Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily.
Phosphorylates both N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) and N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) at similar rates. Involved in the lacto-N-biose I/galacto-N-biose (LNB/GNB) degradation pathway, which is important for host intestinal colonization by bifidobacteria. Also accepts GTP and ITP as phosphate donors. In vitro, can phosphorylate several GlcNAc and GalNAc derivatives.
Chaperone required for active expression of the lacto-N-biosidase LnbX.
Allosterically activated by fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (FBP).
Belongs to the LDH/MDH superfamily. LDH family.
Catalyzes the conversion of lactate to pyruvate.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 121 family.
Beta-L-arabinobiosidase that removes L-arabinofuranose-beta-1,2-L-arabinofuranose disaccharide from various substrates such as carrot extensin and potato lectin. Also acts on L-arabinofuranose (Ara)-beta-1,2-Ara-beta-1,2-Ara-beta-Hyp (Ara(3)-Hyp) but not on Ara-beta-1,3-Ara-beta-1,2-Ara-beta-1,2-Ara-beta--Hyp (Ara(4)-Hyp) or Ara-beta-1,2-Ara-beta-Hyp (Ara(2)-Hyp), suggesting a specificity for unmodified Ara(3)-Hyp substrate. In the presence of 1-alkanols, shows transglycosylation activity, retaining the anomeric configuration of the arabinofuranose residue.
Predicted to be exported by the Tat system. The position of the signal peptide cleavage has not been experimentally proven.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 43 family.
Involved in the type II arabinogalactan (AG) side chains degradation (PubMed:30564851). Releases arabinofuranose (Araf) from alpha-1,3-Araf-substituted beta-1,6-galactooligosaccharides (PubMed:30564851). Can use radish root AGP, larch AG and arabinan. Shows weaker activity with gum arabic and arabinoxylan (PubMed:30564851).
Belongs to the NAD(P)-dependent epimerase/dehydratase family.
Involved in the metabolism of galactose. Catalyzes the conversion of UDP-galactose (UDP-Gal) to UDP-glucose (UDP-Glc) through a mechanism involving the transient reduction of NAD. Can also epimerize UDP-GalNAc to UDP-GlcNAc. Involved in the lacto-N-biose I/galacto-N-biose (LNB/GNB) degradation pathway, which is important for host intestinal colonization by bifidobacteria.
Belongs to the glycoside hydrolase 112 family.
Reversibly phosphorolyzes lacto-N-biose to Gal1-P and N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) and galacto-N-biose to Gal1-P and N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc). Involved in the lacto-N-biose I/galacto-N-biose (LNB/GNB) degradation pathway, which is important for host intestinal colonization by bifidobacteria.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 136 (GH136) family.
Binds 1 Mg(2+) ion per subunit. Magnesium ions are required for efficient protein folding.
Binds 3 Ca(2+) ions per subunit. Calcium ions are required for efficient protein folding.
Breast-fed infants have gut microbiota that are substantially more rich in bifidobacteria compared with the mix-fed infants. Notably, B.longum was found to significantly dominate among members of the genus Bifidobacterium in the breast-fed infants.
Cells lacking this gene lose the ability to grow on LNT but continue to grow well on lactose and LNB.
HMOs function as prebiotics, promoting the growth of bifidobacteria in the gastrointestinal tracts of breast-fed infants, which in turn promotes optimal health.
Present in the infant gut, this enzyme is involved in the assimilation of type-1 human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) (PubMed:23843461, PubMed:28392148). It hydrolyzes via a retaining mechanism the beta-D-GlcNAc-(1->3)-beta-D-Gal linkage in lacto-N-tetraose (LNT or beta-D-Gal-(1->3)-beta-D-GlcNAc-(1->3)-beta-D-Gal-(1->4)-D-Glc), an abundant HMO unique to human breast milk, releasing lacto-N-biose (LNB or beta-D-Gal-(1->3)-D-GlcNAc) and lactose. With a much lower efficiency, is also able to cleave the same linkage in lacto-N-fucopentaose I (alpha-Fuc(1->2)-beta-D-Gal-(1->3)-beta-D-GlcNAc(1->3)-beta-D-Gal-(1->4)-D-Glc), and sialyllacto-N-tetraose a (alpha-Neu5Ac-(2->3)-beta-D-Gal-(1->3)-beta-D-GlcNAc-(1->3)-beta-D-Gal-(1->4)-D-Glc) (PubMed:23843461). Is a key enzymatic factor for growth and proliferation of B.longum in the gut ecosystem of breast-fed infants (PubMed:28392148).
Requires the chaperone LnbY for its proper folding and active expression (PubMed:23843461). Is potently and competitively inhibited by LNB-PUGNAc and LNB-NHAcDNJ in vitro (PubMed:28392148).
The region of amino acids 31-625 was identified as the minimum catalytic unit exhibiting full activity.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 127 family.
Beta-L-arabinofuranosidase that removes the beta-L-arabinofuranose residue from the non-reducing end of various substrates, including beta-L-arabinofuranosyl-hydroxyproline (Ara-Hyp), Ara-beta-1,2-Ara-beta-Hyp (Ara(2)-Hyp), Ara-beta-1,2-Ara-beta-1,2-Ara-beta-Hyp (Ara(3)-Hyp), and beta-L-arabinofuranosyl-(1->2)-1-O-methyl-beta-L-arabinofuranose. In the presence of 1-alkanols, shows transglycosylation activity, retaining the anomeric configuration of the arabinofuranose residue.
Strongly inhibited in the presence of thiol modifiers, suggesting a crucial role for cysteine residues in catalysis. Slightly inhibited by EDTA.
The original article describing the function has been retracted because the results of E338A and E366A mutants were reversed. The authors later submitted a corrected manuscript.
Zn(2+) ion is involved in the catalytic reaction through maintaining the proper configuration of active site.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 30 family.
Involved in the type II arabinogalactan (AG) side chains degradation (PubMed:30564851). Specifically releases the non-reducing terminal beta-1,6-galactobiose (beta-1,6-Gal2) from both dearabinosylated larch AG and polymeric beta-1,6-galactan chains by an exo-mode of action (PubMed:30564851). Shows lower activity with larch AG, and very weak activity with dearabinosylated gum arabic, gum arabic and potato galactan (PubMed:30564851). Can probably release beta-1,6-Gal2 from the internal side chains of type II AG (PubMed:30564851).
Belongs to the galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase type 2 family.
Transfers the UMP unit from UDP-glucose (UDP-Glc) to Gal1P. Can also transfer the UMP unit to GlcNAc1P and GalNAc1P. Involved in the general galactose metabolism, and also involved in the lacto-N-biose I/galacto-N-biose (LNB/GNB) degradation pathway, which is important for host intestinal colonization by bifidobacteria.