis II and probably together with regulatory subunit ppfr-1, may regulate microtubule severing by dephosphorylating and activating mei-1, a component of the katanin microtubule severing complex (PubMed:19087961).
Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 4 (PP4) occurs in different assemblies of the catalytic and one or more regulatory subunits (By similarity). The regulatory subunits are likely to be ppfr-1, ppfr-2, ppfr-4 and smk-1 (PubMed:19087961). Interacts with mei-1 (PubMed:19087961).
Severe embryonic lethality associated with a high incidence of male progeny (PubMed:25340746). RNAi-mediated knockdown causes 20 percent embryonic lethality and 18 percent larval lethality (PubMed:11896188). Abnormal meiosis and mitosis leading to defects in gametogenesis and embryogenesis (PubMed:11896188, PubMed:25340746). In spermatocytes, defects in the organization of astral microtubules (PubMed:11896188). In oocyte meiosis I, defects in autosomal chromosome pairing resulting from abnormal synapsis (PubMed:25340746). In embryos, RNAi-mediated knockdown causes abnormal mitosis due to defects in astral microtubules organization (PubMed:11896188). In a gain of function mei-1 (ct46) or in mel-26 (ct61sb4) mutant background, RNAi-mediated knockdown partially rescues embryonic lethality without affecting mei-1 expression levels and localization (PubMed:19087961).
Expressed in pharynx, muscles and intestine.
Plays a role in oxygen metabolism in the mitochondria by regulating the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) thereby conferring resistance to oxidative stress (PubMed:7152245, PubMed:8350650, PubMed:8169328, PubMed:21895890). Involved in resistance to P.aeruginosa PA14 infection (PubMed:9989496). Regulates lifespan (PubMed:8169328).
Under hyperoxic conditions or low temperature (16 degrees Celsius), lifespan, body size and fertility are severely reduced and sexual maturity and egg hatching are delayed (PubMed:8350650, PubMed:8169328). Slight increase in the number of apoptotic cells at the embryonic comma stage (PubMed:21895890). Also shows strong susceptibility to UV irradiation and paraquat treatment. Does not show increased sensitivity to X-ray radiation (PubMed:7152245, PubMed:8350650). Increased sensitivity to P.aeruginosa PA14-mediated killing (PubMed:9989496). Body wall muscle mitochondria appear enlarged and abnormal with less developed cristae in hypoxic or hyperoxic conditions (PubMed:21895890).
Belongs to the repulsive guidance molecule (RGM) family.
Expressed from the 1-M to 4-M stage of mesodermal M lineage development during the larval development.
Interacts with unc-40 (via FN6 domain), dbl-1 and sma-6.
Probably in association with the cell surface receptor unc-40, positively modulates the BMP-like Sma/Mab signaling pathway through interaction with both the ligand dbl-1 and its type I receptor sma-6 (PubMed:24004951). Regulates body size and this may be through modulation of the Sma/Mab signaling pathway (PubMed:20534671, PubMed:24004951).
Smaller body size compared to wild-type.
DNA-binding protein which plays an essential role in nuclear envelope formation (PubMed:17170708). Required for normal chromosome segregation during mitosis (PubMed:12684533). Associates with the nuclear lamina via its interaction with LEM domain containing proteins emr-1 and lem-2 (PubMed:12684533). In association with lem-3, plays a role in radiation-induced DNA damage repair response (PubMed:22383942).
Embryonically lethal. Embryos suffer loss of nuclear structure and of a continuous nuclear membrane. baf-1 is delocalized to the chromatin. At permissive temperature (15 degrees Celsius) about 30% of the embryos die, and the survivors appear normal.
Interacts with emr-1 and lem-2. Interacts with lem-4l, leading to decreased phosphorylation by VRK1 and promoting dephosphorylation by protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A).
Phosphorylated by vrk-1. Phosphorylation by vrk-1 in mitosis is essential to achieve correct timing of recruitment of nuclear envelope components during nuclear envelope assembly. Dephosphorylated by protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) following interaction with lem-4l during mitotic exit, leading to mitotic nuclear envelope reassembly.
Belongs to the glutamate synthase family.
Catalyzes the third of the four reactions of the long-chain fatty acids elongation cycle. This endoplasmic reticulum-bound enzymatic process, allows the addition of two carbons to the chain of long- and very long-chain fatty acids/VLCFAs per cycle. This enzyme catalyzes the dehydration of the 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA intermediate into trans-2,3-enoyl-CoA, within each cycle of fatty acid elongation. Thereby, it participates in the production of VLCFAs of different chain lengths that are involved in multiple biological processes as precursors of membrane lipids and lipid mediators.
Cleaved at the onset of meiotic anaphase I, likely by separase sep-1.
Expressed in oocytes at the late pachytene/diplotene stage and during the subsequent meiotic stages (PubMed:16273096, PubMed:25919583). Expressed in polar bodies (PubMed:25919583). Expressed at low levels in embryos (PubMed:16273096, PubMed:25919583).
Forms a nucleosome-like histone octamer containing two molecules each of H2A, H2B, cpar-1 and H4 assembled in one cpar-1-H4 heterotetramer and two H2A-H2B heterodimers.
Histone H3-like variant which exclusively replaces conventional H3 in the nucleosome core of centromeric chromatin at the inner plate of the kinetochore. Required for recruitment and assembly of kinetochore proteins, mitotic progression and chromosome segregation. May serve as an epigenetic mark that propagates centromere identity through replication and cell division. Not required for chromosome segregation during meiosis.
Present at much lower (<5%) level than hcp-3 (at protein level).
Belongs to the POU transcription factor family. Class-3 subfamily.
Expressed in a series of neurons in the ring ganglia, excretory cell, dividing neuroblasts in the ventral cord and rectal cells.
Interacts with egl-27, sox-2 and sem-4 (PubMed:22493276). Interacts with wdr-5.1 (PubMed:25124442).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in defective PDA motor neuron differentiation as a result of failed Y rectal cell migration from the rectum.
Vital for embryonic development and essential for the proper function of the excretory cell (PubMed:11171402). Required for the transdifferentiation of the Y rectal epithelial cell to the PDA motor neuron during larval development (PubMed:22493276).
Belongs to the HAD-like hydrolase superfamily. EYA family.
Expressed in body wall muscles (PubMed:25108328). Expressed in BAG sensory neurons and in other head neurons (PubMed:30890567).
Expression starts at the embryonic bean stage in several anterior cells and continues until hatching (PubMed:16154558). Between the 1.5-fold and pretzel embryonic stages, expressed in a subset of pharyngeal cells and several anterior body wall muscle cells (PubMed:16154558). Expressed in the M lineage-derived coelomocyte precursor cells M.dlpa and M.drpa and in the 6 differentiated coelomocytes throughout development (PubMed:19427847). Expressed in the M4 motor neuron sister cell (PubMed:20713707).
Interacts (via C-terminus) with ceh-34 (via N-terminus).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in severe lethal arrest at an early larval stage (PubMed:16154558). The pharyngeal structure is disorganized and the anterior tip is thinner (PubMed:16154558). The phenotype is more severe in a pax-6 (ju468) mutant background (PubMed:16154558). RNAi-mediated knockdown in L1 larvae causes a decrease in resistance to heat or oxidative stresses characterized by a reduced lifespan, reduced heat shock protein hsp-16.2 expression and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production (PubMed:25108328).
Tyrosine protein phosphatase (By similarity). Acts probably as a transcription regulator in the embryonic and postembryonic development of several tissues including pharynx, vulva and gonads (PubMed:16154558). Required for the development of anterior tissues during late embryogenesis (PubMed:16154558). Together with ceh-34, required to specify the coelomocyte fate in embryonic and postembryonic precursors (PubMed:19427847). In the anterior part of the embryo, prevents apoptosis in cells that are not fated to die (PubMed:16154558). Together with ceh-34 activates proapoptotic factor egl-1 expression to promote motor neuron M4 sister cell apoptosis (PubMed:20713707). Also promotes apoptosis of I1 pharyngeal neuron sister cell (PubMed:20713707). Plays a role in locomotion and fertility (PubMed:16154558). May play a role in resistance to heat and oxidative stresses (PubMed:25108328). May cooperate with the transcription factors vab-3 and ceh-32 to repress transcription factor ets-5 expression in non BAG neuronal cells (PubMed:30890567).
During embryogenesis, expressed in HSN motor neurons (at protein level) (PubMed:10049362). Expressed in HSNs both before and during cell migration (at protein level) (PubMed:10049362).
Probable transcription factor that acts downstream of egl-15, to promote migration of the HSN motor neurons from the tail to the gonad primordium during HSN cell differentiation (PubMed:10049362).
HPO-19 and T05H4.4 are cytochrome b5 reductases required for PUFA desaturation in Caenorhabditis elegans. HPO-19 knockdown or mutation alters FAT-1 desaturase activity. Although FAT-1 lacks a cytochrome b5 domain, its N-terminal contains a DUF3474 domain that may possess some oxidoreductase activity for electron transfer, obviating the need for an extra cytochrome b5 enzyme, but still requiring cytochrome b5 reductase HPO-19/T05H4.4 to become activated.
Omega-3 fatty acid desaturase that recognizes a range of 18- and 20-carbon omega-6 substrates. Introduces a double bond in the fatty acid chain three carbons away from terminal methyl group to biosynthesize n-3 (omega-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) endogenously (PUFAs are essential for membrane structure and many cellular and physiological processes). Acts on a number of substrates like linoleoyl-CoA ((9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoyl-CoA, 18:2n-6), dihomo-gamma-linolenoyl-CoA ((8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatrienoyl-CoA, 20:3n-6), and arachidonoyl-CoA ((5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoyl-CoA, 20:4n-6), to generate alpha-linolenoyl-CoA ((9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadecatrienoyl-CoA, 18:3n-3), (8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-eicosatetraenoyl-CoA (20:4n-3) and (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-eicosapentaenoyl-CoA (20:5n-3) respectively (PubMed:9037020, PubMed:11972048, PubMed:14765186, PubMed:22041902, PubMed:24391980, PubMed:26806391). Unlike plants, Caenorhabditis elegans desaturases seem to use fatty acyl-CoAs as substrates (By similarity).
The fat-1 mutant displays a reduction in the n-3 PUFAs, the homozygous strain is incapable of producing the normal levels of C18 or C20 PUFAs.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class TrmE-Era-EngA-EngB-Septin-like GTPase superfamily. TrmE GTPase family.
Expressed in certain chemosensory neurons (ASI amphid neurons) throughout development and is also expressed transiently in developing motor neurons when these cells undergo axonal outgrowth (PubMed:9502737). Expressed in the VA and VB motor neurons during larval L1 and L2 stages, but not in the precursor cell that generates them (PubMed:18817768).
May homodimerise (PubMed:18817768). Interacts with jmjd-3.1 (PubMed:25124442). May interact with GFI1 homolog pag-3 (PubMed:18817768).
Transcription factor (PubMed:28056346). Involved in motor neuron fate determination and maintenance, acting as an activator of gene expression in a subset of motor neurons (PubMed:28056346, PubMed:18817768). May act in concert with GFI1 homolog pag-3 in motor neuron fate determination (PubMed:18817768). Required to maintain the expression of transcriptional repressors bnc-1 and cfi-1, which play roles in the cell fate of motor neurons (PubMed:28056346). May play a role in the expression of proteins essential for axonal pathfinding and/or neuronal differentiation in both sensory and motor neurons (PubMed:9502737). Cooperates with jmjd-3.1 and wdr-5.1 to ensure robust transdifferentiation of the Y rectal cell to the PDA motor neuron during larval development (PubMed:25124442).
Worms show defects in the axonal outgrowth of motor neurons, as well as defects in dauer formation, a process requiring chemosensory inputs.
Evenly distributed along the adjoining membranes of the two pm5 pharyngeal muscle cells.
Expressed during embryogenesis (PubMed:33238150). Expressed in EA and EP endodermal precursor cells at the 16-24 cell stage of embryogenesis (PubMed:33238150).
RNAi-mediated knockdown impairs gap junction function in pharyngeal muscles which disrupts the synchronized muscle contraction between the pharyngeal metacorpus and terminal bulbs and thereby decreases the pharyngeal pumping rate.
Structural component of gap junctions (PubMed:10381394, PubMed:33238150). Plays a role in maintaining gap junction activity to promote phayngeal muscle contraction (PubMed:33238150).
Catalyzes the GTP-dependent ribosomal translocation step during translation elongation. During this step, the ribosome changes from the pre-translocational (PRE) to the post-translocational (POST) state as the newly formed A-site-bound peptidyl-tRNA and P-site-bound deacylated tRNA move to the P and E sites, respectively. Catalyzes the coordinated movement of the two tRNA molecules, the mRNA and conformational changes in the ribosome. Involved in the morphogenesis of epidermal tissues.
Phosphorylation by EF-2 kinase completely inactivates EF-2.
Belongs to the nucleoporin interacting component (NIC) family.
Probable component of the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), a cell cycle-regulated E3 ubiquitin ligase that controls progression through mitosis and the G1 phase of the cell cycle. The APC/C complex acts by mediating ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of target proteins. Developmental role in early embryogenesis and the metaphase to anaphase transition in meiosis and mitosis. Required for embryonic anterior-posterior axis formation.
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in arrest at metaphase during meiosis I in early embryos. Defective embryonic polarity due to improper first cell division.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL32 family.
Autophosphorylates in vitro. Phosphorylation on Ser-634 by air-2 enhances catalytic activity.
Essential for appropriate transcription during embryonic development. May act during transcription elongation to activate the RNA polymerase II large subunit (ama-1) by phosphorylating the Ser-2 residues of the C-terminal domain 7-residue repeats. Does not phosphorylate histone H3.
Expressed in embryos from the 2-cell stage until morphogenesis. May also be maternally expressed. Not expressed during mitosis.
In complex with rde-10, required in the endogenous and exogenous siRNA pathway for biogenesis and accumulation of secondary small interfering RNA (siRNA) intermediates, such as 22G-siRNAs derived from ergo-1 targets.
Interacts (via RING-type zinc finger domain) with rde-10.
Alternates between an inactive GDP-bound form and an active GTP-bound form (By similarity). Activated by a guanine nucleotide-exchange factor (GEF) and inactivated by GTPase-activating protein (GAP) (By similarity).
Small GTPase involved in protein trafficking between different compartments (By similarity). Modulates vesicle budding and uncoating within the Golgi complex (By similarity). In its GTP-bound form, triggers the recruitment of coatomer proteins to the Golgi membrane (By similarity). The hydrolysis of ARF1-bound GTP, which is mediated by ARFGAPs proteins, is required for dissociation of coat proteins from Golgi membranes and vesicles (By similarity).
Low affinity sodium-dicarboxylate cotransporter that accepts a range of tricarboxylic acid-cycle intermediates with 4-5 carbon atoms. There is no interaction with monocarboxylates.
Not detected in the embryo. Expressed from early larvae at a high level, levels decrease in later larvae and then increase again at adult stages.
Component of the cytosolic iron-sulfur (Fe-S) protein assembly (CIA) machinery. Required for the maturation of extramitochondrial Fe-S proteins. Part of an electron transfer chain functioning in an early step of cytosolic Fe-S biogenesis, facilitating the de novo assembly of a [4Fe-4S] cluster on the cytosolic Fe-S scaffold complex. Electrons are transferred from NADPH via a FAD- and FMN-containing diflavin oxidoreductase. Together with the diflavin oxidoreductase, also required for the assembly of the diferric tyrosyl radical cofactor of ribonucleotide reductase (RNR), probably by providing electrons for reduction during radical cofactor maturation in the catalytic small subunit.
The C-terminal domain binds 2 Fe-S clusters but is otherwise mostly in an intrinsically disordered conformation.
The N-terminal domain has structural similarity with S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyltransferases, but does not bind S-adenosyl-L-methionine. It is required for correct assembly of the 2 Fe-S clusters.
The twin Cx2C motifs are involved in the recognition by the mitochondrial MIA40-ERV1 disulfide relay system. The formation of 2 disulfide bonds in the Cx2C motifs through dithiol/disulfide exchange reactions effectively traps the protein in the mitochondrial intermembrane space.
Catalyzes the attachment of tryptophan to tRNA(Trp).
Complex locus in which transcription results in the production of one large primary transcript that gives rise to two functionally distinct proteins, wars-2 and prx-10.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase component of a retrotranslocation channel required for peroxisome organization by mediating export of the PEX5/prx-5 receptor from peroxisomes to the cytosol, thereby promoting PEX5/prx-5 recycling (PubMed:20176933) (Probable). The retrotranslocation channel is composed of PEX2/prx-2, PEX10/prx-10 and PEX12/prx-12; each subunit contributing transmembrane segments that coassemble into an open channel that specifically allows the passage of PEX5/prx-5 through the peroxisomal membrane (By similarity). PEX10/prx-10 also regulates PEX5 recycling by acting as a E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase (By similarity). When PEX5/prx-5 recycling is compromised, PEX10/prx-10 catalyzes polyubiquitination of PEX5/prx-5 during its passage through the retrotranslocation channel, leading to its degradation (By similarity).
The E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity is stimulated by PEX12/prx-12.
Probable component of multiple cullin-RING-based BCB (BTB-CUL3-BTB) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complexes formed by cul-3, rbx-1 and a variable BTB domain-containing protein acting as both, adapter to cullin and substrate recognition component (PubMed:13679922). Interacts with bath-15, bath-40, bath-41, bath-42, C17F4.8, tag-303, D2045.8, F57C2.1, ZC239.15 and B0281.5 (PubMed:13679922). Interacts with mel-26 (via BTB domain) (PubMed:13679922, PubMed:22621901). Interacts with dcn-1 (PubMed:13679922).
Probable core component of multiple cullin-RING-based BCB (BTB-CUL3-BTB) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complexes which mediate the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins (PubMed:13679922). Probably acts as a scaffold protein which may contribute to catalysis through positioning of the substrate and the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (PubMed:13679922). Required to target mei-3/katanin for degradation at the meiosis to mitosis transition via its neddylation and deneddylation (PubMed:12781129). Functions in ubiquitin-mediated degradation of CKIs to target cki-1 for degradation (PubMed:12781129). Regulates microtubule stability in the early embryo (PubMed:12781129). In body wall muscles, involved in the organization of myosin thick filaments, likely by regulating the degradation of microtubule severing protein mei-1 downstream of unc-89 (PubMed:22621901). Together with spop-1, may promote the ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of target bromodomain-containing proteins such as bet-1 (PubMed:34593637).
RNAi-mediated knockdown at L1 larval stage results in the disorganization of myosin thick filaments in adult body wall muscles characterized by the formation of abnormal myosin heavy chain myo-3 aggregates and V-shaped crossing of A-bands (PubMed:22621901). RNAi-mediated knockdown suppresses the age-dependent paralysis and growth arrest induced by exogenous dipeptide repeat protein PR50 (PubMed:34593637).
Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase which antagonizes the function of air-2 in the regulation of chromosome cohesion (PubMed:11940606, PubMed:14622138). Dephosphorylates histone H3 at 'Ser-10' (PubMed:10975519). Dephosphorylates translation initiation factor eIF2alpha (PubMed:22719267). Involved in the activation of chloride channel clh-3 during cell swelling and meiotic maturation (PubMed:12163466).
Expressed in gut, muscle, neuronal and hypodermal tissues (PubMed:31584932). Highly expressed in the germline and oocytes (PubMed:31584932).
Interacts with alg-1; the interaction is direct and may be strengthened through RNA-protein association.
RNA-binding protein which functions together with alg-1, a component of the miRNA loading complex, to modulate the processing and activity of specific miRNAs such as miR-58 and let-7 to regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level during embryonic, hypodermal and neuronal development (PubMed:31584932). Promotes the lsy-6-mediated repression of cog-1 in uterine cells (PubMed:31584932). In embryos, may play a role in the DNA damage response (PubMed:15654100).
Temperature sensitive with 35% embryonic lethality at 20 degrees Celsius and 80% at 25 degrees Celsius (PubMed:31584932). Of the surviving offspring, 30% are sterile at 20 degrees Celsius and 76% are sterile at 25 degrees Celsius (PubMed:31584932). The majority of non-sterile animals have a reduced brood size (PubMed:31584932). In addition, animals have gonadal formation defects and display a bursting vulva phenotype (PubMed:31584932). Reduced number of miRNAs including miR-58 in embryos and L4 larvae (PubMed:31584932). Defective neuronal cell fate switching, whereby fewer ASEL neurons adopt an ASER cell fate in an lsy-6 mutant background (PubMed:31584932). In young adults, increased number of seam cells and enhanced hypodermal development defects in the double miR-48 and miR-241 mutant (PubMed:31584932). The majority of mutants are embryonic lethal in a miR-35-42 mutant background (PubMed:31584932). Enhanced defects in hypodermal development and alae formation in a let-7 mutant background (PubMed:31584932). RNAi-mediated knockdown relieves the lys-6-mediated repression of cog-1 in uterine cells (PubMed:31584932). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in increased sensitivity to the DNA-damage agent methyl methanesulfonate in embryos, but does not disrupt the morphology of the nucleus (PubMed:15654100). RNAi-mediated knockdown enhances the bursting vulva phenotype in a let-7 mutant background (PubMed:31584932).
Ubiquitously expressed throughout development (PubMed:31584932). Highly expressed in early embryos (PubMed:31584932).
Belongs to the acetyltransferase family. MAK3 subfamily.
At the L1 larval stage, display defects in the positioning of the ventral nerve cord (VNC) axons characterized by axons of embryonically generated PVQ and PVP neurons, but not of RMEV, HSN and AVK neurons, from the left and right VNC drifting into the opposite cord (axon flip-over) (PubMed:11809975, PubMed:19737747). These defects are not enhanced in a zig-3 (tm924) mutant background or in zig-3 (tm924) dig-1 (ky188), zig-3 (tm924) sax-7 (nj48) or zig-3 (tm924) egl-15 (n484) mutant background (PubMed:19737747). In a zig-1, zig-2, zig-3 or zig-5 or zig-8 mutant background, cell body positioning of ASI and ASH head neurons is normal (PubMed:22829780).
Expressed in PVT, ASK, BAG, M2 and ASI neurons. In L1 larvae, expressed in pharyngeal ectoderm and mesoderm.
PHB proteins are essential during embryonic development and are required for somatic and germline differentiation in the larval gonad. A deficiency in PHB proteins results in altered mitochondrial biogenesis in body wall muscle cells.
Belongs to the MsrB Met sulfoxide reductase family.
Methionine-sulfoxide reductase that specifically reduces methionine (R)-sulfoxide back to methionine. While in many cases methionine oxidation is the result of random oxidation following oxidative stress, methionine oxidation is also a post-translational modification that takes place on specific residues.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. EFM4 family.
Binds to mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and plays a role in the maintenance of mtDNA levels (PubMed:21258070). May also associate with telomeric DNA, binding to at least two telomeric repeats of the sequence 5'-TTTAGGG-3' (Probable).
Expressed in all cells of early and late embryos (at protein level) (PubMed:14623111). Expression diminishes at the time of hatching, and there is very little expression in larvae and adults (at protein level) (PubMed:14623111).
Highly expressed in oocytes (at protein level).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in reduced mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number.
Expressed in head neurons including the RID neuron and the paired AIY neurons, and in tail neurons including the paired PHA and PHB neurons (PubMed:28094002). Not expressed in AVE and AVA neurons (PubMed:28094002).
G-protein coupled receptor for flp-13 RFamide neuropeptides in vitro (PubMed:28094002). Upon activation by flp-13 RFamide neuropeptides, promotes sleep in response to cellular stress also known as stress-induced sleep (SIS), probably by inhibiting the activity of wake-promoting neurons (PubMed:28094002).
Although glit-1 contains an extracellular carboxylesterase-like domain, the characteristic Ser-Glu-His catalytic triad present in acetylcholinesterase is replaced by two Asp residues and an Arg, suggesting that glit-1 lacks catalytic activity.
Expressed in larvae and adults. Expressed in dopaminergic neurons in L4 larvae.
Expressed in the pharynx, intestine, and in several cells in the head including dopaminergic neurons.
Probable neuronal cell surface protein thought to be involved in cell-cell-interactions (Probable). Confers protection against oxidative stress (PubMed:29346364). Plays a role in protecting dopaminergic neurons against oxidative stress-induced neurodegeneration (PubMed:29346364).
Cilium- and flagellum-specific protein that plays a role in axonemal structure organization and motility.
Adapter protein that binds to and probably organizes the subcellular localization of a variety of membrane proteins. May link various receptors to the actin cytoskeleton and the dystrophin glycoprotein complex (DGC). May also act by slowing calcium channel activity via a direct or indirect mechanism potentially involving other second messengers. Plays an early role in the formation of the neuromuscular junction and is necessary for muscle maintenance.
Component of the dystrophin glycoprotein complex (DGC). Interacts with dyb-1, dys-1 and snf-6 to form the DGC.
Expressed in neurons and muscles; particularly strong expression in the body wall, head and vulval muscles, and in ventral nerve cord (at protein level).
Catalyzes a salvage reaction resulting in the formation of AMP, that is energically less costly than de novo synthesis.
Expressed in somatic cells and at varying levels throughout the germline (at protein level) (PubMed:29886128). Highly expressed in the germ line of hermaphrodites (at protein level) (PubMed:29886128).
Expression in embryos increases as development proceeds (at protein level).
Probable cyclin-dependent kinase whose activity is most likely regulated by the cyclin cyl-1/Cylin-L (PubMed:29886128). Acts partially redundantly with cdk-11.1 to ensure embryonic viability (PubMed:29886128). In contrast to cdk-11.1, not essential for male and female fertility (PubMed:29886128).
Viable, with no visible phenotype (PubMed:29886128). Knockout combined with RNAi-mediated knockdown of cdk-11.1 at the L1 stage of larval development results in sterility (PubMed:29886128). Knockout combined with RNAi-mediated knockdown of cdk-11.1 at the L4 larval stage results in fertile adults that produce few viable embryos (PubMed:29886128).
Belongs to the methyltransferase TRM13 family.
tRNA methylase which 2'-O-methylates cytidine(4) in tRNA(Pro) and tRNA(Gly)(GCC), and adenosine(4) in tRNA(His).
Expression begins at 2.5-fold stage and continues throughout adulthood.
Expression is restricted to body wall, enteric and vulval muscles.
Interacts (via C-terminus) with myosin. Interacts with actin.
Produced by alternative promoter usage and alternative splicing of isoform 301kDa_1.
Serine/threonine-protein kinase (PubMed:18390597, PubMed:20346955). Key component in the assembly and functioning of muscles. By providing connections at the level of individual microfilaments, it contributes to the fine balance of forces between the two halves of the sarcomere. The size and extensibility of the cross-links are the main determinants of sarcomere extensibility properties of muscle. In non-muscle cells, seems to play a role in chromosome condensation and chromosome segregation during mitosis. Might link the lamina network to chromatin or nuclear actin, or both during interphase (By similarity).
The BLUE region may serve as a force and thermal sensors.
The PEVK region may serve as an entropic spring to bear the passive tension of the sarcomere.
The autoinhibitory domain may interact with the kinase catalytic core thereby preventing its activation.
Amidase that catalyzes the last step of diphthamide biosynthesis using ammonium and ATP.
Belongs to the Diphthine--ammonia ligase family.